Introduction

Brandman, Mariana. “Gerda Lerner .” National Women’s History Museum, 2022. https://www.womenshistory.org/educat...s/gerda-lerner.

Center, Press Release Women’s Media. “Women’s Media Center Study: Men Overwhelmingly Report the News in 2021.” Editor and Publisher, November 30, 2021. https://www.editorandpublisher.com/s...in-2021,207086.

“DPMA: Marie Curie.” Deutsches Patent- und Markenamt, March 3, 2026. https://www.dpma.de/english/our_offi...in%20chemistry

Rosalsky, Greg. “Women Now Dominate the Book Business. Why There and Not Other Creative Industries?” NPR, April 4, 2023. https://www.npr.org/sections/money/2...ive-industries.

Words Matter

“Cambridge Free English Dictionary and Thesaurus.” Cambridge Dictionary, 2026. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/.

Casey, Katie. “My Body, My Choice: Defending Bodily Autonomy.” MSI Reproductive Choices, March 27, 2023. https://www.msiunitedstates.org/my-b...dily-autonomy/.

“Rape Culture.” Wikipedia, June 5, 2026. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rape_culture.

1. Indigenous Women Before Colonization

Baldy, Cutcha Risling. 2018. We are Dancing for You: Native Feminisms and the Revitalization of Women’s Coming of Age Ceremonies. Seattle: University of Washington Press.

DuBois, Ellen Carol & Lynn Dumenil. Through Women’s Eyes, Vol. 1. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, (2019).

Mullin, Molly H. “Native American Women.” EBSCO, 2023. https://www.ebsco.com/research-start...american-women.

Page, Marissa. “It’s Always Time to Celebrate Women – the Divine Feminine, Creator and Mother.” First Nations Development Institute, March 7, 2023. https://www.firstnations.org/news/it...or-and-mother/.

Riley, Glenda. Inventing the American Woman: An Inclusive History. Wheeling, IL: Harlan Davidson, Inc., 2007.

2. Women in Medieval Europe

Enns, Pete. “Israel’s Two Creation Stories .” Biologos, April 27, 2010. https://biologos.org/articles/israel...eation-stories.

Gaines, Janet Howe. “Lilith.” Biblical Archaeology Society, June 7, 2026. https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/...-bible/lilith/.

“The Book of Genesis.” Vatican Archive. Accessed June 18, 2026. https://www.vatican.va/archive/bible...enesis_en.html.

The National Archives. “Medieval Women.” The National Archives, March 11, 2026. https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/...ieval-society/.

3. Women in West Africa

Achebe, Nwando. “11: Women and Authority in West African History – History Textbook.” West Africa Senior School Certificate Examination, 2018. https://wasscehistorytextbook.com/11...rican-history/.

Collins, Christopher. African American History. Skyline College. 2020.

DuBois, Ellen Carol & Lynn Dumenil. Through Women’s Eyes, Vol. 1. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, (2019).

Lebese, Rachel T. “Rite of Passage: An African Indigenous Knowledge Perspective – Working with Indigenous Knowledge – NCBI Bookshelf.” National Library of Medicine, 2022. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK601351/.

4. Women Under English Law

DuBois, Ellen Carol & Lynn Dumenil. Through Women’s Eyes, Vol. 1. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, (2019).

Karlsen, Carol F. The Devil in the Shape of a Woman: Witchcraft in Colonial America. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., (1987).

Woloch, Nancy. Women and the American Experience: A Concise History. New York: Routledge, (2024).

5. Indigenous Women in the Colonies

DuBois, Ellen Carol & Lynn Dumenil. Through Women’s Eyes, Vol. 1. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, (2019).

“Indian Queens and Indian Princesses: Allegorical Representations of America – Um Clements Library.” William L. Clements Library, 2026. https://clements.umich.edu/exhibit/a...merican-women/.

Mansky, Jackie, and Sonja Anderson. “The True Story of Pocahontas Is More Complicated than You Might Think.” Smithsonian.com, February 20, 2024. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/histo...ink-180962649/.

Riley, Glenda. Inventing the American Woman: An Inclusive History. Wheeling, IL: Harlan Davidson, Inc., (2007).

Woloch, Nancy. Women and the American Experience: A Concise History. New York: Routledge, (2024).

6. European Women in the British Colonies

Bradstreet, Anne. “The Poems of Mrs. Anne Bradstreet (1612-1672) Together with Her Prose Remains : Bradstreet, Anne, 1612?-1672 : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming.” Internet Archive, January 1, 1897. https://archive.org/details/cu319240.../n327/mode/2up.

DuBois, Ellen Carol & Lynn Dumenil. Through Women’s Eyes, Vol. 1. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, (2019).

Karlsen, Carol F. The Devil in the Shape of a Woman: Witchcraft in Colonial America. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., (1987).

Riley, Glenda. Inventing the American Woman: An Inclusive History. Wheeling, IL: Harlan Davidson, Inc., 2007.

Ulrich, Laurel Thatcher. “A Midwife’s Tale.” PBS, 1990. https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexp...gallery-diary/.

Woloch, Nancy. Women and the American Experience: A Concise History. New York: Routledge, (2024).

7. African Women in the Colonies

“Africans in America/Part 1/Africans in Court.” PBS. Public Broadcasting Service, 2020. https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part1/1p270.html.

Asare, Bianca. “The Rich, Deeply Personal History of the Cornrow.” Coveteur, April 3, 2026. https://coveteur.com/the-history-of-the-cornrow.

DuBois, Ellen Carol. Through Women’s Eyes. Boston: Bedford Books, 2012.

From Indentured Servitude to Racial Slavery.” PBS. Public Broadcasting Service, 2020. https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part1/1p270.html.

Gordon-Reed, Annette. The Hemingses of Monticello: An American Family. New York, New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2008.

Riley, Glenda. Inventing the American Woman: An Inclusive History. Wheeling, IL: Harlan Davidson, Inc., 2007.

White, Deborah Gray. Ar’n’t I a Woman? Female Slaves in the Plantation South. New York: W.W. Norton, 1999.

Woloch, Nancy. Women and the American Experience: A Concise History. New York: Routledge, (2024).

8. Witchcraft and Women

Demos, John Putnam. The Enemy Within: A Short History of Witch Hunting. New York: Penguin Publishing, (2008).

Karlsen, Carol F. The Devil in the Shape of a Woman: Witchcraft in Colonial America. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., (1987).

Woloch, Nancy. Women and the American Experience: A Concise History. New York: Routledge, (2024).

Wood, Tara S. “SWP – New Salem – Pelican.” Edited by Benjamin C. Ray. Salem Witch Trials, 2018. https://salem.lib.virginia.edu/category/swp.html.

9. Revolutionary Women and Republican Motherhood

Berkin, Carol. Revolutionary mothers: Women in the struggle for America’s Independence. New York: Vintage Books, 2009.

Blessing, Carol. “Mary Astell | History | Research Starters | Ebsco Research.” EBSCO Research Starters, 2022. https://www.ebsco.com/research-start...ry/mary-astell.

Carlson, James Taylor. “Inventing a Past: Molly Brant’s Life in Leadership .” Golder Lehrman Institute of American History, 2015. https://www.gilderlehrman.org/histor...ife-leadership.

Coutant, Linda. “9 Women You May Not Know Who Shaped the American Revolution · National Parks Conservation Association.” National Parks Conservation Association , March 4, 2026. https://www.npca.org/articles/11342-...can-revolution.

Eley, Anthony. “Biographies Margaret Corbin.” National Museum of the United States Army. Accessed June 24, 2026. https://www.thenmusa.org/biographies/margaret-corbin/.

Frank, Margot. “Mary Wollstonecraft | History | Research Starters | Ebsco Research.” EBSCO Research Starters, 2024. https://www.ebsco.com/research-start...wollstonecraft.

Letter from Abigail Adams to John Adams, 31 March – 5 April 1776 [electronic edition]. Adams Family Papers: An Electronic Archive. Massachusetts Historical Society. https://www.masshist.org/digitaladam...id=L17760331aa

Michals, Debra. “Deborah Sampson | National Women’s History Museum.” National Women’s History Museum, 2015. https://www.womenshistory.org/educat...eborah-sampson.

Michals, Edited by Debra. “Biography: Judith Sargent Murray.” National Women’s History Museum, 2015. https://www.womenshistory.org/educat...sargent-murray.

Murray, Judith Sargent. “‘On the Equality of the Sexes,’ by Judith Sargent Murray, …” National Humanities Center, 1995. https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org...t5/sargent.pdf.

O’Neale, Sondra A. “Phillis Wheatley | The Poetry Foundation.” The Poetry Foundation. Accessed June 25, 2026. https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poe...illis-wheatley.

Perdue, Theda. “Nancy Ward, Cherokee Beloved Woman .” Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History, 2007. https://www.gilderlehrman.org/histor...-beloved-woman.

Testimony of Deborah Sampson Gannett; 9/14/1818; Revolutionary War Pension and Bounty Land Warrant Application File S 32722, Deborah Gannett, Mass.; Case Files of Pension and Bounty-Land Warrant Applications Based on Revolutionary War Service, ca. 1800 – ca. 1912; Records of the Department of Veterans Affairs, Record Group 15; National Archives Building, Washington, DC. [Online Version, https://docsteach.org/document/testi...mpson-gannett/, June 23, 2026]

Wheatley, Phillis. The Poems of Phillis Wheatley; With Letters and a Memoir. Garden City, New York: Dover Publications, 2024.

Woloch, Nancy. Women and the American Experience: A Concise History. New York: Routledge, (2024).

Woods, Katie. “Elizabeth Freeman (‘mum Bett’) (c.1744-1828) .” Massachusetts Women’s History Center. Accessed June 25, 2026. https://www.mawomenshistory.org/reso...ett-c1744-1828.

10. Cult of Domesticity

Alcott, Louisa May. “The Project Gutenberg Ebook of Little Women, by Louisa May Alcott.” The Project Gutenberg, May 1, 1996. https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub...14-images.html.

Hale, Sarah Josepha, ed. “Godey’s Magazine 1830-1898.” Internet Archive, April 22, 2021. https://archive.org/details/pub_godeys-magazine.

Jacob, Kathryn Allamong. “The Mosher Report.” AMERICAN HERITAGE, April 1, 2021. https://www.americanheritage.com/mosher-report#3.

Norwood, Arlisha. “Biography: Sarah Josepha Hale.” National Women’s History Museum, 2017. https://www.womenshistory.org/educat...ies/sarah-hale.

Platoni, Kara. “The Sex Scholar.” STANFORD Magazine. Stanford University, 2010. https://stanfordmag.org/contents/the-sex-scholar.

The Project Gutenberg eBook of Godey’s Lady’s Book – January, 1851. Juliet Sutherland, Keith Edkins and the PG Online, February 16, 2005. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/1508...-h/15080-h.htm..

Torr, Joseph. “The Lady Amaranth.” Philadelphia, 1838. https://search.library.ucdavis.edu/p...11511550003126.

Smith-Rosenberg, Caroll. “The Female World of Love and Ritual: Relations Between …” University of Warwick, February 1, 2006. https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/arts/histo...and_ritual.pdf.

Welter, Barbara. “The Cult of True Womanhood: 1820-1860.” American Quarterly 18, no. 2 (1966): 151-74. Accessed April 8, 2021. doi:10.2307/2711179.

Woloch, Nancy. Women and the American Experience: A Concise History. New York: Routledge, (2024).

11. Working Class Women

Blakemore, Erin. “America Flirted with Legalized Prostitution During the Civil War.” History.com. A&E Television Networks, April 24, 2019. https://www.history.com/news/civil-w...tion-nashville.

DuBois, Ellen Carol & Lynn Dumenil. Through Women’s Eyes, Vol. 1. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, (2019).

Orianna. “The Lowell Offering. Written, Edited and Published by Female Operatives Employed in the Mills. V.2 1842.” HathiTrust, December 14, 2016. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pti...iew=1up&seq=66.

Woloch, Nancy. Women and the American Experience: A Concise History. New York: Routledge, (2024).

12. Southern Women

Chesnut, Mary Boykin. A Diary From Dixie. New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1905.

DuBois, Ellen Carol & Lynn Dumenil. Through Women’s Eyes, Vol. 1. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2019.

Federal Writers’ Project: Slave Narrative Project, Vol. 11, North Carolina, Part 1, Adams-Hunter. 1936. Manuscript/Mixed Material. https://www.loc.gov/item/mesn111/.

Federal Writers’ Project: Slave Narrative Project, Vol. 11, North Carolina, Part 1, Adams-Hunter. 1936. Manuscript/Mixed Material. https://www.loc.gov/item/mesn111/.

“Harriet Jacobs.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, March 29, 2021. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harriet_Jacobs.

Jacobs, Harriet. “Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl.” Google Books. Google, 1861. https://www.google.com/books/edition...sec=frontcover.

White, Deborah Gray. Ar’n’t I a Woman? Female Slaves in the Plantation South. New York: W.W. Norton, 1999.

Woloch, Nancy. Women and the American Experience: A Concise History. New York: Routledge, (2024).

“Women in Virginia.” Virginia Museum of History & Culture, September 21, 2020. https://www.virginiahistory.org/coll...women-virginia.

13. Moral Reform

Beecher, Catharine E. “Suggestions Respecting Improvements in Education: Presented to the Trustees of the Hartford … : Catharine Esther Beecher, Hartford Female Seminary , Hartford, Conn : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming.” Internet Archive. Packer & Butler, January 1, 1970. http://archive.org/details/suggestio...p?view=theater.

DeDe-Panken, Madelin. “Revisiting the Female Moral Reform Society with Carroll Smith-Rosenberg.” Women at the Center. New York Historical Society Museum and Library, February 12, 2019. https://womenatthecenter.nyhistory.o...eform-society/.

DuBois, Ellen Carol & Lynn Dumenil. Through Women’s Eyes, Vol. 1. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, (2019).

Grimké, Angelina. “Appeal to the Christian Women of the South : Grimké, Angelina Emily, 1805-1879 : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming.” Internet Archive, June 11, 2008. https://archive.org/details/appealto...ge/16/mode/2up.

“History.” Emma Willard School. Emma Willard School. Accessed April 12, 2021. https://www.emmawillard.org/about/history.

“History.” Mount Holyoke College. Mount Holyoke College, September 7, 2017. https://www.mtholyoke.edu/about/history.

“PBS Online: Only A Teacher: Schoolhouse Pioneers.” PBS. Public Broadcasting Service, 2001. https://www.pbs.org/onlyateacher/pioneers.html.

Riley, Glenda. Inventing the American Woman, Vol. 1. Wheeling, IL: Harlan-Davidson, Inc, (2007).

Woloch, Nancy. Women and the American Experience: A Concise History. New York: Routledge, (2024).

14. First Wave Feminism–Woman’s Suffrage

Bloomer, D. C. “Life and Writings of Amelia Bloomer : D. C. Bloomer : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive.” Internet Archive, January 17, 2017. https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.153771.

DuBois, Ellen Carol & Lynn Dumenil. Through Women’s Eyes, Vol. 1. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, (2019).

Mandel, David. “Seneca Falls and the Start of Annual Conventions : Seneca Falls and Building a Movement, 1776–1890 : Explore : Shall Not Be Denied: Women Fight for the Vote : Exhibitions at the Library of Congress : Library of Congress.” The Library of Congress. Shall Not Been Denied-Library of Congress, 2020. https://www.loc.gov/exhibitions/wome...ns/all-objects.

Riley, Glenda. Inventing the American Woman, Vol. 1. Wheeling, IL: Harlan-Davidson, Inc, (2007).

“She Inspires.” PBS. Public Broadcasting Service, January 10, 2019. https://www.pbs.org/video/sojourner-.truth-she-inspires-xml2ih/.

Stone, Lucy. “The Proceedings of the Woman’s Rights Convention, Held at Akron, Ohio, May 28 and 29, 1851.” The Library of Congress. National American Women’s Suffrage Association Collection. Accessed April 15, 2021. https://www.loc.gov/resource/rbnawsa...17/?st=gallery..

The Declaration of Sentiments and Resolution.” National Women’s History Museum. Accessed April 15, 2021. https://www.womenshistory.org/resour...entiments-and-.resolution.

“Today in History – July 19.” The Library of Congress. The Library of Congress Digital Collections, 2013. https://www.loc.gov/item/today-in-history/july-19..

Truth, Sojourner. “Modern History Sourcebook: Sojourner Truth: ‘Ain’t I a Woman?” December, 1851.” Internet History Sourcebooks. Fordham University, January 26, 1996. https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/mod/...ruth-woman.asp..

Woloch, Nancy. Women and the American Experience: A Concise History. New York: Routledge, (2024).

15. Women in Westward Expansion

Baldy, Cutcha Risling. 2018. We are Dancing for You: Native Feminisms and the Revitalization of Women’s Coming of Age Ceremonies. Seattle: University of Washington Press.

Chapman, Emma. “Piu-Uina (U.S. National Park Service).” National Park Service, February 22, 2022. https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/piu-uina.htm.

Clappe, Louise. “From The Shirley Letters, ‘Letter of January 27, 1852.’” Sierra College, 2012. https://ejournals.sierracollege.edu/...4n2/clapp.html.

Wilson Wright, Corennah. “Luzena Stanley Wilson, ’49er; Memories Recalled Years …” Library of Congress. Accessed June 30, 2026. https://tile.loc.gov/storage-service.../calbk/089.pdf.

“Great Lakes Indigenous People and the French | Minnesota Historical Society.” Minnesota Historical Society, 2026. https://www.mnhs.org/furpost/learn/french.

“Know Your Chinese American History – Chinese American Museum, Los Angeles.” Chinese American Museum Los Angeles, 2026. https://camla.org/education/chineseamericanhistory/.

Pratt, R. H. “Proceedings of the National Conference of Charities and Correction,.” Carlisle Indian School Digital Resource Center. Accessed June 29, 2026. https://carlisleindian.dickinson.edu...rattSpeech.pdf.

Sanchez, Rene Lynn. 2000. “Women and Westward Expansion: 1840-1890.” MA Thesis, California State University, Fresno.

Telgen, Diane, ed. “Notable Hispanic American Women : Telgen, Diane : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive.” Internet Archive, October 25, 2011. https://archive.org/details/notablehispanica00telg.

Weiler, Nicholas. “The Open Hand: A Conversation with the Descendants of Biddy Mason | UC San Francisco.” University of California San Francisco, September 28, 2020. https://www.ucsf.edu/news/2020/09/41...ts-biddy-mason.

Woloch, Nancy. Women and the American Experience: A Concise History. New York: Routledge, (2024).

16. Women in the Civil War

Abbot, Karen. Liar, Temptress, Soldier, Spy: Four Women Undercover in the Civil War. New York: Harper Perennial, (2015).

Barnhardt, Becky. “Sally Louisa Tompkins.” Mathews County Historical Society, Inc. Mathews County Historical Society, Inc., 2020. https://www.mathewscountyhistoricals...-tompkins.html.

Boyd, Belle. In Camp and Prison. New York: Blelock & Company, (1865).

Burns, Ken, dir. The Civil War. 1990; PBS, 2015. DVD

“Clara Barton at Antietam.” National Parks Service. U.S. Department of the Interior, April 15, 2015. https://www.nps.gov/anti/learn/histo...larabarton.htm.

DuBois, Ellen Carol & Lynn Dumenil. Through Women’s Eyes, Vol. 1. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, (2019).

Lineberry, Cate. “Elizabeth Van Lew: An Unlikely Union Spy.” Smithsonian.com. Smithsonian Institution, May 4, 2011. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/histo...spy-158755584/..

McCurry, Stephanie. Women’s War: Fighting and Surviving the American Civil War. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, (2019).

Riley, Glenda. Inventing the American Woman, Vol. 1. Wheeling, IL: Harlan-Davidson, Inc, (2007).

Woloch, Nancy. Women and the American Experience: A Concise History. New York: Routledge, (2024).

17. Immigrant Women

American Experience. PBS, n.d. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YABBwNxgBHw.

Corbett, P. Scott. “19.2 the African American ‘Great Migration’ and New European Immigration – U.S. History.” OpenStax, 2024. https://openstax.org/books/us-histor...an-immigration.

DuBois, Ellen Carol & Lynn Dumenil. Through Women’s Eyes, Vol. 2. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, (2019).

Lazarus, Emma. “The New Colossus | The Poetry Foundation.” The Poetry Foundation, 2002. https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poe...e-new-colossus.

Riley, Glenda. Inventing the American Woman, Vol. 2. Wheeling, IL: Harlan-Davidson, Inc, (2007).

Schuman, Michael. “History of Child Labor in the United States-Part 1: Little Children Working : Monthly Labor Review.” U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, January 1, 2017. https://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2017/ar...tes-part-1.htm.

Woloch, Nancy. Women and the American Experience: A Concise History. New York: Routledge, (2024).

18. African American Women

“Annie Malone and Madam C.J. Walker: Pioneers of the African American Beauty Industry.” National Museum of African American History and Culture. Smithsonian, October 1, 2019. https://nmaahc.si.edu/blog-post/anni...eauty-industry..

DuBois, Ellen Carol & Lynn Dumenil. Through Women’s Eyes, Vol. 2. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, (2019).

Edmond, Alfred. “Segregation Was Never Good For Black People. Not Even A Little Bit.” Black Enterprise. Black Enterprise, April 27, 2018. https://www.blackenterprise.com/blac...-a-little-bit/..

Gates, Henry Louis. The New Negro and the Black Image: From Booker T. Washington to Alain Locke, Freedom’s Story, TeacherServe®, National Humanities Center. National Humanities Center, November 2010. http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/...s/newnegro.htm..

Gibson, Garrick. “The Divine 9: Black Sororities and Fraternities – HBCU Lifestyle.” HBCU Lifestyle – Black College Living, June 9, 2019. https://hbculifestyle.com/divine-9-s...-fraternities/..

Hill, Samantha. “How Black People in the 19th Century Used Photography as a Tool for Social Change.” The Conversation, March 2, 2021. https://theconversation.com/how-blac...-change-154721..

Horne, Madison. “A Visual History of Iconic Black Hairstyles.” History.com. A&E Television Networks, February 28, 2018. https://www.history.com/news/black-h...tory-in-photos..

Riley, Glenda. Inventing the American Woman, Vol. 2. Wheeling, IL: Harlan-Davidson, Inc, (2007).

Woloch, Nancy. Women and the American Experience: A Concise History. New York: Routledge, (2024).

19. Pink Collar Jobs

Blakemore, Erin. “How 19th-Century Women Used Department Stores to Gain Their Freedom | History.” History Channel, November 22, 2017. https://www.history.com/articles/how...-their-freedom.

Brandt, Susan. “1870 – 1899 • Nursing, History, and Health Care • Penn Nursing.” University of Pennsylvania, 2026. https://www.nursing.upenn.edu/nhhc/n...ime/1870-1899/.

DuBois, Ellen Carol & Lynn Dumenil. Through Women’s Eyes, Vol. 2. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, (2019).

Cain, Allen. Oregon History Project, 2005. https://www.oregonhistoryproject.org.../#.YIHkE_lKg2w.

“Homepage | Los Angeles Public Library.” Los Angeles Public Library, 2026. https://www.lapl.org/.

Monet, Dolores. “Ready-to-Wear: A Short History of the Garment Industry.” Bellatory. Bellatory, February 24, 2014. https://bellatory.com/fashion-indust...rment-Industry..

Riley, Glenda. Inventing the American Woman, Vol. 2. Wheeling, IL: Harlan-Davidson, Inc, (2007).

Woloch, Nancy. Women and the American Experience: A Concise History. New York: Routledge, (2024).

20. Progressivism and the New Woman

“19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Women’s Right to Vote (1920) | National Archives.” National Archives and Records Administration, February 8, 2022. https://www.archives.gov/milestone-d...19th-amendment.

DuBois, Ellen Carol & Lynn Dumenil. Through Women’s Eyes, Vol. 2. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, (2019).

Goldman, Emma. “Mother Earth, Vol.1 March, 1906, No. 1.” Anarchy Archives. Accessed July 5, 2026. http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist...ME/mev1n1.html.

“Who Is Frances Willard? | Frances Willard Muse.” National Women’s Christian Temperance Union. Accessed July 5, 2026. https://www.franceswillardmuseum.org...rances-willard.

Riley, Glenda. Inventing the American Woman, Vol. 2. Wheeling, IL: Harlan-Davidson, Inc, (2007).

Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, Susan B. Anthony, Matilda Joslyn Gage, and Ida Husted Harper. “History of Woman Suffrage; : Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 1815-1902 : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive.” Internet Archive, October 30, 2007. https://archive.org/details/historyo...ansu01stanuoft.

Stevens, Doris. “Jailed for Freedom.” Project Gutenberg, January 1, 2003. https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/3604.

The 1913 Women’s Suffrage Parade in Washington, D.C. United States: PBS, 2020. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Na9SeuOYS88.

Woloch, Nancy. Women and the American Experience: A Concise History. New York: Routledge, (2024).

21. Progressive Women of Color

BlackPast. “(1898) Mary Church Terrell, ‘The Progress of Colored Women’ .” Blackpast.org, November 2, 2011. https://www.blackpast.org/african-am...colored-women/..

Espiritu, Allison. “Amy Jacques Garvey (1896-1973) .” Blackpast.org, February 25, 2007. https://www.blackpast.org/african-am...ues-1896-1973/..

Ida B. Wells-Anti-Lynching Crusader. YouTube, 2013. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S8Qr62pANjc.

Michals, Debra. “Mary Church Terrell.” National Women’s History Museum, 2017. https://www.womenshistory.org/educat...church-terrell..

Woloch, Nancy. Women and the American Experience: A Concise History. New York: Routledge, (2024).

22. The Great Migration

“Bessie Smith – St.Louis Blues (1929).” YouTube. YouTube, September 14, 2015.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Bo3f_9hLkQL.

DuBois, Ellen Carol & Lynn Dumenil. Through Women’s Eyes, Vol. 2. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, (2019).

Cushing, Lincoln. “African-American Workers in Kaiser Shipyards.” African-American workers in Kaiser shipyards | Kaiser Permanente. Kaiser Permanente, February 22, 2018. https://about.kaiserpermanente.org/o...iser-shipyards..

Gates, Henry Louis. Making a Way Out of No Way (1897-1940); 2013, PBS. Films on Demand.

“Gertrude ‘Ma’ Rainey – Prove It On Me Blues.” YouTube. YouTube, November 7, 2010.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yRyaUcVfhak

Jones, Martha S. “Mary McLeod Bethune Was at the Vanguard of More Than 50 Years of Black Progress.” Smithsonian.com. Smithsonian Institution, July 1, 2020. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/histo...ess-180975202/..

“Josephine Baker’s Banana Dance.” YouTube. YouTube, April 14, 2008.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wmw5eGh888Y.

Riley, Glenda. Inventing the American Woman, Vol. 2. Wheeling, IL: Harlan-Davidson, Inc, (2007).

Soskin, Betty Reid. Sign My Name to Freedom: A Memoir of a Pioneering Life. Carlsbad, CA: Hay House Inc, 2020.

Wilkerson, Isabel. The Warmth of Other Suns. New York: Penguin Random House; 2011.

Woloch, Nancy. Women and the American Experience: A Concise History. New York: Routledge, (2024).

23. World War I and the Roaring 20s

“100 Years of LWV.” History | League of Women Voters. League of Women Voters, February 14, 1970. https://www.lwv.org/about-us/history..

DuBois, Ellen Carol & Lynn Dumenil. Through Women’s Eyes, Vol. 2. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, (2019).

DuBois, Ellen. “The Race to Pass Suffrage Before the 1920 Election.” History.com. A&E Television Networks, March 27, 2020. https://www.history.com/news/suffrag...ation-election..

Equal Rights Amendment. The Alice Paul Institute, 2018. https://www.equalrightsamendment.org/..

Flappers: An Overview. 1920s Channel. YouTube, 2019. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f7WgqDhmmZc.

Freedman, Estelle. No Turning Back: The History of Feminism and the Future of Women. New York: Ballatine Books, 2002.

Jones, Nancy Baker. “Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching.” TSHA. Texas State Historical Association. Accessed May 6, 2021. https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/...on-of-lynching.

Riley, Glenda. Inventing the American Woman, Vol. 2. Wheeling, IL: Harlan-Davidson, Inc, (2007).

Woloch, Nancy. Women and the American Experience: A Concise History. New York: Routledge, (2024).

“Women in WWI | National WWI Museum and Memorial.” National WWI Museum and Memorial, 2026. https://www.theworldwar.org/learn/women.

24. Women in the Great Depression

DuBois, Ellen Carol & Lynn Dumenil. Through Women’s Eyes, Vol. 2. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, (2019).

Gouveia, Grace Mary. “Uncle Sam’s Priceless Daughters: American Indian Women During the Great Depression, World War II, and Postwar Years.” ProQuest, August 19, 1994.

Lange, Dorothea. “Mexican Mother in California.JPG.” Wikimedia Commons, August 5, 2020. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/F...California.jpg

Meier, Matt and Feliciano Ribera. Mexican Americans/American Mexicans, From Conquistadors to Chicanos. New York: Hill & Wang, 1993.

Riley, Glenda. Inventing the American Woman, Vol. 2. Wheeling, IL: Harlan-Davidson, Inc, (2007).

Soskin, Betty Reid. Sign My Name to Freedom: A Memoir of a Pioneering Life. Carlsbad, CA: Hay House Inc, 2020.

Woloch, Nancy. “Eleanor Roosevelt’s White House Press Conferences | National Women’s History Museum.” National Women’s History Museum, September 22, 2017. https://www.womenshistory.org/articl...ss-conferences.

25. World War II

DuBois, Ellen Carol & Lynn Dumenil. Through Women’s Eyes, Vol. 2. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, (2019).

How World War II Transformed American Women. Endless War. YouTube, 2016. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CRJemr2Wc4s.

Riley, Glenda. Inventing the American Woman, Vol. 2. Wheeling, IL: Harlan-Davidson, Inc, (2007).

“Rosie the Riveter WWII Home Front National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service).” National Park Service, March 20, 2026. https://www.nps.gov/rori/index.htm.

Soskin, Betty Reid. Sign My Name to Freedom: A Memoir of a Pioneering Life. Carlsbad, CA: Hay House Inc, 2020.

Spring, Kelly. “On the Home Front | National Women’s History Museum.” National Women’s History Museum, 2017. https://www.womenshistory.org/resour...ral/home-front.

Woloch, Nancy. “Eleanor Roosevelt’s White House Press Conferences | National Women’s History Museum.” National Women’s History Museum, September 22, 2017. https://www.womenshistory.org/articl...ss-conferences.

Woloch, Nancy. Women and the American Experience: A Concise History. New York: Routledge, (2024).

26. Post-War America

DuBois, Ellen Carol & Lynn Dumenil. Through Women’s Eyes, Vol. 2. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, (2019).

Komarovsky, Mirra. “The Concept of Social Role Revisited.” Gender and Society 6, no. 2 (1992): 301-13. Accessed May 14, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/189667.

Perll, Lynn. Pink Think: Becoming a Woman in Many Uneasy Lessons. New York: W.W. Norton, (2002).

Riley, Glenda. Inventing the American Woman, Vol. 2. Wheeling, IL: Harlan-Davidson, Inc, (2007).

Woloch, Nancy. Women and the American Experience: A Concise History. New York: Routledge, (2024).

27. Second Wave Feminism

Blakemore, Erin. “Consciousness-Raising Groups and the Women’s Movement – JSTOR DAILY.” JSTOR.org, March 11, 2021. https://daily.jstor.org/consciousnes...mens-movement/.

D’Entremont, Susan. “United States President’s Commission on the Status of Women Records | JFK Library.” Edited by Henry J. Gwiazda. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, 2025. https://www.jfklibrary.org/asset-vie...rchives/uspcsw.

DuBois, Ellen Carol & Lynn Dumenil. Through Women’s Eyes, Vol. 2. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, (2019).

Friedan, Betty. The Feminine Mystique. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2013.

“Griswold v. Connecticut.” Oyez. Accessed April 10, 2026. https://www.oyez.org/cases/1964/496.

Kao, Audiey. “History of Oral Contraception – AMA Journal of Ethics.” History of Oral Contraception, June 2000. https://journalofethics.ama-assn.org...eption/2000-06..

Miller, Anthony. “How the World’s Sexiest Nightclubs Helped Set the Stage for Racial Integration.” LAmag, December 2, 2014. https://lamag.com/books/playboy-stag...lection-tales/..

Riley, Glenda. Inventing the American Woman, Vol. 2. Wheeling, IL: Harlan-Davidson, Inc, (2007).

National Organization for Women, Statement of Purpose (1966), https://faculty.tnstate.edu/tcorse/h..._for_women.htm.

“Roe v. Wade.” Oyez. Accessed April 10, 2026. https://www.oyez.org/cases/1971/70-18..

Szal, Roxanne. “Msmagazine.Com.” Ms. Magazine, April 9, 2026. https://msmagazine.com/..

“Voices on Independence: Four Oral Histories about Building Women’s Economic Power.” Smithsonian American Women’s History Museum, October 25, 2024. https://womenshistory.si.edu/blog/vo...economic-power..

Woloch, Nancy. Women and the American Experience: A Concise History. New York: Routledge, (2024).

“Women’s Rights and the Civil Rights Act of 1964.” National Archives and Records Administration, 2022. https://www.archives.gov/women/1964-...d%20employment.

28. Indigenous Feminism

Baldy, Cutcha Risling. 2018. We are Dancing for You: Native Feminisms and the Revitalization of Women’s Coming of Age Ceremonies. Seattle: University of Washington Press.

Brando, Elizabeth. “Wilma Mankiller.” Biography: Wilma Mankiller, 2021. https://www.womenshistory.org/educat...ilma-mankiller...

Mankiller, Wilma, Gwendolyn Mink, Marysa Navarro, Barbara Smith, and Gloria Steinem, eds. The Reader’s Companion to U.S. Women’s History. Boston, Mass: Houghton Mifflin Co, 1998.

The National Crime Information Center NamUs. “Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women (MMIW).” Native Hope, March 13, 2025. https://www.nativehope.org/missing-..and-murdered-indigenous-women-mmiw/.

Why Are Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women Cases Being Ignored: Between the Lines. HuffPost. YouTube, 2019. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hOXyGJuRMmo.

Woloch, Nancy. Women and the American Experience: A Concise History. New York: Routledge, (2024).

29. Black/African American Feminism

Beal, Frances. “Black Women’s Manifesto; Double Jeopardy: To Be Black and Female.” Frances M. Beal, Black Women’s Manifesto; Double Jeopardy: To Be Black and Female, August 1999. http://hartford-hwp.com/archives/45a/196.html.

Combahee River Collective. “Combahee River Collective Statement.” American Studies at Yale, April 1977. https://americanstudies.yale.edu/sit...n_Readings.pdf.

“Comrade Sisters: Women of the Black Panther Party: Explore and Support Black Panther Women.” Museum of Social Justice, March 1, 2025. https://www.museumofsocialjustice.org/comrade-sisters.

Crenshaw, Kimberle () “Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine,
Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics,” University of Chicago Legal Forum: Vol. 1989: Iss. 1, Article 8. http://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/u...vol1989/iss1/8.

hooks, bell. 1982. Ain’t I a Woman: Black Women and Feminism. Boston: South End Press.

Woloch, Nancy. Women and the American Experience: A Concise History. New York: Routledge, (2024).

30. Chicana/Latina Feminism

Anzaldúa, Gloria, and Cherrie Moraga, eds. “This Bridge Called My Back : Radical Women of Color : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming.” Internet Archive, January 24, 2017. https://archive.org/details/in.ernet...ge/n7/mode/2up.

DuBois, Ellen Carol & Lynn Dumenil. Through Women’s Eyes, Vol. 2. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, (2019).

“Jan. 31, 1938: Emma Tenayuca Leads Pecan Shellers Strike – Zinn Education Project.” Zinn Education Project. Accessed April 22, 2026. https://www.zinnedproject.org/news/t...heller-strike/.

Mankiller, Wilma, Gwendolyn Mink, Marysa Navarro, Barbara Smith, and Gloria Steinem, eds. The Reader’s Companion to U.S. Women’s History. Boston, Mass: Houghton Mifflin Co, 1998.

“Research Guides: A Latinx Resource Guide: Civil Rights Cases and Events in the United States: 1978: Madrigal v. Quilligan.” 1978: Madrigal v. Quilligan – A Latinx Resource Guide: Civil Rights Cases and Events in the United States – Research Guides at Library of Congress. Accessed May 5, 2025 https://guides.loc.gov/latinx-civil-...al-v-quilligan.

Riley, Glenda. Inventing the American Woman, Vol. 2. Wheeling, IL: Harlan-Davidson, Inc, (2007).

Woloch, Nancy. Women and the American Experience: A Concise History. New York: Routledge, (2024).

31. Asian American Feminism

Anzaldúa, Gloria, and Cherrie Moraga, eds. “This Bridge Called My Back : Radical Women of Color : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming.” Internet Archive, January 24, 2017. https://archive.org/details/in.ernet...ge/n7/mode/2up.

Asian American Feminist Collective, 2017. https://www.asianamfeminism.org/.

DuBois, Ellen Carol & Lynn Dumenil. Through Women’s Eyes, Vol. 2. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, (2019).

Garcia-Navarro, Lulu. “How Vietnamese Americans Took over the Nails Business: A Documentary.” NPR, May 19, 2019. https://www.npr.org/2019/05/19/72445...-a-documentary..

Mathani, Jasmine. “‘Systematically Erased’: Middle Eastern and North African Women and LGBTQ+ Americans Don’t See Themselves in U.S. Data.” The 19th, May 17, 2023. https://19thnews.org/2023/05/middle-...s-census-data/.

Riley, Glenda. Inventing the American Woman, Vol. 2. Wheeling, IL: Harlan-Davidson, Inc, (2007).

Rios, Carmen. “What Patsy Mink Made Possible: Title IX at 50 | National Women’s History Museum.” National Woman’s History Museum, August 22, 2022. https://www.womenshistory.org/articl...le-title-ix-50.

Shringarpure, Bhakti. “An Indigenous Elsewhere: A Conversation with Sandy Grande.” Los Angeles Review of Books, April 22, 2022. https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/...-sandy-grande/.

Tsong, Yuying, Grace S. Kim, and Kayoko Yokoyama. 2024. “Introduction to Special Issue: Activism as the Asian Feminist Critical Race (AsianFemCrit) Praxis.” Women & Therapy 47 (2): 157–76. doi:10.1080/02703149.2024.2342191. Full article: Introduction to Special Issue: Activism as the Asian Feminist Critical Race (AsianFemCrit) Praxis.

Woloch, Nancy. Women and the American Experience: A Concise History. New York: Routledge, (2024).

32. Women in Politics

“After Roe Fell: U.S. Abortion Laws by State – Center for Reproductive Rights.” Center for Reproductive Rights, 2026. https://reproductiverights.org/maps/...laws-by-state/.

“Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization.” Oyez. Accessed July 7, 2026. https://www.oyez.org/cases/2021/19-1392.

DuBois, Ellen Carol & Lynn Dumenil. Through Women’s Eyes, Vol. 2. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, (2019).

Harris, Kamala. The Truths We Hold: An American Journey. New York: Penguin Books, (2019).

“‘Out of Order’ at the Court: O’connor on Being the First Female Justice : NPR.” NPR, March 5, 2013. https://www.npr.org/2013/03/05/17298...female-justice.

Riley, Glenda. Inventing the American Woman, Vol. 2. Wheeling, IL: Harlan-Davidson, Inc, (2007).

The Political Year of the Woman Proves True. Voices of America. YouTube, 2019. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xw9jHUo2O5U.

“The Safeguard American Voter Eligibility (Save) Act Is a Trick | League of Women Voters.” League of Women Voters, March 25, 2025. https://www.lwv.org/blog/safeguard-a...save-act-trick.

Woloch, Nancy. Women and the American Experience: A Concise History. New York: Routledge, (2024).