Data and the Modern World

by Alan Polansky

Read here Read at LibreTextsPDF
Publisher
Northern Illinois University
Subjects
Statistics
Licence
CC BY 4.0, as LibreTexts states it
Who can read
Tweens profiles and older, judged from its title and subjects

Contents

LibreTexts writes equations in TeX, and here they show as TeX; the PDF has them typeset.

  1. Front Matter
  2. TitlePage
  3. InfoPage
  4. Table of Contents
  5. Licensing
  6. Preface
  7. 1: Data and the Modern World
  8. 1.1: What to Expect
  9. 1.2: From Data to Decisions
  10. 1.3: The Use of Data in the Modern World
  11. 1.3.1: The Pharmaceutical Industry
  12. 1.3.2: The Retail Industry
  13. 1.3.3: Sports
  14. 1.3.4: The Online World
  15. 1.3.5: Education
  16. 1.3.6: Meteorology
  17. 1.3.7: Insurance
  18. 1.3.8: Energy
  19. 1.4: Some Applications
  20. 1.4.1: Voter Engagement
  21. 1.4.2: Economic Uncertainty and Corruption
  22. 1.4.3: Severity of School Discipline
  23. 1.4.4: Product Placement in Movies
  24. 1.4.5: The Effect of the COVID Crisis
  25. 1.4.6: Attitudes About Marital Rape
  26. 1.4.7: Sexuality, Race, and Suicide
  27. 1.4.8: Race and Gender in Sentencing Disparity
  28. 1.4.9: The Major League Baseball Pitch Clock
  29. 1.4.10: Artificial Intelligence in Music Education
  30. 1.5: About the Quotation
  31. 1.6: Practice and Exploration
  32. 1.7: References
  33. 2: Empiricism
  34. 2.1: What to Expect
  35. 2.2: Empiricism and Knowledge
  36. 2.3: The Modern Scientific Method
  37. 2.4: Feminist Empiricism
  38. 2.5: Critical Analysis
  39. 2.5.1: Labor Market Discrimination
  40. 2.5.2: Same-Sex Marriage Laws and Hate Crimes
  41. 2.5.3: Performance After Surgery in Baseball Players
  42. 2.5.4: The Supreme Court and Personal Attitudes
  43. 2.5.5: Success Factors for Mobile Work in Health Care
  44. 2.5.6: Improving Web Searches
  45. 2.5.7: Customer Avoidance of Advertising on Social Media
  46. 2.6: Summary
  47. 2.7: About the Quote
  48. 2.8: Practice and Exploration
  49. 2.9: Collaborative Activity
  50. 2.10: References
  51. 3: Experiments
  52. 3.1: What to Expect
  53. 3.2: Experiments
  54. 3.3: Designed Experiments
  55. 3.4: Observational Studies
  56. 3.5: Case Control Studies
  57. 3.6: Unethical Experiments
  58. 3.7: Critical Analysis
  59. 3.7.1: Labor Market Discrimination
  60. 3.7.2: Visual Exercise Environments and Treadmill Running
  61. 3.7.3: Same-Sex Marriage Laws and Hate Crimes
  62. 3.7.4: Effects of a New Special Formula Fertilizer on Potato Growth
  63. 3.7.5: The Supreme Court and Personal Attitudes
  64. 3.7.6: Sleep and College Students
  65. 3.7.7: Gender and COVID-19 Outcomes
  66. 3.7.8: Thought and the Growth of Fungi Cultures
  67. 3.7.9: Risk Factors for Homelessness
  68. 3.8: Summary
  69. 3.9: About the Quote
  70. 3.10: Practice and Exploration
  71. 3.11: Collaborative Activity
  72. 3.12: References
  73. 4: The Nature of Populations
  74. 4.1: What to Expect
  75. 4.2: Defining a Population
  76. 4.3: Practicality
  77. 4.4: Established Data
  78. 4.5: Defining Populations in Litigation
  79. 4.6: Critical Analysis
  80. 4.6.1: The Presidential Election of 1936
  81. 4.6.2: Young Women in the Justice System
  82. 4.6.3: Phone Use Policies in Schools in England
  83. 4.6.4: Same-Sex Marriage and LGBT Discrimination
  84. 4.6.5: Sampling Animals in Populations
  85. 4.6.6: Land Cover and Racial Segregation
  86. 4.6.7: Tobacco Retailer Density
  87. 4.7: Summary
  88. 4.8: About the Quote
  89. 4.9: Practice and Exploration
  90. 4.10: Collaborative Activity
  91. 4.11: References
  92. 5: The Nature of Data
  93. 5.1: What to Expect
  94. 5.2: Quantitative and Qualitative Data
  95. 5.3: The Structure of Data
  96. 5.4: Critical Analysis
  97. 5.4.1: Inequities in Employment During COVID-19
  98. 5.4.2: Attitudes About Marital Rape
  99. 5.4.3: Satisfaction with Sport Participation
  100. 5.4.4: The Supreme Court and Personal Attitudes
  101. 5.4.5: Product Placement in Movies
  102. 5.4.6: The Racial Wealth Gap
  103. 5.5: Summary
  104. 5.6: About the Quotation
  105. 5.7: Practice and Exploration
  106. 5.8: Collaborative Activity
  107. 5.9: References
  108. 6: Measuring Abstract Information
  109. 6.1: What to Expect
  110. 6.2: Abstract Concepts
  111. 6.3: Conceptualization and Operationalization
  112. 6.4: Validity and Reliability
  113. 6.5: Established Measurement Systems
  114. 6.6: Critical Analysis
  115. 6.6.1: Attitudes About Marital Rape
  116. 6.6.2: Gender and Race-Related Stress
  117. 6.6.3: Measuring Satisfaction in Sports
  118. 6.7: Summary
  119. 6.8: About the Quotation
  120. 6.9: Practice and Exploration
  121. 6.10: Collaborative Activity
  122. 6.11: References
  123. 7: Probability and Randomness
  124. 7.1: What to Expect
  125. 7.2: Randomness
  126. 7.3: Defining Randomness
  127. 7.4: Probability
  128. 7.5: Odds
  129. 7.6: Critical Analysis
  130. 7.6.1: The Birthday Problem
  131. 7.6.2: Risk of Death from a Shark Attack
  132. 7.6.3: Bias in the Application of the Death Penalty
  133. 7.6.4: The Vietnam War Draft Lottery
  134. 7.6.5: Ovid and Gambling
  135. 7.6.6: Sports Activities and Lower Back Pain in Adolescence
  136. 7.7: Summary
  137. 7.8: About the Quotation
  138. 7.9: Practice and Exploration
  139. 7.10: Collaborative Activity
  140. 7.11: References
  141. 8: Observing Data from Populations
  142. 8.1: What to Expect
  143. 8.2: Motivation
  144. 8.3: The Concept of Sampling
  145. 8.4: Randomness and Observing Data
  146. 8.5: More Complicated Sampling Methods
  147. 8.6: Nonresponse
  148. 8.7: Critical Analysis
  149. 8.7.1: The Achievement Gap
  150. 8.7.2: Tobacco Retailer Density
  151. 8.7.3: Gender and Race-Related Stress
  152. 8.7.4: Sampling Animals in Populations
  153. 8.7.5: Sports Activities and Lower Back Pain in Adolescence
  154. 8.7.6: Sleep and College Students
  155. 8.7.7: Visual Exercise Environments and Treadmill Running
  156. 8.8: Summary
  157. 8.9: About the Quotation
  158. 8.10: Practice and Exploration
  159. 8.11: Collaborative Activity
  160. 8.12: References
  161. 9: Numerical Methods for Summarizing Data
  162. 9.1: What to Expect
  163. 9.2: Summarizing Data
  164. 9.3: Location
  165. 9.4: Variation
  166. 9.5: Percentiles
  167. 9.6: Critical Analysis
  168. 9.6.1: Race and COVID-19 Mortality
  169. 9.6.2: Effects of a New Special Formula Fertilizer on Potato Growth
  170. 9.6.3: Visual Exercise Environments and Treadmill Running
  171. 9.6.4: Satisfaction with Sport Participation
  172. 9.7: Summary
  173. 9.8: About the Quotation
  174. 9.9: Practice and Exploration
  175. 9.10: Collaborative Activity
  176. 9.11: References
  177. 10: Frequency Distributions
  178. 10.1: What to Expect
  179. 10.2: Qualitative Data
  180. 10.3: Quantitative Data
  181. 10.4: Cross Classified Data
  182. 10.5: Simpson's Paradox
  183. 10.6: Critical Analysis
  184. 10.6.1: African American Student Debt
  185. 10.6.2: Race and School Discipline
  186. 10.7: Summary
  187. 10.8: About the Quotation
  188. 10.9: Practice and Exploration
  189. 10.10: Collaborative Activity
  190. 10.11: References
  191. 11: Visual Methods for Summarizing Data
  192. 11.1: What to Expect
  193. 11.2: The Need for Data Visualization
  194. 11.3: Bar Graphs
  195. 11.4: Pie Charts
  196. 11.5: Line Graphs
  197. 11.6: Histograms
  198. 11.7: Scatterplots
  199. 11.8: Critical Analysis
  200. 11.8.1: Sampling Animals in Populations
  201. 11.9: Summary
  202. 11.10: About the Quotation
  203. 11.11: Practice and Exploration
  204. 11.12: References
  205. 12: The Logical Structure of Formal Statistical Inference
  206. 12.1: What to Expect
  207. 12.2: Hypotheses
  208. 12.3: Estimation and Evidence
  209. 12.4: Rejection Regions and Risk
  210. 12.5: Observed Significance Levels
  211. 12.6: Interval Estimation
  212. 12.7: Critical Analysis
  213. 12.7.1: Race and Depression Treatment
  214. 12.8: Summary
  215. 12.9: About the Quotation
  216. 12.10: Practice and Exploration
  217. 12.11: References
  218. 13: Association and Causation
  219. 13.1: What to Expect
  220. 13.2: Association and Causation
  221. 13.3: Identifying Associations
  222. 13.4: References
  223. 14: Statistical Models
  224. 14.1: What to Expect
  225. 14.2: Modeling and Association
  226. 14.3: Hypothesis Testing
  227. 15: Ethics in Data Science and Statistics
  228. 15.1: What to Expect
  229. Back Matter
  230. Index
  231. Glossary
  232. Examples Used in the Text
  233. Detailed Licensing
  234. Detailed Licensing