Organic Chemistry Lab Techniques

by Lisa Nichols

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In this resource you will find theory and procedures on the main organic lab techniques (chromatography, crystallization, extraction, distillation) as well as general concepts on how to set up and heat apparatuses (see the Table of Contents tab for a more complete listing of topics). All procedures are accompanied by step-by-step pictures, and graphics are heavily utilized throughout the resource.

Description from LibreTexts.

Publisher
Butte College
Subjects
Chemistry
Licence
CC BY-NC-ND, as LibreTexts states it. Non-commercial use only, and no changed versions.
Who can read
Tweens profiles and older, judged from its title and subjects

Contents

LibreTexts writes equations in TeX, and here they show as TeX; the PDF has them typeset.

  1. Front Matter
  2. TitlePage
  3. InfoPage
  4. Table of Contents
  5. Licensing
  6. 1: General Techniques
  7. 1.1: Prelude to General Techniques
  8. 1.2: Glassware and Equipment
  9. 1.2A: Pictures of Glassware and Equipment
  10. 1.2B: Ground Glass Joints
  11. 1.2C: Clamping
  12. 1.2D: Greasing Joints
  13. 1.2E: Cleaning Glassware
  14. 1.2F: Drying Glassware
  15. 1.2G: 1.1G- Storing Samples (Parafilm
  16. 1.01: Storing Samples (Parafilm
  17. 1.3: Transferring Methods
  18. 1.3A: Transferring Methods - Solids
  19. 1.3B: Transferring Methods - Liquids
  20. 1.3C: Transferring Methods - Inert Atmospheric Methods
  21. 1.4: Heating and Cooling Methods
  22. 1.4A: Methods and Flammability
  23. 1.4B: Controlled Boiling
  24. 1.4C: Adjustable Platforms
  25. 1.4D: Bunsen Burners
  26. 1.4E: Hotplates
  27. 1.4F: Steam Baths
  28. 1.4G: Heating Mantles
  29. 1.4H: Water, Sand, and Oil Baths
  30. 1.4I: Heat Guns
  31. 1.4J: Cooling Baths
  32. 1.4K: Reflux
  33. 1.5: Filtering Methods
  34. 1.5A: Overview of Methods
  35. 1.5B: Decanting
  36. 1.5C: Gravity Filtration
  37. 1.5D: Suction Filtration
  38. 1.5E: Hot Filtration
  39. 1.5F: Pipette Filtration (Microscale)
  40. 1.5G: Centrifugation
  41. 2: Chromatography
  42. 2.1: Prelude to Chromatography
  43. 2.2: Chromatography Generalities
  44. 2.2A: Overview of Chromatography
  45. 2.2B: General Separation Theory
  46. 2.3: Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)
  47. 2.3A: Overview of TLC
  48. 2.3B: Uses of TLC
  49. 2.3C: The Retention Factor
  50. 2.3D: Separation Theory
  51. 2.3E: Step-by-Step Procedures for Thin Layer Chromatography
  52. 2.3F: Visualizing TLC Plates
  53. 2.4: Column Chromatography
  54. 2.4A: Macroscale Columns
  55. 2.4B: Microscale (Pipette) Columns
  56. 2.5: Gas Chromatography (GC)
  57. 2.5A: Overview of GC
  58. 2.5B: Uses of Gas Chromatography
  59. 2.5C: Separation Theory
  60. 2.5D: Quantitating with GC
  61. 2.5E: GC Parameters
  62. 2.5F: Sample Preparation for Gas Chromatography
  63. 3: Crystallization
  64. 3.1: Overview of Crystallization
  65. 3.2: Uses of Crystallization
  66. 3.2A: Reagent Purification
  67. 3.2B: Purification of Product Mixtures
  68. 3.3: Choice of Solvent
  69. 3.3A: Ideal Temperature Profile
  70. 3.3B: General Procedures for Removing Impurities
  71. 3.3C: Determining Which Solvent to Use
  72. 3.3D: Using Solubility Data
  73. 3.3E: Experimentally Testing Solvents
  74. 3.3F: Mixed Solvents
  75. 3.4: Crystallization Theory
  76. 3.4A: Purification
  77. 3.4B: Cooling Slowly
  78. 3.4C: Using the Minimum Amount of Hot Solvent
  79. 3.4D: The Unavoidable Loss of Recovery
  80. 3.4E: Quantitating Crystallization
  81. 3.4F: Second Crop Crystallization
  82. 3.5: Procedural Generalities
  83. 3.5A: General Procedure
  84. 3.5B: Heat Source and Bump Prevention
  85. 3.5C: Charcoal
  86. 3.5D: Cooling Slowly
  87. 3.5E: Initiating Crystallization
  88. 3.6: Step-by-Step Procedures
  89. 3.6A: Single Solvent Crystallization
  90. 3.6B: Crystallization Summary
  91. 3.6C: Using Solvents Other Than Water
  92. 3.6D: Mixed Solvent Crystallization
  93. 3.6E: Mixed Solvent Summary
  94. 3.6F: Troubleshooting
  95. 4: Extraction
  96. 4.1: Prelude to Extraction
  97. 4.2: Overview of Extraction
  98. 4.3: Uses of Extraction
  99. 4.4: Which Layer is Which?
  100. 4.5: Extraction Theory
  101. 4.6: Step-by-Step Procedures For Extractions
  102. 4.7: Reaction Work-Ups
  103. 4.8: Acid-Base Extraction
  104. 5: Distillation
  105. 5.1: Overview of Distillation
  106. 5.2: Simple Distillation
  107. 5.2A: Uses of Simple Distillation
  108. 5.2B: Separation Theory
  109. 5.2C: Step-by-Step Procedures
  110. 5.2D: Microscale Distillation
  111. 5.3: Fractional Distillation
  112. 5.3A: Theory of Fractional Distillation
  113. 5.3B: Fractionating Columns
  114. 5.3C: Uses of Fractional Distillation
  115. 5.3D: Step-by-Step Procedures for Fractional Distillation
  116. 5.4: Vacuum Distillation
  117. 5.4A: Overview of Vacuum Distillation
  118. 5.4B: Predicting the Boiling Temperature
  119. 5.4C: Step-by-Step Procedures for Vacuum Distillation
  120. 5.5: Steam Distillation
  121. 5.5A: Overview of Steam Distillation
  122. 5.5B: Uses of Steam Distillation
  123. 5.5C: Separation Theory
  124. 5.5D: Step-by-Step Procedures for Steam Distillation
  125. 5.6: Rotary Evaporation
  126. 5.6A: Overview of Rotary Evaporation
  127. 5.6B: Step-by-Step Procedures for Rotary Evaporation
  128. 5.6C: Troubleshooting Rotary Evaporation
  129. 6: Miscellaneous Techniques
  130. 6.1: Melting Point
  131. 6.1A: Overview of Melting Point
  132. 6.1B: Uses of Melting Points
  133. 6.1C: Melting Point Theory
  134. 6.1D: Step-by-Step Procedures for Melting Point Determination
  135. 6.1E: Mixed Melting Points
  136. 6.2: Boiling Point
  137. 6.2A: Overview of Boiling Point
  138. 6.2B: Step-by-Step Procedures for Boiling Point Determination
  139. 6.3: Sublimation
  140. 6.3A: Overview of Sublimation
  141. 6.3B: Step-by-Step Procedures for Sublimation in the Laboratory
  142. 6.4: Chemical Tests
  143. 6.4A: Overview of Chemical Tests
  144. 6.4B: Flowcharts
  145. 6.4C: Chemical Test Summary
  146. 6.4D: Individual Tests
  147. 7: Technique Summaries
  148. 7.1: Flame-Drying Glassware
  149. 7.2: Using Calibrated Glass Pipettes
  150. 7.3: Inert Atmospheric Methods
  151. 7.4: Reflux
  152. 7.5: Suction Filtration
  153. 7.6: Hot Filtration
  154. 7.7: Thin Layer Chromatography
  155. 7.8: TLC Visualization Methods
  156. 7.9: Macroscale Column Chromatography
  157. 7.10: Pipette Column Chromatography
  158. 7.11: Testing Solvents for Crystallization
  159. 7.12: Testing Mixed Solvents for Crystallization
  160. 7.13: Single Solvent Crystallization
  161. 7.14: Mixed Solvent Crystallization
  162. 7.15: Single Extraction
  163. 7.16: Multiple Extraction
  164. 7.17: Microscale Extractions
  165. 7.18: Testing the pH After a Wash
  166. 7.19: Using Drying Agents
  167. 7.20: Acid-Base Extraction
  168. 7.21: Simple Distillation
  169. 7.22: Fractional Distillation
  170. 7.23: Vacuum Distillation
  171. 7.24: Steam Distillation
  172. 7.25: Rotary Evaporation
  173. 7.26: Melting Points
  174. 7.27: Boiling Points (Thiele Tube)
  175. 7.28: Vacuum Sublimation
  176. 8: About the Author - Lisa Nichols
  177. Back Matter
  178. Index
  179. Glossary
  180. Detailed Licensing