Intrumental Analysis

by David Harvey

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Instrumental analysis investigates the use of scientific instruments to study systems. Typical topics that are included within this area are spectroscopy, nuclear spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, crystallography, electrochemical analysis, thermal analysis, separations, and microscopy.

Description from LibreTexts.

Publisher
DePauw University
Subjects
Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry
Licence
CC BY-NC-SA 4.0, as LibreTexts states it. Non-commercial use only.
Who can read
Tweens profiles and older, judged from its title and subjects

Contents

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  1. Front Matter
  2. TitlePage
  3. InfoPage
  4. Table of Contents
  5. Licensing
  6. About the Author
  7. 1: Introduction
  8. 1.1: Classification of Analytical Methods
  9. 1.2: Types of Instrumental Methods
  10. 1.3: Instruments For Analysis
  11. 1.4: Selecting an Analytical Method
  12. 1.5: Calibration of Instrumental Methods
  13. 2: Electrical Components and Circuits
  14. 2.1: Basic Terminology and Laws of Electricity
  15. 2.2: Direct Current (DC) Circuits
  16. 2.3: Alternating Current Circuits
  17. 2.4: Semiconductors
  18. 3: Operational Amplifiers
  19. 3.1: Operational Amplifiers
  20. 3.2: Operational Amplifier Circuits
  21. 3.3: Amplification and Measurement of Signals
  22. 3.4: Mathematical Operations Using Operational Amplifiers
  23. 4: Analog and Digital Data
  24. 4.1: Analog and Digital Data
  25. 4.2: Working With Binary Numbers
  26. 4.3: Cleaning Up Signals and Counting Events
  27. 5: Signals and Noise
  28. 5.1: The Signal-to-Noise Ratio
  29. 5.2: Sources of Instrumental Noise
  30. 5.3: Signal-to-Noise Enhancement
  31. 6: An Introduction to Spectrophotometric Methods
  32. 6.1: General Properties of Electromagnetic Radiation
  33. 6.2: Wave Properties of Electromagnetic Radiation
  34. 6.3: Quantum Mechanical Properties of Electromagnetic Radiation
  35. 6.4: Emission and Absorbance Spectra
  36. 6.5: Quantitative Considerations
  37. 7: Components of Optical Instruments
  38. 7.1: General Design of Optical Instruments
  39. 7.2: Sources of Radiation
  40. 7.3: Wavelength Selectors
  41. 7.4: Sample Containers
  42. 7.5: Radiation Transducers
  43. 7.6: Fiber Optics
  44. 7.7: Fourier Transform Optical Spectroscopy
  45. 8: An Introduction to Optical Atomic Spectroscopy
  46. 8.1: Optical Atomic Spectra
  47. 8.2: Atomization Methods
  48. 8.3: Sample Introduction Methods
  49. 9: Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
  50. 9.1: Sample Atomization Techniques
  51. 9.2: Atomic Absorption Instrumentation
  52. 9.3: Interferences in Absorption Spectroscopy
  53. 9.4: Atomic Absorption Techniques
  54. 10: Atomic Emission Spectrometry
  55. 10.1: Emission Spectroscopy Based on Flame and Plasma Sources
  56. 10.2: Emission Spectroscopy Based on Arc and Spark Sources
  57. 11: Atomic Mass Spectrometry
  58. 11.1: General Features of Atomic Mass Spectrometry
  59. 11.2: Mass Spectrometers
  60. 11.3: Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer
  61. 11.4: Other Forms of Atomic Mass Spectrometry
  62. 12: Atomic X-Ray Spectrometry
  63. 12.1: Fundamental Principles
  64. 12.2: Instrument Components
  65. 12.3: Atomic X-Ray Fluorescence Methods
  66. 12.4: Other X-Ray Methods
  67. 13: Introduction to Ultraviolet/Visible Absorption Spectrometry
  68. 13.1: Transmittance and Absorbance
  69. 13.2: Beer's Law
  70. 13.3: Effect of Noise on Transmittance and Absorbance Measurements
  71. 13.4: Instrumentation
  72. 14: Applications of Ultraviolet/Visible Molecular Absorption Spectrometry
  73. 14.1: What is Molar Absorptivity?
  74. 14.2: Absorbing Species
  75. 14.3: Qualitative and Characterization Applications
  76. 14.4: Quantitative Applications
  77. 14.5: Photometric Titrations
  78. 15: Molecular Luminescence
  79. 15.1: Theory of Fluorescence and Phosphorescence
  80. 15.2: Instruments for Measuring Fluorescence and Phosphorescence
  81. 15.3: Applications and Photoluminescence methods
  82. 15.4: Chemiluminscence
  83. 15.5: Evaluation of Molecular Luminescence
  84. 16: An Introduction to Infrared Spectrometry
  85. 16.1: Theory of Infrared Absorption Spectrometry
  86. 16.2: Infrared Sources and Transducers
  87. 16.3: Infrared Instruments
  88. 17: Applications of Infrared Spectrometry
  89. 17.1: Mid-Infrared Absorption Spectometry
  90. 17.2: Mid-Infrared Reflection Spectrometry
  91. 17.3: Near-Infrared and Far-Infrared Spectroscopy
  92. 18: Raman Spectroscopy
  93. 18.1: Theory of Raman Spectroscopy
  94. 18.2: Instrumentation
  95. 18.3: Applications of Raman Spectroscopy
  96. 18.4: Other Types of Raman Spectroscopy
  97. 19: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
  98. 19.1: Theory of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
  99. 19.2: Environmental Effects on NMR Spectra
  100. 19.3: NMR Spectrometers
  101. 19.4: Applications of Proton NMR
  102. 19.5: Carbon-13 NMR
  103. 19.6: Two-Dimensional Fourier Transform NMR
  104. 20: Molecular Mass Spectrometry
  105. 20.1: Molecular Mass Spectra
  106. 20.2: Ion Sources
  107. 20.3: Mass Spectrometers
  108. 20.4: Applications of Molecular Mass Spectrometry
  109. 21: Surface Characterization by Spectroscopy and Microscopy
  110. 21.1: Introduction to the Study of Surfaces
  111. 21.2: Spectroscopic Surface Methods
  112. 21.3: Scanning Electron Microscopy
  113. 21.4: Scanning Probe Microscopes
  114. 22: An Introduction to Electroanalytical Chemistry
  115. 22.1: Electrochemical Cells
  116. 22.2: Potentials in Electroanalytical Cells
  117. 22.3: Electrode Potentials
  118. 22.4: Calculation of Cell Potentials from Electrode Potentials
  119. 22.5: Currents in Electrochemical Cells
  120. 22.6: Types of Electroanalytical Methods
  121. 23: Potentiometry
  122. 23.1: Reference Electrodes
  123. 23.2: Metallic Indicator Electrodes
  124. 23.3: Membrane Ion-Selective Electrodes
  125. 23.4: Molecular-Selective Electrode Systems
  126. 23.5: Instruments for Measuring Cell Potentials
  127. 23.6: Quantitative Potentiometry
  128. 24: Coulometry
  129. 24.1: Introduction to Coulometry
  130. 24.2: Controlled-Potential Coulometry
  131. 24.3: Controlled-Current Coulometry
  132. 25: Voltammetry
  133. 25.1: Potential Excitation Signals and Currents in Voltammetry
  134. 25.2: Voltammetric Instrumentation
  135. 25.3: Linear Sweep Voltammetry
  136. 25.4: Cyclic Voltammetry
  137. 25.5: Polarography
  138. 25.6: Stripping Methods
  139. 25.7: Applications of Voltammetry
  140. 26: Introduction to Chromatographic Separations
  141. 26.1: A General Description of Chromatography
  142. 26.2: Migration Rates of Solutes
  143. 26.3: Zone Broadening and Column Efficiency
  144. 26.4: Optimization and Column Performance
  145. 26.5: Summary of Important Relationships for Chromatography
  146. 26.6: Applications of Chromatography
  147. 27: Gas Chromatography
  148. 27.1: Principles of Gas Chromatography
  149. 27.2: Instruments for Gas Chromatography
  150. 27.3: Gas Chromatographic Columns and Stationary Phases
  151. 27.4: Applications of Gas Chromatography
  152. 28: High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
  153. 28.1: Scope of HPLC
  154. 28.2: Column Efficiency in Liquid Chromatography
  155. 28.3: Instruments for Liquid Chromatography
  156. 28.4: Partition Chromatography
  157. 28.5: Adsorption Chromatography
  158. 28.6: Ion-Exchange Chromatography
  159. 28.7: Size-Exclusion Chromatography
  160. 29: Supercritical Fluid Chromatography
  161. 29.1: Properties of Supercritical Fluids
  162. 29.2: Supercritical Fluid Chromatography
  163. 30: Capillary Electrophoresis and Capillary Electrochromatography
  164. 30.1: An Overview of Electrophoresis
  165. 30.2: Capillary Electrophoresis
  166. 30.3: Applications of Capillary Electrophoresis
  167. 31: Thermal Methods
  168. 31.1: Thermogravimetry
  169. 31.2: Differential Thermal Analysis and Differential Scanning Calorimetry
  170. 32: Radiochemical Methods
  171. 32.1: Radioactive Isotopes
  172. 32.2: Instrumentation
  173. 32.3: Neutron Activation Methods
  174. 32.4: Isotope Dilution Methods
  175. 33: Automated Methods of Analysis
  176. 33.1: Overview of Automated Methods of Analysis
  177. 33.2: Flow-Injection Analysis
  178. 33.3: Other Automated Methods of Analysis
  179. 34: Particle Size Determination
  180. 34.1: Overview
  181. 34.2: Measuring Particle Size Using Sieves
  182. 34.3: Measuring Particle Size by Sedimentation
  183. 34.4: Measuring Particle Size Using Image Analysis
  184. 34.5: Measuring Particle Size Using Light Scattering
  185. 35: Appendicies
  186. 35.1: Evaluation of Analytical Data
  187. 35.2: Single-Sided Normal Distribution
  188. 35.3: Critical Values for t-Test
  189. 35.4: Critical Values for F-Test
  190. 35.5: Critical Values for Dixon's Q-Test
  191. 35.6: Critical Values for Grubb's Test
  192. 35.7: Activity Coefficients
  193. 35.8: Standard Reduction Potentials & Polarographic Half-wave Potentials
  194. 35.9: Recommended Primary Standards
  195. 35.10: Acronyms and Abbreviations
  196. Back Matter
  197. Index
  198. Detailed Licensing