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18.14: Key Terms

Chemistry - Atoms First · LibreTexts

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    From LibreTexts, under not declared, as the source states it; its equations are written in TeX, which the PDF shows typeset. This page at LibreTexts.

    Example and Directions
    Words (or words that have the same definition) The definition is case sensitive (Optional) Image to display with the definition [Not displayed in Glossary, only in pop-up on pages] (Optional) Caption for Image (Optional) External or Internal Link (Optional) Source for Definition
    (Eg. "Genetic, Hereditary, DNA ...") (Eg. "Relating to genes or heredity") Illustration The infamous double helix https://bio.libretexts.org/ CC-BY-SA; Delmar Larsen
    Glossary Entries
    Word(s) Definition Image Caption Link Source
    acid anhydride compound that reacts with water to form an acid or acidic solution        
    alkaline earth metal any of the metals (beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, and radium) occupying group 2 of the periodic table; they are reactive, divalent metals that form basic oxides        
    allotropes two or more forms of the same element, in the same physical state, with different chemical structures        
    amorphous solid material such as a glass that does not have a regular repeating component to its three-dimensional structure; a solid but not a crystal        
    base anhydride metal oxide that behaves as a base towards acids        
    bicarbonate anion salt of the hydrogen carbonate ion,        
    bismuth heaviest member of group 15; a less reactive metal than other representative metals        
    borate compound containing boron-oxygen bonds, typically with clusters or chains as a part of the chemical structure        
    carbonate salt of the anion often formed by the reaction of carbon dioxide with bases        
    chemical reduction method of preparing a representative metal using a reducing agent        
    chlor-alkali process electrolysis process for the synthesis of chlorine and sodium hydroxide        
    disproportionation reaction chemical reaction where a single reactant is simultaneously reduced and oxidized; it is both the reducing agent and the oxidizing agent        
    Downs cell electrochemical cell used for the commercial preparation of metallic sodium (and chlorine) from molten sodium chloride        
    Frasch process important in the mining of free sulfur from enormous underground deposits        
    Haber process main industrial process used to produce ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen; involves the use of an iron catalyst and elevated temperatures and pressures        
    halide compound containing an anion of a group 17 element in the 1− oxidation state (fluoride, F−; chloride, Cl−; bromide, Br−; and iodide, I−)        
    Hall–Héroult cell electrolysis apparatus used to isolate pure aluminum metal from a solution of alumina in molten cryolite        
    hydrogen carbonate salt of carbonic acid, H2CO3 (containing the anion in which one hydrogen atom has been replaced; an acid carbonate; also known as bicarbonate ion        
    hydrogen halide binary compound formed between hydrogen and the halogens: HF, HCl, HBr, and HI        
    hydrogen sulfate ion        
    hydrogen sulfite ion        
    hydrogenation addition of hydrogen (H2) to reduce a compound        
    hydroxide compound of a metal with the hydroxide ion OH− or the group −OH        
    interhalogen compound formed from two or more different halogens        
    metal (representative) atoms of the metallic elements of groups 1, 2, 12, 13, 14, 15, and 16, which form ionic compounds by losing electrons from their outer s or p orbitals        
    metalloid element that has properties that are between those of metals and nonmetals; these elements are typically semiconductors        
    nitrate ion; salt of nitric acid        
    nitrogen fixation formation of nitrogen compounds from molecular nitrogen        
    Ostwald process industrial process used to convert ammonia into nitric acid        
    oxide binary compound of oxygen with another element or group, typically containing O2− ions or the group –O– or =O        
    ozone allotrope of oxygen; O3        
    passivation metals with a protective nonreactive film of oxide or other compound that creates a barrier for chemical reactions; physical or chemical removal of the passivating film allows the metals to demonstrate their expected chemical reactivity        
    peroxide molecule containing two oxygen atoms bonded together or as the anion,        
    photosynthesis process whereby light energy promotes the reaction of water and carbon dioxide to form carbohydrates and oxygen; this allows photosynthetic organisms to store energy        
    Pidgeon process chemical reduction process used to produce magnesium through the thermal reaction of magnesium oxide with silicon        
    polymorph variation in crystalline structure that results in different physical properties for the resulting compound        
    representative element element where the s and p orbitals are filling        
    representative metal metal among the representative elements        
    silicate compound containing silicon-oxygen bonds, with silicate tetrahedra connected in rings, sheets, or three-dimensional networks, depending on the other elements involved in the formation of the compounds        
    sulfate ion        
    sulfite ion        
    superoxide oxide containing the anion        

     

    This page titled 18.14: Key Terms was last modified on Mon, 21 Aug 2023 06:01:41 GMT and is shared under a not declared license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by OpenStax.