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Cryogenic Electronics for Quantum Computing

Prof. Sudeb Dasgupta · IIT Roorkee

Start with lecture 1 At NPTEL

About

This lecture series starts with basics of MOS Device Structure and Physics followed by Cryogenics at Device level and further leads to its implication on Circuit level. The intermediate journey takes the student to Modelling of Cryo-device, and Quantum Qubits and Architecture of Interface Configurable Hardware Components. One of the salient features of the lectures are its synthesis or design-oriented approach, which helps the student to find the solution to generic problems for certain specs of input data and output requirements. Problem solving in the class and through assignments are essential for getting a ‘hold’ on the subject. This lecture series takes care of the same. I believe that the students/learners will be greatly benefitted by this experience.

Intended audience: Undergraduate (Final year- Elective) /Postgraduate/PhD/ VLSI Industry Working Professional

Prerequisites: 1. Basic Mathematics 2. Basic semiconductor

Lectures

Week 1

  1. Principles of Quantum Mechanics YouTube
  2. Principles of Quantum Mechanics-II YouTube
  3. Schrodinger’s Wave Equation YouTube
  4. Schrodinger’s Wave Equation-II YouTube
  5. Formation of Energy Bands, The Kronig–Penney Model, K Space Diagram YouTube
  6. Electrical Conduction in Solids-The Energy Band and the Bond Model, Drift Current, Electron Effective Mass YouTube
  7. Density of States Function, Statistical Mechanics -I YouTube
  8. DOS - II YouTube

Week 2

  1. Basic MOSFET Structure, symbol, and working as a Switch YouTube
  2. MOSFET Operation- Depletion, Accumulation, and Inversion YouTube
  3. MOSFET I/V Characteristics-Threshold voltage, I/V Characteristics, Transconductance YouTube
  4. MOSFET I/V and Threshold Voltage- II YouTube
  5. Second-Order Effects – I YouTube
  6. Second Order Effects - II YouTube

Week 3

  1. Introduction to Cryogenics in Electronics YouTube
  2. Cryogenic Coolant/Fluids used YouTube
  3. Transition in Properties of materials with variation in Temperature YouTube
  4. Transition in Properties of materials with variation in Temperature - II YouTube
  5. Semiconductor devices at Room Temperature @ 300 K YouTube
  6. Semiconductor devices at Low Temperature@ below 150 K and 77K YouTube

Week 4

  1. Change in Bandgap at Low Temperature - I YouTube
  2. Change in Bandgap at Low Temperature - II YouTube
  3. Change in Intrinsic Carrier concentration YouTube
  4. Lowering in the level of Fermi Energy YouTube
  5. Effect of Freeze-out on dopant atom concentration YouTube
  6. Effect of Freeze-out on Dopant Atom Concentration - II & Complete Effect of Overall Phenomenon YouTube

Week 5

  1. Introduction to Modelling of Cryo-MOS Device YouTube
  2. Device Performance Modelling at Cryogenic Temperatures YouTube
  3. Semiconductor Device Equations at Low Temperature YouTube
  4. Incomplete Ionization Models YouTube
  5. Mobility Models: Scattering effect YouTube

Week 6

  1. Change in Threshold Voltage YouTube
  2. Change in Threshold Voltage: II YouTube
  3. Effect on Mobility YouTube
  4. Effect on leakage and saturation current YouTube
  5. Kink-observed at higher VDS due to Impact Ionization YouTube
  6. Subthreshold Swing and Transconductance - I YouTube
  7. Subthreshold Swing and Transconductance - II YouTube

Week 7

  1. Introduction to MOS Capacitance YouTube
  2. Traps and Defects at Cryogenic Temperatures YouTube
  3. C-V Characteristics: High-Frequency and Low-Frequency Capacitance YouTube
  4. Characterization Techniques and Cryogenic MOS Capacitance Modeling YouTube
  5. Noise Performance and Flicker Noise YouTube

Week 8

  1. Cryo-Analog to Digital Converter YouTube
  2. Cryo-Low Noise Amplifiers YouTube
  3. Multiplexers and Circulators YouTube
  4. Cryo-Oscillators YouTube
  5. Cryo-Power Management Circuits and Sensors and Sensors Interfaces YouTube

Week 9

  1. Introduction to Qubits YouTube
  2. Properties of Qubits YouTube
  3. Interfacing Quantum Processor with Classical Controllers YouTube
  4. Quantum Entanglement and Quantum Communication YouTube

Week 10

  1. Single Qubit System YouTube
  2. Extension to Two-Qubit systems and Multiplexing DC and I/O signal for 4 qubits YouTube
  3. Multiplexing DC and I/O signal for 4 qubits YouTube
  4. Multiplexing techniques based on FDMA, TDMA, SDMA YouTube

Week 11

  1. Introduction to Quantum Metrology and Quantum Sensing YouTube
  2. SPADS and Challenges to Quantum Technology YouTube
  3. Qubit readout front-end circuits for (a) Spin qubit (b)Transmon qubit YouTube
  4. Sensing the Qubits- Microwave Technique YouTube

Week 12

  1. Characterization and Modelling of 22 nm FDSOI Cryogenic RF CMOS YouTube
  2. Modelling of 22 nm FDSOI Cryogenic RF CMOS –Part -II YouTube
  3. Modelling of 22 nm FDSOI Cryogenic RF CMOS –Part -III YouTube
  4. Parasitic Capacitance in Nanosheet FETs YouTube
  5. Performance Perspective of Gate All Around Double Nanosheet YouTube
  6. Nanosheet: Part - I YouTube
  7. Nanosheet: Part - II YouTube
  8. Nanosheet: Part - III YouTube

Syllabus and materials

At NPTEL, as the course publishes them.

Credits and licence

Institution
IIT Roorkee
Department
Electrical Engineering
Teacher
Prof. Sudeb Dasgupta
Level
Undergraduate
Language
English
Subjects
Engineering
Source
NPTEL
Licence
CC BY-NC-SA, as NPTEL states it. Non-commercial use only. NPTEL's terms
Attribution
NPTEL states: "Distributed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike / CC BY - NC - SA", beside a BY-NC-SA badge.
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