Public Health Introduction

by Janey Skinner

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Publisher
City College of San Francisco
Subjects
Medicine, Public Health
Licence
CC BY-NC-SA 4.0, as LibreTexts states it. Non-commercial use only.
Who can read
Teens profiles and older, judged from its title and subjects

Contents

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  1. Front Matter
  2. TitlePage
  3. InfoPage
  4. Table of Contents
  5. Licensing
  6. 1: Core Concepts and History of Public Health
  7. 1.1: Student learning outcomes (goals) for this week
  8. 1.2: What Is Public Health?
  9. 1.3: Focus on Prevention
  10. 1.4: Public Health and Medicine
  11. 1.5: Public Health and Personal Health
  12. 1.6: Factors that Contribute to Health
  13. 1.7: Risk Factors and Protective Factors
  14. 1.8: Contrasting Models for Understanding Public Health Problems
  15. 1.8.1: The Social Ecological Model- Breast Cancer example
  16. 1.8.2: Biomedical model- Breast cancer example
  17. 1.9: Public Health Early History
  18. 1.10: Twentieth Century Public Health
  19. 1.11: Ten major accomplishments in the 20th century
  20. 1.12: Twenty-First Century Public Health
  21. 1.13: World Health
  22. 1.14: The Healthy People Initiative- 1990-2030
  23. 1.15: Additional Resources
  24. 1.16: Summary
  25. 2: Organizations of Public Health
  26. 2.1: Learning Outcomes
  27. 2.2: How Public Health Is Organized
  28. 2.3: U.S. Public Health Agencies
  29. 2.3.1: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  30. 2.3.2: The FDA and USDA
  31. 2.3.3: The Environmental Protection Agency
  32. 2.4: Quasi-Governmental Organizations
  33. 2.5: State and County Health Agencies
  34. 2.5.1: Organization within a public health department
  35. 2.6: Non-Profit Organizations
  36. 2.7: The World Health Organization
  37. 2.8: 2025 Reorganization of HHS
  38. 2.9: Challenges within the Public Health System
  39. 2.10: Example of Public Health Organizations Working Together
  40. 2.11: The Whole School, Whole Community, Whole Child Model
  41. 2.12: Core functions of state and local public health agencies and the 10 essential services
  42. 2.13: Public Health Involves Making Public Policy for the Public Good
  43. 2.14: Documentary- The Invisible Shield episode 1
  44. 2.15: Additional Resources
  45. 3: Social Determinants of Health
  46. 3.1: Learning Outcomes
  47. 3.2: What are "social determinants of health?"
  48. 3.3: Healthy People 2030 and the Social Determinants of Health
  49. 3.4: Ecological Model and the Social Determinants
  50. 3.5: UNNATURAL CAUSES- In Sickness and In Wealth
  51. 3.6: Social determinants have a major impact on health.
  52. 3.7: Embodiment
  53. 3.8: Inequality Itself Correlates to Worse Health
  54. 3.9: Inequality in the United States
  55. 3.10: Making Change
  56. 3.11: Actions that work toward equality and health
  57. 3.12: Making Changes to the Social Determinants Benefits Health
  58. 3.13: Change Can Happen
  59. 3.14: Supplemental Reading on Social Determinants Affecting Health Outcomes
  60. 3.14.1: Introduction
  61. 3.14.2: Economic Stability
  62. 3.14.3: Neighborhood and Built Environment
  63. 3.14.4: Educational Environment, Access, and Quality
  64. 3.14.5: Social and Community Context
  65. 3.14.6: The Cumulative Effect of Inequalities on Health
  66. 3.14.7: Chapter Summary
  67. 3.14.8: Key Terms
  68. 3.14.9: Review Questions
  69. 4: Epidemiology- The Study of Disease, Injury and Death in the Community
  70. 4.1: Learning outcomes
  71. 4.2: Epidemiology and Public Health
  72. 4.3: What Does “Evidence-Based Practice” Mean?
  73. 4.4: Public Health Responses to Epidemics
  74. 4.5: Burden of Disease and Epidemiology
  75. 4.6: Public Health Statistics
  76. 4.7: Vital Statistics
  77. 4.8: Health Disparities and Inequalities
  78. 4.9: Cases and Rates
  79. 4.10: Morbidity and Mortality
  80. 4.11: Tracking the Spread of Covid-19
  81. 4.12: Reporting Births, Deaths, Diagnoses
  82. 4.13: Secondary Data
  83. 4.14: Epidemiological Studies
  84. 4.15: Types of Population Studies
  85. 4.15.1: Observational Studies
  86. 4.15.2: Experimental Studies
  87. 4.16: Causation
  88. 4.17: Etiology and Contributory Cause
  89. 4.18: Risk Factors and Protective Factors
  90. 4.19: Health Information
  91. 4.20: Public Health and the Fight Against Misinformation
  92. 4.20.1: Internet, Social Media, and the Age of Algorithms
  93. 4.21: Is Science Even Trustworthy?
  94. 4.22: The Value of Deeper Research
  95. 4.23: Documentary- Invisible Shield, episode 2
  96. 4.24: Additional Resources
  97. 4.25: References (additional references esp. for pages by Erin Calderone)
  98. 5: The Prevention and Control of Diseases
  99. 5.1: Learning Outcomes
  100. 5.2: The Public Health Approach
  101. 5.3: Classification of Diseases
  102. 5.4: Genetic Diseases
  103. 5.5: Communicable Diseases
  104. 5.6: Types of Infectious Agents
  105. 5.7: The Chain of Infection
  106. 5.8: Modes of Transmission
  107. 5.9: Susceptible Hosts and Population Immunity
  108. 5.10: How do we Eradicate Infectious Diseases?
  109. 5.10.1: Smallpox and Polio
  110. 5.10.2: Measles, Mumps, and Rubella
  111. 5.11: Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases
  112. 5.11.1: HIV/AIDS
  113. 5.11.2: Other Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
  114. 5.11.3: Viral Hepatitis
  115. 5.11.4: Influenza Viruses
  116. 5.11.5: Coronaviruses- MERS, SARS, and COVID-19
  117. 5.11.6: Monkeypox (Mpox)
  118. 5.12: Noncommunicable Diseases
  119. 5.13: Multi-Causation Models of Disease
  120. 5.14: The Multi-Causation Model and the Ecological Model
  121. 5.15: Prioritizing Prevention and Control Efforts
  122. 5.16: Prevention, Intervention, Control, and Eradication of Diseases
  123. 5.17: Levels of Prevention
  124. 5.18: Prevention of Communicable Diseases
  125. 5.19: Vaccination and how rates are changing in California
  126. 5.20: Examples of Prevention of Noncommunicable Diseases using the 3 levels of prevention
  127. 5.21: Common Noncommunicable Diseases - An Overview for Prevention
  128. 5.21.1: Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD)
  129. 5.21.1.1: Current Rates in the U.S.
  130. 5.21.1.2: Risk Factors/Protective Factors
  131. 5.21.1.3: Public Health Response
  132. 5.21.2: Diabetes
  133. 5.21.2.1: Current Rates in the U.S.
  134. 5.21.2.2: Risk Factors/Protective Factors
  135. 5.21.2.3: Public Health Response
  136. 5.21.3: Cancers
  137. 5.21.3.1: Current Rates in the U.S.
  138. 5.21.3.2: Risk Factors/Protective Factors
  139. 5.21.3.3: Public Health Response
  140. 5.21.4: Chronic Lower Respiratory Diseases
  141. 5.21.4.1: Current Rates in the U.S.
  142. 5.21.4.2: Risk Factors/Protective Factors
  143. 5.21.4.3: Public Health Response
  144. 5.22: Additional Resources
  145. 5.23: Additional References - if not cited on page itself
  146. 6: Community Organizing, Community Building, and Health Promotion
  147. 6.1: Learning Outcomes
  148. 6.2: The Community as the Client
  149. 6.3: What Is Community Organizing?
  150. 6.4: Organizing steps in a campaign for change
  151. 6.5: Required Video Case Studies
  152. 6.6: More Examples of Organizing
  153. 6.7: Environmental Justice
  154. 6.8: Why community organizing for public health?
  155. 6.9: Applying the Roles of the CHW to a Case Study
  156. 6.10: Community Intervention Models
  157. 6.11: Health Promotion Programs
  158. 6.12: How to create a health promotion program
  159. 6.13: Case Study 2- Our Choice/Nuestra Opción- The Imperial County, California, Childhood Obesity Research Demonstration Study (CA-CORD)
  160. 6.14: Lessons from Geese
  161. 6.15: Additional Resources
  162. 7: Environmental Health
  163. 7.1: Introduction
  164. 7.2: Learning Outcomes
  165. 7.3: What is environmental health
  166. 7.4: Environmental Health and the Emergence of the Modern Environmental Movement
  167. 7.5: Measuring Risk
  168. 7.6: Laws to Protect the Environment and Human Health
  169. 7.7: Clean Air
  170. 7.8: Clean Water
  171. 7.8.1: Flint Water Crisis
  172. 7.8.2: Case Study- The Jackson Water Crisis
  173. 7.9: Waste Management
  174. 7.9.1: Types of Trash/Municipal Waste
  175. 7.9.2: Recycling and Composting
  176. 7.9.3: Sanitary Landfills and Combustion
  177. 7.9.4: Hazardous Waste, RCRA and CERCLA
  178. 7.10: Food and Drug Safety
  179. 7.11: Occupational Health Concerns
  180. 7.11.1: Occupational Health Policy
  181. 7.11.2: Workplace Injuries and Illnesses
  182. 7.12: Climate Change and Environmental Health
  183. 7.13: Climate Change
  184. 7.14: The Health Effects of Climate Change
  185. 7.15: Preventing Climate Change and Adapting to Climate Change
  186. 7.16: Co-Benefits of Taking Steps to Address Climate Change
  187. 7.17: Climate Change Policy
  188. 7.17.1: The Paris Agreement
  189. 7.17.2: Climate Change Policy in California
  190. 7.17.3: Emergency preparedness (whether emergency is climate related or not)
  191. 7.18: Additional Resources
  192. 7.19: References - if not already on each page
  193. 8: Weight, weight bias, nutrition and physical activity
  194. 8.1: Learning Outcomes (goals for this module)
  195. 8.2: Obesity- A controversy
  196. 8.3: Regarding obesity, we have at least two controversies
  197. 8.4: Americans have gained weight
  198. 8.5: ONE VIEW- Obesity - the most serious health problem of our day!
  199. 8.6: Obesity - measurements and impacts
  200. 8.7: A DIFFERENT VIEW- Obesity - a manifestation of fat-phobia and a distraction from the real issues!
  201. 8.8: What causes obesity? What causes the diseases associated with obesity?
  202. 8.9: What is good nutrition?
  203. 8.9.1: Nutrition
  204. 8.9.2: Nutrition Environment and Services
  205. 8.10: Physical Activity
  206. 8.10.1: Physical Activity and Fitness
  207. 8.10.2: Physical Education and Physical Activity
  208. 8.11: Additional Resources
  209. 8.12: Additional References - partial list
  210. 9: Community Health in Diverse Racial and Ethnic Populations Communities in the US
  211. 9.1: Goals for this Module (also known as learning outcomes)
  212. 9.2: Community and Public Health and Racial/Ethnic Populations
  213. 9.3: Race, Ethnicity, Culture, and Nationality
  214. 9.4: Cultural Groups and Formation of a Cultural Identity
  215. 9.5: The Role of Culture in Shaping Health Beliefs and Practices
  216. 9.6: Racial and Ethnic Classifications
  217. 9.7: Issues with Data and with the Classifications
  218. 9.8: Snapshots of the Health of Racial and Ethnic Groups in the US
  219. 9.9: Americans of Hispanic Origin- Health overview and leading causes of death
  220. 9.9.1: The Latino Paradox
  221. 9.9.2: Becoming American- episode of Unnatural Causes
  222. 9.10: African Americans- Health overview and leading causes of death
  223. 9.11: Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders- Health overview and leading causes of death
  224. 9.12: American Indians and Alaska Natives- Health overview and leading causes of death
  225. 9.13: Immigrant and Refugee Health
  226. 9.14: Minority Health and Health Inequities (disparities)
  227. 9.15: Health Disparities in Specific Health Conditions
  228. 9.16: Social Determinants of Health and Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health
  229. 9.17: And now... cultural competence and cultural humility
  230. 9.18: Cultural Competency
  231. 9.19: Cultural Humility
  232. 9.20: Cultural Barriers to Care
  233. 9.21: Culturally and Linguistically Appropriate Services (CLAS) Standards
  234. 9.22: Health Inequities in the Pandemic
  235. 9.23: What does a successful response look like?
  236. 9.24: Additional Resources
  237. 10: Maternal Infant and Child Health
  238. 10.1: Learning Outcomes
  239. 10.2: MIC Indicators of Population Health
  240. 10.3: Social and Behavioral Factors in Maternal and Infant Health
  241. 10.4: Genetic Factors in Maternal and Infant Health
  242. 10.4.1: Genetic Disorders and the Ethics of Prenatal Testing
  243. 10.4.2: Epigenetics
  244. 10.5: Age and Pregnancy
  245. 10.6: Family Planning / Contraception
  246. 10.7: Abortion
  247. 10.8: Maternal Health
  248. 10.8.1: Maternal Mortality
  249. 10.8.2: Crisis in Maternal Mortality - video
  250. 10.8.3: Life Course Perspective
  251. 10.8.4: California- A Partial Success Story in Saving Mothers' Lives
  252. 10.9: Infant Health
  253. 10.9.1: Infant Mortality
  254. 10.9.2: Immunizations in Infancy and Childhood
  255. 10.10: Childhood Health
  256. 10.10.1: Leading Causes of Morbidity and Mortality
  257. 10.10.2: Health Concerns for Children
  258. 10.11: Public Health Programs for MICH
  259. 10.11.1: Social Ecological Model to Reduce LBW and Preterm Birth
  260. Back Matter
  261. Index
  262. Glossary
  263. Detailed Licensing
  264. Detailed Licensing