Anatomy and Physiology

by OpenStax

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Anatomy is the branch of biology concerned with the study of the structure of organisms and their parts. Physiology is the scientific study of the normal function in living systems with a focus on how organisms, organ systems, organs, cells, and biomolecules carry out the chemical or physical functions in a living system. Anatomy and physiology make a natural pair of related disciplines that are often studied together.

Description from LibreTexts.

Publisher
Roosevelt University
Subjects
Medicine
Licence
CC BY 4.0, as LibreTexts states it
Who can read
Teens profiles and older, judged from its title and subjects

Contents

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  1. Front Matter
  2. TitlePage
  3. InfoPage
  4. Preface
  5. Table of Contents
  6. Licensing
  7. Unit 1: Levels of Organization
  8. Chapter 1: An Introduction to the Human Body
  9. 1.0: Introduction
  10. 1.1: Overview of Anatomy and Physiology
  11. 1.1.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  12. 1.2: Structural Organization of the Human Body
  13. 1.2.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  14. 1.3: Functions of Human Life
  15. 1.3.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  16. 1.4: Requirements for Human Life
  17. 1.4.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  18. 1.5: Homeostasis
  19. 1.5.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  20. 1.6: Anatomical Terminology
  21. 1.6.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  22. 1.7: Medical Imaging
  23. 1.7.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  24. 1.8: Key Terms
  25. 1.9: Interactive Link Questions
  26. Chapter 2: The Chemical Level of Organization
  27. 2.0: Introduction
  28. 2.1: Elements and Atoms - The Building Blocks of Matter
  29. 2.1.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  30. 2.2: Chemical Bonds
  31. 2.2.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  32. 2.3: Chemical Reactions
  33. 2.3.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  34. 2.4: Inorganic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning
  35. 2.4.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  36. 2.5: Organic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning
  37. 2.5.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  38. 2.6: Key Terms
  39. 2.7: Interactive Link Questions
  40. Chapter 3: The Cellular Level of Organization
  41. 3.0: Introduction
  42. 3.0.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  43. 3.1: The Cell Membrane
  44. 3.1.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  45. 3.2: The Cytoplasm and Cellular Organelles
  46. 3.2.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  47. 3.3: The Nucleus and DNA Replication
  48. 3.3.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  49. 3.4: Protein Synthesis
  50. 3.4.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  51. 3.5: Cell Growth and Division
  52. 3.5.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  53. 3.6: Cellular Differentiation
  54. 3.6.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  55. 3.7: Key Terms
  56. 3.8: Interactive Link Questions
  57. Chapter 4: The Tissue Level of Organization
  58. 4.0: Introduction
  59. 4.1: Types of Tissues
  60. 4.1.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  61. 4.2: Epithelial Tissue
  62. 4.2.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  63. 4.3: Connective Tissue Supports and Protects
  64. 4.3.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  65. 4.4: Muscle Tissue and Motion
  66. 4.4.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  67. 4.5: Nervous Tissue Mediates Perception and Response
  68. 4.5.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  69. 4.6: Tissue Injury and Aging
  70. 4.6.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  71. 4.7: Key Terms
  72. 4.8: Interactive Link Questions
  73. Unit 2: Support and Movement
  74. Chapter 5: The Integumentary System
  75. 5.0: Introduction
  76. 5.1: Layers of the Skin
  77. 5.1.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  78. 5.2: Accessory Structures of the Skin
  79. 5.2.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  80. 5.3: Functions of the Integumentary System
  81. 5.3.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  82. 5.4: Diseases, Disorders, and Injuries of the Integumentary System
  83. 5.4.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  84. 5.5: Key Terms
  85. 5.6: Interactive Link Questions
  86. 5.7: Critical Thinking Questions
  87. Chapter 6: Bone Tissue and the Skeletal System
  88. 6.0: Introduction
  89. 6.1: The Functions of the Skeletal System
  90. 6.1.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  91. 6.2: Bone Classification
  92. 6.2.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  93. 6.3: Bone Structure
  94. 6.3.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  95. 6.4: Bone Formation and Development
  96. 6.4.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  97. 6.5: Fractures - Bone Repair
  98. 6.5.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  99. 6.6: Exercise, Nutrition, Hormones, and Bone Tissue
  100. 6.6.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  101. 6.7: Calcium Homeostasis - Interactions of the Skeletal System and Other Organ Systems
  102. 6.7.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  103. 6.8: Key Terms
  104. Chapter 7: Axial Skeleton
  105. 7.0: Introduction
  106. 7.1: Divisions of the Skeletal System
  107. 7.1.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  108. 7.2: The Skull
  109. 7.2.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  110. 7.3: The Vertebral Column
  111. 7.3.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  112. 7.4: The Thoracic Cage
  113. 7.4.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  114. 7.5: Embryonic Development of the Axial Skeleton
  115. 7.5.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  116. 7.6: Key Terms
  117. 7.7: Interactive Link Questions
  118. Chapter 8: The Appendicular Skeleton
  119. 8.0: Introduction
  120. 8.1: The Pectoral Girdle
  121. 8.1.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  122. 8.2: Bones of the Upper Limb
  123. 8.2.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  124. 8.3: The Pelvic Girdle and Pelvis
  125. 8.3.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  126. 8.4: Bones of the Lower Limb
  127. 8.4.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  128. 8.5: Development of the Appendicular Skeleton
  129. 8.5.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  130. 8.6: Key Terms
  131. 8.7: Interactive Link Questions
  132. Chapter 9: Joints
  133. 9.0: Introduction
  134. 9.1: Classification of Joints
  135. 9.1.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  136. 9.2: Fibrous Joints
  137. 9.2.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  138. 9.3: Cartilaginous Joints
  139. 9.3.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  140. 9.4: Synovial Joints
  141. 9.4.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  142. 9.5: Types of Body Movements
  143. 9.5.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  144. 9.6: Anatomy of Selected Synovial Joints
  145. 9.6.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  146. 9.7: Development of Joints
  147. 9.7.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  148. 9.8: Key Terms
  149. 9.9: Interactive Link Questions
  150. Chapter 10: Muscle Tissue
  151. 10.0: Introduction
  152. 10.1: Overview of Muscle Tissues
  153. 10.1.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  154. 10.2: Skeletal Muscle
  155. 10.2.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  156. 10.3: Muscle Fiber Contraction and Relaxation
  157. 10.3.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  158. 10.4: Nervous System Control of Muscle Tension
  159. 10.4.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  160. 10.5: Types of Muscle Fibers
  161. 10.5.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  162. 10.6: Exercise and Muscle Performance
  163. 10.6.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  164. 10.7: Cardiac Muscle Tissue
  165. 10.7.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  166. 10.8: Smooth Muscle
  167. 10.8.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  168. 10.9: Development and Regeneration of Muscle Tissue
  169. 10.9.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  170. 10.10: Key Terms
  171. 10.11: Interactive Link Questions
  172. Chapter 11: The Muscular System
  173. 11.0: Introduction
  174. 11.1: Interactions of Skeletal Muscles, Their Fascicle Arrangement, and Their Lever Systems
  175. 11.1.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  176. 11.2: Naming Skeletal Muscle
  177. 11.2.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  178. 11.3: Axial Muscles of the Head, Neck, and Back
  179. 11.3.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  180. 11.4: Axial Muscles of the Abdominal Wall and Thorax
  181. 11.4.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  182. 11.5: Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs
  183. 11.5.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  184. 11.6: Appendicular Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs
  185. 11.6.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  186. 11.7: Key Terms
  187. Unit 3: Regulation, Integration, and Control
  188. Chapter 12: The Nervous System and Nervous Tissue
  189. 12.0: Introduction
  190. 12.1: Basic Structures and Function of the Nervous System
  191. 12.1.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  192. 12.2: Nervous Tissue
  193. 12.2.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  194. 12.3: The Function of Nervous Tissue
  195. 12.3.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  196. 12.4: The Action Potential
  197. 12.4.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  198. 12.5: Communication Between Neurons
  199. 12.5.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  200. 12.6: Key Terms
  201. 12.7: Interactive Link Questions
  202. Chapter 13: Anatomy of the Nervous Tissue
  203. 13.0: Introduction
  204. 13.1: The Embryologic Perspective
  205. 13.1.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  206. 13.2: The Central Nervous System
  207. 13.2.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  208. 13.3: Circulation and the Central Nervous System
  209. 13.3.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  210. 13.4: The Peripheral Nervous System
  211. 13.4.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  212. 13.5: Key Terms
  213. 13.6: Interactive Link Questions
  214. Chapter 14: The Somatic Nervous System
  215. 14.0: Introduction
  216. 14.1: Sensory Perception
  217. 14.1.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  218. 14.2: Central Processing
  219. 14.2.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  220. 14.3: Motor Processing
  221. 14.3.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  222. 14.4: Key Terms
  223. 14.5: Interactive Link Questions
  224. Chapter 15: The Autonomic Nervous System
  225. 15.0: Introduction
  226. 15.1: Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
  227. 15.1.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  228. 15.2: Autonomic Reflexes and Homeostasis
  229. 15.2.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  230. 15.3: Central Control
  231. 15.3.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  232. 15.4: Drugs that Affect the Autonomic System
  233. 15.4.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  234. 15.5: Key Terms
  235. 15.6: Interactive Link Questions
  236. Chapter 16: The Neurological Exam
  237. 16.0: Introduction
  238. 16.1: Overview of the Neurological Exam
  239. 16.1.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  240. 16.2: The Mental Status Exam
  241. 16.2.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  242. 16.3: The Cranial Nerve Exam
  243. 16.3.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  244. 16.4: The Sensory and Motor Exams
  245. 16.4.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  246. 16.5: The Coordination and Gait Exams
  247. 16.5.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  248. 16.6: Key Terms
  249. 16.7: Interactive Link Questions
  250. Chapter 17: The Endocrine System
  251. 17.0: Introduction
  252. 17.1: An Overview of the Endocrine System
  253. 17.1.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  254. 17.2: Hormones
  255. 17.2.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  256. 17.3: The Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus
  257. 17.3.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  258. 17.4: The Thyroid Gland
  259. 17.4.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  260. 17.5: The Parathyroid Glands
  261. 17.5.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  262. 17.6: The Adrenal Glands
  263. 17.6.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  264. 17.7: The Pineal Gland
  265. 17.7.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  266. 17.8: Gonadal and Placental Hormones
  267. 17.8.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  268. 17.9: The Endocrine Pancreas
  269. 17.9.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  270. 17.10: Organs with Secondary Endocrine Functions
  271. 17.10.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  272. 17.11: Development and Aging of the Endocrine System
  273. 17.11.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  274. 17.12: Key Terms
  275. 17.13: Interactive Link Questions
  276. Unit 4: Fluids and Transport
  277. Chapter 18: The Cardiovascular System - Blood
  278. 18.0: Introduction
  279. 18.1: An Overview of Blood
  280. 18.1.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  281. 18.2: Production of the Formed Elements
  282. 18.2.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  283. 18.3: Erythrocytes
  284. 18.3.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  285. 18.4: Leukocytes and Platelets
  286. 18.4.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  287. 18.5: Hemostasis
  288. 18.5.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  289. 18.6: Blood Typing
  290. 18.6.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  291. 18.7: Key Terms
  292. 18.8: Interactive Link Questions
  293. Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart
  294. 19.0: Introduction
  295. 19.1: Heart Anatomy
  296. 19.1.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  297. 19.2: Cardiac Muscle and Electrical Activity
  298. 19.2.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  299. 19.3: Cardiac Cycle
  300. 19.3.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  301. 19.4: Cardiac Physiology
  302. 19.4.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  303. 19.5: Development of the Heart
  304. 19.5.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  305. 19.6: Key Terms
  306. 19.7: Interactive Link Questions
  307. Chapter 20: The Cardiovascular System - Blood Vessels and Circulation
  308. 20.0: Introduction
  309. 20.1: Structure and Function of Blood Vessels
  310. 20.1.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  311. 20.2: Blood Flow, Blood Pressure, and Resistance
  312. 20.2.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  313. 20.3: Capillary Exchange
  314. 20.3.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  315. 20.4: Homeostatic Regulation of the Vascular System
  316. 20.4.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  317. 20.5: Circulatory Pathways
  318. 20.5.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  319. 20.6: Development of Blood Vessels and Fetal Circulation
  320. 20.6.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  321. 20.7: Key Terms
  322. 20.8: Interactive Link Questions
  323. Chapter 21: The Lymphatic and Immune System
  324. 21.0: Introduction
  325. 21.1: Anatomy of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems
  326. 21.1.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  327. 21.2: Barrier Defenses and the Innate Immune Response
  328. 21.2.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  329. 21.3: The Adaptive Immune Response - T Lymphocytes and Their Functional Types
  330. 21.3.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  331. 21.4: The Adaptive Immune Response - B Lymphocytes and Antibodies
  332. 21.4.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  333. 21.5: The Immune Response Against Pathogens
  334. 21.5.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  335. 21.6: Diseases Associated with Depressed or Overactive Immune Responses
  336. 21.6.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  337. 21.7: Transplantation and Cancer Immunology
  338. 21.7.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  339. 21.8: Key Terms
  340. 21.9: Interactive Link Questions
  341. Unit 5: Energy, Maintenance, and Environmental Exchange
  342. Chapter 22: The Respiratory System
  343. 22.0: Introduction
  344. 22.1: Organs and Structures of the Respiratory System
  345. 22.1.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  346. 22.2: The Lungs
  347. 22.2.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  348. 22.3: The Process of Breathing
  349. 22.3.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  350. 22.4: Gas Exchange
  351. 22.4.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  352. 22.5: Transport of Gases
  353. 22.5.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  354. 22.6: Modifications in Respiratory Functions
  355. 22.6.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  356. 22.7: Embryonic Development of the Respiratory System
  357. 22.7.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  358. 22.8: Key Terms
  359. 22.9: Interactive Link Questions
  360. Chapter 23: The Digestive System
  361. 23.0: Introduction
  362. 23.1: Overview of the Digestive System
  363. 23.1.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  364. 23.2: Digestive System Processes and Regulation
  365. 23.2.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  366. 23.3: The Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus
  367. 23.3.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  368. 23.4: The Stomach
  369. 23.4.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  370. 23.5: The Small and Large Intestines
  371. 23.5.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  372. 23.6: Accessory Organs in Digestion- The Liver, Pancreas, and Gallbladder
  373. 23.6.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  374. 23.7: Chemical Digestion and Absorption - A Closer Look
  375. 23.7.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  376. 23.8: Key Terms
  377. 23.9: Interactive Link Questions
  378. Chapter 24: Metabolism and Nutrition
  379. 24.0: Introduction
  380. 24.1: Overview of Metabolic Reactions
  381. 24.1.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  382. 24.2: Carbohydrate Metabolism
  383. 24.2.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  384. 24.3: Lipid Metabolism
  385. 24.3.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  386. 24.4: Protein Metabolism
  387. 24.4.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  388. 24.5: Metabolic States of the Body
  389. 24.5.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  390. 24.6: Energy and Heat Balance
  391. 24.6.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  392. 24.7: Nutrition and Diet
  393. 24.7.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  394. 24.8: Key Terms
  395. Chapter 25: The Urinary System
  396. 25.0: Introduction
  397. 25.1: Physical Characteristics of Urine
  398. 25.1.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  399. 25.2: Gross Anatomy of Urine Transport
  400. 25.2.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  401. 25.3: Gross Anatomy of the Kidney
  402. 25.3.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  403. 25.4: Microscopic Anatomy of the Kidney
  404. 25.4.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  405. 25.5: Physiology of Urine Formation
  406. 25.5.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  407. 25.6: Tubular Reabsorption
  408. 25.6.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  409. 25.7: Regulation of Renal Blood Flow
  410. 25.7.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  411. 25.8: Endocrine Regulation of Kidney Function
  412. 25.8.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  413. 25.9: Regulation of Fluid Volume and Composition
  414. 25.9.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  415. 25.10: The Urinary System and Homeostasis
  416. 25.10.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  417. 25.11: Key Terms
  418. Chapter 26: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance
  419. 26.0: Introduction
  420. 26.1: Body Fluids and Fluid Compartment
  421. 26.1.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  422. 26.2: Water Balance
  423. 26.2.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  424. 26.3: Electrolyte Balance
  425. 26.3.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  426. 26.4: Acid-Base Balance
  427. 26.4.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  428. 26.5: Disorders of Acid-Base Balance
  429. 26.5.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  430. 26.6: Key Terms
  431. 26.7: Interactive Link Questions
  432. Unit 6: Human Development and the Continuity of Life
  433. Chapter 27: The Reproductive System
  434. 27.0: Introduction
  435. 27.1: Anatomy and Physiology of the Male Reproductive System
  436. 27.1.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  437. 27.2: Anatomy and Physiology of the Female Reproductive System
  438. 27.2.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  439. 27.3: Development of the Male and Female Reproductive Systems
  440. 27.3.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  441. 27.4: Key Terms
  442. 27.5: Interactive Link Questions
  443. Chapter 28: Development and Inheritance
  444. 28.0: Introduction
  445. 28.1: Fertilization
  446. 28.1.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  447. 28.2: Embryonic Development
  448. 28.2.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  449. 28.3: Fetal Development
  450. 28.3.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  451. 28.4: Changes During Pregnancy, Labor, and Birth
  452. 28.4.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  453. 28.5: Adjustments of the Infant at Birth and Postnatal Stages
  454. 28.5.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  455. 28.6: Lactation
  456. 28.6.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  457. 28.7: Patterns of Inheritance
  458. 28.7.1: Student Notebook Assignment
  459. 28.8: Key Terms
  460. 28.9: Interactive Link Questions
  461. Back Matter
  462. Index
  463. Glossary
  464. Detailed Licensing
  465. Detailed Licensing