13.7.3: References

Figure 13-1 – Segar, D., and E. Stamman Segar, 1997: Coastal waters in this California bay.

Figure 13-4a – Segar, D., and E. Stamman Segar, 1997: Various species of green, brown, and red macroalgae in a tide pool on the California coast near San Francisco.

Figure 13-4b – Segar, D., and E. Stamman Segar, 1997: A red calcareous macroalga (phylum Rhodophyta) in the Philippines.

Figure 13-4c – Segar, D., and E. Stamman Segar, 1997: The upper fronds of kelp (Macrocystis sp.) floating on the water surface in Monterey Bay, California.

Figure 13-4d – Segar, D., and E. Stamman Segar, 1997: A coral reef green macroalga called “grapeweed” (Caulerpa racemosaI in Papua New Guinea).

Figure 13-4e – Segar, D., and E. Stamman Segar, 1997: An encrusting red alga (phylum Rhodophyta) covering a platelike hard coral in Hawaii.

Figure 13-8 – Adapted from Gross, M. G., and E. Gross: 1996: Oceanography: A view of Earth. Prentice Hall, 472 pp.

Figure 13-11 – Adapted from Bigelow, H. G., 1927: Physical oceanography of the Gulf of Maine. Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish., 40, 511–1027.

Figure 13-12a – Segar, D., and E. Stamman Segar, 1997: Typical reef-building hard coral colony (probably Diploastrea heliopora) in Papua New Guinea.

Figure 13-12b – Segar, D., and E. Stamman Segar, 1997: Typical hard coral (possibly Pocillopora sp.) in Papua New Guinea.

Figure 13-12c – Segar, D., and E. Stamman Segar, 1997: Individual polyps of Diploastrea heliopora (Papua New Guinea) when the polyps have extended their soft tentacles to feed on zooplankton or particles.

Figure 13-12d – Segar, D., and E. Stamman Segar, 1997: Individual polyps of Diploastrea heliopora (Papua New Guinea) at night.

Figure 13-15a – Steimle, F. W., and C. J. Sindermann, 1978: Review of oxygen depletion and associated mass mortalities of shellfish in the Middle Atlantic Blight in 1976. NOAA NMFS, Marine Fisheries Review Paper 1356, 17–26, Source.

Figure 13-15b – Gulf Hypoxia, 2017: Gulf of Mexico hypoxia and anoxia 2017. NOAA, accessed 16 March 2026, Source.

Figure 13-15c – Data from Gulf Hypoxia, 2026: Shelfwide Cruises., accessed 16 March 2026, Source.

Figure 13-16 – Data from Ryther, J. H., 1969: Photosynthesis and Fish Production in the Sea: The production of organic matter and its conversion to higher forms of life vary throughout the world ocean. Science, 166, 72–76, Source.

Figure 13-17 – Segar, D., and E. Stamman Segar, 1997: The ancient Greek city of Ephesus, now in Turkey.

Figure 13-20 – Adapted from Pinet, P. R., 2006: Invitation to Oceanography 4th Edition. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 596 pp.

Figure 13-21 – Partially adapted from Pethick, J., 1984: An introduction to coastal geomorphology. Edward Arnold, 260 pp.

Figure 13-X – NOAA Worldview, 2025: Satellite image of the San Francisco Bay on 9 January 2025. AQUA/Modis, accessed 16 March 2026, Source.

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