Introduction to Nanoelectronics

by Marc Baldo

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Traditionally, progress in electronics has been driven by miniaturization. But as electronic devices approach the molecular scale, classical models for device behavior must be abandoned. To prepare for the next generation of electronic devices, this text teaches the theory of current, voltage and resistance from atoms up.

Description from LibreTexts.

Publisher
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Subjects
Engineering, Electrical Engineering
Licence
CC BY-NC-SA 4.0, as LibreTexts states it. Non-commercial use only.
Who can read
Tweens profiles and older, judged from its title and subjects

Contents

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  1. Front Matter
  2. TitlePage
  3. InfoPage
  4. Table of Contents
  5. Licensing
  6. 1: The Quantum Particle
  7. 1.1: The Quantum Particle
  8. 1.2: Waves in electronics
  9. 1.3: Review of Classical Waves
  10. 1.4: Plane waves
  11. 1.5: The Double Slit Experiment
  12. 1.6: Interpretation of the double slit experiment
  13. 1.7: The Wavefunction
  14. 1.8: Frequency domain and k-space descriptions of waves
  15. 1.9: Linear Combinations of Waves
  16. 1.10: Wave packets and uncertainty
  17. 1.11: Examples of wavepackets
  18. 1.12: Expectation values of position
  19. 1.13: Bra and Ket Notation
  20. 1.14: Parseval’s Theorem
  21. 1.15: Expectation values of k and \(\omega\)
  22. 1.16: The Commutator
  23. 1.17: Momentum and Energy
  24. 1.18: The Uncertainty Principle
  25. 1.19: Uncertainty in Energy and Time
  26. 1.20: Application of the Uncertainty Principle
  27. 1.21: Schrödinger’s Wave Equation
  28. 1.22: A Summary of Operators
  29. 1.23: The Time Independent Schrödinger Equation
  30. 1.24: Free Particles
  31. 1.25: The Square Well
  32. 1.26: Matching piecewise solutions
  33. 1.27: Bound solutions
  34. 1.28: The limit that \(V_{0} \rightarrow \infty\) (the infinite square well)
  35. 1.29: The Finite Square Well
  36. 1.30: Potential barriers and Tunneling
  37. 1.31: Problems
  38. 2: The Quantum Particle in a Box
  39. 2.1: The Quantum Particle in a Box
  40. 2.2: How many electrons? Fermi-Dirac Statistics
  41. 2.3: Current
  42. 2.4: Metals and Insulators
  43. 2.5: The Density of States
  44. 2.6: The Particle in a Box
  45. 2.7: The Schrödinger Equation in Higher Dimensions
  46. 2.8: The 0-D DOS - Single Molecules and Quantum Dots Confined in 3-D
  47. 2.9: Periodic Boundary Conditions
  48. 2.10: The 1-D DOS - Quantum Wires Confined in 2-D
  49. 2.11: Periodic Boundary Conditions in 2-D
  50. 2.12: The 2-D Density of States - Quantum Wells Confined in 1-D
  51. 2.13: Periodic boundary conditions in 3-D
  52. 2.14: The 3-d DOS- bulk materials with no confinement
  53. 2.15: Problems
  54. 3: Two Terminal Quantum Dot Devices
  55. 3.1: Two Terminal Quantum Dot Devices
  56. 3.2: Quantum Dot / Single Molecule Conductors
  57. 3.3: Contacts
  58. 3.4: Equilibrium between contacts and the conductor
  59. 3.5: Calculation of the electrostatic capacitance
  60. 3.6: Current Flow in Two Terminal Quantum Dot/Single Molecule Devices
  61. 3.7: Calculation of Current
  62. 3.8: Analytic calculations of the effects of charging
  63. 3.9: A small signal circuit model
  64. 3.10: The Ideal Contact Limit†
  65. 3.11: Problems
  66. 4: Two Terminal Quantum Wire Devices
  67. 4.1: Two Terminal Quantum Wire Devices
  68. 4.2: Scattering and Ballistic Transport
  69. 4.3: Equilibrium between contacts and the conductor
  70. 4.4: Bias
  71. 4.5: The Spatial Profile of the Potential
  72. 4.6: The Quantum Limit of Conductance
  73. 4.7: The Landauer Formula†
  74. 4.8: Spatial variation of the electrochemical potential†
  75. 4.9: Ohm’s law
  76. 4.10: The Drude or Semi-Classical Model of Charge Transport
  77. 4.11: Mobility
  78. 4.12: Effective Mass
  79. 4.13: Comparing the quantum and Semi-Classical Drude models of conduction
  80. 4.14: Problems
  81. 5: Field Effect Transistors
  82. 5.1: Field Effect Transistors
  83. 5.2: FET switching
  84. 5.3: FET Calculations
  85. 5.4: Quantum Capacitance in FETs
  86. 5.5: Simplified models of FET switching
  87. 5.6: The Zero Charging Limit
  88. 5.7: The Strong Charging Limit
  89. 5.8: The temperature dependence of current in the OFF state
  90. 5.9: Transconductance
  91. 5.10: The Ballistic Quantum Wire FET
  92. 5.11: Quantum dot models of quantum wire transistor channels
  93. 5.12: Ballistic Quantum Wire FET Current-Voltage Characteristics at T = 0K.
  94. 5.13: Ballistic Quantum Well FETs
  95. 5.14: Comparison of ballistic and non-ballistic MOSFETs
  96. 5.15: Problems
  97. 6: The Electronic Structure of Materials
  98. 6.1: The hydrogen atom
  99. 6.2: Atoms to Molecules
  100. 6.3: Molecular orbitals
  101. 6.4: Linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO)
  102. 6.5: The Tight Binding Approximation
  103. 6.6: Solving for the energy
  104. 6.7: Examples of tight binding calculations
  105. 6.8: Polyacetylene
  106. 6.9: Crystals and periodic molecules
  107. 6.10: Polyacetylene (average bond model)
  108. 6.11: Polyacetylene (alternating bond model)
  109. 6.12: Graphene
  110. 6.13: Simple cubic, face centered cubic and diamond lattices
  111. 6.14: Bloch functions- wavefunctions in periodic molecules
  112. 6.15: The first Brillouin zone
  113. 6.16: 2-d and 3-d periodic materials
  114. 6.17: Tight Binding Calculations in Periodic molecules and crystals
  115. 6.18: Bandstructure of Bulk Semiconductors
  116. 6.19: Band Gaps and Conduction and Valence bands
  117. 6.20: Analytic approximations for the bandstructure of graphene and carbon nanotubes
  118. 6.21: Band diagrams
  119. 6.22: Semiconductors and Insulators
  120. 6.23: Problems
  121. 7: Fundamental Limits in Computation
  122. 7.1: Speed and power in CMOS circuits
  123. 7.2: Switching Speed
  124. 7.3: Scaling Limits in CMOS
  125. 7.4: Brief notes on information theory and the thermodynamics of computation
  126. 7.5: Reversible computers
  127. 7.6: Reversible Computers and Noise
  128. 7.7: The future of electronics?
  129. 7.8: So how can we approach the subthreshold limit?
  130. 7.9: And beyond?
  131. 7.10: Problems
  132. 8: References and Appendices
  133. 8.1: References
  134. 8.2: Appendix 1 - Electron Wavepacket Propagation
  135. 8.3: Appendix 2 - The Hydrogen Atom
  136. 8.4: Appendix 3 - The Born-Oppenheimer Approximation
  137. 8.5: Appendix 4 - Hybrid Orbitals
  138. Back Matter
  139. Index
  140. Glossary
  141. Detailed Licensing