Essentials of Physiology for Nurse Anesthetists (Gopalan)

by Chaya Gopalan

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This textbook provides a comprehensive overview of key physiological systems relevant to nurse anesthetists, emphasizing their role in patient care and anesthesia management. It covers foundational topics such as cell physiology, neurophysiology, and the autonomic nervous system, which are critical for understanding nerve signaling, synaptic transmission, and muscle function—essential concepts in anesthesia.

Description from LibreTexts.

Publisher
Southern Illinois University Edwardsville
Subjects
Medicine
Licence
CC BY-NC-SA 4.0, as LibreTexts states it. Non-commercial use only.
Who can read
Teens profiles and older, judged from its title and subjects

Contents

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  1. Front Matter
  2. TitlePage
  3. InfoPage
  4. Table of Contents
  5. Licensing
  6. 1: Cell Physiology
  7. 1.1: Objectives
  8. 1.2: The Cell Membrane
  9. 1.2.1: Structure and Composition of Cell Membrane
  10. 1.2.1.1: Membrane Lipids
  11. 1.2.1.2: Membrane Proteins
  12. 1.3: Membrane Transport
  13. 1.3.1: Passive Transport
  14. 1.3.2: Carrier-mediated Transport
  15. 1.3.3: Vesicular Transport
  16. 1.4: Electrical Activity of the Cell Membrane
  17. 1.4.1: Resting Membrane Potential
  18. 1.5: The Cytoplasm and Cellular Organelles
  19. 1.5.1: Endoplasmic Reticulum
  20. 1.5.2: The Golgi Apparatus
  21. 1.5.3: Lysosomes
  22. 1.5.4: Mitochondria
  23. 1.5.5: Peroxisome
  24. 1.5.6: The Cytoskeleton
  25. 1.5.7: The Nucleus
  26. 1.5.8: Cell Junctions
  27. 1.6: Cellular Metabolism
  28. 1.6.1: Catabolic and Anabolic Reactions
  29. 1.6.2: Carbohydrate Metabolism
  30. 1.6.3: Protein Metabolism
  31. 1.6.4: Lipid Metabolism
  32. 1.7: References
  33. 2: Neurophysiology
  34. 2.1: Objectives
  35. 2.2: Introduction
  36. 2.3: Nervous Tissue
  37. 2.3.1: Neurons
  38. 2.3.2: Glial Cells of the CNS
  39. 2.3.3: Glial Cells of the PNS
  40. 2.3.4: Resting Membrane Potential
  41. 2.3.5: Voltage-gated Sodium and Potassium Ion Channels
  42. 2.3.6: Action Potential
  43. 2.3.7: Nerve Fiber Types
  44. 2.3.8: Synaptic Transmission
  45. 2.3.9: Postsynaptic Potential
  46. 2.3.10: Neurotransmitters
  47. 2.4: References
  48. 3: The Central Nervous System
  49. 3.1: Objectives
  50. 3.2: Introduction
  51. 3.3: Embryonic Development of the Brain and Spinal Cord
  52. 3.4: Protective Coverings of the Brain and Spinal Cord
  53. 3.5: The Ventricles and the Central Canal
  54. 3.6: Cerebrospinal Fluid
  55. 3.7: Blood Supply to the Brain
  56. 3.8: The Brain
  57. 3.9: Memory
  58. 3.10: Sleep
  59. 3.11: The Spinal Cord
  60. 3.12: Nerves
  61. 3.13: Reflexes
  62. 3.14: References
  63. 4: Sensory Physiology
  64. 4.1: Objectives
  65. 4.2: Introduction
  66. 4.3: Sensory Receptors
  67. 4.4: Physiology of Pain
  68. 4.5: References
  69. 5: The Autonomic Nervous System
  70. 5.1: Objectives
  71. 5.2: Introduction
  72. 5.3: Comparison of Somatic and Autonomic Efferent Systems
  73. 5.4: Sympathetic Division of the Autonomic Nervous System
  74. 5.5: Parasympathetic Division of the Autonomic Nervous System
  75. 5.6: Chemical Signaling in the Autonomic Nervous System
  76. 5.7: Short and Long Reflexes
  77. 5.8: Dual Innervation
  78. 5.9: Autonomic Tone
  79. 5.10: Hypothalamic Regulation of the ANS
  80. 5.11: References
  81. 6: Physiology of Muscle and Bone Tissues
  82. 6.1: Objectives
  83. 6.2: Introduction
  84. 6.3: Muscle Tissue
  85. 6.4: Skeletal Muscle
  86. 6.5: Smooth Muscle
  87. 6.6: Bone Tissue
  88. 6.7: References
  89. 7: Endocrine Physiology
  90. 7.1: Objectives
  91. 7.2: Introduction
  92. 7.3: Chemical Signaling
  93. 7.4: Endocrine Glands
  94. 7.5: Types of Hormones
  95. 7.6: Hormone Transportation
  96. 7.7: Mechanisms of Hormone Action
  97. 7.8: Target Cell Response
  98. 7.9: Hyposecretion and Hypersecretion
  99. 7.10: Regulation of Hormone Secretion
  100. 7.11: The Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus
  101. 7.12: The Thyroid Gland
  102. 7.13: The Parathyroid Glands
  103. 7.14: Vitamin D (1,25-Dihydrocholecalciferol)
  104. 7.15: Adrenal Glands
  105. 7.16: The Endocrine Pancreas
  106. 7.17: References
  107. 8: The Blood
  108. 8.1: Objectives
  109. 8.2: Introduction
  110. 8.3: Functions of Blood
  111. 8.4: Composition of Blood
  112. 8.5: Characteristics of Blood
  113. 8.6: Blood Plasma
  114. 8.7: Hematopoiesis
  115. 8.8: Erythrocytes
  116. 8.9: Leukocytes
  117. 8.10: Platelets
  118. 8.11: Hemostasis
  119. 8.12: References
  120. 9: The Heart
  121. 9.1: Objectives
  122. 9.2: Introduction
  123. 9.3: Location of the Heart
  124. 9.4: The Pericardium
  125. 9.5: Layers of the Heart Wall
  126. 9.6: External Anatomy of the Heart
  127. 9.7: Internal Anatomy of the Heart
  128. 9.8: Blood Supply to the Heart
  129. 9.9: Cardiac Muscle
  130. 9.10: Conduction System of the Heart
  131. 9.11: Electrophysiology of Cardiac Pacemaker Cells
  132. 9.12: Electrophysiology of Cardiac Contractile Cells
  133. 9.13: Electrocardiogram (ECG)
  134. 9.14: Cardiac Cycle
  135. 9.15: Heart Rate, Stroke Volume, and Cardiac Output
  136. 9.16: Cardiac Reserve
  137. 9.17: References
  138. 10: Blood Vessels and Circulation
  139. 10.1: Objectives
  140. 10.2: Introduction
  141. 10.3: Systemic and Pulmonary Circuits
  142. 10.4: Vascular Network
  143. 10.5: Blood Flow, Blood Pressure, and Resistance
  144. 10.6: Measurement of Blood Pressure
  145. 10.7: Factors Affecting Blood Flow
  146. 10.8: Relationships among Vessels in the Systemic Circuit
  147. 10.9: Capillary Exchange
  148. 10.10: Venous Return
  149. 10.11: Neural Regulation of the Vascular System
  150. 10.12: References
  151. 11: Renal Physiology
  152. 11.1: Objectives
  153. 11.2: Introduction
  154. 11.3: External Anatomy of the Kidney
  155. 11.4: Internal Anatomy of the Kidney
  156. 11.5: Blood Supply to the Kidneys
  157. 11.6: Nephrons
  158. 11.7: Renal Innervation
  159. 11.8: Filtration, Reabsorption, and Secretion
  160. 11.9: Endocrine and Paracrine Regulation of Kidney Function
  161. 11.10: Renal Electrolyte Regulation
  162. 11.11: Renal Regulation of Nitrogenous Wastes
  163. 11.12: Elimination of Drugs and Hormones by the Kidneys
  164. 11.13: Diuretics
  165. 11.14: Physical Characteristics of Urine
  166. 11.15: Measurement of Renal Plasma Flow
  167. 11.16: Renal Clearance
  168. 11.17: References
  169. 12: Respiratory Physiology
  170. 12.1: Objectives
  171. 12.2: Introduction
  172. 12.3: Respiratory Anatomy
  173. 12.4: Mechanics of Breathing
  174. 12.5: Ventilation and Perfusion
  175. 12.6: Gas Exchange
  176. 12.7: Transport of Gases
  177. 12.8: Control of Breathing
  178. 12.9: References
  179. 13: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance
  180. 13.1: Objectives
  181. 13.2: Introduction
  182. 13.3: Water Content Within the Body
  183. 13.4: Fluid Compartments in the Body
  184. 13.5: Composition of Body Fluids
  185. 13.6: Water Balance
  186. 13.7: Electrolyte Balance
  187. 13.8: Acid-Base Balance
  188. 13.9: References
  189. 14: Physiology of the Immune System
  190. 14.1: Objectives
  191. 14.2: Introduction
  192. 14.3: Lymphocytes
  193. 14.4: Primary (Central) Lymphoid Organs and Lymphocyte Development
  194. 14.5: Secondary (Peripheral) Lymphoid Organs
  195. 14.6: Barrier Defenses and Innate Immune Responses
  196. 14.7: The Adaptive Immune Response
  197. 14.8: References
  198. 15: Physiology of the Digestive System
  199. 15.1: Objectives
  200. 15.2: Introduction
  201. 15.3: Digestive Processes
  202. 15.4: Histology of the Alimentary Canal
  203. 15.5: Chemical Mediators of Digestion
  204. 15.6: Types of Movements in the Digestive Tract
  205. 15.7: The Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus
  206. 15.8: The Stomach
  207. 15.9: The Liver, Pancreas, and Gallbladder
  208. 15.10: The Small Intestine
  209. 15.11: The Large Intestine
  210. 15.12: Summary of Digestion and Absorption in the Alimentary Canal
  211. 15.13: References
  212. 16: Physiology of the Male and Female Reproductive Systems
  213. 16.1: Objectives
  214. 16.2: Introduction
  215. 16.3: Sexual Differentiation
  216. 16.4: Puberty
  217. 16.5: Overview of the Male Reproductive System
  218. 16.6: Overview of the Female Reproductive System
  219. 16.7: References
  220. 17: Physiology of Pregnancy
  221. 17.1: Objectives
  222. 17.2: Introduction
  223. 17.3: Fertilization
  224. 17.4: Transit of Sperm
  225. 17.5: Contact between Sperm and Oocyte
  226. 17.6: Zygote
  227. 17.7: Pre-implantation Embryonic Development
  228. 17.8: Implantation
  229. 17.9: Embryonic Membranes
  230. 17.10: Embryogenesis
  231. 17.11: Development of the Placenta
  232. 17.12: Organogenesis
  233. 17.13: The Fetal Circulatory System
  234. 17.14: Maternal Changes During Pregnancy
  235. 17.15: Autotransfusion
  236. 17.16: Physiology of Labor
  237. 17.17: Adjustments of the Infant at Birth and Postnatal Stages
  238. 17.18: Lactation
  239. 17.19: References
  240. Back Matter
  241. Index
  242. Glossary
  243. Detailed Licensing
  244. Detailed Licensing