Microbiology

by Gary Kaiser

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Microbiology is the study of microorganisms, which are defined as any microscopic organism that comprises either a single cell (unicellular), cell clusters or no cell at all (acellular). This includes eukaryotes, such as fungi and protists, and prokaryotes. Viruses and prions, though not strictly classed as living organisms, are also studied.

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Publisher
Community College of Baltimore County (Cantonsville)
Subjects
Biology, Microbiology
Licence
CC BY 4.0, as LibreTexts states it
Who can read
Tweens profiles and older, judged from its title and subjects

Contents

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  1. Front Matter
  2. TitlePage
  3. InfoPage
  4. Table of Contents
  5. Licensing
  6. Unit 1: Introduction to Microbiology and Prokaryotic Cell Anatomy
  7. 1: Fundamentals of Microbiology
  8. 1.1: Introduction to Microbiology
  9. 1.2: Cellular Organization - Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
  10. 1.3: Classification - The Three Domain System
  11. 1.E: Fundamentals of Microbiology (Exercises)
  12. 2: The Prokaryotic Cell - Bacteria
  13. 2.1: Sizes, Shapes, and Arrangements of Bacteria
  14. 2.2: The Cytoplasmic Membrane
  15. 2.3: The Peptidoglycan Cell Wall
  16. 2.3A: The Gram-Positive Cell Wall
  17. 2.3B: The Gram-Negative Cell Wall
  18. 2.3C: The Acid-Fast Cell Wall
  19. 2.4: Cellular Components within the Cytoplasm
  20. 2.4A: Cytoplasm
  21. 2.4B: The Bacterial Chromosome and Nucleoid
  22. 2.4C: Plasmids and Transposons
  23. 2.4D: Ribosomes
  24. 2.4E: Endospores
  25. 2.4F: Inclusion Bodies and Organelles Used for Photosynthesis
  26. 2.5: Structures Outside the Cell Wall
  27. 2.5A: Glycocalyx (Capsules) and Biofilms
  28. 2.5B: Flagella
  29. 2.5C: Fimbriae and Pili
  30. 2.E: The Prokaryotic Cell: Bacteria (Exercises)
  31. Unit 2: Bacterial Genetics and the Chemical Control of Bacteria
  32. 3: Bacterial Genetics
  33. 3.1: Horizontal Gene Transfer in Bacteria
  34. 3.2: Bacterial Quorum Sensing, Pathogenicity Islands, and Secretion Systems (Injectosomes)
  35. 3.3: Enzyme Regulation
  36. 3.E: Bacterial Genetics (Exercises)
  37. 4: Using Antibiotics and Chemical Agents to Control Bacteria
  38. 4.1: An Overview to Control of Microorganisms
  39. 4.2: Ways in which Chemical Control Agents Affect Bacteria
  40. 4.3: Ways in which Bacteria May Resist Chemical Control Agents
  41. 4.E: Using Antibiotics and Chemical Agents to Control Bacteria (Exercises)
  42. Unit 3: Bacterial Pathogenesis
  43. Overview of Microbial Pathogenesis
  44. 5: Virulence Factors that Promote Colonization
  45. 5.0: Prelude to Virulence Factors that Promote Bacterial Colonization
  46. 5.1: The Ability to Use Motility and Other Means to Contact Host Cells
  47. 5.2: The Ability to Adhere to Host Cells and Resist Physical Removal
  48. 5.3: The Ability to Invade Host Cells
  49. 5.4: The Ability to Compete for Nutrients
  50. 5.5: The Ability to Resist Innate Immune Defenses
  51. 5.5A: An Overview to Resisting Innate Immune Defenses
  52. 5.5B: The Ability to Resist Phagocytic Engulfment (Attachment and Ingestion) and Antibacterial Peptides
  53. 5.5C: The Ability to Resist Phagocytic Destruction
  54. 5.6: The Ability to Evade Adaptive Immune Defenses
  55. 5.E: Virulence Factors that Promote Colonization (Exercises)
  56. 6: Virulence Factors that Damage the Host
  57. 6.1: The Ability of PAMPs to Trigger the Production of Inflammatory Cytokines that Result in an Excessive Inflammatory Response
  58. 6.1A: Overall Mechanism
  59. 6.1B: Gram-Negative Bacterial PAMPs
  60. 6.1C: Gram-Positive Bacterial PAMPs
  61. 6.1D: Acid-Fast Bacterial PAMPs
  62. 6.2: The Ability to Produce Harmful Exotoxins: An Overview
  63. 6.2A: Type I Toxins: Superantigens
  64. 6.2B: Type II Toxins: Toxins that Damage Host Cell Membranes
  65. 6.2C: Type III Toxins: A-B Toxins and other Toxins that Interfere with Host Cell Function
  66. 6.3: The Ability to Induce Autoimmune Responses
  67. 6.E: Virulence Factors that Damage the Host (Exercises)
  68. Unit 4: Eukaryotic Microorganisms and Viruses
  69. 7: The Eukaryotic Cell
  70. 7.0: Eukaryotic Cell Anatomy
  71. 7.1: The Cytoplasmic Membrane
  72. 7.2: The Cell Wall
  73. 7.3: The Endomembrane System
  74. 7.3A: The Nucleus
  75. 7.3B: The Endoplasmic Reticulum
  76. 7.3C: The Golgi Complex
  77. 7.4: Other Internal Membrane-Bound Organelles
  78. 7.4A: Mitochondria
  79. 7.4B: Chloroplasts
  80. 7.4C: Lysosomes, Peroxisomes, Vacuoles, and Vesicles
  81. 7.5: Ribosomes
  82. 7.6: The Cytoskeleton
  83. 7.7: Flagella and Cilia
  84. 7.8: The Endosymbiotic Theory
  85. 7.E: The Eukaryotic Cell (Exercises)
  86. 8: Fungi
  87. 8.1: Overview of Fungi
  88. 8.2: Yeasts
  89. 8.3: Molds
  90. 8.4: Fungal Pathogenicity
  91. 8.5: Chemotherapeutic Control of Fungi
  92. 8.E: Fungi (Exercises)
  93. 9: Protozoa
  94. 9.1: Characteristics of Protozoa
  95. 9.2: Medically Important Protozoa
  96. 9.E: Protozoa (Exercises)
  97. 10: Viruses
  98. 10.1: General Characteristics of Viruses
  99. 10.2: Size and Shapes of Viruses
  100. 10.3: Viral Structure
  101. 10.4: Classification of Viruses
  102. 10.5: Other Acellular Infectious Agents: Viroids and Prions
  103. 10.6: Animal Virus Life Cycles
  104. 10.6A: The Productive Life Cycle of Animal Viruses
  105. 10.6B: Productive Life Cycle with Possible Latency
  106. 10.6C: The Life Cycle of HIV
  107. 10.6D: Natural History of a Typical HIV Infection
  108. 10.6E: The Role of Viruses in Tumor Production
  109. 10.7: Bacteriophage Life Cycles: An Overview
  110. 10.7A: The Lytic Life Cycle of Bacteriophages
  111. 10.7B: The Lysogenic Life Cycle of Bacteriophages
  112. 10.8: Pathogenicity of Animal Viruses
  113. 10.9: Bacteriophage-Induced Alterations of Bacteria
  114. 10.10: Antiviral Agents
  115. 10.11: General Categories of Viral Infections
  116. 10.E: Viruses (Exercises)
  117. Unit 5: Innate Immunity
  118. 11.1: The Innate Immune System: An Overview
  119. 11.2: Defense Cells in the Blood: The Leukocytes
  120. 11.3: Defense Cells in the Tissue - Dendritic Cells, Macrophages, and Mast Cells
  121. 11.3: Immediate Innate Immunity
  122. 11.3A: Antimicrobial Enzymes and Antimicrobial Peptides
  123. 11.3B: The Complement System
  124. 11.3C: Anatomical Barriers to Infection, Mechanical Removal of Microbes, and Bacterial Antagonism by Normal Body Microbiota
  125. 11.4: Early Induced Innate Immunity
  126. 11.3A: Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) and Danger-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs)
  127. 11.3B: Pattern-Recognition Receptors (PRRs)
  128. 11.3C: Cytokines Important in Innate Immunity
  129. 11.3D: Harmful Effects Associated with Abnormal Pattern-Recognition Receptor Responses, Variations in Innate Immune Signaling Pathways, and/or Levels of Cytokine Production
  130. 11.3E: Phagocytosis
  131. 11.3F: Natural Killer Cells (NK Cells) and Invariant Natural Killer T-Lymphocytes (iNKT Cells)
  132. 11.3G: Inflammation
  133. 11.3H: Nutritional Immunity
  134. 11.3I: Fever
  135. 11.3J: The Acute Phase Response
  136. 11.3K: Intraepithelial T-lymphocytes and B-1 cells
  137. 11.E: Innate Immunity (Exercises)
  138. Unit 6: Adaptive Immunity
  139. 12: Introduction to Adaptive Immunity
  140. 12.1: An Overview of Innate and Adaptive Immunity
  141. 12.2: Antigens and Epitopes
  142. 12.3: Major Cells and Key Cell Surface Molecules Involved in Adaptive Immune Responses
  143. 12.3A: Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Molecules
  144. 12.3B: Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs)
  145. 12.3C: T4-Lymphocytes (T4-Cells)
  146. 12.3D: T8-Lymphocytes (T8-Cells)
  147. 12.3E: Invarient Natural Killer T-Lymphocytes (iNKT Cells)
  148. 12.3F: B-Lymphocytes (B-Cells)
  149. 12.3G: Natural Killer Cells (NK Cells)
  150. 12.4: The Lymphoid System
  151. 12.5: An Overview of the Steps Involved in Adaptive Immune Responses
  152. 12.E: Introduction to Adaptive Immunity (Exercises)
  153. 13: Humoral Immunity
  154. 13.1: Antibodies (Immunoglobulins)
  155. 13.1B: Antibody Structure
  156. 13.1C: The 5 Classes (Isotypes) of Human Antibodies
  157. 13.1D: Generation of Antibody Diversity
  158. 13.1E: Clonal Selection and Clonal Expansion
  159. 13.1F: Anamnestic (Memory) Response
  160. 13.2: Ways That Antibodies Help to Defend the Body
  161. 13.2A: Opsonization
  162. 13.2B: Cytolysis by the Membrane Attack Complex (MAC)
  163. 13.2C: Antibody-dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity (ADCC) by Natural Killer Cells
  164. 13.2D: Neutralization of Exotoxins
  165. 13.2E: Neutralization of Viruses
  166. 13.2F: Preventing Bacterial Adherence
  167. 13.2G: Agglutination of Microorganisms
  168. 13.2H: Immobilization of Bacteria and Protozoans
  169. 13.2I: Promoting an Inflammatory Response
  170. 13.3: Naturally and Artificially Acquired Active and Passive Immunity
  171. 13.3A: Naturally Acquired Immunity
  172. 13.3B: Artificially Acquired Immunity
  173. 13.E: Humoral Immunity (Exercises)
  174. 14: Cell-Mediated Immunity
  175. 14.1: Cell-Mediated Immunity - An Overview
  176. 14.2: Activating Antigen-Specific Cytotoxic T- Lymphocytes
  177. 14.3: Activating Macrophages and NK Cells
  178. 14.4: Stimulating Cells to Secrete Cytokines
  179. 14.E: Cell-Mediated Immunity (Exercises)
  180. 15: Immunodeficiency
  181. 15.1: Primary Immunodeficiency
  182. 15.2: Secondary Immunodeficiency
  183. 15.E: Immunodeficiency (Exercises)
  184. 16: Hypersensitivities
  185. 16.1: Immediate Hypersensitivities: Type I
  186. 16.2: Immediate Hypersensitivities: Type II
  187. 16.3: Immediate Hypersensitivities: Type III
  188. 16.4: Immediate Hypersensitivities - Type V
  189. 16.5: Delayed Hypersensitivities - Type IV
  190. 16.6: Superantigens
  191. 16.E: Hypersensitivities (Exercises)
  192. Unit 7: Microbial Genetics and Microbial Metabolism
  193. 17: Bacterial Growth and Energy Production
  194. 17.1: Bacterial Growth
  195. 17.2: Factors that Influence Bacterial Growth
  196. 17.3: Energy
  197. 17.4: Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
  198. 17.5: Phosphorylation Mechanisms for Generating ATP
  199. 17.6: The Flow of Energy in Nature
  200. 17.E: Bacterial Growth and Energy Production (Exercises)
  201. 18: Microbial Metabolism
  202. 18.2: Overview of Cellular Respiration
  203. 18.3: Aerobic Respiration
  204. 18.3A: Glycolysis
  205. 18.3B: Transition Reaction
  206. 18.3C: Citric Acid (Krebs) Cycle
  207. 18.3D: Electron Transport Chain and Chemisomosis
  208. 18.3E: Theoretical ATP Yield
  209. 18.4: Anaerobic Respiration
  210. 18.5: Fermentation
  211. 18.6: Precursor Metabolites: Linking Catabolic and Anabolic Pathways
  212. 18.7: Photosynthesis
  213. 18.7A: Introduction to Photosynthesis
  214. 18.7B: Oxygenic Photosynthesis: Light-Dependent Reactions
  215. 18.7C: Oxygenic Photosynthesis: Light-Independent Reactions
  216. 18.7D: C4 and CAM Pathways in Plants
  217. 18.E: Microbial Metabolism (Exercises)
  218. 19: Review of Molecular Genetics
  219. 19.1: Polypeptides and Proteins
  220. 19.2: Enzymes
  221. 19.3: Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
  222. 19.4: DNA Replication in Prokaryotic Cells
  223. 19.5: DNA Replication in Eukaryotic Cells and the Eukaryotic Cell Cycle
  224. 19.6: Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
  225. 19.7: Polypeptide and Protein Synthesis
  226. 19.7A: Transcription
  227. 19.7B: Translation
  228. 19.8: Enzyme Regulation
  229. 19.9: Mutation
  230. 19.E: Review of Molecular Genetics (Exercises)
  231. Bacteria
  232. Clostridium tetani
  233. Escherichia coli
  234. Haemophilus influenzae
  235. Helicobacter pylori
  236. Neisseria gonorrhoeae
  237. Neisseria meningitidis
  238. Staphylococcus aureus
  239. Streptococcus pneumoniae
  240. Streptococcus pyogenes
  241. Vibrio cholerae
  242. Back Matter
  243. Index
  244. Glossary
  245. Detailed Licensing