Physics 110

by Andrew Morrison

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This is the textbook for the Physics 110 course - The Physics of Sound, Music, and Hearing - at Joliet Junior College. The course is a general-education physical science (with lab) course. In this course, we explore the basic fundamentals of the physics of sound, the perception of sound, and how musical instruments work to create their distinct sounds.

Description from LibreTexts.

Publisher
Joliet Junior College
Subjects
Physics
Licence
CC BY 4.0, as LibreTexts states it
Who can read
Tweens profiles and older, judged from its title and subjects

Contents

LibreTexts writes equations in TeX, and here they show as TeX; the PDF has them typeset.

  1. Front Matter
  2. TitlePage
  3. InfoPage
  4. Table of Contents
  5. Licensing
  6. 1: Prelude to the Physics of Hearing
  7. 1: Conceptual Objective 1
  8. 1.1: Introduction to One-Dimensional Kinematics
  9. 1.2: Displacement
  10. 1.3: Prelude to the Physics of Hearing
  11. 1.4: Sound
  12. 1.5: Vectors, Scalars, and Coordinate Systems
  13. 1.6: Time, Velocity, and Speed
  14. 1.7: Acceleration
  15. 1.8: Newton’s First Law of Motion - Inertia
  16. 1.9: Newton’s Second Law of Motion- Concept of a System
  17. 1.10: Newton’s Third Law
  18. 2: Conceptual Objective 2a and 2b
  19. 2.1: Spring Force- Hooke’s Law
  20. 2.2: Elasticity - Stress and Strain
  21. 2.3: Period and Frequency in Oscillations
  22. 2.4: Simple Harmonic Motion- A Special Periodic Motion
  23. 2.5: Natural Frequency
  24. 2.6: The Simple Pendulum
  25. 2.7: Simple Harmonic Motion and Oscillations
  26. 2.7.1: Anatomy of an Oscillation
  27. 2.7.2: Characteristics of Oscillations
  28. 2.8: Energy and the Simple Harmonic Oscillator
  29. 3: Conceptual Objective 3
  30. 3.1: Traveling waves
  31. 3.1.1: Wave basics
  32. 3.1.2: Wave anatomy
  33. 3.1.3: Microscopic model
  34. 3.2: Waves and Oscillations
  35. 3.2.1: Transverse Waves
  36. 3.2.2: Longitudinal Waves
  37. 3.2.3: Wave Speeds in Materials
  38. 4: Conceptual Objective 4
  39. 4.1: Coupled Oscillators and Normal Modes
  40. 4.2: Coupled Oscillators (Advanced)
  41. 5: Conceptual Objective 5
  42. 5.1: Prelude to Oscillatory Motion and Waves
  43. 5.2: Prelude to Sound
  44. 5.3: Sound Waves
  45. 5.4: Speed of Sound
  46. 5.5: How sound moves
  47. 6: Conceptual Objective 6
  48. 6.1: Waves
  49. 6.2: Frequency and Pitch of Sound
  50. 6.3: Speed of Sound, Frequency, and Wavelength
  51. 7: Conceptual Objective 7
  52. 7.1: Wave Behavior
  53. 7.2: Mirrors and Reflection
  54. 7.2.1: Reflection
  55. 7.2.2: Reflection Simulation
  56. 7.3: Refraction
  57. 7.3.1: Refraction
  58. 7.3.2: Refraction Simulation
  59. 7.4: Diffraction
  60. 7.4.1: Diffraction
  61. 7.4.2: Diffraction and Diffraction Simulation
  62. 8: Conceptual Objective 8
  63. 8.1: Interference
  64. 8.1.1: Principle of superposition
  65. 8.1.2: Sine waves, phase and interference
  66. 8.1.3: How to make standing waves
  67. 8.1.4: Interference in two dimensions
  68. 8.2: Adding Wave Pulses
  69. 8.2.1: Adding Waves
  70. 8.2.2: Adding Two Wave Pulses (Superposition)
  71. 8.3: Adding Sinusoidal Waves
  72. 8.3.1: Adding Two Linear Waves Simulation
  73. 8.4: Path Difference
  74. 8.4.1: Interference
  75. 8.4.2: Interference Due to Path Difference Simulation
  76. 8.5: Superposition and Interference
  77. 8.6: Interference
  78. 8.6.1: Interference- Ripple Tank Simulation
  79. 9: Conceptual Objective 9
  80. 9.1: Doppler Effect
  81. 9.2: Doppler Effect and Sonic Booms
  82. 9.3: Doppler Shift
  83. 9.3.1: Doppler Shift
  84. 9.3.2: The Doppler Effect Simulation
  85. 10: Conceptual Objective 10
  86. 10.1: Vibrating strings
  87. 10.2: Driven String and Resonance
  88. 10.2.1: String Resonance
  89. 10.2.2: Driven String Simulation
  90. 11: Conceptual Objective 11
  91. 11.1: Sound Interference and Resonance- Standing Waves in Air Columns
  92. 11.2: Standing Waves in a Tube
  93. 11.2.1: Tube Resonance
  94. 11.2.2: Standing Wave Simulation
  95. 11.3: Reflection of Waves at a Boundary
  96. 11.3.1: Reflection of Waves
  97. 11.3.2: Reflection Simulation
  98. 12: Conceptual Objective 12
  99. 12.1: Perception of sound
  100. 12.1.1: Subjective impressions
  101. 12.1.2: What drives perception
  102. 12.2: Hearing
  103. 12.3: Intensity and Loudness of Sound
  104. 12.4: Sound Intensity and Sound Level
  105. 12.5: Loudness Perception
  106. 12.5.1: Pressure amplitude
  107. 12.5.2: Sound Intensity
  108. 12.5.3: Decibels and sound levels
  109. 12.5.4: Decibels (the math)
  110. 12.5.5: Frequency and loudness perception
  111. 12.5.6: Intensity and Distance
  112. 12.6: Pitch, Loudness and Timbre
  113. 12.6.1: Pitch, Loudness and Timbre
  114. 12.6.1.1: Pitch
  115. 12.6.1.2: Loudness
  116. 12.6.1.3: The Decibel Scale
  117. 12.6.1.4: Just Noticeable Difference
  118. 12.6.1.5: Timbre (the first time)
  119. 13: Conceptual Objective 13
  120. 13.1: Frequency and pitch- How do we know?
  121. 13.2: Sound Texture
  122. 13.2.1: Wave Shape
  123. 13.2.2: Sound Waveforms Simulation
  124. 13.3: Harmonic Series I- Timbre and Octaves
  125. 14: Conceptual Objective 14
  126. 14.1: Interpreting graphs
  127. 14.2: Fourier Series
  128. 14.2.1: Fourier Series
  129. 14.2.2: Fourier Analysis
  130. 14.2.3: Fourier Series Simulation
  131. 14.2.4: Timbre (again!)
  132. 14.3: Microphone Sound Analyzer
  133. 14.3.1: Fourier Analysis of Microphone Data
  134. 15: Conceptual Objective 15
  135. 15.1: Frequency ratios and pitch perception
  136. 15.2: Musical intervals and temperament
  137. 15.3: Beats
  138. 16: Conceptual Objective 16
  139. 16.1: More about strings
  140. 16.2: Plucked String
  141. 16.2.1: Plucked String
  142. 16.2.2: Plucked String Simulation
  143. 16.3: Vibrating Plates Simulation
  144. 16.3.1: Surface Resonances
  145. 16.3.2: Vibrating Plate Simulation
  146. 16.3.3: Other Surfaces
  147. 16.3.4: Volume or Helmholtz Resonance
  148. 16.3.5: Stringed Instruments
  149. 16.4: How an Acoustic Guitar Works
  150. 16.5: Acoustics in Violins
  151. 17: Conceptual Objective 17
  152. 17.1: Sources of Musical Sound
  153. 17.2: Brass Acoustics
  154. 17.3: Vibrating air columns
  155. 17.4: Impedance
  156. 17.5: Impedance Simulation
  157. 17.6: Brass Instruments
  158. 18: Conceptual Objective 18
  159. 18.1: Woodwind Instruments
  160. 18.2: Physics of sound production
  161. 18.3: Pipe Organs and Other Reed Instruments
  162. 18.4: Helmholtz resonators
  163. 19: Conceptual Objective 19
  164. 19.1: Other resonators
  165. 19.2: Percussion
  166. 19.2.1: Percussion and Drumheads
  167. 19.2.1.1: Vibrating Membranes
  168. 19.2.1.2: Circular Drum Head Simulation
  169. 19.2.1.3: Drums
  170. 19.2.1.4: Harmonic Percussion Instruments
  171. 19.2.1.5: Other Musical Instruments
  172. 19.3: Basic Acoustics of the Marimba
  173. 19.4: Bessel Functions and the Kettledrum
  174. 20: Homework for practice
  175. 20.1: Vibrations- Review and homework
  176. 20.2: Oscillations and Waves (Exercise)
  177. 20.3: Oscillatory Motion and Waves (Exercises)
  178. 20.4: Traveling Waves- Review and Homework
  179. 20.5: Interference- Review and homework
  180. 20.6: Physics of Hearing (Exercises)
  181. 20.7: Perception of sound- Review and homework
  182. 20.8: Review and Homework- Standing waves and resonance
  183. Back Matter
  184. Index
  185. Glossary
  186. Detailed Licensing
  187. Detailed Licensing