Anatomy and Physiology (Boundless)

by Boundless (now LumenLearning)

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Boundless
Subjects
Medicine, Anatomy and Physiology
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CC BY-SA 4.0, as LibreTexts states it
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Teens profiles and older, judged from its title and subjects

Contents

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  1. Front Matter
  2. TitlePage
  3. InfoPage
  4. Table of Contents
  5. Licensing
  6. 1: Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
  7. Front Matter
  8. TitlePage
  9. InfoPage
  10. 1.1: Overview of Anatomy and Physiology
  11. 1.1A: Defining Anatomy
  12. 1.1B: Defining Physiology
  13. 1.2: Life
  14. 1.2A: Life Functions
  15. 1.2B: Survival Needs
  16. 1.2C: Levels of Organization
  17. 1.3: Homeostasis
  18. 1.3A: Homeostatic Control
  19. 1.3B: Disease as Homeostatic Imbalance
  20. 1.4: Mapping the Body
  21. 1.4A: Anatomical Position
  22. 1.4B: Directional Terms
  23. 1.4C: Regional Terms and Axes
  24. 1.4D: Body Planes and Sections
  25. 1.4E: Body Cavities
  26. 1.4F: Abdominopelvic Regions
  27. Back Matter
  28. Index
  29. 2: The Chemical Building Blocks of Life
  30. 2.1: Atomic Structure
  31. 2.1A: Overview of Atomic Structure
  32. 2.1B: Atomic Number and Mass Number
  33. 2.2: Chemical Bonds
  34. 2.2A: Covalent Bonds and Other Bonds and Interactions
  35. 2.2B: Ions and Ionic Bonds
  36. 2.2C: The Chemical Basis for Life
  37. 2.3: Inorganic Compounds
  38. 2.3A: pH, Buffers, Acids, and Bases
  39. 2.3B: Water’s Cohesive and Adhesive Properties
  40. 2.3C: Water’s High Heat Capacity
  41. 2.3D: Water’s States: Gas, Liquid, and Solid
  42. 2.3E: Water’s Solvent Properties
  43. 2.4: Organic Compounds
  44. 2.4A: Organic Molecules and Functional Groups
  45. 2.4B: Types of Biological Macromolecules
  46. 2.4C: Dehydration Synthesis
  47. 3: Organization at the Cellular Level
  48. 3.1: Introduction to the Study of Cells
  49. 3.1A: Cells as the Basic Unit of Life
  50. 3.2: Cell Membranes and the Fluid Mosaic Model
  51. 3.2A: Components of Plasma Membranes
  52. 3.2B: Fluid Mosaic Model
  53. 3.2C: Membrane Fluidity
  54. 3.3: Transport Across Membranes
  55. 3.3A: Diffusion
  56. 3.3B: Osmosis
  57. 3.3C: Tonicity
  58. 3.3D: Facilitated transport
  59. 3.3E: The Role of Passive Transport
  60. 3.3F: Primary Active Transport
  61. 3.3G: Electrochemical Gradient
  62. 3.3H: Secondary Active Transport
  63. 3.3I: Endocytosis
  64. 3.4: Cell Signaling
  65. 3.4A: Types of Receptors
  66. 3.5: The Nucleus and Ribosomes
  67. 3.5A: The Nucleus and Ribosomes
  68. 3.5B: Characteristics of Eukaryotic Cells
  69. 3.6: Organelles
  70. 3.6A: The Plasma Membrane and the Cytoplasm
  71. 3.6B: The Endoplasmic Reticulum
  72. 3.6C: The Golgi Apparatus
  73. 3.6D: Lysosomes
  74. 3.6E: Peroxisomes
  75. 3.6F: Mitochondria
  76. 3.7: The Cytoskeleton
  77. 3.7A: Intermediate Filaments and Microtubules
  78. 3.7B: Microfilaments
  79. 3.8: External Cellular Components
  80. 3.8A: Extracellular Matrix of Animal Cells
  81. 3.8B: Intercellular Junctions
  82. 4: Organization at the Tissue Level
  83. 4.1: Introduction to Tissues
  84. 4.1A: Tissues in Levels of Organization
  85. 4.2: Epithelial Tissue
  86. 4.2A: Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue
  87. 4.2B: Types of Epithelial Tissue
  88. 4.3: Connective Tissue
  89. 4.3A: Characteristics of Connective Tissue
  90. 4.3B: Types of Connective Tissue
  91. 4.4: Nervous Tissue
  92. 4.4A: Characteristics of Nervous Tissue
  93. 4.4B: Types of Nervous Tissue
  94. 4.5: Muscular Tissue
  95. 4.5A: Characteristics of Muscle Tissue
  96. 4.6: Tissue Membranes
  97. 4.6A: Epithelial Membranes
  98. 4.6B: Synovial Membranes
  99. 5: Integumentary System
  100. 5.1: The Skin
  101. 5.1A: What is Skin?
  102. 5.1B: Structure of the Skin: Epidermis
  103. 5.1C: Structure of the Skin: Dermis
  104. 5.1D: Skin Color
  105. 5.2: Cell Junctions
  106. 5.2A: Tight Junctions
  107. 5.2B: Adherens Junctions
  108. 5.3C: Gap Junctions
  109. 5.3: Accessory Structures of the Skin
  110. 5.3A: Sweat (Sudoriferous) Glands
  111. 5.3B: Sebaceous (Oil) Glands
  112. 5.3C: Nails
  113. 5.3D: Hair
  114. 5.4: Functions of the Integumentary System
  115. 5.4A: Protection
  116. 5.4B: Thermoregulation
  117. 5.4C: Cutaneous Sensation
  118. 5.4D: Metabolic Functions
  119. 5.4E: Blood Supply to the Epidermis
  120. 5.4F: Excretion and Absorption
  121. 5.5: Wound Healing
  122. 5.5A: Steps of Tissue Repair
  123. 5.5B: Epidermal Wound Healing
  124. 5.5C: Deep Wound Healing
  125. 5.6: Overview of Cancer
  126. 5.6A: Overview of Cancer
  127. 5.6B: Cell Signaling and Cell Death
  128. 6: Skeletal System
  129. 6.1: Overview of the Skeletal System
  130. 6.1A: Overview of the Musculoskeletal System
  131. 6.1B: The Axial Skeleton
  132. 6.1C: The Appendicular Skeleton
  133. 6.2: Cartilage
  134. 6.2A: Structure, Type, and Location of Cartilage
  135. 6.2B: Cartilage Growth
  136. 6.3: Introduction to Bone
  137. 6.3A: Gross Anatomy
  138. 6.3B: Supply of Blood and Nerves to Bone
  139. 6.3C: Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
  140. 6.3D: Chemical Composition of Bone
  141. 6.4: Bone Formation
  142. 6.4A: Embryonic and Fetal Bone Formation
  143. 6.4B: Postnatal Bone Growth
  144. 6.4C: Bone Remodeling
  145. 6.4D: Bone Repair
  146. 6.5: Bone and Calcium
  147. 6.5A: Bone and Calcium Homeostasis
  148. 7: Skeletal System - Parts of the Skeleton
  149. 7.1: The Skull
  150. 7.1A: General Features and Functions of the Skull
  151. 7.1B: Cranial Bones
  152. 7.1C: Facial Bones
  153. 7.1D: Orbits
  154. 7.1E: Foramina
  155. 7.1F: Fontanelles
  156. 7.1F: Sutures
  157. 7.1G: Paranasal Sinuses
  158. 7.2: The Hyoid Bone
  159. 7.2A: The Hyoid Bone
  160. 7.3: The Vertebral Column
  161. 7.3A: General Characteristics of the Spine
  162. 7.3B: Parts of a Vertebra
  163. 7.3C: Regional Vertebral Characteristics
  164. 7.4: The Thorax
  165. 7.4A: Thoracic Cage: Sternum
  166. 7.4B: Thoracic Cage: Ribs
  167. 7.5: The Shoulder
  168. 7.5A: Clavicle
  169. 7.5B: Scapula
  170. 7.6: The Upper Limb
  171. 7.6A: Humerus (The Upper Arm)
  172. 7.6B: Ulna and Radius (The Forearm)
  173. 7.6C: Carpals, Metacarpals, and Phalanges (The Hand)
  174. 7.7: The Hip
  175. 7.7A: Ilium
  176. 7.7B: Ischium
  177. 7.7C: Pubis
  178. 7.7D: False and True Pelves
  179. 7.7E: Comparison of Female and Male Pelves
  180. 7.7F: Pelvic Structure and Childbearing
  181. 7.8: The Lower Limb
  182. 7.8A: Femur (The Thigh)
  183. 7.8B: Patella (The Knee)
  184. 7.8C: Tibia and Fibula (The Leg)
  185. 7.8D: Tarsals, Metatarsals, and Phalanges (The Foot)
  186. 7.9E: Arches of the Feet
  187. 8: Joints
  188. 8.1: Classification of Joints
  189. 8.1A: Structural Classification of Joints
  190. 8.1B: Functional Classification of Joints
  191. 8.2: Fibrous Joints
  192. 8.2A: Fibrous Joints
  193. 8.2B: Sutures
  194. 8.2C: Syndesmoses
  195. 8.2D: Gomphoses
  196. 8.3: Cartilaginous Joints
  197. 8.3A: Cartilaginous Joints: Synchodroses
  198. 8.3B: Cartilaginous Joints: Symphyses
  199. 8.4: Synovial Joints
  200. 8.4A: Structure of Synovial Joints
  201. 8.4B: Nerve and Blood Supply
  202. 8.4C: Bursae and Tendon Sheaths
  203. 8.4D: Stability and Range of Motion at Synovial Joints
  204. 8.4E: Synovial Joint Movements
  205. 8.4E: Types of Synovial Joints
  206. 9: Muscular System
  207. 9.10: Muscles of the Lower Limb
  208. 9.10A: Muscles that Cause Movement at the Hip Joint
  209. 9.10B: Muscles that Cause Movement at the Knee Joint
  210. 9.10C: Muscles that Cause Movement at the Foot
  211. 9.1: Introduction to the Nervous System
  212. 9.1A: Structure and Function of the Muscular System
  213. 9.1B: Slow-Twitch and Fast-Twitch Muscle Fibers
  214. 9.1C: Sliding Filament Model of Contraction
  215. 9.1D: ATP and Muscle Contraction
  216. 9.1E: Control of Muscle Tension
  217. 9.2: Smooth Muscle
  218. 9.2A: Skeletal Muscle Fibers
  219. 9.3: Control of Muscle Tension
  220. 9.3A: Force of Muscle Contraction
  221. 9.3B: Velocity and Duration of Muscle Contraction
  222. 9.3C: Motor Units
  223. 9.3D: Muscle Tone
  224. 9.3E: Types of Muscle Contractions: Isotonic and Isometric
  225. 9.4: Muscle Metabolism
  226. 9.4A: Muscle Metabolism
  227. 9.4B: Muscle Fatigue
  228. 9.5: Exercise and Skeletal Muscle Tissue
  229. 9.5A: Impacts of Exercise on Muscles
  230. 9.6: Overview of the Muscular System
  231. 9.6A: Interactions of Skeletal Muscles
  232. 9.6B: How Skeletal Muscles Are Named
  233. 9.6C: How Skeletal Muscles Produce Movements
  234. 9.6D: Muscle Attachment Sites
  235. 9.6E: Arrangement of Fascicles
  236. 9.6F: Lever Systems
  237. 9.7: Head and Neck Muscles
  238. 9.7A: Facial Muscles
  239. 9.7B: Chewing Muscles
  240. 9.7C: Neck Muscles
  241. 9.8: Trunk Muscles
  242. 9.8A: Anterior Muscles
  243. 9.8B: Posterior Muscles
  244. 9.9: Muscles of the Upper Limb
  245. 9.9A: Muscles of the Humerus that Act on the Forearm
  246. 9.9B: Muscles of the Wrist and Hand
  247. 9.9C: Muscles of the Shoulder
  248. 9.9D: Muscles that Cause Movement at the Ankle
  249. 10: Overview of the Nervous System
  250. Front Matter
  251. TitlePage
  252. InfoPage
  253. 10.1: Introduction to the Nervous System
  254. 10.1A: Organization of the Nervous System
  255. 10.1B: Functions of the Nervous System
  256. 10.1C: Subdivisions of the Nervous System
  257. 10.2: Neuroglia
  258. 10.2A: Neuroglia of the Central Nervous System
  259. 10.2B: Neuroglia of the Peripheral Nervous System
  260. 10.3: Neurons
  261. 10.3A: Structural Diversity of Neurons
  262. 10.3B: Classification of Neurons
  263. 10.4: Collections of Nervous Tissue
  264. 10.4A: Clusters of Neuronal Cell Bodies
  265. 10.4B: Axon Bundles
  266. 10.4C: Gray and White Matter
  267. 10.5: Neurophysiology
  268. 10.5A: Principles of Electricity
  269. 10.5B: Ion Channels
  270. 10.5D: Membrane Potentials as Signals
  271. 10.5D: Resting Membrane Potentials
  272. 10.5E: The Action Potential and Propagation
  273. 10.5F: The Synapse
  274. 10.5G: Postsynaptic Potentials and Their Integration at the Synapse
  275. 10.5H: Synaptic Transmission
  276. 10.5I: Types of Neurotransmitters by Function
  277. 10.5J: Ionotropic and Metabotropic Receptors
  278. 10.5K: Serial and Parallel Processing
  279. Back Matter
  280. Index
  281. 11: Central Nervous System
  282. Front Matter
  283. TitlePage
  284. InfoPage
  285. 11.1: The Spinal Cord
  286. 11.1A: Overview of the Spinal Cord
  287. 11.1B: The Spine
  288. 11.1C: Spinal Cord Grey Matter and Spinal Roots
  289. 11.1D: Spinal Cord White Matter
  290. 11.2: The Brain
  291. 11.2A: The Brain
  292. 11.3: Protection of the Brain
  293. 11.3A: Blood-Brain Barrier
  294. 11.3B: Cerebrospinal Fluid and Its Circulation
  295. 11.3C: Ventricles
  296. 11.4: The Brain Stem
  297. 11.4A: Functions of the Brain Stem
  298. 11.4B: Medulla Oblongata
  299. 11.4C: Pons
  300. 11.4D: Midbrain
  301. 11.4E: Reticular Formation
  302. 11.5: The Cerebellum
  303. 11.5A: Parts of the Cerebellum
  304. 11.5B: Functions of the Cerebellum
  305. 11.6:The Diencephalon
  306. 11.6A: Functions of the Diencephalon
  307. 11.6B: Thalamus
  308. 11.6C: Hypothalamus
  309. 11.6D: Epithalamus and Pineal Gland
  310. 11.6E: Circumventricular Organs
  311. 11.7: The Cerebrum
  312. 11.7A: Overview of the Cerebrum
  313. 11.7B: Cerebral Lobes
  314. 11.7C: White Matter of the Cerebrum
  315. 11.7D: Basal Ganglia
  316. 11.7E: Limbic System
  317. 11.8: Functional Systems of the Cerebral Cortex
  318. 11.8A: Sensory Areas
  319. 11.8B: Motor Areas
  320. 11.8C: Association Areas
  321. 11.8D: Hemispheric Lateralization
  322. Back Matter
  323. Index
  324. 12: Peripheral Nervous System
  325. 12.10: Reflexes
  326. 12.10A: Components of a Reflex Arc
  327. 12.10C: Spinal Reflexes
  328. 12.11: Pain
  329. 12.11A: Pain Sensation
  330. 12.11B: Localization of Pain
  331. 12.1: Sensation
  332. 12.1A: Overview of Sensation
  333. 12.1B: Sensation to Perception
  334. 12.1C: Sensory Modalities
  335. 12.2: Sensory Receptors
  336. 12.2A: Classification of Receptors by Stimulus
  337. 12.2B: Classification of Receptors by Location
  338. 12.3: The Somatosensory System
  339. 12.3A: General Organization of the Somatosensory System
  340. 12.3B: Tactile Sensation
  341. 12.3C: Proprioceptive Sensations
  342. 12.3D: Somatic Sensory Pathways
  343. 12.3E: Mapping the Primary Somatosensory Area
  344. 12.3F: Somatic Sensory Pathways to the Cerebellum
  345. 12.4: Nerves
  346. 12.4A: Structure of a Nerve
  347. 12.4B: Classification of Nerves
  348. 12.5: Cranial Nerves
  349. 12.5A: Brief Overview of Cranial Nerves
  350. 12.5B: Olfactory (I) Nerve
  351. 12.5C: Optic (II) Nerve
  352. 12.5D: Oculomotor (III) Nerve
  353. 12.5E: Trochlear (IV) Nerve
  354. 12.5F: Trigeminal (V) Nerve
  355. 12.5G: Abducens (VI) Nerve
  356. 12.5H: Facial (VII) Nerve
  357. 12.5I: Vestibulocochlear (VIII) Nerve
  358. 12.5J: Glossopharyngeal (IX) Nerve
  359. 12.5K: Vagus (X) Nerve
  360. 12.5L: Accessory (XI) Nerve
  361. 12.5M: Hypoglossal (XII) Nerve
  362. 12.6: Spinal Nerves
  363. 12.6A: Overview of the Spinal Nerves
  364. 12.6B: Branches of Spinal Nerves
  365. 12.6C: Plexuses
  366. 12.6D: Intercostal Nerves
  367. 12.6E: Dermatomes
  368. 12.6F: Function and Physiology of the Spinal Nerves
  369. 12.7: Distribution of Spinal Nerves
  370. 12.7A: Cervical Plexus
  371. 12.7B: Brachial Plexus
  372. 12.7C: Lumbar Plexus
  373. 12.7D: Sacral and Coccygeal Plexuses
  374. 12.7E: Sensory and Motor Tracts
  375. 12.8: Motor Activity
  376. 12.8A: Peripheral Motor Endings
  377. 12.8B: Overview of Motor Integration
  378. 12.9: Motor Pathways
  379. 12.9A: Organization of Motor Neuron Pathways
  380. 12.9B: The Role of the Basal Ganglia in Movement
  381. 12.9C: Modulation of Movement by the Cerebellum
  382. 12.9D: Functions of the Cerebellum in Integrating Movements
  383. 13: Special Senses
  384. 13.1: The Vertebrate Visual System
  385. 13.1A: Anatomy of the Eye
  386. 13.1B: Transduction of Light
  387. 13.1C: Visual Processing
  388. 13.2: Taste and Olfaction
  389. 13.2A: Tastes and Odors
  390. 13.2B: Reception and Transduction
  391. 13.3: Hearing and Equilibrium
  392. 13.3A: Sound
  393. 13.3B: The Vestibular System
  394. 13.3C: Reception of Sound
  395. 13.3D: Transduction of Sound
  396. 14: Autonomic Nervous System
  397. 14.1: Introduction to the Autonomic Nervous System
  398. 14.1A: Comparing the Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems
  399. 14.1B: Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
  400. 14.2: Structure of the Autonomic Nervous System
  401. 14.2A: Preganglionic Neurons
  402. 14.2B: Autonomic Ganglia
  403. 14.2C: Postganglionic Neurons
  404. 14.2D: Autonomic Plexuses
  405. 14.2E: Parasympathetic (Craniosacral) Division
  406. 14.2F: Autonomic Reflexes
  407. 14.2G: Sympathetic Nervous System
  408. 14.3: Functions of the Autonomic Nervous System
  409. 14.3A: Sympathetic Responses
  410. 14.3B: Parasympathetic Responses
  411. 14.3C: Autonomic Interactions
  412. 14.3D: Control of Autonomic Nervous System Function
  413. 14.4: Neurotransmitters and Receptors
  414. 14.4A: Cholinergic Neurons and Receptors
  415. 14.4B: Adrenergic Neurons and Receptors
  416. 14.4C: Agonists, Antagonists, and Drugs
  417. 15: Endocrine System
  418. 15.10: The Adrenal (Suprarenal) Glands
  419. 15.10A: Overview of the Adrenal Glands
  420. 15.10B: Adrenal Cortex
  421. 15.10C: Adrenal Medulla
  422. 15.11: The Pancreas
  423. 15.11A: Overview of Pancreatic Islets
  424. 15.11B: Types of Cells in the Pancreas
  425. 15.11C: Insulin Secretion and Regulation of Glucagon
  426. 15.12: Other Endocrine Tissues and Organs
  427. 15.13: Stress
  428. 15.1: Overview of the Endocrine System
  429. 15.1A: Overview of the Endocrine System
  430. 15.1B: Comparing the Nervous and Endocrine Systems
  431. 15.2: Hormones
  432. 15.2A: Mechanisms of Hormone Action
  433. 15.2B: Hormone Receptors
  434. 15.2C: Chemistry of Hormones
  435. 15.2D: Transport of Hormones
  436. 15.3: Mechanisms of Hormone Action
  437. 15.3A: Direct Gene Activation and the Second-Messenger System
  438. 15.3B: Target Cell Specificity
  439. 15.3C: Onset, Duration, and Half-Life of Hormone Activity
  440. 15.4: Hormone Interactions
  441. 15.4A: Interactions of Hormones at Target Cells
  442. 15.5: Hormone Secretion Control
  443. 15.5A: Control of Hormone Secretion
  444. 15.6: Endocrine Glands
  445. 15.6A: Overview of Endocrine Glands
  446. 15.7: The Pituitary Gland
  447. 15.7A: Overview of the Pituitary Gland
  448. 15.7B: Control of the Pituitary Gland by the Hypothalamus
  449. 15.7C: The Anterior Pituitary
  450. 15.7D: The Posterior Pituitary
  451. 15.8: The Thyroid Gland
  452. 15.8A: Overview of the Thyroid Gland
  453. 15.8B: Formation, Storage, and Release of Thyroid Hormones
  454. 15.8C: Action of Thyroid Hormones
  455. 15.8D: Control of Thyroid Hormone Release
  456. 15.9: The Parathyroid Glands
  457. 15.9A: Overview of the Parathyroid Glands
  458. 15.9B: Parathyroid Hormone
  459. 16: Cardiovascular System - Blood
  460. 16.1: Overview of Blood
  461. 16.1A: Components of Blood
  462. 16.1B: Physical Characteristics and Volume
  463. 16.1C: Functions of Blood
  464. 16.1D: Blood Plasma
  465. 16.2: Red Blood Cells
  466. 16.2A: RBC Anatomy
  467. 16.2B: RBC Physiology
  468. 16.2C: RBC Life Cycle
  469. 16.3: White Blood Cells
  470. 16.3A: Types of WBCs
  471. 16.3B: WBC Function
  472. 16.3C: WBC Formation
  473. 16.4: Platelets
  474. 16.4A: Platelets
  475. 16.4B: Platelet Formation
  476. 16.5: Hemostasis
  477. 16.5A: Overview of Hemostasis
  478. 16.5B: Vascular Spasm
  479. 16.5C: Platelet Plug Formation
  480. 16.5D: Coagulation
  481. 16.5E: Role of Vitamin K
  482. 16.5F: Clot Retraction and Repair
  483. 16.5G: Fibrinolysis
  484. 16.6: Transfusions
  485. 16.6A: Transfusions of Whole Blood
  486. 16.6B: Plasma and Blood Volume Expanders
  487. 16.6C: Blood Groups and Blood Types
  488. 16.6D: Typing and Cross-Matching for Transfusions
  489. 17: Cardiovascular System: The Heart
  490. 17.1: The Heart
  491. 17.1A: Anatomy of the Heart
  492. 17.1B: Pericardium
  493. 17.1C: Layers of the Heart Walls
  494. 17.1D: Chambers of the Heart
  495. 17.1E: Great Vessels of the Heart
  496. 17.1F: Myocardial Thickness and Function
  497. 17.1G: Fibrous Skeleton of the Heart
  498. 17.2: Circulation and Heart Valves
  499. 17.2A: Heart Circulation
  500. 17.2B: Operation of Atrioventricular Valves
  501. 17.2C: Operation of Semilunar Valves
  502. 17.2D: Systemic and Pulmonary Circulation
  503. 17.3: Cardiac Muscle Tissue
  504. 17.3A: Mechanism and Contraction Events of Cardiac Muscle Fibers
  505. 17.3B: Microscopic Anatomy
  506. 17.3C: Energy Requirements
  507. 17.4: Physiology of the Heart
  508. 17.4A: Electrical Events
  509. 17.4B: Electrocardiogram and Correlation of ECG Waves with Systole
  510. 17.4C: Heart Sounds
  511. 17.4D: Cardiac Cycle
  512. 17.4E: Cardiac Output
  513. 17.5: Exercise and the Heart
  514. 17.5A: Effects of Exercise on the Heart
  515. Section 6:
  516. 18: Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels
  517. 18.10: Circulatory Routes
  518. 18.10A: The Aorta and Its Branches
  519. 18.10B: Ascending Aorta
  520. 18.10C: Arch of the Aorta
  521. 18.10D: Thoracic Aorta
  522. 18.10E: Abdominal Aorta
  523. 18.10F: Arteries of the Pelvis and Lower Limbs
  524. 18.1: Blood Vessel Structure and Function
  525. 18.1A: Blood Vessel Structure
  526. 18.1B: Blood Vessel Function
  527. 18.2: Arteries
  528. 18.2A: Artery Function
  529. 18.2B: Elastic Arteries
  530. 18.2C: Muscular Arteries
  531. 18.2D: Anastomoses
  532. 18.2E: Arterioles
  533. 18.2F: Capillaries
  534. 18.3: The Venous System
  535. 18.3A: Venules
  536. 18.3B: Veins
  537. 18.4: Physiology of Circulation
  538. 18.4A: Introduction to Blood Flow, Pressure, and Resistance
  539. 18.4B: Distribution of Blood
  540. 18.5: Systemic Blood Pressure
  541. 18.5A: Introduction to Blood Pressure
  542. 18.5B: Arterial Blood Pressure
  543. 18.5C: Venous Blood Pressure
  544. 18.6: Control of Blood Pressure
  545. 18.6A: Role of the Cardiovascular Center
  546. 18.6B: Short-Term Neural Control
  547. 18.6C: Checking Circulation
  548. 18.6C: Short-Term Chemical Control
  549. 18.6D: Long-Term Renal Regulation
  550. 18.6E: Pulse
  551. 18.6F: Measuring Blood Pressure
  552. 18.6G: Extremes in Blood Pressure
  553. 18.7: Blood Flow Through the Body
  554. 18.7A: Velocity of Blood Flow
  555. 18.7B: Local Regulation of Blood Flow
  556. 18.7C: Blood Flow in Skeletal Muscle
  557. 18.7D: Blood Flow in the Brain
  558. 18.7E: Blood Flow in the Skin
  559. 18.7F: Blood Flow in the Lungs
  560. 18.7G: Blood Flow in the Heart
  561. 18.7H: Hepatic Portal Circulation
  562. 18.8: Capillary Exchange
  563. 18.8A: Capillary Dynamics
  564. 18.8B: Transcytosis
  565. 18.8C: Bulk Flow: Filtration and Reabsorption
  566. 18.9: Circulatory Shock
  567. 18.9A: Types of Shock
  568. 18.9B: Homeostatic Responses to Shock
  569. 18.9C: Signs and Symptoms of Shock
  570. 19: Lymphatic System
  571. 19.1: Lymphatic System Structure and Function
  572. 19.1A: Structure of the Lymphatic System
  573. 19.1B: Functions of the Lymphatic System
  574. 19.2: Lymphatic Vessels
  575. 19.2A: Lymphatic Vessel Structure
  576. 19.2B: Distribution of Lymphatic Vessels
  577. 19.2C: Lymph Transport
  578. 19.2D: Lymphatic Capillaries
  579. 19.2E: Lymph Trunks and Ducts
  580. 19.3: Lymph Cells and Tissues
  581. 19.3A: Lymphoid Cells
  582. 19.3B: Lymphoid Tissue
  583. 19.3C: Lymph Nodes
  584. 19.4: Other Lymphoid Organs
  585. 19.4A: Thymus
  586. 19.4B: Spleen
  587. 19.4C: Tonsils
  588. 20: Immune System
  589. 20.1: Innate Immunity
  590. 20.1A: Skin and Mucosae (Surface Barriers)
  591. 20.1B: Phagocytes
  592. 20.1C: Natural Killer Cells
  593. 20.1D: Inflammation
  594. 20.1E: Antimicrobial Proteins
  595. 20.1F: Fever
  596. 20.2: Stress and Immunity
  597. 20.2A: Stress and Immunity
  598. 20.3: Adaptive Immunity
  599. 20.3A: Overview of Adaptive Immunity
  600. 20.3B: Types of Adaptive Immunity
  601. 20.3C: Maturation of T Cells
  602. 20.3D: Lymphocytes
  603. 20.3E: Antigen-Presenting Cells
  604. 20.4: Cytokines
  605. 20.4A: Types of Cytokines Participating in Immune Response
  606. 20.5: Antigens
  607. 20.5A: Antigens and Antigen Receptors
  608. 20.5B: Complete Antigens and Haptens
  609. 20.5C: Antigenic Determinants and Processing Pathways
  610. 20.6: Humoral Immune Response
  611. 20.6A: Clonal Selection and B-Cell Differentiation
  612. 20.6B: Structure and Function of Antibodies
  613. 20.6C: Role of the Complement System in Immunity
  614. 20.6D: Immunological Memory
  615. 20.6E: Major Histocompatibility Complex Antigens (Self-Antigens)
  616. 20.7: Cell-Mediated Immune Response
  617. 20.7A: Clonal Selection and T-Cell Differentiation
  618. 20.7B: Specific T-Cell Roles
  619. 20.7C: Active and Passive Humoral Immunity
  620. 21: Respiratory System
  621. 21.10: Respiration Control
  622. 21.10A: Neural Mechanisms (Respiratory Center)
  623. 21.10B: Neural Mechanisms (Cortex)
  624. 21.10C: Chemoreceptor Regulation of Breathing
  625. 21.10D: Proprioceptor Regulation of Breathing
  626. 21.11: Respiratory Adjustments
  627. 21.11A: Adjustments During Exercise
  628. 21.11B: Adjustments at High Altitude
  629. 21.1: Overview of the Respiratory System
  630. 21.1A: The Reason for Breathing
  631. 21.1B: Functional Anatomy of the Respiratory System
  632. 21.2: Conducting Zone
  633. 21.2A: Nose and Paranasal Sinuses
  634. 21.2B: Pharynx
  635. 21.2C: Larynx
  636. 21.2D: Structures Used in Voice Production
  637. 21.2E: Trachea
  638. 21.3: Respiratory Zone
  639. 21.3A: Bronchi and Subdivisions
  640. 21.3B: Alveoli
  641. 21.4: The Lungs and Pleurae
  642. 21.4A: Lungs
  643. 21.4B: Lobes, Fissures, and Lobules
  644. 21.4C: Blood Supply to the Lungs
  645. 21.5: Mechanics of Breathing
  646. 21.5A: Pressure Changes During Pulmonary Ventilation
  647. 21.5B: Inspiration
  648. 21.5C: Expiration
  649. 21.5D: Breathing Patterns
  650. 21.6: Factors Affecting Pulmonary Ventilation
  651. 21.6A: Factors Affecting Pulmonary Ventilation: Surface Tension of Alveolar Fluid
  652. 21.6B: Factors Affecting Pulmonary Ventilation: Compliance of the Lungs
  653. 21.6C: Factors Affecting Pulmonary Ventilation: Airway Resistance
  654. 21.7: Nonrespiratory Lung Functions
  655. 21.7A: Lung Capacity and Volume
  656. 21.7B: Nonrespiratory Air Movements
  657. 21.8: Gas Laws
  658. 21.8A: Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure
  659. 21.8B: Henry’s Law
  660. 21.9: Gas Exchange
  661. 21.1A: External Respiration
  662. 21.9B: Internal Respiration
  663. 21.9C: Oxygen Transport
  664. 21.9D: Carbon Dioxide Transport
  665. 22: Digestive System
  666. Front Matter
  667. TitlePage
  668. InfoPage
  669. 22.1: Overview of the Digestive System
  670. 22.1A: Anatomy of the Digestive System
  671. 22.1B: Processes and Functions of the Digestive System
  672. 22.1C: Organs of the Digestive System
  673. 22.2: Nervous System of the Digestive System
  674. 22.2A: Enteric Nervous System
  675. 22.2B: Gastrointestinal Reflex Pathways
  676. 22.3: The Peritoneum
  677. 22.3: The Peritoneum
  678. 22.4: The Alimentary Canal
  679. 22.4A: Mouth
  680. 22.4B: Pharynx
  681. 22.4C: Esophagus
  682. 22.5: Layers of the Alimentary Canal
  683. 22.5A: Mucosa
  684. 22.5B: Submucosa
  685. 22.5C: Muscularis
  686. 22.5D: Serosa
  687. 22.7: The Liver
  688. 22.7A: The Liver
  689. 22.7B: Anatomy of the Liver
  690. 22.7C: Histology of the Liver
  691. 22.7D: Blood Supply to the Liver
  692. 22.7E: Liver Function
  693. 22.7F: Bile
  694. 22.8: The Gallbladder
  695. 22.8A: The Gallbladder
  696. 22.8B: Anatomy of the Gallbladder
  697. 22.9: The Pancreas
  698. 22.9A: Pancreas
  699. 22.9B: Anatomy of the Pancreas
  700. 22.9C: Histology of the Pancreas
  701. 22.9D: Pancreatic Juice
  702. 22.10: The Small Intestine
  703. 22.10A: Anatomy of the Small Intestine
  704. 22.10B: Histology of the Small Intestine
  705. 22.10C: Digestive Processes of the Small Intestine
  706. 22.11: The Large Intestine
  707. 22.11A: Anatomy of the Large Intestine
  708. 22.11B: Histology of the Large Intestine
  709. 22.11C: Bacterial Flora
  710. 22.11D: Digestive Processes of the Large Intestine
  711. 22.11E: Absorption and Feces Formation in the Large Intestine
  712. 22.11F: Defecation Reflex
  713. 22.12: Chemical Digestion
  714. 22.12A: Mechanisms of Chemical Digestion
  715. 22.12B: Chemical Digestion of Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic Acids
  716. 22.13: Absorption
  717. 22.13A: Absorption in the Small Intestine
  718. 22.13B: Absorption of Monosaccharides, Amino Acids, Dipeptides, Tripeptides, Lipids, Electrolytes, Vitamins, and Water
  719. 22.14: Phases of Digestion
  720. 22.14A: Cephalic Phase
  721. 22.14B: Gastric Phase
  722. 22.6: The Stomach
  723. 22.6A: Gross Anatomy of the Stomach
  724. 22.6B: Microscopic Anatomy of the Stomach
  725. 22.6C: Digestive Properties of the Stomach
  726. Back Matter
  727. Index
  728. 23: Nutrition and Metabolism
  729. 23.10: Diet, Digestion, and Energy Storage Regulation
  730. 23.10A: Hormonal Responses to Food
  731. 23.10B: Neural Responses to Food
  732. 23.10C: Food Energy and ATP
  733. 23.1: Nutrition
  734. 23.1A: Digestive Systems
  735. 23.1B: Carbohydrates: Sources, Uses in the Body, and Dietary Requirements
  736. 23.1C: Lipids: Sources, Uses in the Body, and Dietary Requirements
  737. 23.1D: Proteins: Sources, Uses in the Body, and Dietary Requirements
  738. 23.1E: Food Requirements and Essential Nutrients
  739. 23.2: Carbohydrates
  740. 23.2A: Carbohydrate Molecules
  741. 23.2B: Importance of Carbohydrates
  742. 23.3: Lipids
  743. 23.3A: Lipid Molecules
  744. 23.3B: Phospholipids
  745. 23.3C: Steroids
  746. 23.4: Proteins
  747. 23.4A: Types and Functions of Proteins
  748. 23.4B: Amino Acids
  749. 23.4C: Protein Structure
  750. 23.5: Metabolic Reactions
  751. 23.5A: Breakdown of Pyruvate
  752. 23.5B: Citric Acid Cycle
  753. 23.5C: Importance of Glycolysis
  754. 23.5D: Electron Transport Chain
  755. 23.5E: ATP Yield
  756. 23.5F: Control of Catabolic Pathways
  757. 23.5G: Transforming Chemical Energy
  758. 23.6: Metabolism of Nutrients
  759. 23.6A: Connecting Other Sugars to Glucose Metabolism
  760. 23.6B: Connecting Proteins to Glucose Metabolism
  761. 23.7: Metabolic Body States
  762. 23.7A: Catabolic-Anabolic Steady State
  763. 23.7B: Absorptive State
  764. 23.7C: Postabsorptive State
  765. 23.8: Metabolism and the Liver
  766. 23.8A: Cholesterol Metabolism
  767. 23.8B: Regulation of Blood Cholesterol Levels
  768. 23.9: Metabolic Rate and Thermoregulation
  769. 23.9A: Homeostatic Process
  770. 23.9B: Homeostasis: Thermoregulation
  771. 23.9C: Heat Conservation and Dissipation
  772. 24: Urinary System
  773. 24.1: Overview of the Urinary System
  774. 24.1A: Overview of the Urinary System
  775. 24.2: The Kidneys
  776. 24.2A: Location and External Anatomy of the Kidneys
  777. 24.2B: Internal Anatomy of the Kidneys
  778. 24.2C: Supply of Blood and Nerves to the Kidneys
  779. 24.2D: Nephron, Parts, and Histology
  780. 24.3: Physiology of the Kidneys
  781. 24.3A: Overview of Urine Formation
  782. 24.3B: Glomerular Filtration
  783. 24.3C: Regulation of Glomerular Filtration Rate
  784. 24.3D: Tubular Reabsorption
  785. 24.3E: Tubular Secretion
  786. 24.4: Urine
  787. 24.4A: Physical Characteristics of Urine
  788. 24.4B: Chemical Composition of Urine
  789. 24.4C: Regulation of Urine Concentration and Volume
  790. 24.4D: Urinalysis
  791. 24.4E: Renal Clearance
  792. 24.5: Urine Transport, Storage, and Elimination
  793. 24.5A: Overview of Urine Transport, Storage, and Elimination
  794. 24.5B: Ureters
  795. 24.5C: Urinary Bladder
  796. 24.5D: Urethra
  797. 24.5E: Micturition and the Micturition Reflex
  798. 24.5F: Waste Management in Other Body Systems
  799. 25: Body Fluids and Acid-Base Balance
  800. 25.1: Water Balance
  801. 25.1A: Regulation of Water Intake
  802. 25.1B: Regulation of Water Output
  803. 25.1C: Nitrogenous Waste in Terrestrial Animals: The Urea Cycle
  804. 25.1D: Water Balance Disorders
  805. 25.2: Body Fluids
  806. 25.2A: Water Content in the Body
  807. 25.2B: Fluid Compartments
  808. 25.2C: Body Fluid Composition
  809. 25.2D: Movement of Fluid Among Compartments
  810. 25.3: Electrolyte Balance
  811. 25.3A: Sodium, Electrolytes, and Fluid Balance
  812. 25.3B: Sodium Balance Regulation
  813. 25.3C: Potassium Balance Regulation
  814. 25.3D: Calcium and Phosphate Balance Regulation
  815. 25.3E: Anion Regulation
  816. 25.4: Acid-Base Balance
  817. 25.4A: pH, Buffers, Acids, and Bases
  818. 25.4B: Chemical Buffer Systems
  819. 25.4C: Regulation of H+ by the Lungs
  820. 25.4D: The Role of the Kidneys in Acid-Base Balance
  821. 26: The Reproductive System
  822. 26.1: Overview of the Reproductive System
  823. 26.1A: Overview of the Male and Female Reproductive Systems
  824. 26.2: Meiosis
  825. 26.2A: Introduction to Meiosis
  826. 26.2B: Comparing Meiosis and Mitosis
  827. 26.3: The Male Reproductive System
  828. 26.3A: Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System
  829. 26.3B: Scrotum
  830. 26.3C: Testes
  831. 26.3D: Penis
  832. 26.3E: Testes Ducts
  833. 26.3F: Accessory Sex Glands
  834. 26.4: Physiology of the Male Reproductive System
  835. 26.4A: Male Sexual Response
  836. 26.4B: Sperm
  837. 26.4C: Spermatogenesis
  838. 26.4D: Semen
  839. 26.4E: Hormonal Regulation of the Male Reproductive System
  840. 26.5: The Female Reproductive System
  841. 26.5A: Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System
  842. 26.5B: Ovaries
  843. 26.5C: Uterus
  844. 26.5D: Female Duct System
  845. 26.5E: Vagina
  846. 26.5F: Vulva
  847. 26.5G: Perineum
  848. 26.5H: Mammary Glands
  849. 26.6: Physiology of the Female Reproductive System
  850. 26.6A: Oogenesis
  851. 26.6B: Ovarian Cycle
  852. 26.6C: Uterine (Menstrual) Cycle
  853. 26.6D: Hormonal Regulation of the Female Reproductive Cycle
  854. 26.6E: Extrauterine Effects of Estrogens and Progesterone
  855. 26.6F: Female Sexual Response
  856. 27: Human Development and Pregnancy
  857. 27.10: Changes to the Mother's Body During Pregnancy
  858. 27.10A: Anatomical Changes
  859. 27.10B: Metabolic Changes
  860. 27.10C: Physiological Changes
  861. 27.10D: Exercise and Pregnancy
  862. 27.1: Overview of Pregnancy and Human Development
  863. 27.1A: Introduction to Pregnancy and Human Development
  864. 27.2: First Week of Development
  865. 27.2A: Fertilization
  866. 27.2B: Cleavage of the Zygote
  867. 27.2C: Blastocyst Formation
  868. 27.2D: Implantation
  869. 27.3: Second Week of Development
  870. 27.3A: Trophoblast Development
  871. 27.3B: Bilaminar Embryonic Disc Development
  872. 27.3C: Amnion Development
  873. 27.3D: Yolk Sac Development
  874. 27.3E: Sinusoid Development
  875. 27.3F: Development of the Extraembryonic Coelom
  876. 27.4: Third Week of Development
  877. 27.4A: Gastrulation
  878. 27.4B: Neurulation
  879. 27.4C: Somite Development
  880. 27.4D: Development of the Cardiovascular System
  881. 27.4E: Chorionic Villi and Placental Development
  882. 27.5: Fourth Week of Development
  883. 27.5A: Fourth Week of Development
  884. 27.6: Fifth Through Eighth Weeks of Development
  885. 27.6A: Fifth Through Eighth Weeks of Development
  886. 27.7: Birth (Parturition)
  887. 27.7A: Onset of Labor
  888. 27.7B: Stages of Labor
  889. 27.7C: Adjustments of the Infant at Birth
  890. 27.8: Lactation
  891. 27.8A: Physiology of Lactation
  892. 27.9: The Fetal Period
  893. 27.9A: Fetal Development
  894. 27.9B: Teratogens
  895. 27.9C: Prenatal Diagnostic Tests
  896. 28: Reproduction, Chromosomes, and Meiosis
  897. 28.10: Exceptions to Mendelian Inheritance
  898. 28.10A: Mendel’s Laws of Heredity
  899. 28.1: The Link Between Genotype and Phenotype
  900. 28.1A: The Process and Purpose of Gene Expression Regulation
  901. 28.1B: The Relationship Between Genes and Proteins
  902. 28.1C: Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance
  903. 28.2: Inherited Variation
  904. 28.2A: Advantages and Disadvantages of Sexual Reproduction
  905. 28.3: Chromosomal Behavior in Meiosis and Fertilization
  906. 28.3A: The Structure and Sequence of DNA
  907. 28.4: DNA
  908. 28.4A: DNA and RNA
  909. 28.4B: The DNA Double Helix
  910. 28.4C: DNA Packaging
  911. 28.4D: Types of RNA
  912. 28.5: Cell Division
  913. 28.5A: The Role of the Cell Cycle
  914. 28.5B: Genomic DNA and Chromosomes
  915. 28.5C: Eukaryotic Chromosomal Structure and Compaction
  916. 28.6: Sources of Genetic Variation
  917. 28.6A: Genetic Variation
  918. 28.6B: Mendel’s Law of Segregation
  919. 28.6C: Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment
  920. 28.7: Complex Inheritance Patterns
  921. 28.3C: Mendel’s Model System
  922. 28.7A: The Punnett Square Approach for a Monohybrid Cross
  923. 28.7B: Phenotypes and Genotypes
  924. 28.8: Patterns of Inheritance
  925. 28.8A: Lethal Inheritance Patterns
  926. 28.8B: Sex-Linked Traits
  927. 28.9: Genetic Disequilibrium
  928. 28.9A: Genetic Linkage and Distances
  929. 28.9B: Chromosomal Structural Rearrangements
  930. 30: APPENDIX B: Development and Aging of the Organ Systems
  931. 30.10: Development of the Heart
  932. 30.11: Development of Blood Vessels
  933. 30.12: Development of Lymphatic Tissues
  934. 30.13: Development of the Immune System
  935. 30.14: Development of the Respiratory System
  936. 30.15: Development of the Digestive System
  937. 30.16: Development of Metabolism
  938. 30.17: Development of Bodily Fluids
  939. 30.18: Development of the Reproductive System
  940. 30.1: Integumentary System Development
  941. 30.1A: Development of the Integumentary System
  942. 30.1B: Effects of Aging on the Integumentary System
  943. 30.2: Bone Development
  944. 30.2A: Stages of Bone Development
  945. 30.2B: Exercise and Bone Tissue
  946. 30.2C: Bone Tissue and the Effects of Aging
  947. 30.3: Development of the Skeleton
  948. 30.3A: Development of the Skeleton
  949. 30.3B: Aging and the Skeleton
  950. 30.4: Joint Development
  951. 30.4A: Development of Joints
  952. 30.4B: Joints and Aging
  953. 30.4C: Arthroplasty
  954. 30.5: Muscle Development
  955. 30.5A: Muscle Development
  956. 30.6: Development of the Nervous System
  957. 30.6A: Development of the Central Nervous System
  958. 30.6B: Development of the Peripheral Nervous System
  959. 30.6C: Regeneration of Nerve Fibers
  960. 30.6D: Aging and the Nervous System
  961. 30.7: Development of the Special Senses
  962. 30.47C: Development of Hearing and Balance
  963. 30.7A: Taste and Smell at Birth and in Old Age
  964. 30.7B: Development of Vision
  965. 30.8: Development of the Endocrine System
  966. 30.9: Development of Blood
  967. 29: APPENDIX A: Diseases, Injuries, and Disorders of the Organ Systems
  968. 29.10: Circulatory Diseases and Disorders
  969. 29.10A: Angiogenesis and Disease
  970. 29.10B: Varicose Veins
  971. 29.10C: Syncope
  972. 29.10D: Hypertension
  973. 29.11: Diseases and Disorders of the Immune System
  974. 29.11A: Immunodeficiencies
  975. 29.11B: Autoimmune Diseases
  976. 29.11C: Infectious Mononucleosis
  977. 29.11D: Psoriasis
  978. 29.12: Respiratory Diseases and Disorders
  979. 29.12A: Asthma
  980. 29.12B: Respiratory Distress Syndrome
  981. 29.12C: Cystic Fibrosis
  982. 29.12D: Hypoxia
  983. 29.13: Diseases and Disorders of the Digestive System
  984. 29.13A: Peritonitis
  985. 29.13B: Mumps
  986. 29.13C: Lactose Intolerance
  987. 29.13D: Peptic Ulcer Disease
  988. 29.14: Diseases and Disorders of the Metabolism
  989. 29.14A: Phenylketonuria (PKU)
  990. 29.14B: Galactosemia and Glycogen Storage Disease
  991. 29.15: Diseases and Disorders of the Urinary System
  992. 29.15A: Renal Disease and Failure
  993. 29.15B: Nephroptosis (Floating Kidney)
  994. 29.15C: Polycystic Kidney Disease
  995. 29.16: Body Fluid-Related Diseases and Disorders
  996. 29.16A: Acidosis
  997. 29.16B: Alkalosis
  998. 29.16C: Edema
  999. 29.17: Diseases and Disorders of the Reproductive System
  1000. 29.17A: Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)
  1001. 29.17B: Erectile Dysfunction and the Blue Pill
  1002. 29.17C: Cervical Cancer
  1003. 29.18: Pregnancy-Related Disorders
  1004. 29.18A: Ectopic Pregnancy
  1005. 29.18B: Infertility
  1006. 29.1: Diseases, Injuries, and Disorders of the Integumentary System
  1007. 29.1A: Burns
  1008. 29.1B: Allergies
  1009. 29.1C: Acne
  1010. 29.2: Diseases and Disorders of the Skeletal System
  1011. 29.2A: Osteoporosis
  1012. 29.2B: Paget’s Disease
  1013. 29.3: Injuries and Disorders of the Skeleton
  1014. 29.3A: Spina Bifida
  1015. 29.3B: Fractures
  1016. 29.4: Diseases, Disorders, and Injuries of the Joints
  1017. 29.4A: Sprain and Strain
  1018. 29.4B: Rheumatism and Arthritis
  1019. 29.4C: Common Joint Injuries
  1020. 29.5: Diseases, Disorders, and Injuries of the Muscular System
  1021. 29.5A: Muscular Dystrophy
  1022. 29.5B: Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage
  1023. 29.5C: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
  1024. 29.6: Injuries, Diseases, and Disorders of the Central Nervous System
  1025. 29.6A: Traumatic Brain Injury
  1026. 29.6B: Cerebrovascular Accident
  1027. 29.6C: Transient Ischemic Attacks
  1028. 29.6D: Alzheimer’s Disease
  1029. 29.6E: Brain Tumors
  1030. 29.6F: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
  1031. 29.7: Diseases and Disorders of the Endocrine System
  1032. 29.7A: Pancreatic Islet Disorders: Diabetes and Hyperinsulinism
  1033. 29.7B: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
  1034. 29.8: Blood Diseases and Disorders
  1035. 29.8A: Hemostasis Disorders
  1036. 29.8B: Anemia
  1037. 29.8C: Sickle-Cell Disease
  1038. 29.8D: Leukemia
  1039. 29.9: Diseases and Disorders of the Heart
  1040. 29.9A: Congenital Heart Defects
  1041. 29.9B: Myocarditis and Endocarditis
  1042. 29.9C: Myocardial Ischemia and Infarction
  1043. 29.9D: Arrhythmia
  1044. Back Matter
  1045. Index
  1046. Glossary
  1047. Detailed Licensing