12.9: References

Essentials of Physiology for Nurse Anesthetists (Gopalan) · LibreTexts

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    1. Betts, J. G. et al. (2022). Figure 22.2 Major Respiratory Structures. In Anatomy and Physiology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/apps/archive/20240506.185246/resources/a20b8077aaf4688018122bf8f59ecfea069ed3b0

    2. Betts, J. G. et al. (2022). Figure 22.3 Nose. In Anatomy and Physiology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/apps/archive/20240506.185246/resources/a97155291e8ffc669518800b731f25200b9203b6

    3. Drake, R. L., Vogl, A. W., & Mitchell, A. W. M. (2020). Gray's anatomy for students (4th ed.). Elsevier.

    4. Betts, J. G. et al. (2022). Figure 22.4 Upper Airway. In Anatomy and Physiology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/apps/archive/20240506.185246/resources/dbbae187749a6cc16b96e3221925513794698cf8 

    5.  FrozenMan. (2014). Posterior Superior Nasal Nerve [Image]. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved December 3, 2024, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Posterior_Superior_Nasal_Nerve.png 

    6. Galarza-Paez L, Marston G, Downs BW. Anatomy, Head and Neck, Nose. [Updated 2023 Jul 24]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532870/

    7. Mishejil, A. A. (2018). [Image]. In Endoscopic Septoplasty versus Conventional Septoplasty. ResearchGate. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.34732.36486 

    8. Cappello ZJ, Minutello K, Dublin AB. Anatomy, Head and Neck, Nose Paranasal Sinuses. [Updated 2023 Feb 11]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499826/

    9. OpenStax College. (2013). Paranasal Sinuses [Image]. In Anatomy & Physiology. Connexions. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/ 

    10. Hall, J. E. (2021). Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology (14th ed.). Elsevier.

    11. Betts, J. G. et al. (2022). Figure 22.5 Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium. In Anatomy and Physiology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/apps/archive/20240506.185246/resources/3561174e6520b7b03c47275b51b2f0f26af8a64a 

    12. Betts, J. G. et al. (2022). Figure 22.7 Larynx. In Anatomy and Physiology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/apps/archive/20241024.164013/resources/cbef6fd77f1e4b1fd1c4ab67937f510b3fae9664

    13. OpenStax College. (2013). 2307 Cartilages of the Larynx [Image]. In Anatomy & Physiology. Connexions. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/ 

    14.  Jkwchui. (2014). Drawing of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve [Image]. Based on a drawing by Truth-seeker2004. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved December 3, 2024, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Recurrent_laryngeal_nerve.svg

    15.  Arrangoiz, R., Cordera, F., Caba, D., Muñoz, M., Moreno, E., & Luque de León, E. (2018). Figure 5: Anatomy of the recurrent laryngeal nerve and its relationship to the inferior thyroid artery and recurrent laryngeal nerve. In Comprehensive Review of Thyroid Embryology, Anatomy, Histology, and Physiology for Surgeons. Scientific Research Publishing. https://www.scirp.org/pdf/ijohns_2018071317420392.pdf

    16. Hoerter JE, Fakoya AO, Chandran SK. Anatomy, Head and Neck: Laryngeal Muscles. [Updated 2024 Jul 17]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545265/

    17. McCullagh, Kassie L, Rupali N Shah, and Benjamin Y Huang. “Anatomy of the Larynx and Cervical Trachea.” Neuroimaging clinics of North America. 32.4 (2022): 809–829. Web.

    18. Mieczkowski B, Seavey BF. Anatomy, Head and Neck, Trachea. [Updated 2023 Aug 7]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448070/

    19. Blausen.com staff. (2014). Trachea [Image]. In Medical gallery of Blausen Medical 2014. WikiJournal of Medicine, 1(2). https://doi.org/10.15347/wjm/2014.010 

    20. Amador C, Weber C, Varacallo MA. Anatomy, Thorax, Bronchial. [Updated 2023 Aug 8]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537353/

    21. Unknown author. (n.d.). Illustration of bronchi and lungs [Image]. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved December 3, 2024, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Illu_bronchi_lungs.jpg

    22. NIH: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. (2014). Illu bronchi lungs.jpg [Illustration]. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Illu_bronchi_lungs.jpg

    23. Betts, J. G. et al. (2022). Figure 22.11 Structures of the Respiratory Zone. In Anatomy and Physiology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/apps/archive/20241024.164013/resources/f952b574f8274066d24917980386cd90970675b3

    24. Mahabadi N, Goizueta AA, Bordoni B. Anatomy, Thorax, Lung Pleura And Mediastinum. [Updated 2024 Mar 24]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519048/

    25. Betts, J. G. et al. (2013). Figure 22.14 Parietal and Visceral Pleurae of the Lungs. In Anatomy and Physiology. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology/pages/22-2-the-lungs

    26. Betts, J. G. et al. (2013). Figure 20.23 Pulmonary Circuit Blood. In Anatomy and Physiology. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology/pages/22-2-the-lungs

    27. Jain V, Bordes SJ, Bhardwaj A. Physiology, Pulmonary Circulatory System. [Updated 2023 May 1]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK525948/

    28. Chaudhry R, Omole AE, Bordoni B. Anatomy, Thorax, Lungs. [Updated 2024 Apr 20]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470197/

    29. OpenStax College. (2017). 2315 Intrapulmonary and Intrapleural Pressure [Image]. Modified version. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved December 3, 2024, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/2315_Intrapulmonary_and_Intrapleural_Pressure_es.png

    30. Kenny BJ, Ponichtera K. Physiology, Boyle's Law. [Updated 2022 Oct 10]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538183/

    31. Betts, J. G. et al. (2013). Figure 22.15 Boyle's Law. In Anatomy and Physiology. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology/pages/22-3-the-process-of-breathing

    32. Strohl KP, Butler JP, Malhotra A. Mechanical properties of the upper airway. Compr Physiol. 2012 Jul;2(3):1853-72. doi: 10.1002/cphy.c110053. PMID: 23723026; PMCID: PMC3770742.

    33. Desai JP, Moustarah F. Pulmonary Compliance. [Updated 2022 Sep 12]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538324/

    34. Davies, S., & Misra, U. (2011). Respiration: Ventilation. Anaesthesia & Intensive Care Medicine, 12(10), 450-452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mpaic.2011.07.006

    35. Betts, J. G. et al. (2013). Figure 22.17 Inspiration and Expiration. In Anatomy and Physiology. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology/pages/22-3-the-process-of-breathing

    36. Higashino M, Miyata K, Kudo K. Coordination dynamics of thoracic and abdominal movements during voluntary breathing. Sci Rep. 2022 Aug 2;12(1):13266. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-17473-9. PMID: 35918415; PMCID: PMC9345990.

    37. Delgado BJ, Bajaj T. Physiology, Lung Capacity. [Updated 2023 Jul 24]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK541029/

    38. Betts, J. G. et al. (2013). Figure 22.18 Respiratory Volumes and Capacities. In Anatomy and Physiology. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/apps/archive/20241024.164013/resources/4c87f180f435531cbb43bfc7235e305ed339bd78

    39. Hopkins E, Sharma S. Physiology, Functional Residual Capacity. [Updated 2022 Dec 26]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK500007/

    40. Babb TG. Exercise ventilatory limitation: the role of expiratory flow limitation. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2013 Jan;41(1):11-8. doi: 10.1097/JES.0b013e318267c0d2. PMID: 23038244; PMCID: PMC3529766.

    41. Quinn M, St Lucia K, Rizzo A. Anatomy, Anatomic Dead Space. [Updated 2023 Feb 19]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK442016/

    42. Intagliata S, Rizzo A, Gossman W. Physiology, Lung Dead Space. [Updated 2023 Jul 4]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482501/

    43. Praetel C, Banner MJ, Monk T, Gabrielli A. Isoflurane inhalation enhances increased physiologic deadspace volume associated with positive pressure ventilation and compromises arterial oxygenation. Anesth Analg. 2004 Oct;99(4):1107-1113.

    44. Powers KA, Dhamoon AS. Physiology, Pulmonary Ventilation and Perfusion. [Updated 2023 Jan 23]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539907/

    45. Galvin, G. B. Drummond, M. Nirmalan, Distribution of blood flow and ventilation in the lung: gravity is not the only factor, BJA: British Journal of Anaesthesia, Volume 98, Issue 4, April 2007, Pages 420–428, https://doi.org/10.1093/bja/aem036

    46. Hall ET, Sá RC, Holverda S, Arai TJ, Dubowitz DJ, Theilmann RJ, Prisk GK, Hopkins SR. The effect of supine exercise on the distribution of regional pulmonary blood flow measured using proton MRI. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2014 Feb 15;116(4):451-61. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00659.2013. Epub 2013 Dec 19. PMID: 24356515; PMCID: PMC3921353.

    47. Laboratoires Servier. (2016). Respiratory system - Lungs [Image]. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved December 3, 2024, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Respiratory_system_-_Lungs_--_Smart-Servier.png

    48. Raimondi Cominesi, D., Forcione, M., Pozzi, M. et al. Pulmonary shunt in critical care: a practical approach with clinical scenarios. J Anesth Analg Crit Care 4, 18 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s44158-024-00147-5

    49. Betts, J. G. et al. (2013). Figure 22.21 Partial and Total Pressures of a Gas. In Anatomy and Physiology. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/apps/archive/20241024.164013/resources/73d4c0445ad4852b20f98c5d64d65c1c5e589d56

    50. Chandan G, Cascella M. Gas Laws and Clinical Application. [Updated 2023 Aug 28]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK546592/

    51. https://biosiva.50webs.org/respiration.html 

    52. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/su.../gas-exchange/

    53. Rhodes CE, Denault D, Varacallo MA. Physiology, Oxygen Transport. [Updated 2022 Nov 14]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538336/

    54. Betts, J. G. et al. (2022). Figure 22.27 Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation Curves in Fetus and Adult. In Anatomy and Physiology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/apps/archive/20241024.164013/resources/4327801a93c73cbacc598163ab87b242545c64da

    55. Patel S, Jose A, Mohiuddin SS. Physiology, Oxygen Transport And Carbon Dioxide Dissociation Curve. [Updated 2023 Mar 27]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539815/

    56. Betts, J. G. et al. (2022). Figure 22.28 Carbon Dioxide Transport. In Anatomy and Physiology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/apps/archive/20241024.164013/resources/0a5914bd4c88ad10cfa14f60d326a729fc88f7a4

    57. Bonar PT, Casey JR. Plasma membrane Cl⁻/HCO₃⁻ exchangers: structure, mechanism and physiology. Channels (Austin). 2008 Sep-Oct;2(5):337-45. doi: 10.4161/chan.2.5.6899. PMID: 19066446.

    58. Betts, J. G. et al. (2022). Figure 22.22 External Respiration. In Anatomy and Physiology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/apps/archive/20241024.164013/resources/e9f09bac9f50684bda8170444b458a66ad9af447

    59. Benner A, Lewallen NF, Sharma S. Physiology, Carbon Dioxide Response Curve. [Updated 2023 Jul 17]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538146/

    60. Betts, J. G. et al. (2022). Figure 22.20 Respiratory Centers of the Brain. In Anatomy and Physiology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/apps/archive/20241024.164013/resources/171baf4f46c4c283037fc7cf4366cde5f2c3d6b4

    61. Brinkman JE, Toro F, Sharma S. Physiology, Respiratory Drive. [Updated 2023 Jun 5]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482414/

    62. Taylor, A.T. (2011). High-altitude illnesses: Physiology, risk factors, prevention, and treatment. Rambam Maimonides Medical Journal, 2(1), e0022. https://doi.org/10.5041/RMMJ.10022

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