10.1: What to Expect

Data and the Modern World · LibreTexts

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    The previous chapter demonstrated how data can be summarized with respect to several key characteristics, namely location, variation, and as percentiles. For qualitative data these types of summaries are often not informative, as the mathematical operations of summing or ranking may not be valid for the data. In other cases, we may have quantitative data for which we would like some additional detail, and these summaries are not enough. A frequency distribution can often be helpful in these cases. By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

    1. Construct and interpret frequency tables for qualitative data.
    1. Construct and interpret frequency distributions for qualitative data.
    1. Construct and interpret frequency distributions for cross-classified data.
    1. Understand and interpret the importance of Simpson's paradox.

    This page titled 10.1: What to Expect was last modified on Wed, 18 Mar 2026 02:48:26 GMT and is shared under a CC BY 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by .