TLP Library I

by Dissemination of IT for the Promotion of Materials Science (DoITPoMS)

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Teaching and learning packages (TLPs) are self-contained, interactive resources, each focusing on one area of Materials Science.

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Publisher
University of Cambridge
Subjects
Engineering, Materials Science
Licence
CC BY-NC-SA 2.0, as LibreTexts states it. Non-commercial use only.
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Tweens profiles and older, judged from its title and subjects

Contents

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  1. Front Matter
  2. TitlePage
  3. InfoPage
  4. Table of Contents
  5. Licensing
  6. 1: Analysis of Deformation Processes
  7. 1.1: Introduction to Analysis of Deformation Processes
  8. 1.2: Lévy-Mises Equations
  9. 1.3: Slip Line Field Theory
  10. 1.4: Work Formula Method
  11. 1.5: Limit Analysis
  12. 1.6: Finite Element Method
  13. 1.7: Hencky Relations
  14. 1.8: Deeper Questions
  15. 2: Introduction to Anisotropy
  16. 2.1: Introduction
  17. 2.2: Mechanical analogy of anisotropic response
  18. 2.3: Anisotropic Thermal Conductivity
  19. 2.4: Derivation of the anisotropy ellipsoid
  20. 2.5: Anisotropic electrical conductivity
  21. 2.6: Anisotropic Diffusion
  22. 2.7: Anisotropic dielectric permittivity
  23. 2.8: Optical anisotropy and the optical indicatrix
  24. 2.9: Liquid crystals
  25. 2.10: Summary
  26. 2.11: Questions
  27. 3: Atomic Force Microscopy
  28. 3.1: Introduction
  29. 3.2: Tip Surface Interaction
  30. 3.3: Modes of Operation
  31. 3.4: The Scanner
  32. 3.5: Tip and Cantilever
  33. 3.6: Feedback
  34. 3.7: Scanner Related Artefacts
  35. 3.8: Tip Related Artefacts
  36. 3.9: Other Artefacts
  37. 3.10: Summary
  38. 3.11: Questions
  39. 4: Atomic Scale Structure of Materials
  40. 4.1: Introduction
  41. 4.2: Single crystals- Shape and anisotropy
  42. 4.3: Single crystals- Mechanical properties
  43. 4.4: Single crystals- Optical properties
  44. 4.5: Polycrystals
  45. 4.6: Defects
  46. 4.7: Summary
  47. 4.8: Questions
  48. 5: Avoidance of Crystallization in Biological Systems
  49. 5.1: Introduction
  50. 5.2: Nucleation and crystallization
  51. 5.3: The water-sucrose system
  52. 5.4: Avoidance of crystallization by glass formation
  53. 5.5: Avoidance of crystallization by freeze resistance
  54. 5.6: Summary
  55. 5.7: Questions
  56. 6: Batteries
  57. 6.1: Introduction
  58. 6.2: Basic principles
  59. 6.3: Thermodynamics and kinetics
  60. 6.4: Primary batteries
  61. 6.5: Zinc
  62. 6.5.01: Zinc
  63. 6.5.1: Zinc/carbon batteries
  64. 6.6: Alkaline
  65. 6.6.01: Alkaline
  66. 6.6.1: Alkaline/manganese oxide batteries
  67. 6.7: Questions
  68. 6.8: Zinc
  69. 6.8.01: Zinc
  70. 6.8.1: Zinc/silver oxide batteries
  71. 6.9: Secondary batteries
  72. 6.10: Lead
  73. 6.10.01: Lead
  74. 6.10.1: Lead/acid batteries
  75. 6.11: Lithium batteries
  76. 6.12: Battery characteristics
  77. 6.13: The future
  78. 7: Bending and Torsion of Beams
  79. 7.1: Introduction
  80. 7.2: Pole-vaulting
  81. 7.3: Bending moments and beam curvatures
  82. 7.4: Maximising the beam stiffness
  83. 7.5: Beam deflections from applied bending moments
  84. 7.6: Twisting moments (torques) and torsional stiffness
  85. 7.7: Springs
  86. 7.8: Plastic deformation during beam bending
  87. 7.9: Summary
  88. 7.10: Questions
  89. 8: Brillouin Zones
  90. 8.1: Introduction
  91. 8.2: Reciprocal lattice vectors
  92. 8.3: Brillouin Zone construction
  93. 8.4: The general case in three dimensions
  94. 8.5: Zone Folding
  95. 8.6: Brillouin Zones in Three Dimensions
  96. 8.7: Summary
  97. 8.8: Questions
  98. 9: Brittle Fracture
  99. 9.1: Introduction
  100. 9.2: When do atomic bonds break?
  101. 9.3: Why do cracks weaken a material?
  102. 9.4: Inglis and the crack tip stress idea
  103. 9.5: Can we calculate the energy changes?
  104. 9.6: What about tension?
  105. 9.7: Another way of expressing the energies
  106. 9.8: Another way of calculating the energies
  107. 9.8: Why bother if they are the same?
  108. 9.9: Coping with a scatter in strength
  109. 9.10: When does the sample fail completely?
  110. 9.11: Sub-critical crack growth and R-curves
  111. 9.12: Summary
  112. 9.13: Questions
  113. 10: Casting
  114. 10.1: Introduction
  115. 10.2: Heat Transfer
  116. 10.3: Heat Transfer Simulation
  117. 10.4: Microstructure and Segregation in Castings
  118. 10.5: Sand Casting
  119. 10.6: Die Casting
  120. 10.7: Continuous Casting
  121. 10.8: Investment Casting
  122. 10.9: Other Methods of Casting
  123. 10.10: Summary
  124. 10.11: Questions
  125. 11: Coating mechanics
  126. 11.1: Introduction
  127. 11.2: Misfit Strains
  128. 11.3: Force and Moment Balances
  129. 11.4: The Biaxial Modulus
  130. 11.5: The Stoney Equation - the Thin Coating Limit
  131. 11.6: Spallation (Interfacial Debonding)
  132. 11.7: Summary
  133. 11.8: Questions
  134. 12: Creep Deformation of Metals
  135. 12.1: Introduction
  136. 12.2: Creep Mechanisms
  137. 12.3: Constitutive Laws for Creep
  138. 12.4: Uniaxial Creep Testing - Practical Basics
  139. 12.5: Multiaxial Creep Testing – The Creeping Coil
  140. 12.6: Multiaxial Creep Testing – Indentation Creep Plastometry
  141. 12.7: Designing for Creep Resistance - Nickel Based Superalloys
  142. 12.8: Summary
  143. 12.9: Questions
  144. 13: Crystallinity in polymers
  145. 13.1: Introduction
  146. 13.2: Crystalline and Amorphous Polymers
  147. 13.3: Spherulites and Optical Properties
  148. 13.4: Polymer Stress-Strain Curve
  149. 13.5: Tensile Testing of Polyethylene
  150. 13.6: Summary
  151. 13.7: Questions
  152. 14: Crystallographic Texture
  153. 14.1: Introduction
  154. 14.2: Measurement of Texture
  155. 14.3: Representing Texture
  156. 14.4: Origins of Texture
  157. 14.5: Effect of Texture
  158. 14.6: Summary
  159. 14.7: Questions
  160. 15: Crystallography
  161. 15.1: Introduction
  162. 15.2: Lattices
  163. 15.3: Unit Cell
  164. 15.4: Lattice Geometry
  165. 15.5: Crystal Structure
  166. 15.6: Close Packing and Packing Efficiency
  167. 15.7: Symmetry
  168. 15.8: Combining symmetry
  169. 15.9: Crystal Systems
  170. 15.10: Summary
  171. 15.11: Questions
  172. 16: Deformation of honeycombs and foams
  173. 16.1: Introduction
  174. 16.2: Compression of a Honeycomb: Experimental
  175. 16.3: Elastic Behaviour
  176. 16.4: Yielding and Plateau Behaviour
  177. 16.5: Densification
  178. 16.6: Other Porous Structures
  179. 16.7: Porous Structures in Bending
  180. 16.8: Summary
  181. 16.9: Questions
  182. 17: Introduction to Deformation Processes
  183. 17.1: Introduction
  184. 17.2: Rolling
  185. 17.3: Forging
  186. 17.4: Extrusion
  187. 17.5: Drawing
  188. 17.6: Other Processes
  189. 17.7: Summary
  190. 17.8: Questions
  191. 18: Dielectric materials
  192. 18.1: Introduction
  193. 18.2: Electric Dipole
  194. 18.3: Polarisation Mechanisms
  195. 18.4: Capacitors
  196. 18.5: The Dielectric Constant
  197. 18.6: Variation of the Dielectric Constant in Alternating Fields
  198. 18.7: Effect of Structure on the Dielectric Constant
  199. 18.8: Effect of Temperature on the Dielectric Constant
  200. 18.9: Loss in Dielectrics
  201. 18.10: Dielectric Breakdown
  202. 18.11: Applications of Dielectrics
  203. 18.12: Summary
  204. 18.13: Questions
  205. 19: Diffraction and imaging
  206. 19.1: Introduction
  207. 19.2: Diffraction Patterns
  208. 19.3: Two-dimensional Diffraction
  209. 19.4: Image Formation
  210. 19.5: Information Obtained from Diffraction Pattern
  211. 19.6: Applications of the Theory of Optical Diffraction and Imaging
  212. 19.7: Summary
  213. 19.8: Questions
  214. 20: Diffusion
  215. 20.1: Fick's First Law of Diffusion
  216. 20.2: Fick's Second Law of Diffusion
  217. 20.3: Applications of Diffusion
  218. 20.4: Interdiffusion
  219. 20.5: Microstructural Effects
  220. 20.6: Temperature Effects
  221. 21: Dislocation Energetics and Mobility
  222. 21.1: Introduction
  223. 21.2: Making a Dislocation
  224. 21.3: Join the Crystals to Form the Dislocation
  225. 21.4: Dislocation Width
  226. 21.5: Form of the Displacement
  227. 21.6: Change in the Misfit Energy of a Dislocation as it Moves
  228. 21.7: Peierls Energy
  229. 21.8: What is the Peierls Stress?
  230. 21.9: Determining the Peierls Stress
  231. 21.10: Lattice Resistance
  232. 21.11: Uses and Limitations of the Atomistic Model
  233. 21.12: Summary
  234. 21.13: Questions
  235. 22: Introduction to Dislocations
  236. 22.1: Introduction
  237. 22.2: Dislocations in 2D
  238. 22.3: Bubble Raft
  239. 22.4: Dislocation Glide
  240. 22.5: Dislocation Motion
  241. 22.6: Dislocation in 3D
  242. 22.7: Observing Dislocations
  243. 22.8: Summary
  244. 22.9: Questions
  245. 23: Elasticity in Biological Materials
  246. 23.1: Introduction
  247. 23.2: Hookean Elasticity
  248. 23.3: S-shaped Curves
  249. 23.4: Aneurysms
  250. 23.5: Demonstration of Aneurysms
  251. 23.6: J-Shaped Curves
  252. 23.7: Viscoelasticity and Hysteresis
  253. 23.8: Summary
  254. 23.9: Questions
  255. 24: Electromigration
  256. 24.1: Introduction
  257. 24.2: The Theory of Electromigration
  258. 24.3: Electromigration Damage
  259. 24.4: Flux Divergence
  260. 24.5: Avoiding Electromigration Problems
  261. 24.6: Alternatives to Aluminium Metallization
  262. 24.7: Summary
  263. 24.8: Questions
  264. 25: Ellingham Diagrams
  265. 25.1: Introduction
  266. 25.2: Thermodynamics
  267. 25.3: Chemical Reactions
  268. 25.4: The Equilibrium Constant
  269. 25.5: The Ellingham Diagram
  270. 25.6: Application
  271. 25.7: Partial Pressure of Reacting Gas
  272. 25.8: Reading p_O2 from the Ellingham Diagram
  273. 25.9: Other Gas Mixtures
  274. 25.10: Reducing Agents
  275. 25.11: Other Atmospheres and Non-Standard States
  276. 25.12: Summary
  277. 25.13: The Interactive Ellingham Diagram
  278. 25.14: Questions
  279. 26: Expitaxial Growth
  280. 26.1: Introduction
  281. 26.2: The Simulation and its Limitations
  282. 26.3: Summary
  283. 26.4: Questions
  284. 27: Examination of a Manufactured Article
  285. 27.1: Introduction
  286. 27.2: Dismantling the Article
  287. 27.3: Classes of Materials
  288. 27.4: Metals
  289. 27.5: Polymers
  290. 27.6: Ceramics and Composites
  291. 27.7: Example Article
  292. 27.8: Summary
  293. 27.9: Questions
  294. 28: Ferroelectric Materials
  295. 28.1: Introduction
  296. 28.2: The Dipole Moment
  297. 28.3: Polarisation
  298. 28.4: Switching Polarisation
  299. 28.5: Measurement of Polarisation
  300. 28.6: Fabrication of a KNO_3 Ferroelectric Capacitor
  301. 28.7: Temperature Dependence of the Hysteresis Loop
  302. 28.8: Barium Titanate
  303. 28.9: Order of Phase Transitions
  304. 28.10: Ferroelectrics - Why?
  305. 28.11: Summary
  306. 28.12: Questions
  307. 29: Ferromagnetic Materials
  308. 29.11: Questions
  309. 29.1: Introduction
  310. 29.2: Types of Magnetism
  311. 29.3: Why are some materials magnetic?
  312. 29.4: Why are Only Some Materials Ferromagnetic
  313. 29.5: Curie-Weiss Law
  314. 29.6: Domains
  315. 29.7: Domain Walls
  316. 29.8: Hysteresis
  317. 29.9: Anisotropy
  318. 29.10: Summary
  319. 30: Finite Element Method
  320. 30.1: Introduction
  321. 30.2: Nodes, Elements, Degrees of Freedom and Boundary Conditions
  322. 30.3: Direct Stiffness Method and the Global Stiffness Matrix
  323. 30.4: Enforcing Boundary Conditions
  324. 30.5: Interpolation/Basis/Shape Functions
  325. 30.6: 1D First Order Shape Functions
  326. 30.7: 1D Second Order Shapes and Functions
  327. 30.8: Typical steps during FEM modelling
  328. 30.9: Summary
  329. 30.10: Questions
  330. 31: Fuel Cells
  331. 31.1: Introduction
  332. 31.22: Questions
  333. 31.2: The Principle
  334. 31.4: History of The Technology
  335. 31.4: Types of fuel cells
  336. 31.5: Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs)
  337. 31.6: Electrolyte
  338. 31.7: Electrode Materials
  339. 31.8: Interconnection
  340. 31.9: Thermodynamics
  341. 31.10: System and Outlook
  342. 31.11: Molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFCs)
  343. 31.12: Electrolyte
  344. 31.13: Electrochemistry
  345. 31.14: Electrodes
  346. 31.15: Proton Exchange Membran Fuel Cells (PEMFCs)
  347. 31.16: Membrane
  348. 31.17: Electrodes and Membrane-Electrode Assembly
  349. 31.18: Efficiency and Reaction Conditions
  350. 31.19: Fuelling Requirements
  351. 31.20: Case Study: Fuelling Practicalities
  352. 31.21: Summary
  353. 32: The Glass Transition in Polymers
  354. 32.1: Introduction
  355. 32.2: Theory 1
  356. 32.3: Theory 2
  357. 32.4: Measurement of Tg
  358. 32.5: Demostrations
  359. 32.6: Summary
  360. 32.7: Questions
  361. 33: Granular Materials
  362. 33.1: Introduction
  363. 33.2: Terzaghi's Effective Stress Principle
  364. 33.3: Ground Settlement and Centrifuge Modelling Experiments
  365. 33.4: Angle of Repose
  366. 33.5: Principle of Normality
  367. 33.6: Yielding of Disturbed Saturated Soils in Triaxial Stress Tests
  368. 33.7: Original Cam-Clay Model
  369. 33.8: Liquefaction
  370. 33.9: Wet Sand Drying Underfoot
  371. 33.10: Summary
  372. 33.11: Questions
  373. 34: Indexing Electron Diffraction Patterns
  374. 34.1: Introduction
  375. 34.2: Mathematics
  376. 34.3: Laue Zones
  377. 34.4: Kikuchi Lines
  378. 34.5: Using Polycrystalline Materials in the TEM
  379. 34.6: Convergent Beam Electron Diffraction (CBED)
  380. 34.7: Using Other Methods in Conjunction with Electron Diffraction
  381. 34.8: Summary
  382. 34.9: Questions
  383. 35: The Jominy End Quench Test
  384. 35.1: Introduction
  385. 35.2: Hardenability
  386. 35.3: Jominy Test
  387. 35.4: Uses of Jominy Data
  388. 35.5: Example Test Data
  389. 35.6: Simulations
  390. 35.7: Summary
  391. 35.8: Questions
  392. Back Matter
  393. Index
  394. Glossary
  395. Detailed Licensing