12: Aqueous Solutions and Concentration — Read

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Solutions play a very important role in many biological, laboratory, and industrial applications of chemistry. Of particular importance are solutions involving substances dissolved in water, or aqueous solutions. Solutions represent equilibrium systems, and the lessons learned in the last chapter will be of particular importance again. Quantitative measurements of solutions are another key component of this chapter. Solutions can involve all physical states—gases dissolved in gases (the air around us), solids dissolved in solids (metal alloys), and liquids dissolved in solids (amalgams—liquid mercury dissolved in another metal such as silver, tin or copper). This chapter is almost exclusively concerned with aqueous solutions, substances dissolved in water.

12.1: Tragedy in Cameroon
Lake Nyos is a crater lake in the Northwest Region of Cameroon, and is a deep lake high on the flank of an inactive volcano in the Oku volcanic plain along the Cameroon line of volcanic activity. A volcanic dam impounds the lake waters. A pocket of magma lies beneath the lake and leaks carbon dioxide into the water, changing it into carbonic acid. Nyos is one of only three known exploding lakes to be saturated with carbon dioxide in this way.
12.2: Formation of Solutions
12.3: Aqueous Solutions
12.4: Concentrations and Dilution
12.5: Osmosis and Hypotonic/Hypertonic Solutions
Osmosis, i.e., the passage of water and small molecules across a semipermeable member with a net flow towards a more concentrated solution is described. The role of osmosis in water purification, in living systems like excretion of wastes by kidneys, are also described.

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