Botany

by Melissa Ha, Maria Morrow, & Kammy Algiers

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Botany generally refers to the study of plants, but other organisms are often included in the field such as photosynthetic bacteria, fungi, algae, and slime molds. Plants are multicellular organisms with complex, eukaryotic cells that contain cell walls, chloroplasts, and other cell structures that are absent in animal cells. They can be studied at many levels, ranging from the molecules that comprise them to cells and tissues to organs to organ systems.

Description from LibreTexts.

Publisher
Yuba College, College of the Redwoods, & Ventura College
Subjects
Biology, Botany
Licence
CC BY-NC 4.0, as LibreTexts states it. Non-commercial use only.
Who can read
Tweens profiles and older, judged from its title and subjects

Contents

LibreTexts writes equations in TeX, and here they show as TeX; the PDF has them typeset.

  1. Front Matter
  2. TitlePage
  3. InfoPage
  4. Table of Contents
  5. Licensing
  6. Program Page
  7. 1: Introduction to Botany
  8. 1.1: Introduction
  9. 1.1.1: The Scientific Method
  10. 1.1.2: Organisms Studied in Botany
  11. 1.1.3: Intro to Evolution
  12. 1.1.4: Life Cycles
  13. 1.1.5: Subfields and Applications in Plant Biology
  14. 1.1.6: Chapter Summary
  15. 2: Biodiversity (Organismal Groups)
  16. 2.1: Systematics
  17. 2.1.1: Introduction
  18. 2.1.2: Organizing Life on Earth
  19. 2.1.3: Determining Evolutionary Relationships
  20. 2.1.4: Perspectives on the Phylogenetic Tree
  21. 2.1.5: Chapter Summary
  22. 2.2: Prokaryotes and Viruses
  23. 2.2.1: Prokaryotes
  24. 2.2.1.1: Cell Structure
  25. 2.2.1.2: Archaea
  26. 2.2.1.3: Bacteria
  27. 2.2.2: Viruses
  28. 2.2.3: Chapter Summary
  29. 2.3: Fungi
  30. 2.3.1: Introduction to Fungi
  31. 2.3.2: Characteristics of Fungi
  32. 2.3.3: Ecology of Fungi
  33. 2.3.4: Microfungi
  34. 2.3.5: Macrofungi
  35. 2.3.6: Importance of Fungi in Human Life
  36. 2.3.7: Chapter Summary
  37. 2.4: "Protists"
  38. 2.4.1: Introduction to Protists
  39. 2.4.2: Heterotrophic "Protists"
  40. 2.4.2.1: Slime Molds
  41. 2.4.2.2: Oomycota
  42. 2.4.3: Photosynthetic "Protists"
  43. 2.4.3.1: Dinoflagellates
  44. 2.4.3.2: Brown Algae and Diatoms
  45. 2.4.3.3: Red and Green Algae
  46. 2.4.4: Chapter Summary
  47. 2.5: Early Land Plants
  48. 2.5.1: Introduction to Early Land Plants
  49. 2.5.2: Bryophytes
  50. 2.5.2.1: Anthocerotophyta
  51. 2.5.2.2: Marchantiophyta
  52. 2.5.2.3: Bryophyta
  53. 2.5.3: Seedless Vascular Plants
  54. 2.5.3.1: Lycopodiopsida
  55. 2.5.3.2: Polypodiopsida
  56. 2.5.4: Chapter Summary
  57. 2.6: Seed Plants
  58. 2.6.1: Introduction to Seed Plants
  59. 2.6.2: Gymnosperms
  60. 2.6.2.1: Cycads and Ginkos
  61. 2.6.2.2: Conifers and Gnetophytes
  62. 2.6.3: Angiosperms
  63. 2.6.3.1: Flowers
  64. 2.6.3.2: Angiosperm Life Cycle
  65. 2.6.4: Chapter Summary
  66. 2.7: Angiosperm Diversity
  67. 2.7.1: Monocots and Eudicots
  68. 2.7.2: Pollination Syndromes
  69. 2.7.3: Fruits and Dispersal
  70. 2.7.4: Angiosperm Families
  71. 2.7.5: Chapter Summary
  72. 3: Plant Structure
  73. 3.1: Cells and Tissues
  74. 3.1.1: Introduction to Cells
  75. 3.1.2: Plant Cell Structure
  76. 3.1.3: Plant Tissues
  77. 3.1.4: Chapter Summary
  78. 3.2: Roots
  79. 3.2.1: Organs and Organ Systems
  80. 3.2.2: External Root Structure
  81. 3.2.3: Internal Root Structure
  82. 3.2.4: Root Modifications
  83. 3.2.5: Chapter Summary
  84. 3.3: Stems
  85. 3.3.1: Stem Morphology (External Structure)
  86. 3.3.2: Internal Anatomy of the Primary Stem
  87. 3.3.3: Secondary Stem
  88. 3.3.4: Stem Modifications
  89. 3.3.5: Chapter Summary
  90. 3.4: Leaves
  91. 3.4.1: External Structure of Leaves
  92. 3.4.2: Internal Leaf Structure
  93. 3.4.3: Leaf Modifications
  94. 3.4.4: Chapter Summary
  95. 4: Plant Physiology and Regulation
  96. 4.1: Photosynthesis and Respiration
  97. 4.1.1: Energy and ATP
  98. 4.1.2: Aerobic Cellular Respiration
  99. 4.1.3: Photosynthesis Overview and Equation
  100. 4.1.4: Discovery of Photosynthesis
  101. 4.1.5: The Light-dependent Reactions
  102. 4.1.6: Light-independent Reactions
  103. 4.1.7: Photorespiration and Photosynthetic Pathways
  104. 4.1.8: Chapter Summary
  105. 4.2: Environmental Responses
  106. 4.2.1: Tropisms
  107. 4.2.2: Flowering
  108. 4.2.3: Photoperiodism
  109. 4.2.4: Etiolation and Shade Avoidance
  110. 4.2.5: Dormancy
  111. 4.2.6: Chapter Summary
  112. 4.3: Nutrition and Soils
  113. 4.3.1: Essential Elements
  114. 4.3.2: Soils
  115. 4.3.3: Nutrient Cycles
  116. 4.3.4: Chapter Summary
  117. 4.4: Hormones
  118. 4.4.1: Auxin
  119. 4.4.2: Cytokinins
  120. 4.4.3: Gibberellins
  121. 4.4.4: Abscisic Acid
  122. 4.4.5: Ethylene
  123. 4.4.6: Summary Table
  124. 4.4.7: Other Signaling Molecules
  125. 4.4.8: Chapter Summary
  126. 4.5: Transport
  127. 4.5.1: Water Transport
  128. 4.5.1.1: Water Potential
  129. 4.5.1.2: Transpiration
  130. 4.5.1.3: Cohesion-Tension Theory
  131. 4.5.1.4: Water Absorption
  132. 4.5.2: Translocation (Assimilate Transport)
  133. 4.5.3: Chapter Summary
  134. 4.6: Development
  135. 4.6.1: Embryogenesis
  136. 4.6.2: Meristems
  137. 4.6.3: Mature Embryos and Seed Structure
  138. 4.6.4: Germination
  139. 4.6.5: Shoot Development
  140. 4.6.6: Chapter Summary
  141. 5: Ecology and Conservation
  142. 5.1: Population Ecology
  143. 5.1.1: Population Size and Density
  144. 5.1.2: Life Histories and Natural Selection
  145. 5.1.3: Environmental Limits to Population Growth
  146. 5.1.4: Population Dynamics and Regulation
  147. 5.1.5: Chapter Summary
  148. 5.2: Communities and Ecosystems
  149. 5.2.1: Communities
  150. 5.2.2: Community Interactions
  151. 5.2.3: Symbiosis
  152. 5.2.4: Biodiversity in Ecosystems
  153. 5.2.5: Succession
  154. 5.2.6: Ecosystem
  155. 5.2.7: Energy and Energy Flow
  156. 5.2.8: Food Chains and Food Webs
  157. 5.2.9: Chapter Summary
  158. 5.3: Conservation
  159. 5.3.1: The Value of Biodiversity
  160. 5.3.2: Threats to Biodiversity
  161. 5.3.3: Preserving Biodiversity
  162. 5.3.4: Chapter Summary
  163. 5.4: Terrestrial Biomes
  164. 5.4.1: Introduction
  165. 5.4.2: Climate and Biomes
  166. 5.4.3: Tropical Rainforest
  167. 5.4.4: Tropical Deciduous Forest
  168. 5.4.5: Savannas
  169. 5.4.6: Desert
  170. 5.4.7: Mediterranean (Chaparral)
  171. 5.4.8: Temperate Grasslands (Prairie)
  172. 5.4.9: Temperate Deciduous Forests
  173. 5.4.10: 22.10 Temperate Rainforest
  174. 5.4.11: Boreal (Coniferous) Forests
  175. 5.4.12: Arctic Tundra
  176. 5.4.13: Chapter Summary
  177. Back Matter
  178. Index
  179. Detailed Licensing