Chapter 12: Urinary System

Learning Objectives

• Name the seven main functions of the urinary system and explain how each function is important.
• Name and briefly describe the three functions of nephrons and explain the importance of modifying these functions.
• Describe the overall age changes in kidney structure and functioning and explain the effects and consequences of these changes on urinary system functioning.
• Explain why the incidence and severity of excursions beyond the kidneys' capabilities increase with age.
• Name four specific factors that increase demands on kidney functioning.
• Name four specific effects when the kidneys are not able to maintain homeostasis.
• Name three strategies that help balance kidney functioning with body needs.
• Describe the functions and age changes in the ureters.
• Describe the functioning of the urinary bladder and describe age changes in the bladder and the effects from these age changes.
• Describe the functioning of the urethra and describe age changes in the urethra and the effects from these age changes.
• Indicate that urinary incontinence is an abnormal condition.
• Explain why the incidence and severity of urinary incontinence increases with age.
• List and describe five types of urinary incontinence.
• Name four specific factors that increase the incidence of urinary incontinence.
• Describe biological and non-biological consequences from urinary incontinence.
• Describe the general strategy for treating urinary incontinence.