6.6.5: Glaucoma

Glaucoma is a group of eye conditions that can damage the optic nerve and cause vision loss. It is often characterized by elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) but can also occur with normal or low IOP. Glaucoma is a serious eye disease and a leading cause of blindness worldwide, but early diagnosis and treatment can help slow or prevent vision loss. The primary risk factor for glaucoma is increased IOP. Still, other factors may contribute, such as genetics, family history, age (especially in individuals over 60), race (African Americans and Hispanics are at higher risk), and certain medical conditions like diabetes and hypertension. Glaucoma is often called the "silent thief of sight" because it typically progresses without noticeable symptoms until significant vision loss has occurred. In the late stages, individuals may experience peripheral vision loss, tunnel vision, and complete blindness. Glaucoma is usually diagnosed by measuring IOP, examining the optic nerve for signs of damage, and assessing visual field loss. The primary goal of glaucoma treatment is to lower IOP and prevent further damage to the optic nerve. Treatment options include eye drops or oral medications to reduce IOP by increasing drainage or decreasing the production of aqueous humor (fluid in the eye). Other treatments include laser therapy and surgery.

---