Concepts of Physical Science

by Jamie MacArthur

Read here Read at LibreTextsPDF
Publisher
Madera Community College
Subjects
Chemistry
Licence
CC BY-NC-SA, as LibreTexts states it. Non-commercial use only.
Who can read
Tweens profiles and older, judged from its title and subjects

Contents

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  1. Front Matter
  2. Concepts of Physical Science
  3. About Libretexts
  4. Prelude
  5. Table of Contents
  6. Licensing
  7. 1: Science Itself
  8. 1.1: Observing the World
  9. 1.2: Developing the Scientific Method
  10. 1.2.1: Careful Observations- Documentation, Measurements, and Patterns
  11. 1.2.2: Experiments
  12. 1.2.3: A Scientific Method
  13. 1.3: Processes of Science
  14. 1.3.1: Laws and Theories in Science
  15. 1.3.2: The Scientific Process
  16. 1.4: The Limits of Science
  17. 1.4.1: Other Ways of Knowing
  18. 1.4.2: What Should Science be Allowed to do?
  19. 1.4.3: Pseudoscience
  20. 1.5: Organization of Science
  21. 1.5.1: Pure and Applied Science
  22. 1.5.2: Fields of Science
  23. 2: Matter and Motion
  24. 2.1: Introduction to Motion
  25. 2.2: Modern Ideas about Motion
  26. 2.3: Direction
  27. 2.4: Vectors, Scalars, and Coordinate Systems
  28. 2.5: Speed and Velocity
  29. 2.6: Acceleration
  30. 2.7: Determining how to solve a motion equation problem
  31. 2.8: Motion Graphs
  32. 2.8.1: Motion graphs of position, velocity, and speed versus time
  33. 2.8.2: Motion graphs of acceleration, velocity, and position versus time.
  34. 2.8.3: Predicting Motion graphs
  35. 2.9: Types of Acceleration
  36. 2.9.1: Falling Objects
  37. 2.9.2: Centripetal Acceleration
  38. 2.9.3: Projectile Motion
  39. 2.10: Measuring the World
  40. 2.11: Development of Force Concept
  41. 2.12: Galileo and the Beginnings of Modern Science
  42. 3: Types of Motion and Their Causes
  43. 3.1: Introduction to Dynamics and Momentum.
  44. 3.2: Newton’s First Law of Motion- Inertia
  45. 3.3: Newton's Second Law of Motion- Force and Acceleration
  46. 3.4: Newton’s Third Law of Motion- Symmetry in Forces
  47. 3.5: Examples of Force
  48. 3.5.1: Normal Force
  49. 3.5.2: Tension
  50. 3.5.3: Spring Force- Hooke’s Law
  51. 3.5.4: Friction
  52. 3.5.5: Centripetal Force
  53. 3.6: Summary of Newton's Laws
  54. 3.7: Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation
  55. 3.8: Linear Momentum and Force
  56. 3.9: Conservation of Momentum
  57. 3.10: Rotation
  58. 3.11: Angular Momentum and Its Conservation
  59. 4: Fluid Mechanics and Waves
  60. 4.1: Introduction to Fluids and Waves
  61. 4.2: What Is a Fluid?
  62. 4.3: Density
  63. 4.4: Pressure
  64. 4.4.1: Pressure Due to the Weight of Fluid
  65. 4.4.2: Boyle's Law
  66. 4.5: Fluid Principles
  67. 4.5.1: Archimedes’ Principle
  68. 4.5.2: Pascal's Principle
  69. 4.5.3: Bernoulli’s Principle
  70. 4.6: Wave Mechanics
  71. 4.6.1: Period and Frequency in Oscillations
  72. 4.6.2: Simple Harmonic Motion- A Special Periodic Motion
  73. 4.6.3: Waves
  74. 4.7: Properties of Waves
  75. 4.7.1: Transverse and Longitudinal Waves
  76. 4.7.2: Forced Oscillations and Resonance
  77. 4.7.3: Wave Interference- Standing Waves and Beats
  78. 4.7.4: When Waves Sources Move- Doppler effects and Bow Wakes
  79. 4.8: Sound
  80. 4.8.1: Speed of Sound, Frequency, and Wavelength
  81. 5: Work and Energy
  82. 5.1: Introduction to Work and Energy
  83. 5.2: Work- The Scientific Definition
  84. 5.3: Kinetic Energy and the Work-Energy Theorem
  85. 5.4: Potential Energy- Gravity and Springs
  86. 5.4.1: Gravitational Potential Energy
  87. 5.4.2: Spring Potential Energy
  88. 5.5: Conservative Forces, Potential Energy, and Conservation of Energy
  89. 5.6: Forms of Energy
  90. 5.7: Simple Machines
  91. 5.8: Power
  92. 5.9: Energy and Momentum
  93. 6: Heat and Energy
  94. 6.1: Introduction to Thermodynamics
  95. 6.2: Temperature
  96. 6.2.1: Temperature and Thermometers
  97. 6.2.2: The Molecular Basis for Temperature
  98. 6.3: Heat
  99. 6.4: Heat Transfer Methods
  100. 6.5: Temperature Change and Heat Capacity
  101. 6.6: The First Law of Thermodynamics
  102. 6.7: Heat Engines and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
  103. 6.7.1: Efficiency and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
  104. 6.7.2: Carnot’s Perfect Heat Engine- The Second Law of Thermodynamics Restated
  105. 6.8: Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
  106. 6.8.1: Statistical Interpretation of Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics- The Underlying Explanation
  107. 6.8.2: Entropy, Life, the Universe, and Everything
  108. 6.9: Energy Sources for Our Lives
  109. 7: Fundamentals and Applications of Electricity
  110. 7.1: Introduction to Electricity
  111. 7.2: Static Electricity and Charge- Conservation of Charge
  112. 7.3: Coulomb’s Law
  113. 7.4: Representing Electric Fields
  114. 7.5: Electric Potential and Potential Energy
  115. 7.6: Conductors and Current
  116. 7.7: Ohm’s Law
  117. 7.8: Circuits
  118. 7.9: Applications- Power and Safety
  119. 7.9.1: Electric Power and Energy
  120. 7.9.2: Electric Hazards and the Human Body
  121. 8: The Amazing Connections Between Magnets and Light Switches
  122. 8.1: Introduction to Magnetism
  123. 8.2: Magnets
  124. 8.3: Natural Magnetism
  125. 8.4: The Source of Magnetism
  126. 8.5: Magnetic Fields and Magnetic Field Lines
  127. 8.6: The relationship between electric current, magnetic fields, and magnetic force
  128. 8.7: Force from Electricity and Magnetism- Motors and Meters
  129. 8.8: Faraday's Law- Electricity from Magnetism and Force
  130. 8.8.1: Applications of Electromagnetic Induction
  131. 8.9: Magnetism from Electricity
  132. 8.10: Maxwell’s Equations- Summarizing the Connections Between Electricity and Magnetism
  133. 8.11: Sources of Voltage and the Electrification of America
  134. 8.11.1: Batteries
  135. 8.11.2: Induced Voltage and Electrical Generators
  136. 8.11.3: Alternating Current versus Direct Current
  137. 8.11.4: Transformers
  138. 9: Electromagnetic Radiation and Optics
  139. 9.1: Introduction to Light
  140. 9.2: Maxwell’s Equations- Electromagnetic Waves Predicted and Observed
  141. 9.3: Producing Electromagnetic Radiation
  142. 9.4: The Electromagnetic Spectrum- an Overview
  143. 9.5: The Electromagnetic Spectrum- Application Notes
  144. 9.6: Interaction of Light with Matter
  145. 9.6.1: Reflection
  146. 9.6.2: Refraction
  147. 9.6.3: Dispersion- The Rainbow and Prisms
  148. 9.7: Our Extraordinary World of Colors
  149. 9.8: Lenses, Mirrors, and Polarization
  150. 9.8.1: Image Formation by Lenses
  151. 9.8.2: Image Formation by Mirrors
  152. 9.8.3: Polarization
  153. 9.9: The Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change
  154. 10: Elements Are Made of Atoms
  155. 10.1: Introduction to Atoms and Elements
  156. 10.2: Modern Understandings of Elements
  157. 10.3: The Development of Atomic Theory
  158. 10.3.1: Law of Conservation of Mass
  159. 10.3.2: Law of Definite Proportions
  160. 10.3.3: Law of Multiple Proportions
  161. 10.3.4: Dalton's Atomic Theory
  162. 10.4: Organizing the Elements
  163. 10.4.1: Mendeleev's Periodic Table
  164. 10.4.2: Periodic Law
  165. 10.4.3: Modern Periodic Table- Periods and Groups
  166. 10.5: Understanding the Periodic Table
  167. 10.5.1: Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids.
  168. 10.5.2: Families of the Periodic Table
  169. 10.6: Inside the Atom
  170. 10.7: Electrons and Light
  171. 10.8: Quantum Mechanics
  172. 10.9: Electron Shells
  173. 11: Chemical Bonds
  174. 11.1: Chemical Bond
  175. 11.2: Elements, molecules, and compounds
  176. 11.3: The Octet Rule
  177. 11.4: Ions and Ion Formation
  178. 11.5: Ionic Bonding
  179. 11.6: Metallic Bonding
  180. 11.7: Covalent Bonds and Molecules
  181. 11.8: Bond Polarity
  182. 11.9: Intermolecular Forces
  183. 11.10: Naming Compounds
  184. 12: Physical Properties
  185. 12.1: Introduction to Physical Properties
  186. 12.2: Physical and Chemical
  187. 12.3: Classifying Matter
  188. 12.4: The Physical States of Matter
  189. 12.5: Transitions between Phases
  190. 12.6: Energy and Phase Transitions
  191. 12.7: Moles- Counting Atoms
  192. 12.7.1: Moles and Avogrado's Number
  193. 12.7.2: Moles and Mass
  194. 12.8: Solutions and Solubility
  195. 12.9: Concentrations of Solutions
  196. 12.10: Soap- an Application of Physical Properties
  197. 13: Chemical Reactions
  198. 13.1: Introduction to Chemical Changes
  199. 13.2: Aspects of a Chemical Change
  200. 13.3: Chemical Equations- Representing Chemical Changes
  201. 13.4: Balancing Equations
  202. 13.5: Energy and Chemical Reactions
  203. 13.6: Entropy and Chemical Reactions
  204. 13.7: Classifying Reactions
  205. 13.8: Acid Base Reactions
  206. 13.9: Redox Reactions- The Transfer of Electrons
  207. 13.10: Polymerization Reactions
  208. 14: Nuclear Radiation
  209. 14.1: Introduction to Radioactivity
  210. 14.2: The Atomic Nucleus
  211. 14.3: Discovery of Radioactivity
  212. 14.4: Nuclear Decay Processes
  213. 14.5: Nuclear Equations
  214. 14.6: Half-Life
  215. 14.7: What Holds the Nucleus Together
  216. 14.8: The Energy Within the Nucleus and all Matter
  217. 14.9: Nuclear Binding Energy
  218. 14.9.1: Nuclear Fission
  219. 14.9.2: Nuclear Fusion
  220. 14.10: Nuclear Radiation in Our Lives
  221. 14.11: Process of Science- Lise Meitner and Otto Hahn
  222. Back Matter
  223. Index
  224. Glossary
  225. Detailed Licensing
  226. Detailed Licensing