Chem 2A: General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry

by Matthew Ku

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This text is designed for Chemistry 2a, the first semester of a General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry (GOB) course. GOB chemistry is designed for health science majors. Topics include atomic and molecular structure, chemical bonding, nomenclature, chemical reactions and stoichiometry, gases, solutions, acids and bases, pH, buffers, nuclear chemistry, a brief introduction to organic chemistry, and an introduction to biomolecules. Cover Image: "Caffeine" by ynse is licensed under CC BY 2

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Publisher
Pasadena City College
Subjects
Chemistry
Licence
CC BY-NC-SA 4.0, as LibreTexts states it. Non-commercial use only.
Who can read
Tweens profiles and older, judged from its title and subjects

Contents

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  1. Front Matter
  2. Chem 2A (Ku)
  3. InfoPage
  4. Table of Contents
  5. Licensing
  6. 1: Measurement and Problem Solving
  7. 1.1: Measurements and Significant Figures
  8. 1.1.1: Taking Measurements
  9. 1.1.2: Expressing Numbers - Scientific Notation
  10. 1.1.2.1: Calculations Involving Scientific Notation (TO DO)
  11. 1.1.3: Significant Figures - Writing Numbers to Reflect Precision
  12. 1.1.4: Significant Figures in Calculations
  13. 1.2: Measurement Units and Dimensional Analysis
  14. 1.2.1: The Basic Units of Measurement
  15. 1.2.2: Math Tools - Ratios, Rates, and Proportions
  16. 1.2.3: Problem Solving and Unit Conversions
  17. 1.2.4: Solving Multi-step Conversion Problems
  18. 1.2.5: Units Raised to a Power
  19. 1.2.6: Density
  20. 1.2.7: Dosage Calculations
  21. 1.E: Measurement and Problem Solving (Exercises)
  22. 2: Atoms and Elements
  23. 2.1: Chemistry - The Central Science
  24. 2.2: What is Matter?
  25. 2.2.1: In Your Room
  26. 2.2.2: What is Matter?
  27. 2.2.3: Classifying Matter According to Its State—Solid, Liquid, and Gas
  28. 2.2.4: Classifying Matter According to Its Composition
  29. 2.2.5: Differences in Matter- Physical and Chemical Properties
  30. 2.2.6: Changes in Matter - Physical and Chemical Changes
  31. 2.3: What are atoms?
  32. 2.3.1: Cutting Aluminum until you get Atoms
  33. 2.3.2: Indivisible - The Atomic Theory
  34. 2.3.3: The Nuclear Atom
  35. 2.3.4: The Properties of Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons
  36. 2.3.5: Elements- Defined by Their Number of Protons
  37. 2.3.6: Looking for Patterns - The Periodic Table
  38. 2.3.7: Ions - Losing and Gaining Electrons
  39. 2.3.8: Isotopes - When the Number of Neutrons Varies
  40. 2.3.9: Atomic Mass - The Average Mass of an Element’s Atoms
  41. 3: Radioactivity and Nuclear Chemistry
  42. 3.1: The Discovery of Radioactivity
  43. 3.2: Types of Radioactivity- Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Decay
  44. 3.3: Detecting Radioactivity
  45. 3.4: Half-Lives of Radioisotopes
  46. 3.5: Radiation Effects and Units
  47. 3.6: Medical uses of radioisotopes
  48. 3.7: Making radioisotopes for medical uses
  49. 4: The Periodic Table and Electronic Structure
  50. 4.1: The Periodic Table
  51. 4.2: Periodic Groups
  52. 4.3: Electronic Structure of Atoms
  53. 4.4: Electron Configurations
  54. 4.5: Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table
  55. 4.6: Periodic Trends
  56. 4.E: Electrons in Atoms and the Periodic Table (Exercises)
  57. 5: Ionic Bonding and Simple Ionic Compounds
  58. 5.1: Prelude to Ionic Bonding and Simple Ionic Compounds
  59. 5.2: Two Types of Bonding
  60. 5.3: Ions
  61. 5.4: Formulas for Ionic Compounds
  62. 5.5: Ionic Nomenclature
  63. 5.6: Formula Mass
  64. 5.7: Characteristics of Ionic Compounds
  65. 5.E: Ionic Bonding and Simple Ionic Compounds (Exercises)
  66. 5.S: Ionic Bonding and Simple Ionic Compounds (Summary)
  67. 6: Molecular Compounds and Structures
  68. 6.1: Bonding and Lewis Structures
  69. 6.1.1: Representing Valence Electrons with Dots
  70. 6.1.2: Lewis Structures of Ionic Compounds- Electrons Transferred
  71. 6.1.3: Covalent Bonds - Electrons Shared
  72. 6.1.4: Covalent Compounds - Formulas and Names
  73. 6.1.5: Naming Acids
  74. 6.1.6: Writing Lewis Structures for Covalent Compounds
  75. 6.2: Structures of Organic Molecules
  76. 6.2.1: Carbon - The Chemical Basis for Life
  77. 6.2.2: Hydrocarbons- Compounds Containing Only Carbon and Hydrocarbon
  78. 6.2.3: Bond-Line Formulas
  79. 6.3: Molecular Shape and Polarity
  80. 6.3.1: Predicting the Shapes of Molecules
  81. 6.3.2: Electronegativity and Polarity - Why Oil and Water Do not Mix
  82. 7: Intermolecular Forces and Functional Groups
  83. 7.1: Changes of State and Intermolecular Forces
  84. 7.1.1: States of Matter and Their Changes
  85. 7.1.2: Temperature - Random Motion of Molecules and Atoms
  86. 7.1.3: Heating and Cooling Curves
  87. 7.1.4: Temperature Changes - Heat Capacity
  88. 7.1.5: Energy and Heat Capacity Calculations
  89. 7.1.6: Intermolecular Forces
  90. 7.2: Functional Groups and Intermolecular Forces
  91. 7.2.1: Organic Compounds with Functional Groups
  92. 7.2.2: Functional Groups w/ Oxygen and Sulfur
  93. 7.2.2.1: Physical Properties of Alcohols
  94. 7.2.2.2: Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones
  95. 7.2.2.3: Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acids
  96. 7.2.2.4: Physical Properties of Esters
  97. 7.2.2.5: Organic Sulfur Compounds
  98. 7.2.3: Functional Groups w/ Nitrogen
  99. 7.2.3.1: Physical Properties of Amines
  100. 7.2.3.2: Physical Properties of Amides
  101. 8: Chemical Reactions and Equations
  102. 8.1: Evidence of a Chemical Reaction
  103. 8.2: Balanced Chemical Equations
  104. 8.2.1: The Chemical Equation
  105. 8.2.2: How to Write Balanced Chemical Equations
  106. 8.3: Types of Reactions
  107. 8.3.1: Classifying Chemical Reactions
  108. 8.3.2: Acid–Base and Gas Evolution Reactions
  109. 8.3.3: Oxidation–Reduction Reactions
  110. 8.3.4: The Activity Series- Predicting Spontaneous Redox Reactions
  111. 9: Quantities in Chemical Reactions
  112. 9.1: Climate Change - Too Much Carbon Dioxide
  113. 9.2: The Mole Concept
  114. 9.2.1: Counting Nails by the Pound
  115. 9.2.2: Counting Atoms by the Gram
  116. 9.2.3: Counting Molecules by the Gram
  117. 9.2.4: Chemical Formulas as Conversion Factors
  118. 9.3: Stoichiometry
  119. 9.3.1: Stoichiometry
  120. 9.3.2: Making Pancakes- Relationships Between Ingredients
  121. 9.3.3: Making Molecules- Mole-to-Mole Conversions
  122. 9.3.4: Making Molecules- Mass-to-Mass Conversions
  123. 9.3.5: Limiting Reactant and Theoretical Yield
  124. 9.3.6: Limiting Reactant, Theoretical Yield, and Percent Yield from Initial Masses of Reactants
  125. 9.3.7: Enthalpy Change is a Measure of the Heat Evolved or Absorbed
  126. 10: Reaction Rates and Equilibrium
  127. 10.1: Equilibrium
  128. 10.1.1: The Idea of Dynamic Chemical Equilibrium
  129. 10.1.2: The Equilibrium Constant - A Measure of How Far a Reaction Goes
  130. 10.1.3: Calculating and Using Equilibrium Constants
  131. 10.2: Le Chatelier's Principle
  132. 10.2.1: Disturbing a Reaction at Equilibrium- Le Châtelier’s Principle
  133. 10.2.2: The Effect of a Concentration Change on Equilibrium
  134. 10.2.3: The Effect of a Volume Change on Equilibrium
  135. 10.2.4: The Effect of Temperature Changes on Equilibrium
  136. 10.2.5: The Solubility-Product Constant
  137. 10.2.6: The Path of a Reaction and the Effect of a Catalyst
  138. 10.3: Kinetics and Collision Theory
  139. 10.3.1: Chemical Reaction Rate
  140. 10.3.2: Collision Theory
  141. 10.3.3: Activation Energy
  142. 10.3.4: Potential Energy Diagrams
  143. 10.3.5: Activated Complex
  144. 10.3.6: Factors Affecting Reaction Rate
  145. 10.3.7: Catalysts
  146. 11: Gases
  147. 11.1: Extra-Long Straws
  148. 11.2: Kinetic Molecular Theory- A Model for Gases
  149. 11.3: Pressure - The Result of Constant Molecular Collisions
  150. 11.4: Boyle’s Law - Pressure and Volume
  151. 11.5: Charles’s Law- Volume and Temperature
  152. 11.6: The Combined Gas Law- Pressure, Volume, and Temperature
  153. 11.7: Avogadro’s Law- Volume and Moles
  154. 11.8: The Ideal Gas Law- Pressure, Volume, Temperature, and Moles
  155. 11.9: Mixtures of Gases - Why Deep-Sea Divers Breathe a Mixture of Helium and Oxygen
  156. 11.10: Gay-Lussac's Law- Temperature and Pressure
  157. 12: Aqueous Solutions and Concentration
  158. 12.1: Tragedy in Cameroon
  159. 12.2: Formation of Solutions
  160. 12.2.1: Solutions - Homogeneous Mixtures
  161. 12.2.2: Dissolving Process
  162. 12.2.3: Liquid-Liquid Solutions
  163. 12.3: Aqueous Solutions
  164. 12.3.1: Structure of Water
  165. 12.3.2: Solute and Solvent
  166. 12.3.3: Aqueous Solutions and Solubility - Compounds Dissolved in Water
  167. 12.3.4: Precipitation Reactions
  168. 12.3.5: Writing Chemical Equations for Reactions in Solution- Molecular, Complete Ionic, and Net Ionic Equations
  169. 12.3.6: Solutions of Gases in Water
  170. 12.4: Concentrations and Dilution
  171. 12.4.1: Concentration of solutions
  172. 12.4.2: Concentrations as Conversion Factors
  173. 12.4.3: Solution Stoichiometry
  174. 12.5: Osmosis and Hypotonic/Hypertonic Solutions
  175. 13: Acids and Bases
  176. 13.1: Definitions and Properties of Acids/Bases
  177. 13.1.1: Acids and Bases Definitions
  178. 13.1.2: Reactions of Acids and Bases
  179. 13.1.3: Acid and Base Strength
  180. 13.1.4: Acid Dissociation Constants
  181. 13.2: Measuring Acidity
  182. 13.2.1: Water as Both an Acid and a Base
  183. 13.2.2: Measuring Acidity in Aqueous Solutions- The pH Scale
  184. 13.2.3: Working with pH
  185. 13.3: Maintaining pH Using Buffer Solutions
  186. 13.3.1: Biological Buffers
  187. 14: Biomolecules- Building Blocks of Life
  188. 14.1: Synthesis of Biomolecules
  189. 14.1.1: Types of Biological Macromolecules
  190. 14.1.2: Dehydration Synthesis
  191. 14.1.3: Hydrolysis
  192. 14.2: Carbohydrates - Energy Storage and Structure Molecules
  193. 14.2.1: Carbohydrate Molecules
  194. 14.2.2: Importance of Carbohydrates
  195. 14.3: Lipids - Hydrophobic Molecules
  196. 14.3.1: Lipid Molecules
  197. 14.3.2: Phospholipids
  198. 14.3.3: Steroids
  199. 14.4: Proteins - Molecules with Diverse Structures
  200. 14.4.1: Types and Functions of Proteins
  201. 14.4.2: Amino Acids
  202. 14.4.3: Proteins
  203. 14.5: Nucleic Acids - Information Molecules
  204. 14.5.1: Prelude to Nucleic Acids
  205. 14.5.2: Nucleotides
  206. 14.5.3: Nucleic Acid Structure
  207. 14.5.4: Replication and Expression of Genetic Information
  208. 14.5.5: Protein Synthesis and the Genetic Code
  209. Back Matter
  210. Index
  211. Glossary
  212. Detailed Licensing
  213. Detailed Licensing
  214. Detailed Licensing