Human Aging: Biological Perspectives

by Augustine G. DiGiovanna

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The intended audience for this book consists of students and other intelligent readers who have little or no background in science, particularly in biology. These individuals may want to learn about the biology of aging in humans for personal reasons or as part of their preparation for careers that involve working with older people, such as health care, sociology, social work, recreation, education, and psychology.

Description from LibreTexts.

Publisher
Salisbury University
Subjects
Medicine, Gerontology
Licence
CC BY-NC-SA 4.0, as LibreTexts states it. Non-commercial use only.
Who can read
Teens profiles and older, judged from its title and subjects

Contents

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  1. Front Matter
  2. TitlePage
  3. InfoPage
  4. Table of Contents
  5. Licensing
  6. About the Author
  7. About the Book
  8. Chapter 1: Introduction
  9. 1.1: Why study Human Aging?
  10. 1.2: What is Aging?
  11. 1.3: Why study Biological Aging?
  12. 1.4: How is Biological Aging Studied?
  13. 1.5: What we know thus far
  14. Chapter 2: Molecules, Cells, and Theories
  15. 2.1: Hierarchy of the Body
  16. 2.2: Body Chemicals - Types, Structures, and Uses
  17. 2.3: Cells - Components and Functions
  18. 2.4: Apoptosis
  19. 2.5: Genes and Aging
  20. 2.6: Intercellular Materials - Properties and Functions
  21. 2.7: Biological Aging Theories
  22. Chapter 3: Integumentary System
  23. 3.1: Introduction
  24. 3.2: Main Functions for Homeostasis
  25. 3.3: The Epidermis - Components and Functions
  26. 3.4: Age Changes in the Epidermis
  27. 3.5: Epidermal Accessory Structures - Components and Age Changes
  28. 3.6: Dermis
  29. 3.7: Boundary between Epidermis and Dermis
  30. 3.8: Vitamin D Production
  31. 3.9: Subcutaneous Layer - Structure and Functions
  32. 3.10: Miscellaneous Cosmetic Changes
  33. 3.11: Abnormal Changes
  34. Chapter 4: Circulatory System
  35. 4.1: Introduction
  36. 4.2: Main Functions for Homeostasis and need for Adaptability
  37. 4.3: Heart
  38. 4.4: Age Changes in the Heart
  39. 4.5: Diseases of the Heart
  40. 4.6: Arteries - Structure and Functions
  41. 4.7: Age Changes in Arteries
  42. 4.8: Atherosclerosis- An Arterial Disease
  43. 4.9: Capillaries
  44. 4.10: Veins
  45. 4.11: Lymphatics and the Spleen
  46. 4.12: Blood - Components and Functions
  47. Chapter 5: Respiratory System
  48. 5.1: Introduction
  49. 5.2: Main Functions for Homeostasis
  50. 5.3: Ventilation
  51. 5.4: Requirements for Ventilation
  52. 5.5: Age Changes Affecting Ventilation
  53. 5.6: Perfusion
  54. 5.7: Diffusion
  55. 5.8: Effects of Altered Gas Exchange
  56. 5.9: Diseases of the Respiratory System
  57. 5.10: Smoking - Effects on the Body
  58. 5.11: Sound Production
  59. Chapter 6: Nervous System
  60. 6.1: Introduction
  61. 6.2: Main Functions for Homeostasis
  62. 6.3: Neurons - Structure and Functioning
  63. 6.4: Nervous System Organization
  64. 6.5: Nervous System Pathways
  65. 6.6: Age Changes in Sensory Functioning and Consequences
  66. 6.7: Age Changes in Somatic Motor Functioning
  67. 6.8: Age Changes in Autonomic Motor Functioning
  68. 6.9: Age Changes in Reflexes
  69. 6.10: Age Changes in Conscious Sensation and Voluntary Movements
  70. 6.11: Aging Changes in the CNS
  71. 6.12: Aging of other Brain Functions
  72. 6.13: Biorhythms
  73. 6.14: Conclusion - Overview of Normal Age Changes
  74. 6.15: Diseases of the Nervous System
  75. 6.16: Dementia
  76. Chapter 7: Eyes and Ears
  77. 7.1: The Eyes
  78. 7.2: Forming Images - Eye Components, Functions, and Age Changes
  79. 7.3: Accommodation
  80. 7.4: Retina
  81. 7.5: Other Eye Components - Structure, Functions, and Age Changes
  82. 7.6: Two Eyes
  83. 7.7: Age Changes in Vision
  84. 7.8: Diseases of the Eyes
  85. 7.9: The Ears - Monitoring Four Conditions
  86. 7.10: Hearing - Structures, Functions, and Age Changes
  87. 7.11: Disorders in Hearing
  88. 7.12: Detecting other Stimuli
  89. Chapter 8: Muscle System
  90. 8.1: Types of Muscle
  91. 8.2: Main Functions for Homeostasis
  92. 8.3: Age Changes versus Other Changes
  93. 8.4: Muscle Cells
  94. 8.5: Nerve-Muscle Interaction
  95. 8.6: Blood Flow in Muscles
  96. 8.7: Changes in Muscle Mass
  97. 8.8: Muscle System Performance - Aspects and Changes
  98. 8.9: Staying Physically Active
  99. 8.10: Starting or Increasing Exercise
  100. 8.11: Exercise Recommendations
  101. 8.12: Driving Motor Vehicles
  102. Chapter 9: Skeletal System
  103. 9.1: Main Components
  104. 9.2: Main Functions for Homeostasis
  105. 9.3: Bones
  106. 9.4: Age Changes in Bones
  107. 9.5: Osteoporosis- A Bone Disease
  108. 9.6: Joints
  109. 9.7: Diseases of Joints
  110. Chapter 10: Digestive System
  111. 10.1: Main Components
  112. 10.2: Main Functions for Homeostasis
  113. 10.3: Chemistry of Digestion - using Water and Enzymes
  114. 10.4: Age Changes versus Other Changes
  115. 10.5: Oral Region - Components, Functions, and Age Changes
  116. 10.6: Esophagus
  117. 10.7: Stomach
  118. 10.8: Small Intestine
  119. 10.9: Large Intestine
  120. 10.10: Liver
  121. 10.11: Gall Bladder
  122. 10.12: Pancreas
  123. Chapter 11: Diet and Nutrition
  124. 11.1: Need for Nutritional Homeostasis
  125. 11.2: Relationships between Diet and Nutrition
  126. 11.3: Problems from Malnutrition
  127. 11.4: A Proper Diet
  128. 11.5: Malnutrition among the Elderly
  129. 11.6: Energy and Body Weight
  130. 11.7: Carbohydrates
  131. 11.8: Lipids
  132. 11.9: Proteins
  133. 11.10: Water
  134. 11.11: Vitamins
  135. 11.12: Minerals
  136. 11.13: Nutrition and Alcohol
  137. 11.14: Nutrition and Medications
  138. 11.15: Nutrition and Disease
  139. 11.16: Nutrition and Maximum Longevity
  140. Chapter 12: Urinary System
  141. 12.1: Main Structures
  142. 12.2: Main Functions for Homeostasis
  143. 12.3: Kidneys
  144. 12.4: Age Changes in Kidneys
  145. 12.5: Abnormal and Disease Changes in Kidneys
  146. 12.6: Ureters
  147. 12.7: Urinary Bladder
  148. 12.8: Urethra
  149. 12.9: Urination
  150. Chapter 13: Reproductive Systems
  151. 13.1: Main Components
  152. 13.2: Main Functions
  153. 13.3: Male System - Structures and Functions
  154. 13.4: Age Changes in the Male System
  155. 13.5: Male Sexual Activity
  156. 13.6: Age Changes in Male Sexual Activity
  157. 13.7: Female System - Structures and Functions
  158. 13.8: Age Changes in the Female System
  159. 13.9: Female Sexual Activity
  160. 13.10: Age Changes in Female Sexual Activity
  161. 13.11: Frequency and Enjoyment of Sexual Activity
  162. 13.12: Abnormal and Disease Conditions - Incidence, Risk Factors, Consequences, Prevention, and Treatment
  163. Chapter 14: Endocrine System
  164. 14.1: Main Components
  165. 14.2: Main Functions for Homeostasis
  166. 14.3: Comparing Endocrine and Nervous Systems
  167. 14.4: Hormones
  168. 14.5: Specific Hormones
  169. 14.6: Growth Hormone and IGF-1
  170. 14.7: Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
  171. 14.8: Melatonin
  172. 14.9: Thyroid Hormones (T3 and T4)
  173. 14.10: Calcitonin (Thyrocalcitonin)
  174. 14.11: Parathormone
  175. 14.12: Thymosin
  176. 14.13: Cholecystokinin (CCK)
  177. 14.14: Glucocorticoids
  178. 14.15: Mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone)
  179. 14.16: DHEA
  180. 14.17: Sex Hormones in Men
  181. 14.18: Sex Hormones in Women
  182. 14.19: Insulin and Glucagon
  183. 14.20: Diabetes Mellitus (DM)
  184. Chapter 15: Immune System
  185. 15.1: Main Components
  186. 15.2: Main Functions for Homeostasis
  187. 15.3: Unique Characteristics
  188. 15.4: Development of the Immune System
  189. 15.5: Immune Responses
  190. 15.6: Age Changes
  191. 15.7: Abnormal and Disease Conditions - Autoimmune Diseases
  192. Chapter 16: Into the Future
  193. 16.1: Demographic Trends
  194. 16.2: Survival Curves
  195. 16.3: Career Opportunities
  196. 16.4: Global Responsibility
  197. Back Matter
  198. Index
  199. Glossary
  200. Detailed Licensing