9.9: Phosphate Esters

CHEM 309 General, Organic, & Biochemistry · LibreTexts

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    From LibreTexts, under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0, as the source states it; its equations are written in TeX, which the PDF shows typeset. This page at LibreTexts.

    Learning Objectives
    • Describe phosphate esters.
    • Understand why phosphate esters are important in living cells.

    Just as carboxylic acids do, inorganic acids such as nitric acid (HNO3), sulfuric acid (H2SO4), and phosphoric acid (H3PO4) also form esters. The esters of phosphoric acid are especially important in biochemistry. A phosphoric acid molecule can form a monoalkyl, a dialkyl, or a trialkyl ester by reaction with one, two, or three molecules of an alcohol.

    Chemical structures labeled as: 1) 1,2-Dihydroxypropane, 2) 2,3-Dihydroxypropane, 3) Propylhydroxy.

    Esters of pyrophosphoric acid and triphosphoric acid are also important in biochemistry.

    Chemical structures of three different compounds labeled as "Methanol," "Propan-2-ol," and "Butanol" with their corresponding molecular formulas.

    Esters of these acids are present in every plant and animal cell. They are biochemical intermediates in the transformation of food into usable energy. The bonds between phosphate units in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) are called phosphoanhydride bonds. These are high-energy bonds that store energy from the metabolism of foods. Hydrolysis of ATP releases energy as it is needed for biochemical processes (for instance, for muscle contraction). Phosphate esters are also important structural constituents of phospholipids and nucleic acids.

    Nitroglycerin

    The explosive nitroglycerin (glyceryl trinitrate) is an ester formed from glycerol and nitric acid. It is used in medicine to relieve chest pain in heart disease.

    Chemical reaction diagram showing the reaction between two organic compounds producing two new compounds and water.

    Exercise \(\PageIndex{1}\)

    What compounds combine to form phosphate esters?

    Answer

    phosphoric acids and alcohols

    Summary

    Inorganic acids such as H3PO4 form esters. The esters of phosphoric acid are especially important in biochemistry.

    9.9: Phosphate Esters is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by LibreTexts.