1.4: Additional Information

Slurs, Phrase Markings and Ties

Curves lines have several uses in music notation. Curves lines may be drawn above or below segments of a composition (slurs or phrase markings). A curved line may also connect two note values across a bar-line (ties).

1. A slur is a performance indication in music, used to instruct the performer to connect those notes encompassed by the slur. A wind player will not articulate (“tongue”) these notes, a string player will play them all in one bow stroke, a pianist will strive to connect the notes fluidly.

   Figure 1.41 Slurs

   

   Slurs should be drawn connecting or encompassing note-heads. A common mistake by students is to draw slurs connecting stems. The exception to this general practice occurs when a slur is drawn over note stems that change direction. (See measure 1 of Figure 1.41.)

2. A phrase marking is also a performance indication. A composer will encase a passage of music within a phrase marking to indicate a complete idea, a complete musical statement. This does not have any effect upon articulation: many times slurs may be found within the bounds of a phrase marking. Phrase markings are placed above the staff.

   Figure 1.42 Phrase Markings

   
3. At times a durational value exceeds the bounds of a measure in a given time signature: the note value occupies more “beats” than the measure will allow. To accommodate this, we use a tie, a short curved line connecting one durational value to another in the succeeding measure.

   Figure 1.43 Ties

   

Dynamic Markings and Articulations

Dynamic markings indicate relative degrees of volume in a composition or a passage of music. Articulations are common symbols (and their associated terms) directing how notes are performed. These are listed in Chapter 19 with other common musical terms.

The basic dynamic markings are:

1. pianissimo: very “soft” (quiet)
2. piano: “soft”
3. mezzo-piano: medium “soft”
4. mezzo-forte: medium “strong” or loud
5. forte: strong or loud
6. fortissimo: very strong or loud

Some composers expand this range, adding dynamic markings using three or four “p’s” or three or four “f’s.”

Composers employ special markings that serve as performance “indicators,” denoting how notes are to be performed. Those commonly used are listed below.

1. Staccato: originally interpreted as “half the written value,” it has come to mean “detached” (not necessarily “short”).

   Figure 1.45 Staccato Examples

   
2. Legato: properly Tenuto (“held”), meaning held to full value and implying connection to the following note value.

   Figure 1.46 Legato Examples

   
3. Marcato: (“marked”), accented.

   Figure 1.47 Marcato Examples

   
4. Marcatisimo: heavily accented.

   Figure 1.48 Marcatissimo Examples

   
5. Martelé: in writing for strings, this marking is used to denote a very heavy accent, heavy bow pressure being achieved by the use of “downbow.”

   Figure 1.49 Martelé Examples

Artificial Divisions

Review the fundamental attributes defining simple and compound meter. Simple meter divides the fundamental pulse into two portions, compound meter into three. At times it is desirable (or necessary) to insert a compound division into simple time, or a simple division into compound time. This process is called artificial division, commonly called tuplets.

In a simple meter, inserting a compound division (artificially dividing the beat into three equal portions) is called a triplet and is written thus:

Conversely, inserting a simple division into a compound meter (artificially dividing the beat unto two equal portions) is called a duplet, and is written thus:

A triplet may occur across multiple beats in Simple Meter, called a super-triplet. In Compound Meter, a larger tuplet across multiple beats may occur.

Composers have employed many other tuplet figures, inserting larger artificial divisions within beats or groups of beats.

Artificial division is used as a process for making rigid time and beat division much more fluid and irregular. This technique is especially prevalent in music from the 19th Century onwards.

Syncopation

Syncopation is another common rhythmic device. The simplest definition of syncopation is:

1. An arrangement of durational values that places accents or “stress” where it is unexpected.
2. This translates to “accents on the off-beats” (or weak beats).”
3. Originating as a rhythmic device in early music, it has become an especially prevalent attribute of music after 1900.
4. Syncopation does occur in certain contexts throughout the evolution of Western music.

Here are some typical rhythmic patterns demonstrating this device:

Asymmetrical Meter

Asymmetrical meter has become a very common device in the composer’s arsenal. Often called “Odd-meters” (a slang term) because the top number of such time signatures is an “odd number,” these are time signatures that mix simple and compound beats within a measure or pulse grouping. Common examples are:

5/16 5/8 5/4 7/16 7/8 7/4 11/16 11/8 11/4 13/16 13/8 13/4

Triple meters and their multiples are not included in this category generally. Often these meters are treated in the same manner that we treat compound meters, that is, the written time signature represents First Division. So, for example, 58 might be grouped as two eighth notes plus three eighth notes or the reverse.

A seven-meter might be grouped 2+2+3, 3+2+2, or 2+3+2, and so forth for other asymmetrical meters. It is possible to construct asymmetrical divisions from typical meters by irregular groupings. For example,

88 might be grouped as 3+3+258 might be grouped as 3+2+2+2105 might be grouped as 3+3+2+2 and so forth

Until the 20th Century, there were relatively few examples of asymmetrical meter in the literature. A notable exception is the second movement of Tchaikovsky’s Sixth Symphony (Páthetique) (in 5).