Journal of the American Institute of Architects, January 06, 1922

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J OURNAL ‚© ТНЕ AMERICAN, INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS © Education and Other Things С.Н. W. Thatch—II CHARLES G. HARPER ` The Small House Service Bureau EDWIN H. BROWN Who Was Mislead ? FREDERICK L. ACKERMAN Housing in New York City CLARENCE S. STEIN Structural Service Department JANUARY 1022 EN Ex. 1827

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ELEVATORS OTIS For more hana half-century OTIS ELEVATOR COMPANY E “an SS NN ХХ : SN SATA. = Aves: 0 = سم‎ M - n 1 ИШҮ М mim nm 11] ШІ) im > | ІҢ! IIT У il! АШ . vul ax | тош кг L— —8 YF — © i © ә

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IV PLUMBING WARE [N the power plant and sanitation equipment of mod- ern industry "yerum! ز مسج‎ RT ЖУУ. POO ти , » ^ Ё Ұ n 2 2 LI + ^ LOB & رو یٹ‎ EOE RO “кн 2 ža 4 а CRANE SERVICE assures permanent satis- faction; whether it be the drainage piping or the plumbing fixtures of an ex- tensive sanitation arrange- ment, or the high pressure superheated steam lines of an enormous power plant. М. Е. Smith Building Omaha, Nebraska Crane Equipped Е. S. Stott Architect We are manufacturers of about 20,000 articles, in- cluding valves, pipe fittings, and steam specialties, made of brass, iron, ferrosteel, cast steel and forged steel, in all sizes, for all pressures and all purposes, and are distributors through the trade, of pipe, heating and plumbing materials. Jas. A. Stewart & Co. General Contractors Sanitary Plumbing Co. Pl'g. & Htg. Contrs. SALES OFFICES, WAREHOUSES AND SHOWROOMS? BOSTON ATLANTIC CITY MEMPHIS SPRINGFIELD NEWARK LITTLE ROCK HARTFORD CAMDEN MUSKOGEE WORKS: CHICAGO AND BRIDGEPORT INDIANAPOLIS ST. PAUL SEATTLE DETROIT MINNEAPOLIS TACOMA FOUNDED BY Я, T. CRANE, 1688 CHICAGO WINONA PORTLAND BALTIMORE ROCKFORD BRIDGEPORT ROCHESTER NEW YORK HARLEM ALBANY BROCKLYN PHILADELPHIA READING WASHINGTON SYRACUSE BUFFALO SAVANNAH ATLANTA KNOXVILLE BIRMINGHAM TULSA OKLAHOMA CITY WICHITA ST. LOUIS KANSAS CITY TERRE HAUTE CINCINNATI CRANE CO. 836 SO. MICHIGAN AVE. CHICAGO OSHKOSH GRAND RAPIDS DAVENPORT DES MOINES OMAHA SIOUX CITY MANKATO DULUTH FARGO WATERTOWN ABERDEEN GREAT FALLS BILLINGS SPOKANE POCATELLO SALT LAKE CITY OGDEN * RENO SACRAMENTO OAKLAND SAN FRANCISCO LOS ANGELES CRANE-BENNETT, кто LONDON, ENG. CRANE LIMITED MONTREAL, TORONTO. VANCOUVER, WINNIPEG, CALGARY, REGINA, HALIFAX OTTAWA. INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS January, 1922

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JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS Volume X JANUARY, 1922 Number 1 CONTENTS PAGE WASHINGTON Hricurs—NEWwW YORK CITY . . وو و‎ . . . . . . Frontispiece SHADOWS AND STRAWS uM Mcd C.H.W. 1 JIHATCH—II. . 9 225: ,? 5 ы x a Charles G. Harper 4 SMALL House SERVICE BUREAU یف وہ یا‎ s.s. s. ےو‎ s. Edwin Н. Brown 14 AMERICAN ACADEMY IN ROME . . . . . . . . . . ^. . ^. . | . . 14 AMERICAN ARCHITECTURE IN ENGLAND . . . . . 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. . —. i . 16 THE PROFESSOR AND THE HousiNcG EMERGENCY ٹہکو"کےاےگ,‪ٌٹ9‎ s. s. . . Clarence S. Stein 19 MILWAUKEE SQUARELY FAcES THE Нооѕімс PROBLEM > Xe ж “A oh سے‎ M ж в “ae Г: CORRESPONDENCE: Мівіер-вү WHAT? . . . و . . . یو‎ | Frederick L. Ackerman 22 THE FEE-PLus-Cosr SYSTEM . . . . . . John Graham 23 On Вопюхс CHURCHES . . . . و ےو ےو‎ Д. Н. Kendall 4 МЕК Мота 22. 2... و ھی و وھ ھی 1 و . ھ‎ 24 STRUCTURAL SERVICE DEPARTMENT Т020........0.0.0.0.0.0. 25 Published Monthly by THE PRESS OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS, INC. PRESIDENT, Thomas В. Kimball, Omaha; Secretary, William Stanley Parker, Boston: Treasurer, D. Everett Waid, New York City; Directors, Herbert B. Briggs (Briggs & Nelson), Cleveland; М. Max Dunning, Chicago; Ben J. Lubschez, New York City; M. B. Medary, Jr. (Zantzinger, Borie & Medary), Philadelphia; George C. Nimmons (George C. Nimmons & Co.), Chicago; Stephen Francis Voorhees (McKenzie, Voorhees & Gmelin), New York City. CHARLES HARRIS WHITAKER, 7 The Octagon House, Washington, D. C. 313 East 23d Street, New York, N. Y. бо CENTS A COPY. $5 PER YEAR. (Foreign, $6) Checks or Р. О. orders should be made payable to The Press of the American Institute of Architects, Inc. Copyright, January 1922, by the Press of the American Institute of Architects, Inc. Entered as second-class matter, May 11, 1920, at the Post Office at Washington, D. C., under Act of Congress of August 24, 1912. Acceptance for mailing at special rate of postage provided for in section 1103, Act of October 3, 1917, authorized by the Third Assistant Postmaster General.

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VI | | ROOFING (Barrett Specifications) Crossesection of a Barrett Specification Roof. Note the uniform distribution of Pitch between p layers of Felt. Right Construction is Half the Roof— TUDY the illustrations at the right. In these the successive steps in the building-up of a Barrett Specification Roof over concrete are graphically shown. Тһе Barrett Specification de- scribes in detail the manner in which the roof shall be laid, because right construction 1s just as important as the use of right materials. The Barrett Specification Roof for flat or nearly flàt roofed buildings, consists of several alternate layers of Specification Pitch and Specification Felt, with a surface covering of gravel or slag. These materials are used because 60 years’ experience | The concrete roof-deck is heavily mopped with a has pr oved— uniform coating of Barrett Specification Pitch. —that no other bitumen has the weather- resisting properties of this high grade pitch; —that no other kind of felt has the lasting tensile strength of this carefully selected felt; —that no other surfacing material renders a roof so highly fire-resistant as gravel or slag which serves the further purpose of holding in place the extra-thick poured top coat of Barrett Specification Pitch. Have your roofing contract call for the 20- or 10-year Surety Bond Guaranty. This is issued free of charge through the U. S. Fidel- Tarred Felt on the pitch seal coat. Four ity and Guaranty Company of Baltimore. fe entre roof surface, cach ply overlap. Then you will be sure that Barrett Specifica- 275 'ireeourths of the preceding pl». tion materials will be applied, in sufficient quantities and by proper methods. For all Barrett Specification Bonded Roofs are constructed urider the watchful eye of an experienced Barrett inspector who is 08 Гей: Mopping on the Barrett Specifica- tion Pitch. Each layer of felt is hermeti- cally sealed to the adjoining layer by thé pitch waterproofing. In no spot do thé layers touch each other. Right: Laying the Barrett Specification be sure to read d a ally all the stipulations in the зел Full details regarding these Bonded Roofs and copies of The Barrett Specifications sent free on request. The Gail Company <p New York Chicago Philadelphia Boston St. Louis Cleveland Cincinnati | А Pittsburgh Detroit New Orleans Birmingham Капѕаѕ Сіќу Minneapolis Dallas Nashville Syracuse Seattle Peoria Atlanta Duluth SaltLakeCity Bangor Washington. Johnstown Lebanon Youngstown Milwaukee Toledo Columbus Richmond Latrobe Bethlehem Elizabeth Buffalo Baltimore Omaha Houston Denver Jacksonville THE BARRETT COMPANY, LIMITED: Montreal, Toronto, Winnipeg, Vancouver, St. John, N.B., Halifax, N.S. A A ۷ 1 2 | 1 | | i ger nm ۳۳ | MP الاو‎ й | INDUSTRIAL SECTION JouRNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS January, 1022 `

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THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS THE OCTAGON HOUSE, WASHINGTON, D. C. OFFICERS Рүезідепі ...------smeesecsesenereencncececcscencnceverecssecesevectesecsensasensatecssceacerscesceecceeeee-eLLENRY Н. KENDALL, Boston, Mass. First Vice-President. ааыа мин میس حسم‎ WILLIAM В. FAVILLE, San Francisco, Cal. Мө ТОҚ АР OEN ЖИНИНЕ НЕНИН ИННЕК КАК ККК РАККА ROBERT D. Koun, New York City. فووووسوسوووشسس0د‌سش‌سشسسەںرسوەەسس.سشینر۱ی/ںں ۶ َ9گخ]٤صییسٹبھ_ھھھ۸ھھ۱٭ٛ٭“ببٗصصٹیرٹااہ ںی ہہ‎ WILLIAM STANLEY PARKER, Boston, Mass. TPC OS UT ET nn serre سم‎ mta سم‎ nanna nanase DD. EVERETT УУлір, 1 Madison Ave., New York City. BOARD OF DIRECTORS For One Year (1921-22) Epwin Н. Hewitt, 1200 2nd Avenue So., Minneapolis, Minn. WILLIAM B. ITTNER, Board of Education Building, St. Louis, Mo. ERNEST J. RUSSELL, Chemical Building, St. Louis, Mo. For Two Years (1921-23) CHARLES H. ALDEN, Empire Building, Seattle, Wash. N. Max DuNNiNG, 310 South Wabash Ave., Chicago, Ill. ABRAM GARFIELD, Garfield Building, Cleveland, Ohio. For Three Years (1921-24) Epwin Bercstrom, Citizens National Bank Bldg., Los Angeles, Cal. CHARLES А. Favrot, Title Guarantee Bldg., New Orleans, La. L. P. WHEAT, JR., 808 Seventeenth St., Washington, D. C. . Institute Counsel................ ARTHUR PETER, Washington, D. C. LIST OF CHAPTERS, 1920 ALABAMA.—* George B. Rogers, Van Antwerp Bldg., Mobile; TEugene H. Knight, 1607 Empire Bldg., Birmingham. ARKANSAS.—*Eugene J. Stern, Gazette Bldg. Little Rock; Lawson L. Delony, 2407 Louisiana St., Little Rock. BALTIMORE.—*Howard Sill, 11 E. Pleasant St.; 6 Hall Fowler, 347 N. Charles St. Boston.—*Charles A. Coolidge, 122 Ames Bldg.; tEdward H. Hoyt, 220 Devonshire St. BROOKLYN.—*John В. Slee, 154 Montague St., Brooklyn, New York City; Thos. E. Snook, Jr., 154 Montague St., Brooklyn. BuFFALO.—*Charles S. Wood, 19 West Huron St.; Louis Greenstein, Prudential Bldg. CENTRAL New Yorkx.—*Walter Н. Whitlock, Security Mu- tual Bldg., Binghamton; ТҮУ. V. Madden, 125 Sibley Block, Rochester. CiNcINNATI.—*Gustave W. Drach, Union Trust Bldg.; fJos. G. Stenkamp, Mercantile Library Bldg. CLEVELAND.—*Charles W. Hopkinson, 900 Rose Bldg.; TW. W. Sabin, 1900 Euclid Avenue. Co.Lorapo.—* Arthur A. Fisher, Century Bldg., Denver; tR. O. Parry, 407 Clarkson St., Denver. CoLuMBUs.—*Orlando C. Miller, 20 So. 3rd Street, Colum- bus; tRobert R. Reeves, 20 So. Third St. CoNNEcrICUT.—*Louis A. Walsh, 51 Leavenworth St., Water- bury; tDelbert K. Perry, City Hall, New Britain. DAvTON.—*Louis Lott, Commercial Bldg.; tH. J. Williams, 908-920 Mutual Home Bldg. Ем CHAPTER: C. Paxton Cody, President, 406 Ariel Bldg., Erie, Pa.; Armin Schotte, Marine Bank Bldg., Erie, Pa. FLORIDA.—* George І. Pfeiffer, Villa Florence, Lemon City, Fla.; THenrietta C. Dozier, Bisbee Bldg., Jacksonville, Fla. GeorciA.—*P. Thornton Marye (acting), Alfriend Bldg., Atlanta; fArthur Neal Robinson, 623 Candler Bldg. Atlanta. ILLINOIS.—* Albert M. Saxe, 64 E. Van Buren St, Chicago; TJohn A. Armstrong, 127 М. Dearborn St., Chicago. INDIANA.—*Ennis R. Austin, 731 J. M. S. Building, South Bend; tHerbert Foltz, Lemcke Annex, Indianapolis. IowA.—*Mortimer B. Cleveland, 215 Prospect Avenue, Waterloo, Iowa; tEugene H. Taylor, 222 South Third St., Cedar Rapids. Kansas City.—*H. F. Нон, 607 Reliance Bldg; tSamuel Greenbaum, 216 Scarritt Bldg. KANsAS.—*Lorenz Schmidt, 121 Market St, Wichita; 1Prof. Sa Е. Baker, Kansas State Agricultural College, Man- attan. KENTUCKY.—*Val P. Collins, 624 Paul Jones Bldg.; fF. L. Morgan, 1110 Cherokee Road, Louisville. LouistiANA.—* Victor Wogan, Title Guarantee Bldg.; tSolis Seiferth, Maison Blanche Bldg., New Orleans. MicHIGAN.—*D. J. V. Snyder, 1103 Union Trust Bldg., De- troit; tA. G. Donaldson, 1314 Penobscot Bldg., Detroit. MiNNEsOTA.—*Harry T. Downs, 619 New York Life Bldg., Minneapolis; {Јеготе Paul Jackson, 1200 2nd Ave. So., Minneapolis. MONTANA.—*John G. Link, Billings; TW. К. Plew, Bozeman. NEBRASKA.—*H. W. Meginnis, 533 Bankers Life Bldg. Lin- coln; Т). D. Sandham, World-Herald Bldg., Omaha. New Jersey.—*H. Т. Stephens, United Bank Bldg., Paterson; 1Hugh Roberts, 1 Exchange Place, Jersey City. New YorK.—*Charles Butler, 56 West 45th St, New York; ТКісһтопа Н. Shreve, 215 West 57th St, New York. NORTH CAROLINA—*W. C. Northup, Winston-Salem; TEarl G. Stillwell, Hendersonville. OnEGON.—*W. С. Purcell, 812 Spaulding Bldg, Portland; 1George M. Post, 619 Railway Exch. Bldg., Portland. PHILADELPHIA.—Geo. I. Lovatt, 416 Walnut St.; ТРаш A. Davis, III, 1713 Sansom St. PITTSBURGH.—*S. Е. Heckert, Bessemer Bldg.; {Stanley L. Roush, 1210 Chamber of Commerce Bldg. : RHODE IsLanp.—*F. Ellis Jackson, 1216 Turk’s Head Bldg., Providence; tNorman М. Isham, 915 Turk’s Head Bldg., Providence. SAN Francisco.—*G. А. Applegarth, 1800 Claus Spreckles Bldg.; tJ. S. Fairweather, 1001 Balboa Bldg. SOUTH CaRoLINA.—*Nat. Gaillard Walker, Rock Hill; ТН. Olin Jones, Greenville. SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA.—Edwin Bergstrom, 1129 Citizens National Bank Bldg, Los Angeles; TR. С. Hubby, 6412 Hollywood Boulevard, Los Angeles. SOUTHERN PENNSYLVANIA.—*Edward Leber, 42 West Market St, York; TW. B. Billmeyer, 268 East Market St., York. ST. Lovuis.—*W. L. Rathmann, 1501 Chemical Bldg.; tW. O. Mullgardt, Chemical Bldg. Sr. PAUL CHAPTER.—*Thomas С. Holyoke, Endicott Bldg., St. Paul; ТЕ. А. Slifer, Endicott Bldg., St. Paul. T'ENNESSEE.—*W alk C. Jones, 110 Porter Bldg.; ТВ. S. Cairns, 528 Madison Ave. Bldg., Memphis. TExas.—*Herbert M. Greene, North Texas Bldg. Dallas; Clarence C. Bulger, 4020 Swiss Avenue, Dallas. ToLepo.—*Harry W. Wachter, 908 Nicholas Bldg.; fCharles A. Langdon, Nicholas Building. UrAH.—*Leslie S. Hodgson, 2255 Madison Ave. Ogden; Taylor Woolley, McIntyre Bldg., Salt Lake City. ViRGINIA.—*Fiske Kimball, University of Virginia, Char- lottesville; 1C. J. Calrow, New Monroe Bldg., Norfolk. WASHINGTON, D. C.—*Percy C. Adams, Woodward Bldg.; TL. P. Wheat, Jr., 808 Seventeenth St, №. W. WASHINGTON STATE—*Carl Е. Gould, Hoge Building, Seattle; TH. O. Sexsmith, University of Washington, Seattle. WiscoNsIN.—*Peter Brust, 233 Queen Ann's Place, Milwau- kee; TW. W. Judell, 445 Milwaukee St., Milwaukee. ыы with the Boston Chapter, November‏ ک0 .1917 ,1 *Presidents. TSecretaries. Information as to registration laws now in force in the following states may be obtained as follows: California—State Board of Architecture, Phelan Bldg., San Francisco. Colorado—State Board of Examiners of Architects, Denver. Florida— State Board of Architecture, 135 East Bay Street, Jacksonville. Georgia—State Board for Registration of Architects, Atlanta. Idaho—Department of Law Enforcement, Boise. Illinois—Department of Education and Registration, Springfield. Louisiana—State Board of Architectural Examiners, New Orleans. Michigan—State Board for Registration of Architects, Detroit. Montana— Board of Architectural Examiners, Helena. New Jersey—State Board of Architects, Trenton. New York—State Board of Registration of Archi- tects, Albany. North Carolina—State Board of Architectural Examination and Registration, Greensboro. North Dakota—State Board of Architecture, Bismarck. Oregon—State Board of Architectural Examiners, Portland. Pennsylvania—State Board of Examiners of Architects, Harrisburg. South Carolina—State Board of Architectural Examiners, Columbia. Tennessee—Examining Board for Architects amd Engineers, Nashville. Utah—State Board of Architecture, Salt Lake City. Virginia—State Board for the Examination and Certification of Architects, Professional Engineers and Land Surveyors, Richmond. | Washington—State Board for Registration o Architects, Olympia. Wisconsin—Board of Examiners of Architects, Madison. Such laws are pending in Indiana, Iowa, and innesota.

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BUILDING MATERIAL (Limestone) | ۱ IX - — — — — — — — — е - — - F ` To Architects and I m the Stone Гтаае— On the dawn of this New Year we desire to express our appreciation of your interest and patronage accorded us during Nineteen Hundred Twenty One.. In anticipation of a large volume of business this year, . we extend to you a cordial invitation to visit Bedford, for we believe that an inspection of the home of Indiana Limestone, this vast natural stone deposit and the development of the quarries, will undoubtedly prove of great interest and advantage to you. During your stay in Bedford, we ate pleased to offer you the convenience and courtesies of The Bedford Stone Club, where you will find a friendly hearth and genial hospitality always. МА SSNS “ЛАП АУ ( / و S VUE F‏ 2% А.‏ И | ANS N CEN қ, 7 "М Indiana Limestone Quarrymen’s Association Box 769, Bedford, Indiana INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS January, 1922

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X ۱ ۱ ۱ | : BOILERS AND RADIATORS SMITH BOILERS For Burning All Fuels—such as Anthracite Coal Bituminous Coal Coke | Lignites Wood Oil Boilers for Low Pressure Steam and Hot Water Heating and Hot Water Supply BOILERS Mills Water Tube With Smokeless Furnace SMITH With Grate Reduced With Grate Full Size H-B and Menlo Smith Service Boiler © g m UPTTTYTTTYTTTT! No. 6o Smith A ce ІНІН! Кас АЗ 1 RADIATORS DIRECTS Single Column Two Column Three Column Five Column Window | | No. 60 Smith and Wall | Grate Reduced THE H. B. SMITH CO. Manufacturers of Boilers and Radiators NEW YORK, N. Y. PHILADELPHIA, PA. WESTFIELD, MASS. BOSTON, 10 East 39th St. 17th and Arch Sta. 57 Main St. . 640 Main St., Cambridge, Mass. INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS January, 1922

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' ' ] After the photograph by Ben J. Lubschez WASHINGTON HEIGHTS, New York Сітү

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JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS Vol. X JANUARY, 1922 No. 1 Shadows and Straws thought. The Institute's Committee оп Registration, for example, might perhaps have its attention directed to the recent statement of Lady Astor, as chronicled in current press reports. “Мо architect," says she, “ought to be permitted to build a family house until he has married and has had three children, and then he should first submit his plans to his wife." We are reminded, in this con- nection, of the lady who called on an architect and submitted a drawing of a bungalow she proposed to build. The space was laid out quite intelligently, and her opinion was that the need for an architect was more or less slight and that his compensation ought therefore to be considerably reduced. The architect, noticing that the cellar stairs descended from the parlor, modestly inquired whether that was her expressed desire. “Well,” she replied, “І don't see where else to put them." EpucaTION, on the meaning of which there is so great divergence, is greatly to the fore among our English brethren. An interesting episode in the con- troversy relates to the theatrical performances of Shakespeare arranged by the London County Council for the benefit of elementary school children. ` The legality of the expenditure involved was chal- lenged. Asa result, the Lord Chief Justice has given the finding that the court “could not see that a theatre was a place of educational interest." This, says a critic, hits the modern idea of education full in the face, and with no apology to follow.” He like- wise points out that while it 1s still legal to take the children to the Tower of London as an aid to the teaching of history, the ruling out of one art from school curricula may very properly be regarded as a precedent for the suppression of the rest. We are still badly in need of an understanding as to what an educated person is, it seems. PossiBLY some light has been shed by the report of the Committee appointed to inquire into the teach- ing of English in the land of its nativity. Іс has aroused the keenest interest, is widely commented upon, and seems to be esteemed as a very worth- | г. ENGLAND comes much food for while statement on the subject. The report insists, says Mr. Clutton-Brock, the distinguished essayist, “upon two things so obvious that they have been forgotten—namely, that we are not educated at all unless we learn to use our own language, and that we do not learn to use it by nature; that is to say, by talking alone. Croce has pointed out that the unit of language is not the word but the sentence; words have no real existence, no precise meaning, except in sentences, and because most of us at present cannot find the language for the thought our thought does not exist. We have a process which we call thought, but which consists in finding reasons for believing what we want to believe.” What a truism! The world blunders on by a process of rationalisation,—by cheating itself in both thought and language. “We must cheat ourselves in the process of thought,” says Mr. Clutton-Brock, “апа this we are able to do just because we allow our language to cheat us. What is worse, we not only cheat ourselves but allow others to cheat us, because, having no command of language, we do not see that they are misusing it.” In somewhat vulgar terms, but with beautiful pre- cision, the process in America has been called “ chew- ing the news-print cud.” YET IF Сілу/ттом-Вкоск sheds light, we are at once plunged into fresh obscurity. Lord Robert Cecil, by many considered as the coming statesman of England, speaking recently on the subject of the workingman's education, said: “Broadly speaking, things have been managed by educated people. But there seems to be required something more than education for managing the affairs of а great country.” This is a stinger, as one might say, for it is tantamount to a confession that our so-called educated people are quite impotent to prescribe or conduct a process of education. To be sure, Lord Robert added that “‘the acquisition of education was not real education. Education was only valuable if it taught people to think.” But this leaves small food to gloat over. A civilization which has allowed propaganda to pass as thought, and to accept the

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THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS currency while lying down supinely, will have to shake itself roundly if it really wishes to make education the means of extricating us from the present con- dition of things. And nothing but education—not the old kind—will do the trick. No wonder that optimism is showing signs of fatigue. FOLLOWING upon precedent now somewhat firmly established in this country—and perhaps elsewhere; we do not know—the Royal Institute of British Architects is considering the award of a medal for the “best street building” erected in London during the coming year. The press takes up the proposal and speculates on the fact that “while music, paint- ing, sculpture, and literature have to face the full battery of criticism in the journals devoted to these subjects, architecture alone is secluded from all critical shocks. The impression the layman gets is that all buildings are equal in the sight of the editor." "There is more than a modicum of truth in that statement. And yet, we wonder, what is the use of the flood of public criticism? What propor- tion of it is of the slightest value? What share of it is based upon real culture? And of what influence is it, in the final analysis. When art is alive, people talk about it. When it is dead, they write about it, using the poorest language we have in which to try to explain the better one we have forgotten—or lost. YET THE TRAIL of business runs here asever. The word language has been taken over, lock, stock, and barrel, as an accessory to the traffic of barter and sale. No word is sacred. No word meaning en- dures. All is distorted, magnified, superlatived, and crammed down our paralyzed gateways to the brain like wadding into a barrel. But nothing ever goes off. There are no explosions. It is just a stuffing process, and of that process, criticism pre- tends to occupy an exalted and useful share. Рег- haps! But the power of appreciation is a personal matter. Beauty has a million messages. Few get all of them. Hardly a being who does not get some of them. How many have been helped to get more by reading what someone else believed to be the one and only true message revealed, or by reading why the one and only true message was not revealed? We think very few, for criticism has become a trade like the rest, and thrives not upon the instinct for creating things but by dissecting and often mangling beyond recovery, the creator in embryo. We speak here of public criticism only, as distinguished from the wise counsel extended by the master to the pupil. That’s a different question. There we see art still alive, or in process of becoming alive through creation. In the other field—words, words, words— and what comes alive? Really alive to completeness? Is THE REMEDY sought one of building up or of tearing away? Both, very likely. The tale of the “ivy green” seems а propos. For years its foliage has been reverenced as an adornment to architecture. The “уу mantled” wall is almost as stock in language, as money in a bank. But Oxford, under wise guid- ance and somewhat goaded to the effort by a group of architects, has found that buildings dug out from under the ivy were much more beautiful than had been thought. Of course, in tearing down the in- sidious thing, whose tendrils will eventually bring down the stoutest wall, one has to be careful. Much ivy serves a very useful purpose. It had better be left to complete its work of destruction. But this merely serves to remind us that it is easier to tear down than to know what to tear down. And then, if we tore down all that was thought to be ugly, even though we took no more than a census among archi- tects, there would not be so many buildings left! Most of our cities would disappear. What then? Should we repeat? Most people so affirm, which leaves life a desperate tragedy. Can we think in better terms? If so, we can change it all. Only that is impossible which cannot be imagined. Рег- haps imagination— creative thought"—4s the key. MAGINATION! And yet! How far we still lag behind the dream out of which the shape emerges. How small the social impact of even the boldest or the loveliest of dreams. How untranslatable are so many of our desires, though the picture lures us on with feet unflagging, even straight to meet the shrapnel splinter or to breathe the lethal cloud. Man's thirst for beauty—his longing for truth, justice, call it what you will—outstrip, with ever flying feet, his blunder- ing plodding pace. Well was it said by Lord Robert Cecil that we need a new sort of education, since it is the educated who have left us in the desert of business. Nature, ever alert with her checks and balances, has remained silent. Against business, which lives off the fruits of industry, no check has yet come. Education, instead of understanding business and the chaos into which it has plunged a large part of the world, still thinks of it as synonymous with industry. Yet the people who live by business multiply faster than those who live by productive work. Has education some- thing to do with that? Mr. ARTHUR PouND’s exceedingly interesting artic- les on the sociological effect of the automatic tool, in recent issues of the Atlantic are of unusual significance. We quite agree that the ultimate result will be direr in its consequences than anything we have yet imagined as human punishment, unless men bestir themselves. But our whole educational machinery is at present so incapable of being of the slightest assistance that well may Mr. Pound give open vent to his fears. For our part, we would like to point out that in the building trades, where the automatic tool has made no such in- roads upon hand work as in the automobile business, the same sociological effects are quite apparent. Тһе

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SHADOWS AND STRAWS decline in numbers of workers—the breakdown, steady and deadly, in the quality of workmanship, are two vital questions which have been wholly overlooked in the pseudo-economic propaganda which has stultified our press and been echoed about by leading citizens. Mr. Pound sees the consequences of this clearly—and says so with brutal frankness—and we imagine that architects are beginning to glimpse it as they pursue the vanishing plasterer and the evanescent mason. Yes—we think that education has failed here quite as signally as elsewhere. Вот FOR SHEER stupidity—for a failure so monstrous as to be barely short of criminal—whatever that means in non-legalistic verbiage—consider the case of a some- what prominent “city planner" who was about to de- liver, іп one of our large cities, an address on “The American City of the Future.” An hour or two before the event, it was suggested that some questions be pre- pared in order that they might be addressed to him at the close of the lecture. One of the questions written down was this: “What will be the effect on the Ameri- can City of the Future of the private capitalization of site value of land, and inasmuch as this process has pro- duced our present cities, how can we accomplish any- thing without a change in point of view?” The lecturer confessed at once that he had never given this question any thought and that he would prefer not to have it asked. Now imagine an audience in Stockholm or Copenhagen or Rotterdam or Ulm or in any European city where city planning dreams have been accompanied with an economic analysis—imagine such an audience entertaining a lecturer who could not answer them such a question! He would be roundly hissed off the stage, as he would deserve. Yet in America our professional dreamers can pursue their plan of completely deceiving and misleading the in- habitants of our cities by making them believe that city planning can give them a cure for their ills without in any way disturbing the business method of producing cities. What abominable fraud! Has education failed here? Indeed, where has it succeeded in averting the social consequences of the individual lust for conquest ? Can it succeed in that connection? With Mr. Pound, we hope that it can, but we think it will have to hurry up just a little, and that all of us will have to look not at the automatic tool but at the motive that con- trols it. We also, will have to seek the difference be- tween business and the productive process—between the pyramiding of capital and the releasing and un- shackling of public credit. Сап education teach the difference between “industrialism” and business? Shall we be able, some day, to distinguish between the build- ing business and the building industry? Will such eager searchers and thinkers as Mr. Pound go on, or will they stop off at the point beyond which editors do not commonly allow them to go? THE NOBEL Prize in literature to Anatole France! It pleases a great deal, for in literature he stands quite alone. There have been others who combined many of his qualities, but none who combined quite all of them. If it is true, as report has it, that Thomas Hardy was at first thought to be destined for the honor, it may well be that architecture has lost a near chance. Hardy was an architect who went over to literature, for which we think the world may be most thankful. At times, as in "Under the Greenwood Tree” and the *Woodlanders," Hardy came close to the subtle humor of France—yet nothing of Hardy's ever approached “Та Rotissérie de la Reine Pédauqe." Nor do "Life's Little Ironies" quite equal that collection of tales in “L Etui de Nacre.” And then, when Hardy sat him- self down to do “Тһе Dynasts," Anatole France poured out “Pierre Noziére," “Le Livre de mon Ami," “Le Petit Pierre"—those amazing bits of biography in which, through the lips of a child, he gives forth the ripened wisdom and philosophy of one who has touched life seemingly with such gentleness and yet with what vitality, what eager seeking, what patience, what calm, what penetrating gaze. In limpid phrase and ex- quisitely molded thought he lets the clear stream flow. Не has his turbid moments as in “Les Dieux on Soif” or as in “Le Lys Rouge," but these, after all, are pools that soon settle, and we may always turn to the cycle of Monsieur Bergeret for instant delight. Hardy was much like him in clarity and limpidity, and perhaps the difference between them is that Hardy painted as he saw, leaving the reader to weave his own philosophy of cause and effect in the affairs of men, ( Hardy has denied the charge of being fatalistic) while France interpreted in terms of philosophy, satire, ridicule, and humor, touching all things to that very quick where laughter and tears hang in the balance, laying all things bare, yet holding life sacred ever. ‘To read and know Anatole France seems better than to have been graduated from any institutionalized educational process that we have yet evolved, though one would not wish to give up “Tess,” or “The Mayor of Casterbridge," or “Тһе Return of the Native," or "Far From the Madding Crowd." In all of these we guess the architect Hardy might have been. We feel to our very depths the rich pattern of his art—the delicate shadowy brush strokes tracing night winds on the heath—the spots of color in his hills, now noble, now tragic—the living design of road and field and tree, where joy and majesty and sorrow and pain took their everlasting way and found their everlasting rest. Indeed, in his hands, all nature became a crowd of living personalities with destined parts to play. Yet his men and women were never heroic. If architecture here lost, then literature as surely won. And even though Hardy had to give way, the trustees have at last given a literary honor and dis- tinction to the Nobel prize. C. H. W.

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Thatch—II By CHARLES G. HARPER N the case of thatch-renewal, not often is the old covering stripped, but new is laid on the old; and the merest casual wayfarer may readily see with what thoroughness, or lack of it, the work has been per- formed ; not only by the difference in colour, but by the varying thicknesses with which the roofs are covered. Here an attic window looks out immediately open-eyed upon the sunlight, there another peers forth, blinkingly, as from behind beetling eyebrows, from half a yard’s depth of straw, shading off from a coal-black substra- tum to a coffee-coloured layer, and thence to the amber top-coating of the latest addition. Thus, when Thomas Hardy describes Bere Regis as a “blinking little place,". he fits it with an exact epithet. Yj ШИ HUH) / Ly 7 „ ле > 2 4 к 0 house much older than the tablet inscribed “Үү, М.Р. 1708,” on its frontage would imply. It was restored probably at that date by one of the Mansell-Pleydells, owners of considerable properties in these parts. To come nearer to Dorchester, the older part of Piddletown is very largely thatched. It is not that part of this considerable village which you see in passing along the main road between Bere Regis and Dor- chester, but the parallel street behind the church. Along the highway, Piddletown (the “Weatherbury” of the Wessex novels) was rebuilt some forty or more years ago, in a kind of rigid unsympathetic domestic Gothic, and in a cold limestone; so that this part of the place is not a little repellent. It is, in fact, an importation, We 7 A y" /, 5 / ЛЛ 1 / ? li / Ж /, /) / / ۷ А 7 УУ رھ‎ УА / ; 20) 0 Ж ff 22. = {ү / ; ү (47 д > Tw Ж/А, AY 2 Жа; re "m ”” 5 CHIVELSTONE—A Rainy Day. ‘There is much thatch also at Shillingstone, a village anciently styled “Shilling-Okeford,” near Blandford; - and it is additionally interesting from its imposing and lofty maypole, rising to a hundred and ten feet, and dressed with garlands every spring. Not far distant, along the same valley of the Stour, is Sturminster New- ton, often marked on maps “Sturminster Newton Cas- tle.” Although this galaxy of names is highly impres- sive, it should be said that there 1s neither minster nor castle here; nor, indeed, is it a "new town." ‘Time long since abated anything new about it. Неге is а heavily-thatched inn, the “White Hart,” obviously a and has no sort of link with Dorset style or local build- ing materials. But in that back street, with the pin- nacles of the church-tower peering over at the end of a long perspective, you have an interesting survival. A very pleasing little note of distinction is made by an old addition to one of the cottages, apparently done about 1720, in the bay-window supported on pillars, shown in the accompanying illustration. Itis a distinctly piquant urban touch in a thoroughly rural setting. In Dorchester town we do not expect to find thatch. The place was in the eighteenth century so rebuilt and made so modish that it is not in general to be looked

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-— r E ew wee aa f THATCH де‏ ہے ور fl Шат‏ لم Wn‏ ІШ ج e‏ Per К . ny ۸ oN LvcH Gate—Long Compton. for. But a walk into the byways of the town, along Glydepath Lane, will presently discover, in a fine damp situation close to the river, a tiny group of cottages heavily thatched. ‘They are built of grouted flint and chalk-lump, faced here and there, and patched with red brick, and held together by iron ties, so that in this, their old age, they shall not some night altogether col- lapse. Prominent among these cottages, is that called “the Hangman’s Cottage.” Here, in former times, when the penal laws of England were altogether as savage as they are now lenient, Dorchester had its own hangman, in receipt of a regular salary. Leaving Dorchester, there will be found beyond the south-eastern outskirts of the town the hamlet of Upper Bockhampton, and the birthplace there of Thomas Hardy, the novelist. Appropriately enough, it is a thatched cottage, and the back of it looks out im- mediately upon the very edge of the wild: those wood- lands and healthy spaces which, with a fine freedom of choice, are variously called Bockhampton or Piddle- town Heath, or Thorneycombe and Ilsington Woods. “Ilsington” is a place-name found over all the country, appearing sometimes, in a sort of literary aphasia, as “Islington.” Bockhampton is on or near the verge of all those many-named heaths which Hardy merges together in his novel, “Тһе Return of the Native," as "Egdon Heath.” Тһе heaths are untameable. They stretch forth and bid defiance to the best efforts of the cultiva- tor; but down at the hamlet of Hurst, where water is plentiful, and the thirsty heath is subdued in an oasis of cultivation, there is an old red-brick farm of supe- rior aspect, and yet with a thatched roof. Thatch, rightly or wrongly, generally has implied a more hum- ble residential status than that of a manor-house type of residence, to which obviously this farm belongs, for the old gate-piers are still surmounted with stone globes, which the rustics, observant enough, perceive to be the signs of class-distinction. ‘The country folk, therefore, style them “gentility balls." Well, then; there stands the farmhouse, encircled by the glooming heath—a very fine mass, with a good effect of skyline. But there is, you cannot help feeling, a whimsical air about it. It is the thatch that evokes this feeling—an effect, oddly, such as might be pro- duced by a gentleman wearing a harvester’s hat. Such gentility, in the region of wild, uncanny Egdon, wears, as Mr. Hardy would express it, “ап anomalous look." "There is probably more thatch in Dorset than in any other county. Away up in the remote valleys, where tourists rarely penetrate, past broken-down and de- caying Cerne Abbas, that anemic survival of a little town once dependent upon a great Abbey, to Alton Pancras; and again along the valley of the Stour and in Blackmore Vale, this ancient, natural roof-covering is plentiful. Some years ago, when it seemed that thatch- ing was almost to die out as a trade, Lord Alington had the new post office at Witchampton, adjoining his seat of More Crichel, thatched, and very handsome it looks. But scarcely in the Isle of Portland, that stony, wind-swept outer limb of Dorset, do we expect to find anything save very heavy roof-coverings, against tem- pests. Yet, in perhaps one of the most exposed posi- tions there, at the village of Chesil, at the foot of the cliffs, and on the actual Chesil Beach itself, there stands an extraordinary dilapidated old cottage of strange con- trasts. It is apparently of sixteenth-century date, built of enormous blocks of stone, in an obvious effort at ex- treme solidity; and yet it is thatched. Do you not re- member those drawing-copies of old school days, after Harding and other romantic draughtsmen, which had for their subjects cottages of a picturesqueness that seemed almost impossible? You have never expected with confidence to behold the like of them in actual OLD CorrAGE—Lustleigh, South Devon.

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. ” > АҒАС жде-е ^t 2 ell t (d ly = > جج SS eee‏ 1 == - ES 5 7 RSE = SS — e -” 7 = L- S ha - 4 ۸ S ең Ay S fii > ا‎ Ant {з 25 қ А 5 | “ ҰЯ یت‎ E سا‎ б xus کو‎ > GER LILLIE: 1 Ee deer т سے‎ atas лене a == FA نج‎ ы کے‎ ۲ 8 елін t PARA I P Tg Na AL Gea ҰЯЛ) MUA Lav : / р, a T 1 ام یں‎ X EE CETT Mes елен I ee 222222 бүз, ہے سے سج‎ : EL у. 254 2210 a etre کت رس‎ M — ЖАЛ C > ye aT (^A سے‎ 2.” -ns TT AR / le = سے‎ „==. 2; ANT H مر اہ یی‎ KE e ہے‎ jut Lee = as = Ve соғуы 01ا0‎ 0 үүт = LZ 7 ea ted ۰۰ a P ہے ے‎ ~ + ve, RS Se ius سی بر‎ Zp. жезде 2222 - و مم سی‎ am ы: a ےل ا یس سے‎ ТЕ ڪڪ‎ = 224 2 222 zig n ШҮ i * ٤ 7 t p: 222422222 т. انا سے‎ ғ АЩ ew Lo lings ж = 2/4” f » mE ! САП! ПИ LD ДИ g پا اڈ کس سے وہ مک‎ M) ا‎ MG اتی مت‎ РР. n ipe TI TRA Са ya ТАҒА ےک‎ CERIS, 2 УЕ, (“Л сй - IT EA d, ЕСЕ асс سج ہے‎ ЙА ЕЛЕУ 22 ЕТЕР Еа EPL ЕСЕ سے سے‎ #7, у; GMAT ہے سے ہے‎ m Se 5992107. ےس‎ =e ALE EF “ату” -— n ~ 247 — x 2 A ЕЛЕШЕ RE EP = ила ОЕА ЕЕЕ ЕЕ сг Cre, سے سر‎ Pag LILES же ең = m 2 A 2222 22222252 ATE = v (RS ОФ ә” CE. = SS € F: ا а "жеу, ۳ He 7 A Ж kli RE nl d ie) if | وو‎ Е itd) /7 LH) Б ce 0 اپ‎ “ 2 3 MAN ARS و‎ сек Ма [05 й чута (0 у їз 74 ^ = $ “4 6.7 Й ہا جات Sat‏ Қ ЗУ Шы SS а! pias EY 5% کے‎ کت‎ AS 2 NS \ AN ШЫ یج‎ X E Qı- м IWS 2 ^ PALO MUS our 2 OLD COTTAGE ON THE BEACH— Chesil, Isle of Portland. 6

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' THATCH . SN RE NG N - .. uae جس‎ ہہ ۱ RENN: 082 PAKEFIELD CHURCH. existence. Yet here, only a few feet above high-water mark, is the realisation of those copies. ‘There are not any other cottages on Portland of this quality, and this is in ruins. I can point to other old thatched cottages facing the sea in Dorset: at West Bay, Bridport, and at Ringstead Bay, near Weymouth. But they are not quite of this romantic quality. There is, however, one almost as good at Penberth Cove, near Land’s End in Corn- wall—a county in which we do not seek for thatch with much chance of reward. But here, dramatically planted by a rugged shore, and sometimes with great boulders slung on to the thatch to keep it from being blown away by Atlantic gales, is this specimen. And, at the western end of Penzance town, in the subur- banised outskirt of Alverton, remains the Devonian— rather than Cornish-looking long, low cottage, now the “Alverton Dairy"—the house in which Edward Pellew, afterwards Admiral, and created Viscount Ex- mouth, spent his early years. It is thatched, and built partly of “cob.” The building is not really quite so low as it appears to be in the illustration, for the reason that the road and pathway have been raised at some time subsequent to its building, some one hundred and sixty years ago. Of course, thatch has ever been the farmer’s line of least resistance. It forms an obvious use for much of his straw, alike in covering the roofs of his farmstead, his labourers’ cottages, his ricks, and—often enough, in Hampshire, Dorset, and Devon—his garden walls. In the heaths around Wimborne and Woodyates there yet remain numerous old so-called “mud cottages" and garden walls, built of the peculiar clay and sandy soil of the locality, which would speedily be dissolved by the weather, were it not for the thatch. It is not quite the thorough-going “cob” of Devon; but the Devon saying of cob walls, “Give ’en a hat an’ a good pair of butes, an’ her'll last for ever," meaning by “hat” a good thatch; and by “boots” a good foundation and a few courses of masonry or brick, equally applies. Thatched and weather-boarded barns are themselves things of an especial beauty in the rustic landscape: taking "beauty" in this connection to mean the appro- priate use of native materials, Мо more charming scene, in the rustic way, is to be found in Wiltshire than that to be found at Coombe Bissett, on the main Exeter road between Salisbury and Blandford, where the little river Ebele crosses the highway, and an old black- boarded barn, at the outpost of a farmyard, stands with its feet actually in the water, the floor supported on those squat stone pillars which the farmers call "stad- dles," using them as a protection against rats. In the northern part of Wilts, on the Bath Road, immediately after passing that mysterious mound of a prehistoric age, Silbury Hill, you come to Beckhamp- ton, a hamlet once busy enough, in the coaching way. ‘There stands, at the fork of roads, where the several . routes through Calne and Devizes part company, the stately “Beckhampton Inn," now become the home of a trainer of racehorses; and near by is the far older “Waggon and Horses" inn, the resort in those days of humbler folk. Ironically enough, while the stately inn has long since retired from business, the humbler house of refreshment still carries on. It is a stone and plas- tered house, with one of the most eloquent and thorough of thatched roofs that I know of. Some rugged old stones built against the front make it fairly obvious that the house was erected partly from spoil extracted from the neighbouring stone circle at Avebury. It is the “Waggon and Horses” that most closely realises of anything in the neighbourhood the description given by Dickens in Chapter XIV of the “Pickwick Papers," in the ““Bagman’s Story" of "the inn on Marlborough Downs.” ‘There can be no doubt that it is the house indicated, “a roadside inn on the right-hand side of the way, about a quarter of a mile from the end of the downs.” There is a spacious quality about the entire building which is so admirably in touch with the wide spaces of those downs and the mystic hill of Silbury, that “larg- est artificial mound in Europe,” which you perceive in- dicated in the distance in the illustration, as to seem almost a touch of genius. ЖАУ ТУРЫП 0 Т) ) AR 4 EN و‎ zi i ү іг М, W T зл n" ғ و‎ 7 SN улу PA وا‎ "1 - LOC - NS x 4 0 P > سے‎ ~ m г .. > M ریہ‎ ЕС LY. (7d. 3 9 Т / d | Ж g 1 Ы I aN қ «е-е ТЕРІП . r ۴ “. c М: ы x ы 4%. ` ч IxwonrH THORPE CHURCH.

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THATCH سا سح ام سے m‏ OLD HOUSE АТ ELVERTON—Penzance. A peculiar fashion in thatch is a very noticeable feature of the Porlock district of Somerset. It is a local "school," so to speak, in the phraseology of art. The outstanding feature of it is the quaintly peaked comb of the roof-ridge at the gable-ends: combs often preposterously exaggerated, as seen in the thatched roof of the lodge of Ashley Combe, on the way between Porlock Weir and Culbone, and, indeed, at Porlock Weir itself, that curiously old-world, amphibious, half- farming, half-seafaring place, where a raised beach forms the “weir” of a salt-water inlet, and where, on the road down to the sea from Porlock village the weirdly thatched cottages illustrated here are to be found, picturesque alike-in their roof-coverings and their chimneys, fitted with wind-breakers. ‘The pretty old “Ship” inn at Porlock is itself thatched, and has one of the odd cylindrical chimneys of this locality; but the thatch of the “Ship” is, exceptionally, not extrava- gantly combed, although the cottage opposite is. The “Cat and Fiddle" wayside inn, at Hinton Ad- miral, in the generally suburbanised district around Bournemouth, is a survival of a simpler age, with a plain thatch, but thought a good deal of in that neigh- bourhood. | In Devonshire and Dorset the thatcher's employ- ment was generally an itinerant one, concerned largely with the timely covering of the farmers' ricks against bad weather; and of late years almost exclusively in this branch of the art. Autumn is the thatcher’s busy time in this difficult and highly technical art. Some years ago, when pursuing inquiries in South Devon on the subject of thatching, I found farmers were generally of opinion that if the County Council's Technical In- struction Committees would institute classes for in- struction in the then obsolescent art of thatching, it would be a better work than some of the things they had done. А skilled thatcher could then (I speak of pre-war times) earn ten shillings a day, and there was much competition for his services. A square yard of thatch would then cost 4s. for labour. For thatching ricks in harvest-time the work was calculated at 6d. an acre; not, of course, the area to be covered, but the contents of the rick viewed vis-d-vis the field whence the corn had been reaped. An average rick contains ten acres of corn. In Devonshire, wheat-straw is gen- erally sold for thatching in "nitches" (i. e., bundles of 28 1Ь.). The price used to be 1s. a niche. Just as there are local styles of building, so also there are differences in style and methods of thatching. The Hants and Dorset stick or gad, with which the thatch is transfixed and tied, is straight, with cord tied at one end and fastened in. Devonshire sticks, of hazel, are shaped in bent form, like a pair of sugar-tongs. Cob and thatch are almost inseparable in South Devon. ‘Together, they produce that “warm in’ win- ter, cool in summer” interior of which mention has already been made. ‘Those cottages are cosy fortresses against the climate, whether it be winter’s rigours, sum- mer’s blazing skies, or those moist "zoggy" days of warmth and soft rain so common in those parts, which I have endeavoured to picture in the illustration of Chivelstone. A charming example of Devonshire thatch is found at East Budleigh, at Hayes Barton, the birthplace of Sir Walter Raleigh, where he was born in 1552; traditionally in the room over the porch. Porches are indeed a frequent item in Devon cottages. In that village of thatch, Lustleigh, in South Devon, there is an exceptionally charming old thatched cottage, with a granite-built porch, with simply but effectively chamfered archway. A curious, humble, and quite un- distinguished cottage, but with a somewhat ornate thatch, is to be found in a remote situation on Dartmoor, near the hamlet of Hexworthy, seven miles north-west of Ashburton. It is called "Jolly Lane Cot," and stands on the Duchy lands. It has a quaint history; having been built by a rustic of that neighbourhood, for ` his father and mother, in one day; relying on the tra- dition that the encroachment of building upon common land could be maintained and the freehold claimed if a dwelling were built between sunrise and sunset and occupied and a fire burning on the hearth in that time. After seeking in vain for accommodation for the. old people, this man waited an opportunity in June, when the farmers were all away at market, and, enlisting the {Cte М. а T Мавквү CuunRncH—Lincolnshire.

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THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS = оа‏ سر سے - —À‏ س سس سے سس سے ہی mm ёзъ жый SID‏ سس سر سرت حطر سم جح ہے“ -, = зә LL Р a Р ос سے‎ ee T 1 | MIS Fire Hooxs—Linton. services of friends, built the cottage and installed his parents, with the fire burning, within the specified time. There was much talk of evicting them; but the matter was compromised by payment of a small quit-rent for cottage, paddock, and garden. The fires that some seven years ago so greatly devas- tated the largely thatched villages of Chesterford, near Saffron Walden, and Melbourn, in Cambridgeshire, serve to show that, whatever may be said to the con- trary by enthusiasts for thatched roofs, there remains that risk. ‘The heavier premiums on fire insurance in respect of thatch recognise this danger. Thatch has indeed been in the past the source of much havoc, notably in the history of Blandford and Marlborough, to name but those two places. Directly to the great fires at Marlborough in 1553, 1679 and 1690 is due the rather striking architectural appearance of that town. Before those disasters it had been a town of the usual Wiltshire rustic village type. From its ashes it arose In a newer and more urban dignity, and so it re- mains exceptional. Most things in the town of Bland- ford date back to “the fire," which forms the great in-. cident in the story of the place. Not that this was the only fire here. The town was several times burnt. In Camden’s time it was destroyed, but was rebuilt; and the like happened again in 1677 and 1713. But the conflagration of 1731 was at once the last and the greatest. It began at a soap-boiler’s. How this event impressed the people of Blandford we may yet readily learn from a pump under the churchyard wall in midst of the High Street. Incidentally, we may notice the exquisitely appropriate idea of making a pump the me- тога] of a fire. It stands in a kind of shrine, and bears this inscription recording that terrible happening :— In Remembrance Of God's dreadful visitation by Fire, Which broke out on the 4th of June, 1731, And in a few hours not only reduced the Church, but almost the whole Town, to Ashes. Wherein 14 Inhabitants perished But also two adjacent Villages; And In grateful Acknowledgment of the Divine Mercy, "That has since raised this Town To its present flourishing and beautiful state; and to prevent, By a timely supply of water, (With God’s Blessing) the fatal Consequences of Fire hereafter ; This Monument Of that dire Disaster, and Provision Against the like is humbly erected By John Bastard, A Considerable Sharer In the great Calamity, 1760. As a result of the rebuilding, Blandford is a town of unusual stateliness among small English market towns. ‘The work was done at the time when the classic idea prevailed. It matters little in the general effect if, indeed, the details are coarse and debased. The cul- minating dignity resides in the tall church tower, which, with the body of the church, is advanced beyond the general building line. It is, however, built of a stone with a rather unpleasant greenish tint. ІО

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THATCH To cope with the terrible dangers of burning thatch some curious olden devices were brought into use. These were the old “fire-hooks” or “thatch-anchors,” as they were variously styled, which may yet be found here and there in rural England, relics of the past. They survive rather as curiosities than as practical engines for subduing fire. ‘These were, in general, stout and extremely heavy oaken poles, from 20 feet to 40 feet in length, furnished with strong iron grappling- hooks. ‘They were used for pulling off the entire roof- covering, and were formidable appliances, possible to be used only by the united efforts of several men, aided in the case of exceptionally large and heavy examples by horses. Such are the "thatch-anchors" preserved at Banwell, near Weston-super-Mare. ‘These are 20 feet in length and are headed like the flukes of an anchor, with four iron rings at the head of the pole and two at the butt, intended for the passing through them of ropes, to enable a larger number of men to help. ‘These Banwell "thatch-anchors" hung in one of the church aisles until 1812, and were then placed in the tower. In 1887 they were removed to a shed be- hind the fire station. ‘They are fine examples, and are dated 1610, being thus perhaps the earliest in existence. Here is also a fire engine of the same date. It seems at first strange how often the church was used as the place of storage for these old fire-hooks; but on reflection it will be obvious that the reason lay in the church being the only building long enough con- veniently to house these cumbrous contrivances, which, if their efficiency was to be maintained, could scarcely be exposed to the weather. Now that they are never likely again to be used, they have been expelled. ‘Thus, at Ivinghoe, in Buckinghamshire, the old fire-hooks, re- moved from the church, are to be found on the church- yard-wall, at the west end of the building, under a sort of pent-house roof. Others of this type are to be dis- covered at Ashford, Kent, in possession of the fire brigade; at Melbourn, Cambridgeshire; at Welwyn, Herts, on the wall of an old cottage in the churchyard; there are two which for long years have hung on the side wall of a house at Linton, Cambridgeshire, which until 1903 was the “Race Horse” inn. They are oddly pronged. Тһе iron-ringed hook end of a very large and clumsy specimen is preserved in the ancient church of St. Benet, Cambridge. It was used last in the Market Hill fire of September 1849. А photo- graph on view in the church from an old etching dis- plays the scene, with the fire-hook in action. Other hooks of the same kind are yet in the church of St. Bartholomew, Great Gransden, Huntingdonshire, and others at St. Ives and Long Stanton. A fire-hook, formerly kept in the church of Burgh St. Peter, on the Waveney, in Norfolk, seems to have disappeared. ‘That, as already mentioned, is a thatched church; but it is even more remarkable for its freak ІІ tower, chiefly of brick, in eccentric diminishing stages, Fire was indeed an ever-present terror in the old days. An ancient fire-bell hung in the belfry of the west-country Abbey of Sherborne, in Dorset, is dated 1652, and bears the initials “J. W. T. C.,” with the piteous rhyme :— Lord, quench this furious flame; Arise, run, help put out the same. The choice of a rhyme by a versifier obviously very hard beset for one makes quaint reading, but the frantic state of the rustic mind in the presence of fire appears eloquently pictured in this singular couplet. ‘There has always, of course, been abundant historic reason at Sherborne for dreading fire, a great conflagration hav- ing almost wholly destroyed the Abbey in 1437, while numerous later fires have devastated the picturesque little town. The bell itself is alike of unusual shape and of uncanny sound. The rim 15 incurved; pro- ducing, as no doubt was intended, a most distinctive and individual note. Although we cannot declare that in olden times thatch was а more common roofing іп апу one part of England than another, yet it will be found that in Cambridgeshire and Huntingdonshire more exact meas- ures were taken for dealing with thatched roofs in case of fire than are to be discovered elsewhere. What special means were adopted, if any, for pulling off burn- ing roofs with fire-hooks in other regions does not ap- pear, but in those parts it was the custom to build into the wall-plates under the eaves a series of iron rings. ‘These are extremely interesting to the inquirer into old methods of fire-quelling. The rings, or "ringles," as the rustics name them, are to this day frequently to be seen under the eaves of old houses and cottages in and around Cambridge and Huntingdon. I have not observed them in other districts of England. ‘They were provided for the purpose of affording a hold to the fire-hooks. ‘They represented the maximum of efh- ciency, for, instead of laboriously seeking a grip upon the burning thatch, by this means the entire roof could be pulled off at once (and probably the careful critic may be allowed to add a great deal of the walling destroyed at the same time). These rings were to be noted, and may yet be, in some cases, at the "Lion," Petty Cury, the “Globe” inn, Newmarket Road, Stourbridge Chapel, the “Hoop” Hotel, Nos. 48 and 60 Bridge Street, 27 Trinity Street, 22 Sidney Street, 5 Benet Street, all in Cambridge, and the Master’s Lodge, Peterhouse, which Cambridge men, ever irreverent, call “Pothouse” or “Pots,” and ignorant outsiders “Peterhouse College.” Other rings may be remarked at Trumpington and at Newmarket. "They are not very noticeable by the casual wayfarer, being little larger than the rings on domestic curtain-poles, and, usually, very much overhung by the eaves, they inhabit a kind

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ТІМ é 19! r3 Y i NI "D mA NEA Spd p Tad ты» ту 2 3 дет 4 [Тг ٣ ^ pres = “ i мш» ts I s M ہلت‎ PESE ех See ме — نے‎ Е У SSS Lins کا‎ = TEL =o == SS | SS ата == 24А ITA T 5 3 р le =: Wn TA 7 ERE 7 Ẹ re ша ыза 224 1 а а aye, —— EUR I fI Мын «x pi КС ЖАМ“ М NS TN = و‎ А уЗ ó hal t А UO | nt PT OS uf 009 ATT Nas NAA کیٹ‎ УО al WW x 0 N LL dT GOO еды ааа yi Й BM LU a С. > IN fi PX — = =x 5 T SSS = ы DEI ا حر فک رہ‎ ہے سے مس ےم‎ S с dico o ыны سے س6 ج3‎ if. “ = = -— Mo . ہیں‎ Ua ۶ "- ——— ч РРР, ЕЕ 2 kh Р 4 із GVA, S Nn Ў UMS 022 Y 4 : 2 Af ہے‎ Oe ncmo qr óc etr) A 4 454 NV es ере == T Í е”, бу,” ж z= » е Л Тила лра 772 7 ^ کر‎ Yli GRY, GALLops HOMESTEAD, SE AA ТА » 7 2 ў 2 22) А ің 4 220. ےک‎ << rane ےہ‎ Se ы Over WALLOP. I2

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THATCH of continual twilight. Sometimes it is seen that a house is provided with several of these rings. For ex- ample, there are no fewer than five under the eaves of a house and shop at Linton, opposite where the old fire-hooks still hang. ‘These features some years ago attracted the attention of another observer, who read a paper on the subject before the Cambridgeshire Anti- quarian Society. It was reported in the “Cambridge Chronicle,” tn the statement that “Communications were made by Mr. G. Wherry upon “The rings under the ears of old louses.’ " “Rings under the Eaves of Old Houses”; an anti- quarian rather than an entomological title, was the true matter of the discourse. The misprint makes a choice companion with the famous “‘battle-scared veteran” and the almost equally famed “бее the pale martyr with his shirt on fire," instead of “of fire.” Lest I be suspected of telling a vain tale, I bid you, as Mr. Kipling says, "seek it in the files." ‘There, in due course, the report will be found, under date February 28, 1908. The revival of thatch, whatever the causes, partly artistic and in part economic, is to be welcomed by all who have at heart grace and beauty. Among the earliest of modern country houses to be designed for thatch was, I suppose, Gallops Homestead, the resi- dence of Mr. S. F. Edge, near Ditchling, Sussex. It would seem to have been completed some twenty years ago. MA ۳۸۰۱۸۶ Өт ha А T, l ,‏ ^ ا ور اہ ا ЭД.‏ л Win 7 74 = S E n ! н Ш a MT WaPo a | Б 1 / e Ud ٹا‎ وو‎ d اگ پا‎ n ffi "la t А کل‎ у 4 Sor tir . d vll ИИ: ү їп", 4 j ш. Ф میں‎ » f M UI. ү 1 j 72 А ENS LS SSC ғ GREEN AY RD 2 7, js "i € x (V ^ tf SMa را‎ 25 اج‎ 1117 РО» ре жаа» 4. 0 ۸۷ р ۱ y P Ar T SERE ^1 4077 ل‎ 4564, — m, "€ v Lv aly 7 TY, ч ù 14 IAL E لات‎ @ A on Ras аў سو ا یں‎ SS ARV ea кш: УЛ nc کی نے‎ | а سک‎ i = Sai neos SIS S AREF — Т me^ ІШ» а ۵ ЙД қ 0 | m — X " لو یا اش ا‎ ағ» = ہے ہ‎ دسا‎ — TT Pe p, е - 5 =< | سے‎ CooMBE BISSETT. 13

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Committee on Small Houses EDWIN H. BROWN, Chairman At the meeting of the Board of Directors of the American Institute of Architects at Indianapolis, 11 and 12 Novem- ber, the Committee on Small Houses presented a report of progress. The Report was adopted by the Board together with the following resolutions: That the President be authorized to appoint three Directors to represent the Institute on the Board of Direc- tors of the Architects’ Small House Service Bureau of the United States. (The President appointed Messrs. William Stanley Parker, of Boston; Charles H. Alden, of Seattle; and Charles A. Favrot, of New Orleans. Mr. Parker is the Secretary of the Institute and Messrs. Alden and Favrot are members of the Board of Directors.) That the Institute approves the issuance of a mat serv- ice to the newspapers. That the Secretary be requested to write to the Chapters of the Institute asking them to consider the formation of new Bureaus, and advising them of the approval of the Department of Commerce and the work of the Committee. The following excerpts from the report of the Committee on Small Houses are presented as of interest to the mem- bership generally: 1. One new division of the Bureau has been formed— the Mountain Division, with headquarters at Denver, Colorado, Mr. William E. Fisher, President; Mr. H. W. J. Edbrooke, Vice-President: Mr. T. Robert Wieger, Secre- tary and Mr. W. N. Bowman, Treasurer. This makes a total of two out of the thirteen ultimate divisions. 2. A policy for more rapid expansion of the membership in the Service Bureau has been adopted pending the actual formation of different divisions. 3. The endorsement of the American Institute of Archi- tects and the Bureau idea by the Department of Commerce as given us by Mr. Hoover is felt by the committee to be one of the most important things that has happened in its history. It also puts upon the Bureau, to say nothing of the Board of Directors of the Institute, the necessity for making good on the program which they have announced and laid down. ! 4. That the Department of Commerce is serious in its offer of cooperation is shown by the fact that inquiries are coming to the Bureau office at Minneapolis which have been directed there from the Department. Further the Department, through Mr. John M. Gries, Chief of the Division of Building and Housing, conducted an afternoon session for the American Civic Federation at Chicago on November 15th, and the Chairman of the Small House Committee made an address there to put before the Con- vention the Service Bureau idea and what it can do for the country. 6. The Architects’ Small House Service Bureau of the United States has begun a mat service for the newspapers, one paper in every city in the country, to spread the Bureau idea before the reading public. Several newspapers in different parts of the country have already contracted for this and it is hoped that the matter will spread more or less rapidly. The Service Bureau is already planning to get out a small service bulletin which will be issued every month and will be sent to those people who have purchased books of plans or made inquiries showing that they are really prospective clients. 7. The resolution adopted at the last convention in regard to the Service Bureau directed the Board of Direc- tors of the American Institute of Architects to “follow the work of the Bureau in detail, and, at its discretion, to take such active part in the management and control of the Bureau as it may seem advisable." (The three Directors were appointed as has already been stated.) 8. The resolution adopted at the last Convention of the Institute, carried as its last clause, the recommendation that the Institute “suggest to its chapters that they take an active part in the formation of regional and branch bureaus, and do all in their power to make the work of the Bureau a complete success.” Many individual architects have written the Bureau to know how they could take an interest in the work of the Bureau. "These inquiries come from all parts of the United States. Opposite is a reproduction of the first issue of the mat service as it appeared in the Minneapolis Sunday Journal. Although the service has barely begun it has already been taken by the following additional newspapers: Duluth (Minn.) News-Tribune, Providence (R. I.) Journal, Youngstown (Ohio) Vindicator, Syracuse (N. Y.) Post- Standard, Meriden (Conn.) Journal. A plan service, slightly different in character, is also appearing in the following national magazines: The Woman's World; The Woman's Weekly, The National Builder. Epwin Н. Brown. American Academy in Rome PRIZES OF ROME IN ARCHITECTURE, SCULP- TURE AND PAINTING ANNOUNCED The American Academy in Rome announces its annual competitions for Fellowships in Architecture, Sculpture and Painting. Each Fellowship is for a term of three years with a stipend of $3,000 and opportunity for travel. Studio and residence at the Academy are provided free of charge. The competitions, which will be held in various institutions throughout the country and will probably begin in late March or early April, are open to all unmar- ried men, citizens of the United States. Entries will be received until March 1st. Any one interested should apply for application blank and circular of information to Roscoe Guernsey, Executive Secretary, American Academy in Rome, то Park Avenue, New York City. 14

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ғ ---.---.--...-..-....-. —— u a HELP FOR THE MAN WHO WANTS ТО BUILD . HOW MUCH CAN YOU AFFORD TO PUT IN A HOME? An easy and direct way of answering the question, “How expensive a home can I afford to build?’ ің to consider the rent you have been accustomed to paying as a basis for estimating the probable amount of money you can af- ford for & new home. Budget experts say you are justified fn paying from one-fourth to ono-fifth of your income іп rent. On this basis it le entirely probable you can afford to invest one-fourth, perhaps more, of your income in payments on a new home, for which you would some time have-a warranty deed and complete . ownership, 7 Тһе percentage of your income which you are justified in putting into your home depends upon two things. First. the amount of your income; second, the amount which your experience proves you can consistently lay asido or save ms -month after deducting living ex- nsen. What Experts Say You Should Invest Consider the rent you have been pay- Ing مه‎ а basis. Can you lay aside any кпогв than the rent money for home payments each month? If so, how much? Don’t make the mistake of trying to finance a home too expensive for your pocketbook. You may encounter grief in making payments, -Experts on home financing вау you are justified in build- ing a home for which you can complete payment in about 16 yeara. If you have | enved one-fifth the value of your home, you should be abie to pay the balance in. about 12 years. For example, a home costing $5,000, On which $1,000 has been paid down, should be paid for complete in 12 years. That 19 to say, the balance, $4,000, can be met in 144 equal monthly payments. To determine the monthly payments necessary to reduce the principal dur- ing this period, divide the balance, $4,000, by 144. This makes the month- ly payment on the principal nearly $28 & month. Why Not Pay Rent to Yourself Figuring interest at 6 per cent, the Arst payment is $20. Add about $14 a month for insurance, taxes and upkeep and you have a total of $62 a month. Thus you can estimate for yourself whether & $5,000 home is too expensive for you to build or whether you can afford a larger dwelling. Considering home building from a business investment point of view, it is easy to see that if the landlord makes money on the rent he cnarges you for the privilege of living In his house, you certainly should be able to make money ‘on а home of your own, provided you erect your dwelling economically and from the point of view of safe invest- ment and wise financing. After you have decided how expen- sive a home you can afford to build. your next proposition is financing. This will be discussed in future articles to appear in this column. [DUTCH COLONIAL—MANY FEATURES | WHATEVER YOU. WANT TO KNOW ABOUT BUILDING Questions addressed to this paper will be answered by the Architects Small House Service Bureau of the United States, approved by the American In- stitute of Architects, indorsed vy the Department of Commerce, Uni ta ted Government. Enclose selfaddressed stamped envelope for reply. Q—Please tell me how I can distin- guish between various grades of to be used іп my new home. A—Plooring lx gradet hy expert 0:27:6 and [n nulle яп Ней in the erades that have been enecided. 14 уоп бате any долы abont the quality of material your contractor is коц Aq. 4 uw 5 2 LA М $ ys “4% - v, زین‎ 7 “3! М жен 9 m ry 4 ч б Y " M E 1 | 1 + >7- т d 0 v refined di«tinction« are made f Govria. Q—What is the difference. between 9 dr "No. 2," “selected” and “clear” stoc : . courmeercia) woods. w ө”. h : i وش شی‎ ана ашы Q—On the working- drawings for my house I find that there 164 device which is marked “louver opening." Please ad- | vise me as to what this із and the pur- pose of it. ۱ А--А Папа оп Spuce, Q—Can ٢ stucco my house in cold weather succesef or do you advise walting until weather conditions are. warmer? "vet іл а ві? i emp шт for ventilation: ^M Бұрала Жи, placed to insure ventilation of the attic SECOND FLOOR COILING миемт ہی“ یج‎ FIRST. FLOOR CEILING ивент @ 0° The roomy sun porch will prove a most practical and pleasing feature of this five room home. It is а 12-month-a-year porch. In summer the case- ment windows can be swung open to catch the breeze from three directions. In winter, if the porch has a south exposure, it will be warmed by the eun, even 80, it is advisable to have the porch wanmed.by the heating plant. The sun room immediately into the living and dining rooms by smeans_ of glazed French doors, thus giving additional width to the house. | : This home is а type which people invariably describe ав homelike’ be- cause it has such an inviting, comfortable atmosphere. Features that add charm to the extérior are the gambrel roof with wide dormers, front and back, and a handsome entrance doorway with two side benches. This home is-of frame construction with sided exterior, shingle roof, | wore brick base and brick chimney. Stock sizes of lumber, millwork and standard- ized materiale wherever possible are used. This eliminates waste in. labor, materials and lowers building costs. ^ Study of the plan will show how impressively the living room, dining: r y 1 otronnis advise you to delay this ИМ 0--Іп а home we previously bull wai difficulty with ver replace draft. and lined with dne Ше. 1f it Ч to mild the foe »trebtht. then there soma be 1 area where the Opening ehouhl not А mec throat and damner placed as directr. architect will insure you jatiafaction. чу the fine aud üreniace are constructed ax they should room and sun porch open up into what really is one big room. The living ous ۶ nu eL. of mechinical room has two features—the: open stairway and fireplace. The fireplace, each je to provide an opening | foc ЖЫ 2 by а wide moet mantel shelf, is 4o located that one chimney serves | farted to سپ‎ of the 1 یں‎ dintinetiog replace, range and furnace, , |metbod of operating ‘the shutter ҮМ о ре The coat closet at the entrance serves as a convenient repository for | the, «ise. of. e ER gpertare, "We سب‎ wraps. The kitchen іг planned to economize steps and to speed up house- | venient tu. operation. keeping. Outside icing is provided. Bedrooms on the second floor offer cross ventilation and splendid closet space.. A linen closet in the hall and pans- - A~There are к «reat many famita witch шау taking ч of. bathroom: fixtures provide features sometimes overlooked ү, TW in small homes. Ав the house stands it contains 18,000 cubic feet and should be built for approximately $5,500. This cost will be increased by using elaborate or expensive finish. It can be decreased by using simple finish which will not affect the substantial construction. Itis what might bo called а $5,000 home. ^ 4 ابس‎ 5 ә yaur heating exetem abould locate th пешин and adjust the piping without етн A reproduction in miniature of one of the matrices distributed to newspapers by the Architects’ Small House3Service Bureau and described in the article on the opposite page. As Mr. Brown narrates, it is already being used by a, number of newspapers scattered throughout the United States. I5

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American Architecture in England Р | “НЕ exhibit of the work of American architects now being held in London under the auspices of the Royal Institute of British Architects, to which reference was made in our last issue, gave occasion to a meeting late in November at which two addresses were delivered by Messrs Bertram G. Goodhue and Donn Barber. Sir Edwin Lutyens, R. A., presided at the meeting, and Mr. Goodhue spoke as follows: Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen—I would like at the outset to say that I am nota speaker. I love the prac- tice of Architecture and, with all its difficulties, it is one of the most pleasant of lives, but talking about it is quite another matter. Iam not at all used to doing it. It is a very great honour to be asked to explain the pur- pose and tendencies of what we are trying to do in the United States, but I ask you who have looked over the drawings and photographs here if the task of explaining them is an easy one? You will bear with me if I do not succeed in making things clear. To tell the truth, things are not so very clear to me. Here in England you have traditions, varying, to be sure, in various localities, but all very definite. In America there is scarcely anything of the sort. Here your climate has no great extremes, while with us Florida and Southern California are as different from New England—the Scot- land of America—and from the North-Western States of Washington and Oregon as can well be imagined. Fur- thermore, we have a number of ethnic backgrounds to consider—Puritan New England, French Louisiana, Spanish California, and Florida. So, if you wonder at seeing such a stylistic jumble on the walls here, make more allowances for us than you would, or should, for your- selves. It is true, I think, that we use rather more styles than we are entitled to, but clients—especially lady clients, as Lady Astor hinted the other day—have very decided ideas; and woman is more powerful, more strongly en- trenched in the United States than anywhere else, except, they tell me, in Burmah. So when a lady client, backed by her husband’s wealth, comes into one’s office and says she wants a Jacobean, a Georgian, an Italian, a French, or a Tudor house, we do what she tells us, only asking, in fear and trembling, about the path of the sun, the prevailing breezes, the general average of temperature, and such things, that really are more important than the style of the house. It must be remembered that we American architects are divided into camps—very opposing camps, too. Mr. Barber here, my great friend and capital, though rather strenuous, travelling companion, is a graduate « f the Ecole des Beaux-Arts in Paris, an institution with whose works some of us are not quite in sympathy—I for one. Let me present myself with a little nosegay at this point. All my life I have upheld as staunchly as I could the British tradition, and shall contine to do so. It 13 a melancholy fact, and one that I wish could for ever be kept in the back- ground of the future, that the British element, now form- ing, perhaps, half of our population, is constantly dwind- ling, and that the other and—am I right?—less desirable breeds are increasing by leaps and bounds; so that we I6 British—and I am just as British as any of you—will in time lose our supremacy and even, with a1 unrestricted franchise, our rights. To me England will always be "this sceptred isle, this precious stone set in the silver sea," but there are others—some five million of them—who have no such sentimental allegiance, no such ancestral bond, to keep them straight. Here are all sorts of conditions of buildings to look at— State Capitols, churches, schools and houses. I am sorry the plans are not here, too, because, with all my love and admiration for you, I do think that in practical planning we have set a pace—forgive me this—a little faster and a little better—in certain directions, at any rate. Take country houses, for instance. Why, in so many cases here, should the service between kitchen and dining room be made to cross the entrance or staircase hall? Itis easy to be too practical, but why do you do this thing? And, too, it does seem to me that our Classic work is better than yours in that it is simpler, more direct and, as a rule, un- troubled by pavilions, turrets, rustications and what not. There are exceptions on both sides of that statement. I wrote that rather hurriedly. As soon as my friend Mr. Barbergetsup, he will probably tellyou that my knowledge of the Classic is of no consequence; that I am a Gothicist— which I strenuously deny—and that you must, therefore, discount whatever I may say about the Classic work. But take such magnificent things as Pope's Scottish Rite Temple in Washington, or McKim, Mead and White's New York Post Office. Take these two: are they not quieter, more in the "grand manner" than anything here in London? 15 it fair to interrupt myself at this point and except the Cenotaph? I do dislike modern Classic archi- tecture or any architecture where the style is provided by the detail. The 'Orders"—or so I think—are now noth- ing but a veneer, and columns are the surest way of shut- ting light and air from the windows that come between. Have not we, all of us, everywhere come to regard archi- tecture not as beautiful building, or, as my friend Pro- fessor Lethaby says, "building touched with emotion,” but merely forms and details, foreign to the purpose of the building they are supposed to adorn and quite foreign to the characteristic and needs of those dwelling or working within? The other day, landing at Cherbourg, our train ran past any number of the most charming buildings; some big, some little, all utterly devoid of Architecture with a capital "A." They were beautifully constructed of the stone of the neighborhood, with beautifully tiled roofs and beautifully shaped windows where such were needed, and that was all. Of course, the same thing is true of large sections of England, but it is mot true of the things we architects are doing to-day in France, or England, or America, and this is largely due, I think, to our clients and their taste—their invariable good taste. I call you to witness that taste, good or bad, was a thing unknown until the Renaissance. But if you look carefully—(they are rather ineffective in an exhibition)—you will find some buildings of this right sort here, I trust. Take the Rogers’ House at Southampton, Long Island, by Walker and

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AMERICAN ARCHITECTURE IN Gillette—a trifle more southern in character perhaps than its situation warrants, but surely most desirable to look at or to live in. There are lots of others, too, unfortunately not here. For instance, my friend Barber has a lovely little village community house up in Westminster county that I should have liked you to see—simple, homely and altogether charming, in which he forgot all about his Paris training. There are not any very little houses in this exhibition, unfortunately, for all the world nowadays is working out its housing problem, and I am sure you would be interested in seeing what America has contributed to the solution. Unfortunately for us, there is too much wood in our country. Where you and the French are using permanent masonry, we use clap-boards—siding, I think you call it— or shingles, and, in certain parts of the country, patented materials, which certainly may be more durable than these but are rather dubious. I cannot name them for fear of libel suits, but everything that looks like heavy masonry, stuccoed or whitewashed, is not what it looks like by a long way. Even here, some pictures may deceive you. Our little houses are growing simpler and simpler; so, for that matter, are our big houses, but they are never quite so simple as on this side of the ocean. We have no peasantry in America. Everybody, no matter to what condition it has pleased God to call him, is everybody else's equal—and usually superior! The small cottager has to havea parlour as wellasa dining-room, which is unfortunate for his pocket; but note this: he would rather have both of them in flimsy wood than a proper combination affair in more enduring material. Shingles, instead of slates or tiles, are the usual American roofing, and are due to the same causes; but we are slowly improving, or seem to be, and the little cottager has his bath that he does not any longer use to store fuel in. He used, in the tenements of the great cities at any rate, to cut out his plumbing to buy beer. Now, as you know, the Prohibitionists have changed all that, so he may as well let the pipes stay “put.” As for Gothic—I suppose I am expected to act as devil's advocate for this much-despised "style"—or let me call it rather principle of construction. While some of us are trying hard to succeed—(look at the work of my old partners, Cram and Ferguson, or that of Day and Klauder, for the most manful results)—we are really not "in it" with you. There are so many lovely Gothic churches in England that date not only from the four- teenth, fifteenth or sixteenth centuries, but from our own time, that on purely sordid and unworthy grounds I hope my possible clerical clients will never make pilgrimage to these modern churches of yours. Let me say that no modern, and but very few ancient, churches even approach the dignity and wonder and loveliness of the new Liverpool Cathedral. I have not seen it for a number of years, and cannot this time, for I am sailing on Wednesday from Southampton, but I am promising myself to bring my family over in the spring, and to land at Liverpool. American architecture is better than it was. There is no doubt in practical matters we are vastly in ad- vance of what used to be done when I first went to New York as a young draughtsman. The tendencies and pur- poses I have not dealt with, and cannot tell you much about. You can see them for yourselves. Some of us 17 ENGLAND dream of a time to come when architecture, as we under- stand the word, will cease to exist, and when such ornament as is used will be as instinctive and inevitable as it used to be. This will mean, of course, a radical change in the world's civilisation, perhaps even in its government; but old as I am, I still cannot help believing that some day, somehow, the time will come when we shall have a style so ductile as to lend itself to all our extremes of climate and all our needs, from the tiniest cottage to the greatest public building. Mr. Goodhue was followed by Mr. Barber who said: The very subtle little paper which Mr. Goodhue has written in his inimitable manner may furnish food for discussion—I hope it will—but he has done what is usual with him: he knows a lot, but never commits himself. And so, if I ramble along in my own way, making blunders, it is only the difference between him and me: the difference between the nervous though careful artist and what we call the Captain of Industry. Fortunately, in America we are not divided into camps as he says we are. If we do not lover each other, we try to respect each other. And while, of course, in the profession of architecture we find the stumbling stones of jealousy and all the little things that come by way of interest and competition in the rush of progress, yet on the whole we get along pretty well. The fact that we are beginning to understand each other now, after twenty years of struggle with different ideas, and are coming closer together, augurs well for the future of our country in its architectural expression. I have been sitting here looking at these photographs and pictures and wondering if you who are here, and are thereby, I hope, evincing an interest in architecture, realise that we are a young country; whether you with your traditions realise that perhaps everything on these walls—which is only a small part of what we might show, because we are a volumi- nous people—dates probably no farther back than ten or, at the most, fifteen years. All the architecture in America—and what we call architecture is that which brings to our country the interest of study in that craft—really has been produced over a period of two generations. Up to fifty years ago we had a great deal of building in our country, but there were no monuments worthy of the name of architecture, except certain isolated buildings such as the City Hall in New York, which was designed by a foreigner; while Grace Church, Trinity Church, and other buildings which we looked upon as being worthy of the name of architecture, were also mostly designed by foreigners. Of course, we have our Colonial work, which started in the South at Jamestown with the early Pilgrims. It consisted of a scheme of very simple buildings built of bricks, a lot of them having been brought from this country. In New England there is the Colony of Salem, where we have wooden architecture based on what was then the Louis Seize in wood; and there is the so-called Georgian architecture. Our cities were jumbles of cast-iron fronts, which were cheaper to cast than to make in stone, and, as used in New York and many of our other cities, very un- lovely. The Century Exhibition in 1876 in Philadelphia, the first industrial exhibition we had in our country, was merely a collection of sheds made to cover the mechanical and other exhibits of the products of the material side of ourcountry. In 1895, when the World's Fair came round,

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THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS it was through the genius of men like McKim, Burnham and Hunt that we decided to do something to impress the people; something large and simple; so that for the first time we had what Mr. Goodhue would say was foolish: our Beaux-Arts plan, our Cour d’Honneur. Perhaps some of you remember many of those interesting buildings. At any rate, that exhibition was visited by Americans generally. As it was in the centre of the country, at Chicago, those who lived East and West, North and South all came; and the American, for the first time, carried back to his own home a feeling of something architectural. I think it was a very wise proceeding that these men should have produced a classic ensemble. We in our country at that time, you must remember, were not familiar, either through books or cheap prints, as we are to-day with archi- tectural details and examples. Most of the people knew nothing about columns in architecture, or size, scale or schemes. Therefore they took back with them from the exhibition something of the dream city; some inspiration perhaps which became reflected in the awakening desires of the public. From that time things began to change. We had a further exhibition in Buffalo some years later, also more or less classic, but a little more free in the scheme of design, into which colour was introduced, thereby making another object lesson. Then in California there was an exhibition at San Francisco, where the combination of the climate, the verdure of the city, and the wonderful situa- tion on the water made it the great Exhibition of America. Consider the changes that have taken place during the life of one man (I am thinking of the late Mr. George B. Post—whom I feel honoured to count one of my friends, and whom I looked up to tremendously as a younger man). He began the practice of architecture when there was noth- ing higher than a three-storey house, when plumbing was practically unheard of, and when there was no central heating, and he lived to see, and to build himself, some very high buildings. He saw in his lifetime of over a period of fifty years of practice this tremendous growth from nothing to what might be called everything in the way of architectural effort. Of course, when Mr. Hunt began to practise, having come back from the Ecole des Beaux-Arts practically the first trained architect, he brought with him the traditions and the things that he loved most in the chateaux of the Loire and in French architecture, and he began doing real monuments in America. But Mr. Hunt’s work, outside the enthusiasm he brought to it and the friends he made and students that he interested in it, did not stand for much in a constructive way; no more, perhaps, to use an extreme example, than Garnier, with his Opera House at Paris, or Michael Angelo with his persona! work, or Raphael. Owing to the influence of Мг. Hunt, a great many younger men began to go to Paris to learn something of architecture. We had no Schools of Archi- tecture in our country, but certain architectural courses in Universities which were very fragmentary, very elementary, and very stupid. When these pilgrims to the Ecole des Beaux-Arts came back they arrived in great numbers. They began, of course, to do so-called French architecture; they were young and enthusiastic, and they imported into America illogical and stupid forms which they had come to love during their dreams abroad. And so we had a sort of influx of the French millinery art. For every building 18 designed by an architect there were hundreds designed by contractors. French books came into the libraries, and forms were copied without any sense or knowledge of their reason, and we got a tremendous taste—I may say a very bad taste—for very stupid work, and I think it was that to which Mr. Goodhue referred—and quite rightly. But these men came back with a certain knowledge of the theory and essentials of planning which I think has done more than anything else to solve the difficulties of the growing building industry of America. And, therefore, I am proud of being a Beaux-Arts man, just as I am of being a friend of Mr. Goodhue. Ido not see why the one should preclude me from the other. In our city architecture the streets are all built on the gridiron plan. Our forefathers had no imagination, and so we have avenues going North and South and little streets going East and West. The lots were divided into 25-foot lengths of frontage, and therefore our street architecture, particularly in regard to our business build- ings, was really the architecture of the facade, the side walls and the backs being neglected. That of course spoilt the appearance of our buildings. I understand that you are now beginning to think something of sky-scrapers in London. Sky-scrapers are high buildings which had an American reason in New York, and certainly a New York reason. The reason was this: that in the Southern part of the city, which was the business centre and the part in which was situated the Stock Exchange and banking locality, property was in very small freeholds, held at very high prices. Someone con- ceived the idea of building very high buildings on the very small lots, and with the advent of steel for supporting members of our buildings these skyscrapers began to grow. Of course they grew so rapidly that, to use an architectural expression, these things seemed to lie behind. The sky- scraper began to be known as an American invention. It has no place anywhere else, and it really has no place to- day in America. Since that time, during the last twenty years, we have developed our transit facilities to such an extent that we no longer have to huddle together. How- ever, these buildings were growing up like a field of aspara- gus plants, vieing with each other, cutting out light and air, and making the lower storeys near the streets practically uninhabitable. So something had to be done. I ат now coming to a point at which I may be able to offer a suggestion that may be worth your thought. Something had to be done in New York, and so a Zoning Law was passed a year or two ago which was the result of very careful study. We had to face the condition of existing things; we could not make such a law retroactive; we could not tear down the sky-scrapers already built. Some scheme had to be devised to let them remain, but at the same time control those that should come after. So a scheme was devised to preserve the light and air in the street, and the city was divided into zones. The height of the buildings already existing in the lower part of the city which was given over entirely to business buildings governed the zone in the district, which was known as the “two-and-a-half district." This meant that in that particular district you could build vertically on the street line of your building two and a half times the width of the street in which the building was to be erected. From that

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THE PROFESSOR PROVES THERE point you ро step back; one in three, or back within a plane which starts from the middle of the street, touches the limit of height to which you can go and then. recedes. That pushes the higher portions of the building back on the lot, and if the lots are large the mass of the construction is in the middle. This has already begun to show that instead of damaging the plan of the building, instead of dwarfing the imaginations of the designers, it is bringing forward schemes of towers and turrets, and for the first time we are getting our towers and turrets treated on all four sides. The Woolworth Building, which, of course, is our great pride and which is perhaps the most extra- ordinary building in the world, is a different problem. Тһе Woolworth Building is a block by itself; its turret tower is on the Broadway side, and being quite isolated, it can stand by itself. So can buildings such as the building of the Bankers’ Trust, the Singer Building, and other buildings on smaller lots. Something had to be done, and what has been done has been a very good lesson. So that if you are thinking of sky-scrapers in London, before you build any why do not you take our Zoning Law and look it over, and then dilute it by at least 100 per cent.? Then arrange, as you can here, that you are going to start to keep your towers far apart, large at the base, and let them go up as high as they like. There is a certain advantage in a high building. Тһе elevator made these high buildings possible, and without the present traction elevator, we could not have buildings such as the Singer Building, the Metro- politan or the Woolworth Buildings. The advantage of a sky-scraper is that your elevator shafts become very good corridors, and you can travel at the rate of соо feet а minute instead of walking at the rate of two miles an hour horizontally. So far as hotels are concerned, there is no quéstion but that a reasonably high building is more economical. It enables service to be brought more direct and makes the whole thing a more practicable affair. But in our hotel districts, and in those zones in which private property 15 situated, we have what we call the one-and-a- half times district. As our streets are mostly 60 feet or 75 feet wide, that gives us practically a maximum of twelve storeys, or at most fourteen, in some of the wider streets; which is not a high building with us, and 15 not a high building anywhere if properly planned and erected. One other word I want to say about American architec- ture is that I think it is extraordinary for you to be in- terested in it. I feel that the men over there are working hard, and I think that perhaps the most interesting thing that has developed is what we have come to see as a con- sensus of opinion on the matter of scale. Scale, of course, is very important in architecture, and I was struck, here and in France, with the scale of things. By scale I mean the relation and size of the parts of the building to the people who use it. Those little houses at Cherbourg, to which Mr. Goodhue referred, at once impressed me with their charm; they seemed cosy and caressing to the occupants who were in them. We had in America a period of doing things too big. Twenty years ago everyone was doing things in a large way and on a big scale; trying to make their work impressive, to make the money of their client count as well as his position in the world. And then sud- denly we all began to realise that there ought to be some connection between all these things; some reason for them. 19 WAS NO HOUSING EMERGENCY And with all that came the study of steel for structures, and finally through the engineer and from economical reasons we have found that the best spacing for steel is somewhere between sixteen and twenty feet columns on the average, and that our storey heights should run some- where between ten and twelve and not over fourteen feet. All our high buildings are divided into sections, and with a minimum sized window, say four feet by seven, coupled with bays, you get a sort of gridiron arrangement which immediately determines the scale of your openings and of your wall surface and of the applied columns that Mr. Goodhue says are useless. That has done more, I think, to invite the expression of our architecture than anything else. One of the most marvellous things is the foresight of Charles McKim, who thought out in his very wonderful mind the fact that perhaps Italian Renaissance in archi- tecture was more adaptable to use in our building areas than any other architecture. Therefore he brought frankly Italian monuments into our country; he made no bones about it, or excuses; he simply copied and adapted well-known types of buildings and placed them in the city which was fortunate enough to employ him as object lessons of monumentality. And so he changed the scale of things. When University Club was built on Fifth Avenue with the old three-storey houses and churches round it, it looked very large and simple and heavy. But since the University Club and the Forum Building near it and the apartment house have become absorbed in the surrounding architecture of modern New York, they take their place and hold their own, and so Mr. McKim was all we believe and what we now know him to be. There is one more thing I should like to say, and that is that when all the stress and confusion of war has died away we are going to get one benefit to architecture, and that is from the pilgrimage of our American troops to this country and Europe. I find in my own office that the young men who came under me have ап extraordinary love for architecture and art and the loveliness of Europe which they have got on their trip over here. You will remember we sent some two million men over, and they were taken from every class of life: some were Americans, some of foreign descent. They all came over and saw the destruc- tion of things, which, apart from the horror of the destruc- tion, seemed to them to be cruel in the sense of a destruc- tion of beauty. They brought back with them inspiration for the fine things which we are beginning to see coming out in the sentiment of our country. As these young men grow up and have their own homes and use their own buildings, they are going to try and get something of that tradition and charm which you have over here, which we envy, and which we come over as often as we can to see. The Professor Proves That There Was No Housing Emergency Figures never Пе! So I thought until I read the large collection of statistics brought together by a learned pro- fessor to prove that the emergency rent legislation was unjustified because there had been no shortage of housing in New York in 1920. There are so many figures and he is so very wise that you must believe him unless—unless you

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THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS have lived in New York and actually witnessed the suf- fering that has resulted from the lack of sufficient decent homes. The professor’s tale seems like telling a boy back from the trenches that you have calculated it out with care and precision and there has been по war. Samuel McCune Lindsay, Professor of Social Legislation at Columbia University says, “Мо physical shortage of hous- ing existed іп 1920 according (о the accustomed stand- ards.” All I can answer is—I was there! Apartment Figures Professor Lindsay arrives at his surprising conclusions on the basis of figures which show that the increased popu- lation 1910-1920 was less than the increased space in apartments (calculated at 4 persons per apartment). He does not consider the fact that an apartment’s useful- ness is not permanent. In 1900 most of the apartments were antiquated according to standards fixed at that time. In 1909 there were still 645,403 apartments in old law tenements (those erected before 1900) of a total of 840,101 apartments in all. Battleships are destroyed when they are obsolete. Apartments remain even after they are antiquated—even after their existence becomes a real danger. Over half the apartments in use at present in New York were built more than 20 years ago. Most of these are far below the standard set by the present law for new apartments. The Municipality has not destroyed them and replaced them—as has been done in London with certain of the old slums. Owners have not rebuilt them. As long as they could get a small return from their tenements, they have been unwilling to make the invest- ment that would have been necessary to replace them with new dwellings. But the older and worst houses in the past were left vacant. Vacancy Figures After all the vacancy figures tell the tale. There were 67,847 vacant apartments in 1909; there were 53,541 in 1916, and in 1921 there were only 1,510 vacancies out of a total of almost a million apartments in New York tene- ments. Professor Lindsay's statistical tables show that the number of apartments increased so much quicker than did the population between 1910 and 1920 that there should have been an excess of 90,415 persons provided for. Yet we find some 66,000 more apartments in use in 1919 than in 1999. Rent Figures However, we do not need figures to prove to us that there was an insufficiency of dwelling places. Rents were going up in 1g19—that is the best housing barometer. Landlords’ expenses were increased it is true—but if there had been houses enough and to spare—it is the landlord who would have suffered and not the tenant. In the past when New York has been overbuilt, owners have received an insufficient réturn. This was perhaps unjust, but they could not change this condition. They could not increase their rentals—there were too many vacancies. When all landlords begin to increase their rents all the statistics in the world will not make us believe that there are more than enough apartments. 20 Pay Figures But the Professor argues that the workman was receiving big pay—he was expanding, he was moving into larger quarters. If that is so, who was being pushed down into the abominable hovels that had been vacant? There were 39,166 vacancies in old law houses in 1916—and in 1921 there were only 915. These are the outstanding figures. If the workingman had gone up the ladder (which is doubtful) some one else had gone down. Who was it! The evil conditions of our slums have existed for a long time, but it was a more articulate class that was being made to suffer. Prof. Lindsay apparently fears that his statistics may not prove a sufficiency of homes in 1920, for he says: “Some overcrowding, undesirable as it may be while it lasts, does not necessarily create a danger to public health and morals and constitutes an emergency justifying drastic use of the police power.” But why Prof. Lindsay wishes to prove that which we have seen does not exist? Ido not know. But I do know that the real estate men who wish to break down the rent legislation are making much use of his book. Professor Lindsay’s conclusions are that no physical shortage of housing existed in 1920 according to accustomed standards, and that if rentals had been permitted to in- crease, building would have been stimulated. But has the Professor considered what would have happened if building or housing on a large scale had started without governmental] intervention of any kind? Building costs were out of proportion to general costs for reasons that we need not go into (the Lockwood Committee has)—building materials had risen 22496 between 1913 and 1920 whereas all materials had only gone up 141%. If building had been stimulated sufficiently to decrease rents, the results would have been disastrous to builders—would have meant bankruptcy and foreclosures. Until this time rentals in old as well as new apartments would have rocketed up to the point where they would have been unbearable to much of the population. There was no chance to build in the old competitive way. Meanwhile the tenant had to be protected. Professor Lindsay quotes the City Club as saying, "Indeed there seems to be little hope at any time of private capital unaided supplying decent housing to the average workman at a rate he can afford to pay." It certainly could not be done in 1920. Foreign governments saw this—but as long as our govern- ment was unwilling to accept a constructive housing policy, it was forced to the only other available means of protect- ing the tenant—rent restriction. CLARENCE S. STEIN. Norte: According to the New York World's version of the hearing before the Lockwood Committee on 5 January, Professor Lindsay admitted having “received $500 from the Real Estate Board of New York City for preparing a treatise on the housing situation which the Board has sub- mitted to the United States Supreme Court in its effort to upset the existing rent laws, and which the Board (until the hearing) had expected to circulate broadcast as an ‘impartial’ survey tending to show that there never has been a genuine emergency in the housing situation here (New York City)."—Editor.

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Community Planning and Housing CLARENCE S. STEIN, Associate Editor Milwaukee Squarely Faces the Housing Problem The First Copartnership Housing Venture in the United States How shall the city or state help meet the housing emer- gency in a constructive way? New York has answered by offering a bonus in the form of ten years tax exemption on buildings put under way before April 1922. As a result we have increased construction—but mostly of buildings of as poor a standard as the existing laws will permit. The city is helping to pay the bill, through non-collection of taxes, but it 15 demanding nothing from the builder, neither better-planned buildings nor easier terms for the tenant. Milwaukee is also participating in housing, but more directly and in a manner that will eliminate specula- tive profit and in which the participation of the city should not be a burden on tax payers—for the tax-exemption granted on new houses in New York City means that heavier tax burdens fall on the rest. The Milwaukee plan is a direct outgrowth of the 11018 Report of The Housing Committee of that city. We believe that it more clearly and truthfully stated the essen- tials of the problem that was puzzling most of the com- munities of the country than has any other report pub- lished in this country when it said: “Тһе solution of the Housing problem involves— (а) The elimination of speculative land values in some residential districts. (6) Zoning of the city to safeguard all residential dis- tricts. (с) Economical and adequate planning of streets, transportation, sewage, disposal, water supply, lighting, planting of trees, etc. (4) Elimination of waste in construction of homes. (е) Acquiring for wage earners the benefits of owner- ship without interfering with labor mobility. (f) Legislation aiming to stimulate the erection of wage- earners’ homes. (g) Public instruction as to the possibilities of housing betterment.” The practical outcome of the report was described by William H. Schuchardt, F. A. I. A., the then Chairman of the Commission, and now President of the Public Land Commission of the City of Milwaukee, in a recent address from which we quote: “In the Spring of 1919 the Mayor of Milwaukee, the Health Commissioner, the Building Inspector and mem- bers of the Commission appeared before the legislature and successfully urged the passage of a bill empowering municipalities and counties to purchase stock in co-part- nership housing enterprises. Then followed a campaign of persuasion for the scheme was often times termed stupid, paternalistic, socialistic, or communistic. It was opposed by many of our leading manufacturers, by the real estate board and by other so-called practical, hard headed busi- ness people. The men who sponsored the scheme or who 1See the JOURNAL for February, 1919. approved of it were condemned as being visionary, mere impractical dreamers. They had no precedent in this country to point to and European experiences were easily discounted because conditions on the other side of the Atlantic are too dissimilar to those which obtain in this country. But little by little the circle of friends increased. The opposition grew less insistent and last spring it was deemed possible to organize the Garden Homes Corpora- tion. The City of Milwaukee, by vote of the Common Council, purchased $50,000.00 worth of stock, the County of Milwaukee purchased a block of $50,000.00 of stock and various manufacturers have so far subscribed to about $80,000.00 worth of stock. The Association of Commerce has gone on record as approving the scheme and has pledged itself to raise $350,000.00 more to invest in the enterprise. “All sails are now set. About thirty acres of splendid land were purchased, architects were employed to draw 21 plans of houses, the city planning board and city engineer designed the street layout and in September last some two or three hundred people witnessed the turning of the first spadefull of sod by Mayor Hoan. Some fifty houses are now under construction and more will be erected as soon as sufficient funds are in hand. “The co-partnership scheme of ownership was developed in England some twenty years ago and has met with con- siderable success. It is designed primarily to mitigate the burdens of ownership and at the same time secure for the occupant practically all of the advantages of individual ownership. It aims to do away with all speculative values and as you will see, to make the wageearner's investment both safe and liquid. "Let me cite a concrete example: We are assured that we can build a six room house for about $3,800.00 and we know that the land, a 40 x 100 foot lot will cost with street, sewer and water improvements another $700.00, making a total investment of $4,500.00. Тһе prospective occupant subscribes for $4,500.00 worth of common stock and pays in cash as a first installment, let us say $400.00. His charges will then be as follows: Taxes $30 per thousand ۶۱۲۶۶۱650130660 асырар ад A ТОЛК 5.00 Кера charge. اڑل“ وھ ہی‎ озамын یسوم‎ 60.00 Contingent їшпд................................... 20.00 Administration Шипйб................................ 20.00 Life and disability іпзшапсе......................... 30.00 ог $22.25 per month, а total of..................... $267.00 S on 240000: мсм уағына ыы MS 205.00 Payment toward восЕ.............................. 120.00 $592.00 “His first year’s total charges will therefore be $49.33 per month, of which $27.08 is investment and interest. At the beginning of the eleventh year he will have paid toward his stock subscription $1,600.00 and his charges would be as follows:

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THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS Taxes and other ехрепвев........................... $267.00 Payment toward восЕ.............................. 120.00 5% interest on %2,900.00............................ 145.00 a'totabolescods ed ESTES uu ata ЕС СГ? $532.00 or $44.33 per month, of which $22.08 is investment and interest. At the beginning of the sixteenth year he will have paid in $2,200.00 toward his stock and the total charges will be $452.00 for the year or $37.50 per month and so on until all his stock is paid for when as before stated his monthly charge is only $22.25. “While these charges may seem high for the first years it must be seen that there are no items other than contin- gent fund and administration charges which the occupant would escape as an individual owner. These two items costing a trifle over $3.00 per month assure him against serious loss should he find it necessary to move to another locality. For in that event he does not need to sell out ata sacrifice in a buyer’s market. Should circumstances require his separation from the company he merely sells to the company his stock at a surrender value which varies with the length of occupancy as does the cash surrender value of a life insurance policy. The company in turn sells this stock to another prospective occupant. “It must also be borne in mind that his investment of $4,500.00 gives him a home which he could not possibly buy at such a price elsewhere for no profit whatever is charged in arriving at that figure. Yet it must be admitted that a monthly outlay of $50.00 a month, whatever it may include, is beyond the reach of the unskilled laborer. We can not here discuss that phase of the problem. We must for the moment accept what appears to be inevitable, namely, that the unskilled laborer can not buy a home equipped with all the improvements required by ordinance or by standards of living which certainly are an improve- ment on those of our forebears. “The question has often been asked why the occupant does not receive title to the property he occupies when he has paid for all his stock. I wish to emphasize that he does not purchase property, but common stock. It is not the purpose of the company to procure homes at rock bottom prices, sell them at cost to the occupant and then permit him to profit in a sale to another wage earner. The company, in its effort to eliminate all speculative profits must control the title to land and buildings. The so-called unearned increment of land value shall benefit no individual unless the stockholders are ready to disband and sell the entire estate when all will share and share alike in proportion to their actual holdings. The company aims to protect its occupants against exploitation and it can not sanction or make possible their exploitation of others. “In the matter of control it is proposed that a committee of occupants, elected by the common stockholders will determine on the fitness of applicants to become members of the community, or on the fitness of occupants to remain such. Such a committee may perhaps be empowered to recommend to the directors as to the degree of leniency to be shown a delinquent or make suggestions of all kinds for the betterment of living conditions. It is the aim of the company that restrictions shall interfere as little as possible with individual freedom. They will be imposed only where it is necessary to protect the common good so 22 that the benefits to be derived will not be offset by annoy- ing interference. In as much as the common stock- holders, that is the occupants, will gradually supersede the preferred stockholders in control, because the preferred stock is retired as the subscribed for common stock is paid for, it is to their own interest to so guard their com- mon possession that the advantages gained may not be lost. “It has been predicted that it will be difficult to find a sufficient number of families who can be induced to sub- scribe to common stock under a scheme such as has been outlined. We are more optimistic than to believe that, for the idea has been well advertised and although we can now build only about fifty houses we have received over five hundred applications to date. I think that our embarrassment will lie in the selction of occupants rather than having empty houses on our hands.” Letters to the Editor Misled—By What? SIR: In “The Labor Situation and the Landis Building Trade Agreements" іп the November JounNAL, Mr. Holsman covers the main points in the arbitration proceedings before Judge Landis and the judicial point of view with reference thereto. But he also, in parenthetical observations, pre- sents his own opinion which I think coincides with the run of current opinion with respect to the labor situation and what had best be done about it. I refer here to opinion outside the ranks of trade unionism, of course. This proceeding in arbitration before Judge Landis was, I gather from the various reports of it, an examination into the practices of trade unions in the building trades. It may have set out to amount to more than this; but the nature of the proceeding and the conclusions arrived at certainly justify the remark that it was so limited. Ap- parently it was assumed that what makes for the present labor situation could be discovered by scrutinizing the acts of trade unionists. And it seems safe enough to say that the point of de- parture from which the inquiry proceeded was a certain point of view which underlies all of Mr. Holsman's obser- vations and which is epitomized in his remark: “Union laborers have been misled into the belief that little pro- duction and much waste, coupled with enforced monopoly and high wages would somehow inure to their advantage." In view of the evidence contained in trade union rules and the consequent action by trade unionists there ap- pears to be good grounds for assuming that trade unionists have been actuated by such a belief. But that trade un- ionists have been actuated by such a belief does not account for the rise of trade unionism; nor does it cover the question as to why they actas they do. To attempt here to account for the rise of trade unions and the strategy employed by them would take us a little afield of the point of our imme- diate interest. For the point of immediate interest is how to answer to a question which follows upon the heels of the assertion that trade unionists have been “misled.” If they have been misled—what has misled them? Now, it may be that the curtailment of output, price fixing and a friendly regard for monopolistic advantage are

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CORRESPONDENCE characteristics peculiar to the working out of trade union- ism. And again it may be, as Mr. Holsman remarks, that “the farsighted, patriotic, cultured citizens of high integrity of character enjoy work well done and would build the best buildings; but citizens of that character abhor connivance in monopolistic price fixing or curtail- ment of skill or productivity.” It may be so. But it may also be that this attitude toward trade unionism and that attitude toward“ farsighted, public spirited citizens” is merely a manner of expressing one’s preferences or one’s preconceptions. This also may be so. But the world of reality most certainly reveals no such clean cut division of opinion or attitude between its citizens. In view of what is set forth daily in the financial columns of our press and in our market journals concerning the mar- ket, loan credits, tariffs, money rates, prices of commodi- ties, and what our farsighted, public spirited citizens are doing in their own behalf, it seems very much like a denial of the facts to assert that these same citizens abhor con- nivance in monopolistic price fixing or curtailment of out- put. In recent years laborers have developed a certain outlook toward the work which they do and toward those who em- ploy them. And employers at the same time have ac- quired a certain outlook toward their work and toward those whom they employ. In broad outlines, the outlook of both toward the work which they do exhibits the same characteristic features. Both laborer and employer are guided by the rules of business traffic in that in both cases the matter of price rules over all other considerations. The goal of endeavor is higher prices; and the most certain way toward this end is the control of supply or the re- striction of output. The control of supply or the restriction of output is not a matter which falls within the field of choice or of volun- tary action. Under the price system restriction of output is ordinarily a matter of necessity among those who have goods or services to dispose of. It is true, as the present case of the Western World indicates, that the necessity of restricting output in order to sustain prices may work out to the detriment of the common welfare; it may mean shortage, hardship, famine, or war. But under the price system there is no help for it. But in the case of such procedure as reported by Mr. Holsman the matter is never so viewed. The question 15 approached under the assumption that one group—the trade unionists, go about their affairs under guidance of a predatory outlook, while the rest, the farsighted public citizens, go to their work in the interest of the common welfare. Which, of course, is to leave entirely on one side the all important factor which 1s that under the present institutional scheme, a shortage of labor or a shortage of goods is highly advantageous to those who have labor or goods to sell at a price. But there is more to this matter than the restriction of output enforced upon labor and producers alike by the price system. Men no longer look upon the matter of living as a condition which turns upon materially produc- tive work. Ownership—a vested interest, is viewed as that which will exempt men from engaging in the act of producing what they consume. Maintaining this condi- tion of exemption from industrial employment is conceived 23 by the farsighted, public spirited citizens as the first func- tion of the state. То this end are most of our laws framed; and within the little world of farsighted citizens the right to live without working—the right to live upon a vested interest is never questioned. It is the foundation of all things. But the advantages of vested interests to those who hold them are to be clearly seen by those who do not. And the right to live without working is a right which may be aspired to by anyone. So that it should not occasion surprise to find that the workman, he who is supposed to look after the materially productive work which must needs be done, is giving heed to what is going on. It should occasion no surprise to find him engaged in laying plans looking toward creating a vested interest in his job—and in making it secure. And I think that among other things, this is what he is doing. Now of course he may be all wrong about the matter. It may be that a vested interest in a job may be substi- tuted for materially productive work; but I doubt it. No doubt he has been misled—but again, what has misled him? He is certainly going about his affairs in a very business- like manner, doing all that he can to render secure his vested interest. He also may develop his vested interest that he may live without engaging in materially productive work—who knows? It looks as if he had come to his present ways by fol- lowing in the footstep of his betters. So that it is not merely a question as to what has misled the workman. I think that it is a case of finding out what has misled our farsighted, patriotic, cultured citizens of high integrity who have got Western civilization into its present mess. FREDERICK LEE ACKERMAN. The Fee-Plus-Cost System SIR: The technical press has recently been very active in com- ment upon the architect’s alleged deficiencies in business methods. As far as these deficiencies refer to the carrying out of his work and his attention to his clients’ interest, I think they are 99% unwarranted and the result of propa- ganda by building managers, contractors and others who wish to assimilate his profession. But as far as the architects’ own affairs are concerned, if the discussions in THE JOURNAL are any criterion, he certainly should have a guardian appointed to look after him. We have no sooner got the 6% basis generally and uni- versally accepted than we are confronted with a proposal to have the architect placed upon a salary basis. Had this proposal emanated from the building manager or the con- tractor, probably we need not have been surprised, but coming from the architectural profession itself, it is simply asinine. Supposing the system were to be universally adopted, how long would it be before every client would be butting into the methods of the office, the number of men employed on his job, the wages paid them and the time expended? How long would it take him to say “your salary 15 too high, I сап get lots of men to work for less?” The only result of this method—and that would be a very speedy one—would

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THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS be to eliminate all respect the public has for our profession and place us on a par with the janitor from the building manager’s point of view, or the time-clerk from the con- tractor’s. While I have no desire to place our profession in a -mer- cenary light, still the outward and visible sign of success in the business world is money, and unless we place our profession in a position where architects can make money, we will merely sink to the position of head draftsman in some organization for the construction of buildings and that organization will finance, plan, construct and dispose of the product of its skill. Yours very truly, JOHN GRAHAM. Note: Members of the Institute will recall A. I. A. Document, Series А, No. 129 (it appears in the “Нала- book” as Appendix P), in which the Institute offers the Fee-Plus-Cost System of charging for professional charges for consideration and use whenever desired. Mr. Kohn and Mr. Sturgis, who use a modified form of the document in question, have reported their experience in THE Journa.L.—Editor. From Our Book Shelf On Building Churches The Judson Press of Philadelphia has recently issued another of its series of Training Manuals called “Planning Church Buildings" by Henry Edward Tralle, M. А. It is intended as a guide and instruction book for those who in our protestant churches may be called upon to take part in the planning and erection of churches and church schools in connection with them. Dr. Tralle has given many years of study and practical service to the solution of these prob- lems, and this little book embodies the wisdom gathered in cooperating with architects and building committees in all parts of the country. In presenting this he has had the assistance and profes- sional help of a trained architect, Mrs. George Ernest Merrill, who is Architect Secretary of the Department of Architecture recently established by the Baptist denomina- tion whose headquarters are in New York City. The author presents the requirements for churches of varying sizes, to illustrate certain solutions of these prob- lems and certain important rules which should govern the planning and development of the program. The advise given is sane and practical. It does not assume to sup- plant the architect, but to educate the committee to a point where it can intelligently place its problem before the ar- chitect with some definite knowledge of what it ought to have, and thus simplify the problem for both parties. Even the skilled architect may find here a mass of informa- tion and data which will help him materially in his work. The plans are well drawn, illustrate the text and suggest appropriate solutions which can not fail to be helpful, while not attempting to dictate as to the style or type of building to be used in any particular case. The Chapter (X) on the Architect as artist by Joseph Hudnut, A. I. A., is full of sound reasoning for the profes- sional man; while Mr. Merrill's contribution on Standards, a check list for committees and architects, fills a real need and is a practical glossary and specification. Not all its items will be wanted in any individual case, but a perusal of the list.will prevent omissions inconve- nient to be without and expensive to add to the completed structure. Н. Н. KENDALL. News Notes Mr. WILLIAM J. DitTHEY announces removal from 1 Union Square West to 120 Liberty St., New York City. Mr. Joun T. Comes, Renshaw Building, Pittsburgh, announces the formation of a partnership with two of his former associates, Messrs. Will R. Perry and Leo A. McMullen, under the firm name of Comes, Perry & McMullen. THE next conference of the International Garden Cities and Town Planning will be held in London on 14, 15, 16 March next. A special exhibit of town planning schemes is being arranged. On 16 March the delegates will be entertained at the new garden city of Welwyn. Tue Philadelphia Chapter has held a number of meetings devoted to a discussion of the work of the Congress of the Building Industry, and the Executive Committee now has under consideration the question of leading in the forma- tion of a local Congress similar to those already established in New York and Boston. COMMENTING on the recent change in the Landis Awards in Chicago, in respect to some trades, Mr. Henry K. Holsman writes us as follows: “The machinery movers’ new working rules contained none of the wasteful rules formerly insisted upon and the wage was increased from 85 cents an hour to 9216 cents an hour. The marble setters changed their rules—permit- ting employers to work on their jobs. Their agreement also contains a clause guaranteeing the quality of workman- ship, to the effect that if the workmanship is not up to standard in the judgment of the employer, the journeyman will take down and re-set the marble at his own expense, subject to appeal to the Arbitration Board, consisting of an equal number of employers and employees, whose de- cision shall be final and binding. The wage was raised from 871% cents an hour to 97Y5 cents an hour. “This last clause, guaranteeing workmanship, as nearly as I can make it out, estimating from a calculation of the difference between the wage award of Sept. 7th and the usual standard differential for wages of this trade, less 1216 per cent, amounts to about 21% cents an hour for this guarantee clause. This is only an estimate, however, and not a positive statement of what may have been allowed by the arbiter for this clause. “Т may say further that it appears that only two trades have such a clause in their working agreements. Mani- festly a trade union that will insist upon a rule guarantee- ing the workmanship of its members to be first-class deserves a higher wage for its members than it would otherwise be entitled to." 24

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Structural Service Department SULLIVAN W. JONES, Associate Editor LEROY E. KERN, Assistant In connection with the work of the Committee on Structural Service of the American Institute of Architects and іп collabo- ration with other professional societies and organized bodies having the same objective—improvement in build- ing materials and methods and better shelter for humanity in all its manifold vocations and avocations. Committee Activities More Information on Conduit in Cinders. (31b1.)—In the November, 1921, issue of THE JOURNAL (S. S. D.) there was pub- lished the report of a special committee of the Electrical Commit- tee appointed to survey national experience with electrical conduit placed in cinder fill and cinder concrete. The publication of that report has been helpful in that it has precipitated discussion and brought to light additional information. The report referred to seemed to indicate that experience with conduit, no matter how treated, embedded in cinders was unsatisfactory. The following letter from Mr. Bassett Jones of Meyer, Strong & Jones, Inc., consulting engineers, apparently establish the fact that conduit can be and has been so manufactured as to give satisfactory service under conditions which are destructive of the ordinary commercial conduit. “Some few years ago the writer gave a great deal of attention to the question of conduit in cinder fill, carrying on extensive and careful chemical and physical tests, both in the laboratory and on the building site for the purpose of determining what sort of pro- tective coating could be applied to steel pipe that would protect it from the action of the sulphurous acid set free by dampness in the cinders. These tests originated in the discovery that practically every form of rust protection applied to conduits then on the market disintegrated very rapidly in cinder fill. We had records of numerous cases where the conduit had been completely destroyed in a comparatively short time. An investigation of the old Manhattan Trust Company building, at the corner of Wall and Nassau Streets in New York, at the time of its destruction, as well as an investigation of the old Pabst Building which stood on the site of the present Times Building, together with numerous other cases showed one interesting fact, that all hot galvanized pipe that had lain in the fill had remained intact, and the writer then suggested to conduit manufacturers that a hot galvanized protection be used on electrical conduit. This however did not seem to quite fill the bill as at the time a large amount of electro-galvanized conduit was being placed upon the market. The writer therefore undertook to carry out experi- ments and tests to find out whether or not electro-galvanizing could be applied to conduit in such a manner that it would not disintegrate when buried in cinder fill. Much work was done on this phase of the subject and eventually we discovered by a series of long tests in buildings under construc- tion that if electro-galvanized conduit was used in which the gal- vanizing would meet the standard American T & T four dip test for hot galvanizing, that such conduit resisted the effect of the cinder fill equally as well as the hot galvanized pipe. It was found that in order to make the electro-galvanized con- duit meet the above mentioned test that it was necessary to leave the conduit in the electro-galvanizing bath for an additional period of time, generally about half an hour, and that when this was done the conduit met the test and stood up under job condi- ditions when buried in cinder fill. Such conduit has been taken out of the cinder fill by the writer for various periods after its installation up to 10 years, and it has proved in every case to be practically as good at the end of 10 years as it was the day it was installed. At these tests samples of practically every make of conduit on the market were used under actual building conditions and with 25 the exception of the conduit meeting the four dip test the results when the building was completed, was a collection of badly rusted pipes. This office has therefore made it a practice for a number of years to specify that all electro-galvanized or hot galvanized conduit shall meet the standard American T & T four dip test for hot galvanizing, and the difficulty brought about by the corrosion of conduit by the sulphurous acid in the cinder fill on the writer's installations according to these specifications, has ceased. The standard American T & T four dip test for hot galvanizing is a simple test to carry out and for the benefit of your magazine we are attaching a copy of this test as embodied in our specifica- tions. Originally we made the tests ourselves, but for some years past, have had them made by a laboratory of good standing. Our experience shows that a considerable portion of the damage caused by corrosion is due to the mechanical abrasion of the conduit before the cinder fill is laid. The conduits are laid on the floor slabs and walked over by workmen, building material is dumped upon them from wheel barrows, wheel barrows are wheeled over them and the pipe thus receives probably as hard treatment as it is possible to give it without crushing the pipe. Indeed, in some cases we have found pipe crushed due to this cause. I mention this because there is no question in our minds that the best rust protection for conduit is acid proof enameling, black or otherwise, but actual measurements at buildings have shown that in many cases at least one third of the enameling has been removed from the pipe by mechanical abrasion before the fillis placed. This left one-third of the bare steel open to the immediate attack of the acids in the water used in the fill. I should draw your attention to the fact that the American T & T four dip test for hot galvanizing which is applicable as men- tioned above to electro-galvanizing does not apply to Sherardized products, for the zinc applied by the Sherardizing process is mixed with iron particles which prevent the test from operating properly. The amount of zinc deposited per unit of area by the Sherardizing process may vary considerably in any given piece of pipe unless the Sherardizing process is carried out with extreme care. We found this difficulty to exist when Sherardized products first came on the market, and volumetric analyses of the zinc so de- posited showed variations of 1 to 12 in weight of zinc per unit of area. This difficulty we believe, has been largely, if not entirely eliminated by changes іп the Sherardizing process. The only known suitable test for the protective value of the Sherardized coating 15 the salt spray test which must be carefully carried out and is not easy to use, but such tests as well as other chemical and physical tests of Sherardized products indicate that this form of protection, if the Sherardizing is properly exe- cuted and the coating contains at least 200 milligrams of zinc per sq. inch of surface, is equally as good as that required in the cases of electro-galvanizing or hot galvanizing by the Standard Amer- ican T & T four dip test. My experience has led me to believe that the deleterious action of the cinders ceases after a reasonable time unless of course water is more or less continuously added tothem. In other words, the action of the cinders on the conduit exists only during the time the cinders retain their moisture. If there is enough zinc de- posited on the pipe so that the amount removed by the action of the sulphurous acid in the moisture contained in the cinders can not remove all of the zinc before the cinders have become dry, the pipe will remain intact indefinitely. It is of course probable

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THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN that if through leakage of other pipes the cinders remain moist no matter how much zinc is applied to the pipe it will eventually become corroded. It may be of intest to add that in tropical climates where the air is more or less charged with sulphurated hydrogen from decay- ing vegetation, the zinc, even on hot-galvanized pipe 15 disinte- grated with extreme rapidity by the air alone. In this case, the only resource is to paint the pipe with asphaltum as soon as it is received. At Panama the hot galvanizing on pipe kept under a shed disintegrated to a white powder in ten days. Other forms of galvanizing, except high grade Sherardizing, disintegrated with greater rapidity. To sum up I might say that provided the proper amount of zinc per unit of area is properly applied to the pipe, either by the electro galvanizing process, the hot dip process, or Sherardizing process, the pipe will not be corroded in any reasonable length of time in cinder fill, unless the fill remains damp. I am a little surprised that the report of the N. Е. P. A. Elec- trical Committee did not mention these facts, as the conduit manufacturers are thoroughly familiar with them.” Tests for electro-galoanizing or hot galvanizing. The galvanizing shall be applied in a smooth heavy uniform coating of pure zinc, and shall stand the following tests, all samples being taken from stock or from the job. The samples shall be cleaned before testing, first with carbona, benzine or turpentine, and cotton waste (not with a brush) and then thoroughly rinsed in clean water and wiped dry with clean cotton waste. The samples shall be clean and dry before each immersion in the solution. All samples tested for galvanizing shall be free from enamel or other coating. (Note: Enameling can be removed by immersing the samples in carbon bi-sulphide. The enameling can then be wiped off.) The standard solution of copper sulphate shall consist of com- mercial copper sulphate crystals dissolved in cold water, about in the proportion of 36 parts, by weight, of crystals to 100 parts, by weight, of water. The solution shall be neutralized by the addition of an excess of chemically pure cupric oxide (Cu Q). The presence of an excess of cupric oxide will be shown by the sediment of this reagent at the bottom of the containing vessel. The neutralized solution shall be filtered before using by passing through filter paper. The filtered solution shall have a specific gravity of 1.186 at 65 deg. F. (reading the scale at the level of the solution) at the beginning of each test. In case the filtered solu- tion is high in specific gravity, clean water shall be added to reduce the specific gravity to 1.186 at 65 deg. F. In case the filtered solution is low in specific gravity, filtered solution of a higher specific gravity shall be added to make the specific gravity 1.186 at 65 deg. F. As soon as the stronger solution is taken from the vessel con- taining the unfiltered neutralized stock solution, additional crys- tals and water must be added to the stock solution. An excess of cupric oxide shall always be kept in the unfiltered stock solution. Samples shall be tested in a glass jar of at least four inches inside diameter. The jar without the samples shall be filled with standard solution to a depth of at least four inches. Box samples (out-let boxes, etc.) shall he tested in a glass or earthenware jar containing at least one quart of standard solution for each sample. Solution shall not be used for more than one series of four immersions. Clean and dry samples shall be immersed in the required quan- tity of standard solution in accordance with the following cycle of immersions. First—Immerse for one minute, wash and wipe dry. Second—Immerse for one minute, wash and wipe dry. Third—Immerse for one minute, wash and wipe dry. Fourth—Immerse for one minute, wash and wipe dry. After each immersion the samples shall be immediately washed INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS in clean water having a temperature between 62 deg. and 68 deg. F. and wiped dry with cotton waste. If after the test described there should be a bright metallic copper deposit upon the samples, the lot represented by the sam- ples shall be rejected. Joint Conference on Advertising. Meeting of Executive Committee.—The Executive Committee of 5 of the Continuing Committee of 30 created by the November, 1921, Indianapolis Joint Conference on Better Advertising to Architects met in New York on December 16th. The Committee made a careful study of the personnel of the Continuing Committee with respect to interests represented and it was found that many important groups had no spokesmen on the Continuing Committee. The feeling was that the Continuing Committee should be enlarged to provide for representation from those interests not now represented. А list was prepared and the chairman was authorized to invite the various manufacturers' associations to designate representatives. Certain leading companies in unorganized industries will be asked to agree among themselves upon suitable representation. The cost of publishing and distributing the proceedings of the Indianapolis Conference was closely approximated, and it was agreed that a charge of $1.00 per copy should be made. The sug- gestion that the Press of the A. I. A. Inc., publish the proceedings was adopted. Further consideration of the recommendations made by the Indianapolis Conference in regard to standard sizes, character of advertising copy, and segregation of subject matter was postponed until the Continuing Committee is enlarged and reorganized. It was felt that the work with which the Committee was charged by the Indianapolis Conference should be more finally divided and assigned to a larger number of sub-committees than now exist. The chairman was authorized to discuss with a specified list of manufacturers the production of filing equipment, after the stand- ard classification has been so revised as to embody any valuable features that might be turned up by answers to the questionnaire sent to a select list of 150 architects. Standardization of Size of Paving Brick. (3g4).—The In- stitute, through the Structural Service Committee, was repre- sented at the conference held in Washington, November 15th, under the auspices of the U. S. Department of Commerce to con- sider the standardization of size of paving brick. In attendance at the conference were representatives of various paving brick manufacturers, the National Paving Brick Manufacturers’ Association, the Bureau of Standards, the A. S. T. M., Depart- ment of Public Roads, the Army and Navy, and representative engineering societies interested in the use of paving brick. A report, submitted by the National Paving Brick Manufac- turers’ Association, indicated that during the past eight years paving brick of 66 varieties had been manufactured in commercial quantities in this country. After a general discussion and expres- sion of opinion on the practicability of eliminating a large number of these varieties a committee was appointed to consider the various recommendations and suggestions made and to report at the afternoon session. This committee recommended that the following sizes of paving brick be regarded as standard and after a detailed discussion of the various recommendations, the report of the committee was unanimously adopted: Plain wire-cut brick (vert. fib. lugless) 3” x 4" x 834” and 312" x 4" x 814”; repressed lug brick 312" x 312" х 84%” and 4" x 314" x 8%" vertical fiber lug brick 3” x 4" x 812" and 314” x 4" 812": wire-cutlug brick (Dunn patent) 3" x 312" x 8", 312" x 312" x 81" and 4" x 312" x 814"; hillside brick (Dunn patent) 4" x 312" x 814”; hillside brick (repressed)4" x 312" x 812" In each instance the first dimension given is the vertical dimen- sion of the brick as laid. 26

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STRUCTURAL Abstracts It is the purpose of the Structural Service Committee and THE JouRNAL jointly to give in this division each month, brief abstracts of all publications by the Government Departments and Bureaus, University and other research laboratories, States and Associations, which contain fresh information in regard to materials or methods employed in construction and thus afford architects and others a convenient means of keeping themselves conversant with rapidly expanding knowledge in the technique of construction. Asbestos. (30c3).—(University of Arizona. Mineral Tech- nology Series No. 24. Bulletin No. 24. “Asbestos” by M. A. Allen апа С. M. Butler. Pages 31, Size 6" x 9".) Among the more important substances included under the general trade name of asbestos are chrysotile (serpentine asbestos), amphibole, antho- phylite, crocidolite, and amosite. Chrysotile asbestos is the only variety that is known to occur in commercially important deposits in Arizona; in its production, Arizona leads all the other states. An important difference between the chemical composition of Arizona chrysotile asbestos and that of the Canadian chrysotile is the small quantity of iron oxide the former contains. On account of this small quantity of iron oxide (about one half that carried by the Canadian variety) it has been suggested that Arizona asbestos might be the better variety to use for electric insulation. Grades and Specifications.—There is no standard classification of asbestos in general use in Canada, but the Department of Mines of the Province of Quebec recognizes the following five grades: Approximate Commercial Length of Fiber. Name. Crude No. 1....... Over 3/4 of an inch. ........... Crude No. 1 Crude No. 2....... 5/16 to 3/4 of an inch.......... Crude No. 2 Mill Stock No. 1. ..5/16 of an inch and over........ Spinning fi- ber Mill Stock No. 2. ..1/32 to 5/16 of an inch......... Shingle fiber Mill Stock No. 3. . .Up to 1/32 of aninch.......... Paper stock and others Asbestic........... Very short fibers mixed with pow- dered serpentine............. Asbestos for wall plaster Different producers, however, follow different practices, and separate their products into grades of different fiber lengths, so that the above table is not absolute, but should serve as a guide. While the length of the fibers is a very important factor in de- termining the grade and market price of asbestos, the value is also dependent upon the fineness of the fibers, the temperature at which they fuse, their flexibility, and their tensile strength. Uses.—The fibrous structure, toughness, incombustibility, and low heat conductivity are the properties that make asbestos valu- able. The most important way in which asbestos is utilized is as yarn or thread used in the manufacture of many types of steam packing, fireproof cloth, rope, and brake linings. Мо known sub- stance can be satisfactorily substituted for asbestos in the manu- facture of better qualities of these articles, and only the highest grades of Nos. 1 and 2 Crude can be used for such purposes. Material consisting of shorter or less flexible fibers is used very extensively in the manufacture of insulating material to cover steam pipes, boilers, etc.; asbestos paper and millboard for high pressure gaskets and packings; stove linings; air-cell pipe coverings; shingles and other roofing material; wall plaster; “Bitulithic” paving; “85% magnesia;” acid- and corrosive-proof pipe, wall tile, and desk coverings; filters; asbestos paint, etc. Large quantities of such asbestos is also used in refrigeration and cold storage plants. Demand and Market Value. —Only a small proportion of the asbestos mined in most places is of high grade—the materials SERVICE DEPARTMENT chiefly sought and most widely used. In attempting to meet the demand for the higher grades, an over-supply of low grade asbestos is produced. This fact explains the striking difference in value of the various grades prevailing F. O. B. Canadian mines, Feb- ruary 26, 1921, which, according to the Engineering and Mining Journal, were: Grade Price Per Ton. Crude No. Lilo stato EE $2,000 то $3,000 ۶٦۷14011: 1,400 to 2,000 Spinning ВБег............................ 400 to 1,000 Magnesia and compressed sheet fiber....... 325 to 500 Shingle ссосЕ............................ 110 to 150 Paper stock... یئ‎ ee ریب‎ 60 to 75 Cement вюосЕ............................ 17.50 to 30 УТЕРЕ ОМИР РЕЗИНЕ СЕРИЯ 8.50 to 15 Fire Stopping. (46). (Structural Defects Influencing the Spread of Fire. National Fire Protection Association. Pages 18, size 6x9 inches. Illustrated.) The suggestions and details, in this booklet, are designed primarily to cover defects in buildings of ordinary construction, but the same principles may be applied to like faults which are often found in fire resistive buildings. Precautionary measures are given for preventing the rapid spread of fire in con- nection with sheathing and plastering, boxed cornices, attics, stairways, elevators, floor and wall openings and skylights. Creosoted Wood Silos. (3525). (Technical Note No. 144. Forest Products Laboratory.) Тһе wood-preservation studies at the Forest Products Laboratory have shown that the value of wooden silos can be greatly increased by proper treatment with coal-tar creosote. A good creosote treatment will not only increase the durability of the wood, but will re- duce the tendency of the staves to shrink when the silo is empty. A creosoted silo can not be painted afterwards; however, it does not need painting, for the creosote protects the wood, and its color is pleasing. Highly durable woods, such as heart cypress or redwood, do not need protection against decay so much as the non- durable woods, but a thorough creosote treatment will make · the non-durable woods, such as sap pine, last longer than durable species will without treatment. Contamination of the silage by creosote from the staves need not be feared. This is borne out by experiments and by careful inquiry among the many farmers who have used creosoted silos. In order to be quite sure, it is well to allow the creosoted staves or the finished silo to stand a few weeks before filling. The most thorough creosote treatment can be given by pressure methods. If pressure-treated wood is not available, very good results can be obtained by the hot and cold bath treatment. If a good penetration of coal-tar creosote is ob- tained by either of these processes it is not too much to ex- pect the silo staves to resist decay 25 or 30 years. Other methods of creosoting, such as painting, spraying, or dipping can be used. They are less costly than the pressure treatment, but they are also less effective. They will prob- ably add several years to the life of the silo and thus pay for themselves, but the more thorough treatments should be used wherever possible. Instructions for treating silo staves by these various processes may be obtained from the Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin. Graphite. (25a).—(‘‘Graphite in 1920” by І. M. Beach. Re- print from Mineral Resources of the U. S. by the Geological Survey. Pages 6 Size 6" x 9".) This publication gives tables of produc- tion of crystalline and amorphous graphite, manufactured graphite, imports and exports and prices. 27

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THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN Copper. (15b)—(“Copper in roro." General Report by Н. A. C. Jenison. Reprint from Mineral Resources of the U. S. by the Geological Survey. Pages 123. Size 6" x 9".) This publication gives tables and data on production, imports, exports, consump- tion, and prices of copper. It does not discuss the physical properties of copper nor its technical uses. Index Structural Service Department from January 1010 to December IQ2r, inclusive. (3) Masonry Materials. Thermal Conductivity of Burned Clay, Concrete, Gypsum, Lime Mortar, and Radix, May 1920— Sand and Gravel, Nov. 1921. (3a) Cement.—Storage of Cement, Sept. 1920—Portland Ce- ment.—Effect of Fineness, Aug. 1920—Tests of Aged Cements in Concrete Mixtures, Dec. 1920—Uniform Spec. for Portland Ce- ment, July, 1921. (3b) Integral Compounds and Concrete Floor Treatments.— Calcium Chloride and Vitriflux, June 1920—Hardening and Dust- proofing Cement Floors, Feb. 1921. (3c) Lime.—Lime, Its Manufacture and Properties, Dec. 1920—Tentative Spec. for Masons’ Hydrated Lime, July 1921. (3е4) Slag.—Crushed Slag Aggregate for Concrete, Sept. 1920. (3g) Brick.—Building Brick, Manufacture and Properties, May 1920—Spec. for Building Brick, July 1921. Face Brick, May1920—Sand Lime Brick, Nov. 1921—Spec. for Paving Brick, May 1920—Porosity and Volume Changes of Clay Fire Brick at Furnace Temperatures, Aug. 1920. (3h) Gypsum.—Gypsum, May 1921—Gypsum in 1920, Dec. 1921. (3m) Mortar.—Plasticity of Mortars and Plasters, Jan. 1921-- Non-Staining Mortar for Pointing, Setting, and Backing, Sept. 1920. (4) Concrete and Concrete Work. Reinforced Concrete, May 1920—Standardization of Reinforcing Steel, Aug. 1920— Placing Concrete, Mar. 1921—Permeability of Stone and Con- crete, Nov. 1920. (5) Brickwork. Spec. for Common Brickwork, May 1920— Common Brick, Estimating and Construction, May 1920. (7) Waterproofing and Dampproofing.—Colorless Water- proofing Matertals, Nov. 1921. (8) Stone Work.—Report of the Investigation of the Lincoln Memorial at Washington, July 1920. Weathering of Limestone, May 1920—Artificial Stone, Nov. 1921. (9) Architectural Terra Cotta.—A New Departure in Stand- ard Specifications, Apr. 1921. (11) Paving.—Concrete Floors, Feb. 1919. (12) Roofing Sheet Metal and Skylights.—Prepared Roof- ings, June, Aug., Oct. 1919. (13) Structural Steel and Iron.—Welded Steel Connections, July 1921. (14) Miss. and Ornamental Metal Work.—Monel Metal, Nov. 1920—Physical Properties of Materials, July 1921— Hardened Copper, Aug. 1921—Seven Centuries of Brass Making, Dec. 1920. (19) Carpentry.—Wood Used in House Construction, May 1921—Fence Posts, July 1921. (192) Lumber—Physical Properties of Woods, Mar. 1921— Identification of Woods, Nov. 1920—How to Distinguish Long- leaf from Shortleaf Pine, Aug. 1921—How to Tell Birch, Beech, and Maple Apart, Dec. 1920—How to Distinguish Mahogany and Walnut from Red Gum, Nov. 1920—Identification of Oak Woods, July 1921—" Virgin Growth” and Second Growth Timber, Nov. 1921—Comparative Value of Timber Cut from Live and Dead INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS Trees, Dec. 1920—Charring Does not Preserve Wood, Dec. 1920— Saving Mine Timbers from Decay, Dec. 1920—Color of Cypress No Indication of Durability, Dec. 1920—Strength of Southern Pine and Douglas Fir, Apr. 1921— Strength of Built-up Southern Pine Timbers, Nov. 1921—American Walnut, Nov. 1920— Lumber Value of Trees not Affected by Turpentining, Nov. 1921. Classification—Lumber Standards and Classification Feb. 1920. Rot Prevention.—Dry Rot, Sept. 1920— Difference between Moulds and Wood Destroyers, Nov. 1921. Fire-Proofing.— Making Wood Fire Resistant with Paint, Sept. 1920. (19e6) Veneering and Plywood.—Plywood Panels, Jan. 1921— Glues and Glued Joints, Feb. 1921. (19е9) Flooring.—Wood Floors, Feb., Маг. 1919. (19g) Building and Sheathing Papers, Felts and Quilts.—Sound Deadening of Floors, Jan. 1920—Insulation of Buildings from Heat and Cold, July 1921. (191) Combination Sheathing and Lath.—Bishopric Sheathing and the Omaha Tests, Feb. 1921. (21) Plastering.—Effect of Salt Air on Plaster, Sept. 1921— Spec. for Scagliola, Sept. 1921—Stucco Designs in the Small House Competition, June 1921—Portland Cement Stucco, Apr. 1921— Scraffito, Feb. 1921. (22) Marble and Slate.—Marble, Nov. 1921—Structural Slate, Sept. 1920. | (23) Tile and Tile Substitutes.—Tile, Composite, Elastic, Mar. 1919—Tiles, June 1921. (24) Plastic Floors.—Magnesium Oxy-Chloride, Mar. 1919— Mastic, Mar. 1919. (25) Painting and Finishing.—Spec. for White and Tinted Paints on a White Base, Nov. 1920—Spec. for Red Lead Paint, Nov. 1920— Spec. for Green Paint, Apr. 1921—Spec. for Ocher, Nov. 1920—Spec. for Liquid Paint Dryer, Apr. 1921—Spec. for Iron Oxide and Iron Hydroxide Paint, Nov. 1920—Spec. for Asphalt Varnish, Apr. 1921—Spec. for Black Paint, Хоу. 1920— Spec. for Composite Thinner, Apr. 1921—Spec. for Volatile Mineral Spirits for Thinning Paints, Nov. 1920—Spec. for Spar Varnish, Apr. 1921—Turpentine, Mar. 1921—The White Lead Question, Aug. 1921. (27) Hardware.—Nails and Nailing, July 1921. (28) Furnishings.—Canvas, June 1921. (29) Plumbing.—Community Tile Drainage, Nov. 1921— Flow of Water in Drain Tile, Dec. 1920—Sterilization of Water, Mar. 1921—Spec. for Fire Hose, Dec. 1921. (30) Heating and Ventilating.—Pipeless Furnaces, June 1921—Insulation of Warm Air Pipes and Ducts, Dec. 1920—Tem- perature and Humidity, Aug. 1921—Automatic Control of Humidity in Shops, Nov. 1921. (31) Electrical Work.—Lighting of Buildings, Apr., May, June, 1919—Conduit in Cinders, Nov. 1921. (32) Refrigeration.—Refrigeration Machines, Apr. 1921— Balsa Wood, Sept. 1921. (33) Elevators.—Standardizing Elevators, Jan., Sept. 1921. (35) Equipment Stationary.—Failure of Vault-light Glass in Bottom of Swimming Pool, Oct. 1919—Swimming Pools, Jan. 1921—Concrete Vats for Tanneries, Dec. 1920—Motoramps, Dec. 1920—Community Buildings, Feb., July 1921. (38) Landscape.—Landscape Design, Jan. 1921—Lawns, May 1921. (39) Accoustics.—Sound Transmission of Solid Plaster and Gypsum Block Partitions, Nov. 1920—Metal Lath and Tests at the Univ. of Ill. Feb. 1921. Miscellaneous.—Nomenclature for Welded Pipe, Mar. 1921— Measurement of Reflection Factors, Mar. 1921— Conference on Advertising Literature, Dec. 1921— Standards (A. E. S. C.) Dec. 1921—Standards (A. S. T. M.) Dec. 1921. 28

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PLUMBING EQUIPMENT XVII ae ре 1s асоттоп purpose in the work of those who design and those who specify Wolff Quality Plumbing. Both have recognized their responsibility for installa- tions that shall give perma- nent satisfaction ІП use. WOLFF MANUFACTURING CO., CHICAGO Established 1855 м «ao I Dee cc ہے ےہ مہ رر‎ e em s S р کی‎ С D EN 4 А ENS Ve uM Ww e Sanitary Enamelware - Range Boilers Ae Potteryware . Brass Goods - Marble i سر‎ CAG ‚| ST. LOUIS o < - ere ےچحہ‎ 00 1‪--َیٰدن۔۔ س € .== سے te‏ سے жәме.‏ ہت s та.‏ س et o ia Ra нд... RM n ER — SR ret.‏ رہ INDUSTRIAL SECTION JouRNAL or THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS january, 1922

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ASCHER’S ROOSEVELT INDUSTRIAL SECTION THEATRE CHICAGO, ILLINOIS © C. HOWARD CRANE Architect Black spotted cream glazed Terra Cotta with polychrome ornament ys ороо dio x FUN ta Rd CE Y ұр DSS Copyright 1921 by National Terra Cotta Society Vanished Limitations BUILDING MATERIAL (Terra Cotta) | of DRAMA and ARCHITECTURE ٰ PROM its early beginnings in Ancient Greece, the drama has had a steady development through the ages. Advance has been apparent with each succeeding century. One by one the early hindrances to realistic portrayal have dis- appeared. But not until the development of the motion picture have the limitations of time, place and motion been entirely swept away. Architecture, too, has developed—from slow and costly construction with hand-carved stone, to the point where even the most beautiful designs of the ancients can be reproduced quickly and economically. As the presentation of a great dramatic story is made possible by the versatility and range of the screen, by the plasticity of the motion picture to the vision of the director, TE RRA СОТТА. Beautiful | JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCH “Permanent so the most ambitious architectural project i is made possible by the versatility and range of Terra Cotta, by its plasticity to the vision of. the architect. | Architects design in Terra Cotta because of | its expressiveness, its permanence and its econ- omy in the realization of ambitious designs. IN. ATION AL TERRA COITA SOCIETY is a bureau of service and information. Its publications cover not only the technical and structural use of the material, but show, as well, examples of its application to buildings of various types. Information to meet any specific need will gladly be sent on request. Address National Terra Cotta Society, 1 Madison Avenue, New York, N. Y. Profi table Drawing by Hugh Ferriss January, 1922 эм —_

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INDUSTRIAL SECTION BUILDING MATERIAL (Tiles) the fel. MODIFICATIONS OF THE BASIC SPECIFICATION The Basic Specification for Tilework previously referred to is hereby modified as follows: (H) CINDERS 1) emder) ai mentioned im Pur, (15). (/7), ОМ) and (XJ) are moi із be elbowed, Jammi claus u rugtesied (ә) Cinders shall not be used in concrete setting beds іп connection wi tüework anywhere [except under basement or cellar босгај.* "m ا بآ از ہز М کدف‎ enneren جا‎ wand, شوہ دا ئا‎ Pur ( М) ہہ‎ te ё w m un “BASIC SPECIFICA TIONS?’ and Related Documents Our publication K 300 is a basic document designed to serve as a record to which architects may refer in prepar- ing specifications for Tile. Documents relating to this publi- cation, all available to the archi- tect, include: Modifications of the Basic Specifi- cation, paragraphs relating to Tile details that must be taken care of for the work of other trades, and specificational paragraphs for re-writing in the architect’s own specifications. Copies of these documents will be sent to architects on request. The Associated Tile Manufacturers BEAVER FALLS, PA. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS XIX January, 1922

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ХХ | ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT За Ил ал Ре G-E TUMBLER SWITCH Attractive — Convenient — Dependable HETHER in palatial hotel or modest home, electrical equipment should qualify in all these respects. The G-E Tumbler Switch meets each requirement fully. Its refinement of design pleases the most critical. It is conve: niently operated by a touch of the hand or elbow. One small lever which operates up and down replaces the two buttons of the push type switch. lts dependability is insured by sturdy con- struction—both electrical and mechanical correctness. G-E Tumbler Switches are made in either flush or surface types, suitable for homes, apartments, churches, hotels, factories or other buildings. The General Electric Company will be pleased to send a sample of the G-E Tumbler Switch to any architect. Address Supply Department, Schenectady, М. Y. G-E RELIABLE WIRING DEVICES can be furnished by any electrical contractor SS 5 ы SS Wr: S General Office 6 Schenectady, NY. Sales Offices in all large cities. 42-141 INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS January, 1922

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ISSIR O6P ۆۆ‎ ۆۆۆ۽ۆ¦ۆ§۽ۆؤMۇۆؤOؤٗۆۆۆڕ؛ؤڕ»¦SٗO‎ IO ٥ٗ КККК wo G0... AAAA AAA. ا کشاشٹت.غتہستٹ‎ O NOOO. ہم > . A‏ 2 ры» SS 2 2 2 2 j 2 2 We A ds Ф 2 | miis G | 2 o 0:3 2 Z Е 405 2 2 - 5 2 2 2 оба о Й 1 Ge ہا‎ G 1 1 C RH & 2 g e 6,9,0 | 2 ^ сЗ «г ^ J 99 2 2 с 09 0 @ % аңы 5 2 2 ӘЗ» D 2 ы 2 2 2 Й Й 2 | 2 > 2 2 Й 2 Z % 2 2 2 i ІШ 2 2 А $4 x \ WM ss پک‎ 7 7 cub tovoc3 5 Q.V 3.2 су Й / b. Ле “gees оса / / 22 v8 208% 6.5.9.6 2-5 о { 2 D p + о 3 E E: 945 $ 2 Z 679 =57~ 6 ا لوہ‎ Бы, — aN O o0-—— £ E ےہ‎ о.2 .9 ` 1 1 y. « О سرت‎ p a qu Еч 2 Й = 2.2 svg ۷ 2 Z | өті. Оч и 00 "E юу wo o 2 2 о E.6 С О 2 2 B با‎ EN 0٦ >> A G Dg sG. S ©. Я E 7 f 4 PG RD RIS کس‎ om fru d: 246 i 2 ibe aac) mom سب‎ gen ES же) жш ا‎ ai Seo > 9 9-о 7-« 9 5 ES 6.9 2 2 fpf CAE MD | ЯВ py Е.Я jjj 8258 74/87 7 E TES = те”. 93 Е 9 О 3 E.O Z 2 Ж 4 ле. J/ zm | m B] = o z= 4 ш-/ mp 0» „а { 65 5 3 = 5 о О b D 0 4 E 1 ZN "a? 4 9 Е .9 2 ہیں‎ а молы ыы = © .> ои ғ С Й 5 ⁄ қылшақ ыш ыш e momo ТҰС e225 5265569 1 ay SSE ERE L> © 99.5 О yOu Vs 2 B C———— 5SS See 4924858 O | о 2 WAN ۰ od ^c * v m "D نے‎ Z е 1 ES боб = 74 Й a, | sau gass 3245226 | 2 T اکا جا ا‎ SR NAÊ راد‎ : 5 9 У 5S ^ a 7 ‘See - 2225 cae +” mga S ee M / а Z | | - 7 1 =a جع‎ с VE - MS Z 2 ! Q.S У سن‎ 2) 2 E | | СОЁ 555,8 SOI. T / = ? | б تنا ہے‎ ей © ооо о с.о © 2 7 ےی سے‎ 26 Cus 35 نے‎ == G “/ Oo тазала азда | A а 2, 2 У / Й кі % % z 22 үЖз5355:5:2-5553.::55:3Ҙ3-:-/4------ 4 а ЗЫ January, 1022 ‘AMERICAN INSTITUTE ОЕ ARCHITECTS * JOURNAL OF THE INDUSTRIAL SECTION

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BUILDING MATERIAL (Common Brick) Heoncmiest Construction A Department of Practical Information 2nd YEAR JANUARY 1922 Edited by William Carver, Architect Ideal Walls are Economical and Satisfactory say Users Architects, Engineers and Contractors Prove by Actual Experience that Ideal Construction Justifies Favorable Claims. Frank C. Vitson, Mechanical En- | gineer, San Francisco, says: “Тһе idea of the Ideal Wall is the finest thing that has come to lovers of brick construction in years. Now we can have our long wished for brick- work at the cost of frame construction. “I have tried it out thoroughly mere- ly to satisfy myself and now that the trial is over am more of an enthusiast.” The foregoing is typical of numerous letters of endorsement constantly being received from all parts of the country. Economical—cutting % from brick- work cost—beautiful, dry and satisfac- tory in every way, the Ideal wall gains friends wherever used. It has all the advantages of solid and hollow con- struction for residential buildings, at a ` .cost lower than any other type of con- struction, not even excluding frame. INDUSTRIAL SECTION Soundly Built Permanent Homes Better Investment for Clients Not only is Ideal construction satis- factory to the architect but it brings en- during satisfaction to owners. Тһе public is now well aware that when buying an automobile the first cost is not the only cost and is now learning this truth with respect to houses. Non- permanent construction implies con- stant tinkering and expensive hand labor in making repairs—which are not only annoying but costly. Permanent brick construction requires little or no repair. The U. S. Bureau of Internal Revenue allows a ‘life’ of twenty- ‘five years on frame building in figuring real estate items in income tax returns. Therefore, for a frame house costing $10,000, there should be set aside each year, $400 to cover obsolescence, this being in addition to the annual expense of painting and repairs. Ideal Wall home at Alton, Ill. The Ideal wall com- bines all the advan- tages of solid brick con- struction—for the cost of frame. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS ^ NE 2 m 4 3 “©. A ma 5472 1ب‎ 2.” ۹ 7 « > ГАС! V An 8-inch Ideal All-Rolok Brick Wall section. Architects Find This Brick Manual of Great Value For 25 cents only, we will gladly send this 72-page construction manual --“ВгсЕ, How to Build and Esti- mate.’’ Some of the subjects covered ‘are: The Ideal wall, brick in fire- resistive and slow burning construction; brick in fire and party walls; compres- sive strength of brick; fire-resistiveness of column coverings; cement and limes; sand; mortar; colors; selection and preparation of mortar; bonds; joints; fireplaces and chimneys; brick construction in freezing weather; and many other topics. If your local brick manufacturer cannot supply you, write The Common Brick Industry of America, 1327 Schofield Building, Cleveland, Ohio. For data on Ideal wall and other in- formation on brick, see Sweet’ s Cata- log, 1921, pages 107-114. January, 1922 жы

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PAINTS XXIII Beats fhe Dutch ONE of the largest architectural for Whifeness е “4 | "t É- SHERWIN-WILLIAMS نیم‎ ETE, operations in the South, recently completed. Sherwin-Williams Old Dutch Enamel, American- made, and Sherwin-Williams Flat-Tone were used throughout this imposing structure. HERWIN-WILLIAMS PRODUCTS See‘ our INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS January, 1922

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XXIV ROOFING (Asbestos, etc.) سید 4% + ‚м > سے‎ ем br $ 27.4 2 URR quA ү VERAT OT NS xe W. E. and A. A. Fisher, Architects, Denver, Colo. J. R. McDonald, Contractor, Denver, Colo. $700,000.00 Denver High School 34,500 square feet of Carey Roofing will be applied according to architect's specifications calling for the use of two layers of fifteen pound asphalt saturated felt, three moppings of asphalt, and a top sheet of three-ply roofing. This is but one of a dozen built-up specifications designed to meet the conditions surrounding various types of buildings. Write for the Carey Architects Specification Book. THE PHILIP CAREY COMPANY 507-527 Wayne Ave. | | Lockland, Cincinnati, Ohio, U. S. A. “А Roof ко Every Building’’ Asbestos and Asphalt текте Roofs, Roll Roofings and Asfaltslate Shingles Arch. 1-22 INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL оғ THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS January, 1922

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BUILDING MATERIAL (Terra Cotta) TLANTIC Terra Cotta, always desirable for the exterior elevations of a building, is a practical necessity when the design calls for modeled detail In color. The walls of the building illustrated are Atlantic Terra Cotta, conglomerate in color. The Studebaker trade- marks, and the sign over the right elevation, are white Terra Cotta against black. Architectural flexibility, expressed in little details of this kind, is characteristic of Atlantic Terra Cotta. Studebaker Building, Brooklyn, N. Y. Tooker & Marsh, Architects. Moody Construction Co., Builders Copyright Atlantic Terra Cotta Company 350 Madison Avenue, New York Southern Factory: Atlanta Terra Cotta Company Atlanta, Georgia INDUSTRIAL SECTION ү JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS January, 1922

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XXVI INDUSTRIAL SECTION “SPENCER was specified—the perfected VACUUM CLEANING SYSTEM No but the best was good enough for the Hotel Biltmore, New York, and the installation of the SPENCER System may be taken as typical of the equipment that went into that nationally known institution. SPENCER System has won its place in the estimation of architects and en- gineers on its record, the entire system being designed on the scientific propor- tion of vacuum to volume, which re- mains uniform and therefore always operates with uniform efficiency. Your daily practice calls for full infor- mation on Vacuum Cleaning. To what address may we send our booklet? THE SPENCER TURBINE CO. HARTFORD CONNECTICUT VACUUM CLEANERS | | , ہی سو RAM‏ n 2 E-N 9. The Hotel Biltmore, New York, Warren & Wetmore, Architects. SPENCER Central Vacuum Cleaning System | installed. JOURNAL or THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS January, 1922

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EWANEE Smokeless Boilers Burn ANY Coal So the man who buys coal for the boiler never needs worry about coal—he merely buys what he can get to the best advan- tage. And that saves him hundreds, and sometimes thousands, of dollars. Many of the leading heating contractors have firm- ly established their prestige with building owners by always recom- mending Kewanee Smokeless Boil- ers for big buildings. KEWANEE BOILER COMPANY KEWANEE, ILLINOIS Steel Heating Boilers, Radiators, Tanks, Water Heating Garbage Burners BRANCHES: CHICAGO Market and3 ington Sts, DALLAS Southwestern Life Bldg. NEW YORK 47 W. 42nd St. MINNEAPOLIS 708 Builders Exchange DETROIT 1772 Lafayette Bo DES MOINES 31 MT Bldg. COLUMBUS, О. 808 1st Nat'l Bank Bldg. 0 1121 Nicholas Bid KANSAS CITY 2014 Wyandotte St. SALT LAKE Scott Bldg. CLEV 706 Rose Bldg INDIANAPOLIS 509 Occidental Bldg. MILWAUKEE Мег, & Mfrs. Bank Bldg. ATLANTA, Ga. 1524-25 Candler Bldg. ST. LOUIS 1212 Chemical Bldg. PITTSBURGH 945 Oliver Bldg SAN FRANCISCO 72 Fremont St. CANADIAN REPRESENTATIVES—The Dominion Radiator Co., Ltd. Toronto, Ont., Montreal, Que,, Winnipeg, Man., Hamilton, Ont., St. John, N. B., Calgary, Alta.. INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS January, 1922

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XXVIII ^ WATER HEATERS (Gas) AUTOMATIC GAS WATER HEATER The Instant Hot Water Service Your Client Will О. К. with Commendation - The simplest way to absolute satisfaction is to specify Humphrey. You are speculating in not . doing so, because the contractor may not satisfy the client, who expected you to protect him in this important detail. - There is no limit to the amount of hot water the Humphrey Automatic Gas Water Heater will supply, any time of day or night, at the turn of a faucet. Yet no fuel is used except as water is drawn. Maximum Service— Minimum Cost— Specify Humphrey HUMPHREY COMPANY Div. Ruud Mfg. Co. Kalamazoo, Michigan Alt ihe Turn ofa Faucet. .INpUsTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL or THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS January, 1922

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VALVES >- ЖУ “ае, مھ‎ | XXIX | ^. JENKINS BROS. METAL ANALYSES—The metallurgist plays ~ BRIDGEPORT FACTORY an important part in the manufacture of Jenkins | ۴ | | 7 Valves, for a good valve must contain good metal. Metal is bought on analyses; and, to maintain a high standard, analyses of cast metal are regularly made. Metal is mixed and charges are prepared under the supervision of competent metallurgists. pm ex 7x "мы? ұ i / 4 à ; ; t © 4 4 f 4 i 2 ч Is ۴ ж 4 1 T 5 { T 27 0% om ہت ъа. = پک نی er‏ ۴ ۹ھ ۔ — m‏ — 4 high standard perpetually maintained Jenkins Valves occupy an extraordinary posi- tion—they are known, not only, as good, serv- iceable valves, but commonly set the standard by which engineers and architects judge other valves. Reputation and prestige throw an obligation upon a manufacturer, for a standard once estab- lished must be constantly and assuredly main- tained. During each step in the manufacture of every valve, Jenkins Bros. are mindful of this obligation, and also of the fact that dependent upon valves are comfort, convenience, fuel economy, and safety to life and property. Jenkins design provides a heavier, stronger valve. The “analyses proved" metal is uni- formly cast; and castings are accurately ma- chined to assure unity of parts. (Parts are in- terchangeable, and proper replacements can be supplied readily for any Jenkins Valve.) Each valve must "prove" itself in rigid tests, and leaves the factory fully guaranteed—a valve that is safe and dependable in severe as well as average service. Jenkins Valves are made in brass, iron, and steel for all requirements. The Jenkins “Diamond Mark" and signature on each valve identify the genuine—at supply houses every- INSTANTANEOUS FREE, FULL FLOW— where. is given by this Jenkins “Rapid Action" Valve which can be opened wide with quar- ter pull of lever. Stays open automatically. Stops water waste, saves time. For use on washers in laundries; in bottling establish- ments; in bath houses; on various machines, Send for data on the valves іп which you are interested. JENKINS BROS. New York Boston Philadelphia . Chicago Montreal London Havana and in places where much water is used and FACTORIES: Bridgeport, Conn., 4 к 4 a dependable, quick opening valve is re- Elizabeth, N. J., Montreal, Canada | (ences lo, „ quired. L| Seles SINCE 1864 À ` INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS January, 1022

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XXX WIRE GLASS MAIL CHUTES WINDOWS (Casement) CUTLER> MAIL CHUTES ARE MADE AND IN- STALLED ONLY BY THE CUTLER MAIL CHUTE CO. OFFICES AND FACTORY ROCHESTER, N. Y. CIRCULARS ON REQUEST ТТ ТІ! bs 2 1 Ab \ NIC | DK 1 | 25 ШЕШ | NG | i dli ELIT =i = е ۹ T ИМ | ЇЇ Ше” А FIREPROOF UNIT Тн Steel and Wire Glass Partition 7ھ INTERNATIONAL CASEMENTS JAMESTOWN. NEW YORK 4 SALES OFFICES + Mississippi Wire Glass Co. | 4 | NEW YORK CITY: JO/ Lark ‘Avenue Croisic Bldg.. NEW YORK 7 A ; ў BOSTON MASS 49 ЕД ا‎ S AGO , ST. LOUIS ШШШ ст LOUIS. 740: Chemical Building CHICAGO. ILL: „58 C. Washington St: SAN FRANCISCO. CAL: Wears Building + AGENTS IN PRINCIPAL CITIES + e EE m میس سس‎ Fire and Breakage Protection, Maximum Light and Minimum Floor Space INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS January, 1922

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SHINGLES (Stained) Special '' 1170-17۷7۷ Thatch Roof---weathered : stain with side walls in Silver gray---24-in, Irreg- ۹ ular Butts used on home 24,7 of Fred Stone, Grosse қ Point, Mich. LENGTH of service, 81 and ағарар to detail are the tests of side wall and roof materials, “CREO-DIPT” Stained Shingles not only meet these tests, but are guaranteed to give these same values many years to come. Then too, the artistry available with “ CREO-DIPT” Stained Shingles, either in plain or variegated colors, is an important consideration for discerning home builders. The open market does not afford such quality in shingles or stains. Send today for Portfolio of Fifty Large Photographs of Homes by Prominent Architects as well as color samples. Ask about 24-in. Dixie White Side Walls for the true Colonial White effect, CREO-DIPT COMPANY, Inc. 1075 Oliver St., North Tonawanda, N. Y. ПІШІП ۷ “OLIVE - KNUCKLE ” HINGE The knuckle of this hinge is a copy of the popu- lar French “Olive-Knuckle” Hinge, which was sold at about $3.50 per pair in iron, and on account of the high price, was used only in the better class of residences and apartments. We are now able to offer this hinge in iron (malleable)—at a price which makes its use possible in campetition with ordinary butts. THIS HINGE IS FURNISHED in malleable irons, sand-blasted ог electro- galvanised—either finish takes paint or stain perfectly, and in brass or bronze metal. No plated iron hinges made and no cast iron hinges. WE RECOMMEND that the sand-blasted hinge be used and painted or stained at the job to match the woodwork. This can be done where natural finished hardwood is used as well as painted wood work. No. 80 is intended for use on light doors up to 121%” thick and No. 81 for heavier doors. No. B 84% is a Cabinet Hinge for use on bookcase and | cupboard doors. 3 ARCHITECTS ИИ Г ШИШИ 777 ЇЇ ШЇ ШЇЇ ШЇЇ "ИИ ا٣‎ ШШ interested “Half-Polished- 3 Iron" hardware should ask to see sample. We | feel confident that our Olive-Knuckle Hinge іп | half-polished iron will meet with approval. in - * About 2500 Pair of No. 81 Hinges, Sand-Blasted Iron, are being furnished t for the Providence Biltmore Hotel, Warren & Wetmore, Architects." THE OSCAR C. RIXSON CO. 4440 Carroll Avenue, فی‎ IIl. 7 | ІШІШІШІШІПШІШШІШІШ ОТОКОТ е SECTION HARDWARE CERTITUDO TRY ATTULIT PP URNA MI ОООО ШИШ JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN [еп oF ARCHITECTS XXXI ۷ ۷ aU FIREPLACE FIREPLACE EQUIPMENT «qi ШІ ІІІ ute ТТЕ Ф FOR THE ДШ HA lh, Wet oll dial ص000‎ EVERYTHING Manufacturers of ANDIRONS GRATES SCREENS FIRESETS FENDERS HOODS Mul 27ک‎ ڑ٦‎ SPECIAL TO ORDER IF DESIRED РАНЫ No. 209 рун р ALSO THE COLONIAL HEAD-THROAT-DAMPER A FIREPLACE DAMPER which provides for سی یں‎ and CONTRACTION . in itself. ELEVEN SIZES—Four Styles of Operating Meets all Conditions. Insures proper construction at the vital part of the Fireplace; saves heat and fuel and often prevents a smoky fireplace. See Sweet’s Catalog and American Architect Specifica- tion Manual. Ml. ИЖ ДЇ dw peel pv Lat Hoe LE 7 SEND FOR BLUE PRINT. COLONIAL FIREPLACE COMPANY 4625 Roosevelt Road, Chicago. Д ЕООД ОТТАР СООТ ОЧТА пети ое о 0۸۷ ШІЛІГІ New York Office: Room 1210, Architects Paname AV, Mer ۷۰ e tn И ШЕИШЕ ШЕШ Ae app ИШЕ pps e ۳۱۰ر‎ THp th pt ied a Palys hs om и S.N aia 1922

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ROOFING (Slate) И STUCCO LF Om لاا‎ “- 9) SA An- Attractioe Display ә” Of Lighting Fixtures in all Periods for the Home, Hotel, Theatre, or Public Building, may be seen at our Galleries L^ SES RS RON >) (v^ > 276 2) 4.2 ive ls ull hp ан 2 (s 2 а PIER y, бл б B ar сой ERN 3 КИ 2 SEU ree ғ a E 2 2 دو و ہت T Ў) әй (Р fies AS FESS. Tal Tudor Stone Roofs Rising: & ° Belson - Slate + Co. B WEST PAWLET, VERMONT کے‎ z Architects’ > خ))ا::گ‎ * Department Р 101 Park Avenue, New York Boston Philadelphia - Chicago می 2 p" жы >) (m=) 829) > i 2 گے f >) К N ) а. میں‎ 4 ыз ” 4.3035 9) ($^ یہ مم 9) »^£ ےک 9) at hae > а 3 >) (А COMPLETE INA SACK! VERYTHING! Cement, asbestos, >) zak سس ج ра.‏ D 24 d x ` mixing compound, waterproofing— А A every component part COMPLETE IN | m ` A SACK! a 3 و گر گر‎ Hid 5527 d Architects will recognize added security . urseto یو عو‎ tour qose А in specifying a factory finished material Я shops where special lighting n —a material which leaves no manufac- effects for all purposes are А turing difficulties to the man on the job | daily in the process of manu- S —a product that simply cannot go wrong. А facture А Write for particulars. ка с Wisconsin Lime, & Coment Co. American Materials Co. 4 Victor S. Pearlman & Co. | Chicago New York Cit А C 0 A^ Art Stucco Materials Co., 12854 Oakland Avenue, Detroit | reators of exclusive lighting fixtures d 4 533-535 South Wabash Avenue Chicago, Ill. -> (Ӯ, ہحیدم )5520222 DAD ы Сла 4 THE IDEAL EXTERIOR Це. SS SES ы | INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS January, 1922

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ым. N —=«——-—-—— ЕССЕ MARBLE BOILERS AND RADIATORS XXXIII ШИПППШШПИШІШІТППІПШИТШПИТТІППИПШИТШИТІИПШІШШПТШПШІШШІІЛІ) ATTE ———— — Teee _ ШІП И!!! ШІП) ІІІ ІТ ШИИИИШІШІІІІ اک کہ یب ہیک т - se me mov 722% 26 ы, os‏ ریہ О A‏ ہب ЖЫНЫ‏ ЗА‏ رای جع Paul Cret, Architect PAN AMERICAN BUILDING, WASHINGTON, D. С. ШҮШШШ ШІ) The place of holding the World’s Disarmament Conference. This building is built of WHITE GEORGIA MARBLE THE GEORGIA MARBLE CO., Tate, Georgia NEW YORK OFFICE: 1328 BROADWAY CAPITOL BOILERS 400 SERIES THIS boiler is a favorite among ar- chitects for installations in schools, theatres, churches, auditoriums and apartment buildings where space economy necessitates low ceiling basements. Considerable saving in THE SMOKELESS BOILER construction of шашатын WENG GES WITH THE be effected by designing buildings LOW WATER LINE for the 400 Series Capitol Boiler. UNITED STATES JJADIATOR (ORPORATION GENERAL OFFICES: DETROIT, MICHIGAN | Branch Offices in Principal Cities INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INsTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS January, 1922

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XXXIV INDUSTRIAL SECTION FILTERS Loomis-MANNING FILTERS A Well-Known Sanitarian wrote an Architect: “In selecting a filter you must have one that can be easily and thoroughly cleaned throughout the entire bed. While there are a number of machines that use a reverse current to wash out the bed, I do not find any that equal © the one called the Loomis-Manning Filter." Loomis-Manning Filter Distributing Co. 1437 South 37th Street, Philadelphia; Pa. Established 1880 Safety With Economy It is not necessary to deprive your clients of fire-safe doors because of expense. Nor is it essential that you make a large outlay where such doors are required by law. In buildings the coun- try over architects are securing absolute safe- ty with economy by using Chesley Doors are made without rivets bolts or open joints. Moldings are an integral part of the door. Readily painted or grained. And—they cost only slightly more than wood doors, and 50% to 100% less than hollow metal doors. See Sweet’s and write А. C. CHESLEY СО., Inc., 9704 East 133rd St., New York. DOORS (Metallic) | N JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS Frink Modern Church Lighting The Frink System of Lighting has, in the past fifty years, literally worked a revolu- tion in the lighting of over 25,000 churches and cathedrals, including the finest in the country. The Frink Ventilating Church Ceiling Diffuser (of which one form is shown above) is the most modern system for the church. This consists of a stained glass screen, below a specially designed ге- flector, shedding a soft, even, restful -light over the room. : ar 5% The heat from the lights creates an upward draft through spaces in the diffuser, effec- tively ventilating the entire auditorium.. Full information can be secured from our nearest office on the above system; also on Frink Indirect and Direct-Indirect Systems. Frink Concealed Lighting from Coves. Frink Concealed System of Lighting. . Frink Lighting Service To architects with commissions for churches, hotels, banks, hospitals, theaters and other structures where lighting is a vital factor, we suggest early consultation with the Frink Engineering Depart- ment. The Frink Lighting System, being designed especially for the individual. case, should be made an integral part of the plan. LP FRINK, Inc. 24th Street and 10th Avenue, New York SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. 77 O'FARRELL ST. SEATTLE, WASH. 609 SEABOARD BLD'G CLEVELAND, OHIO 336 THE ARCADE CHICAGO, ILL. MONADNOCK BLD'G LOUISVILLE, KY. 415 W. MAIN ST. DETROIT, MICH. 345 MAIN ST. CINCINNATI, OHIO 17 GREENWOOD BLD'G PHILADELPHIA, PA. FRANKLIN TRUST BLD'G BOSTON, MASS. 161 SUMMER ST. =< ШР. LIGHTING SERVICE اسچ | --- - س oe - AXE p SI ae pou J i January, 1922

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DOORS (Metallic) WOODWORK (Architectural) XXXV “ай”. NY шитті | т-ға” саса "nur 4 (9.2 کنا‎ тн шоке? жа АУ ` YEH ۱3۱8 Ез E 13) 7. ©" Rod еза мө әзі жа مم‎ онь ہے۔ ہپ‎ (8 mu НЕН | | |٢ ۲ ” ? — „3, : = we + B. E = въ سے ما‎ ч-.----........ IOCA ER BY EM OH. O Ene eee L سع ہس و وو و سو‎ Gh “roomy | 8 —— pare | | lI LII А mt ae تدج‎ eis ғ EH ١ئ۱۱‏ ئا ئ۵ m‏ تھا کا ET‏ 21 4 ہے‎ ٦ THE ALLEN THEATRE, CLEVELAND. С. HOWARD CRANE, ARCHITECT MATTHEWS BROTHERS MANUFACTURING COMPANY 52 VANDERBILT AVE. ARCHITECTURAL WOODWORK MILWAUKEE NEW YORK WISCONSIN ESTABLISHED 1867 . BEAUTY ۰ PROTECTION - “SERVICE: BECAUSE of the way materials are fabricated, the сате- ful workmanship and the quality material, Dahlstrom Hollow Metal Elevator Doors give just what they are in- tended to give—Protection against destroying elements which means service in the long run. A quality door could not be turned out without a justifying finish to con- form with the material and workmanship. The baked- on-enamel fin- Dahlstrom Elevator Doors in American Ind. Natl. Bank Dahlstrom Elevator Doors on ground 1 | Bldg., above ground floor. Godley & Sedgwick, Architects floor American Ind, Natl. Bank Bldg., ish provides an ا ارت‎ 08458287 Hartford, Conn. enclosure for -=~ RE the elevator well opening which will add to the interior decorations of any building. ` We will gladly give you a list of installations in your locality which you can inspect for yourself DAHLSIROM METALLIC DOOR CO. 439 BUFFALO STREET, JAMESTOWN, NEW YORK New YORK CHICAGO DETROIT 25 Broadway 19 So. LaSalle Street 1331 Dime Bank Bldg. REPRESENTATIVES IN ALL PRINCIPAL CITIES В SSS á : È © 1, 257, 1 DEA SU VIDENT d 2 | 1 | INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS January, 1922

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سے Mw‏ ==

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eT MTT MT MMM MM Me ИП ШШШ а НН ШШШ ШЇЇ ЇЇ nnn nnn nin CONCRETE HARDENER TMM "٠×۰۸ Ы. چچچتھےا سش۶ سبٹب۸7پسس_سساالسقبٌ‎ 5 0 N М Е В О R М p H О D U C T S TT 3 What the Users Say! about МІН [Ач IDO‏ ہو the liquid chemical dustproofer and‏ waterproofer of old and new concrete floors:‏ 8 Continental Can Co., Chicago, Ill, writes: R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., Lexington, Ку., “Over 125,000 square feet of lapidolized concrete — writes: "Lapidolith has given very satisfactory floors receive wear daily, such as heavy trucks, results on concrete aisles which are subjected to etc, and we find them in excellent condition. constant trucking." (On above satisfaction we treated over 160,000 sq. ft. at Jersey City Plant.") Whiting Paper Co., Holyoke, Mass., writes: “The Lapidolith we used was satisfactory and if Standard Oil Co., (Indiana) Minneapolis, we make further installation of concrete, will be Minn., writes: "Lapidolith has proven very satis- glad to use Lapidolith.” factory but we have used Lapidolith for the past five years constantly." Bethlehem Steel Co., Lebanon, P a., writes: | “Тһе application of Lapidolith at our plant is A. G. Spaulding & Bros. Mfg. Co., Chicopee entirely satisfactory.” Falls, Mass., writes: “Lapidolith is certainly a very satisfactory product." ML COM ніні ТІТТШІГІШІІШІШІТІІТШПІІПШПШІІТШШІШІШШШШШШШІІПШІІПІІІІ ШШ eru AD UMLAND AAA LU LLLA ALL Gulf States Steel Co., Alabama City, Ala., writes: “Lapidolith has proven very satisfactory, Chalmers Knitting Co., Amsterdam, М. Y., іп fact, all we desire of it.” ites: “W ] ] b i 2. La аи 4. an Chevrolet Motor Co., Oakland, Cal., writes: y i “We specified Lapidolith Floor Hardener for our new extension entirely upon results obtained OTHER SONNEBORN PRODUCTS: in our old building.” | ШШШ ШШШ ЕШШШШЕшшш»--- ہس‎ Hydrocide—A black tacky material Ford Motor Co.—In twenty-two of the As- for waterproofing foundations and sembly Plants, have had their floors treated with Lapidolith. dampproofing the interior of exposed ш walls. No furring or lathing neces- Are your clients’ floors dusting or wearing? sary. Binds perfectly with plaster. Specify Lapidolith—standard for ten years. Over 200,000,000 square feet of concrete floors have been lapidolized thus far. LLLA ATO Hydrocide Integral—To be mixed with the cement for waterproofing mass concrete against water-pressure. Write to Technical Dept. for specification Powder or paste forms, sample and details. Fermo—A liquid chemical which hastens the set of concrete and mor- L. SONNEBORN SONS, Inc. tar. Saves time—prevents freezing. Dept. 21, 264 Pearl St., New York ШІШштшттшшІШШШ ШІ ШІШІШІШІШІТІ unnan. aa {UAE 0 CILE 0010000 565صچ6چك٦آآ‎ vec ИІП IRAE LLL HET LHIHI NI T қ a aaa 7770ا "۸ "" 3 کے سے سے‎ А E ШІ AERP SONNEBORN 7 wget HERUNTER @ Ө O арш Ш!ШШШШАШШШШШШШИШШИШШШИЛШНИШШШШШШИШШИШШШШШШИШШШШШШИШШШШШШШШИШШШИШШшшшн»— — 0 O Ж ШЛО

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TNI [fag hgh تر گر خلت کل ل‎ ШИ 0000 ۰۰۱۳ "000, page E . ouo p ЕЙ poll нра کاو‎ | ЕЕЕ ЛИКА ТЕЛЕ کر ای کر‎ ЕЛИ o gres rapit abb lta dra do ЕУ کر ار سر رب‎ uite ار‎ o sth on а н т ШИП Mobile Post Office Building, Mobile, Alabama ` Built entirely of Alabama Marble—Quarried and Finished by THE ALABAMA MARBLE CO. ALABAMA MARBLE. CO. Sole producers and manufacturers of the standard grades of ALA BAMA STATUARY | ALABAMA POCAHONTAS ALABAMA SELECTED A ALABAMA ITALIAN ALABAMA GRADE A ALABAMA STATUARY MOSAIC ۱ ALABAMA VEINED GRADE A ALABAMA MIXED MOSAIC C ALABAMA TERRAZZO The Би possible and the most satisfactory service in Interior Marble can be obtained by dealing directly with the Manufacturing Producer. The Reasons Why 1. He has more marble to select from. 2. He can take the necessary waste at a minimum of expense. 3. He can not evade his own responsibility. . 4. His living depends on your satisfaction with work done for you in his marble. 5. He has a pride in his material which insures his best effort on every job. 6. Having the largest stock to draw from, he can make the promptest deliveries. 7. His prices are the most reasonable. Reason No. 5 for dealing with the Manufacturing Producer _ Не has a pride in his material which insures his best effort on every job. 'The honest craftsman's pride is in every man's breast, apart from questions of pecuni-. ary advantage. But he knows full well that if every job is one of which he may justly be proud his position. in the market is secure. His own marble is his sole dependence. Hê might permit poor work to pass in another marble, he can not afford to do so with his own. — .. Our men are specially trained to use our marbles so as to produce the best possible `` | job by selecting from the largest possible stock, not to finish the job from the smallest . possible volume of‘ blocks. We carry a large stock to permit of accurate selection and grading. ALABAMA MARBLE COMPANY . MAIN OFFICE, QUARRIES, AND FINISHING PLANT _. GANTT’S QUARRY, ALABAMA’ CRT TT PA CRT CUT RPG Supervising Architect, Washington, D.C. p اہ‎ ` о à ШЕП e ЖИ ШШШ qne pit de [lv efr je php ШЕШ neg qai ari nne ШІЛ ЕКИ petam E ea i bots nant d nest : а ИТШ ۱٢٢٢ ۷ ШЕШІ imt | grip ر‎ a ls p ПШПШ pa ol nb it Mut ol d ^ €

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3 OURNAL THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS Seven Drawings by Louis C. Rosenberg A New Method of Competitive Ву Шад on Cost Plus Contracts F. W. LORD The Standard Documents WILLIAM STANLEY PARKER The Guilds — Old and New STEWART F. CAMPBELL _ Memorials Autocratic Regulation of Design in E un rildings — Pessimism — Books — News Notes — | Structural Service FEBRUARY 1022 ) Digitized y Google ШІ

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———| © --—A— © ——— © -— @ ——— $ —— ПС “ши ЛЕС ТҰС ——— 6 ТЕ o Ии E WTS © =< шиж ИЕ. шк шк. E ELEVATORS | | | | 7 p | f S 1S | 9 25) fot eren i tay Фо SVortds Word | OTIS ELEVATOR — , Р Д 2 | INN / Y еу ө - Ы 0 Hê SBE Ге ANNA | et IE a | |

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BUILDING MATERIAL (Common Brick) ПІ Economical Construction A Department of Practical Information 2nd YEAR FEBRUARY 1922 Edited by William Carver, Architect Why Not Load Brick Walls To Safe Bearing Capacity? Little Chance For Defects With Brickwork Tests, about to start, are expected to show that higher unit loads may safely be placed on brickwork. i ۱ ۱ The designer may always feel certain that a brick wall or pier is structurally sound throughout. Every cubic foot of the work is laid by an expert mechanic. The bricks can be inspected before being placed, and inspection of every part of the structure is easily made while the work is being done. (а, BRICK vent BRICK LAID FLAT | . VERY COURSE, ЈОМТӘ РРОКЕМ Previous Tests Show High Brick Strength Individual common brick, tested flat, crush at loads varying from 1,659 lbs. per square inch—or 119 tons per square foot (softest brick of which we 1 һауе record) to 36,763 lbs. per square : C e SR 7 7 m inch—or 1,926 tons per square foot. JOINTS BROKEN JOINTS BROKEN . EVERY COURSE EV оное When laid with thin sheets of good‏ ہہ mortar, in which form mortar or mor- tar-like substances show highest com- pressive values, brickwork constructed of well-burned brick is the strongest form of plain masonry. ‘The following results of U. S. Watertown Arsenal tests may indicate a possible ratio of strength between Ideal and solid brick walls. Note high bearing value of all piers. As soon as the 42 panels (story height) of solid and Ideal brick walls, now under construction at the Bureau of Standards Laboratory, 40th and Butler Streets, Pittsburgh, Pa., are 60 days old, testing will begin. Architects, engineers and contractors are cordially invited. Further particulars will be gladly given upon request. Comparative Strength of Brick Piers Brick Laid Flat and On Edge (All piers with hollow core, 244 months old, 8 ft. high, laid in 1:1 portland cement mortar) Unit Strength Percentage Ultimate Ultimate к кір Р Size Strength Strength of Net Area Gain in Unit (tons) | (pounds) | (Pounds рер | шее of 12" x12" 433,000 3,217 0. 12” x12" 463,000 3,451 7. И хп" 363,500 ‚ 4,622 43. 11 x11’ . 381,000 5,055 57. INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS Official Publication Gives Test Data Summary Previous tests of brickwork are sum- marized in the third edition of ““Brick, How to Build and Estimate,’’ the ofi- cial brick construction manual of the Common Brick Manufacturers Asso- ciation. Among other subjects covered are: Ideal wall—all data to date in- cluding weights, height by courses, material, etc. required per square foot; solid brick walls—selection of bonds and joints; composition and strength of various mortars; notes on mortar colors; tables of weights; height by courses, etc. A 72-page manual for the purely nominal sum of 25 cents, pre- paid. If your nearest brick manu- facturer cannot supply you, write The Common Brick Manufacturers! As- sociation, 1327 Schofield Building, Cleveland, Ohio. | For data on Ideal wall and other information on brick, see Sweet's An interesting detail. Note the attractive Flemish bond of Ideal Wall Construction February, 1922

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IV | PLUMBING WARE ee = +, ЖАРЫҢ CLIC TERON 2. یھو شس مت ——4 € — - x‏ 2 ہے رج ما сы тазыны‏ r the appointments of the guest‏ | 0 نمو rre аиа chambers of modern hotels, the bathroom equipment is an item of first importance. | ^ CRANE | HOTEL PLUMBING FIXTURES embody all the essential qualities of comfort and satisfactory service, and can be installed in a comparatively small space. You are cordially invited when in Atlantic City to make the Crane Exhibit Rooms (1105-1107 Board- walk) your headquarters. We will be glad to receive any mail ad- dressed to you in our care. 1855— CRANE CO. —10921 836 South Michigan Avenue, Chicago Branches in 65 leading cities Works—Chicago and Bridgeport U aT Se‏ کک سے INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS February, 1922‏

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JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS Volume X FEBRUARY, 1922 Number 2 CONTENTS ° PAGE AMALFI—Louis C. Rosenberg . . 1,111 3 a Frontispiece SHADOWS AND STRAWS . . و‎ . وی وی لی لی یو وی لیو .0 تو‎ C. H.W. 9 THE ARCHITECT AND SOCIAL RECONSTRUCTION . . . . . . . . Thomas Adams 30 ComPETITIVE BIDDING on Cost PLus Contracts . . . . . . . . FEW. Lord 32 THE STANDARD DOCUMENTS . . . . . . . . . . William Stanley Parker 4 Кесемт ZONE AND Excess CONDEMNATION Laws IN FRANCE . . . Frank B. Williams 35 Tue Next Сочувмпо02.0.0..............0.0.0.0.0.0..0. 3 SIX DRAWINGS . . a . . . . . . . . . . Louis С. Rosenberg 37 PRETTINESS AND DISCOMFORT 200. موم و ےه نو‎ . Georgiana Goddard King 43 THE Guitps—Otp AND NEW . . . . . . . . . . . Stewart Е. Campbell | 45 AROUND THE SECRETARY'S TABLE . . .. ہو . وی و وھ و‎ . . . . ... 47 PerTiers TO THE EDITOR . . . . مه ©« ©« ©« . ھ‎ © «© 00 ШЕ» eR 02 d^ d6 2 22: жо з d ов а we жою ж .[ COMMUNITY PLANNING . و . وا‎ . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 FROM OUR BOOK-SHELF . . . . . . «© . . © © © . . . . . 53 News NorEs Rm ke 3 4 m 23 ds Uu Um eee we. y STRUCTURAL SERVICE DEPARTMENT и Э ы о сә с MM کو‎ Published Monthly by THE PRESS OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS, INC. PRESIDENT, Thomas R. Kimball, Omaha; Secretary, William Stanley Parker, Boston; TREASURER, Ben J. Lubschez, New York City; VICE-PRESIDENT, М. Мах Dunning, icago; Directors, Herbert B. Briggs (Briggs & Nelson), Cleveland; М. В. Medary, Jr. (Zantzinger, Borie & Medary), Philadelphia; George C. Nimmons (George S Nimmons & Co.), Chicago; Stephen Francis Voorhees (McKenzie, Voorhees & Gmelin), New York City; D Everett Waid, New York City. CHARLES HARRIS WHITAKER, Editor The Octagon House, Washington, D. C. 313 East 23d Street, New York, N. Y. so CENTS A COPY. $5 PER YEAR. (Foreign, $6) Checks or P. O. orders should be made payable to The Press of the American Institute of Architects, Inc. Copyright, February 1922, by the Press of the American Institute of Architects, Inc. Entered as second-class matter, May 11, 1920, at the Post Office at Washington, D. C., under Act of Congress of August 24, 1912. Acceptance for mailing at special rate of postage provided for in section 1103, Act of October 3, 1917, authorized by the Third Assistant Postmaster General.

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ПП QUE ets a Her pne ns E qus ps a ppp E CT ESLER TRS oli E a al lll a oll i ll fall N i | ull. ve by AE le ut alfa at | ^g dil ТЕЛ Жү ات‎ ak aam te soda LUDOWICI--CELADON COMPANY Manufacturers of "IMPERIAL" SHALE ROOFING TILE 104 South Michigan Avenue Chicago, Illinois Ш ШШ ПШПШ ШИ ШИ TILES (Roofing) February, 1922

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THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS THE OCTAGON HOUSE, WASHINGTON, D. C. OFFICERS PPAR а Es First Ёзсе-Ртезадет..............................................................-.......... لً0لً و0پ 7 2 ید وت لو رفا‎ 0 - 3 ы. اف اک‎ SR ыласын нысан و‎ 97,4 LL 7 8کی)یَ‎ ызы aac HENRY Н. KENDALL, Boston, Mass. 700 ..Wittiam B. FaviLLE, San Francisco, Cal. 0-701 ROBERT D. Koun, New York City. 0 ..WILLIAM STANLEY PARKER, Boston, Mass. 010105 D. Everetr Warp, 1 Madison Ave., New York City. BOARD OF DIRECTORS For One Year (1921-22) Epwin Н. تا‎ ٣٣٣,۰ 1200 2nd Avenue So., Minneapolis, Minn. WILLIAM B. Іттмек, Board of Education Building, St. Louis, Mo. Ernest J. RussELL, Chemical Building, St. Louis, Mo. For Two Years (1921-23) CHARLES H. ALDEN, Empire Building, Seattle, Wash. М. Max DUNNING, 310 South Wabash Ave., Chicago, Ill ABRAM GARFIELD, Garfield Building, Cleveland, Ohio. For Three Years (1021-24) Epwin BERGSTROM, Citizens National Bank Bldg., Los Angeles, Cal. CHARLES A. Елукот, Title Guarantee Bldg., New Orleans, La. І. P. WHEAT, JR., 808 Seventeenth St., Washington, D. С Institute Counsel............... -ARTHUR PETER, Washington, D. C. LIST OF CHAPTERS, 1920 ALABAMA.—* George B. Rogers, Van Antwerp Bldg., Mobile; TEugene H. Knight, 1607 Empire Bldg., Birmingham. ARKANSAS.—*Eugene J. Stern, Gazette Bldg, Little Rock; TLawson L. Delony, 2407 Louisiana St., Little Rock. BALTIMORE.—*Howard Sill, 11 E. Pleasant St.; tLaurence Hall Fowler, 347 N. Charles St. BosroN.—*Charles A. Coolidge, 122 Ames Bldg.; tEdward H. Hoyt, 220 Devonshire St. BrooKLyn.—*John В. Slee, 154 Montague St., Brooklyn, New York City; Thos. E. Snook, Jr., 154 Montague St., Brooklyn. BurFALo.—*Paul Е. Mann, Ellicott Square Bldg.; tErnest Crimi, 110 Franklin St. CENTRAL ILLINOIS.—*Herbert E. Hewitt, Peoria Life Bldg.; TMark Н. Whitmeyer, Central Nat. Bank Bldg., Peoria. CENTRAL New Yonk.—*Walter Н. Whitlock, Security Mu- tual Bldg., Binghamton; TW. V. Madden, 125 Sibley Block, Rochester. CINCINNATIL—*Joseph С. Steinkamp, Mercantile Library Bldg.; tHoward McClorey, Fourth Nat. Bank Bldg. CLEVELAND.—*Charles W. Hopkinson, 900 Rose Bldg.; tW. W. Sabin, 1900 Euclid Avenue. CoLoRApo.—*Robert К. Fuller, 310 Fosler Bldg., Denver; TR. O. Parry, 407 Clarkson St., Denver. CoLUMBUS.—*Orlando C. Miller, 20 So. 3rd Street, Colum- bus; tRobert R. Reeves, 20 So. Third St. Con NECTICUT.—*Louis A. Walsh, 51 Leavenworth St., Water- bury; tDelbert K. Perry, City Hall, New Britain. DayTon.—*Louis Lott, Commercial Bldg.; tH. J. Williams, 908-920 Mutual Home Bldg. ERIE CHAPTER: С. Paxton Cody, President, 406 Ariel Bldg., Erie, Pa.; Armin Schotte, Marine Bank Bldg., Erie, Pa. FLoripA.—*Mellen C. Greeley, Bisbee Bldg. Jacksonville; fHenrietta C. Dozier, Bisbee Bldg., Jacksonville, Fla. Georcia.—*P. Thornton Marye (acting), Alfriend Bldg., Atlanta; fArthur Neal Robinson, 623 Candler Bldg. Atlanta. ILLINOIS.—®* Albert M. Saxe, 64 E. Van Buren St, Chicago; John A. Armstrong, 127 М. Dearborn St., Chicago. INDIANA.—*Ennis R. Austin, 731 J. М. S. Building, South Bend; tHerbert Foltz, Lemcke Annex, Indianapolis. IowA.—*Mortimer B. Cleveland, 215 Prospect Avenue, Waterloo; TEugene Н. Taylor, 222 South Third St., Cedar Rapids. Kansas City.—*H. Е. Ной, 607 Reliance Bldg; tSamuel Greenbaum, 216 Scarritt Bldg. Kansas.—*Lorenz Schmidt, 121 Market St, Wichita; Prof. d F. Baker, Kansas State Agricultural College, Man- attan. KENTUCKY.—*Val P. Collins, 624 Paul Jones Bldg.; ТЕ. L. Morgan, 1110 Cherokee Road, Louisville. LouistANA.—* Victor Wogan, Title Guarantee Bldg.; {Solis Seiferth, Maison Blanche Bldg., New Orleans. MiNNEsOTA.—*Harry Т. Downs, 619 New York Life Bldg., Minneapolis; TJerome Paul Jackson, 1200 2nd Ave. So., Minneapolis. MONTANA.—*]John G. Link, Billings; TW. К. Plew, Bozeman. NEBRASKA.—*H. W. Meginnis, 533 Bankers Life Bldg. Lin- coln; 1J. D. Sandham, World-Herald Bldg., Omaha. New JrRsEY.—*H. Т. Stephens, United Bank Bldg., Paterson; tHugh Roberts, 1 Exchange Place, Jersey City. New Yonk.—*Charles Butler, 56 West 45th St, New York; TRichmond Н, Shreve, 215 West 57th St., New York. NORTH CanOLINA.—*Earl С. Stillwell, Hendersonville; ۹٤٥ F. Gause, Murchison Bldg., Wilmington. OREGON.—*W. С. Purcell, 812 Spaulding Bldg. Portland; TGeorge M. Post, 619 Railway Exch. Bldg., Portland. PHILADELPHIA.—Geo. I. Lovatt, 416 Walnut St.; Paul A. Davis, ПІ, 1713 Sansom St. PITTSBURGH.—*Edward В. Lee, Chamber of Commerce Bldg. ; Stanley L. Roush, 1210 Chamber of Commerce Bldg. RHODE IsLAND.—*F. Ellis Jackson, 1216 Turk’s Head Bldg., Providence; ТМогтап M. Isham, 915 'Turk's Head Bldg. Providence. San Francisco.—*G. A. Applegarth, 1800 Claus Spreckles Bldg.; tJ. S. Fairweather, 1001 Balboa Bldg. SOUTH CaRnoLiNA.—*Nat. Gaillard Walker, Rock Hill; TH. Olin Jones, Greenville. SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA.—*Sumner P. Hunt, 701 Laughlin Bldg., Los Angeles; tCharles Е. Plummer, W. P. Story Bldg., Los Angeles. SOUTHERN PENNSYLVANIA.—* Edward Leber, 42 West Market St, York; TW. B. Billmeyer, 268 East Market St., York. ST. Louis.—*W. L. Rathmann, 1501 Chemical Bldg.; tW. О. Mullgardt, Chemical Bldg. Sr. PAUuL.—*Thomas G. Holyoke, Endicott Bldg., St. Paul; ТЕ. A. Slifer, Endicott Bldg., St. Paul. TTENNESSEE.—*W alk C. Jones, 110 Porter Bldg. ; tB. S. Cairns, 528 Madison Ave. Bldg., Memphis. TExas.—*Herbert M. Greene, North Texas Bldg., Dallas; TClarence C. Bulger, 4020 Swiss Avenue, Dallas. ToLepo.—*Harry W. Wachter, 908 Nicholas Bldg.; tCharles A. Langdon, Nicholas Building. UTAH.—*Leslie S. Hodgson, 2255 Madison Ave, Ogden; ТГауІог Woolley, McIntyre Bldg., Salt Lake City. ViRGINIA.—*Fiske Kimball, University of Virginia, Char- lottesville; ТС. J. Calrow, New Monroe Bldg., Norfolk. WASHINGTON, D. C.—*Frank Upman, Woodward Bldg.; TL. P. Wheat, Jr., 808 Seventeenth St, М. W. WASHINGTON STATE—*Carl Е. Gould, Hoge Building, Seattle; TH. O. Sexsmith, University of Washington, Seattle. WISCONSIN.—*Peter Brust, 233 Queen Ann's Place, Milwau- kee; TW. W. Judell, 445 Milwaukee St., Milwaukee. к with the Boston Chapter, November 1, 1917. MICHIGAN.—*Wm. B. Stratton, Union Trust Bldg, De- *Presidents. troit; Т). H. С. Steffens, 3732 Pingree Avenue, Detroit. TSecretaries. Information as to registration laws now in force in the following states may be obtained as follows: California—State Board of Architecture, Phelan Bldg., San Francisco. Colorado—State Board of Examiners of Architects, Denver. Florida—State Board of Architecture, 135 East Bay Street, Jacksonville. Georgia—State Board for Registration of Architects, Atlanta. Idaho—Department of Law Enforcement, Boise. Illinois—Department of Education and Registration, Springfield. Louisiana—State Board of Architectural Examiners, New Orleans. Michigan—State Board for Registration of Architects, Detroit. Montana—Board of Architectural Examiners, Helena. New Jersey—State Board of Architects, Trenton. New York—State Board of Registration of Archi- tects, Albany. North Carolina—State Board of Architectural Examination and Registration, Greensboro. North Dakota—State Board of Architecture, Bismarck. Oregon—State Board of Architectural Examiners, Portland. Pennsylvania—State Board of Examiners of Architects, Harrisburg. South Carolina—State Board of Architectural Examiners, Columbia. Tennessee—Examining Board for Architects and Engineers, Nashville. Utah—State Board of Architecture, Salt Lake City. Virginia—State Board for the Examination and Certification of Architects, Professional Engineers and Land Surveyors, Richmond. Washington—State Board for Registration Architects, Olympia, Wisconsin—Board of Examiners of Architects, Madison. Such laws are pending in Indiana, Iowa, and innesota.

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VIII . ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT VAL‏ نی :اھ wau Ate Mave, ре, Nie Li 2 ? ستیجہ یے S CHE‏ ہس 0 Building greater utility into the home HE usefulness of electric appliances in the home is increased many fold if there are sufficient receptacles to permit their use in every room. The G-E Twin Receptacle is a device which doubles the convenience of any outlet, thereby enabling the home owner to take advantage of every lamp, every heating appliance and every motor driven machine which may ultimately be acquired in the home. With such recepta- cles well placed, the necessity for unsightly or inconvenient connections is removed. Most home builders look to their architect for conve- nience of this kind. They depend upon his knowledge of interior arrangement and useful beauty to give them a home where electricity may be used to the utmost. And the progressive architect is giving more and more timetotheserefinementsthat people are learning toexpect. G-E RELIABLE WIRING DEVICES can be furnished by any electrical contractor General@Ele ctric General Office C оттап Sales Offices in p V all large cities Schenectady, NY. 41-142 INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS February, 1922

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en — LIGHTING EQUIPMENT PATENTED AND TRADE MARK REGISTERED The Ideal Light for Every Purpose Old style fixture with fourteen 60-watt bulbs—$40 watts— | one foot-candle. | . Remodeled fixture with опе 300-watt Mazda lamp and three go-watt bulbs—420 watts—four foot-candles. Twice the Light—?/3 Less Cost for Current The First National Bank in St. Louis, the largest National Bank west of the Mississippi, in recently enlarging and re- modeling its banking quarters installed Brascolite illumination throughout. In the banking rooms proper the old fix- tures were of a very ornate type, each requiring fourteen 60-watt bulbs or a total of 840 watts to deliver two foot- candles of light. — ۔.‎ ` The new Brascolites installed, harmoniz- ing perfectly with the architectural treat- ment of the interior, each uses 550 watts and delivers four foot-candles of light. Twice the light at one-third less cost for current. | The Brascolite principle of diffusion plus reflection at the source of light makes Brascolite the ideal light for every purpose. It is the largest selling light- ing fixture in the world. We have recently prepared a series of architectural booklets—of standard size for filing—copies of which we will be glad to send upon request: No. 1—Hospitals No. 2—Banks and Office Buildings No. 3— Schools, Colleges, and Y. M. C. A. Buildings IX THE BRASCOLITE COMPANY, ST. LOUIS, U.S.A. е DIVISION OF THE ST. LOUIS BRASS MANUFACTURING COMPANY BRANCH OFFICES: Sales and Service ATLANTA CHICAGO LOS ANGELES OKLAHOMA CITY BOSTON 0۸ MINNEAPOLIS PHILADELPHIA , CINCINNATI DETROIT NEW ORLEANS KANSAS CITY NEW YORK THE NORTHERN ELECTRIC CO., Lro., MONTREAL INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS February, 1922

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X | ` BOILERS AND RADIATORS . SMITH BOILERS For Burning All Fuels—such as Anthracite Coal Bituminous Coal. Coke Lignites Wood Oil Boilers for Low Pressure Steam and Hot Water Heating and Hot Water Supply | BOILERS аа Mills Water Tube eee À With Smokeless Furnace ШЕСІ: а | IU Ѕмтн | With Grate Reduced ee] ا‎ (ы With Grate Full Size à mea es А me : AA f BAIN у گا‎ ШЙ. иу. مت وت‎ H-B and Menlo Smith Service Boiler No. 60 Smith RADIATORS DIRECTS Single Column Two Column Three Column Five Column Window | No. 60 Smith and Wall Grate Reduced THE H. B. SMITH CO. Manufacturers of Boilers and Radiators NEW YORK, N. Y. PHILADELPHIA, PA. WESTFIELD, MASS. BOSTON, 10 East 39th St. 17th and Arch Sts. 57 Main St. 640 Main St., Cambridge, Mass. Л! DI 11 "UI ШІ ШӘ! ШЇ alap allla ШШ ШОП ШЕШ! "nal she وا‎ qu cut qb, n ар | iw ЖДИ " 7 15308 42 Weapon a qt gorge toan tue ge, dom rg ap al Шаш ане rag ТТС И E a mpm Alp eg 4 INDUSTRIAL SECTION | JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS February, 1922

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eee یا‎ AMALFI Louis C. Rosenberg Digitized by Google

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JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS Vol. X FEBRUARY, 1922 No. 2 Shadows and Straws HE DISCUSSION over the form of war memo- rials should be considerably stimulated by the report of the Sub-committee on the Form of Memorial to Soldiers, Sailors, and Marines to be erected by the City of Boston, an illustration of which appears elsewhere. From the report of the Committee we quote as follows: “Your committee gave much consideration to the question that goes to the root of the whole matter,—should а memo- rial be a utility or a thing of the spirit. It received many suggestions of utilitarian objects; for instance, a boulevard through the tenement districts of the city or radiating from the center to the suburbs; a City Hall with incidental build- ings; and buildings,—and these were many—for semi-private institutions dedicated to public use. “The committee was entirely prepared to admit that these and similar utilitarian objects are important civic institu- tions and should be built by those particularly interested in such objects. But it thought that such buildings would not themselves be memorials at all. . pi “Nor could such structures be made memorials merely by a name or dedicatory inscription. The meaning of a name is soon forgotten, a dedication is soon unnoticed. Thousands have trod Washington Street this day. How many have thought of Washington? Thousands have passed buildings over whose doorways dedications have been carved. How many have noticed them? How many can repeat accurately a single dedication in one of our great cities? “If these utilitarian institutions are not memorials in them- selves, and cannot be made so by name or dedication, they should not be foisted on the great emotional desire of the public to contribute to suitable memorials.” As the illustrations indicate the committee therefore proposes an island development in the Charles River basin, with a tower, an auditorium, a great carillon, and supports its recommendations by pointing out the spiritual significance of such things as the music of chimes drifts over the city where thoughts are “dwell- ing on vastly different things." The report is a well reasoned document, yet one cannot but feel that its writers were really very con- scious of the tremendous difficulty of memorializing anything or anybody in an age where the emotional nature of man is appealed to as never before, and to a point where nothing hits very deep or leaves any very lasting impression. Of course the plain truth is that the only real memorials are those which lie in the hearts of men and so far as modern times go, it is difficult to believe that any message can be carried far in this direc- tion by any of the arts. It is a pathetic conclusion, yet what other is possible as one contemplates the endless appeal of and for everything under the sun from starv- ing refugees in Syria to Debs in Leavenworth. It is a never ending flood either of carefully sharpened lancets by which to prick the pockets of our sympathy, seduc- tive opiates through which to lull us into tacit acquies- ence, or clarion calls designed to arouse active support, all of which it is the object of propaganda to secure. And, in the last resort, a memorial is a form of propa- ganda—of the very highest and noblest kind to be sure. It is designed to be and to bear a message. Yet how to make it compete spiritually with the endless other messages that are being devised and circulated, in very spite of our wish to heed them, is a task almost if not quite beyond the reach of men. HE CHICAGO TRIBUNE has suggested a citizens’ commission to which designs for im- portant public buildings might be submitted in the interest of architecural harmony and civic esthetics. Mr. George Maher, Chairman of the Municipal Art, Zoning and Town Planning Committee of the Illinois Chapter sponsors the proposal in a letter from which we quote as follows: “The singling out of a structure yet in its tentative stages of sketch development might be questioned, yet the principle involved, affecting the right of the public to protect itself against unsightly structures, is all-important, especially where such structures are to be erected on a great public thoroughfare. “The editorial (in the Tribune) rightly states that an ‘autocratic government could act promptly and effectually, whereas a democracy finds no way to exercise its will in such matters, even when it has critical judgment to protect itself. But public opinion, if it is aroused by men and women whose interest in the creation of a beautiful city is active and whose taste is cultivated, may accomplish a great deal.’ “The architectural profession welcomes this sane and very practical attitude. It is strange, indeed, that the importance of this publicity has been so neglected in the past and, as a result, great buildings, viaducts, monuments, and permanent bridges, have been permitted to be erected that have per- manently hindered the artistic aspirations of a great metro- 29

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THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS polis. However, with the exercising of the new zoning law that experts are compiling, and when the law is put into effect, Chicago may hope for an improvement of this problem. “Standards of taste may or may not be enforceable by law. But if not, it is the responsibility of the public to evolve methods of procedure for their protection, since we know that no matter how broad and comprehensive a city is plan- ned topographically the ultimate result in city beautification cannot be successful unless the structures that line the streets and avenues are reasonably harmonious in design and archi- tecture. As a suggestion that might be of value, a citizen’s committee of broad and cultured tastes and proven record as regards disinterestedness in public affairs might be com- missioned and clothed with legal authority to undertake the supervision of general building designs. At least an attempt should be made to give proper authority to some commission to see to it that Chicago develops according to accepted standards of taste and architecture.” We imagine that Mr. Maher’s opinions will be warmly challenged in many quarters. Democracy is indeed in a desperate plight, in many ways, yet much as we have given up to the autocratic regulation of our public lives and conduct, we doubt whether we are yet ready to take the step he suggests. “Accepted stand- ards” would require an autocratic definition, to begin with, and is in itself a point upon which neither the en- lightened public nor the architectural profession could ever agree. We think it is best so, and that ample room for the development of harmonious architecture is still to be found without the application of autocratic control, even were such a thing likely to obtain. The Commission of Fine Arts has only an advisory power, and the various city Art Commissions have very little power, if any, over private building activities. Is there not here a lesson that really must be learned by a democ- racy, which, after all, can do what it wills and which very likely cannot survive unless it wills to do better than it has done f C. H. W. The Architect and Social Reconstruction By THOMAS ADAMS Lack of Creative Force in Governments to get creative force applied through Govern- ment agencies in social problems. Such poverty of constructive initiative as there is in American politi- cal leadership may be due to the fact that most of the leaders have exhausted their creative powers in build- ing up individual wealth and position before they achieve prominence as politicians. In older countries the absence of such powers is probably due to the same cause, but in a lesser degree, and there are other causes that operate in thesc countries that do not touch American life. In England there is for instance the glamour of im- perialism that attracts and holds the minds of men of great creative resources. Such men consequently have only an academic interest left for the upbuilding of the social life of their own country. They spend much money and brains in adjusting the relations of widely scattered regions and they keep themselves fully em- ployed in giving or withholding freedom to the con- stituent nations of the Empire as expediency dictates. Whatever may be achieved as a result of the Wash- ington Conference and of the belated granting of more freedom to Ireland will be of immense value in lessen- ing the pre-occupation of British statesmen with prob- lems of imperialism and armaments, although new problems of international or imperial scope will prob- ably attract and hold their attention. Except in respect of the false economy that consists of spending vast sums of money on schemes for the extension of British influence over alien peoples, while starving industrial enterprise and means of promoting Р ROBABLY every country suffers from inability ` healthy living conditions at home—one may dismiss the cry for economy as a selfish excuse for neglecting cer- tain important forms of social reconstruction. Much of the reconstruction that is needed consists only of freeing the channels of enterprise from obstructions caused by antiquated laws—for instance, in regard to land; of boldly removing the impediments to free trad- ing and productive labour, and of applying more science to civic development—such as can be accomplished by town planning. | With less resort to expediency and more regard for sound principles politicians in England would soon bring about an improvement in financial conditions. The giving of doles and subsidies may be necessary as palliatives for political errors of the past, but they are not a proper substitute for preventive measures that deal with the removal of causes. What is more needed is the application of creative force to procure the recon- struction of industrial, financial and social conditions i in accordance with modern needs. “Life lies before us as a huge quarry before the archi- tect,’ says Goethe:—‘‘he deserves not the name of architect except out of this fortuitous mass he can combine, with the greatest economy, suitability and durability, some form the pattern of which originated in his own soul.” Goethe speaks of the problems of life which confront us individually. The problem of social life confronts the statesman in the same form. He can either act as the policeman and content himself with imposing and enforcing the regulations under which the operations of social life are carried on, according to precedent, or he may act as architect and help to plan the building of an enduring civilization. When he disclaims re- 30

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THE ARCHITECT AND SOCIAL RECONSTRUCTION sponsibility for social reconstruction on the plea that it is his duty to govern and not plan and create, and that any guidance he might give to social improvement would be an interference with private enterprise, he forgets that every law and regulation he imposes either helps or retards social progress. It there a shortage of dwellings? Then has the Government helped to create the shortage by defective land laws and by ex- tracting private capital for political needs? Are houses crowded and insanitary? Then is it practicable to correct the evil by private enterprise or to alleviate it to a material extent by police regulations after the evil is perpetuated? Is not the duty of the true states- man to prevent social evils by constructive policies? The Architect and Public Life Architects are trained to use their creative powers in directions more closely identified with social life than any other group of individuals. Engineers should be similarly trained but their education needs broadening in the cultivation of initiative. Both architects and engineers should take a larger share in public life. Their creative qualities are needed to offset the deaden- ing influence of the lawyer in relation to constructive social work or the detachment of the international diplomatist from social problems. There is talk in England about the architectural profession being overcrowded, and that too many men are being trained for the work which needs to be done. In a narrow sense of professional practice this may be true. In the-wider sense of public need and profes- sional opportunity it is far from true. More men are needed to be trained to influence public life and thought along constructive lines. If the profession becomes too overcrowded for “bread and butter" purposes may it not be because its members have too restricted an idea of their power and opportunity? It is certainly true of England that there is lack of creative force in the public life of the country and also that the architect is too much the hewer of wood and the drawer of water for the lawyer-politician. Some progress is being made in enlarging the respon- sibilities of architects. When the writer went to the Local Government Board (now the Ministry of Health) ten years ago the Board had one architect to advise on building by-laws. It still has the same architect and in addition several others in charge of divisions, Increasing numbers of cities have official architects. It is being recognized that all cities should have archi- tects as permanent officers and there are some who re- gard this as a misfortune to the profession. If we think of the contribution that the official architect makes in the form of constructive ability and imagina- tion to the public bodies by whom he is employed, we must look upon his growing public connections with 21 favour. It may not Бе a misfortune to the profession that he is so employed so long as he is strong enough to exercise his proper influence. In the more prominent fields of public life—in Parlia- ment and in public bodies generally the architect has not taken much part. It is against his nature to do so if he be a true artist. Не detests the showy vul- | garities of political life. He hates the demagogue— beloved of the mob. He has no desire to swallow his principles for the sake of power. Yet he is needed in public life to counteract these very things. After all the art of public speech is not an unworthy art. Through it the man of creative skill has the power to make his special qualities felt in the framing of public policies. As an artist and, at the same time, a man of action he may be the greater orator, if he seeks to cultivate the power of vocal expression. May there not be more hope of getting men of the active and crea- tive professions to become politicians than of getting men who are politicians ab initio to become men of imagination ? It is admittedly easy to put forward abstract ideas about the need for enlarged architectural responsibility in social and political matters and difficult to suggest concrete proposals. It may be, however, that by appre- ciating the fact that both public and business life are so much in need of the kind of qualities possessed by the trained architect, that we need not fear that too many men are having the qualities developed. Many students in architectural colleges should never pursue the profession of architecture, but that does not mean that their time is being wasted. What they are learn- ing will be of more practical use to them in other occu- pations and especially in public life than other things they are taught as a part of their general education. They are getting the kind of training that is needed to make up for the deficiencies of the ordinary school in- struction. They are being made to cultivate imagina- tion and to learn how to create things. Perhaps we may yet learn that instruction in or culti- vation of any art, and especially of civic art, is more important in the education of the young than the mem- orising of dead languages. What a power of good would exist if much of the time given in a country like England to learning latin grammar and historical data, that are not retained long in the memory, were devoted to training the child to make things and to understand and enjoy structural and natural beauty! The worst condemnation of our systems of education is the fact that we have such low social ideals and such a lack of cultural appreciation amongst the multitude who have been educated according to existing standards. In addition to creative leaders, therefore, England needs a better and differently educated population be- fore she can achieve any great advance in social re- construction.—London, January, 1922.

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Competitive Bidding on “Cost Plus” Contracts By F. W. LORD In Competitive BIDDING on “Cost PLus” Contracts, submitted herewith, a fee is to be quoted as the profit to be charged on the work, over and above the net cost, plus overhead: if anything is saved on the net cost, the con- tractor is allowed a bonus, and if the cost is exceeded, the fee is reduced. This form of contract has been frequently followed and with marked success. Now there are considerations other than price which should determine the acceptability of a contractor. Some contractors are especially fitted to do all kinds of work, while others have narrow limitations, which, besides ap- plying to the nature of the work and its location, also often apply to the quantity of work which can be handled efficiently. Most owners insist on competition, and quite properly so. But in judging the bidders on price alone, the easiest and most convenient way, many other consid- erations are lost to sight. Among these may be mentioned: cost of work as affected by the overhead charges; years in the business as an indica- tion of general experience, and efficiency of the working force depending on the average length of service; experience in handling certain highly specialized kinds of work; reputation as to general business methods, and fair charges; reputation as to quality of work; financial rating and credit—affecting not only the cost of work, but prompt deliveries; stockroom with supply of materials, workshop, amount of plant and labor-saving tools; proven ability to do work at high speed, depending on engineering training; ability to anticipate requirements. Assuming, for the sake of argument, that all the prices submitted by the competing contractors on an important piece of work are identical, obviously the work would be let to the concern which had the best reputation and the most experience. This is advanced as a convinc- ing way of bringing out the fact that there is often a great difference in contractors, and that it is therefore against the best interests of the owner to consider all bid- ders on the same plane and judge their proposals by the price alone. | Every architect has had sad experiences as the result of letting contracts to contractors merely because the price was low. If the architect would pay more attention to the other considerations just pointed out, the owner's interests would be better conserved. The difficulty lies in not being able to show in a convincing way the money value of service. Most owners think an architect can make a poor contractor live up to the spirit of the contract by enforcing the letter of the plans and specifications. But if a contractor think; of his profits more than he does of his reputation, in nine cases out of ten the owner suffers. There is nothing to be gained however by criticizing the usual method of awarding contracts unless some better way is suggested. Now in letting “cost plus" contracts in the manner de- scribed herewith, real competition is provided, but of a much broader kind than under usual conditions. The sys- tem affords a scientific method of appraising service, and an 32 intelligent way of measuring the reputation, efficiency and experience of the competing firms. By this system the owner is reliably informed as to his commitment, and the incentive to the contractor to obtain extra work and so increase the cost is discouraged. Finally, and most important of all, the tendency is to make the contractor function as partner of the owner, and look after his interests instead of trying to run up as big a bill as possible. This may sound like an extravagant statement, and altogether too Utopian to be true. A careful analysis of the following description will show, however, that not only is the temptation of the contractor to exploit the job eliminated, but a premium is held out that makes for business idealism together with the assur- ance of a fair price for the work done. Description of the System In the selection of a contractor under this system, each one is required to submit not a lump sum bid, but his complete itemized estimate sheets, showing net cost of labor and materials; and to fill out a questionnaire; also to state the percentage of overhead expense he will charge, and his fees for doing the work, it being understood that this fee will be increased if a saving on the cost is effected, and decreased, if exceeded. The details of this increase or decrease depend on circumstances. There are several reasons for submitting the itemized estimates, as will be explained. First of all, one of the qualifying considerations in judging contractors would be the accuracy of their estimates. The method of appraising each contractor under this heading is explained below. The chief reason for sending in itemized estimates is to give the owner a correct idea of the probable cost of the work, Obviously, the accuracy of these estimates will be a most important factor in determining preference, and also it is evident, from the explanation of this system, that it will be possible for the architect to obtain extremely reliable information as to the total cost of any piece of work, by thus getting the individual, careful, unbiased estimates of different expert estimators. Furthermore, it will be un- derstood that these estimates will be turned over to the architect in order to give the owner the advantage of the combined purchasing knowledge of all the bidders. The owner will thus learn the lowest bid obtained by each contractor for each item, it being understood that the con- tractor to whom the work 15 let will be governed by such information and prices in carrying out the work. It is realized that this is asking a good deal from con- tractors, to request them to divulge their purchasing power and experience. It is however fair to suppose that this in formation will be given, in view of the mutually advantage- ous features involved in this system of letting contracts. An additional advantage to the owner in having the itemized estimates thus submitted is the protection from collusion in bidding afforded by the absence of incentive thereto. If collusion does creep in it can easily be detected by comparing the itemized bids. Protection against

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COMPETITIVE BIDDING ON COST PLUS CONTRACTS fictitious competition is a very real advantage offered by this system. In comparing bidders the various qualifying factors are taken into consideration and appraised as described below. The order of importance and the maximum points allowed for each have been tentatively determined on the basis of a consensus of opinion of intelligent experts to whom this system of letting contracts has been explained. The list consisted of various prominent architects, engi- neers, bankers, contractors, and owners who have had experience in building. If this system of competitive bid- ding on “cost-plus” contracts is adopted a wide canvass of poinion should be taken in order to obtain an unassailable basis of appraising the qualifying considerations. The tentative order and number of points allowed are: Qualifying Considerations. Maximum Points Allowed. I. Reputation............ 190 points or 19% of the total 2. Experience........... бо “ “16% *" " 3. Organization.......... го " “I “ “ 4. Financial Rating...... 120 4 “My “ % 5. Accuracy of Estimate. по “ “r “ “ 6. Overhead Expenses.. 100 “ “10% “ < П РООСИЯ о " “ 9% “ "t 8. Plant. ہیی‎ rv $90 " “ 8% " ©“ 1000 100% The method employed of appraising each contractor under the several headings follows by captions. Z. Reputation Maximum Points АПошеа--100 Under this heading the different bidders would be marked in accordance with the architect’s opinion as to their reputation for quality of work and general business methods, fairness of charges, ability to do work quickly. The reputation factor is of course flexible, being more or less one of opinion, and differing with different archi- tects. The contractor who had satisfactorily carried out a great many successive pieces of work for the same archi- tect would of course be better rated under this heading than a man not so well known. For example, in appraising their reputation the points allowed to the different bidders might be as follows: A, 160; В, 140: C, 150; D, 180; E, тоо. Maximum Points Allowed—160 The experience rating would be determined by indi- vidual appraisals or opinions of the architect with help of references and other data submitted by the different con- tractors, or as the result of previous dealings with them. In many cases, such as a simpleloft building, or mill work, there might be very little difference in the rating of dif- ferent contractors as each one might be sufficiently capa- ble; but in the case of fine residences, bank buildings, or similar structures, special experience would necessarily be considered. Assume that the architect, basing his judgment on years of experience with the work done by the contractors in question, and on the references submitted, would award under this heading; А, 150 points; B, 160; С, 125; D, go; E, 100. 2. Experience 33 3. Organization Maximum Points Allowed—150 Here a similar appraisal of the different bidders would be made. In many cases a one-man concern would do just as well as a firm with a highly departmentalized organiza- tion. Butunder other circumstances, where the work is of magnitude, the time factor very important, and where mistakes and delays would be especially expensive, amplitude of organization should certainly be taken into account. Therefore each contractor would be asked to submit a brief description of his available force, stress being naturally given to the number of years he had em- ployed in the organization of his foremen, superintendents, and principal mechanics; it being well understood that a nucleus of steady men will show greater productivity than men especially hired (known as the “floating class") for a job. We will assume that the points allowed to the different contractors under this heading are as follows: A, 150; B, 160; C, go; D, тоо; E, по. 4. Financial Rating Maximum Points /llowed—r20 Whether or not each contractor, pays his bills promptly and gives cash discounts is of considerable importance, as financial rating not only affects cost of the work, but often explains why some contractors get much better deliveries of materials than others. Under this heading the architect would have in his file ratings, from Dun's and Bradstreet's, of the various con- tractors, or if not, satisfactory references. For relatively unimportant contracts all bidders might be rated equally, but for large operations this point would have to be con- sidered very carefully. Let us assume that different contractors would be al- lowed A, тоо points; B, 90; C, 105; D, 80; E, 70. 5. Accuracy of Estimate Maximum Points Allowed—110 Under this heading each estimate would be compared to the average of all estimates submitted, and the bidder nearest this average cost, after elimination of any obviously wide or inaccurate estimate, would get the highest number of points; the others less in proportion. For instance, assuming the cost of the work as deter- mined by such average of bids submitted to be $100.00 and that the individual estimates submitted were as follows: If A's estimate were $110, it would indicate a 10% error “ “% «€ B's «4 «€ 93, 7% ©“ ۰ C’s “ “4 102, ““ “44 2% 66 44 D’s «€ 0 99; Н н 1% : | 66 E’s 4% $ 96, € 4% It will thus be seen that: A would be allowed 90% of 110 points or 99 points B “4 ‘ 93% 102 4€ С «€ 4€ “ 98% “ “ 1: 108 © : D “ “4 ٤ 99% 4€ € «€ 109 «€ E «« ¢ 66 96% 46 «€ 66 106 «€ 6. Overhead Expenses Maximum Points Allowed—roo In this case, similarly with the fee charged, bidders quoting the lowest overhead generally would be allowed

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THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS the greatest number of points, with others less in propor- tion. For instance, A quoting 8% overhead, allow 92% of 100 pts. or 92 pts. $ € «« é6 93 “ В «c 7% ‹ 93% С “ 10% “ “ 90% “ ۰ 90 ¢ | D «€ 15% “ 6 85% m T 86 «€ E ce 20% “ “6 80% “ “ 80 TI A high overhead of a thoroughly proven organization would not necessarily receive a low rating, as it is well known that in certain efficient concerns much of the over- head expense results in a direct saving on the cost of the work. There are many instances when a dollar's worth of high priced time will save fifty or a hundred dollars in materials and payrolls. Under this heading, the rating given will depend on the previous experience the architect has had with the contractor. 7. Fee Maximum Points Allowed—go In comparing fees charged by the contractors, the higher the fee charged, the fewer would be the points given here. If the fee, for instance, were 10% of the estimated cost, go points would be allowed, but if the fee were 20% only 80 points would be given, etc. Assuming there were five bidders and that A quoted a 15% fee (equalling 15% of cost); B, 10%; C, 12%; D, 20%, and E, 5%. In which case: A would be allowed 15% less than go points or 76 points 4 “ “4 44 “4 “4 B * “ 10% 81 С 4 [ (1 66 12% 6 4€ 44 “4 79 4€ D €« [11 66 20% 64 €e «€ 4€ 72 66 Е 66 66 66 5% ee «€ 66 «« 85 «€ 9. Plant Maximum Points Allowed—S8o Under this heading would be considered the plant, tools, workshop facilities, store house of materials, auto tracks, and other facilities available for the prompt and economical carrying out of the work. The contractor would submit a brief description of such facilities for the intelligent guidance of the architect. As in other possible cases, there would be times when the architect might allow all the different contractors the same number of points, but in other instances there would be a considerable variation. We will assume that: A is allowed 65 points; B, бо; C, 40; D, 60; and E, 55. Recapitulation Max. A B C D E I. Reputation............. 190 160 140 150 180 100 2. Ехрепепсе............. 160 160 160 دو‎ 100 0 3. Organization............ 150 150 160 125 90 100 4. Financial Rating........ 120 100 go 105 80 70 5. Accuracy of Estimate.... 110 99 102 108 109 106 6. Overhead Expenses...... 100 92 93 go 85 80 "Бека ирак go 76 81 79 72 85 Ж ы 1 | a ee 80 65 бо до бо 55 | 1000 892 876 787 776 706 From which it is apparent that A would be recommended for the contract. It is not to be supposed that this system would be iron- clad in its application. | It will be noticed that the amount of the fee is put as of less importance than anything else except plant. This is on the theory that a concern with a high reputation would not ask an exorbitant fee. If however it were desired to award a contract to a firm whose fee were too high, it would be possible and in no way improper to discuss the matter and agree upon a fee mutually satisfactory. In concluding, it may be said that this system of awarding contracts would make for fairness and satisfac- tion to all persons concerned, not only diminishing fraud by eliminating so much of opportunity for it, but also making everyone feel that essential justice was the aim. Thus the whole morale of the contracting industry would be raised—and in this the public has the most at stake. The Standard Documents The Institute has, during the past twenty years, given considerable attention to contract forms, and having finally Issued its third edition of the Standard Documents some fours ago, it may well have uttered a sign of relief and satisfaction as it settled down to at least a decade of peace and practical standardization. But a still more inclusive effort to standardize contract forms has recently been inaugurated and has inevitably drawn the Institute into its vortex. The Associated General Contractors of America, under the leadership of General R. C. Marshall, Jr., its General Manager, recently initiated a conference of national organizations related to the construction industry, for the purpose of discussing the possibility of developing a standard contract form or forms applicable to all types of construction, not merely buildings, but railroads, bridges, docks, highways, and all other types of construction. This meeting was held in Washington on December 15th and 16th and was attended by representatives of the following national organizations: American Association of State Highway Officials American Engineering Council American Institute of Architects American Railway Engineering Association American Society of Civil Engineers American Waterworks Association Associated General Contractors of America National Ássociation of Builders Exchanges Western Society of Engineers There was presented to this conference a tentative draft of a contract form embodying all general conditions that appeared to be capable of standardization for all types of work and three supplementary forms covering the further general conditions applicable to the building industry, to railroad work and to highway construction, intended for use in each case in conjunction with the general con- tract form. | The meeting was held at the Department of Commerce Building by the courtesy of this department, which is taking such a practical and helpful interest in all matters 34

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RECENT ZONE AND EXCESS CONDEMNATION LAWS IN FRANCE that look to improved methods and elimination of waste in industry. Secretary Hoover opened the Conference with a few words of approval of its purpose and a pledge of the cooperation of his Department in bringing improved methods into effect. The Institute has helped very materially through its standard Documents to impreve contractual relations in the Building Industry, and the constantly growing use of these documents attests their sound construction and their general acceptance. The American Railway Engineering Association has also adopted a standard form of contract, which, while apparently not used to any great extent verbatim, is accepted as a general guide and is approximated in the contract forms of the principal railways. These appear to be the only national documents іп practical use. The Institute will of course agree that the principles underlying its Standard Documents could with advantage be made applicable to all forms of construction work. There are however some fundamental differences involved in the different types of construction represented at this conference, and as a result different methods of adminis- tration have been developed in practice which are logical and at the same time incompatible. The development of a single standard contract document suitable to all types of work involves the overcoming of many such differences. | The Institute can be counted on to cooperate freely іп this attempt but it approaches the work without any illusions as to its difficulties. The experience of many years of effort to standardize contract conditions in its own branch of the construction industry furnishes a clear understanding of the complexities of the problem of stand- ardizing procedure for the entire industry. Furthermore, it must move with caution in any effort that appears to involve the substitution of some new forms for those al- ready in such general use in its own branch of the industry. The Building Industry has made definite progress When a further step is taken it is essential that we be sure it is a step in advance. WILLIAM STANLEY PARKER. Recent Zone and Excess Condemnation Laws in France" It was in France that the first statute of excess condem- nation was passed, and in France the latest and broadest statutes for these purposes have recently been enacted. Excess and zone condemnation, closely related in their development, have had a long history. To this develop- ment many countries have contributed. Condemnation may be defined as the regulated taking of property for public use. From time immemorial governments have seized private property; and, more and more as govern- ments became just and free, compensation followed. The regulation of such taking, however, came only with the modern conception of government as the rule of law. In France it first appeared during the revolution; excess, and later zone condemnation followed. Long before excess and zone condemnation, or even con- demnation itself, properly so called, came into being, France was obtaining many of the results of excess and zone condemnation by somewhat different methods. For centuries France has endeavored to make its capital beautiful, and in so doing has seen the need of harmony in the development of public and neighboring private property. A method of obtaining this harmony, early adopted in Paris, was to sell this neighboring land subject to a covenant, entered into by the purchaser to erect buildings on it within a few years, in accordance with plans furnished by the state. In this way Henry IV in 1605 created what is now known as the Place des Vosges in Paris; many other beautiful squares and streets in France and other countries of Europe were planned and con- structed under similar contracts. In 1789 France, in the Declaration of the Rights of Man, laid the foundation for a modern condemnation law by pro- viding that: “Аге 17. Property is an inviolable and sacred right; none shall be deprived of it unless a public necessity, legally established, requires it, upon the previous payment YT his article is taken from a book, shortly to be published by the Mac- millan Co., entitled “Тһе Law of City Planning and Zoning.” АП rights reserved. 35 of just compensation.” For a time taking for public use continued to be arbitrary for lack of statutory regulation, but in 1810 a statute (now superceded by the statute of 1841) was passed setting up the necessary procedure. The principle of excess condemnation, however, was introduced into the law of France by a statute passed 16 Sept., 1807. That statute (Sec. 53) gives the land owner the right, on payment, to take remnants left by the relocation of street lines which cut him off from the new street, and authorizes the public authorities to expropriate his entire lot if he does not do so. The conditional right given by this statute to the authorities to take land outside the lines of the street, is a limited right of excess condem- nation. Excess condemnation, thus made a part of the law of France, has remained so ever since. For many years excess condemnation, which had mean- while found a place in the legal systems of other countries in Europe and in the United States, remained undeveloped in France. The movement which resulted in the growth of excess condemnation and the rise of zone condemnation in France originated in the desire of Napoleon III to im- prove Paris, in consequence of which two statutes were passed in aid one of the sanitation, the other of the beautification of the city. The statute in aid of the sanitation of Paris was enacted 13 April, 1850. It provides that where the unhealthful- ness of a dwelling for hire is the result of causes outside that building, and permanent, or where the causes cannot be removed except by an improvement embracing both dwelling and outside causes, the commune may expropriate the entire property under the general expropriation law of the state. This statute was little used because of its narrow application and because under the general expro- priation law the taking of slum property proved altogether too expensive. After one or two abortive amendments, this statute was finally, on 17 June, 1915, repealed and a new statute passed in its place. This statute applies not

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THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS merely to property for hire, but to all realty, giving the commune the power to take groups of unsanitary lots, and in addition lots in themselves sanitary, when necessary for the success of the undertaking—a provision copied from the English law. The prodecure in condemnation in such cases 1s also much simplified, to save time and expense. Most interesting, however, is the provision with regard to the compensation to be paid. The price of the insanitary real estate is fixed at its market value, less the cost of making it sanitary; or, if this cannot be done, at the value of the land cleared of buildings, plus the value of the materials of the buildings. The future use of lots not put to public use, and the conditions subject to which they shall be sold, are also fixed. Іп no case shall the value put upon a piece ‘of real estate expropriated be less than the value of the land without buildings. In no case shall compensation be increased because dispossession is involuntary. If any tenant deprived of his property is carrying on an offensive industry, under special license, and that industry is the cause of the existing bad sanitation, his damages shall be reduced by a sum equa! to the profits obtained at the expense of the public health. This is the first zone con- demnation law capable, as interpreted, of effective use, ever passed in France. It is not, however, known in France as a zone condemnation law, that name being applied to the taking of a zone or belt of land outside the line of a new street, which we call excess condemnation. The provision with regard to damages may seem radical to some in this country, but a similar provision is contained in the Dutch Housing Law of 1901, and England, in the amendment of 1919 to her housing laws, has adopted a rule in such cases which is still more severe in its treatment of the owner of slum property. Broader, however, than the zone condemnation law of 1915, is the later excess condemnation statute. The beginning of the broadening of the right of excess condem- nation as it existed in 1807, was the statute, passed by Napoleon III, 26 March, 1852, to aid him in the beautifica- tion of Paris. That statute provides that in laying out streets, Paris and such other cities as ask to have the pro- visions of the statute extended to them, may take the whole of a lot any part of which is within the lines of the new street, if in its opinion the remnant is not of a size or form to permit the erection on it of a sanitary structure. Originally the city itself was the judge of the expediency and propriety of appropriating remnants, but a decree of 27 December, 1858, provided that if the person to be ex- propriated objected,a decree from the state authorities, holding that taking was for the public interest in the sup- pression of a remnant too small for proper independent use, was necessary; and on 14 June, 1876 a second decree made the same requirement even if there was no objection to the taking on the part of the owner. As originally interpreted by the city authorities in their own favor, the law of 1852 gave them a fairly ample authority; and under it large tracts of land were taken on the alleged ground that they were remnants upon which sanitary structures could not be built. In this way, also, the policy of taking land for resale at a profit was followed with some success. It was during this period that prac- tically all the applications by other cities for the extension of the Paris law to them were made. The decisions of the state authorities under the decrees of 1858 and 1876, how- ever, greatly restricted these powers. The maximum size of the remnants that could now be condemned, as compared to those that were formerly taken, became very small, and resale at a profit, never a legal ground for expropriation, became also in practice impossible. In consequence, of late years, a demand for the revision of the statute of 1852 arose, and the law of 10 April, 1912 was passed. Under it, cities could condemn remnants not only when they were not of a size or form permitting the erection of sanitary buildings, but when these buildings would not be in keeping with the importance of the highway on which they would abut, or with the principles of aesthetics; remnants in any case could be taken compulsorily up to 150 square metres in size and whenever the public works occupied more than half the lot; with the consent of the owner, remnants of any size could be acquired. Nevertheless, except for the greater latitude when the owner was willing, the statute of 1912 was merely a meager enlargement of the previous right— all that France, in law ever had possessed—to condemn remnants on the ground that they were not suitable sites for buildings. The recent statute of excess condemnation, passed 18 Nov., 1918, transforms a power which in France was less than that of most European nations, to one that is greater than that to be found in any other country. Under the new statute “not only the area within the lines of proposed public works but all those areas which are necessary to assure to these works their full value, present or future” may be condemned, including areas outside the lines of a new city street in terfering with a rational subdivision into lots or not susceptible of use as the site of buildings in accord with the general plan of the public works, contem- plated; and also “land which by reason of its proximity to a proposed public work should increase in value more than 15%.” The owner of such land, however, may keep the land by paying a sum equal to the estimated increase. Under such a law, which allows cities to take neighboring land in connection with any public enterprise, for any gain that the city may obtain thereby, without limit as to area and sell any of it that the immediate enterprise does not require, excess condemnation would seem to have attained its greatest possible expansion. Frank В. WILLIAMS. Index and Bound Volumes Arrangements have been completed for binding the 1921 Volume of Tug JOURNAL. Numbers may be sent to THE JOURNAL Office, 313 East 23rd Street, New York City. The prices are: Buckram, $3.50; Half Morocco, $5.25. Ап Index has been printed and will be sent to subscribers of record on request. The Next Convention The date for the next Convention at Chicago has defi- nitely been fixed for 7, 8, 9 June. The headquarters and meeting places will be announced in ample season. 36

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Ne / Ls 5 ^ 35: 4%»- T, MIL I алу ایی‎ Houses Built for Factory Operatives Prettiness and Discomfort— . With Some Sociological Implications By GEORGIANA GODDARD KING Photographs by E. H. Lowber The writer and the photographer, taking a holiday in Central Pennsylvania last summer, and hearing of an Industrial Suburb thereabouts, went out of their way twenty-five miles to visit it. No one in the town seemed to have heard of the thing, but they found at last a group of streets on a hill-side above a factory. It was very charming. The streets turned and wound, fitting the steepish flank of the hill; with pretty vistas, triangular corners, and curving thoroughfares. The blocks of houses were never twice alike, and among the types of house the difference was great. Some were of plaster, some of brick; and along with the warmish tones of the walls green as well as red entered into the decora- tion. The colouring was delicious, the effects were quaint, the massing and the forms were satisfying. Anyone would like to live in such a cottage with gay flower boxes; anyone would be lucky to have the chance to live so pleasantly. When we conversed with a householder rocking on her 43 front porch in a lace cap, and asked leave to go indoors, we learned several things. Some were unforseen and per- haps unavoidable; for some the architect was accountable. In the first place: the houses were not occupied by the factory workers, but by impiegati, not wage-earners but men with small salaries. Whether the rents were too high for operatives from the beginning, or whether the inflow of the other class had automatically raised them, did not appear. In the former case, the architect might be to blame for spending too much; but we doubted it, remembering how the same thing happened in New York when Model Tenements filled up instantly with artists and journalists. It is a pity, for various reasons; it is hard to see how to prevent it, except by building for the other class. In the second place, the tenants were not pleased. They said the houses were uncomfortable. They are very hard to heat, and impossible to keep cool. The one we inspected thoroughly had a good cellar and furnace, a

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THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS A Row of Houses in, Central Pennsylvania kitchen and two other rooms on the ground floor, two bed-rooms and a bath room, with one closet, on the next; and a room in the roof, plastered but not heated. Between the dining-room and the sitting-room there was little wall and no door; nor any partition between the latter and the stairs, which went up directly from the front door. In winter the wind chilled all downstairs and went up to all the bed-rooms. The windows were very small, as indeed the photographs show, and sunken deep in the thick wall; it is a part of the picturesque exterior; in hot weather, as we observed, the bed-rooms were suffocating. In short, while cellar, kitchen and bath were admirable, the plan- ning of the rest was unintelligent. Apart from the waste of fuel, in setting the front door where at every opening it would blow through the house,- the lack of privacy downstairs is a great discomfort. No one could converse without : the entire household joining in; the elders if. they sat round the dining table were | practically in one room with the juniorsin the parlour; and neither generation relishes that propinquity. What the lesser borghesia does in like circumstances we do not know, for we know that they suffer equally, and that most of the little houses built for renting along the Main Line have the same fault; but the labourer certainly objects. The plan drives youngsters to moving-pictures and dance-halls because they cannot talk privately in the girl's house. That is something to think about. Thirdly; these houses were not only planned unwisely, the detail was bad. The pretty casement windows were so arranged that no wire netting could be adjusted, inside or outside; this in the Atlantic States! It is possible to have 44 A Laborer’s House in a Row fixtures that accommodate themselves to netting screens. we use them; but the architect was apparently indifferent; He was also indifferent to the woodwork inside, which was entirely incongruous with the style of architecture, and was common sham-carving; very alien to the distinguished good looks of the exteriors. It is such a pity to have wasted a happy invention and a good opportunity, when something really ideal was intended. Really the hideous labourers’ houses of the type here shown are decenter to live in; for the windows are large, the porches are airy and easily netted, and the three bed- rooms, kitchen and living-room give privacy, warmth, and ventilation. They are only quite ugly and sordid. An epilogue may be per- mitted here. Last winter we found that a patch of vacant lots in our village had been turned into three horrible little streets of tiny houses, without heat except a stove in the cellar and a hole in the dining-room floor, without chimney or gas connection except at the kitchen stove; with back porches so close that opposite neighbours could borrow soap ог overhear , each other’s table-talk. Going over them with the builder, and asking why the end houses, which abutted on a wide, pretty road, should turn only a blank wall to the full south, we were answered: “But if I put in windows at the ends, the houses would not be all alike!" and thereafter (but it was honestly an afterthought), “Тһеп I should need different specifications for them." This attitude is of course very common and as bad as possible; bu€ where, as in our Industrial Suburb, the situa- tion is as good as possible why could not the achievement be as good as the chance?

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The Guilds—Old and New By STEWART Е. CAMPBELL? It is difficult to say whether the motive force that brought into being the Guilds of England, is a direct out- come of the Great War, in the wake of which has followed such an economic disturbance, or whether it is a revival in the minds of men of a spirit of idealism which found its abode in the Guilds of the Middle Ages. Undoubtedly both of these influences have contributed, in no small measure, towards the re-establishment of a system which, in spite of many shortcomings and defects preserved for so long and to so great an extent the highest standards of creative genius in workmanshjp. In these days when business, like a huge octopus, is thrusting out its arms in an effort to encircle the whole of modern civilization, it is a satisfaction to know that the founders of these modern industrial Guilds have behind them the traditions of hundreds of years of community service, and the develop- ment of the Crafts spirit in which the industrial life of the Middle Ages was so completely immersed. Guild Origins The origin of the Mediaeval Guilds is a subject of wide divergence of opinion. One belief 15 that those of the south of France, which are among the earliest, were of Roman or Byzantine origin, and had their derivation in the fraternities of the poorer classes and, during the latter years of the Empire, seemed to have been chiefly con- cerned with funeral rites and ceremonies. On the other hand, there are others who hold that the guilds were a separate entity, born into the world with little or no association with the past, but because of a necessity which the weak found to unite in a common cause against the industrial evils and abuses to which they had become subjected. Thus it was, that these early craftsmen estab- lished themselves, in the different parts of each town, where the Guilds had been started, choosing the location which should best suit each craft, and soon acquired the necessary rights for various sorts of combination as well as permission to regulate their Guilds according to their own dictation. Ancient Guild Organisation By no means were all of the merchants or craftsmen in any region united under the Guild System, for during the earlier years, those who lived in the rural districts, not only very rarely had membership in the Guild, but usually knew nothing of this method of organisation, and even in the cities there were many trades that remained outside. Nevertheless, the Guilds enjoyed many privileges and soon became what might well be termed the Aristocracy of Labour. As in the days of the feudal system when men passed successively from page to esquire, and from esquire to knight, rising step by step from one rank to another to complete their military service and education, a similar process took place in the old Guilds when the applicant : Мг. Campbell is an American, now living in England, and his obser- vations upon the Building Guilds have the merit of being based upon personal contact and obser vation.— Editor. 45 was admitted first as apprentice, then passed to journey- man and finally became a master. In the advancement from one to the other of these grades the Guildsman’s time of service was an element, but not one of primary importance, for far more was his progress de- pendent upon his artisanship. But from the very earliest years mastership tended to become hereditary, and in some of the Guilds this was a fact which became а contributing element in the general decadence of the entire system. The Mediaeval Guilds had a predominating desire to raise the standard of industrial integrity. The sale of a product was as carefully regulated as its manufacture. We see, for example, that in the Florentine Guilds not only was the "iron ruler" used as a compulsory standard for measuring woollen goods and the most minute directions given for measuring cloth of all kinds, but prescribed methods were observed for filling a bushel with vegetables by placing the arms around the edge of the basket in order to give the fullest good measure. Secrecy as to the process employed by the various crafts in the Guilds came very early and infinite care was taken to prevent those outside of this very exclusive alliance from approaching on their domain. In 1454 a law was passed in Venice which provided that “If a workman carry into another country any art or craft to the detriment of the Republic, he will be ordered to return; if he disobeys, his nearest relatives will be imprisoned, in order that the solidarity of the family may persuade him to return: if he persists in his disobedience, secret measures will be taken to have him killed wherever he may be.” The Modern Guilds The story of the formation and development of the Building Guilds has been told at length in THE Journat. and it is not necessary for me to supplement the accounts that have been given. These bring the story up to the time of the scheme for the amalgamation of the guilds in one National Guild of Builders and their entrance into the field of building enterprise in open competition with the old contract system. The more or less revolutionary character of the plans and purposes of the Guild of Builders is one that invites interest. Those who dictate the policy of the system must harness this new idealism to practical operation efficiency if they are to bring about an institution which will be of value to the world at large. If any one supposes that the spirit of Guild idealism and craftsmanship is one that will come in some miraculous way to the Guildsman upon his enrollment, he ts doomed to disappointment. It will be done, and only be done, by a process of educa- tion the burden of which will be to plant in the mind of the newly enrolled Guildsman, “line upon line, precept upon precept,” new ideas which must gradually replace his old conception of the function of organized labour which has come to him as a heritage of the last hundred years. No one who has given any thought to modern economic conditions, especially as they reveal themselves in the

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THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS form of unemployment and consequent industrial unrest, can fail to realise that we stand today at the threshold of a new era, so far as labour is concerned, in which it 15 probable that changes will occur, so far reaching in their influence as to affect the most remote parts of our economic life, and leave their impress upon the commercial and industrial history of the world. Not only are employers alive to this fact, but it is quite evident that, to the build- ing industry in Great Britain a new vision has come; a vision of creative service which has found its expression in the modern Guilds. It would seem that the great Trade Unions of builders and affiliated trades are awakening to a new conception not only of their rights, but their responsibility for the proper and complete functioning of their constructive powers in relation to organized service to the community, instead of procuring profits for the individual members. This fact, in itself, is one that should come with strong appeal to the best element of the Trades Unions and it should arrest the attention of the finer reasonings and crea- tive impulses of Union men. The essence of the Guild spirit is to give service rather than to receive it, and in that fact we find a bold challenge to the history and traditions of organized labour during the last century, as in the past, nearly all industrial sys- tems have been organized primarily for the attainment of their rights, while the Guilds of today are based upon an exact sense of duty. Therefore, the great trial to which the Builders’ Guild will be put is whether they will preserve their integrity of purpose and continue to guard jealousy their ideals for the development of the highest type of industrial achieve- ment. The success of the Guilds or their ultimate deca- dence depends solely upon the workers in the building trades and of their clearness of vision. Seldom has such an opportunity offered itself to any industrial combination as that presented to the Guilds to demonstrate their ability to carry on an industry which shall be entirely con- trolled and regulated by the workers themselves. Two questions come into the mind of any one who is studying Guild Systems with a view of obtaining an opinion which shall be both unbiased and impartial. First: In view of the exigencies of the housing situation in England, will Guild Organization be the means of actually producing more houses than can be produced under contracts where Guild ideals do not exist? Second: Because of this idealism, will the quality of the work be better by reason of a consciousness, on the part of the Guildsman, of the necessity to give his best efforts to every smallest detail of his job? The answer to both of these questions I believe I have found by spending some time in careful examination of the houses built under the two London Builders’ Guild Contracts, one of which is at Greenwich and the other at Higham Hill, Walthamstow. (Both of these places are within easy access by omnibus ffom London.) In regard to the first question as to whether Guild organization is actually able to increase production, the following facts taken by both personal interview and the weekly report of the Manager of the Works, Walthamstow Contract, during the first week in June, 1921, indicate an affirmative answer. 46 Here, the London Guild of Builders have now built some four hundred houses for the Local Authorities at a cost of approximately $4,500 each. The contract has been divided into two parts which, for the sake of convenience, let us call them part (a) and part (b). Part (a), representing about two hundred houses, was started on November Ist, 1920. At that time, not a stick or stone which might have been used as material was on the premises, nor had any of the necessary wood-work- ing machinery or brick and concrete moulds been delivered. Seven months later the following condition was found to apply to part (a) of the contract: Houses. Houses. Houses practically complete 12 Floors laid.............. 44 In damp course (or 6” Plastered outside........ 40 above ground)...... 110 — Plastered inside......... 32 Up to first floor joist..... 80 Plumbing finished....... 20 Completely roofed in.... 70 Drains laid............. 48 This was all.accomplished in a period of seven months. The number of men employed on this contract as of June 7th was three hundred and forty-five, about half of whom were enrolled Guildsmen. Guild bricklayers are laying on the average about 520 bricks per day. This, of course, is a rather difficult figure to arrive at with great accuracy, as much depends upon the part of a house the bricklayer is at work. A man working on a chimney-breast, for example, where much fitting and cutting is necessary, will be able to lay fewer bricks per day, by reason of the character of the work, than a man who is working straight outside wall surfaces. Still, the average 520 bricks per day appears to be higher than that produced outside of Guild Contracts. The second half or part (b) of the Contract, representing the erection of an additional 200 houses was begun on June Ist, 1921, and granting them good weather the London Guild of Builders should, on this part of the Contract, equal, if not excel, their former record. In answer to the second question, as to the quality of the work, it may be said that from time to time, inspec- tions of the work done have been made by the Council, and many outsiders, and the opinion seems to be unani- mous that the work 15 satisfactory and gives evidence of a real understanding of the Guild Spirit of Craftsmanship by the men employed. Though, as has been said before, it is not supposed that this spirit is coming at once to all alike but must come by gradual development. From the foregoing comparative analysis of the old and new Guild systems, it 15 at once apparent that, in many instances, the ideals and responsibilities of the two are remarkably similar. If the modern Guildsmen by means of their retrospective powers, keep ever before them the history of their brothers of the Middle Ages, emulating their good example and avoiding the pitfalls which were so costly in former times, they will have done a service to the industrial world that is well worth while. Is it too much to hope at this time when materialism seems to be shattering so many long-cherished ideals, that after nineteen centuries, the principles of brother- hood and service to mankind taught by the Carpenter of Nazareth may be the guilding inspiration for the re- establishment of Guilds throughout the world?

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The Secretary’s Table Bv Tue SECRETARY THE Secretary: We have had a somewhat extended discussion of Convention procedure and we are doubtless confident that the Convention Committee has gained great profit from our discussions. However, as there were opposite opinions on almost every point, perhaps they are not much better off after all, though we may feel reasonably sure that, while they will find it necessary to steer a course of normal compromise, we have marked certain shoals and rocky reefs of individual opinion that they will be glad to avoid. But it is not alone on account of Conventions that the Secretary must know the pulse of the Institute. The morning mail hardly ever fails to lay before him some problem: of the profession on which your combined judg- ment and advice is needed. Just now he is concerned with the apparent strong dif- ferences of opinion that seem to exist among architects as to the relation that should exist between the architect and the various problems of the industry that are more or less intimately connected with labor organization, or dis- organization, in the numerous trades connected with build- ing operations. Architects have not been active in the past in the settle- ment of these próBlems. Should they now take a hand? How do you feel, Mr. Ackerman? Mr. Ackerman: That is a rather delicate question. One's opinion is very apt to become involved in the matter of one's bread and butter. They say that the matter of bread and butter has been known to deflect even judicial opinion in rare instances. Tue Secretary: Yes, and it is my interest in my bread and butter that seems to lead me to the conclusion that it is time for me to get into the game; and it has been a good deal of a cut-throat poker game in the past. Тһе mechanics and their direct employers have dealt the cards, occasionally from the bottom of the pack seemingly, and have played them with such skill as they could command for the pur- pose of pulling to their side of the board a controlling share of the chips. It has finally become evident, however, that the chips involve, to a very considerable extent, the in- terests of a third party who has not been holding any cards, or given any opportunity to deal them, or determine the rules of the game. His interests are fundamentally my interests. Why shouldn't I sit in, if only to see that the | rules of the game are enforced? Mr. Stein: I assume that in referring to the problems of the industry which are involved in the various trade agreements between contractors and labor, you mean to imply the whole organization of the industry in as far as labor is concerned. Tue Secretary: Exactly. Mn. Srein: My answer would be emphatically “yes.” The architect must take а part. Asa part of the industry, he cannot, if he would, sit in his office and turn out draw- ings with the hope that the builder will take care of the construction. The public employs the architect to pro- duce, not drawings, but buildings; buildings cannot be constructed unless there is cooperation in the industry. 47 Mn. Ackerman: There is also, of course, the matter of competency. One hesitates to question the competency of the architect to deal with this problem, but it is a factor in the case which cannot be ignored. | МА. ӛснмірт: There is no person or body better qualified by experience or otherwise to represent the unorganized investors than the Architect. Inasmuch as the Architects’ services are professional, his attitude and viewpoint are impartial and his desires are to serve the public for its best immediate and ultimate interest and welfare. Mr. ACKERMAN: It is not exactly a question of his occu- pying a theoretically ideal position, nor is it exactly a question of integrity. It is merely a matter of looking at the facts of the case. In reality the architect stands on one side, and observes the industrial bouts which take place between laborers and laborers, and between laborers and their employers. Apparently he is willing to referee the bouts between the former; but he prefers a position in the grandstand when the latter clinch. A keen observer noting the applause might draw the conclusion that the grandstand was not exactly neutral. Tue Secretary: The clamor of the approving majority should not convict the ever-present silent minority of agreement with the verdict. I wonder if our presence in your grandstand has been dictated by a definitely con- : scious selfish interest, or has been due to the fact that while we were compelled to be spectators, we were unaware that we had any right to a pass at the stage entrance. Your statement seems to indict the architect of a biased point of view. Mr. Ackerman: Well, have it so if you like; but I am more charitable. It is a matter of bread and butter. We go in for cleaning up the matter of jurisdictional disputes: none of our immediate interests are involved. But as a rule we do not go in for clearing up the disputes between laborers and their employers. I suspect—of course, I do not know—that the extent to which our interests are in- volved accounts for our choice in the matter of policy concerning what we do. | THE SECRETARY: Your alternative explanation does seem to suggest a bias due to selfish interest. We are, of course, interested in our bread and butter, but I don't believe that the reason we have kept aloof from these disputes has been from a belief that such aloofness rendered the bread end of living more secure. However, it is not now so much a question of why we have not taken a part in these matters heretofore as of whether we should take an active part in the future. The present situation is about as unstable and unsatisfactory as it well could be. The question is what ought to be done, and can the architectural profession be of help. Mr. Stein: When we speak of labor agreements, I do not think only of understandings in regard to wages and hours. In as far as disagreement in regard to these may hold up work the architect is, of course, immensely in- terested; but these are much less important to him than are the agreements that have to do with the development of the industry.

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THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS We may produce the foremost architects of the world, both as to knowledge of design or the technique of con- struction, but they are useless unless we have sufficient _ craftsmen who are both skilled in their trade and sym- pathetic to the purposes of the architect. The skilled building trades are quite insufficiently manned even for this period of relatively slight activity. Мк Ackerman: Well, I am not so much concerned, for the m oment, with what had best be done as I am with this matter of the competency of the architect to do it. The question is—what will the architect bring to this dis- cussion? What experience has he had which fits him to render a decision in the matter? Does he really understand the nature of the issues involved? Tue Secretary: І am wondering if the chances aren't fair that he understands the issues involved at least as well as the mechanics and their employers, the contractors, have understood them, judging from the results of their past negotiations. Mn. DavipsoN: Our experience in Chicago has shown con- clusively that the public cannot rely upon the good faith and fair dealing of either contractors or unions, and as a matter of cold fact it 1s utterly immaterial to the contrac- tor what the working rules are, or what the wage scale may be fixed at. Не, as a contractor, simply figures his job accordingly. Heretofore the public has never been repre- sented or even been consulted, and in my humble opinion, the time has come for a new deal all around, and I do not know of any factor in society that more properly should be called upon to represent the public than the architectural profession. Certainly our supposedly judicial training and trend of thought should equip us to deal fairly with these large questions. Mn. ACKERMAN: I am inclined to think that he is pretty well acquainted with the employer's point of view, but that he is less intimate with the viewpoint of the workman. Taken as a whole, he lives well within that frontier of opinion regarding "labor," and industrial matters which surrounds business men, employers, bankers, financiers, professional men, clerks, artists and dilettanti. Tue SECRETARY: That seems to me inevitable. The architect is and will remain an employer, a director of the labor of others from the top to the bottom of the industry. That however cannot be considered as adequate proof of his inability to participate effectively in the organization of the industry, else we would be forced to admit that no organization of the conflicting elements involved is possible. Doubtless he has the prejudices of his own environment like everyone else, including the laborer. Mn. Carson: I think one of the troubles with archi- tecture is the fact that the profession has lived in a world by itself, dreaming dreams that were not true and unwilling to face the hard realities of life. The sooner we get over this the sooner we shall be of use to the community. Mn. ACKERMAN: I agree that he is day-dreaming about this industrial matter. To him “labor” is still an indi- vidual, “employer” is also an individual, and from his own view point the relationship between the laborer and the employer is an individual relationship. But as a matter of fact, the laborer as an individual, the employer as an individual and the personal relationship between laborers and employers passed out of existence some 48 hundred and fifty years ago. We are dealing with a situation in which this concept is no more than a myth. Tur SECRETARY: That seems to me a somewhat over- drawn picture. I should say there were few architects in the larger communities to whom that would apply. Mr. Ackerman: I admit that there are a goodly number of architects and engineers who do not look at it in this light and who apparently see through the present muddled state of affairs. But taken in the aggregate, judging by Convention Proceedings, articles and editorials in archi- tectural journals, and what we say among ourselves, the profession views the modern laborer and his organizations as something distinctly alien and as disturbing factors in the case; whereas unionism may be viewed as “Бір business” applied to working. Tue SECRETARY: I think it is the very fact that archi- tects do so view unionism in the building trades that leads them to. recognize them, as at present operated, as dis- tinctly disturbing factors in the case, Just as they view the various material producing organizations, operating under a highly developed form of big-business, as equally dis- turbing. It is not the existence of the unions that architects object to and distrust but the war-fare basis of settlement of disputes that seems to have developed with them. I believe most architects would agree that this was the result of the way they have been organized and administered and the surrounding influences attending their development rather than the inevitable result of their existence. Mr. Horsman: The existence of strikes and lockouts, with their attendant system of intimidation, graft and frightfulness in the building industry, deters the best of us from engaging in building or owning buildings stained by such a hellish spirit of war. Only those who can not work well and prefer to cheat or who enjoy a fight or who are willing to spend much of their time at destructive and submersive practices and little at increasing skill and facility, will eventually be engaged in any industry con- ducted in such a manner. Mr. AckerMAN: Well, I hold that labor and labor organizations, are in the nature of effects—consequences. To treat them as the principal causal factors making for the present disturbance in the industrial world is to bark up the wrong tree. Tue Secretary: Agreed. There is no question that there are many elements involved and that it is as futile to attempt to assign the chief blame for our present diffi- culties as to attempt to settle which of the Allies won the World War. "There are labor unions, and they are potent powers either for good or ill according to how they are treated, and how they function. The question 1s—should architects become an active factor in organizing the industry or should they retain their old seat on the side lines, or, as Mr. Ackerman would have it, in the grandstand. Mr. ӛснмірт: I am of the opinion that the architect should be active in negotiations for collective bargaining agreements between organized labor and contractors. Obviously such agreements primarily affect the investor more than they do the profit of the contractor, and it is equally obvious that the investors should be represented in matters affecting his investment. Tue Secretary: I think that is quite true, but our pity

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THE SECRETARY’S TABLE for the investor may well be tempered by his failure in the past to protect his own fundamental interests. When occasionally he has been faced with a general strike, he has developed quite a deal of class solidarity and has backed up contractors in opposing what they believed to be the oppressive demands of labor. But in days of “guerrilla warfare,” when a single building was involved, how often has the contractor’s opposition to the demands made upon him been neutralized and defeated by the owner’s instruc- tions to settle the strike somehow or other, and get the building built on time. Mn. RANKIN: In my opinion, it is well for the architect, individually and collectively, to steer a straight course with regard to such questions as the closed or open shop. As long as it remains the general custom to erect buildings by contract, labor problems are to my mind matters for the contractor to take care of, and I do not believe he should be hampered by the architect. It seems to me that interference on the part of the architect in questions of the unionism or non-unionism of workers would be somewhat similar to his interference in such matters as their race or religion. THE SECRETARY: I wonder if there isn’t a fundamental difference between the question of union or non-union labor and the question of wages, working-conditions, ap- prentices, and all the other questions that relate to the quality and productivity of labor and which should apply equally to union or non-union labor. Іп all those, it seems (о me, the architect has a legitimate interest and a right, if not indeed a responsibility, to concern himself. As to the question of dealing with organized or unorganized labor as a means of securing men for a given piece of work, that is part of the administration work of the contractor, and possibly need not concern others. That is perhaps a peculiarly local problem. Mr. ALDEN: Your last statement refers, I think, to a very important matter. The situation I believe is serious. It should have careful study nationally, and as it exists in each locality. I believe a certain responsibility and an important opportunity for usefulness rests with the archi- tect to investigate and take thoughtful action thereon. Local conditions are so different I feel it is most im- portant that architects in each locality be governed by the condition of the local problem, and be careful in forming opinions as to what should be done in other localities, not basing their opinions on inadequate knowledge of those other conditions which may be very different from their own. Tue SECRETARY: І quite agree with you. It seems to me impossible for us to take any national action. I believe, however, it is entirely reasonable for our local groups to take as decisive action as they may want to in view of local conditions. Mr. Ackerman: If all that the architect has to offer is a truce,—that is, a working agreement between employer and worker—between “capital and labor"—then I think that he might as well stay out—because in such a case he will have exactly nothing to contribute. THE Secretary: I hardly think it safe to say in advance what the architect has to offer in the way of a solution. What he should be able to offer is a well trained mind and as disinterested a point of view as can well be found within 49 the industry. That ought to be of some help. Otherwise there would seem to be no course except to "let bad enough alone," a rather hopeless and helpless attitude. Mn. AcKERMAN: Well, true enough. Staying out of it will not change the situation, that I frankly admit. And as matters now stand, it looks as if something had better be done soon, so I am willing to have it that it is really best for the architect to go in. If he steps warily, it is likely that going in will do him no harm; ànd it is certain that it will do no harm to any one else. The experience, however, of going in might count; it might count for a great deal. Those who participate might discover that what we speak of as the “labor problem" is just a little slice out of that problem which the price system has thrust upon the whole of Christendom. I am not sure that he would discover all this tomorrow; but he might learn that the tactics and policies of trade unions are merely characteristic tactics and policies enforced upon everybody by our modern system of credit economy or the price system. That is to say, the architect might discover that, after all, “everybody is doing it"; and this would better fit him to judge. So І say, let's go in. Mn. STEIN: It’s only through cooperation in the industry that we are likely to reach a solution of these problems. At the present time of unemployment, it is almost im- possible to get sufficient plasterers in the New York region;—the number of apprentices both here and I believe in Philadelphia, is quite inadequate. THE SECRETARY: The same reports reach us from Los Angeles and England. "That situation seems to be world- wide. Mn. STEIN: The building trades have practically no trade schools. Ifour work is to be properly executed:if when we are really busy again, much of our work is not to be left undone, the members of the profession must be willing to take a part in labor affairs. It seems apparent that with- out some leadership the industry is not going to be suffi- ciently manned with skilled workers. Mn. Davinson: The apprenticeship question is a most vital one. In the Chicago territory we find that the aver- age age of building mechanics is over forty years. That few apprentices in any trade are now engaged due to the operation of the by-laws of the various unions. Today with no building boom in operation, but only a small number of apartments being constructed, practically every building mechanic belonging to the Chicago Build- ing Trades Council is employed. Іп some lines the demand is greatly in excess of the supply. The whole subject is very involved, and will require reforms within as well as without union organizations to rehabilitate union labor in the esteem of the building industry. Is it not possible that if the profession would act as a unit in these matters that it could force the observance of more ethical practice in the industry than has been the rule for many years? | Mn. Scumipt: The profession has been remiss in holding itself aloof from such negotiations and should consider it a duty to be active and notify organized labor and contrac- tors' organizations of its opinion and insist on being re- quested to be present at all meetings and represented on all committees which deal with the subject.

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THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN Mr. LLEWELLYN: Any move which will bring the em- ployer and employee into closer sympathy should be en- couraged. The welfare of business is necessary to the welfare of the employee—they go together or should. As I see it, so-called collective bargaining does not recognize individual merit but seeks to impose an equal wage for all men of a class irrespective of relative merit. From my association with workmen, I believe that the great majority would prefer to do an honest day’s work and do it in the spirit of true craftsmanship, were they only per- mitted to do so. I do not believe in collective bargaining as at present understood. | Mr. Horsman: Nothing is so fundamental to the economic adjustment of labor problems as that the rank and file of the labor element should be well and truly informed as to the fundamental principles that involve them in their necessary strife for a fair share in the returns from common productivity. Good associations and unions would be a blessing, but bad ones are a terrible curse upon society. Mn. STEIN: The architect is vitally interested in these problems; the success of his work depends on their solution. He cannot stand on the side lines and leave them to be solved by others. It is because I believe this that I am so deeply interested in the success of the Congress of the Building Industry, and in the experiments that are being tried by the Building Guild in Great Britain. Mr. CARLSON: I believe that the architect is first a citizen, and that he should be interested in all civic ques- tions and especially those where his special training gives him an advantage over others in possibilities of service. THE SECRETARY: It seems to me the Institute has pretty definitely indicated our duty through its inauguration of the Building Congress idea which is now in active operation on both the Atlantic and Pacific coasts and several places in between. It is not a question of the architect intruding himself into the conferences of contractor and labor; it is a question of helping to bring all the various elements of the industry together for a better understanding of each other's problems and so to learn again of each other's real desire to play the game of life decently and according to fair rules, a desire that gets deadened by lack of contact and understanding and the lack of faith in the other fellow that results. There is a vast deal to be done, and the architect should do his share. Letters to the Editor COST-PLUS CONTRACTS SIR: The article by F. W. Lord entitled “Competitive Bidding on Cost-Plus Contracts" is timely, and touches a problem in which thereis a growing interest among those who are responsible for the placing and the carrying out of contracts for construction work. Much prejudice against any cost-plus form of contract has been developed through action taken in connection with war contracts handled on this basis. The actual accomplishments of these war contracts under this system have been blanketed by the smoke screen of criticism by those destroyers of public confidence who are neither able nor interested to give constructive criticism. The fact that the war work was impossible of accomplishment on any other basis, and that the extent of malfeasance in such contracts was unquestionably relatively small, did not prevent a sweeping condemnation of the cost-plus system of contract. It INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS is time that we took up the gauntlet thrown down by these critics, and entered the lists in opposition to the price system of compe- tition which is responsible for many, if not most, of our present difficulties in the building industry. I hope that the publication of Mr. Lord’s concrete suggestion will lead to comment and contribution from others. WILLIAM STANLEY PARKER, Secretary. THE FEE-PLUS-COST SYSTEM SIR: We have read the interesting articles on * Working on Cost Plus Professional Charges" by Mr. Kohn and Mr. Sturgis, appearing in recent numbers of THE JOURNAL. Their scheme of reasoning, we believe, is justly warranted, and we wish to compliment them on the excellency of the articles and for approaching the subject in the public press. For sometime this office has been advocating the very system of charging fees that Mr. Kohn and Mr. Sturgis propose, but it seems that very few Architects care to turn from the old method, due no doubt to their neglect in keeping accurate costs. In com- paring figures given by Mr. Kohn with our own we find a wide divergence, especially in the matter of profit—however, this item is variable and we believe it was necessarily large in 1921 on ac- count of the great amount of factory work done by us. In the year 1921, our cost rates were as follows: Average Rate of Overhead per Productive Hour. ... Average Rate of Draftsmen per Productive Hour... 1.0714 1.25 Average Cost of Production per Productive Hour.. 2.3234 Converting our figures to Mr. Kohn's method of cost finding (that is charging the principal's time directly to a job and loading it with 100% overhead) we get the following result: Average rate of Overhead Cost per Productive Hour. .80 Average Rate of Draftsmen Cost per Productive Hour. 1.52 Average Cost of Production per Productive Hour.. 2.32 Mr. Kohn’s figure of 662% added for overhead to direct cost is in excess of our own, which figures slightly over 52% when we use his method of calculation. Difference in locality, no doubt, would account for this. From a thorough study of his method of calculation we cannot find that his system is essentially different from our own, except as to profit, and we do believe a larger per- centage than 333% should be added to the cost of production. Our experience relative to drafting and overhead more nearly approaches Mr. Sturgis's calculations, that is, drafting and overhead are 50~50. The system of cost finding used in this office was designed by our Mr. H. P. VanArsdall, who recently wrote an article on Cost Accounting for Architects, for the National Association of Cost Accountants, which will shortly appear in pamphlet form. His views regarding the charging of fees are very similar to Mr. Kohn’s and Mr. Sturgis’s in a marked degree. We are thoroughly con- cerned in what these gentlemen are doing and will be glad to aid in any way possible to change the unreasonable method of fee charging now employed by the Institute members. | Respectfully, SAMUEL HaNNAronp & Sons. HPV-HT “UNFORTUNATE,” SAYS HE! SIR: Shortly before Christmas I bought, for one of my draftsmen, a copy of “Colonial Homes” published by David McKay & Co. of Philadelphia and purporting to be an authentic account of the most famous of our colonial houses with illustrations by a Mr. Preston. On looking it over after purchase I found that Mt. 50

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LETTERS TO Vernon was depicted as being built of rough field stone. I wrote the publishers a very courteous letter pointing out this mistake, stating that our profession considered Mt. Vernon one of the most perfect of our wooden houses and that if their book was to be of any real value these historical buildings should be shown as they are. F سا‎ them I received the following letter which explains itself: “DEAR SIR: Your letter of January 4th addressed to the David McKay Company, in reference to the illustration of Mt. Vernon іп their publication ‘Colonial Homes,’ has been handed to me for reply, as I was responsible for the artist who made the pictures for this book. “The illustrations were not made with any thought to faith- fulness to the originals, in so far as the color or material used in their construction is concerned. If you purchased the book having this in mind, it is unfortunate. Mr. Preston has made illustrations for a number of books along this same line, and he has taken liberties with all of them without any thought as to the material used in the construction of the buildings. “Very truly yours, THE Beck ENGRAVING COMPANY, CHARLES W. BECK, JR., Secretary and Treasurer.” If such practices are common, as this letter indicates, I think the Institute should step in and notify these people that such practices are immoral if not illegal. Please let me know how you feel about it. ALFRED GRANGER. TO THINK—OR TO “REVIEW” SIR: In a “Review of Recent Architectural Magazines” in the Ameri- can Architect and the Architectural Review, Mr. Swartwout won- ders, in characteristic fashion, “what the little group of earnest thinkers will do next." What will they spread on “the back- ground of pessimistic socialism?" Which is Mr. Swartwout's way of suggesting the character of the A. I. A. JOURNAL and the outlook of the "earnest thinkers." Precisely what' “pessimistic socialism" is I do not know. Changes are not ordinarily launched under the auspices of a dubious outlook. But I take it that the expression refers to a questioning attitude; that apparently is sufficient to characterize it as pessimistic. And no doubt "socialism" is sufficiently ac- curate as descriptive of a questioning attitude, since to question implies an open mind; and an open mind on matters social and economic (which I believe have some relation to architecture) is socialism. That, I think, 1s what 1s meant by the term. Which suggests that it might not be entirely out of place as contributing to that background to spread thereon the remarks of President Harding as reported in his address before the National Agricultural Conference of 23 January. Itis true, he was not speak- ing in direct reference to architecture; he was speaking in reference to the production and distribution of farm products. But his observations may be recalled, since, after all, he was dealing with production and distribution—a matter quite as much involved in the production and the use of buildings as in the production and use of wheat and cotton: “The disastrous effects which arise from overproduction are notorious. The Congressional Joint Committee on Agricultural Conditions, in the valuable report which іс has recently issued, 5I THE EDITOR declares that a deficiency of one-tenth in the production of a particular staple means an increase of three-tenths in the price, while a deficit of two-tenths in production will mean an increase of eight-tenths in the price. “Тһе converse of this is just as emphatically true. address to the Congress, I stated this situation thus: “Те is rather shocking to be told, and to have the statement strongly supported, that 9,000,000 bales of cotton, raised on American plantations in a given year, will actually be worth more to the producers than 13,000,000 would have been. Equally shocking is the statement that 700,000,000 bushels of wheat, raised by American farmers, would bring them more money than a billion bushels. Yet these are not exaggerated statements. In a world where there are tens of millions who need food and clothing which they can not get, such a condition is sure to indict the social system which makes it possible." Had he added shelter to his last sentence, he would have voiced the point of view of the “little group of earnest thinkers.” Not that they would have used the term “‘over production" to de- scribe a normal crop or a normal volume of goods which could not be made use of by tens of millions. They would have been more precise in the choice of words. But there is nothing to be gained by finding fault in the case of such a little matter; for Presi- dent Harding has summed up the case as viewed by the “little group of earnest thinkers" very neatly indeed. And if he has given voice to thoughts of “pessimistic socialism," it 1s a pity! F. L. ACKERMAN. In a recent Obituary Will A. Stevens Elected to the Institute in 1918 Died at Chicago, Illinois, 18 December, 1921. Will A. Stevens was born in 1863, and was graduated from the Cornell University Department of Architecture in 1890. For eleven years he was draughtsman with E. O. Fallis, Architect, of Toledo, and in 1901 entered the firm of D. H. Burnham and Com- pany, remaining with Graham, Anderson, Probst and White until his death. Much of the last five years was spent in Toronto as manager of their Canadian office. Most of his work was con- summated in his home town in Huntington, Indiana. Here he was the architect of the Presbyterian Church, the Reformed Church, and the Huntington Light and Fuel Company's office building. He was engaged at the time of his death on plans for the Hotel La Fontaine, to be erected in Huntington. Austin W. Lord Elected to the Institute in 1901; to Fellowship in 1903 Died at New York City, 26 January, 1922 (Further notice later.) Evarts Tracy Elected to the Institute in 1909 Died at Paris, France, т February, 1922 (Further notice later.)

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Community Planning and Housing CLARENCE 5. STEIN, Associate Editor Current Notes Zoning and Excess Condemnation in France Attention is called to the article on zoning and excess condemna- tion law in France, in this issue. Је is one chapter from a book on City Planning by Frank Backus Williams, long associated with the legal phases of city planning in the United States. Housing in Louisiana The report of the Louisiana Housing Commission of which Moise H. Goldstein, 2 member of the Committee on Community Panning is secretary, has submitted to the state legislature the following recommendations in regard to the housing situation in Louisiana: 1. Appointment of City Committees on Housing. 2. And the election from these bodies of a State Committee on Housing. 3. Local Committees to act as an Arbitration Board on rents. 4, The passage of enactments granting partial exemption from taxation by cities, as permitted by the new Constitution. 5. Revising and standardizing Building Codes. 6. Incorporating sanitary and tenement house regulations in Building Codes. 7. The study and adoption by cities of a “City Plan"—and “Zoning” ordinances. 8 Improvment in planning small houses and group planning in congested districts. 9. Extending time of eviction notices to tenants (except for non-payment of rent). 10. Co-operative efforts in the building industry to reduce cost of construction and the teaching of trades in the primary grades of the Public Schools, to reduce inefficiency in the trades. 11. Encouragement of investment in Homestead Stock to enlarge this most important and serviceable home-building agency. Also, that the Governor provide for the study and improve- ment of housing by the appointment of a committee of Five for each City of the State with a population of over ten thousand. The members shall serve without compensation. A Definition of Garden Cities In a memorandum drafted by the Garden Cities and Town Planning Association, recently, the following was determined as the definition of Garden Cities: 1. The creation and development of garden cities is required. (a) to overcome the shortage of houses on a large scale; (b) to supply better equipped sites for industry and provide improved factory conditions; (c) to relieve the industrial congestion and traffic difficulties of London and other large centres, and avoid the waste of time and social disadvantages of the daily journeys by masses of the population and the resulting separation from home life; (d) to bring agriculture and town development into closer relation and increase the food supply of the country. 2. Garden cities are to be understood as self-contained towns, each with (а) atowncentre; (5) an industrial area; (c) a residential area; (d) an agricultural belt. 3. It is an essential element in the financial basis of the garden city that the whole of the land should be either in public ownership 52 or held in trust for the community. The control of land values which this form of ownership gives provides the superior economic advantage of the garden city to that of all other towns. 4. The sites for garden cities could be found: (а) іп rural districts a clear distance of from five to thirty miles from large towns; (b) as a development of existing villages or small urban dis- tricts; (c) in areas adjacent to new electric power stations and in new industrial, port and mining areas. 5. The means required to carry out workable schemes are: (a) statutory recognition of garden city enterprises; (b) acquisition of land at agricultural value; (c) suitable forms of local organizations; (d) finance. 6. Statutory recognition of garden cities has already been given in the Housing Additional (Powers) Act, 1919 (Sec. 10), and the Housing Act, 1921 (Sec. 7), but further powers, which are set out in the draft Garden Cities General Powers Bill, printed here, p. 269, would greatly facilitate development. 7. The land should be acquired by the State by means of a rent charge. as in the case of land settlements, or by the issue of land bonds to the owners, avoiding the necessity for raising a large amount of capital. The land should be on a good line of railway and a main highway, and it is important that it should be a site which could be made into an industrial and commercial centre. 8. In order to provide for official business management and to carry schemes out free from bureaucratic delay: (a) a special corporation should be formed under the Com- panies Acts, or by Act of Parliament, to act as a central body to initiate and supervise the carrying out of local schemes. This body should act under Treasury regula- tions and should be appointed by the Treasury, the Minis- try of Health, and perhaps other Government Departments but should not consist of members of Government Depart- ments; (6) local companies should be formed under the Companies Acts to prepare and execute schemes and to raise capital for specific garden cities. By this means private initiative and enterprise would be encouraged, local interest secured, and the danger of stereotyped schemes avoided. The local company to be supervised by the Central Corporation, and the Board of Management to contain representatives of the County Council and the local authority. 9. The capital required for the purchase of land, the construc- tion of roads, drainage, water supply, and other works of develop- ment to be raised by the local companies on a State guarantee of interest and principal to be secured through the Central Corpora- tion. The Central Corporation to be allowed to issue capital on a similar guarantee for lending to local companies. 10. The garden city companies in each case would be primarily concerned with the planning of the towns, their development and management. Houses for the working classes could be built either by the Company or by the Local Authorities, Public Utility Societies, or other bodies under whatever national scheme was in operation. English Housing Progress The Garden Cities and Town Planning Magazine announces the following in connection with English housing: We are informed by the Ministry of Health that the position

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FROM OUR BOOK SHELF on December 9th, 1921, with regard to the building of houses under the National Housing Scheme, was as follows: Tenders for 165,000 houses have been approved. Contracts signed for 159,400 houses. Houses commenced, 141,500. Houses completed, 70,110. It will be observed that these figures are unchanged from those given in our last issue, except that the number of houses completed shows an increase of 8,000. The position with regard to public utility socteties is unchanged. From Our Book Shelf Infinitum It is impossible to travel through any section of France, especially its provinces richest in history and tradition, without coming upon many surprising and delightful architectural groups and fragments In “Small French Buildings” (Scribner’s), Messrs. Lewis A. Coffin, Jr., Henry М. Polhemus and Addison Е. Worthington have assembled a goodly number of examples of such work, many of them of striking picturesqueness and charm. Beyond this modest accomplishment, however, they have achieved little worthy of note. The book possesses neither plan nor arrangement, save of the sketchiest variety. It is but one more of those “scrap-books” which are born in alarming number of the too-efficient presses of our facile publishers, defying strikes and strikers, and which breed their legion of incom- petent practitioners, those ingenious devisers of the paste- board doll’s house for young married couples, chief adorn- ment of our suburbs. It speaks knowingly of “masses” and "composition" and “detail,” but it fails to touch upon the reality of which this architecture is but the outward shell—the peasant life of France—which has been, and still is, its real beauty and vitality, and has enabled it to weather many storms, including the latest and greatest of them all. Some qualification, however, is necessary. Mention is made of “songs and laughter,"—important elements of life, indeed, but what of the patience, the will to endure, to build permanently in defiance of time's in- evitable ravages, of which the minor architecture of France is so legible an expression? Might we not learn more in our haste, we who are devoted to quick success, to the "good-enough" that stops a small gap in the long span of time, if we paused to consider the spirit that inspired the builders of these small houses, rather than to gaze on gable ends and chimney-pots? You may ask whether such things are any part of architecture—perhaps not, but with- out them good architecture is impossible. As technical criticism of the work one might well ask why, in several instances, views of the same building, under the same chapter heading, are separated by many pages—vide "Manor at Arqus la Bataille" (plates 97 and 156), and "Farmhouse near St. Cyprien" (plates 81 and 146). There may be other instances. Furthermore, the individual subjects are inadequately treated, the only two plans given are incomprehensible, and it is impossible to make a serious study of any building presented. As the text is quite superfluous no further mention need be made of it. "The Books!"—With what reverence we utter those 53 two syllables in this country dedicated to universal educa- tion. One more has been added to their number.—G. H. Inspirational The friends of a man who evidently possessed an engag- ing and endearing personality, a man who was interesting enough to have immensely interested so keen a student of human nature as Arnold Bennett, have made a collection of E. A. Rickards’ architectural designs, sketches of detail, outdoor sketches in pencil and pen and ink and in water color and of his amusing and extremely clever caricatures; many of the aquarelles are excellently reproduced in color.! The collection, to one not acquainted with the man him- self, indicates a genial versatility, stronger by far on the side of presentation, on the lighter and what one must, perhaps a trifle portentously, call the less “serious” side, than in the larger qualities of design. Rickards’ work in architecture has most of the faults of the modern English school, weighed down as it is by the burden of the Palladian tradition, the influence of the late sixteenth century in Italy, with a dash of what Wren brought back with him and translated into English from the work that was going оп in Paris in his day, and to which he had the genius to give a strong personal accent. As a draughtsman Rickards renders these compositions with gusto, overladen though they be with rustifications and pilasters and square domes and the usual lumber of most modern English design. The caricatures and the water colors are distinctly the most amusing items of the collection; the latter are painter-like in their choice of subject and in their broad craftsmanship; one feels in them the Joyous escape of the architectural draughtsman from the trammels of composi- tion and rendition in right lines. One may imagine his doing them with the glad cry “To Hell with the T-square.” The caricatures cut thick and fat with an unctuous humor and an extraordinary grasp of the essential line. The book falls into the category of inspirational books like Walcot’s etchings and water colors, which are far more necessary to an office library than collections of "useful" plates—useful meaning something that might, could, would or should be cribbed. Н. Van Buren Maconic te. Shorter Notes Early in the nineteenth century numerous books were published with such names as “The Carpenter’s New Guide.” “А Guide for the Builder and Architect,” “А Treatise on the Five Orders with a Complete Book of Lines for the Carpenter and Joiner.” They usually con- tained some practical geometry, something on the strength of materials, some elementary material on shades and shadows and perspective. They were a composite of an embryo of Vignola, Kidder and a correspondence school encyclopedia of building and construction, but withal they were delightful books, the older ones on hand-made paper and with engraved illustrations. I still treasure three of them in my library not because they are particularly use- ful, but because they are quaint and good to look upon and “The Art of E. A. Rickards.” Comprising a collection of his Archi- tectural Drawings, Paintings and Sketches, with a Personal Sketch by Arnold Bennett, an Appreciation by H. V. Lanchester and Technical Notes by Amor Fenn. Т ical Journals, Ltd., London, 1920.

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THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS to handle. Now comes this modern! book covering about the same field, unattractive in typography, illustrations and make-up—not mathematical enough for the mathe- matician but certainly too much so for the builder, the American builder I mean, for conditions may be different in England and this is an English book. The book is one of the D-U Technical Series, D-U meaning directly useful. It does not seem to me to fill any American want, the in- formation in its gathering of abridged text-books is much better available in other forms. Books are sometimes of intimate kin. Here are two well printed and lavishly illustrated. Both contain much material descriptive of that best in English work of which we in America are so fond and so admire, and both con- tain much about which we care very little. In both there is abundant, valuable, historical matter. The illustra- tions are not only plentiful but excellent in quality and presentation. “Тһе English Interior” seems the better book for study; it is logically arranged for the architect. There are four general divisions: “Tudor and Early Stuart Interiors"; “Late Stuart Interiors"; "Georgian Interiors”; “Principal Features of all Periods in Detail." There are ninety-five quarto size page plates and many text cuts. “English Homes" (Vol. I) covers the late Stuart period only, but includes exteriors and gardens as well as interiors. Its illustrations are likewise numerous and of excellent quality, and the text is quite illuminating. It is difficult to decide which book one would rather have, the right de- cision would probably be that one would rather have both, although it might be difficult just now to find many archi- tects who could afford even one. The text matter of this recent work? on Westminster Abbey is contained in but a few pages and is composed mostly of historical notes on the Abbey itself and the monu- ments it houses. Of greater interest, however, are the one hundred and fifty-two large phototype—I think we should call them photogravure—plates. As photographs, these are technically perfect and they seem to cover every detail. Why some of these details are illustrated, we are not quite sure, yet as a whole the book is one of great beauty. The edition is limited to four hundred copies. Here is an extremely interesting little book on the sub- ject containing 134 fairly good illustrations.‘ It is an un- pretentious and inexpensive volume, but comprehensive and useful. Jt should prove interesting to designers and architects and to laymen desiring some knowledge of the great Italian period. The text, which is well supple- mented by the illustrations, covers briefly the history and characteristics of various articles of furniture in Florence, Tuscany, Venice, The Mainland and The Northwest of Italy. The book deserves a place in every designer's library for its own sake as well as an introduction to the study of the more pretentious and voluminous works on the subject. B. J. L. 1“ Practical Geometry for Builders and Architects." By J. E. Paynter. Chapman and Hall, Ltd., Lond on. ‘English Homes—Period IV—Vol. I. Late Stuart 1649-1714." Ву a тат Tipping. Country Life, London. Chas. Scribner's Sons. ew Vork. “The English Interior." By Arthur Stratton, Architect. В. T. Bats- ford, London. Chas. Scribner's Sons, New York. &“Westminster Abbey and St. Marget's Church." Volumes I and II, bound together. Historical and Descriptive Preface by Albert Edward ullock, А. R. I. B. A. J. Tiranti & Co., London. ‘Italian Renaissance Furniture." By Wilhelm von Bode, translated by Mery E. Herrick. William Helburn, Inc., New York. 54 News Notes A very notable affair was the dinner tendered to Mr. Ernest J. Russell, of Mauran, Russell & Crowell, on 19 January last, in recognition of his long and devoted service as Chairman of the City Planning Commission. Four hundred citizens, from all ranks of life, sat down to express their appreciation of Mr. Russell's faithful contribution to the better development of St. Louis. SAMUEL Hannaford & Sons announce their removal from the Hulbert Block, where they have been for 32 years, to the Dixie Terminal Building, Cincinnati. APPARENTLY the old New York City post office is to be de- molished and the site be restored as a part of the old park from which it was once borrowed. The House Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds has reported favorably the bill of Repre- sentative Rosedale of the Bronx authorizing the appointment of a Committee to conduct the negotiations with the city of New York. PHILADELPHIA Chapter, discussing the question of delegate representations to Conventions, voted unanimously to appropriate nothing toward the expenses of delegates this year but that the Institute refund, when received, be distributed pro rata among the delegates. THE first annual architectural exhibition of the Iowa Chapter closed on 28 January. It was held in the galleries of the Des Moines Public Library and enjoyed the cooperation of the Fine Arts Association. CLEVELAND Chapter resolved, at its last meeting, that “owing to changed conditions since the beginning of the work on the Criminal Courts and Jail Building, and also to the fact that the public has declined to furnish funds for carrying out the plans suggested by the County Building Commission, the Chapter thinks it wise to have a thorough investigation and report made by a disinterested committee as to the requirements of the city and the county for the Criminal Courts and Jail, before the com- mission again presents to the public a bond issue for the amount of money required to carry out the work in accordance with the present plans." Louis C. ROSENBERG, one of whose sketches are reproduced in this issue, is well Enown to our readers. Other sketches of his were printed last year and more are to come. Mr. Rosenberg is in Europe under a scholarship from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, having at one time been connected with the School cf Architecture at the University of Oregon. Nebraska Chapter has been informed of an apparent construc- tion which in that State is placed upon the Institute's subdivision of the Schedule of Charges, in that under Nebraska law, were the Institute schedule not referred to, a contract for architectural services would be enforceable, in case of abandoned work, to the extent of the whole fee less the cost of completing the unrendered service. Counsel has been employed to prepare a contract that will protect the architect in his rights under Nebraska law. To the new Indiana Chapter there have been transferred from the Illinois Chapter, the following: E. R. Austin, G. W. Allen, O. D. Bohlen, H. L. Bass, F. S. Cannon, R. F. Daggett, H. W. Foltz, J. W. Gaddis, M. Harrison, A. B. Hinywell, W. E. Russ, D'A. B. Shourds, E. H. Turnock, Byron De Witt Day. To the new Central Illinois Chapter there have been transferred from the Illionis Chapter Messrs. G. H. Davis, W. W. Day, F. N. Emerson, H. E. Hewitt, B. L. Hulsebus, C. W. Bullard, M. H. Whitmeyer. From information at hand it seems apparent that a new Chapter in New York State, to be known as the WESTCHESTER Chapter, will shortly be announced. A memorandum presented to the Illinois Chapter by Mr. Holabird, in which was pointed out the effect that the Fordney Tariff Law would have in increasing the price of imported archi- tectural books, has been made the basis of Chapter representation to Senators in Congress.

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Structural Service Department SULLIVAN W. JONES, Associate Editor LEROY E. KERN, Assistant In connection with the work of the Committee on Structural Service of the American Institute of Architects and in collabo- ration with other professional societies and organized bodies having the same objective—improvement in build- ing materials and methods and better shelter for humanity in all its manifold vocations and avocations. Abstracts It is the purpose of the Structural Service Committee and THE JOURNAL jointly to give in this division each month, brief abstracts of all publications by the Government Departments and Bureaus, University and other research laboratories, States and Associations, which contain fresh information in regard to materials or methods employed in construction and thus afford architects and others a convenient means of keeping themseloes conversant with rapidly expanding knowledge in the technique of construction. A Tentative Specification for Concrete and Reinforced Concrete. (4).—In 1916 the American Concrete Institute, the American Society for Testing Materials, the American Society of Civil Engineers, the American Railway Engineering Association and the Portland Cement Association organized a “Joint Com- mittee" to draft specifications for concrete and reinforced concrete. The work of this Joint Committee was interrupted by the war, but during the last year a tentative draft of this specification has been prepared and printed. This draft was submitted for dis- cussion and criticism to a representative meeting of the Civil Engineers on Dec. 8th and 9th at the United Engineering Build- ing, New York City. In the course of the discussion, the members of the Committee explained the provisions of the proposed specifications, when it became apparent that the intent was not clear, but the Committee made no attempt to defend its work and resisted all attempts to cross swords with its critics. The meeting, in reality, was a sort of probing expedition by the Committee. The proposed specifica- tion was held up to be shot at and the hits recorded for the benefit of the Committee in its future work. In view of the rough treat- ment the specification received at the hand of the large number of critics, it will be interesting to see how closely the revised document resembles this first draft. One question which was put repeatedly but not answered by the Committee, related to the status of the finished document. Was it to be a standard specification; and if so, how would it be promulgated? Or was it to be issued merely as recommended practice? Or again, was it to be published as a handbook, a reference work on concrete engineering practices? If the Committee has any purpose in this regard, that purpose was not revealed. The draft under discussion deals with the raw materials, proportioning, mixing, placing, forms, reinforcements, design, inspection and tests. It is a most comprehensive and exhaustive document, and altogether the most ambitious and creditable effort that has yet been made at specification standardi- zation in the construction industry. While it has only reached a tentative stage in its development, the whole matter is of very great importance and interest to the architect. We cap not here publish the lengthy document in question or even a brief resume of it, but to give the architectural profession some small idea of its character and the kind of criti- cism that was leveled at it, we publish below—and are fortunate in being able to publish it—a brief discussion by an eminent engineer who sat through the meeting and whose voice was fre- quently heard in the discussion. The following comments were prepared for Тнк JouRNAL by Mr. Elwyn E. Seelye, New York. “There are a good many reasons, it seems to me, why the Ameri- can Institute of Architects should be represented on this Joint Committee on Standard Specifications for Concrete and Rein- forced Concrete. The architect is the largest purchasing agent of reinforced concrete in the country. He knows, as Mr. Jones pointed out in the discussion, that increasing the size of a con- crete column not only increases the cost of the work, but also, which is of greater importance, it decreases the yieldable floor area in a commercial building. The architect is the sole superintendent of an enormous quan- tity of miscellaneous concrete construction, large and small, and it is very necessary that the specifications he uses be explicit and practicable in so far, at least, as they define and describe methods of construction. He knows, if anyone does, how easy it is to theorize on practice and how difficult it is to practice theory in the hurried indifferent building world. The architect is particularly well qualified, through experience and interest, to contribute advice on the use of decorative finishes, floor treatments, waterproofing dampproofing and chemical admixtures. Effect on Cost.—Structural engineers and architects who are at all familiar with tests of reinforced concrete construction, would be well satisfed with the safety factor obtained under present practice in design and methods of construction, if there were some assurance that this safety factor would not be reduced or eliminated by the abuses. Architects like engineers are vitally interested in the specifica- tion as an agency for reconciling economy and safety and as the means of insuring both. Specifications as drafted by the Joint Committee materially increase the cost of reinforced concrete construction. If adopted in their present form, the construction of the fireproof school, for instance, may be deferred, because the difference in cost between the reinforced concrete school structure and the frame school will have been stretched beyond the elastic limit of appropriation. This increase in cost is due mainly to the fact that what is now considered good concrete design is discarded under the proposed specifications because of the higher work stress therein provided for. А flat slab design under the new specification will contain more concrete than is required under the Chicago law, and considerably more than the same slab design in accordance with New York City ordinance. Columns also will be generally larger, especially those of the spiral hooped type. Abuses Common in Concrete Construction.—The real test for adequacy of any proposed specification for concrete, is the extent to which it eliminates present abuses of the material, or at least puts the superintendent on his guard against them. The specifi- cations in question do not give such warning in realtion to many present abuses which are the causes of defects and even failures. Such warnings are not always properly a part of the specification, but in a document of this kind, especially if it is to be a reference work on recommended standard practice, which modifies present practice, and in some cases suggests radical departures, certainly there should be explanatory notes or stated reasons. To make this more specific, the writer will attempt to enumerate some of the most common causes of defects and briefly point out in con- nection with them the deficiencies of the proposed specifications. Form Design.—The specification contains some excellent gen- eralities in regard to form design but it does not bring out the fact 1The American Institute of Architects was invited to cooperate in the work of this Committee. But at the time the Committee was organized, the Institute had no Committee on Structural Service, and no Agency for carrying on such cooperative work. The Institute therefore found itself in a position where it had to decline the invitation. 55 p^

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THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN that form design cannot always be safely left in the hands of the practical man. Safe form design involves a knowledge of the theory of hydraulic pressure, long column action, strength of materials and dead load computation. Hardening Concrete.—In the case of a building collapse caused by the concrete not having hardened sufficiently to bear its load, we naturally look to the specification for proportioning, mixing and placing of concrete. The proposed specifications are ade- quate, but not sufficiently clear and practicable. The usual causes for concrete not hardening properly are: insufficient quantity of cement, defective cement, the presence of impurities in the fine aggregate, and freezing. The specifications cover the amount of cement to be used, but do not touch on practical methods of measuring the aggregate. The prevailing method, on small jobs, of measuring by wheel barrows is neither accepted nor definitely rejected. General recommendations are made in regard to forbidding the presence of deleterious material in the fine aggregate, but the recommenda- tions are too technical and would mean nothing to a contractor or architect's superintendent if such specifications, as they stand, were incorporated in the architect's specification. The recom- mendations in regard to protection of concrete in freezing weather are good but so rigorous that they will be difficult to enforce. The writer believes that forbidding the use of all set accelerators will work an injury on the concrete industry. There is authori- tative data that indicates that calcium chloride is not injurious to reinforcing steel where the concrete is not exposed to moisture and that it may not be injurious even where it is so exposed. Calcium Chloride products not only lower the freezing point of concrete but also accelerate the set, thereby reducing the length of time that the forms must be kept in place. Corrosion of Steel.—The specifications, in regard to sea water, cover this phase of work in accordance with our best present knowledge. The writer, however, suggests an investigation of the use of galvanized steel. Faulty Floor Surfacing.—This important subject is covered in a very meagre fashion. Nothing is said about floor hardeners, and other materials for rendering a floor dustproof, waterproof and increasing its resistance to wear. Nor is anything said about paints for coloring purposes. The subject of chemical products is one in connection with which definite information is very much needed. At the present time both the architect and the engineer are very largely dependent upon manufacturer’s claims. Defective Reinforcing Steel.—Cases of high carbon and inter- mediate grade steel bars being weakened at the bends have been frequent and it is questionable if the minimum radius of bending should not be specified. The reliability of “re-rolled” steel is a question of common apprehension. It was brought out in the discussion that this grade undergoes a heat treatment and hence is safe from crystalization or defects developed by wear. Itis also made originally under the most rigid specifications and is free from pipes or segregation sometimes found in new billet steel. The Committee does not explain why it reduced the working stress for this material below that of new billet high carbon steel. Waterproofing.—Ihe writer criticises the Committee's ruling that integral compounds shall not be used, without presenting any of the data upon which they rejected this whole class of materials. Integral water proofing is in very wide general use and there appears to be considerable difference of opinion among engineers as to its efficiency. The engineering and architectural profes- sions, therefore, could not reasonably be expected to accept, without proof, a definite ruling, prohibiting the use of all integral compounds. The plaster coat method of waterproofing does not appear to have been recognized and yet it is in very general and successful use. It has an advantage over the membrane method in that leaks are more easily located and remedied, and there are special cases where it would be impractical to attempt to use the mem- brane method." INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS Whiting. (25a). (U. S. Geological Survey. “Stone in 1918” by G. F. Loughlin and A. T. Coons.) On account of war restrictions the use of pulverized marble and limestone as a substitute for imported whiting or chalk largely in- creased. Consumers of imported whiting claimed that it was *amor- phous”—a term which, to judge from microscopic examina- tion, implied extremely fine crystalline particles accompanied by colloidal matter—whereas domestic whitings were “сгу- stalline” that is, of coarser grain and deficient in colloidal matter. Some domestic producers in 1918, however, claimed to be producing material of excellent physical properties, in- cluding pure white color, economical absorption of oil, good stretching power (in putty), and ability to take up more marble dust than English whiting. The increased use of domestic whiting tends to confirm these claims, although full confirmation will depend upon the demand after the removal of restrictions on imports. A few producers have been very secret about their raw material and process of manufacture, but others have been very willing to give any information requested. 'That made as a by-product from the pure white marble of the Georgia Marble Co., at Tate, Ga., contains between 98 and 99 per cent of calcium carbonate, the remainder being chiefly lime- magnesia silicate. The finest grade produced passes 100 per cent through a screen of 300 meshes to the inch and was used in 1918 chiefly as a rubber filler. In contrast to this, whiting manufactured by the Metro-nite Co., Milwaukee, Wis., contains 44.62 per cent of calcium carbonate, 35.65 per cent of magnesium carbonate, 19.58 per cent of calcium- magesium silicate, and 0.15 per cent of moisture. Its finest grade will pass 100 per cent through a 225 mesh screen. Domestic whiting manufactured by P. W. Nelson (Inc.), Brooklyn, N. Y., contains 98.50 per cent of calcium carbonate, 0.10 per cent of magnesium carbonate, 0.18 per cent of silica, 0.79 per cent of iron oxides, 0.02 per cent of alumina, and 0.07 per cent of organic matter. The requirements of whiting for most uses depend on its physical properties, chiefly color, extreme fineness of grain, and the presence of considerable colloidal matter, but no exact specifications for any use except in the ceramic industries have been reported to the Survey. According to P. H. Bates, of the Bureau of Standards, whiting for the ceramic indus- tries must be very low in iron oxides, preferably not more than 0.05 per cent; its content of calcium carbonate should be about 99 per cent, although it may be as low as 98 per cent if the impurities are only silica and alumina; it must be very fine grained so that practically 100 per cent will pass a 150-mesh sieve. ‘The fineness of whiting must be such that it will not settle instantaneously in water, but that part of it, about 30 per cent, will remain suspended for some time. The chemical requirements will rule out most of the lime- stones and even some of the white marbles of this country, but some of the white marbles of Vermont, which have proved suitable for the manufacture of optical glass, and some from Georgia and Alabama, are quite satisfactory in chemical composition. Mr. Bates also states that it is perfectly possible to pre- pare whiting from marble if the grinding is carried far enough and conducted with wet material. Perfectly satis- factory material has been produced in this way at the Bureau of Standards. Cost and care to reduce the material to suitable fineness without introducing impurities, particu- larly iron oxide, are the determining features. Chemically precipitated calcium carbonate has also been suggested as a substitute for English whiting. Considerable quantities of such calcium carbonate have been made as a by-product from the manufacture of basic magnesium car- 56

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STRUCTURAL SERVICE DEPARTMENT bonate, but, at least prior to the war, the cost of drying it and keeping it free from impurities has prevented its com- petidon for the whiting market. It doubtless contains con- siderable colloidal matter; in fact, one manufacturer stated that its absorption of oil, caused probably by the colloidal matter, was too high. A mixture of this chemically precipi- tated calcium carbonate with finely ground marble, however, should closely approximate English whiting in physical and chemical properties. Structural Slate. (22b)—(U. S. Geological Survey. Slate in 1920 by С. Е. Loughlin and А. Т. Coons. Size 6" x 9", Pages 8.) —While the purpose of this publication i is primarily to give tables of production and consumption of slate the following quotation from a general description of conditions in the industry is of especial interest. “The slate quarrymen realize more and more that much of the success of their business, especially in structural slate, lies in the standardization of the sizes of the products. The method of procedure usually followed has been to quarry and prepare struc- tural slate in sizes specified by builders and architects. The lack of uniformity in design or size prevents the production of material in advance. This condition has led to enforced unemployment іп mills and quarries and in serious delays to builders, as the slate quarries can not always produce stock at the time orders are received. To improve these conditions the Structural Slate Co., of Pen Argyl, Pa., which represents several producers of structural slate in the Pennsylvania district, has, through the Structural Service Bureau, proposed standard specifications for structural slate products and has issued illustrated pamphlets showing sizes and shapes of standard parts for structural work. It is hoped that the acceptance of these specifications by associations of architects and builders will aid materially in stabilizing the slate industry." The pamphlets referred to include the following chapters: 1, Origin and Geologic Data; 2. Basic Specifications; 3. Stair- ways; 4. Fittings; 5. Toilet Enclosures; 6. Urinal Stalls; 7. Shower Stalls; 8. Laundry Tubs, Sinks and Sink Tops; 9. Caps, Bases, Wainscots and Floors; 10. Architectural Uses of Slate; 11. Miscellaneous Uses of Slate—Natural Slate for Blackboards. This series of chapters not only includes valuable data on slate and its uses but the material is assembled and presented so as to be readily available for reference use. A Paint That Will Not Reflect Ultra Violet Rays. (25b25)— (By W. S. Andrews in the General Electric Review, October 1921.) — The dangerous invisible rays of ultra-violet light, as produced by the electric arc in welding iton or steel, can be reflected in the same way as visible light, and almost all surfaces that reflect visible light will also reflect the invisible ultra-violet rays to a greater or less extent. There is, however, at least one material which, althougba pure white, absorbs these rays completely. This material is zinc oxide or Chinese white. It is evidently desirable that the walls and ceilings of shops where electric arc welding work is done should be covered with a paint that will absorb the ultra-violet radiations. Paint made from zinc oxide will answer this end, but as a pure white paint would produce too dazzling an effect, it is best to tone it down to a light gray with lampblack, which only slightly affects its ultra- violet absorbing quality. Also the paint must be mixed so as to produce a dead surface, as even Chinese white, when made so that it dries with a glossy surface will reflect the dangerous rays. Perhaps the best adhesive medium is glue water, such as is used with lime for kalsomining, as it is cheaper than oil, and the paint so made will dry with a smooth unglazed surface. Handbook for Architects and Builders. (Published under the auspices of the Illinois Society of Architects. Twenty-fourth edi- tion. Pages 576. Size 6" х9”.)--Мапу changes have been made in this edition to increase the value of the publication. It con- tains a list of Secretaries of the Chapters of the A. I. A., the States requiring architectural registration, rules and regulations for registration of architects in Illinois and requirements of the National Council of Architectural Registration Boards. It also contains many new articles by men who stand high in the various lines on the subjects treated by them, and many new specifica- tions and much technical data. Among the contributions of general interest to the 0 are the following: Proper Lighting Fixtures and Their Relation to the Home Beautiful (3143) by С. С. Everson, President Lighting Fixture Council. 2 pages. Structural Building Steel (13h) by Frank J. Llewellyn, A. S. C. E. 6 pages. This article is a revision of the discussion published in the twenty-third edition of the hand- book. Steel Lumber Construction (13f) by Stanley Macomber, А. 5. С.Е. 5 pages. Revised Specifications for Plain Concrete Floors (4b3) by Wm. M. Kinney, M. E. 3 pages. Heating and Ventilation (30). Edited by Fred. J. Postel, Mech. Eng. 9 pages. Measuring Ventilation (30d) by E. Vernon Hill, Aerologist. 1 page. Furnace Design with Special Reference to Hand Fired Boilers and Limitations of Each Design (30с1) by Frank A. Cham- bers of the Smoke Prevention Association of America. 3 pages. Modern Sanitation of Buildings (29a) by Leo H. Pleins, Architect and Sanitary Engineer. 10 pages. Plumbing Design in Tall Buildings (29a) by Thomas J. Claefy. 114 pages. Varnishes, Stains and Fillers (25b1) by К. W. Lindsay, Chemist. 6 pages. Protective, Preservative and Decorative Coverings (25). 5 pages. Glass and Glazing (26). 4 pages. Magnesite Stucco. (21e2)—(Specifications Published by the U. S. Geological Survey in “Magnesite in 1920.” Size 6" x 9". Pages 16.) Per cent by weight. Magnesium охіде.................................... 10-15 Silica; hne ground. ei слезы зар еда 20-25 Sandi сан леш еки یس و‎ dde eta ашады AD LEE 70-60 This material is mixed dry and then brought to a working con- sistency with magnesium chloride of about 22 degrees Baume. Asbestos, not exceeding 30%, may replace part of the sand. The following specifications for magnesite stucco were proposed at a conference of the War Industries Board, October 17, 1918: MAGNESITE Stucco. Base Coat. Pounds. Finish Coat. Pounds. Magnesium oxide... 335 | Magnesium oxide.... 335 Asbestos fiber....... Asbestos fiber....... 40 Granite-marble flour 150 | Ground silica........ 100 ۰-0 1,475 | Sand-Ottawa........| 1,525 2,000 2,000 . Magnesium chloride 320 | Magnesium chloride. 320 Average specification: Pounds Magnesium охіде................................... 335 Asbestos ODE ы ce EO eee el dac PX 40 Granite-marble Ношг................................. 150 Ground вїса....................................... 50 Sand ОЕ о hs Horan wea See UT aen pano 1,425 2,000 Magnesium сМіопіде................................. 320 57 Magnesium oxide to be not less than 85 per cent of magnesia, calcined to show loss by weight at ignition of not less than 2 per

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THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS cent and not more than 6 per cent; ground so that not more than 3 per cent is held on a 100 mesh screen. Magnesium chloride to be 97 per cent pure, not more than 1 per cent СаСІ. This publication also contains tables of production and de- scriptions of conditions in the magnesite industry. Magnesite Composition Flooring. (24a)—(Specifications by P. H. Bates of the Bureau of Standards. Published by the ۸ا‎ S. Geological Survey in “Magnesite in 1920.” Size 6" х 9". Pages 16.) MAGNESITE FLOORING COMPOSITION. Per cent by weight. Top Under coat coat Magnesium охійе....................... 45 40 Wood бошт............................. 15 25 Asbestos КОККО туа араны Крест 5 0 Соо cia m uas APORTES SE 10 10 Kaolin, talc, or kieselguhr................ 10 10 ӨШСЕ уызы ыма ты тары А a 15 15 Of this mixture 90 рег cent should pass а 100-mesh sieve, and 85 per cent of magnesium oxide and 90 per cent of silica should pass а 200-mesh sieve. After thoroughly mixing this dry material it should be brought to a working consistency with a 22 degree Baume solution of magnesium chloride. Kaolin, talc, or kiesel- guh may be replaced with silica. Fundamentals of Illumination Design. (31a1)—(Bulletin 7C, Engineering Department, National Lamp Works, Size 6" x 9”. Pages 44)—This bulletin presents the principles of lighessen- measurement, its control and distribution—together with scien- tials of illuminating design. Involved mathematical and t—its tific relations have been avoided and the presentation has been made in a manner calculated to require the least effort on the part of the reader to obtain a working knowledge of illuminating engineering. The Table of Contents is divided into three parts as follows: Part I, Fundamental Concepts—units of measurement, photom- etry, and candlepower distribution curves; Part П, Reflectors and Enclosing Glassware; Part ПІ, Illumination Design Essen- tials—diffusion of light, choice of lighting system, modern illumi- nation standards. Illumination Design Data. (31al)—(Bulletin 41, Engineering Department, National Lamp Works. Size 6" x 9". Pages 32.)— This bulletin presents a simple method of illumination design adapted to general lighting systems where standard equipment is used. Charts and tables simplify the work ahd make for accuracy in the design. А color chart is included showing 32 colored paint samples giving a comparison of the light reflection factors for different colors and shades. This shows the impottant bearing which the colors of walls and ceiling have on both natural and artificial lighting. The material and data included are summarized under the fol- lowing heads: 1. Foot-Candle Illumination; 2. Selection of Type of Lighting Unit; 3. Location of Outlets, Mounting Height, and Number of Lighting Units; 4. Size of Mazda Lamps and Illus- trative Example. Outdoor Tennis Court Lighting. (31a11)—(Bulletin 24, En- gineering Department, National Lamp Works. Size 6" x9”. Pages 10.)—The lighting of an outdoor tennis court presents a problem which isin several respects unique. Theconditions to be met differ from those in other forms of outdoor lighting in that there is no fixed working plane which may be used as a basis for illumination caleulations. The light must cover not only the court and the ground in the immediate vicinity but it must fill the whole space 58 through which a ball is likely to travel whilein play. Since there are no walls or roof to reflect the light, it is necessary to depend, to a great extent, upon the direct illumination of the units; and furthermore, since the blinding effect of a brilliant source is greatly intensified when the sourceis viewed against a black background, it becomes extremely important to locate the units outside the normal visual field. The action on a tennis court is unusually rapid and the illumination must be steady and uniform or otherwise swift motion will appear jerky and irregular. All sharp shadows which might cause a player to misjudge either the ball or the ground must be avoided by supplying light from several angles. It is not necessary to provide direct illumination above 20 to 25 feet from the ground, for balls which rise above this height travel comparatively slowly and are sufficiently illuminated by the light reflected from the court, which becomes, under average conditions, a source of an intensity of the order of 2,000 candle-power. The units must not interfere with the play of the ball and their supports must in no way hinder the movements of the players. There are two systems, the side lighting system and the over- head lighting system, which are applicable to tennis courtlighting. In the former, thelighting units are mounted at a moderate height along both sides of the court; in the latter, the units are mounted high above the court, sometimes directly over the court and some- times between adjacent courts. Many installations arein use to- day and a number of different varieties of the two systems are em- ployed. However, the requirements of the majority of tennis courts are identical, and a type of installation which has proved itself satisfactory may be applied generally with the certainty that good results will be obtained and with a definite knowledge of the expenditureinvolved. A thorough study of the best systems has, therefore, been carried on and selections made of those which at the present time give the greatest measure of satisfaction. Plans aregivenin the bulletin for both sidelighting and overhead lighting system. The side lighting systems, described first, is particularly adapted to one court. The overhead lighting system, described second, is less expensive to install and is of particular merit when a number of adjacent courts are to be equipped. With certain alterations this system also may be adapted to one court. The Lighting of Shoe Factories. (31a13)—(Bulletin L. D. 124, Lighting Data, Edison Lamp Works. Size 6" х9". Pages 32.)—In this bulletin the following subjects are discussed: General Light- ing Requirements, Leather Shoe Factories, Sole Leather Dept., Upper Leather Dept., Stitching Dept., Making Dept., Finishing Room, Packing and Shipping Department; Rubber Shoe Factories. The Lighting of Show Windows and Show Cases. (31a14)— (Bulletin L. D. 103, Lighting Data, Edison Lamp Works. Size 6" x 9", Pages 29.)—In this bulletin the following subjects are discussed: Reasons for Show Window Lighting, General Con- siderations, Lamps and Reflectors, Intensity of Illumination, Color of Light, Direction of Light, Trimming and Background, Special Considerations, Present Practice in Show Window Lighting, Show and Wall Cases, Layout for a Demonstration Window. Bibliography. The following list indicates some of the leading articles on the subject of show window lighting which have appeared in the technical magazines during the last few years. “Show Window Lighting," J. G. Henniger, Transactions Il- luminating Engineering Society, Vol. 7, p. 178. “Show Window and Show Case Lighting,” A. L. Powell, Lighting Journal, July, 1913. “Тһе Lighting of Show Windows,” Н. B. Wheeler, Trans- actions Illuminating Engineering Society, Vol. 8, p. 555. “Л- lumination of Small Show Windows," H. B. Wheeler and J. A. Hoeveler, Electrical World, August 15, 1914. “Effective Show Window Lighting,” H. W. Mateer, Electrical Review, May 12, 1917. “A Few Points on Modern Window Lighting," A. L. Powell, Signs of the Times, Aug., 1915. “Color of Light in the Show Window," A. L. Powell, Signs of the Times, May, 1917. “ The Lighting of Small Show Windows,” J. A. Hoeveler, National Electrical Contractor, April, 1917.

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[PLUMBING EQUIPMENT INDUSTRIAL SECTION Iu daily use since 1899, a “Wolff” closet battery installation is now reported as requiring its first repatr—the replacement of two wooden toilet seats. The Superintendent of Schools, Win- chester, Ind., naturally reported this service record with satisfaction but it is not unusual for Wolff fixtures. Long service 1s an assurance of the manufacturer’s fidelity that appeals to the responsible architect. WOLFF MANUFACTURING СО., CHICAGO Established 1855 Sanitary Enamelware - Range Boilers Potteryware - Brass Goods - Marble С ІСА DALLAS OMAHA ST. LOUIS CHICAGO HAMMOND CINCINNATI DENVER | | | ——— "S е ED ۱ ےتہر تچ‎ І | AL. ———— ہے‎ - or dioit Cem i aodio ооф Вече Ар бз оН... . e Ve تس‎ 7-07 auc E we COMM JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS XI February, 1922

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BOILERS AND RADIATORS | XIII ANNOUNCING The new Ideal Packless Valve ADIATOR HEATING — with its surroundings of refine- ment — has waited long for a suitable, appropriate Supply Valve that would not leak steam, water or air. A refined Radiator valve—dependable, without packing, of attractive design and moderately priced—is assured.an immediate welcome by a long-suffering public. The new Ideal Packless Valve (designed by our engineers and using a bellows of our own manufacture) represents our idea of a perfect combination of all the essentials of efficient service in an appropriate design. We recommend this valve as worthy of your specification. ‘Handle securely. fas- tened to stem. Can. not come loose. Non- breakable. Prevents burning of hands. Easily turned on or off; small bearing sur face; no binding. Can not leak; NO packing to wear out. No repacking expense. Brass Bellows, ex- pands and contracts as valve ie opened or closed. Steam, water or air cannot pass through this metal barrier. When used for hot-water heating, a circulating hole is drilled here. Ne Hab p ШІ Composition disc of highest quality. ШІП” Жаа AMERICAN RADIATOR COMPANY AMERICAN Radiators and IDEAL Boilers for every heating need 104 West 42nd Street, New York Dept. 115 . 816 So. Michigan Ave., Chicago | | | 7 J OURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS February, 1922 | INDUSTRIAL SECTION

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XIV INDUSTRIAL SECTION BUILDING MATERIAL (Terra Cotta Saving Thousands ` NE of the most advantageous uses of Atlantic Terra Cotta, and one that is not generally understood, is its use for ornamental detail in connection with a plain facade of stone. The building illustrated is an example. With the exception of the decorative cornices the building is entirely of limestone. The cornices аге of Atlantic Terra Cotta. The financial saving amounted to thousands. One piece of ornamental Atlantic Terra Cotta would cost almost as much as . a similar piece of stone, but when the detail repeats the relative cost per piece goes steadily downward. In the cornices illustrated the detail repeats hundreds of times. Atlantic Terra Cotta will take up with marble or granite as harmoniously as it does with limestone, and the greater the cost of the stone, the greater the saving by the use of Atlantic Terra Cotta. Architects know how шо fluted columns, decorative jambs, mullions. spandrels, friezes and cornices have to be eliminated from stone buildings to keep the cost down. If Atlantic Terra Cotta is used elimination will be un- necessary. | Atlantic Terra Cotta will outlast stone and is as reliable structurally. Federal Reserve Bank, Dallas, Texas, Graham, Andersons Probst & White, Architects, Geo. A. Fuller Co., Builders. Decorative cornices of gray Atlantic Terra Cotta manufactured and erected by the Atlantic Terra Cotta Company. Atlantic Terra Cotta Company 350 Madison Avenue, New York ~ Southern Factory: Atlanta Terra Cotta. Company Atlanta, Georgia JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS February, 1922

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| | | RADIATORS Remodeling Old Н. 015 INDUSTRIAL SECTION 6 E ۲ 4 4 ^ К. ; i - D f i 1 ы 4 ( 2 i 3/8 1% JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS HE present home shortage is making the remodeling of old buildings as attractive to the owner as it has always been to the architect. A difficult element — when expense must be considered —is the heating plant. Even if in good condition, and efficient within its rating, it may not be adequate for contemplated additions, or certain rooms may defy all efforts to heat them by ordinary means. When you come to heating, think of 66 Steam heat without coal 99 rasteam A few Gasteam radiators will amplify exist- . ing heating facilities, and make cold rooms а thing of the past. ` Gasteam radiators are 1n wide use, supplying heat for all classes of buildings. They can be quickly installed, by merely running a gas pipe. They are solidly built of cast iron, and will last indefinitely. An automatic regulator takes care of fluctuations in temperature. Gasteam heating, whether used as the sole source of heat, or in conjunction with coal- burning equipment, is clean, healthful and safe. And because no attention is required, and fuel is consumed only when really needed, it 1s economical. If you haven't the Gasteam Handbook, send for a copy today. JAMES B. CLOW & SONS General Offices: 534-546 S. Franklin Street, Chicago Sales offices in the principal cities XV February, 1922

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INDUSTRIAL SECTION men BEE td me ста پر‎ ees Uri Rae ا HEE Cees эйи‏ نتتر ایل - ғыс رع یہک‎ ج ` ھ٢‏ 1 کے‎ Т * гу GO XS‏ و ےر "TT eth‏ ان کو بے تہ رت png zm жа 0 М» 1 in 08 НЕНІ: sii ii E ГЫШ tiu‏ تا ТЕТТЕ ОТКАТ‏ tit ! AER‏ 4 4.) 7M RA асва n a е > PAR ожа ! MNA GES ~ PRC "- s i , | ә LI 7 4 = - "pL Wu -rr سے‎ 2-4 Lu b е | \ . >? a Б M > =, \ REN - -y 7 t. 1 \ аз È IE Е nn Entrance Detail, Sanitarium, Chicago. O. BUILDING MATERIAL (Face Brick) А*Р.В,А USE FACE BRICK — it Pays 5 en =e 0 Xi : жез ut 3°) е жз tis & Clark, Architeas What could be more delightful than the simple and effective pattern work here rendered by meansof the always adaptable brick units? The patterned tympana over the windows, the basket weave door jambs, the soldier. and rowlock belt courses, and the field of Flemish Bond unite in a chaste mosaic of which the eye never tires. | Example of Artistic Brickwork “ГЕ illustration above represents one of the plates in our Portfolio of Architectural Details in Brickwork. The collection at present embraces thirty-two de luxe half-tone plates of the finest type of brickwork, assembled in an enclosed folder, with printed tab, ready for filing. These examples cover a wide range of interior and exterior subjects, and will be useful in the drafting room for suggesting many interesting methods of treating the wall surface. This portfolio will be added to from time to time with further examples, with data on brick and its uses, and with monographs on the treatment of the mortar joint in connection with the blending of the brick color tones. A set of these plates in the folder will be sent to any architect requesting them on his office stationery, and his name will be placed on the list for future mailings. AMERICAN FACE BRICK ASSOCIATION. ITSO WESTMINSTER BUILDING * CHICAGO, ILLINOIS JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS February, 1922 V

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METAL PRODUCTS XVII At the Joint Conference 071 "Better Advertising to Architects" Held at Indianapolis, November 10-11, 1921, between the Board of Directors of The American Institute of Architects and The Building Material Producers of the United States, certain standards of practice were laid down with reference to the co-operation of Manufacturers and Architects. The Monarch Metal Products Company, as an invited member of the conference, was represented by its president, Mr. A. M. Lane. A DECLARATION Being in full accord with the spirit and purpose of the conference, the Monarch Metal Products Company heartily subscribes to the plans and صن‎ 808 and declares its intention to be guided by them. | This company recognizes it as fundamental that the Architect must have complete confidence in the ability and integrity of the manufacturer, based upon a definite knowledge of his experience and accomplishments. As evidence of its stability, the Monarch Metal Products Company, in the 15 years of its existence, has built an organization representing assets and resources of over $325,000 with 120 direct sales representatives in all parts of the United States. Monarch products are designed by and manufactured under the super- vision of practical architects, to give a service that will reflect credit upon the Monarch Company and sustain the good judgment of the Architect who uses them long after his direct interests have ceased. Monarch Weather Strip installations are made only by trained and competent workmen under responsible licensees whose reputation and service entitle them to the full confidence of the Architects who specify Monarch. Behind thesc workmen and licensees stands the Monarch Company, pledging its reputation and resources to insure satisfaction to the owner. Revised and complete literature, giving the story of Monarch products, will be issued shortly to all Architects and will be based upon the recommendations of the Committees on Character of Advertising Copy and Standards of Sizes and Classifications. MONARCH METAL PRODUCTS Company, ST. Louis, Mo. INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS February, 1922

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XVIII ^ م‎ peg Uh 2 == s Sen ‚р ; ہے سس ترجہ‎ re - = CN т کس‎ a er Beats fhe Dufch for Whifeness 4 7 جم SHERWIN-WILLIAMS‏ عم Cy Old Lulch¢namel INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS PAINTS AND ENAMELS „Жу? ~ ғ d е 24212 et 40 d tll ہے‎ AT #559 y. pe 2 Hx Ex-President WoopRow WILson’s residence Washington, D. C. Wappy B. Моор, Architect PAUL F. BARNETT, Painting Contractor Interior finished with OLD DUTCH ENAMEL one of the complete line of Sherwin-Williams Architectural Finishes SHERWIN® WILLIAM PRODUCTS | February, 1922

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ROOFING (Asbestos, etc.)- | | XIX Distributors of Asphalt Asbestos Magnesia Building Products “А Roof for Every Building" цавь, مکتہة‎ R. Q; Сыры бй} [уз Oldest House in America Birmingham, Ala...The Young & Vann Supply Co. Boston, Mam oM SERA т Ps rate ا‎ x uffalo, N. X _‫“ ب0000‎ 09 e Carey Co., Inc. " Y Charlotte, N. С The Charlotte Supply Co. HIS house, the oldest in the United States, was used by the monks онаси оси 7‪ James Supply Co. t M Chicago, Ші...” The Philip Carey Co. who came to Florida with Pedro Menendez and founded St. Au- Cincinnati, O. The Philip Carey Co. (HomeOffice) А e لہ‎ Cincinnati, О....................... The Breese Bros. Co. gustine in 1565. In 1919 reroofing was necessary to preserve the building. Cincinnati, O........................... R. E. Kramig & Co. А " Я Cleveland, O............... Менсур: The Carey Co. After most careful consideration of all types of roofing the St. Augustine Dallas, Texas.............. Pittsburgh, Plate Glass Co. А ә 7 “ d Denver, Colo... . W. Moore & Co. Historical Society and Institute of Science selected Carey Asfaltslate Detroit; МїеһЬ..................................... The Carey Co. А Fort Worth, Tex........ Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co. shingles. حم‎ M саман QU d ps: Кон Со. ouston, Гехаз.................. eden Ітоп teel Co. . d Jacksonville, Tex... The Cameron & Barkley Co. An architect would select Carey Asfaltslate Shingles because they are ansas City, Mo................. e Phifip Carey Co. А Knoxville, Tenn............-——-- A. G. Heins Co. made in an extra heavy felt base, because they are unusually well sat- Little Rock, Ark.....Fischer Cement & Roofing Co. А А Lincoln, Nebr, ...................... National Supply Co. urated with asphalt and because the permanent Indian red slate surface Los Angeles, CaL................. Warren & Bailey Co. à Ы В А А Memphis, Tenn. .... Fischer Lime & Cement Co. harmonizes perfectly with the surroundings. The Historical Society se- Miami, Fia............... The Cameron & Barkley Co. i 7 Уу Minneapolis, Minn... t W. S. Nott Co. lected them for another reason which all architects should bear in Montreal,Que. TheW m.Rutherford Sons Co.,Ltd. e А è E С N Nashville, Tenn..........T. L. Herbert & Sons Co. mind — Carey Shingles have given unexcelled service in Florida because New York, (Domestic)........The Philip Carey Co. 1 Oklahoma City, Okla........... Curtis & Bentley Co. t геу do not curl. Га, + OEE 6 = Nabonal Supply со. iladelphia, Ра............. merican Insulation Co. . " ы m Pittsburgh, Pa... The Philip Carey Со, Write for the Carey Specification Book. The Carey Roofing line includes ortland, Ore......... acific Asbestos upply Co. А 1 SE Louin Mà شس‎ The Philip Carey Co. Asfaltslate Shingles as well as the best types of built-up roofs, both as- Salt Lake City, Utab.......... The Galigher Mach.Co. b 25 471 وو‎ San Antonio, Tex.......... Peden Iron & Steel Co. estos and wool felt—truly “а Roof for Every Building. San ds x is. Western CRUS Мае E ioux City, Iowa.................... ational Supply Co. Seattle, Wash.......................... Savage, Scofield Co. ¢ Л ima?” e байыды Nott-Atwater Co. i A Roof f oF Every Building таспа, 0ئ یداہ سس سس و رون‎ с ampa, 1'in............... е cameron агкісу LO. T کرس ھکس‎ THE PHILIP CAREY COMPANY » SINT, CAD............... ў 5 Washington, D. C.............. Asbestos Covering Co. CN . . . ° eat Ты ا‎ E Caras Св 507-527 Wayne Avenue, Lockland . . Cincinnati, Ohio 2C-22 a ————_——————————_———————=—__{={—E__—=— EEE EEE eee БОРЛЫ ЛЫЛЫК A a II UU ee EE БЕН NE A a OO nr ee | INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS February, 1922

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XX VALVES amd “SIGNED” VALVES The Jenkins Diamond Mark and signature is Jenkins Bros. guaran- tee—a symbol of Service. [ШЕ m) AE > ہی سن نہ Sectional View of Jenkins Angle Radiator Valve fitted with Jenkins Removable Disc. Jenkins for heating satisfaction. and comfort À Heating system, no matter how good can be no better than its valves. Trouble is frequently traceable to cheap light weight valves. Assure valve service by specifying genuine Jenkins “Diamond Marked" Valves—valves that have been long and widely known as a standard of dependability. : Jenkins Radiator Valves are cast of the best steam metal and in proportion that secures a heavier, stronger valve. You can depend on a Jenkins to “stand ир” even when subjected to the most severe service. Jenkins Valves do not leak—asbestos ring packing in stuffing box is compressed by brass follower or gland. The valves open easily and close tightly. Made in various types and with various finishes. Two of the most commonly used types are illustrated. Fig. 168, Brass Radiator Angle Valve with Union; Fig.167 Brass Radiator Globe Valve with Union. JENKINS BROS. New York Boston Philadelphia Chicago Montreal London Havana FACTORIES: Bridgeport, Conn.; Elizabeth, N. J.; Montreal, Canada. m e a WE SINCE 1864 * INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS 22 February, 1922

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7۸10۵ mine e ( aro. ©” x The OIL FLAT WALL PAINT BSOLUTELY an achievement in soft-toned, artistic wall decoration for business building, or artistichome. PORE-PROOF! Gives walls a tough elastic color coating, without gaping pores to absorb dirt that discolors ordinary wall finishes. Surface dirt is easily washed away; walls may be washed instead of re-decorated—a big item in apartment building up-keep. Write Patton-Pitcairn Division, Milwaukee for “Proof’’ Booklet Complete stocks in all Principal Cities of the United States.

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HE FLAW-PROOF, upper class, super-enamel so free flowing that the decoration is sure to achieve the mirror-smooth, immaculate surface that is the elegance and distinction of enamel decoration.. So tough and elastic that it is as durable on weather-exposed surfaces, as it is beautiful === апа optimistic in OTS OR (0 | ; те interior decoration. Write Patton-Pitcairn Division, PITTSBURGH PLATE CLASS С0 Milwaukee for “Proof” Booklet. PLATE AND WINDOW GLASS MIRRORS ۰ PAINTS - VARNISHES BRUSHES INSECTICIDES Complete stocks in all Principal MILWAUKEE, WISCONSIN NEWARK, NEW JERSEY Cities of the United States.

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WATER HEATERS (Gas) BOX 2 ХХІ. al / ү! ЖЕ, Фауе Your Time You’re too busy to investigate hot water heating systems. You don’t need to. Just write it down—“Humphrey Automatic Gas | Water Heater." Any questions about size, capacity, or type, refer to our factory engi- neers. No trouble to help you give your clients 100% satisfaction, with unlimited hot water at the mere turn of a faucet. E Humphrey hot water service is continuous- day and night, summer and winter, without a moment’s attention, yet no heated water | or fuel is wasted. It meets your clients’ needs best of all hot water systems, and is always dependable. Write us, or refer to Sweets Catalog, pages 1333-35 HUMPHREY COMPANY Dis. Ruud Mfg. Co. Kalamazoo, Michigan AUTOMATIG GAS WATER HEATER INDUSTRIAL SECTION | | JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS February, 1922 247 `

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BUILDING MATERIAL (Terra Cotta) П Hs DO УМ MAN ii SiiS OQ NS SSX iT iT EAE AA SASS AAA Sf IS SSS SS ОЗ Ы hort form of specification forarchie tectural Terra Cotta of superior quality. NoRTIWESTERN 5а 5 1 , E a s ۱ € ғ” ےج‎ ми ”‏ یج КІСЕ [ aie] bns E ML ML. NL و‎ ix imi CORE TT ің |ң oim m 1m] um M پنےا ا‎ |ң |а ыл ж {>>> 00) 0000) ЎҚ MES, mo a ұ/ MOON 7% ANN ed _\ a \ шр p M 2 f3 Б DEDI ы OOF O d Ò % тс. Cog -G fem ;n. Es 5.09с60 5:9 Sk es а 0729 $79 со 2 2 A 79 я 9 - 9.9 Qo С осой Сы f پت ل‎ E ۶ Ф 9 Еш 57674 © О-о-о Ё f 5 o >> con PB & ad CL COC. "208789 SE ® VY vc d - 2 “9 = С ФО дч 6 9-0 9 yL 95% ото YL 9-5 ET 4 E.9 ہے ہپ ہے‎ - | 522 б.о. YO 9 5 € 8.06 C5 оо `8 o4 3 ; 6 35. - 8 4 о-о б HAUS EU aAa 8969 yo Soa SSuE 2948 8g بج‎ 86a Е845 ےم‎ o ہپ‎ С Q с бе 4 а ك‎ ui 290 B65 EE EM e s до Eu s o 2%. од Ò d E 91589 MZ ° о а 9504 g о > 2888 GNE ө б. psg TELZ 658965948 _ BEL ہے‎ % om о 5 „© ہے‎ os Е ح‎ 5 Э >Sooete f ,ی‎ c کے تپ‎ ы 2 کر‎ HS 2.9 55% 8 > > 0 g о `S rt О == 28 9 5005.39 BF yg 3 0.5.0 5 0445 5 о О SOG y ZO DAG С oe с 9 o tc ов Р > “woe ao Y = S f StL FECSSER 222% ҚҚҚ ٔۉۆژۉٗێۅۆٗOٗO‎ IY DN 55555555555 SS Oi WoO WwW BG Nw ы SECTION‏ سا THE NORTHWESTERN TERRA СОТТА СО. CHICAGO << 4 JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS February, 1922

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LUMBER (Trade-Marked) XXIII TRADE MARKED ы Р Г wd чеже DS SS بد‎ УШУ سے جو‎ Ligon ERSS ee THE SMALL HOME | COMES INTO ITS OWN IN DESIGNING small homes that com- bine beauty, coziness, ‘“‘homey-ness” and economy, architects are rendering a dis- tinct service toward relieving America’s housing shortage. The production of good lumber—carefully manu- factured, accurately graded and identified with our trade-marked name—is the service The Long- Bell Lumber Company is endeavoring to render in the same worthy movement. Back of our prod- ucts is more than forty years’ experience and a constantly growing desire to give certain added values. For dependable lumber of uniform high quality in all grades, ask the lumberman for Long-Bell trade-marked lumber. [onG—-ReLL Southern Pine Lum- ber and Timbers; Creosoted Lumber, Timbers, Posts, Poles, Ties, Piling, Wood Blocks; Cali- fornia White Pine Lumber, Sash and Doors, Standardiz- ed Woodwork; Gum and OakLum- ber, Oak Flooring The Ionc-Berr [umber Company R.A.LONG BUILDING Lumbermen since 1875 KANSAS CITY. MO. INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS | ! February, 1922

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XXIV | BOILERS e | | Arrives on the Job o | e 1n ONE Piece When a Kewanee Boiler is to be used be sure to leave an open- ing large enough to get it into the basement. Kewanee Boilers can't be taken apart. They arrive on the job in one piece and they go into the basement in one piece. So, if the Kewanee Boiler is - to go in after the walls are up, be sure an opening is left big enough to get it in. Complete specifications and measurements with exact setting plans are shown in our catalog. The latest is No. 76, issued May, 1921. If you haven't a copy one will go on request. KEWANEE BOILER COMPANY BRANCHES: CHICAGO Market and Washington Sts. SALT LAKE CITY Scott Bldg. NEW YORK 47 W. 42nd St. MILWAUKEE Mer. نا‎ Ban عا‎ ۰ DES MOINES 315 Hubbell Bldg. PITTSBURGH 5 Oliver Bldg. KANSAS CITY 2014 Wyandotte St. DALLAS РЕМНЕ ceteri Life Bldg. INDIANAPOLIS 509 Occidental Bldg. DETROIT 1772 Lafayette Boul, ST. LOU 1212 Chemical Bide. TOLEDO 1121 مع‎ Bldg. MINNEABOLIS 708 DEI CLEVELAND 706 Rose Bldg. COLUMBUS, О. 808 Lt Nad Beat Dh ATLANTA GA. 1524-265 Candler Bide: SAN FRANCIS SCO, 72 Fremont St. CANADIAN REPRESENTATIVES —-The Dominion Radiator Co., Ltd. Toronto, Ont., Montreal, Que., Winnipeg [4 Man. Hamilton, Ont., St. John, N. B., Calgary, ۰ Alta. . INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS February, 1922

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BUILDING MATERIAL (Limestone) v © 2 м, اہ چس سب‎ ma) 2 Ж” p — — MÀ > ar تو‎ ttr е зача ا کی = ”صن = шы bay i Xi d * D $ Ы А First and Old National Bank Building, Detroit, Michigan, Albert Kahn, Architect l Indiana Limestone Skyscraper Replaces Hotel Pontchartrain A structural achievement of universal interest is the recently completed First and Old National Bank Building, on the site of the Hotel Pontchartrain, Detroit. Dominating an important corner in the heart of the business section, the men Booklets on Indiana Limestone whose foresight prompted them to erect this magnificent structure selected Indiana will be mailed on request . Limestone as the ideal facing material for its construction. Comparative tests of building materials for more than half a century have con- vinced leading architects of the superiority of this natural stone for the facing of buildings that are to endure. : Our Architects’ Service Bureau is prepared to assist you with your Indiana Limestone problems. Indiana Limestone Quarrymen’s Association, Box 769, Bedford, Indiana METROPOLITAN SERVICE BUREAU, 489 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK CITY THE NATION’S BUILDING STONE INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS February, 1922

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WINDOWS (Casement) | niii db AND мош ХХҮП EU MIA REP E bona hans "p Шоц = m тар sie ale: O ep ШЕ! ші que Clo Ha HR CH Ue ap Ist БЕТТЕН НЕ est PP chr ٦ نام‎ Wy tan a l A Nl all Mi pa a Hiap ple “all EL ces nhan, n SS The employment of Hoff- Um Hoffman Casements | Т : Residence of Dr. A 22 man single sash hardware § . R. Snow T қ : = С. 5. Barrows, Ж . permits the convenient use Archt., f WY : 5 . š : of mullioned windows above Rochester, N. Y. ٢۰۰ "Їп ` the first story. HOFFMAN CASEMENTS—both single and in pairs—are cleaned from inside the room. ij 7 ——Ó——— .' . ШЕШЕ г; il; - ‘There is no complicated mechanism and consequent- ly repairs are seldom if. ever necessary. (ith HP І-ІІ, "Fm eh ІШ These windows cost no more—usually less—than any of the ordinary types. uli sl. Ыш. Has Al Wha EH Ug sg Andrew Hoffman Mfg Co D | EI 1202-1205 Hoffman Casement Window Î Complete catalog of de- | . | x и H 4 tails and information 907 STEGER BUILDING GLAS | Ш> a for architects upon ۱ | | { request—filing size. | CHICAGO | SIE neers ДА ШЕШИП ИЛИ ШИЛ ТШШ nh v t ep, pur PH? Nim Ty M TNT ПШПШ ЖШТ ШЕ ШШШ ТІ 7176 2 UE ШИ ШЕ ИШПИ ШИНЕ oae quominus ry epp ad spe ИЕЛЕ ЕИ И ИШИ ШЕ Lill, Hin api adea p MUY itib P T i e h Hip Ls Miad Eih, ii DUET NEC MAUSOLEUMS AND MEMORIALS FOR THE CHURCH AND CEMETERY ARCHITECTURAL CARVING IN GRANITE AND MARBLE WORK ERECTED THROUGHOUT THE UNITED STATES QUARRIERS MANUFACTURERS AND BUILDERS MAN AU 4 0 л ү THE PRESBREY-LELAND СО. DESIGNERS AND WORKERS ІМ 1 STUDIOS AND ADMINISTRATION OFFICES 681 FIFTH AVENUE New YORK CITY PRINCIPAL WORKS: BARRE, VT. SHOPS: KENSICO, N. Y.; WOODLAWN, The Stamford War Memorial М. Ү..С.; HARTF ORD, CT.: NASHVILLE, Geo. Albree Freeman, Arch. The Presbrey- TENN. Leland Co., Builders e e. o 8 œ С ha put tnt. ibo og] ЇЇ Г pe CE Pll ln. mm [ee کرا‎ nage qu f, sort Ml umm. TEM ШІ ЕТЕП ПИШ ШШ ШЕ оттто INDUSTRIAL SECTION ` JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ури February, 1922

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XXVIII BUILDING MATERIAL (Terra Cotta) DOORS (Metallic) BOILERS AND RADIATORS | The performance Performance Curve for No. 511 Capitol Smokeless Boller curve shown here illustrates the efficiency of о S Capitol Smokeless Boilers FROM sixty per cent Ф ید‎ Pounds of water evap. per pound dry coal % of its rated capacity through to one hun- dred eighteen per 70 ёо Percentage of rating developed Fuel Analysis. cent, the -variation Moisture as received ..1.40 pct. Volatile matter. .40.25 pct. Fixed Carbon. .55.80 pct. in efficiency is less Ash. .3.95 pct. -Sulphur. .0.66 pct. than ten per cent. B. T. U. in Dry Coal...14096 В. T. U. in Coal as fired. .13847 UNITED STATES HADIATOR (ORPORATION GENERAL OFFICES: DETROIT, MICHIGAN - Branch Offices in Principai Cities سی جس = Ф «ms аны) 5 afety With NV . Economy It is not necessary to deprive your clients of fire-safe doors because of expense. Nor is it essential that you make a large outlay where such doors are required by law. جج "nt nmm» иин 1111111111171 ww Ды. екені In buildings the coun- try over architects are securing absolute safe- ty with economy by \ aM" using LEY DOORS ROOF STANDARDIZE О PED FROM STOCK Chesley Doors are made without rivets bolts or open joints. Moldings are an integral part of the door. . Readily painted or grained. And—they cost ony slightly more than wood doors, and 50% to:100% less than hollow metal doors. See Sweet’s and write А. С. CHESLEY СО., Inc., 9704 East 133га St., New York. INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE, OF ARCHITECTS The Winkle Terra Cotta Company ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI MANUFACTURERS OF Architectural Terra Cotta % In АП Colors and Finishes Лк л eee ee A Wel TATE hear и ЕЕ Ж ИЖИ February, 1922

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سے - -= - WIRE GLASS + See 7 ч کر کا تق ت رک‎ с کے‎ E ш. 4 3 > тра 8 a —. om a А‏ 2 ا شور e 2-5 сағада = > ИР г, л: ЖЕКЕН! Де з шыл иы Бы Бишр жегі) سس‎ nm emn] seem] e жә دا‎ GRAND CENTRAL TERMINAL NEW YORK CITY A MAGNIFICENT PANEL OF POLISHED WIRE GLASS Mississippi Wire Glass Co. Croisic Bldg., NEW YORK ST. LOUIS INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS ROOFING (Slate) БП CHb Cu aip ll ai sns ca a iti ШТИТУ ШІ "ue WE рє nr Is, Dm ИШЕ Hp Mur npe "poo duo 7 1۱۱۱۷۱۲ Hp p ТЫ! ` Tudor Stone ` Жо018 "sul alb نت‎ tes lip nts P cnp ГЕ ge adr «lp dp n . ‚ Rising - & ° Nelson ۰ Slate > Co. WEST PAWLET, VERMONT Architects’ ٠ Herbice * Department i 101 Park Avenue, New York Boston Philadelphia | PERSPECTIVE i By BEN J. LUBSCHEZ, ۸۰ھ‎ Author of “Оуег The Drawing Воага” 1 New and Enlarged Edition | PRICE, $2.00 The Press of The American Institute of Architects, Inc. | 313 East 23d Street New York, N. Y. ЕТЕ ПТТ Т ШІ ШІ صا‎ эш. ua 7 ops cm tul Chicago February, 1922

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HARDWARE } سوہ‎ ss ll ШИТ cde o ule NNN fl سس‎ ap a p tpm p agr qup agies e rape snnt "lb dr Ln! ШІП ШІН © ы Sc OUTSIDE jl voli]: a | Mihaia pipi quo quite I qim p qb ust ape dtp p ککر‎ етае dil arti ПИШЕ ПН OUTSIDE ELEVATION ’ /SASH OPENED FOR CLEANING AUTOMATIC CATCH V rtt a vl PETE qr ili alea И !اراس‎ ШЕ fil ee nl ЕШ ql gti DE in qt a ШИЛ ПИШ ИТЛЕ WOODWORK (Architectural) Hinge No. 90 Outswinging Casement Sash We suggest that this Hinge be given careful consideration for Hospital and School windows where maximum ventilation is of vital importance, as well as for Residences and Apartments. ilr agp up quip nd imu Send for Complete Circular The OSCAR C. RIXSON CO. 4450 Carroll Avenue ТШИ This Hinge overcomes the one objection to the otherwise popular Out- Chicago, Ш. Swinging Casement Sash, in that it permits the sash.to be swung around New York Office: so that the outside of the glass can be cleaned from the inside. 101 Park Ave. HALLWAY RESIDENCE AT PITTSBURGH Louis Stevens ` Architect MATTHEWS BROTHERS MANUFACTURING COMPANY 52 VANDERBILT AVENUE NEW YORK ` ESTABLISHED 1867 INDUSTRIAL SECTION A ARCHITECTURAL WOODWORK JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS MILWAUKEE ` WISCONSIN February, 1922

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LIGHTING EQUIPMENT SoS > ل‎ LEER — ت All Set—Let’s Go ЕНІМ New Offices at Your Service Sixty-four years of Frink experience in solving special lighting problems is made even more immediately available to you by the opening of our new offices in principal centers. All of our managers are well qualified, by years of experience in handling Frink Reflectors and Lighting Specialties, to give reliable informa- tion and advice on special lighting effects ot every kind for Banks Stores Art Galleries Churches Schools Residences Theatres Hospitals Public Buildings Call, Phone or Write Chicago, Ill. San Francisco, Calif. Monadnock Bldg., 77 O’Farrell Street, Telephone Harrison 1977 Telephone Sutter 5333 Mr. Frank Getchell, Mr. Herbert C. Storm, Manager. Manager. Cleveland, O. 336 The Arcade, Telephone Main 7808 Mr. Frank Reske, Manager. Philadelphia, Pa. Franklin Trust Bldg., Mr. C. E. Fairbanks, Manager. Boston, Mass. 161 Summer Street, Telephone Beach 7427 Mr. Daniel Fitts and Mr. Harold Morse, Managers. Cincinnati, O. 17 Greenwood Bldg., Telephone Canal 2640 Mr. R. M. Booth, Manager. You can count on prompt and personal atten- tion to your requirements. LPFRINK,Inc. 24th Street and 10th Avenue, New York SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. 77 O'FARRELL ST. SEATTLE, WASH. 609 SEABOARD BLD'G CLEVELAND, OHIO 336 THE ARCADE CHICAGO, ILL. MONADNOCK BLD'G LOUISVILLE, KY. 415 W. MAIN ST, DETROIT, MICH. 325 MAIN ST. CINCINNATI, OHIO 17 GREENWOOD BLD'G PHILADELPHIA, PA. FRANKLIN TRUST BLD'G BOSTON, MASS, 161 SUMMER ST. ае: INDUSTRIAL SECTION WINDOWS (Casement) Ie —— ee JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS MAIL CHUTES XXXI کے La Bec مد‎ ш Мұ aM 3 ече 1 I ما‎ > ‘ ү سی سسجت‎ КОД УА D ~ 8 i "m2 eu Sa. A š " " | JAMESTOWN. NEW YORK 4 SALES OFFICES * NEW YORK. CITY: Jol “ark Avenue illl Boston was: 49 ° Jeera Street Wy ст LOUIS. WO: Стан Ат CHICAGO! iub: 3556. AL n St: Hearst uilding SAN FRANCISCO. CAL: IN PRINCIPAL CITIES. 4+ [lee + AGENTS CUTLER — MAIL CHUTES ARE MADE AND IN- “STALLED ONLY BY THE CUTLER MAIL CHUTE CO. OFFICES AND FACTORY ROCHESTER, N. Y. CIRCULARS ON REQUEST February, 1922

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FIREPLACE EQUIPMENT DOORS (Metallic) SHINGLES (Stained) „е 1 A LS 4 jx» LL ۳ج‎ 7 а -------- — 8 : ат А "YET ت‎ = T MR = к ^ ж عو سے یم‎ В P ۲ “» У ' D “ў ` ہداب 1 Ё ж...‏ ےہ ٭ہ Ж с te c e Г ریم‎ 5 1574 | SATISFACTION—SAFETY— PERMANENCE One of the most popular Dahlstrom hollow metal eleva- tor door designs is the one shown. This design offers a neat, fireproof, substantial door. Properly hung it 1s easily operated and cannot bulge. Rein- forcements prevent bulging. warp and swell, thus throwing the door out of line. There is no wood core to Dahlstrom hollow metal elevator doors can be finished either in plain colors or grained to match any wood finish. All finish is by our own baked-on-enamel process which 1s hard, yet elastic. It will not chip. OORS AND TRI COMPLETE THE FIREPROOF BUILDING- THE ELEVATOR DOORS ILLUSTRATED ARE IN BORDEN BUILDING, NEW YORK CITY Buchman S Kahn, Architects. | Another Dahlstrom Installation DAHLSTROM METALLIC DOOR CO. 439 Buffalo St., Jamestown, М. Y. CHICAGO 19 S. La Salle St. Representatives in all Principal Cities New YORK 25 Broadway EVERYTHING ڈ8‎ FI ‘Manufacturers of . ANDIRONS GRATES s SCREENS | FIRESETS FENDERS HOODS ШЕТКЕ ihr mE t nue ارز للا‎ n 1۰۱ SPECIAL TO ORDER 3 \ CN әнде IF DESIRED B جس‎ ES Design No. 409 ALSO THE COLONIAL HEAD-THROAT-DAMPER D _ A FIREPLACE DAMPER which provides for وس یہ‎ and CONTRACTION in itself. | ELEVEN SIZES—Four Styles of Operating Meets all Conditions. Insures proper construction at the vital part of the Fireplace; saves: heat and fuel and often prevents a smoky fireplace. See Sweet's Catalog and American Architect Specifica- tion Manual. SEND FOR BLUE PRINT. COLONIAL FIREPLACE COMPANY 4625 Roosevelt Road, Chicago. ge pr ЕН ШЕШЕ EO qu ant subo on P rut aue qp ti ety ap ШЕТИН‏ تر ШЕП ИЯ‏ !للا INDUSTRIAL SECTION THE Cauldwell-Wingate Co., Genl. Contrs. DETROIT 1331 Dime Bank Bldg. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN IN Archt. Chester A. Patterson, Parr 222 me АА өз New York City. secured un- ذف‎ usual values with wide ex- posure of 24 in. '' CREO- DIPT'' Stained Shingles (Dixie White) on side walls with 18-in. Weathered » Gray roof on this home ы et New Rochelle, N. Y. sereno a RE TM COT xv 2. e : 4 gem ғ تب ین‎ cau UN — 7 many families home building means years of planning that they may build wisely. In selecting "CREO-DIPT" Stained Shingles for side walls and roofs, the builder is guaranteed values in permanence and economy not found in other building materials. In addition, he is using a building material so adaptable to varied detail that anticipated effects in design or artistry are assured. | Send today for Portfolio of Fifty Large Photographs of Н by Prominent Architects as well as solor samples: "Ask about 24-in. Dixie White Side Walls for the true Colonial White Effect. CREO-DIPT COMPANY. inc. 1075 Oliver St. North Tonawanda, N. Y. CREO-DIPT"‏ ہے Stained Shingles g February, 1922 к=” "чут үг STITUTE OF ARCHITECTS

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ee Хам See ЖЕРЕ? FILTERS STUCCO LIGHTING FIXTURES XXXIII KS —————— COMPLETE | An Attractive Display B e 3 Of Lighting Fixtures in all Periods for the Home, Hotel, Theatre, Bank, or Public Building, may be seen at our Galleries La) INASACK! VERYTHING! Cement, asbestos, mixing compound, waterproofing— every component part COMPLETE. IN > (OF کی یا کی ау رہم‎ A SACK! d | Architects will recognize added security А in specifying а factory finished material У 3 —a material which leaves no manufac- А А turing difficulties to the man on the job д д --а product that simply cannot go wrong. 5а» Write for particulars. 45456565 CA) Wisconsin Lime & Cement Co. American Materials Co. Conway Building 101 Park Avenue Chicago New York City (ES) Art Stucco Materials Co., |2854 Oakland Avenue, Detroit ESS TESS SOS 8 8 y NA Loomts-MANNING С ` E FILTERS 1 C یس‎ Simpleness The great advantage which (ФУ) the ordinary user of a Loomis- : 1 Manning Filter notices is the А small amount of attention it re- S quires—only the occasional mov- А A ing of a lever. This Filter is х We invite Architects and S therefore suited to any kind of А Owners to avail themselves оў А an installation. Simpleness S our service and visit our work- Y means good results when coupled А shops where special lighting А with the other Loomis-Manning effects for all purposes are features. daily in the process of manu- 5а (5а facture Loomis-Manning Filter | Victor S. Pear hz an C? Co. Distributing Co. ^ | 4 S Creators of exclusive lighting fixtures 3 1437 South 37th Street, Philadelphia, Pa. a 533-535 South Wabash Avenue A Established 1880 | Chicago, Ш. с) Qu 2 DNS ENG INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS February, 1922

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XXXIV GREENHOUSES | WINDOWS (Casement) | اف‎ P "V. >, PPAR an nine Send For This Book “Owning Your Own Greenhouse" A brief, delightful, fact-filled book of exactly the things you want to know about greenhouses. Abundantly illustrated. Large type. Sent with our compliments. Hitchings << Company General Office and Factory: Elizabeth, N. J. New York, 101 Park Ave. Boston 9, 294 Washington St. ТТТ ТТТ ФТТ ТТЦ ہیک سید‎ 7 TIT. ۴ ^ TY AR ъ= 77 1 TSS | ӘР ЕТТТ АТООСУ al % i ^ ” $ WINDOWS for Banks, OFFICES, SCHOOLS, HosPITALS, etc —ENGLISH CASEMENTS Steel | Casements - for artistic residences and other substantial buildings Made in varied designs to meet all conditions . | x Ж Lo Crittall Casement Window Co. NER ae РЕР - Manufacturers, DETROIT үн Mechanics & Metal National Bank, New Yor Benjamin W. Morris, Architect; Carrere & Hastings, Consulting Architects INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS February, 1922

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. HOISTS (Electric, etc.) WATERPROOFING PRODUCTS XXXV ۸1 mE AMA (ІШ AAD WAMU REMEMBER ITS WATERPROOF ү |! 4 == РЕС. U.S. РАТ: OFF. T —— = ~~ үн 2 5 ۶: 3 ےس دہ‎ ө 3 -- A و مور پیر تہ یح‎ TTY سے‎ т " 22 ЖА, ve -y )سو‎ rm 2 - "v - . же ~ r ” E‏ 21 Model E Hoist is used at Loft Building, 19th Street and 4th Avenue, N. Y. City. D. Kohn, Archt. | Select the Hoist That Fits the Job 8 & С, Telescopic Hoists are made in electric and hand power models, with and without overhead crane. It is important to select the model that will properly handle the work for which it is intended. Equitable Bldg., New York Graham, Burnham & Co., Architects BUREAU OF STANDARDS, WASHINGTON, D. C. says this about— a IKEMEMBER I73 WATERPROOF) e e AG. UB Pot UF. Concrete Floor Coatings “R. I. W.” FLINTOX “This panei (experimental panel) was very poor be- fore the treatment was applied, i.e., it was crum- bling badly at the surface. It has hardened to such an extent that no appreciable wear has occurred since treatment was applied. It has been in serv- ісе two years." “R. I. W.” ACID-PROOF FILLER “This panel (experimental panel) has been in serv- ice two years and two months, and, shows no signs PR... of wear. The surface is hard and uniform. The p: treatment gives a brighter and more uniform ap- Geil... pearance than the originai.” ' XY ° “В.І. W.” CEMENT FILLER (pat)... “The slab (experimental slab) has been in service. two years and one month. The surface has a few Our new catalog (copy of which has already been mailed you), helps you to make this selection. It also illustrates and describes the devices Vues in addition to the Hoist that are part of com- НМ ЕЕ lete G & G ash removal equipment n scratches due to moving machinery over it and is * E f 4 ч ' І order ҚАУЫН ee slightly lighter in color where most used, which re maximum safety and greatest operat- Ур shows that the coating is wearing thin at these ing economy, these devices are essentially a part placés. * | : 1 ы М The same high quality of service is true of all of a hoist specification. “Б. I. W.” Producta—the best in their respective classes for water-proofing, damp-proofing and tech- nical painting. Specify “К. I. W." Products and be sure. Write Dept. 71 for details. р; س‎ БУ 5 А Кы; See Sweet’s, page 1788 GILLIS & GEOGHEGAN 546 West Broadway, New York Makers of ДЕД TECHNICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PAINT AND VARNISH MAKERS سا ات‎ SINCE 1848 - бес pe 320 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK WORKS: LONG ISLAND CITY, N. Y. Telescopic Hoist Wich Automatic Stop and Gravity Lowering Device INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS | February, 1922

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XXXVI | MARBLE j BOILERS AND RADIATORS N (Ss d attt” xd 3 hun nt E- Paul Cret, Archttect PAN AMERICAN BUILDING, WASHINGTON, D. C. The place of holding the World's Disarmament Conference. This building is built of WHITE GEORGIA MARBLE THE GEORGIA MARBLE CoO., Tate, Georgia NEW YORK OFFICE: 1328 BROADWAY CAPITOL BOILERS 400 SERIES THIS boiler is a favorite among ar- chitects for installations in schools, theatres, churches, auditoriums and apartment buildings where space economy necessitates low ceiling ۱ basements. Considerable saving in TB E SMOKELESS BOILER construction of basement walls can WITH THE be effected by designing buildings LOW WATER LINE for the 400 Series Capitol Boiler. UNITED STATES RADIATOR (GRPORATION GENERAL OFFICES: DETROIT, MICHIGAN Branch Offices in Principal Cities INDUSTRIAL SECTION JouRNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS February, 1922 N

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- — M ee - — MÀ CONCRETE HARDENER В 8 TUTTA UTILI = O 8111111111111171 AUR... ЫШ ЇЇТЇШЇЇГҮ ED mE D SONNEBORN PRODUCTS м T vy . ee = . ж. e * ч ات Я > ім: > T ы (3 ES i} 3 Tos nd-P-oof sa Dust Tree Concrete Floors! n ү is E 3 EE ats Lapidolith Save Concrete Floors! Let us show you old and new concrete floors near you which have been made dust-free and wearproof by Lapidolith, the liquid chemical hardener. These lapidolized areas, over 200,000,000 square feet, are convincing proof. [Ad IDO LIT H is readily flushed on a new job as soon as the concrete is set and dry, and on old floors as well. Lapidolith seeps in at once, and by completing the hydration of the cement, makes the mass granıte-hard. Lapidolith makes concrete tanks and swimming pools impervious to water. [tis needed to make concrete proof against wear and fluids. ILE] P SELATAN LOL ITT MMM MM TI ITT NAAN в NATE (ШИШИШИ! OTHER SONNEBORN PRODUCTS: ШІН 110000077000090909090ھ Hydrocide—A black tacky material for waterproofing foundations and dampproofing the interior of exposed walls. Мо furring or lathing neces- sary. Binds perfectly with plaster. Lapidolith is the original concrete hard- ener—standard for ten years. ТТПТТ Hydrocide Integral—To be mixed with the cement for waterproofing mass concrete against water-pressure. Powder or paste. MNCL OAS AT ИШ И ШИ ИШ ш Fermo—A liquid chemical which hastens the set of concrete and mor- tar. Saves time—prevents freezing. TTL ІШІШПІНИПШІШІШІШІШІІ) 1101111211111711 ШШШ 11117711 5 r LETT as SNM IS 7 + 0 РОЛЕВИ Р SONNEBORN Write to Technical Department for specification forms, sample and details. L. SONNEBORN SONS, Inc. Dept. 21, 264 Pearl St. New York GAA 277 == ЇЇ 2. — vut UIN 09 a

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کو 0 70 7 777 ء0 0 77 ٹ 5ٹ ص7ض ,7 ۸۸ٴ+‌۷۷َ 7 я 4 4 % 2 - vu Ге м Abs. 2 2 2 с! | — TQ Be муйеш # ғ,“ ےو‎ РТ e Ay АҒ | 3 AS Е Wr Ay. h мј: wc DEM 9. = х РЕЯ Var ware mx LE I — — i ! le A ANS ar ET s ж КИТ Sse p ELM سید‎ - mb Ту; ۰ 4 =< r * оз AN „`4 2 : A қ RIALTO THEATRE, LOUISVILLE, KY. — Marble furnished by Alabama Marble Co. and erede by Peler артатын Stone & Marble Co. Archts: بی‎ & Joseph, Louisville; 4 € Sole producers and Be unns of the standard. grades с, uro 3 ALABAMA STATUARY ALABAMA SELECTED A ALABAMA GRADE A “ALABAMA VEINED GRADE А: . . ALABAMA STATUARY MOSAIC ALABAMA POCAHONTAS ALABAMA ITALIAN ALABAMA TERRAZZO 1 -The best. possible and: the most satisfactory service in Interior Marble 8 * A Col: be obtained, by dealing’ directly with the Manufacturing Producer. ~~~ The Reasons Why | 2. 1: He has more marble to select from. 2. He сап take the necessary waste y وہ سی‎ we at a minimum of expense. 3. He can not evade his own responsibility. - 4), ve و‎ 5 4. His living depends on your satisfaction with work done for you in his |... .. MS Ў эо, marble. 5. He has a pride in his material which insures his. best effort on — 5 › s, every job. ' 6; Having the largest stock to draw from, he can make the promptest deliveries. T. His prices are the most reasonable. Reason No. 6 for dealing with the Manufacturing Producer. Having the largest stock to draw from, һе can make the promptest. deliveries. - t This hardly needs elaboration—tt is self évident. ı But thé same pride and self interest. that lead him to do the best job he can, impel him also to render the best service possible. It secures him other jobs, besides gratifying his pride and his legitimate vanity. | Our men аге specially trained to use our marbles so as to produce the best job possible by selecting from the largest possible stock, not to finish the job from the smallest volume of blocks. | MS x ALABAMA MIXED MOSAIG %- ' کے‎ We carry a large stock to permit of accurate selection and grading. # е, MEOS | »z B - 7 ` ALABAMA MARBLE COMP: ANY MAIN OFFICE, QUARRTES, AND FINISHING PLANT GANTT’S QUARRY, ALABAMA у 0 7 0909909099+) PCI: ۱ً і ж т» /Á

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J OURNAL THE AMERICAN. INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS THREE МЕМ a merchant of international fame— an architect at the top of his profession — a contractor of national reputation— have been studying a new building for a long time. Their united judgment is that not for many a day can they buy that new building for less than the estimated cost of Four Million Dollars, on which basis the contract has just been let. Verb. sap! CHARLES HARRIS WHITAKER. - 1 March, 1922. MARCH 1022

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Ly / Qu por more Лата half centum, ELEVATORS "P | TEE ж -ж ожа = ЕСІ хш _ —— OTIS ELEVATOR COMPANY — =3 SY S | | | |

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BOILERS AND RADIATORS ПІ 5 Ей pce Hor FARA 222 xw i n > UE تس > Ау үө,‏ ہہ teers, i - / ; | “Л а % УФА у — d سے‎ . ө — (€ ТИ — Atlantic City SOOO SHAQ See м United States Radiators Heat these Ambassador Hotels STAIN SOON SSSA SAAN шасы АА New York City 22225243522 77/7. UNITED ,STATES J[ADIATOR (GRPORA TION GENERAL OFFICES: DETROIT, MICHIGAN Branch Offices in Principal Citles INDUSTRIAL SECTION JouRNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS March, 1922

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IV PLUMBING EQUIPMENT Public Wash Room Barber Shop [HE importance of adequate sanitation facilities in modern office buildings is now being given serious attention and is evidenced in the accompanying illustra- tions of the new Wrigley Building, Chicago, equipped with CRANE Sanitation Fixtures Wrigley Building, Chicago Hulbert & Dorsey, Plumb pd | R i S | DUO Graham, Anderson, Probst ing Contractors کر‎ ын У | 5 NOS & White, Architects Private Office Lavatories : Orc cae A rt QU NG Manicuring Room UN М سا‎ СЕ dup PEER: SN CRANE CO. 836 South Michigan Avenue, Chicago Branches in 67 leading cities Works—Chicago and Bridgeport ` INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ÍNSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS March, 1922 gle

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JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS Volume X MARCH, 1922 Number 3 CONTENTS PAGE Sr. JosepH’s CHapeEL—Glastonbury. . . . . . . . 2. .ےو ےو‎ a Frontispiece SHADOWS AND STRAWS ٥1 :س0س مہہ‎ C. H. W. 59 THE BooMERANG ес а о іа 0: ко оу уу 4 4. 1 R.W.T. 61 REGISTRATION IN WEST VIRGINIA ے.‎ . . وی‎ 0. 0. 0. 0. ,. W. P. B. 62 THE ARCHITECT AND THE ENGINEER . . 2...2... . William L. Steele 62 GLASTONBURY |. . 0 а S Ё. and Е. S. Campbell 67 THE PHELPs-STOKES FUND TENEMENT House COMPETITION . . . . Frederick L. Ackerman 76 COMMUNITY PLANNING AND HousING . . . 202 . . . . . . .. . . 8 LONDON LETTER. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thomas Adams 85 AROUND THE SEcRETARY'S TABLE. . . ای و یو و و یو و‎ The Secretary 87 COMPETITIVE BIDDING ON Cost PLus Contracts . . . . .. .. . Morton C. Тине 9 COMMITTEE ON SMALL Houses E. Ma & & & ъъ в ш XM Қы о 6 ш. 5 90 From Our Book SHELF . aa 90 News Notes м m > M ж а cu эз з к 4 e 402 i x s 39 New MEMBERS ELECTED. . . 0. 0. 0. 0. s. 0. 0. . 0. . . . . . 94 OBITUARY |... . . . . . o. o. 4 Q4 0.4... o... 94 STRUCTURAL SERVICE DEPARTMENT , м 8 oe ww MN . Published Monthly by THE PRESS OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS, INC. PRESIDENT, Thomas К. Kimball, Omaha; Secretary, William Stanley Parker, Boston; Treasurer, Ben J. Lubschez, New York City; VICE-PRESIDENT, М. Max Dunning, Chicago; Directors, Herbert B. Briggs (Briggs & Nelson), Cleveland; M. B. Medary, Jr. (Zantzinger, Borie & Medary), Philadelphia; George C. Nimmons (George C. Nimmons & Co.), Chicago; Stephen Francis Voorhees (McKenzie, Voorhees & Gmelin), New York City; D. Everett Waid, New York City. CHARLES HARRIS WHITAKER, Zditor The Octagon House, Washington, D. C. | 313 East 23d Street, New York, N. Y. so CENTS A COPY. $5 PER YEAR. (Foreign, $6) Checks or Р.О. orders should be made payable to The Press of the American Institute of Architects, Inc. Copyright, March 1922, by the Press of the American Institute of Architects, Inc. Entered as second-class matter, May 11, 1920, at the Post Office at Washington, D. C., under Act of Congress of August 24, 1912. Acceptance for mailing at special rate of postage provided for in section 1103, Act of October 3, 1917, authorized by the Third Assistant Postmaster General.

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р 2 Rin at > к; Ù او مت tE:‏ ROOFING (Barrett Specification) | ү ам تد ریا ہے سی رین‎ Don’t Blame the Roof when Flashings Go Wrong! Many a good roof is held respon- sible for leaks that are caused by faulty flashings. An interesting case of such mis- placed blame 15 that of the Barrett Specification Roof on the State Armory at St. Johnsbury, Vermont, laid in 1916. Some months ago, when the archi- tect’s plans for a new armory at Newport, Vermont, were submitted to the Adjutant General of the State, he refused to approve them because they called for a Barrett Specification Roof. In explanation of his refusal, he stated that the Barrett Specification Roof on the St. Johnsbury Armory had been leaking badly for several months. The architect immediately investi- gated the trouble at St. Johnsbury. What he found there is shown by the illustrations. The roof itself was in perfect condition. But the flashings, which were the usual metal type, were in sorry shape. All but two joints of the ` base-flashings had pulled apart and the counter-flashings in many places had broken away from the wall. The settling of the building, and contraction and expansion due to changing temperatures, had made the flashings absolutely worthless. No wonder the “roof” leaked! When these facts and the photographs were brought to his attention, the Adjutant General promptly approved a Barrett Specification Roof for the new Armory at Newport, Vt., but insisted that Barrett Flashings be used instead of metal. The new Barrett Flashings. Note kow slot in flashing-block takes care of expan- Sion and contraction. For permanent flat-roof buildings Barrett Specification Roofs are the choice of leading architects and en- gineers. This popularity is due to an enviable record for durability and economy. There are many roofs of this type that have been in ser- vice forty years or more and are still in good condition. Close-up Showing condition yi metal flashings on t. Johnsbury Armory. No wonder the “roof” leaked ! Barrett Specification Roofs are mod- erate in first cost and are guaranteed by a Surety Company Bond, against all roof repair expense,—T ype “АА” for 20 years; Type “А” for 10 years. No more flashing troubles ! The new Barrett Flashings definitely solve the problem of permanent waterproof flashing construction. They are fully described in the Barrett Flashing Handbook and Flashing Service Sheets, copies of which will be sent to architects, engineers and contractors requesting same on business letterhead. Please address our nearest office. New York Chicago Philadelphia Boston t. Louis Cleveland Cincinnati ure Detroit Now Orleans irming Kansas Minneapolis yracuse Peoria Atlanta Dulu Pell Таке Clty Bangor Washington Johnstown Le 1-18 оона Milwaukee Toledo Columbus Richmond Latro Pathlah. ta Diss ane th Buffalo Baltimore Omaha Housto Jacksonville THE BARRETT COMPANY, Limited : Montreal 1 orate Winnipeg Vancouver n, N. B. Halifax, М. S. ІШ ИЙТ 7 ШИ а, ти ifl March, 1922 A 1 4 > 2 ww. INDUSTRIAL SECTION fA otk € p 24 | | эде | i pt 2 0 y 0 Ж 0 (hi С ry JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS ||

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THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS THE OCTAGON HOUSE, WASHINGTON, D. C. OFFICERS President... i ы дылы лы ыы анален. НЕМКҮ Н. KENDALL, Boston, Mass. First Vice-President... ы ...—..............—........................-....-. WILLIAM В. FAVILLE, San Francisco, Cal. Second Vice-President... 09 00 7 ROBERT D. Konn, New York City. ТА AES SR اسیو‎ ILLE سس‎ ..WILLIAM STANLEY ۲۸۸۶ ا‎ Boston, Mass. Treasurer.......... У ТОИ TET ы یت ےت‎ ЕРЕ ИЛ Masts We کس‎ D. Everetr Waip, 1 Madison Ave., New York City. BOARD OF DIRECTORS For One Year (1021-22) Epwin Н. Hewitt, 1200 2nd Avenue So., Minneapolis, Minn. WILLIAM B. ITTNER, Board of Education Building, St. Louis, Mo. ERNEST J. RussELL, Chemical Building, St. Louis, Mo. For Two Years (1921-23) CHARLES H. ALDEN, Empire Building, Seattle, Wash. М. Max DUNNING, 310 South Wabash Ave., Chicago, Ill ABRAM GARFIELD, Garfield Building, Cleveland, Ohio. For Three Years (1921-24) Epwin Berustrom, Citizens National Bank Bldg., Los Angeles, Cal. CHARLES А. Favrot, Title Guarantee Bldg., New Orleans, La. L. P. WHEAT, JR., 808 Seventcenth St., Washington, D. C. Institute Counsell...............ARTHUR PETER, Washington, D. С. LIST OF CHAPTERS, 1920 ALABAMA.—*George B. Rogers, Van Antwerp Bldg., Mobile; TEugene H. Knight, 1607 Empire Bldg., Birmingham. ARKANSAS.—*Eugene J. Stern, Gazette Bldg. Little Rock; TLawson L. Delony, 2407 Louisiana St., Little Rock. BALTIMORE.—*Howard Sill, 11 E. Pleasant St.; fLaurence Hall Fowler, 347 N. Charles St. BosroN.—*Charles A. Coolidge, 122 Ames Bldg.; tEdward H. Hoyt, 220 Devonshire St. BROOKLYN.—*]John B. Slee, 154 Montague St., Brooklyn, New York City; Thos. E. Snook, Jr., 154 Montague St., Brooklyn. BuFFALO.—*Paul Е. Mann, Ellicott Square Bldg.; TErnest Crimi, 110 Franklin St. CENTRAL ILLINOIS.—* Herbert E. Hewitt, Peoria Life Bldg.; TMark Н. Whitmeyer, Central Nat. Bank Bldg., Peoria. CENTRAL New Yonk.—*Walter Н. Whitlock, Security Mu- tual Bldg., Binghamton; tW. V. Madden, 125 Sibley Block, Rochester. CINCINNATI.—*Joseph С. Steinkamp, Mercantile Library Bldg.; THoward McClorey, Fourth Nat. Bank Bldg. CLEVELAND.—*Charles W. Hopkinson, 900 Rose Bldg.; tW. W. Sabin, 1900 Euclid Avenue. CoLoRApo.—*Robert К. Fuller, 310 Fosler Bldg., Denver; ТЕ. O. Parry, 407 Clarkson 86, Denver. CoLUMBUSs.—*Orlando C. Miller, 20 So. 3rd Street, Colum- bus; tRobert R. Reeves, 20 So. Third St. ConNECTICUT.—*Louis A. Walsh, 51 Leavenworth St., Water- bury; fDelbert K. Perry, City Hall, New Britain. Dayton.—*Louis Lott, Commercial Bldg.; TH. J. Williams, 908-920 Mutual Home Bldg. Erie CHAPTER: C. Paxton Cody, President, 406 Ariel Bldg., Erie, Pa.; Armin Schotte, Marine Bank Bldg., Erie, Pa. FLoRIDA.—*Mellen C. Greeley, Bisbee Bldg., Jacksonville; THenrietta C. Dozier, Bisbee Bldg., Jacksonville, Fla. GEORGIA.—*P. Thornton Marye (acting), Alfriend Bldg., Atlanta; fArthur Neal Robinson, 623 Candler Bldg. Atlanta. ILLINOIS.—* Albert M. Saxe, 64 E. Van Buren St, Chicago; TJohn A. Armstrong, 127 N. Dearborn St., Chicago. INDIANA.—*Ennis R. Austin, 731 J. M. S. Building, South Bend; tHerbert Foltz, Lemcke Annex, Indianapolis. IowA.—*Mortimer B. Cleveland, 215 Prospect Avenue, Waterloo; tEugene Н. Taylor, 222 South Third St., Cedar Rapids. Kansas Ciry.—*H. Е. Нон, 607 Reliance Bldg; tSamuel Greenbaum, 216 Scarritt Bldg. Kansas.—*Lorenz Schmidt, 121 Market St., Wichita; tProf. Cecil F. Baker, Kansas State Agricultural College, Man- hattan. KENTUCKY.—*Val P. Collins, 624 Paul Jones Bldg.; ТЕ. І. Morgan, 1110 Cherokee Road, Louisville. LOUISIANA.—®Victor Wogan, Title Guarantee Bldg.; Solis Seiferth, Maison Blanche Bldg., New Orleans. MICHIGAN.—*Wm. B. Stratton, Union Trust Bldg. De- MiNNEsoTA.—*Harry T. Downs, 619 New York Life Bldg., Minneapolis; fJerome Paul Jackson, 1200 2nd Ave. So., Minneapolis. Montana.—*John G. Link, Billings; TW. R. Plew, Bozeman. NEBRASKA.—*H. W. Meginnis, 533 Bankers Life Bldg., Lin- coln; tJ. D. Sandham, World-Herald Bldg., Omaha. New JERSEY.—*H. T. Stephens, United Bank Bldg., Paterson; THugh Roberts, 1 Exchange Place, Jersey City. New Yonk.—*Charles Butler, 56 West 45th St, New York; TRichmond Н. Shreve, 215 West 57th St., New York. NORTH CaRoLINA.—*Earl С. Stillwell, Hendersonville; {James F. Gause, Murchison Bldg., Wilmington. OREGON.—*W. С. Purcell, 812 Spaulding Bldg. Portland; TGeorge M. Post, 619 Railway Exch. Bldg., Portland. PHILADELPHIA.—Geo. I. Lovatt, 416 Walnut St.; fPaul A. Davis, IIT, 1713 Sansom St. PiTrsBURGH.—*Edward B. Lee, Chamber of Commerce Bldg.; tStanley L. Roush, 1210 Chamber of Commerce Bldg. RHODE IstLAND.—*F. Ellis Jackson, 1216 Turk’s Head Bldg. Providence; tNorman M. Isham, 915 Turk’s Head Bldg. Providence. SAN FRANCISCO.—*G. A. Applegarth, 1800 Claus Spreckles Bldg.; tJ. S. Fairweather, 1001 Balboa Bldg. ۱ SOUTH CaRoLINA.—*Nat. Gaillard Walker, Rock Hill; TH. Olin Jones, Greenville. SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA.—*Sumner P. Hunt, 701 Laughlin Bldg, Los Angeles; tCharles Е. Plummer, W. P. Story Bldg., Los Angeles. SOUTHERN PENNSYLVANIA.—*Edward Leber, 42 West Market St, York; TW. В. Billmeyer, 268 East Market St., York. Sr. Louis.—*W. L. Rathmann, 1501 Chemical Bldg.; tW. О. Mullgardt, Chemical Bldg. Sr. PAUL.—*Thomas G. Holyoke, Endicott Bldg., St. Paul; ТЕ. А. Slifer, Endicott Bldg., St. Paul. T'ENNESSEE.—*W alk C. Jones, 110 Porter Bldg. ; +В. S. Cairns, 528 Madison Ave. Bldg., Memphis. Texas.—*Herbert M. Greene, North Texas Bldg., Dallas; j1Clarence C. Bulger, 4020 Swiss Avenue, Dallas. ToLepo.—*Harry W. Wachter, 908 Nicholas Bldg.; tCharles A. Langdon, Nicholas Building. UTanH.—*Leslie S. Hodgson, 2255 Madison Ave. Ogden; Taylor Woolley, McIntyre Bldg., Salt Lake City. ViRGINIA.—*Fiske Kimball, University of Virginia, Char- lottesville; 1C. J. Calrow, New Monroe Bldg., Norfolk. WASHINGTON, D. C.—*Frank Upman, Woodward Bldg.; TL. P. Wheat, Jr., 808 Seventeenth St, N. W. WASHINGTON STATE—*Carl Е. Gould, Hoge Building, Seattle; TH. О. Sexsmith, University of Washington, Seattle. WiscoNsIN.—*Peter Brust, 233 Queen Ann's Place, Milwau- kee; TW. W. Judell, 445 Milwaukee St., Milwaukee. Macc 7808 with the Boston Chapter, November 1, 1917. troit; 1J. H. G. Steffens, 3732 Pingree Avenue, Detroit. *Presidents. tSecretaries, Information as to registration laws now in force in the following states may be obtained as follows: California—State Board of Architecture, Phelan Bldg., San Francisco. Colorado—State Board of Examiners of Architects, Denver. Florida— State Board of Architecture, 135 East Bay Street, Jacksonville. Georgia—State Board for Registration of Architects, Atlanta. Idaho—Department of Law Enforcement, Boise. Illinois—Department of Education and Registration, Springfield. Louisiana—State Board of Architectural Examiners, New Orleans. Michigan—State Board for Registration of Architects, Detroit. Montana—Board of Architectural Examiners, Helena. New Jersey—State Board of Architects, Trenton. New York—State Board of Registration of Archi- tects, Albany. North Carolina—State Board of Architectural Examination and Registration, Greensboro. North Dakota—State Board of Architecture, Bismarck. Oregon—State Board of Architectural Examiners, Portland. Pennsylvania—State Board of Examiners of Architects, Harrisburg. South Carolina—State Board of Architectural Examiners, Columbia. Tennessee—Examining Board for Architects and Engineers, Nashville. Utah—State Board of Architecture, Salt Lake City. "Virginia—State Board for the Examination and Certification of Architects, Professional Engineers and Land Surveyors, Richmond. Washington—State Board for Registration of Architects, Olympia. Wisconsin—Board of Examiners of Architects, Madison. Such laws are pending in Indiana, Iowa, and innesota.

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VIII BOILERS AND RADIATORS am e oc т Won, Rete ‚= сайдыы ADI AT OR. v e mer mnn . х a e= < 7 è سد‎ A "ul e 9 bam [gd 0 P. * bs 1 ORARE фанд ےی‎ е. чов WATER эю وو سووم‎ - $ жұ i A new heavy-duty BOILER for large buildings NSTALLATIONS of low pressure cast- iron boilers for large buildings are rapidly increasing. of construction, it can be easily installed in old buildings as well as new. It will burn any kind of fuel and may be equipped with an Ideal Smoke Preventing Device. Today scores of large apartment houses, As the IDEAL TYPE A HEAT MACHINE schools, hospitals, hotels, theatres, banks and office buildings are receiving adequate warmth at lower operating cost from cast-iron, sectional low-pressure boilers. THE NEW IDEAL 79” WATER BOILER is one of the newest products of our Institute of Thermal Research, designed to serve this par- ticular field. Cast in sections, and assembled in two sepa- rate halves yoked together in the rear by sin- gle flow and return headers, this new boiler is easily adapted to any building. Due to this type has proved to be the best heating plant for the fine residence, so this 79” Boiler, we believe, represents a long stride forward in wasteless efficient heating for larger buildings. It has so many new and interesting points of construction that a booklet is necessary to present them adequately. We urge every Engi- neer and Architect interested in heating equip- ment for this field of construction to send for this booklet today. Your name on your letterhead will bring it. Just use the nearest address below: AMERICAN RADIATOR COMPANY IDEAL Boilers and AMERICAN Radiators for every heating need 104 West 42nd St., New York Dept. 115 816 So. Michigan Ave., Chicago INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ÍNSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS O ( ) lens arch, 1922

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BUILDING MATERIAL (Terra Cotta) | | IX Practical Problems and ARTISTIC VALUES ODERN architecture is as much a mat- А ter of solving practical problems and meeting economic requirements as it is an ex- pression of artistic values. In all these phases the architect of today looks ahead at the same time that he reinforces his vision and judgment with the lessons of his predecessors. Historic training tells him that the ancient Assyrians, the Greeks, the Romans and the later Renaissance Italians found Terra Cotta a ready medium for the expression of artistic values. And looking back but a decade or two, the architect perceives that our earlier office build- ings of fifteen stories or more made use of Terra Cotta—the material most effectively combining lightness with crushing resistance and fire proof qualities. The Crocker Building, for instance, has stood thirty years, — through a disastrous fire. It re- mains in perfect condition. Its very existence TERRA СОТТА Beautiful JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS ‘Permanent INDUSTRIAL SECTION MEER‏ رر 3i 2 ha үм І v, P^ شع‎ йүз [5 cw heli it bl v д . - 4 1 а PE Copyright, 1922, by National Terra Cota Society CROCKER BUILDING SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. Grey unglazed Terra Cotta today is ample evidence that every esthetic, structural and economic requirement of a ma- terial for the tall office building is thoroughly met by Terra Cotta. NATIONAL TERRA COTTA SOCIETY is a bureau of service and information. No matter in what class of buildings you are interested, write us, and we will send you a brochure or other information illustrating Terra Cotta’s value and achievements in that field. Address, National Terra Cotta Society, 1 Madison Avenue, New York, N. Y. Profitable | A. PAGE BROWN, Architect March, 1922

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BOILERS AND RADIATORS SMITH BOILERS | For Burning All Fuels—such as : Anthracite Coal Bituminous Coal : Coke Lignites Wood Oil Boilers for Low Pressure Steam and Hot Water Heating and Hot Water Supply BOILERS Mills Water Tube With Smokeless Furnace SMITH With Grate Reduced With Grate Full Size H-B and Menlo sad Smith Service Boiler No. 60 Smith RADIATORS TT پک‎ ET 3 ay eh \ s ж Ж. S ) IE T 29 суа = % Т 1 ۹ " 55 4 Ў Single Column 3 Two Column 7 Three Column Five Column Window No. 60 Smith and Wall | Grate Reduced THE H. B. SMITH CO. Manufacturers of Boilers and Radiators NEW YORE, N. Y. PHILADELPHIA, PA. WESTFIELD, MASS. BOSTON, 10 East 39th St. 17th and Arch Sts. 57 Main St. 640 Main St., Cambridge, Mass. Е раа ea ate Mee c rally т fe gh ihe le cae (ie qal abi ce ar de bu es abs Ж ЖОЕ ШИШИ e ШЕШ abet ШЕ IE ob enc tih tar sud La ا کی‎ ud я . INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS March, 1922

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ым.‏ سس ےس تس کت ا * Ave EY 4 -—— жу BN کڪ € 2 ۶ 4 (See page 67)

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JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS Vol. X Shadows and Straws is fast nearing what almost might be called a crisis. Very many old buildings are in urgent need of difficult and costly repairs. Westminster Ab- bey has needed a large sum of money which, though raised and spent, promises still be to inadequate. St. Paul's is asking for thousands of pounds. St. George's . at Windsor is reported to be in imminent danger, while Lincoln, Ely, and Peterborough are all con- fronted with grave problems of preservation. Ulti- mately it seems likely that the question will have to be considered as a problem of national finance and even of taxation. While it is true that on a recent appeal there seems to have been raised £50,000 for preserving the old home of the Society of Arts in the Adelphi, London (designed by Robert Adam in 1775), the fact also remains that it is becoming more and more impossible to rely upon such contributions from private sources. Indeed, the question is al- ready being asked in the English press as to whether the State, confronted with the apathy of the average taxpayer in these matters, has the right to compel him to contribute toward the maintenance of an- m and historic buildings in structural safety, at east. INDEED, it is not at all unusual to read, nowadays, the words of pre-parting addresses delivered by the land-owning nobility of England to the assembled tenants. Even the Duke of Portland, reputed of great wealth, spoke solemnly to the tenants of Wel- beck. “Іс may or it may not be possible for me and my family to continue to reside at Welbeck," said he, “but I fear there can be but little doubt that those who come after me will not be able to do so." Now as it was largely this class who supported so many of the innumerable private funds such as those for the preservation of old buildings, one may well under- stand why the question is likely, at no far distant date, to become a State matter. Actually, of course, it is the people who really support all of these things. The way of the present order has been to allow the collection and disbursement of the money through ТЕ ANCIENT ARCHITECTURE of England MARCH, 1922 No. 3 - private hands. Why should not the State collect and distribute it with less waste and greater benefit? It is quite true, as the Guardian remarks editori- ally, that commissions for great English country houses will be rare in the land hereafter. The days of Haddon, Montacute, Longleat, and Knole are gone. It seems impossible to believe that they will return. Yet, if we deplore the happening, in re- membering certain unmistakable charms, shall we not on the other hand look forward to the vastly greater architectural problems that are everywhere confronting us. Never was there a time with such possibilities. Never was the world more ready to achieve a magnificent architectural flowering. What we fail to see 15 the kind of flower that is waiting to bloom. It will not be the old kind, born in princely vanity or aristocratic ostentation. It will be a newer kind, more closely related to our modern life with its vaster scale. Planning must advance from the narrow limits of the individual and generally selfish use of land, to the point where it will see communities as living organisms, possessing equally the germs of life and the real basis of architecture. * ART for art’s sake" is a truism that we have covered with ridicule. It does not pay, we have cried, and our art reformers, in return, have cried to heaven that art will pay if only we will use it in our business. All of which is something very like what it is thought impolite to call a lie. Art never was meant to pay, in the sense of conferring a money benefit under a profit-making system of life, com- monly called and commonly mistaken for civiliza- tion. “Wherever art has flourished securely,” says Mr. Clutton-Brock, whose writings are now coming to be known in our own Atlantic, “there has been no question of making it pay. The Greek Drama was not expected to pay, nor was the Parthenon, nor were the Gothic cathedrals, nor the paintings of Raphael and Michelangelo. Certainly, if we are to have any great and secure art, we must expect it not to pay. The fact is, not that we can not 59

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THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS afford art, but that we prefer to spend our spare money and energy, and more than we can spare, on nonsense for nonsense’ sake; and that, not our pov- erty nor our stern common sense, is the reason why art does not flourish among us. * Stern common sense, if we had it, would lead us at least to the beginnings of art, to those conditions without which it can- not flourish at all. Take, for instance, Manchester. Was it common sense to allow it to be built anyhow and to suffer anyone who chose to darken the sky with smoke at noonday? A people that cared for art, and was ready to make a common and іп- dividual sacrifice for it, would have built cities better to live in and better to work in, and would have saved incalculable mil- lions by doing so. But here I will confess that I do not believe any people can be led to this far-seeing wisdom by common sense alone. Human nature is such that it can attain to common sense only as a by-product of the high disinterested passions, such as the passion for beauty. If we aimed at beauty, we should also achieve cities that were good to live and work in; by trusting in our common sense we have achieved the slovenly muddle and dirt and discomfort of our big towns. “Тас is why I would preach the doctrine of art for art’s sake. Love beauty, and many other things shall be added unto you; be indifferent to it, because it does not seem to pay, and you will find that the common sense you trust in is common nonsense. And, after all, are we famous in history because of our merchant- ing and engineering and the like? Victor Hugo said that it was Shakespeare made the difference between England and Car- thage. Carthage was destroyed because she would not fight for herself but left Hannibal to fight for her; but we were not de- stroyed in the war, because we had something in our past to fight for besides merchanting. This something meant to the common man of today whatever in the past Englishmen had done disinterestedly and for the love of it; it meant, though he would never use those words, art for art's sake. And if, now that we have won, we are content to live lives only of business and what we are pleased to call pleasure, our minds may be slow, but they will not be logical. We shall make an England not worth living in or fighting for; and sooner or later it will go down, like Carthage, through the weary indifference of Englishmen. “The great problem of our society, different from the problems of any former societies and even more urgent, is this. We have, through our mechanical contrivances, far more superfluous en- ergy than any former society; but we have not learned yet how to turn that energy to the activities that are called spiritual. It is, however, becoming more and more clear that if men use all their superfluous energies for material purposes they poison them- selves with those energies, as we poison ourselves with food if we eat too much of it. The war itself came of energies turned to material purposes which should have been turned to spiritual. Instead of spending our money on art and science, we armed our- selves like lobsters or rhinoceri; and then the most armour- plated rhinoceros of them all attacked the others, trusting in its triple hide. And, because we were so heavily armoured, we al- most destroyed our whole society before we had finished. That is one example of the poison of superfluous energies applied to material purposes; and as for the others, they are everywhere. We might now refuse to spend money on art with some reason if we were living stern ascetic lives like Puritans. But we are not; and nothing will make us live them except a passion for spiritual activities, and among them art for art's sake, whether it be music ot buildings or the drama. So long as we trust in our common sense we shall waste our superfluous energies on material pleasures and defences and poison our minds and bodies with that waste." QUITE in a similar vein were the remarks of Lord Crawford, speaking recently at the Manchester Art 60 Gallery. “Іп art,” said he, “ocular criticism ought to be restored to the status it used to enjoy in the earlier days. We should let the eye tell its story to the brain, and let it take the initiative in visual criticism as against purely intellectual criticism. We ought to trust more to the eye and less to the intel- lect in the criticism of art. A work of art once preached its own gospel, and public opinion used its eyes and pronounced its verdict without external help. The old masters knew no criticism beyond comparison with the truth. The public ought not to lean too much upon the professional critic. It ought to begin to criticise for itself and realise that criticism was not the sole province of the pro- fessional.” Wise words. Yet how difficult to apply the coun- sel they contain. Education does not, as at present conducted, invite initiative. It is based upon the process of molding young minds into certain ruts and grooves, and, as a consequence, the average person is utterly afraid of speaking his mind on any question of art. Rather does he seek to fortify himself behind what he thinks is the accepted verdict or the going opinion. And the exceptions,—well, of course, they have a hard time, until the old rut happens to be abandoned. Then, they seem quite natural and re- spectable people. In the meantime, the professional and amateur critic does a thriving business in sup- plying mental fortifications and in feeding the opin- ionated vanity of the group, which, after all, has to consider the eternal problem of bread and butter. Even so, by the way, it seems a dreadful fall from the days when architecture was publicly discussed only by those who had seen the building about which they talked, to the present time when anyone hav- ing some facility with words,—to which is frequently added a vitriolic or sarcastic pen,—criticises half-tone plates of photographs of buildings, sometimes even before the buildings are built,—when the criticism is often based upon half-tone plates of photographs of wash drawings of buildings! And always with the grand manner and that flourish of trumpets which, like the fanning of the vampire’s wings, pre- pares the victim for the painless insertion of the proboscis through which the sapping is to be done. The vampire sucks blood,—the critic saps something more precious,—the will to think and to know those values in beauty which alone have an abiding mean- ing, because they have been found—alone. THE Вил. for registering architects in the Dis- trict of Columbia, to which much impetus has been given by the dreadful fatality attending upon the Knickerbocker Theater disaster, has received the tentative sanction of the Executive Committee of the Board of Directors, and will undoubtedly be approved by the full Board, even though it puts

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THE BOOMERANG the Institute squarely on record as favoring registra- tion,—a thing which the Institute has so far de- clined to approve except in principle and as deemed expedient by local authorities. It is time, much as we may doubt the value of registration as an instrument for directly improving the esthetics of architecture, that the marvelous myth about architects in this country was put to death. There are many interests which seek to keep alive the belief that there are thousands of archi- tects in the United States, and to flatter the veriest tyros and amateurs into the proud thought that they belong in the class and are entitled to professional consideration. There are, as a fact, perhaps 4,000 men in the United States who can possibly deserve the title of architect and who can safely be entrusted with the design and supervision of a building. There are some thousands of others who masquerade. There are some hundreds of others who are really deserving men, struggling to meet the honest needs of their clients in many small and trifling commis- sions. But a study of the effect of the registration laws in the United States will convince any disinter- ested person that public policy demands the speedy enactment of such laws in every State in the Union, to the end that standards of practice may be raised to a level insuring the minimum of fatalities and dangers to the public at large. In the course of not many years we shall then be quite astonished to dis- cover what a fiction has prevailed, as to the number of architects in the United States, and very likely we shall also witness a considerable architectural development, the moment we begin to cease the making of architects by means of pictorial methods. The so-called architects,—and their name is legion, — remain in practice only because of their ability to live off the brains of their fellows. And, through vanity and nothing else, the competent lend their brains to the incompetents, who fill the land with their bastard spawn, often as dangerous to life as it 15 insulting to the senses. Registration, in time, will put an end to a great deal of incompetence, and the recent theater disasters demand action by the real architects in the profession. The Boomerang One day he came into my office; said he knew well enough that I would not go into a wildcat competition. But they were agitating a new school in his home town; he wanted to get in on it; and would I mind if he associated with a young firm who was doing that sort of thing. “ОҒ course I did not mind his associating with someone else; but I had no sympathy with such a procedure; and I repeated the time-worn arguments against wildcat com- petitions; pointed out how it ordinarily worked out and all that sort of thing. But it was no use for me to argue; I was old (which I reject most emphatically) and well 61 established (which is not at all the case in these days of architectural mirages); I could afford to let opportunities slip by like the hours if they made no appeal to my fancy. But he was young and had just returned from the Conflict; the cost of living was bearing down upon him and time was fleeting. How could he gain a footing if opportunities were not seized? My argument made no appeal; it was useless to argue. So the association was formed for the project and competi- tion drawings were submitted to the School Board. Some time elapsed. He had been home; had talked with the School Committee; the prospects were not at all promising; most of the members of the Committee had fallen for a most inferior design—one much more expensive and not well adapted to the conditions of the site. Some more time elapsed. A letter came one day from the chairman of another committee of another project in his home town,—a project upon which we had been work- ing in association for several months. In this case a con- tract had been executed covering our work and defining the terms of payment, fixing a limited fee for preliminary sketches. For at the outset the cost of the project could not even be guessed at; the requirements were at first most indefinite. But they became definite soon after work had started. We thoroughly threshed out the ap- proximate cost of the building, using the then current prices which had grievously shocked the committee. Alto- gether, three sets of sketches had been prepared for schemes gradually shrinking in volume until at last it appeared that it was possible to provide what was needed within the cost limit. And it appeared that all were satisfied. Certainly we had gone into the matter thor- oughly; statements of cost had been made with each of the three sets of sketches; and we had spent somewhere more than the limit of our remuneration set by the terms of our agreement. A letter came one day from the chairman of this com- mittee. He had gone into the matter thoroughly and had come to the conclusion that the building as finally designed was most unsatisfactory; it would cost altogether too much; we had proved to be expensive architects. In view of all this, would we settle for a sum approximating one-third the amount then due us? This was somewhat puzzling. My associate had just been home. He had gone not as my associate but as that of the young firm who go into wildcat competitions. He had gone as the anxious competitors go to look after the judgment of designs in wildcat competitions. At this time everyone had appeared satisfied so far as our project was concerned. It was a matter of raising more money and smoothing out some differences between those who would call it a memorial and those who would call it some- thing else. So an inquiry was made as to what had occasioned this change of attitude. Апа this is what we found: it had been noised about that the committee in charge of our work had entered into a contract with us and had agreed to spend real money—a considerable sum, it had been stated—to engage a firm of city architects. This was an unheard of procedure—a case of having "put over" something. Was it not plain that such an expenditure was entirely without provocation? Had not the School Board been able to get any number of sketches by simply

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THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS letting it be known that the community at some time in the future might possibly build a school? Certainly the committee in the case of the other building had not been very astute. It had plainly been bamboozled by the oily words of a good talker. And to have it said of a committee arid its chairman that they have been bamboozled does not add to one’s dignity if one is on a committee. So, there is the chance that he will lose out upon the project on which we are associated, and the chances of his winning out in connection with the school are not as good as they might be. The agreement, which in the case of our project had appeared as a perfectly fair proposition, became over night a perfectly obvious case of “putting опе over.” And while "putting one over" is not ordinarily treated as an act to be censured, it carries its penalty all (һе same. One must watch out for those who so view the matter. So, said he, what had best be done? But I did not know. Had he been hit a crack in the jaw, I might know what to suggest. He might hit back or he might run off and get a policeman. There were many things he might do under such circumstances. But to be hit by a boomerang flung by his own hand—that wa different. I really did not know what he had best do: R. W. T. Registration The West Virginia bill for the registration of Architects is so closely framed on the principles laid down in the “Model Law" adopted by the American Institute of Architects and is so just in its general provisions that it is not likely to involve the profession in any annoying technicalities. The only provision which may disturb is that relating to the fee for registration or renewal. If you are unfortunate enough not to be a legal resident of that state you have to pay a fee of $50 to obtain the right to practice. If you carelessly fail to renew your certificate at the end of the year you must pay a fee of $10 for re- newal. You have to pay $10 for a renewal even though you have in mind the necessity. This requirement of the law may be criticised but the bill shows such careful thought in its preparation that it is to be presumed that the financial conditions were well considered. W. P. B. The Architect and the Engineer Bv WILLIAM L. STEELE Differentiations The architect has always had to do with buildings and their surroundings and equipment. His field may and frequently does extend to groups of buildings and, so to city planning. He may be capable also of designing and directing the decoration and furnishing of a building down to the last detail. The engineer may also have to do with buildings and their surroundings and equipment, more particularly those of commercial or factory type. His field may and fre- quently does extend, to groups of buildings, and so to city planning. He may be capable also of designing and di- recting the mechanical equipment of buildings down to the last detail. This very general outline seems to indicate many points of contact between the two professions and only one dif- ference. Hardly ever does an engineer assume to design and direct the decoration of buildings. There is, however, a deeper difference,—a finer distinction. There are archi- tects who specialize in particular types of buildings, who do nothing but design and supervise the building of banks, churches, schools or theatres. There are men who have been trained to be architects who narrow their field to mere details of design, arrangement, or decoration. There are architects who devote all their time to quantity sur- veying, who do a great deal of landscape work,—who are students and practitioners of city planning. Some have even gone into contracting and building. In the field of engineering, for the purpose of this article, we ignore the many branches of service not concerned with building, yet we still have left a number of interesting specialties. The structural engineer deals with problems of construction but does not ordinarily plan the building. The architect usually does that and when the design is fairly well articulated, the structural engineer may criti- cize it in its relation to economy in the use of material; he may suggest the best methods of fire-proofing, the type of foundation, wall, column, or floor construction, and then he figures and designs the footings, columns and all other structural members. For heating, plumbing and wiring a building there is an engineer expert qualified to determine the most economical and efficient equipment. Nor should the civil engineer be forgotten for he must survey the prop- erty, establish the “metes and bounds,” lay out the con- tours, and often, as in the case of intricate trackage prob- lems, his advice has a great deal to do with the final form of the building. The Mold The architect is working with all this engineering talent, coordinating it, molding it into the fabric of his design.. Often compromises have to be made, sometimes in the interest of utility, convenience, or appearance on the one hand or for economy and efficiency on the other. It will not suffice to design a building solely from the structural point of view, any more than to design it solely from the esthetic or from any single point of view. The finished building must satisfactorily fulfill the main essential re- quirements and exactions of all points of view as well as those of him for whom the building is built. We may go farther, for the real needs of the man who wants a building may be quite different from those he admits and pro- claims,—the difference between what he thinks he wants and what he ought to have. Too often these needs are not supplied, and after the building is finished and its weak points in design; its superficial and short-sighted planning begin to be manifest, the owner may then in some 62

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THE ARCHITECT AND THE ENGINEER measure realize how far his building is short of what it should have been. The Form Who is to supply this sagacity, this far-sightedness? Either the architect or the engineer may, but I think I may safely say that this peculiar talent belongs more natu- rally in the architectural than in the engineering field. Go still farther. A man who builds a building of his own likes to believe that he has a good looking building. So it may seem, in a sense, for a time, yet later on it may become successively a thing to be tolerated, endured, and then abominated. Or it may be a building which grows with the passing years. It may be anything between these two extremes, but the ideal is surely the latter. Along with the increasing joy in its fairness to the eye should go a kindred pride and pleasure in its use and occupancy. Things that were passing fads of the moment have had no part init. It fits, and is easily adaptable to those changes in conditions of occupancy which the years so surely bring. Its honesty and fine quality of construction make the up- keep light. Its scientific plan has made possible efficient and economical administration. Its first cost, however high it might have seemed, is forgotten in the satisfaction which the serviceableness and winsomeness of the building have produced in the owner’s mind. | What wisdom will secure these desiderata, and who is to supply it? So far as I know engineers do not claim very much in this ‘particular field. It requires a faculty of a creative nature. It is not a dream faculty. It exists. We find it unmistakably in all the great architecture of the past. It belongs historically to the architect. “Why. then," you say, “does һе not claim it and exercise it? It is the one thing since the beginning of building that he alone may do—that is his own especial divinely appointed faculty." To answer that question adequately would require an entire essay. Let us pass it for the moment. The personal element looms large in all of this because we are talking about men who practice either the “profession” of architecture or engineering, or both. The Men What is a profession? I do not know, in the last analy- sis, unless it be one of such walks in life in which the service rendered is not measured in terms of money, but in terms of the very best endeavor of the trained prac- titioner. How, then, shall we recognize as profes- sional the many who, in both architecture and engi-. neering, do their work on a strictly commercial basis? We will not discuss the lower forms of graft and dishonesty which here and there are indulged in by members of our professions. The relations of architect and engineer, how- ever, when studied into, reveal many dishonest conditions which ought to be rectified. It is hard to see how a man can be honest with his neighbor if he is dishonest with himself. No engineer and no architect who is honest with himself, can seriously entertain a belief that he is sufficient unto himself, that he knows all there is to know, or even all that he ought to know about his profession. And yet there are architects and engineers who talk and act as if they so believed. There are architects who claim that they can handle their building problems without the aid of 63 the engineer. There are engineers, likewise, who claim that they can take ample care of their building problems without the aid of the architect. Their works prove them both wrong. There are architects who are consistent in this and who actually do such work as they have without assistance, but by far the majority of those who claim self-sufficiency, secretly conspire against their clients, as well as the honest men of both professions, by making use of so-called “free engineering service.” This is offered by a great many manufacturers and jobbers of building mate- rials, because it gives them the best possible “approach” for a sale unhindered by real competition. There are other architects who frankly admit that they need engineering help, and who still can not see the wrong they do to themselves, their clients and their profession by using this mis-named “free” service. There are still other architects who admit the need, and who ally themselves on an equitable financial basis with such structural and mechanical engineers as the work in hand requires. All these cases can be reversed and put with equal force for the engineers, although those who are practicing "architecture" are comparatively few. Assuming a relationship that is open and above-board, that is fair and equitable between architect and engineer on a building problem, it is easy to see how a strong archi- tect may dominate a weaker engineer, or a strong engineer may dominate a weaker architect, or, again, men of equal character, ability and brain-power may lock horns and mess things up by the unyielding impact of equal and opposing forces. The ideal relationship is reached when each unselfishly devotes his best effort to a harmonious and happy solution, having in mind first: The interest of the man who is spending the money, and second: The ideals of the profession which each represents. (I am here speaking of things as they are and not of things as they should be, when the needs and the welfare of the com- munity shall take precedence of all.) The Leader We tread upon dangerous ground when we begin to dis- cuss the question of priority as between engineering and architecture. The point is sometimes raised, and let us consider it, fairly and generously. There is surely no question about it when we discuss statics, hydraulics, physics, chemistry. The engineer is supreme in the prac- tical application of.these sciences. In the vast fields of machine design, thermo-dynamics, electricity, standardiza- tion and testing of materials, bridge building, reservoirs and water supply, power development, sewage disposal, public utilities, railroad engineering, mining engineering, practically all the problems which have to do with applied science, the engineer has all the best of it. Не sits in the "Seats of the Mighty" and has it all his own way. The question of precedence between architect and engi- neer would never come up were it not that both are in- terested and engaged in the design and the supervision of the construction of buildings. Here they may and some- times do clash; the engineer may and sometimes does regard the architect as one who has concern only for frills and furbelows; and here the architect may and sometimes does regard the engineer as a coarse person who would just as soon run a steam pipe across a bay-window as not,

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THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN if by so doing he could save ten feet of pipe. Asa matter of fact, each is necessary to the other. Neither one could well be spared. But the question still persists: Which comes first? The engineer has a vast patrimony upon which the architect scarcely ever ventures to set foot. Need he then be jealous of the architect in the comparatively restricted field of building? Should he not recognize as good business and common sense that agreement must be made as to which is to have the final word, which is to be at the head of that complicated, sensitive, changeful organization, which must be assembled in order to design and build a successful piece of architecture? When Craftsmen Knew In the Middle Ages and at the time of the so-called Renaissance the comparisons we are making and the questions we are raising could hardly have been proposed for discussion. In those times, men highly skilled in statics worked out the problems of vaulted roofs, flying buttresses, and concentrated load, to a wonderful exact- ness. They had no stiff ribs of steel on which to depend, but were forced to transmit their stresses joint by joint from one carefully designed block of stone to another. But these men were either the architects themselves or their assistants and employees. Sometimes the architect was a priest or a bishop, sometimes he was a nobleman or knight, but we are forced to conclude that he was always а poet or an artist. Nor is there any evidence that would lead us to assume that men saw anything strange or un- usual in that. The spirit of art was very much at large in those days. Men possessed it with the same common freedom and the same absence of self-consciousness as the air they breathed. It came from a happy religious and economic condition which we English-speaking people have not been taught to understand and appreciate. Appreciation of art was practically universal. Talent was common. High proficiency in craftsmanship was the rule, and was the key which opened the doors for admission to the “Guilds” which were the labor unions of those times. Out of such a background genius frequently emerged. Michael Angelo was a famous architect and a greater painter and sculptor. Raphael was an architect and a sculptor, too, although his fame as a painter of Madonnas has overshadowed his work in other fields. In those days men recognized the real value of beauty in life. Their buildings were beautiful. There was no argument about the money value of a beautiful piece of work as compared with what was ugly. They were full of faith in a religion which taught them beautiful truths. They lived—in the main—in harmony with those teach- ings. They saw the beauty which exists in Nature, and tried to translate it into terms of brick and stone and mar- ble. They told the same story in most delicate and elabo- rate metal work. They illustrated it in glowing colors upon their walls. There was poverty—yes; and injus- tice—yes; and violent passion—yes; but the big resultant of all the play and counterplay of the forces of that age which is written large in the records that are left to us is that it was a deeply religious age and it was an age of art. . 64 INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS Unity and Variety The architect was the Master Builder and he was the Master Artist. He knew how to encourage initiative in the artist-craftsmen who worked under him, and how to restrain and guide his subordinates so that the final result was harmonious. In all the great buildings of those days we find the same basic unity underlying dazzling variety as they exist in Nature. To make myself clear consider the basic unity in design illustrated by a group of trees of the same kind. In a general way they all look alike. Each one has the same component parts. All have like roots, trunks, limbs, branches, leaves, blossoms; but no two of the trees will have exactly the same form and so at once is introduced variety. The markings of the bark of these trees vary as much as do the thumb-prints of human beings. Furthermore, no two of all the countless leaves are exactly alike. In much the same way the buildings of that age have none of the machine-made regularity that makes our modern structures so monotonous. There are easily recognized types in plan, general construction and form, but the bewildering variations in the working out of the details have been the despair of students who have tried to classify and label. When Expression Counted So much for the past glories of architecture. It was great but it was not greater than the civilization that pro- ducedit. “Тһе stream сап not rise higher than its source." The reason that we can not produce great architecture now is chiefly because of our habits of thought and desire. In these days men have lost their sense of real values. Just as they have lost faith in religion, while admitting its value as an influence on the side of law and order so they have lost faith in art, while admitting that it is a pretty and beguiling accomplishment. The ancient art- gallery was merely a part of a vast program. Art was everywhere, and only such masterpieces that could not with safety be displayed anywhere else were on view in the galleries. The picture galleries began as the result of the patronage of art by the prosperous and wealthy. Rival nobles bid against each other for the possession of a work ofart. It became a matter of civic pride to own pictures or statues that were the envy of rival cities. It wasn't done to “uplift the masses” or to “educate” anybody. Everybody loved the work of the artists and those who could afford to possess it did so for the love of it. It was a great stimulus to artistic effort, and a new star in the firmament is not more gladly acclaimed by astronomers than was the appearance of a new possessor of the divine gift of artistic genius. Nowadays it is the hardest thing in the world for an artist to obtain recognition as such. He must either starve, or paint pictures of girls in trans- parent hosiery for the advertisements in the Saturday Evening Post. There are private picture galleries among the wealthy now as there always have been, but a great deal of the so-called “art” which they house is spurious. As for the public picture galleries, cities indulge in them mainly because thay are considered “the proper thing." The modern art-gallery usually seems as out of place in the midst of our ugly commercial cities as an Italian

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THE ARCHITECT AND THE ENGINEER “contadina” would seem sitting in native costume in ап office pounding a typewriter. Ours is an age of machinery and commerce. Modern industrialism has eliminated art as a necessity and made ita luxury. The modern ideal of education is to make a child self-supporting. The ancient ideal seems to have been to make the child self-expressing. The modern thought is: Do nothing yourself that you can pay someone else to do for you. The ancient thought was: Be zealous in doing everything yourself for which the Lord gave you talent for only so may you be able to develop a broader, richer, deeper life. Pillage I can imagine my readers growing restive in being asked to consider a by-gone time which most of us were taught was an age of ignorance and superstition. Nothing could be more untrue and unjust than that idea and it is my be- lief that a true understanding of the art of building can never be gained without some earnest study of the his- toric background out of which it has come. We are all products of our own age, but we are also children of the past. We have been taught architecture from a commer- cial point of view, and the result is in evidence. We have used our inheritance from the past, not with any depth of understanding and reverence, but superficially and impu- dently as though the past werea vast storehouse of plunder. We do not actually dismember the historic monuments and use the wreckage in our buildings, but we copy them and imitate them and have practically ceased to design in the sense in which the ancient architects designed. Architecture in its modern aspect is presented to us as a course of study which is a mere side show in a College of Engineering. The impression among the engineering students is that the fellows who take the architectural course do so to avoid calculus. From the earliest days of our technical schools the professors of engineering have been better equipped to teach and inspire than the teachers of architecture. There have been, of course, shining ex- ceptions but I am speaking generally. Young men began to go to France to study architecture. The French wel- comed them with open arms and extended palm. The French mind is one of the most versatile in the world. It has wonderfifly keen perception and uncanny intui- tion. It sensed the American desire for tabloid informa- tion, its impatience with philosophy, its eagerness to get quick results. So they filled up our young men with French tricks, tricks of draftsmanship, tricks of “‘style.” They made fine draftsmen, and the most skilled adapters, "fakers" and copyists that the world had ever seen. These young Americans became our successful architects in our large eastern cities. Their influence has spread like ragweed in August. They saw to it that French teachers were imported into our American colleges. As they themselves grew rich and lazy they brought French- men into their own offices to do their "designing." They have developed as fashionable and acceptable in polite . circles a kind of architecture in which a certain mode of appearance is insisted upon regardless of anything less. And by the same token they have weakened their own cause, and they have inflicted immeasurable damage to Art. Why? 65 The Mask They have weakened their own cause because the Ameri- can mind is keen enough to see that architecture does not consist in wearing a smock and using French phrases and dwelling in an expensive suite of offices. As the product of these offices is made public property in the finished buildings the engineer and even the contractor looks it over and says: “I can do that kind of stuff myself.” And he can; and he does. Of course there is a certain finish and sophistication lacking is his work, but he “gets by." He makes a hit with the public on equal terms with the architect, because in the work of neither is there any of that creative thrill which the public can feel. The works of both are dead—hundreds of years dead and they all look alike to the man in the street. They have inflicted damage upon Art because they have catered to the lost faith in Art to which I have referred. They have said unto themselves: “Тһе people do not know the difference. Why should I worry and slave trying to express my own interpretation of a client's desire for a building when I can get him to feel happy over an ingenious 'crib' from something over which architects with con- sciences sweat blood in the long ago?" And so they have established themselves in a perversion which has become so wide-spread as to be well nigh universal. Any man who dare lift his voice against it feels as lonesome as must have John the Baptist. They have encouraged the thought that Art belongs to the drawing room and the long-haired and the high-brow. That it is purely a matter of emotion and sentimentality, to titillate the susceptible at pink teas! Nothing could be falser. Art is clear eyed and wise. Art is based upon common sense. It supplies a fundamental need of human nature. It tells you that you must not sacrifice the basic for the accidental. You must study your own problem. The great buildings of the past were all solutions each of a separate and definite problem. One can not use them as answers to our modern questions. If you start out with the idea that you must design a bank to look like a Roman tem- ple you have handicapped yourself at the start. You have imposed an arbitrary condition that really does not exist. You are a portrait painter, let us say, and you have a commission to paint a portrait of a man who fancies that he resembles some celebrated character of history. If you are a real artist you will try to paint him as he really is. If he has a wart you will paint the wart, but you will also give his eyes the expression of the best thought that he owns. If you are a quack and a time-server you will flatter him. You will paint him with the fancied resem- blance to Napoleon or Byron strongly emphasized. You will please his vanity, but you will have betrayed your Art. Behind his back his clear sighted friends will say that the picture is not a good likeness. Our modern architecture has become very largely just such an insincere study of ancient history. The trouble is that so wide- spread is the delusion that people have accepted it as orthodox. Men no longer recognize an honest and a vital building when they see it. It disturbs them unless it be dressed up in the old clothes of a bygone civilization. The sad fact that this masquerading possesses no appeal and no inspiration does not worry them at all.

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THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS The Face The problems of the engineer have not been camou- flaged for him. He lives in the present and is not con- cerned with the past. So modern are practically all of his materials, tools and appliances that he does not have to study what the Greeks and Romans did unless he happens to be fond of history. He cheerfully gets into architecture without any background at all. He makes neither the cor- rect nor the incorrect use of the inheritance of the past. He lays out his plan and his construction together. He may overlook some refinements in arrangement, and he does not usually worry about how the thing will look. And now we come to what is perhaps the real reason why the engi- neer cherishes in his heart a disdain for the architect “and all his work and all his pomps." More than a few of the engineers' buildings do look better than most of our so-called modern architecture. The engineer may have made a monotonous looking building, but he has refused to introduce a lot of meaningless ornamentation. The bareness of a poorly articulated plan is only empha- sized by piling on a lot of superfluous and silly arbitrary forms. Nothing more clearly shows the lack of con- tinuity in the thought of the designer, than the attempt to conceal the structural members of a building by un- meaning “belt courses," “string courses," "'dadoes," “friezes,” applied colonnades and all that. “Why then, O Socrates, would you say that the two professions are necessary one unto the other? It would seem from your discursive talk that Architecture is in a very bad way indeed, and that we engineers can get along very nicely without it or you КЫ Again and Anew Well, the point of it all is that we do need each other. The architect needs the untramelled directness of the engineer, his scientific habits of accuracy. On the other hand, the engineer needs the architect’s background and splendid tradition. Because he is temporarily overcome by an attack of acute indigestion is no sign that he won't recover. The engineer can help him to recover. It doesn't matter what we call ourselves. If we love archi- tecture and want to build in the same spirit in which the masters built we will ultimately be architects whether we carry a diploma to that effect or not. Times change, customs change, manners change, habits of thought change, but art does not change its meaning. The lessons for the future are to be found in the story of the past. Our present industrial system is in great distress. We do not know what the outcome will be, but sooner or later the fundamental needs of the human heart will find ex- pression. The Great War came out of Commercialism. 66 А hell's broth of avarice, jealousy, injustice, mixed with the “divine right of kings" and a fanatical idea of ruling the world. It was all founded in commercial war and com- mercial avarice, jealousy and injustice. It was commercial supremacy that was aimed at. What defeated Germany? I like to think that however nasty and sordid the job the motive was right. The higher ideals of Humanity triumphed. They have not been rightly translated into the terms of peace as yet. Our faith 15 still in the God of Battles rather than the Prince of Peace. . But as mankind gets back to sanity and the nightmare of the war and all the evil and iniquity that preceded it recede farther and farther into the past, we will study anew the art of Life. If we know how to live well we will know how to express ourselves or at least know enough to give highest honor to the gifted few who know how to bring forth that which is inarticulate for most men into the clear light of poetry, music, sculpture, painting, architecture. We will no longer compel our poets, our singers and our builders to tickle our jaded fancies or to pander to our sensualism. We will demand of them that they share with us that larger vision of Truth which is their birthright. Now we applaud a man who invents anything from a new mechani- cal device to an Eskimo Pie, and we crown him with highest honor if he has thereby made a lot of money. Of the hap- pier future I like to imagine that just as Raphael was acclaimed when he painted a new picture, our laurel wreaths will be bestowed on those who help to restore the world’s lost beauty. The engineer will have respect for the architect when architects are ready to prove by their works that they be- lieve in the basic utilities of a building. Nobody denies the truth of Louis Sullivan’s axiom that “Form follows function,” but only too few practice it. The architect must not be satisfied with a building that is superficially “good looking.” It must be a building which can stand the most searching analysis. The real conditions of the problem must have been met logically and sincerely. The issue must not have been confused by arbitrary exactions. The building must have been designed from the inside out and not from the outside in. It seems to me that with such principles established there can be no real conflict between architects and engi- neer. Conflict there will be, and conflict there must be, between him who loves architecture and him who does not. They who love architecture will be the architects of the future whether they call themselves one thing or another. He who with the greatest love, and the deepest insight, and the clearest understanding will be able to interpret the needs and aspirations of the American people in terms of building will be the Master and we will all gladly yield to him the highest place.

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Glastonbury By S. Е. Амр Е. S. CAMPBELL coming at last to a certain quaint village in Somersetshire, there came of a sudden a feel- ing of reverent awe as he looked upon the scarred and broken remains of the once glorious Abbey of Glastonbury. Beyond lay the moorlands, mist veiled and still; above, that solitary hill, surmounted by the gaunt old Tor, and over all, the rose and gold of the setting sun. Violet shadows lay over the shat- tered walls of the noble clerestory, but the springing spandrels of the great arch were pink with a glow that seemed like a promise of new life, and through the roofless ruins sailed the slender sickle of the harvest moon. Standing on that thrice holy ground, once the most splendid nave in Christendom, one can not but feel its mystic influence, and a flood of memories comes rushing over one, memories of half forgotten legends, of lightly heard traditions and of half read histories, all testifying to the glory and peculiar holiness of this, England’s Mecca. Неге was true building done. Here was work accomplished that fulfilled true ideals. Here was truth expressed in stone. The story of Glastonbury is the reward of the in- quirer and its study carries our thoughts and imagi- nations back through the centuries dim with age, to apostolic times, in which we find a well recognized tradition concerning the establishment of a church that was destined to become later one of the most honored sanctuaries of the Christian world. For, from the days immediately following those in which Our Lord Himself was here on earth until about the middle of the sixteenth century, when the hand of man was laid upon it to wreck and destroy, Glaston- bury was a centre of religious thought and teaching from which there came a light of lasting brilliancy whose rays have shone through centuries—a light that has influenced in no small measure the ecclesi- astical history of later years. So, to those to whom the progress and development of the church of God on earth is a living interest, the Abbey and its his- tory, so rich in glorious achievement and so replete with romantic traditions, can not fail in its appeal nor can even the casual observer be oblivious to the architectural marvels wrought through a devoted and reverent effort by the simple brethren to make their Abbey a physical manifestation of their faith in God. It was here, in spite of the many foreign invasions suffered by Britain during the first thousand years of the Christian era, that the sacred traditions of the 1 | О a pilgrim, wandering through England and 67 early church were safeguarded and held intact that they might be passed down from century to century as a worthy inheritance to all mankind. But, to the student of early history, no more wise counsel can be given than that he should use great care in arranging the results of his research under the classi- fication of history, tradition, and legend. As to the first, little need be said, but greater care should be used in differentiating between legend and tradition. Legend is a fabulous narrative which may or may not be true and which has an element of haziness in its make up, interesting but not necessarily accurate. Tradition, on the other hand, is quite different, for in it we have the oral recounting from time to time of the actual history of the past and while there may be frequent inconsistencies or exaggerations, it is in the main founded upon facts which are so clear in their expression and in many cases so completely capable of substantiation that it would seem little short of recorded history itself. In those ages in which writing was little used save by the most learned and the news of the day was passed from mouth to mouth by travelling leeches and minstrels, visitors from other lands and troubadours, history and tradi- tion must naturally have merged. Unfortunate in- deed is he who is so incredulous as to be unable to see in many of our so-called traditions real truths which have come down to us through the ages. And so, with this in mind, we find a link in the chain that binds our thoughts to the past when we read: “That Joseph came of old to Glastonbury And there the heathen prince Arviragus Gave him an isle whereon to build, And there he built, with wattles from the marsh, A little lonely church in days of yore." Thus runs the poetic expression of an old tradition, the truth of which has been fairly well borne out by subsequent research, throwing an interesting light upon the early establishment of Christianity in the Western world. Early Tradition and History When, according then to this well founded tradi- tion, Joseph of Arimathea was sent in 63 A. D. by Saint Philip as first Missionary of the Gospel to Britain, he with his son, also called Joseph, and a small band of early Christians came around the south coast, evidently with the intention of landing in Wales; but the conditions there appear to have been not to his liking for he soon retraced his way, finally landing near Bridgewater in Somersetshire, and from

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THE JOURNAL OF MC A a 1 A HM ues ie 5 came PRAEC 7 $ 1 4 Ұ d sat wet aes 4 - ха қ TT ж - Рс КС n ит» Ғы ر‎ dos & np 2A, “ей v ~é: "m M ss of — “ ons ~ a Fa т 4 0 x کم رم‎ ам м см. ۹ и“ +. ^ wt ее” СТА RA. K^ B $ m^. .%. т ; 42.» 4 ы ге Se ee ” м ‘ т a A ‹ Mw >А " ЖЖ А Р “ Ger, ы A لہ‎ 0 AN there travelled eastward, along what was then the new Roman road, up the Vale of Avalon until he came to Glastonbury, halting just outside the town close to the Wirrall Hill. It was on this hill that Joseph is supposed to have thrust his thorn staff into the ground, and it, having been left there, rooted and blossomed each year at Christmas time, in honor of Our Lord. The legend seems to rest, to some extent, upon a botanical foundation, for it 1s very evidently a species of Mediterranean thorn and this variety is possessed of an unaccountable vitality; at any rate, certain it Is that to this day the descen- dants of the Holy Thorn whose site on Wirrall Hill is now marked only by a plate, still hand down the miraculous story by blooming each Christmas, and though the snow may lie deep about the tree, its blos- soms come to deck the altar of the old parish church. Nor should we pass by another legend which has made a deep imprint upon history; it is that the Cup used by our Lord at the last supper was seized by the Roman soldiers and given to Pilate who in turn handed it to Joseph of Arimathea, and that it was one of the vessels used to wash the sacred body before it was laid away in the tomb. With a rever- ence that he alone could feel who had known and loved Our Lord and been with Him during the last sad months of His life on earth it was guarded with 68 THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS фе, y А hey = è S GLASTONBURY ABBEY. ` 3231. ` _ "۶ "ha" ~ - o^ `+ a holy fear, and borne by him to Britain. By it he was preserved from all evils, delivered from imprison- ment and to it he owed his very existence. When, as an old man, Saint Joseph died, it was buried in Chalice Hill nearby and immediately there sprang from the spot a great stream of living water, which ever since has flowed for the cleansing and healing of all mankind.! By way of linking tradition and history we might say that it 1s well known that for hundreds of years pilgrims journeyed to this holy well, still called Chalice Well, to drink its health giving and purifying water, that a monastery was here built with a Hospice for the accommodation of pilgrims, that this Hospice 1s the same from which 1 write and that in the garden the beautiful Chalice Well is now supplying the whole township as, since the great drought all the city supply has gone dry. The solid masonry about the well is undoubtedly very ancient and over it 15 a cover, new but most beautiful, of heavy oak and symbolic iron work, given by the united offerings of the Nonconformist, Roman Catholic and Anglican Churches of the district. Upon their arrival at Glastonbury, Saint Joseph and his band of followers were met by the British "The officially attested records of all the wonderful cures effected by this spring in the XVIII century are preserved in the Library of the Incor- 0 od Society in London, in a bound volume of Glastonbury Mss.

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GLASTONBURY 2, vx Saari m фо, аз گا‎ a ы.: “ veo "scr .. . ота m Vo , " chief Arviragus, who, seeing that their purpose was not conquest and that their strength was far spent, gave them a small portion of land upon which to settle (one "hide" to each of the twelve disciples, and to this day called the Twelve Hides of Glaston- bury) and no sooner had these early missionary pil- grims been given an opportunity than they started to build the first Christian church certainly in England and probably in all the world. This they built with wattles or flat reeds from the marshes, woven in basketry form, the interstices packed with clay which, hardened by the sun, made a wall of remarkable durability. It was doubtless circular, with low walls supporting a cone shaped roof thatched with reeds, and measured less than twenty feet in diameter, and its site was the centre of what is now Saint Joseph's Chapel. This we know from the records of William of Malmesbury who was employed in the twelfth century in collecting evidences of early histo- ries. The reverence with which this little church was guarded, not alone by the early Christians but later by the invading Saxons and Normans, who were ever desirous of tearing down relentlessly what already existed and rebuilding larger and finer places of worship, is extraordinary, but it was in all likeli- ` GLASTONBURY ABBEY. 230. :7 | "I “... „== ' ۹ LI * ٭‎ - ғ-- 7... . . hood due to а rather curious condition. In the early part of the seventh century, Paulinus, Archbishop of York, visited the old church which by this time was in need of restoration, and holding it to be a highly sacred place caused it to be encased in wood and covered with a roof of lead. Yet again, at a date the exactness of which is in doubt, a stone church was built over the two already standing, making in all what might be called three churches, one within the other. This it was then which marked the place as one to command the utmost veneration and stay even the ruthless hand of successive pagan hordes, and so the original wattle hut was still standing, in part at least, when in 1184 the whole was completely . swept away by a devastating fire. While William of Malmesbury was engaged in his survey of Glastonbury he was shown by the monks there the original grant made by Gwrgan, King of Damnonia, to the old church in 601 A. D. conveying to it the land of Ynyswitrin, as that part of the Vale 1It was in August and September of this year that a most unusual cir- cumstance led to the discovery of much valuable evidence in connection with these early edifices. While the writers have had the opportunity of examining this evidence and of being actually present at its discovery, they are not at liberty at this time to disclose its nature. Suffice it to say that it is in itself remarkable and when published, as it will be shortly by Mr. Frederick Bligh Bond, F. R. I. B. A., the Director of excavations at Glastonbury, it wil be of enthralling interest to both architects and archeologists.

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THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS of Avalon was then called. In spite of the fact that the parchment was almost illegible from age and contained many archaic characters making it most difficult to read, he considered it, as did the monks, a most valuable document. It alone seems to have been the only evidence of a documentary nature which the Abbey possessed dating back to Celtic times, and is the first bit of actual history, quite apart from tradition, that has come down to us concerning the old wooden church built by Pauli- nus, and as this grant was coeval with the coming of Saint Augustine and his Benedictine missionary monks, it marks the beginning of the monastic order in Britain. The years which witnessed the erection of the three early churches also saw, immediately to the east on what was later the site of the nave of the great Abbey itself, another church begun by Ine, King of the West Saxons in 708. This was altered, added to, torn down and rebuilt time and again during the successive abbacies of Saint Dunstan, Turstin,—wretched mon- ster—Herlewin, Henry de Blois and Robert; un- fortunately, there is very little evidence to guide us in picturing to ourselves what this church was like and its existence, in addition to the church imme- diately to the west, is accounted for by the fact that, whenever we find the monastic system existing at :تپ QUS ~‏ 7 a NS SR DEN 5, “ ғ Ot f SN \ ہی و کی‎ ٦ ¢ ы дч ^ ^u ә ) 2 © TN 4.7 e Жы ' Ns 41. w^ » AV DA Кра ۱ 4 | 0 .4 - “ LJ that time in England, the monks lived and worship- ped in small units rather than in large communities as did the Benedictines in other countries. Progress and Development On the 25th of May, 1184, the fire, already re- ferred to, swept before it all the Abbey buildings, both religious, and secular. Still, notwithstanding the fact that the loss was great, especially because of the destruction of many records of value, it was not an unmixed evil. The Abbey was at this time in the custody of Henry the Second and it was under his guidance and that of his Chamberlain Fitzstephen, that the great scheme was laid which resulted in the building of a church the present ruins of which give eloquent testimony to the creative genius of the Benedictine brothers. But, had this genius been the master element in the building much that was done would never have been conceived. Only great love and a divine fervor could have inspired that noble propor- tion, that glorious sweep that must have lifted the soul with the eye, from portal to high altar, and everywhere, from the bases of the great piers with their carefully fitted parts to the smallest detail of exquisite carving, we see the patient, skilful hand of an artisan who prayed as he labored on towards

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GLASTONBURY the ultimate perfection of his ideal. Even the ruins of the Abbey are far too vast and too rich in detail to admit any consideration of them in their entirety within the space of a short article. If we are to see them with an unconfused vision each part demands careful study, but to the student who approaches in a reverent spirit the mutilated but still glorious fragments which ‘remain, there comes a rich reward. No sooner had the shock of the great fire passed than rebuilding was commenced. It is probable that the foundations of the Chapel of Saint Joseph were laid no later than the very year of the fire, for according to Adam de Domerham, the chapel, though not completed, was dedicated by Reginald, Bishop of Bath, in 1186 or 7. It is at the extreme west end of the Abbey and a direct line from its west wall through the great nave to the eastern or apsidal foundation of the Edgar Chapel measures a distance of 592 feet—an unequaled vista! For a short time St. Joseph’s Chapel stood as an isolated building but was later connected with the main structure by a continuation known as the Galilee, part of which, a splendid fragment, still stands. That the “ecclesia major” or Great Abbey church was started about the same time as the above chapel is proven by a charter of Henry the Second signed in 1184, but no sooner had the work been well چس am GLA TONE‏ بے E fa, M ЖҮ " А 22.2 Le igs "started than misfortune once more overtook it, in the deaths at almost the same time, of Henry and the able Fitzstephen, bringing, through lack of funds as well of change of government, an almost complete suspension of all building, painful and irk- some though it was to the pious brethren. How- ever, in 1235 work was once more іп full swing under Abbot Michael de Ambresbury, who is accredited with the completion of the choir and transepts as well as many of the secular buildings. From these last, once an important part of the Abbey founda- tion, we are able to form some idea of the activity that existed within its walls. It is natural to think of the Abbeys of medieval times as centers of relig- ious teaching where no more secular work was done than that which had to do with the beautifying of the church and its services. This however is far from correct as most of the larger Abbeys, notably St. Edmund's and Glastonbury, were great industrial centres in the times in which they flourished. Ac- cording to St. Edgar's law it was required of each priest that he learn some handicraft, consequently each Abbey had its own smiths, stonecarvers, car- penters, masons, fishermen, huntsmen, and farmers as well as artists, writers, and musicians; and it is not unreasonable to believe that this communal liv- ing was directly responsible not only for the great -..

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THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN service that the Abbey gave to the world but for the existence of the splendid church itself. Nowhere, perhaps, do we find a more complete ful- fillment of St. Paul’s injunction that the followers of Christ be "given to hospitality, distributing to the necessity of the saints,” for it was here that the pil- grim was ever sure of aid, both temporal and spiritual, if he but made his wants known. However, it was not alone the casual wayfarer who availed himself of the privilege of the Abbey’s hospitality, and we read repeatedly of the visits of kings and queens, nobles and gentlemen with vast retinues, all requir- ing housing in one of the guest-houses attached to the monastery. History tells us that in 1278 King Ed- ward and Queen Eleanor spent Easter there and the following week under his direction the bodies of King Arthur and of Guinevere his Queen were re- moved from the south side of St. Joseph’s Chapel and reinterred in the choir of the Abbey close to the high altar. (NorE—Mr. Bligh Bond is disposed to believe that their bodies were interred at this spot, which he has located with some precision, by the discovery of what appears to be the foundation of the more westerly of the two “Pyramids” between which, as old chroniclers aver, their remains were laid, and in a public lecture оп the 17th of September, 1921, he asked those present to witness that he had so marked the spot.) In other parts of the Abbey were the tombsof the two Kings Edmund, and of Saints Dunstan, David, Patric, and of that Edgar who was both King and Saint. No wonder that to a place so endowed with holy relics the rich poured out their treasure and the poor their love, so that in the three hundred years that followed the Abbey became more and more majestic, more and more glorious, until it stood the most beautiful religious edifice, perhaps, in Europe, as well as the richest, both in relics and in treasure. From Saint Joseph's Chapel on the west to the Edgar Chapel at the east end of the splendid vista nothing was spared that could beautify and adorn, and yet all was so well applied and with such nice judgment that nowhere was there given an im- pression of over-abundance of detail. Under the next-to-the-last Abbot, the famous Richard Beere, were built the superb inverted arches, like those still to be seen at Wells, and he it was that began the Edgar Chapel as well as the Loretto, the result of a vow taken upon his deliverance from danger while on a pilgrimage to Rome. These two chapels have an especial interest to us today owing to the recent discovery of their foundations by Mr. Bligh Bond un- der most extraordinary circumstances, references to which will be made presently. In 1524 Beere died and was succeeded by the last Nt has been suggested by some writers that the “discovery” of Arthur's bones was a good stroke of Royal policy, inasmuch as it tended to set at rest the myth of Arthur's predicted return, which was disturbing to the reigning dynasty.—F. B. B. 72 INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS Abbot, Richard Whitting, whose martyrdom was the sad ending of a great chapter in ecclesiastical history. Under Whitting, who had formerly been a master in the Abbey school, the educational work begun by Beere was carried on, no less than 300 sons of the nobility and gentry coming under his influence and teaching during their training for the priesthood. However, in 1539, the greedy eye of Henry the Eighth fell upon him with displeasure and since the royal coffers needed replenishing and the riches of the Abbey were great. he and all that he stood for were marked for destruction. We read, in Thomas Crom- well's notebook for the day, “Try, convict and execute Abbot Whitting.” The patriarchal old man, in company with his two treasurers, was tried, then, at Wells and being condemned to death, was dragged on a hurdle from Wells to Glastonbury, a distance of about six miles, and next day hung, drawn and quartered. Over the Abbey gate the venerable head of the old Abbot was set and parts of his body sent to Bath, Wells, Ilches- ter and Bridgewater, there to be displayed, so that all might see what the royal displeasure meant to one who held his God above his King. No sooner had its last Abbot passed to his reward than the Abbey, with all its buildings, was seized by the King, who sold the property bit by bit, after letting who would wreck and pillage. The pendulum of reform had swung and, swinging, had become so violent that before it had resumed its normal posi- tion such damage had been wrought that it is im- possible now to look at the poor battered ruins with- out a sense of deep humiliation because of the wan- ton destructiveness of man and of his merciless sacrilege. Many buildings in Glastonbury town have been made of the stone taken from the walls of this ven- erable House of God; what seems even worse, load after load not only of the masonry of the church itself but most beautifully carved bosses, corbel heads and gargoyles, were thrown, as so much debris, into the roads, where they were broken and rolled down into paving. So was made the road between Wells and Glastonbury! This process went on, un- der successive tenants, for over 200 years. An old villager to whom we spoke had paid a shilling a load for as much as he cared to cart away. In the reign of King Edward the Sixth, the prop- erty still being under state control, was in the custody of the Duke of Somerset, protector to the young King, but neither could he stay his relentless hand for it was then that the leaden roof of the great Abbey was stripped off and sent to the Island of Jersey to make a covering for the Castle of Mont Orgueil. Marson in his history of Glastonbury tells us that “the furniture, locks, doors, glass windows, iron and timber were sold at nominal prices. The carved

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GLASTONBURY wood hacked to pieces the stones were sold in cheap cartloads for all purposes. "Worst of all, the books and manuscripts of the matchless library were sold by weight to binders and grocers; torn up and used for parcels, fires and every dishonest purpose. The poor stole handfuls and the rich filched farms and manors.”’ It is not without gratification that we learn that the scarred and wounded remains of this sometime glorious Abbey have recently passed into the pos- session of the Church of England, there to find, let us hope, a guardianship which shall be safe both from the marauding hand of man and the rapacity of the souvenir-hunting tourist. Nor is this all, for during recent years, architects and archeologists have made many conscientious efforts to procure a sufficient amount of information as to the exact location of the foundations of the missing walls and chapels of the Abbey and by study and inference to obtain a reconstructed plan and elevation of the church as it was in the sixteenth century. However, the results of this research proved to be contradictory and in many cases contained so many misleading discrepancies that it was not until 1908 when Mr. Bligh Bond began his study and consequent excava- tions that much information was to be had of un- questioned reliability. While in this narrative we are chiefly concerned with the history of Glastonbury, an extraordinary chapter of circumstances which led to the establish- ment and verification of many facts, concerning which there had long been much uncertainty, may justify what would seem to be a departure from our subject. But, in view of the results, these circum- stances have a valid claim for our consideration in any account of Glastonbury, however brief and im- perfect. It is not the intention of the writers to en- ter into any discussion as to the psychic whys and wherefores; it is for them to tell the reader the facts and leave him to form his own conclusions. The exact size and shape of both the body and the east end of the Edgar Chapel, as well as its true posi- tion, have been the subject of much speculation on the part of archeologists, architects, and writers for many years, and widely divergent opinions have been advanced, some showing one plan, some another, but all of which subsequent developments have proved to be incorrect. It was with this baf- fling and unsatisfactory information that Mr. Bligh Bond, as Director of Excavations, approached his work, and it seemed that if any premises worth hav- ing were to be got, they would have to come from some other source than those meagre and conflicting ones already recorded. It was at this point that he suggested to his friend John Alleyne that the appeal to the psychic power latent but still existing in the mind of man, if he but be in harmony with the world 73 of spiritual phenomena, might be productive of in- formation that would reveal some of the hidden treasures which for so long a time had been obscured because of a thinking principle so material as to be unable to lay hold of the higher functions of which it was capable. But as to the best method to pursue in readjusting their habit of thought from mere logical deduction, based upon what had already proved to be rather doubtful evidence, to the employment of a psychic principle, was a difficulty that must be met. It occurred to F. B. B. (Mr. Bligh Bond) at this time, that the faculty of automatism which J. A. (Mr. Alleyne) was believed to possess might be the means of solving many of the problems and even- tually prove to be the key which would unlock a door leading to many hitherto closed channels of information. It was not, however, during any of their first endeavors, at which they thought they might perhaps receive communications from outside forces by means of automatically written messages, that anything of value was obtained, and, had it not been for the unbounded patience of these two men, the last chapters in the history of Glastonbury would have been vastly different from what they are. Those who wish to follow more in detail the story of this practical application of a psychic phenomenon, which is beginning to be recognized by many un- doubtedly sincere scientists, can do so by reading the report of it in F. B. B.’s book, “Тһе Gate of Re- membrance,” the fourth edition of which is just out. Within the limits of a magazine article we must content ourselves with a very scanty outline of the extraordinary results obtained. In order that there might be a complete isolation between a material mental activity and any psychic force that might exert itself, and to leave the latter the most complete freedom, F. B. B. either engaged his friend in general conversation, or else read aloud an absorbing novel or, at one time, a history of Japan, holding the book in one hand, while the fingers of his other rested lightly on the hand of J. A. The only physical force used was when at the end of each line F. B. B. lifted J. A.'s hand back to the left side of the paper. At the end of each sitting the reader questioned J. A. carefully about what he had read so that each might be assured that his mind was wholly centered on the reading to the absolute ex- clusion of the script. It became evident before many meetings such as those described, that there were those in a spiritual existence, entirely apart from the material world, who not only had an intimate knowledge of and a great love for the Abbey, but were as anxious to com- - municate their information and offer their assistance as were F. B. B. and J. A. to receive it. Much of the script produced was in what F. B. B. himself calls "ragbag Latin" of a monkish sort, sometimes a

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JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN A $ ў 4 $ a | >. ما وم وو S7JOSEPHS CHAPEL, GLASTONBURY. ھ22‎ curious mixture of Latin, early English and even old Norman. The first message of importance was а tracing of the ground plan of the Abbey, showing a rectangle projectingsfrom the east end, which was at once recognized as*part of the Edgar Chapel. It had all the marks of a drawing that might be made by one:blindfolded, done in one continuous line and ending with the signature “Guliemus monachus" across the face of the sketch. This, while important, did not give sufficiently definite information. Е. B. B. accordingly asked: * Please give us a more careful drawing of the chapel at the east end of the church." In answer a new sketch appeared of the rectangu- lar part of the chapel, also indicating in a labored way two smaller chapels on the north. Below, in cramped characters and most difficult to read was: “Capella St. Edgar. Abbas Beere fecit hanc capellam Martyri et hic edificavit vel fecit voltam fecit voltam petriam quod vocatur quadripartus, sed Abbas Whitting de- struxit et restoravit eam cum nov қ multipart nescimus eam quod vocatur. Portus introitus post reredos post altarium quinque passum et capella extensit 30 virgas ad orientem et viginti in latitudine cum fen (?) у” F. В. В. “Please give length again.’’ 74 INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS Answer. “300 virgas et fenestrae (cum) lapide horizontali quod vocatur transome et vitrea azurea; et fecit altarium ornat (um) cum auro et argento et . . . et tumba ante altarium glo- riosa aedificavit ad memoriam Sanct . 2.. Ed- аг 5 F. B. B. "Which Abbot did this?" Answer. “Ricardus Whitting . Ego Jo- hannes Bryant Monachus et Lapidator.”’ So intimately has “Johannes” become associated with the recent excavations that his name has been a curious inspiration both to those actively engaged in the work of discovery and to those who are only in- terested observers. Not only of a technical or in- formative nature have been the communications from him for at times they have led us through by- paths into charming philosophical fields. The fol- lowing, quoted in part, was in answer to a question as to when the work of excavation should be begun: “Wait, and the course will open in the spring. You will learn as you proceed. We have much to do this season For greater things will rise into being—great nations and great ideals. We work for it. Be willing, and strive not against the tide. Up on the crest and prosper. All will work for the best The spark will live through the rains and re-light dead fires, fire which is still fire but with

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purer flame. We can not hasten this time but it is sure and is not delayed Keep open ears for spiritual help and whisperings. Assimilate and combine both forces. Stand in the market-place and cry your wares but listen for the still small voice in the silence of your chamber. Work in the sun. Lis- ten in the starlight 27 The following, quoted in part, was received several months before any work of excavation had been begun: “And beyond rose a Capella of Edgar ye sainte, faire and high with grete windows with transomes and between ye windows were pillars as panellae the whych did holde ye roofe of stone vaulted very faire in panellae which were fanwise very fine much like carven ivorie And ye chamber was in length seventy feet in four bayes! and ye walls were thin and all of squared stone and new carven and yt was ybutressed with faire butresses and walls slantwise at ye corners.” These facts, unusually thin walls, heavy buttresses and walls set at an angle have been found to be ex- actly as stated, although nothing existed to testify to these facts. Later messages on the whereabouts of the Loretto Chapel have been confirmed in this new edition of the book, the excavations of this year having completely proven the veridical nature of the communications received years before. But what was to the writers the most important discovery of all was made in September of 1921, when we had the great good fortune to watch something uncovered, 1Given with greater precision in a later script as 72 feet, which is stated to be the length of the part which Beere built—the further extension being Whitting's work. Allthis is new to history, and cannot be inferred from any existing document. All has been verified by excavation, and the writ- ing was given some months before discovery.—F. B. B THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF AN IDEA exactly in accordance with a script previously re- ceived and shown us, which when published, as it will be shortly, will prove as far as such a thing 15 possible that there is a storehouse of forgotten things that can be made to yield its treasure to those who have a right to know. In this case, during a period of nearly thirteen years, the net result has been a deal of remarkable in- formation, some philosophical or metaphysical, but that which concerns us for the moment pertaining to life in the monastery, to which 15 added much that is technical and a good deal historical. By dint of careful translation and putting together of the fragmentary parts we now have a fairly accurate knowledge of the life in and history of the great Abbey and when one weighs the evidence in the light of what has actually been accomplished, one can not pass by what has been done by these two men in an effort that is honest and sincere. At no time during the writing of these notes has it been the intention of the writers to hold any brief for or against the psychic element that enters into this narrative; they simply aim at bringing to the attention of the reader such facts of a veridical na- ture as seem irrefutable. The result of the exhaustive study and of the ex- cavation carried on during recent years has been something of far greater value than the mere strengthening of many traditions and legends: it has established in no uncertain way numberless hitherto cloudy conceptions of church and secular history which can not but be of great value in times to come. Announcing: “The Autobiography of an Idea” By LOUIS H. SULLIVAN It is our proud and happy privilege to announce that beginning in a very near issue THE JOURNAL will begin the serial publication of a work by Louis Н. Sullivan. In the “Autobiography of an Idea" as Mr. Sullivan has elected to entitle his work, which promises to run through twelve or more numbers of THE JOURNAL, he will develop that idea out of which grew the architectural achievements which have given Mr. Sullivan's name a unique place in the 75 annals of American architecture. We doubt very much whether an architect has ever before set out to elucidate a theory or idea or visualisation of architecture by ап autobiographical process. Whether our premise is correct or not matters little however. Mr. Sullivan has a tale to tell and a manner of telling it such as will mark an eventful circumstance in the literature of architecture in America.

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THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN i Е سم‎ — —— ан , ل ل ل ---------- سس وچ اسن م‎ ------- ----- - INSTITUTE ОЕ ARCHITECTS REAR YARD. 1200 за £T ^4. o0 ' بے سم =н C‏ ید ہے LI «x LIVING BLOOM А КҮЛЕ جس ھا رت „лд EP.‏ 30 کے رڈ INNER (COURT M1 5% GFF І O2 oM Ls = - 4 г s 2 mE 4 159 a 5© a 4%. RY > ie - A ^ | 2 ів é м: 2% ғ 42 M - t a MA “a$ ae” ioo o 2 : سم ہت ےچس جج‎ | IC Ф М маш A ч jio BUILDING ығ; X xem 12-с n- 44:0" BATH METUS X و KITCHEN LIVING ROOM Kom с” Brame - - = = ہد‎ ی٦ج‎ е. INNER COURT Nez | 555 SQ PT LIVING ROOM I See Ó 4T * LES 4 "24 ia, Кн талан тт С m rang mt B ما‎ AO Xo » >- 1 First Prize—Sibley and Fetherston, Architects The Phelps-Stokes Fund Tenement House Competition By FREDERICK L. ACKERMAN The final Competition for Plans of Model Tenements, made possible by the Trustees of the Phelps-Stokes Fund, resulted in the award of first prize to Sibley & Fetherston, who become as a consequence the architects of the first 100’ unit to be erected by the Trustees. Frank J. Shefcik won the second prize of $1,500; John Tompkins the third prize of $1,000; Raymond M. Hood was awarded $100 for his plans in the preliminary competition, which showed certain interesting features. This 18 the fifth Tenement House Competition of note held in New York. Our first tenement house competition 76 was held in 1879, for buildings to cover approximately 75 per cent of a lot 25 feet by 100; four apartments of three rooms each per floor; no baths; two public toilets. One hundred and ninety architects were in the competition. The first prize was won by a well known architect with a plan later known as the “dumb bell.” His design came into general use in New York and has been extensively copied elsewhere. Out of the wretched conditions caused by the use of this type came the long campaign which resulted in the passage of the tenement-house law. А second competition was held in 1896, a third in 1900.

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THE PHELPS-STOKES FUND TENEMENT HOUSE COMPETITION ж SECOND Prize—Frank J. Shefcik, Architect In the latter, buildings were to cover approximately 70 per cent of inside lots, 25, 50, 75 and 100 feet wide by 100 feet deep. The first-prize design, for a lot 100 feet wide, contained six four-room and four five-room apart- ments, or forty-four rooms per floor; no baths; a toilet in each apartment. “The competition of 1920 had as its object an attempt to undo the result which came from general use of the premiated design of 1879, also, of course, the work that had preceded it. The problem was how to remodel and show a profit. From this competition no action resulted. " So much history is recalled since it 1s of importance to check at this time what progress has been made over half a century. Concerning this point it may be said that the generally accepted standard of what is viewed as tolerable congestion now stands about where it stood thirty years 77 ago. There has, in fact, been but slight change in half a century. This is said of the programs: and a comparison of the designs of twenty years ago with those of 1922 bears out the statement that the art of planning as revealed by these competitions has not advanced appreciably іп twenty years. From the terms of the programs and the drawings in competition we see plainly that the point of view as to what constitutes the “Problem” has not shifted at all. Now as ever before, it is a case of fixing a limit to the area of the building in terms of per cent of area of lot which approximates that established by law (70%) and which is rigidly adhered to by speculative builders. The “Problem ” is always confined to the arrangement of rooms, etc., within a given area. But this competition was ushered in under circumstances which differed from those which occasioned former com-

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THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS owt ^ >, m7 27 رر مر‎ WILL LLL’: En б L] t : wa; ““: و‎ 2 Vw - > > y, Py * ۸ 2 - a , CT ٦ می‎ > 7. > l i ASS ысы TX - П ند + .” یہہ c=‏ + سا Р 2. t 1 ҰЙ мл есе Ohhh ےس Ж‏ жу‏ ! $ 5 a 1 -i f ^ M "Ya s > Л ж 22574 Ў 3 SFT 5 қ | i -NÆ Мае LIU Wm cs 2 ж” x à СА OULU WELD ЕДЫ ال ач‏ ہے "مھ 8 — ОВ ШЫХУШША>ШШ3 Фр 3 SES NS 7 ("а jo tus ” В SE 3 CEN S -N S № — UA ZZ — 4 3 Ж ند سڈ ای‎ е С. з i CUN Те М L- SWS Б NES - وم‎ MES. s > = ۹ x ^ халы ЙАР- % ЖИИИЛИИИИЛИЯ Ф > 2 е уна. کس ہم رہ » TI LL EL JT M ELIT nd uu ОА? on вуч 2% 7227) 2 бел پا‎ z ” ۹ МЕШ ЕС Шы -- МСА 22 % ФИ, | noB a ۲ Ñ ASE “ аА 3 d SSS مع جب الا ہہ ٹا‎ o UNS = > , i <o سم‎ t+ s Ut 44 == 25-9" 7 zt 1 NN "n و‎ i ? PETES eee sé -8 "i есе ÁN & THIRD PrizE—John Tompkins, Architect petitions. As a consequence of studies made by A. J. And the purpose of that clause in the Program which Thomas! it was felt by some that there were financial as asked for the submission of alternate plans suggesting well as social gains to be had from building over a smaller modifications in the Tenement House law was clearly ex- percentage of the lot than in the usual case. The point pressed by Mr. Stokes in an interview published in the was discussed at a meeting of the New York Chapter; a Evening World of 14 February. committee was appointed for the purpose of checking up ““Тһе most radical change, and the one I suggested this theory. If it were found that it was financially ad- twenty-one years ago,’ he said, ‘is the elimination of the vantageous to build.over a smaller percentage of the lot, limit of 70 per cent placed upon the percentage of the lot then the matter was to be laid before the loaning institu- upon which the man may build. It is absurd to place any tions in the hope that they would give preference to su- — limit to the area to be covered by the building when the perior plans.? law provides that every room should be lighted and re- But the outcome of the effort was not precisely what ceive air from proper sized courts. Further restrictions had been anticipated. The outcome was the competition are unnecessary. They serve to restrict the ingenuity of first referred to which called for the usual thing—designs the man who can get these same conditions and still use covering approximately 70% of the lot. The problem the land more economically.’ ” again was the arrangement of rooms. | But suggestions of this sort were not forthcoming. Evi- | EM dently there were difficulties in covering 70%. 1See previous articles in JOURNAL. Th ° » : v € » See A. I. А. JOURNAL of November, 1921. e writer discussed the question in “The Survey, 78

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THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS J20 YARD 6:0 l2:0*WIDE ! С С c ео” er П LZ ное ) رم‎ ЕЕЕ | werte ти 0۴ li p Pi 2۵9 1 P. 6 ря ”سے‎ Б ao B 426 | [ох | a 4,156 | | e | 0 لل‎ _ x U 8`х 4° ШШ “a ۱ : LR | 254х998 COURT. ' | i хі t pa 10°x 13° В Í „©. | Ares оғ DUILDING - 5488 ү | 2 UMBER or 4- لے‎ ox || rex i : T2'x 13 - М * APTS Per FLOOR в ' | ae | 7 Rooms рек Р. оок ДУ; B | i B AO218* | 426 = va —| о’ ' ہے‎ g емо х < ^ | ) 2 ! ہے‎ Pu -/ / | Tuato i Tiamo” 6k10 Te 10° ТИ Цо" f ۰۴ء‎ 4'G"« т" 122 25 | Coprrionry 1922 STREET ANDREW J. THOMAS -Акснт. Hund presented in the competition but which contains four Prize— Building Cost—........ $167,359.00 fewer rooms than required by the competition program. “ Land ЕТ 40,000.00 In the following calculations I use the current assumptions. " " LUI Cost of land, $10,000 per lot of 25 ft. Buildings, six Total x CENSURE 8207, 359.00 « » . Hood—Building “ ........ $155,697.50 story “walk up,” 7o ft. high at 35 cents per cu. ft. Average ü T 5 : : Land c» gat seed 40,000.00 rental per room $8.00 per month. For simplification, the first floor is treated as typical. Sundry additional costs ыт ЖОК И $195,697.50 are not included. Comparing the Prize Plan with the Hood Plan we have the following: Prize—Area 6,831 sq. ft. 46 rooms per floor Hood— ©“ 6,355 «с 6 48 66 ““ 66 Difference 476 © д“ “ i 80 Difference in favor of Hood, $11,662.00. But the Hood plan has 2 x 6 or 12 more rooms which at $8.00 per month produce an income of $1,152. This in- come capitalized at 1214% amounts to $9,216. This suggests that one might add another 26 ft. lot at $11,762.00 and so open up the plan while still retaining the advantage of the income from the 12 extra rooms.

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THE PHELPS-STOKES While this may not appeal to the speculative builder, there is surely something in it for the co-operative group who are interested in light and air. Or if one wished to open up the plan upon the same plot it would be possible to do so by eliminating rooms. Let us cut a 4 room apartment with its proportionate area, leaving the gross area of such a modified plan at 5,823 sq. ft. Following the same methods of calculating as above, we have: Prize—Land and Building...................... $207,359.00 Hood (reduced) and Land Building............ 182,663.50 Prize building containing 276 rooms at $96.00 per year produces an income of $26,496.00. Hood building (reduced) contains 264 rooms at $96.00 per year produces an income of $25,344. We therefore see that the Prize Design produces 12.7% gross income while the Hood design (reduced to 58.23% of lot) produces 13.8% income. Before drawing conclusions let us see how it works out with a design by A. J. Thomas. The plan referred to here was not in the competition. It is the same scheme as was submitted in the preliminary competition but with 42 instead of 46 rooms per floor. If used in a block de- velopment the side courts open up to 12 feet between buildings. It is here used in comparison with the Prize Design, since when the two isolated units are reversed in position we have a form which compares with the Prize Design, but with this important difference: all courts extend through from front to rear. The area of this plan 15 5,988 sq. ft. per floor of 42 rooms. Comparing this with the Prize Plan we have: Prize—Land and Building....................... $207,359.00 Thomas “ “ олыны ate tease ата ЫН 186,706.00 ЫіҒегепсе............................. $20,653.00 But the Thomas Plan contains 4 less rooms than the Prize, which would reduce his income by $2,304.00 per year. This deduction leaves a margin in his favor as the fol- lowing tabulation shows: Land and Bldg. Gross Income. Per Cent. Prizes Adobe $207,359.00 $26,496.00 12.7 Hood iu usse رت‎ 195,697.50 27,648.00 14.1 Thomas............ 186,706.00 24,192.00 12.9 In the above comparisons.no account has been taken of equally important matters. No more than the most super- ficial study of the several types will disclose that the Prize Design is the most expensive type to build. In this re- spect a comparison of the Prize Design and the Thomas Plan is startling. In the Prize Plan the exterior walls and partitions twist and turn like an irregular coast line; walls turn at 45 degrees, partitions at odd angles. Stair enclosures are extended into little hallways; steel beams, resting in turn upon lintels over windows, carry the Joist. The length of walls and partitions is beyond all reason in relation to the areas enclosed by them. In fact, there are few areas and volumes within the plan which are not sur- rounded with complex construction. And the Prize Plan 81 FUND TENEMENT HOUSE COMPETITION is too "tight." Dimensions for stairs and rooms іп too many cases permit of no errors in laying out the lines of construction; any variation reduces the space below that allowed by the law. Any plan, to be executed economic- ally, must take into account the inaccuracies of actual building and allow for the same. It is in respect of straight- away construction that the Thomas plan points out what should be the aim of the designer in planning buildings of this sort. At no point in his plan does he impose a struc- tural problem. A simple plan means lower cost; much lower where the differences are so obvious and striking as in the case of the two last referred to. This is not de- batable. While no account has been taken of the location of stair- ways, one may not ignore the advantages of so locating them as to retain the typical arrangement on the ground floor. Here again the Thomas plan is superior; no rooms are lost; no variations are imposed upon the process of erection.: Where to locate the unoccupied area—the open spaces— Is not so easily disposed of. The solution is bound to turn in a given case upon what stands adjacent to the plot. It also turns upon whether we are dealing with a single plot or a block development. The Thomas plan in the preliminary competition came in for harsh criticism because of his 6' side courts. But it was apparently completely overlooked that by reversing his units in the case of walls on the building lines on either side, we have a form of plan similar to the Prize Design but with this important difference: the courts all carry through from front to rear; there are no confined inner courts, no dead end pockets. A through circulation of air is secured every о feet. One can not possible ignore the value of this. As a scheme for plot development it would produce a far mote satisfactory condition than would be the case with the Prize Design. As a block development plan it is certainly superior. Again I think that the Thomas plan points the direction for further study. There is no space here to extend the discussion of de- tails; but the reader should compare such conditions as shape and size of rooms; location, type and arrangement of bath rooms. In no case does Thomas fail in providing the desirable articulation of bath, sleeping rooms and liv- ing rooms. In the same way a comparison with respect to maintenance, insurance and fire risk points to the conclu- sion that simplicity and lower covered area scores. The outcome of this analysis should not mislead the reader to the conclusion that I am an advocate of any of these designs as a solution." The purpose was to analyze the outcome of the Phelps-Stokes Fund Model Tenement House Competition in the light of the knowledge now available and applicable to the use of those who for one reason or another erect tenement houses on land which costs from $4.00 per sq. ft. or $175,000 per acre up. Fifty years ago we tried to turn the trick on 75% of the lot. What followed our effort in twenty years was the great American slum. Then we tried 70% of thelot. From the results obtained then, from what followed and from what we did yesterday it looks very much as if we had missed the point. For it looks as if the complications in construction, the waste labor and materials, which appar-

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THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ently follow upon the heels of every effort to cover so great a percentage as 70% can not be avoided. It suggests that we should look into whether it pays to cover so much land regardless of its price. Apparently it does not. A glance at the isometric block suggests the sub-title under it. But then I realize that a large percentage of one- half of our entire population must find their houses in habitations of this sort. And knowing something of the actual circumstances and the point of view of those who so have to live, I move over to a liberal position. I say to myself, under the conditions of land values—one hun- dred, one hundred fifty, two hundred thousand dollars per acre, the architects can provide more light and air if they were but given the opportunity. Will they be given the opportunity? That is the point. And if they are given the opportunity, what then? I am not fooled by my own calculations for I know that, unless these building ventures are completely co-operative the gains made in terms of light and air will be charged for and capitalized in terms of price. The gains made, though they cost nothing, may be secured by those who live in the better designed buildings only upon one condi- tion, viz., that they have the ability to pay more. Which is a radical way of viewing the matter. But how else can one view it? For it is merely stating the facts of the case. Twenty years ago the “problem” of housing in congested areas of Manhattan was discussed in terms of 25 ft. lots at $5,000 to $7,500 per lot. Now it is ten, twelve, fifteen thousand dollars per lot. In what terms will we be dealing twenty years hence? This 15 a question we must face. But I am told that all this falls outside the province of the architect; that it is a matter of economics. I do not follow. If the habitations of a large percent of one-half the population falls outside the concern of the architect, then it follows that architecture is not so vital a matter after all. Which perhaps is the proper view to take. All depends upon what we do; action and not dialectic dis- cussion will settle the question and place the profession where it belongs in the ever changing scheme of life. INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS The three types as they would appear in block developement.—1. The Prize Plan. 2. Mr. Hood’s Plan. 3. Mr. Thomas’s Plan. After many thousand years of progress man has gained such mastery over the material world that a large percentage of one-half of the population may choose circumstances permitting between these several types as his place of abode Community Planning and Housing CLARENCE 5. STEIN, Associate Editor Big Cities This 15 the age of immense cities. Yet future genera- tions will be stunned and dismayed that these most gi- gantic productions of our time came into being without plan. And that 1s not because we are technically unable to plan,—for, їп America, architects have excelled in planning convenient and beautiful houses, efficient fac- tories, well and economically arranged schools, libraries, railroad stations. But we have not planned cities. They have grown to fit the whims and conveniences of individual owners of small parcels of the underlying land. It as though, as the result of the separate arrangement of each department of a factory, the parts of the manufactured article were shipped back and forth and up and down, instead of following a systematic course through the building. The factory, in such a case, would be filled with elevators, aisles, and passages, just as our cities are filled with unnecessary traffic thoroughfares and transit lines. If our cities were laid out as well as our factories, workers would walk to their work and the cost of subways would be saved; if our cities were planned as intelligently as a well arranged home, we would have sunlight and spacious- ness everywhere. We would eliminate unnecessary streets and railroads. Every building,—every street,— would be located where it would best serve. Why Cities? Best serve! What do we mean? What is the function ofa city? Is it not to simplify, as far as possible, our all too complicated life? To create a place in which to co- operate toward living happily and fully, in both work and in play? But such a supposition does not describe 82

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COMMUNITY PLANNING AND HOUSING our great centers of population. New York City, for example, to most of those who exist within it is the place where one battles with mobs at subway stations; where one hangs crushed from a strap inside crowded cars; where one lives in indecently crowded tenements without air or light or the sight of green; where long lines of trucks stand idle along the wharves while waiting to move our food and the material for our work,—industry blocked by congestion; where even on Fifth Avenue with its traffic police and flashing signals one can walk quicker than one can travel in a cab. Such is New York. The other great cities differ only in degree. Symptoms and Palliatives The symptoms of our disease are so apparent. They are reflected everywhere in congestion. In humans crammed, jammed, crushed, huddled, and finally deadened to the realization that a way of escape must be found, and yet, like prisoners forgotten in a dungeon, groping for some way out. Thus, with pathetic stupidity, we spend mil- lions on palliatives. No sooner is one subway finished than it is more congested than the last. The crowds that struggle to and from the center of action increase faster than do means of transit. Each year the length of a pas- senger's journey increases as does the cost of that journey. Ultimately the city or the individual must pay that cost, out of production of something or other. Subways do not alleviate the disease of our cities, —they spread it. They are the insidious tentacles that shoot out in the guise of blessings. Toward the life-giving green, they point with their lure of escape, but alas! they merely enlarge the area of chaos. New tenements and slums arise to rival the des- perate congeries from which it is hoped that they will lead away. They are the monstrous illusions of the blind game of palliation. They contribute directly to the chief curses of New York City,—congested housing and clogged tran- sit, —yet the Transit Commission now asks for fifty-five million dollars to sink into more subways. The day will come when instead of building these holes in the ground we shall see the wisdom of scrapping many of those now existent,—just as some day we shall scrap all of our slums. But how? New York has had two competitions during the last few years. They attempted to find a way of replacing the worst and most antiquated housing. The first was the competition of the Reconstruction Commission of the State of New York for the purpose of “remodelling a characteristic old tenement block 1n the city of New York so as to make it a decent place to live in." The program stated that: “Two methods have been suggested as a prac- tical means of replacing the old tenement districts with decent living places. One is to tear down the present struc- tures and replace them with new buildings. The second is to alter the existing structures in such a way as to make them wholesome, light, airy, sanitary places to live in. With the present costs of building it is impracticable to attempt the first method on a large scale if the same end can be attained by remodeling the old buildings.” But the Jury, after receiving estimates for the recon- struction of the block as contemplated in the winning de- signs, concluded that such a solution was impracticable 83 and said: “The Jury finds that no one of the competitors has submitted plans that give satisfactory living conditions at costs that would make the alteration of the whole block commercially possible.” But hope never deserts the reformer. So, we have an- other competition,—this time an attempt to build anew in the crowded parts of the city. But these new houses must pay a return on capital,—a limited return, it is true,—and land is costly in the crowded parts of town near working places. Thus, perforce, all hope of decent living conditions was abandoned by the writer of the program of this last competition: Congest as many rooms on this limited and prescribed space as your ingenuity will allow,—this is the problem,—was what the program said. Is it any wonder that the results were such as are described by Mr. Ackerman elsewhere in this issue of THE JouRNAL? Will we never learn that the trouble is not with the plan- ning of the details of our living or working place but with the conception of the city as a whole? Yet more transit and “model” housing are not the only palliatives held out to our overgrown cities. There is also the patent medicine of zoning. As a sure cure, zoning is permitted by law under the police power because of its relation to health, safety, moral order and the general welfare of the community. Only, as Mr. Thomas Adams points out in the pages of this issue, it is stupid to urge zoning in advance of a basic plan premised on land control. Yet zoning is "sold," to quote our advertising friends,— not because of its advantages to the community as a whole but because it protects and increases the value of property held by individual owners of those small parts of the city called lots or parcels. Such is not a value expressed in terms of better and healthier men, women, and children, but value expressed in terms of money. Otherwise, zon- ing would be likely to come up against a stone wall. —— Zoning in Philadelphia Listen to the tale of zoning in Philadelphia, as narrated by Mr. Medary, a member of the Zoning Commission: “А semi-official Zoning Commission for Philadelphia was appointed by a recent Administration about four years ago. This Commission prepared a Zoning Ordinance with maps of the City, and submitted it to the City Council shortly before the expiration of the Administration then in office. The proposed Ordinance was discussed in Councilmanic Committee but failed to receive favorable action before the adjournment of that Council. “The following Administration came into office under a new charter, which contained provisions for the appoint- ment of both a Zoning Commission and a City Planning Commission. After some delay the Zoning Commission was appointed, but the City Planning Commission has not yet been appointed. “The result of the labors of this new Zoning Commission was an Ordinance with maps, submitted to the City Coun- cil, toward the end of 1921. The Ordinance was referred to a Committee, which Committee appointed certain days in January of this year for public hearings. At the first hearing a violent opposition to the proposal of zoning Philadelphia developed from several very large interests in the center of the business district. The discussions, which lasted through several hearings, were devoted almost

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THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN entirely to the regulations restricting the height of build- ings in this district. No serious discussion of either area or use was reached in any of the public hearings. The arguments against zoning were largely appeals to the preju- dice of so-called ‘practical’ minds, such as calling zoning ‘socialistic,’ ‘German,’ and ‘city beautiful’ propaganda. The Commission insisted that zoning was socialistic in so far as it placed the interests of society above the interests of the individual and insisted that the claim of the indi- vidual to complete independence regardless of the effect of his actions on society was Anarchy, and that while our political institutions are regulated by some basic plan in the interests of society as a whole, our physical develop- ment progresses today without regulation, and at the whim of the individual. “It was apparent at the first hearing that the Council- manic Committee had a majority opposed to zoning, and after three hearings it was moved that the entire central section of the City be eliminated from the provisions of any Zoning Ordinance, and the rest of the Ordinance be returned to the Zoning Commission for revision. “Тһе Commission has had one meeting since the above action was taken, the result of which was to request the City Council to make an appropriation sufficient to carry on public meetings in the different parts of the City, and also to request from the City Solicitor an opinion upon the legal- ity of any Ordinance which excluded any part of the City. The appropriation has been denied, but we shall go on.” Plan for the Comprehensive Development of the Port of New York The Port of New York Authority is an attempt to solve the difficulties that arise from over-centralization. In this case the cure proposed is neither transit, housing, nor zoning, though all of these are affected by the plans for a thorough reorganization of the transportation of materials in the port district. The comprehensive plan approved by the legislatures of New York and New Jersey is the result of over four years joint study by the New York and New Jersey Port and Harbor Development Commission, and the Port of New York Authority. It is a regional plan for the vast area known as the Port of New York with a popu- lation of about 8 millions and a water front of 800 miles. The natural advantages of the site have gained for New York a predominance which has survived its woeful un- economic operation. In 1914, the latest year not materially aftected by the war, 76 million tons of freight moved into New York by rail; 45 million tons by water; roo million tons of grain are exported annually; add 38 million tons of fuel and 4 million tons of food and the total is suffi- ciently startling. But this prodigious unco-ordinated development has cut off the island of Manhattan from the commerce and industry of the other portions of the Port. The Upper Bay, the Hudson and Harlem Rivers flow between. Only to the east are there any bridges. Connection to the west is by three railroad tunnels carrying passengers only. Thus the whole west shore of the Hudson for a hundred and fifty miles to the northward is cut off from Manhattan, but on this western shore terminate the majority of the railroads which serve New York City. Nine of the twelve have their terminals in New Jersey, yet they bring in prac- 84. INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS tically all the products from the south and west, which in turn are distributed on the island of Manhattan,—it mat- ters not whether for consumption or manufacture in the most congested parts of the district. Food and other things received in New Jersey are carried over to Man- hattan by lighters or more often on car floats, and then transferred to the pier rail stations which occupy a large part of the lower Hudson and East River shores of the island. The streets outside these piers are so congested with trucks that more time is spent in waiting for freight than in hauling it. Thus it is not strange that the freight cost from Buffalo to the New Jersey shore opposite New York City is less than the cost of moving goods from that point to its Manhattan destination. This incredible con- gestion is aggravated by the fact that food, destined for the Bronx, Brooklyn, or even Newark must first pass through the primary markets around Washington Street. (Food may pass through Newark to Jersey City or Hobo- ken, be floated across the Hudson, trucked to the markets, and then take the same identical back track for Newark.) Thus is the Port of New York operated at the present time. The comprehensive plan of the Port Authority attempts to eliminate some of this waste. The problem is one in regional planning. It is proposed by means of tunnels and new connecting railroads to accomplish freight distribution at the minimum of cost. This rationalization of transportation in the Port will lead, it is believed, to a considerable decentralization of industry. Some of Man- hattan's superfluous load may be taken elsewhere. But if the project is merely to build fresh centres of congestion in New Jersey and Long Island,—what is the use? If out- lying land values are to be increased and capitalized, little will be gained through the development of a large area around New York. It is not a bigger city, but a saner type of city that we need,—a well functioning city,—the first requisite for which is the decentralization of industry. The Port Authority Plan may help to make that possible, but it can only be by imposing a limitation on the size of working and living units, accessible not only to each other but to adequate agricultural and recreational areas. Does the Architect Fit? Mr. Raymond Unwin, the eminent English planning authority, speaking recently at the exhibition of American architecture in London, said: “Modern large towns appear to have outgrown their organization, and we citizens have to make up our minds whether we can wisely or even safely allow them to con- tinue indefinitely to expand without some fundamental change, without introducing a new general form, a fresh arrangement of the parts. Green girdles, detached sub- urbs, satellite cities, or the founding of colony towns to provide for expanding industry and population are being considered as possible alternatives. “The economic life of most of our great cities is based on manufacture, and often requires the local concentration of many industries upon a suitable area, where raw mate- rials and finished products can be brought in and des- patched with the minimum amount of handling and ex- pense and where power and other facilities can be provided. These areas need to be selected and preserved, and to enable this to be done properly, the conditions regulating their position, their size and their distribution in relation to

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LONDON LETTER the city need to be determined. The great markets are also important to the distribution of the citizens’ food. “We have further to consider the question of the dis- tribution of population. We have to decide how best to guide this distribution to provide the easiest access to com- mercial centres and industrial areas for those who work there; and further how to combine with this distribution the greatest possible localisation of the lives, activities, and enjoyments of these redistributed populations, a matter which is of the greatest importance in the interests of economy of transport, reduction of congestion in the cen- tral areas, and also in the interests of that greater develop- ment of local community life on which the maintenance of an adequate standard of character іп modern city popula- tions largely depends. “These are problems in which the architect may take the greatest interest, but we do not pretend that they are architectural problems, and we recognise that their solu- tion must take precedence of that particular aspect of town planning with which we are primarily concerned. When once these general questions of distribution have been determined and the community and their governors have made up their minds what is the nature of the de- velopment for which an orderly plan is sought, at this stage it does appear to me that the creation of a design which shall fulfill these requirements, and give definite form to the vague aspirations of the people, which shall satisfy the various needs in their proper order and pro- portion, neglecting none of the utilities, but so disposing and grouping the various necessary parts in relation to the particular site, its hills or its valleys, that in the natural order there will grow up upon this plan a beautiful city, satellite town, or suburb,—this, I maintain, is an architec- tural problem, one of the greatest of such problems, calling for the fullest exercise of that particular power of planning in which the architect is trained throughout his life. It is the trained capacity for design which should enable the architect to seize upon a mass of requirements and con- ditions, and by the exercise of his imagination to select the essentials, to subordinate the details, and to weave them all into an orderly and beautiful whole." But, as Mr. Thomas Adams so wisely points out in his London Letter to which we have already referred, means must first be sought and found for a plan of land control under which the socially created use values of land shall not be appropriated and capitalized for private profit. Such a plan is basic. On no other structure can any beneficent city plan be erected. City Air Stations Plainly pointing to the impending addition of new fac- tors in transit and transport is the report that the Air Ministry of England are proposing the establishment of an air station on the Thames, probably in the neighbor- hood of Westminster Bridge. Experimental trials of hydroplanes on the Thames and the Seine have demon- strated the practicability of using the rivers both for take- offs and for landings. Three quarters of an hour would thus be saved in the London-Paris air journey, while it is probable that the Thames air station would provide a service to Dublin and Queenstown, thus sparing Atlantic passengers any railway journey over the London-New York route. 85 London Letter An Architectural Squabble Sir Charles T. Ruthen, F. R. I. B. A., occupies the dual position of President of the Society of Architects and Director of Housing of the Ministry of Health. In the former capacity he has just delivered an address to the Society of Architects in which he blamed the architects for the financial failure of the State Housing scheme. It is needless to say that this indictment of the profession has created a wave of indignation among his brother craftsmen. It will be remembered that a real estate mem- ber of the staff of the United States Housing Corporation charged certain town planners and architécts with the responsibility for the high costs of housing in America during the war on the ground that they gave too much attention to obtaining aesthetic and too little to obtaining practical results. That was perhaps a natural attitude for one to take whose view point had been developed along strictly commercial and unimaginative lines. Sir Charles Ruthen however is himself an architect and has indicted his own profession. There is a curious parallel between the charges made against the town planners and architects of the Housing Corporation and those now made against the English architects who have been engaged in designing houses under the Government Housing scheme in England. The statement of Sir Charles according to authentic report is that the architects were obsessed by art and overlooked financial considerations. They allowed their pencil to “run wild in the dream of the artistic home.” He went so far as to condemn architects as profiteers in their art and as the leaders of the other profiteers. The result he said was that they contributed to a capital loss of two hundred million pounds. There may be a germ of truth in these charges and some architects may have failed to submerge the claims of their art in favour of the claims of economy at a time of peculiar national stress. Even so their faults leaned to virtue's side, and they have a right to repudiate any responsibility for seeking after cheapness for the sake of cheapness. The Ministry of Health had a staff of architects engaged to overlook housing schemes and an expensive regional organization scattered over the country supervising the local schemes of all architects employed by the municipali- ties. If there was any fault in the matter of neglect of supervision of costs or indifference to profiteering of builders it must be charged against these officials of whom Sir Charles Ruthen is now a colleague. Architects have done much to raise the standards of municipal housing and their remuneration has been fixed on the usual percentage basis. Many of them are suffering serious loss as a result of having prepared plans for exten- sive housing schemes which the Ministry of Health has ordered to be abandoned. A predecessor in the Chair of the Society of Architects, Mr. E. J. Sadgrove, describes Sir Charles' criticism as nothing more than a political stunt and accuses the Ministry of Health as the responsible body for indulging first in a policy of squandermania and of now trying to get out from under by getting back to brick box styles of dwellings and whittling down archi- tects’ fees to less than what is paid to the road sweeper.

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THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS It is an unfortunate quarrel and shows that there are cases in which the official architect may suffer in his out- look by association with politicians. There is a tendency among many government officials at the present time to play to the gallery, which is always ready to applaud any sentiment in favour of cheapness. It is a natural reaction against excessive prices and profiteering. Professional men, no matter how free of blame, have to suffer in com- mon with those who are responsible. Part of the personnel of the bureaucratic machine created by the war is fighting for its life and part of its method is to condemn others for its own sins, and to discredit what were its own ideals because of its failure to adapt them to practical needs. Eprror’s Nore: Sir Charles Ruthen has resigned as President of the Society of Architects, following the action of the Council of that body in expressing its dis- senting opinion, and the R. I. B. A. has, through its Council, challenged Sir Charles Ruthen to prove his statements. Heights of Buildings in London Since 1894 the London County Council has had power to prevent buildings from being erected in London of a greater height than 80 ft. Prior to 1894 it was go ft. They have discretionary power to permit buildings of a greater height but the 80 ft. is the standard they follow. Above the 80 ft. two stories may be added in the roof and thus the height of buildings in London is practically limited to 100 ft. There is a further provision in the by-laws pre- venting the erection of buildings on streets less than со ft. toa greater height than the width of the street, and another limiting the space on any one compartment of a building to 250,000 cubic feet. The last provision affects large department stores but only to the extent of requiring the interior of the building to be sub-divided into compartments of not more than 250,000 cubic feet. There is a movement among a group of architects in the R. I. B. A. to get permission to erect higher buildings. Those who are engaged in the agitation repudiate any sug- gestion that they favour skyscrapers. They want the present height limit of 80 ft. raised by 20 or 30 ft. For the present the Institute as a body has opposed the pro- posal, but the question has not been finally settled by the members. The Town Planning Institute is giving the matter consideration and their probable attitude will be that no greater heights should be permitted till a proper plan of London has been prepared so as to have the ques- tion of heights settled in proper relation to width of streets, bulk of buildings on lots, and traffic problems. London is not as well provided as New York with wide streets. Its traffic ways are narrow and tortuous and many of the sidewalks in its business thoroughfares are totally inade- quate to accommodate pedestrian traffic even in the slack hours of the day. With the present heights of buildings traffic congestion of all kinds is creating serious problems. The L. C. C. has decided as a result of the agitation to send its chief architect to New York to make a study of high buildings. Н Zoning Little has been done in England in zoning on the lines so fashionable in American cities. In some town planning 86 schemes, notably the Ruislip and some Birmingham schemes, limits have been imposed in respect of height, use and occupancy (or density). As applied to buildings to be erected in the future so far as existing built upon areas are concerned, no zoning has been done, and the present legislation is not favourable to its being done. For instance, little encouragement is given under the law to the inclusion of fully developed land in the areas of town planning schemes, and, unless such land is included no effective regulation is practicable. The revised town planning act of 1919 makes the inclusion of buildings in town planning areas easier but the procedure to be gone through in serving notices on each separate owner and leaseholder makes the task of delimiting the height and character of buildings already erected very cumbersome and expensive. As a result of the American example much interest is being taken in the question of zoning, but it will be a misfortune if zoning schemes are introduced as a substitute for comprehensive town planning schemes in which adequate provision is made for the control of land development. Meanwhile there is a good deal of activity in promoting town planning schemes. Local authorities are anticipating the coming into force of the compulsory clauses of the act of 1919. Under that act all urban districts having a population of over 20,000 must prepare schemes within 3 years after January 1923. Over 300 authorities will be affected and, if the scheme is not vetoed because of the cry of “economy first,” Britain will shortly enter upon an active period of town planning. The creation of the Irish Free State and the setting up of a Government for Ulster is causing attention to be given in Ireland to the desirability of town planning. We may witness great activity in that country to revive the prosperity of cities and towns that have been suffering from decay for generations in spite of great natural ad- vantages. Ireland may go far in the direction of social reconstruction under the new regime. Housing The Ministry of Health is steadily cutting down the housing programme. One municipality that intended to build 400 houses has built ço and is not permitted to pro- ceed further although it has brought the land and con- structed the roads and sewers for the purpose. Meanwhile unemployment continues to be serious and the housing shortage is as acute as ever. Prices of mate- rials are beginning to drop but owing to the fictitious schemes given to them under government control of pro- duction they are still too high to command a ready market. The consequence is that there are heavy accumulations of stock. More than 30,000,000 bricks are stacked in yards of Peterborough brickmakers. With falling prices there is sure to be a revival of building in the near future. One local authority has had new esti- mates for the erection of § roomed houses and these repre- sent a saving of $1,500 per house as compared with a year ago. A high authority expresses the view that the cost of houses in another year will not be greater than 50% above pre-war costs. А All the ideals regarding reconstruction, all the hopes regarding getting an ample supply of homes “fit for heroes

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THE SECRETARY’S TABLE to live in,” and maintaining high wages have vanished. We have passed in England from the stage of expectancy of a better world for the wage-earner as a result of the war. Unemployment and ruinous taxation are creating a bitter- ness of spirit and a philosophic acceptance of pre-war standards, as the only attainable ideal. One hears some echo of Emerson’s declaration that the less government we have the better—the less confided power. It will be a misfortune for England if this state of feeling is used to push forward a gospel of economy at all costs. What is really wanted, as Frederick Harrison says in The Times, is a new religion of human duty to supersede the passions, jealousies, and obscurantism that made the war and still survives it. “Until,” says Harrison, “our people—all peoples—can be trained to feel in their souls a religion of social duty, there is no hope of much good coming from makeshifts of practical policy." London, February, 1922. Tuomas ADAMS. Around the Secretary's Table By THE SECRETARY THE SECRETARY: I am struck frequently with the extent to which it appears necessary for the Architect to have a legal turn of mind, if indeed not also a large amount of knowledge of the law and its cases. I am frequently in receipt of requests from lawyers and architects for in- formation as to cases bearing on some particular point. It is of course necessary to reiterate that the Institute can not attempt to keep a complete file of cases arising out of building contracts. There are regular channels by which lawyers reach such information and it seems wiser to leave this responsibility with them. Anything short of an absolutely complete file would be a waste of time and money, and a complete file would certainly involve con- siderable expense. Recently, I was asked to say whether drawings and specifications, as instruments of service, were the property of the Architect. Now, of course, we have not any legal data in the form of a file of cases bear- ing on this matter, but merely such information as is readily at hand in books like Blake’s “Law of Architecture and Building” and T. M. Clark’s earlier work entitled, “Architect, Owner and Builder before the Law.” Blake states on page 90—"'as a matter of fact, however, unless there be a specific provision in the contract whereby it is agreed that the plans are to be and remain the property of the Architect, they must be legally considered, it seems, as the property of the Employer who has ordered, accepted, and paid for them." He goes on to cite cases bearing out this assertion. He refers to Article 7 of the present A. I. A. Standard Documents, which provides that “the drawings are the property of the Architect, as indicative of a realization of the necessity of a definite agree- ment in regard to the plans, if the rights of the Architect therein are to be properly protected.” Mn. KENDALL: I believe the English law has conceded -ownership of plans to the Architect. An exception to this was the case of Barry os. Houses of Parliament. My im- pression is that the courts in this country have almost always decided for the owner. THE Secretary: Mr. Clark, in his book just mentioned, refers to the Schedule of Charges of the Institute which contained the clause, as it still does, that "drawings, as instruments of service, are the property of the Architect," and adds that “although this clause expresses what Architects, without exception, believe to be the natural and proper arrangements, it finds little sanction in courts." 87 Blake's later work seems to conclude differently when the provision is definitely made in the contract. He states, however that it is hardly sufficient that this provision should be only in the contract between the Owner and Contractor as the Architect is not a party to it. He says on page 92,4. . it is advisable that a memorandum of agreement in this connection be entered into direct be- tween the Architect and the Owner. Under such circum- stances no such technicality could be urged to defeat the interest of the parties as outlined in the agreement be- tween them." He certainly conveys the impression that if such an agreement is a matter of record it will hold in court. Mn. MUELLER: In Article 2 of the General Conditions of the Contract, A. I. A. Standard Documents, the last sentence states, “еуеп though the signature of the Owner and the Contractor may have been attested by witnesses they may be proved by any competent evidence." I can not satisfactorily interpret this sentence. Is it possible that the word “not” has been omitted between the words "may" and "have"? Tue Secretary: No. The phraseology is intended to be as printed. The idea is that generally when a signature is attested by witnesses it is legally necessary to secure these witnesses in order to prove the signature, and this is frequently difficult. The clause was devised as written so as to permit in such cases any competent evidence in proof of the signature. When the third edition of the Standard Documents was developed the words “In pres- ence of” and the lines for the signatures of witnesses, which had always theretofore appeared at the end of the Form of Agreement, were omitted, our legal advisers stating that the witnessing of signatures was much less frequently done in recent years and quite unnecessary. Mr. MUELLER: One other point. Article 21 provides that the Owner shall maintain fire insurance upon the entire structure. In a recent general condition on some State of Ohio work, the following clause was used instead. “Fire insurance will not be maintained by the Owner, but the Contractor may carry such fire insurance as he may desire to protect his own work or property." I would like to have your opinion on this latter clause, whether the Institute deems it sufficient for every day purposes or whether this clause may have been used with particular reference to Government work only.

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THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHIT ECTS THE Secretary: Of course a State or Municipality may have an established policy by which it never takes out any fire insurance on its property. In such a case it, of course, assumes responsibility in case of loss and the permissive clause quoted would conform to its policy. For ordinary private work, however, I believe such a clause is highly undesirable in every way. The Owner is primarily in- terested in the matter as his interest always far exceeds the interest of the Contractor, whose interest is only for such portion of the work as may be in excess of the amount already paid him by the Owner, and for his equipment. As the work nears completion the Owner has almost full value involved and it is to his interest that it be protected by full insurance. It is for this reason that the Standard Documents pro- vide that the Owner shall take out insurance to protect everybody's interest. This covers all interests adequately by a single policy, the responsibility for maintaining which being placed upon the man who has the greatest interest involved. THE Secretary: The rapid rise of building costs in 1920 has been a source of a good deal of trouble to Architects as well as Owners. Many a building has been projected and when the Owner’s requirements, or perhaps his de- sires, have been developed into plans, and estimates secured, the cost has been so much in excess of the Owner’s purse that the work has of necessity been abandoned. A rather typical case was presented to me by an Owner late in 1920. He was acting with the consent of his Architect, who was a friend, and they joined in asking my opinion on he facts in the case. They stated the case briefly as follows: “The Client suggests to the Architects that he would like to have a house that could be built inside of $20,000.00, covering certain stated requirements. The Architects submit rough general ideas, they are discussed, and finally a complete set of plans and specifications are made by the Architect. Upon sub- mitsion of the plans and specifications to builders for estimates, the lowest figure received proves to be $60,000. The Client de- clines to proceed further in the matter and the Architect claims that he is entitled to his fees, provided by the practices of the American Institute of Architects, of 6% on the estimated costs. “Question: Is the Client liable to any extent, to the Architect, and if so, to what extent?" Such an inquiry is somewhat embarrassing. The Secretary of the Institute is not only not omniscient, but is given the very barest outline of the facts. All those essential details of conferences and statements by both Owner and Architect, that are of prime importance in making a fair decision, are lacking, and yet the Institute should try to be of some service when such appeals are made. Inthehopeof doing so and yet refraining from any appearance of making a decision on the insufficient evi- dence submitted, I wrote the following letter, which I quote in extenso in the thought that if it puts the case fairly, it may serve to suggest procedure to others in similar trying circumstances, and if it does not seem to some an appro- priate reply the Secretary will hope to receive their com- ments for his assistance in the future. - “Tt is very unsafe, and unwise therefore, to presume to give a verdict on a definite case with such incomplete information as 88 must necessarily be involved in a brief correspondence. Personal interviews and careful study of all the facts, which involve in every case the conversations that have occurred at various inter- views between Client and Architect,as well as documentary evi- dence, can alone fit one to pass definite judgment. It seems evident to me that you and your Architect are mutually desirous of determining the right and customary action under the circumstances and І am glad to suggest some lines of thought involving questions to which you both can undoubtedly give the correct answers, after which the just settlement of your obliga- tions will, I believe and hope, be readily determined. (1) An owner arranges with his professional adviser to perform certain service, originally contemplated to be complete. Clearly then he owes him remuneration according to common practice for such portion of that service as he performs in good faith and with that degree of skill reasonably to be expected of such a pro- fessior.al man. (2) Paragraph 1 of the A. I. A. Schedule of Proper Minimum Charges, Document 124, establishes 6% as a reasonable standard minimum charge for full professional services, except for such cases as are outlined in paragraph 2 as justifying a higher charge. (3) At a certain stage the Owner decides, as he always has a right to do, to abandon the undertaking. (4) Paragraph 8 of the above document establishes the Archi- tect's right to recover for such partial service and paragraph 9 determines a basis for arriving at the approximate remuneration under certain fixed conditions of abandonment. Upon comple- tion of ‘specifications and general working drawings’ (exclusive of details) 60% of the appropriate total fee being computed on a reasonable estimated cost of the work as drawn, or upon the low- est bona fide bid. (5) If the drawings as estimated have not been approved by the Owner as representing what he desires, or if he has given the Architect a definite limit of cost as a fixed condition and the bids are widely at variance therewith, it will be necessary to make some adjustment, according to the specific facts of the case. Un- der present day conditions bids of different contractors are widely different themselves, and a more generous leeway must be allowed for the Architect's judgment of estimated costs. Just what is reasonable must be determined to fit the special conditions of each case. Sometimes an Owner gives a limit of cost that is inconsistent with the demands for accommodation: in the structure, which he also lays down. Тһе Architect may or may not make clear or attempt to make clear to him this inconsistency, which, if marked, should be noted by him and reported to the client. This element involves frequently many complications in settlement for aban- doned work, and the fullest scrutiny of the acts and implications of both Architect and Owner is needed to arrive at a just decision. I suggest that you analyze your problem along the general lines indicated and if you do not find readily a mutually satisfactory answer and desire further general information on phases of your problem, I will be glad to have you write me further. I am glad to be of any assistance I can so long as I am not placed in the position of assuming to decide at long distance a specific problem that is always complicated and needs the closest inquiry.” The following month a similar case was reported by an Architect substantially as follows: In the spring of 1918 plans for a building were begun and the building was almost completed in the fall of 1920. The Owner told his Architect to design a building to cost $50,000. So much was desired in this building that the estimate was $60,000. They delayed starting then for some time, but finally started it in the spring of 1920 (just when prices started on their spectacular hill climbing con- test, it may be noted) and spent about $95,000.

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COMPETITIVE BIDDING ON COST-PLUS CONTRACTS The Building Committee refused to pay the Architect his commission on a basis of 6% of $95,000 and demanded that he send them a bill in full for 6% of $50,000, which was the amount they had said they wished to put into the building. He asked for advice. Here the facts seemed to indicate a perfectly normal course, in view of the trend of building costs during the period involved. Was I justified in writing him as follows? “I beg to acknowledge your letter of the 16th. The present high cost of building has brought several problems like yours to my attention quite recently, one being a case where the Owner has been shocked at the final cost of the work, and has endeavored to relieve himself of the necessity of paying the Architect per- centage on the full amount. In one case, as the facts were pre- sented to me briefly in correspondence, the excess was so great that it seemed to me to indicate laxity on the part of the Architect in handiing the situation. The general results stated in your let- ter indicate a perfectly normal condition, and appear entirely reasonable under the most skillful handling of the situation by the Architect. Conditions would seem to indicate a rise of at least fifty per cent in the cost of building since early in 1918. The problem is one of the problems connected with the percentage method of charging, and the reasonableness of charging full percentage on the higher cost comes back to the general increase in the cost of living, for which, the Architect must find compensation in his fees. On this basis the application of a fixed percentage to the increased cost operated automatically to meet his own increased cost of living. Whether or not the Architect can insist upon full percentage for actual cost in any given case depends on all the facts in the case regarding his service, and the acts of himself and the owner throughout the progress of the undertaking. Assum- ing that he has rendered full and conscientious service, and that increased costs are due to causes beyond his control, even they may be also beyond the control of the Owner, then I believe that the Institute’s schedule of charges indicates clearly that he is entitled to percentage on the total final cost of the work. You indicate that the Owner delayed starting construction but finally started it last spring, and has spent about $95,000, which indicates it was done on some sort of cost basis. Such a basis of contract generally involves the Architect in extra service which justifies a charge above the normal percentage, unless the method of procedure is specially designed to relieve him of this extra burden. As always in such cases it is impossible for me to judge with any accurate application to the particular case in point, the full details of which it is impossible for me to know. I can only indi- cate what I believe the Institute documents will support under certain assumptions, and must necessarily leave wide scope to the persons involved for the application of my suggestions to their specific problem based upon actual, full knowledge of all the conditions.” Certainly the whole question of charges is а most in- teresting and complex one and worthy of very careful study and the Secretary will welcome any comment that will help to develop sound practice. Building Obsolescence Deductions for obsolescence now permitted under the Income Tax Law have raised questions too long ignored by architects and investors in buildings. We hope to have an important contribution to make on this subject in our next issue, for building depreciation has both a social and a financial aspect. Competitive Bidding on Cost-Plus Contracts Anyone familiar with the details of the Building Trade feels enthusiasm for any proposal that emphasizes the possibility of appraising the value of builders' services. The same enthusiasm holds for any proposal to open the detail estimate to the examination of the designer of any architectural or engineering work. The resultant econo- mies of such procedure are too obvious to need discussion. Mr. Lord, in his article іп the February Journat, has done a good service in suggesting even the possibility of these things. I believe the principles that Mr. Lord has laid down are valuable. Iam not satisfied that any equa- tion is workable in selecting a bidder. The principal diffi- culty, it seems to me, will arise not when the estimates are identical, but when the estimates vary, as they commonly do. However much theoretical emphasis is placed upon other factors, price is likely to become prominent, and I fear that the engineer or architect who has received varying estimates will have a recurrence of present day difficulties if he tries to persuade the owner to accept a middle rather than a low figure as correct. It also seems probable that the various items of the bids are likely to be compared, and that there will be an attempt to combine the low items of all the bids in the lowest one. The constantly recurring and ever human belief that the low bidder is right, it seems to me, will upset any theoretical equating of values which may be accepted academically. After all, the value of Mr. Lord’s scheme to the Building Trade as a whole lies in the proposal that the designer should be supplied with two things,—a method of deter- mining the value of building organizations and that he should be equipped with a detail estimate of his design. In the past few years a number of the leading architectural offices have recognized the necessity of detail estimates of their design. Both for the sake of their own economy and for the saving of time and expense for their client it has appeared desirable that these estimates should be made as the designs progressed rather than after the designs have been completed. Some few builders have recognized the tremendous economy offered by a combination of the esti- mator and designer and have organized themselves in such a way as to be able to place skilled estimators in the designing room of the architects. Accordingly as the various features of the design develop and as alternate materials are considered for the different elements of the work the price of the alternates has been laid before the designer, who thus has been able to balance price against quality and to assure himself that the cost of his design will not exceed the client’s appropriation. Genuinely skilled estimating service of this sort is very rare, but where it has been conscientiously applied the results have been most satisfactory, both to the client and to the architect. Some few building concerns who have been farsighted enough to see the coming demand for this sort of service have already succeeded in creating a very large and profitable business. One large concern now under the management of the third generation has so far succeeded in this way that it has had its choice of business and even during the depression was handling many mil- lions of dollars worth of the highest grade construction. 89

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THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS This firm is selected not by any competitive method, but because of the proved ability to add its experience to that of the architect on any problem this firm agrees to touch. Long experience has demonstrated that the buildings handled by this firm are better built, sooner finished, and offer better investment value than buildings handled in other ways. It seems to me that buyers of buildings naturally divide themselves into the classes of those who consider that the builder is bidding on a commodity, and those who recog- nize the fact that the bidder 15 actually offering a bid for service rather than a bid for a commodity. Once it is understood that the builder is largely a broker it seems entirely possible that he should be engaged to work with the architect in developing a design, the price of which design he may very well in the end guarantee. I am far more impressed with the idea of selecting the builder before the design is developed than I am with selecting him after the design is complete. It is probably a fact that intelligent cooperation,—I wish again to say that this is very rare,—will result in far greater savings in total cost than can be obtained by close competition in total price. It seems reasonable to hope that the next few years will develop a demand for a high standard of service from honest, capable builders and at the same time create a fuller appreciation by the architects of the strength that a combination with such builders can add to them. When success follows the men possessing the imagination and power to cooperate under new arrangements then their methods will be studied and followed. The chance of improvement is in the hands of the few who grasp possi- bilities and intelligently apply them. Morton С. TUTTLE. Boston, March, 1922. Committee on Small Houses EDWIN H. BROWN, Chairman Since the announcement of the work of the Small House Service Bureau in the January Journa it may be of interest to know that the following additional newspapers have taken over the mat service: Cincinnati (Ohio) Times-Star. Poughkeepsie (New York) Sunday Courier. Winona (Minnesota) Morning Leader. Chicago (Illinois) Daily News. | | Lancaster (Pennsylvania) Intelligencer and News Journal. Rockford (Illinois) Register-Gazette. The Bureau is endeavoring to standardize the heading used with the mat service as follows: “HOME BUILD- ERS' CLINIC." The Minneapolis Journal has has become so interested in the possibilities of this service that it has decided to become a model client of the Bureau. It is going to prove to small home builders that, with limited sums of money, small attractive homes can be built for reasonable cost. The Journal has bought a lot and is going to build, on the lot, under the supervision of the Northwestern Division of the Architects' Small House Service Bureau, House No. 654. The operation will be carried on in exactly the way an owner would have to proceed. It is hoped that other papers throughout the country will see the possibilities of such a service to their community and do likewise. The Northwestern Division has prepared a travelling exhibition which is being routed to a number of the Chapters of the Institute which are co-operating with home building expositions. Included in this exhibit are advance sheets from the book being prepared by the Moun- tain Division of the Bureau, headquarters at Denver, Colorado. Many inquiries are coming in to the office of the Northwestern Division for exhibit material. Colored photostatic enlargements of pages of the book, "How to Plan, Finance and Build Your Home,” have been made and, with photographic illustrations of houses actually built, will form the background of the exhibits. The United States Bureau, the National controlling body of the Bureau, is issuing a monthly Bulletin, devoted to the work of the Bureau. The first copy of this will be out by the time these notes appear. The first issue will have a circulation of с̧ооо copies and the subscription price is $1.50 a year. The Bulletin will illustrate the work of the different Bureaus, show houses erected from Bureau plans, state costs, and generally give the small home builder accurate and valuable information. The Mountain Division of the Small House Bureau has issued advance sheets on about 30 different houses which will be a part of its finished book. The balance of the plans for the book are about finished and the book itself will be out shortly. A number of houses from their plans - are now under construction and the promise for a successful season seems very bright. The office of the Mountain Division is at 318-319 Chamber of Commerce Building, Denver, Colorado. Mr. William E. Fisher, A. I. А.,15 president, and Mr. Donald O. Wiese is Director of Service. The advance pages received promise a very interesting and delightful book. From Our Book Shelf Rents, Rights, and Realties! A useful compilation of the recent so-called “Emergency Housing or Rent Laws" of the State of New York. Соп- tains the text of the laws, a general history and survey of the housing problem, a history of the “Anti-rent Wars" in the State of New York, and apparently all decisions, both re- ported and unreported, which have been rendered, con- struing the recent rent laws. So far as the writer knows, it is the only book of its kind in the field and it is encourag- ing that it contains an unequivocal recognition by a judge administering the rent laws, of the absolute failure to reach the root of the evil at which the laws were aimed, and also because it recognizes the unsatisfactory method of dealing even with the question of the adjustment of rents. In this connection Judge Lauer says, “It would ITHE TENANT AND HIS LANDLORD.—A treatise on the rights and liabill- ties of landlords and tenants under recent “Emergency Housing Laws” of the State of New York, with the latest decisions thereunder, together with some historical facts of interest, copies of the laws, and local New York City ordinances and forms, by Hon. Edgar J. Lauer, Justice of the Munici- ра Court of the City of New York, and Victor House, of the New York ar, Assistant United States Attorney for the Southern District of New Yak, co by Baker, Voorhis & Company, 45 John Street, New ork City. go

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FROM OUR BOOK SHELF seem as though with a little additional consideration and thought by the Legislature; some more satisfactory method might have been devised for the adjustment of differences between tenants and their landlords” (page XIII). The historical matter is interesting but not comprehen- sive. It seems to be confined to conditions in Japan, Rome and under the Hebraic law. Of course, it is suffi- cient for all practical purposes, but does not cover the field sufficiently for a person investigating the field scien- tifically. A much more comprehensive treatment is found in the briefs in support of the law submitted in the Rent Cases in the Court of Appeals and the United States Supreme Court. Judge Lauer states that, "Housing is, therefore, a necessity of life" (page I) and that, “Only the 'speculative builder" has hitherto shouldered the bur- den of the large proportion of housing projects." Here we have a statement in unequivocal language by one who certainly is in a position to know, that a large propor- tion of housing, a necessity of life, has been “shouldered” by speculators. It certainly presents forcibly the question as to whether or not speculation in a necessity of life should be permitted, and it seems that if speculation in the neces- sity of life has been a failure, it should certainly not be permitted. A study of the reports of the various Commis- sions of the State of New York appointed to study what has heretofore been called the tenement house problem, would convince almost any person that the attempt by the Legis- lature to regulate the private control of building has been a failure, and that it is time to discontinue the "widespread call to the government for relief and a general resort to legislation for palliatives" (page VII). The statement by Judge Lauer that the conclusion is everywhere arrived at that private initiative has proved inadequate to deal with the problem and that systematic government regulation, encouragement and financial aid must be given (page VII) should have considerable weight, as should also the statement that, “Іп a general way, it may be said that these ‘Housing Laws,’ enacted under the circumstances described in the last chapter, concern them- selves primarily with the needs of the moment. Rents were being raised; tenants were being evicted. This had to be stopped. Only secorídarily did the Legislature ad- dress itself to the fundamental need: a plan that would encourage house construction. So secondary in impor- tance has this phase of the emergency legislation been quite generally regarded, that many real estate men are still of the opinion that the net effect of these laws will be prac- tically to halt residential building" (page 33). The conclusion apparent would seem to be that there is still need for a real, thoroughgoing housing reform—for a plan that will reach the root of the evil and thus obviate any further necessity for palliatives such as our present rent legislation. CLARENCE M. Lewis. The Volute “The Volute in Architecture and Architectural Decora- tion"! by Professor Rexford Newcomb, is the first of an architectural series of bulletins published by the Engineer- ing Experiment Station of the University of Illinois. “It is the purpose of the Station," we read, “to conduct 1'"The Volute in Architecture and Architectural Decoration," by Rexford Newcomb, Bulletin No. 121, Engineering Experiment Station, University of Illinois, Urbana, 19e1. 9I investigations and make studies of importance to the en- gineering, manufacturing, railway, mining and other industrial interests of the State." The publication of a study of this nature without special comment may there- fore cause some surprise to those who are accustomed to thinking that the engineering profession has little sympa- thy for the ideals of architecture, or that the genesis of the volute should be regarded by it as of value to the State's industrial interests. However that may be, the fact is a significant indication of the breadth of view of those who are concerned with directing the activities of the Research Corps in that University, and a promise fraught with hope that other studies of like nature may be forthcoming. With the painstaking industry of the serious investiga- tor, Professor Newcomb has collected evidence from every available source bearing on the origin and use of the volute, arid has produced a study by far the most exhaustive yet attempted. Tt is doubtful whether future discoveries or conclusions will add much evidence of value to that here presented. As to the origin of the volute, the author is of the opinion that it would seem reasonable “о conclude that this curve entered art like most other forms from nature-inspired beginnings” rather than “in connection with the manipu- lation of materials;" a point of view in which we should prefer to concur, even though the evidence were on the other side, which is not the case. Passing over a discussion of the occurrence of the volute as a feature of the capitals of columns in the different epochs of design, we find our interest centering on the division of the subject treating of the “Early Use of the Volute in Architecture." It is here—especially where conjecture touches on the settle. ment of the question of the origin of the Ionic capital—that theorizing becomes most interesting and conclusions most important. Rejecting the theory that decoration preceded structure, the author concludes after weighing all the available evidence that “it appears probable that there was little or no Assyrian influence in the development of the Ionic order, but that the spiral motif as found in Ionic art is a product of Aegean culture, and did not come from the East." Bearing in mind the general laws of archi- tectural development he seeks to establish for the Ionic capital an origin in primitive wooden architecture. While there can be no doubt that the membering of entablatures goes back to a wooden origin, one would be inclined to question this theory for the volute form of the capital. The conjectural genesis of the Ionic capital from log ends placed side by side, although ingeniously conceived, does not seem altogether plausible. We should be inclined to limit the analogy here given to the wooden bolster-cap- transformed-into-stone theory of Hitorff and Viollet- le-Duc. Becoming a stone bolster-cap, the rounded-off ends characteristic of the Ionic form follow at once, since otherwise the slightest unequal settlement would cause the stone to crack at its upper, outer edges. Decoration with spiral ornament, first painted, then scratched-in, then sculptured, also follows logically enough for this form as for any other to which it is adapted. Illustrated with some fifty-five beautifully reproduced figures and supplemented with a complete bibliography, Professor Newcomb’s study takes its place as a valuable historical document. Studies of the origins and develop-

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THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS ment of the forms of architecture, when presented as here, are of great interest and undoubted value, and while one is tempted to reflect that the conclusions of the investigator would probably in many cases be very different from what they are if he could see all that has disappeared, one would not therefore seek to minimize the importance of the fruits of scholarly research. М.С. C. Мі. Flagg's Small Houses We may not care for Mr. Flagg's little houses, charming as some of them are; we may not agree with him about all the virtues of the module system in designing and planning; we may not care for all his economies in construction, although their reasonableness and practicality are demon- strated in houses already builton Mr. Flagg's Staten Island estate, but we cannot help considering with admiration, his attitude towards the small-house problem, his earnest- ness and enthusiasm, his efforts to eliminate all that is sham, wasteful, meaningless and ugly. I opened Mr. Flagg's book! with considerable skepticism; I closed it with profound respect. A visit to his estate, showed that he practised what he preached, and in the few experi- mental houses already built, that he had succeeded in constructing small houses of durable materials, devoid of sham and make-believe, honest in construction and unique in arrangement, for comparatively much less than houses of inferior quality. The following quotations give a fair brief of Mr. Flagg's house-building creed as expressed in his book and confirmed by the actual buildings: * Man is for the most part a creature of habit who follows custom without question. When he does make inquiry he sees many of the commonest things of daily life done in ways which are not the best, it is not surprising, therefore, to find methods used in design and construction which can be improved upon.” “One excellent way to save money in building is to tell the truth: that is, to let things show for what they are, and save the cost of making them appear to be what they are not. “One of the best ways to economize in building is to economize on ugliness.” “Тһе older one grows, and the more he learns, the greater the value he places on simplicity in all things." A few basic principles underlie Mr. Flagg's small house designs. He himself places the module system first. In this, every dimension is a multiple or simple fraction of an established convenient dimension. This of course tends towards a simplification, harmony and standardization of parts. It has many virtues and many faults, especially in a world full of mechanics who persist in measuring in feet and inches. Of greater importance, it seems to me, is the utilization of roof spaces and the elimination of cellars. These houses are built with stone walls, ingeniously laid up against a form, mosaic fashion, and backed with concrete. The side walls and eaves are kept quite low so as to offer stable resistance to the thrust of the rafters, which are without ties or collar beams. "Ridge dormers," unique venti- lators, are provided, and roof spaces usually hot, gloomy, dirty and wasted are turned into picturesque, light, airy iSmall Houses, Their Economic Design and Construction. By Ernest Flagg. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York. rooms. Storage rooms in lieu of cellars are built above ground as “dependencies,” giving the houses more im- portance and character, but requiring rather extended ground area for the size of the house. The houses certainly utilize the maximum cubage for living purposes, and all the space utilized is highly desirable. Other features are the elimination of all casings and trim. Practically all the woodwork is solid and structural; the ceilings аге the underside of the underfloors above on exposed beams, a little heavier than usual and farther apart; partitions are of solid plaster, quite simple construc- tion, thin, inexpensive and remarkably strong; the roofing is cheap composition material, effectively laid; the windows are simple weatherproof casements; the hardware is much simplified and unbelievably inexpensive. Many of the devices are of Continental origin adapted to American use. Fortunately Mr. Flagg owned an estate, a stone quarry, and had himself for a client, and every move he made and every experiment he tried as architect under these favor- able circumstances, shows serious thought. For this reason alone, be the results what they may, the effort is a valuable contribution to the profession. I have always believed that the influence of art should begin with the every-day teacup and kitchen utensil; thus these houses, the book about them, and the principles of the man who designed them, were revelations. Typographically, “Small Houses” is admirable. There are fifty-one essays and as many plates admirably drawn by the author and his daughter, with numerous other illustrations. The essays and the descriptive matter pertaining to the plates are unfortunately too often intimately connected when they would much better be independent. This intimacy and the tone of the descrip- tive matter in many places give the book an undeserved mask of promotion or plan sales propaganda. This 15 unfortunate. I believe anyone may learn something and gain some inspiration from its pages. The spirit behind it is certainly commendable. Ben J. Lusscuez. Politics and Poetry On the “thorny island,” as it was then known,—with Londinium hard by to the south-west,—where travelers took their way by ford to Kent, men built a church, some eighteen centuries ago. Roman it was, or so the later found walls seem to say, as the tale of the successive fabrics comes slowly to light. Now, where once lay a rough, wild, marshy strip of land,—islanded by the Thames and nameless waters flowing sluggishly,—rise the tall towers of Church and State,—of Lords and Commons and Westminster. They are not without significance in their impressive juxtaposition, even as Politics and Poetry bear their lesson to the school-children, who coming into the Abbey on their solemn adventure, must pass by Chatham, Beaconsfield, Gladstone, ere they come silently to the Poets’ Corner. Of that, we say no more than this, that it has significance, both in its relation to the tombs of states- men, and because it is іп the Abbey at all; and it is hard to say which is the greater significance. Mary Spurgeon’s tale of Westminster Abbey! is a sheaf Ў „уйше Abbey. By Mary Spurgeon. Frederick A. Stokes Co., New 92

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NEWS NOTES of the kind it is pleasant both to garner and to keep. It is of kings and things, of royalty and reverence,—of money basely wrung from high and low that temporal thrones might make their architectural peace with God,—of Craftsmen toiling well and truly and with that skill born only of men free at their labor. A running tale of history it is, of history scrivened and carved, painted and beaten, hewn and blown, and weaving always the legend of a world that made history alive with the color of Gold, with the shadow of short shrift to the weak and much power to the strong,—not such a far cry, it seems, to the tale of our own time. Only the color is gone. Once again, architecture seems to come alive under the affectionate hand of one who plainly loves and under- stands it. Not pedantically alive, or dogmatically alive, but alive as something which had a purpose so far above our present helplessness in the hands of Profit and Divi- dend, that we turn back to it, even though we know all its weaknesses and its slaveries, with something like a sigh. Unfortunately the book 15 illustrated, of which the less said the better, but one need not look at the pictures. The tale itself is enough. С.Н. W. News Notes CENTRAL heating and hot water supply for small houses and apartments has long been a dream of housing re- formers. It seems principally to have failed of materiali- zation because of the narrow economic view which can not yet envisage the vast savings to be effected. A great part of these savings would appear in indirect benefits, such as the saving in coal transportation and ash collec- tion. Individual distribution and collection now costs an enormous sum, but how to translate the saving that would be effected by centralization into a benefit that would be apparent to the householder is a problem that has baf- fled all effort. The economic system under which we struggle has surely the very grave defect of preventing any equitable distribution of the savings possible through centralization. These gains are discreetly absorbed by some occult process with which we have not yet become familiar. But the city of Glasgow (Scotland), is consider- ing the installation of a central hot water supply in its municipal housing. It has been carefully computed that 1,200 houses can be supplied with 25 gallons of hot water (150°), all the year round, at a cost of less than sixty cents a week. ARCHIVES are not regarded as precious, in Washington. Congress has again declined to sanction the appropriation of half a million dollars for a site and the beginning of work оп the long needed Archives Building. This time the blame falls to the House, but the pity is no smaller because of that. Our national records are shamefully housed. Hardly a fragment of them is sheltered in anything resembling fire-proof structures, while a great part of them are kept in veritable fire-traps. AFTER eighteen years as Professor of Design in the Royal College of Arts, Professor W. R. Lethaby, well and favor- ably known to the architectural profession in the United 93 States, has retired. At a meeting of the Art Workers' Guild, his portrait by Rothenstein was presented to Mrs. Lethaby, and Mr. W. J. Mackail spoke in appreciation of his long service. In reply, Professor Lethaby said that he was born to read Ruskin and to look at Morris and Philip Webb. The kind of architecture he loved was that of buildings "honest and human," with hearts in them, and he summarised his belief of a lifetime in the faith that "art is rooted essentially in sound work," that " great discovery" of Morris. Furniture Guilds, following after the Building Guilds, are said to be gaining a secure foothold in Manchester, England. Opinion seems to agree that the furniture is not ony better made by the furniture guildsmen but that the prices are below those asked for similar articles made in industrial establishments of the usual order. As to the effect of the guild upon the worker, which is after all the important question, there is every indication from reports that the men are greatly influenced in their life and their craft by the industrial liberty to which they have won. Whether they can retain it is of course a matter of specula- tion. The Building Guilds report contracts of £2,000,000 in hand. They have begun the regular issue of their publi- cation called “The Building Guildsman.” OriNION seems to be united on the success of the Inter- national Theatre Exhibition at Amsterdam, where are shown the works of theatre designers in America, Austria, England, France, Germany, Holland, Switzerland and other countries. If American exhibitors were inadequately represented,—due no doubt to the difficulties of distance and transportation,—it seems to be agreed that with Ger- many, we share the honors that go to an effort directed to a more dynamic, vivid, and complete expression. The work of Robert Edmund Jones comes in for sincere praise, while that of Lee Simonson, Joseph Urban, Mordecai Gozelik, and Ernest de Weerth attracts a not unfavorable comment. From Hermon Ould, the English critic, Goze- lik's setting for Tolstoi's "Powers of Darkness," evokes more than passing appreciation. The exhibition occupies eight large rooms of the Munici- pal Museum. It consists of designs for theatres; plans, elevations, sections for scenes; costumes, curtains, masks, as well as models of both theatres and settings. Great praise is given to the Dutch organisers of the exhibition, H. Th. Wijdevelt, and Frits Lausvelt, and to W. Buning, who has collaborated. The exhibition was opened with an address by Gordon Craig, to whose work three sides of the principal room are devoted. The other side is given to the showings of Adolphe Appia, the Swiss artist, who has, with Craig, so greatly influenced the modern stage. Gener- ally, the exposition seems to mark a decided tendency to the greatest architectural simplicity, with more and more reliance for effect upon lighting. IN the housing competition in New York City held under the auspices of the Chamber of Commerce, Merchants' Association, Real Estate Board, and the Phelps-Stokes Fund, the awards were as follows: First Prize, the com- mission to erect a house on a 100 x 100 lot, to Sibley & Fetherston. Second Prize, $1,500, Frank J. Shefcik.

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THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS Third Prize, $1,000, John Tompkins. A supplementary prize of $100 was awarded to Raymond M. Hood. WHY more young men do not enter the draughting voca- tion and what can be done to secure more draughtsmen is to be the subject of study for a committee of the Wiscon- sin Chapter. In OREGON, the Commission handling the State Bonus Bill has received 7,000 applications for funds for building homes for returned soldiers, under the provisions of the Act creating the Commission. Loans of this kind are limited, it is reported, to $3,000; they must be amortized in 20 years and will bear 4% interest. The Commission is interested in the work of the Architects’ Small House Service Bureau, Northwestern Division, the members of which are preparing actively to co-operate in seeing that the soldiers get the best possible homes for the money. San Dieco is likely soon to be headquarters of a new Chapter of the Institute, according to the report made by Mr. Bergstrom to the Southern California Chapter. This will give the Institute an even fifty Chapters, including the new Westchester Chapter of New York. Mountain Division, Architects’ Small House Service Bureau, is distributing advance sheets from the catalogue soon to be issued by the Bureau. The designs cover a wide range of types, carefully studied in their adaptability to conditions such as are found within the territory of the Bureau. Those desiring further information as to the activities of the Bureau are referred to the Secretary, 415 Chamber of Commerce Building, Denver, Colorado. Mouiere’s three hundredth anniversary (he died in 1622) was observed by the Department of Drama, College of Fine Arts, Carnegie Institute of Technology, by the presentation of two plays, “Les Femmes Savantes,” and “Don Juan.” During the same period, when seven per- formances were given, the Faculty of the College gave an exhibition of their work in the Galleries of the Institute. The Department of Music gave a symphony concert, in- cluding Goldmark’s “Sakuntala,” Symphonic Variations by Franck, and a Cello Concerto by Lalo. The exhibition remained open through the greater part of February, and afforded another indication of the great value of the collaborative work organized by Professor Bossange, who is Dean of the College, which includes the Department of ое of which Professor Harry Sternfeld is the ead. Тне last meeting of the Wisconsin Chapter was much taken up with a discussion, inaugurated by Mr. Rotier, on the subject of a Bureau of the Architects’ Small House Service. Mr. Rotier offered the following resolution, which was adopted: “Resolved, That the Wisconsin Chapter, A. I. A., approves of the formation of the proposed North Central Regional Bureau o the Architects’ Small House Service Bureau of the United States, Inc., and encourages it to carry on its program with all dispatch and energy.” New Members Elected ALABAMA: Jacob E. Salie, Birmingham. CENTRAL ILLINOIS: Harry J. Reiger, Springfield. CENTRAL NEW YORK: L. J. Kaley, Binghampton. CLEVELAND: 94 Harry A. Fulton. ERIE: William F. Frank. FLORIDA: М. Leo Elliott, Tampa. ILLINOIS: James R. M. Morrison, Walcott S. Russell, Chicago. INDIANA: A. Frank Wickes, Gary. NEW YORK: Bevan Jones, Eugene Henry Klaber, New York City. PITTSBURGH: William К. Lewis, Bluefield, W. Va. TENNESSEE: Richard L. Seig, Memphis. TEXAS: Guy Lewis Frazer, H. C. Trost, Е/ Paso; George Willis, San Antonio. WASH- INGTON, D. C.: Alexander H. Sonnemann. Obituary Evarts Tracy Lieutenant Colonel Evarts Tracy, D. S. C., died on Tuesday, 31 January, after a short illness in Paris, while engaged in reconstruction work in the devastated regions around Rheims. A graduate of Yale in the Class of 1890, he studied for three years at the École des Beaux Arts and after a short time in the office of McKim, Mead ) White commenced independent practice of his profession in 1896, and formed the firm of Tracy 9 Swartwout four years later. The work done was extremely varied in character,— some domestic and commercial, but the bulk of it monu- mental. The Hotel Webster and the Home Club in New York were early examples and of the later work won in competition, the Denver Post Office, the Missouri State Capitol and the Milford Town Hall were the most promi- nent. The Victory Memorial Building for the George Washington Memorial Association, the cornerstone of which has just been laid, was won in competition in 1914. Tracy had always a great interest in military affairs, was at Plattsburg for two years and on the outbreak of the war was commissioned Major of Engineers. He served with distinction here and abroad and was in charge of the Camouflage Section and an instructor in camouflage, and has written many articles on that subject. He was pro- moted to the rank of Lieutenant Colonel and was recently awarded the Distinguished Service Cross. Personally, Tracy was a very lovable character. At college he was the most popular man in his class and in his profession and in the Army he was the friend of everyone who knew him, and he knew everybody. He was at home everywhere and was vitally interested in everything that went on. His specialty, as he often said, was miscellaneous information. There was not a subject on which he could not converse intelligently: with the medical profession he talked like a doctor and among lawyers he would pass as a lawyer, and when he entered the Army it seemed as if he had been a soldier all his life. He liked it and he looked it, and he gave his life to it, for the fatal attack of heart disease which carried him off in the midst of his reconstruction work was directly attributable to an accident in a trench at the Front. Hle lived his life to the full and he enjoyed every minute of it. He died as he would have wished to die, in the vigor of life and in the midst of the work he had loved. He was a man and a lovable man, and the fact of having known him is a pleasant memory. E. S. Lowell A. Lamoreaux Elected to the Institute in 1907 Died at Minneapolis, Minnesota, 1 February, 1922.

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Structural Service Department SULLIVAN W. JONES, Associate Editor LEROY E. KERN, Assistant [n connection with the work of the Committee on Structural Service of the American Institute of Architects and in collabo- ration with other professional societies and organized bodies having the same objective—improvement in build- ing materials and methods and better shelter for humanity in all its manifold vocations and avocations. Committee Activities Patnt-On-Wood Research.—The A. I. A. has been invited by the National Research Council and the Engineering Foundation to join with them and the U. S. Forest Products Laboratories in carry- ing out a program for national research to develop fundamental knowledge of paints and varnishes as protective coatings for wood. In carrying out this program, the purpose is to secure the co- operation of the lumber, wood-working and paint industries, the А. S. T. M. and other national technical bodies and interest Government Departments and Bureaus. Through laboratory study and field experimentation it is pro- posed to determine the best materials for various purposes, con- ditions and woods, and the most effective methods of application; to establish probable relative costs, durability and appearance; and the means by which to determine the dimensional changes in wood due to absorption and loss of moisture. Specifications for Glazing Glass.—In August, 1921, the U. S. Bureau of Standards, communicated to the A. I. A. its purpose of writing specifications for glass for glazing, and asked for A. I. A. cooperation. On October 12th a conference was held at the Bureau of Stand- ards, attended by representatives of the Bureau, sheet and plate glass manufacturers, glass distributors and the A. I. A. The Conference decided to invite the cooperation of the sash and door manufacturers. A Committee on Classification and Nomencla- ture was appointed which will meet in Washington on March 6th. The Bureau has made a large collection of glass samples which have been under test to determine strengths. Simplified Practice.—Within the Т). S. Bureau of Standards there has been created a Division of Building and Housing. Among the activities of this Division there are two which are of peculiar interest to the architects. А basic building code for .dwellings is being prepared by a Committee on which the A. I. A. has two representatives. Another activity is directed toward the elimination of unnecessary and uneconomic dimensional variations and of styles and types of products utilized in construction. The first accomplishment recorded in the field of simplified practice is a reduction in the number of sizes and types of paving brick from sixty-six to eleven. On Feb. 13th a Committee of representative structural engi- neers, contractors and architects, the last as representatives of the A. I. A., met in Washington on the invitation of the Department of Commerce to consider the need and advantages of simplified practice in connection with construction generally and to list those materials or classes of material and devices now produced in wide and useless variety of size and character, in connection with the production of which economy would result from simplification. The Conference declared in favor of the general principles of simplifed practice and recommended that immediate considera- tion be given to the following: Mill-work, plumbing (roughing dimensions and fixtures), heat- ing, interior wall construction, hardware, lighting fixtures. At the request of che Division of Simplified Practice the Confer- ence resolved itself into a Continuing Advisory body and appointed an Executive Committee consisting of Noble F. Hoggson, W. H. Ham, and S. W. Jones. Weather Strips—There are no criteria with which to measure and compare the infiltration of air through windows and doors of various types or the relative efficiencies of the several weather 95 strips manufactured. Several years ago a series of tests were con- ducted to determine the weathering efficiency of a series of win- dows. The results of these tests were reported in a paper prepared by Mr. S. F. Voorhees and H. C. Meyer, Jr., and published in the January 1916 Journal of the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers. | There is a very urgent need first for a standard method of test- ing to determine air infiltration, and second, for definite knowledge as to the causes and of the means of checking infiltration of air through windows. To the end of satisfying that need the A. I. A. has decided to call a conference of weather strip manufacturers, representatives of the American Society of Heating and Ventilat- ing Engineers and the A. I. A. to organize and sponsor the neces- sary research work which will be conducted by the research laboratory of the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers located at the Bureau of Mines Experiment Station, Pittsburgh, Pa. The Slate Industry Organizes.—At the instance of the National Federation of Construction Industries there was held in New York on Feb. 8th a meeting of representatives of the producers of struc- tural and roofing slate, the О. 5. Geological Survey and the A. I. A. A Committee of representatives from five of the slate producing districts was appointed to prepare a Constitution and By-Laws for a National Association of Slate Producers. The Committee will make its recommendations to a future conference. Barrett Roofs.—During January and February there were a series of discussions between a representative of the Barrett Company, the Barrett Company's Advertising Agency and the Chairman and Technical Secretary of the Committee on Structural Service to the end of establishing the difference between “Black Dia- mond” pitch and felt and “Specification” pitch and felt and to determine whether, when one buys a twenty year bonded roof, one buys a bonded guarantee or a roof that will actually last twenty years, and again what assurance aside from the bond, there is that the roof will last twenty years. To secure a record of experience with Barrett bonded roofs, a questionnaire has been sent to the members of the Committee on Structural Service. The Committee will be glad to receive from A. I. A. members any information on the following points: Do roofing contractors quote lower prices on “ Barrett Specifi- cation Roofs" when a bond is not called for than when a bond is required? What has been the experience with Barrett inspection on bonded roofs? Are there any cases of a roofing contractor's inability to accept a contract for a bonded roof because he was not on the Barrett approved list and was refused approval? American Standard Specification for Portland Cement.—The American Engineering Standards Committee has adopted an “American Standard" Specification for Portland Cement, desig- nated as American Engineering Standard Specification No. 1. The A. I. A. membership in the Standards Committee and its vote as a member for the adoption of this standard carry auto- matically the A. I. A. approval of the standard. In this connection it is noteworthy that at its January 1922 convention the Portland Cement Association, by an amendment to its Constitution, made membership in the Association contin- gent upon the members product meeting the standard specification. Bureau of K-V Standards.—An organization so designated and operated by Philip Kobbe Co., Inc., advertising agency, has been

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THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS circularizing the architectural profession in the East offering a service consisting of a method and its application by which the best material for a given purpose may be “unerringly” selected. The Committee on Structural Service has undertaken an inves- tigation to determine the character and value of the service offered. Depreciation and Obsolesence—The Committee on Structural Service has received several inquiries for information on methods or formula for computing the depreciation of buildings. This mat- ter of depreciation necessarily entails the whole problem of obsolesence. The conclusions drawn from the Committee's effort to secure information on depreciation and obsolesence are that thereis no recognized method or formula for establishing deprecia- tion and that there is very little understandingof the whole problem of obsolesence. In its quest for information the Committee got into communication with the National Association of Building Owners and Managers and found that this Association had a Tax Committee at work on the problems of depreciation and obso- lesence and another Committee on Accounting and Exchange. The building owners and managers seem to be anxious to estab- lish a cooperative connection with the architects to the end that experiences may be exchanged and that architects may be fur- nished with accurate figures on the costs of operating various types of commercial buildings. The Committee on Structural Service will shortly send out a questionnaire to secure information on some specific points which the National Association of Build- ing Owners and Managers is anxious to get. Abstracts It is the purpose of the Structural Service Committee and THE JOURNAL jointly to give in this division each month, brief abstracts of all publications by the Government Departments and Bureaus, University and other research laboratories, States and Associations, which contain fresh information in regard to materials or methods employed in construction and thus afford architects and others а convenient means of keeping themseloes conversant with rapidly expanding knowledge in the technique of construction. Effect of Moisture Content upon the Expansion and Con- traction of Plain and Reinforced Concrete. (4a)—University of Illinois. Engineering Experiment Station. Bulletin No. 126, by Torata Matsumoto. Size 6" x 9". Pages 29.)—Aside from the action of direct load, deformations are produced іп concrete by changes in temperature and in moisture content. With reference to temperature changes in reinforced concrete, it is well known that, regardless of differences in the mixture, concrete has prac- tically the same coefficient of expansion as steel, so that the two materials contract or expand together. Moisture content, on the other hand, has the undesirable property of affecting concrete alone. Concrete, like wood, clay, and some other materials, ex- pands when it absorbs moisture and contracts when it is dried; steel has no such action. After the concrete is poured the steel remains unchanged with changes in moisture conditions, while concrete ordinarily shrinks a considerable amount. Aside from the stresses set up in steel and concrete by the shrinkage of the latter, the resulting formation of cracks large or small will pro- duce a condition which may be favorable to the corrosion of the steel or the disintegration of the concrete after repeated changes from dry to wet condition. The tests which are described were made to investigate the amount of shrinkage which may be expected іп a mortar or a con- crete, the relation between the change of moisture content and the change of length of these materials, the difference in shrinkage of plain and reinforced concrete, and the internal stresses set up іп the latter. For purposes of comparison with the results ob- tained with concrete, a few tests were made on the effect of the obsorption of water by sandstone and limestone. Detailed descriptions are given of the materials used in test 96 speciifiens, of the effect of moisture content on length of specimen and of the shrinkage stresses in reinforced concrete. Conclusions.—1. Concrete expands when it absorbs moisture and contracts as it is dried. Concrete of a 1:2:4 mixture is likely to contract during hardening as much as 0.05 per cent in an ordinary structure. 2. Contraction of concrete by the loss of moisture causes stress in the concrete when it is restrained by an external force. The amount of this stress is not as small as is generally supposed. 3. The shrinkage stress caused in the steel in reinforced con- crete may reach the usually accepted working stress of steel when the amount of reinforcement is less than 1:5 per cent. 4. The shrinkage stress developed in 1:2:4 concrete may reach the ultimate tensile strength of the concrete when the amount of reinforcement is greater than 1.5 per cent. With richer mixtures the increase in shrinkage stress may be relatively greater than the increase in ultimate strength. 5. The greater the percentage of reinforcement the greater the tensile stress that may develop in the concrete, and concrete having a higher percentage of reinforcement than 1.5 per cent is likely to have cracks formed unless proper provision is made. 6. In reinforced concrete out of doors, subject to alternate wet and dry conditions, cracks may readily be formed under the re- peated stress which is nearly equal to the tensile strength of the concrete. 7. Reinforced concrete does not appear likely to be a durable material in a place where a corrosive influence on steel, such as sea air, is active, unless proper protection against the formation of shrinkage cracks is made. 8. It is suggested that the prevention of shrinkage stress in concrete might be accomplished in two ways, either by finding a cement giving less expansion and contraction, or by the use of a perfect waterproofing treatment. 9. It may be expected that an integral waterproofing com- pound might lessen the change of volume for a short time, but it would not prevent the final diffusion of moisture with consequent change in volume. Bond Between Concrete and Steel. (4a2)—Technologic Paper of the Bureau of Standards No. 173. “Tests of Bond Re- sistance Between Concrete and Steel,” by W. А. Slater, Engineer Physicist, F. E. Richart and G. G. Scofield, Structural Engineers. Pages 66. Size 7" x 10".)—This paper embodies the results of three somewhat dissimilar investigations which were made by the concrete ship section of the Emergency Fleet Corporation. First the effect on bond resistance of the application of various anti- corrosive coatings on reinforcement. Second the length of lap required for effective splicing of reinforcing bars in regions of high tensile stress. Third, the relative merits of different methods of anchoring the ends of stirrups to meet certain conditions which arise in concrete ship construction. Effect of Application of Anticorrosive Coatings.—For these tests one-half inch steel reinforcing bars, both plain and deformed, were used. Eighteen kinds of protective coatings were investi- gated. These included various preparations of coal tar, asphalt, red lead, iron oxide and various kinds of metal coating. The bars were embedded in cement mortar, mixed іп the following proportion by weight: 1 part portland cement, 2 parts sand and 0.485 parts water. Nature of Bond Resistance of a Coated Bar.—A study of bond between concrete and uncoated steel has indicated that bond re- sistance is made up of two parts, adhesive resistance and sliding resistance. Adhesive resistance comes into play before the bar begins to slip. Sliding resistance is evidently due to friction be- tween the concrete and the surface of the reinforcing bar, which may be, comparatively speaking, rough and irregular in form. With the deformed bar the projecting lugs provide additional resistance after slipping has begun. It is believed that the ad- hesive resistance between the concrete and the longitudinal sur- faces of the bar is destroyed before there is enough movement

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STRUCTURAL to develop much compressive stress between the beveled surface of the lug and the concrete in contact with it. The action of a coated bar embedded in concrete is undoubtedly of a different nature from that of an uncoated bar. With the more plastic coatings especially, slipping may be due to three possible causes, as follows: (1) Slip between the coating and the con- crete; (2) flowing or shearing deformation in the coating in the direction of motion; and (3) slip between the coating and the bar. A very soft paint may act merely as a lubricant tending to facilitate slipping of the bar, while a hard, brittle paint may crumble when acted upon by shearing forces. Although the re- sistance of these paints to distortion is not known, it seems likely that the shearing strength of a paint is less than its adhesion to steel or concrete. On the other hand, a metallic coating, such as zinc, is elastic and has a comparatively high shearing strength, so that failure might be expected to occur through slipping of the zinc on the concrete. Summary.—Results of this series of tests have shown a wide variation in the behavior of different coatings. A few of the re- sults may be summarized here for convenient reference. (a) The maximum bond stress developed by bars which had been painted was generally considerably less than for unpainted bars, but the reduction in maximum bond stress due to galvanizing and some similar processes was less than that due to painting. (6) With the exception of certain metallic coatings, the maxi- mum bond stress for plain coated bars was reached after con- siderably greater slip than with uncoated bars. The amount of slip of coated bars at maximum stress was often 0.02 to 0.03 inch. Furthermore, the bond resistance did not decrease as rapidly as with uncoated bars with continued slip after the maximum load had been reached. Certain metallic coatings, however, reached maximum bond resistance with very small slip, followed by a sud- den decrease in bond load with increasing slip. In a reinforced concrete beam under a constant load, such a yielding of the bond resistance might cause failure without warning. (c) Coated deformed bars apparently slipped considerably be- fore the corrugations or lugs reached a firm bearing. After this had taken place, the increase of resistance with increase of slip was similar to that in uncoated deformed bars. (d) The bond resistance at a slip of 0.001 inch was a much smaller proportion of the maximum bond resistance for coated bars than for uncoated bars. A slip of 0.001 inch has been con- uds by some to produce critical conditions of bond stress in a eam. (е) For pull-out specimens employing coated bars, continuous and intermittent storage in artificial sea water resulted in bond strength averaging about three-fourths as great as from storage in air. (f) Sanding of painted bars tended to increase the bond re- sistance in a number of cases; also dipping bars in paint often resulted in a lower maximum bond stress than was found for bars painted with a brush. However, the effectiveness of the manner in which a coating is applied seemed to depend upon the nature of the paint, and should be determined by test in every case in which it is important to have this information. Length of Lap Required for Effective Splicing.—For this investi- gation, tests were made on four beams, 10 feet 8 inches long, 10 inches wide, and 12 inches deep. In three of the beams the tension reinforcement consisted of 6 plain round bars, extending the full length of the beam, and 2 short bars extending from oppo- site ends of the beam to a point 20% inches beyond the center of the span. This gave the short bars a lap of 41 inches, which was symmetrical about the center line of the span. In the fourth beam no through bars were present, but the lapped bars were placed in the same relative positions as in the other 3 beams. All lapped bars were one-half inch plain round. The through bars were 14 inch round in one beam, § inch round іп a second and 34 inch round in the third. All bars were anchored at the ends of the beams by means of semicircular hooks. The lapped bars had no mechanical anchorage at the ends of the laps. 97 SERVICE DEPARTMENT The concrete was mixed in the approximate proportion of 1:1:1 by volume. The fine aggregate was of two sizes: (1) a bank sand, all of which passed a one-eighth inch screen; and (2) screenings from the gravel varying from one-eighth to one-fourth inch. The coarse aggregate consisted of pebbles from one-fourth to one- half inch in size. Lehigh portland cement was used. Summary.—The following statements summarize the results of the beam tests referred to above: (a) Proceeding along a lapped bar toward its unanchored end from the point where the stress in it begins to diminish, the stress lost is picked up by the other bars of the beam. In a majority of cases a larger amount of the stress lost by the lapped bar was picked up by bars immediately adjacent than by the other bars of the beam. (b) The maximum bond stress developed by the lapped bars was about 75 per cent of that reported for pull-out tests of un- coated plain square bars. The maximum bond stress occurred at a smaller amount of slip of bar for the beams than for the pull-out tests. (c) The average bond stress in the lapped bars was practically independent of the tensile stress in the bars, but the length over which it was effective varied with the magnitude of the tensile stress. (d) For the purpose of design the minimum safe length of lap may be taken as the distance from the unanchored end of the lapped bar to a point on the bar where the bond stress is zero, when the tensile stress in the steel is at the yield point. With this assumption the tests indicate that using steel which has a yield point stress of 40,000 pounds per square inch, and with continuous bars adjacent to the lapped bars and with concrete of the grade here used (average compressive strength 5,020 Ibs. per sq. in. at 27 days), the lap should be about 48 diameters. Care should be used in applying this relation under other condi- tions. (г) The tests of beams with through bars do not show that dif- ferences in the ratio of the area of the through bars to the total area cause any variation in the length of lap required. The test of the beam with no through bars indicated that when all the bars are lapped, a longer lap is needed than when through bars. are present. Further investigation 15 needed on this phase of the subject. (f) A shearing stress of 465 pounds per square inch was de- veloped in one of the beams without sign of approaching failure by diagonal tension. Anchoring Ends of Stirrups.—Stirrups were made from 34 inch round steel bars, bent into U shape with hooked ends. Three types were tested. Туре І had the hooked ends bent perpendicular to the plane of the legs. Type II had the ends bent into loops through an angle of 270 degrees in which the planes of the loops were perpendicular to the plane of the legs. Type III had the ends bent outward at 90 degrees from the legs and in the same plane. The tests show that Type II stirrups were much more effective when the loops were filled with concrete than when they were empty and under such conditions were stronger than either Type I or Type III. Even when the loops were not filled with concrete the stirrups of Type II were better on the average than those of Type I. In general the stirrups which had the deepest embedment of the hooked and looped ends showed the greatest strength. An embedment of not less than 2 inch is apparently desirable. Linoleum. (2811)—(U. S. Department of Agriculture. Farmer: Bulletin 1210. Floors and Floor Coverings. Pages 36. Size 6" x 9'.)—Linoleum is made by mixing together ground cork, oxidized linseed oil, and various gums into a plastic mass, and pressing, or “ keying,” as the manufacturers say, this onto a back- ing of jute burlap. “Green” linoleum is the term used for it at this stage, and in order to season it it is sent to drying rooms for from 1 to 6 weeks, depending on the thickness.

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THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS There are three general types of linoleum on the market: Plain, inlaid, and printed. The plain, as the name implies, has no design and the coloring matter is added to the plastic mass, or “mix,” as it is technically called, before it is applied to the burlap backing. It is made in a variety of colors—browns, grays, greens, and even dull blue and old rose—as well as combinations of two tones of one color, which break the severely plain effect and make footprints and such marks less conspicuous. Having no pattern to match, 1615 easier and more economical to lay than the figured kinds. Inlaid linoleum is so made that the color in each part of the de- sign extends to the backing, as can be seen by examining the edge. The pattern, therefore, will last as long as the linoleum itself. In straight-line inlaid the design is more sharply defined than in the other kind known as granulated, in which the edges _ of the various parts of the design blend slightly into each other. There is little, if any, difference in the wearing quality of these two kinds when the relative cost is considered. Printed linoleum is made by stamping with oil paint, a design on a thin grade of plain. A greater variety of colorings and de- signs is thus obtainable at less expense than in the case of the in- laid kinds, but because the design is only painted on the surface and does not go through to the base, printed linoleums can not be expected to give such lasting service. They are, however, relatively inexpensive and are satisfactory in places where the wear is not excessive. In general, the quality or grade of all linoleum depends on the proper seasoning and the thickness. Naturally, the thicker the material the more wear it will give, and where traffic is heavy the thicker will be found more economical іп the long run. Smoothness of finish, which can be judged by the touch with a fair degree of accuracy, is another characteristic worth considering because: it affects cleaning. The dirt does not grind into the smoother finished linoleums, and they are easier to clean than those with a rougher surface. | Plain linoleum is usually made in strips 6 feet wide, and inlaid and printed in strips 2, 234, 3, and 4 yards wide, though the 2 and 4 yard widths are most common. The price of linoleum is gener- ally given by the square yard. Laying Linoleum.—The floor under it should be level, smooth, tight and dry. On rough floors linoleum will wear unevenly, and moisture will cause the burlap backing to deteriorate and may attract water bugs and other household pests. Cement and com- position floors may need special treatment before linoleum is laid. In cold weather linoleum should be placed in a warm room for at least 48 hours before it is unrolled. If this precaution is not taken, the linoleum is likely to crack, because cold makes it brittle. There are two ways of fastening linoleum to wood floors—tacking and cementing. The first is the simpler method, but by the second the seams and edges are made water-tight and the linoleum is said to give longer service. The linoleum should be cut in strips running crosswise of the floor boards if possible. If it is to be tacked, the strips should be fitted snugly together along the seams but should not be fastened for 3 or 4 weeks, for linoleum usually expands when laid on a floor and if tacked down at once will buckle. To give plenty of room for this expansion, it is a good plan to trim the edges next the baseboard for J or ¥ inch, or just enough so that the molding will cover the edge. The molding should then be nailed directly to the baseboard, leaving the linoleum free to expand and to be trimmed more next to the baseboard if necessary. The linoleum may be so perfectly held in place that it will not need to be tacked, but if it does, brads should be set 34 to 34 inch from the edge about 3 or 4 inches apart and driven well below the surface. Linoleum may be cemented at the seams and edges directly to a wood floor or permanently cemented down firmly over a layer of deadening felt paper that has itself been pasted to the floor. The cement used should be waterproof and contain no silicate of soda (water glass) because this is injurious to the linoleum when moisture comes in contact with it. | 98 Floor Oilcloth.—Printed linoleum has largely replaced floor oil- cloth, though the latter is still used where investment in the more expensive material would not be justified. It also has a founda- tion of canvas, burlap, or similar material to which successive coats of waterproof paint are applied. The design is stamped on after the last coat of paint has dried and been rubbed smooth. Floor oilcloth should not be confused with enameled oilcloth used for covering tables and shelves; the latter is made of other mate- rials and by an entirely different process. Oilcloth is generally tacked to the floor and should be cleaned and cared for like printed linoleum. | Artificial Daylight for Merchandising and Industry. (31а1—) (Bulletin І. D. 104, Lighting Data, Edison Lamp Works. Size 6" x9”. Pages 15.) —In this bulletin the following subjects are dis- cussed: Color of Natural Light, Demands for White Light, Method of Modifying Artificial Light, Accurate Color Matching Units, The Daylight Mazda Lamp, Color Modifying Globes and Specific Applications of Modified Light. The following list indicates some of the leading articles on the general question of artificial daylight and kindred subjects which have appeared in the technical magazines during the past few years: “ Color Values of Light from Electric Lamps,” G. H. Stickney, Trans. I. E. S., Vol. 5, p. 431. “Daylight and Artificial Light.” E. L. Nicols, Trans. I. E. S., Vol. 3, p. 301. “Daylight Efficiency of Artificial Illuminants,” Н. E. Ives, Bulletin Bureau of Stand- ards, Vol. 6, p. 231. “The Subtractive Production of Artificial Daylight, " H. E. Ives and M. Luckiesh, Electrical World, May 4, 1911. “The Relation Between the Color of the Illuminant and the Illuminated Object," Н. E. Ives, Trans. I. E. S., Vol. 7, p. 62. “Color of Illuminants,” L. A. Jones, Trans. I. E. S. Vol. 9, p. 687. “ Artificial Daylight: Its Production and Uses," M. Luckiesh and Е. Е. Cady, Trans. I. E. S., Vol. 9, р. 839. “Development of Day- light Glass," E. J. Brady, Trans. I. E. S., Vol. 9, p. 937. “Some Data on Artificial Daylight Units," C. H. Sharp, Trans. I. E. S., Vol. 10, р. 219. “A Gaseous Conductor Lamp for Color Matching,” D. McFarlan Moore, Trans. I. E. S., Vol. 11, p. 192. “Colored Glass іп Illuminating Engineering," Н. P. Gage, Trans. I. E. S., Vol. 11, p. 1050. “Commercial Uses of Filtered Light C. E. Clewell, Electrical Review, April 7 and 14, 1917. “Мазда 2 Lamps and their Applications,” A. S. Turner, Jr., National Elec- trical Contractor, October, 1917. “The Color of Artificial Light in the Medical Profession," A. L. Powell, Medical Times, October, 1917. “Mazda C-2 Lamp and Its Applications,” А. L. Powell, Electrical Engineering, December, 1917. “Artificial Daylight in the Industries," M. Luckiesh, Electrical World, Sept. 28, 1918. “A Color Symposium," Trans. I. E. S., Vol. 13, p. 1. “4 Sym- фояит on Camouflage," Trans. I. E. S., Vol. 14, p. 216. “The Daylight Mazda Lamp in the Psychological Laboratory,” G. J. Rich, American Journal of Psychology, July, 1919. Industrial Lighting. (31a13)—(Bulletin 204 Engineering De- partment, National Lamp Works. Sixe 6" х9". Pages 95.) —The contents of the bulletin fall under five main divisions: Part I. Re- quirements of Good Illumination, Working Intensities of Daylight Illuminationin Foot-candles, Illumination of Surrounding Surfaces, Color Quality of Light, Glare, Specular Reflection, Shadows; Part II. Mazda Lamps,—Power-Factor, Performance, Technical Data for Various Voltages, Position of Burning for Mazda C lamps, Ven- tilation, Voltage Fluctuation, 110-125 Vole Lamps оп 220-250 Volt Circuits, Technical Data on 110-125 Mazda C Lamps for Flood- lighting Service, Separation of Lighting and Power Circuits; Part III. Reflecting and Diffusing Accessories; Part IV. Exterior Lighting for Industrial Plants; Part V. Illumination Design, Choice of a System , Design of General Lighting System, Selection of Unit, Selection of Intensity, Present Standards of Intensity, Determination of Coefficient of Utilization, Determination of Total Light Flux, Location of Light Sources, Determination of Size of Lamps, Analysis of Operating Costs, Total Annual Operat- ing Costs;—Appendix.

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PLUMBING EQUIPMENT нс --—À ہے‎ ^t erran e ер mere teem = um MÀ 9 ہے یھ‎ . ? Chicago | Cincinnati Dallas Denver Hammond Omaha St. Louis | In Service H mto‏ ہہ Since E | pee may UNE ٠ from the fact thatsuch > service records as this are the usual thing with WOLFF QUALITY PLUMBING. DER; 2 ice N سی ہیں موا ہے атыны n Д 4 1 1 | Озын ай — -‏ ی ا ھک ИР РЫНКЕ: быс‏ ی جمدو ممم چ ی ات عمج CERNI‏ اجه 99[ -.-. —————— 9 лч rt чөл Ron دشر‎ Sanitary Enamelware Range Boilers Potteryware Brass Goods Marble ` WOLFF MANUFACTURING COMPANY,.CHICAGO + Established 1855 INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF 1HE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS March, 1922

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XII BUILDING MATERIAL (Face Brick) INDUSTRIAL SECTION ^e | » سخ ! ИН ТИН ды” u. жә --у---- — سے‎ М ——-— `. 3 м اکچ Y HE ü‏ T‏ XY‏ -- ч: il‏ Entrance Detail, Bohemian Club, San Francisco. George W. Kelham, A А-Р.В'А Û. USE PACE BRICK] 1—4 Pays | mae m : тү! 11 1 1 m м ا ا‎ 5% ЖИ, y^ b gs. RRRS ( + " СЕ LU ү! if мым тч А ” 2 1 L UHBEHAHE او و ود دہ гі ۶‏ Hh‏ med rchite& Ах. è 77 . c Acharming bit of renaissance in which the light-colored, smooth brick admirably harmonize with the terra cotta trim, producing an effect of clean and simple elegance. The pattern work in the attic story is delightfully designed and treated. Йыш Bohemian Club Entrance is one of the thirty- two subjects illustrated in our Portfolio of Archi- tectural Details in Brickwork, a collection of file-size, de luxe half-tone plates, assembled in an enclosed folder, with printed tab, ready for filing. These examples show a wide variety of artistic effects, in both interior and exterior subjects, that can be economically obtained by the use of standard brick. Where special brick are wanted we suggest that the architect lay out the wall so that the special forms may be made from standard sizes. In this way he will secure the effect he desires at the least expense. ` The Portfolio of Architectural Details in Brick- work will be added to from time to time, with further examples, with data on brick and its uses, and with monographs on the treatment of the mortar joint in connection with the blending of the brick color tones. The portfolio will be sent to any architect request- ing it on his office stationery, and his name will be placed on the list for future mailings. AMERICAN FACE BRICK ASSOCIATION _ IISO WESTMINSTER BUILDING ٠ CHICAGO, ILLINOIS ‘JOURNAL OF .THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS March, 1922

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“Гм QA MET ata Sta جا‎ Yad سے‎ HEATING EQUIPMENT XIII “The Dunham Principle" as applied to three systems of heating Nearly 20 years. ago the art of steam heating was revolutionized by the invention of the Dunham Radiator Trap. - Since then, many thou- sands of Dunham Traps have been installed. Numerous imitations have made their appearance. But the “Dunham Principle” has never been improved upon. The Dunham Trap was fundamentally correct when it was invented. It is the standard today. To the Dunham line have been added other heating specialties. Each one is as correct in principle as the Dunham Radiator Trap. The application of these specialties has been grouped into the following three classifications. The Dunham Home Heating System Especially for the home or small building. It uses steani at very low pressure, not over 8 ounces, for the distribution of heat. The Dunham Return Heating System For the medium sized building of practically every kind; for apartment houses, school buildings, churches, stores, office buildings, and also for chang- ing over and increasing the efficiency of one-pipe and two-pipe gravity steam jobs. It utilizes steam at any desired presure up to but not exceeding 10 pounds. An operating pressure of 1 to 2 pounds is recommended. The Dunham Vacuum System For all types and sizes of buildings, groups of build- : ings, institutions, office building, etc., and wherever desired pressure up to but not exceeding 10 pounds. A vacuum pump maintains a vacuum 1n the return piping. Each of the above is a complete two-pipe system, made efficient by use of the Dunham Radiator Trap which is installed at the discharge or return outlet of each radiator, or pipe coil, where it prevents the waste of steam and relieves the radiators of air and water. Full particulars of any or all of these systems will be sent on request. Dunham Radiator Trap Dunham Specialties Packless Radiator Valves C. A. DUNHAM COMPANY Fraps ۱ 230 East Ohio Street, Chicago‏ بسن Blast Traps 52 Branch and Local Sales Offices in ` Air Line Valves United States and Canada Vacuum .Pump Governors Reducing Pressure Valves ۱ بولسا 2 uction Strainers 3 y90NHAM eturn Traps · Check Dampers HEATING SERVICE REG TRACT MARR Damper Regulators INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS exhaust steam is available. It utilizes steam at any March, 1922

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XIV | HEATING EQUIPMENT We Heat the Building RCHITECTS everywhere are speci- ‘fying Clow GASTEAM, because they have found it the most satisfactory heat- ing there is. It has stood all tests, and in thousands of homes, offices, stores, churches, factories, it is the sole means of heating. Do you know the advantages of Clow GASTEAMP 1. It provides steam heat without coal, using gas for fuel. | | 2. Iteliminates chimney, basement, boiler, coal bins and expensive piping. 3. It furnishes a moist heat instead of a dry one, which is much more healthful. 4. It eliminates dust and ashes, and the necessity for janitor service. 5. Itcan be used in combination with exist- ing steam or hot water systems, for spring and fall,or for rooms inadequately heated. | GASTEAM has stood the test of years of usage. An architect serves his clients well who recommends it, either to heat buildings entirely, where the gas rate permits, or as an auxiliary. A Handbook for Architects will be gladly sent you upon request, or a representative will call and tell you of many successful GASTEAM installations in your vicinity. JAMES B. CLOW & SONS General Offices: 534-546 S. Franklin Street, Chicago Sales cffices in the principal cities ш SS С *Y ۱ j INDUSTRIAL SECTION . JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ÁRCHITECTS- سا حسم ا‎ March, 1922

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—— لت لے ےس27ص سے = ae

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XVI Distributors of Asphalt Asbestos Magnesia Building Products * 4 Roof for Every Building" Atlanta, Ga............ The R. O. Campbell Coal Co. Baltimore, Md....................... The Philip Carey Co. Birmingham, Ala...The Young & Vann Supply Co. Boston, Маз8...................... The Philip Carey Co. Buffalo, N. Ү.......................... The Carey Со., Inc. Charlotte, №. C...........The Charlotte Supply Co. Chattanooga, Tenn.................... James Supply Co. Chicago, Ilis...................... The Philip Carey Co. Cincinnati, O. The Philip Carey Co. (HomeOffice) Cincinnati, О......................... The Breese Bros. Co. Cincinnati, О........................... R. E. Kramig & Co. Cleveland, O...................................... The Carey Co. Denver, Colo............................ .H. W. Moore & Co. Detroit, Micb........................ ss The Carey Co. Havana, Cuba................................ The Kelmah Co. Houston, Texas.................. Peden [топ & Steel Co. Jacksonville, Fla..... The Cameron & Barkley Co Kansas City, Мо. ................. The Philip Carey Co. Knoxville, Tenn.............................. A. G. Heins Co. Little Rock, Ark.....Fischer Cement & RoofingCo. Lincoln, Nebr. .................... .... National Supply Co. Los Angeles, Cal.................. Warren & Bailey Co. Memphis, Tenn....... Fischer Lime & Cement Co. Miami, Fla............... The Cameron & Barkley Co. Minneapolis, Minn........................... W. S. Nott Со. Montreal,Que. TheW m.Rutherford SonsCo.,Ltd. Nashville, Tenn............. Т.І. Herbert & Sons Co. New York, (Domestic)........ Th: Philip Carey Co. Omaha, Nebr. ..................... ... National Supply Co. Philadelphia, Pa. ............ American Insulation Co. Pittsburgh, Pa...................... The Philip Carey Co. Portland, Ore........Pacific Asbestos & Supply Co. t. Louis, Мо........................Тће Philip Carey Co. Salt Lake City, Utab......... The Galigher Mach.Co. San Antonio, Tex............. Peden Iron & Steel Co. бап Fran. Cal..... Western Asbestos Magnesia Со. Sioux City, Iowa................... ational Supply Co. Seattle, Wash.......................... Savage, Scofield Co. Spokane, Мазѕћ............................. Nott- Atwater Co. acoma, Washb...................... „Savage, Scofield Co. Tampa, Fla.............. The Cameron & Barkley Co. Toledo, 9 ЗЕРЕКТЕР Тһе Сагеу Со. Toronto, Ont., Can............'The Philip Carey Co. Washington, D. C.............. .Asbestos Covering Co. Wheeling, W. Va................. T be Philip Carey Co. ROOFING (Asbestos, خی ہے — Home of Miss К. Jackson, Tampa, Fla.; Architect, F. J. Kennard, Tampa; Contractor, J. S. Sweet, Tampa Asfaltslate Shingles are Dependable HERE 1s one manufactured shingle that can be depended upon never to curl. That is the Carey Asfaltslate Shingle. | Consequently architects are specitying Carey As- faltslate Shingles for fine homes, because they must be SURE of results. | Not only do Carey Asfaltslate Shingles stay flat, but their colors grow deeper and richer andgenerally develop pleasing contrasts as they grow older. “Тһе Shingle that never curls” THE PHILIP CAREY COMPANY 507-527 Wayne Ave., Lockland, Cincinnati, Ohio etc.) 8-22 INDUSTRIAL SECTION . JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS March, 1922

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XVII BUILDING MATERIAL (Terra Cotta) SQW, . GG i t ii t tt ' 6” °°°1960 9. E66 SSS SS S 6 © 5D 0 0 >6 % Ee 0© Q° ° аккан DL. NNNNNS 6% RRR ЭЭЭЭ - 555 х а ақ аа а گیٹ نت‎ WS WW hort form of specification forarc tectural Terra Cotta of superior quality. NORTHWESTERN sas -——— — . SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSISSSSSNSSSSSSSSSNSSSSNSSSENSNSSNNS ЭЭМ MOAN X IANN ILLL LLLA ANN 55555555555 WS SSSR N тін | a‏ سنا гаў /гші ІСТІ [ETA Ігші |е)‏ زیر جار zum iN NU | Есі Ё‏ 771ا E enken Ва E MEN E‏ af ftr eo Ет /ғт / лш! inira nima Ігігі! ІКТТІІГІТІ ssi |мен Үр‏ bL rg ау 7رر‎ nud ЕГН ІПГІ ШЇ IFT |ГІШІ usw bran | (Cale یھت‎ aa CHICAGO p (UA AA ші ІПГІ ГИ cr d ІГПІ irat amm | |е! hitectural design, North- western Enamel Terra Cotta was selected for the ons such as Banks, Schools, 1.02 intricate arc ШІ For these qualities and because of its easy adaptability nt i | u 281111] facing of the street fronts of the above building. 1 UA o City, Missouri; Henry F. Hoit, Architect; Swenson HE Southwestern Bell Telephone Building, Kansas Construction Company, Contractors. Insurance Companies and Telephone Companies. Re- sisting the destructive influences of time, weather or fire, Terra Cotta has been greatly preferred to all other facing materials in the erection of permanent homes Terra Cotta advertises the permanence апа stability for permanent organ of the institution it houses. to even the most entire THE NORTHWESTERN TERRA СОТТА СО. MMA AAd_ ABH NW % INDUSTRIAL SECTION СС УУУХ # March, 1922 JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS

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XVIII BUILDING MATERIAL (Lime Stone) Old Washington Building Transformed Into М odern Structure ہم yan ےس‎ No. 1 Broadway, New York City, Offices of the International Mercantile Marine Company. Walter B. Chambers, Architect YE‏ کے سے ہے ا کا c 5‏ ر All ie‏ - : = 1 7ле RISTOCRAT of BUILDING ATERIALS Booklets on Indiana Limestone will be mailed on request The reconstruction of the old Washing- ton Building, New York City, was a structural problem which in many re- spects hitherto had not been presented to an Architect. For that reason its solution by Walter B. Chambers, New York Architect, is of great interest to the architectural profession at this time. The details of this task which has so ingeniously been accomplished by Mr. Chambers with the assistance of H. J. Horner & Sons, cut stone contractors of Newark, are familiar to you. The completed structure is another mag- nificent Indiana Limestone building added to New York’s already im- posing list. This country contains many well-constructed brick build- ings which can be modernized expeditiously and economi- cally. Our Architects’ Service Bureau is prepared to assist you with your Indiana Limestone problems. Indiana Limestone Quarrymen's Association Box 771, Bedford, Indiana Metropolitan Service Bureau, 489 Fifth Ave., NewYork City 1 Я M uei n LAE v . % ; > ^ i. m 2%: be ug 0 . ыс AE ۹ De. [? М Jo 7 t eu ° he ? ИШЕТ ЕЕ " r m „_ جع‎ on 236 “ағ Ec Ы ША 4 > x. М ^I. E 42; un سے‎ » + ^. - 2 RO b ЖИРЕН f^ وو کا نے لا‎ » "ы wt Se тас, ERE T b O ` В К” ж > s NEP an ےس ہر‎ ; 7 с. E га» : ae 4 “2... aC . t LI д LS "e cst sl > 4 nay D oe 5 3 at i 5 aos و‎ » f 2 A к. 0252ж 2 : ) АЛИН Г! E К , M " i لع‎ > ДАЛАР : ў К қ : SEES ہد ؛‎ m m NEA ER SQUE У Ж.) ШЕ ar ЭЁ 2 7 پا 3.5 " 2 ا‎ A ھ‎ - Kt ei e BRA. vam E er Yd nm 5 di v 7 p> АА MN INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS March, 1922

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уау EEO чи сы BUILDING MATERIAL (Granite) | XIX. hf A “ г” 46 aua De S - | Жаза? EPIRI dons 17 یا ا‎ S gu پا‎ HCD Ken 1 di 20 AES a c ast vig ne ПЕ? NLT * M Em Ет poet е | ӘНЕ Я T 2 aan m 1 UM 28 Ы: d ٥4.2 ARIS т аг ARI ALCO 111111820 EIE 2; CST PS i % 7 1%! = Ирдин И‏ م7 “The Noblest of Building Stone" oe > 4 CD: т 441%. “1: 1 " "Qr i * Ае а ра ^ ares 4 қыса ELLA E CAE 03500 C ° * БИКИНИ: ” зға Estimating the cost - - A 1 “4 » зал тыр КАН уе, уу GLa E: ә путето аа ы ЯРАТА ele ENON 2. ЕЗІП مم‎ ҚЫСТАУ НМ ve ` Ж A құйы; y rm “ ! PION ае эт”, فی‎ More than with any other material the cost of granite for a building depends upon intelli- 7574 d: gent detailing. Its cost cannot be estimated ES or approximated by applying a unit price to the quantity. co» wet ve In order that the building owner and the producers of granite may mutually benefit by the economies which will accrue from a care- ful study of detail and finish the Association offers to the architect its practical knowledge on the production, cutting and setting of granite. MOD sit tmt A EFA SP تر ری‎ ` + .. oes | ایک وی ہیں‎ Se ers ss rd 2 КУЗ " "Mut "ІА КҮНІ 2997775 YA 7 07 ж КАЛГ لہ By availing himself of this offer of coopera- tion the architect can, we believe, effect great- er actual economies than would be possible in connection with any other material, and with- out change 1n the architectural design. NATIONAL BUILDING GRANITE QUARRIES ASSOCIATION, INC. H. H. SHERMAN, Secretary, 31 State St., Boston, Mass. Send for Booklet No. 1, “Architectural Granite." бее Association Catalogue in Sweets * 47754 и” | «л, 2 : . EA ux B 7; 7 o2.» 27 SIA ait. д isé i iv RE AEAEE Ча پیج کس لی‎ (Bee HEL شید مد‎ SUE MESES ا‎ = E ms لم پا‎ rm erit D «АЛЫ POR pP 24657! qua D 715 өзе утта ысы tmu meom کی تار‎ EEN, رو‎ Dn ary دسج‎ RR EN ABT Ty Eis NIS YN = : 7 ۱ ری مہ سے میم ماج‎ Әуес SoA SE IAA Oy Туа шақа ریہ‎ OW مود‎ (A: etta pr نھ هه‎ 269494 АА LA وہر ری‎ ppd CERA T: MET R 3 керге” 1 f at poi jm و‎ if ees зарф eres TELA ” 2 .ےم‎ қ «A7 7 rr X idi tí Bape Hua Pacis و‎ UA ST i. 1 E NH H 7 3% h 2 қ H i . o etd 4 А ] 4 E- Бае" " 7 H УА" 7 47 1 % 41 4 t H ir ۹ ҮН WU: npn MULIERE 11 : I Ч 1451): 1 "TEE je! ИЛД: бэ Ут t АКА d + ^ пурсу eov (9726 - СЕЛ ОАА مو‎ бл, SCA RR BM ane езде $ TD E 2o pl i улу pmo n zT i SL iae jS 0202 ox | 12% ИЕР Ч. . <i $ , PI 2 2 r. od 22; F: ж کہ‎ , г» "1 we, Ф." 3 ы _ 1 т = . -.. а 7 7 TT, ڈیر‎ 2% а РТЫ pu Д 7 ү Ж 2. s ۰ Pr Жер م‎ 4 . « 4 ےم‎ UA .. ] MH iv a + g 4 лр ГҮ, ( 4 rey . y; ہے‎ TUE «T ч - E ۹ 1 204413) 2 "7 i 475% سب‎ IT Tar 8ں‎ 55 Saver q 24284: ... RAT SESE Ж EPESA AAO ҮШ DE Soe = ООА \ UAE TE 4 X PF Tes tint АА ci Er n 32S. ع‎ з TL ААА тұрық, / ' 4:4) мА”. چا‎ 7 524 АУ Ы سس‎ NT. 25 t ы سے‎ NUN ‘ ч M "CES es ل . ; . .6 ;24 پا کے‎ 4 ру ا‎ dL ЭЕ ty dt. М 5. 724” ےت گنر‎ т» IF o Cil Pie hio P Pra AA AY کپ‎ 222 К * ye А T = ШР 0 LE 7 "A ЕТТІ СЫ. "it 3 Ste 6 Арек" 90,3 ھ7‎ a P 369 n AME VAT v 9-5 " әр” EG OSE 555” LE УЛ NS ыа... Ж SSNS ناش سید ہمہ ہی‎ ap abet خی‎ УНАН 55 VE 2 22 Ық Ps eal ; зы “ыы дес سار‎ ыша t e پر ری ںید‎ OIE E: ۱ “ШЕЛ neue e UID ИЧ LL Aims EL 1 adi ИЕ ‹ Е 09 hn ШИИ ЕЕ nim akt "i И nM AH fils E ; ۱ ARIN estes cum —Ó rene sempiterne üt riam CORO BALLANGEN TATE NTY SETTE PRCRORPNSEC HEN Pre MEINT RATIS нне t zi 9 basis 4° Leth тя INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE: AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS March, 1922

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XX PAINTS AND ENAMELS De E e a‏ یپ کی # + + = x 6 a 3 э» DAE Ex-President Wooprow WILson’s residence Beats the Dufch Washington, D. C. for Whifeness Wappy В. Woop, Architect А PauL Е. BARNETT, Painting Contractor ЄХ SHERWIN- WILLIAMS б Interior finished throughout with Sherwin- TTT Ш Williams OLD DUTCH ENAMEL, an American OMLulchénamel Я INDUSTRIAL SECTION made product which “beats the Dutch” for whiteness. Made in Gray, Ivory and permanent White, gloss or dull finish. DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURAL SERVICE TTHESHERWIN-WILLIAMSCo., 805 CanalRoad, N.W.. Cleveland, O. SHER WIN@ WILLIAMS PAINTS АМО) VARNISHES comracaLs, insecricioss () (| DYES, COAL TAR PRODUCTS JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS March, 1922 „Goo gle

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ہہ سے = Б ZZ ee

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BOILERS Do you realize that more Kewanee Boilers are used for heating big school buildings in the United States and Canada than all other makes combined? It is a fact. Big schools are built by good Architects, and the heating systems are installed by good Heating Con- tractors. So such universal recognition of Kewanee quality by the leaders in their fields means much. KEWANEE BOILER COMPANY Steel Heating Boilers, Radiators, Tanks, Water Heating Garbage Burners BRANCHES: CHICAGO Market and Washington Sts. SALT LAKE CITY Scott Bide. NEW YORK 47 W. 42nd St. MILWAUKEE Мег. & Mfrs. Bank Bldg. NS MOINES 1 1 Bldg. PITTSBURGH 945 Oliver Bldg. CITY 2014 Wyandotte St. S outhwestern e Bldg INDIANAPOLIS 509 Occidental Bldg. DETROIT 1772 دس‎ he Bl 1121 Nic poles Bide. mac Bo OLIS 708 Builders Exchan CLEVELAND 706 Rose Bldg. MINNEAPC US, О. 808 1st ad" Bank k Bldg, ATLANTA,GA. 1524-25 Candler Bids. SAN FRANCISCO, 72 Fremont St. CANADIAN REPRESENTATIVES —The Dominion Radiator Co., Ltd. Toronte, Ont., Montreal, Que., Winnipeg, Man., Hamilton, Oat., St. John, М. B., Calgary, Alte. INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS March, 1922

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BUILDING MATERIAL (Terra Cotta) XXIII Atlantic Terra Cotta with Granite, Marble, Limestone HE use of Atlantic Terra Cotta for ornamental detail in connection with a plain facade of stone, is one of its most advantageous uses, and one that is not generally understood. The saving is invariably great. In the New York Municipal Building, McKim, Mead & White used conglomerate Atlantic Terra Cotta for the ceiling of the arch over Chambers Street and the chenaux of the main cornice, taking up with the granite of the main facade. In the State Educational Building, at Albany, Palmer, Hornbostel & Jones used matt cream glazed Atlantic Terra Cotta for column capitals, frieze panels, loggia ceiling and all ornamental detail, taking up with marble. In the Federal Reserve Bank at Dallas, Graham, Anderson, Probst & White used gray Atlantic Terra Cotta for the decorative cornices, taking up with limestone. The combination was entirely harmonious in each instance— granite, marble and limestone. Booklet on request. Atlantic Terra Cotta Company 350 Madison Avenue, New York ы Southern Factory: Atlanta Terra Cotta Company Atlanta, Georgia INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS March, 1922

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XXIV JOURNAL PUBLICATIONS TWO IMPORTANT PUBLICATIONS By BEN J. LUBSCHEZ, F. A. I. A. “OVER THE DRAWING BOARD" A complete guide for methods and materials, together with innumerable invaluable sug- gestions for the draughting room $2.00 - “PERSPECTIVE” The best work extant on the subject $2.00. THE PRESS OF THE AMERICAN ‘INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS, Inc. 313 East 23d Street New York City JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS March, 1922 INDUSTRIAL SECTION

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IN the big wall spaces of püblic buildings or on bungalow walls, the soft, sheenless tones. of Patton’s Velumina contri- БЕЙ a new artistic quality to interiors. PORE-PROOF! Gives walls an impervious coating — a paint film — without pores to absorb dirt; surface dirt easily washed . away. Washing takes the place of re-decorating each Write Patton-Pitcairn Division, Milwaukee for “Proof” Booklet “бр” PLL PRODUC [S (£26 КОЛУ Ж Ны |, d ТТЕҮТҮКЕКІКТҮТТЕҮГКГІКТІКҮККІККІТТІХТІТІТГІККТЕККІГТЕКІТІКГІГЕІКІГТІТІКІТКІГІКТЕТТІКТТЕТТІТКІТТЕКІКІТТТІТІТТЕТ PITTSBURGH PLATE GLASS CO. Complete stocks in all PLATE AND WINDOW GLASS MIRRORS PAINTS : VARNISHES BRUSHES anes “INSECTICIDES Principal Cities of the season. MILWAUKEE. WISCONSIN NEWARK, NEW JERSEY United States. — ---- ee ي‎ ee - ----- - —— ——— —— X » — ہے ے‎ a a OE e 2322. em et P din “> ج ی و‎ ee چہ = بس‎ ye AC) le

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A um deam ut ——— re —À OS 4 A— = مو‎ + وھمھے а EE‏ > سه امه ر ص , = "T‏ —MHÀ— .--.‏ ھت مہا س -2..- ر ھ ھا ے тез a a. ась - — es سے سا‎ — „аа tn. ee لا‎ "umi د‎ Dunn 2-22 ےوہ‎ D متس‎ Me a і \ | | ) ۲ . ! ) HEEL-PROOF! WATER-PROOF ! The Piano finish of floor varnishes, gives floors a superior elegance of high lights, and rich. shadow tones. Makes a real contribution to finest decorated IR 77% y d | interiors. Writefor. DA - GL LOK PONT: Tw, ' “Proof” Booklet. ` AA o] M арнар BSN Ed -Complete stocks in all PIATE Principal Cities of the ү, United States.

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ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT ХХУ ЖА Pet 26) == е” < T7 pee te - ux - ہت سس‎ یں یں‎ 22% а” ра E ХАМ м С qus a а с=з | NS ЕРЕС SS хе», ENA WITCH Tiny fingers can operate this switch ITH the new G-E Tumbler Switch, light may be turned on or off by the lightest touch. The lever may be operated—up or down —by a sweep of the elbow, when hands are full. This convenience explains why the G-E Tumbler Switch is replacing the push button type in hundreds of modern wiringinstallations. Refinement, convenience and dependability are all embodied in G-E Tumbler Switches. The General Electric Company will be pleased to send a sample of the G-E Tumbler Switch to any architect. Address Supply Dept., Schenectady, N. Y. G-E RELIABLE WIRING DEVICES can be furnished by any electrical contractor General General Office Sales Offices in Schenectady, NY. all large cities 41-143 INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS March, 1922

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XXVI La >”. i is à و БН де ЧН at TAD C. P. Kimball & Co. Building, Chicago, Ill. George C. Nimmons, Architect. Johns-Manville Asbestos Roofings are given highest ratings by Underwriters’ Laboratories, Inc. INDUSTRIAL SECTION [О ARCHITECTS we honestly have something to offer; not alone a roofing differing inherently from all others; not alone insulations and building specialties, which have features of special appeal; but a willingness and ability to serve you, that often may prove helpful in your consideration of any of the following materials: Johns-Manville Asbestos Built-U Asbestos Wood, Flexstone Asbes- Roofing, Asbestos Ready Roof- tosShinglesand Roll Roofing, Wall ing, Corrugated Asbestos Roofing, Insulations, Acoustical Correction, Standard and Colorblende Asbes- Pipe Insulations,SteamTraps, Radi- tos Shingles, Transite Corrugated ator Traps, Industrial Flooring, étc. JOHNS~MANVILLE Asbestos Roofing JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS ROOFING (Asbestos) March, 1922

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INDUSTRIAL SECTION VACUUM CLEANERS (Stationary) - "SPENCER" was specified —the perfected VACUUM CLEANING SYSTEM INC EE but the best was good enough for the Hotel Biltmore, New York, and the installation. of the SPENCER System may be taken as typical of the equipment that went into that nationally known institution. SPENCER System has won its place in the estimation of architects and en- gineers on its record, the entire system being designed on the scientific propor- tion of vacuum to volume, which re- mains uniform and therefore always operates with uniform efficiency. Your daily practice calls for full infor- mation on Vacuum Cleaning. To what address may we send our booklet? THE SPENCER TURBINE CO. HARTFORD CONNECTICUT JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS TA IE j * * * ща. سا‎ жы = Әя (20 Ее іші; і 7 ү me مت سے‎ а) بدا‎ за! 2 f 2-9; a im cu. vem POI denn о - renee EUR i -- The Hotel Biltmore, New York. Warren & Wetmore, Architects. SPENCER Central Vacuum Cleaning System installed. XXVII March, 1922

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XXVIII LUDOWICI--CELADON COMPANY Architects will find in our various patterns, textures and colors of VITREOUS SHALE ROOFING TILES something to harmonize with any design and color scheme 104 South Michigan Avenue Chicago, Illinois PE ЕЕ ИЕ ИИ НЕТИ ЕЕ ИИ ШЕ or ИЕШЕ‏ ا IE КЕШ ШШ ДЕШ ТШЕК ЕКИ ЖШ ТЕО AU SM adl s s ШЕК ARCU‏ و уд‏ ا INDUSTRIAL SECTIO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS‏ ROOFING (Tiles) March, 1922

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VALVES Sectional view, Fig. 106, Jen- kins Standard Brass Globe Valve. СА рэ 1%, ۰ , ^. 2. TRADE Ум. V JENKINS ^« | 2 ж” MARK м7 M ^ Pb. т | al ر7‎ 2۷ v2 át Р; Tf Fig. 106. The Jenkins “Dia- mond Mark" and signature are cast on the body of all Jenkins Valves and identify the genuine. . — ООА чазеб - INDUSTRIAL SECTION ` тсе. * д, XXIX Leakage around spindle is prevented, because as- bestos ring packing in stufing box is compressed by brass follower or gland. Opening is wide and unobstructed. Lock nut seat- ing itself tightly against bonnet makes a steam proof joint; and by unscrewing waste nut, valve can be repacked when under pressure and wide open. SUPERIORITY The superiority of Jenkins Valves is a matter of their design, construction, and manner of manufacture. Jenkins Valves just have to be good, they can’t be otherwise, for every pro- cess in their manufacture is one of studied method and exacting care that are put into constant practice. It is the very nature of Jenkins Valves to render the maximum valve serv- The fact that Jenkins L| SINCE 1864 E JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS Valves have become a gen- erally recognized standard of dependability and serv- ice is proof that they am- ply fulfill every purpose for. which they are made. You can specify Jenkins with confidence in their de- pendable and satisfactory performance under all con- ditions. JENKINS BROS. New York . Boston Philadelphia Chicago Montreal London FACTORIES: Bridgeport, Conn.; Elizabeth, N. J.; Montreai, Canada March, 1922

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XXX INDUSTRIAL SECTION «xc LLU MI B E F Southern Pine Lum- ber and Timbers Creosoted Lumber, Timbers, Posts, Poles, Ties, Piling, Wood Blocks California White Pine Sash and Doors Standardized Wood- work Gum and Oak. Lumber Oak Flooring A Name To Live Up То The Architect takes pride in attaching his name to the building plans he designs because he has put into them the best of his training, his skill and his experience. He is justly proud of his handiwork. The Long-Bell Lumber Company places its trade-marked name upon its lumber and lumber products because it is proud of them-—- because they represent nearly half a century of lumber experience and conscientious effort to improve. Both the architect and Long-Bell have a name to live up to. Serviceable, economical Southern Pine— our principal product—a superior all pur- pose building material, adaptable alike for sturdy framing and interior trim. The Іопс-Вегт. [umber Company R.A LONG BUILDING Lumbermen aco 1875 KANSAS CITY. мо, JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS LUMBER (Trade-Marked) March, 1922

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MARBLE (Architectural) . JOURNAL PUBLICATIONS XXXI STI WI To dn "M" ШЕШШЕТШ 111711777077 ИШЕ ПШ Albert Kelsey and Paul P. Cret, Associate Architects PAN AMERICAN BUILDING, WASHINGTON, О, С. ا li The place of holding the World's Disarmament Conference. This building is built of WHITE GEORGIA MARBLE THE GEORGIA MARBLE CO., Tate, Georgia я NEW YORK OFFICE: 1328 BROADWAY 4 = ol ool aoai ge e a Ull Ц A all lt, Ul Ие [7717/2 7 up MU Meque nl Aio His, po cue, ИЕШЕ ЕШШ ШШШ Mull ll p lr Pup Ps rp, t dre Mal ll, o u, e, | INA A Handbook of Architectural Practice For Architects and: Their Clients HIS is the most important work ever published in relation to the whole problem of conducting an architectural practice. The conception of the late Frank Miles Day, completed by his associates after his death. ` The Handbook represents a continued effort extending over five years and embracing an examination and study of the systems in use in the best offices in the United States, together with the documents of the American Institute of Architects. 7 The first edition is limited and is nearly exhausted; the right is reserved to advance the price for subsequent editions. $5.00. INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS March, 1922

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XXXII Just Turn the Faucet INDUSTRIAL SECTION WATER HEATERS (Gas) ! Hot W aler Like Magic مھ « [i 7 қ 7 247. اکر ریا‎ ЖҰ? چر‎ > Y 487 js Е. РЯ. RE 1- >. Ж7 72-2 i % “ТЕ Ea ( 7 iN eS 243 d % LI ЁЗ 33 E See That the Contract Calls for Humphrey When you write it down, "Humphrey" in your specifica- tions, be certain that the contractor installs Humphrey hot water service. There is no substitute comparable. Your client is entitled to your supervision of this detail, because it is important that he. get the cheap, abundant hot water which the Humphrey supplies at all times. Refer to Sweet's Catalog, pages 1333-25, for full infor- mation, or use the services of our engineers. HUMPHREY COMPANY Div. Ruud Mfg. Co. Kalamazoo, Michigan AUTOMATIC GAS WATER HEATER JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS March, 1922

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SHINGLES (Stained) WOODWORK (Architectural) Archt. Francis А. Nelson, New York City, used 18-in. "CREO-DIPT " Stained Shingles on roof with 24-in. Irregular Butts on Dixie white side ; walls for A.S. Mar- | sellles, Upper Montclair, N. J. 4! ^N NS س22 Bus і \ 03 + ^ , i | es "— 7 ھا‎ ass s A پ۸‎ ә 2 pe -— . I — سے‎ [LER tà: ү ES т {а ' BH 4 8 бә, 9" Ж مہ‎ . Бе >۰ ڪڪ‎ À — کس‎ = | a7 | уа 2 * e [N recommending “CREO-DIPT” Stained Shing- les for side walls and roofs, the architect ren- ders his client a service that will be even more appreciated a few years hence than today. * CREO-DIPT" Stained Shingles combine adaptability to varied detail and true artistry either in plain or variegated color effects with distinctive qualities of permanence and economy. The open market does not afford such quality in shingles or stains. Send today for Portfolio of Fifty Large Photographs of Homes by Prominent Architects as well as color samples. Ask about 24-in. Dixie White Side Walls for the true Colonial White effect. CREO-DIPT COMPANY, Inc. 1075 Oliver St., North Tonawanda, N. Y. Sales Offices in Principal Cities. Many Lumber 66 Dealers carry standard colors in stock. CREO-DIPT Stained Shingles ج‎ INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS FURNITURE (Laboratory) XXXIII C. A. CARLISLE RESIDENCE |» SOUTH BEND, IND. Hiss & Weekes Architects MATTHEWS BROTHERS MANUFACTURING COMPANY ARCHITECTURAL WOODWORK Established 1867 52 VANDERBILT AVE., NEW YORK MILWAUKEE, WISCONSIN Wall Desk No. 1423 Architects often express their ap- preciation of what we have done to assist them in the in- telligent plan- ning of the lab- oratory. 20000 For your next building, may we similarly co-operate with you? Address all inquiries to the factory at Kewaunee. LABORATORY FURNITURE EXPERTS 124 LINCOLN ST., KEWAUNEE, WIS. New York Office, 70 Fifth Avenue Branch Offices: MINNEAPOLIS KANSAS ch Y LITTLE ROCK SPOKANE COLUMBUS OMAHA JACKSON, MISS. GREENSBORO, М. C. CHICAGO HOUSTON DENVER РНСЕМІХ SAN FRANCISCO OKLAHOMA CITY BATON ROUGE, LA. TORONTO, CANACA St March, 1922

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XXXIV BUILDING MATERIAL (Common Brick) Economical Construction A Department of Practical Information ` 2nd YEAR MARCH 1922 Edited by William Carver, Architect Requirements for Party Walls Litigation and trouble avoided by selection of the mostappropriate type of construction A party wall is a separating ‘wall between two buildings with different owners and oc- cupants. The party line gen- erally occurs at its center. In many places an adjoining owner can legally trespass up- on his neighbor's property and | center the wall on the party line, one-half the cost of this wall being recoverable from the neighbor when the latter erects his building. Each adjoining owner is clearly entitled to a wall of such character that it can be used for the requirements of con- , struction of the building last ` erected, and also for the alter- ations to the buildings on either side, should a change of owners or occupants, in- crease of business or enlarge- ment of the building make it necessary to cut out portions of the wall for the introduc- tion of joists, beams, etc., to bond new chimneys or walls in- to itor to make other changes. Each owner has the clear right to a party wall of materi- al which can be cut out at any INDUSTRIAL SECTION desired height and at any de- sired interval and to no greater depth than required, into which new masonry can easily be bonded; and which, when cut into, will form a solid bear- ing surface for new structural members. In addition, it must have the very highest degree of fire resistiveness. For these and other reasons, the state laws of Pennsylvania have, since 1855, provided that no other materials than brick or stone in solid construction may be used for party walls. Brickwork 1s, in fact, the only form of construction which fully meets the foregoing requirements. If the party wall is of other than brick construction, one owner will be deprived of his rights and may be put to con- siderable expense and lose val- uable space asa result of having to build another wall; the other will lose his rebate of one-half the cost of the party wall originally built. The solid brick party wall ensures’ the client against fu- ture trouble and loss. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS Is This Book in Your Office Library? “Brick, How to Build and Esti- таге,”” the brick construction manual of this association, is used in architéc- tural and construction classes in » following State universities: Cali tola Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Maryland Nebraska, North Dakota and Ohio; Harvard University, University of the City of New York, and many other educational institutions. Among А subjects covered аге: The Ideal wall, properties of brick and brickwork, selection and preparation of mo bonds and joints, table of height fof brickwork by courses laid flat and оп edge, etc. The 25 cents charge for this 72-page manual is purely nominal. If the local brick manufacturer cannot supply you, write The Common Brick Industry of America, 1327 Schofield Building, Cleveland, Ohio. For data on Ideal wall and other information on brick, see Swedt’s Catalog, 1921, pages 107-114. arch, 1922

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SS SS = tM gu ыс сс pununa —— к= === уу? = ——À LS е ےس‎ а ОХОО ООО оу е: себ с NTN TS — = جس‎ — Е = {ЕУ {Тае

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XXXVI WINDOWS (Casement) | HARDWARE i 1 Jn! وو جم‎ eros ТТИ Е tbe bem aps Wi gos 777 . | | : CR "E = f a | a Hoffman Casements | Dickhof A p ar- | em M ہے‎ | 2 | are top supported folding case- § E menis, Lone Beach. | ۱ y | ment windows with ample clear- Calif. ance for expansion, thus auto- matically adapting themselves to weather changes without binding; not hinged to either jamb, cleaned from within and weather tight. и Н. А. Anderson, И Archt. Los Angeles ажар ЖГ. ж ШЕКЕ 0 e ИЕП dist de d ШЕ They are suitable for апу type building, especially those where it may be of advantage to em- phasize convenience for renting or selling purposes. ЕГЕТЕ as psp 7 Boa star ai" d ШИШ NEL Andrew Hoffman M Ғе Со. Hoffman Casement Window‏ | کے ےت ЕС l l de-‏ a end information 907 STEGER BUILDING‏ Бағаны | | СНІСАСО‏ owl ope s gne eno apr t "ارا الال‎ qur quic qe spur am ad usd ШШ لل‎ am [an qe qub ef qune ۸س١‎ aue m کر‎ poti qur prs ШІН ПЕШ ЕЙ qu bein. Pip sep bebe a o que pro TEE ATT AE pn p m o j, il | | 1 Mala gule dlie 1 | ; | x Hotel Gleveland | From the Cleveland “Plain Dealer," December 22, 1918: This: is Sad News for the Door Banger 1000 ROOMS AND 1OOU м іт Glebeland Dec. 13th, 1920, “Such a thing as a slam- ming door will be unknown in Hotel Cleveland. All the hinges, every last one -of them, is what 1s known as a friction hinge, adjustable | easily and under such auto- The Oscar С. Rixson CO. | matic control that a door Sig just naturally stays where‏ 4ہ Mos it is put when it is opened. It is one of the refinements of comfort that the builders Confirming conversation had with have adopted to make the Hotel Cleveland a eranc tive institution. xt AUDITING DEPARTMENT Gentlemen: your Mr. Edwards regarding your friction hinges on the room doors, which have servidor equipment . on them, throughout the hotel, I wish to Bay that f 1425 Pairs of Rixson Friction Hinges they have proven entirely satisfactory to the | were furnished for this hotel. Manegernent and myself, end one would wonder why any first-class hotel, wishing to be equipped with This hinge when used for doors ОГ in- the best possible feature would be without them, swinging hinged windows holds the door I have particularly noticed that the or window in any: position and prevents | friction hinges entirely eliminate the slarming slamming. of doors, this feature alone means a.great saving on the wear of the doors and building. THE OSCAR C RIXSON CO. 00 | 4450 CARROLL AVENUE THE HOTZL CLZVELAND CO., | CHICAGO, ILL. CEW/M e < Ж Chief Engineer. NEW YORK OFFICE: 101 Park Ave., New York INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS March, 1922.

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FIREPLACE EQUIPMENT BUILDING MATERIAL (Terra Cotta) — — WIRE GLASS XXXVII Wa Tf tup app "берн d ч ptm 1 The Winkle Terra Cotta Company ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI ll ay! MANUFACTURERS OF Architectural Terra Cotta % In АП Colors and Finishes 7 . La cH pos Hle 0 rper dno qid P sl P heap 1h با‎ МИГ h yos dH i рь > FOR ү | | | h | EVERYTHING 58 FIREPLACE H: = 11 : a ІІ 2 ШІ = Мани ен кн | ж, ІК Ji = о pe қ E یں ہی‎ In [| 1 Е ھ.‎ 5 jl ВНЕ | GRATES i in | SCREENS "n SED: | B FIRESETS ІН | FENDERS E HOODS | SPECIAL B TO ORDER | | IF DESIRED a conie z Design No. 409 Reed & Stem and Warren & Welmore, Architects E ALSO THE GRAND CENTRAL TERMINAL p c орев NEW YORK CITY B which provides for EXPANSION and CONTRACTION VR Be ae. E in itself. A MAGNIFICENT PANEL OF | ELEVEN SIZES—Four Styles of Operating Meets all POLISHED WIRE GLASS = Conditions, — | M |. B Insures proper construction at the vital part of the | D és 2 x Mississippi Wire Glass Co. : E | мы 5 سوہ مو و‎ ; УА مل تا‎ Croisic Bldg., NEW YORK | B See Sweets Catalog and American Architect Specifica- M7. CHICAGO 4 B ton Manual. = SEND FOR BLUE PRINT. | ` COLONIAL FIREPLACE COMPANY l 4625 Roosevelt Road, Chicago. . INDUSTRIAL SECTION ` JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS ۱ March, 1922 4 ہس ہے "ы‏

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XXXVIII LIGHTING SERVICE FILTERS METAL PRODUCTS Loomis-MANNING FILTERS All Set—Let’s Go FRINK New Offices at Your Service | Some architects who have used them: Mr. Grosvenor Atterbury Messrs. Carrere & Hastings | Messrs. Delano and Aldrich Mr. Cass Gilbert Mr. C. P. H. Gilbert | Messrs. McKim, Mead & White 1 Mr. Howard Shaw 0 Messrs. Trowbridge & Livingston Mr. Horace Trumbauer Messrs. Walker & Weeks Sixty-four years of Frink experience in solving special lighting problems is made even more immediately available to you by the opening of our new offices in principal centers. All of our managers are well qualified, by years of experience in handling Frink Reflectors and Lighting Specialties, to give reliable informa- tion and advice on special lighting effects of every kind for Loomis-Manning Filter Distributing Co. 1437 South 37th Street, Philadelphia, Pa. Banks Stores Art Galleries Established 1880 Churches Schools Residences Theatres Hospitals Public Buildings Call, Phone or Write Chicago, Ill. San Francisco, Calif. Monadnock Bldg., 77 O'Farrell Street, Telephone Harrison 1977 Telephone Sutter 5333 Mr. Frank Getchell, Mr. Herbert C. Storm, Manager. Manager. Cleveland, O. Philadelphia, Pa. 336 The Arcade, Franklin Trust Bldg., Telephone Main 7808 Mr. C. E. Fairbanks, Mr. Frank Reske, Manager. Manager. casement Cincinnati, O. Boston, Mass. 17 Greenwood Bldg., 161 Summer Street, windows— Telephone Canal 2640 ‘Telephone Beach 7427 Mr. R. M. Booth, Mr. Daniel Fitts and Manager. Mr. Harold Morse, Managers. You can count оп “prompt and personal atten- tion to your requirements. LP FRINK, Inc. 24th Street and 10th Avenue, New York (See A. I. A. File 27с2) The ideal control for out swung casement windows—no gears—no ratchets—no keys —no rattle. Just lift handle, open window as far as you wish, drop handle and window SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. CHICAGO, ILL. CINCINNATI, OHIO is securely locked. Works equally well above 77 O'FARRELL ST. MONADNOCK BLD'G 17 GREENWOOD 6 or below the stool. SEATTLE, WASH. LOUISVILLE, KY. PHILADELPHIA, PA ` m 609 SEABOARD BLD'G 415 W. MAIN ST. FRANKLIN TRUST 6 If you have not received your copy of The Manual of CLEVELAND, OHIO DETROIT, MICH. BOSTON, MASS. Casement Hardware Detail, a post card will bring it. 336 THE ARCADE 325 STATE ST 161 SUMMER $T MONARCH METAL PRODUCTS COMPANY 4940 Penrose Street, St. Louis, Mo. ШІ INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS March, 1922

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WINDOWS (Casement) _ DOORS. (Metallic) 22 WEATHERSTRIPS (Metal) XXXIX ON 2 М | Safety With | A Economy CHAMBERLIN It is not necessary to deprive your clients of M ETA L WEAT HER STR | PS fire-safe doors because INCE 718 of expense. Nor is it essential that you make a large outlay where Ls h шеп doors are required | Оп Моге Than y law. | | e In buildings the coun- ] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 W d try over architects are 9 9 In OW 8 securing absolute safe- ty with economy by using 2 %> > oo n» 11111111111 یی کا жалы‏ 01 ۱ aM 0 ہین‎ Eighty-five per cent of all weather-stripped buildings are Chamberlin equipped. Y DOORS p Only reasons of very practical force could AN D K FIRE PROOF STANDARDIZE account for such a decisive preference. Р D RO TOC . . ӘНІНЕ аке 70 One of the most important factors, archi- Chesley Doors are made without rivets tects and builders tell جورم‎ the cP ertness bolts or open joints. Moldings are an of installation by service staffs specialized integral part of the door. Readily for years in the work. .- painted or.grained. And—they cost 2 . | تر‎ | only slightly more than wood doors, With the admitted superiority in design and 50% to 100% less than hollow metal doors. = and efficiency of Chamberlin Metal Weather | ۱ | Strips, this highly organized service has See Sweet's and write | resulted in uniform satisfaction wherever А. C. CHESLEY СО., Ікс., | Chamberlin is used. 9704 East 133rd St., New York. .. And architects do not altogether overlook the fact that their patrons will recognize in the use of Chamberlin strips, an index of ` the high quality of material and supplies throughout the building. Observation covering 28 years of Cham- berlin Metal Weather Strip in service has revealed such lasting quality that today we ЖАТ) T 7 guarantee, without reservations, that the ett # d CERA = installation will give satisfaction as long as — - yon ` -- the building stands. TT We will gladly furnish estimates without cost or obligation. | ET HHR i | | = 1 i ti 2% ا‎ Some Nationally Known Users of NI Chamberlin Metal Weather Strip | Thomas A. Edison W. K. Vanderbilt Elihu Root Chas. M. Schwab J. P. Morgan, Jr. Charles Scribner Wm. Jennings Bryan Joseph Pulitzer Wm. G. Rockefeller F. A. Vanderlip Meo سیت‎ ылы; NS Harry Payne Whitney Thos. Е. Ryan | [COLONIAL TYRES | Elbert H. Gary n R. McLean Louis Tiffany on. Robt. Bacon AS: INTERNATIONAL ЖА Cornelius Vanderbilt Henry W. Taft QS Charles Dana Gibson Truman H. Newberry RN E C A S E M E N T S ANS F. A. Wickersham E. C. Swift c D Longworth Меп “шпон X JAMESTOWN. NEW YORK XN وھ‎ ardinal Farley ӨО» ) ч Reed Smoot Wm. K. Vanderbilt, Sr. К 4 SALES OFFICES * LY, وس پا ا‎ шп E امن‎ yron Т. Herric egina anderbilt NEW YORK CITY: JOZ Ub Avenue W. G. McAdoo Henry Ford BOSTON MAS: 49 ° Sederal Sheet | | BEN Ст LOUIS. Mo: Ch еж ical Ош رم‎ t Sales ánd Service Branches in 26 Cities CHICAGO. ILL: 2? Vig Оу f Chamberlin Metal Weather Strip Co. SAN FRANCISCO. CAL: ears га! ng | Detroit, Mich. AGENTS ІМ PRINCIPAL CITIES +‏ + a t)‏ ےس ےس ےس ےس ے سے سے سے سر ے سے سر Pg uma‏ INDUSTRIAL SECTION | JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS March, 1922

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| LIGHTING FIXTURES ра c کو کیا کہ ئیئگجی جات ^ б.г 9) دق ہیدف می ند و وی be д A‏ ہت An Attractive Display Of Lighting Fixtures in all Periods for the Home, Hotel, Theatre, Bank, or Public Building, may be seen at- our | Galleries (АУ) 9 (ФА >) а SE‏ اص ہت P ira و 2 еле SSE (fe^ QE (f و Ge 9) «ға wah =i) We Invite Architects and Owners to avail themselves of our service and visit our work- shops where special lighting effects for all purposes are daily 1n the process of manu- facture Victor S. Pearlman & Co. буй of exclusive lighting fixtures 533-535 South Wabash Avenue Chicago, Il. 5 d C | EX اکنا‎ INDUSTRIAL SECTION SSE ESE AEE OSE TSA] JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS ROOFING (Slate) - MAIL CHUTES Tudor Stone Residence of Mrs. Leland H. Ross at Madison, N. J. Behr & Smith, Associate Architects Rising - & ° Nelson - Slate - Co. WEST PAWLET, VERMONT Architects’ * Hervice ° Department 101 Park Avenue, New York Boston Philadelphia Chicago CUTLER; MAIL CHUTES ARE MADE AND IN- STALLED ONLY BY THE CUTLER MAIL CHUTE CO. OFFICES AND FACTORY ROCHESTER, N. Y. CIRCULARS ON REQUEST March, 1922

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CONCRETE HARDENER SCT RLM Т” Ө LLLA O OT е LAPIDO|ITH TRADE MARK ٥'7 AMMO ۷۷۷ HN Ends Your Troubles Resulting From Dusting And Wearing Of Your Concrete Floors the liquid chemical hardener has made over 200,000,000 square feet of old and new concrete floors dust-free and waterproof. 4 4 07 ШШШ 70 20ھ et A «== < е, с ме т e zB - e < iV =, Qu 5 (0 نے‎ e -g 5 о Uo Ф о) =ч Ф С” LA 7 OQ ہہ‎ £e =ч 1 4. کے ۔‎ N ہچ‎ — 2 Є; р gen 7 = C... QA YD CRE) اعت Wheels and heels will grind up the topping, and pitting amd cracking will follow. Lapidolith will make the floors wearproof by its chemical action. | ШТ ШШШ ЇЇ e UAI DA ANC Биш 7اس piore. “e КОТ 7 Е «лы, |, Just specify that Lapidolith is to be flushed on your clients’ floors and insure them against OTHER SONNEBORN PRODUCTS. 4 | | 1g repairs and replacement bills. TT ^^ ОООО | AEO amna RIT 7779ھ‎ ITAA A SDN UM PR ШШ ШШ OTRO Hydrocide—A black tacky material l | п 7 ннен For twelve years Lapidolith has been walls. No furring or lathing neces- | the accepted standard by architects, en- sary. Binds perfectly with plaster. gineers, and owners of factories. Hydrocide Integral—To be mixed with the cement for waterproofing | Write to ‘Technical Department for dgainst water-pressure. | specification forms, sample and details.‏ ماش owaer ٠‏ —LA liqui hemical which hastens the set of concrete and mor- | Le SONNEBORN SONS, Inc. tar. Saves hme- provenis Neen’ | Dept: 21: 264 Pearl St. New York ШІШТШІІШІШІШІТТІПШНПІІШПІ ا۶۸۶۷ ۱ا۱۱ لی ШІЛ ШШШ ИШПИ | NTN cc MET SETAE A | 8 10500088 ERANT SONNEBORN) | suu ررش ٹڈ‎ T аа ЇЇ LA Nem AAT‏ ئا

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00000۸۷۱ ШИЙ ITE ГТ‏ ےی уге‏ زا سے توم NE BC‏ تچب TEE тиран‏ ہہ ہے eee.‏ سک 2 MN DUE WE. MEE‏ ہار > ^d 3 еш - DE n Pis ? EIS Ps NUM а^ - t9 b = N " Ф = -éa diae Сы ae 4 2 m سس‎ 4 1 ` 7 È ы Pea Ьл! 2 - sis Г رب‎ . 2 А ۳ М ا‎ LT. ' 1 ы. * è aa 2M Е | эт; ٠٠ ar КҖ : 1 _ 4 A e ہی‎ гга; ` " v « ۳ . ۹ - : « 7 А > " bh جو‎ Em". ٦ vii. е ыл е < Pa Сыз ым. LOM тапсы dde) PK با‎ ۳ ' a 44 e d - 1 DO t ۹ - uL E m Е / % 4 Е ~ - алеі лақ A Supervising Architecl, Washington, D. C. ‘Birmingham Р. O., Birmingham, Ala. Interior marble furnished by ALABAMA MARBLE CO. ALABAMA MARBLE CO. Sole producers and manufacturers of the standard grades of ALABAMA STATUARY ALABAMA VEINED GRADE A ALABAMA STATUARY MOSAIC ALABAMA SELECTED A ALABAMA POCAHONTAS ALABAMA MIXED MOSAIC ALABAMA GRADE A ALABAMA ITALIAN ALABAMA TERRAZZO The best possible and the most satisfactory service in Interior Marble can be obtained by dealing directly with the Manufacturing Producer. The Reasons Why 1. He has more marble to select from. 2. He can take the necessary waste at a minimum of expense. 3. He can not evade his own responsibility. 4. His living depends on your satisfaction with work done for you in his marble. 5. He has a pride in his material which insures his best effort on every job. 6. Having the largest stock to draw from, he can make the promptest deliveries. 7. His prices are the most reasonable. | Reason No. 6 for dealing with the Manufacturing Producer Having the largest stock to draw from, he can make the promptest deliveries. ^ This hardly needs elaboration—tt is self evident. But the same pride and’ self interest that lead him to do dé Des ^ job he can, impel him also to render the best service possible. It secures him Other jobs, besides gratifying his pride. ii his legitimate vanity. Our men are specially trained to use our marbles so as to eut the bese job possible by selecting from the large Ж possible stock, not to finish the job from the smallest volume of blocks. کے‎ | T. t \ » We carry a large stock to permit of accurate selection and grading. A | OMNES ae ا‎ 7” ALABAMA MARBLE COMPANY | MAIN OFFICE, QUARRIES, AND FINISHING. PLANT GANTT'S QUARRY, ALABAMA = = 0 mmm 28ھ000‎ by Googl 21‏ ماوق ۳۳ а Уа E

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| 1 | JOURNAL IHE AMERICAN. INSTITUTE OF . ARCHITECTS The Architect and the Landscape Architect in City Planning THOMAS ADAMS ` The Complicated Question of Architects’ Fees | By the SECRETARY Four Wood Cuts J. J. LANKES Some Remarkable Aerial Photographs Illustrating the Building of Manhattan Obsolescence in Office Buildings To a Certain Contemptuous Architect CHARLES HARRIS WHITAKER Restoring the Fine Arts Building—Chicago The Knickerbocker Theater Disaster REPORT OF WASHINGTON CHAPTER APRIL 1022 ee е > жтт ےہ — ہے‎ een eee шыш с

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- ELEVATORS € 7 эшк Loa ee ОЛ eee ee ee ےا‎ oe ни. | | | | 27, ТЕГ” OTI For mote Tama half century OTIS ELEVATOR COMPANY fices imall prumeipaleities of the world. К; 29 TN) % 4 à O N А نا‎ ا‎ A 8 | 479? iil 1 ІШ A rfr аа Т ملا‎ | | ШАШ 5 =a ІШІ V2 44 ٠ ШІ ШІ m | | Т e. | | à EE OIX Ш ың жы” SX CE WC. —— یو‎ ыж X IUE хш уш "Ла. X ee € ae > — X No

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E‏ الہ وی جو نی بد کیا وک ЖАҒА a‏ )7 тұт”. 4‏ /- 7 Otis Н. Cutler Residence, Suffern, М. Y., Alfred Busselle Architect. | INDUSTRIAL SECTION twenty years of construction work for architects, many oppor? tunities have come to us to express our attitude toward the specifier. And with this result: : That nowadays it is not alone that our materials are highly ге” garded or that our experience is wide and varied| but also that throughout the profession we are spoken. of as responsible people. Johns-Manville Asbestos-Built-Up Roofing, Asbestos Ready Roofing, Cor- rugated Asbestos Roofing, Standard and Colorblende Asbestos Shingles, Tran- site Corrugated Asbestos Wood, Flex- stone Asbestos Shingles and Roll Roof- ing, Wall Insulations, Acoustical Cor- rection, Pipe Insulations, Steam Traps, Radiator Traps, Industrial Flooring, etc. III OHNS-MANVILLE Asbestos Roofing JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS April, 1922

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IV C7120 VITROWARE CLINIC SLOP SINK AND CLEANSING JET С 5450 VITROWARE С 5660 PORCELAIN SURGEON'S LAVATORY SURGEON’S WASHUP SINK Practically unlimited facilities for the construction of plumbing fixtures in all the recent designs for the most exact- ing hospital requirements make CRANE in. PLUMBING FIXTURES C 7180 VITROWARE COMBINATION CLOSET AND BED PAN CLEANSER Hospital Sanitation Equipment 1855 C 6400 PORCELAIN MASSAGE OR SHAMPOO TABLE INDUSTRIAL SECTION a product of first quality that can easily be selected from more than one hundred branches, offices and show rooms in the leading cities throughout the country. CRANE CO. 836 South Michigan Avenue, Chicago Works—Chicago and Bridgeport We are manufacturers of about 20,000 articles, including valves, pipe fittings and steam special- ties, made of brass, iron, ferro- steel, cast steel and forged steel, in all sizes, for all pressures and all purposes, and are distribu- tors through the trade, of pipe, heating and plumbing materials. С 5470 VITROWARE С 5800 PORCELAIN SURGEON'S LAVATORY INFANT’S BATH WITH TANK C5640 PORCELAIN С 5620 PORCELAIN WASHUP SINK DOUBLE BOWL LAVATORY JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS С 5850 PORCELAIN EMERGENCY BATH 1922

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OWN JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS Volume X ` APRIL, 1922 Number 4 CONTENTS PAGE ROUEN— Louis C. Rosenberg . . . . . . و ےی . ےپ‎ . . . . . Frontispiece SHADOWS AND STRAWS . . . . و‎ . . . . . . . . . . . . С. Н. Ж. 99 ARCHITECTS AND LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS AS TOWN PLANNERS. . . . . . Thomas Adams 101 То A CERTAIN CONTEMPTUOUS ARCHITECT . . . . . . . . . . . . С. Н. Ж. 103 OBSOLESCENCE IN BUILDINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 EXHIBITIONS AND SCHOLARSHIPS. . . تو .0 .0 .0 .0 وی‎ s. s. s. s. s. . 2.2. 106 Four Woop CuTs—J. J. Lankes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 RESTORING THE FINE ARTS BUILDING—CHICAGO . . . . . . وھ و‎ . . П THE BUILDING OF MANHATTAN. . . . مو و‎ . . . . . Frederick L. Ackerman 114 THE First TENEMENT House ComMpETITION—New York City . . . . ^. . . . . . 120 AROUND THE SECRETARY'S TABLE . . . . . . . «© «© . . . . The Secretary 121 SKILLED MECHANICS IN THE BUILDING TRADES . 0. و‎ 5. 5 e o — .Виғ L. Fenner 124 COMMUNITY PLANNING AND HOUSING . . . . . . . . . . . Clarence S. Stein 126 THE KNICKERBOCKER THEATRE DisaSTER—Report of Washington Chapter . . . . . . . 129 LETTERS TO THE EDITOR. . . و و‎ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 From Our BOOKSHELF . . . . . . . . 0 . . s. s. سك‎ . . . e 133 News Nors . . . . . . . ےو‎ .4 2 24 .4 2 1833 OBITUARIES. © 4 22252: & 5 & 0X 52% a 4. 134 STRUCTURAL SERVICE DEPARTMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Published Monthly by THE PRESS OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS, INC. PRESIDENT, Thomas R. Kimball, Omaha; VICE-PRESIDENT, М. Max Dunning, Chicago; SECRETARY, William Stanley Parker, Boston; TREASURER, Ben J. Lubschez, New York City; DinRECTORS, Herbert B. Briggs (Briggs & Nelson), Cleveland, D. Everett Waid, New York City, M. B. Medary, Jr. (Zantzinger, Borie & Medary), Philadelphia; George C. Nimmons (George C. Nimmons & Co.), Chicago; Stephen Francis Voorhees (McKenzie, Voorhees & Gmelin), New York City. -HARLES HARRIS WHITAKER, Editor 313 East 23d Street, New York, N. Y. Publication Office, 305 Washington Street, Brooklyn, New York 50 CENTS A COPY. $5 PER YEAR. (Foreign, $6) Checks or P. O. orders should be made payable to The Press of the American Institute of Architects, Inc. Copyright, January 1922, by the Press of the American Institute of Architects, Inc. Entered as second-class matter, at the Post Office at Brooklyn, N. Y., under Act of Congress of August 24, 1912. Formerly entered at Washington, D. C. Acceptance for mailing at special rate of postage provided for in section 1103, Act of October 3, 1917, authorized by the Third Assistant Postmaster General.

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VI ۱ BUILDING MATERIAL (Terra Cotta) қ ANni Snn W ĶŅ þL į igfŢs S iisi КККК КККК КККК ККК КККК ККЕ Aans 9 “ SS dal А?” Ё ۸ Y %- A ” Ж 2, f A ۹ r , Л 4 2 ; Ж it ТАМ. o^ san variant n DE di: BUR ы а d را ا‎ ж mni м сй سیت‎ A FO AY ~ os , سے‎ 4 di E Ел» 25, АЕ لے‎ 22 BERT SERIEM a E aec 704 mi ES at پک‎ : — - نے = => АС‏ اہ این یت SSSSNNSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSNSSSSSNNS CNL LLL ҚҚҚ ЗУУ {ҚҚҚ 7 @ 2 g 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 > 1 2 Й 7 7 Z 2 @ 1 1 2 2 Й 2 1 1 1 2 }- Й @ s Й % ایر‎ эе f 1% 9: 1 2 527 4 Й 2 m 2 2 224 % 1 р g Г - / 2 get 2 1 aM Й 2 HE 2 2 Uk ) 2 ИД 2% 2 Й 1 1 Й Й Й 1 Й a % a 2 @ g 7 / 2 % 1 Z f Z > 2 Й Й 2 A Кеш ہے‎ 2 KENWOOD National Bank at 47th Street and Gr and NORTHWESTERN Boulevard, Chicago, Illinois; Henry L. Newhouse and hort f f Й Е. М. Bernham, Architects, is a short form o Z specification for archi- 1 2 Entire facade is of "Northwestern" matt glazed, light pink tectural Terr a Cotta 7 mottled terra cotta, with gold letters for name panel. Note, | of superior quality. / particularly, the perfect alignment of columns and pilasters f Z and the architectural and mechanical excellence of the Й 2 terra cotta throughout. 2 d % 2 Whenever absolute dependability is required, wherever fine Й design and skillful workmanship аге essential, “Northwestern” / quality and service will be found pre-eminent. 7 | % 2 ۱ қ 2 7 | 2 2 | | 2 _ THE NORTHWESTERN TERRA Cotta Со. | 7 2 7 s e A Й g 2 / CHICAGO / 1 2 Й SESS 3 INDUSTRIAL SECTION ; JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS ` April, 1922

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BOILERS Facts: Test the stack gases comine from a Kewanee Boiler and you'll find them many degrees cooler than the gases from other boilers. That means that the heat the boiler manufactures is ab- sorbed by the water in the boiler and is not wasted up the stack. We © have copies of interesting tests which prove this. KEWANEE DeILER COMPANY KEWANEE, ILLINOIS Steel Heating Boilers, Radiators, Tanks, Water Heating Garbage Burners BRANCHES: CHICAGO Market and Washington Sts MILWAUKEE Mer. & Mfrs. Bank Bldg. NEW YORK 47 W. 42nd St. PITTSBURGH 945 Oliver Bldg. DES MOINES 315 Hubbell Bldg. DENVER 514 Boston Bldg. KANSAS CITY 2014 Wyandotte St. DALLAS Southwestern Life Bid INDIANAPOLIS 509 Occidental Bldg, DETROIT 1772 Lafayette Boul, ST. LOU 1212 Chemical Bldg. 1121 Nicholas Bldg. MINNEAPOLIS 708 аа Exchange CLEVELAND 706 Rose Bidg. COLUMBUS, О. 808 1st Natl. Bank Bldg. ATLANTA,GA. 1524-25 Candler Bldg. SALT LAKE CITY Scott Bldg. SAN FRANCISCO 72 Fremont St, CANADIAN REPRESENT ATIVES —The Dominion Radiator Co., Ltd. Toronto, Ont., Montreal, Que., Winnipeg, Man., Hamilton, Ont.. St. John, N. B., Calgary, Alta. VII KEWANEE INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS April, 1024

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ҮШІ BOILERS AND RADIATORS -SMITH BOILERS For Burning All Fuels—such as Anthracite Coal Bituminous Coal Coke Lignites Boilers for Low Pressure Steam and Hot Water Heating and Hot Water Supply = y BOILERS =ч. h “2 = H А‏ ےا {шәл оша 2 Mills Water Tube‏ | Кеа рМ)‏ Ева مس‎ With Smokeless Furnace | SMiTH 1With Grate Reduced With Grate Full Size H-B and Menlo Smith Service Boiler اور ریت( نت تد بس No.. 60 Smith RADIATORS DIRECTS Single Column Two Column Three Column Five Column Window No. 60 Smith and Wall | Grate Reduced سس اض ~ jji c e а LU j i 8 ۹ 1 y ot v > کے‎ Y THE H. B. SMITH CO. Manufacturers of Boilers and Radiators NEW YORK, N. Y. PHILADELPHIA, PA. WESTFIELD, MASS. BOSTON 10 East 39th St. 17th and Arch Sts. 57 Main St. 640 Main St., Cambridge, Mass. INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS April, 1922

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۱۷۳۷۷۲۷۳ ۷۰ оге Жз B a ` жа BE ШАЛ FR ере! | ! 4 И 1 К | 2 ee a ja ROUEN Louis C. Rosemberg

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JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS Vol. X APRIL, 1922 No. 4 Shadows and Straws O MORE deserving tribute has ever been paid to an architect than that which Mr. Walter Stabler, Comptroller of the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company bestowed upon Mr. Andrew J. Thomas, when, speaking recently at a meeting of the Woman’s Municipal League in reference to the hous- ing situation, he said: “What are we going to do to relieve that terrible situa- tion? The only thing that can be done, in my opinion, is to build new houses where the ground is cheaper, and build them on the plan that Mr. Ackerman has so inter- estingly shown us. Don’t aim to cover the full percentage of the ground permitted by the present tenement house law, but, as we express it, ‘throw away some of the ground,’ throw it away for two reasons: first, because of the good that will come to the people who will live in those houses,— they will have more room, more sunlight, more ventilation, they will be better off in every respect than they would be in the old houses; and second, in the interest of the investors in these houses, and those who lend money on such houses. My practice in examining plans for new tenement houses is to insist upon it that some of the ground be thrown away, that we put less building on the lot, for the reason that as time goes on and pressure for housing is diminished, those houses that are best planned, those that have the best light and ventilation, are the houses that will always hold their tenants—possibly even at the expense of those houses that are more badly planned. “Mr. Ackerman has referred to Mr. Thomas—Andrew J. Thomas—an architect, and I say to you that no man has struggled more unselfishly and more capably to solve this problem than Andrew J. Thomas. (Applause.) In my opinion, he deserves a place in the Hall of Fame, because he was distinctly far in advance of anybody else in this field. He had the courage to do what I have said—“throw away the ground.’ He has taught us all, even those who thought we knew a great deal about it. I might even say that he has taught us that we did not know anything about it, from the angle which I have been presenting. He has opened our eyes to something that will be, as years go on, of more benefit to the people of New York than any one thing that has ever been done in housing—more benefit than can come from the work of the Tenement House Department, and I hope that Mr. Thomas will sometime derive material benefit from it, for he has not done so up to this time; he has been unselfishly giving his time and strength to exploiting this idea of his which means so much to the people of the City of New York.” Incidentally, the JouRNAL takes some pride in the fact that in presenting a point of view оп housing which was about as popular as a mouse at a dinner party, it has been able to change the current attitude to a considerable degree and to persuade many of its readers that certain fundamental aspects will have to be studied ere we know where we are and what to do,—and that a Tenement House Law is one of the worst iniquities ever offered as a remedy for conditions which we now know to have been merely the fore- runners of problems steadily becoming graver. “YoU RE ALL WRONG on the question of Registra- tion,” said a member of the Institute recently. He was commenting on our statement in the last issue regarding the Knickerbocker Theatre disaster and the need for a further extension of the principle of regis- tration. “What we need,” said he, “is a rigid building code providing for structural safety. Then let anyone build who wills. We might get some real architecture that way, and make some real architects. But we shall do neither of those things with registration laws." Amen, say we, for the sake of argument, provided we may observe that we shall never accomplish any- thing by making laws. The further we go in that direction the more lamentable will be our end. Every stroke of a legislative pen is another lesion in the moral fibre of the nation. Steadily we proceed on the theory of crime and punishment. And the registra- tion of architects is nothing more than an effort to swim with the tide, because we simply do not know how to stem it. Yet every effort to substitute the fear of the law for the motive of personal righteousness is no more than a heightening of the tide that will wash everything away. We ought to recognize that when we discuss any legal enactment designed to make people act differ- ently. We ought to explore the dark caverns of our mind and begin to realize that something very funda- mental must be the matter when we are continually being stampeded from one law to another. Laws do not change motives, nor do they curb them to any 99

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THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS appreciable degree. What is the motive which leads men to be willing to care nothing for human life if only they can succeed with their enterprise? The answer ought to be easy, but who can tell us how to find a remedy? Registration laws will not make architects, nor pro- duce great architecture. But that is not the aim which we seek as a nation. Another aim takes first place, and in its pursuit we find men willing to jeopardize life to any degree so long as they are left free to gain profits. All our laws are aimed either to prevent them from making an unjust profit or from gaining what we prescribe as a “legitimate profit” through the sacri- fice of human life and needs. A national building code absolutely enforced might be a better answer to our problem, but experience teaches us that we are totally incapable under our political system of enforcing any such law, even if the cost of it could be borne by the consumers of buildings. In the race to thwart men by threatening them with law, registration seems the best gesture that architects can make. It is a feeble one, but that is not their fault, except as they are a part of the collectivity upon which the fault rests. THE Decision of the Supreme Court sustaining the right of the State of New York to fix rents for hous- ing property will give rise to many emotions. Those who believe that the law will some day make men good will dilate upon the sweeping character of a decision that puts the rights of property in a secondary place, although it must be remembered that the Court sustains that position merely in the face of what it calls a grave social emergency. But the apostles of law will thus acclaim the decision the more, for they will point out that if the Supreme Court will recognize such a mundane thing as a “grave social emergency," it may very likely be inclined, as time goes on, to envisage many other permanent conditions which bear on humans quite as sorely as a housing shortage. Deliberate price-fixing, for example; deliberate sabot- age, by which the necessaries of life are held out of the market in order to raise their price. And yet, the Government has but recently granted a charter to farmers’ co-operatives, under which price-raising will very likely come to be the main objective. But then, what of the fact that in fixing rents, all encouragement to speculative building is destroyed in a land which has put its entire faith in speculative building as the method of providing sufficient structures that could be passed off as houses? Неге the author- ities intervene again and in order to undo the evils of rent-fixing they exempt new houses from taxation. This means that the owners of old houses have their profits fixed and that they must also bear the increase in taxation caused by the growth of parts of the city where houses are exempt. Could anything be more unjust? The highest court of the State of New Jersey has invalidated the tax exemption laws of that state on the plain ground of their unconstitutionality. Very likely, on the grounds of a “grave social emergency,” the Supreme Court of the United States may reverse the decision. But none of these things will produce decent houses, and ff any citizen of the United States can make head or tail out of the legal spree in which the legislatures and the courts are indulging, we would be thankful for light. Looking backward as far as the first tenement house competition in New York, an account of which appears elsewhere in this issue, the need for light seems to be something resembling what Mr. Stabler calls a “terrible situation.” What folly, for example, we must now acknowledge as we look back at the housing competition of 1879, illustrated further on. Fancy having the seal of ar- chitecture placed upon windowless rooms and upon the diabolical Tenement House Law that legalized the human squeezing now seen to be no more than the coalition of greed and stupidity. And done in the name of “Light, Air and Health," and “Ut Prosim"! APPRENTICESHIP, a factor in the building industry to which our attention is being forced by the steadily declining number of skilled workers, is the subject of a very promising program inaugurated in New York City, under the auspices of the Congress of the Build- ing Industry and described in this number by Mr. Burt L. Fenner who is the chairman of the general committee entrusted with the program. ‘The move- ment is significant indeed of the larger part being played by architects in the pressing problems that beset the industry everywhere, and eloquently does it indicate that growing appreciation of a solidarity of interest upon which we must depend ever more and more. City PLANNING students will be impressed with Mr. Adams's opportune statement on the qualifications that make for a real planner of cities, and the necessity for developing here, as in all other problems, that same solidarity of interest to which we have just alluded. Particularly does he impress upon us the futility of attempting to apply zoning laws except as they are secondary to an adopted plan which envisages not only present problems but future ones as well. The advocates of zoning, as a measure to be applied by itself, have already done immeasurable harm. In many cases they have apparently done no more than to fix existing conditions as standards. Planning has to come first, and on a scale that will grow larger and larger. If we fail to appreciate scale in the future, as we have done so completely in the past, we shall have no right to be considered as even passably in- telligent. At present, a stranger from some far corner of the universe, might well assume that we were a race of lunatics, if he examined any one of our large cities. We dare to imagine, of course, that they must manage these things better in Aldebaran. C. H. W. 100

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Architects and Landscape Architects as Town Planners By THOMAS ADAMS HE appointment of a special visiting committee of the School of Landscape Architecture at Har- vard may lead to interesting developments in connection with the teaching of town planning which, in Massachusetts, includes city planning. The appoint- ment of the committee should promote further co-opera- tion between the schools of architecture and landscape architecture rather than tend to create any line of cleavage between them. ‘That is agred to be highly desirable. Both the architect and the landscape archi- tect who intend to specialize in town planning need a higher degree of training in the principles and meth- ods of civic design and more understanding of the reciprocal relations of all the factors in city and town development. The landscape architect per se is no more a town planner than the architect, or the archi- . tect than the engineer—and no member of any of the three professions has a claim to be a town planner in a more comprehensive sense than the other. A member of each profession has the knowledge and qualifications needed as a foundation for making the town planner, but specialized training is needed to be superimposed upon that foundation to make either the architect town planner, the landscape architect town planner or the engineer town planner. The relative degree of importance of either in town planning will be a matter of personality. Until recently the field of modern town planning in America has appeared to be the specialty of the landscape architect, and no one will question the fact that some distinguished landscape men have given reality to any special claims their group may have appeared to have for the cultivation of that field. Moreover, in Harvard and elsewhere, spe- cial teaching in phases of town planning to landscape students has given further stability to these claims. Similar teaching has not been given, or at any rate, to anything like the same extent, to architects and en- gineers. Dominance of the Landscape Architect Apart from these facts, and the zeal of the landscape architect in connection with the meetings of the National City Planning Conference, there is no logical reason for giving the landscape architect any special claims to practice as a town planner. The fact that he deals in landscape design, thinks more of topography in relation to buildings, and is more concerned with the natural settings, scenic beauty and outdoor recreational facili- ties of the city or town, is not a reason for any domi- nance he may have over the architect, trained in ex- pressing himself in the design, composition and arrange- ment of buildings, or the engineer whose special knowl- edge and experience give him the best claim to advise on transportation problems, street systems in relation to traffic, or sewerage problems. Such dominance as the former may have will be due to specialized training over and above his landscape training and to person- ality. That he has sought to obtain and has obtained some dominance in the past does not make him blame- worthy. It is rather the absence of*zeal to pursue the same field by the architect and engineer that places them open to blame. Generally speaking this appears to be so—in spite of the exceptions. This needs to be said because there is a natural, but in the circumstances an unreasonable, feeling on the part of some architects and engineers that the land- scape man has given himself an importance in town planning that does not belong to his profession. 'The adjustment of the balance between the pro- fessions in this regard is to be found in broadening the education and strengthening the experience of the archi- tect and engineer rather than in undermining the posi- tion of the landscape architect. As town planning grows in importance it will be found necessary for schemes to be prepared by groups representing all three professions. No one man can make a satisfactory plan of a city or town and where he attempts to do so his skill in one direction will be offset by his failure to apply skill in another direction. What Is a Town Planner? The successful town planner is the man belonging to one of the above three professions who has the power of bringing together and co-ordinating his own techni- cal skill and that of colleagues of the other two profes- sions, That man may be an architect, a landscape architect or an engineer. Christopher Wren and Evelyn should have combined to replan London in 1666 rather than have prepared separate plans. L’Enfant should not have acted alone in Washington. When the time came to reconsider the Washington plan, two architects and a landscape architect were appointed as the com- mission. Olmsted’s contribution to the World's Fair was perhaps as great as Burnham's, but Burnham was the organizer. He was also the organizer of the Chi- cago plan but was not indifferent to the contribution of others. Haussmann was merely an organizer. The commis- sion appointed to plan Delhi comprised an administra- tor, an architect, and an engineer, with the administra- 101 pit

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THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS tor as chairman. The architect (Sir Edwin Lutyens) was the dominant personality in this case and remains so. It would have been better in this case if a land- scape architect had acted in place of the administrator, with the architect as chairman. Notwithstanding the enormous amount of good work accomplished by landscape architects in the field of town planning in recent years they have still to find the opportunity to achieve anything as great as has been achieved by the architects who have been given the opportunity. When their day comes success will depend on co-operative action with the other professions. The U. S. Housing Schemes During the war the housing schemes of the United States Housing Согрогабоп and the Shipping Board were planned by groups usually of three persons desig- nated as the town planner, the architect and the engi- neer. The designation should have been the architect, the landscape architect and the engineer, and in such schemes the architect, other things being equal, should be the chief executive. The work under these boards was, іп the main, "site" planning rather than town planning and in site planning the chief responsibility for success depends on the work of the architect. The best plan of a site prepared by a landscape architect may be spoiled by unsympathetic or bad treatment of the build- ings, just as the worst site plan may be redeemed by good building design and arrangement. ‘The control- ling factor in the composition of a local building. scheme is the structural development, although the land- scape and engineering treatment are each of great importance. Different Problems Need Different Men Apart from personality which will always count in sorting out a leader among a group of men entrusted with the solution of a specific problem, there is the obvious distinction created among such a group by reason of the precise nature of the task. For instance: Is the chief problem a civic center, or a group of uni- versity buildings, or a colony of dwellings? Then should not the architect be the town planner subject to the aid of the landscape architect and engineer? Is it ‘a park system, or the general planning of a town or region in which the park system is a prominent feature? 'Then is it not the landscape architect who should be dominant? Is it limited to an arterial system of high- ways or a street plan to facilitate traffic circulation, or a plan to fit in with the peculiar needs of a district as regards drainage? Then is it not the engineer who should be in charge? Of course no city should be studied and planned in separate compartments. It should be dealt with com- prehensively both as to area and function. In the pre- paration of a comprehensive plan the landscape archi- tect may by reason of greater experience be the one tc give general leadership, but he will naturally fail in his responsibility if he tries to maintain that leadership in connection with those phases of the plan that are archi- tectural or engineering in their character. The Field of Zoning As has been said before, zoning is an incident in the town plan and so far as it is being treated separately from the general plan, prepared in collaboration with the architect and the engineer, it is likely to end in futil- ity as a means of securing proper development of a city or town. The popularity of zoning at the pres- ent time will lead to unfortunate results if it is going to end in limiting town planning to the negative form of dealing with use, height and density of buildings, without studied relation of these things to transporta- tion, street and park systems and numerous architec- tural and engineering problems which together consti- tute the field for the exercise of the art of the town planner. It will be unfortunate to the town planning movement as it will make it a materialistic, deadening thing solely concerned with "stabilizing real estate val- ues.” It will also be unfortunate to the profession of town planning. What art is needed to create zones for various uses and purposes without regard to all the other reciprocal factors in town development? One need not question the great social value of the zoning that has been done in spite of the materialistic basis on which it is conceived in most cases, by expressing a sense of danger which all interested in town planning as an art and science must feel. Nor need one ignore the fact that some good indirect results have been ob- tained as in the case of the opportunity given for bet- ter treatment of the elevations of high buildings in New York. ‘The success thus obtained has been due to the architect who took advantage of the opportunity and zoning has been of enormous value in that respect. It is not the architect or the landscape architect or the engineer, however, who is the technical authority to control the preparation of schemes that are limited to zoning. That is the function of the lawyer and the statistician. “They it is who are the dominant figures in zoning, although men of other professions may spe- cialize in it and attain the necessary legal knowledge. And here it may be admitted, with generous recog- nition of the great value of lawyers in all phases of town planning, that there is a fourth estate in the town planning profession. In zoning especially the members of that estate must maintain leadership, because the character, scope and limitations of zoning under the law belong primarily to the field of the lawyer. Such leadership as may have been given in preparing zoning regulations and plans by those who are not lawyers, does not mean that they can long maintain that leader- ship. As time goes on the lawyer will be the control- ling personality, as he now is in New York. Every change and every complexity that arises as a result of 102

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TO A CERTAIN CONTEMPTUOUS ARCHITECT change, will entrench the lawyer as the supreme “Zon- ist.” But when zoning is kept in its proper place as a part of the town plan, we shall have the co-operation of the lawyer as a member of the town planning group, but not the subordination of the artist or the engineer ۰ to the legal adviser. It is not too much to say that the future of city and town planning depends on the provision of specialized training and the opening up of opportunities for expe- rience, for all four professions that have been alluded to. The high place that the architect must take in all forms of civic design and his essential leadership in some forms, demands that more attention be given to the study of city and town planning in the Schools of Architecture. That leads to the discussion of a matter which must be left for another article. To a Certain Contemptuous Architect By CHARLES HARRIS WHITAKER asked an architect of some prominence for his opinion of advertising to architects. “I don’t believe that any of it is worth a damn,” was the reply. Almost at the same moment a citizen of some note asked a manufacturer why the Knickerbocker Theater roof collapsed. “Another one of those damned archi- tects," was the answer. Now both of these episodes illustrate that loose gener- alization of minds which either do not work at all or which work in the fixed grooves of blind conservatism. I can well understand such an accumulation of irrita- tion as would lead many building owners to express their disgust with architects just as I can understand why many architects, disgusted with that glib spewing of copy hacks which insults their intelligence, give vent to their feelings about advertising. But this dis- gust, in both cases, merely proves the existence of in- competence and nothing more. Architects will con- tinue to practise and will either justify their existence by their ability or they will be replaced. Advertising will continue to be done because it is a function with which we cannot at present dispense. But cocksure architects and grouchy manufacturers will have to do more thinking and less damning. Now it is precisely that very significance which attaches to the Proceedings of the Joint Conference for Better Advertising to Architects. They are published as a Supplement to this issue of the JOURNAL and are being distributed as generally in the building industry as the resources at the command of the Joint Com- mittee will permit. They mark another important step, in one particu- lar field, of a movement to use thought instead of damns, —to put an end to the vast waste now engendered in the blind struggle to gain business,—to bring archi- tects and manufacturers nearer together in a more intelligent understanding—and finally, to lay the piers and footings for some kind of a structure upon which the consumers of building materials may rely for sound and dependable information. Q =ч recently, a well known manufacturer The Folly of Contempt 'To those architects who have a contempt for all advertising,—for there are others beside the one I am addressing,—let me call their attention to Mr. Harn's striking observation in the Proceedings to which I refer, that the sale of an article is equally as important to the buyer as to the seller, Indeed, is it not much more во? What Mr. Harn sees very clearly, however, is that the buyer of building materials has more at stake than the seller. He will perhaps have to live in the building or do business in it; or he may rent it and thus have to bear the cost of upkeep and repairs, in which case he is dependent upon it for an income, or even a livelihood. (Unfortunately, in that class of building called speculative, the original buyer of materials has very little or no interest in the quality of work or mate- rials used ; the social loss resulting from this condition and the damage done to the building industry in the constant and inevitable forcing down, ever down,—of standards of work and materials used is colossal.) What Every Architect Knows But my friend the architect knows these things by experience. He knows that he has been too often mis- led, that he has made many mistakes because he lacked information— that he has used materials which, proven to be right for one purpose, soon showed that they were not right for another,—and that, far too often, he has had to depend upon scanty or even no informa- tion,—but upon his unfortified judgment,—as a guide to his choice. He knows,—and knows very well, —of the high cost of maintenance and repairs that result from all of these factors, and it is therefore just as stupid for him to express his contempt for advertising as it was for a manufacturer to express his contempt for architects. Substitute the word "Information" for "Advertis- ing," and most of the contempt would vanish. The architect would pretty generally admit his need for 103

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THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS information, and just as fast as he could be assured of its dependability, he would resort to it with avidity. Where It Began The beginnings of the present energetic movement to make advertising more useful to architects rest with the Structural Service Department of the JoURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS. They go back to 1915, when Mr. D. Knickerbocker Boyd and the Editor of the JouRNAL laid the plans for organizing a source of dependable information for architects. ‘Three years later the work was further extended and placed in the hands of the Committee on Structural Service of the A. I. A. Its work has now attained to proportions of which the building industry is all too uninformed. But, in the prosecu- cution of its work, the Committee on Structural Service came into instant and intimate contact with the whole subject of advertising, and out of that con- tact and the accompanying experience there finally emerged the Joint Conference of which we write, and the proceedings which are now before the reader. Where It Seems Headed What is the outstanding aspect of that conference? The very evident idea of establishing, by means which are now the subject of study by the Continuing Com- mittee, a Research Bureau which shall correspond in its functions and its independence to that established by the New Jersey Chamber of Commerce. А Bu- reau which cannot be coerced or intimidated by any branch of the building industry, but which shall dis- charge a scientifically dispassionate function in the interest of the users and consumers of building mate- rials,—because it is only by putting that interest first, —ahead of all others,—that such a Bureau could ren- der any permanent service to those who gain their livelihood in producing or assembling the materials that go into a building. Restoring Public Confidence What the building industry needs more than all else is to regain Public Confidence. It needs to demon- strate that buildings, as supplying one of the prime needs of man, can be so built as to be within the present economic requirements of the investment, and its research in this direction will ultimately take it into such fields as those of taxation, use of credit, control of land, and all that group of factors which are now having their evident repercussion everywhere. But, as a beginning, it must learn to know itself as a whole, just as the Congress of the Building Industry in New York, for example, has begun to know itself locally and to give evidence of that broader knowledge by issuing its Code of Ethics for the Building Industry. What does all this mean specifically to architects, advertisers and manufacturers? It means that by the operation of the inexorable law of progress, or change, or evolution,—for we live in a dynamic world in spite of all our effort to keep it merely static—they will have to survey their machinery and equipment anew. They will have to take account of stock. They will have to examine the function of advertising, for ex- ample—as one which, even in its dual capacity of giving information and exciting desire, must be based upon a sincere effort to know and tell the truth. Incompetent Architects Is it not incompetence which heads the building in- dustry’s problems? ‘There is architectural incompe- tence to begin with,—largely. due to the fact that the practice of architecture in the United States has been free to allj,—an incompetence encouraged by the flat- tering attentions bestowed upon the thousands of pseudo-architects by various interests,—an incompe- tence fostered by the weakness of those architects who sell their services at less than cost,—an incompetence manifested in a hundred ways too well known to require description—an incompetence too little dis- couraged by methods of education, and too greatly stimulated by the ability to borrow elements of plan and design from the far too numerous sources avail- able and thus, leaning upon a contractor who fawns, or a manufacturer who makes plans (always in collu- sion against the interest of the owner), to avoid the acquisition of competence by that sweat of the brow which alone leads to its possession. (Note that in New York State alone, during 1921, some 500 so-called architects were denied registration through failure to pass the test for competency prescribed by law.) Then there is that incompetence born of studied aloofness on the part of a small section of the profession which boasts a pride in its splendid isolation, craves exemption from the social obligations of the common herd, and looks down from its esthetic heights in plain contempt upon those who seek, for instance, to deal with those problems which, until they are dealt with, keep architecture well out of its heritage. Incompetent Advertisers In advertising there is far too much incompetence, —from beginning to end. ‘There is the incompetence of the man who does not know the truth about his own product,—of the man who knows nothing of architects and their ways and who makes the fatal mistake of regarding them as consumers when they are really trustees,—of the man who has no background in the building industry itself and who is forever at sea as he tries to fathom it,—of the man who is continu- ally spending his money to produce more incompetence 104

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TO A CERTAIN CONTEMPTUOUS ARCHITECT by scattering his publicity and his offers of free service where they seem to bring a quick and easy response, —of the man who coddles the thousands of fake archi- tects in the United States because he is too lazy or too dull or has too poor a product to find his way into the offices of the competent,—of the man who seeks to break down what he calls the opposition of the archi- tect by appealing to the public, forgetting, as he does, that with all its failings and all its incompetence, the architectural profession is the one safeguard of the manufacturer who makes good materials commanding a higher price; (once the sale of building materials is brought to a point where the client buys, price alone will be the determining factor, and then what?) and, then, by the incompetence of those advertising agents who, working on a basis which cannot offer adequate remuneration for intelligent service, buy space on cir- culation, line rates, inquiries produced, and the general hard and fast rules which are absolutely inapplicable as related to competent architects and worthy materials, —and then, there is the amusing, but pathetic incom- petence of those advertisers and advertising agents who seek by insinuation and innuendo to get a reading notice, a “puff,” ог any sort of free publicity,—either as the price of an advertising contract or as the bait for one,—trying thus to destroy the only factor that can make any journal a worth while medium. And last of all there is that colossal and collective incom- petence which exaggerates and overstates, insults the intelligence of every practised architect and thus cre- ates and fosters and increases that condition which causes the high cost and low efficiency of advertising, —the distrust engendered by its abuse and misuse. This incompetence in advertising could be no better illustrated than by the experiences of the Structural Service Department, when, for example, on applying to several advertisers for information as to a certain product, advertised and made by all and substantially uniform in character, replies were received absolutely at variance one with another, indicating that not one of the advertisers knew the answer scientifically, or that, if he did, he would not tell it. Where could my friend the contemptuous architect get his information in such a case? Incompetent Manufacturers Then, is there not a general incompetence of American manufacturers, engendered no doubt, by the very ease with which one can enter business and by the facility with which our abnormal growth has made it possible to support the terrific waste of our industrial establishment. We do not economically utilize our productive machinery,—a fifth of what we have would give us all that we are at present consuming, but hav- ing played for the bigness of things rather than for soundness and stability,—we now find that the era of waste which resulted from that game has come to a halt,—very likely to an end. Wlat is the next step? Facts,—that’s all,—facts made the basis for work- ing out the problems not alone of the building indus- try or of American industry, but of the United States of America as an experiment in government,—for it is still an experiment, however great our faith in it may be. In that experiment the building industry is a vital factor, for it deals with the indispensable element known as shelter, of which we have far too little in quantity, and far too poor a quality. The Fear of the Shadow "These are the plain facts, even though they be stated in general terms. Their meaning is that the building industry must examine itself, in all parts, and without being afraid of its own shadow. It is suggested as a beginning, that you read the Proceedings of the Joint Conference, and that you think about what was done and what remains to be done,—and I offer this sug- gestion particularly to all contemptuous architects. Obsolescence in Buildings The Federal Income Tax Law allows deductions for obsolescence in the case of office buildings, and the Nation- al Association of Building Owners and Managers has issued a preliminary circular on the subject. As the questions involved will demand more consideration than they have ever before received in the history of building for investment, architects will give eager attention to the statements of the association. These are no more than tentative conclusions, at present, since an inquiry is being conducted to determine their validity, but they all strike most people acquainted with investment building as being not difficult to substantiate. “Obsolescence,” says the circular, “тау be considered from two standpoints. First, its causes, and second, its effects." Some of the causes of obsolescence in an office building are as follows: *1. 'The erection of new buildings of a different type and style that are better equipped than the old buildings. An office building gives its tenants several things of great value beyond the mere space which they occupy. First of all it gives them a certain amount of advertising, which is de- pendent upon the size, character, reputation and publicity of the building. One of the greatest elements contributing to the publicity value of a building is its newness. "This value lives, of course, but a few years and is immediately destroyed upon the erection of newer buildings. The element of size also has a distinct advertising value, so that tenants prefer to be in the largest building in the city if possible. This factor of advertising is something that every tenant recog- nizes by a willingness to pay a higher rental to secure space in a building that will give it to him than he would pay in other buildings equally as good physically, but lacking in publicity. “2, Service is another value which an office building offers to its tenants. This consists not only of a good quality 105 Ani

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THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS of ordinary services, such as cleaning, heating, elevator ser- vice, etc, but also of many additional services, such as towel supply, ice and water, clock service, restaurant and club service, etc. These extra services are continually being added to, and each new building that is erected endeavors to feature some new form of service which helps to attract tenants from other buildings. Тһе older buildings, in order to meet this competition, must adopt these extra service features, often at considerable investment expense. «3. Тһе newer buildings are also usually planned with a greater efficiency of layout that benefits both the tenant and the building. The tenant, because it gives him a bet- ter office, and the building, because it obtains a greater num- ber of rentable square feet per $1,000.00 of investment. A new and more efficiently designed building can therefore not only attract tenants, but being more efficiently designed, can operate its space at less cost and rent it more cheaply than the older buildings. The older buildings are thus forced, in many cases, to reduce their rents to hold their tenants, thereby cutting down the return on their investment. “4, A fourth cause of obsolescence is a shifting in the character and value of the location of the building. Rents are, in the last analysis, based almost wholly upon traffic, and a building well located, as regards the business traffic of a city, can obtain better rents than an exactly similar building not so well situated. Such shifting of business cen- ters is taking place in every city in the country and is brought about primarily by the growth of the city. An exam- ination of the growth of business throughout the country in proportion to the growth in population reveals the fact that business grows much more rapidly than the popula- tion. For example, the average population of the United States for the five-year period ending 1880 was 48,837,000 and the average bank clearings outside of New York for the same neriod was $117,000,000, while in 1920 the population was 103,504,000 and the bank clearings $155,150,000,000.00. In other words, while the increase in population was 114 per cent, the increase in the business of the country was 1525 per cent. In Chicago the increase in population for the same period has been 437 per cent and the increase in clearings 1405 per cent. The effect of this increase in business is reflected in the increase of land values in the cities. Since 1880 land tax values of Chicago have increased 1235 per cent, corre- sponding to a 437 per cent increase in population. In order to take care of this terrific increase in business which comes as the result of increase in population, the business centers of all large cities must inevitably either expand greatly in capacity or shift into new locations. “One of the immediate causes of such a shifting of busi- ness centers is a change in the flow of traffic brought about bv the rerouting of street car lines ог principal through streets (such as the North Michigan Avenue devel- opment in Chicago brought about by the opening of the Boulevard Link), or of the building of new types of urban transportation, such as elevated roads, subways or new steam suburban facilities (such as the Forty-second Street district in New York City brought about by the opening of the Grand Central and Pennsylvania Terminals). Another of the immediate causes of shifts in business centers is the tendency of correlated lines of industry to get together in local centers. For instance, brokerage and banking houses tend to collect in one section of the business district, while retail stores will occupy another. In order to accomplish these segregations, it is very often necessary to move from the old center of business. Movements of this sort have taken place, for instance, in San Francisco and in Cleveland. “5. A fifth cause of obsolescence is the increase in the value of the land on which the building is placed. As already stated, when the population and consequently the business of a city increases, the value of its land also very materially increases with the result that a building, which was an adequate improvement of the low value of land existing at the building of the building, is no longer an adequate im- provement of the land at its now higher value. It there- fore becomes necessary for the building to be torn down and replaced with a new building capable of paying a return on the new value of the land. This condition grows more acute the larger the city. “6. Another cause of obsolescence is the damage to an office building through new and larger buildings adjoining it, so cutting off the light and air of the older building as to diminish the value of its space and consequently its earning power.” 5 The circular then describes the effects which are of course a falling off in earning power. But what the cir- cular does not consider is the Social Consequence of all this unplanned growth, its frightful waste, its brutal and inhuman congestion, its blind pursuit of individual ` benefits at the sake of social welfare as cause and effect pursue each other endlessly. Seldom has there been such an admission on the part of any industry as this plain statement of the evils arising from lack of planning, lack of land control, lack of any understanding or considera- tion of the future disasters that await us if we do not find some way to discourage the centralization of popu- lation by offering human beings a physical scheme which they will prefer to the one with which we are now so hopelessly struggling. What is to be feared in the com- mendable activities of the National Association of Build- ing Owners and Managers is that the search for individual ends will obscure the true cause of the difficulties. Until these are dealt with they will seek the answer in vain. Exhibitions and Scholarships AMERICAN architecture seems to be exceedingly popular in Europe. Тһе Loan Exhibit first sent to the Paris Salon last year was transferred to the rooms of the Royal Institute of British Architects, numerous other requests having been received from continental centres. Now the R. I. B. A. asks that the exhibit be left in England for some time longer in order that it may be sent to the larger English cities. 'There is also a pos- sibility that it may go to Rome. Undoubtedly, from the experience of the Institute Committee in charge, the exhibit might remain in Europe for many months to come, so keen is the manifest interest in the work of American architects. Тнв Le Brun Travelling Scholarship, founded by Mr. Pierre Le Brun in 1910 and awarded annually by the New York Chapter of the American Institute of Archi- tects, has been won this year by Mr. Lionel H. Pries of Philadelphia, who receives $1,400 for travel abroad. The following competitors received mentions: first mention, George K. Trautwein, Philadelphia; second mention, john O. Veggezzi, New York; third mention, Paul Hyde Harbach, Buffalo. Mentions not placed: Roy Walling Cheesman, Cleveland; Louis Fentnor, New York; Gerald K. Geerlings, Philadelphia; Roy F. Lar- son, Philadelphia; Frederick R. Lorenz, New York; George N. Pauly, Pittsburgh. 106

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| 00 00 0 0 rer "Ар , یف‎ оиы "PALM 4 "A orf 2.1, ا‎ > 742 P <47<4 Ф A = THE FINE ARTS BUILDING—CHICAGO Restoring the Fine Arts Building---Chicago One year ago the Municipal Art and Town Planning Committee of the A. I. A. (Illinois Chapter), and the Illinois Society of Architects, submitted to the South Park Commissioners, a carefully detailed estimate of the cost to restore the Old Fine Arts Building in Jackson Park, built for the World’s Columbian Exposition. The Com- missioners have agreed to defer wrecking the building, but no action has yet been taken toward its restoration. This building, says the Committee, is perhaps the best known structure in Chicago, loved and revered by tens of thousands of people, not only from the city but also from the entire country and abroad. Even in its present condition it is desirable to save it, since it possesses his- toric significance and a sentiment that appeals to the entire community. It is a cultural asset that any city should be proud to possess. The following are a few suggestions for utilizing the building: (a) For the housing of ,a great model of the entire Columbian Exposition in Replica, which could be beautifully illuminated and which would be appropriate .in this particu- lar historic building and of interest and educational value to the student and public. (b) For a branch museum of. sculptural casts for the Art Institute which needs additional space. (c) For a collection of large current architectural and sculptural exhibits that might otherwise be destroyed for- lack of storage space. sis 427%; Ее x T GEN C EH: some omo 2 4 East WING (4) For space for loan exhibits of Chicago artists. This would also create opportunity for the sale of paintings and works of art. (e) For the display of unusual drop curtains of artistic "merit from the theatre or opera company that otherwise might be destroyed. (f) For an appropriate place to start a school in indus- trial art. (g) For a great center for the Liberal Arts, a stimulus for creative and American art in all of its various branches inclusive of music and the drama. (л) To interest the Chicago University in this building and the opportunities presented for extension of art studies. Judging by the many letters and resolutions the Com- mittee has received from all sources, it is very evident that there is a wide-spread desire to save this structure. It is proposed to restore the northwest corner of the east pavilion during the summer of 1922, and a fund is being privately raised for the purpose. The committee is of the opinion that the restoration will be so strikingly beautiful architecturally in contrast with the deplorable condition of the balance of the ex- terior that public opinion will favor the restoration of the entire building, especially when it is demonstrated that the new work can be done against the skeleton of the old walls. 111

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The Building of Manhattan By FREDERICK LEE ACKERMAN The accompanying aerial photographs taken from a great map covering the entire island of Manhattan, serve vividly to expose what has been the controlling point of view over a century with respect to the building of this modern city. The result of action is spread out before us; we may appraise it. Likewise we may in the light of our present knowledge appraise that system of insti- tutions which gave rise to the peculiar architectural masses which go to make up the result. What do these photographs reveal; what is the significance of these architectural masses? North of City Hall on both sides of Broadway, at certain points stretching from the East River to the Hudson and extending north to the present mid town section of Manhattan lies a vast mass of habitations built largely prior to 1880. North of this area along both sides of the island and extending from the mid town section to say 125th Street on the Hudson side and to the Bronx to the north east the city took form largely during the next 20 years. And still to the north of this second area we find another, miles in extent, reaching Spuyten Duyvil on the west and well out toward West- chester in the East. This vast area of the city came into being during the last twenty years. Let us turn to the photographs typical of these three periods of building and note the significance of the architectural forms. Tenement Group 1 A corner of the lower East Side of Manhattan typical of the first period. The East River to the right crossed by the Williamsburgh Bridge. This area was built over prior to 1880—largely before 1860, during which time a belief obtained that to cover less than 75 per cent of a lot was unprofitable and uneconomic. As late as 1900 we learn from Mr. John A. Dooner, Superintendent of Buildings for the Boroughs of Manhattan and Bronx, in his testimony before the New York State Tenement House Commission, of the then current state of opinion on this head. Newspaper files of that and previous date express the same opinion. THE CHAIRMAN: “Is it your judgment, apart from the requirements of the law, that the ordinary tenement house built at the present day under the requirements of the law covering 75 per cent of the lot is adequately provided with light and air?” Mr. Dooner: “It is, sir; that is my opinion.” THE CHAIRMAN: “You think there сап be по sub- stantial improvement in the type of tenement houses now built?” Mr. Dooner: “Хо, sir; I do not." An examination of the old and frightfully congested block bounded by Forsyth, Bayard, Canal and Chrystie Streets, made famous by the cardboard model of it in the first tenement house exhibit of 1900, discloses that it would have been possible to provide the same number of rooms, under better conditions as to light and air than obtain in the run of present day “пеуу law” struc- tures, in 6 story “walk up” tenements covering less than 58 per cent of the land. In this block 27.8 per cent of the rooms had no ventilation to the outer air. A fairly typical block bounded by Cherry, Monroe, Pike and Rutgers Streets contained (in 1920) 2,107 rooms the majority of which were badly lighted. The same number of well lighted rooms could have been provided in 6 story walk up tenements covering less than 50 рег cent of the land. This is housing at the rate of ap- proximately 32 rooms per floor on plots 100 ft. square. From an extended examination of the blocks in this area it is safe to assert that the same number of well lighted rooms with a full complement of baths could have been provided upon from 50 per cent to 60 per cent of the land as a maximum. And this could have been accom- plished in a smaller volume of building. Throughout this period and over this entire area the controlling factors in design were speculation, ownership of plots not exceeding 25 ft. in width and the assumption that net financial return varied with the area covered with building. 75 to 80 per cent of covered area was the rule. There is no trace anywhere in this vast area that technological insight played any part in designing buildings. Nor is there evidence that a workmanlike point of view was brought to bear upon the problem. This area stands as a monument to the free running operation of business and the institutions of absentee ownership uncontaminated by considerations of sentiment, workmanship or technology. Within this area were most of the 50,000 vacancies reported as of 1915. The buildings are fully occupied only when the tide of immigration runs full or when the shortage of habitations outside this area is so acute as to force a retreat on the part of those who cannot aftord to live elsewhere. The area thus serves its pur- pose as a vehicle of Americani. ation, as we say, and as a check against building a sufficient number of rooms to house the population. But it should be remarked in passing that intelligently directed greed would have pro- duced a much better result. 114

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THe BUILDING ое MANHATTAN Tenement Group I—An Aerial View of a Corner of the Lower East Side, With an enlargement of one Typical of The Fairchild Aerial Camera Corporation, New York City. Block fection. Courtesy

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The Building of Manhattan -- Continued TENEMENT GROUP II A section of the upper East Side of Manhattan typical . We should not be misled into thinking that technologi-. of the second area and period already referred to, Central cal considerations, economic planning and the economici Park on the left, with the Metropolitan Museum in use of labor and materials had entered to shift the point the upper left hand corner. East River and Blackwell’s of view. Тһе discussions revolving around what had Island on the right. The Vanderbilt's Model Tenements best be done ran within the frontiers of a sentimental to the left of the little park, with regularly spaced trees, consideration. It was sentiment rather than technological. . - at the river's edge. City and Suburban Homes Companies ог economic considerations which accounts for the Model. tenements at the top of this park and extending back to tenements of this period. All this time the way out Avenue A, parallel with the river. was viewed as possible only by resort to enterprises of. The half of picture to the right discloses a large per- a philanthropic or a semi philanthropic character. It centage of “old law" tenements of the later period (1880- was conceded that it was a case of being content with 1900). Three blocks to the right of Central Park are а “fair interest" return in the place of speculative profit given over largely -to private residences, and tall apart- or nothing could be done about it. See the Reports of ment houses built during the last decade. the Tenement House Commission and the newspaper Aside from the “Model” tenements and the modern files for 1896 to 1900. Apparently the hope was to apartment structures along Park and Fifth Avenues, the solve the problem by completely avoiding it. The im- design of the entire area is conceived in terms of the personal, technological outlook which would raise ques- 25 ft. plots. Much of the area to the left was developed tions concerning what had brought about the deplorable by speculative builders whose individual operations often conditions, or which would deal with the problem of covered many lots. This condition however did not іп planning without making 70 ог 75 per cent of the lot the slightest degree affect the result. Large plots are the point of departure in design plays no part all this conceived as subdivided into so many 25 ft. frontages time. Тһе area is expressive of business traffic con- for purposes of sale; and these imaginary boundaries ceding a little here and there to the demands of senti- operate to dominate completely design. "Throughout ment. this area and period, except for the very recent develop- ment, the old concept of covering every inch of land | allowed by law held full sway. Conditions of ownership fo ARCA pipe c d. mae п ША tyne still control the situation. Dark rooms, waste corridors before 1900. and halls, useless volumes of building stand characteristic. On page 117 the enlargement shows all old-lawatenee | Such gains as were made in light and air were grudg- ments, both railroad and dumb-bell type, the former ingly conceded to a rising tide of sentiment against such having no side courts. conditions as obtained in the area first referred to. On page 119, three-quarters of the block shows new Besides, it had been. found that crowding beyond a cer- Jaw tenements: the lower left hand corner shows old tain degree did not pay. law types. | 116

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THE BUILDING OF MANHATTAN Tenement Group II—An Aerial View of a Corner of the Upper East Side, With an enlargement of one Typical Block Section. Courtesy of The Fairchild Aerial Camera Corporation, New York City.

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The Building of Manhattan -- Continued TENEMENT GROUP III The area to the right is very largely made up of New Law 6 story walk up tenements covering ordinarily up to the maximum of 70 per cent allowed by the law. The impossibility of using 25 ft. lots for single operations under conditions imposed by the Tenement House Law now forces the use of plots of 40-50-75 and sometimes 100 ft. in width. The forms of the buildings disclose the then prevailing type of interior arrangement, that is, “railroad” apartments, long private halls. Buildings of this area are wasteful in the extreme. For the most part the plans of individual buildings are but a recall of the old arrangement in plan which was the direct outgrowth of the use of 25x100 ft. lots. The controlling factor in design is still absentee own- ership. What is curious however is that the type of plan used throughout this area and period actually relates to a condition of ownership which no longer obtained. It is again safe to say that technological considerations play no part in the design of building in this area. The ideas of the speculative builder brought over out of the habit of building on 25 foot plots still completely domi- nates the arrangement of the plan and the mass of the structure. And again the magic 70 per cent holds sway. As before the designer creates his new and larger mass of structure to coincide with the limit of mass allowed by the law; then he proceeds to burrow his way out to the light in the case he reaches a street or to gloom in the case his burrowing brings him to a court or side yard. Useless halls, corridors, long rooms, excess volume of building again characterize this area. To the left, New Law Tenements, elevator "apartments," built consequent upon the ex- tension of the subways. Use of still larger plots to be noted. ‘The type of plan changes as a consequence. The builders are evidently trying this and that but always covering 70 per cent of the land. Неге and there we note that a bold operator has “opened up” his plan; this however occurs but rarely. Any one familiar with the plans of the structures on this area and who has “seen the light” with respect to the advantages of covering less area will have no hesitation in asserting that the same accommodations could have been provided with in 15 to 20 per cent less volume of building with a corresponding increase in light and air. On the whole the precon- ception obtains with respect to covering all the land allowed by the law. Absentee ownership still controls the situation. The problem of building is still confined to the use of single lots. Nowhere in this area do we find any evidence to suggest that the block might well be viewed as the dominating factor in design. The technician evidently is still waiting for his opportunity. “walk up" and Conclusion These three pictures cover the span of nearly a century. They represent a tremendous amount of human effort. The thing has been done under the direct—and one might say—the sole guidance of the business point of view and the institution of absentee ownership. What progress has been made—that is to say, what change have taken place from time to time have come about through the pressure of organized opposition, always guided by considerations of sentiment. From the stand- point of those directly responsible for the creation óf this peculiar environment, it has not been a case of grop- ing after a more adequate thing. No such attitude has characterized their work; they have stood firmly opposé to any and all changes. But from first to last there has been available a body of technological knowledge and insight which would m. guided the effort which these pictures represent toward a more adequate result. From first to last that body of knowledge and insight has not been drawn upon. Those possessing such insight have been forced by the business-like considerations attending the building of these structures to stand on one side or follow. Only whén the forces of organized public sentiment or a philan- thropic move has opened the door of opportunity, has the technician played any part in designing this city. Bat when it was no longer the confines of a 25'x100' lót which stood in his way it was the carrying over of the preference for a type of plan which had been the out- growth of that shaped lot which hampered him. Whén the demand for this type of plan gave ground under the force of laws enacted, then the excessive percentage of built-over area allowed by those laws stood to defeat him. One may view this record of progressive change as progress, and so it is—of a kind. But against that rating stands the condition that the changes run in the direction of ever greater congestion, consequently higher land values, higher rents and an ever more baffling trans- portation problem. We now know that there has never been an occasion for covering so much of the land as is the case exposed in these three photographs. We know that a much lower percentage of cover is advantageous to everyone concerned. But in the face of this knowledge we con- tinue to codify not this knowledge, but our preconceptions and fallacies in our building laws and zoning ordinances. Authoritative legalized congestion is being induced into our small communities by the enactment of laws which permit the same conditions as disclosed in the third illus- tration. This is being done under the auspices of what passes for a scientific point of view. But these laws and ordinances are not based upon a scientific point of view. For the time being, such laws are primarily con- cerned with the problem of so regulating absentee own- ership and business as to insure that no harm will come to either. But this is the same as saying that laws governing the erection of buildings are now so framed as to leave scope for falsely conceived possibilities of profit taking in land and building. It was the falsely conceived possibilities of profit taking that induced us to build structures approximately 20 per cent of whose volumes is utter waste and more. For by so doing we reduced our light and air by so much. 118

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THE BUILDING OF MANHATTAN Tenement Group IIJ—An Aerial View of a part of the Upper West Side, With an Enlargement of one Typical Block Section. The Hudson is seen on the left, the College of the City of New York in the lower center. Courtesy of The Fairchild Aerial Camera Corpora- tion, New York City.

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THE TENEMENT-IIOUS COMPETITION, ry М س ہے THREE OF THE PRIZE DESIGNS. FIRST PRIZE = —— LIGHT, AIR, & HE АТТЫ, COURT FOURTH PRIZE асан oo ae کک‎ ET E ENT 0 = - 1 COURT The First Tenement House Competition in New York City Reproduced from the New York Tribune of 7 March, 1879. The text underneath the illustration as published in the Tribune more than forty-two years ago is a remarkable piece of evidence. It shows very clearly the futility of the methods that have been pur- sued during the intervening time, that are still being pursued, although their futility is slowly being recognized. "The text of the Tribune's statement is as follows: “These diagrams show the second floors of the designs for model tenement-houses, which have taken the first, third and fourth prizes in the recent competition. The plan to which the second prize has been awarded corresponds so closely to ‘Light, Air and Health, that it is not necessary to reproduce it. The four designs are modi- fications of a single plan. There are accommodations for four fami- lies on each floor. There 15 a central hallway approached from the street by a narrow entry. From this main hallway stairways lead to the upper floors. In this central hallway are the water closets. On each side are two small courts, and in the rear there is a narrow area. The frontage is 25 feet and the depth, including the area in the rear, is 100 feet. The suites are shown in the diagrams; living rooms, bedrooms, closets, private hallways, sinks and dumb- waiters being designated by initial letters. | There are no windows on the sides, the lot being supposed to be inclosed with brick walls except in front. t : “These designs have one defect in common. Each suite of rooms has a bedroom which borrows light and air from adjoining apart- ments. In ‘Light, Air and Health,’ for example, the middle room in each suite has no window. In two of the suites, there is a bed- room between the living room, or kitchen, and the parlor. The door 1 bo between the parlor and the bedroom is very wide, so as to let in as much air and light as possible, and there is a vent-hole at the side. The room, however, is so small (9% x 10%) that it will hold scarcely more than a bed and a cradle, and the ventilation is obviously defective. In the other two suites, the middle room is a bedroom between another bedroom and the living room. The doorway is not so wide as in the former instance, and there is no ventilating shaft or well. In ‘Ut Prosim, the suites of two rooms іп the rear аге adequately lighted and ventilated, but those in front have a dark bedroom, without so much as a well to furnish air. In ‘Peter Cooper,’ the middle bedroom depends upon a well for light and air. In ‘Kensington,’ which received second prize, each suite has a middle room, which is lighted indirectly. "The merits of these plans are obvious. The occupants have fire- escapes in the rear and fire-proof stairways upon which to depend in any emergency, such as fire, Each family has the advantage of privacy. Three of the suites in ‘Light, Air and Health’ have pri- vate halls, and the other suites in this and in the other plans have direct communication with the entrance hall. The sanitary appoint- ments, especially in respect to water closets, are excellent in these three plans, but are faulty in ‘Kensington’ (not shown above), where the water closets are outside the building in the rear. So radical a defect ought to have condemned the plan. The general arrangement of the rooms in each design is sensible and the plans are comparatively inexpensive. The cost of ‘Light, Air and Health’ is estimated at $12,248; that of ‘Peter Cooper’ at $14,275, and that of ‘Kensington’ (not shown above), at $9,500." 0

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Around the Secretary's Table By THE SECRETARY THE SECRETARY: Speaking of architects’ fees, I received about a year ago one of those inquiries to which it is quite impossible to give the complete and definite answer that is desired and evidently expected. А client, by nature a business corporation, had called in an architect and given him instructions regarding a restaurant that was to be built at a desired expenditure of about $70,000. No mention of fees was made by either side. Plans were developed and at the suggestion of the architects the work was arranged to be done under a group of separate contracts. The architects were to give full services, in- cluding supervision. The work was in an existing build- ing and therefore involved a considerable amount of alter- ation work as well as new construction. About three months after the work was started, at which time con- tracts totaling nearly $90,000 had been let, the architects presented a contract demanding a fee of 20 per cent on the cost of the work. Тһе officers of the corporation thought this was exorbitant and asked if I could help them to come to an amicable settlement. The fee certainly seemed high, at first glance, but a complicated situation of this sort cannot be entirely di- vulged in one brief paragraph, and any statement would have been certainly unwise and probably in error if made before both sides had been heard in full detail. So I referred them to the president of the local Institute Chap- ter, who could advise more safely after the personal con- ference that would be possible. Now I mention this particular case not with any desire to discuss the proper fee for such a piece of work, but because it raises the broader point regarding what fees it is appropriate for an architect to name under various circumstances. Of one thing I am quite certain and that is that what- ever the fee it should be stated and understood at the outset. Not necessarily at the first interview however. An architect who would charge on some basis of profes- sional fee plus costs would need to study somewhat the scope of the problem, and the various elements of cost and duration of time involved, before being able to name an appropriate fee and any reasonably accurate estimate of costs. An architect who would charge a percentage fee might frequently need the same opportunity for a sur- vey of the problem before hazarding a guess as to which per cent would, with his costs extracted from it, leave him a satisfactory balance for his pains. But to allow work to proceed on a complicated problem until one’s services are more than half rendered and the owner is wholly committed is clearly poor practice. Mr. Mauran: Do you have in mind a case where the owner is definitely awarding the work or is merely asking the architect, and perhaps other architects also, what fee he would charge if the commission were awarded to him? Tue SECRETARY: The latter case is exactly what I have in mind. Suppose I name a fixed fee plus an approx- imate item for costs, the two together being, let us say, just under six per cent. The other two architects, let us assume, both say that they will charge the usual six per cent. Am I competing in price? Am I violating Canon 11 of the Code which says that it is unprofessional “то compete knowingly with a fellow architect for employment on the basis of professional charges?” Mn. FENNER: So long as there was but one recognized method of determining the fee, the Canon of Ethics could be very simply stated—that it is unprofessional for archi- tects to compete with each other on the basis of profes- sional charges; but with a variety of methods of charge in use it is becoming more difficult to fairly apply this Canon. Mr. Morris: In my opinion it is futile to attempt to preserve the fiction set forth in Canon 11 that members of the Institute can be prevented from competing with fellow members on the basis of professional charges. They may not compete knowingly, but they do compete actually. The prosperous and successful architects com- pete successfully, and vice versa. THE SECRETARY: For example? Mn. Morais: To illustrate: A is a first-class, capable, conscientious architect. He studies and restudies his plans, changes drawings that are partially finished if he finds they can be improved to his client’s advantage even if it be to his own temporary financial detriment. If errors have been made in executed work due to mis- takes in his office, he frequently corrects the work at his own expense. His fee, we will say, is 6 per cent. His methods of practice and standards of performance are known in his community. B, of the same city, county or state, as A, is a second- rate architect. He has not the training, the ability or the morale of A. If his work is done quickly and inexpen- sively in his office, his building is structurally sound, and sufficiently well executed to pass the building inspectors, he is happy and has performed his duty, as he sees it, to his client. B also gets 6 per cent. His methods of practice and standards of performance are also known in his community. Years go by. A is successful, wealthy and happy. He gets the business. В is still shuffling along, getting a poor living, jealous of A, and cannot understand why he does not get his share. His charges are the same. The answer is that A succeeds and B does not suc- ceed, because A winning out in direct and active competi- tion with B gives and furnishes more for the same money. I maintain that it cannot be refuted that he is competing on fee, however we may attempt to qualify the term. THE SEcRETARY: Of course that goes back to the fun- damental inconsistency of a flat rate for all architects. We are pretty free in our criticism of labor unions for demanding the level wage and reducing mechanics to an average efficiency, below the level that many could attain. Of course the situations are not exactly parallel. We 121

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THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS have no mandatory code. The very constitution of the Institute prevents any code that it issues from being mandatory. But it does indicate approval of a uniform scale of charges by all architects, and this indicates a uniform qualitv of service. In view of the peculiarly per- sonal nature of certain elements of an architect's service, any such equality is of course impossible. Mr. Morris: We all know architects who charge a higher rate than that provided in the Institute schedule, and we know others who charge less, because they fur- nish less. I am firmly convinced that if a client wants first-class work he goes to a first-class architect and pays his fee. If he wants an inferior article, a hand-me-down, he knows his way to the counter where such wares are sold. Тһе Institute can never produce an equality of ability or performance throughout its membership. Mn. FENNER: I am convinced that we must maintain the fundamental principle that professional men do not bid against each other for work. Mn. Sturcis: There is a modicum of truth in what Morris says but there is also, on the other side, the con- scientious, thorough architect who studies the problem to the advantage of the owner, even if it be to his own financial loss, and is often passed by later by the same owner in favor of the showy and often extravagant archi- tect, whose aim is to put into the building everything that he thinks he can make his owner pay for. Unfortunately, there is a large class of owners who demand and enjoy extravagance. Mr. Morris: Cut-throat competition for the same kind of work is ruinous, of course, but such competition cannot continue for any appreciable period of time. It will, owing to lowered quality of performance, sooner or later, lose the business of such persons as indulge there- in; and the plugging old tortoise who persisted in turning out first-class work and charging first-class prices will, as usual, come under the wire first. We cannot alter such basic facts and conditions as these by any action that may be taken at the conventions. Tue SECRETARY: This discussion involves, of course, only those cases where an architect is approached by an owner and requested to state what his fee would be for a certain piece of work, and is told, or otherwise becomes definitely aware, that other architects are being similarly approached. This action by an owner is perfectly proper, indeed is desirable, provided he seeks to learn the gen- eral qualifications of the various architects and not merely the amounts of their fees. The question is how should the architect act in naming his fee in such circumstances? Mn. Sturcis: No false modesty should deter an archi- tect from giving complete information about his expe- rience and ability, his complete organization, and the way work is handled by him. The cost of professional service is a negligible item in the total cost of the building; the character of that service is important, and is a very determining factor in the cost of the building. Mr. Mauran: The fundamental principle upon which Canon 11 is based, as I understood it, is that when a piece of work is offered to one architect and no other is being considered, that architect has the fullest right to fix his compensation at any figure mutually acceptable, but when a proposition covering fees is offered to a num- ber of architects for consideration no option is given to propose any less fee than the minimum prescribed by the schedule of the Institute without acting in contravention of Canon 11. Mr. FENNER: Suppose our regular charge for office or loft building work has always been 5 per cent; and at that is more profitable than any other kind of work. Now, if a man should come to our office and say that he intended to build an office building, that he had three firms of archi- tects in mind and would like from us a list of office buildings designed by us and a statement of our charges, I should say, “our charge is now and always has been 5 per cent.” I think it would be immoral to do otherwise even though, in so doing, I might be guilty of a violation of Canon 11. Mr. Конм: You are perfectly correct. The custom as to fees for office and loft buildings in New York is 5 per cent. Those who compete on basis of price for this class of work all charge 2% and 3 per cent. It seems absurd to suggest that Fenner is competing as to price when he sticks to the same charge of 5 per cent which he has always made. Mr. Morris: We are all speaking glibly of 3, 4, 5 or 6 per cent, and do not particularize concerning even the amount of service rendered—to say nothing of quality. Which, if any, of these percentages include engineering services in the technical branches? No two jobs are alike in my office, and what is good and fair pay on one, would be absurdly high or low on another. I have no fixed and unalterable schedule, nor any immediate intent of adopting one. I have lost money at 10 per cent rates and made it at 44 per cent. I cannot agree that there is an established rate in New York of 5 per cent on loft buildings. If they are big enough, a man confining his business to such could soon retire. Mr. FENNER: I suspect that under a literal interpre- tation of Canon 11, as Mauran defines it, I would be obliged to say 6 per cent. If the two other architects were equally punctilious, they would name the same fee, with the same result that the owner would pay one per cent more than otherwise. It seems to me that this would be a very dangerous attitude for the Institute to take. Mr. MAURAN: It seems to me this discussion has gotten away from the fundamentals and that too much stress is being laid on details and hypothetical cases and too little emphasis placed on the purpose of this Canon, in fact, of all the Canons. If one will read carefully the ` Circular of Advice and the Canons which epitomize its dissertation on the decencies of professional conduct, the outstanding impression remains that it merely enumerates the pitfalls which we all instinctively try to avoid. What are they there for—why is it necessary to stress these elaborations of the Golden Rule? I think it can be put in a nutshell. Suppose some prospective client, whether a friend or a stranger, asks me for my charges for a certain type of building and is even frank enough to say that he pro- 122

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AROUND THE SECRETARY'S TABLE poses to ask the same information from Jones and also Smith. Is it conceivable that I reply by quoting Canon 11? Of course not; my course is perfectly clear and one takes no advantage, such as Canon 11 guards client and architect from alike, in replying that the type of structure contemplated can be done by any reputable architect as, for example, Jones or Smith, at a fee less (or more if it be іп that class) than the recommended minimum, but since that is the case won’t he save us all embarrassment and secure just what he desires by determining in advance whether Jones, Smith or I will give him the results he desires on an assumption of a proper fee. Of course he will, if he is a client one would want and Jones and Smith are going to tell him the same thing if they be the kind of men I conceive them to be—professional confréres worthy of the client’s trust working under a gentleman’s agreement with the world. And if Catchem and Skinum are also being considered, they would come under the head of those so-called architects of whom you’ve spoken to the would-be client as in the large class who will doubtless do his job for little or nothing. And if the Institute is unfortunate enough to have on its rolls either Catchem or Skinum—why that is where Canon 11 shoots and shoots to kill. Tue Secretary: That, of course, plays the game safely and with due regard to one’s professional brethren, but I wonder if it shows due regard for the prospective client who is refused an answer to a question that he may well consider a perfectly legitimate one. Mr. FENNER: The Institute’s codes and its Canon of Ethics mean nothing more nor less than that practitioners of a profession should observe in their business and pro- fessional relations with each other, the same principles of courtesy and fair dealings that gentlemen observe in their social relations with each other. I think we must recognize the fact, however, that changes in architectural practice are occurring and that, while maintaining our fundamental principles, we must adapt their application to changing conditions. THE Secretary: That, of course, is true in this matter of fees, with what appears to be a growing interest in various fee plus cost methods. Mr. FENNER: Exactly. I take it that we are all agreed that if Mr. A is in negotiation with a prospective client and has named his fee for doing the work, it would be unprofessional for Mr. B to seek out that same client and offer to do the work at a lesser fee, but if Mr. A named as his fee 6 per cent and Mr. B names cost plus a lump sum, how can one determine whether or not there is competition in price? THE SECRETARY: This difference in method and actual results raises a question of competition in fees when, for instance, two or three architects are working more or less continuously for the same owner, let us say a public service corporation, with a fairly steady building pro- gram. Two of them, let us say, work on the customary 6 per cent basis; the third on a fee plus cost basis the results of which, in terms of percentage, vary according to the varying conditions of each job and the trend of the building market. If the building costs more than expected, due to a rising market, the result at the end 15 a percentage that is lower than originally anticipated as based on a lower estimated cost. It may be only 5 per cent. Is he competing improperly with the others and by showing a lower cost of his services, is he to be considered as competing for future work on a basis of price? Mn. FENNER: Several years ago the first departure from the old percentage basis was made, I think, by Sturgis, who developed a system based on cost plus a fee. At the present time, modifications of this system seem to be coming into use more and more. І have also seen recently a tendency on the part of clients to ask for an agreement based on a lump sum. Not long ago one of the leading real estate operators in New York asked me how long it would be before architects would be willing to name a fixed price for their services so that a person going into a building operation could pre- pare a definite budget at the outset which he could depend upon. THE SECRETARY: Mr. Mauran has recently made а plea for the “fixed price" method. But I don't quite see the logic of the real estate man's plea. A man going into a building operation cannot very well prepare a definite budget unless he can predetermine exactly the final cost of the building itself. If he can do this the architect can easily give him an outside limit of cost for all the professional services and incidental expenses whether he works on the basis of a fixed price or on a percentage basis or any other basis. The variation likely to occur in the cost of the building itself makes the varia- tion in the architect’s charges immaterial, I should say. Mr. Morais: The real estate man (or owner) іп my opinion is to be censured, particularly in spending an- other’s money, if he does not build to a budget. I think an architect, as a matter of economic duty, should be willing to quote a flat lump sum fee for his services in connection with any given building. Preliminary sketches of insignificant cost will determine its approximate cubage and general character. If his cost records are clear and intelligible, and he is reasonably conversant with market conditions, he can approximate its cost. Figur- ing a proper fee in dollars is a simple matter. "Тһе con- tract can and should provide a reasonable increase or deduction of fee, if the building by the owner’s desire is materially changed in volume or character. I know that this method has worked to the satisfaction of owner and architect, and the architect’s fee as an item in the budget is a known quantity. If the owner or the archi- tect are either or both not on the square, the scheme will not prove satisfactory, any more than will a per- centage fee or cost plus a fee. Mn. Sturcis: The practice in my office is to name a fixed fee for my own service; to estimate, and generally with some accuracy, the cost of draughting, of the various kinds of engineering service required, incidental expense of conducting the work, and of field superintendence. This is generally a more complete statement than is contained in calculating six per cent on an estimated cost of the building, and less liable to vary. In making up a complete statement or budget for an owner there 123

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THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS would be given the cost of the land, the cost of the building, the cost of furniture, and the cost of com- missions, engineering, incidental expenses, and the super- intendence of the building, and, under these various head- ings, complete cost of the operation would be before the owner. Mr. Fenner: I also find evidences that prospective builders, especially corporations about to undertake im- portant building operations of a more or less commercial character, are visiting three or four architects, making a careful study of their office organization and equipment, their methods of handling the business of construction and taking these elements into consideration, as well as the fee to be charged, in making their selection of an architect. This is as it should be. Mr. Morris: My opinion is that Canon 11 should be changed to read as follows: “It is stupid and poor business to attempt to secure work by quoting a fee lower than that necessary to insure a fair profit to the architect after the perform- ance of his services to the very best of his ability.” And let it go at that. Mr. STURGIS: Mr. Koon: It may be necessary to change the Canon to which you refer because it does not meet many mod- ern conditions, but a man who has a price for his goods and does not vary that price by reason of the price made by anyone else is not competing with that other, is he? Тһе word “competition” implies a process by which the price for an article is changed if necessary in order to get business. If I established a custom with regard to the price that I charge for my services on a particular class of building without making it lower because I know some other one makes his higher, I am not competing on price. THE SECRETARY: That would seem to involve proving that when you charged customarily 516 per cent for a class of work that others generally charged 6 per cent for you were doing so without any design to create a prejudice in your favor with owners of this class of property. Mr. Конм: This argument is, I realize, quite in- adequate when it comes to the case of a man who has never done that type of building and is suddenly asked for his price. It seems to me, however, that even though no custom had previously been established in his office, the custom of the profession has been established and is known to him, and he may very well say “I do not compete as to price; I charge what the leaders of the profession have already established as customary.” I realize again that there is a hole in my argument when it comes to public buildings or monuments, where no precedent has been established. ‘There surely the services of different men vary so much in their value that it would be absurd to expect McKim’s to value theirs at the same price as John Smith. The Institute Schedule clearly provides 6 per cent or more than 6 per cent for that type of work and I should say that any one ought to have the right to state any figure equal to or above the schedule rate. Mr. Warp: I cannot but agree that Mr. Fenner is correct in his attitude in the matter, as expressed in his remarks relative to naming a fee for an office building. The problem is certainly a difficult one. While simple enough (?) in private practice, we certainly need more carefully considered advice with respect to architects bidding on public work. Mr. Конм: For my part, I wish we could get rid of that whole schedule business, or if that is impossible get rid of the Canon with regard to competing as. to price. We need the idea of course, because it is valuable in raising the standard in many of our communities, but why cannot it be put in the category with advertising? There has been no outburst of billboard and newspaper advertising since we transferred it out of the class of dangerous crimes into the category of “no gentleman does this." Mr. Morris: I am glad to see that Kohn seconds my motion. | Mn. STURGIS: I am inclined to agree with Mr. Kohn, that it would be a good thing if we could simply elimi- nate the schedule altogether, and put in place of it a short explanation of what good practice is. THE SECRETARY: There seems to be a general agree- ment that intentional price-cutting for the purpose of getting a job away from some other known architect or architects is improper. It is clearly made so by Canon 11. ‘The difficulty seems to lie in the application of the brief statement in the Canon to a multitude of present- day situations, where a statement of one's charges may be appropriately demanded and where the element of competition, in the mind of the client at least, will inevitably be present. l Is it enough if one names his ståndard fee, regardless of whether it is more or less than 6 per cent or than what is customarily charged by others? Is it necessary to refuse the client an answer to what is to him at least a perfectly legitimate question in order to play with one’s brother professionals? Are there not several questions involved to which more conclusive answers are needed than our present discussion affords? Skilled Mechanics in The Building Trades By BURT L. FENNER Pioneer work in the development of a comprehensive Apprenticeship system, which is designed to meet the increasing need for skilled and properly trained mechanics in the Building Trades, is well under way in New York City. The movement is being fostered by the New York Building Congress. Instead, however, of superimposing any new organization to carry out the plans under con- templation, it is proposed to do so by bringing together 124

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AROUND THE SECRETARY’S TABLE the activities of the established employers’ associations, the labor unions, and existing educational facilities. The first step was made by the Building Congress at a meeting of the Executive Board held on 10 January last, when a general committee on apprenticeship was appointed which includes representation of investment, design, engineering, material supply, management, labor, and related interests. After careful investigation of the conditions by this committee, it was determined that the only resource for providing men better trained in the building trades and in citizenship than present day conditions permit, was in establishing a thorough and sound system of instruction based on apprenticeship principles. The general committee on apprenticeship then created an executive committee from its membership which con- sists of six members, two of whom represent employers’ associations, two represent labor unions, and two, related interests. The writer, as Chairman of the Apprenticeship Com- mittee is being assisted in the Executive Committee by Clarence S. Stein, Secretary, Architect, 56 West 45th St., Dr. John L. Elliott, Director Hudson Guild, 436 West 27th St., Ronald Taylor, of the Ronald Taylor Co., Inc., Cement Floor Contractor, M. F. Westergren, of the M. F. Westergren Co., Inc., Sheet Metal Contractor, Roswell D. Tompkins, General Secretary, and John Halkett, Member of the Executive Board, of the N. Y. District Building Trades Labor Council. The service is rendered through а Headquarters Office, which is in charge of a specialist on apprenticeship, em- ployed by the Congress. ‘This office conducts the busi- ness of the Committee, gathers information necessary for decisions, and carries out the policies and development determined upon by the Committee. As Educational Advisor the committee was lucky enough to secure the service of Frank L. Glynn, the former Director of Voca- tional Education of the State of Wisconsin. The direct management and operation of the movement is provided for in the establishment of a general Board with equal representation from the Building Trades Em- ployers’ Associations, and the Building Trades Unions, іс be jointly financed by employers and labor. This committee shall have the authority and necessary funds for the employment of such assistants as may be required to devote their entire time to this field. These assistants will then establish standards and carry on the operation of the work through the Joint Trade Boards now existing in each trade and composed of an equal number of representatives from employers and labor engaged in that trade. Educational experts shall act with such boards. The work of each Joint Trade Board will be to adopt rules and regulations for the trade that it represents covering the following items: 1. Enrollment of the apprentice with the Joint Trade Board. Identification for apprentice in trade or at work. Probationary period of apprentice before being finally accepted. Maximum and minimum age for apprentices. Term of apprenticeship. > л Wh 6. Division of apprenticeship into periods of advance- ment. - | 7. Periodic examination of apprentices. 8. Granting of advanced credit to apprentices for previous experience in the trade. 9. ‘Transfer system for interchange in employment. 0. Apprentice wage by periods: At work In school 11. Overtime work limits. 12. Hours per week: At work In school 13. Determination of time for school attendance. 14. Enforcement of school attendance: By employers By unions 15. Apprentice fees or dues. 16. Determination of apprenticeship classification for the trades within the jurisdiction of the Joint Board. 17. Statement of trade processes to be taught ap- prentices in each such classification: At work In school Note: The apprentice must have provided for him the opportunity to obtain all-around experience. while he is at work. 18. Approve courses of study to be taught apprentices in school instruction, including technical studies related to the trade in which they are employed and training for citizenship. 19. Supervision of apprentice: At work In school 20. Periodic reports on apprentices to Joint Trade Board: From work From school 21. Regulation of adjustments: For employer For apprentice 22. Minimum ratio of apprentices to journeymen. 23. Approval of employer indicating: That his work is sufficiently varied and equip- ment sufficiently complete to give the appren- tice the required diversity of trade experience to cover his trade classification. His ability to provide continuous employment to the apprentice during his apprenticeship period subject to conditions not under his con- trol. 24. Special regulations as may be necessary. 25. Agreement by apprentice to abide by rules estab- lished. 26. Granting of diploma upon the termination of apprenticeship. 27. The definite provision of classes in school for the instruction of apprentices. One of the serious obstacles in the development of the apprenticeship in the building trades in the past has 125

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THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS been the seasonal or intermittent employment. Experi- ence has shown that where apprentices have entered the building industry, they have often drifted into other oc- cupations during dull periods in building. They are attracted by steady employment and immediate returns rather than by appreciating the ultimate advantage of thorough training in a skilled occupation. Later as citizens their earning power in the juvenile pursuit is not sufficient to provide for living costs that have ac- cumulated with larger responsibilities. The work they have followed cannot pay any higher income so that they are released and replaced by another youth at lower pay. The state and the community thus has added to the unemployment. On the other hand what has the trade itself done to attract the young American of today? What opportunity or protection has it offered him? What assurance has he had that he could rise above the laborer or the special- ist—again finding himself out of work—while the em- ployer has to employ a number of specialists to do the work that one man should be trained and able to do, knowing the trade in its entirety? In our plan we offer a definite assurance of con- tinuous employment and place the responsibility with the Joint Trade Board in each trade instead of being satisfied with placing it with an employer only. Lodging the collective effort and duty with the Joint Trade Board to see that employment is not interrupted offers far greater assurance of security to the apprentice, thereby distributing the burden over the entire trade instead of resting it only with an individual. The general policy of the entire plan is to have the trade processes taught to the apprentice “оп the job” instead of trying to house the trade conditions in a school building. He will work regularly under actua! trade conditions, with actual trade surroundings and asso- clations. A part of his employment time or evenings will be devoted to his theoretical or technical instruction. Тһе studies related to his trade and training in citizenship will be taught in the continuation or evening division of the public schools and will be paid for out of public funds. If, however, the proper kind of relations cannot be established with the public service through mutual partnership, then other existing educational facilities will be used or established by the crafts themselves. Community Planning and Housing CLARENCE 5. STEIN, Associate Editor One of the principal works of the Institute’s Com- mittee on Community Planning during the past year has been the development of the framework of a regional plan for the Appalachian Mountains. The readers of the JourNAL will remember Mr. Benton MacKaye’s imagi- native “Project for An Appalachian Trail” which ap- peared in the October number. Mr. MacKaye outlined a new theme in regional planning. For the Eastern section of the country he offers the means of respite from the noise and strain of our cities. He has seen the big cities developed as working places with homes and parks as inadequate after-thoughts. He has seen the monstrous city growing and devouring the surrounding forests and farms. He offers as a tonic the big sweep of hills and plains. His is not a plan of more efficient labor, but a plan of escape. He warns us to conserve the whole stretch of the Appalachian Mountains for recreation— recreation in the biggest sense—the recreation of the spirit which is being crushed by the machinery of the modern industrial city, the spirit of fellowship and co- operation. Mr. MacKaye’s project is probably the biggest and most far-seeing undertaking in regional planning that our generation in America has known. It means more than a trail—the trail is but the backbone. It means more than a recreation ground with paths and shelter camps. It means the opportunity for the development of a new way of living, and with it new types of communities. It is one of the first constructive searchings for an escape from the crushing influences of industrialism and its overwhelming cities. The architects have built our cities though they have not created them. The blind force of industrialism has brought them into being. The architect’s ability to plan has been squandered on details:—a house—a school—a monumental city hall. The real structure—of which these form but a part—which affects all these individual buildings—has come into being without plan. The city’s growth must be controlled; it must be made to serve, to broaden and deepen our lives, not to narrow and crush them. And for this purpose city planning alone will not serve—we must have regional country-wide planning. It was this that Mr. Whitaker saw when he induced Mr. MacKaye to develop his scheme for publication in the JouRNAL—it was for this reason that the Committee on Community Planning took the lead in fostering the project for an Appalachian Trail. In co-operation with our committee and a constantly growing group of friends of the Appalachian Trail, Mr. MacKaye has been devot- ing the winter to a detailed study of plans. Leaders in the trail movement, in forestry, in community develop- ment, in landscape architecture in the East, have all shown a wide and helpful interest in the undertaking. They have said: “This is a wonderful plan—but what has it to do with architects and the American Institute?” It is just because this is a plan, a big plan, that it appeals to architects. After all, the architect’s prime function is not to decorate, but to plan. In planning a house or any other structure he relates varied units one to the other so that they form not only a beautiful but a functioning whole. His job is to mould our physical surroundings so that our lives may harmonize more fully with our aspirations. But the architect's energy has been concentrated on 126

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COMMUNITY PLANNING AND HOUSING the details and not devoted to the essential elements of the planning of our physical environment. And so the leadership in city planning has in the main been taken by other groups—engineers, landscape architects, sociol- ogists, philanthropists, politicians and lawyers. The planning of communities is probably the greatest undertaking that we have before us. It is the making of the mould in which future generations will be formed. It is not the work for one group, for one profession. It must be a co-operative undertaking. But it is one in which architects, because of their training. and their experience should be fitted to take a leading and not a subordinate part. The architect and the engineer each has his essential part in the design of a city as of a building. But they are different. ‘The architect plans what should be done to serve human needs—the engineer how to do the thing with physical matter. The engineer thinks of human beings as weights, loads, elements, to be used in production; the architect must conceive buildings and cities as makers of men. He must plan structures and towns so they will react upon and remould the character of men. The engineer counts the pedestrians and vehicles passing a given point—and, multiplying by the factor of probable growth and plan, the width and type of the future road to handle its future traffic. He studies the past growth of the city and prepares for a continued growth along the same lines by building in advance sufficient streets, transit and transportation lines. The architect must study the human beings—their needs and aspirations—and conceive a building and a city—to fit them and to help them grow. The philosopher foresees the growth of human minds that must be supplied with new physical surroundings; the sociologist supplies the data as to human needs; the lawyer weighs the experience of the past; the statesman cuts a way by new laws through the overgrown forest of traditional restrictions; the engineer calculates each part of the plan so that it will be adequate. But it is the architect (and the landscape architect) who must conceive the plan. In doing so he works as an artist. But at the same time his interest must be a human, and a political interest. And so he needs the co-operation of all these others who are helping to relate the city to the human factor. There has been altogether too little fundamental study of the needs of our cities. Much of the so-called planning has been the work of opportunists. There was first the craze for the “city beautiful.” And then when that was seen not to pay the phrase changed to a “city useful,” a city useful not necessarily to the community as a whole, - but to the limited part of the community that owns prop- erty or carries on business. Now it is zoning that is being offered as the remedy of the city’s ills. Other cures will come later, say the doctors, but why confuse the patient by talking of more than one at a time? These are all palliatives. In America we have never stopped growing long enough to diagnose the disease of our cities. Until we have done so we will not be pre- pared to accept other forms of city growth. It is only through our own experience that we will learn. But the suggestions that come from abroad may help us to find a better way of building our cities. Again—The Garden City Idea So a book on the garden city by a group of men who have been intimately connected with the movement in Great Britain is welcome. “Town Theory and Practice,” the joint work of six enthusiasts, is built around the definition adopted by the Garden Cities and Town Plan- ning Association in 1919: “А Garden City is a town planned for industry and healthy living; of a size that makes possible a full measure of social life, but not larger; surrounded by a permanent belt of rural land; the whole of the land being in public ownership or held in trust for the community.” A different portion of this definition forms the chapter treated by W. R. Lethaby, G. L. Pepler, Raymond Unwin, Sir Theodore Chambers, and R. L. Reiss. In the introductory chapter, C. B. Purdom tells of the growth of the idea expounded in Ebenezer Howard's “Garden Cities of Tomorrow" (or “Tomorrow,” the title under which it was first published in 1898) to its reali- zation in Letchworth, a self-contained city of over ten thousand population and in the second Garden City Welwyn founded in 1919 and planned as a satellite of London but also a self-sustaining city. Mr. Purdom says of Ebenezer Howard's idea that “the firm basis of it is the unity of urban and rural interests in a single community and the ownership of the land by that com- munity.” ‘The garden city he points out is a combination of individual, municipal and industrial effort. It is not a mere plan; it is a creative organization. 'l'own-plans do not make towns. "Dynamic forces, the energies of men and the enterprise associated with industries, the pressure of population lured to a centre by powerful forces of attraction—these are the makers of towns. In the past, towns have grown up under the blind influence of these forces; today there is a means in the art of town-planning to replace that heedless process by con- scious effort. But the art of town-planning is not a matter of adding road to road, building estate to building estate; it means the possession of an ideal, the exercise of the imagination, by those who care about towns, understand and love them, and have the power to make them what they would have them be. ‘That is the value of the garden city to these present times." 'The chapter devoted to the Best Size of a 'Town for Social Life, by Raymond Unwin, is particularly interest- ing. He does not accept Howard's original limitation of 30,000 inhabitations. He finds that no exact figure either can represent the most economical unit, the one, that is, which will give the greatest number of con- veniences and opportunities to the whole population with the least expenditure of time and labor. The limit of economical efficiency is not necessarily the same as that of social efficiency. He quotes Lord Bryce as suggesting that “the desirable size for a city would be from 50,000 to 70,000 people, and that it is doubtful whether cultural advantages of any kind will result from cities over 100,000 in population which would compensate “for the sacrifices which they must entail.” As an example of the wastefulness of the overgrown 127

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THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS city, he points to the experience of New York of which he says “to increase the supply of water to meet its growing population may cost four or five times as much per head as formerly was the case. Not only is this true, but the needs of the population in some cases show a high ratio of relative increase as compared with the numbers. This applies notably to passenger traffic facili- ties; the total number of journeys, or the average num- ber of journeys per head of population, seem to increase in large cities faster than the square of the increase of population. Mr. John Lothrop has recently stated that while New York was increasing in population about 30 per cent, the cost of installing traffic facilities increased about 400 per cent. ‘There are other facilities—the telephone is perhaps the most obvious—in which the increased population necessarily so complicates a system that the cost per head tends to increase with the in- creased population.” He recognizes that the increased size of population does enhance the opportunity of gain to fortunate business men and others but he says “‘it is, however, by no means clear that the increase of economic or financial opportunity to these individuals applies to the population generally; and, to some extent at least, the general population is probably bearing the cost of the increase of size beyond the most economic unit, while the advantages of that increase are going mainly to a limited number of successful traders." Mr. R. L. Reiss in the last chapter of the book points out the practical value “of the whole of the land being in public ownership or held in trust for the community" because "(a) It is then possible to prepare a comprehensive plan for the whole area. “(b) In considering that plan, any reduction in the potential land value which may be broaght about by restricting a particular area to agricultural purposes only may be counterbalanced by the in- creases in value due to having restricted factory or residential areas. 5 “(с) The limitations in value due to land being used for open spaces or recreation purposes only may be balanced by the increases in value of the sites facing such land.” In a word, the creation of land values will be in one hand. But it is not sufficient that the land should be in one ownership. The monopoly thus created must be used to public advantage. The predominating considera- tion in the preparation and carrying out of a town plan must be the interests of the town rather than the profit of individuals. Moreover, the excess of land values created over and above the amount required to cover the interest upon the capital cost of development must be used for the benefit of the town as a whole. Bibliography A seven page review of City Planning in the United States 1920-1921, from the pen of the indefatigable librarian of the School of Landscape Architecture, Har- vard University, has come to hand. Miss Kimball lists the names of many towns and cities that have plans under way, but far too many are merely major street plans, re-arrangements of railroads or zoning. All these are meaningless without comprehensive plans. Of general city planning Miss Kimball lists only six (one of which is Canada). This is а poor showing as compared with the hundred or so cities that have zoning plans started, under way, or almost completed. The National Fine Arts Commission President Harding, in forwarding the Ninth Report of the National Fine Arts Commission to the Congress, does so in a most graceful and appreciative letter, printed at the beginning of the Report, which contains a History of the origin of the idea of such a Commission and also a summary of its activities since its legal birth іп “1910: the latter are well illustrated. Primarily this Commission was intended to act as an advisory board of experts on matters affecting the future growth of the Nation’s Capital. Its work in this field has long since proven the wisdom of its creators. With- out its influence Washington and the District of Columbia might have gone on and on, straying each year further and further away from the original conception of its creators, Major L’Enfant—in consultation with George Washington. Thanks to McKim, Burnham, St. Gaudens, Olmsted, and their successors, the National Fine Arts Commission has made good and every one now knows what its future must be unless Congress, which is Lord and Master of the Federal City, sees fit to fly in the face of the best artistic advice that can be had, and ignores it entirely. Since the time when the Commission was quite young and its advice sought on matters concerning Washington only, much water has passed over the dam. Now the best elements in the Government appreciate it and seek its advice in every field covered by its diversified artistic membership. It has given splendid advice on our new coinage, our memorials of all sorts, our medals, statues, fountains and a great variety of other things that require mature, trained professional judgment. The mere fact that its advice is sought and followed, as to the location, planning, landscaping, and placing of suitable memorials in our cemeteries overseas in France and England, is proof to the world and to ourselves that we can, and do, appreciate the best. These cemeteries will be as simple and as dignified as it is humanly pos- sible to make them. It is greatly to be regretted that just now there is a small but well organized effort on the part of some in the Congress to defeat the will of the people, by depriv- ing this valuable advisory adjunct of the Government of the United States of its very life blood—the minimum amount of money absolutely necessary for its continued functioning, namely the sum of $10,000. We, who know the immense power for good which it is, must use every effort, politically and otherwise, to see that its sustenance is not shut off, and the commission permitted to die from inanition. Epwarp W. Donn, Jr. 128 ا

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ФА VA NF A s ха: NN The Knickerbocker Theatre Disaster REPORT OF THE WASHINGTON, D. C., CHAPTER COMMITTEE The Committee was authorized by the Chapter to make plans of the building, in order to have accurate data on which to base the relation of the roof steel to the walls, there being considerable doubt, according to testi- mony given, whether beams, trusses, etc., had proper bearings. The Committee obtained all the plans and specifications from the Building Inspector’s Office, which plans and specifications were available for one day only, Sunday, 5 February. The plans were traced by mem- bers of the Chapter and were made the basis on which measurements taken at the building were placed. With- out the use of proper instruments it was found difficult to make dependable drawings from measurements taken with tapes only, and your Committee then obtained the services of Mr. Hazen, City Surveyor, who delegated Mr. Latimer and three or four assistant engineers to make survevs to get accurate and definite information of the existing conditions. This information was finally turned over to members of the Committee who were doing the drawing, on Wed- nesday night, 15 February. From this time on the drawings proceeded rapidly and are now completed ready for such disposition as the Chapter may wish to make. The plans submitted herewith consist of first floor, balcony, and steel framing plan of roof. In order to be as accurate as possible all measurements were taken at the floor line and it has been assumed that the walls were plumb at the beginning. In locating truss 11, however, on the Columbia Road wall it appears on the drawing to have more bearing than is known to exist at the building. This is due to the fact that all measurements were taken at the bottom of the wall at the level of the auditorium floor and carried up plumb. By computation it has been found that the inside face of the bearing beam on which truss 11 rested, at the center line of the truss, is practically 5 inches back of this plumb line, showing that at the bearing of truss 11 the wall probably leaned toward Columbia Road at the time it was built. Truss 11 was not at right angles with trusses 12, 13 and 14, the angle being about 90.23 degrees. This slight variation may have been made to get more bearing for truss 11. ۱ The beams directly over the orchestra resting on the proscenium arch and the Columbia Road wall, from the measurements taken, also appear to have been too short. Beam 20 according to the length given in the beam sched- ule was not long enough. It may have been swung around until it rested on the Columbia Road wall but we have been unable to find any indication of a bearing plate for it. Beam 21 was also short and was swung around to rest on the Columbia Road wall. Beam 22 was so short that it was swung considerably out of normal to rest on the proscenium arch wall. The condition due to the spreading of these beams makes the panel between beams 21 and 22, 10’ 0” wide at the connection to the truss 12, and 11” 6” at wall. Beams 23 and 24 were also swung out of position to get bearing at the proscenium arch wall. The approximate location of the fans are indicated by dotted lines on the framing. Your Committee has made several personal investiga- tions of the ruins, condition of walls, bearing plates, and various structural members forming the roof construc- tion; they have had computations made of the various loads and have analyzed the effect of these loads on the various beams, trusses and concrete roof slab. In general, the Committee finds that the roof con- struction was poorly designed, that it was so faulty in its entirety, that the partial collapse of any part of the structure would in turn produce conditions which would bring about the collapse of the entire roof. This feature of the design is, in our opinion, fundamentally wrong, as no structure should be so inter-dependent, that the breaking of one portion produces the collapse of the whole. То make matters worse, a great many members of the roof framing were greatly over-stressed, produc- ing conditions which made the total collapse inevitable, it being only necessary for a slight overloading, due to snow or some severe shock, to precipitate the entire structure into the auditorium. As to the immediate cause of the failure, there are so many evidences of weakness, so many faulty details of design such as over-stressed members of trusses, beams, columns, etc, so many poor connections that, in our opinion, they all contributed their share in producing the final collapse. Truss 11, the main supporting truss, had one end resting on column 2, the other resting on an 18” 48-lb. I beam, having a bearing on the Columbia Road wall of 8 feet. This truss was connected to column 2 by bolting the bottom flange of the truss to four angles at top of column. There was no bearing plate and top of column was not milled to give level bearing. The other, or Columbia Road end, was so badly designed that it undoubtedly was a large contributing factor in the general failure. The wall bearing end of this truss was also without a bearing plate, the bearing being made directly by the bottom flanges of the bottom chord, namely, by two 12" channels, 20% lbs. connected by a 14” gusset plate. The bottom edge of this gusset plate is 1" above bottom flanges of channels. The wall reaction at this point was so great that the channels forming the bottom chord spread, thereby causing a considerable bending stress in the web of the channel which was only 14” thick. The gusset plate was so greatly over-stressed that failure at this point was a great possibility. The system of trusses was stayed laterally only at the top chord by the roof beams or purlins and the con- crete roof slab. No braces were provided to tie the bottom chords of these trusses. Column 2 was very poorly braced and while there is no evidence of buckling or bending under its load, there was nothing to prevent it toppling over when the roof started to collapse. The roof beams resting on the 129

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THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS proscenium arch had very little bearing and slipped from their plates without doing serious damage to the walls. It appears by the testimony at the coroner’s inquest, that the entire design of roof framing was changed. The designing was placed in the hands of the steel contractor. The practice of permitting the steel contractor executing the steel contract to design the steel work, your Commit- tee feels, is an extremely dangerous practice and should not be permitted under any circumstances as he has a fi- nancial interest in all that is done. The Architect’s speci- fication requires the contractor to submit all structural de- tail drawings in duplicate for his approval together with such stress sheets or calculations as he may require. The question naturally arises,—did the architect insist upon these drawings, did he examine and check them him- self or did he obtain the services of a competent engineer to do so? А cursory examination shows that the system of construction provided was inadequate to carry the dead load plus the live load as provided by the Building Regu- lations. That the work did not have proper inspection is ap- parent from the evidence submitted at the Inquest. This Committee recommends that the Building Regulations be amended making it imperative with the owner, where the public safety is affected, to employ at his expense, a com- petent clerk of the work constantly on the building dur- ing its construction and acting under the direction of the architect. Тһе duties of such a clerk being thoroughly to check all materials delivered with all contract drawings, specifications, approved shop drawings and schedules, as well as conformity of workmanship with the specifica- tion requirements. Had such been the case here, the checking of drawings with finished trusses would have disclosed the discrepancies of depth and length as well as the methods of fabrication and erection. Тһе Build- ing Regulations should be modified so as to compel the owner to provide, at his expense, for inspection of this character. This seems fundamental to the architect but to the layman it is often considered a burden which is to be avoided if possible. The office of the Building Inspector should not be required to maintain a force of inspectors sufficiently large to provide proper inspection of all building operations of the District. ‘This is an entirely unnecessary expense, which expense is not borne by those receiving the benefit as there is no reason why Mr. A, B, or C, should be required to pay, in the form of taxes, for inspecting work done by D. The Building Inspector’s Office should have a force of competent and thoroughly trained engineers who should pass upon structural features of the design and see that they com- ply with the general established safe practice and the building laws. But the detailed inspection of the carry- ing out the plans should be provided by the architect and paid for by the owner. Such inspection to be paid out of the usual percentage or such additional charges of the architect as may be arranged with the owner. The burden will then be borne by the owner and not the public. In general, the builder’s responsibility should be the proper execution of the contract requirements. His bid is based on the various items called for and he is required to execute the work in conformity with the plans and specifications. He should not be held respon- sible for any architectural or structural feature of the design as his financial responsibility is covered by the detailed requirements of the specifications as furnished by the architect. It is the architect’s duty to himself and his client to see that these requirements are complied with by the builder. The practice of architecture should also be regulated in this respect. Architects without adequate training, draftsmen without any training at all, should not be permitted to practice. The public is paying continually . for improper and inadequate advice from men without proper training and experience. Тһе Chapter should press with vigor the measure now before Congress pro- viding for the registration of architects. Why should an architect be permitted to practice without proper educa- tion any more than a doctor or lawyer; even a plumber is required to pass an examination. ‘The architect has the life, health and comfort of his client to provide for in much the same way as a doctor and in addition he has the financial advantage or disadvantage of his client to consider. We recommend that one set of blue print copies of the drawings of the reconstructed building be presented to each official investigating committee or engineer and one copy of this report be sent to the District Attorney for his use in the prosecution of the case. ALBERT L. Harris, Chairman. E. W. Donn, Jr. Е. С. PIERSON. Committee. Letters to the Editor FREE ENGINEERING SERVICE Sir: Not long ago I received the following letter: Mr. W. L. Steele, Sioux City, Ia. DEAR SIR: Structural Steel is selling now at 50 per cent lower prices than last year and at practically the same level as before the war. Every indication is that steel can be bought cheaper right now than will be possible for a long time to come. These exceedingly low prices make it possible to build with Structural Steel at a cost competitive with any other type of fireproof construction. Our Engineering Department will design your Fireproof Construction at no cost to yourself. If you have any con- templated work on hand, МОЙ? is the time to start it. Send us your inquiries and preliminary sketches. Yours very truly, —— STEEL WORKS. To it I replied as follows: Steel Works, GENTLEMEN: Replying to yours of October 29th, permit me to say that your statement that your engineering department will design fireproof construction for architects without charge does not appeal to me, nor should it appeal to any architect who has any respect for himself or his clients. I really believe that such help as you extend does more to keep incompetent men practicing architecture than any other one thing, and 130 4

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THE KNICKERBOCKER THEATRE DISASTER \ Wal! /те at r floor /тее/ „ е. x» deas en Грет level KENN MENT | “ | * . гоо“. ШУНИ | | | t ose Line EST —— і | ! | | | | | | | ۱ | | | | 1 y 7 / 2 677 Ио. N $ : % % Q N. % N 3 i 3 9 «Зә/соту Floor Level LLEVATION OF STAIN TRUSS Zeoxine Жет” ° сод سی یں‎ Details of Section of Roof Framing—Knickerbocker Theatre, Washington, D. С. Referred to in Accompanying Report of Washington Chapter. 131

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THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS 1 wish high-grade firms like yours would be brought to see the necessity for insisting that architects pay for the favors which they receive. Engineering service is a very vital part of construction and if an architect is properly paid he will never permit this work to be done for nothing unless he is dishonest. Yours very truly, WM. L. STEELE. This was the answer I received: Wm. L. Steele, Architect, Sioux City, lowa. DEAR SIR: I have your letter of November 2nd in which you object to our offering the services of our Engineering Department without charge for the purpose of designing structural steel. I note you state you believe that practices of this kind do more to keep incompetent men in architecture than any- thing else, and I am sure you are absolutely right in your contention, and you can be sure that we would very much prefer not to offer our services in this way. We would prefer to furnish our products according to the design and under the direction of a competent architect than to be compelled to act in the capacity of an engineering adviser... . The —— Steel Works will be only too glad to stop designing structures for prospective builders when (һе interests play the game fairly and honestly. The use of structural steel and reinforced concrete in building con- struction should be governed by rules and building codes, absolutely fair to both systems. This is a matter that I think the architects should take up themselves. They can be sure that they will have the heartiest support and help of all the structural steel shops. Yours truly, — STEEL Works. To this I replied that I would endeavor to bring the situ- ation to the attention not only of my chapter but the Insti- tute as well, which, as its members all know, has frankly condemned the practice so glaringly revealed and explained in the correspondence here submitted. Sioux City, Iowa, 15 March, 1922. WM. L. STEELE. A QUESTION OF SMALL HOUSES To the Editor of THE JOURNAL: Sir: In the February issue Miss Georgiana Goddard King criticises a group of workmen’s cottages at Williams- port, Pennsylvania, designed by the late Mr. George S. Welsh of Wilkes-Barre. My connection with this group was of the very slightest but in justice to Mr. Welsh’s memory I cannot refrain from writing you. The writer’s statements of fact are in most cases untrue. Her assumptions are usually incorrect. That the houses are not as a whole occupied by factory workers is true. They were as a matter of fact designed for factory houses and were sold at an average price of less than $2,800, with six rooms, a cellar, a bathroom with proper plumbing, and good heat and electric light, with slate roof, terra cotta exterior walls covered with stucco. The rents at the time of their construction ran from $12 to $22 a month. The writer says the windows are very small and sunk deep in a thick wall. The average thickness of the wall is 8”. Тһе windows average about 3'x4' 6". The sash аге of the casement type so that full openings can be obtained. Miss King says that in hot weather the bedrooms were suffocating. The least headroom in any bedroom is 6”; the casement sash make adequate ventilation possible; if the windows are kept shut the rooms may be hot. She says that the detail of the house is bad. “The pretty casements were so arranged that no wire netting could be adjusted.” This is not true. The frames are rabbeted for screens. She speaks of “sham carving” on the interior woodwork. This is not true. All interior trim was simple One-piece run molded trim, which was, in my opinion, ex- tremely well designed and fitted to its purpose. She speaks of lack of privacy downstairs as a great dis- comfort. The houses were designed first for the utmost economy of space, and second, to meet the desires of the tenants as ascertained from questioning a number of those who were to occupy the premises, and with the estate agents who rent property. The room in the roof of which she speaks as plastered but not heated is storage space. She says that when the door is opened the house is chilled throughout. She was there in summer time. The porches are designed for glass enclosures in the winter. I cannot tell you when I have seen an article in which so little justice was done to the architect as in this one. - Mr. Welsh was a pioneer in housing. His houses were the most economical that I have ever seen; were planned with as much care and consideration as I give to very much more expensive residences, and how on earth he was able to build such good houses at such low cost, I cannot under- stand. I hope you will publish this letter and communicate its contents to Miss King. AYMAR EMBURY П. New York City. MISS KING'S REPLY To the Editor of THE JOURNAL: Sir: I have just read Mr. Embury's letter and I am very sorry he should have been so annoyed. I think, however, he hardly did justice to the praise in my article. I said, i. think, that the houses were enchantingly pretty outside, and the streets picturesque and charming. Whatever the rents for which they were designed, those are not the rents now paid, which no factory worker could afford. This I de- plored, citing parallels elsewhere. It is deplorable. The windows are small; every picture shows that. Case- ment windows (except true French windows that open inward back against the wall) are unpractical and hot, for they necessarily cut off the wind from one direction; the plans show that. When in pairs they cut off the wind both ways. The rod of the window fixtures made screens impossible; that was said to me and I verified it on the spot. There are fixtures that accommodate screens, but not here. The heat in the bedrooms and cold from the front door were the complaint of a resident. I observed the former and could not doubt the latter. Factory workers cannot afford a glazed porch; and some people do not fancy one. The third-story room without heat has to be counted in the “six rooms and bath.” ‘The moulding of the door-frames seems to me fussy and bad in profile; it certainly had corner ornaments that had shrunk away at the joints. "That is, unfortunately, all I can remember nine months later. The lack of privacy is common, as Mr. Embury implies, to poor people’s houses and those of his own clients. I think I said something about that; but I think it a great misfortune and said (in part) why. The scheme is rather like the fashion of high-heeled slippers in the street, which those who cannot afford it have copied from those who can and who ought to know better; but it is bad just the same, The article was not about any architect but about houses. It really was true. : G. G. KING. Bryn Mawr, Pa. 132

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LETTERS TO From Our Book Shelf Sculpture Mr. Kineton Parkes cannot be blamed for the sculpture of today, but when you have finished his two! volumes and looked at alt the illustrations, it is a pity there is not just one head you can off with and be done. Mr. Parkes knows what sculpture is about and it is not his fault that smooth clay models of so many sweet and noble ladies, their hair beautifully done up with many hair pins are called Sculpture today, as well as a few days ago. We find ourselves in violent disagreement with some of his opinions and much he praises, and have not full sympathy with so catholic a taste. He has spread over the surface of a very large field and produced rather a remarkable “Who is Who,” but while he has touched the real alive forward movement here and there, he has illustrated it hardly at all. ESTELLE RuMBorp KOHN. Geometry Geometry, as certainly must already have been re- marked, is a rather useful equipment in the practice of architecture. It simplifies and makes easy a good many things. Not content with this, however, a number of inquiring minds seem to insist that great architecture develops by geometrical process. In the cosmic sense, this is very likely so. The laws of space teach us a sense of harmony and proportion. But that a knowledge of these laws reduced to a geometrical basis will assist in the production of great architecture is at least open to serious doubt. Mr. Frederik Macody Lund has applied certain geometrical theories to the cathedral of Nidaros, Trond- hjem, Norway. Apparently they are considered so important that his work? has been published by order of the Norwegian government, which leaves us exactly where we were before. The facades of Nidaros and of other well known churches are overlaid with a series of straight and curved lines purporting to prove Mr. Lund’s conclusions. If they are proof then all is over, of course, but in the drawing of these lines the author seems to have had a curiously child-like predilection for making them begin and end at points exceptionally favor- able to his own conclusions. Also, he seems totally to have ignored the long process of trial and error, of experiment, of patching and altering, by which most of the medieval churches attained structural solidity. There are eighty-seven ways more or less of making an archi- tect. We would suggest trying the other eighty-six first. C. H. W. 1 SCULPTURE OF Topay. By Kineton Parkes. Universal Art Series, Edited by Frederick Marriott. Published by Charles Srib- ner’s Sons, 2 Vols. $8.50. Volume I, America, Great Britain, Japan; Volume II, Continent of Europe. ? Ap Quapratum. A Study of the Geometrical Bases of Classic and Medizval Religious Architecture, with special reference to their application in the Restoration of the Cathedral of Nidaros (Trond- hjem), Norway. By FREDERIK Macopy Lunp, [London: B. Т. Batsford.] THE EDITOR News Notes Messrs. ADDEN & PARKER announce the removal of their offices to 177 State Street, Boston, Mass. Messrs. BEACHAM & LEGRAND announce the re- moval of their offices to No. 211 Bruce Building, North Street, Greenville, S. C. THE Executive Committee of the Board of Directors of the Institute met at New York City on 31 March and 1 April. The minutes of the meeting will be issued as a supplement to the May JouRNAL. For the remainder of the unexpired term of office rendered vacant by the resignation of Sir Charles T. Ruthen, the Society of Architects have co-opted Mr. Edwin J. Sadgrove who was president of the Society 1916-20. Heaps of the various architectural departments and schools in the Association of Collegiate Schools of Archi- tecture have been advised that the Institute's Medals for general excellence in architecture throughout the course will be ready by the first of May. One medal is awarded in each school wherever a recommendation is received, and the recipient is likewise presented with a copy of Henry Adams’s “Mont St. Michel and Chartres.” ZONING in Omaha, Nebraska, appears to be of doubt- ful utility. Reports recently received indicate that the law was so badly drawn as to disincline the district attorney to attempt to secure its enforcement and property owners in residential districts desirous of safeguarding their holdings are being forced to buy up vacant lands in order to prevent objectionable building undertakings. . PLANS for zoning Chicago are well under way, the Zoning Commission having retained Mr. E. H. Bennett as director. An accurate map of the city has been com- pleted and the field survey of the use, height and deprecia- tion of buildings is 52 per cent done, the other work of record, checking, density computation being likewise well along. PoRTLAND, Oregon, reports, through Mr. Ellis F. Lawrence, the organization of a branch of the Congress of the Building Industry. This is encouraging evidence of the slow drift toward localized activities rather than unwieldy national incoherencies. The futility of national conferences and meetings with which the country has been deluged for months is becoming a pretty well recognized phenomenon. Our business and economic troubles, like our charity, begin at home and only as local groups acquire knowledge and become ready to study and deal with their own particular problems shall we be likely to make much headway. THAT the Chapters of the Institute in New York State, the New York Society of Architects, and the New York State Association of Architects, join in the em- ployment of a legal expert to investigate and study legislation affecting the profession and introduced in the State Legislature, was the suggestion of Mr. Hobart P. 133

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THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS Upjohn, made at the annual meeting of the New York State Association of Architects held in New York City in February. Considerable legislative activity has recent- ly occurred in New York State and the Knickerbocker Theatre disaster in Washington seems to have inspired a good many hasty and unwise suggestions. Likewise the subject of registration is bound to occupy an increas- ingly prominent position. National registration of archi- tects has been suggested and although such a condition would seem entirely at variance with our theory of States Rights the intrusion of Federal regulation seems now too fixed a policy to arouse serious challenge. Alto- gether it is quite likely that architects throughout the country will have to keep a weather eye on their law- making bodies. | Messrs. BARRY FAULKNER AND PauL МАМЅНІР have been appointed annual professors for the academic year 1922-23 in the School of Fine Arts at the American Academy in Rome. Obituary Henry Martyn Congdon Elected to the Institute as a Fellow in 1867. Died at New York, 28 February, 1922. Henry Martyn Congdon, a former Secretary of the Institute, was born 10 May, 1834. He was graduated from Columbia College in the class of 1854 and was a member of Psi Upsilon. His father, Charles Congdon, of Brooklyn, N. Y., was keenly interested in architecture and the church and was one of the founders of the now defunct Ecclesiological Society in this country. It was natural, then, that his oldest son should look with inter- est on architecture as a life-work. Не was accordingly apprenticed to John Priest, M.A., of Newburgh, a friend of Charles Congdon and a fellow member of the Ecclesiological Society, and on the death of Mr. Priest in 1859 Henry M. Congdon and John Littell, fellow students, opened an office for the practice of architecture in New York City. The partnership was a brief one, and was later followed by one with Cady, but the greater part of Mr. Congdon’s 63 years of prac- tice were spent without a partner. In 1907 his son, Herbert Wheaton Congdon, M.A., was admitted to partnership and father and son worked together until death separated them. An early member of the American Institute of Archi- tects in the days of small things, he was a Fellow and for a short time its secretary. Although always keenly interested in its work, of late years he kept very much to himself and was not known at conventions and meet- ings as in the earlier days. Some of Mr. Congdon’s more prominent works were: St. Andrew’s Church, Harlem; The House of Mercy at Inwood; St. Mary’s Free Hospital for Children (all in New York City); Trinity Church, Torrington; Christ Church, Ansonia, and Trinity Church in Portland, Con- necticut—all three being groups with attached parish houses—Christ Church, Portsmouth, N. H., Calvary Church, Summit, N. J., St. Paul’s Church at Norwalk, Ohio, and St. Paul’s Church, Philipsburg, Pa. He also did a great deal of minor architecture, church plate, monuments, etc., as well as the usual grist of dwellings, all of which, however simple, showed a sincerity and a pic- turesque charm of composition. Mr. Congdon never retired, but was at his office until his death. He fell asleep, literally, while dressing to go to the office as usual, in his 88th year, on 28 February, 1922. H. W. C. Henry T. Pratt Elected to the Institute in 1919. Died at Kennebunk, Maine, 22 February, 1922. “In the death of Henry Turner Pratt the Boston Society of Architects loses a valued member. Mr. Pratt died after a brief illness; his health had been poor for some time. A draughtsman of unusual ability and an architect of distinction, he had practiced his profession in Boston for the last ten years. He was the architect for a number of dignified and well-designed smaller commer- cial buildings, as well as of some very charming residen- tial work in and around Boston. His early training began here about 1885, where for a number of years he was an assistant in some of the foremost offices. For awhile he worked in Southern California, gaining addi- tional experience, and building up his health, which was not robust as a young man. He was a member of the office of the architects in charge of the Chicago World’s Fair, 1892-1893, where he left his impress on a number of the more prominent buildings, and was one of a group of brilliant young designers and draughtsmen who were gathered together in Chicago at that time from all parts of the country. On his return to Boston, he was an im- portant member of Mr. Edmund M. Wheelwright’s of- fice staff when the latter was city architect. Later on he spent a number of years in the office of the supervising architect of the Treasury Department at Washington, where he had charge of designing а number of important federal buildings, and his work there is well-known and still remembered. “He had a great many friends in and out of his profes- sion and was noted for the careful and painstaking study he gave to his designs. He was the author of many charming sketches made in this country and in various parts of Europe. “Не was one of the first members of the Boston Architectural Club and took a prominent part in its early activities, where his sunny personality and exuberant spirits made him universally popular. Of an extremely modest and retiring nature, Mr. Pratt hardly asserted himself sufficiently for the advancement that his talents merited. Perhaps that was one of the reasons we all loved him so well. He leaves a place that will not be easily filled, and his memory will be cherished by many. “It is resolved that this notice be spread on the records of the Boston Society of Architects and copies sent to the Journal of the American Institute of Architects and to the family of the deceased.” 134

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Structural Service Department SULLIVAN W. JONES, Associate Editor LEROY E. KERN, Assistant In connection with the work of the Committee on Structural Service of the American Institute of Architects and in collabo. ration with other professional societies and organized bodies having the same objective—improvement in butld- ing materials and methods and better shelter for humanity in all its manifold vocations and avocations. Government and Industry Co-operate in Standardiza- tion. At the request of Hon. Herbert C. Hoover, Secretary ` of Commerce, the American Engineering Standards Com- mittee has designated Mr. A. A. Stevenson, the retiring chairman of the committee, as a special representative to work with the department in the co-operation between the Department’s Division of Simplified Practice and the Ameri- can Engineering Standards Committee. The Division of Simplified Practice is a co-ordinating unit of the Department of Commerce assisting in those reductions of excessive variety and other simplifications which many industries are undertaking in order to decrease the cost of production and distribution of manufactured articles. The work of the division was organized in the latter part of 1921 and is now actively under way. The American Engineering Standards Committee, which serves as a national clearing house for a broad field of engi- neering and industrial standardization, has offered Secre- tary Hoover the use of its machinery in carrying out the detailed work on technical projects initiated in the simpli- fication program of the Department of Commerce. The committee hopes to be of great value to Mr. Hoover in this simplification program of the department. It was as a result of this hope that the designation of Mr. Stevenson as a representative came about. The American Engineering Standards Committee has been actively at work somewhat over two years, during which time it has brought about a large measure of industry-wide co-operation. In this work more than a hundred national organizations are participating through representatives offi- cially designated by them. The formulation of the standard for each specific project is in the hands of a working com- mittee made up of representatives officially designated by the various bodies concerned. Eighteen standards have re- ceived formal approval as nationally recognized standards, and work on more than sixty other projects is in various stages of development. 'The American Engineering Stand- ards Committee is maintained jointly by twenty-nine national organizations, including five departments of the Federal Government, nine national engineering societies, and fifteen national industrial associations. There are now similar national industrial standardizing bodies in thirteen foreign countries, all but one of which were formed during or since the war. Of these the British and the German work is the most extensive, but active and important work is going forward in other countries. Mr. Stevenson, who is a past president of the American Society for Testing Materials and has had a most extensive experience in standardization work, is vice-president in charge of manufacture of the Standard Steel Works Com- pany, which is a subsidiary of the Baldwin Locomotive Works. Committee Activities Glass and Glazing. (26) —Іп the March, 1922, issue of the JouRNAL reference was made to the work of the О. 5. Bureau of Standards Conference Committee on Glass and Glazing. 'The Sub-Committee on Classification and Nomen- clature met on March 6th at the Bureau of Standards and tentatively established for sheet glass the following classi- fications or grades: “А” and “8” The familiar “AA” quality in single and double strength glass was abolished because it was found that only about 2 per cent of the sheet glass produced is strictly "AA" quality. It is “A Special and is furnished—when it is furnished—by the glass jobber, through making a selection from his “A” stock. “С” quality was omitted because this quality is con- sumed in agricultural glazing (hot house sash and the like) in glazing barn sash and sash for cellar and other windows in the cheapest class of shacks. It is never specified in connection with better construction. Tests are being made on a large number of sheets of glass to determine the maximum safe dimensions for single and double thick lights. American Engineering Standards Committee.—Under the procedure of A.E.S.C. the A.LA. is at present represented through the Committee on Structural Service on the follow- ing Sectional Committees: Building Exits Code, Safety Code for Elevators, Elevator Standardization, Gas Safety Code, Floor Loads for School Buildings, Safety Code for Floor Openings, Railings and Toe Boards and Electrical Symbols. The A.LA. is one of the joint sponsors for the Elevator Safety Code, for Elevator Standardization and for Electri- cal Symbols. Other projects which will be shortly organized to go for- ward under the A.E.S.C. procedure, in which the Institute will be represented are: standard methods for testing wood, standard indications for structural materials. Abstracts It is the purpose of the Structural Service Committee and THE JOURNAL jointly to give in this division each month, brief abstracts of all publications by the Govern- ment Departments and Bureaus, University and other re- search laboratories, States and Associations, which contain fresh information in regard to materials or methods employed in construction and thus afford architects and others a convenient means of keeping themselves con- versant with rapidly expanding knowledge in the technique of construction. Water Heating in the Home. (29d2). (Kansas State Agricultural College. Engineering Experiment Station. Bul- letin No. 11, by К. С. Klaeffler. Pages 76. Size 6" х 9".) The object of this investigation by the Engineering Experi- ment Station was to determine the following factors in con- nection with the use of coal, kerosene, gasoline, gas and electricty for heating water; the cost of operation, both for supplying hot water continuously and for furnishing hot water for a single definite purpose; the care necessary to operate the heater; the quantity of water which will be given a definite rise in temperature per hour; the practical effi- ciency of the combined heater and its attached tank. 135

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THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS A great difference of opinion exists regarding the effi- ciencies of hot water heaters. Each manufacturer has his own particular method of determining this value. The aim in this work has been to obtain a typical method for com- paring water heating systems using different fuels, and not to show that one particular make of heater is more eff- cient than another. All water heaters were tested in a similar manner wherever possible. Standards Chosen for Comparison—In order to compare the various kinds of water heaters it has been necessary to arbitrarily adopt certain standards. ‘These standards are: a standard quantity of water and temperature for rating water heaters; a standard quantity of water and tempera- ture rise for specific domestic uses; a standard daily hot- water consumption in homes. The temperature of water in underground pipes varies from 40 degrees F. to 70 degrees F. An average value would probably be 60 degrees F. A desirable temperature for bathing purposes is around 105 degrees F., for dish washing 110 degrees to 150 degrees is used, the higher value being recommended by the best authorities. However, 120 degrees F. (a 60-degree F. raise in average temperature of the water) might well be chosen as an average value for dish washing since it is about the maximum temperature the hand will permit. The most commonly used unit of quantity of water is a gallon. The following units were, therefore, adopted as standard: | Standard Unit for Rating.—One gallon of water given a temperature rise of 60 degrees F. in one hour. This unit did not meet with the favor of the manufacturers of electric water heaters, owing to the special characteristics of elec- tric heaters. They were thoroughly justified in their oppo- sition; but for the work of this investigation their objec- tions were waived. Standard Unit for Baths—10 gallons of water at 100 degrees F. "The data collected indicated that an average of nine gallons of water at 97 degrees F. was required for bathing in the ordinary bath tub. Shower baths required the same temperature, but only one-half the quantity. Standard Unit for Washing Dishes.—112 gallons of water at 135 degrees F. A series of tests showed that an average of 114 gallons of water at 132 degrees Е. was necessary for washing dishes. An electric dish-washing machine re- quired 4 gallons of water at 207 degrees F. Standard Unit for Washing Clothes.—18 gallons of water at 160 degrees F. The amount and temperature of water for washing clothes is a variable quantity, depending on the size of the family, and whether a mechanical washing ma- chine or hand work is employed. Washing machines require from 9 to 12 gallons of water. For best results this water should be at 180 degrees F. or higher. However, the tem- perature generally used is about 160 degrees F. For wash- ing clothes by hand the quantity of water in the tub is less and the temperature lower, but about 7 gallons of boil- ing water is frequently used in a boiler, which makes the total heat required about 50 per cent more than with the washing machine. Average Daily Hot Water Requirement.—From the data collected it appeared that the average daily hot water requirement per individual is ten gallons of water raised 60 degrees F. in temperature. The maximum daily require- ment is about double the average. Coal Water Heaters.—The coal water heaters tested were of the laundry stove type. The heaters were placed near and directly connected to an uncovered 30-gallon range boiler. The grate areas were 8”, 10" and 12" in diameter. Kerosene Water Heaters.— The kerosene water heaters tested were equipped with wick burners similar to those on kerosene cooking stoves. Above these burners are placed copper coils. Both single- and two-burner types were included. Since the kerosene water heater does not heat the water so rapidly as the coal heater there is a tendency for the water to circulate and the whole tank to become more uniformly heated. A small fraction of a tank of hot water rather than a large quantity of luke-warm water is usually required and this can be secured in a minimum time by plac- ing a valve above the kerosene heater and restricting circulation. Gasolene Water Heaters —These consist of a burner under- neath a copper coil. The burner is similar to the burner used on gas stoves. Gas Water Heaters.—Gas water heaters on the market to- day are of three general types: circulation, automatic and instantaneous. The circulation water heater generally consists of a cop- per helical coil mounted in a chamber above a gas burner. The automatic gas heater consists of a heater combined with a storage tank, the flow of gas being automatically con- trolled by a thermostat. When the water supply cools below a certain temperature the gas is automatically turned on. When the storage system is heated to the destred temperature the gas is automatically turned off. | The instantaneous gas heaters are heaters having a large capacity and are capable of heating water as fast as it flows from the pipes. No tests upon instantaneous gas heat- ers are included in this work. Electric Water Heaters.—Electric water heaters may be classed, first, according to the manner or place in which they impart their energy to the hot water ‘system; or, second, according to the manner in which the heat is produced. Under the first classification is the circulation type (similar to the fuel heaters already described), immersion or insert type, plaster type and the instantaneous type. In the second general classification electric heaters may be divided into the resistance type, induction type and car- bon electrode type. In the resistance type the heat is pro- duced by the electric current flowing through a conductor. In the induction type by transformer action a large flux is set up in an iron core, producing energy losses in the iron which appear in the form of heat. In the carbon electrode type, the electric current flows out directly through the water from one carbon electrode to another and this heats the water. All the fuels used in hot water service contain heat energy, which is made available through combustion. Coal, kero- sene, gasoline and gas may be stored in large quantities, and little importance may be attached to the rate at which they are consumed, so long as the total amount used is not increased.. However, the case of electric energy is very different. It cannot be stored economically for large power consumption. It is produced by generating machines just as it is used. Hence, the amount that can be used in a given time (the rate of consumption) is limited by the capacities of the generating machines and the distribution systems, including transformers. Thus, electric water heat- ers are designed to heat the water at a slow rate. It is possible to build electric water heaters that will heat water just as quickly as fuel burning heaters, but it is not eco- nomical or practical for the power station to furnish cur- rent at the rate which would be required. Hence, practi- cally all electric water heaters are connected to a storage tank and the heater is in operation a large part of the time. Frequently thermostats are used for automatic control. In all the tests upon electric water heaters, except those 136

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STRUCTURAL of the instantaneous type, the storage tanks were insulated by a tank cover, consisting of an inner layer of asbestos paper, 4 inch filler of hair felt, and a canvas cover. Radiation Losses—Loss of heat through radiation may be a very important consideration in water heating systems. To determine such losses and to determine the comparative heat-insulation value of different materials a series of radi- ation tests were made upon a 30-gallon tank. A covering of asbestos cement to a thickness of about 94" reduces the losses 26 per cent. The range boiler tank cover, con- sisting of an inner lining of asbestos paper, a filling of 12” hair felt and an outer cover of canvas reduced the losses 60.7 per cent. A covering, consisting of asbestos paper and 34” hair felt held to the top and sides of the tank by a wrap- ping of white muslin, reduced the losses 71 per cent, these losses may be further reduced by from 5 per cent to 10 per cent by the addition of asbestos cement on top of a tank already covered as above described. Obviously, there is also considerable loss in connection with uncovered hot water pipe. Where a return system is used it is entirely possible for the losses from the pipes to exceed those from the tank. Conclusions.—VWhile there is a separate problem for each home the questions in general in the selection of the water heater are: the initial cost of the heater; the cost of opera- tion; the convenience in using the heater; the time required to heat the water, and the thermal efficiency of the heater. For purposes of comparison the following costs of fuel have been assumed: Soft соа]....................... $8.00 per ton Кегозепе....................... 15 per gal. СазойНпе....................... ‚20 per gal. Artificial рав................... 1.25 per thousand Electricity... 000 .02 per k.w.h. In the case of electric energy the rates vary from 14 cent to 22 cents per k.w.h., more common rates are from 5 cents and 10 cents. Only where rates of 2 cents per k.w.h. and less prevail can water heating by electricity on a large scale be considered feasible To heat sufficient hot water for washing dishes will require the following: Fuel Cost Time Requtred Soft соа!...................... $ .02 10 min. Kerosene ..................... ‚0055 30 тш. Gasoline ..................... ‚0144 40 тїп. Gas (circulation type heater).. .015 20 min. Electric (3,000 watt instantaneous, at 3 cents per k.w.h.)...... .01 10 min. To heat sufficient hot water for a bath will require the following: Fuel Cost Time Required Soft 9+ 3ك‎ $ 2 20 min. Kerosene (1 burner).......... ‚011 1 hour Сазойпе..................... ‚022 1 hour Gas (circulation type)........ ‚0225 30 min. Electric (1,500 watt circulation type, at 2 cents per k.w.h.)..... .045 1 hr. 30 min. To heat sufficient water for two baths will require the following: Fuel Cost Time Required Soft соа!.................... ф .02 30 min. Kerosene (1.burner)......... ‚0193 1 hr. 45 min. Gasoline ................... .032 1 hr. 45 min. Gas (circulation type)........ .03 40 min. Electric (1,500 watt circulation heater, at 2 cts. per k.w.h.) .08 2 hrs. 45 min. SERVICE DEPARTMENT To heat sufficient water for a washing of clothes will require the following: Fuel Cost Time Required Soft соа1..................... $ .032 1 hour Kerosene (1 burner)......... .0383 315 hrs. Gasoline .................... .076 314 hrs. Gas (circulation type)........ .0675 116 hrs. Electric (1,500 watt circulation heater, at 2 cts. per k.w.h.) .27 9 hours To supply hot water at the tap 24 hours a day for a fam- ily of three for general domestic purposes, bath and laundry, the following table will apply, if the range boilers are well insulated: Quantity Cost Fuel per month per month per month Soft coal ($8.00 per ton)......... 300 lbs. $1.20 Kerosene (1 burner, 15с a gal.) 15% gal. 2.36 Gasoline (20c per gal.)......... 19 gal. 3.80 Gas (automatic type heater, $1.25 per 1,000 cu. ft.)...... 2,700 си. ft. 3.38 Electric (circulation, immersion or direct contact type, 750 watt at 2c per k.w.h.)....... 7.50 It should be noted on the foregoing tabulations that in some cases it takes about as much time to heat a small quantity of water for washing dishes as it does sufficient water for a bath. The explanation of this lies in the fact that for washing dishes the water must be at a higher tem- perature and that when it has reached this temperature there will be a sufficient quantity (at a lower average tem- perature) for a bath. Summary.—It costs from 40 cents to $1.50 a month per individual to furnish hot water (24-hour service) in the home. The amount will vary with the kind of fuel used, the . local fuel rate, and the habits of the individuals. In the cost of operation the coal heater is cheapest; the kerosene, second; gas (artificial), third; gasoline, fourth; and the electric water heater cost is the highest. For speed in heating water the coal water heater comes first; gas, second; kerosene and gasoline, third, and the electric heater is the slowest. In order of convenience the electric water heater is first; gas, second; kerosene and gasoline, third, and coal the least convenient. In efficiency the electric water heater comes first; the gas, second; the kerosene, third; the gasoline, fourth, and the coal heater last. Specification for Spar Varnish. (25b11)—(Prepared and recommended by the U. S. Interdepartmental Committee on Paint Specification Standardization. Circular of the Bureau of Standards No. 103. ‘Second edition. Size 7" x 10". Pages 6.)—The varnish shall be suitable for use on both outside and inside surfaces of vessels, buildings, etc, and must be resistant to air, light and water. The manufacturer is given wide latitude in the selection of raw materials and processes of manufacture, so that he may produce a varnish of the highest quality. It must meet the following require- ments: Appearance. Clear and transparent. Color. Not darker than a solution of 3 g. of potassium dichromate in 100 cc. of pure sulphuric acid, specific gravity 1.84. Flash Point (Closed-cup). Not below 30 degrees C. (85 degrees F.). Non-volatile matter. Not less than 40 per cent by weight. Set to Touch. In not more than 5 hours. 137

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THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS Dry Hard and Tough. In not more than 24 hours. Working Properties. Varnish must have good brushing, flowing, covering and leveling properties. Safety of Working. Varnish must pass the draft test. Water Resistance. Dried film must withstand cold water for 18 hours and boiling water for 15 minutes without whit- ening or dulling. Toughness. Varnish must pass a 50 per cent Kauri reduc- tion test at 24 degrees C. (75 degrees F.). The circular also contains a discussion of sampling, labo- ratory examination and basis of purchase. Specifications for Flat Interior Lithopone, Paint, White and Light Tints. (25b22)—(Prepared and recom- mended by the U. S. Interdepartmental Committee on Paint Specifications Standardization. Circular of the Bureau of Standards No. 111.) General.—This specification covers ready-mixed lithopone paints, frequently known as flat, washable wall paint, in white and a variety of light tints. Paints under this speci- fication are not intended fer outside exposure; they shall dry to dead flat opaque coats that will adhere well to wood, metal and plaster, stand washing with soap and water, and show no material change in color on exposure to light. The paint shall be purchased by volume (231 cubic inches to the gallon). (а) Pigment.—The pigment shall consist of: Maximum Minimum Percent Per cent Lithopone cese e ev. کیو وی فو‎ 7 80 ۰9ھ‎ 3 one 0 0 0_-0- - -> C 0 10 Tinting and Extending pigments.......... 10 Material soluble in water................ 0.8 Note.—The lithopone used must contain not less than 26 per cent of zinc sulphide and must not darken on exposure. (b) Liguid—The liquid portion of the paint shall consist of treated drying oils or varnish, or a mixture thereof, and turpentine or volatile mineral spirits, or a mixture thereof, in such proportions as to insure not less than 25 per cent of non- volatile vehicle. The non-volatile vehicle shall dry to a tough and elastic film. (c) Paint.—The paint shall be well ground, shall not settle badly, cake or thicken in the container, shall be readily broken up with a paddle to a smooth, uniform paint of brush- ing consistency, and shall dry within 18 hours to a dead flat finish without streaking, running or sagging and free from laps and brush marks. The color and hiding power when specified shall be equal to those of a sample mutually agreed upon by buyer and seller. After drying for not less than five days, marks made on the painted surface with a soft lead pencil (No. 2 Mogul) shall be easily removed by washing with soap and warm water without appreciably marring the paint surface. 'The weight per gallon shall be not less than 141% pounds. The paint shall consist of: Maximum Minimum Percent Per cent Pigment 1222 مض‎ err ek xa روک‎ 72 68 Liquid (containing at least 25 per cent non- volatile matters) ................... 32 28 МУДА ӨР 555 хаты б Men ea PE dile ues 1 m Coarse particles and "skins" (total residue retained on No. 200 screen based on pigment) The circular also contains specifications for sampling, labo- ratory examination, analysis of pigment and reagents. Lighting for Indoor Recreations. (31a17)—(Bulletin L. D. 129, Lighting Data, Edison Lamp Works. Size 6" x 9". Pages 15.)—In this bulletin the following subjects are dis- cussed: Pool and Billiard Parlors, Bowling Alleys, Indoor Tennis Courts, Squash Courts, Skating Rinks. Bibliography: "Electricity in Ice Skating Rinks," J. C. Carlsen, Electrical Review, Мау 12, 1912. “Lighting a Cov- ered Squash Racket Court,” Illuminating Engineer (London), September, 1912. “Illumination of Ice Skating Rink, Van- couver, №. В. Electrical World, April 4, 1914. “Standard- izing the Lighting of Bowling Alleys,’ J. L. Stair, Lighting Journal, July, 1914. “Lighting of Squash Racket Courts,” Illuminating Engineer (London), August, 1914. “Billiard and Pool Table Lighting,” H. C. Meredith, Lighting Journal, February, 1916. Lighting for Outdoor Sports. (31a11)—(Bulletin L. D. 126, Lighting Data, Edison Lamp Works. Size 6" x 9". Pages 23.)—In this bulletin the following subjects are discussed: Tennis Court Lighting, Clock and Court Golf Lighting, Light- ing of Motorcycle and Bicycle Racing, Lighting of Outdoor Arenas, Lighting of Bathing Beaches, Lighting of Trap Shooting Ranges, Croquet and Roque Court Lighting. Bibliography: “Tennis by Night,” Electrical Merchandis- ing, August, 1912. “An Electrically Lighted Tennts Court— Newton Center,” Electrical World, August 23, 1913. “Light- ing of a Range for Night Trap Shooting," Clarence L. Law, Lighting Journal, May, 1914. “Lighting Outdoor Tennis Courts with High Effciency Lamps," A. L. Powell and A. B. Oday, Electrical World, June 13, 1914. "Reduced Wattage with Overhead Lighting of a Tennis Court,” S. L. E. Rose and C. S. Van Dyke, Electrical World, July 18, 1914. “Ar- tificial Lighting of Tennis Courts," Н. T. Spaulding, Lighting Journal, May, 1915. "Lighting the Sheepshead Bay Race Track," L. C. Porter, Lighting Journal, June, 1916. “Add- ing Hours to Summer Days for Outdoor Recreation," Elec- trical World, June 17, 1916. “Increasing the Usefulness of Athletic Grounds," L. C. Porter, Lighting Journal, August 19, 1916. “The Lighting of Parks and Playgrounds,” A. L. Powell and H. A. Tinson, American City, July, 1917. “Drill Field Illumination,” А. В. Oday, Electrical Merchan- dising, September, 1917. “The Sport Alluring (Trap Shoot- i1g)," К. E. Harrington, Dupont Magazine, Мау, 1919. The Lighting of Printing Plants. (31a13)—(Bulletin І. D. 125, Lighting Data, Edison Lamp Works. Size 6" x 9". Pages 20.)—In this Bulletin the following subjects are dis- cussed: Present Practice, General Requirements, Type Mak- ing and Composing, Photo-engraving, Press Room, Bindery. Bibliography: “The Illumination of Printing Works by Electricity,’ by J. Eck, Illuminating Engineer (London), April, 1912. “Revising the Lighting of a Composing Room,” Electrical World, February 28, 1914. “The Lighting of Printing and Bookbinding Plants,” Бу F. H. Berhard, Elec- trical Review, August 24, 1918. “Planning the Printing and Publishing Building," by George Nordham, The American Printer, March 20, 1920. The Lighting of Offices and Drafting Rooms. (31а8) —(Bulletin 35, Engineering Department, National Lamp Works. Size 6" x 9". Pages 26.)—In this bulletin, the sub- ject of office lighting is discussed under five principal sub- . divisions: 1. Quantity of light; 2. Quality of light, choice of units; 3. Utilization of light; 4. Location and number of lighting units; 5. Illumination calculations. 138

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IX PLUMBING EQUIPMENT ا i ыа‏ اسم td‏ یہو ےج N EN o ы 25650, = e SAA ROS BS 6 له‎ 9 о SERES сЕбы m Pa Д JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS ti 1S CTION LÀ incinna Omaha St. Lou WOLFF MANUFACTURING COMPANY. CHICAGO . Established 1855 . Chicago е Dallas Denver Hammond INDUSTRIAL SE

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INDUSTRIAL SECTION BUILDING MATERIAL (Terra Cotta) ELL studied detail in colored Atlantic Terra Cotta adds W x. element of charm to the characteristic dignity of a monumental building of stone. It is a sincere use of Terra Cotta; the individuality of Terra Cotta is stressed. . Many old Italian buildings that are today accepted archi- tectural precedents of great beauty, are also precedents for the combination of the two materials. Against a background of stone or marble insert panels in colored relief have a particular beauty. The contrast brings out the tone and texture of each material. Cornices—especially the chenaux—and balustraded parapets developed in color give the impression of light weight and avoid too abrupt a skyline. (Sparkling gold can be used most effec- tively in a cornice frieze.) In general, colored detail gives added interest to surfaces of massive stone. The depth of tone and the texture of Atlantic colors make their combination with stone entirely consistent, and by using colors only where ornament would naturally occur, continuity of design is unbroken. Architects with “color feeling” and a sure touch have used Atlantic Terra Cotta colors with marked success. Booklet on request Atlantic Terra Cotta Company 350 Madison Avenue, New York Southern Factory Atlanta Terra Cotta Company Atlanta, Georgia JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS April, 1922

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ROOFING (Tiles) XI LUDOWICI-CELADON COMPANY |. WHEN you come to the roof you want something that will harmonize with the walls—will give character to the building and will be absolutely permanent. Our "Imperial" Shale Roofing Tiles in various colors and textures fully meet these requirements. 104 South Michigan Avenue Chicago, Illinois INDUSTRIAL SECTION JoURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS Abril, 1922

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хи ۱ е BUILDING MATERIAL (Tiles) - the دہ کش وش‎ mae Freee ہیں‎ may a themes, سر ہی‎ мем poira paper MODIFICATIONS OF THE BASIC SPECIFICATION The Besic Specification for Tilework previously referred to ін hereby modified as follows; -` (H) CINDERS lf саде» as mentioned in Par. (13), (/7), (МП aud (15) ar« өсі із м обете, міәтізң Canis is тартыл. (a) Cinders shall not be used in concrete setting beds in connection wi тч eae wA ws Glework anywhere [except under basement or сезг floors].° TANT | | UR publication No. K-300—" Basic Speci- fication" and Related Documents—covers a complete Tile installation in what might | be termed a composite. structure with various | features of construction and equipment. Such a structure might be a small residence or a large office building; a swimming pool or a subway. It might contain, in addition to the usual interior | Tilework, such exterior items as porches, ter- races and steps, entrances, street fronts | and pavements. | It might be a building or other structure pend Fer (d) оъ ЗЫ Tha у’ سوسمہ‎ hodi be slowed What the “Basic Specification” | Means to Architects with Tiled floors over earth or fills in base- ments or on platforms. The work might also include alterations and additions to existing structures as well as new construction. Uncertainty need no longer exist as to whether, and how, the carpenter, mason, roofer and other contractors should prepare their work to receive Tilework. A copy of the complete publication, including "work sheets," will be sent to architects upon request. Additional copies of the “work sheets" or "scratch pages,” comprising the related documents, will be furnished to the extent desired. The Associated Tile Manufacturers | Beaver Falls, Pa. : 217 027 be ا تاس ا‎ ам aaah ЕШ INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS ШИШ Ж ЛЇЇШШЇЇЇЇШЇШШШЇ ШЇЇ TTT April, 1922

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e HEATING EQUIPMENT -- жа % E % 7 4 47% 24 CS RADIATOR Сомалау‏ لا ار IDEAL.‏ e‏ di 1] j 7 ссу 7 XIII ae W [ |‏ ئا ае | <<‏ From a painting фу ADOLPH TREIDLER. (О ARCO 1922. Architect: AYMAR EMBURY, 2nd An amazing rid tere etc oh eal saving in fuel buildings under way this Spring: Your name on your letterhead, «ш со either address below, will , A HUNDRED AND THIRTY TONS of coal were used to гіп PE med bow of heat this beautiful home of Mr. Louis Н. Porter, end details of conto” Stamford, Conn., in the winter of 1916-17. | The following summer Mr. Porter had the old- fashioned, wasteful heating equipment taken out of his cellar, and two IDEAL TYPE А HEAT MACHINES installed. In the winter of 1917-18, a hard winter, 76 tons were burned. In the winter of 1918-19, a mild winter, 58 tons were burned. There are many, many home owners who are paying a tremendous price for the extravagance of old-fashioned heat. We claim for the Ірвлі TYPE A Heat MACHINE an average fuel saving of one-third; Mr. Porter, and many other owners, have found that the claim is much too modest. AMERICAN RADIATOR COMPANY IDEAL Boilers and AMERICAN Radiators for every heating need 104 West 42nd Street Dept. 115 816 So. Michigan Ave. NEW YORK ` CHICAGO INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS 2 April, 1922

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INDUSTRIAL SECTION In the final analysis, all arguments in favor ol Raymond Concrete Piles T come down to the basic factor of certainty — the protecting steel shell is left in the ground. Raymond Concrete Pile C New York, 140 Cedar Street Chicago, 111 W. Monroe Street Raymond Concrete Pile Co., Montreal, Can. Branch O ffices in Ail Principal Cities JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS PILES (Concrete) April, 1922

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LIGHTING EQUIPMENT XV ULITE PATENTED AND TRADE MARK REGISTERED / Here's Strong Testimony-- Texas Company Changes to Brascolite The Texas Company, Houston, Texas, recently went to considerable expense in taking. out the installed in its general office building about a year ago, in order to install Brascolite. TYPE Y.D. | A stronger testimony of Brascolite efficiency could 900 of these 3-chain suspension . d е аата оа e hardly be desired. | This апа thousands of other enameled reflector’ with’ ceiling Brascolite installations are daily demonstrating band finished in leather bronze. Brascolite’s supremacy both in the quality and quantity of light delivered and in directing that light to the useful working plane. To know the Brascolite principle of illumination— diffusion plus reflection at the source of light—is to know the primary reason for Brascolite's won- derful success—the largest selling lighting fixture in the world. We have recently prepared a series of architect- ural booklets—of Standard size for filing—copies . of which we will be glad to send upon request. No. 1— Hospitals No. 2—Banks and Office Buildings | No. 3—Schools, Colleges and Y. M. C. A. Buildings THE BRASCOLITE COMPANY, ST. Louis, U. S. A. Division of the St, Louis Brass Manufacturing Company BRANCH OFFICES Sales and Service Atlanta Chicago Los Angeles Oklahoma City Kansas City Boston Omaha Minneapolis Philadelphia New York Cincinnati Detroit New Orleans Canadian Distributor Texas Company Building, Houston, Texas. Original Northern Electric Company, Limited, Montreal. fixtures removed and Brascolites installed by the і Brown-Woods Electrical Company of Houston. INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS а April, 1922 entire original equipment of 900 lighting fixtures, |

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PAINTS AND ENAMEL XVI қ a j ~ — جو چ ہے‎ ]—] Á Hg ағам ٠ت ج ہجو" جہ‎ j! "татр ELGIN STATE HosPrTAL Elgin, Illinois Beats the Duich ۳۰ Trost Ы سا یج مس سی‎ - AKES N ., Contractors, ісаро, lil. for Whifeness | 4 E èa SHERWIN-WILLIAMS &% Woodwork finished throughout with Sherwin- Williams OLD DUTCH ENAMEL, an American‏ کس چس یت تم یک Otulchénamel product which ‘‘beats the Dutch" for initial‏ and permanent whiteness. Made in White,‏ Gray and Ivory, gloss or dull finish. DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURAL SERVICE ‘THE SHERWIN-WILLIAMS Co., 805 Canal Road, N. W., Cleveland, Ohio INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS April, 1922

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ROOFING (Asphalt) Distributors of Asphalt Asbestos Magnesia Building Products “А Roof for Every Building” Atlanta, Ga.......:..... The R. О. саша Coal ro Baltimore, Md...................... The Philip Care irmingham, Ala...The Young & Vann Supp бе. Boston, Шаа. ыз Тһе ір Сагеу Со. Buffalo, №. Ү.......................... The Carey Co., Inc. Charlotte, №. C............ The ۶ upply Co. تک‎ лылы? а, Тепр.................... James Su upply Co. Chicago, Ills........................... The Philip Carey Co. Саан, О. The Philip Carey Co. (Home Office) Cincinnati, O......................... e Breese Bros. Co. Cincinnati, О.......................... R. E. Kramig & Co. Cleveland, О....................................... The Carey Co. Denver, Colo......................... .H. W. Moore & Co. Detroit, Mich......................... s The Carey Co. Havana, Сиһа................................ The Kelmah Co. Konstan, Texas.... ..Peden Iron & Steel Co. Jacksonville, Fla... The Cameron ЕБУ Со. Kansas City, Mo. ................ p Carey Co. похуШе, Tenn.............................. Heins Co. Little Rock, Ark.....Fischer Cement & Roofing Co. Lincoln, Nebr. .................... .... чаны 0 ly Co. Los Angeles, Cal................... Warren & Bailey Co. Memphis, Tenn....... Fischer Lime & елей Со. Miami, Fla. nds The Cameron & Barkley Co. Minneapolis, Minn........................... W. S. Nott Co, Montreal Que. TheW m.Rutherford SonsCo.,Ltd. Nashville, 1 епп............. Т. І. Herbert & Sons Co. New York, (Domestic)........ The سوا و ا‎ Co. Oklahoma vity, Okla........... Curtis & Bentley Co. Omaha, ЇММеЬг.......................... National Supply Co. TER ORE | REDE American Insulation Co. Pittsburgh, Pa....................... The Philip Carey Co. Portland, Ore MS Pacific Asbestos & Supply Co. St. Louis, Mo..... ................... e Philip Carey Co. San rere ех... Peden Iron & Steel Co. San Fran. Cal..... Western Asbestos Magnesia Co. Sioux Cit ty, Тозга................... National Supply Co. 7: Savage,. Scofield ا مل‎ УТ азһ............................. Nott- AtwaterCo. acoma, Wash........................ Savage, Scofield Co, Tampa, Fla............. The Cameron & Barkley Koledos D assa ضر ترما‎ The Carey Co. ما‎ Ont., Сап...............Тће Philip Carey Co. Washington, D. С.............. Asbestos Covering Co, Wheeling, W, ۷ 8. 90090040 te, “Тһе Philip Carey Со n— —X ——— INDUSTRIAL SECTION XVII A: ne ` A ایی‎ гы ASS ғ» 5% ч n ; N y У 7 ‘ Қа. a oe Е 4 | دس می‎ p Жз У m — S Sym 5 2i DENM ie ۱ MA me RE T ў 5 мето AT >. TS 7 $ نت‎ > Soe epo HM AN Faith Hospital, Corning, №. Y.; Jansburg & Ritchie, Architects ROOFED WITH CAREY ASFALTSLATE SHINGLES Non-Curling Shingles for Permanent Beauty - O the Architect the most important thing about Carey Asfaltslate Shingles is the fact that They NEVER Curl. This is your guarantee that uey will remain permanently good-looking. This exclusive non-curling quality is obtained by careful control of the manufacture of felt and expert tempering of the asphalt used in the base of the shingle, and by making the base extra heavy (ten to twenty per cent above the Underwriter’s standard). Samples, details and specifications gladly sent on request. THE PHILIP CAREY COMPANY Makers of the Shingle That NEVER Curls 507-527 Wayne Avenue, Lockland, Cincinnati, Ohio JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS April, 1922

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XVIII General Office a3 3^ Sales Offices in Schenectady, NY. sa p an y ӘП large cities INDUSTRIAL SECTION ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT fed. d سم‎ те; yp , б, t 4 і е 4 /| К a: ` و رر‎ г; e G-E TUMBLER SWITCH A convenience which aids comfort N designing and furnishing a living-room, comfort is the key- note. Since convenience aids comfort, the increased conve- nience afforded by the G-E Tumbler Switch makes this a logical living room accessory. Just the flip of a finger operates this switch. One small lever which works up and down, replaces the two buttons of the push type switch. Simplicity in design and simplicity in construction makes this switch peculiarly adaptable to surroundings where refinement, convenience and dependability are essential. Thoroughly representative of G-E quality and workmanship, this modern style tumbler switch is made in both flush and sur- face types that will satisfy the most discriminating taste. The General Electric Company will be pleased to send a sample of the G-E Tumbler Switch to any architect. Address Supply Dept., Schenectady, N. Y. G-E RELIABLE WIRING DEVICES can be furnished by any electrical contractor 8 қат ы " Lis. х SS ER a تک‎ e D S&S N S YO. $ CO ss 2 ۹‏ پچ S, ох... ` AN SS JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS А. 41-144 April, 1922

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LUMBER (Trade-Marked) Southern Pine Lumber and imbers Creosoted Lumber, Timbers Posts, Poles, Ties, Piling Wood Blocks California White Pine Lumber Sash and Doors Standardized Woodwork Gum and Oak Lumber Oak Flooring APR ALR OCONEE INDUSTRIAL SECTION LUMBE XIX ім е rame mp ri i TDR Drs? эчер но. = л - 49i. Ота de Marked Enormous sums could be saved American builders if this most valuable structural material (lumber) were selected and used with the same care that marks the utilization of other important commodi- ties. There are numerous species of wood largely used in building, some adapted to a very extensive and others a very limited number of uses;there may be a wide variation in quality of lumber of the same species and there is an important saving in utilizing for any special purpose the grade of lumber best . suited to that purpose. —A quotation from ‘‘From Tree to Trade." Modern machinery, faithful ad- herence to high standards of work- manship, strict observance of the grading rules and dependable ser- vice have enabled The Long-Bell Lumber Company to apply the word Quality to its products—and these products bear the Long-Bell trade mark. Ask your Lumberman for Long-Bell brand. The Іопс-Веіл, [amber Company R.A.LONG BUILDING Lumbermensince 1875 KANSAS CITY. MO. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS RZAVA TIETO AJASSA April, 1922

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XX ہے‎ | VALVES F you make something better than your neighbors, it is reasonable to assume that some of them are going to imitate either the type or style of your product. However, you, as the originator of that particular style or type, have a distinct advantage over those who set themselves up as your competitors. There is one word that you alone can give to your product that will set you apart from your rivals, and that word is “Genuine.” It brands your wares as being the original or true stock. The Jenkins “Diamond Mark" and signature, as shown above, are cast on the body of every Jenkins Valve. They identify valves of the original and true stock—those made and guar- anteed by Jenkins Bros. Today, as for fifty- seven years, Jenkins Valves are the natural choice of those who seek assured valve ser- vice. Their universal satisfaction has formed a national reputation and a standard by which other valves are judged. “Genuine Jenkins Diamond Marked Valves" written into your specifications is a means of surely providing those you serve with valves that will give complete satisfaction under all conditions. Jenkins Valves are made.in types and sizes to meet all requirements JENEINS BROS. New York Boston Philadelphia Chicago Montreal | London Factories Bridgeport, Conn.; Elizabeth, N. J.; Montreal, Canada 8 а 27 SINCE 1864 * INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS ' April, 1922

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HEATING EQUIPMENT On Remodeling Jobs INDUSTRIAL SECTION HE old heating plant is often inadequate for additions. In such cases, Crow GASTEAM, as a doctor would say, is indicated. XXI CLOW GASTEAM radiators can be quickly in- stalled in any type of structure—new or old. ‘They provide a real steam heat, of pleasing and healthful humidity. They are very economical in operation, with a cleanliness and convenience impossible to secure with any other form of heating. They require no atten- tion, have nothing to get out of order, and will last indefinitely. | | A surprising number of architects specify CLOW GASTEAM on every job—either as the sole means of heat, or supplemental to other systems. The elasticity of CLOW GasTEAM is one of its virtues. Crow GasTEAM is successfully used all over the country, in all kinds of buildings— residences, stores, offices, factories, schools, churches, theatres, etc. We will be glad to give you a list of Clow GasTEAM installations in your vicinity. The name of Clow has long been synonymous with superlative plumbing equipment. In the allied field of heating, it represents the same ideals of careful design and perfect workman- ship. Is the Clow Gasteam Handbook for Archi- tects in your files? JAMES B. CLOW & SONS General Offices: 534-546 S. Franklin Street, Chicago Sales offices in the principal cities WX “dbp, JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS April, 1922

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XXII INDUSTRIAL SECTION WATER HEATERS (Gas) How the Up-to-date Man’s Hot Water Service Operates A tiny pilot which is a mere spark when water is not being drawn, is always lit. When any hot-water faucet is opened, gas reinforces the small pilot light and rushes to the big burners where it lights immediately. At the same time, cold water is pouring through the sensitive copper heating coils, where it is heated as it flows past the powerful Bunsen burners and out of the faucet. When the outpouring water reaches 150 degrees F., the big burners auto- ‘matically shut off—hot water keeps on flowing. When the temperature of the outpouring hot water falls below 140 degrees F., the big burners start up again until water again reaches 150 degrees F., thus expense is incurred only when hot water is running. Upon request we will gladly send you the new Humphrey Architects’ Manual, illustrating, with service specifications, the complete Humphrey Line of Gas Water Heaters which are made for any size or type of building you are designing. HUMPHREY COMPANY (Div. Рина Mfg. Co.) KALAMAZOO, MICH. TUMPHRE AUTOMATIC GAS WATER HEATER JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS (249) A pril, 1922

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BUILDING MATERIAL (Face Brick) _ XXIII ۸۰۸ = USE FACE BRICK — it Pays Е ^. ч 1 ae. EAs % Y - " ] Y 5 > اس‎ % 1 y ; —— чин 1 a : a ^ à reon = ~ - ewe PE. " С. РРА ۹ и \ “ қ ^ 1 . ; " ۱ A E 4 € 5 3 - ` 2 ٦ ۱ А ` v ٦ y 5 , ы, ^" : қ + є м әк»; 4 ۷ \ , $. Кэ k " 4 —g » = “ т^ 9 5 " л у v уж k ey ۶ " ; 4 E m „ کی‎ Ф ۳ ся ' 1 . а et D Y n и Е“ 8 E a 5 @ a " J У TUS DR 804. & ke і 4 ۸ ~] - 1 4 ^ Y : ; . cS 4 м k 2: v» А - 1 Я қ 7 мӣ қ M 1 сі J 1 E v ie C LL. c )سے‎ абара i D 1: га ЭС: 2 қ а ls Љу ma E ^ А қ Entrance of Residence, Evanston, Til. Perkins, Fellows & Hamilton, АтсҺіге4з One of many exquisite effects the architect may secure by using just standard sized brick in his wall designs. The three rows of headers at the side of the door, separated by a Flemish course laid vertically, are especially worthy of notice. Architectural «Details in Face Brick SERIES II AND III have now ready for distribution Series II and pressed themselves as delighted with the beauty of III in the Portfolio of Architectural Details in the plates and their richness in suggesting the artistic Face Brick. The collection now embraces over a hun- possibilities of brickwork. . dred deluxe half-tone plates. Each series is assembled A set of these folders will be sent to any architect in an enclosed folder, with printed tab, ready for filing. requesting them on his office stationery, and his name Many architects who received Series I, have ех, will be placed on the list for future mailings. AMERÍCAN FACE BRICK ASSOCIATION | 115О WESTMINSTER BUILDING > CHICAGO, ILLINOIS ----- ھی emi‏ ست i‏ لام ےہ INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS April, 1922

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ee 7 BUILDING MATERIAL (Granite) ы = ұғ mor А 4 ۶ ٭‎ £ - Satta 1 A: a M У P 1 iets ІД? جم‎ БЗ |5” ^ : Ме i dm fX Ar 0 | 72 Bi تا‎ i d E Hos TUR d fe ths ا‎ ыр 2 v rtf га - Җ TM ea TV ` e ; > ~ т { 5% 7 8 еш; ў کے‎ dh 47% ане \ i Adti Subh Ш A Әді: ў 0220 НОН PEI ANB pim i ااا‎ ины, ИДЫ иби TT S пашаче зиттин тануманде” LO HUC лан TUE VIG SETTLE 8 OU ور یر ری‎ E E ПУТИ, مسوم‎ px us “The Noblest of Building Stone’ Estimating the cost - - More than with any other material the cost of granite for a building depends upon intelli- gent detailing. Its cost cannot be estimated or approximated by applying a unit price to the quantity. db Li T SEN TE Di ETE ET ids EASES EN 53117251311 HT 2 EH GRLUU S52 EU In order that the building owner and the producers of granite may mutually benefit by the economies which will accrue from a care- ful study of detail and finish the Association offers to the architect its practical knowledge on the production, cutting and setting of granite. тут} А М Watt си ^ 4 2 ф х 4 . | Р ) 7 739475511 АС i : Att ғ” LN АБУ, کا ہیں وی‎ neat 7 сона ie وا‎ “41%”... LODS کا مات‎ | : vL КЕСЕРІ) z ГАДИ py SA OFERTAR sia aui 7 ECHTE پٹیٹریریا وو‎ Tl کا‎ 2 icr QE = TOO T : ОЛО ШШ ІҢ ШЙ Rt ШЕЕ ПОШ ee ou n site 0 ا ا ا‎ TER OURE 38 ТЕРЕ Provo c; |‏ تج م۸۹ eo nee € 7٤ Natr itane a KORR EE RMERAUDERENSA ФӘН МРП ЛАЗ‏ سس - INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL oF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS April, 1922 Digitized by (5004 e

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BUILDING MATERIAL (Limestone) | | XXV f 52” € 1 ce А A : d e Ra n < M ATL "дуу au لر‎ 27 E uM 7 " . : - -= LA نے‎ ж ова аха” АР سس‎ 7. г : 2 = | Er ` ow ud P^ mr: " ۵ ET PT ناف‎ A. Evansville College Building, Evansville, Indiana. Messrs. Miller, Fullenwider & Dowling, Archi- tects. Inthis construction, the masonry wall facing of Indiana Limestone has been most effectively combined with the cut stone trim. a A LIV DIANA Ж © | = | 2s E БЫНАН; О! | LIU NI Гле ARISTOCRAT of BUILDING ATERLALS A Form ot Construction Both Artistic and Practical The possibilities of Random Ashlar facing con- producer, are broken off irregularly to the lengths structed of quarry-run Indiana Limestone have required on the job. This wall facing is essentially already been called to the attention of architects mason work and should be treated as such, rather and the cut stone trade. | . than as cut stone trim. Above is shown an actual example of its use for an This form of construction is suitable for schools, : important College project. The handsome effect in colleges and all types of institutional buildings, also the finished building can readily be visualized from for a vast range of residential work. Used without the illustration from construction photograph. trim, it can be employed for small houses of de- In this instance the Random Ashlar has irregular cidedly moderate cost. | end joints, which means that the strips of rough Our Architects’ Service Bureau is prepared to assist |. sawed-4-side material, as furnished by the quarry . you with your Indiana Limestone problems. / Booklets will be mailed on request / INDIANA LIMESTONE QUARRYMEN'S ASSOCIATION p Box 769, Bedford, Indiana { METROPOLITAN SERVICE BUREAU, 489 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK CITY ) : К M EE s «ү Y m. n Am МА "e ІШЕР Қ «бо. А AN 5E x B^. M Oa 4; Р GA АК ; е DA. AP inn с D E D». Жы S ud سی‎ E i 4 +@ ЕЩ. А 4 Ж Pi 7t М 3 0 4 STONE aor д 3 m 74 + М y 4 = 5 FS А E 2% d * хик: 4 4 5 VA M ' be оі. TA ا‎ BA m Фи EM d p “Аа. e TE. i 8 pay, پت وا کا‎ ! 3 % ےکر‎ y А 4 7 v 2 2 ^ GEN E. Е ۴ ae at S 7 à INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS April, 1922 DING

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2 BUILDING MATERIAL (Marble) HARDW ARE ШИТ ИШтШШШПИШүмшт ит иПШІИШТШПТШТШИЛШШНТИШТІІШІШІЛТІ ШІ)! Ши) MTS | i4 b " The Cleveland Art Museum, Cleveland, Ohio, Architects, HUBBELL & BENES Furnished and erected in White Georgia Marble by THE GEORGIA MARBLE COMPANY, Tate, Georgia New York Office, 1328 Broadway Chicago Office, Monadnock Block FRICTION STAY ПТ ЇШЇШЇШЇШ ШЇЇ ШШ ЖИ 778077 APPLIED TO TRANSOM S For Doors, Hinged Windows swinging in and Tran- е soms; it permits the Door or Window to open clear IN back against the wall; 180 degrees and the friction resistance required is not enough to cause annoyance in opening and closing of doors. When applied to Transoms it can be used on Bottom, Center or Top Hung sash and will hold the sash open in any position. This is a great advantage over the ordinary transom chain which holds the transom in one position only;—the cost is about the same. IT IS DESIGNED on the principle of a Multiple-Disc-Clutch, and has six friction surfaces one inch in diameter. The Friction is adjustable. h Architects and engineers are showing their confidence in this device by using it in such im- portant work as for the transoms in the new subway stations, the transoms in the new railroad station at Macon, Ga., and for the transoms in several hospitals and office buildings, as well as for doors and windows in residences. Complete catalogue containing 58 pages sent free to readers of “The Journal.” THE OSCAR C. RIXSON CO. 4450 Carroll Avenue MANUFACTURERS OF IMPROVED MECHANISMS 1210 Architects Building Chicago, Ш. IN BUILDERS’ HARDWARE New York, N. 9% ۷/۷/۷ ШЕ "ШИШ ARRIANUS INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS | April, 1922

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FILTERS WINDOWS (Casement) INTERIOR WORK | XXVII Hoffman Casements ()UTWARD opening, top supported folding windows, providing maxi- mum ventilation, conve- nient access for cleaning and flexibility of adjustment combined with ease of operation and weather tight- ness. | UITABLE for schools, public buildings, dwell- ings and all buildings where convenience and practica- bility are desired. Detail — Grammar School . at Monte- bello, Calif. Jeffery & Schaefer Architects Los Angeles Andrew Hoffman Mfg Co. ATTEND А ШШЕ m Pp. 1202-1205 Hoffman Casement Window (ЕЕ Complete catalog of de- | ШЕ oun ШІ tails it information 907 STEGER BUILDING | 9225 M Aum MNS MIELE CHICAGO W m. H. Jackson Co. 746 So. Michigan Avenue CHICAGO, ILL. NEW YORK SHOWROOMS—2 WEST 47TH STREET LooMis-MANNING FILTERS Removing Rust from Hot Water + Marble, Stone and Wood Mantels zy Period Designs Dirty or rusty hot water can be made clean, sparkling and free from foreign particles. These results are accomplished by filtration through a specially constructed filter. Only ordinary filter-care is necessary. There is no ‘interference with the circulation. No chemicals are used. Excellent satisfaction has been given. Andirons, Firetools, Fire Screens, Etc. Any Design and Finish desired > Loomis-Manning Filter Distributing Co. 1437 South 37th Street, Philadelphia, Pa. Established 1880 We specialize in furnishing and installing tile work for Natatoriums and Swimming Pools in Clubs, Y. M. C. A. Buildings, Private Residences and Out-Door Pools. - - - - - INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS April, 1922

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XXVIII : A sketch of the Tower > Building in Chicago | as seen through the = temple-like colonnade Е of Grant Park. This 3 . "Dunhamized" Chi- > cago skyscraper is one 2 of the notable struc- i tures of the Michigan Avenue skyline. | Meeting the Needs of Architects. Architects throughout the country are find- ing that the three Dunham installations outlined below, give complete heating satisfaction. The Dunham Vacuum System is for larger in- stallations, such as hotels, skyscrapers, municipal buildings, industrial plants, etc. Chicago's loop district alone includes such typical “Dunham- ized" buildings as The Tower Building (shown above), The Field Museum, First National Bank Building, Morrison Hotel, Terrace Gardens, Otis Building, Mandel Brothers, and others. The Dunham Return System is for apartment buildings, schools, churches and similar build- ings which have no exhaust steam, but which can be heated on low pressure steam. The Dunham B Return System is designed to operate on low { pressure and is effective on a pressure of ounces. The -Dunham Home Heating System is de- signed particularly for residences, small apart- А ment buildings, churches and schools. Archi- B tects from California to Maine are using this Í system for stately mansions, country homes, and modest bungalows. : Special bulletins of standard architectural - | size on either or all of these systems will be sent on request. DUNHAM HEATING SERVICE C. A. DUNHAM СО., 230 EAST OHIO STREET, CHICAGO Factories: MARSHALLTOWN, OHIO TORONTO, CANADA 52 Branch and Local Sales Offices in the United States and Canada Foreign Sales Offices in London and Paris INDUSTRIAL SECTION HEATING SERVICE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS PAINT AND ENAMEL TIEN PRAP [REMEMBER (75 WATERPROOF | REMEMBER ITS WATERPROOF ایوہ < A n wap ul 8 4 (П) 2 === БЕС. U.S. РАТ: OFF. Protecting Concrete Floors To Give Longer Service Clank, pound, scuffle and vibra- tion day after day; and yet if the concrete floors are protected with “R.I.W.” Cement Filler and Cement Floor Enamel they remain hard,smoothand sightly. Cement Filler and Cement Floor Enamel Prevent “dusting” or disinte- gration. They act as a binder . . 44% LL 2 s ғ . oe 9/943 اھ روو‎ ams ., Ld LI . * LI кете ә , ы 2424 eee ee К 4 06,900. сооб, ots e 4,7,9, USES and hardener and аге water-, qavi] oil- and grease-proof. Е Ж UE The Government Bureau of SP Сы Standards has tested “R.I.W.” concrete floor coatings and we will gladly send you a copy of the report. Specify “R.I.W.” Products and be sure. .. % rreta,” tot жб» tti 4. 0 ... Sif mic aa SO 6 2... 224,4 47,7, e rin ooo, eee . . 2% fett ese т ЛАЛ * as LI . تک رر‎ AC سر زور خر مغ‎ Pak کی‎ ............,.... Write Dept. 71 for details. ыз ЖЕ TECHNICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PAINT AND VARNISH MAKERS E ev E SINCE 1848 242244. 320 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK WORKS: LONG ISLAND CITY, N. Y. . "e+, ° * D - ..... . .. ...... 4” Vat ра ат | . eo. ..4..... ‘April, 1922

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ROOFING (Slate) WINDOWS (Casement) І LIGHTING EQUIPMENT | XXIX ҚЫН VEA TT. NEA UE 2 | с | An Attractive Display | оо УО С ў Of Lighting Fixtures in all Periods for the Home, Hotel, Theatre, Bank, or Public Building, may be seen at our Galleries GER GEORGE MARSHALL Residence Convent, N. J. ESTES SES CHARLES I. Berc Architect 545 (E>) 225425 4» EAD) —have that soft blending of colors, and a texture wrought by hand, which gives them, even when new, a beautiful, time- seasoned appearance. RISING ° & · NELSON - SLATE - (0. WEST PAWLET, VERMONT Architects’ - Service - Department 101 Park Avenue, New York Boston Philadelphia Chicago ` We invite Architects and Owners to avail themselves of our service and visit our work- shops where special lighting effects for all purposes are datly in the process of manu- facture ‘INTERNATIONAL CASEMENTS JAMESTOWN. NEW YORK 4 SALES’ OFFICES + Victor 9, Pearlman & Co. NEW YORK CITY: JOI Sark Hvenue (Ё BOSTON ‘MAS 4 49 er M e Creators of exclusive lighting fixtures ст LOUIS. MỌ: Cihenical Buildin с 533-535 South Wabash Avenue | CHICAGO. ILL: С. Werger Ў. | С aii SAN FRANCISCO. CAL: Hearst Building | е » 2275 2 eee REN ^‏ ا SS CAS NES‏ تک اس ای سے تا وس سس سس т‏ جس سے سے سے سے سے سے PP CIL‏ INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS April, 1022. + AGENTS IN PRINCIPAL CITIES, +

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INDUSTRIAL SECTION t WINDOWS (Casement) FURNITURE (Laboratory) DOORS (Metallic) MAIL CHUTES Ју ۷ D EIA oy ZW h 413 Cm е رومیت‎ 7 کا‎ See , Ge к i2 ہے سے کت‎ 222274 For Schools, Manufacturing Plants, etc. The service of our Engineering Department is at the disposal of Architects who contemplate designing special equipment. In many cases, however, you will find special equip- ment unnecessary, as our line contains over 500 designs, some one of which may answer satisfactorily your par- ticular needs. Ask for a copy of the Kewaunee Book LABORATORY FURNITURE << 124 LINCOLN STREET, KEWAUNEE, WIS. New York Office, 70 Fifth Avenue Branch Offices: Chicago Little Rock Spokane Oklahoma City ‘Houston Columbus Omaha Baton ‘Rouge enver heenix Jackson, Miss. Greensboro, N. C. Minneapolis Kansas City San Francisco Toronto, Canada (Section from drawing in Manual) MONARCH Quilomalic CASEMENT STAY for inswinging and outswinging casement or pivoted windows and transoms. Can be attached concealed or exposed, at right or left, top or bottom. Outer tube, rolled brazed brass; plunger bar and - brackets, wrought brass; screws to secure stay, 1” No. 9, round head steel. Send for “Manual of Casement Hard- ware Detail"—a post-card will bring it. MONARCH METAL PRODUCTS Co. 4940 Penrose Street ^ 86 Louis Chesley Doors are not expensive. Yet they are used in the highest class of construction and afford absolute protection from fire. Chesley Doors are not expensive. Yet they are beautiful—easily painted or grained. Chesley Doors are not expensive. Yet they are superior in construction. No bolts, rivets, or open joints. Moldings an integral part of the door. Chesley Doors are not expensive. They are standardized and shipped from stock. Ask us to prove the advantage of using them in your next building. See Sweet’s and write A A.C. CHESLEY CO., me. 9704 E. 133d St., New York City THE CUTLER MAIL CHUTE is and has always been the standard by which such work is judged. Made in our own factory and in- stalled by our own men; insuring satisfactory. op- eration and durability, amounting practically to permanence. CUTLER MAIL CHUTE CO. ROCHESTER, N. Y. Offices: Factory: Cutler Building я Anderson Avenue JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS April, 1922

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BUILDING MATERIAL (Terra Cotta) MONUMENTS AND MAUSOLEUMS FIREPLACE EQUIPMENT XXXI MAUSOLEUMS AND MEMORIALS FOR THE CHURCH AND CEMETERY ARCHITECTURAL CARVING IN GRANITE AND MARBLE WORK ERECTED THROUGHOUT THE UNITED STATES QUARRIERS MANUFACTURERS АМ D BUILDERS THE PRESBREY-LELAND CO. DESIGNERS AND WORKERS IN STONE STUDIOS AND ADMINISTRATION OFFICES 681 FIFTH AVENUE .. New York City PRINCIPAL WORKS: BARRE, VT. SHOPS: KENSICO, N. Y.; WOODLAWN, The Stamford War Memorial | | IU T oki ھی ہو مو نہ‎ №. Y. C; HARTFORD, CT.; NASHVILLE, Leland Co., Builders TENN. . . . . . "E" EVERYTHING E FIREPLACE | Manufacturers The Winkle Terra Cotta Company ANDIRONS GRATES E SCREENS ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI FIRESETS FENDERS HOODS ШІНШІ) SPECIAL TO ORDER IF DESIRED ء٣‎ MANUFACTURERS OF Design No. 409 Architectural] Terra Cotta v ALSO THE COLONIAL HEAD-THROAT-DAMPER A FIREPLACE DAMPER which provides for 2-۷ and CONTRACTION in itself, ELEVEN SIZES—Four Styles of Operating Meets all Conditions, Insures proper construction at the vital part of the Fireplace; saves heat and fuel and often prevents a smoky fireplace. See Sweet’s Catalog and American Architect Specifica- tion Manual. | SEND FOR BLUE PRINT, COLONIAL FIREPLACE COMPANY 4625 Roosevelt Road, Wal hel] le THU Bt ETHER LEAD In All Colors and Finishes ШИ И ШЕ ti sd rr Ve Ehud DeL HT tL EH re ЇЇ c RTL C re ШЕ EI rut ШШШ t ШШ ШИЙ A ИШ FU up 20 INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS April, 1922

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XXXII LIGHTING EQUIPMENT аа N \\ YN n М / eai Фа “SE — —À— = > 77 - —— Dignified, Efficient i Lighting for Banks К [Г no class of buildings is the illu- 0 mination more important than in the modern bank. It must provide Н а working light of the highest efh- ciency while harmonizing with the monumental design and proportions of the banking room. | The Frink System includes the intensive study, not only of the general illumination, but of each working surface, to insure completely meeting these vital requirements. "The especially designed reflectors responsible for these results should be made integral parts of the design. This will suggest to architects the desirability of early co-operation with the Frink Engineering Department. Our. special ` Bank Catalog No. 425 covers the entire field of illumination for banks and insurance com- panies. ` The Frink Lighting System has been in- stalled in such institutions as: National City Bank, New York Continental & Commercial Nat’! Bank, Chicago ‘Hibernia Bank, New Orleans, La. Bankers Trust Company, New York First National Bank, Boston Ladd & Tilton Bank, Portland, Ore. Guaranty Trust Company, New York Metropolitan Trust Co., New York Chase National Bank, New York - Equitable Trust Company, New York Corn Exchange Bank, New York LP FRINK, Inc. 24th Street and 10th Avenue, New York а: -— Cer -—X — م کت إ ہہ جا‎ TR жо an fo v ^f A m e سم‎ —— کے ند(‎ | — d sere ا >„ = - ض> _ ےۓے — Detrorr, Місн. SEATTLE, WASH. ТІоџѕупік, KY. jl | Curcaco, ILL. San FRANCISCO, CAL. PHILADELPHIA, Pa. 2 Monadnock Bldg. 77 O'Farrell Street Franklin Trust Bldg. ' Boston, Mass. CLEVELAND, Онто CINCINNATI, Оно ! 161 Summer Street 336 The Arcade 17 Greenwood Bldg. 1! 9 INDUSTRIAL SECTION .. . Architects JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS INSTITUTE DOCUMENTS The Contract Forms of the American Institute of - 3 \ . \ | \\ | || e, м. Я ات‎ 9 Equitable and Creditable | To Architect, Owner and Contractor The Standard Contract Documents of the American Instituta of Architects are now on sale by dealers in office and drafting supplies ‘in all the large cities of the country. TITLES—PRICES FOR SINGLE COPIES Agreement and General Conditions in cover........ $0.20 General Conditions without Agreement...........- .14 Г Agreement without General Conditions..... ۷ي‎ 05 · Bond of Suretyship .............. ———— . 03 Form of Subcontract .......................».... . 04 Letter of Acceptance of S'ubeéontractor's Proposal... .03 Cover (heavy paper with valuable notes)........-- .01 Complete set in cover .................»........... .30 Complete trial set prepaid for thirty cents in stamps. These Documents have .received the full ap- proval of the Institute, through its Convention, Board of Directors and Officers, They are the outcome of continuous work of many years by a Standing Committee on Contracts and: Specifi- cations. This Committee, comprising. some of the ablest American architects, was assisted by the Institute's forty Chapters; advised by emi-. nent legal specialists in contract law, and aided by representatives of the leading construction interests in the United States. The forms have been officially approved by the National Association of Builders’ Exchanges, the National Association of Master Plumbers, the National Association of Sheet Metal Con- tractors of the United States, the National Electrical Contractors’ Association of the United States, the National Association of Marble Dealers, the Building Granite Quarries’ Associa- tion, the Building Trades Employers: Associa- tion of the City of New: York, and the Heating and Piping Contractors’ National Association. Other Contract Forms Form of Agreement between Owner and Architect on the Percentage Вавів........................ 0.05 Form of Agreement between Owner and Architect on the Fee Plus Cost System................... .05 "Circular of Information on Fee Plus Cost System (Owner-Architect) ............................ .03 Form of Agreement between Owner and Contractor (Cost Plus Fee Basis).......... КОККЕ „10 "Circular of Information on Cost Plus Fee System (Owner-Contractor) .......................... . 06 Institute members who have not adopted these modern contracts are asked to give them а trial.. All of the above Contract Forms and Circulars may be obtained singly or in lots from local dealers. If your dealer cannot supply you promptly and at the above prices, send your order and his name to the Executive Secretary, A. I. A., The, Octagon House, Washington, D. C. Sample documents mailed upon receipt of stamps. Remittances may be by check, money-order, cash , or stamps. All orders filled on the day received. Trans- portation prepaid on those amounting to $1.00 net or more. | - The adoption and consistent use of these con- tract forms is recommended to the Architect who wishes his office to be known for its thor- ough, incisive business methods. William Stanley Parker, Secretary. April, 1922

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WEATHER STRIPS (Metal) _ WIRE GLASS - | XXXIII ” "ғ. ev 4 ” ооа SE CHAMBERLIN METAL WEATHER STRIPS | INCE 1893-THE STANDARD Guaranteed to Outlast the Building Excellence of design is merely one of the factors that assure the permanent satisfaction of Chamberlin Metal Weather Strips. Even more important is expertness of installation. That is not possible ex- cept through maintenance of experi- enced service staffs, who are exclusively authorized to install Chamberlin equipment. No weather-stripping job is proof against inferior workmanship. That is why Chamberlin allows none but its own experts to handle a job. We know of no other maker who insists on such a rigid standard. Yet 30 years experience has taught us that it is the only way to insure correct, per- manent installation. ٤ Some of our employees have been installing Chamberlin Metal Weather Strips for more than 20 years. Seventy-five per cent of our entire service staff, including employees of our 26 factory branches, have served the company two or more years. These are advantages exclusive to Cham- berlin. They are the chief reason that Chamberlin is the only manufacturer ‘of a building product that backs its installatio with an unlimited guarantee. . жас E ہے اہ ٹپ‎ 7 "ГОК 1 mla гата ees 4 а › Са зу жығы 4 Ў, ПКР VARDE ^ i 1 - á Some Nationally Known Users of Chamberlin Metal Weather Strip Thomas A. Edison W. K. Vanderbilt Elihu Root Chas. M. Schwab J. P. Morgan, Jr. Charles Scribner Wm. Jennings Bryan Joseph Pulitzer Wm. G. Rockefeller F. A. Vanderlip Harry Payne Whitney Thos. F. Ryan Elbert H. Gary John R. McLean Louis Tiffany ۱ Hon. Robt. Bacon | | сеш асы опу nH. Newberry Е Е | A Wire Glass Installation from the Western F. A. Wickersham E. C. Swift E 1 ES Union Building through a Polished Wire Nicholas Longworth Mrs. Herman Oelrichs تپ‎ ۲ Glass Installation. С. ҚАС omens „ш! у. Н 1 77۲ بے ےت‎ Reed Smoot | m. К. Vanderbilt, Sr. ааа > Clement Studebake Wm. K. DuPont p.c f Mississippi Wire Glass Co. e T. Herrick Reginald Vanderbilt | 797; wes Croisic Bldg., NEW YORK G. McAdoo Henry Ford ЖС? “Ж CHICAGO ST. LOUIS Sales and Service Branches in 26 Cities Chamberlin Metal Weather Strip Co. Detroit, Michigan INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS April, 1922

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XXXIV DOORS (Metallic) | WINDOWS (Casement) mA-——————— € Pass ap N sex is 00 ИТИИ: obtu ad Sfi. tive Nid des aren BASE et fl dea ran” жу РРА کھت‎ аларды ےب جس کہ کے‎ REL қойлар - یں GOOD DOORS Good doors are always in demand. Some people choose them for appearance only, others | Ты for added protection, ‘and still others because EM а they are cheapest in the long run. 98-0. Dahlstrom Hollow Metal Entrance Doors me: are designed to give beauty, protection and an long life. Exterior doors are fabricated from x X Ingot Iron or Bronze. All steel doors are ONSE p protected by our baked-on-enaniel finish. хы. — E т! et Two Sets of DAHLSTROM Hollow Metal Entrance Doors in the Our iode boo klet, ое д HENDRICKS County Court House, Danville, Ind. ing Our Public Records," will CLARENCE MARTINDALE, Architect ` be gladly sent upon request. - DAHLSTROM METALLIC DOOR COMPANY | 439 Buffalo Street, Jamestown, N. Y. NEW YORK OFFICE CHICAGO OFFICE DETROIT OFFICE 25 Broadway 19 So. LaSalle St. 1331 Dime Bank Bldg. Representatives in All Principal Cities SR men کے رس سر ہس و شش‎ къ Ee. 01۷۷ٗ 1یيی۳ُیَی۹ییییییٌی۶ٌ‎ Sura au ius cR А Н — 7. SA ; % УАУ СУ % » фа +. | WINDOWS for BANKS, OFFICES, SCHOOLS, HOSPITALS, ے۶1‎ ENGLISH CASEMENTS ? میں‎ E У 3 РЯД а 5 رت‎ AM " 7 TP اتا‎ a ^ e ME for artistic residences and othersubstantial buildings Made in varied designs to meet all conditions | - 7 : “ 3 5 %-: 1 7 “ 5 3 = 2 2% b: ] . | Ж! . ty . у 5 ML ۲ ў А | | i f % > ` " 1 à . uU D ‘ А> E 77 Я ж e . ۰ n . кебе B i 2% И A $ " mE Ё: ro. * ۰ء‎ ۴ Tee | Steel Саѕетепі CRITTALL CASEMENT WINDOW CO. Manufacturers Detroit . Michigan INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS 22 April, 1922

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CONCRETE HARDENER mii ES ЖТ mRNA. 68‏ قد БШШШ. \ 29 am e 29 89V UST SSS Е‏ ا [A^PIDO|ITH Has Solved the Concrete Floor Problems for Architects—Everywhere When you specify Lapidolith, the liquid chemical hardener for your clients’ new floors, you know beyond a doubt that they will be dust-free and wearproot. When old floors dust and wear, you can make them im- mediately dust-free and proof against further disintegration, by specifying that they be flushed with the liquid chemical Lapidolith. Lapidolith Always Dependable 2ٰ A PLT MM MM In every part of the country, architects who have tested Lapidolith, have adopted it as their standardized specifica- tion for hardening concrete floors. NC ЇЇ‏ ئً ئ ئ ئ ئئئئمماا ۸۸ ۷۷۷٘٘ ٘ ٘ ٘ ا۷۷۷ ضا و وس Let us furnish you with a list of lapidolized jobs in your city or town. | Hi ІШІ! A building is judged by details—not by essentials which are taken for granted. One of the important details is to lapidolize OTHER SONNEBORN PRODUCTS: 4) concrete floors, and thus eliminate the Hydrocide—A black tacky material | USual dust and wear. for waterproofing foundations and "my. dampproofing the interior of exposed | Lapidolith has been the standard hardener walls. No furring or lathing neces- sary. Binds perfectly with plaster. for twelve years. HR ШІ Fiedrocidenintecral=alio Бе mired || ۷٣٣ floors—and Lapidolith to with the cement for waterproofing | make them function properly. mass concrete against water-pres- sure. Powder or paste. Write for specification form, sample and literature Fermo—A liquid chemical which L SONNEBORN SONS I hastens the set of concrete and mor- ° » inc. tar. Saves time—prevents freezing. 3 4 S Dept. 21, 264 Pearl Street New York NTs ti UNA CAAA ЇЇ ЇЇ ТРТУ E NAMA (S ONNEBORN CLIMA 00 @ کت‎ їйї ADATTA T E m | «2 «2 6 98 9 ео БО ОФ J „„ RR. | CREARI LAUREL. „Л 7 ШИТ Т Т Т" ТТ ТҮТТҮ

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0 TMT т. mtn 111 0 4 7 Шш 3 ШІШІШТІ ا К ot ALABAMA STATUARY ALABAMA VEINED GRADE A ALABAMA STATUARY MOSAIC. ALABAMA SELECTED A ‚ ALABAMA POCAHONTAS ALABAMA MIXED MOSAIC ALABAMA GRADE A ALABAMA ITALIAN ` ALABAMA TERRAZZO | ИИСУСА, سا‎ nu 4 zu riae S‏ ج ویو تب iae‏ سے کان سا کان УТ)‏ و Supervising Architect, Washington, D. С. Birmingham P. O., Birmingham, Ala. Interior marble furnished by ALABAMA MARBLE CO. ALABAMA MARBLE CO. Sole producers and manufacturers of the standard grades of ` The dest possible and the most satisfactory service in Interior Marble can be obtained by dealing directly with the Manufacturing Producer. The Reasons Why— 1. He has more marble to select from. 2. He can take the necessary waste at a minimum of expense. 3. He can not evade his own responsibility. 4. His living depends on your satisfaction with work done for you in his marble. 5. He has a pride in his material which insures his best effort on every job. 6. Having the largest stock to draw from, he can make the promptest deliveries. 7. His prices are the most reasonable. Reason No. 7 for dealing with the Manufacturing Producer His prices are the most reasonable. It costs him less to handle the waste—and not more than it does other concerns to finish the work. He is very sensitive to the retention of the market; he does not dare to overcharge, even if he is otherwise | so disposed. Handling an integrated business, his over-all overhead charges are a minimum. He can afford to make reasonable prices—and cannot afford to do otherwise. P. ‘Our men are specially trained to use our marbles so as to produce the best job possible by selecting from the largest possible stock, not to finish the job from the smallest volume of blocks. We carry a large stock to permit of accurate selection and grading. ALABAMA MARBLE COMPANY | MAIN OFFICE, QUARRIES, AND FINISHING PLANT GANTT’S QUARRY, ALABAMA Е (v "T 12% & | Digitized by Goog e

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| ТНЕ | ` JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS Some Thoughts on Modern Architecture STEPHEN IVOR RICHEBOURG Ourselves and The Commercial Ideal H. B CRESWELL The Art Institute of Chicago The Le Brun Travelling Scholarship—1922 “Zone Your Own Home” East and West and Home Again IRVING K. POND Who Is An Architect? W Р.В MAY 1022 Digitized by (5009 Іс

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mb ۔ہح ےا‎ - .- ——жи за оты. CT TFT ЖЖ. O KK e O EE © uA» تہ جو‎ 9 жис э - ELEVATORS — Ou M — = ж me EN а _ Ma. MKT o мн. ман лт. аж жы. әк Ұн же ж.ж. --- ы = ж ہیی‎ ж. 4. - от! ЖТТ The Worlds Word | OTIS ELEVATOR COMPANY 7 “Ж Ё? = | | ES Mk. 0 = \\ M. UN 3 ». سم ES‏ حر سن ш ж „ш жш шш —- a Qs Ri ШВИ IA‏ ہے ےہ E" 7а тыш ыс хы ын OO‏ —

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BUILDING MATERIAL (Granite) ПІ бү, TIM e E s n re ved ptm дады e" rr ji ; л hada) libio сы адемы s LP SERS ۱110۳ IO 2" Штам tû NEMA HU ta tre ADAAN санға ALLUR 1۱٠٠٢ ۱:۹:۸ 2۵ء ۵ئ‎ bd "ҮТҮ LIT TS ES “The Noblest of Building Stone" Estimating the cost - - T More than with any other material the cost : E of granite for a building depends upon intelli- = gent detailing. Its cost cannot be estimated Же or approximated by applying a unit price to ж the quantity. In order that the building owner and the producers of granite may mutually benefit by the economies which will accrue from а саге- ful study of detail and finish the Association offers to the architect its practical knowledge on the production, cutting and setting of granite. By availing bimself of this offer of coopera- tion the architect can, we believe, effect great- er actual economies than would be possible in connection with any other material, and 47/0- out change in the architectural d sign. = a - ағыт AC JU Ae E ہے‎ = en NATIONAL BUILDING GRANITE QUARRIES ASSOCIATION, INC. H. H. SHERMAN, Secretary, 31 State St., Boston, Mass. ТЕС) | і Ww Й ۰ "S 3 | Inm 4 1 с 4 ы re. “us E nob | twits 4 Е 4 A ж Й oy ж Мм 439ھ‎ T ۰ چ ہت‎ а „ i m; Make Be ےر ہچے۔ کہ‎ ' = - E vum E Тт9Ф ^ ais, | iJ Send for Booklet No. 1, “Architectural Granite.” See Association Catalogue in Sweets BERI gah یھ‎ i ai тұ ? «үс? AS 2 TUT É ж‏ جج vj‏ ہی ات р-я‏ یں ام رگن سی سے مسا hmmm yin ММ OL moe v.‏ و یم زمر ہا 4 ape‏ 2 ) 8 А ПЕТОРО етеуге سج ہی‎ SA. Ub mt mane ہے را فا مالک سے ا 1ب‎ vete - ۹ val т т 5 - 0 48 m j tdi s , ы { | 4 1 000 4% 1.41 “- ЕТ 1 77 we 4 , 1 М AL ты у? ТЕЛ ! - A 22 : “ “ | қ rat ИДА" Га ҮГҮТ! ry ; | | D т 21 i "| کب‎ D “|, راز‎ ۹ E wit қ р | = E =” Wy | ? рын Jis 1 t 7 ы ҒЫНЫ وا‎ б к re. T Uv» b * $ ۰ ۱ ۱ Р р - ^ j 3 ЖД К, he "e уд» y kone шы. e i b سس‎ К PED Т ہر پا تی‎ U st ter Tag тыныс т کے‎ vt DE TOME CR A mh , . ЕЁ? ‚Ум É © а C: = c E لت‎ JU — reat А Е БЕРЕР "d ہے‎ DYER — НІ, EE pee min ete гари تہ حون ہے‎ 431^ M. 4 OG ci i i TU "we 1 ۷7 7 را‎ mr ы D $ pu 1^ Ур, 7 2 “> { Ф ite فو‎ | a ML Le аР. ALS Rod SL 2; ACHE TA E : de, din ЧЁ ۶ E E 1D “ak: 5% .. i 1 ИУ 4 КІ ) 2 Ии i "n i4 i ۹ 1 Ahi je $ З й) ۱ 4 1060899409 MÀ M سم‎ meu чийиле: AIOE лятала виче аы INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS May, 1922 m TOES T | ٢ = ( Y CY ( ` | {> Digitized ру NI UI 7 ۹ AW 4 |

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IV PLUMBING FIXTURES ETERMINE the initial cost, erection cost, main- tenance cost, and the safety and reliability of a power plant when the system 15 designed. Power Plant Equipment is designed with the object of producing an efficient system hav- ing the longest possible life, the least liability of a breakdown, and a min- imum cost of SS ыс Хх mS mense :1ت7 Part of Crane piping equip- ment in M. E. Smith & Co.’s factory, Omaha. SALES OFFICES, WAREHOUSES AND SHOWROOMS, WORKS: CHICAGO AND BRIDGEPORT BOSTON ATLANTIC CITY MEMPHIS INDIANAPOLIS ST. PAUL SEATTLE SPRINGFIELD NEWARK LITTLE ROCK DETROIT MINNEAPOLIS TACOMA HARTFORD CAMDEN تی‎ FOUNDED BY R. T, CRANE, 1855 CHICAGO ONT PORTLAND BRIDGEPORT BALTIMORE TULSA N ROCKFORD DULUTH POCATELLO ROCHESTER WASHINGTON a OSHKOSH SALT LAKE CITY NEW YORK SYRACUSE OKLAHOMA CITY GRAND RAPIDS FARGO OGDEN HARLEM BUFFALO WICHITA 836 S. MICHIGAN AVE. DAVENPORT WATERTOWN RENO ALBANY SAVANNAH ST. LOUIS DES MOINES ABERDEEN SACRAMENTO BROOKLYN ATLANTA KANSAS CITY CHICAGO OMAHA GREAT FALLS OAKLAND PHILADELPHIA KNOXVILLE TERRE HAUTE SIOUX CITY BILLINGS SAN FRANCISCO READING BIRMINGHAM CINCINNATI MANKATO SPOKANE LOS ANGELES CRANE MONTREAL, TORONTO. VANCOUVER, WINNIPEG, CRANE-BENNETT, тр, LIMITED CALGARY. REGINA, HALIFAX, OTTAWA, LONDON, ENG, We are manufacturers of about 20,000 articles, including valves, pipe fittings and steam specialties, made of brass, iron, ferrosteel, cast steel and forged steel,in all sizes, forall pressures and all purposes, and are distributors through the trade of pipe, heating and plumbing materials. INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS | Мау, 1022

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JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS Volume X MAY, 1922 Number 5 CONTENTS PAGE THE YOUNG SOPHOCLES HEADING THE CHORUS OF VICTORY AFTER THE BATTLE OF SALAMIS —John Donoghue . . . . 6 ee 0. 04 0. ew «Frontispiece SHADOWS AND STRAWS . . . a aa aa aa aoe oo С. Н. №. 139 SOME THOUGHTS ON MODERN ARCHITECTURE . . . . . . . BÉtephan Ivor Richebourg 140 OURSELVES AND THE COMMERCIAL IDEAL . . . . . . . . . . .H.B. Creswell 143 THE Авт INSTITUTE OF CHICAGO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 THE Le Brun TRAVELLING SCHOLARSHIP—1922—Drawings . . . . . . . . . . 158 EAST AND WEST AND HOME AGAIN . . . وی . . . . یو . یو‎ Irving K. Pond 63 Town PLANNING AND HOUSING . . . . . . . . . . . ... Clarence Stein 165 CORRENT NOTES: . . 02 ھ یم 8 8 ھ‎ © a © «© v V «© x & v 2; 16 “ZONE YOUR OWN HOME" . . . . . . . و‎ . . . . 66 WHO Is AN ARCHITECT? . . و‎ . . . . . . . . . . . . . W.P.B. 167 OVERCROWDING OF THE PROFESSION. . . . . و‎ . . . . . . . . . . . 168 ASSOCIATION OF COLLEGIATE SCHOOLS OF ARCHITECTURE # ы а. йж % = ж ж зв & ws 8 THe AMENDED REGISTRATION LAW IN NEw YORK STATE . . . . . . . . . . . 168 RESTORING THE FINE ARTS BUILDING—CHICAGO. . . . و و‎ . . . . . . . . 169 АМЕБА «Loch 2 یی‎ s o یھ‎ “о “4-3: 4 ы 404 - ھ‎ x X^ x 169 LETTERS TO THE EDITOR Co © Xe ы we Ж 4 4 ШШ ж Жо ж eR ж ux сз. ww 160 HousiNG IN NEW YORK. . . . . وھ‎ «© «© «© © «© © © 170 News NOTES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1070 STRUCTURAL SERVICE DEPARTMENT ы е تچ‎ Gb ue йош dee жоё & & мш. шоо ж Published Monthly by THE PRESS OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS, INC. Publication Office, 305 Washington Street, Brooklyn, New York Editorial Office, 313 East 23d Street, New York, N. Y. 50 CENTS A COPY. $5 PER YEAR. (Foreign, $6) Checks or P. O. orders should be made payable to The Press of the American Institute of Architects, Inc.

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ҮІ & ||! INDUSTRIAL SECTION Till Barratt Specification 20-year M Roof on | | West Ter Аиса Hinh School, Cleveland, Ohio. VASA l Cont.: C N.G MM AMENS پا‎ p y ү, | III | ІШІН ШЇ ІМ 2 | one oe ER ۲ 5.) ps А [| % Ld ? —] Barrett Spect ication 20- sar Bonded. Roey, 7 P. к ау». Corlett Sch تم‎ Cre a а"; McCornack. беп" | | | Con Rfr.: ا ا کا‎ Cont, бо. C NL Grijim Co | Il ۲۲۱٣٢٢٢٢٢٢٢ rmi M Se ШІ О house its army of 122,000 public school pupils, the City of Cleveland has provided many splendid new buildings. Architecturally, they are masterpieces— models of convenience, comfort, safety. And in line with standard practice the country over, most of these schools are covered with Barrett Specification Bonded Roofs. One reason for the popularity of these . roofs is, of course, their unequalled economy —moderate cost, long service, and no up- keep. Butanotherreason,and a very impor- tant one, is their high fire-resisting qualities. When burning brands fall on the slag or gravel surface of a Barrett Specification Roof, they burn themselves out without doing serious damage. If a fire inside the building weakens the roof-deck, the Barrett Specification Roof has the necessary tensile The Company New York Chicago Philadelphia Boston Detroit New Orleans Birmingham Kansas City Atlanta Duluth Bangor Salt Lake City Milwaukee Toledo Columbus Richmond Baltimore Omaha Houston Denver Toronto St. John, М.В, Montreal НІ!) Cleveland, ——— rifin Co., 2 ili jr: ROOFS (Barrett Specification) TN | Barrett Specification [> ee 20-year Bonded on—Above: East School, Cleveland, Ohio Gen "l ‘Cont.: H. Wells. Rfr: Norton Bros. , Cleveland, Ohio. Left: Addison School, Cleveland, Ohio. Arch.: W. R Mc С Rudolph & Cleveland, Ohio. Schoo! Miles Standish ауқы; Cleveland, Ohio Cleveland’s New School Buildings THE BARRETT COMPANY, Limited Winnipeg JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS oa Barrett лод ication 20-year Bonded Roof on hool, Cleveland, Ohio. Arch.: W.R. f Gen'l Cont.: Reaugh Const. Co. йа Rfr.:The ЖАРА & Son Co.,Cleveland,Ohio. mmm Коо as. ornacke + The E ' Co., ІШТІ ІІІ) thus effectively blanketing the fire. The degree of fire protection afforded by a roof is not determined by the character of any one ingredient of the roofing material, but by the ability of the completed roof to resist fires that attack it, whether from the inside or the outside of the building. Barrett Specification Roofs are given base rating by the National Board of Fire Underwriters. There are two types of Barrett Specifica- tion Bonded Roofs—Type “АА” bonded for 20 years; and Type “A” for то years. Before specifying or closing contract for a Barrett Specification Bonded Roof, be sure to read carefully all the stipulations in the Specification. Full details regarding these Bonded Roofs and copies of The Barrett Specifications sent free on request Pittsburgh Peoria Youngstown Buffalo Cincinnati Syracuse Lebanon Elizabeth Cleveland Dallas Johnstown Bethlehem St. Louis Minneapolis Washington Latrobe Jacksonville Vancouver Halifax, N. S. TT — strength to support itself over a large area, = EC Зат ۴ т a TT ТП СШ ШЕ і, түл 0 ТІП NASE SNE Barrett Sneek тео ере Сот Rfr.: The Бы бет. & Som ё: cation 20-0 ear Bonded Roo Сита an d Ohio. A cue = | | 00 ШІ — —— Ш ІШІН: OO gle та: ў С: , Cleveland, Ohio. on May, 1922

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THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS THE OCTAGON HOUSE, WASHINGTON, D. C. OFFICERS President кыш НОА ОНАН Ро "n First Vice-President .................................... Second Vice-President ӘРЕГ ШАҒУ: қыл وہ‎ WI Qe seu iu кы تی وھ‎ Repos he Vds Treasurer MEE Henry H. KENDALL, Boston, Mass. РРА WILLIAM В. ر7۸۷‎ San Francisco, Cal. аида ROBERT D. KOHN, New York City. rs ыра ін WILLIAM STANLEY PARKER, Boston, Mass. Se ree ere D. EvERETT Warp, 1 Madison Ave., New York City BOARD OF DIRECTORS For One Year (1921-22) Epwin Н. Hewitt, 1200 2nd Avenue So., Minneapolis, Minn. WILLIAM В. ITTNER, Board of Education Building, St. Louis, Mo. ERNEST J. RUSSELL, Chemical Building, St. Louis, Mo. For Two Years (1921-23) CHARLES H. ALDEN, Empire Building, Seattle, Wash. М. Max DUNNING, 310 South Wabash Ave., Chicago, Ill. ABRAM GARFIELD, Garfield Building, Cleveland, Ohio For Three Years (1921-24) Epwin BERGSTROM, Citizens National Bank Bldg., Los Angeles, Cal. CHARLES А. Favrot, Title Guarantee Bldg., New Orleans, La. L. P. WHEAT, JR., 808 Seventeenth St., Washington, D. С. Institute Counsel.......... ARTHUR PETER, Washington, D. C. LIST OF CHAPTERS, 1922 ALABAMA.—*Eugene H. Knight, Empire Bldg., Birmingham; THugh Martin, Title Guarantee Bldg., Birmingham. ARKANSAS.—*Eugene J. Stern, Gazette Bldg. Little Rock; fLawson І. Delony, 2407 Louisiana St, Little Rock. BaLTIMORE.—*Howard Sill, 11 E. Pleasant St.; fLaurence Hall Fowler, 347 N. Charles St. Boston—*J. Lovell Little, 45 Bromfield St.; fEdward H. Hoyt, 220 Devonshire St. BROOKLYN.—*John В. Slee, 154 Montague St., Brooklyn, New York City; Thos. E. Snook, Jr., 154 Montague St. Brooklyn. BuFFALO.—*Paul Е. Mann, Ellicott Square Bldg.; ء٤‎ Crimi, 110 Franklin St. CENTRAL ILLINOIS.—*Herbert E. Hewitt, Peoria Life Bldg.; +Mark Н. Whitmeyer, Central Nat. Bank Bldg., Peoria. CENTRAL New YorkK.—*Walter Н. Whitlock, Security Mutual Bldg., Binghamton; ТСео. Bain Cummings, 602 Security Mutual Bldg., Binghamton. CINCINNATI.—*Joseph С. Steinkamp, Mercantile Library Bldg.; fHoward McClorey, Fourth Nat. Bank Bldg. CLEVELAND.—*Charles W. Hopkinson, 900 Rose Bldg.; ТУУ. W. Sabin, 1900 Euclid Avenue. CoLoRADo.—"*Robert К. Fuller, 310 Fosler Bldg. Denver; TR. O. Parry, 407 Clarkson St, Denver. CoLUMBUs.—*Orlando C. Miller, 20 So. 3rd Street, Colum- bus; TRobert К. Reeves, 20 So. Third St. CoNNECTICUT.—*Louis A. Walsh, 51 Leavenworth St., Water- bury; fDelbert К. Perry, City Hall, New Britain. DayTon.—*Louis Lott, Commercial Bldg.; fH. J. Williams, 908-920 Mutual Home Bldg. ERIE CHAPTER: *C. Paxton Cody, 406 Ariel Bldg.; ТАгтіп Schotte, Marine Bank Bldg., Erie, Pa. FLoRIDA.—*Mellen C. Greeley, Bisbee Bldg., Jacksonville; THenrietta C. Dozier, Bisbee Bldg. GEoRGIA.—*P. Thornton Marye (acting), Alfriend Bldg., At- lanta; fArthur Neal Robinson, 623 Candler Bldg., Atlanta. ILLINOIS.—* Albert M. Saxe, 64 E. Van Buren $, Chicago; fJohn A. Armstrong, 127 М. Dearborn St., Chicago. INDIANA.—"Ennis К. Austin, 731 J. M. S. Building, South Bend; fHerbert Foltz, Lemcke Annex, Indianapolis. Iowa.—*Mortimer B. Cleveland, 215 Prospect Avenue, Waterloo; TEugene Н. Taylor, 222 So. Third St, Cedar Rapids. Kansas City.—*Albert S. Owen, Interstate Bldg.; fCourt- landt Van Brunt, 823 Gloyd Bldg. KANSAS.—*Lorenz Schmidt, 121 Market St., Wichita; TProf. Cecil F. Baker, Kansas State Agricultural College, Man- hattan. KreNTUCKY.—*Val. P. Collins, 624 Paul Jones Bldg, ТЕ. І. Morgan, 1110 Cherokee Road, Louisville. LouIsIANA.—*Victor Wogan, Title Guarantee Bldg.; 150118 Seiferth, Maison Blanche Bldg, New Orleans. MicHIGAN.—*W' m. B. Stratton, Union Trust Bldg, Detroit; 1J. H. G. Steffens, 3732 Pingree Avenue, Detroit. MINNESOTA.—*Harry Т. Downs, 619 New York Life Bldg., Minneapolis; tJerome Paul Jackson, 1200 2nd Ave. So. Minneapolis. MoNTANA.—*]John С. Link, Billings; ТУУ. К. Plew, Bozeman. NEBRASKA.—*H. W. Meginnis, 533 Bankers Life Bldg., Lincoln; fJ. D. Sandham, World-Herald Bldg., Omaha. NEW JERsEY.—*H. Т. Stephens, United Bank Bldg., Pater- son; THugh Roberts, 1 Exchange Place, Jersey City. NEW York.—*Charles Butler, 56 West 45th St, New York; TRichmond Н. Shreve, 215 West 57th St, New York. NORTH CAROLINA.—*Earl С. Stillwell, Hendersonville; tJames Е. Gause, Murchison Bldg., Wilmington. OnEGON.—*John V. Bennes, Chamber of Commerce Bldg., Portland; tCharles D. James, 814 Couch Bldg., Portland. PHILADELPHIA.—*George І. Lovatt, 416 Walnut St.; fPaul А, Davis, III, 1713 Sansom St. PITTSBURGH.—*Edward В. Lee, Chamber of Commerce Bldg.; fStanley І. Roush, 1210 Chamber of Commerce Bldg. RHODE ISLAND.—*F. Ellis Jackson, 1216 Turk’s Head Bldg., Providence; T Norman М. Isham, 915 Turk’s Head Bldg., Providence. SAN Francisco.—*G. A. Applegarth, 1800 Claus Spreckles Bldg.; tJ. S. Fairweather, 1001 Balboa Bldg. SCRANTON—WILKES-BARRE.—*David Н. Morgan, Connell Bldg., Scranton; {Fred A. Nelson, Connell Bldg., Scranton. SOUTH CAROLINA.—*Nat. Gaillard Walker, Rock Hill; TH. Olin Jones, Greenville. SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA.—*Sumner P. Hunt, 701 Laughlin Bldg., Los Angeles; {Charles F. Plummer, W. P. Story Bldg., Los Angeles. SOUTHERN PENNSYLVANIA.—"Edward Leber, 42 West Market St, York; TW. В. Billmeyer, 268 East Market St., York. ST. Louis—*W. І. Rathmann, 1501 Chemical Bldg.; TW. O. Mullgardt, Chemical Bldg. Sr. PAUL.—"*Thomas С. Holyoke, Endicott Bidg., St. Paul; TF. A. Slifer, Endicott Bldg., St. Paul. TENNESSEE.—*Walk C. Jones, 110 Porter Bldg., Memphis; TB. S. Cairns, 528 Madison Ave. Bldg., Memphis. TExAs.—*Herbert M. Green, North Texas Bldg. Dallas; fClarence C. Bulger, 4020 Swiss Avenue, Dallas. ToLepo.—*Harry W. Wachter, 908 Nicholas Bldg.; {Charles A. Langdon, Nicholas Building. UTAH.—*Leslie S. Hodgson, 2255 Madison Ave, Ogden; {Taylor Woolley, McIntyre Bldg., Salt Lake City. ViRGINIA.—*Fiske Kimball, University of Virginia, Char- lottesville; TC. J. Calrow, New Monroe Bldg., Norfolk. WASHINGTON, D. C.—*Frank Upman, Woodward Bldg.; tL. P. Wheat, Jr., 808 Seventeenth St, N. W. WASHINGTON STATE.—*Carl Е. Gould, Hoge Building, Seattle; ТН. O. Sexsmith, Univ. of Washington, Seattle. WISCONSIN.—*Peter Brust, 233 Queen Ann’s Place, Mil- waukee; TW. W. Judell, 445 Milwaukee St, Milwaukee. WoORCESTER.—(Merged with the Boston Chapter, November 1, 1917.) * Presidents. + Secretaries. Information as to registration laws now in force in the f ollowing states may be obtained as follows: California—State Board of Architecture, Phelan Bldg., San Francisco. Architects, Denver. Florida—State Board of Architecture, 135 East Bay Street, Jacksonville. Registration of Architects, Atlanta. Idaho—Department of Law Enforcement, Boise. and Registration, Springfield. Louisiana—State Board of Architectural Examiners, New Orleans. Minnesota—State Board of Examiners, 804 Phoenix Bldg., Minneapolis. Montana for Registration of Architects, Detroit. Colorado—State Board of Examiners of Georgia—State Board for Illinois—Department of Education Michigan—State Board —Board of Architectural Examiners, Helena. New Jersey—State Board of Architects, 665 Broad St., Newark. New York—State Board of Registration of Architects, Albany. North Carolina—State Board of Architectural Examination and Registra- tion, Greensboro. North Dakota—State Board of Architecture, Bismarck. Oregon—State Board of Architectural Ex- aminers, Portland. Pennsylvania—State Board of Examiners of Architects, Harrisburg. South Carolina—State Board of Architectural Examiners, Columbia. Utah—State Board of Architecture, Salt Lake City. Tennessee—State Board of Architectural and Engineering Examiners, Nashville. Virginia—State Board for the Examination and Certification of Archi- tects, Professional Engineers and Land Surveyors, Richmond. Washington—State Board for Registration of Architects, Olympia. West Virginia—State Board of Examiners and Registration of Architects, Odd Fellows Bldg., Charleston. Wis- consin—Board of Examiners of Architects, Madison. Such laws are pending in Indiana and Iowa.

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SMITH BOILERS For Burning All Fuels—such as Anthracite Coal Bituminous Coal Coke | Lignites Wood Oil Boilers for Low Pressure Steam and Hot Water سس‎ and Hot Water Supply BOILERS сены ысы Mills Water Tube With Smokeless Furnace‏ ا ات аы | бмітн | With Grate Reduced With Grate Full Size H-B and Menlo Smith Service Boiler No. 60 Smith RADIATORS REY % ow А. tear еше x Y ы, 5% a зе eS 3 | Ш. 1 ^ "a. | lg d Же қ” Ас ж s 5 SN Y url ES DIRECTS Single Column Two Column Three Column Five Column Window No. 60 Smith and Wall Grate Reduced "EZ "+ THE Н. Б. SMITH СО. Manufacturers of Boilers and Radiators NEW YORK, N. Y. PHILADELPHIA, PA. WESTFIELD, MASS. BOSTON 10 East 39th St. 17th and Arch Sts. 57 Main St. 640 Main St., Cambridge, Mass. 0100 BOILERS AND RADIATORS INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS May, 1922

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ГА 0 THE YOUNG SOPHOCLES HEADING THE CHORUS OF VICTORY AFTER THE BATTLE OF SALAMIS John Donoghue—American—1853-1903 In the Art Institute, Chicago. See page 149

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JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS Vol. X MAY, 1922 No. 5 Shadows and Straws VERY SMALL TEMPEST in a very large A teapot passed over New York City during late March and early April. It occasioned the usual excitement and proved to be quite true to our rare American form. One could almost hear the taut snap- ping of lips as the ladies—some of them—protested at a symbolic presentation in which Civic Virtue, was pre- sented as a godlike young man in the act of sprinting away from some female temptresses. At the height of the storm there was a fusillade of resolutions,—is there anything sillier, at such а moment, than a resolution? —in one of which we were sharply reminded that a work of art can only be judged by those who are quali- fied for the purpose. ‘This of course settled the mat- ter. New York subsided. ‘There is nothing in all language which will cause an American population so quickly to sneak away shamefacedly as to tell it that it knows nothing about art. It is a form of reprimand that never draws a whimper. But it is a poor way to go about arousing a public interest in sculpture and architecture, and it might have the effect of closing the public purse-strings to which so many artists turn а pair of yearning eyes. Incidentally, however, the statuary group, we believe, is shortly to be erected. Heaven knows that Civic Virtue was never more sadly needed than just now, in New York City,—or in any other city for that matter,—and if Macmonnies’ work adds no more than a jot or even a tittle to the present small store, his work will not have been in vain. Our guess is that there will be slight change, which carries no reflections on the sculpture. We have not seen it. We enjoyed the storm and laughed heartily at the fine feminine frenzy of the resolutions. A CONTRIBUTOR raises the question “Who is an Architect?” It seems safe to say that the legal defini- tion is merely in the making. His observations as to the statutory differences of definition now existing in various of our state laws on registration only sound a warning as to the difficulties that we shall encounter ere we come to a national agreement as to what is an architect. There are many complaints over the admin- istration of the reciprocal features of our laws, and they spring, of course, from the differences to which we refer. If, for example, an architect passes a cer- tain examination in order to be registered in his own state, does that entitle him to be called an architect in another state where the entrance examination is very much harder? Our contributor speaks of the same difficulty in England, but here the trouble is occurring before reg- istration. Parliament is unwilling to grant any law, it appears, until the architects come before it as a united body. “Unification” therefore seems necessary as a first measure, but this calls not only for a merger of the Society of Architects with the R. I. B. A., but very likely requires that all architects now practising in the British Isles be admitted, without examination, to the R. I. B. A. Over this question there are strong differences of opinion, for many members of the R. I. B. A. cannot swallow the wholesale admission plan. The price seems far in excess of the ultimate value to be obtained by registration. But it is likewise true that there is probably no other way. Members of the A. I. A., for example, in States where registra- tion laws are now in force had to suffer the humilia- tion of being registered in common with contractor- architects, builder-architects, and in one case, we remember, with an undertaker-architect. Of course this is not so bad as though they had been obliged to take these gentry into the Institute without examination, and we may well sympathize with the situation of our English confréres. But the quest for a legal definition of the word archi- tect leads over these unpleasant roads. So far as we can now tell, the ultimate result will be to raise the standards of practice and gradually to eliminate those who have sponged and faked their way for too long. Just as genius ought to be encouraged wherever found, so fakery ought to be discouraged. At present we seek the latter aim by law. We know only too well that the first will have to be sought for by far differ- ent methods. In this connection Mr. Pond has also something to say as he comments upon the English registration problem. 139

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Some Thoughts on Modern Architecture By STEPHAN IVOR RICHEBOURG ANY months have passed since you asked me to write my impressions of the architectural. exhibit at last year’s Salon. Your distin- guished architects were then upon the point of send- ing over some of the pictorial evidence of their work. Illness, at the close of the exhibit, forbade the com- pletion of the article I had begun. And then—the Europe in which we dwell nowadays does not inspire one to write. Rather does it bid us think and think and think. And our thinking is like the slow falling of water, drop by drop, always striking our brain at the same point—until we can bear it no longer—and yet there is no escape. Thus, if I now seize this moment for a futile sally forth from the economic dungeon which our politicians have built for us, let me also be honest and say that I cannot longer resist your pleadings. You have such faith in me that I am touched. But now that these words of mine are before you, are you sure that your faith was not misplaced? Yet if you lay my pages aside, I shall not mind, even though I may have regrets over my failure to say what I really wish to say, for it will be because I have failed that you will lay them aside. The world, however, has a curious way of serving us. Opportunity is seldom so obliging as to knock at our door after all. Rather does she stand shy and silent, as we blindly pass her by, It was so in this instance, for while I looked forward to the exhibit at the Salon, and while I knew I should welcome the event for more reasons than one, you must admit that you had not only to knock at my door, but actually to beat upon it with a stick. However, if any of these words of mine can serve the art we both love, we shall have done well,—you to have knocked and І to have opened. And now for what I have to say. I have, as you well know, something more than a passing acquaintance with modern architects and modern architecture. I know your country and other countries; I know your people and other peoples. Thus it is that the work of your architects shown at the Salon last year (and more recently under the auspices of the R. I. B. A. in London), seems to offer an occa- sion for certain comment. Not by any means in crit- icism of that committee of your Institute. No, no! They labored well. Their work is surely deserving of. the highest commendation. Indeed, one cannot too greatly praise this effort to broaden and deepen the channels of inter-professionalism, for there flows a stream of power. No effort should we spare in quick- ening its flow. It is a force for reawakening the uni- versality of art, in all its branches. We need that force! We need it now more than ever. Thus, to the plaudits already bestowed upon the committee I wish indeed to add my own humble praise. It is toward the criticisms of the exhibition that I would fain turn my attention. Those which appeared in the French press, for example, doubtless seemed to you to indicate a certain naiveté. You thought them due to unacquaintance with modern America. It 15 true that the absence of plans seemed curiously to puz- zle our critics. This is not difficult to understand, you must admit, since the French mind seeks a logical basis for that which it aims to understand or to criticise. No doubt your exhibition committee was confronted with a most difficult problem. In the space available, it had to choose between an imposing showing of de- sign development, or a smaller exposition of the rela- tion of design to parti. That is why, however, one seemed to read and hear in Paris, comment that sprang from a wish to know more, What, for instance, were the relations of elevation to plan? What were these vast structures about? What sort of life did they ex- press? And were the United States growing to such a scale and were people generally in need of such gigan- tic buildings? And this, most of all: “Did the Americans love their buildings, or were they just proud of them? There is a difference, you know.” I quote these phrases literally as I overheard them. From a critic? Bah! From a gray haired man, of course, who obviously was honest enough to confess his bewilderment and with childlike candor go at once to the source of that which develops any enduring na- tional art—affection. | Now these observations, be it remembered, are only an attempt to interpret. My own understanding of modern architecture supplied the information not re- vealed in the exhibit, or at least I so flattered myself. I think I know what American architecture is narrat- ing. But I, alas, was only one of many. The exhibit was quite differently received across the Channel. Comment in the English press,—or at least such as I saw,—was more pedantic. Неге one seemed to sense a certain recognition of American problems, even though the high building is still forbidden in English cities,—Dieu merci! (Very likely the discus- sion over permitting high buildings in London, about which I read so much nowadays, may well have been stimulated by the exhibit of your architects.) Pos- sibly, also, the English architects and Englishmen gen- erally have a more intimate knowledge of things Amer- ican than have we. This might easily be so, since Englishmen are as a rule greater travelers. And their newspaper press is copious compared with ours. 140

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SOME THOUGHTS ON MODERN ARCHITECTURE What struck me particularly, however, in the Eng- lish criticisms, was a very marked note of a certain professional jealousy. Is that the right phrase? What I mean is that the English architects seemed generally ready to admit that you had outdistanced them in what we are pleased to call architectural progress, but that secretly, they longed for a chance to have a try at some of the big American problems. Just as your own architects in the beginning of the great lower New York development, and when the Chicago Loop was surging skyward, lived only for the chance of getting a high building commission. Why? Because of their interest in architecture the art? I doubt it. Because of their interest in architecture the business,—because of the prestige that a high building would lend to their professional position,—and because too many modern architects regard their commissions as opportunities for developing their own personalities,—with all of which I have no quarrel. But we must differentiate between art and business. However, here again, I am merely attempting an interpretation. But I do really regret that the Amer- ican exhibit at Paris did not attempt to build up a logical presentation of the whyness and the wherefore- ness of the work of the distinguished practitioners in the United States, for I have the feeling that then there might have been drawn forth some comment that would have had a greater value because of its more solid and reasoned basis; very possibly there might have been a solid residuum of social import or social awareness. For myself, may I say that I am very likely a little old-fashioned in that I am continually seeking, in archi- tecture, for that stream which well diggers know so well, and which they call living water. That is, water that will continue to flow steadily and in abun- dance, in distinction to that which is no more than the sudden spurt of a pocket in the soil. Without that quality architecture as an art is as dead as a door-nail, to use one of your homely phrases, and those who find that living quality in American architecture of the last twenty years would surely be the last to pretend that any country has a superabundance of it. Indeed, what country, unless it be the United States, or perhaps the Scandinavian lands, has more than a flickering flame of architectural light? From the banalities of the spec- ulative suburb to the dreary monotony of the increas- ingly expanding commercial sections of all cities in the new world, our modern communities are submerged, architecturally speaking, in stuff borrowed, wholesale and retail, by men to whom architectural practice is based upon a row of book-shelves. In your country, this sort of practitioner adds a collection of current magazines,—those dreadful allurements by which a great art has been turned into a weapon of business where once it was the noble tool of creative genius. Shall we never learn that architecture cannot be made easy ? | Do we not see the futility of trying to make it easy as we look about and see, everywhere, the sad conse- quences of the struggle for profits? We see a world which, to the mind still untainted with the gibberish of statesmen, already shows signs of its inability to pay in money profits, for that service it so sorely needs. We are aghast at the manner in which our politicians are able to threaten, cajole, or persuade people to cling to those economic fallacies which instantly swallow up all the financial economies that should accrue from the progress of science and invention in the field of building. But, because of these things, all the more must we applaud the work of those men who have suc- cessfully evaded the cobwebs of finance and who have given us buildings which speak in the language of emo- tion. Not the dull language of pedantry, nor the stilted speech of criticism, but in that voice which bids us pause and behold and lend our spirit to the recep- tion of a message such as comes only from the spring of creative genius. То achieve such eloquence in this our modern world is indeed а rare event. ‘To con- ceive and bring forth a building that has the quality of living water,—íresh, pure, abundant,—is indeed a task that taxes the powers of the greatest of our archi- tectural geniuses. (I do not dwell upon the genius that our system crushes and consigns to waste, It is too sad.) And this not because of the dearth of genius, even though we must admit that we have no prodigal en- dowment of that quality among us. But do we also admit that we are not likely to acquire it plentifully under the ministrations of a system that daily sprin- kles the population with the universal Governmental disinfectant called education? Are we ready to laugh at ourselves as in little groups of two or three, we feverishly pursue the public under the belief that we are engaged in educating it, whereas we are, in reality, only trying to "pull its leg"? Do we admit that, as a whole, no modern people cares enough about architec- ture to inquire why it is no longer produced save in trifling quantity? There lies the crux of what I might call being old-fashioned. For, if people do not turn to architecture to satisfy their needs, why should they ever appreciate or think about it? Are we not struck with the fact that peoples all over the world do not turn instinctively to architects, for example, in these periodical visitations called the housing crisis? Yet this phenomenon, appalling in its moment, if we stop to think, passes quite unobserved, it would seem, although it indicates only too clearly that the technicians and the artists and the craftsmen have lost touch. Before we turn to them, we turn to the busi- ness man, or the politician, or the statesman, or the banker—we turn anywhere except to those who have 141

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THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS the knowledge and the skill to do what is necessary to be done. I think we are ready to admit this, now, although we might not have been ready seven years ago. If I sit in a certain window in Fiesole and my eyes drink in the long loved beauties of a Tuscan landscape —the groves of dark cypress, the shine of sunlight on a hill-top, while at dusk comes the voice of a nightingale among the olives—or if I sit at eventide in the close of a well loved English cathedral, or stray in spring- time by the leafed windings of unforgettable Devon lanes, or wake to the chimes of a belfry in Flanders, or pause by one of those simple wooden cottages. that dot Cape Cod, I cannot but feel that here are the sub- lime evidences of that fast disappearing instinct which taught men to turn to workers and to artists. I feel the pulse of architecture beating all about me, in these places, and in others, too—in streets of old London, old Paris, old Brussels, old Boston, old Baltimore, old New Orleans, and even in old New York—beating steadily, and rhythmically. And what is my answer? Admiration? No—my answer is affection. And may I remind you again that there is a difference? Thus, when it is said that the United States is the only land that shows any architectural spark of life —although I, in common with your* Mr. Nobbs, would surely say a word for certain things in Germany and in the farther north of Europe—let it be insistently asked whether that peculiar quality for solving prob- lems, so generously attributed to American architects, is really and definitely a demonstrable thing. No aspersions are intended, if you please. I neither wish to wound nor to appear as a pessimist. I merely wish to inquire, which is the great privilege, is it not? I wish to inquire whether American architects seeking heroically to solve the problems that come to them as individual commissions, are not aiding to create prob- lems which they cannot solve. I believe that high buildings have not proved to be profitable, even to their owners. The social disasters they have wrought are only too well known. I am told that as investments they are now scrutinized with sedulous care. I am also told that architecture as an advertisement no longer makes the appeal it did, since business is intently ex- amining that troublesome thing which you call “over- head," and on a recent visit to New York I noticed that one of the modern bank buildings, although the home of an institution of international repute, was garbed in architectural plainness to the point of ugliness. Surely things are changing and the end is not yet. I pretend to no powers occult and to no gift of prophecy. I note with misgivings that business now calls the tune, except in an occasional building where a private whim is to be humored or a public pride to be com- * This is a reference to an article by Mr. Percy E. Nobbs, entitled “The Architects," which appeared in the JOURNAL for July, 1921. vanity which exalts a spurious ware. memorated. Over the rest of the earth, in your coun- try and in mine, in all countries everywhere, almost without a single exception, I look in vain for that inti- mate expression where life is founded on a heritage of cultural tradition, where, as in France, as a contributor to your paper recently observed, our* “minor architec- ture is so legible an expression," indicative of “the pa- tience, the will to endure, to build permanently in defi- ance of time's inevitable ravages.” There is none of that left with us, I can assure you. Nor do I find it elsewhere, if you please. If I am thrilled with a cer- tain grandiose quality as I come up the bay of New York and the towered island rises before me, I am also quite certain that this is not the end. You may admire it but you cannot love it and that is why we in France —many of us at least—feel sure that you build your- selves country houses because you cannot stand your cities. Do your business men love their office build- ing? Do your bankers love their banks? Do either of them even love their country homes or their superb clubs—do you really love any of your modern archi- tecture? А little, yes, here and there, but do you not for the most part persuade yourselves to believe that your heart responds when it is only your brain repeat- ing phrases? And so I inquire once more—for I am only an in- quirer, please to remember. Is it not true that when architecture is used to glorify a thing that is wrong, or to mask a purpose that is not fair, or to pretend to sanc- tify that which is not holy, the art must suffer, must it not? You will say that there is nothing to be done— that the modern demand is for buildings that sprout like mushrooms in the night, that the architect is help- less, that he can do no more than give his best. I would admit this in a moment but I would not call the result an achievement in architecture. I would call it a compromise, and as a compromise I would let it be known. For one of the greatest dangers to any com- mon appreciation of architecture is that professional To deal in such as a business, is one thing. То proclaim it as art is another matter. So it is, however, that I have hopes. May it not be that we in Europe have gone less far astray than you? Perhaps, of course, we are on the downward verge of the cycle that will see us vanish. Who knows? Рег- haps you are on the upward verge and are to be ex- alted to a greater social well-being than any people has ever known. But I do not think that your archi- tectural progress proves this, as yet, nor do I feel sure that our architectural stagnation proves the case against us. ‘The race, says the proverb, is not always to the swift, and when reason and justice succeed in dethroning ignorance and injustice, as they will some day, the residuum of cultural tradition may be the only thing of value left in the world. 142

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OURSELVES AND THE For myself, I cling to the faith that that tradition will be less of the brain and more of the heart. I am firmly persuaded that architecture, above all other arts, can only attain to enduring greatness as it in- spires and nourishes the saving grace of affection. And so I venture to think that after all the Ameri- can architects have not yet come into their own. Not because of their training or their lack of ability but because of conditions. Amid the temptations of riotous extravagance and what all the rest of the world must, by the very nature of things, consider profligate ex- penditure, you have, surely in your cities—and they are always the national danger points—vied with each other in producing things of compelling size, irresistible appeal as tours de forces, but what that is really lovable? Have you not really been making great toys—too costly to play with in the long run—and of which you will soon grow so tired! While we in the older world have plodded along—almost stagnant in our achitec- ture—living on our past—being dragged down too by COMMERCIAL IDEAL the same evils that are gnawing at your vitals, And yet, as I have said,—when it is all ended and some- thing new, prescient with a greater happiness, has come out of the present welter,—it may be fifty or a hundred or perhaps only a score of years hence,—where will men dig for the precious cultural tradition of how to build? In America? I do not think so. Your craft tra- ditions are today at so low an ebb that the old world still has better ones. This is, perhaps, as a general statement, too prone to be misunderstood in these days of fiercely inflamed nationalisms. But I am not writ- ing of them. They are the war tools of politicians who are the tools of financiers who are the tools of ignorance, profound, gigantic. I am writing sincerely about architecture, the art which is meant neither to exalt our pride nor feed our vanity, but to bless us by ministering to our needs,—and among these I would place affection as one of the first to be satisfied. i | | Ourselves and the Commercial Ideal By H. B. CRESWELL HE circumstance that has led me to jump into your laps was the appearance last year of Mr. Gordon Selfridge? upon these scenes. I know nothing of Mr. Selfridge except what he has himself told us. 'There was much that Mr. Selfridge could have told us—much we might have learnt from him of the organization of retail premises and the lay-out and fitting up of shops. We should also have liked to hear from him, why, having regard to the prin- ciples he advocates he is so cautious, parsimonious, experimental, and tentative; why his shop is such a small one; and why there are still so many other shops in Oxford Street! These are some of the things Mr. Selfridge might have told us, but instead he brought us a message which we may suppose to be one of the newest truths known to American retail trade. The message was that Architecture pays the shopkeeper. That it pays him as an advertisement. That it is the function of Architecture to advertise the shopkeeper, and that, in the interests of Architecture, the shop- keeper ought to be made the object of propaganda. This message, having regard to its source, is entirely 1 At a recent meeting of the Architectural Association (London), Mr. Creswell, a member as well as a Fellow of the R. I. B. A., presented a paper of which the title here appears. His subject is, we believe, of universal import, as was the discussion that followed. Both are therefore reprinted, with minor elisions, as they appeared in the Journal of the Architectural Association. ? Mr. Gordon Selfridge, after a successful department store ex- perience in the United States, went to London and there established the well-known store that bears his name. Last year he addressed the Architectural Association on the subject of department stores and architecture. satisfactory from our point of view, for it is typical of the modern Commercial Ideal, and it forms a suitable peg upon which to hang my discourse to-night. I am not going to preach a sermon, but I am entitled to ask of a community of young men entering on the threshold of a career in an art and a profession that it should approach this subject, not in the thin, starved light of expediency, but in that of robust, clear-eyed English manhood. And since I have reminded you of a message from America based on the Commercial Ideals of that remarkable country, let me remind you of the message of an Englishman who had nothing to do with commerce and who spent his life, not in the pursuit of material power and gain, but in devotion to a similar plane of ambition—for Science and Art are on the same plane—as that which brings us together under this roof. "Civilization," he said, “can advance only along the lines of veracity of thought and action." I hope you feel with me that “there spoke a man." "Those simple words not only bear the impress of truth —we know they are true—but they sound in the mind like the voice of doom. The words have special weight, for I am quoting Thomas Huxley, who, above all men, abhorred unction and platitudes, and was contemptu- ous of doctrinal religion. Before I say more of the general question, I should like to dispose of this proposal to “boost” Architecture by inoculating shopkeepers with the idea that Archi- tecture pays as an advertisement, and I propose to do 143

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THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS so оп the plane on which the proposal is made—that 15, on the lowest plane, the plane of worldly expediency. In the first place the shopkeeper knows much better than we can tell him what is good for him. He has been struggling for years, and is still struggling, to surpass himself and his rivals in this particular of his frontage, and the results are perfectly satisfactory, be- cause they are perfectly natural and logical. ‘The generality of shop fronts are vulgar, pretentious and tasteless, which is exactly what they ought to be, for nearly everything sold in shops pretends to be some- thing different from, and better than, what it really is; or is a substitute, or an imitation or even a deception. This is not due to individual cupidity, but is an estab- lished system, fastened upon the community by the Commercial Ideal. If it were not for certain Acts of Parliament it would hardly be possible to buy any- thing under its true description. Already we have “pearls” and “real pearls," velvet, real velvet, and velveteen; leather, real leather, “leatherette,” and for all I know “real leatherette.” If it was not for our penal code, “real pearls” would be made of bread crumbs and fish-scales; some one would then have to invent a new name for the true pearl, which new name would be instantly appropriated by the bread crumb pearl. The picture I am showing you is that of the Commercial Ideal at large in paradise untortured by the police, and it is this Ideal that the shopkeeper strives to express in his Architecture and so often suc- ceeds in expressing with the help of spurious materials and a spurious Architect. It is a remarkable fact that it is those shops that are not mere salesmen’s lairs ele- vated into notoriety by advertisement, but which live on reputation and tradition, and where the name over the door is a guarantee of the goods in which the firm specializes, that the Architectural qualities of the front are usually satisfactory and often tasteful, while the old shop fronts which came into existence before vaunt- ing advertisement darkened the outlook for honest endeavor, are frequently delightful for their expressive taste. And how could the case be otherwise? How, for instance, can a draper who lends himself to the trumpery deception of pricing nearly every article he sells down to eleven-pence three farthings, be expected to exhibit good taste in the Architectural treatment of his front. Nothing surely but clap-trap can come out of him. The proposal is, then, to initiate an intensive culture among shop fronts; to impose a true Architecture where a false has planted itself, and dignify purposes which lack dignity by the glamor of an Art whose forms, so far as they are esteemed, owe their expressiveness to the glorious traditions with which they are asso- ciated. The proposal is to deck out the relative squalor of shops with the borrowed glories of Greece, Rome, Italy, and so оп, Gentlemen, the thing cannot be done. The beauty or majesty of a building does not depend upon its gratifying prejudices of the eye, but upon its raising a stimulating train of meditation in the mind as Ruskin pointed out more than sixty years ago. Architecture cannot clothe mean or ugly purposes or express a building in forms of which the tradition is repugnant to the purpose of the building. The pro- posal we are considering is, then, to use Architecture to camouflage shops so that their frontages shall raise false trains of meditation by obscuring the undignified and trivial or even mean uses of the building; and that to do this will raise the repute of Architecture. Let us suppose that this idea has been put into effect ; that propaganda has achieved its disingenuous end; that beautiful towers, each a triumph of Architectural skill, raise their proud heads into the sky severally proclaiming, “waist shirts,” “high shoes," “umbrellas to mend,” and so forth; while in the street below an arcaded Italian niche of Sienna marble panelled in lapis with ormolu caps and bases and an onyx plinth en- shrines a tin of curried rabbit marked down from one- and-a-penny to ninepence-halfpenny. Please do not think that the picture I paint is un- duly grotesque. The highest building in the world —the notorious Woolworth building in New York, which is nearly eight hundred feet high—to commem- orate itself among the monuments of the world? The fact is more grotesque than any my invention would dare. The Woolworth building, then, celebrates the sixpenny-halfpenny bazaar. Suppose, then, that London exhibited forty mag- nificent commercial towers, and for the sake of argu- ment let us suppose that these towers were in every case Architectural triumphs, proclaiming severally that substitutes pay better than the genuine thing; that fraudulent secret remedies are superior to honest phar- macy; that Tinkers memory training is a greater thing than education; that 'T'waddler's encyclopaedia in six-penny parts with sensational color prints and richly interleaved with advertisements is of more im- portance than the public libraries; that 'Toodler's pay- first - and - see - what - you'll - get - but - on - no- account-tell-anyone Correspondence Course excels all Universities; that the inventor is greater than the sci- entist, notoriety a finer thing than repute, advertisement better worth while than endeavor, the publicity agent a better horse than merit, to boast more effective than to perform, to exploit its foibles and vices wiser than to serve humanity—that, in fine, falsehood is stronger than truth, success more inspiring than religion, the man with the muck rake more powerful than God. Suppose, I say, that these beautiful buildings encom- passed us; for how long would we receive pleasure from the vision of them? For just so long, surely, as the glamor associated with the Architectural principles they embodied disguised the motive that brought them 144

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OURSELVES AND THE into existence, and the ideas they stood for, and no longer. So soon as we came to recognize that each of these edifices was a mere flaunting boast, that its motive was insincere, that it raised no trains of reflec- tion from which the mind would wish to escape, we should hate it and its fellows alike; and soon, from hating the buildings, we should come to hate the Architectural forms by which we severally recognized them. How, then, can it be, I asked myself, that an Asso- ciation of young men (in whom if anywhere we must look for enthusiasm, devotion to high causes, inspired ambitions and clean convictions), should swallow down Mr. Selfridge’s dose without any signs of restiveness or after-pains? There is only one explanation; that, living in a world in which popular usages, the con- ventions of thought, the public conscience itself is saturated with the commercial ideal, which is increas- ingly invading Art, Science, and the Professions, and thus poisoning the nation at the very heart and core of its strength and honor, you are perhaps not aware of the objectionable savors of the times in which you live—just as a gas fitter is the last man to notice a smell of gas. It will be more to the point if I remind you that at the very time Mr. Selfridge was addressing us a committee representative of Art and Letters, un- der the chairmanship of Sir Aston Webb, was memori- alizing the Bishop of London in the cause of the preservation of the City churches. Тһе first point emphasized in that memorial was that at a time when the adulation of material success was so much in public evidence, it was specially desirable that memorials to a higher ideal standing in the centre of commercial ac- tivity itself should not be torn down. The commercial ideal consists in supplanting the true significance of everything in the world by a false material evaluation. The root germ of it is the wor- ship of success, and the measuring of success in terms of popular notoriety—or money, which are very much the same thing. The pure unsophisticated impulse of humanity is to esteem men and achievements by their quality ; by their importance in the service of humanity ; by their appeal to lofty emotions, by their advancement of the higher destinies of man. No one can attain to such achievement except in a spirit of selflessness; and humanity is aware of this, for human nature is sensi- tive to its own honor. It holds in affectionate memory the great achievements of such men, and of such men only. No achievement the world remembers with admiration was effected in pursuit of success or of power or of money. The large majority of such su- preme achievements have never been paid for even on the basis of a living wage, and few indeed by a fee that much exceeded that scale. Generalizations of this kind are dangerous—I speak from lack of knowledge of exceptions, and in the certitude that exceptions are COMMERCIAL IDEAL few. We have evidence of the principle in our own surroundings. It is because the professional man hon- ors skill and proficiency and good service before his pocket; the artist the perfect rendering of his creation before success; the scientist the acquirement of knowl- edge before the attainment of wealth and. power that they: and their callings are respected and accorded а dignity which has become a tradition. The reason no such dignity attaches to commercial pursuits in general is that the essential aim in such callings is understood to be the success which may be measured in treasury notes, and because the only spiritual implication gener- ally associated with them is the tribute of envy paid to their coarse triumphs by the ignorant. The impress of the Commercial Ideal is exhibited in various arts and callings in various, but kindred, ways. In pictorial art it raises up dealers who seize on young gifted artists and hold them under a contract to hand over all their work for three or four years in return for a fixed remuneration. The man who pays the piper naturally calls the tune, but I need not en- large on a system which would be impossible if the buyer had any true appreciation of art, or the seller were not pressed by necessity. The Commercial Ideal tempts painters to repeat their successes and to sit down and go on painting the same picture. Any picture that is odd by being very large or very small or by displaying such differences from the generality of pictures as might arrest the attention of a bright child, is barked over and made the subject of a small excitement. Why? Because it’s good for trade. Why should any mortal soul bother about it if it wasn’t? Literature, so far as it is Art, and like other arts, suffers from the same disabilities as painting under the influence of the Commercial Ideal. It induces many publishers to fight shy of manuscripts that are original and forceful works of art. What they want is “best sellers.” Dramatic Art has suffered in similar ways by the imposition of the Commercial Ideal. The pursuit of success by managers, who have no care for anything but “success” in the single sense in which they under- stand the word (that is of large returns), has led to a large number of "shows" being mere repetitions of old ideas, and to actors being earmarked, each for one sort of part. Lately a naturalist accomplished the remark- able feat of taking moving pictures of the methods of the cuckoo in depositing its egg—photographs which falsified in essential matters the work of previous ob- servers. ‘The pictures were memorable for their com- pleteness and clearness, we are told. How many, do you suppose, of the hosts of cinema houses in London —my figure may be inclusive of the whole of England —displayed the film. I believe not one. ‘This is the 145

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THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS Commercial Ideal and this is the thing that is settling our destinies for us. The Commercial Ideal wrecks sport. Soccer foot- ball I need not refer to, but I may mention that the game is being everywhere replaced in our schools by Rugby because of its degradation by the Commercial Ideal. It seems to me we shall end by going mad at the instigation of the Commercial Ideal. I saw last week a poster outside a cinema which advertised a topical picture. Опе item—‘Prayers for Victory” — arrested me. What victory had we now to pray for? Тһе sub-title explained. “Тһе Southend-on-Sea team for Bristol attends special service in Church.” Of the influence of the Commercial Ideal in Archi- tecture I have already ventured to prophesy. Let us look at what is now about us. Almost without excep- tion, whenever you see pretentiousness, shoddiness, ignorance—all, in fact, that is comprehended in the word “ugliness” in buildings—you will find an imme- diate explanation in the motive, and that motive will prove to be some aspect of the Commercial Ideal; and, almost without exception, when you see buildings that you can accept as architecture, you will find that their motive is free from complicity with the Commercial Ideal—advertisement display, pretentiousness, shoddy material, ignorant taste—all these things would scarcely exist if it were not for the Commercial Ideal in which they have arisen and by which they are nourished. ‘The subject admits of endless illustration and comment. I will confine myself to one—not by any means the most deplorable or aggressive of the impositions of the Commercial Ideal upon Architec- ture. I refer to its treatment of housing. The garden village is a philanthropic idea—practical, and rightly so (but based) as is every idea that is worth consid- ering, in the human ideal. It was a reaction against exploitations under the Commercial Ideal; and, of course, directly the conception of the garden village as a worthy thing became popularly known, the shrewd, hard-headed man we all so love, adopted the term to give a deceptive gloss to his own speculative schemes. However, what I want to call attention to is housing before the garden village idea—Raymond Unwin’s idea—rejuvenated us with hope of better things. You may see in the suburbs of London and of the provin- cial towns places where the shrewd, hard-headed men of England have effaced all natural beauty of their country by infection of the peculiar qualities of their own souls. ‘These districts have grown by the same inscrutable laws which direct and control the ravages of mange on a dog’s back. They have grown without thought, without knowledge, without plan or expecta- tion or hope of ambition; they have merely eaten their way down the valley or up the slope of the hill and left their scars far and wide. Тһе only possible explanation or justification is that the enterprises have paid someone—someone must have made a great deal of money out of these exploits, for no human being would have associated himself with them for any other consideration. There is nothing beautiful or ingeni- ous about these places, little that is efficient—they are typical achievements of the shoddy-minded who alone can find inspiration in the accumulation of wealth. 'The one saving grace has been the restrictions of the law. Without the restrictive Acts the shrewd and hard-headed would have been yet more shrewd and still harder in the head; their numbers would have been greater—for fewer would have been in prison —and the places might have fallen down or the in- habitants died off, for such things as flimsy construc- tion, scamped drains, and damp walls not only pay well, but, since the work has soon to be done all over again, pay twice over, and, in fact, have in the past, been the source of much of England’s “wealth.” To sum up—the Commercial Ideal is loading the world with products of art and manufacture, organi- zations, ideas, habits, tastes, customs, which have no. justification except that they are incidental to the acquisition of money by individuals. Mankind must produce in order to consume, and the individual must work to live, but the natural impulse of human nature —the human ideal—demands of a man that he shall justify himself by producing what is of service to man, or what is beautiful, or what in some way expresses his individual aspirations for the destiny of humanity. That is the natural instinct in man and we, who observe what remains to us of mediaeval craftsmanship —yes, and of the utensils and ornaments of savages —know the truth, as well by evidence of the fact as by the experience of our own hearts; yet, by compul- sion of the Commercial Ideal, a large part of the works of man are not only of no service to humanity, but are a positive disservice, and they can have given no one any satisfaction either in inception or realization, for по man, as God made him, could set himself deliber- ately to exploit the ignorance, foibles and necessities of his fellowmen, any more than he would occupy himself by supplying bad whiskey and unreliable dyna- mite to savages. I have tried to give you a hurried picture of an aspect of modern life which concerns us greatly, but the subject is so vast that I have been unable to touch upon many sides of it, nor have I given any practical application to my remarks. In conclusion, I will speak a few words on two matters. First, upon the direct material damage to our individual careers which the Commercial Ideal threatens; and second, as to what we can do to contest that danger and how play a part in helping to restore the human ideal—as I have called it—to its right place in life. You must know that the Commercial Ideal, as ex- emplified among commercial houses who deal with the 146

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OURSELVES AND THE COMMERCIAL IDEAL productions of artists, is tending to squeeze the artist out of existence. ‘The publisher tries to enslave the author by binding him under one contract to as many as seven books, the music publisher and concert agent strives to secure a monopoly by compelling singers to sing only songs published by him and by making use of the powerful position thus secured to force the song writer to disadvantageous contracts; the theatrical manager seeks to limit and enslave the actor, the glass and mosaic manufacturer the large house decorating firms, and firms dealing in house property, and even firms of constructional engineers are ready to squeeze out the individual artist, and with the help of “our Mr. Jones” proclaim Messrs. Vinegar, Hissop and Co., Ltd.. the designers of the cathedral window (with saints copied from Flemish pictures) or the architects of the new Georgian wing (with reach-me-down plas- ter swags and mantelpiece )—and so on. ‘The position will one day be reached when the architect and deco- rative artist will have great difficulty in existing individually unless he makes use of commercial methods to flaunt himself into notoriety—and what sort of artist will that man be? The Commercial Ideal, if it continues to make way will render Art, as we estimate it, and as the records of the past reveal it, impossible. As to what we can do to combat this poisonous Ideal, which I hope is as detestable to you as it is to me— Why! we can do a great deal. We can acknowledge its existence. ‘That is the great point; to keep rest- lessly aware of the false, ugly thing, to refuse to accept it as inevitable, to refuse to float like straws down the current of life till we find ourselves in a mud hole. Let us then test things, examine motives, tear the false thing out by the roots, proclaim the stupid hypocrisy, wave it in the air, proclaim it, expose it, ridicule it, and denounce it, in thought, in our confidences with friends, in our conversation with acquaintances and on public occasions. So may we alike honor the mem- ory of the men who have given mankind its proudest heritage, ourselves and our calling. Mr. Reginald Hallward, in proposing a vote of thanks to Mr. Creswell, said he was glad to have that privilege, because he shared with him the views he held, and he knew those views grew out of his honorable career. To him (the speaker) it was a particular pleasure to say a few words; in no way to minimise what Mr. Creswell had said, but to confirm the general truth of the whole paper. As he had listened to the address, he had felt his mind going back and recalling an ancient legend of classical times, that "when a man sleeps he should not be wakened too suddenly for fear his soul should not have joined his body again." Не could not help feeling that that was something of the position in which the world had been standing. It was some seven years since the awakening began, but he thought when the soul joined the body it had not that full relationship to it that was expected. It was only now that a new life was beginning for this country, and he saw confirmation of his belief in the address. He could confirm from his own experi- ence, the general truth of the whole of the statements of the address, and he believed hope lay behind it. The aim of the paper was solely for the public good. He thought things had been taken too much for granted, and he wanted the younger men to take nothing for granted nothing but what answered to their own convictions of what was the truth. We had arrived at a time when appearances deceived us on every hand, but it seemed to him that there was a hope that we were groping towards a greater reality, a greater correspondence between what a man should be and what he was. If young architects were going to measure their art, they should, rather than seek what was above them, seek what was below them. 'To know the people better was to find how the people were; to know the people was to know that people were not base, but that they were deceived. In seconding the motion, Mr. Maurice E. Webb said it seemed to him that the most difficult part of the sub- ject of the “Commercial Ideal" was the fact that we were living in a commercial age. We were a nation of shopkeepers, and the job of the architect and the artist was, somewhat or other, to help the shopkeeper, and they had got to do it. But they must not lower their own ideals or standards in order to help the shopkeeper. If the shopkeeper wanted a really fine shop, and went to the architect to get it, it seemed the architect must do his best, and he would not succeed unless he could put something more into the shop than the shopkeeper him- self was able to do. In the old days, the Italian archi- tects and painters built and decorated most wonderful churches, and painted most wonderful altar-pieces, but they did that because they wanted to do it, or because they were asked to do it by the churches. In those days, was not religion the motive? "The position was perhaps different today, and architects and artists had got to do what they were paid to do, but they must do it properly. There was a tendency of many, under the stress of cir- cumstances, to lower their ideals in order to please the people who were paying them. He was a little bit sorry Mr. Creswell had chosen Mr. Selfridge for his com- ments, because he (the speaker) felt that Mr. Selfridge had done a great deal for the architecture of London, and had shown, certainly in his own building in Oxford Street, that a really fine work of architecture could stand on its own without those vulgar aids to be seen in other parts of London; such as the horrible lighted signs which continually revolved. Mr. Selfridge had shown that by a little judicious lighting he could make his building look as fine by night as by day. Mr. Selfridge’s architect had produced a notable addition to London architecture. Mr. T. S. Tait said he thought Mr. Creswell had been rather hard on Mr. Selfridge, as he thought the latter struck a very high note in his paper last year. To the speaker, Mr. Creswell's paper seemed more of the old fight between commercialism and professionalism. To give way in art to commercialism was wrong. 'The selling of goods at 1134d each was the business of the seller, not of architects, but if the man who sold such goods desired certain things made, it was up to the arch- itects and others to deal with it in the most beautiful 147

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THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS way possible. It was not the duty of architects to ignore commercial problems, but to treat them to the best of their ability. Mr. H. T. Buckland said he had been a friend of Mr. Creswell’s for many years, and knew his views pretty well; he also knew that when Mr. Creswell spoke he was very provocative. The one thing he deplored was that no one was able to announce the entry of Mr. Selfridge to the meeting, for he believed it better for a man to be present when he was attacked so that he might reply. If Mr. Selfridge were present, he (the speaker) was sure he would have something very substantial to say, and he thought the proper revenge for Mr. Selfridge to take would be to engage Mr. Creswell as architect for his next extension. If he would do that, and Mr. Creswell would go there and give them his changed views, he was sure they would all be very much amused. Mr. A. S. E. Ackerman said he was an engineer, and would admit at once that engineers spoilt the face of nature. He was pleasantly surprised to find how ге- spectable were some of the tall buildings in New York; they were not the monstrosities some people said they were. Quite a number of buildings in New York, cer- tainly one close to the Bowery, struck him as being very beautiful, because they were made to serve their purpose so well. Undoubtedly the comfort in American offices was much greater than that provided generally in this country, especially as regards lifts, lighting, and heating. He was not an architect, but he rather suspected that the columns in the A.A. Dining Room were not all they pretended to be. It was very horrible that many people judged others by the size of their banking account, but he doubted whether anyone in the room could name 50 deceased millionaires, although they would probably have no difficulty in naming 50 deceased artists or scientists. The effect of wealthy people was very ephemeral, while the memory of scientists and artists of note lived. Mr. Sylvester Sullivan said the interest of the archi- tect in shop front building was to observe the truth, ard not be inveigled into being architectural liars for the sake of designing an advertisement. In replying to the points raised in the discussion, Mr. Creswell said he had to thank them for the way in which he had been received, but, quite frankly, he thought his paper had completely failed in its object. He had abso- lutely missed the mark with it. He did not appear to have made the least impression anywhere. He did not believe anyone in the room really knew what he was driving at. That was a humiliating thing, but it was his own fault—it was defective art. But he was quite sure, if he had put what he had to say in a more prac- tical form, they would have grasped his meaning, and having grasped his meaning, they would have been bound to have agreed with him. To begin with, he noticed that instead of referring to the “commercial ideal,” speakers referred to commerce; that was a totally different thing. He had said nothing against commerce, and had nothing to say against commerce; commerce was a necessary thing, but the "commercial ideal" was a bad influence, a bad standard which had sprung up in commerce. It was unnecessary to commerce, but was pervading public opin- ion and was robbing England. You could go into the streets and read the papers, and look around you every- where, and everything was a humbug and a sham in the way it was represented. [t was because we were living in a world colored with the things of which he was complaining that we could not perceive them. What we wanted today was to get into touch with the great minds of men who really mattered in the world. He was speaking only of ideals, and nothing personal at all. Mr. Selfridge and he would get on very well together and would both be interested in what the other had to say. The danger was that the Selfridge type of man would predominate. Mr. Selfridge’s was а necessary work and had to be done, but it was the point of view of which he complained. Turn to the records and thoughts of the men who made the world a decent place to live in, and then contrast them with the “commercial ideal,” and you would see where we were going—we were going to hell! In twenty years time England would hardly be worth living in. Compare England let us say before the war and now, and you must see the way things were going. The whole thing was a question of motive; it was not what one did, but the motive for it. If a man set out to write a book, he made up his mind on the subject. How was he going to approach it? If he were going to do it with an eve on what had been successfully done in the past, and on what he was going to make out of it, what worth was such a book in the world? Nothing. Every idea in the world, every bit of work that had ever been done in the world that had had any effect had been done out of men’s consciences. His friend, Mr. Ackerman, had spent 20 years of his life in elaborating a monumental work of reference for which he could expect no reward and which was entirely a work of personal enthusiasm: that would be, and had been, a useful contribution to humanity. He had also got elaborate mud works in his house, and for three years at least he had been elaborating under difficult conditions a series of experiments in the fluidity of clay, which were contributing to the knowledge of the world, and which had already been received among engineers as entirely revolutionizing theories of pile work. From the “com- mercial ideal” point of view, Mr. Ackerman was a darned fool; but in the speaker’s opinion, Mr. Ackerman was the man who was doing things, not Mr. Selfridge. Mr. Ackerman’s motive was the motive that was impelling things, and was worth living for. Ав to our living іп a commercial age, of course we were living in a com- mercial age—that was the devil of it! Thirty years ago life was colored with quite a different thing; it was colored with thought and culture, but because we were living in a commercial age it was not for us to follow the commercial ideal because we were a commercial people. They were artists and professional men, and, to a certain extent, scientists, and those three things did not touch upon the “commercial ideal” at all; and so far as men were carried to a point when the instructive motive was colored by a commercial motive, the work was worthless. Every single instance of commercial arch- itecture was the result of the "commercial ideal’—some- one had wanted to make money out of it. In good architecture in no single case was the “commercial ideal" present. What had the "commercial ideal" done for 148

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THE ART INSTITUTE OF CHICAGO _architecture? Look at the places that had grown up in the suburbs and in the provinces. The development of the places had been actuated by the same impulse that controlled the mange on a dog’s back, or like erysipelas, with no thought or cure. If it had not been for restric- tive Acts of Parliament those places would have fallen down, or the inhabitants would have fallen down because of damp walls. Several speakers in the discussion had taken the practical standpoint, ^What am I to do if I am asked to design a shop front?" One had to do the best one could and dignify it—that was their art. But he had tried to show what the result of that was. In 100 years time, when all those towers and fine buildings had been built, where would architecture be? The “соп- mercial ideal" had to be combatted, and it was only by continually talking about it that anything could be done Р 1 bret A 2 ےم سر ور‎ - یمر‎ Os ot towards restoring the human ideal. When Watt was looking at the steam coming from the kettle, did he think of what he was going to make out of the steam engine? No; he had the scientist’s ideal of gaining knowledge. Someone had complained that he had been unfair to com- merce, but really he was not; he was not down on com- merce at all. But there was a crooked, ugly idea that had sprung up in commerce which was bad for commerce, and bad for everything; it was rotting art and rotting thought. In closing the meeting, the Chairman said he did not think Mr. Creswell need be so despondent of the recep- tion he had received. Тһе discussion might һауе taken a different turn had the speakers been able to read and digest his remarks beforehand; they had not fallen оп, deaf ears. ~ хы” THE SACRED GROVE—PUVIS DE CHAVAUNES—FRENCH—1824-1898 In the Potter Palmer Collection. A Study for the Decoration now in the Palais des Arts, Lyons The Art Institute of Chicago ITS ARCHITECTURAL INTEREST The assembling of delegates to the Fifty-third Annual Convention of the Institute in Chicago in June has seemed to offer a most opportune occasion for recall- ing the sympathetic influence of the art collections of Chicago upon architecture. The Art Institute of Chicago has most cordially responded to this idea and has been kind enough to co-operate with us in select- ing from among its treasures a few of those which seem best to illustrate the work that institution is doing in stimulating an interest in those arts which are so closely allied to architecture. A cordial invita- tion to visit the Art Institute is extended to all visiting delegates and we take occasion here to express our grateful appreciation of the courtesies which that in- stitution has so graciously extended to the JOURNAL. In our next issue we shall present a series of illustra- tions selected from the collections of the Field Museum. All illustrations are copyright and not to be repro- duced except with the permission of the Art Institute. 149

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Panel of Carved and Polychromed Wood Representing a Choir—Gothic Center Right Another Statue of St. Catharine Left St. Catharine—Polychromed Stone.

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pres سے 1 dum pr‏ ا Ж.Ғ. vai"‏ -er -y par dit d ہے - —— dnte 06ای‎ — CARVED OAK CUPBOARD OF THE GOTHIC PERIOD—WITH LEATHER STRAP HINGES

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VIRGIN AND CHILD French—Late XIV Century Polychromed Stone.

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“ST. ANNE TEACHING MARY TO READ” Gothic Statue of Polychromed Stone. French—XV Century

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PLACE DE LA TRINITE, PARIS—JEAN FRANCOIS RAFFAELLI—FRENCH—1850 In the Potter Palmer Collection

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Aa J 4 эе «Ом А МА 4 NOTRE DAME DE PARIS—JEAN FRANCOIS RAFFAELLI—FRENCH—1850 | In the Potter Palmer Collection `

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+ 4-7. " انگ 4t SATVA AND ATTENDAN O BODDHI TW Stone belonging to the P otter Palmer Collection and lent to the Art Institute Mortuary

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y к / к ИР, 6 v fv pe , 5 ‘ f v- мо)? ui 072 T 9) y ۴ 1 ST. GEORGE COMBATING THE DRAGON Attributed to Benito Martorell—Spanish—Circa 1400? Central Panel of a Triptych from the Vidal Ferrer y Soler Collection, Barcelona “м:

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i 8 Е 7 p i 1 The Le Brun Travelling Scholarship—1922 A PUBLIC BATH The Winning Design by Lionel H. Pries, Philadelphia

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Ac EEN Courtesy of the Chicago Camera Сіні MacMillan. Photograph by E. L. THE FINE ARTS BUILDING—CHICAGO

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PENNSYLVANIA DUTCH WEDDING CHEST—BEARING DATE OF 1785 In the Collection of the Art Institute, Chicago Emblem of Institute Membership The above illustration shows the exact size and design (and color) of the new emblem of Institute Membership, authorized by the Board of Directors at the November, 1921, meeting and executed by the Medallic Art Com- pany of New York, under the direction of Mr. Robert D. Kohn. The badges have been made with two kinds of fasteners —as a button for those who desire a lapel insignia; and as a pin for the vest. The face of the badge is 14 karat gold. The back of the lapel button is bronze, gold plated, and the back of the pin is German silver, gold plated. The price is $5.00, which is less than cost for the first 100 emblems and slightly more than cost for subsequent issues. Each badge is serially numbered and the names of purchasers will be registered at the Octagon. Orders should specify the type of emblem desired (whether lapel or pin), should be accompanied by re- mittance, and should be sent to the Executive Secretary, The Octagon House, Washington, D. C. My DEAR Mr. EDITOR: The new Institute pin is now ready for distribution, and I have already entered my order for one and am wearing it with pride to advertise my membership in the A. I. A. Wherever I go I see the emblems of various techni- cal organizations; Mechanical Engineers, Electrical Engineers, and kindred groups, to say nothing of the many fraternal organizations whose members take pride in advising all who see that they are members. I believe that we, who have been admitted to mem- bership in the American Institute of Architects, may well be proud of the fact and with a proper self respect advertise it to the world. Such an emblem, worn by worthy men, will in a short time command the attention and the respect of the public and I hope its use will become general amongst architects. Yours truly, Henry H. KENDALL, President. 162

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East and West and Home Again | By IRVING K. POND East A batch of foreign Architectural publications of recent date recently dropped upon my table from THE JOURNAL office and I have superficially scanned the contents. Very superficially, I must say, in the case of the three num- bers of the Journal of the Institute of Japanese Archi- tects, and of the copy of Architekten published in Copen- hagen; the names appearing in the advertisements of the latter make us feel not far from home; Olsen, Christen- sen, Jensen, Andersen, Hansen, Mohr, Jorgensen—every architect, in the middle west at least, has dealt with every one of them. Somehow, when they are working over there under the direction of Architekt Jens Ingwersen, as indicated by a residence in a cut in one of the advertise- ments, the result is much more charming, much more refined in mass and fenestration than when they are car- rying out the directions of some architect with an Ameri- can name over here. 'The number is devoted to the pres- entation of plans and photographs of two, three, and four room tenement and apartment buildings, executed in series, in rows, in blocks; a bit stark, a bit naked in their austerity; always five stories in height and yet always with the pleasing window treatment and the happy rela- tion of solid to void displayed in the residence above noted. Farther East Being ambidextrous I found no difficulty in flipping the pages of the Japanese documents in true Oriental fashion. One must read from right to left. One number of the Journal contains two public buildings, the one a museum, not so interesting, showing a German Romanesque influ- ence; the other, a town hall or council house, done in the classic with a Doric portico, all beautifully balanced and fairly consistent throughout. A bit of Teutonic, or per- haps rather, Scandinavian influence is felt in this building. Another number contains architectural drawings and half- tones of a museum done in the Japanese style showing a marked classic restraint beautiful in proportion and en- tirely consistent in masses and details. The beauty inheres in the treatment of the structure. Neither cartouches ‘nor festoons insult it nor impede the flow of functional forms. Later numbers are given over to an extended report of a committee to study crematorium and cemetery conditions in foreign countries. "The first number, to revert, has the concluding parts of an ex- haustive study of “the ‘Engawa’ and verandah in the domestic architecture." This is done into English by the author and the first paragraph will give an idea of the style: “Іп the history of the Japanese architecture there has been twice large influences from China; but these influenced forms were very reasonably changed after a certain run of time to new forms, which are fit to the nationality and the climate." West From the Journal of the R. I. B. A. one sees that the vital present is challenging the attention of our British confréres; the same social and sociological tendencies which have been working through us have muddied their heretofore clear and limpid professional stream. The tendency to put art and professionalism in the straight- jacket of law is one which is now manifesting itself with our British brethren, as it has long manifested and still is manifesting itself with us. Registration and Unifica- tion—how familiar they sound to us! Many of our states—twenty-three, to be exact—have registration or license laws. One other state, in which literature alone seems to be considered an art, forces architects to regis- ter under an Engineering Act; the twenty-three, regard- ing architecture more or less as an art, treat it as such, regulating matters only which bear upon the health and safety and physical welfare of the public, except that one, in establishing qualifications, seeks to pass upon the capac- ity to design. So, fifty per cent of our states—and on the initiative of the architects themselves, acting from some confused notion of service to the public or (and?) from distinctively selfish motives—have passed laws regulating the practice of a supreme art! But regulation by law is in the air and our British brethren and our own fifty per cent as yet free and sane will have to come to it. There seems to be no inoculation against it. Materialism and legal and aesthetic formalism are stifling the spirit of freedom to create beauty in Great Britain as here in the United States. However, the R. I. B. A. has taken up, through its Committee reports, the principles of Regis- tration and Unification and seems likely to adopt and establish them in spite of wise cautions, while our A. I. A. has up to now been able happily to avoid the issue. But it is going to come in spite of us—or to spite us. Home Again Ww The architectural profession in both countries 15 Бе- coming class-conscious. In Britain there always have been social classes which were conscious and self-con- scious. Classes have existed in this country but their self-consciousness has been regarded rather as a joke. But now in England, and the tendency is here too among us, classes are taking on a new alignment and the bar- ber, the plumber, the whitewasher, the architect, are be- coming class-conscious and must needs demand legisla- tion which shall protect them in their self-asserted “rights” against all comers. How long, at this rate, will it be before we establish a caste system rivaling that of India in its wide ramifications, and this on a materialis- tic as well as on a spiritual basis? And as to Unification —some of the British reactionaries fear the effect of that. And I, "if"—like Caesar—''my name were liable to fear,” would fear with them. A class, especially an Artist Class, can be unified only in name, and in those things in which the law, not the law of the spirit but man-made law, can compress men into its mould. There can be true unity only when things of the Spirit—not selfish materialism or expectation of individual advancement— compel a fellowship of kindred souls. Souls are not nec- 163

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THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS essarily kindred because the accompanying minds have de- creed that the body should practice architecture. Then the questions arise, how shall art be free? How may art escape the fetters which formal education and “class- consciousness” are binding about it? How, at the same time, shall the public be protected in its physical well- being as affected by sanitary or unsanitary, safe or un- safe, buildings? The answer is easy. Establish а prac- ticable building code: district, state and national. Рег- mit a building to be built from any set of plans which are in consonance with the provisions of the code, no matter who makes those plans—be he painter, sculptor, baker, mason or architect. License the builder to erect a structure in accordance with those plans and if you can’t get class-consciousness out of your system, or if your soul is burdened with the awful responsibility of the architect to the public, then protect the term Architect.— with a big A—by examination along purely material and physical lines. Leave the spiritual man to grow with the spiritual growth and development of the race; and the public will be sufficiently protected; will be given a choice, through knowledge, as between the Architect and the mere builder or designer, and that is all the protec- tion the law needs give the public. 'The public in this case is generally a wilfully ignorant or self-sufficient in- dividual who needs the lessons of experience. Education The Journal of the R. I. B. A. and the Journal of The Society of Architects give considerable space to architec- tural education. I read these documents and pronounce- ments without any noticeable quickening of the pulse— as I do those emanating from our own architectural press. I am much more concerned with our primary and secon- dary educational procedure and with the curricula of our colleges; for I assume that before “the great globe itself" dissolves architects mostly will be recruited from the ranks of educated, cultured men of wide sympathies and understanding. In a future day, let us hope not too re- mote, educated and cultured men will have been taught to observe and to record their observations in sketch and drawing throughout the period of kindergarten, school and college days. And, too, they will have been taught to use their hands in modeling and making, and their brains and imaginations in creating, in many fields. So that bye and bye they will be able to co-ordinate and correlate the activities of body and brain, of hand and heart. Then we will have a race prepared to create and enjoy art and capable of producing architects. The race is in no hurry to produce architects; that is an hysterical desire of individuals and schools. My hasty glance over these British Journals and periodicals informs that along with laws and education our brothers across the Atlantic interest themselves, as some of us do, in another form of "straight-jacket" for art: that is, the geometrical basis of art as expressing itself in formula involving fixed and unalterable proportions and ratios between triangles, or squares, or diagonals, or diameters. Some write books in earnest advocacy of these spontaneity crushing and spirit breaking formulz—and some review them sanely, which is altogether an achievement. Drawing and Design . The interesting modern Gothic church of St. Michael, Bitterne Park, South Hampton, by Sir Charles A. Nichol- son, is illustrated by plans, sections and elevations in the 24 February number of T'he Architect, a purely architec- tural presentation. In general the illustrations in the various publications do not call for special comment in the matter either of subject or rendering. The latter topic was thoroughly discussed in a meet- ing of the R. I. B. A. by Professor William Rothenstein, of the Royal College of Art. As to design, he says: "We are sometimes accused of being too eclectic and derivative; yet I find in a great number of modern architects’ elevations a lack of the scholarship which is characteristic of the best art of any period; they miss precisely those elements of severity and auster- ity, sensitiveness to proportion and balance of rhythm, which I would have thought were the very qualities which architects would have understood better than any other artists,” and intimates that where these qualities are present they may sometimes be obscured by the pic- torial presentation and “artistic” rendering. The discussion indulged in by Sir Reginald Blomfield, in a letter to the Secretary, and by many others, was scholarly and interesting. I am decidedly of Sir Reginald’s opinion that “the care lavished on the wonderful drawings produced in competitions is to the architectural mind dead waste of time.” Mr. Edward Warren said that “perspective drawings are of little use to the designer unless he is the author of the drawing as well as of the design.” Drawings are elaborately rendered with an idea of pleasing or catching the public. My own clients in general seem satisfied with the perspective studies I make in the process of designing in order to satisfy myself as to the relationship of masses and scale. Ships “Architecture as applied to ships" is another topic pre- sented before the R. I. B. A. by Mr. Arthur J. Davis, and intelligently discussed. It was suggested that ship interiors might be designed to look like ship interiors; in parabolic curves and flowing lines and in some manner which should impart a sense of stability and not make one feel the imminence of collapse—which one must feel in seeing columns and pilasters thrown out of the vertical and entablatures out of the horizontal. Mr. Davis had learned by experience that the great majority of passen- gers are “seasick American ladies, and the one thing they want to forget when they are on the vessel is that they are on a ship at all. They live mostly in hotels and want that sort of surrounding and accommodation when trav- eling.” Не may be right. They may be, probably are, homesick American ladies as well; homesickness in the sense of seasickness—that is, "sick at home” or “sick of the home'"—and who prefer hotels with all their flashy life and insincere surroundings. I presume that architecture as a social expression and architects as social servants and interpreters of social life must cater to that, on land, nauseating, and, at sea, nauseated, tribe. 164

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Town Planning and Housing CLARENCE S. STEIN, Associate Editor The International Conference— London 'The Conference of the International Garden Cities and Town Planning Association, held at Olympia, Lon- don and Welwyn Garden City on 14 and 15 March, was unusually international in its makeup. Thirty-six nations were represented from the start, and thirty-eight after it had been voted to admit the Austrian and Ger- man delegates. Тһе most numerous delegation came from Belgium. Plans of housing developments, mostly garden suburbs along familiar lines, were exhibited from France, Belgium, Holland, Italy, Norway, Sweden, Den- mark and Palestine, where the Zionist movement has an active Garden City Department. For Great Britain, there were the Welwyn Garden City plans and those of ` the London County Council for its three housing schemes now under way,—Becontree, Old Oak, and Roehampton Estates. The United States was not represented. One of the items of progress noted by Mr. Ebenezer Howard in his presidential address, was the latest (1921) amendment to the British Housing Act, which permits Government loans to approved associations for the de- veloping of Garden Cities, and not simply for building dwellings, as before. This is likely to be of great im- portance to the Garden City movement, as it halves the amount of private capital necessary. Two principal subjects of discussion were before the Conference: (1) How to start Garden Cities through- out the world; (2) The reduction of building costs. The papers presented were printed and distributed; all discussion was informal. The British members of the association are struggling to keep the term “Garden City” true to its original definition in Mr. Ebenezer Howard’s “Garden Cities of Tomorrow.” In the paper presented by Sir Theodore Chambers and Mr. Purdom, we find the following statement: "It must- be a town large enough to have all the features of a town characteristic of the country in which it is placed. It must provide for all classes of the com- munity so that it may possess a sound civic being. It must provide for industry to be carried on. It must be planned as a whole. It must combine rural interests with urban interests. Finally, it must control the whole of the land upon which it is built and surrounding it." Under this definition, Letchworth and Welwyn are clearly the only Garden Cities in existence—or in serious contemplation. 'The Continental delegates, on the other hand, in spite of their loyalty to Mr. Howard personally, and their interest in his ideas, were obviously concen- trating their attention on getting the maximum number of sanitary dwellings for working men wherever and however they could. 'The outstanding feature of the cost-of-building dis- cussion was the similarity of the price-curve reported for every country heard from, no matter how widely different their financial and other circumstances might seem to be. Lieutenant-Colonel E. N. Mozley, late Housing Com- missioner for the South-West of England, told how in his region in 1919 the bids for cottages with parlor, liv- ing room, scullery and three bedrooms ran about £770 each. At the end of 1920, the price was something over £950. At this point Dr. Addison, then Minister of Health, issued instructions that no bids should be accepted for more than £800. “Within a fortnight of Dr. Addison's decision, builders in all parts of England were tendering for parlor houses at less than £800. Since then the price has continually fallen to the present day, where it hardly exceeds £500." M. Henri Sellier, Mayor of Suresnes, Department of the Seine, presented tables of building material prices from 1914 to 1922. "It would appear," he says, "that for Paris and district, if the cost of building in July 1914 be taken as one, that of July 1918 would be 274, July 1919 would be 314, and July 1920 (the maximum) would be 5. In July 1921, the price had descended to a co-efficient of about 4 as compared with 1914. Last January it appeared to be about 3%, and from recent | contracts, we may infer that the co-efficient 3 is about normal for the present moment." Senator Vinck reported for Belgium that at the period of highest cost, building rates were five or six times those of 1914, and that they had now dropped to 4 or 415. It was said that in Holland the peak rate was about 3 times the pre-war rate and that the present cost was about twice that of 1914. The American figures submitted in a paper by Mr. John M. Gries, Chief of Division of Building and Hous- ing, U. S. Department of Commerce, resemble those of Holland and would do so even more closely if the cost of a house were given instead of the cost of materials. "The building material price index, using 1913 as 100, rose to 310 in March 1920, and went down to 156 by August 1921. Wages in the building trades are now relatively a little higher than materials." An Austrian delegate stated that the fluctuations ia the value of Kroner had become so fantastic that they had stopped trying to express the value of a house in money and described it as representing so many hours of skilled or unskilled labor. Of supreme interest to visiting delegates were the excursions arranged for us by our English hosts. The third day of the Conference was spent at Welwyn, where the new Garden City is rapidly taking form. It has now about twelve hundred inhabitants and a large amount of building is going on, chiefly by public utility societies. Welwyn is being developed more compactly than Letch- worth, the widely scattered building permitted at Letch- worth involved an unnecessarily large initial expense in water mains, sewers and paving, and so delayed the begin- ning of dividend payments. Not more than ten dwellings to the net acre are permitted—i. e., excluding streets and other public open spaces. 165

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THE JOURNAL OF THE. AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS The agricultural belt, including the dairy farm, is being very well managed, I understand, by the Agricultural Guild. In one corner of Welwyn extends the Daily Mail Model Village, which perhaps might be more accurately described as a village of model, or sample houses, of which there are 41 representing 16 systems of construc- tion. This public try-out has undoubtedly been of con- siderable use in helping to crystallize the opinion of home- seekers, as well as of architects and builders, in favor of two types—the old standard bricks and the Winget blocks composed of crushed clinkers and cement, which in most localities run a trifle cheaper in the making and require less skilled labor for building. Although the Conference came to an end officially on 16 March, most of the delegates stayed on for the ex- cursions arranged for the two following days. The first of these was to Letchworth (which now has about 12,000 inhabitants), with a look on the way at Hampstead Garden Suburb, while the second was divided between an interesting small development (120 dwellings) for dock laborers on the Isle of Dogs (near Greenwich) erected by the Poplar Borough Council, and the huge undertak- ing of the London County Council at Becontree (also known as Dagenham). Both showed excellent standards of housing, and a pleasing, though severely plain style of architecture. The Becontree Estate of 3,000 acres (largely in market gardens before the London County Council acquired it) was planned for 20,000 houses and a population of 100,000. The retrenchment policy of the na- tional government has called a halt on the work for the present, beyond the completion of the 2,874 houses already finished or under way in the Ilford section. Even this, it will be granted, is a very big piece of work. But the impression prevails that the whole scheme will be carried out eventually. Indeed that is the prevailing spirit of England in regard to housing. Abnormal demand and excessive haste drove prices unreasonably high. A halt was wisely called. Prices have already fallen and will doubtless fall still more. More than 200,000 dwellings will have been com- pleted by the end of 1922. That the remaining 300,000 of the original program will soon be undertaken under some modified form of government aid, no one seems to doubt. Epiru Ermer Woon. Current Notes The magnet-like power of our great civic centers tend to inflate land values and thus increase the cost of housing. As a result the inhabitants of our cities must live in more and more inadequate quarters. Centralization and uncontrolled land speculation have an equally baneful effect on the art of the theatre. Mr. Lee Simonson, the talented scenic director of the Theatre Guild, in speaking before the Architectural ` League of New York a few weeks ago, said: “Тһе art of the modern scenic designer is cramped and crippled by the inadequate size of our New York stages. We get results in spite of our limitations. Why are these stages not built to give the artist an opportunity to do expansive work? It is because the theatres of New York are erected not for the purpose of fostering theatri- cal art but to make a quick return for some speculator. Practically every playhouse in New York is between 41st and 49th Street and within a block of Broadway. It is the Ghetto idea—they must all huddle together. As a result, land values are sky high—and space is too valuable for the owner to afford adequate stage space. So the art of the theatre suffers that a few speculators may make their pile.” Somewhat the same thought is expressed by Walter Pritchard Eaton in The Freeman of 5 April: “It might be worth some reformer’s while, if he really desired to improve our drama, to look into the economics of Broad- way. In spite of the great increase of late years in the number of theatres, rents have continued to rise, reaching their peak a season ago. Roughly speaking, the minimum rent per week for a desirable Broadway theatre is $4,000. The producer of a play has to guarantee that amount. ; “Is it any wonder that certain theatrical producers һауе ceased to produce, and have become real-estate specu- lators, letting the other fellows put on the plays, while they pocket the rents? On Broadway, too, speculation has reached, at some points, ridiculous limits. There are houses built on land leased from a man who leased it from a man who leased it from a man who leased it from Astor, and each lessor, save the last, does and has done nothing to increase its real value. They merely feed on the public.” New York’s hope of relief from subway congestion is not improved by the hearings now being held before the Transit Commission. President Frank Hedley of the Interborough declared that the facilities can not be in- creased until 1926 sufficiently to decrease crowding. “Іп fact,” he said, “the congestion will from year to year get very much worse than it is and it is bad enough now." It is apparent from the figures he gave of pro- visions planned by his company and the number of pas- sengers it expects to carry, that it does not plan to catch up with the growing trafic. We quote the figures from the daily press: | Cars Operated Passengers Carried Per Car EA سیت ہس‎ 1,935 639,385,780 330,000 1922.0. 02152007 1,935 670,500,000 346,000 چوس ا ہر ی1925‎ 1,985 725,000,000 365,000 19242255455 yrs 2,085 775,000,000 372,000 IDI 2,185 825,000,000 378,000 1926 وی‎ еа 2,285 880,000,000 385,000 This looks bad to the poor straphanger who only can find room for one foot at a time on the crowded subway floors. Apparently transit is no way out of the dilemma that the bad planning of our cities has developed. «Zone Your Own Home? “If the citizens of Philadelphia who ‘own their own homes' wish to protect them from the many invasions which destroy their value, they must call upon the offi- cials of their city government to provide this city with a zoning ordinance." ‘This was an opinion given yester- 166

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WHO IS AN ARCHITECT? day by Milton B. Medary, Jr., architect and member of the Zoning Commission, in speaking of certain conditions that are damaging to the value of residential properties. “Zone your own home,” said Mr. Medary. Explaining the situation, he said: “Several years ago great publicity was given the phrase ‘Own your own home.’ Many arguments were advanced in favor of owning one’s home, and, as the housing short- age became more and more acute, due to the suspension of building activities, threats were added to arguments, until it became a question of ‘own your own home’ at any price which happened to be asked, or do without a home. “Of the thousands forced into buying at apex prices the great majority could actually own only a small equity іп the homes purchased. "This equity generally repre- sented all of the owner’s capital, and it is this equity which is in jeopardy as soon as the cost of building ma- terial and labor recedes, or as soon as any other element is permitted to interfere in any way with the value of property. This equity represents the profit of the specu- lator, and is the first amount to be written off as total loss. The only hope of preserving it is to maintain the value of the property, and the first step toward main- taining its value is to withdraw it from the field. of speculation. Preserve Residential Districts “This is accomplished to a large degree by regulating the height, use and area of buildings by zoning ordinances such as have been enacted in many cities throughout the United States. These cities have learned that in order to make it safe to ‘own your own home,’ it is necessary to ‘zone your own home.’ “A sentimental appeal was put forth by one of the enemies of zoning in Philadelphia, on behalf of the widow who wishes to conduct a small business enterprise in her home. It is obvious, of course, that if any hardships of this sort would result from the ordinance as written, exceptions could be made which would correct this con- dition without abandoning the great protective value of zoning throughout the city. Nothing was said by this objector of the widow of the workingman, whose entire estate consists of the small equity in his home, one of the units in the rows upon rows of small houses which have made individual and self-respecting family life pos- sible in Philadelphia for workers of small income. “It is into these blocks of small homes that the butcher, the baker and the undertaker come, with their contempti- ble little shops, built of corrugated sheet iron, extending out to the sidewalk, simply because they can buy these houses for less money than a similar frontage on the commercial street a block farther on, and, by covering them with projecting signs, hope to attract the eyes of the shoppers passing along the commercial street or going to and from their homes. The gain of the shopkeeper is at the expense of his neighbors, who must suffer the loss in the value of their property without redress. Know Your Neighborhood “In some localities it is right and proper to change from domestic to commercial use, and, when this is reg- ulated, it is to the advantage of all concerned, but with- out regulation the properties adjacent to a commercial district are always exploited. “The zoning of a city is in no wise different from applying the same principles in your own home. Every housekeeper knows the necessity for arranging the affairs of the home in an orderly fashion. Provisions and sup- plies must be brought into the house and the waste re- moved without interference with the living quarters of the home; the heating plant must heat without filling the house with smoke and soot, and the kitchen must serve for the preparation of food without filling the living and bedrooms with the noise and odor of frying fat. The individual should realize that, while such conditions would not be permitted in his or her own home, collectively the citizens of Philadelphia are permitting exactly these conditions to exist in their collective home, the city of Philadelphia.”—Philadelphia Record. Who Is An Architect? The first impulse is to turn to our. dictionary; if it happens to be the “Standard” you will find that he is “One skilled in practical architecture; one whose pro- fession it is to devise the plans and ornamentation of buildings or other structures and direct their construc- tion.” This does not seem to settle the question, at least in law. As a matter of fact the making of an Architect in some states requires long and serious preliminary and technical training while in another state a man not possessed of the same qualifications may be accepted as an Architect. The first state says he isn’t an Architect and the second says that he is. They both say it by a standard of law. The Royal Institute of British Architects, at a special meeting held in February of this year, seems to feel that an Architect is one who has the qualifications which would entitle him to become a member of that body and that any Parliamentary Bill for registration must limit the right to the title to those persons who have these qualifications. This led to an enlightening debate on “Unification” which appears to mean some provision by which all Architects may find cover. Their problem is a dificult one since if membership in their society is an essential some folks will lose their right to practice if they cannot pay their dues. We have not solved the problem in our country by Federal act; it is doubtful if we could, even though there were no constitutional barriers in the way. We have twenty-two definitions to date covering that num- ber of states; some day we shall have forty-eight. The American Institute of Architects has, in the past, met the problem in its own way, as far as related to its membership, but one cannot help speculating as to the future attitude of this representative body. Can the Insti- tute demand anything but the best in granting member- ship? If it does insist on the highest standards, will not its field be limited to the states requiring the hfghest standard by law? It seems certain that the “Model Law” adopted by the Institute is a rule that it must 167

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THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS use in testing the qualifications of candidates for mem- bership. It seems also fair to assume that a person calling himself an Architect in a state where the lawful use of the title does not meet the accepted standards of the Institute may not be accepted for Institute membership unless such person can pass the examinations and require- ments of the state having the maximum standard. The architects have the companionship, in their journey, of lawyers, doctors, teachers and others classed as mem- bers of learned professions. All kinds of expedients have been tried such as “reciprocal transfer;” but one state does not recognize the right of anyone in another state to govern its actions, or to examine its applicants for professional attainment. One state says that you may be called an Architect if you are a Canadian, but not if you are a Mexican; other states say that you cannot be an Architect unless you have applied for American citizenship. We do not seem to let it bother us as it does our British brothers even though it may be a little confusing to interstate societies. W. P. B. Overcrowding of the Profession The architectural profession, like all other vocations, is certainly overcrowded with incompetent men. No doubt about that,—which is why the policy of discourag- ing the unfit student to continue is worthy of special com- mendation. The following public statement has been issued by the largest architectural school in England: In view of the general discussion which has been taking place recently in connection with the numbers entering the Architectural profession, and the suggestion made that the Schools are unduly encouraging students to enter a profession in which there is little chance of their ob- taining a reasonable livelihood owing to its already over- crowded state, the Council of the Architectural Associa- tion has asked me to issue the following statement as to the steps taken to ensure that only those who show an aptitude for Architecture, and are likely to become efficient and useful members of the Profession, are allowed to enter or remain in its Schools. In the first instance, no candidate's application for admission will be considered unless he or she has attained to a good standard of general education, equal at least to the Senior Oxford or Cambridge Local examination, or London Matriculation. Applicants who produce the necessary evidence of having reached the standard of general education required, are interviewed, and at once advised if it is considered that they are not fitted for the Architectural profession. Approved candidates are allowed to sit for the Entrance Examination, which consists of the following subjects:— 1. English Composition. 2. Freehand Drawing from the Cast. 3. Mathematics (Algebra, Quadratic Equations). 4. Geometry (Intersections of Solids). A “Pass” must be obtained in subject 2, and in any two of the remaining subjects. It is not suggested that the examination is an infallible test of the candidate’s suitability, but it does afford an opportunity of obtaining, at least, some indication of the ability and type of mind of those sitting for the exam- ination, and a fairly broad view is taken in arriving at a decision as to which candidates are to be admitted and which not. 'Those entering the School do so on a year's probation, and if they do not justify their admission during that period they are asked to leave, and are advised to take up some other calling. I think it will be seen that it is not an easy matter for a student to enter our Schools, and that it is not the case that admission is granted haphazard to anyone who cares to ask it, irrespective of suitability for the profession of Architecture. | If the Architectural profession is overcrowded, it is certainly not overcrowded with well-trained men, and as evidence of this I may state that even during the worst times there is little or no difficulty in obtaining paid employment for those leaving our Schools on com- pletion of training. Wink G. NEWTON, President the Architectural Association. Association of Collegiate Schools of Architecture Ninth Annual Meeting—First Notice The ninth annual meeting of the Association of Col- legiate Schools of Architecture will be held in Chicago on 6 June, 1922, on the day preceding the opening of the an- nual convention of the American Institute of Architects. A further announcement will be issued giving more complete information as to time and place, but probably there will be a morning meeting on the sixth at ten or eleven o'clock, followed by afternoon and evening sessions. The meetings are open to all who are interested in the education of the Architect, but the Association wishes es- pecially to extend a cordial invitation to all teachers of architecture to be present and to participate in the dis- cussions. CLARENCE A. MARTIN, Secretary-Treasurer. The Amended Registration Law in New York State It will now be possible for competent architects who were in actual practice in New York State prior to April, 1915, to obtain registration certificates without examina- tion if their applications are filed before the end of the current year, 1922, and on condition that they satisfy the Board as to their qualifications. All such architects may continue to practice without a certificate if they so de- sire. The amendment of the law does not affect the requirement in this respect, except to provide that every architect practicing without a certificate will have to file an affidavit that he was in bona fide practice one year before the law was enacted. 168

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RESTORING THE FINE ARTS INSTITUTE—CHICAGO An annual fee must now be paid by every registered architect in the State. This amendment was made at the request of the Regents, to prevent fraudulent use of cer- tificates and keep the list of registered architects accu- rate. The annual fee for reregistration is $2.00, payable on or before 1 September. The law now defines an "architect" as “one who de- signs plans for structures and superintends or supervises their construction.” All registered architects are subject to heavy fine if they do not have recorded in the office of the County Clerk in the county of residence, their certificate of registration and have it stamped by that official—fee $1.00. Іп case of loss of the certificate the Board of Examiners should be notified. | Correspondence in reference to the registration law and requests for application blanks, or information relative to the law should be addressed to the Board of Examiners and Registration of Architects, Education Building, Al- bany, New York. Payment for registration and annual reregistration should be sent to the same address. Restoring the Fine Arts Institute -- Chicago At its last meeting, the Illinois Chapter received a re- port from its Committee on Municipal Art, Zoning and Town Planning, to the effect that the Second Congres- sional District, Illinois Federation of Women's Clubs, had received pledges amounting to $5,000 for the purpose of restoring the northeast corner of the Fine Arts Build- ing, an account of which was given in our last issue. Three other illustrations of the building appear in this number. On receipt of this most encouraging report, the Chapter adopted the following resolution: That the American Institute of Architects, Illinois Chapter, extend its thanks and appreciation to the Sec- ond Congressional District, Illinois Federation of Women’s Clubs, for this conspicuous public service and appreciation of Municipal Art, thereby taking the initia- tive in providing means to restore the first part of this historic structure. WHEREAS, this act is further significant inasmuch as it undoubtedly paves the way to restore and rehabilitate the entire structure making it ready for use and perpet- uating an enduring memorial to the World’s Columbian Exposition, America’s greatest art achievement. Be it further resolved, that authority be given by the American Institute of Architects, Illinois Chapter, to the Municipal Art, Zoning and Town Planning Committee to accept the funds appropriated by the Second Congres- sional District, Illinois Federation of Women’s Clubs and enter into contract when sufficient money is avail- able to erect the corner mentioned. Obituary Octavius Morgan Elected to the Institute in 1900, Fellow in 1909 Died at Los Angeles on March 29, 1922 Letters to the Editor MUMBO JUMBO To the Editor of THE JouRNAL: In the course of some researches in architectural history at the British Museum last summer I happened upon some records so interesting, although incomplete, that I transcribed them. Quite recently, a chance encounter with some African fetish lore stirred a chord of memory, and upon looking up my Assyrian notes I found a parallel so singular and sug- gestive that it seemed worth while to make it known to those who take an interest in such matters. To make the Assyrian chronicle more acceptable to the reader who finds an archaic flavor repellant, I have translated and sometimes transliter- ated many words and expressions into everyday English. For example, as an equivalent for the Assyrian “He who is shod as with velvet” I have given “gum-shoe artist”—a col- loquialism of general comprehension. “Pussy-footer” is an at- tempt to render the sense of a Babylonian expression, current also however in Nineveh, “He who walketh the tiles in silence.” With such exceptions, the suppression of extraneous detail, and a rearrangement of the subject matter in accord- ance with the laws of English composition, the record is unchanged.—H. Van Buren Magonigle. The African savage, carving the idol before which he later prostrates himself, seeing the chips fall from the tool he uses, seeing the miracle the tool performs in trans- muting the lifeless log into an object of worship, may very likely in his simple savage way endow the tool also with the attributes of godhood and, his task completed, enshrine idol and tool together and fall on his face in awful adoration. His dim logic carries him no farther back than the tool; his defective sense of cause and effect mercifully simplifies his problem and spares him the complications of confounding idol, tool and self in a savage trinity. How far removed from our African savage was the Assy- rian Academy of Architects? (The approximate designation of the national body of architects in Upper Mesopotamia.) How far did it confuse the tool with the god of the guild? With the superior logic of a superior race did it enshrine the tool maker with the tool, beside the god? And further, in this confused worship, did the nature, the very iden- tity of the god itself suffer a change? It would seem from the chronicle, that the profession of architecture was once practiced in Assyria by gentle persons of artistic inclinations, who thought, and spoke, and wrote of architecture as an art; men who placed the work above the material reward and undertook only a volume of work they could give their personal supervision as artists. As life and living became more complicated, as the demands upon their powers of practical invention became more insistent, as their field of action broadened and their relations with the men of affairs and the leaders of the vast commerce of the Mesopotamian basin became closer, and problems arose in. their professional life in which they needed the counsel of their fellows, they drew together in organizations for the interchange of ideas and for the strength that lies in union. They would appear to have still been artists, practicing ar- chitecture as an art. | As time went on they found they needed professional tools to work with; and year after year they gathered about the forge and hammered out schedules of professional charges, and codes of ethics and of competition. But they recognized them as tools, mere tools, for the fairer fashion- ing and better service of the god of their guild, the god of their reverence, the Art of Architecture. Then, it appears, the infiltration of another type began— earnest men of a so-called practical class, who, new to the 169

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THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS work, seeing these tools, their importance, growing weight and size, fell to polishing and sharpening them; and mistak- ing their function, confusing means and ends, conceived tool- making to be the end; so they made new tools to whet and burnish, invented new uses to make new tools necessary; for, not being artists, they could not see what in architecture there would be left to do if the tool-making industry ceased. and the very sweat that ran into the eyes of these busy work- ers took on the precious quality of a sacred ichor. And many other men, carried away by the enthusiastic contagion of the atmosphere, yearned to be practical too, shed their upper garments, spat in their palms, and let the sweat obscure their vision also. Presently came the great war with Babylon, and with it came Organization with a great O, and Method with a capi- tal M, and System with its portly S, and new sizes and kinds of cylinders for recording everything with meticulous impartiality, whether trivial or important, in clays and enam- els of different colors for each different shade of meaning or purpose and all the like paraphernalia of a bureaucratic experience. And these were new tools, to be piled up before and around the forgotten god. And then, with grim fatality of logic, the tool makers began to be confused with the tools. The Art of Architecture having been pushed to the back of the shrine—now much enlarged and improved— the merchant, the overseer of the workshop, the scrivener of specifications, the keeper of accounts, were given places on the commodious altar, where they could admire each other at ease or contemplate the profundity of their own navels with infinite satisfaction; and softly, very softly, moving with the trained stealth of the semi-professional lob- byist, the gum-shoe artist and the pussy-footer mounted un- obtrusively but firmly to their places with the others. And the rank and file of the guild, dazzled by the glitter of the burnished tools and the whiteness of the white cylinders, awed by the rich splendor of those in red enamel, the aus- tere beauty of the blue records, and impressed by the smart and practical air of the other new gods, fell on their blind faces and worshipped. And as they crouched before these false idols, the voice of the true god, the voice of their Art, was heard, like a silver bell through the clatter of a thousand typewriters, saying, “How long, oh god of light, how long! Will those who loved me, and who love me still, arise some day, sweep this sanctuary clear, and reveal again that beauty before which, with humble, tremulous, and adoring hands they tended the flame of sacrifice? Will my worship ever come into its own again?" And then the voice of the god rang out over the serried cruppers of the prostrate worshippers: *Tell me, men of the Assyrian Academy, where is art in your ritual? Where are your artists? Read your scroll of Headmen, Councillors, and Leaders! Read your Con- clave programs for the past ten years! Read the pro- grams of your provincial assemblies from Ninus in the north to Teredon in the South! Read the bulletins of these minor assemblies, those of you who have them. Read your official screed and record and see whether or not it reflects with the pitiless accuracy of a perfect piece of journalism the present spirit, aims, and vision of your Acad- emy! "Then ask yourselves whether my worship is neglected, forgotten, and the instruments of my cult erected into gods that crowd my very shrine. Where is my place, the place of your Art, in your lives? Where are my servants and worshippers, the artists, in your councils? Do you want an Academy of Architects, or of merchants and pussy-footers? Perhaps the architects of Assyria prefer business to Art. But in other days it was not so; then, my worshippers, being artists, had a sense of proportion; they knew the difference between the means and the end; they knew that this Acad- emy has more than one function and that chief among these is the preservation of my worship—a sacred trust in a materialistic age. Fail in this trust and you fall below the scorn of men! Lift up your heads! Look before you! Meas- ure and weigh your drift and tendencies, and the kind and quality of your leadership, and the worth and glory of the goal toward which you blindly follow! Ask yourselves whether you have had enough of tool worship and of Mumbo Jumbo!” And there fell a great silence as of thought in the temple and... Here the characters were defaced and illegible and further search for the continuation of the chronicle proved fruitless. Housing in New York City It will be of great interest to our readers, as well as to students of the housing question the world over, to know that following upon the exposition of tenement house design by Mr. Andrew J. Thomas in these columns, and the collateral studies of the economics of housing as presented by Mr. Frederick L. Ackerman, also in these columns, announcement is now made that the Met- ropolitan Life Insurance Company is to build some four story tenement houses after the designs of Mr. Thomas, Mr. D. Everett Waid of New York City being asso- ciated with him in this work. News Notes THE twenty-fifth architectural exhibition of the Phila- delphia Chapter, American Institute of Architects and T Square Club will be held at the galleries of the Art Alliance, 1823 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, on 14-28 May, 1922, inclusive. All communications should be sent to R. J. Wadsworth, chairman, 204 S. Quince Street, Philadelphia. THE ILLINOIS CHAPTER has instructed its Educational Committee to work out a plan for providing speakers on architectural subjects for other organizations, to prepare a list of the members of the Chapter who would be available for such work, to obtain the consent of persons so listed, and when these arrangements have been made, to send out a circular letter to various civic organiza- tions in Chicago, calling attention to the fact that the speakers as listed are available. THE Bly bill introduced in the New York State As- sembly “amending the general business law in relation to the Registration of Architects,” was passed by that body during the recent session. It provides for the regis- tration of all architects practising in the State before 1 January, 1923, and eliminates the term “Registered Architect” substituting therefor the single word “Archi- tect.” It contains provision whereby action will be in- stituted against offenders who use the title improperly. An annual registration fee will be payable at the rate of $2 per year in addition to the initial registration fee of $25. This annual registration will make it possible to keep the records correctly. The bill has been signed by the Governor and is a law. 170

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Е d w н © m ан Ж Structural Service Department SULLIVAN W. JONES, Associate Editor LEROY E. KERN, Assistant | In connection with the work of the Committee on Structural Service of the American Institute of Architects and in collabo- ration with other professional societies and organized bodies having the same objective—improvement in build- ing materials and methods and better shelter for humanity in all its manifold vocations and avocations. Abstracts . It is the purpose of the Structural Service Committee and THE JOURNAL jointly to give in this division each month, brief abstracts of all publications by the Government Departments and Bureaus, University and other research laboratories, States and Associations, which contain fresh information in regard to materials or methods employed in construction and thus afford architects and others a convenient means of keeping themselves conversant with rapidly expanding knowledge in the technique of construction. Sound-Proof Partitions. (39a)—(University of Illinois Bulletin No. 127, by Е. R. Watson. Pages 85. Size 6" x 9". Illustrated.) The bulletin discusses the action and insula- tion of sound in buildings; records preliminary investiga- tions and expcrimental investigations to determine the action of various materials on sound, including thin plastered partitions, solid plaster partitions, miscellaneous transmis- sion tests; and describes examples of sound proof rooms, sound proof buildings and the apparatus and methods used in the investigations. Action of Materials on Sound. When sound waves trav- elling in one medium encounter a second medium with a different elasticity or density, their regular progression is disturbed. Part of the energy is thrown back in the form of reflected waves, part is absorbed in the second medium, and part is transmitted—the relative amounts depending on the changes in elasticity and density of the second medium compared with the first. Transmission of Sound. Sound waves in the air may be transmitted through an obstructing medium in three ways. First, they may pass through the air spaces of a porous material. А porous material like hairfelt presents but little resistance to sound. The reflection is small but the absorption in the porous channels may be quite large. What is not reflected and absorbed is transmitted. When air passages through which sound is passing are small in cross section, friction results in a conversion of wave energy into heat. Sound entering a small crack in a thick wall may thus be completely absorbed before emerging on the other side. The absorption and transmission of sound vary with the thickness of the absorbing material but not in direct proportion, for example if one inch of hairfelt stops 10% of the incident sound, two inches will stop 19%, three inches 27%, etc. The absorption of sound is an essential factor in the solution of sound insulation. It is not sufh- cient to reflect and scatter sound waves for the energy cannot be destroyed in this manner, it must be absorbed, that is: converted by friction into heat energy. (The re- flection of sound may prevent its transmission to adjoining rooms but will cause reverberations or noise in the room in which it originated. Ed.) Second, the waves may be transmitted by modified waves in the new medium. In this process sound compressions and rarefactions progress rapidly through the air, moving the molecules successively as they pass. On reaching a solid partition the forward motion is hindered, particularly if the molecules of the new material are massive and resist compressions, when most of the energy is reflected and only a small proportion progresses through the wall. On meet- ing further discontinuity of material, such as wood or air, the waves are again affected until finally a part of the energy emerges. If the sound waves generated in a room meet solid plaster walls of sufficient rigidity over 99% will be reflected because of the wide difference between the elasticity and density of air and solids. Third, sound may be transmitted by setting a partition as a whole in vibration. The partition will act as an independent series of waves, setting up compressions and rarefactions on the further side and giving a sort of fictitious transmission. If the partition is rigid and massive the vibrations are very small and very little sound is trans- mitted; if the partition is thin and flexible a considerable amount of energy is thus transferred. In the case, for example, of plaster on wood lath and studding, the plaster areas between the studding act in a manner similar to drum heads and transmit sound. Hard plaster on metal lath present a different surface with a modified action on the incident sound. Two Types of Sound in Buildings. One type includes sounds that are generated in the air and progress through the air to the boundaries of the room; the other is vibra- tions generated in the building structure by motors, elevators and street traffic. Insulations of Sounds in Air. Sounds of moderate in- tensity such as those generated by the human voice or a violin may be stopped with comparative ease if the walls of the room are continuous and fairly rigid. The more vigorous sounds of a cornet, trombone, etc., would require specially heavy walls or else double partitions. Any breaks in the walls for ventilation, pipes or doors should be guarded by effective insulation. Insulation of Building Vibrations. Compressional waves generated in the building structure may pass readily along the continuity of solid materials, and, as they have more paths for escape are more difficult to insulate than sounds in air. The insulation is secured by the same method used for insulating air sounds; namely: by interposing a new medium differing in elasticity and density. An air space in masonry would be effective if not bridged by solid material; but since this is impossible for ordinary building construction an approximate insulation is sought by using air filled substances like dry sand, ground cork, hairfelt or flax, that possess but little rigidity but are capable of sustaining a not too heavy floor or partition. Experimental Investigations of Action of Materials on Sound. Among the various investigations reported in this bulletin, the following are of especial interest: Experiments of F. L. Tufts, 1902. These experiments included both porous materials and materials impervious to air. The concluston reached in regard to porous materials was that their resistance to sound was in the same propor- tion as their resistance to air currents. The following table gives the results of his tests on the materials impervious to air: 171

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THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS Thickness Transmitted Material іп cm. Rigidity* Sound 1. 9 ................- 0.012 0.000106 Louder Glass ................. 0.012 0.000053 2. Pine ................. 0.65 0.000013 Leather .............. 0.65 0.000212 Louder 3. Reinforced brass ...... 0.015 0.00008 Equal Two thicknesses of card- board .............. .. 0.44 0.00008 Loudness 4. 10 sheets cardboard .. 0.70 0.0002 Equal 1 sheet cardboard .... 0.22 0.0002 Loudness 5. Reinforced brass ...... 0.015 0.00008 Brass with mass at Center ................ 0.015 0.0022 Much Louder 6. Cardboard ............ 0.22 0.0004 Louder Cardboard with 34 gm. mass at center........ 0.22 0.0004 7. 3 cardboards separated cardboards Louder by air spaces.......... all cut from 3 cardboards in contact same sample. * The numbers іп the rigidity column represent the displacement of the discs for a pressure of 1 gm. per sq. cm., the smaller value thus indicating the greater rigidities. A study of this table leads to the following conclusions: (1) the more rigid glass is the better insulator; (2) the more rigid pine is the better insulator; (3) for the same rigidity the cardboard 30 times thicker than the brass trans- mits the same amount of sound; (4) for the same rigidity ten sheets of cardboard transmit the same sound as one sheet; (5) the more massive disc with smaller rigidity transmits more sound; (6) for equal rigidity the more massive disc is the better insulator; (7) the cardboards in contact gave a greater rigidity and cut off more sound. The air spaces are thus not as effective as was supposed. These results seem to indicate that rigidity is the deciding factor, the amount of sound transmitted as an elastic wave being negligible as compared with to and fro vibration of the material. Work of Wallace C. Sabine. The following table gives the results of the preliminary investigation on sound trans- mission by sheet iron and hairfelt: Sheet Iron and Layers Hairfelt Sheet Iron Hairfelt Combined 0 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 1 270,000 22,700 23,000 2 128,000 8,700 3,300 3 65,000 4,880 700 4 33,000 3,150 220 5 21,500 2,060 150 6 11,400 1,520 88 The sheet iron, because of its great rigidity and mass, reflected much sound and transmitted but little. The re- duction of transmission by hairfelt was due largely to its absorbing power. The combination of the two in alternate layers gave the more effective insulation, the hairfelt serv- ing to reduce further the small amount of sound transmitted by the iron. Investigations of P. E. Sabine. These investigations indi- cate that flexural vibrations play an important part in transmission. The plate of glass в” thick transmitted less sound than f” composite structure of two ту” plates sealed together with a sheet of celluloid. But air spaces between double windows were not as effective as naturally supposed. The air space should not be bridged over by solid materials even at the edges of the glass. Inserting sound absorbers between the glass plates increased the insulation. A steel door 14” thick proved more effective than a solid oak door 134" thick or a refrigerator door 4" thick filled with heat insulation material. Investigations of University of Illinois. The following data are abstracted from the results of experiments that have extended over a period of seven years at the University of Illinois. The method used remained essentially the same throughout, but the apparatus and conditions were improved greatly for the later tests. Experimental Results Obtained. TRANSMISSION AND REFLECTION OF SOUND. Deflection of Resonator in cm. Material Reflection Transmission Thickness in Layers * 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 Open Doorway..... 39... Бар, DES 994-2550 5500 54 % in. Hairfelt..... . 4.0 6.6 10.5 22.6 15.4 10.4 М in. Cork Board. ... 15.7 22.0 226 .. 7.9 3.75 2.9 34 in. Cork Board.. ... 25.9 21.2 221 ... 1.15 2.05 0.85 ۶ in Paper Lined Hairfelt ........ 20.7 5.9 10.0 5.0 21.7 3.8 34 in Paper Lined lairfelt ........ ... 104 66 9.3 6.5 1.95 0.4 34 іп. Flax Board.. ... 22.5 20.0 20.0 2.25 0.55 0.1 72 in. Pressed Fiber ... 23.2 وو کے‎ 0.32... a. М in. Pressed Fiber ... ... ak жойы. awe 9 The above tests indicate that porous hairfelt transmits considerable sound and reflects but little. Other materials, impervious to air, reflect more and transmit less. The re- flection increases with increasing thickness but tends toward constant value, indicating that the reflection does not take place entirely at the surface of a porous material but ге- quires a certain thickness to give the maximum value. It will be noted that two layers of paper lined felt transmitted more sound than one layer, also, the reflection was less for two layers than for one. "The explanation is that the two layers vibrated under the action of the sound so that the transmission was disproportionately large. This is the usual case in building construction where partitions vibrate more or less under the action of sound and give unexpected results. The obvious procedure to avoid this complication is to use rigid partitions and minimize the vibration. Investigations of Thin Plaster Partitions. The materials tested varied in structure from .porous hairfelt to plaster coating on wood lath. Deflections of Resonator For Transmitted and Reflected Sound. Material Transmission Reflection 12 in. Flax, burlap.lined ........... 69.4. 5.2 5% in. Hairfelt ..................... 59.7 6.0 L4 in. Paper-lined hairfelt .......... 35.2 14.7 14 in. Cabot Quilt single ply........ 34.3 15.6 М in. Building paper .............. 12.7 32.3 1 in. Flax board ................. 6.5 26.2 L4 in. Sackett board ............... 0.36 41.9 3% in. Sackett board ............... 0.26 42.2 L5 in. Sackett board ............... 0.15 42.7 Transmission Obtained with the More Sensitive Resonator. Material Transmission Reflection %4 in. Sackett board .....:......... 28.3 36 in. Sackett board ............... 23.4 L2 in. Sackett board ............... 9.4 MT 2 in. Mineral wool ................ 18.5 16.9 2 in. Gypsum furring strips ........ 6.1 45.8 PLASTER PANELS Lime base, gypsum finish .......... 5.2 45.2 Sanded gypsum base, lime finish .... 6.5 45.1 Sanded gypsum base, gypsum finish.. 3.5 45.8 Wood fiber base, gypsum finish..... 3.0 46.0 Wood fiber base, lime finish........ 1.8 46.1 The results show that porous burlap lined flax and hair- felt transmit considerable sound and reflect little. Paper lined materials—Keystone hair insulator and Cabot's Quilt 172 42% D RATES ES

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STRUCTURAL SERVICE DEPARTMENT transmit less and reflect more. Sackett boards are the most efficient sound insulators of the thinner samples, while in the plaster panels those containing gypsum plaster appear to be more effective in stopping sound. This is probably due to the fact that gypsum produces a stiffer, more rigid structure. Since this series of materials was tested under conditions maintained as uniform as possible the results obtained are valuable for guidance in selecting materials for sound proof- ing purposes. Transmission of Sound Through Threshold Aperture. In order to test the transmission through threshold apertures a door was built into a 2” solid metal lath and plaster partition. The door was constructed of 2” wooden planks and was carefully fitted into the opening. Door stops were used on the side opposite the source of sound except at the threshold aperture. The relative intensities of sound cal- culated from the reasonator readings are as follows: 2 in. metal lath partition, before insertion Of GOOF acoso Reo PRORA ROO es ды уда 0.93 With door installed with йу in. threshold OPENING сеира езана 7.3 With door installed with 16 in. threshold OPENING ® ысымы ыы Saed 11.7 While the results probably do not express the exact іп- tensities of the transmitted sound because of the diffraction effect of the narrow opening, they give relative values of the effect of threshold openings. Transmission of Sound by Solid Plaster Partitions. Average Relative : : Deflection Transmission 2 in. solid metal lath and plaster partition .................... 3.35 ст. 0.93 2 in. Plaster board and plaster partition .................... 8.52 ст. 2.35 . Comparative Transmission of Sound by 3 in. Plaster Block Partitions. The partitions tested are described as follows: (a) 3” plaster block partition plastered on both sides, giving a total thickness of 4". (b) 3” plaster block partition plastered on both sides with the air holes in the plaster blocks filled with plaster, giving a total thick- ness of 4". The measurements were taken in the same manner as for the 2" partitions. The plaster blocks for test (b) were filled with plaster and allowed to dry before erection into the partition. The results obtained are as follows: Average Relative Deflection Transmission Partition (a) ................ 13.9 cm 3,85 Partition (b) ................ 4.23 cm 1.16 The transmission of sound through a plaster partition appears to depend upon its rigidity and mass. Thin parti- tions transmit considerably more sound than thick ones, largely because they are less rigid and vibrate more easily. Vibrations are set up which may become quite large when the natural frequency of the partition is in tune ‘with the incident sound. Thick partitions on the other hand are more rigid, vibrate less and stop sound largely in pro- portion to their mass. Another factor affecting the transmission of sound through a partition is the character of the structure. Compared with a thin partition a thick, homogeneous structure has the advantages of greater inertia and rigidity. -The use of an air space completely separating two members of a rigid non-vibrating double partition would have a marked action on sound, and, according to theory, a partition of this con- struction would stop much more of the sound than a single partition whose thickness equals the sum of the thicknesses of the two members of the double partition. This is due to the abrupt change in elasticity and density from plaster to air and from air to plaster as the sound strikes the second member. If the air space is bridged over at the ceiling, floor and other points as is usually the case in practical structures, this theoretical efficiency is greatly diminished because the vibrations travel easily along the paths afforded by the continuity of solid materials. Thus the bridged over partition should be considered as a unit instead of two separate members and its efficiency in stop- ping sound judged mainly on its weight and rigidity. The core of a partition is another feature of a structure that affects sound transmission. It may be of such a nature as to increase the strength of the partition; it may be simply the central part of a homogeneous medium; or it may so separate the partition into two parts that the struc- ture is weaker than a homogeneous unit. A partition whose strength is increased by such a core as steel reinforcement, would be more rigid than an equally thick homogeneous partition and would stop more sound. The homogeneous partition in turn would be more efficient in stopping sound than the double partition weakened by the core. The latter, however, has some possible advantage in reflecting sound because of the change in elasticity and density in the core. It should not be concluded from these tests that partitions of similar construction will all have exactly the same sound- proof qualities, for partitions of larger area and lessened rigidity will allow a greater transmission of sound. The results are valuable because they were obtained by tests and direct comparisons under identical surroundings, and not by tests on different types of partitions in different buildings, with varying floor and ceiling constructions, un- equal sizes of rooms, uncontrolled extraneous sounds, etc. They give information useful in the choice of materials and constructions where sound insulation is contemplated. Sound Insulation in the Smith Music Building. This problem involved the sound insulation of some 50 small practice rooms, 12 studios and a larger concert hall besides the accoustic control of sound of motors, fans and elevators. Since the possibility of transmission of sound was greatest between adjacent rooms, each dividing wall, ceiling, or floor was made double, with air space containing absorbing material, and was left entirely unbroken. All pipes, con- duits, ventilator ducts, doors and windows were specially placed in outside or corridor walls where the leakage of sound would be less harmful. This systematic construction throughout the building meant that sound generated in a room must penetrate the insulation to escape. To enter another room, it must pass a second time through a special insulation. When traversing the building structure, a sound would continually meet hindrances that would either stop or absorb it. The concrete floor, 12” thick was broken in its continuity by the form planks that were purposely left in place. Walls between rooms were constructed of two 3” gypsum block partitions insulated at the bottom by machinery cork and at the top and sides by hairfelt. “Insulite” was installed in the air spaces between the gypsum partitions, to absorb sound and also to prevent a barrier in case cracks developed in the gypsum. The finished floors were floated on a one inch layer of dry sand in order to break the continuity of material and thus stop the progress of vibrations. Experiments conducted in the building after its completion show that a measure of success attended the design and construction. Loud speaking and shouting in the practice rooms can hardly be heard outside. Music, however, pene- trates the insulation more easily so that sound, largely 173

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THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS diminished, may be heard in adjoining rooms. But this leakage of sound does not appear of great disadvantage since students use adjoining rooms without serious dis- turbance to each other. The ventilation system is not as soundproof as desired and appears to be the greatest drawback in the control of sound. Each room is equipped with a separate inlet and outlet duct. Four independent ventilating systems furnish air to four groups of rooms in order to lessen the chance for travelling of sound through one group to others. The venti- lation system is now under investigation with a view to improving the insulation. Bibliography. Barton, E. H. “Vibrations of Plates.” Text- Book of Sound, Sec. 226; Franz, S. I. “A Noiseless Room for -Sound Experiments.” Sc., Vol. 26, pp. 878-881, 1907; Hall, E. E. “Graphical Analysis of Building Vibrations.” Elec. Wld., Vol. 66, p. 1356, 1915; McGinnis, С. S., and Harkins, M. R. “Transmission of Sound Through Porous and Non-Porous Materials.” Phys. Rev., Vol. 33, pp. 128- 136, 1911; Norton, С. І. “Sound-Proof Partitions." Insur. Eng., Vol. 4, p. 181, 1902; Rayleigh, Lord “Theory of Sound." (a) "Vibrations of Plates" Vol. 1, Chap. 10, particularly Sec. 225, (b) "Reflection and Transmission of Sound by Dif- ferent Media." Vol. 2, Secs. 270-272, (c) "Passage of Sound Through Fabrics." Vol. 2, Sec. 343, (d) “Behavior of Porous Bodies in Relation to Sound." Vol. 2, Sec. 351; Sabine, P. E. (a) “Wallace Clement Sabine Laboratory of Acoustics." 4m. Arch., Vol. 116, pp. 133-138, 1919; “Architectural Acoustics," Ят. Arch., Vol. CXVIII, pp. 102-108, 1920; “Transmission and Absorption of Sound by a Porous Material.” Phys. Rev., Vol. 17, p. 378, 1921; Sabine W. C. “Architectural Acoustics. Building Material and Musical Pitch.” The Brickbuilder, Vol. 23, pp. 1-6, 1914; “The Insulation of Sound.” The Brickbuilder, Vol. 24, pp. 31-36, 1915; Schmidt, Richard E. “Sound Deadening in Hospitals.” Surgery, Gyne- cology and Obstetrics, Vol. XXXI, pp. 105-110, 1920; Sea- shore, C. E. “Sound-Proof Room for Psychology Tests.” Studies in Psychology, Vol. 3, pp. 132-143; State Univ. of Iowa, Bul., New Series, No. 49, May, 1902; Tufts, F. L., “The Transmission of Sound Through Porous Materials.” Am. Jour. 8с., Vol. 11, p. 357, 1901; “Transmission of Sound Through Solid Walls,” Ят. Jour. Sc., Vol. 13, рр. 449- 454, 1902; Tyndall, John “Conduction of Sound by Solids.” Sound, pp. 78-79; Watson, F. R. “The Transmission of Sound Through Fabrics.” Phys. Rev., Vol. 5, p. 342, 1915; “An Investigation of the Transmission, Reflection, and Ab- sorption of Sound by Different Materials.” Phys. Rev., Vol. 7, pp. 125-132, 1916; “The Reflection of Sound,” Phys. Rev., Vol. 7, p. 287, 1916; “Acoustics of Buildings’ McGraw- Hill Handbook of Building Construction, pp. 747-753, 1920; “Transmission of Solid Plaster and Gypsum Block Parti- tions.” Jour. Am. Inst. of Arch., Vol. 8, p. 407, 1920; “Acoustical Properties of Buildings.” Jour. of W. Soc. Eng., Vol. 26, pp. 241-247, 1921; “Sound-Proofing a Building,” Arch. For., Vol. 35, pp. 178-182, 1921; “Sound-Proof Par- titions.” Univ. of Ill. Eng. Exp. Sta., Bul. No. 127. 1922. German Bibliography. Auerbach, F. “Schalleitung der verschiedenen Körper.” Winkelmann’s Handbuch der Phy- sik, Vo. 2, pp. 554-562, 1909; Hesehus, N. “Ueber das Schal- leitungsvermógen der Kórper." Jour. Russian Phys. Chem. Soc., Vol. 17, pp. 326-330, 1893. Also abstracts in Fortsch. der Physik, Vol. 43, p. 542, 1893; Jager, G. "Zur Theorie des Nachhalls." Sitzungber. der Kaisl. Akad. der Wissen- schaften in Wien, Math. Natur. Klas e, Bd. CXX, Abt. 2а, 1911; Weisbach, Е. “Versuche über Schalldurchlassigkeit, Schallreflexion und Schallabsorption." Annalen der Physik, Vol. 83, p. 763, 1910. Notes on Tuberculosis Sanatorium Planning. (35k)— Reprint No. 667. Public Health Reports. Treasury Depart- ment. Pages 27. Size 6" x 9".) These notes were prepared : by Mr. T. B. Kidner, Institutional Secretary, National Tuber- culosis Association, in order to formulate the results of recent experiences and a study of the subject by officers of the Public Health Service, as a basis for the design of sanatoria for the care of ex-service men. Plans are presented for the more essential buildings and a group plan on an assumed site. The following are the principal subjects general administration, patients’ quarters, hospital building, must be provided, general lay-out, medical administration, general administration, patients’ quarters, hospital building, semiambulant patients’ quarters, ambulant patients’ quarters, dining halls, service and working buildings, residences for staff and employees, laboratories, community building, oc- cupational and prevocational therapy. Lime in Construction. (3)—(Bulletin No. 306. National Lime Association. Size 6" х 9". Pages 80.) This publi- cation contains a discussion of the following uses of lime: availability of materials, customs of local mechanics, desir- able properties of materials, hydrated lime in concrete, lime mortar, interior plaster, exterior plaster or stucco, clauses suggested for inclusion in building codes and specifications, data derived from tests, showing properties of lime in its various applications in construction, tentative specifications of Committee C-7 on Lime of the American Society for Testing Materials, resolution passed by labor union regard- ing the use of lime in construction. The Lighting of Piers and Warehouses. (31a13)— (Bulletin 1. D. 111, Lighting Data, Edison Lamp works. Size 6" x 9", Pages 16.)—In this bulletin the following sub- jects are discussed: Reasons for Adequate Lighting, General Requirements of Lighting, Choice of Size of Lamps, Piers and Warehouses. Bibliography. “Indirect Lighting of a Warehouse,” Elec- trical World, August 30, 1913. “The Lighting of Piers and Docks,” by A. R. Dennington, Electrical Age, February, 1917. “The Illumination of Railroad Freight Piers," by H. C. Yost, Railway Electrical Engineer, May, 1917. “Light as an Aid to the Transportation of Material," by A. L. Powell and R. E. Harrington, Trans. I. E. S., Vol. 14, page 1. The Lighting of Textile Mills. (31a13)—(Bulletin L D. 110, Lighting Data, Edison Lamp Works. Size 6" x 9". Pages 28.)—In this bulletin the following subjects are discussed: Methods of Illumination, Present Practice, Cotton Mills, Woolen Mills, Silk Mills. Bibliography: “Illumination of Cotton Mills," Electrical Review, February 12, 1913. "Silk Mill Lighting," by A. L. Powell, American Silk Journal, January, 1916. "Lighting System in a Cotton Mill," Electrical World, January 29, 1916. "Better Lighting of Textile Mills," by F. H. Bernard, Electrical Review, June 29, 1918. “Practical Methods of Cotton Mill Illumination," by A. L. Powell, Cotton, August, September and October, 1918. “On Indirect Lighting Sys- tem іп a Textile Plant," by С. Wrigley, I. E. S. Trans, Vol. 13, pages 213. “Tendencies in Textile Mill Illumination,” by A. L. Powell, General Electric Review, October, 1918. “The Proper Lighting of Silk Mills," by W. F. Entrekin, Silk, September, October and November, 1918. “Modern Lighting and Power Installations for Canadian Knitting Mill" Electrical Review, January 25, 1919. “Electrical Operation of a Small Textile Mill,” by A. C. Ripley, Elec- trical World, November 8, 1919. “Semi-Indirect Lighting of a Dark Room,” by F. C. Taylor, Electrical World, Octo- ber 26, 1918. 174

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BUILDING MATERIAL (Terra сона) | | IX 9M À— M——ÀÀ 9 € Р О а PEN М 2 ^ zv % 4 f Г / р X # j j j^ oe [+ FE 5 ул» ; 4 T ^B 22 Я Lae Г: / М E WA 07 ۱ y NE Я j - bas "d OM [^ “ЖЕ |o ? r : 1 D ٤ ` EY > d T н UEM Мру ور‎ - t. б f > / “Фф; cal ГЕ LI om سے‎ » ТРТ 2 “tae ФҚ ES мА Үк Bin co i 4 5 Du" i 1 Н 22۳۶ 2 a t UM 0 D Үй ل‎ 0 st Light pink ‘Speckled Terra Cotta; ORPHEUM THEATRE С.А BERT LANSBURGH, Architect Ornament in polychrome . NEW ORLEANS, LA. COLOR in ARCHITECTURE Chromatic possibility in Terra Cotta is wider than in any other perma- nently enduring material. It offers a practically unlimited palette for: ۱ " (х) Color interest in monochrome. (2) Color interest in polychrome. All buildings, whatever the material, necessarily present a color scheme. Rightly conceived color is the chromatic effect in entire ensemble, whether polychrome or monochrome. In the building illustrated the polychrome ornament ties with the pink mottled field of i Dun Both are Terra Cotta; the effect is harmonious unity. With unity assured in the consistent qualities of ceramic coloring, Terra Cotta safely achieves the fullest chromatic richness either in monochrome or polychrome treatment. | Send for our literature and information on Terra Cotta. Address: National Terra Cotta Society, 19 West 44th St., New York, N. Y. TERRA COTTA Termanent Beautiful Profitable INDUSTRIAI. SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS May, 1922

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X | PLUMBING: Berkeley Baths— A full line for all positions FEW seison a The strong and increasing demand for the Berkeley Bath marks it as the leading high grade installation of its kind. The tub was a tub and line is now complete tor all positions and types of installation | —made in our own plant under our rigid inspection standards. a faucet a faucet. It was л chiefly a question of price and delivery—not quality. But the public is again using discrimination. Owners and architects are once more insisting on quality and durabil- seki san ity— with the result that for right-hand comer, wither Wolff specifications are posed fixtures. -—Ut— . showing a tremendous ji) steady increase. | G-2001 Berkeley Bath for left-hand corner, with concealed fix- tures. 2% MA Р te, G-2025 Recess Berkeley Bath with con- cealed fixtures. пата GA nA d ہ۶ N М ۹ i A Descriptive matter and specifica- | tion data on Wolff Baths sent on request. Dallas Hammond Omaha Cincinnati | St. Louis Denver SANITARY ENAMELWARE RANGE BOILERS. POTTERYWARE BRASS GOODS MARBLE INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS Мау, 1022

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waa = А XI (Quick Compression Faucets— Of the Complete £ - line, only а few GI. styles are shown. The ultimate cost of Wolff Plumbing is al- ways less than that of - Of Wolff design and manufacture, with ser- cheaper ware, rated stem, two-start screw and swivel disc, for slip joint or ground joint. The castings The presence of Wolff 454 the plating پا‎ of weli known Wolf dur Fixtures in a building is | а definite indication of quality construction throughout. | ` G-200 — Nickel- Many architects аге platedQuick Com: standardizing upon “* Wolff Fixtures, because the line is complete and in specifying it they identify themselves with high quality at econom- ical cost. G-104—Quick compression plain G-221—Nickel-plated Quick Compres- sion Combination Bath Cock. G-202 — Nickel - plated Quick Compression Basin Cock, china index side handle. A catalog of Wolff brass goods is ; now in press; and requests for copies G-205—Nickel-plated Quick Compression combina- M ае being entered. Write for it. tion sink faucet with swinging spout. SZENN Y LF Ж) Ж ЖЖЧч i) 1 A ۶ “© USS > АҒЫ; 5 Qualit WOLFF MANUFACTURING CO. “Makers of Quality Plumbing Since 1855 INDUSTRIAL SECTION : JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS May, 1922

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хп Beats the Dutch for Whifeness Є SHERWIN-WILLIAMS & > ОШто An American Made Enamel That Beats the Dutch for WHITENESS PAINTS AND ENAMELS OLD DUTCH ENAMEL TO THE FORE! When a white enamel intended for interior fin- ishing stands up on golf balls, especially where ribbed-face mashies are 707 barred, it certainly should do yeoman service in buildings. Mr. F. W. Puckey, Chicago architect, writes us: “Еог three years I have been repainting golf balls with your Old Dutch Enamel. It stands up better than the enamel on new balls. This superiority is SO pronounced that several ‘pros’ of my acquaintance have adopted it for repainting balls to sell. “І believe that the impact of the club against the resilient and yielding surface, and the grinding fall on sandy or gritty ground, give a more severe test to an enamel than any use in a building." DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURAL SERVICE THE SHERWIN-WILLIAMS Co., 805 Canal Road, N. W., Cleveland, Ohio SHER WINS WILLIA MS جا PAINTS AND Spee VARNISHES‏ CHEMICALS, INSECTICIDES INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS - May, 1922

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BUILDING MATERIAL: (Face Brick) XIII A-F-B-A =z‏ آل USE РАСЕ BRICK‏ tt Pays |‏ — 4 ; z 2] ER DG miti ашал: 4 $ 0 q 2 diit А di ^ ۰ ور و үзе‏ کی i AS‏ «хас 030 «5; PES iL dpa сые, eor کو سے ہیں‎ қ AE Ris ED 122% тустт. 7 ار ام‎ N Tali ее‏ تہ The dignity of these arched portals is enhanced by the dura- bility of the everlasting material employed and the way it has been utilized in working out the simple and beautiful details. More Suggestions for Artistic Brickwork HE Portfolio of Architectural Details in both interior and exterior, and show many ех” Brickwork has now been enlarged to over quisite effects that the architect can secure by one hundred de luxe half-tone plates, by the using standard sized brick in his designs. additions of Series II and III. Each series is A set of these folders will be sent to any assembled in an enclosed folder, with printed architect requesting them on his office station- tab, ready for filing. ery, and his name will be placed on the list for The subjects cover a wide variety of details, future mailings. AMERICAN FACE BRICK ASSOCIATION 115О WESTMINSTER BUILDING ٠ CHICAGO, ILLINOIS INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS May, 1922

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I ХІУ | | HEATING EQUIPMENT Now, as to Heat- . RACTICALLY every building you design must be heated. Each of the various systems available has certain advantages. Im- partially, you weigh and consider. All weaskis that you include CLow GAsTEAM in your consideration. If you do, we are con- fident that you will specify it frequently—as the sole means of heat on some buildings, and as an auxiliary in many others. CLOW GASTEAM radiators are self-contained steam heating plants, using gas as fuel. They are simple in design, sturdy in construction, and pleasing in appearance. They require practically no attention. They are quickly and easily installed, and, for small houses particularly, represent a great saving in first cost, because they obviate the necessity of cellar, boiler, piping and chimney. They are economical in operation, because of their unit control, and because there is no waste of heat in sudden changes of weather. As to convenience, they are, of course, un- rivaled—no dust, smoke or ash removal. CLOW GASTEAM radiators are used success- fully in all kinds of buildings, large and small, with installations ranging from one radiator to hundreds. | book for Architects. JAMES B. CLOW & SONS General Offices: 534-546 S. Franklin Street, Chicago Sales offices іп the principal cittes AKT F INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS Let us send you the CLow GASTEAM Hand- . May, 1922

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z ہے‎ E ۳ o» eA Eae СНИ JUR сус ای‎ ШІ ХУ RT x 2 е : ы atom را سی‎ M چا ج جااا‎ A Sensible ai 2 j E м “зш اث‎ “ / © f — ہو‎ ы, Dem Y QA = : Tu NA dall : | TILES [— BASIC SPECIFICATION TILEWORK 56ت ٌ۴.ت Businesslike Document Publication No. K-300, “‘Basic Speci- . i-e | = fication," permits a very brief spe- - لا‎ cification to cover almost any Tile ۱ (Xx / installation. “х= ' ‘This document, 722х10% inches in size, Ss was especially prepared to serve as a کچ چا‎ record to which architects may con- SSS veniently refer, under Tilework, ма issuing their own specifications. “BASIC SPECIFICATION” There are four related documents, all available in drafting a specification for each Tile installation. These include: н other trades. Publication No. К-200-- **Basic Information’ ’—is another document pre- pared for the architect's ` use, embracing such sub- jects as Ingredients and Processes, Gradings, Sizes, Shapes, Colors, Fin- ishes and Nomenclature. Tiles are grouped and described, with illustra- tions. Plates of drawings show relative pruportions and classifications. SEN 7 BASIC INFORMATION eee el Wu TESS Up Hip up uo Hg ut "et pin eh 8 ИШ INDUSTRIAL SECTION Schedules for Tilework and for accessories. ! Specificational paragraphs suggested for re-writing into the architect' s own specification. я Paragraphs for suggested modifications of the Basic Specification. Î Paragraphs relating to structural features incident to Tile installation in the work of The documents here de- scribed are typical of the co-operative service which The Associated Tile Manufacturers, are prepared to give. All of these publications, in- cluding several not here mentioned, are designed to accomplish the satis- factory use of T'iles in the most economical way. The Associated Tile Manufacturers | BEAVER FALLS, РА. e p Mn eT Me Mp rs ۹0080 JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS ШЕЕ EGANI Our Swimming Pool book has supplied the fundamental data for the construction of many of the finest pools. This has been credited by architects with being the most comprehensive work on this subject. Like other publications here mentioned, copies will be sent on request. p pe Me ee a ME ule ho que er tp qr ШЕШЕ! SWIMMING POOLS 1 ШО К И Б ESEN 77 707: May, 1922

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XVI LUMBER (Trade Marked) S EN WY ۱ 3 > S N S 3 § AS "> N EN D S S S Да TTT — х МУ b NAAAAAANAAAAAA SONOS SAO ONUS ASÍ Аы ANN N TRADE~MARKED Long-Bell lumber és branded mechanically on oneend, just after it passes the trimmer. Long-Bell timbers are branded on one end by means of a stencil. Long-Bell Forked Leaf oak flooring is branded mechanically on the back as it passes through the surfacing machines. The brand is indented. WHY a Name On Lumber? The Long-Bell Lumber Company trade- marks its lumber and lumber products for the same reason the manufacturer of good merchandise stamps his brand on his shoes, or hats, or plumbing, or labels his paint or hardware. Trade-marked goods are known as reliable merchandise. The manufacturer of a good product takes pride in it and naturally wants to be given credit for the goodness he builds into it. | The Long-Bell Lumber Company believes that the buyer of lumber and lumber prod- ucts is entitled to the- same: protection that he gets on other merchandise—hence the Long-Bell brand on Long-Bell products. The Ionc-nBerru [umber Company B.-A LONG BUILDING Lumbermen since 1873 KANSAS CITY. MO. Southern Pine Lumber and Timbers; Creosoted Lumber, Timbers, Posts, Poles, Ties, Piling, Wood Blocks; California White Pine Lumber; Sash and Doors, Standardized Wookwork; Gum and Oak Lumber; Oak Flooring. "5»0908269210902230P23U19*9 B4€889*8BDEBUDBASUMMO164904544240242420«1028248802481205855099240650098405940808:0v09:2«231422880G08099 SECTS 4а ЛДЕ SER رپتیور رو ر۰ ۶ر ر‎ ТЛАЕЗТЕЗТЛЛЛТИТТТТТІЛТТТЕГЕЕТТТІТІТІТТТІТТТТІТІТТІТТІГТТГТТТТТІ INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS May, 1922

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VALVES | ' a TR > “ ғары м C JENKINS “MARK 7 X. ж TRADE. MARK XVII ТО I ЖУУЛУУ". “EZ жар ЖАР M ۴ i T gr لوڈ ار‎ T AREE STA اق‎ » 2 hs ve T PET -% E / 9 Te СУЫ bane "ЭЖ 3 3» os ہر‎ 5 1 Ф eres GM S ` A ind : err ; қ 3 7 р, » D 1 027 و‎ 74 " $ + £ epa, ۹ » ` аа anin جو‎ enge وف > > ہہ کہ سےا لم‎ ` т J MA чс R مہ‎ em ہے‎ 05-7 р : 1 ٣ қ 0704 V AS FUN Mu d , ? ы же IE Dp. 2% ауы: е 1 T з,» BR e i ; B A ae ` / E 4 à > ٥ xis committee of correction An elaborate system of inspection and test is in force in Jenkins factories. Every valve and all its parts are subjected to rigid examinations of inspectors and testers who constantly operate in every department. Should any part fail, in even the slightest de- gree, to measure to the high standard set, it is not used; but is rejected and referred to the "Committee of Correction” which is composed of department superintendents, chief inspector, and the metallurgist. However, this committee which is called into daily conference is but one precaution exercised to maintain the high standard for which Jenkins Valves are so well known. Others are: correct A SINCE 1864" 4 í М ارت INDUSTRIAL SECTION ~ NSA JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS . Assutes valve perfection — design and proportion; ingredient metals that ana- lyze pure; uniform -castings; careful machining; accurate assembly; wide margin tests; and hand- some finishing. 0 Jenkins Valves are made for all requirements. Each is guaranteed for the maximum service, not merely the average. The signature and Jenkins “Diamond” identify the genuine at supply houses everywhere. Send for data on valves for any service JENKINS BROS. New York Boston Philadelphia Chicago Montreal London Factories Bridgeport, Conn.; Elizabeth, N. J.; Montreal, Canada M ay, 1922

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ХУШ BUILDING MATERIAL (Limestone) CNN a р EN = = e^ eS ee پت ہ یھ‎ Қ А Ve x аты ыы وو‎ ; = ч X bs ` odes AE E OIN A UC 14м Federal Reserve Bank Building, Richmond, Va. Messrs. Still, Buckler & Fenhagen, Architects, Baltimore. Booklets will be mailed on request - « № , 1 % Ta N 1 2 z y % а иие ырыу! J ٦ جس کے پیج ہت‎ OY Oo > E ч z w^. * ` ج مھ ж‏ Indiana Limestone Contributes to the Architectural Beauty and Stability of the South | The same note of stability and perma- nence that has always dominated the architecture of the Old South is again evidenced in the recently completed Federal Reserve Bank Building at Rich- mond, which is constructed of Indiana Limestone. Here we find emphasized the spirit of progress in the solution of the commercial needs of the new, industrial South. INDIANA LIMESTONE QUARRYMEN'S ASSOCIATION Box 769, Bedford, Indiana METROPOLITAN SERVICE BUREAU, 489 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK CITY + р "UN, tg CU ea Я ۶ LA S gids ИЧ ET , TAA b y و دا‎ *ES М ˆ fir’ 7и е gee ‚ Ж اہم‎ tags а ^ PNE (d ЕЈ мы % (Я 212 f a 58 E. Ў E a 2 + nap, ۳ " D. i” $. Er: ы > I. M. 174 26% "n д х Ж. Me 4 ub A A Ы ھی اھ‎ y E. w V. xd Ze ا‎ 5 |,” 4. E 44 4 p a i. ; SN RA aa Au [> 2 2 "MB. Ф: : : 3 7 T. b er ES. ^ : 4 os ЕЕ; 5 og pes CY XR 1 NT = 1 INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS May, 1922

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т--. PILES (Concrete) · WHY A SHELL ? Why do we cast each Raymond Concrete Pile in a shell of spirally reinforced steel and leave this shell on each pile in the ground? A fair question Mi A * T i 22 ЖЕ 4 T Ж L А > 22 КЕ 7 i 4 4% * А E 2; № RN еж - 7 L. 4 т | € та $ 2 ^ wk باب‎ A 74 ^ p b AE ж Ñ و‎ LI 4, „+ 32% BECAUSE: You simply cannot be certain that the concrete pile column will preserve correct length and taper underground unless it is protected while “setting.” This the shell insures. There is no other way of making certain. That’s why. RAYMOND CONCRETE PILE COMPANY New York: 140 Cedar Street Chicago: ۱۱۱ West Monroe Street Canada: Raymond Concrete Pile Co., Ltd., Montreal Branches in Principal Cities «ЩЕ. سے‎ De “A form for every pile ~~~ A pile for every purpose” INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS May, 1922 -— ——

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xx | LUMBER (Trade Marked) UP ROOFING Cedar Rapids, Iowa March 23, 1922 The Philip Carey Company, 5611 Loomis Place, Chicago, Illinois Re McKinley & Roosevelt Jr. High Schools Gentlemen: Carey's No. 7 Feltex Built-up Roofing is being used on the above jobs. It was specified by us and accepted by the Board as the best roof that could be had Write for specification book. The Philip Carey Co. на for the money. Тһе roof on. the McKinley Cincinnati, Ohio, U. S. A. building has been in place about three “А Roof for Eo months, the Roosevelt building roof will be of for ery : 1 Building’’ put on in about six weeks. Yours very truly, 4 BERT RUGH, ARCHITECT McKinley High School Cedar Rapids 244. Carey Roofing covers more than 60 school buildings in the City of Detroit alone. -- کھ۔‎ À INDUsTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS May, 1922

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INDUSTRIAL SECTION WATER HEATERS (Gas) Day or night the HUMPHREY equipped home has piping Hot Water PARES.: on امج fist‏ сати” Humphrey Architect’s Manual for Busy Architects PON request we will gladly mail you the new Humphrey Architect’s Man- Ew ual. This handy book illustrates the complete Humphrey Line of Gas Water Heaters which are made for any size or type building you are designing. This wonderful device furnishes Hot Water at the turn of the faucet. A mere spark of a pilot is always lit. When any hot water faucet is opened, gas reinforces the small pilot and rushes to the big burners where it is immediately lit. At the same time fresh cold water is pouring through the sensitive copper heating coils where it is heated as it flows past powerful Bunsen burners. When the temperature of the outpouring water reaches 150 degrees F., the big burn- ers automatically shut off—hot water con- tinues flowing until temperature drops. to 140 degrees F. Then the big burners again burn at full force until 150 degrees F. is reached. This automatic gas control saves in two ways—gas is used only when running water is below 140 degrees F. and when faucet is first opened. HUMPHREY COMPANY (Div. Ruud Mfg. Co.) KALAMAZOO, MICHIGAN AUTOMATIC GAS WATER HEATER JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS (264) ХХІ Мау, 1022

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XXII ROOFING (Tiles) LUDOWICI-CELADON COMPANY When you come to the roof you want something that will harmonize with the walls — will give character to the building and will be absolutely permanent. Our “Imperial” Shale Roofing Tiles. in various colors and textures fully meet these requirements. 104 South Michigan Avenue Chicago, Illinois INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS | Мау, 1022

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ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT XXIII 22% » 41 ی۴‎ 4 n ^ 5%? "ere 4 EA "m £ { G-E TWIN.RECEPTACLE The art of anticipating a need T the architect is given the task cf making a home. His farsightedness is largely responsible for the comfort and con- venience to be found in that home when completed. In any home, electricity is a factor of growing importance. The extent of its use depends upon the number of receptacles where connections may be easily and quickly made. Thus the G-E “Standard” Twin Receptacle, being a double duty conve- nience, promotes electric utility and removes the objectionable long cords and unsightly socket connections which are necessary in a building inadequately wired. - The G-E “Standard” Twin Receptacle is simply one of those accessories which add materially to the householder’s enjoyment of lighting, heating and labor saving appliances. The fact that it bears the G-E trademark is sufficient proof of its mechanical and electrical excellence. G-E RELIABLE WIRING DEVICES can be furnished by any electrical contractor General Office Sales Offices in Schenectady, NY. all large cities 41-145 INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS May, 1922

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XXIV “же S т __ ہے ШИ?‏ 7 A ASA SERES ee Won = eS 4 en А ہج TITEL 7 4 antt A 4 H L ۶ eet, ۹۵ "hec В ТЇ > ч NS ха ar et — EA NC کس‎ — ата Sea T ІМ yp Ди р а, A = OR مت میں‎ sg ? Y? MY ж E “ “5М enn ا‎ (6013: E 25 Flat Top National Bank, Bluefield, W. Va. «Theodore C. Visscher, Architect Throvgh= Asbestos and ite allied products INSULATION BRAKE LININGS ROOFINGS PACKINGS CEMENTS FIRE PREVENTION PRODUCTS INDUSTRIAL SECTION HE only real selling we have ever done among architects has been through per- formance on the work assigned to us. Naturally, in twenty years we have done much of this—and in a varied way because of the extensiveness of ourline. Any reputation that today marks us as reliable, we owe to this persistence in doing the best job we know how with the finest materials we can make. ROOFING (Asbestos) жағ а ef. e тед v ; Аш ۹ >” 7” : 5 > pA г 1 5 \ : х 4 2 ЕЕ Ы. “ 4 Р А 4 3 EA و ؛‎ ۰ Р Ui $ E 5 : i zh 5% ‹ Se y‏ سے سے th‏ ‚ Johns-Manville Building Materials include: Asbestos Built-Up Roofing, Asbestos Ready Roofing, Corrugated Asbestos Roofing, Standard and Colorblende Asbestos Shingles, Transite Corrugated Asbestos Wood, Flex- stone Asbestos Shingles and Roll Roofing, Wall Insulations, Acoustical Correction, Pipe and Boiler Insulations, Steam Traps, Radiator Traps, Industrial Flooring, etc. JOHNS -MANVILLE Asbestos Roofing JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS May, 1922

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BUILDING MATERIAL (Terra Cotta) ETT — ü 01 309 99 0171011111317177 INDUSTRIAL SECTION A deste TERRA COTTA panels, column and pilaster capitals, massive و یت‎ cornice, balustrade, parapet and coping. When detail repeats hundreds of times, it is well to remember: the cost of Atlantic Terra Cotta per piece goes downward as the number of pieces goes up. An excellent example of Atlantic Terra Cotta for ornamental and moulded detail, and stone for plain surfaces in the lower stories. “Questions Answered” on request Guilford County Court House, Greensboro, М. С.; Harry Barton, Architect; ІР. P. Rose, Builder. Еп- tirely of Atlantic Terra Cotta above the fourth story, .from апа including column and pilaster caps; con- ` glomerate in color, taking up with granite of plain surfaces. Atlantic Terra Cotta Company 350 Madison Avenue, New York Southern Factory Atlanta Terra Cotta Company Atlanta, Georgia JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS XXV Ma y, 1922

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KEWANEE Heats small apartments equally well as the larger ones EWANEE BOILERS are so universally recognized as the . best boilers for heating large build- ings that some builders overlook the fact that they heat small build- ing equally well. From the small two or three apart- ment building to the very largest there is a Kewanee Boiler just the right size for the job. Put your heating problems up to the engineers in our vartous offices. They will gladly help you. KEWANEE BOILER COMPANY KEWANEE, ILLINOIS Steel Heating Boilers, Radiators, Tanks, Water Heating Garbage Burners BRANCHES: CHICAGO Market and Washington Sts, MILWAUKEE Mer. = yir. Bank Bldg. NEW YORK 47 W. 42nd 5. PITTSBURGH 5 Oliver Bidg. DES MOINES v Hubbell Bldg. DENVER 945 Boston Bldg. KANSAS CITY 214 Wyandotte St. DALLAS Southwestern Life Bldg. INDIANAPOLIS 509 Occidental Bldg. DETROIT 1772 Lafayette Boul. UI 1212 Chemicel Bldg. TOLEDO 1121 Nicaolas gis. MINNEAPOLI 708 Builders Exchange CLEVELAND 76 Rose Bldg. COLUMBUS, o. 808 1st Natl. Bank Bldg. ATLANTA,GA. 1524-25 Candler Bldg. SALT LAKE CITY Scott Bldg, SAN FRANCISCO 72 Fremont St. CANADIAN REPRESENTATIVES —The Dominion Radiator Co., Ltd. Toronto, Ont., Montreal, Que., Winnipeg, Man., Hamilton, Ont., St. John, N. B., Calgary, Alta. ^ INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS May, 1922

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~ BUILDING MATERIAL (Terra Cotta) . XXVIT , € мо en o rate mas ap B= oam — - - . oe ا‎ ж” ee а ہے‎ " سا Ee + > өйе‏ جھ یودن اھ سان . | \ { AX І | 3 i E - жайса. э эзы б amat ) - 5555555555555555556555565555555565505 6 ыы WS WOOO ЭЭЭ ыы +39 WY FINE and exceptional sample of the use of archi- NORTHWESTERN tectural terra cotta and faience for a restaurant | lea SBOE Cormick interior is shown in the above illustration. This building ` specification for archi- was erected at 16-18 So. Clark St., Chicago, for the fee ری‎ Charles Weeghman Corporation, John Archibald Armstrong, Architect. With the exception of the base course, which is jet black, “Northwestern” brown and white duo-tone | architectural terra cotta and faience were used for the entire wall facing, the facing of counters and enclos- ures and the elaborate service tables. {Ў {Ў {4 SS The perfect alignment of courses, the fine joints and the general mechanical excellence, indicate а con- scientious care of detail which characterizes ‘‘North- western" workmanship. The simplest cleaning process will maintain this work in its original brightness and beauty without redecorating or renewal. ز رز ز ز i‏ ا OA NNNWD.WDWWWWWWWwwannd»d»ddlhaad_‏ МҚ THE NORTHWESTERN TERRA СОТТА Со. CHICAGO SQ GG ii itti ааа DB سساسژسسیسشسسسیتسیسبسسگشسیسسشپیپ>سسشسسیسس>۰"کسشٹ]ٹ‌۔س“سشسسپسلسسسشگسكسیسسسسسسیشم‎ س“اػسسڑسس“سسشسشسشسٛسکثىششسشسشس-٦س٢]٢س]سیسسسسیشسئ”سسسسسسس‎ у INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS May,-1922

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و کے L3‏ 4 OSC C0800‏ ہپ رسیم Casement Operator | No. 95 For Hinged Windows Swinging Out Fic. 1 Fic. 2- ! This device has been оп the market nearly six years and has been used in every part of the country and in all sorts of buildings—both public and private—so_ we will simply state here that a window equipped with this device is always locked in whatever position it is left and cannot be moved except by turning the handle and when closed the window is held absolutely tight; no rattle. The mechanism being of the screw type develops ample power to handle most any kind of sash up to 2’ 6” wide. The driving screw is of steel with double square threads and the traveler that runs on this screw is of cast bronze, thus avoiding the danger of these two parts rusting together. : The slide which runs inside the arm is covered with fiber which makes the device noiseless and also eliminates riction. This device may be used concealed or ови (See Figs. 1 and 2.) . Furnished in Iron Electro Galvanized for painting and in Brass or Bronze Metal. We recommend that the Electro Galvanized device be used and painted at the job to match the woodwork. Complete catalogue containing 58 pages sent free to readers of "The Journal." THE OSCAR C. RIXSON. CO. 4450 Carroll Avenue MANUFACTURERS OF IMPROVED MECHANISMS 1210 Architects Building Chicago, Ill. IN BUILDERS’ HARDWARE New York, N. Y. | ПЕШКЕ ql qre npn nel] ИШЕ ІІ sl aH dile ep ШИШ ТОТОЕВ pas uen ЛЛ ШШЕ ИЕ ШШ ١))" 705 VM ur HH TPQ o I qe И ШИШ (ТЖЕ ШЕ ИЕШЕ ШЕШ ДИП ШШ !از‎ ДИ ШИ ДАШ "۷ ,77+/(]0[/ صصضتتن‎ Т Hoffman Casements О) UTWARD opening windows, movable to any point between the jambs, weather tight when closed, cleaned from within and easily operated because entirely sup- ported by hangers from above. "| HEY are suitable for any tpye building but are particularly adapted for schools because they permit the exact regulation of ven- tilation. Grammar School at Montebello, Cal. Jeffery & Schaefer, Architects. Andrew Hoffman M Fg Co. ! pene | А nri ы] Pp. 1202--1205 Hoffman Casement Window pem à] Complete catalog of de- 0 wu ІІМ tails ae information . 907 STEGER BUILDING ve) Il ] oh line ee. CHICAGO АЕО INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS | May, 1022 HARDWARE i 4. WINDOWS 76 ТШТ ІШ ШІ ІШІ 1 |1

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HEATING EQUIPMENT RIED — - ы ۱ | ' ИШ ” P ے۷ PART ( M “The well-known Blackstone Military Academy, Blackstone, Va., now enjoys better warmth for less, with an IDEAL 79 inch Water Tube Boiler; 4500 feet of IDEAL Peerless radiation is connected with it;the boiler was installed by Branch ® Andrews of Petersburg, Уа." Warmed by a Single Low Pressure Boiler! THE BrAcksrToNE MILITARY ACADEMY had an old heating plant. Last sum- mer they decided to install a new sys- tem. They learned that one of our new IpzaL 79 inch Water Tube low pres- sure boilers would do the work of their two old ones. The boiler was installed. The first of the year the President, Col. Elvin S. Ligon, wrote: “We are pleased in every respect with this boiler. It has proved economical of both time and fuel. We have been able fo raise the heat in the morning in half the time formerly re- quired; and although the season is only partially over we are expecting to show areductionof20% to 25% in fuel consumption. “The boilermakes a Sood appearance andrequires much smaller space in the boiler room.” The IpgEat 79 inch Water Tube Boiler is one of the newest products of our Institute of Thermal Research, designed to furnish adequate warmth to large apartment houses, schools, hospitals, theatres, banks and office buildings. | It has so many new and interesting points of construction that a booklet is neces- sary to present them fully. We urge every Heating Engineer and Architect to send for it. Your name on your letter- head sent to either address below will bring it. NOTE: Asthis advertisement was going to press, word came that the Academy had been burned to the ground. Col. Ligon, in his report says: *we have the boiler intact, and expect to use it in our new building which we are planning to erect." IDEAL Boilers are built to withstand most everything! AMERICAN RADIATOR COMPANY IDEAL Boilers and AMERICAN Radiators for every heating need Ё 104 West 42nd Street, New York Dept. 115 816 So. Michigan Ave., Chicago INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS Мау, 1022 ERICAN [DEAE RADIATORS {BOILERS

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XXX JOURNAL PUBLICATIONS Journal Publications A Handbook of Architectural Practice For Architects and Their Clients HIS is the most important work ever published in relation to the whole problem of conducting an architectural practice. The idea of the Handbook first took form in the mind of the late Frank Miles Day, one time President of the American Institute of Architects, whose office routine was a model of painstaking care and thorough- т ness, and to whose memory this work is dedicated. His untimely death prevented him Е from actually completing it, but the work has been finished under the guidance of those | members of the original Committee of the Institute who collaborated with him. The Handbook of Professional Practice represents a continued effort extending over five years and embracing an examination and study of the systems in use in the best ofhces.in the United States. Also, it contains the complete text of all the documents published by the American Institute of Architects as enumerated under Part VII. The First Edition is limited and is nearly exhausted; the right is reserved to advance the price for subsequent editions. $5.00. The Structural Service Book A very complete directory of information about building materials and methods, including bibliographies which provide a comprehensive history of scientific data, insti- tutions and organizations connected with the building industry in all its branches. An invaluable reference book to every architect. $3.50 (formerly $5.00). Over the Drawing Board By Ben J. Lubschez A complete guide to the use of ink and paper, angle and square, pencil and wash, eraser and paste, containing innumerable suggestions of the greatest value in the draught- ing room. $2.00. Platting of City Areas By Henry Wright A pamphlet dealing with the laying out of land in order to get the most intensive use for housing purposes while still providing for the decencies and amenities of the people who live in the houses. The best and most modern study of this subject available at the present time. 50 cents. The Housing Problem in War and in Peace By Charles Harris Whitaker, Frederick L. Ackerman, Richard 8. Childs and Edith Elmer Wood : An exhaustive treatise on the economic aspects of the housing problem with fifty illus- | trations of the war housing work done in England, including numerous town plans. $2.00. INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS May, 1922

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DOORS (Metallic) WEATHERSTRIPS (Metal) XXXI -dia -dih ' Ah مہ‎ En – е Ф. n қ رز رڑ رر ۸( ۰۸ر نر لن رر یبریء۰صص 00 ..( 27+ . , رم اب‎ ө. ee УХУ Wy DAHLSTROM WCE O ИИН ААҚ ШШШ ЛИНИН 1 CHAMBERLIN METAL WEATHER STRIPS "SINCE 1993-THE STANDARD" Only Chamberlin Installs Strips This Way | Chamberlin Metal Weather Strips have been standard for 30 years. More than 10,000,000 doors and windows are Chamberlin equipped. Architects know that Chamberlin Weather Strips are designed and made right. But weather ‘strips must also be in- stalled right. . [t is in this service es- pecially that Chamberlin stands alone. None but: our own experts are per- mitted to handle this job. We know B of no other maker who lias set such i a rigid standard. | “М ШІ ЕНІП «pi Map tnt Pitti Pr ve TD Te ЖЕЗ H UU Ж АЛ ВА if РТА * J T ) 4 / 2 HP v — 0 D $ I ۶ 2 Ж? е 5H. 3 Ж. - 4... ۴ D 4 p DIEN 1 5 " - HE с rms s P Sh i - II Алла теч мы = > FL AM 4 DT EET Prec 2 ] 4 2 > ? % Жа eee Tem TRE: га مل سی تی‎ SS H | те Si е і سے‎ 5% "m 2 рту یس‎ 3s сет; IU Se gs == — > оташы و‎ “4; ж ) ^ ي اس نے‎ м | 2: “K TA жасу жәй s | | - = а * I 2 Porn ‚ 7 یز‎ rr Эд, D x j á ame СИ. СЯ б 7 2 , [x ы 6 қ / [ т, : a b. Se 1 ч 7 зе 6 - % my. ۱7۱01101111207 ere‏ * دج OO‏ تھی سس شش انت Guaranteed to Outlast the Building Some of our men have been installing Chamberlin Metal Weather Strips for more than 20 years. Seventy-five per cent of our entire service staff have served the company two or more years. Such an or- ganization enables us to guarantee Cham- berlin Metal Weather Strips to outlast any : building on which they are installed. _ We do guarantee them to do this. And | our 26 factory branches add to this un- limited guarantee, ability to furnish imme- diate delivery and installation. ЗУ لا‎ 2 ДУ? ^i DAHLSTROM Entrance Doors in the 5. М, E. TELEPHONE BUILDING, Providence, R. I. BEAUTY IN DOOR DESIGN | There is a superior beauty to Hol- low Metal. It is not necessarily in the finish, neither is it only in de- sign. It takes a cómbination of Some Nationally Known Users of Chamberlin Metal Weather Strips Thomas A. Edison W. K. Vanderbilt . TE 2-4; : Elihu Root Chas. M. Schwab beautiful graining, artistic design J. P. Morgan, Jr. Charles Scribner and lasting materials to manufac- Wm. Jennings Бек Товара Рыа : : Wm. G. Rockefeller . A. Vanderlip ture a beautiful door that will stay Harry Payne Whitney Thos. F Ryan beautiful. АП of these requisites Elbert H. Gary John R. McLean are to be found in Dahlstrom metal Louis Tiffany Hon. Robt, Bacon Cornelius Vanderbilt Henry W. Taft Charles Dana Gibson Truman H. Newberry Е. A. Wickersham ‚ Е. C. Swift Nicholas Longworth Mrs. Herman Oelrichs C. W. Armour Cardinal Farley Reed Smoot Wm. К. Vanderbilt, Sr. Clement Studebaker Wm. К. DuPont * Myron T. Herrick Reginald Vanderbilt W. G. McAdoo Henry Ford doors, and more too—fire protection. DAHLSTROM METALLIC DOOR Co. 439 BUFFALO STREET, JAMESTOWN, NEW YORK NEW YORK CHICAGO DETROIT LaSalle Street 1331 Dime Bank Bldg. Е М "M 25 Broadway занан SEE Sales and Service Branches in 26 Cities Chamberlin Metal Weather Strip Co. Detroit, Michigan Representatives In All Principal Cities ШӨЛДЕ ШІ ШИ G T ALOT LOTLITO|SEULVEPPOULLLOAPIELLLPEEALILSPEOEIPLSPEELALOTDPESLOTSTAOPSOTRLPDSELLLTPRLELNTLPSRLILUPLOLUCY VIRION OTPUTATOTT TEIN] ITCRUM TC RT ERO 7 INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ÍNSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS May, 1922

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XXXII HEATING EQUIPMENT From Skyscrapers to Bungalows The Dunham Heating Service is just as efficient in a modest bungalow as it is in the Tower Building, Chicago (il- lustrated above). There is a Dunham system for every heating need. Let us know your heating problems. Bulletins describing the most suitable Dunham systems will be sent you by return mail. C. A. DUNHAM CO. 230 EAST OHIO STREET CHICAGO 52 Branch and Local Sales Offices in the United States and Canada DUNHAM G. TRADE HEATING SERVICE For banks, insurance companies and other in- stitutions for which architectural harmony and correct illumination of working services are equally imperative, Frink Desk Reflectors, are being specified very generally. The above illustration shows one type for lighting double desks and tables, also a diagram EN Screen Reflectors, ШІ 7 San Francisco, Car 77 O'Farrell Street | тле LP FRINK, Inc. 24th Street and 10th Avenue, NewYork 2] Cuicaco, ILL. E Monadnock Bldg. PHILADELPHIA, Pa. Franklin Trust Bldg. - CLEVELAND, 0 336 The Arcade INDUSTRIAL SECTION LIGHTING SERVICE ale siya e Ni EG 7171717177177 CINCINNATI, 0 17 Greenwood Bldg. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS W m. H. Jackson Co. 746 So. Michigan Avenue CHICAGO, ILL. NEW YORK SHOWROOMS—2 WEST 47TH STREET + Marble, Stone and Wood Mantels zz Period Designs Andirons, Firetools, Fire Screens, Etc. Any Design and Finish desired 4 We specialize in furnishing and installing tile . work for Natatoriums and Swimming Pools in Clubs, Y. M. C. A. Buildings, Private Residences and Out-Door Pools. - - - - - How F rink Desk Reflectors give scientific lighting which indicates very clearly how it distributes the light properly over the desk, yet reduces glare and keeps all bright surfaces out of the normal line of vision. These are not stock fixtures, but made to order, permitting individual treatment as to de- sign, finish and other special needs. Write for our Bank Catalog covering Frink Desk Reflectors, Upward Diffusers and Polaralite Signs. LOUISVILLE, Ky. 415 West Main Street DETROIT, Місн. 325 State Street SEATTLE, WASH. 609 Seaboard Bldg. Boston, Mass. 161 Summer Street INTERIOR EQUIPMENT May, 1922

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INDUSTRIAL SECTION FURNITURE (Laboratory) The Winkle Terra Cotta Company ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI MANUFACTURERS OF Architectural . Terra Cotta v In All Colors and Finishes A^ ff dpi. | 1 й, i ; ON las ye Ж гө "T TAA Wa ^ Let Kewaunee help make the new School a credit to the community. e have been designing and manu- facturing Laboratory Furniture for Schools, Hospitals, Manufacturing Plants, etc., for a generation. In many cases, however, you will find special equip- ment unnecessary, as our line contains over 500 designs, some one of which may answer satisfactorily your par- ticuler needs. Ask for a copy of the Kewaunee Book LABORATORY FURNITURE << 124 LINCOLN STREET, KEWAUNEE, WIS. New York Office, 70 Fifth Avenue Branch Offices: Chicago Little Rock Spokane Oklahoma City Houston Columbus Omaha Baton Rouge Denver hoenix Jackson, Miss. Greensboro, N. C. Minneapolis Kansas City San Francisco Toronto, Canada Albuquerque Salt Lake City BUILDING MATERIAL (Terra Cotta) JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS MAIL CHUTES WINDOWS (Casement). XXXIII THE CUTLER, MAIL CHUTE specify Model F. Stand- ard equipment to insure economy and prompt completion. | Send for circular and specification form. CUTLER MAIL CHUTE CO. OFFICES AND FACTORY ROCHESTER, N. Y. (Section from drawing in Manual) MONARCH ` Control Lock The ideal control for outswung casement windows. By lifting handle, locking bar is ‘withdrawn and window may be opened to any angle. Lowering handle causes locking bar to be pushed forward, clip then rigidly engages sash bar, eliminating play in lateral m No gears—no ratchets—no keys—no rattle. | If you have not received your copy of The Manual of Casement Hardware Detail, a post card will bring it. MONARCH METAL PRODUCTS Co. 4940 Penrose Street St. Louis, Mo. May, 1022

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~ XXXIV . FILTERS | WINDOWS (Casement) | ROOFING (Stone) FIREPLACE EQUIPMENT INTERNATION CASEMENTS JAMESTOWN. NEW YORK 1 chanical equipment ordinarily COLONIAL HEAD-THROAT-DAMPER а. SALE % OFFICES 4 We are issuing a new booklet showing a wide range 7 of examples where Tudor Stone Roof has been used. ` NEW YORK CITY: Jol “ark Avenue ار یسر شس رٹ‎ is төледі BOSTON WM АС: 49 ede ۶ А ее dence at Laverock, Pa. Charles A. Platt, Architect. ст LOUIS. мо: Chemical Buildin RISING - & - NELSON - SLATE - C0. CHICAGO. ILL: 556. Was ington T: WEST PAWLET, VERMONT SAN FRANCISCO. CAL: He ars / Au f 1 "g | Architects’ - Mervice - Department + AGENTS ІМ PRINCIPAL CITIES, + 101 Park Avenue, New York Boston Philadelphia Chicago STAAL ОТООСУ B | B FOR | EVERYTHING ‘tae FIREPLACE L.ooMis-MANNING : = Manufacturers FILTERS E g -- 698ھ‎ _ GRATES _ SCREENS = FIRESETS DURABILITY _ FENDERS Loomis-Manning Filters аге E 02 made of the best materials ob- E tainable. In consequence there B SPECIAL 15 practically no wear-out to - TO ORDER 3 the main parts. Some of these f IF DESIRED A SS filters have been in service 30 E Design No. 409 years with far less in the way = 7 i of repairs and upkeep than me- B ALSO THE requires. E A FIREPLACE DAMPER = which provides for EXPANSION and CONTRACTION E in itself. ELEVEN SIZES—Four Styles of Operating Meets all Conditions. Insures proper construction at the vital part of. the Fireplace; saves heat and fuel and often prevents a smoky fireplace. Loomis-Manning Filter Distributing Co. 1437 South 37th Street, Philadelphia, Pa. Established 1880 See Sweet's Catalog and American Architect Specifica- tion Manual. SEND FOR BLUE PRINT. COLONIAL FIREPLACE COMPANY 4625 Roosevelt Road, Chicago. ЕЛА Л О Л ООЛ ЛЛУ ЛҮ INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS Мау, 1022 : 2 ۱ Е : Е Е 2 2 : : = : E Е : Е Е 7 7

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x LIGHTING SERVICE BUILDING MATERIAL (Marble) XXXV Light Control Lighting is not a matter of lamps only, but the application of the proper equipment to control it to secure a particular result. KRAY Reflectors “harness” light and Drs duce, thru various appli- cations, every kind of light- ing effect. ° The artis 0۷۶ А ‚ designed in our studios con- tain X-Ray Reflectors and hie egy 077 aph taken under only X-Ray Lighting produce these various light- showing 2٤ ble light control of X-Ray Reflectors ing effects. Messrs. Rapp and Rapp Architects are extended the cooperation of our Designing and Engineering Architects, Chicago Departmentsin developing and applying artistic and advanced lightingmethods. NATIONAL X-RAY REFLECTOR COMPANY “Тһе Clearing House for Lighting Ideas” New York : CHICAGO Los Angeles 31 West 46th Street 235 West Jackson Boulevard Security Building Engineers in all principal cities STI R Ж. 24, AV ams 2 ud 24 M س لم EA‏ سے سس سد سم سے سے sen іште‏ کس ےج ا 2 ӘС “Ж The Cleveland Art Museum, Cleveland, Ohio, Architects, HUBBELL % Benes Furnished and erected in White Georgia Marble by ` THE GEORGIA MARBLE COMPANY, Tate, Georgia New York Office, 1328 Broadway E Е Chicago Office, Monadnock Block е "po Wag Eng p apa a P Mp p qu unm p پر‎ sonne ЕТТЕ lp qup ape e Ul uly poat pal ly ly U il oy, wl И ЕШ ИШЕ ШЕ ШИШИШИ تار‎ ries n U ТЕПЕ o Ml i Ml. "ly, ih o, ШЕ Н ИТИ м روما‎ 9 4 . INDUSTRIAL SECTION | JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE oF ARCHITECTS. | | Мау, 1922

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CONCRETE HARDNER OM 7 "rp. SEC 4‪ ANON 8 88 © ULLA. S Ü N N 3 B 0 R N > R O D U C T 5 ....۔‎ n 88 | SAVE ON PAINT JOBS ** The Paint That Covers the Most Square Feet and is Most Easily Brushed On is the Most Economical | the industrial enamel-paint, has these advantages over mill white paints, апа does not cost more per gallon. Cemcoat is an all-oil product without gums, flows readily and is so opaque that it covers a greater area. As it shows no brush marks, it can be quickly applied, even by inexperienced workmen. Its tough elastic film can be washed without harm. Cemcoat cures to an elastic film which will not crack, nor will it peel or blister when applied to a dry surface. 0 0 0 HERUM Withstands steam, heat and cold, and stays white for a longer time than any other paint tested in our laboratory where all makes of high grade paints and enamels are continually being examined. 00000000 -ٹ ٹٹ‎ ШШ/ Gloss, Flat and Eggshell Cemcoat for interior use, Gloss and Flat for exterior protection and beauty. White and colors. _ ЇЙЇ ЇЇ NEAR AY RI AA ARR NR RANA eer ИТ Write for specifications, circulars and color card [APIDOLITH TRADE MARK the Chemical Concrete Floor Hardener Prevents Dusting and Wear Concrete dust ruins machinery and merchandise. Lapidolith has been used to dustproof and harden 250,000,000 square feet of concrete floors. Save old dusting concrete floors when there is yet time. Lapidolith will make them “hard as granite" and serviceable for years. OTHER SONNEBORN PRODUCTS: Lapidolith is the standard hardener for twelve years. It is not the lowest in Price 0 0 but it is the highest in Service. FOR WOODEN FLOOR. QNT reme. Write for specification form, sample and‏ ہے the modern wood preservative gives new ];‏ life to old or new wooden floors. iterature.‏ HYDROCIDE Specify Cemcoat and Lapidolith. ТТТ mA 00000 7 LR 010/99 9) P9 OANA Ae. A black, tacky material for waterproofing = foundations and dampproofing the interior І. SONNEBORN SONS, Inc. = of exposed walls. No furring or lathing = necessary. Binds perfectly with plaster. Dept 21. 114-116 5th Ave New York = - 7 E = = = = 2 = BE ПІПППШІШІШІШІШІШІШІШШІ анна © 1 N Y E B 0 р N = нн ІШ ПІШІП a | NNUAL сечам... | 92 0 Е бео ЫР БОСЧ И. ee ee ھ1 ا ا‎

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THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS ۱١ JE‏ سمہم = سا REC =n‏ JUN 13 1922‏ С еле. Е a )‏ یہ r . - м ELLE‏ Гһе Autobiography of ап Idea Se NJAMIN‏ LOUIS H. SULLIVAN A Bird's- Eye View of Chinese Art BERTHOLD LAUFER Architects and City Planning THOMAS ADAMS Building ‘Trades and Other Trades STUART CHASE Community Planning and Housing CLARENCE 5. STEIN Defending the Profession C. H. W. Structural Service Department | JUNE 1022

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D QTI The Worlds Word Jor levator Safety OTIS ELEVATOR COMPANY SS | dps) ІШ; @ е) نگ‎ | ay x К -—— ۱ ШІ 0 UN 2 | 9 с и у D 7 ; Ж қ i | ШҮҮ к, ў, 4 ٹین ہا‎ | P 1 ШІП! Ww $i uU SN LÁ | | ۷ 7 P A YO d 3۱3 = Кы Б] << ү اف‎ 1 | 00 Т? ШІ ۲ 5%» ez Bes Ш ا‎ Bex i м illl $, | ж HEE akı. E “ELEVATORS

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ROOFING (Asbestos) ПІ } B ” KET M re ee ee 7 مہہ رسس‎ a > P$ ۶ ^ P 7 Е ا ا ا‎ n m Е oF ap А uS D O well informed architects we need say little about our materials; they know them thoroughly. And to that knowledge there is probably little that we could add. As to our service we can only print this promise: That Johns-Manville will always endeavor to render service that shall be completely satisfactory to archi- tect and owner. AN AA‏ ہنایم ایم ہلاسر Roormas -‏ PACKINGS‏ CEMENTS‏ FIRE PREVENTION PRODUCTS Johns-Manville Colorblende Asbestos Shingles Residence of Henry F. Keil, Rye, N. Y. Architect, Henri Vallet JOHNS ~ МАМУ, Asbestos Roofing INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS June, 1922 JOHNS-MANVILLE Inc. Madison Ave., ас 41st St., New York City Branches in 56 Large Cities For Canada: Canadian Johns-Manville Co., Ltd., Toronto

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IV 1855 CRANE FACTORY WASH SINKS INDUSTRIAL SECTION Branches in 70 leading cities 4. а a a = ^ a ^ a ^ ^ a а е а a a A a ^ ^. ova ba CRANE HORIZONTAL STEAM SEPARATOR We are Manufacturers of about 20,000 articles, including Valves, Pipe Fittings and Steam Specialties made of brass, iron, ferrosteel, cast steel and forged steel, in all sizes, for all pressures, and all purposes, and are distributors through the trade, of pipe, heat- ing and plumbing materials. - , CRANE CO. 836 South Michigan Avenue, Chicago BRASS GLOBE VALVE . JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS Works— Chicago and Bridgeport PLUMBING FIXTURES 1922 CRANE FACTORY LAVATORIES June, 1922

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JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS Volume X JUNE, 1922 | Number 6 CONTENTS PAGE DEVELOPMENT OF THE OCTAGON House PROPERTY AS PROPOSED BY THE BUILDING COMMITTEE —Charles Platt . ۱ ۱ ۱ i i ۱ "E ; ; . . Frontispiece SHADOWS AND STRAWS. . ۸ . . . . . . . . . . O. H.W. 175 THE PROPOSED IMPROVEMENT OF THE OCTAGON House . | ۱ ۱ ; i TN 177 THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF AN IDEA . . . .. . . . . . . . Louis H. Sullivan 178 RESTORATION OF DURHAM CATHEDRAL . | | TC ode Ew 7102 A Вікг5 Eve VIEW or CHINESE ART . . _- | 90-0 a . Berthold Laufer 183 ARCHITECTS AND CITY PLANNING . . . . : EO. Xe 2-5 . . Thomas Adams 201 BUILDING TRADES AND OTHER TrRADES—A NATIONAL PROBLEM | ۱ ۱ . Stuart Chase 202 COMMUNITY PLANNING AND HoUsING . .. . . . . . . . . Clarence S. Stein 203 DEFENDING THE PROFESSION . . .. .. و و‎ . . . . С. Н. №. 206 From Our BOOKSHELF . . و‎ . . . . . . . . . . . 206 News NOTES. . . . . . . . . . 7; "EN £0 ш Oo & ІЗІ LETTERS TO THE EDITOR . 2 . bo X S Си | ۱ | | "TEM . 207 New MEMBERS ELECTED . | ; TEES EM ۱ ; | . а” . 208 ARCHITECTURAL INSTRUCTION . | : | к ; ' E ۱ ۱ . 208 OBITUARY 2 9 “ 5 ж ж 2% Wo تچ‎ X. 4 & & B&B & «+ ©... 208 STRUCTURAL SERVICE DEPARTMENT. . . 0. ہو وی .0 یو .0 یہ یھ‎ "t Published Monthly by THE PRESS OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS, INC. THOMAS R. KIMBALL, Omaha, President; М. Max DUNNING, Chicago, Vice-President; WILLIAM STANLEY PARKER, Boston, Secretary; BEN J. LuBscHEZ, New York City, Treasurer; HERBERT В. BRIGGS, (Briggs & Nelson), Cleveland; D. EVERETT Waw, New York City; M. B. Mepary, JR., (Zantzinger, Borie & Medary), Philadelphia; GEORGE С. Nimmons, (George С. Nimmons & Co.), Chicago; S. Е. VOORHEES, (McKenzie, Voorhees & Gmelin), New York City, Directors. CHARLES HARRIS WHITAKER, Editor Publication Office, 305 Washington Street, Brooklyn, New York Editorial Office, 313 East 23d Street, New York, N. Y. 50 CENTS A COPY. $5 PER YEAR. (Foreign, $6) Checks or P. O. orders should be made payable to The Press of The American Institute of Architects, Inc. Copyright, January, 1922, by The Press of The American Institute of Architects, Inc. Entered as second-class matter, at the Post Office at Brooklyn, N. Y., under Act of Congress of August 24, 1912. Acceptance for mailing at special rate of postage provided for in section 1103, Act of October 3, 1917, authorized by the Third Assistant Postmaster General.

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VI | | | | PAINTS AND ENAMEL өт», a,‏ که ۳۶ ہے‎ ree ےہ مت‎ "m г. VN үс I ж шта مم‎ та ^ 4 / 4 A OED e‏ رہ VAM.‏ XA V / 7 ‘a ZY JOAN; ۸۸ А (лд 8 ХУАУАУАУАУАУ. \ VA ААГ 4, VO بر پر ور رں‎ НЕА ДО IN AIE 5 “АЛДА N 1 ж ^ ار نیدیلا ریت Ww WAWAN ٦ M | Y 1 SÉ zw ا‎ Feet \ 1 See 1 5 Y: ektenst 52- OL رق رر‎ "LAT THE NEW HOTEL STATLER, В4/20, N. Y. Geo. В. Роѕт & Sons, New York City, Architects Sherwin-Williams wie you specify Sherwin-Williams Metalastic, you are spec- | ifying more than. paint—you are specifying metal protection. Metal Protective It is not only the standard specification of leading architectural Paints spec ifi ed and engineering offices but is regularly purchased by an impres- sively long list of railroads for use in their Maintenance of W ay and used for both Departments.: Colors are black, brown, green and gray.. S h op an d fi с 1 d Write us for further details or see our specifications іп Sweet’ s. coats. DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURAL SERVICE THE SHERWIN-WILLIAMS Co., 805 Canal Road, N.W., Cleveland, Ohio ° SHERWIN@ WILLIA MS PRO DZS с 75 [NDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS June, 1922

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THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS THE OCTAGON HOUSE, WASHINGTON, D. C. OFFICERS l President First Бісе-Ртейдепі................................... Second Vice-President Secretary Treasurer ооз э ә э ө ө ге е ® ےی و‎ ® ® е و‎ ® ® э ө ө و‎ э э = е э е е ө وی‎ ээ ээ өе е ө ө з * 0999 95950609 9059 э ө ؿ‎ т езт ее оз #2 Фо э ee э ө ә ө = eS - 2 Henry H. KENDALL, Boston, Mass. Рие WILLIAM B. FavILLE, San Francisco, Cal. РЕТКА Ковевт D. Конм, New York City. ООРУТ WILLIAM STANLEY PARKER, Boston, Mass. EYE D. EvERETT Walp, 1 Madison Ave., New York City BOARD OF DIRECTORS For One Year (1921-22) ZpwiN Н. Hewitt, 1200 2nd Avenue So., Minneapolis, Minn. WILLIAM B. IrrNER, Board of Education Building, St. Louis, Mo. ERNEST J. RUSSELL, Chemical Building, St. Louis, Mo. For Two Years (1921-23) CHARLES H. ALDEN, Empire Building, Seattle, Wash. N. Max DuNNING, 310 South Wabash Ave., Chicago, Ill. ABRAM GARFIELD, Garfield Building, Cleveland, Ohio For Three Years (1921-24) EDWIN BERGSTROM, Citizens National Bank Bldg., Los Angeles, Cal. CHARLES A. Favrot, Title Guarantee Bldg., New Orleans, La. L. P. WHEAT, JR., 808 Seventeenth St, Washington, D. C. Institute Counsel.......... ARTHUR PETER, Washington, D. C. LIST OF CHAPTERS, 1922 ALABAMA.—*Eugene Н. Knight, Empire Bldg., Birmingham; THugh Martin, Title Guarantee Bldg., Birmingham. ARKANSAS.—*Eugene J. Stern, Gazette Bldg., Little Rock; Lawson L. Delony, 2407 Louisiana St, Little Rock. BALTIMORE.—*Howard Sill, 11 E. Pleasant St.; fLaurence Hall Fowler, 347 N. Charles St. Boston—*J. Lovell Little, 45 Bromfield St.; jEdward H. Hoyt, 220 Devonshire St. BROOKLYN.—*John B. Slee, 154 Montague St., Brooklyn, New York City; Thos. E. Snook, Jr., 52 Vesey St, Brooklyn. BurrFALOo.—*Paul Е. Mann, Ellicott Square Bldg.; fErnest Crimi, 110 Franklin St. CENTRAL ILLINOIS.—*Herbert E. Hewitt, Peoria Life Bldg.; Mark Н. Whitmeyer, Central Nat. Bank Bldg. Peoria. CENTRAL New Yonk.—* Walter Н. Whitlock, Security Mutual Bldg, Binghamton; tGeo. Bain Cummings, 602 Security Mutual Bldg., Binghamton. CiNCINNATI.—*]oseph С. Steinkamp, Mercantile Bidg.; tJohn Zettel, Mercantile Library Bldg. CLEVELAND.—*Charles W. Hopkinson, 900 Rose Bldg.; TW. W. Sabin, 1900 Euclid Avenue. CoLoRADo.—*Robert K. Fuller, 310 .Fosler Bldg., Denver; ТЕ. O. Parry, Engineers Bldg., Denver. CoLUMBUS.—*Wilfred A. Paine, 955 Madison Ave.; fRobert R. Reeves, 20 So. Third St. CoNNECTICUT.—*Louis A. Walsh, 51 Leavenworth St., Water- bury; fDelbert К. Perry, City Hall, New Britain. DayTon.—*Louis Lott, Commercial Bldg.; TH. J. Williams, 908-920 Mutual Home Bldg. ‘ERIE CHAPTER: “С. Paxton Cody, 406 Ariel Bldg.; tArmin Schotte, Marine Bank Bldg., Erie, Pa. FLoripA.—*Mellen C. Greeley, Bisbee Bldg. Jacksonville; THenrietta С. Dozier, Bisbee Bldg. GEoRGIA.—*P. Thornton Marye (acting), Alfriend Bldg., At- lanta; TArthur Neal Robinson, 623 Candler Bldg., Atlanta. ILLINOIS.—* Albert M. Saxe, 64 E. Van Buren St., Chicago; {John A. Armstrong, 127 М. Dearborn St., Chicago. INDIANA.—*Ennis R. Austin, Hagger Building, South Bend; fHerbert Foltz, Lemcke Annex, Indianapolis. Iowa.—*Mortimer B. Cleveland, 215 Prospect Avenue, Waterloo; fEugene Н. Taylor, 222 So. Third St, Cedar Rapids. | KANSAS CiTY.—*Albert S. Owen, Interstate Bldg.; jCourt- landt Van Brunt, 823 Gloyd Bldg. KANSAS.—*Lorenz Schmidt, 121 Market St., Wichita; Prof. RAE F. Baker, Kansas State Agricultural College, Man- attan. KEentTucky.—*Val. P. Collins, 624 Paul Jones Bldg, ТЕ. І. Morgan, 1110 Cherokee Road, Louisville. LouistANA.—* Victor Wogan, Title Guarantee Bldg., New Orleans; {Solis Seiferth, Maison Blanche Bldg, New Orleans. MicHiGAN.—*W m. B. Stratton, Union Trust Bldg., Detroit; 1J. H. G. Steffens, 3732 Pingree Avenue, Detroit. Library MINNESOTA.—*Edw. S. Stebbins, Auditorium Bldg., Min- neapolis; fGeorge A. Chapman, 1200 2nd Ave. So. Min- neapolis. MOoNTANA.—*]John G. Link, Billings; TW. К. Plew, Bozeman. NEBRASKA.—*H. W. Meginnis, 533 Bankers Life Bldg. Lincoln; tJ. D. Sandham, World-Herald Bldg., Omaha. NEW JERsEY.—*H. T. Stephens, United Bank Bldg., Pater- son; tHugh Roberts, 1 Exchange Place, Jersey City. New York.—*Charles Butler, 56 West 45th St., New York; TRichmond H. Shreve, 215 West 57th St, New York. NORTH CAROLINA.—*Earl С. Stillwell, Hendersonville; TJames Е. Gause, Murchison Bldg., Wilmington. OnREGON.—*John V. Bennes, Chamber of Commerce Bldg., Portland; TCharles D. James, 814 Couch Bldg., Portland. | PHILADELPHIA.—*George I. Lovatt, 416 Walnut St.; Paul A. Davis, III, 1713 Sansom St. PITTSBURGH.—*Edward B. Lee, Chamber of Commerce Bldg.; {Stanley L. Roush, 1210 Chamber of Commerce Bldg. RHODE IsLAND.—*F. Ellis Jackson, 1216 Turk's Head Bldg., Providence; Norman M. Isham, 915 Turk’s Head Bldg., Providence. | SAN Francisco.—*G. А. Applegarth, 1800 Claus Spreckles Bldg.; Т). S. Fairweather, 1001 Balboa Bldg. SCRANTON—WILKES-BARRE.—*David Н. Morgan, Connell Bldg., Scranton; {Fred A. Nelson, Connell Bldg., Scranton. SOUTH CaRoLINA.—*Nat. Gaillard Walker, Rock Hill; TH. Olin Jones, Greenville. SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA.—*Sumner P. Hunt, 701 Laughlin Bldg., Los Angeles; fCharles Е. Plummer, W. P. Story Bldg, Los Angeles. SOUTHERN PENNSYLVANIA.—*Edward Leber, 42 West Market St, York; TW. B. Billmeyer, 268 East Market St., York. Sr. Louis.—*W. L. Rathmann, 1501 Chemical Bldg.; ТУУ. O. Mullgardt, Chemical Bldg. St. Paut.—*Thomas С. Holyoke, Endicott Bldg., St. Paul; ТЕ. A. Slifer, Endicott Bldg., St. Paul. TENNESSEE.—*Walk C. Jones, 110 Porter Bldg., Memphis; ТВ. 5. Cairns, 528 Madison Ave. Bldg., Memphis. Texas.—*Herbert M. Green, North Texas Bldg., Dallas; Clarence С. Bulger, 4020 Swiss Avenue, Dallas. . TOLEDO.—*Harry W. Wachter, 908 Nicholas Bldg.; fCharles A. Langdon, Nicholas Building. UTAH.—*Leslie S. Hodgson, 2255 Madison Ave. Ogden; ТТауіог Woolley, McIntyre Bldg., Salt Lake City. VIRGINIA.—*Fiske Kimball, University of Virginia, Char- lottesville; ТС. J. Calrow, New Monroe Bldg., Norfolk. WASHINGTON, D. C.—*Frank Upman, Woodward Bldg.; TL. P. Wheat, Jr., 808 Seventeenth St, М. W. WASHINGTON STATE. —*Carl Е. Gould, Hoge Building, Seattle; TH. O. Sexsmith, Univ. of Washington, Seattle. WISCONSIN.—*Peter Brust, 233 Queen Ann's Place, Mil- waukee; TW. W. Judell, 445 Milwaukee St., Milwaukee. WoRCESTER.— (Merged with the Boston Chapter, November 1, 1917.) * Presidents. t Secretaries. Information as to registration laws now in force in the following states may be obtained as follows: California—State Board of Architecture, Phelan Bldg., San Francisco. Florida—State Board of Architecture, 135 East Bay Street, Jacksonville. Idaho—Department of Law Enforcement, Boise. and Registration, Springfield. Louisiana—State Board of Architectural Examiners, New Orleans. Minnesota—State Board of Examiners, 804 Phoenix Bldg., Minneapolis. Montana Architects, Denver. Registration of Architects, Atlanta. for Registration of Architects, Detroit. Colorado—State Board of Examiners of Georgia—State Board for Ilinois—Department of Education Michigan—State Board —Board of Architectural Examiners, Helena. New Jersey—State Board of Architects, 665 Broad St., Newark. New York—State Board of Registration of Architects, Albany. North Carolina—State Board of Architectural Examination and Registra- tion, Greensboro. North Dakota—State Board of Architecture, Bismarck. Oregon—State Board of Architectural Ex- aminers, Portland. Pennsylvania—State Board of Examiners of Architects, Harrisburg. South Carolina—State Board of Architectural Examiners, Columbia. Tennessee—State Board of Architectural and Engineering Examiners, Nashville. Utah—State Board of Architecture, Salt Lake City. Virginia—State Board for the Examination and Certification of Archi- tects, Professional Engineers and Land Surveyors, Richmond. Washington—State Board for Registration of Architects, Olympia. West Virginia—State Board of Examiners and Registration of Architects, Odd Fellows Bldg., Charleston. Wis- consin—Board of Examiners of Architects, Madison. Such laws are pending in Indiana and Iowa.

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VIII (Terra Cotta) BUILDING MATERIAL S aiii — LA ness WITT e b ' = м... >, Breer OTT N89 OT WT کر چو‎ Крету { тага сел еке rio е E NETT 77پ سد‎ кі amm rim E >. $ vera Ы ж n. 4 45 у^» 2,4 à Ж P Eee zü A а ارم‎ | ۳ '4 ы m. : 1 М 48 B رو‎ 7 = / м қ 3 HN یں 84 e 22230101007 сү! 2 тте 42 24 49 18^ ар ٠ ; > i 4 1 «E , С 3 LJ LJ ” м 1 5 : | 5 А Si fm SENSE. 4 2—5 2 Detail of Terra Cotta 2 construction апа отпа- 5% ment, Madison Square Саі New York City; McKim, Mead and 4 J " 7 e een * и а - к z А * 5 - „6 رت‎ L^. - ? А - / А - 2 ~ 4 P. , а Р - ч Д LP d и P - 3 3 LI - [e 4% “Lt, Р) » “ұз v44 $ 1 2 " А % | m^ т 7% = 7 L . - : Í ““ б ۹ ۰ 3 = > 4 4 >: 4 , Ë М -- б 2 a E 2 { і ATL р 7.2 , % ~i # 5 к пл Ж! ул ntt ہر جصر‎ ” M — o س چ‎ . p 47 4 > (13131 X58 . . к < - (9 p < Pon - " Е 4 D White, Architects. к photo зея condition of Terra Cotta "March Isl, 1922. А 33-YEAR TEST ADISON SQUARE GARDEN affords stration further in many instances of over 500 INDUSTRIAL SECTION convincing evidence of the durability of Terra Cotta. After thirty-three years’ exposure to climatic action its Terra Cotta i is in perfect condition throughout. This example,.one ‘of many in all parts of the country, attests the absolute permanence of Terra Cotta when its use is intelligently con- ceived and its installation properly supervised. Northern Italy and France carry the demon- E ." й “а ` E n ЕЯ ” - E un - ` 2, E 7 m ` vt - й 5 4 2A 5 Я ^ " 5 E РА 4 - ; 42” ~. 5 . ^ i ‘Permanent 7 Beautiful JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS years’ standing. Correct detailing of terra cotta and proper related construction will insure this result. Send for our reference work, “Terra Cotta Standard Construction,” a volume of seventy plates of typical details; free on request to architects, engineers, draftsmen and students of recognized professional schools. Address: National Terra Cotta Society, 19 West 44th Street, New York City. УТТА Profitable June, 1022

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ROOFING (Asbestos) | | Ё. IX Good Interiors Demand Good Roofs The Tivoli is said to be the 1 most beautiful theatre in the world. No expense has been spared to make the in- terior appointments the “last word" among motion picture houses. It was es- sential that the roofing over such a palatial amusement house must afford the best protection that money could buy. Carey Built-Up Roofing, therefore, was specified and used. Write for the Carey Archi- tect’s Specification Book. “А Roof for Every Building" THE PHILIP CAREY CO. 507-527 Wayne Avenuc Lockland, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S. A. Asbestos and Asphalt Built-Up Roofs, Roll Roofings and Asfaltslate Shingles seneg Tivoli Theatre, 63rd Street, Chicago, Illinois Р | Messrs. Balaban and Katz, Owners, Chicago C. W. and Geo. L. Rapp, Architects Chicago INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS June, 1922

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SMITH BOILER For Burning All Fuels—such as Anthracite Coal · Bibsninous Coal Coke ` Làgnites Wood Oil Boilers for Low Pressure Steam and Hot Water Heating and Hot Water Supply BOILERS Mills Water Tube | With Smokeless Furnace SmitH 1With Grate Reduced With. Grate Full Size H-B and Menlo Smith Service Boiler | No. 60 Smith RADIATORS | .DIRECTS Single Column Two Column Three Column Five Column | | | Window | No. 60 Smith | and Wall | Grate Reduced ; ШЕЕ ТЕШ ШЇ THE Н. В. SMITH СО. Manufacturers of Boilers and Radiators NEW YORK, М. Ү. PHILADELPHIA, PA. WESTFIELD, MASS. BOSTON 10 East 39th St. 17th and Arch Sts. 57 Main St. 640 Main St., Cambridge, Mass. ENEMA RRR ۰۲7771 ШЇ ШЇ Sn E ШЇП at a ne ftit inu a INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS | June, 1922

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JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS Vol. X Shadows and Straws HE OCTAGON HOUSE at Washington is a cherished possession of the American Institute of Architects, The attachment is more or less unique, it might be said, since it links architects to architecture, and although е building was not the design of a member of the profession, the attachment is none the less. Indeed, it may even be a little more, for Dr. Thornton himself has his own niche in the annals of American architecture and we doubt if there are any who would deny it to him. Again, the Octagon House savors very definitely of something that has gone. It exhales the fragrance of gentility. About it hovers the delicate patina of a cultural tradition. No one can set foot upon the steps leading up to the little portico without coming under the influence of a refinement so unmistakable, and yet so unobtrusive, that the spell descends like a quiet mantle of peace. And if the door be open upon the garden, there is always an exclamation. Many people come to visit it and I have never heard of one who did not carry away something more than a memory,—some- thing perhaps that savored strongly of a deep longing. True it is that the traditions of culture and gen- tility play no such part in our life as they did when John Tayloe came to build himself a town house in Washington. One may find remnants of them, here and there, but the busy hum of democracy and the brutish hustle of industry have jostled them aside. They cannot be revived, in architecture, even with the help of the most skillful of architects, for a house is little enough until it reflects the quality of life that is within it. And if we deplore the passing of a tradi- tion,—if we admit, as we must, that in its original form it will never revisit us,—then all the more prec- ious does the symbol of it become. We treasure it as we treasure nothing else, for it is irreplaceable. Of course, opposed to all this sentimental nonsense, as they call it, we have the school of practical people. One cannot deny them their right to be heard. They say, as Mr. Bernard Shaw said, that our time should not be wasted in preserving antiquities simply because they were beautiful, but that we should steadily bend JUNE, 1922 ‘ No. 6 our energies toward producing better ones. I think that on that point the practical people have a strong argument on their side. It seems a sad reflection upon our abilities that we can in this day and generation build so little that is as comely as that which came from the hands of a nation that had scarcely an arch- itect to its name. It ought to remind us that the cultural tradition is more important, in the last analysis, than architects, which is a thing not easy to admit, we shall agree. But there remains the problem of what to do with the Octagon House property. The subject has been almost constantly before the Institute for some years, and many plans have been suggested. Practically, these have differed on two essential points: Should the Octagon House remain as the offices of the Institute or should it be set aside as an exemplar of the old days? And again, should there or should there not be built an auditorium for use by the Conventions of the Institute and perhaps for use by other bodies ad interim? ; The Building Committee present certain definite proposals this year. ‘They seem to indicate not only a wise and carefully considered plan, but one that will attract the support of the majority of those who have been thinking on the subject. Тһе feeling that the Octagon House should be set aside as a museum, either supported by the Institute or perhaps taken over by the Government, has aroused, on the other hand, a strong desire to keep the building fairly steadily in useful service, so that it might grow old in work rather than in idleness, as becomes not only men but things. As to the question of a new building which should combine offices for the Institute with a Con- vention Hall, the Committee seems wisely to have chosen the middle course. It proposes a Convention Hall with suitable Committee Rooms, and the second floor of the Octagon for offices, while the rest of the building shall be restored to its one time condition, whereby, with the aid of suitable furniture of the period, the Octagon House would be more useful and more beautiful than ever. 175

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PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT THe OCTAGON House PROPERTY OF Tue AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS WASHINGTON, D. С. 176

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Es شش ےش‎ CS ہج شی‎ ES شس ہے شش‎ EEE cere 79796 1М202579 "TATE e WON 0-99 * 9.9 PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT THe OCTAGON House PROPERTY OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS WASHINGTON, D. C. The Proposed Improvement of Octagon The Building Committee, in submitting its report for the consideration of the Fifty-fifth Convention, stated | that it has studied the problems of the improvement of the Octagon property together with the two adjoining lots on 18th Street, from two points of view. First, the Committee has studied the point of view which contemplates restoring the Octagon property to its original probable condition as a private residence of the period of A.D. 1800. Strictly so restored, the property might be regarded as a relic of Colonial days which would have to be maintained at the expense of the Insti- tute, or donated to the Federal Government with the hope that it would be kept in order by the Nation as an historic residence. In this event the Institute would house its own activities on the adjoining lots in a build- ing about 50 x 180 feet in plan. Such a scheme would leave the Institute rather re- motely identified with the Octagon House; would be of doubtful benefit to the Institute or to the public; and quite surely would overburden the Institute financially. Second, the Committee considered the point of view which contemplates restoring the Octagon House and grounds to their supposed original condition and equip- ping the first and part of the second stories with repro- ductions of the choicest furniture of the period, including here and there, when available, an historic original piece. The House would be a residence museum standing be- fore the public as an example of the best taste in furni- ture and decoration dating back to Colonial days. At the same time the House would be the home of the In- stitute and headquarters for architects visiting the Capital City. The drawing room would be available for formal receptions and for meetings of the Board of Di- rectors. А portion of the second story would not be profaned if used as an office for Institute activities, and every visiting member of the profession would feel that his organization had a close association with a beautiful home of the early days of the nation, a home which shel- House tered President Madison when the White House was burned, and which was the scene of the ratification of the Treaty of Ghent. This second idea includes also erecting a convention hall and architectural exhibition and committee rooms. The new construction should be less in height and designed to form an harmonious setting and background for the Octagon House. A study of this possible development is presented in this number of the JOURNAL. In the judgment of the Committee the use of the two adjoining lots and of the Octagon plot to the limit suggested would leave a space for garden and landscape effect quite ample in proportion to the building. The whole composition could be made attractive and would be suitably expressive of its use and, at the same time, would enhance the effect of the old Octagon House as an historic monument. The scheme presented is only tentative, but sufficient, it is hoped, to enable the Convention to reach a decision as to a general policy for putting in order and develop- ing the Octagon property. A concensus of opinion may decide that a circular con- vention hall with a capacity of 300 seats is unwise or insufficient for future needs. Тһе Committee believes that further consideration should be given to the idea of providing on the 18th Street property a larger auditorium which might be used for general public lecture hall pur- poses, as well as for the needs of the Institute. It is hoped that the sketches and report will be sug- gestive and will bring out various ideas from the dele- gates which can be referred, with power, to the Board of Directors, and that the Convention will authorize this or a succeeding Building Committee to proceed with the restoration, repair and development of the property, un- der the supervision of the Board of Directors. The members of the Octagon Building Committee are: Henry Bacon, D. H. Burnham, E. W. Donn, Jr., Wm. Mitchell Kendall, Robert D. Kohn, Charles A. Platt, Howard Shaw, D. Everett Waid, Chairman. 177

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The Autobiography of An Idea By LOUIS H CHAPTER I The Child NCE upon a time there was a village in New England called South Reading. Here lived a little boy of five years. ‘That is to say he nested with his grandparents on a miniature farm of twenty- four acres, a mile or so removed from the center of gravity and activity which was called Main Street, though not related in those ancient days to any Gopher Prairie far or nearby. It was a main street of the day and generation, and so was the farm proper to its time and place. Eagerly the grandparents had for some time urged that the child come to them for a while; and after a light shower of motherhood tears—the father indiffer- ent—consent was given and the angel child was taken on his way into the wilderness lying ten miles north of the then uncouth city of Boston. The farm had been but recently acquired, and the child appeared, shortly thereafter, as a greedy parasite, to absorb that affection, that abundant warmth of heart which only Grandma and Grandpa have the intuitive folly to be- stow. In short they loved him, and kept him bodily clean. | To the neighbors, forsooth, he was іп по sense а wonder-child, but merely another brat-nuisance to run about and laugh and scream and fight and bawl with the others—all bent on joy and destruction. The peculiar kink in this little man’s brain, however, was this: he had no desire to destroy—excepted always his momentary mortal enemies, His bent was the other way; all without regard for the requisite rhyme, rea- son, or the exalted virtues. Now lest it appear to some that this child had come suddenly out of nothing into being at the age of five, we must needs authenticate him, in the only acceptable way, that is by sketching his prior tumultuous life. He was born of woman in the usual way at 22 South Bennett Street, Boston, Mass., U. S. A., on the third day of September, 1856. And, for the benefit of the exigent and meticulous, it may be added, on the authority of the young mother, that the event occurred on the second floor: day Tuesday, hour 10 P. M., weight 10 pounds. It may further be stated for the information of the clan of eugenists, that the mother, at that date, had arrived at the age of 21 years, 5 months, 15 days—and some hours, minutes and sec- onds, more or less; while the father would be 38 come Christmas. It is further stated for the benefit of mothers and others that the infant was of the breast- fed variety. . SULLIVAN The long interval of passing years has made it clear that this pink monstrosity came into the world pos- sessed of a picture-memory. He remembers, even now, certain cradle indiscretions; and from that same cradle he recalls a dim vision of a ghastly lady in somber black, and veiled, entering through the open door and speaking in a voice strangely unlike the mellow tones of his nearby mother. One night in mid-winter, he was lifted from his warm cozy refuge, bundled up and taken to the third floor. Grandpa was already there, scraping the heavy frost from one of the small square window panes; finally, after the ecstasies of Mama and the awed tones of Grandpa, the child was lifted up and held close to the pane to see what?—a long bril- liant, cloud-like streak, which, he dimly fancied, must be unusual; but as it seemed to have no connection with the important concerns of his existence, he was glad to leave it to itself, whatever it was, and return to the warm spot from which he had been taken. This streak in the sky was Donati’s comet of 1858. Before going further into the personal deeds of our two-year old, it may be well to give a bit of space to an outline of his mongrel origin—always bearing in mind what is said concerning roses. As to his father, Patrick Sullivan, no need for dis- cussion—he was Irish. As to the mother, Andrienne List Sullivan, she seemed French, but was not wholly so. She had the typical French eyelids, expressive hazel eyes, a somewhat oval face, features very mobile. She was of medium stature, trimly built, highly emo- tional, and given to ecstasies of speech. But she also had parents: her father, Henri List, was straight Ger- man of the Hanoverian type—6 feet tall, well propor- tioned, erect carriage, and topped by a domical head, full, clean-shaven face, thick lips, small gray eyes, beetling brows and bottle-nose. He was of intellec- tual mold, and cynically amused at men, women, children and all else. Her mother, a miniature woman of great sweetness and gentle poise, was Swiss- French, born in Geneva—where also her three children were born. But her long Florentine nose suggested, unmistakably, an Italian strain. Her maiden name was Anna Mattheus. Like a true mére de famille, she ruled the roost, as was the custom in European society of the Middle Class. Her mind was methodic, her affection all-embracing. Henri List was reticent as to his past, but the family gossip had it that as a young man he was educated for the Catholic priesthood, rebelled at the job and ran away from home. The intervening years between this hegira and his arrival in Geneva, Switzerland, are a blank. There 178

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THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF AN IDEA seems to have been some lack of clearness as to his vocation in Geneva; was he a Professor of Greek in the University, or did he coach rich young English gentlemen through their university course? In any event he was highly educated, and he prospered. It was further gossiped that, having met Anna Mattheus— considerably older than he—who kept a store filled with a sumptuous stock of choice linens and laces, he courted her. It was sneeringly said he married her for her money. At any rate, they were well to do, and lived in a marble house with large grounds called La Maison Des Paquis. Here three children were born to them, in order of arrival: Andrienne, Jennie and Jules. The narrator has in his possession a small oval card with perforated edge, on the plain field of which is drawn with colored pencils, a park-like view, with house half- hidden among the trees, On the back, in the hand- writing of her mother is the notation “Terrace de la Maison des Paquis faites par Andrienne en 1849"— (that is at the age of 14). According also to family gossip, there seems to be no doubt that Henri List was tainted with cupidity. He speculated and finally lent ear to the wiles of a Jew. Не ventured his all. "Тһе enterprise strangely and suddenly lost its credit, and the house of List tottered and collapsed in irretrievable ruin. Anna List borrowed money of her relatives to take the family to America, to forget the past and start anew in a strange land. Little wonder that Grand- father was reticent, It required a span of years for the narrator to pick up little by little the thread of the story. As to Patrick Sullivan; he had no secrets, but his memory did not extend much back of his 12th year. He said his father was a landscape painter, a widower, and he an only child. That together they used to visit the county fairs in Ireland. That at one of these fairs he lost his father in the crowd and never saw him again. Thus at the age of twelve he was thrown upon the world to make his way. With a curious little fiddle, he wandered barefoot about the country- side, to fiddle here and there for those who wished to dance; and of dancing there was plenty. Thus traveling he saw nearly all of Ireland. This wan- dering life must have covered a number of years. The period that emerges from the wander-period seems obscure in transition, but his attention must have fo- cused on dancing as an art. As to the grim determina- tion of his character, his pride and his ambition there can be no doubt; but what chain of influences took him to London is not known. Arrived there, he placed himself under the tutelage of the best—most fashion- able—masters, and in due time set up an academy of his own. Not content with this advance, which was successful, he must needs reach the heights of his art, and in Paris, the Center of fashion, took instruction of the leading masters. In those days dancing was a social art of grace, of deportment, and of personal carriage. It had many branches of development, from the simple polka to highly figurative formations, in social functions, upward to its highest and most poetic reach in the romantic classical ballet. It was an art “of elegance that has passed with the days of elegance. Artificial it largely was, yet humanizing, and bene- ficient. In such wise must the social value of the dance, of the dancing master, and the academy of a day long since past be visualized, to be understood in this day. | This young Irishman had another grand passion. 'To him the art of dancing was a fine art of symmetry, of grace, of rhythm; but parallel to this ran a hunger for Nature's beauty. He must have been a pagan, this man, for in him Nature's beauty, particularly in its more grandiose moods, inspired an ecstasy, a sort of waking trance, a glorious mystic worship. -In this romantic quest, he had, through a series of years, footed it over a considerable part of Switzerland. It seems strange at first glance that these highly virile and sensitive powers should be embodied in one so unlovely in person. His medium size, his too- sloping shoulders, his excessive Irish face, his small repulsive eyes—the eyes of a pig—of nondescript color and no flash, sunk into his head under rough brows, all seemed unpromising enough in themselves until it is remembered that behind that same mask resided the grim will, the instinctive ambition that had brought him, alone and unaided, out of a childhood of poverty. Naturally enough he had not found time to acquire an "education," as it was then called and is still called. He, however, wrote and spoke English in a polite way, and had acquired an excruciating French. Hence by the standards of his time in England he was no gentle- man as that technical term went, but essentially a lackey, a flunkey or social parasite. Perhaps it was for this reason he revered book-learning and the learned. He knew no better, because he had not been educated. It is probable that, about this time, the lure of America, goal of the adventurous spirit, land of the free, home of the brave, the great hospitable, open- armed land of equality and opportunity, had been act- ing on his imagination. ‘This is surmise. The fact, of which there is documentary evidence, is this: that on the 22nd day of July, 1847, he took passage at London for Boston in the good ship Unicorn of 550 tons register burthen. This, in the eleventh year of the reign of Victoria; Louis Phillipe nearing his political end; with revolution ripening in Germany; and the United States kindly relieving Mexico of its too heavy burden. And this, also, while a small pros- perous family in a small European City was awaiting, all unconscious, the call to join him in the same city of the same far away land; and that but eleven brief 179

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THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS years lay between them all and the advent of a child to whose story we must now in all conscience begin а return. For the finger of fate was tracing a line in the air that was to lead on and on until it reached a finger tracing a futile line now and here. Patrick Sullivan reached Boston іп 1847, set up an ` academy and was successful. He always was success- ful. His probity was such that he could always com- mand desirable influence and respect. He was familiar with polite forms. Later on, probably in 1850, the Geneva family also reached there. Somehow they met. The young Irishman, keen through training in the hard school of experience and self discipline was always wide awake; and this is what happened accord- ing to Mother. He met the young girl, Andrienne, in the conventional way, was attracted by her grace of manner, her interesting broken English, her skilled piano playing; paid his court to her, professed love for her; they became engaged, and on August 14th, 1852, they were married. What is more likely is this; that he heard her playing of Chopin, Beethoven, е? al., with approval, for he was fond of music; that he asked her to substitute dance music; that after the first few bars he was electrified—he had found a jewel without price. Her sense of rhythm, of sweep, of accent, of the dance- cadence with its reinforcements and languishments, the tempo rubato—was genius itself. He lost no time in marrying her as a business asset. She was lovable and he may have loved her. It is possible but hardly prob- able; for there is nothing in the record to show that he loved others, or that he loved himself. He was merely self-centered—not even cold. He was mod- erate of habit; drank a little wine, smoked an occa- sional cigar, and was an enthusiast regarding hygiene. The stage-setting augured well for the coming child. The stock was sound. All the tribe were black-haired. So he came to pay his visit in due time, as recorded, believed by his mother to be an angel from Heaven, so great, so illusioning is the Mother-passion. But, as regarded from the view-point of the chronicler, he was not an angel from heaven. Rather the reverse. At the age of two he had developed temper, strong will, and obstinacy. He became at times a veritable howl- ing dervish. He bawled, he shrieked, he blubbered, sobbed, whined and whimpered. He seemed to be obsessed by fixed ideas. Once in a while, as time passed, there came periods of relative calm within the pervad- ing tempest, and now and then he was not wholly un- lovable. A rising sun seemed to be dawning within him. He became interested in his bath, given daily in a movable tub. Grandmama would allow none but herself to perform this rite, and as she sponged him down, he would sing to her something about Marl- brouck s'en va-t'en guerre, or tell what this giant did, or that fairy. Life was beginning to break in upon him from the outside. A continuous breaking in from the outside and breaking out from the inside was to shape his destiny. He loved to look out of the window; to see people, moving to and fro. But it was when first he saw the street-cleaners at work that there upsprung а life- fascination,—the sight, the drama of things being done. South Bennett Street ran from Washington Street to Harrison Avenue, a short block, but for him a large world. ‘The street was paved with cobble stones; the sidewalks were of brick. He was there at the window when the work began. Came on the front rank; four men armed with huge watering cans painted red; these they swung in rhythm one-two, one-two. The thrill began, the child breathed hard. Then fol- lowed the second rank—four men with huge brooms made of switches; they also, two-fisted, swung one- two, one-two, shaping a windrow in the gutter. Then came the glory of it all, the romantic, the utterly thrilling and befitting climax—an enormous, a won- derful speckled gray Normandy horse, drawing a heavy tip cart, and followed as a retinue by two men, one sweeping the windrows into hillocks, the other with shovel and with mighty faith, moving these mountains into the great chariot. ‘Thus appeared from Wash- ington Street, thus passed in orderly action, thus dis- appeared into Harrison Avenue the Pageant of Labor, leaving the child, alone, thrilled with a sort of alarm of discovery, held by an utter infatuation. He had missed nothing; he had noted every detail. He had seen it whole and seen it steady. It is a close surmise that what actually passed in the child’s mind, aside from the romance, was a budding sense of orderly power. Indeed, the rhythm of it all had made a spe- cial impression. And then to the wondering child, in turn, slowly there arose the dawn of a wonder-world. Of course his mother often dandled him on her foot, holding his puny outstretched hands in hers, and in great glee and high spirits sang to him about Le bon roi Dagobert, Le grand St. Elois, and other heroes of the nursery. He felt these tales to be true, especially when the high points and low points of knee action were reached in a rushing climax. But one evening his mother took him for a visit; and on the return walk he tired and wailed. The mother raised him to her shoulder, and when the tears had dried he looked upward at the sky and beheld with delight the moon plowing its way through fleecy clouds. He called upon Mother to share in the joy. She too looked up- ward, yet told him that the moon was not plowing a path through the clouds, but that the clouds were driven by the wind across the face of the moon. This astounding statement he received as a direct personal insult, an affront to his common. sense, and so stated. But the mother was adamant in her folly. He looked again skyward, to confirm himself. As by accident his eye fastened on the moon; the moon held steady and he 180

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THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF AN IDEA was amazed to see the clouds go by. Then consciously he tried it on the clouds and the moon again plowed on. ‘This process he reversed and reversed until he felt sure, and then it was he confided to his weary mother sagging under the intolerable burden of him, that he had made a discovery! He felt a sense of mastery and pride. He, HE, had discovered this thing. In a world rising larger, difficulties appeared, and this particular thing was not quite what it seemed at first sight to be. But he had mastered it. The fact that his mother knew all about it, had told him all about it instantly faded away, the wonder-child sank into sleep. The mother, weary unto death, neared her destination; she entered with the dormant one her son while the clouds and the moon in the stillness of early night went their serene way undisturbed by further mundane intervention. Ever at the window pane, he liked to watch the snow, falling gently in large moist flakes and, in the little gusts, swirling and piling here and there, gath- ering curiously in odd nooks, and crannies, gathering on the window panes across the street, gathering on his own window panes, mantling the trees in a loving way, building far out in a roll from the top of a neigh- bor house—and not breaking off (why did it not break off?). And the stillness, the muffled stillness, the lovely stillness. He was not satisfied to glance, he must look long, very long and steadily, he must see things move, he must follow the story, he must him- self live the drama of dark things slowly changing into white things. It was all so real to him as he gazed through the window pane, alone and very quiet. And then when morning came, the hasty rattle and scoop and sip of the shovels, cleaning the sidewalks, heaping the snow in mountains in the street. Again the song of work, the song of action. Then came the thaw. About this time a strange thing happened. It is the Mother’s story repeated many times in after years. It seems one afternoon she was at the piano playing a nocturne with the fervor and melancholy sweetness that were her sometime mood. Lost in dreamland she played on and on, when of a sudden she seemed to hear a voice low-pitched like a sigh, a moan. She stopped, looked, listened; no one there. She seemed mistaken; then from under the very piano itself, came a true sob, a child sob and sigh. Why tell what happened? Her precious son in her arms pressed tight to her bosom; tears, tears, an ecstasy of tears, a turmoil of embraces, the flood gates open wide, a wonder, a joy, a happiness, an exultation, an exaltation supreme over all the world. The child did not understand. Why did he, unnoticed enter the room, why secrete himself where he was found, why was he overcome and melted into lamentation? Had anyone else been playing, would he have thus responded? Had a new world begun to arise, this time a wonder-world within him- self? Had there been. awakened a new power within this child of three,—a power arising from the foun- tainhead of all tears? FoLty Cove The family had decided to spend the summer on Cape Ann. They settled in a farm house of the very old fashioned kind, at a tiny spot called Folly Cove. The farm was a fairly large one and spread out to the rock-bound coast. It had its weather-beaten orchards, its meadows and its fields, its barn and out- buildings, its barnyard with a well and bright tin bucket worked with a pulley and chain. There were also the farmer, a typical extra-nasal Yankee; the taded, shriveled, worn-out wife; the usual dozen or more children, and a farm hand. Also in the meadow was a well without a curb. Presently our hero wan- ders into this meadow, picking the sparkling flowers, feeling the lush grass, glorying in the open. Quite incidentally in his floral march he walked into the well, It was rather deep, and amid his shrieks he remembers that his blue flannel skirt seemed to float about him. The father and mother were away fishing; the farmer busy at a distance. Came the hired man on the run; a quick descent, a quick ascent of the boulder wall of the well, the child was saved. In the arms of the man he was hurried to the farm house and turned over to the women-folk. The farm-man re- turned to his work. The children quickly gathered. The women folk rapidly stripped the chilly child, rubbed him down with harsh towels, and stood him naked with back to the fire ablaze in the huge old fire- place. Тһе children, all older than he, looked оп curiously, pointed, giggled. For the first time he was aware of a vague sensitiveness. He felt, uncomfort- ably, that there was something in the air besides atmosphere, He turned aside. A new world was gestating in the depths. Upon the return of the parents all was in turmoil again. Appalled thanks, gratitude, relief, amazement, the precious, the precious, and again the precious! The father, more sedate, bethought him it would be righteous should he hold early communion with the life-saver, the farm-man. They met. The father offered lucre in gratitude sincere enough. ‘The offer was spurned. Would the farm-man, an American he- man, accept of gold for saving the life of an innocent child? He would not! Things looked bad. There was argument, persuasion, even supplication. Finally as by an inspiration he was asked if he would not ac- cept something that was not money. With dignity the farm-man replied that if the father insisted and would not otherwise be calmed, he would with pleasure ac- cept from him, as a casual gift, a plug of chewing tobacco, Thus was the value of a man-child ascer- tained and established and is to remain herein a set 181

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THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS mark. Let courts and juries decide what they may, how many grown men are worth more? In the course of his voyages of exploration, our ` prodigy came across the other well, the one in the barn yard with pulley, chain, and big bright tin bucket. He was curious, and began huge experiments. Some- how the bucket got loose from the hook, struck the water with a splash and began to fill. He leaned over the edge in alarm. What was to be done? Nothing: The bucket began its swaying descent, glinting this way, darkening that way, became dusky and was gone. In its place arose from the well an accusation seeming to say "guilty," and there arose within and without the child a new world, the world of accountability, of responsibility. Yet what was to be done? Noth- ing! So we may say that once there was a well in Cape Ann, a bucket and a child and a thought in the throes of birth. He spent most of his time with his father: the bond of union was the love of the great out-of-doors. ‘Too young to philosophize and search his soul to dis- cover sin, he took all things for granted. It seemed natural to him that there should be flowers, grass, trees, cows, oxen, sunshine and rains, the great open sky, the solid earth underfoot, men, women, children, the great ocean and its rock-bound shore. All these he took at their face value—they all belonged to him. He would sit beside his father on a great boulder watching him fish with pole and line, He would re- main patiently there, inspirited by the salt breeze, lis- tening to the joyous song of the sea as the ground swells reared and dashed upon the rocks with a mighty shouting, and a roaring recall, to form and break and form again. It seemed to lull him. It was mighty. It belonged to him. It was his sea. It was his father fishing. One day, as he was sitting alone on the boulder, his father swung into sight in a row boat, and pulled for the open sea. The child did not know about row- boats, he һай not discovered them, he did not under- stand how they went. Suddenly the father and the boat disappeared, the child gave a shriek of alarm, then as suddenly man and boat re-appeared, to disap- pear again. The ground-swell was running high, the breeze was stiffening, the boat with the man grew smaller, and smaller at each renewed appearance; there was a flash each time. Smaller and smaller grew the boat until it became but a speck, then it be- gan to grow bigger and bigger. Тһе child, dumb- founded, ran to meet his father, in wild excitement at the landing. ‘The father, very patient in such matters, explained it all as best he could, and the child listened eagerly, with some understanding. What was said must be true because his father, who knew everything had said so. But, what he knew, all of himself, and beyond the knowledge of others was that the sea was a monster, a huge monster that would have swallowed up his father, like one of the giants he had told his grandmama about, if his father had not been such a big strong man. He felt this with terror and pride. 'Ihus arose the rim of another world, a world of strife and power, on the horizon verge of a greater sea. For the remainder of the summer, nothing of spe- cial import occurred. ‘The family returned to the City. When all were settled, he was sent to the primary school of that district. He reported to the family at the end of the first day that teacher had called him to the platform to lead the singing. What a dreary prison the primary school of that day must have been. His recollection of his stay there is but a gray blank. Not one bright spot to recall, not one stimulus to his imagination, not one happiness. ‘These he found only at home. He learned his letters, he íollowed the routine, that is all. Nor were there any especially memorable events at home until the matter of the farm came up and was discussed interminably. He had been merely enlarging his geographical boundaries, and ex- hausting the material. Тһе primary school had, for the moment, dulled his faculties, slackened his frank eagerness, ignored his abundant imagination, his na- tive sympathy. Even the family influence could not wholly antidote this. The neighborhood was growing disreputable. Next came the farm. (To be continued.) Restoration of Durham Cathedral Important work is being carried out in connection with the great central tower of Durham Cathedral (England). The walls have moved in the course of years, and there are cracks wide enough to admit a man's arm, and in some instances the keystones have dropped. It is in- tended securely to bind the walls together. Some of the angle beams which have been removed have been there since the 17th century, and, with the exception of the ends which have rotted away, are still in remarkably good condition. Much of the stonework, the admiration of archaeologists for generations, is crumbling away, and many curious figures have become displaced and are sus- pended in a dangerous position. The hanging of the bells is to be improved, and only one has been left in position for marking the hours and ringing the nightly curfew. It is expected that the work will occupy at least twelve months. 182

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А Bird's- Eye View of Chinese Art Illustrated by Examples in the Collections of Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago By BERTHOLD LAUFER Curator, Department of Anthropology, Field Museum, Chicago N 1907, Mrs, T. B. Blackstone of Chicago pro- vided the Field Museum of Natural History with an endowment for carrying on researches and securing collections in China and Tibet. The work was entrusted to the writer of this article, who spent over a year in Tibet and almost two years, from 1908 to 1910, in the interior of China. The results of this expedition are shown in the east and west galleries of the new museum building and aim at giving a general survey of the development of Chinese civilization from earliest times until the beginning of the nineteenth century, as well as a representative picture of the cul- ture of Tibet. China is a world in itself, and its civilization is a complex, as vast as the ocean. Within the brief compass of an article, only a few phases in this rich development could be selected for discussion, and the objects serving as illustration are very few examples picked from thousands in the Museum’s collections. All emanations of ancient Chinese art must be in- terpreted from the religious conceptions and ideals of the nation. Worship of the great elementary forces of nature, deep reverence for the departed, unlimited devotion to ancestors and their ethical traditions, an insatiable yearning for salvation and immortality, com- bined with a sound and practical philosophy of life and moral standards, form the keynote of the mentality of Chinese society. Like that of Egypt, the art of ancient China is one of the dead, and the monuments discovered in the graves bear a distinct relation to the beliefs in a future life entertained by the people and ` simultaneously reflect the actual. state which their civilization had reached. The Han period covering the time around the Chris- tian era (206 B.C.-A.D. 220) marks the transition from the impersonal art of the archaic epoch to the middle ages. It denotes the culminating point of ideal- istic art in that religious sentiments or ideas are ex- pressed in a straightforward manner with an intimate personal and human touch. During this epoch, the graves were laid out in large sepulchral chambers composed either of stone slabs or enormous bricks, which formed a vault sheltering the coffin and the paraphernalia interred with the departed spirit. The slabs were usually adorned with pictures traced in flat relief and illustrating favorite incidents of ancient his- tory or mythological lore in a narrative of almost epic style. Somewhat naive and primitive in the rep- resentation of human figures and in the expression of emotions, they are nevertheless full of life and move- ment in their records of battles, hunting scenes, court processions, royal receptions, or domestic affairs. These engravings in stone come down from the sec- ond century A.D., and present an important source for the study of ancient civilization. "Тһе bricks were impressed with elaborate compositions of. geometric designs (see Fig. 1). On the same plate may be seen roofing-tiles coming from the ancient palaces of the Han dynasty, of which no other remains are left. These tiles consist of a long half-cylinder to the front of which a disk is attached, and are made of a burnt steel-hard clay. The cylindrical portion rested on the lower end of the roof so that the disk projected over the eaves, and was visible to the passer-by from below. This part was therefore embellished with designs or ornamental characters in relief, forming a saying of good omen or giving the name of the palace to which they belonged. The most conspicuous feature of the Han dynasty graves is formed by a magnificent display of plain or green and brown glazed pottery, of which a very com- prehensive and representative collection is assembled in the Field Museum. This mortuary fictile art pre- sents a microcosm of the life and culture of that age, and makes a substantial contribution toward a recon- struction of China’s past, АП the property dear to the living was then reproduced in clay objects of minia- ture size and confided to the grave, as houses, gran- aries, watch-towers, farm-sheds, barn-yards, mills, grain-crushers, sheepfolds, stoves, as well as the fa- vorite domestic animals like dogs and swine. The likeness of an object suggested a living reality, and the inmate of the tomb was believed to enjoy the posses- sion of the durable clay offerings as though they were the real thing. Тһе meaning of death was, to the Chinese, a continuation of this life in almost the identi- cal surroundings. The spirits of the-deceased, though they had relinquished their bodily form, still were compelled to partake of food and drink. Hundreds of models of cooking-stoves have been discovered in the ancient graves, which goes to show that cooking, sym- bolically at least, was believed to be continued in the other world. Pottery jars bearing out the conception of a draw- well (Fig. 2) were lowered into the grave to furnish the dead with a constant supply of fresh water. 'The square body of the jar represents the well-curb, the well-frame being erected over its edges on which leans a water-bucket, resembling in shape the one still used at present. The frame above makes space for the in- 183

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THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS sertion of 2 pulley over which a rope passes, the buckets being suspended from the ends of the rope. In some specimens the pulley is actually moulded in clay, in the form of a small wheel. The pulley is protected from rain by a sloping, tiled roof. This type of draw-well jar affords an interesting example of how realistic objects assumed idealized ex- pression and artistic form under the hands of unnamed potters. It is still more interesting to observe how this realistic subject gradually became conventionalized to shrink into a mere ceramic type of basket shape with ahandle. In Fig. 3 the draw-well idea is plainly mani- fest; the well-curb is a cylindrical vessel; the bucket is there, resting on the edge, but the structural framework is replaced with an elegantly curved handle, while the pulley and roof have developed into a merely ornamental function. There are other specimens like this опе, de- void of the well-bucket; while in others, ultimately, even pulley and roof have disappeared, leaving solely a jar surmounted by a rounded handle. One of the chief attractions of Han pottery is the beauty and color variety of the glazes and the decomposition of the glaze subsequently brought about by oxidation un- derground of the metals mixed in the glaze and fre- quently resulting in golden and silvery iridescence. The clay modelers of the Han period chiefly de- pended for their forms on the contemporaneous bronze- founders. Most of the large pottery vases interred with the dead were in fact derived from corresponding types of bronze, which, on their part, served the pur- poses of the living generation, Of all nations, the ancient Chinese remain unexcelled in the art of bronze- casting, both as to beauty of form and technical excel- lence. The process of casting was 4 cire perdue, of which Benvenuto Cellini has left so classical a de- scription; and it is amazing that large vessels, many of them of great complexity, were in ancient times produced in a single cast, inclusive of bottom and handles. ‘The bottle-shaped bronze vase (Fig. 4) is a good example of Han art, exquisite in shape, admir- able in proportion, and striking by its simplicity. It is coated with a layer of fine, deep green patina. Some fifteen years ago, graves of the middle ages were first opened during the construction of railroads, yielding an unexpected harvest of clay figurines of a bewildering variety of forms. Under the Tang dynasty (A.D. 618-906), from which the majority of these figurines come down, culture had made a considerable advance, and life was enriched by a noble refinement of social customs, as well as by a vast progress in poetry, painting, and sculpture. It was China’s Augustan age. In distinction from the art of the Han, this epoch is characterized by naturalistic tendencies of art, as notably evidenced by the work of the great landscapists. In the Tang graves we encounter ап overwhelming number of human figures, and this per- sonal element that makes a direct appeal to us is the most remarkable feature cropping out of these new discoveries. The feminine ideal of that age is illus- trated by numerous statuettes of graceful women, who were loyal companions of their masters in the beyond. They exhibit a large variety of costumes and hair- dressings (Fig. 5), as suggested by local usage; this trait renders them a live source for the study of for- mer fashions. In viewing the Chinese exclusively under the influ- ence of the Confucian doctrines and the rigid ethical system based on them, we are prone to make them out as a rather serious and even pedantic people. It should be borne in mind, however, that there was at all times a merry old China fond of good shows and addicted to entertaining games. Dominoes and playing-cards were invented in China, football was played as early. as the Han, and polo was introduced from Central Asia un- der the Tang. Figures of acrobats, jugglers, musicians, and dancers are carved on the walls of the Han grave- chambers; and skilfully modelled clay statuettes of guaint mimes and actors, providing entertainment for the souls of the deceased, have arisen from the graves of the middle ages (Fig. 6). Some are represented in the midst of reciting a monologue, others are shown in highly dramatic poses, gesticulating with lively motions as if acting on the stage. Others are portrayed with such impressive realism and individuality of expression that we feel almost tempted to name them after favorite casts familiar to us, The countenance of these actors displays decidedly Aryan features. It seems almost certain that they are intended to represent per- formers hailing from Kucha in Turkestan. We know from the contemporaneous Chinese annals that music and art were eagerly cultivated by the people of Kucha, and that their actors paid frequent visits to China, be- ing favorite guests at the imperial court residing in Chang-an, Shen-si Province. From manuscripts dis- covered in the sandy deserts of ‘Turkestan, and recently deciphered, it is now ascertained that the inhabitants of Kucha spoke an Indo-European language, designated as Tokharian B. It is a far cry from the Tang (A.D. 618-906) to the Ming dynasty (1368-1643), which in the main was a retrospective period of art. The styles of ancient masters were then copied; and while novel ideas were no longer created, technical skill and perfection, as well as grace and refinement prevailed. A unique set of ten bronze figures, each representing a renowned beauty of the Han period, in the collections of Field Museum, is thoroughly characteristic of these ten- dencies (Fig. 7). Each is shown in a different posture of dancing, dressed in a long flowing robe with em- broidered collar. The bases, of bronze also, are moulded in the shape of rocks surrounded by waves. This work is exceptional in that it is the individual 184

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A BIRD'S EYE VIEW OF CHINESE ART current of thought and art swept over eastern Asia. This novel influence emanated from India, the land of speculative dreams, poetic imagery, good stories, phi- losophical doctrines, and many theories of religious salvation. The expansion of Indian influence through- out the far east, inclusive of the Malay Archipelago, ) К 1 à x CO ES » E t Р +t -- E ' be л ра 424,3”; x 2% PRN ы САСЫР MET چ Bc. ^t Mes 3 = "n ¥ bd J БИ m ہے‎ 5 ^ ہے‎ ее я Қ УУДА ж. Fic. 8 is one of the outstanding and fundamental facts in the history of the world, and disseminated the elements of Indian civilization to the mountain tribes of the Hima- layas and the poorest jungle tribes of Indo-China, in the same manner as it enriched and deepened: the life Fic. 9 of the civilized nations like the Chinese, Koreans, and Japanese. ‘This intellectual conquest is connected with conception of an artist, widely differing from the con- the name of Buddha, the first who founded a univer- ventional figure-productions of contemporaneous sal religion that made a world-wide appeal. Many craftsmen. Buddhist missionaries travelled from India to China, From the third and fourth century onward a new either over land by way of Kashmir and Turkestan, 189

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Fic. 10 or over the maritime route leading to Canton, to preach the gospel of Buddha, to assist in the translation into Chinese of their sacred books written in Sanskrit, and to promote the foundation of monasteries and temples. Again, numerous Chinese monks who had taken the vows in the new order wended their way to India to learn Sanskrit, study Buddha’s law, and return to their native country, loaded with palm-leaf manuscripts, pictures, and statues. Тһе records which these un- daunted pilgrims have left to us are of the highest value for reconstructing the history of Central Asia and India during the middle ages, and felicitously supplement what India lacks,—a sound chronology, as well as geographical and historical accounts. The Buddhist art of India reached the climax of its development during the first and second centuries A.D. along the northwestern frontier of the country, in a stretch of territory comprising the modern district of Peshawar and the western portion of the Panjab, anciently known as the kingdom of Gandhara. Here arose a school of artists, chiefly excelling in stone sculpture and working under the influence of late Hellenistic traditions, which had filtered into India under the successors to Alexander the Great. It was 190

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С^ ҰМ wae Ne YS:‏ ہل х NX. м. М ہے‎ NI =. A BIRD’S EYE VIEW OF CHINESE ART Fic. 11 the Gandhara school which for the first time created a statue of Buddha after the model of the Greek Apollo, with such modifications as were compatible with the Indian national spirit. A remarkable collection of early Gandhara sculptures was recently acquired by the Field Museum. ‘The great historical importance of this art centre rests on the fact that it became the mother and fountain-head of all Buddhist art in the east, that its models and lessons were propagated to Nepal, Tibet, China, Korea, Japan, as well as to Siam, Cambodja, апа Java; the Indo-Hellenic style, though sometimes modified, overlaid or even obscured by na- tive traditions, has persisted to this day, and is still plainly discernible in the most recent productions of all those countries. In China, particularly, the advent of Buddhism tended to revolutionize many long-inherited concep- tions of art. National Chinese art, as conditioned perhaps by its appliances—paper, silk, ink, and soft hair-brush—is one of line and color, unrivalled in surface decorations; while the sense of plasticity is by far less developed. Here remains a significant psy- chological problem for investigation. There аге analogous phenomena in other lines of mental activity ; glancing at mathematics, we observe that the Chinese . have successfully cultivated and signally advanced plane geometry, arithmetic, and trigonometry; they had no understanding, however, of the laws govern- ing stereometry.. They embarked on scientific survey- ing and map-making as early as the Tang period, their early maps are fairly accurate and in many ways ex- cellent; boundaries, routes, rivers, canals, and other water-courses, in short, the configuration of plain surface areas, are registered with a high degree of ` fidelity, but mountain-ranges always presented a task beyond their capacity, and were simply neglected. The mountain scenery was enjoyed esthetically, but its structure was not grasped, its characteristics not ex- : pressed, its elevations not measured; in fact, I dare say, as I often made the experiment, no ordinary Chinese has any conception of orography, or is capable of giving a half-way intelligent description of any mountain formation. То return to Buddhism, how- ever,—its exponents opened the astonished eyes of Chinese artists, for the first time, to the beauty of the human body and its personification in free sculpture. 'The nude has always been alien to Chinese spirit, and is not merely timidly dodged, but stringently tabooed by the great painters. They never accentuate sex and passion, and the eternal love-theme does not furnish them with any inspiration. What attracts them is the richly decorated and easily flowing silk robe with its graceful movements, and face and hands are the sole organs finding expression. -And now Buddhism came: with an art showing undercurrents of Hellenic thought and, despite the pessimistic keynote of its teachings, making a free display of the nude and of bodily forms. While, in the beginning, the Chinese merely copied the models, as transmitted from India, they gradually learned how to assimilate them to their own national consciousness, and the masters of the chisel during the Tang period have handed down to us monuments which not only vie with their Indian counterparts, but even surpass them in spirit and fervor of faith. The praying Bodhisatva (a saint on the way to the dignity of a Buddha, a future Buddha), represented in the marble relief of Fig. 8, reminds us, in the naive, pious simplicity of the conception, of our own.medizval tomb-sculptures of saints and devout kings. The two recumbent lions by which he is flanked symbolize the saint's power over the king of the beasts. The nimbus, foreign to the East, was early derived in India from western Asia. Не is equipped with а five-leaved diadem, a necklace falling crosswise over the chest, and a mantle covering the shoulders and reaching the ground; above all, the fine pose, the hands devotedly 191 T

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اس 0 Fic. 14 Fic. 13

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Fic. 15 folded for prayer (a custom attested in the Buddhist community at least three centuries B.C.), апа the tranquil, contemplative countenance make this marble a little masterpiece. The marble statuette in Fig. 9 represents the Bod- hisatva Maitreya, the Messiah of the Buddhists, who will appear at the end of this world-period as the fu- ture Buddha for the salvation of mankind. He stands on a base formed by lotus petals, the lotus being an emblem of purity and virtue. In his left he holds a holy-water bottle. He appears adorned with the regalia of a prince and decked with elaborate jewelry. The high-relief carving of a seated Bodhisatva (Fig. 10) is laid out on a square marble block, which served as a building-stone in a temple near Si-ngan fu, the capital of Shen-si Province and the ancient metropolis and imperial seat under the Tang. It was chiefly in this centre that most of the Buddhist scriptures were translated into Chinese. The unconventional freedom with which the shawl is treated, its ends fluttering in the air-and-in their. motion strangely contrasting with Fic. 16 the motionless repose of the meditating saint, is a note- worthy feature of this sculpture. The detached marble head of a Bodhisatva, shown in Fig. 11, allows one to view in detail the somewhat extravagant hair- dressing with which most of these statues are adorned ; a very decorative fillet holds the hair in order, and the closed eyes of the Bodhisatva indicate the state of religious contemplation. The black marble image, illustrated in Fig. 12, re- veals a quite different aspect of Buddhist art. This is a guardian deity, a defender of the faith, the Buddha Acala; that is, the Immovable, who combines features of the Hindu gods Civa and Indra, and who reappears in Japan as Fudo. Immovable and stern, he is seated cross-legged on a lotus-base, clad only with a sash run- ning over his left shoulder. A powerful, double-edged sword, ready to strike, is firmly clenched in his right fist to ward off demons and the enemies of the faith, and which demon could gather courage enough to approach him? His stanch countenance with the sturdy muscles of an athlete would assuredly deter any one. 194

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“ AP 44 ? ^ Y m 8 мж TS! у. “n>. ون‎ 2 مو‎ . PN i p NN M Т) His hair is combed from the forehead upward, bound up in a top-knot, where it is held by an ornament of floral shape, and then falls down in front in a single long tress, kept in shape by three rings. This is one of the most vigorous examples of modelling in Buddhist art that has ever come under my notice. ‘This stone was excavated in the village of Yang-kia, three miles north of Si-ngan fu, and comes down from the period of the Wei dynasty (A.D. 386-532). While Buddhism obtained a firm grip over the masses of China, modifying to a considerable extent their beliefs and hopes of the hereafter, it never suc- ceeded in wiping out the old national religion, com- monly known as Taoism. As a practical people, the Chinese were always intent on having several roads to salvation open to them. Іп its esoteric aspect, Taoism is a sort of pantheistic philosophy; in its popular garb, it is essentially ‘worship of nature gods, spirits, and fairies. Alchemy, the quest for the philosophers’ stone and the elixir of life, yearning for eternal youth and immortal life on the isles of the blest far away in the eastern ocean, are essential articles in the faith of its adepts. They worshipped among others a trinity of . 18 -- , gods, termed the Three Pure Ones, the first of whom was Yüan Shi Tien-tsun (“the Venerable One of Heaven"), the supreme god, who was regarded as the personification of the beginning and creation of all things. His cult was highly developed under the Tang dynasty. A life-size head chiseled from a marble of beautifully yellowish tinge (Figs. 13-14) testifies to the fact that the T'aoists of that period mustered artists of the same high calibre as the Buddhists, whether they may have learned the art of sculpture from the latter or not. 'The virile, majestic forehead strongly modelled and the spiritual expressiveness of the face divulge the presence of a god ; and with all its conventional features, as, for instance, evidenced by the beard and the ears, this bust nevertheless makes a strong impression, and is distinguished by .high artistic qualities, This im- pression would be still more favorable, were the nose not mutilated. The crown shaped lotus leaves or lotus-petals superposed in three layers is noteworthy. The same god we encounter again in the votive image represented in Fig. 15. Here he is seated cross- legged on a railed throne skillfully draped. This con- ception is rather naturalistic; the right hand, full of 196

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SUING ылу ea ا ا‎ ey CARN ' 27 4. 5 ~ Ж. > 7 — p ей | dr maga. 4) N H اح‎ y life, rests leisurely on the top of the rail ; the left hand, unfortunately broken off, was raised in the act of preaching. Тһе face is profoundly spiritualized and decidedly noble and beautiful, The whole composi- tion of this sculpture (note the pedestal built in four sections) is harmonious and monumental, and stamps it as a work of art of the first order. It is provided with an inscription, which yields a date corresponding to our year A.D. 709; that is, the early Tang period. The inscribed stones мете all dedicated to temples by faithful laymen, the usual occasion for such an event being cases of sickness in the family, especially on the part of a man's parents; it was accordingly an act of filial piety, and the donor invoked, in the inscription, the deity figured on the stone, that his mother or father might soon recover. In large votive stones we occasionally have a lengthy pedigree or a long list of a whole village community carved on the reverse of the slab, and in some cases the founders had their por- traits incised in the stone or represented in relief, Such a votive stone is illustrated in Fig. 16. The god Yüan Shi Tien-tsun occupies the centre on a throne flanked by two lions. The founder of the stone is portrayed to his right; the founder's wife, to his left, in the atti- tude of worshipping the god. An inscription of eleven lines is spread over the socle and contains a date, which answers to A.D. 665 (Tang dynasty). In northern China it was customary to erect a mound or tumulus over the grave. In front of this mound was usually placed an altar of stone on which were arranged five vessels for sacrificing—an incense- burner in the centre, surrounded by two flower-vases and a pair of candlesticks, all carved from solid stone. In the ancestral and othe- temples this set of vessels was ordinarily cast from bronze, and the funerary sets were modelled in stone after the bronze vessels. Such. a funerary stone flower-vase of the Ming period (1368- 1643) is shown in Fig. 17. Its surface is elaborately decorated with dragons soaring in clouds and. conceived of as the messengers of fertile rain. Тһе handles are 197

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Fic. 20 shaped into elephant-heads holding dead rings carved in relief, while the rings are alive and movable in the corresponding bronze vases. Characteristic of the Ming period also are small portable bronze stoves neatly decorated with relief pictures and very scarce at present. ‘The Chinese are in the habit of heating their bodies rather than their rooms by laying onion-like suits of clothes one on top of the other, adding on, as the severity of the winter increases. Open bráziers of copper or clay pans filled with burning charcoal, as a rule, are the only means of heating employed in the average man’s home, while asbestos stoves are now largely used in Peking. Artis- tic bronze stoves, such as illustrated in Figs. 18 and 19, aré at present things of the past and no longer made. ‘The former is decorated on both sides with a picture of cranes wading through a lotus-pond; the latter, posed on four dragon-heads, is elaborately adorned with four-clawed, imperial dragons skillfully moulded in high relief, testifying to the fact that this stove was made for and actually utilized in the palaces of the Ming emperors. It is divided into three cylin- drical compartments, the fire being built in the central larger one, the opening being formed by the gaping jaws of a powerful dragon-head. The most prominent and conspicuous feature of a Chinese mansion, public building, or temple, is the roof on which an exuberant wealth of ornamentation is usually lavished, and which glitters in dazzling col- ors of green, blue, or yellow brought out in the glazes of the tiles. Under the Manchu dynasty yellow tiles were reserved: for the imperial palaces and temples; and green tiles for the buildings of the ministries ; color symbolism of this kind played a significant róle in Chinese society from time immemorial. The roof is the index of the position, rank, and taste of the tenant ; and, according to the simplicity, grandeur, massive- ness, or elegance of construction, as the case may be, fcreshadows the scope and importance of the building. The tiles on the gables are frequently surmounted by figures of fantastic animals or guardian gods, set up in long rows and giving the roof a very picturesque appearance. In Fig. 20 a green-glazed lion is shown with curly mane, tail and lower part of the mane being glazed yellow. Fig. 21 represents a winged griffin or dragon-horse of a brilliant, pure yellow. "Тһе statuette of a mail-clad warrior, glazed a beautiful torquoise blue (Fig. 22), was placed on the roof to ward oft from the house malignant spirits and any evil influences. The same function was shared by the devil-exorciser in Fig, 23, glazed green and yellow, who, with his magic sword and ferocious grimaces, made an efficient guard and tutelary saint of a fine temple structure in Shn-sai Province. | 198

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Architects and City Planning By THOMAS ADAMS What are the architectural matters that need to be dealt with in the preparation of a city or town plan and to what extent does the architect need to have knowledge of the landscape, engineering and legal factors, so as to supervise the work or to collaborate effectively with a working group of city planners? We should answer these two questions before we con- sider the further question of what instruction should be given to architectural students in the art and science of city planning. The Architect as City Planner It goes without saying that the architect, by virtue of his training in the principles and practice of design, his cultivation of the artistic and imaginative qualities, and his responsibility for the buildings of the city, is in a most important sense a city planner. Indeed there is some excuse for the claim that is sometimes made that, because he is an architect, therefore he is the city planner. History to a large extent supports that claim. When we read of ancient city plans we usually find reference to the architects who planned them. In more modern times we find the contribution of the architect to the greatest examples of city planning to be an outstanding one. Washington owes as much, if not more, to the architect as to the engineer and the land- scape architect. The re-planning of Chicago was under the supervision of an architect. One of the most com- pletely executed plans was that of New Edinburgh, in Scotland, which was laid out according to a competitive plan of Craig the architect and was built up from designs of the brothers Adam, Playfair and other leading Scottish architects of the period. ‘The greatest achievement of Edinburgh was not the street system of Craig, which R. L. Stevenson criticized somewhat harshly and not altogether justly, but the arrangement and composition of the building groups facing the streets and squares. In a later competition for designs of extensions of Craig’s plans the premiated designs were those of Playfair, Crichton, Reade and Nasmyth, all Edinburgh architects. In England there is only one firm of landscape archi- tects that practices town planning but it includes an architect as a partner. Several architects and a smaller number of engineers (including surveyors) in Britain, have gained their reputation chiefly in the field of town planning. During the period of the writer’s experience few important town planning schemes have been carried - to completion without the aid of an architect. When the first Garden City Company was formed at Letchworth in 1902 designs were invited from two sets of two col- laborating architects—one Parker and Unwin, and the other Lethaby and Ricardo. The second Garden City of Welwyn was first planned by Crickmer, an architect who gained his early experience at Letchworth. The writer has always been associated with an architect in any plans he has prepared, and would not attempt to make a plan without architectural assistance. That asso- ciation has taken the form of co-operation with an archi- tect like Lutyens as consultant or of employing capable architectural assistants. Where, by force of circum- stances, the supervision of the collaborating architect was not maintained over the execution of the plan failure has resulted. The professors of Civic Design at Liverpool and Lon- - don University are architects. Perhaps the greatest town planning conference that has been held was promoted by the Royal Institute of Architects and the proceedings of that conference is a standard work of reference on town planning. Much more might be said to the same effect to prove the necessity, first, for the collaboration of the architects in city planning, and second, the importance of specialized training for those architects who desire to practice city planning. Similar claims could be made for the land- scape architect and the engineer, in respect of those parts of the field of city planning which is properly their own. In a previous article it was shown that the field was wide enough to require the contributions of members of all three professions, with such legal aid as may be needed. City planning will advance as an art and develop as a science all the more rapidly if it is recognized that it cannot be monopolized as a practice by individuals working alone. No doubt differences of opinion will always exist as to the relative degree of responsibility of different members in a group, but, once the general prin- ciple, that the field is one for co-operation of special- ists, is accepted the relationships between the specialists will soon adjust themselves. A certain aloofness to city planning by American arch- itects may be ascribed in part to two reasons—one, the lack of appreciation on their part of the need for co- operation with others, owing to a disregard of the scope and ramifications of the factors to be dealt with in the modern city plan and, two, (both a cause and effect of the first), a lack of special training in city planning. Architectural Matters to Be Considered in City Plan To return, then, to the question with which we started, what are the factors to be considered by the architect in the city plan?—remembering that the modern Amer- ican city is a peculiar urban agglomeration growing up on a democratic foundation and without any precedent for the character of many of its problems. It has to be studied and planned from sociological, economic and aesthetic viewpoints. Among the objects of the plan are healthy living conditions, economic use of the land, convenience for the means of transportation and distribution, order and beauty in structure and natural feature. The facts have to be known regard- 201

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THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS ing topographic, social, climatic, hygienic, historic and economic conditions, and the relation between these facts have to be ascertained to get the foundation of knowledge necessary to plan. The renaissance of cities cannot be accomplished by schemes for architectural treatment of their structural growth—such as the treatment of monumental civic cen- tres, any more than by the widening of streets or the laying out of park systems. These matters have to be dealt with in proper order, but there must first be study of the underlying elements in city growth—living con- ditions, industry, and control of land development,—next has to be considered all the services of the city,—trans- portation, drainage, water supply, power, educational ` and recreation facilities, public open spaces and public buildings. To begin with, whether or not the architect is co- operating with the lawyer, he needs to know something of the State laws and city charters governing safety, construction of adjacent and related buildings, building set-backs, zoning and creation of city plan commissions. He has to investigate the eftects of social and іп- dustrial factors, ascertained in surveys, on height, use and character of buildings; the influence of land tenure and methods of sub-division of blocks and lots on the arrangement, density and character of buildings erected or to be erected; the historical factors that have pro- moted, retarded, or changed the type of buildings; the location and reciprocal relations of industrial, business and residence buildings. He has to study conditions regarding local types of dwellings and their improvement; the relation between urban and rural development; planning of small sites for dwellings and community centres; the relation of width of street to height and bulk of buildings and between elevation of buildings and street grades. Other matters to be dealt with from the architectural point of view are treatment of building set-backs and encroachments on sidewalks; general distribution of buildings of dif- ferent character; use of alleys; private restrictions in residential aieas; apartment houses, garages, theatres and other special types of building. There are still left the big civic problems of an archi- tectural character relating to railway termini and their approaches; market buildings; bridges, buildings in parks and athletic fields, groups of buildings for municipal, educational, hospital and other public purposes; water- front buildings; and generally the placing, arrangement and surroundings of public and quasi-public buildings, the approaches to these buildings and their connection with the park system and main entrances of the city. All of these matters require to be considered by an architect in collaboration with the landscape architect and engineer. Тһе architect needs to know something of all of them so as to enable him to co-operate effective- ly with the group whose combined knowledge should enable them to prepare the comprehensive plan. If, as seems certain, the planning of cities is going to be more actively promoted in the future, we have to consider what special equipment of knowledge the young architect feeds to make him competent to undertake his share of the work of planning cities. Building Trades and Other Trades A National Problem By STUART CHASE ing trades is a real problem, as distinguished from a local or temporary one, is well shown by the Census of Occupations for 1920 as compared with that of 1910. Unfortunately the detailed classified figures of occupations for the whole country have not yet been made available, but the enumeration of New York State has lately been published, and it is probable that it is broadly representative of the country as a whole. The census includes all persons, male and female, over ten years of age who are “gainfully employed.” Needless to say, a worker, whether employed or not on the day the census man comes around, records himself as belonging to one or another of the “gainfully employed" classifica- tions. There is a psychological imperative against record- ing oneself as a jobless bum. Furthermore, the year 1920 was one of comparatively little unemployment, as un- employment goes. We are safe then in taking the follow- ing figures at very near their face value. It is to be noted, however, that on the basis of the square feet of building contracts awarded, 1920 was not so good a year Те the shortage of skilled workers іп the build- as 1919 or 1918, but a better year than 1916 or 1917, and far better than 1921. It was not an abnormal year. New York State Persons Gainfully Employed Percent 1910 1920 Increase Decrease All persons .......... 4,003,844 4,503,153 12.5% .... Brick and stone masons 28,306 19,676 .... 30.5 Carpenters .......... 93,547 92,304 .... 1.3 Painters and glaziers. 46,738 41,399 .... 11.4 Total masons, саг- penters and painters.. 168,591 153,379 .... 9.9% Thus while the total persons gainfully employed in New York State during the decade increased from four to four and one-half million, or 12.5%; the building trades work- ers listed above decreased from 168,591 to 153,379, or 9.9%. With population and total workers going up, build- ing trades craftsmen are coming down. They are coming down almost as fast as the others are going up. The greatest decline seems to be in the ranks of the masons, 202

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COMMUNITY PLANNING AND HOUSING the least decline in the case of the carpenters, with the painters holding a middle course between the two. Skilled building trades workers may be classed as primary producers. The result of their efforts is of the first importance, for they provide us with shelter—one of the three fundamental human wants. While this alarm- ing shortage has been taking place in their ranks during the past decade it is interesting to observe the gains which have been made in the case of certain “overhead” workers during the same period. “Overhead” workers, as their name implies, produce nothing, but are engaged in dis- tributing, selling, cajoling and recording the things which the primary producers make. The value of the func- tion of a certain number of overhead workers is indis- putable but the question arises as to how great a load of them the industrial system can effectively bear. Should they necessarily increase faster than primary producers, as the following figures show them to be increasing? What, if any, is the breaking point of maximum non- productive load? New York State Persons Gainfully Employed Percent 1910 1920 Increase All persons .............. 4,003,844 4,503,153 12.5% Agents .................. 13,487 24,447 81.4 Bankers and brokers...... 14,903 21,293 42.9 Bookkeepers .............. 84,189 121,663 44.5 Chauffeurs ............... 13,159 70,843 438.2 Clerks: ا پھر ا سے ہت‎ ЕР 212,275 343,481 61.8 Insurance agents ......... 13,843 19,266 39.2 Salesmen and women...... 140,049 169,837 21.3 Stenographers ............ 58,522 113,544 94.4 Telephone operators ...... 13,759 40,867 197.0 Wholesale dealers ....... 10,869 19,604 80.4 Total of above overhead ۹ھ‎ ۶۶9۳ 575,055 944,845. 64.3% While the number of persons gainfully employed dur- ing the decade increased 12.5% this group of overhead workers shot up 64.3%. In the case of chauffeurs and telephone operators we should expect a faster rate of increase, but how about agents, bookkeepers, bankers, stenographers and wholesale dealers? How long can New York State support such an acceleration in over- head trades? In this connection, the Census Bureau has published some nation-wide figures in which the distinction between primary producers and overhead workers is strikingly shown. While individual trades are not classified, the occupations for great trade groups have been made public, as follows: | United States Persons Gainfully Employed Percent ۱ 1910 1920 Increase Decrease Primary Producers Farmers and Fishermen ....... 12,659,000 10,951,000 ...... 13.5% Miners ............ 965,000 1,091,000 13.1 кей Factory and тесһап- ical workers ..... 10,659,000 12,813,000 20.2 Total primary.... 24,283,000 24,855,000 2.4% Owerhead Workers Transportation 2,638,000 3,066,000 16.2% Trade ............ 3,615,000 4,244,000 17.4 Clerical service..... 1,737,000 3,120,000 79.6 Public service....... 459,000 771,000 68.0 نے‎ Professional service. 1,663,000 2,153,000 29.5 T Domestic service.... 3,772,000 3,400,000 .... 9.9% Total overhead... 13,884,000 16,754,000 20.7% Grand total all persons ......... 38,167,000 41,609,000 9.0% The total number of persons gainfully employed in the country, increased from 38,167,000 in 1910 to 41,609,000 in 1920—or just 9%. Meanwhile the primary producers as · a group increased only 2.4%, while the overhead workers as a group increased 20.7%. How long can the country as a whole support such an acceleration in overhead trades? The farmers fell off 13.5% during the decade. Factory workers increased 20.2% but how much of this increase is due to the manufacture of non-essential goods sup- ported by advertising? Meanwhile, clerks increased 79.6%, public servants 68%, professional people 29.5%. Domestic servants, waiters, etc., strangely enough, de- clined nearly 10% during the decade. Here is one type of overhead service that is actually on the down grade. Cafeterias may hàve something to do with it. The problem of the architect and his dearth of skilled workers in the building trades thus turns out to be part of a vast, nation-wide problem which comprehends the articulation of occupations throughout the whole in- dustrial system. Community Planning and Housing CLARENCE 5. STEIN, Associate Editor Obligatory Planning in Canada , The Canadian province of Saskatchewan has taken an important step in city and rural planning far in advance of any of our States. The April Journal of the Town Planning Institute (Canada) says under the heading “Obligatory Town Planning in Canada": “Provincial legislation in town planning and rural development was adopted by the province of Saskatchewan in December, 1917, giving the director of town planning under the Department of Municipal Affairs the power to call upon any city, town or village within the province to prepare an orderly plan for its future development within three years so that the expensive mistakes, the disorder and ugliness that have so often characterized the growth of 203

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THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS towns and cities might be avoided in the province of Saskatchewan. “The compulsion of law for the preservation of life had to be applied to factories and workshops many years ago. Manufacturers are not allowed to expose their workers to needless risks of life and limb. The town is a factory and workshop for the making of citizens. The ideal of law is the protection of those who are not able to protect themselves. Let a town grow up on the method of land sweating and for the supposed benefit of a few real estate owners only and sooner or later the price will be paid in waste of life and by men and women and children who were not in the least responsible for the conditions that demanded their sacrifice. “From all villages, towns and cities in Saskatchewan the province has now the power to ask for by-laws that will: ` (1) fix the building lines of all existing roads and all new roads so as to preserve the utility and beauty of streets; (2) reserve land for new thoroughfares that may be needed later in the interests of future civic economy; (3) reserve land for parks and open spaces so that there will be always room for children and adults to play; (4) limit the number of separate family dwellings to the acre and the percentage of the building area on the lots so as to prevent over-crowding and slum conditions; (5) set aside certain districts or zones for different civic uses such as industry, commerce and residences to prevent destruction of home values; (6) classify agricultural land into different uses to prevent waste of human energy on unprofitable soil; (7) prohibit the carrying on of noxious trades or manufactures or the erection of bill-boards among the residences of the people; and, (8) regulate the width of streets according to their uses in order to save the expense of unnecessarily wide roads. “There is every sign that the administrative officials are fully impressed with the importance of the oppor- tunity for shaping the towns of Saskatchewan to better uses of life and industry. The town planning branch has prepared various procedure regulations and by-laws for the guidance of the towns, villages and hamlets. The framers of the act realized that a jumble town usually begins as a hamlet or village and wisely placed no popu- lation limit to the operations of town planning method. A question in the legislature of 17 January revealed the fact that 238 applications have been made to the director of town planning for approval of new developments; that 52 plans of new townsites have been approved and that 10 of these have been organized as villages with reason- able chance of working to a plan of development that will co-ordinate the various activities and save future waste of change, expensive mistakes and ugly confusion. The total area of lands covered by the applications is 12,010 acres of which 10,000 acres represent land laid out for farm plots or market gardens, thus demonstrat- ing that rural planning is receiving as much attention as town planning. Of the remainder,. 162 acres represent land intended for school sites and public reserves, which is a demonstration of the economy of providing for these needs before land values multiply because of the exist- ence of such social necessities. | “The chief problem appears to be in persuading local authorities that orderly development is for the common good. Owing to existing business depression and con- tinued shortage of houses councils are loath to discuss plans of future improvement or to submit to building re- strictions. Laissez-faire methods have prevailed so long and particular individuals have so often benefited by confusion at the expense of the community that many civic officials find it difficult to rise to the conception of the cash value, not to mention other values, of com- munity order and beauty. The province of Saskatchewan has one of the most advanced town planning acts in the world and has the distinction of first putting an obliga- tory town planning act in operation. It is a good twelve months ahead of British procedure and has only Nova Scotia as a near competitor.” British Housing and “Тһе Ахе” The Committee on National Expenditure, appointed to inquire into the financial situation of Britain with a view toward that greatly desired end—a balanced budget—has, as is now well known, made its First In- terim Report, somewhat satirically referred to by the opposition press as the “Geddes Axe," the qualificative being borrowed from the name of the Chairman. The report has kindled some considerable hubbub. Prepared as they might well have been during the last three years, many Englishmen are still in no way recon- ciled to the blunt facts and the brutal truth. They decline to admit that a "better land for heroes" cannot be had from the economic system which they resolutely refuse to examine. Thus, to students of the housing question the world over, the Geddes report has a warn- ing message: For the year 1922-3 the British ministry of Health presented the following estimate: (a) Housing subsidy to private builders..... £2,500,000 (b) Grants towards the deficit on local hous- ing schemes ....................... 9,500,000 Discount on sale of army huts......... 20,000 Improvement of slum dwellings........ 130,000 £12,150,000 Less balance of sales of housing mate- rials over ригсһавев................. 750,000 £11,400,000 In analyzing the situation the National Committee finds that: The average cost of houses now built is......... £1,100 The loan charge at 6.8 per cent is (per annum). . 75 The dverage rent is .......................... 16 The average per annum deficit per house is...... 59 The contribution of local authorities through the special compulsory housing tax rate of a penny іп the pound 15................... 4 Leaving the national taxpayers to meet а рег annum deficit on each house of.......... £55 204

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COMMUNITY PLANNING AND HOUSING Тһе full annual charge is reckoned at £10,000,000 for sixty years. The National Committee sees по relief except the sale of houses. It estimates that the full annual charge could thus be reduced (on 176,000 houses), to £6,400,000. Garden Cities and Town Planning says: “We have very good reason to believe that at the time of the armistice the condition of the country was such that two clear alternatives were seriously examined by the Government in regard to the supply of houses. Either wages had to be raised to enable the workers to pay an economic rent for houses built by the normal processes of the trade, or existing wages had to be sup- plemented by a large subsidy to house rent. The former solution was too dangerous and uncertain in its opera- tion, and the rent subsidy was accepted in its place. The decision, in the difficult circumstances, was a wise one, for while the raising of wages to make possible the uni- versal payment of economic rent might have produced some houses, it could not be guaranteed to do so; it might have produced more luxury-spending, or less in- dustry, and so on. Оп the other hand a scheme to build through the local authorities would at least produce houses, physically; and that was half the battle. Home- less workers would flock to these houses and the imme- diate house famine would cease. The financing of this gigantic movement was not easy, but at least it was sepa- rated from the material problem of house supply. Ten- ants are now in the 77,000 houses reported completed in our issue of last month and, given good fortune, about 160,000 houses may be completed and tenanted under the restricted program by the end of this year. “There are regulations under the Acts for the sale of houses on certain terms, but it is obvious that only a comparatively small number of tenants will be in a po- sition to buy them. If many were sufficiently prosperous to purchase, or, to stretch the point, if all were, then the assumption underlying the whole policy of rent subsidy would be proved false: for if tenants are able to purchase houses at 75 per cent or 50 per cent of their cost they could well afford to pay more than an uneconomic rent of £16 or so per annum. But, as everyone knows, the working classes cannot purchase their own houses. “The housing policy was framed to enable the very large working population, liberated by the cessation of war, to rent houses in towns to which they were drawn by industry; it was framed to have a good social and industrial effect upon the country, at an admitted and necessary expense to the Exchequer. The Axe Commit- tee, however, disregards sociology, industry, economics and moral obligation: it courts revolution, and occupies itself alone with finance—a narrow, dangerous and im- practical view. “But let us assume that the state-owned houses are sold as the result of an amendment to the Acts: that the total burden accruing from the completion of the re- stricted program is reduced from £600,000,000 by 36 per cent. On to whose shoulders will it be shifted as it slides off the back of the taxpayers? If the local au- thorities purchase the houses they will either have to raise the rent from a net to an economic level or put the burden on to the rates. If speculative landlords buy the houses they will certainly have to charge an enhanced rent to yield them a profit. But here again we are met with another difficulty in which the Minister and the Committee are in ominous agreement: according to the Report the one affirms ‘it is very unlikely that it will ever be possible to increase rents’ and the other confesses ‘it appears unlikely, therefore, that any material increase in the rent for these houses can be looked for.’ “We may summarize the thing in a sentence by say- ing that the Committee proposes to sell 176,000 houses that the working-classes, as a whole, cannot buy, that the ratepayers will not buy, and that landlords would be foolish to buy unless they can secure an economic rent. There is yet another evil alternative that the houses will be sold to the slightly more fortunate lower-middle- classes (or newly-rich working men to the number of 170,000) who will evict the present tenants—workers, heroes and their families. What a witches’ cauldron of mischief these business experts have set abrewing!" Zoning in Atlanta The plan prepared by the experienced zoning adviser, Robert Whitten, for Atlanta, Georgia, subdivides resi- dential districts into three race subdivisions: white, col- ored and undetermined. Families of one race may not hereafter move into districts reserved for the other race. Exception, however, is made for servants when housed on the same lot as their employer. The Survey of April 22 says in comment: “Mr. Whitten, in introducing this measure of race segregation in his zoning plan, is acting in accordance with a conviction that has grown upon him in the course of his experience. In conversation with the present writer he stated recently that he was opposed to any zoning that would favor a mixture of residences for families of different economic status. In his opinion it is more desirable that bankers and the leading business men should live in one part of town, storekeepers, clerks and technicians in another, and working people in yet others where they would enjoy the association with neigh- bors more or less of their own kind. Nothing is to be gained, he thinks, by trying to promote a better mutual acquaintance of different groups by arranging for resi- dential use areas that leave open the erection of homes of unlimited variety as to type of occupation. An en- tirely logical application of this viewpoint by a minute differentiation of restrictions for residential areas accord- ing to the cost of homes is, of course, impossible and has nowhere been attempted, except by private restriction. The Atlanta plan is the first which makes a distinction concerning type of residents as well as type of residence. To judge from the support it has received from the local newspapers and organizations of citizens, it seems to an- swer the prevailing desire of the white Atlantans—the more so since the emphasis in the commission's report and in the publicity supporting it has been laid entirely on the protection of property values as the main purpose of zoning. But as a precedent it opens up the possibility of new zoning ordinances embodying restrictions against immigrants, or immigrants of certain races, against per- sons of certain occupations, political or religious affilia- tions, or modes of life. As such it deserves very serious consideration by all students of city development." 205

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THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS Defending the Profession “THE ARCHITECT!” How easily the bland, imper- sonal phrase flows from those contemptuous lips, who are bent upon damning a whole profession because of the laxity of some individual member. What a fine fury fumes and fulminates in the mind that fashions the words,—what slinking scorn,—what devilish despite! The Engineering News-Record—one is surprised at the source—recently inquired with a grand flourish of trumpets, what is becoming of “the architect,” and of course the inquiry was accompanied with а rather ominous narration of “the architect's" technical de- ficiencies. А contemporary— T he American Architect, thereupon labored itself into quite a heavy excitement, lost no time in running up its own largest and finest "Ich Dien," and in haughty language demanded to be informed what THE JouRNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTI- TUTE OF ARCHITECTS had ever done in defending “the honor of the profession,” ending the matter by advising that now is the time for all good men, including the In- stitute, etc, etc. It was quite a fine bit of rhetorical sputtering and we hope it gave relief. For ourselves, we confess that so far neither of the two publications mentioned have yet started a single bead of perspiration on our dull pates. We have the odd and curious feeling that honor is not a possession which required a defense, with all due deference to Laertes. We think it is never at a loss in taking care of itself. As for the “honor of the profession,” why not be sensible about it instead of taking a cue from the gallery? What is honorable in any profession needs no defense. What is not honorable cannot be defended. Men whose acts are based upon a sense of honor do not advertise the fact, just as men whose motives are interested have the fatal habit of resorting to the word “disinterested.” | Honor has two simple tests. They never fail. One requires the attainment of success by honorable means, yet without any puffing or blowing. The other asks for honorable failure with no whining. Тһе first demands that sort of humility which knows that all success rests solidly on the failures of others quite as much as on their successes. The second requires the finest kind of courage and reverence known to man in a world where paeans to Success have howled Humility into hiding and made Reverence a beggar. l And then—what is this mysterious thing called honor? How does it differ from truth or justice, or righteous- ness? And is it personal or universal? Fixed and immutable or only a light that the wisest men follow with uncertain steps at best, and never with utter faith? Two men under the same sets of circumstances might act in diametrical opposition, yet be equally honorable. Thus honor has something to do with motive, we opine. And the motives of men are more often beyond than within their ken or ours. We suggest with the kindest intentions and the utmost deference that our two con- temporaries return to Don Quixote, that immortal tilter at windmills and that equally immortal “defender.” They have too long neglected him, one feels sure. We may later turn up our File of Architectural Curi- osities and see what we have on the subject of Honor. We recall the “nice point” for example, which Mr. Gals- worthy raises in “Forsyte vs. Bosinney.” Then there is the diaphanous question raised in the case of that archi- tect who, as accepted participant in a competition carry- ing a fat fee, managed to convey to certain of the authori- ties concerned the information that his office made no charge for engineering services (we think we have a pho- tographic copy of the exact wording), as his office was 50 organized as to etc., etc. А nice and different point there, too. Or that still more fleeting, shadowy and obscure ques- tion of honor involved in the extraordinary case—un- paralleled in the history of architectural practice, we believe—of the two partners who agreed between them- selves not to enter a competition to which they as a firm had been invited. Whereupon each, making a pretext to the office for an unusual absence fled for the battlefield. Thus, imagine the scene on the day when the invited competitors were assembled to meet the authorities in charge: Here, before the actual hour of meeting, in one room, was one of the partners explaining to the Chair- man how impossible it was for his partner to be present, while in another room his partner had buttonholed the members of the Committee and was expressing his pro- found sorrow that his partner could not be there. Then they all met. A very nice point, gentlemen of the jury, when you remember that one of the partners had previously and secretly besought the favor of having the invitation issued to him rather than to the firm! These are merely some things that we happen to re- ‘call, but presently we shall have a look at our files. In the meantime we shall persist in our theory that honor is a very personal thing,—that it does not require to be defended,—that it looks dubiously upon gratuitous offers of aid, that men governed by their sense of honor use it naturally and unconsciously, just as they use the tibia or the tendon Achilles,—and that they never get excited about it. But what we should like to see would be a more keenly developed sense of the Tragic Tale of Those That Tried. That is the blot on all professional or vocational escut- cheons. It is what hides the million graves of honorable Effort of striving that failed, not for want of skill, but for lack of opportunity, lack of friends, lack of money, position, appreciation,—failed through shyness, timidity, or because of a sense of professional dignity that would brook neither asking nor seeking. Over the resting places of these unhonored and unsung Success too often takes it s careless way of pleasant ease. C. H. W. From Our Book Shelf Hospitals The second edition of “The American Hospital of the Twentieth Century” * has been increased by over a hun- dred pages and an even greater number of illustrations, showing many buildings completed since the ‘publication of the earlier edition and covering many new details. 1“The American Hospital of the Twentieth Century.” By Edward Е. Stevens. The Architectural Record Co, М. Y. 1921. 206 "

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LETTERS TO The criticism of the earlier edition, that the space devoted to the general grouping of buildings was inade- quate, has been met in part, and more. examples of hospi- tal layouts are given, but the author, from his long ex- perience, might well go into greater detail in his criticism of the various types of plan and treat at greater length the relative advantages of high and low buildings.* The chapter devoted to the Ward Unit has been very materially increased with much data from recent hospi- tals, including the work of architects not represented in the earlier volume. For the student of hospital plan- ning, the opportunity is given for comparison of some ot the best of the hospital wards of Europe with many examples of American practice, not always to the ad- vantage of the latter, as some enthusiastic Americans ` would have us believe. The continued progress of hospital planning is no- where better demonstrated than in the chapter on Con- tagious Hospitals where more and better planned build- ings are shown than in the earlier edition, though all still owe their homage to the late Florentin Martin, architect of the Pasteur Hospital in Paris. The author treats at greater length the planning of small hospitals, a matter of especial interest to the average architect, and a number of interesting examples have been added. It is of par- ticular value to learn how this problem has been solved with limited space and limited means, and the amount of the remodelling of a residence, at the end of the book, will also be found interesting; as this is a constant feature of small hospital work, more data of this sort would be welcomed. The chapters on Kitchen and Laundry Equipment, Details of Construction, and Furniture, have all been increased in size and more fully illustrated, and all in all the profession is once more indebted to Mr. Stevens for bringing up to date what is today recognized as the standard work on hospital practice. C. B. News Notes 'ITHosE members of the New York Chapter who have been giving their time, as part of the Committee on Public Information, to the study of the City Hall Park plan and fountains for different parks throughout the City, have been making considerable progress, and hope to have their drawings completed in May so that an exhibition may be held shortly thereafter. Mr. Birch Burdette Long has kindly offered his services for the general massing and rendering of a bird's-eye perspective of the City Hall Park development. Messrs. Lanc, RAuGLAND & Lewis, Architects and Engineers, announce the opening of an office at 627 Metropolitan Bank Building, Minneapolis, Minn. Messrs. MCKENZIE, Уоовнпвв & GMELIN announce their removal to the Canadian-Pacific Building, 342 Madison Avenue, New York City. THOMAS PRINGLE announces the removal of his offices to 217 Ninth Street, Pittsburgh, Pa. ANDREW J. THOMAS announces the removal of his office to 15 East 47th Street, New York City. GENTLEMEN: THE EDITOR A Sum of £200 has been placed in the hands of the President of the R. I. B. A. by an anonymous donor for the purpose of instituting a competition for a business building, facing on an ordinary London street, in which “color” would be the dominant feature. The Competition will be open to all members of the profession, and students of the Architectural Schools in London and elsewhere. Competitors have a free hand as regards style, ma- terial and color treatment. Three premiums (£100, £50 and £20) will be awarded to the best color designs, ir- respective of architectural excellence. A fourth premium of £30 will be awarded to the best architectural design. Color must be suggested by the use of permanent material only. Designs in oil paint, fresco, scrafito, and so on, will not be admissible. The members of the jury are: Sir Edwin Lutyens, R. A.; Т. E. Collcutt, Esq., P.P.R.I.B.A.; Professor Gerald ° Moira; William Walcot, Esq. The designs, by the courtesy of the Royal Institute of British Architects, will be exhibited at 9, Conduit Street, W. 1, after the award has been made. The Competition will be conducted under the Regulations of the R. I. B. A. in so far as these are applicable. Letters to the Editor Architects and Advertising To Tue EDITOR: April 3, 1922. Enclosed is a copy of a letter written to one of our con- cerns b ——, and a сору of the letter written to him from this office. Yours very truly, ASSOCIATION OF NATIONAL ADVERTISERS, INC. J. SULLIVAN, Secretary-Treasurer. — —, of COPY Architect March 16, 1922. I am informed that under date of February 20th Messrs. & , General Contractors of the new , requested your cooperation in an elaborate issue about to be pub- lished featuring the building. I do not desire to influence your judgment in this matter, but as the Architect of the work wish to impress upon you the unique position this building holds in the world. It has been freely stated, without contradiction, that it has no equal. At any rate, I know of no other that possesses the elaborate development that this does—bearing this in mind it would appear to me to be a privilege to be asso- ciated with the work in any capacity. I believe the publicity would be an excellent investment. The issue I understand is to be run on National Day, ——, at. which time the leading Superintendents of the Country are invited to be present at the opening of the building. I commend the enterprise to your careful consideration, and would be glad to hear how you look at it. Sincerely yours, (Signed) — —— 207

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THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS COPY | March 28, 1922. Mr. ——, DEAR SIR: Did you ever hear of Vanity Advertising? If not, may we say that there are many varieties of it, of which one is, doubtless, the publication to be issued by & , to feature the new building, use of which for advertising purposes is being advised by you to members of this Asso- ciation. If we had time to write, and you to read, what could be written about Vanity Advertising, you would probably be much interested and edified by the story. Suffice it to say that all such advertising is a waste of money; and, as will be obvious to an educated man, waste of money not only immediately increases the cost of pro- moting business, but recoils upon all those who waste it, or advise its waste. In the case to which we have referred, it seems also fair to say that if & desire to advertise their busi- ness, they should do so at their own expense, and not at the expense of firms supplying, or likely to be interested in supplying, furniture or equipment to the new building. Without a doubt, if it were suggested to you that you should ask a manufacturer to send a sum of money to & in order that they might spend it to advertise them- selves, you would decline the suggestion as not only un- ethical, but entirely uneconomic. But there is no difference whatever between that and asking a manufacturer to help pay for & 's “elabo- rate issue about to be published featuring the building.” Such requests—may we say?—are against the interests of your profession, against the interests of the contracting busi- ness, against the interests of the manufacturer, and against the public interests in economy in selling merchandise. In drawing attention to such an unwarranted request to our members as you have made, we are doing no more than what has already been done by the American Institute of Architects in the attached resolution. Yours very truly, ASSOCIATION OF NATIONAL ADVERTISERS, INC. (Signed) J. SULLIVAN, Secretary-Treasurer. New Members Elected ALABAMA: John Eayres Davis, Birmingham. Boston: Frank E. Cleveland. Harold Buckley Willis, Weston. BROOKLYN: Adolph Goldberg, Daniel D. Streeter. CENTRAL New York: Carl Wesley Clark, Cortland. Charles Henry Conrad, Binghamton. Dayton: Rollin E. Gebhart, Howard William Germann. George Her- mann, William M. McCluer, Gustave A. Niehus, Law- rence Hampton Hall, Springfield. ERIE: Joseph P. Brenot. GEORGIA: Harrison S. McCrary, Jr., Savannah. ILLINOIS: Charles Gerhard Beersman, Robert J. Mc- Laren, Chicago. NEBRASKA: Charles Alban Carr, Lweyn J. Prestwich, Frederick Scholer, Noel S. Wal- lace, Omaha. PHILADELPHIA: Ralph B. Bencker, M. Hawley McLanahan. San Francisco: Russell Ray, Santa Barbara. ScRANTON-WILKES-BarRE: Frederick Amsden Nelson. Texas: Emmett T. Jackson, Раш George Silber, San Antonio. VIRGINIA: Marcellus E. Wright, Richmond. WASHINGTON, D. C.: Thomas S. Browne, Harry F. Cunningham. Architectural Instruction The Department of Architecture, Ohio State Univer- sity, Columbus, Ohio, will fill a position in the near future. The person filling this position will be given a rank on the University faculty and will divide his time between the instruction of classes in Architecture and the office of the University Architect designing academic buildings. Candidates should be graduates of a recog- nized school of architecture and have experience of not ` less than eight years in an office handling important work. They should communicate with Joseph N. Bradford. giving age, degree, experience and references. Obituary William V. Madden Elected to the Institute in 1909 Died at Rochester, November 17, 1921 Mr. William V. Madden was born June 25, 1868, and was a representative of one of the oldest families of Monroe County. Mr. Madden supplemented his early education, ac- quired in the parochial schools, by study in the high school and Mechanic's Institute and he further qualified for an active business career by taking up the study of architec- ture under the direction of W. F. Kelley and completing with J. Foster Warner, one of the most prominent and successful architects in the city. Mr. Madden spent five years in the building business with Thomas W. Finucane and in May, 1902, formed a partnership with Edwin S. Gordon, under the business name of Gordon and Mad- den, which continued until May 1st, 1918, during which time they were architects for some of the prominent buildings of the city, including the Corpus Christi Church of Rochester, the Sibley Block, the Central Bldg., the largest portion of Stromberg-Carlson telephone manu- facturing building, St. Mary's Church of Canandaigua, New York, St. Mary's Chapel, the residences of George D. B. Bonbright and George C. Gordon, the Immacu- late Conception Convent and numerous other fine struc- tures which stand as evidence of the superior skill and ability of the firm in their profession. By mutual agreement a dissolution of partnership was made May Ist, 1918. Mr. Madden was a member of the Central New York Chapter of the American Institute of Architects, and the Rochester Engineering Society and Rochester Club, and he neglected no opportunity, to his knowledge, to pro- mote his skill in the line of his chosen profession, in which he already attained more than local distinction. His death occurred November 17, 1921. Structural Service Department appears on the second right-hand page following 208 .

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XII PILES (Concrete) ж — насабу RARE IRE A t ) 1 | | | | Е ў " ن زم س i‏ ہے he application of the Raymond Method of placing Concrete Piles | easily accomplishes the ........ ground. most difficult jobs. 25 RAYMOND CONCRETE PILE CO. New York: 140 Cedar St. | Chicago: 111 W. Monroe]JSt. Canada: RAYMOND CONCRETE PILE CO., Ltd., Montreal “A FORM FOR EVERY PILE—A PILE FOR EVERY PURPOSE” INDUSTRIAL SECTION ° June, 1922

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Structural Service Department SULLIVAN W. JONES, Associate Editor LEROY E. KERN, Assistant In connection with the work of the Committee on Structural Service of the American Institute of Architects and in collabo- ration with other professional societies and organized bodies having the same objective—improvement in build- ing materials and methods and better shelter for humanity in all its manifold vocations and avocations. e ` Committee Activities Specifications for Glazing Glass. (26а1)--Ас the meet- ing of the Conference Committee on Specifications for Glaz- ing Glass, held at the United States Bureau of Standards on May 8th, the matter of sheet glass only was considered be- cause the plate glass interests were not represented. In connection with heavy sheet glass running from 26 oz. to 39 oz. the grade heretofore known as Selected Glazing was eliminated for the same reason that the AA quality of single and double strength sheet glass was previously eliminated, namely: that the quantity produced was so small that it was not a factor in the market. Lime and Cement. (3)—(Memoranda from the records of Mr. Thomas Nolan, delegate to recent meetings of Com- mittees C-1 on cement, and C-7 on lime, of the A. S. T.M., a» а representative of the A. I. A.) Lime. (Meeting of Committee C-7, Nov. 30, Dec. 1 and 2, 1921.) It will be interesting to architects to read the headings of the subdivisions of the work of research of only one of the many Committees of the A. S. T. M., for example, its Committee on Lime. It is an illustration of the sub- division of human knowledge, and the work that is being done for the architect and the engineer, in regard to the nature and proper use of building materials. Sub-Committee 1. Co-ordination. Sub-Committee 2. Оп Structural Lime. 1. Package guarantee 2. Apparent density 3. Panel tests 4. Specifications for sand 5. “Properly burned” Sub-Committee 3. Lime for Chemical Industries. 1. Lime for varnish makers 2. Lime for water softening 3. Lime for silica brick 4. Lime for causticising 5. Lime for other chemical uses. Sub-Committee 4. Lime for Agricultural Uses. 1. Investigations on solubility of limes 2. Collecting of samples of limes and lime- stones suitable for agricultural purposes 3. Graduation of liming material Sub-Committee 5. On Methods of Analysis. 1. Consideration of criticism of tentative methods 2. Determination of “available lime” 3. Method of determining apparent density Sub-Committee 6. On Plasticity. 1. The plasticimeter capacity 2. The nature and cause of plasticity 3. Effect of lime on plasticity of concrete Sub-Committee 7. Lime for Use in Highway Construction. 1. Hydrated lime in sand clay for roads and sand-carrying Sub-Committee 8. On Nomenclature. 1. Consideration of glossary 2. Consideration of gypsum glossary 3. Specific gravity 4. Apparent specific gravity During the meeting the following questions relating to Lime Plasters were proposed for discussion by Mr. Nolan: 1. Is it true that the main advantage in the use of Hy- drated Lime Plaster over other wall plasters is the fact that a wall made with lime as a base tends to deaden sound and does not reflect or transmit it in the way that a wall made with some other hard-wall plaster does? 2. Is it also true that one of the great advantages in the use of Hydrated Lime Plaster is the fact that lime plaster does not harden within the short time that some other wall plasters harden? 3. Is it a disadvantage (0 any plaster after water is added to hold back the initial set by the action of a retarder su that the set will be deferred to from one and one-half to two hours? 4. Is it possible for a plasterer to straighten the walls and true them up in a proper manner if a wall plaster sets in less than two hours? 5. When a plaster is what is called “over-retarded,” does or does not this tend to "kill" the material and cause it to lose some strength? 6. Is Hydrated Lime Plaster entirely free from the liabili- ty to corrode untreated metal lath, and do the various treat- ments applied to metal lath entirely prevent all plasters from causing corrosion? 7. Can it be said that Hydrated Lime Plaster would tend to preserve an untreated metal lath? 8. If there were any acids in a wall plaster would they ever be active without dampness or moisture? 9. Would an acid in a plaster start over again to be ac- tive, even after the wall had been finished, when unex- pected dampness or humidity entered the wall? 10. Has jt ever been found that an acid action has started up later on in the life of a building from leaks in plumbing or water pipes? 11. In regard to the question of the corrosion of metal lath due to an acid in any wall plaster, are chemists in gen- eral agreement as to the theory of how the acid is liberated in a wall plaster under moist conditions? 12. Does the buckling of wooden lath depend entirely upon the quality of the lath and the manner in which it is nailed? 13. Is or is it not true that when Hydrated Lime Plaster is used, there is generally less noticeable effect from buck- ling of wooden lath than with some other wall plasters? 14. As the buckling of wooden lath is occasioned by the expansive action of the lath due to the absorption of mois- tare upon application of the plaster, is it true that if laths are placed too close together expansion will continue to such ап extent that the laths touch each other, and that the ex- pansion will from that point force the laths outward until the plaster cracks? XIII

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XIV 1892 Herald Building, New -York * McKim, Mead & White, Architects Occupied by The New York Herald for thirty years. Now occupied by one of the highest class shops in New York—striking evidence of the enduring beauty and worth of At- lantic Terra Cotta. INDUSTRIAL SECTION BUILDING MATERIAL (Terra Cotta) ^ T the beginning of its thirtieth year, The | Herald Building takes on a new lease of life. The dark cream unglazed Atlantic Terra Cotta is unaltered; the model- ing is as crisp and fresh as the day it came from the modeler's hand. “The Herald" has departed; the animated clock has disappeared. Cleaned outside and remodeled inside the building now houses the mid-town branch of Rogers Peet and several smaller stores. Many larger and more important buildings have been erected since the Herald Building, buildings that take advantage of recent de- velopments in glazed colors and unusual tex- tures, but in modeled Terra Cotta detail the Herald Building has never been surpassed. “Questions Answered:’ on request Atlantic Terra Cotta Company 350 Madison Avenue, New York Southern Factory Atlanta Terra Cotta Company Atlanta, Georgia JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS June, 1922

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STRUCTURAL SERVICE DEPARTMENT 15. Is it or is it not true that, in some cases, in case a lath is not securely nailed, the whole end of a lath will force its way entirely through the plaster? 16. Is it also a fact that a crooked lath may often, by the distortion of its natural state when it is nailed in place, after it has absorbed the moisture from the plaster, pull the nail out, and actually return to its natural crooked shape? 17. As the result of buckling of lath is a wavy and un- even surface of the finished walls, is it possible largely to overcome this by having the laths spaced a full three-eights of an inch apart, and by firmly nailing them to each stud? 18. Is it true that although the expansive action of the laths seems to act in the same manner, no matter what kind of wall plaster is used, the slower hardening properties of Hydrated Lime Plaster have an advantage because it al- lows the plasterer to float the surfaces after the expansive action is complete, and permits, to a large extent, the re- moval of wavy and uneven appearances on the surfaces of the wall? 19. Does lime plaster have any advantage as а 8 retarder, on account of the temperature required to de- carbonize or calcine? 20. Is it or is it not true that a wall plaster composed of Hydrated Lime with a proper percentage of Portland Cement, makes one of the best of the fire-resisting plasters? 21. Does Hydrated Lime Plaster enjoy any advantage on account of its property of combining easily with Portland Cement? | | 22. Does lime plaster, or any plaster which has lime as a base, enjoy any advantage because of its certainty of stick- ing to concrete walls? 23. Is it just as well, when it is desired to secure the best results, to apply Hydrated Lime Plaster on concrete, just as it is, or is it better first to wash the concrete sur- face with a solution of hydrochloric acid and water and then brush it thoroughly with a wire brush? Is it necessary to remove the filmy surface which is found on nearly all concrete work, before applying lime plaster to the concrete? 24. Does or does not lime plaster require a sizing coat when the plaster surface is to be tinted or decorated? 25. Is a sizing coat necessary before tinting or decorating in case a wall plaster contains acids or retarders used in the manufacture of the plaster? 26. Has it always been customary to apply paints in tinting on the surfaces of lime wall plaster, and is it true that some of the oldest paintings in Europe, for example, have been painted directly on lime plaster and are still in excellent state of preservation? 27. Are there any differences, in regard to the economic advantages of different wall plasters, in the sand-carrying capacity ? 28. Will a certain quantity of neat Hydrated Lime, when sanded, produce a greater or smaller quantity of plaster than other wall plasters? 29. In regard to "plaster droppings" on the floor while a job of plastering is going on, is there any advantage in regard to prevention of loss to the plastering contractor in a big job, in using lime plaster? 30. Is there any difference in the time of deterioration of different kinds of neat wall plasters? 31. In regard to spreading qualities, that is, the ease with which a wall plaster may be worked under the trowel, is the claim true or not true that Hydrated Lime is the most plastic of plastering materials? 32. Can plastering today be finished just as quickly with Hydrated Lime plaster as with any other kind of wall plaster ? 33. As in all plastering work, the work is rotated,—1. e., in three-coat work, the scratch coat is put on, then the brown coat, and then the white coat,—(and a plasterer is putting on one of these coats in one place while the wall is harden- ing in another place just previously done), does it make much difference, in this rotation process, in regard to the final time for finishing the job, as to Hydrated Lime Plaster and other kinds of wall plasters? 34. Is it true that under favorable conditions, jobs of lime plastering have been done, in which the scratch coat is put on in the morning, the brown coat in the afternoon, and the white coat the following day? Cement. (Meeting of Committee C-1, on Cement, January 4, 1922). The meeting called attention to the need of further work dealing with “Soundness” of cement; referred to the fact that in a number of cases unsound cements had produced concrete which was, even after long periods, satisfactory ; that this property was differently determined in different countries and differently interpreted; and finally asked for a discussion of the activities of the committee along investi- gating lines not only dealing with unsoundness but with the other properties of cement. The discussion which followed this meeting of the com- mittee was one of the most interesting held during the period. In general those present felt the need of investigations which would help solve not only how unsoundness, or slow set, or rapid hardening, etc., affected the strength of the cement in concrete, but why. In other words, the need of vital funda- mental research of cement was recognized. Attention was called to the fact that those interested in the industry had not shown this need to those directing research or training research men. As a result practically no research of cement is being conducted at our Universities (investigations of concrete are not cement investigations) though such work is being done and investigators being developed along other lines: for instance, dyes, the value of the annual output of which is but a part of the value of the annual production of cement. It was recognized at the same time that the present cement specifications were not in need of immediate revision, espe- cially as the art of concrete making was such as not to make use of the full value of the cement as now available. But in the meantime the committee should not be inactive, but should be doing fundamental research. It was therefore moved and carried that a committee of three be appointed to outline investigations dealing with the qualities and what constitutes the qualities of Portland cement, ‘such a committee also to secure the aid of laborato- ries and allot the work to them. In regard to the subject of the Time of Set of Cement Mortar, it was stated that several of the laboratories of State Highway Departments had reported to the Office of Public Roads cases of "false" flash setting of cement. Atten- tion was called to the fact that this may be an example of "syneresis"—the phenomenon of a colloid in setting and then becoming more liquid. Cements may contain some very active constituent which may hydrate rapidly (false set) to a colloid which then gives off water; or it may be the sepa- rating out of a compound with the liberation of water. It has been repeatedly noted, especially when recording time- of-set machines have been used. In regard to the Strength of Cement, important further research is projected and outlined. This is for the purpose of having more tests made on more brands of cement to determine values for the compressive tests of cement, to compare these with the tensile tests and to correlate these with their cementing value in concrete. According to the program five laboratories so located as to be centers for the assembling of cement samples conveniently from the different XV

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еңі Uu WEZ U TI. Гг 1 "Af ۳ G-E TUMBLER SWITCH МОДУ. ہووت‎ ۱ ІШ D^ii i Convenience of operation is just as important as convenience of location EARS of home building experience have taught - where to place wall switches for greatest conve- nience. Years of electrical switch experience have taught a better, more simple switch mechanism. The new G-E Tumbler Switch can be operated by the flip of a finger or the sweep of an elbow. One small lever which operates UP and DOWN, replaces the two push buttons of the old style wall switch. Distinctly individual and neat in design, the new G-E Tumbler Switch adds to refinement by adding to con- venience. Thoroughly representative of G- E quality, these new G-E Tumbler Switches are made in either flush or surface types and will harmonize with any deco- rative scheme, in home, hotel or office. : The General Electric Company will be pleased to send a sample of the С-Е Tumbler Switch to any archi- tect. Address Supply Dept., Schenectady, N. Y G-E RELIABLE WIRING DEVICES can be furnished by any electrical contractor General Office 0+0٤9 Company fsa INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS June, 1922 41-146

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STRUCTURAL SERVICE DEPARTMENT plants in the different parts of the country will make the following tests: Tension test: 1:3 Standard Sand Mortar at 7-28-90-365 days. 2 x 4 Compression Cylinders 1:3 Standard Sand Mortar at 7-28-90-365 days. 2 x 4 Compression Cylinders 1:3 Local Sand Mortar at 7-28-90-365 days. 6 x 12 Compres- sion Cylinders 1:2.5:5 Local Aggregate at 7-28-90-365 days. Definitions. Attention was called, in connection with cor- rect interpretation of tests for “Consistency,” “Plasticity,” etc., of Cementitious Materials, to the proper definition of these terms. There have been general discussions of the terms, “Con- sistency,” “Plasticity,” ‘“Workability,” “Flowability,” “Vis- cosity,” and “Ductility,” and it was very clearly brought out in the discussions that there is confusion in the use of these terms. It was very clearly developed that it would be im- possible for committees to define these terms without consid- erable study. In connection with the definition of the term “consistency” several ideas were advanced as follows: That the term consistency was a measure of the degree of wetness of a material; that the consistency of a material was a measure of its resistance to change of form; that consistency depended primarily upon the dispersion of the solid particles in a liquid medium. Consistency. Funk & Wagnall’s: Compatibility or har- mony between things, acts, or statements. Degree of firm- ness or density. That which has coherence or firmness. Webster: Condition of remaining at rest or quiescent. Con- dition of standing or adhering together, or being fixed in union; firmness; coherence; solidity. A degree of firmness, density. Standard: Any state or degree of density and firmness; figuratively, any degree or firm cohesion of parts. That which has coherence or firmness in the composition of its parts. Plasticity. Funk & Wagnall’s: Plastic quality. Formative power. Webster: Plastic quality or state. Standard: The property of some substances, as clay, through which the form of the mass can be readily changed or molded. Plasticity, in the wide sense of the word, means the possession of a structure weak enough to yield to an influence, but strong enough not to yield all at once. W. James, Prin. of Psychology. W orkability. Funk & Wagnall's: Not given. Webster: Not given. Standard: Given as noun after workable. No definition. Flowability. Not given in any of above dictionaries. Viscosity. Funk & Wagnall’s: Not given. Webster: A resistance offered by a fluid to the relative motion of its particles; internal friction; capability possessed by a solid to yield under stress. Standard: Thickness of a fluid; stickiness; gumminess. In physics: That property of semi- fluids, fluids, and gases, by virtue of which they resist an instantaneous change of their shape or of the arrangement of their parts; internal friction; opposed to mobility. The property of matter by virtue of which bodies in the solid state yield continually under stress. Ductility. Funk & Wagnall's: The state or degree of being ductile. Webster: Ductile quality or state. Standard: That property of some solids by which they can be extended by drawing out, as into wire or threads. Pliancy of dispo- sition; flexibility; tractableness. Lime (Meeting of Committee C-7, March 28 and 29, 1922.) Of various sub-committees’ activities, the work of the sub- committee on Structural Lime is relatively the most inter- esting and important to the Architect. Attention was called to a method and apparatus described by Washburn and Bunting in the February, 1920, issue of the Journal of the American. Ceramic Society as a standard method for determining the porosity of quicklime. It was announced that 98 panels, representing different finish coats, have been erected to determine the relation be- tween the fineness and soundness of lime. It was suggested that if any substances prove to cause unsoundness when they are used in finish coats, these substances be tried in the brown coats to see whether the unsoundness will still be evident. It was suggested that those panels which prove to be sound after some months’ exposure be subjected to a more severe test by wetting them thoroughly with water. The Committee was greatly assisted in this work by the Plasterers Union, the Plastering Contractors! Association, the National Lime Association, and the United States Bureau of Standards. Ап outline of this work will be included іп the annual report of Committee C-7. Future Meetings. The annual meeting of the American Society for Testing Materials will be held at the Chalfont- Haddon Hall, Atlantic City, N. J., during the week of June 26, 1922. Among the topics of special importance to be opened to general discussion will be “Inspection of Concrete" and "Specifications for Concrete and Reinforced Concrete." At the Annual Meeting there is a summing up of the work of the year, and the writer of this progress report expects to submit a further report, as the representative of the Institute to the A. S. T. M. Abstracts It is the purpose of the Structural Service Committee and THE JOURNAL jointly to give in this division each month, brief abstracts of all publications by the Government Departments and Bureaus, University and other research laboratories, States and Associations, which contain fresh information in regard to materials or methods employed in construction and thus afford architects and others a convenient means of keeping themselves conversant with rapidly expanding knowledge in the technique of construction. | Stain, Shellac and Wax for Wood Floors. (25b1)— (U. S. Department of Agriculture. Farmers’ Bulletin 1219. “Floors and Floor Coverings.” Page 36. Size 6" x 9".)— This bulletin contains, besides general instructions for the finishing and care of floors, the following formulae: $tain No. 1.—1 ounce permanganate of potash, 1 quart warm water. The solution made by dissolving the permanganate of potash in the water is violet colored, but when it is applied to wood a chemical action results and the wood is stained brown. This stain gives better results on pine than on oak flooring. Stain No. 2.—1% ounces pulverized gilsonite. turpentine. This is a brown stain that can be used on either soft- 1 quart ` woods or hardwoods. Stain No. 3.—V2 pound raw sienna (ground in oil), 2 ounces raw umber (ground in oil), 1 pint boiled linseed oil, YZ pint ground Japan drier, 1 pint turpentine. Putting these materials into a bottle and shaking vigorously is perhaps the best way of mixing this stain. It has been found to give excellent results on oak. Oil stains will be absorbed more evenly by pine or maple floors—if the wood is first coated with a mixture of 3 parts turpentine and 1 part linseed oil and the surface sandpapered smooth after it is dry. Shellac Varnish—2 pounds gum shellac, % pound castor XVII

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XVIII BUILDING MATERIAL (Trade Marked Lumber) DOO NS ۰۸۷۳۷ | A. a 22275 % TRADE MARKED ا ج٣‏ ش ۰ - Nationally Known Products —Southern Pine Lumber and Timbers, Creosoted Lumber, Timbers, Posts, Poles, Ties, Piling and Wood Blocks, California White Pine Lum- ber, Sash and Doors, Standardiz- ed Woodwork, Gum and Oak Lumber, Oak Flooring. ——— Easily Identified — | Long-Bell Lumber and Timbers аге trade-marked with the name of the manufacturer. This means individu- ality, unmistakable identification—the same kind of buy- ing guide you demand on other merchandise. Reliability— | . Long-Bell Lumber and Timbers have back of them the Long-Bell lumber is reliability of a lumber concern that has been 47 years branded mechanically in the business. on one end just after it passes the trimmer. К | Good Timber— Long-Bell timbers are branded on one end Long-Bell Lumber and Timbers come from exceptional by means of a stencil. stands of virgin timber. They are manufactured in mills equipped with only the very best of modern machinery. Skilled Workmanship— Long-Bell Lumber and Timbers are made by skilled workmen—men who have been with this company for years and who take a personal interest and a personal pride in the products that bear their company’s name. Exacting Supervision— Each process of manufacture and each step in the grad- ing 15 under the supervision of men who have had years of experience. Each log is cut for purposes for which it : is best adapted. | The опас Вет, umber Company R.A.LONG BUILDING Lumbermensince1875 KANSAS CITY. MO. INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS June, 1922

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STRUCTURAL SERVICE DEPARTMENT oil, 1 gallon alcohol, denatured according to United States Internal Revenue formula No. 1. Put these ingredients into a well-stoppered bottle in a warm place, and shake the mixture frequently until the shel- lac is dissolved. The alcohol should contain not more than 5 per cent of water, and care should be taken not to drop any water into it as it is being mixed with the dry shellac. The castor oil aids in making the varnish flexible and less brittle when dry, but may be omitted; in that case, the quantity of gum shellac should be increased to 217 pounds. If too thick, this varnish may be thinned by the addition of more alcohol. Floor Wax No. 1.—1 pint turpentine, 4 ounces beeswax, 3 ounces aqua ammonia (strength, 10 per cent), 1 pint water. Mix the beeswax and the turpentine and heat them by placing the vessel in hot water until the wax dissolves. Remove the mixture from the source of heat, add the ammonia and the water, and stir vigorously until the mass becomes creamy. On varnished or shellaced floors this wax should be applied lightly and any excess wiped off at once, because ammonia dissolves varnish and shellac. Unfinished oak flooring pol- ished with this wax will be darkened somewhat as a result of the chemical action of the ammonia. Floor Wax Мо. 2.—V4 pound beeswax, 1 pound paraffin, 14 pint raw linseed oil, 174 pint turpentine. Melt the beeswax and the parafhn, add the linseed oil and turpentine, and stir the mixture vigorously. Unfinished wood will be darkened somewhat by this wax as a result of the absorption of the linseed oil. Turpentine is highly inflammable; therefore care must be taken in making these waxes to heat the ingredients only by setting them in hot water and to have no flames in the room. Varnish Remover.—4 parts benzol, 3 parts amyl acetate or fusel oil, 1 part carbon tetrachloride or chloroform. After this mixture has been applied to the wood and allowed to stand for a few minutes, the old varnish may be scraped or rubbed off with a dull knife, steel wool or excelsior. This varnish remover and others of this type should be used only where there is good ventilation and no open flame of any kind, for they contain anaesthetic and inflammable materials. Beeswax. (25b14)—(Journal of the Royal Society of Arts, Oct, 14, 1921. Extracted from leaflet published by the British Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries.) —The melting point of pure beeswax is between 63 degrees and 64 degrees C., which is higher than that of any other wax. The color, which varies from pale primrose to orange red, depends to a great extent upon the variety of pollen consumed by the bees. It is a curious fact that dark honey produces a light wax, while light honey yields one of a darker hue. For commercial purposes the lightest colored wax com- mands the best price and, therefore, before extracting it is advisable to grade the combs. Those which have not been occupied by brood, and also cappings removed from combs previous to extracting the honey will yield the best wax, and should be sorted out and melted separately from old combs, which will yield a darker and consequently less valuable wax. Adulteration.—The following are simple tests for detect- ing adulteration of beeswax: (1) A small piece of wax placed in the mouth and chewed should not adhere to the teeth, or become pasty but, generally speaking, should dis- integrate into small fragments and have no unpleasant taste. (2) Place a piece of suspected wax (of the size of a small nut) into a test tube, half fill with spirits of turpentine, and carefully warm over the flame of a spirit lamp. If the solu- - trical Engineers, 1914, page 1567. tion is cloudy, or a deposit is thrown down, the solution is not complete, and the wax is adulterated, as spirits of turpentine completely dissolve pure beeswax. . Distinguishing Characteristics of Mahogany. (19a)— (Technical Note Number 162, Forest Products Laboratory.) Only true mahogany from tropical America, “African mahogany,” and “Philippine mahogany” are commonly sold as mahogany in this country, but at various times over 60 different species of timber have been sold under that name. Although all of these species resemble each other in varying degrees, tropical American mahogany and “Afri- can mahogany” possesses one important characteristic in common. This is the occurrence of dark amber-colored gum in many of the pores. The gum does not fill the pores but is recognized as dark specks or streaks in the pores as seen on end or side grain. This gum is barely visible to the naked eye, but is easily seen through a hand lens with a magnification of 10-15 diameters. In prepar- ing the end grain of the wood for examination, a very sharp knife should be used to make a smooth cut. Some other woods have similar dark masses of gum in the pores, but none of these are commonly substituted for mahogany. Among them are crabwood and sapeli, species imported from South America in small quantities only, and the Cedrelas (Spanish cedar, etc.), which are rarely sold as mahoganies, and are easily recognized by their odor. True mahogany has fine continuous, concentric lines on the cross section usually from 4% to % inch apart, which distinguish it from “African mahogany” in which these lines never occur.* 2 E "Philippine mahogany," although not marked by the black masses of gum, is distinguished from true mahogany and other so-called mahoganies by the presence of fine, white, tangential lines 34 inch to several inches apart, readily visible to the naked eye, and showing under a lens as rows of small openings filled with a white substance. A more complete key and description of mahogany and so-called mahogany, which describes common species in detail, may be obtained from the Forest Products Laboratory. Ship Lighting. (31a19)—(Bulletin 1, D. 127, Lighting Data, Edison Lamp Works. Size 6" x 9". Pages 24.)—In this bulletin the following subjects are discussed: Special Requirements as to Wifing, Special Requirements as to Fix- tures, Lighting Practice and Requirements for Salons, Writing Room, Smoking Room, Dining Room, State Room, Working Areas, Engine and Fire Room, Galleys, Freight Decks and Passageways and Decks; Lake and River Boats and Special Fixtures. Bibliography: "Lighting of the Largest River Steamer in the World," L. C. Porter, Lighting Journal, September, 1913. "Electrical Equipment of Argentine Battleship Moreno,” H. A. Hornor, Transactions of the American Institute of Elec- “Lighting of Passenger Steamer,’ H. T. Spaulding, Transactions of Illuminating Engineering Society, Vol. X, page 680. “Lighting of Ships," H. A. Hornor, Transactions of Illuminating Engineering Society, Vol. XI, page 235. "Illumination in the Navy," Lieutenant C. 8. McDowell, Transactions of Illuminating Society. Vol. XI, page 573. “Electricity’s Part in Build- ing and Navigating Ships," H. A. Hornor, Electrical Engineer, May and June, 1918. “Science of Marine Camou- flage Design," Lieutenant E. L. Warner, Transactions of Illuminating Engineering Society, Vol. XIV, page 215. “Ap- plication of Electrical Equipment for Marine Service," Elec- trical Record, February, 1920. "Lighting of Ships, L. C. Porter, General Electric Review, February, 1915. “Painting Battleships for Low Visibility,” Lieutenant E. L. Warner, Trans. I. E. S., Vol. XIV, page 220. XIX

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ES “ D Em ( а меч سے رر‎ È — - É еа А9 ار کڈ‎ > Fr اش ورای ا ار را‎ A T AS SA nos % T мел 7; АРА, беде f м. Se A с» ai y at D Le d " e * ۹ =”: c یں لا‎ - ` ш. .ہم‎ ^ Е wie M 24 э луй. 7 , ^ ” ғ. Д ” 7 "i. ^ Lae hve „чау > 4 т E 3 л "ұт хау” ЖА ОТЕ >, * r 7 2 ; مت‎ n м ж. б А Л ! pi А T fo a tu e ат. | j "n : i z RR ЖЕ ^ نب‎ е. le ач, УА v نے‎ fi 2 ۱ ah м A ۹ 2 -- ^ 4 : 2-4 ` ; 51, ғ АУА а; < 2 ‘SP aK AS 5 еее ۵ Л “ rf ۶ * ^ MAS P: - А - “24 К ٠ 2 XX HEATING SERVICE са EANN © еә ۶2 7 W му 7 AUT From a drawing by Wesley Bonestell (б) ARCO 1922 Architects: Henry M. Congdon & Son, New York TRINITY CHURCH, Waterbury, Connecticut, where two IDEAL TYPE A HEAT MACHINES are paying for themselves in the fuel they save. How much less in the end! р old-fashioned heating plant in There are two kinds of heating equip- this church burned 80 tons of coal ment—the kind that is merely a pur- in the winter of 1918-19. chase; and the kind that is a long-time The church committee hesitated investment. whether to substitute IDear TYPE А The American Radiator Company is Heat Macuines, or а cheaper boiler. іп the business of selling heating invest- They decided to pay a ments. Sometimes they costa little more for the IDEAL 9 trifle more in the beginning— TYPE A. but how much less in the end! The following winter, a hard winter, 65 tons were burned. Last winter, a mild winter, 55 tons were burned. A. saving of 40 tons in two TO ARCHITECTS OR ENGINEERS who have residences or buildings under way this Summer: Your name on your letterhead, sent to either address below, will bring a finely illustrated book of the Іргелі. TYPE А Heat MACHINE | showing heat test charts and details years! of construction. | AMERICAN RADIATOR COMPANY IDEAL Boilers and AMERICAN Radiators for every heating need 104 West 42nd Street Dept. 115 | 816 So. Michigan Ave. | NEW YORK CHICAGO 7 5% لیس INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS git Google June, 1022

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~~ SRS OT BUILDING MATERIAL (Limestone) M. پر‎ гі | Е A 3 Third National Bank Building, Scranton. Before being remodeled. Booklets on Indiana Limestone will be mailed on request. CA. 2 LOGOS O GOA 3 > ENS LLL A. ч [ә 4 a Ф, , E. When Planning Buildings Prepare for Future Expansion "o. wow “>и OO TOS ! мс; Ч S h D К | 4 ^m е 2 | y - 4 | c re Өту; I 1 ' тә 4 ШЕРІ? جم‎ жа Ce HET he rr! aX і ж» Т ho А] ^ am a. LI » M - 5% بس‎ — " s x ы ан у" Се TN Б. 7% b FU a 2 un GE х; + اس‎ 1 Р Ы 4 3 үк + + d атақ ۴ ЗА А E л. - TT . > t udine یس‎ лемі اعت‎ TN vr 7 » Ж سو‎ е р "34 Pa ж : AE TI ме 2 M When the owners of the Third National Bank Build- ing at Scranton found it practicable to remodel and. enlarge their Indiana Limestone building, they pur- chased the adjacent site, moved the old building to. the center of it and added two wings to the old front. The illustration shows the old and new buildings.. The original bank front is that central portion of the present front, composed of four columns and the pedi- ment above. The present building is a tribute to the Architects’ ingenuity. Architects and owners who select Indiana Limestone do so with the assurance that the quarries from which this stone is obtained will be in operation years hence, producing the same stone, when alterations or addi- tions to the original structure are required. This fact is of the utmost importance when recommending and selecting a building stone. XXI ۹ INDIANA LIMESTONE QUARRYMEN'S ASSOCIATION E ae ات‎ a f, دم سے و‎ ,, THE NATION’S BUILDING STONE Box 769, Bedford, Indiana Metropolitan Service Bureau, 622 Marbridge Building, New York City 4 = A DS و‎ vidis 2 INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS June, 1922

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= те EX d wes an EN er ER 2%: n" ies Su اتد‎ x. . WT T ч EGE ed > ХА f ا‎ ^ 1 ун Гез M ILS 7%» 7) S: : чы хі, із A fis zu 3 j , XE nig 0 701 Қы و یا‎ : En 0 zm ا‎ 28 ed "mm m x этиет гун yore rette ` ` ; ; : нн erae gum ае араан, паана 77 ЧИП казу TE 92 See ite наамадагы 772 ۹57 7160:1317: lau misti АПШЕ CERA DDRII IAS ید j‏ ж 2 =ч % d 8 уч % 5% HS 3 Ха EN ۴ =“ vi ғ 2» kv 3 3 1 8 5 E a a ҰЛЫ و‎ 7 - 3 ЯС. 1 A" 9 И 32 9 F 1 В “The Noblest of Building Stone" niri 4‏ و Ддин ЗИНИН =‏ 5, 7 Estimating the cost - - ANS "A—À d رر‎ хо зок. — ЛЕ More than with any other material the cost of granite for a building depends upon intelli- gent detailing. Its cost cannot be estimated or approximated by applying a unit price to the quantity. — % ec فا‎ 3 Ж. 1 50. br. ' im m. NC “sé Коо к \ м LX "£3 ж E re A 5 ж 4 е, ж ۳ Ал E T E reg prr e o i i سب ای‎ Ё : % 4 e ` Ұс ^ С ұй B" S x 2-4 2 7 5 ў. " x Ca -3 ۱ 2 = Prr Ks 0 ہم‎ * f $ In order that the building owner and the producers of granite may mutually benefit by the economies which will accrue from a care- ful study of detail and finish the Association offers to the architect its practical knowledge on the production, cutting and setting of granite. ^ 7 Si my, gm ٦ By availing himself of this offer of coopera- tion the architect can, we believe, effect great- er actual economies than would be possible in connection with any other material, and «e7/Z- out change in the architectural design. IL 1 ТҮЛЕРІ ГА mac 7641 eit 712 e NATIONAL BUILDING GRANITE QUARRIES ASSOCIATION, ÍNC. H. H. SHERMAN, Secretary, 31 State St., Boston, Mass. ич Send for Booklet No. 1, “Architectural Granite.” See Association Catalogue in Sweets TES “۰‏ او یو i eR NSE KA d уз { à‏ 0 و TY Ys LM wey түзі мра dut TE n CENE‏ کی و inve‏ ہت شش pel RTPA Tans ere eem бете eT vmi‏ + a oo ہد بہت‎ Np tn ten кере :ہووت بجر ید‎ о-ө де е, ase ier Ux € epiac EE num am ЗАУЫ sere 2%! 4 3 r ve д» М7 қ ve АРТ ТАРТ i m ۴۹ ا‎ ЧҮ 7 зуы indi УРЫУ рема "s 25 | о du US eed AH TB LEE D ELO ДЕ ЛЕНЕЕ ШЕНІНЕ PESO B 000 IND 5 кегі سیت‎ Mini ۱ ہے یش کی تاپ‎ 5 z^ “i qwe 5 Мей Жы 7 mom ECE "1 қа! ұт? : ات‎ Aw C у қола ETS НЕМ A | 814 > ИП ۳۴ Е tk Vets hi фа Ы Uu tui trud 71 1 | فقھ А | 0 1C A4 11 24 4 d o ж. Mee esl i ا‎ ies = сес ۸82 ss جس کہ‎ Me 57: ауа Ус atts یں ۷مم‎ EREN EUR at МУ 3 AT ps nda 1 1 і ay i em з AUC тт 5552133 قرو ابی‎ Hr АААЙ s 27 “ӨЛІ x T. f n BESTE p ИИ Man E TIMES COAT Lh] ШЕШ f THE Tr A ا‎ SHE EE А جع‎ PEREI шли акын TOT EUR ELT DES CHEM RA m ді Minn ORO ER айр 3:1771 eser ыт өтеу hed E (ааа азге омеа sch CIUS LÁ, INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS June, 1922 Digitized by Google

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~~ HEATING EQUIPMENT XXIII | What the Chain Store Teaches INDUSTRIAL SECTION ^o “езі NTERPRISES such as the Woolworth 5 & 10c Stores operate оп a very narrow profit margin. All costs must obviously be kept to a minimum.. It is significant, there- fore, that practically every large chain store system in this country is a user of CLOW GASTEAM heating.. Over five hundred of the United Cigar Stores, for instance, are CLow GASTEAM heated. CLOW GASTEAM radiators constitute theideal method of store heating. They eliminate boiler, piping and cold storage, thus freeing the basement for other uses. They generate a real steam heat—with a humidity impossible to secure by other means. There is no soot or dirt. No janitor is required. And the heat ` can be turned off at night without danger of freezing. The number of architects is rapidly increas- . ing who specify Clow GaAsTEAM heating on practically every job—either as the sole means of heat, or in conjunction with other systems. We are always glad to co-operate with architects in the solution of specific heating problems, as, for half a century, we have co- operated in problems -of plumbing. Is our Стоу GasrEAM Handbook in your files? JAMES B. CLOW & SONS General Offices: 534-546 S. Franklin Street, Chicago Sales offices in the principal cities JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS June, 1922

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XXIV | ‘VALVES There is reserve strength in. Jenkins Radiator Valves ез "РИНЕ STRAINS, consequent to expansion and contraction‏ کے2 or lifting and settling of piping, that play havoc with light-‏ weight, cheaply constructed valves, do not affect Jenkins‏ Radiator Valves. JENKIN Jenkins Radiator Valves contain more metal and are much heavier in design and construction than others. They have added or reserve strength to take care of the strains. The Jenkins Renewable Disc, compounded of rubber, is yielding enough to pick up any grit or sediment that may be circulated through the system, and consequently fits tight — ee En over the seat when the valve is closed. It also takes up the below: har Jenkins- Radiator Valves wear and gives the valve practically unlimited life. throughout. Holabird & Roche, . Architects; F. W. Lamb & Company, The large bonnet affords ample room for packing. Тһе "7 spindle is evenly and accurately threaded—a few easy turns open or close the valve. Various types and body finishes. To make sure of the genuine, specify “JENKINS DIAMOND MARK” Valves. JENKINS BROS. New York Boston Chicago Philadelphia Montreal London T^ mp" v 1 Sectional view -Fig. 168 Ж Jenkins Brass. Angle Radiator Valve with union, Al 4 И 1 s لم ہے سا بت‎ "AY ا‎ TUN = су, VE ao 3 x A ox E í m Ui y ? Ea d. E те А е А 2 2 \ 2%‏ میس i Е ТТ‏ { 3 i20 ہے فا‎ г ? Ay S aes تہ اسر ناف یف‎ ЭФ ж ^NI M 1 bil "IT Lum > 2i vi E Ey. “SAE ps E 3 pete 3 м Я ^ г ہے م مہہ‎ ^ - жаа; га M Lu نو کا کی وو‎ STE ہت کے‎ 7 VW DN eS are desse Ni oor XR تو ہوک‎ C IAF EES SENIORS ss ا‎ OPE pora QU CIN NS SEER RRS SNS "-" Newey INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS June, 1922

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ROOFING (Tiles) XXV LUDOWICI-CELADON COMPANY Manufacturers of "Imperial" Shale Roofing Tiles Standard patterns are “Ітрегіа!” Spanish, “Imperial” Closed Shingle and *'Imperial" French. WW a LL Т - گٹو-“‎ Regularly furnished in Red, Dull Green (matt finish) and Brook- ville Green (high glazed finish). Special shapes, textures and color treatments to suit special re- quirements. 1000 َ)( MT ATA Pe nfl fnm 7ز‎ 7 7 9۳777 U tee وو‎ Main Office: 104 So. Michigan Ave. CHICAGO, ILLINOIS А E И; е! 1, WoW okey ' { | TAE INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS June, 1922

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XXVI ; BUILDING MATERIAL (Terra Cotta) ZT QQ QQ Qo КК КККК К КК КККК 6 rind QW[GgHAAADTDTTDAATTAAATATDATDAAAAAN DAHA AAW A.A M_ A E SH | MMMM MM MO WW WY 0l lf f | / 2 1 Й Й A 1 2 2 2 1 1 7 Й @ g 1 1 2 1 А / 2 2 > 1 1 M ` - > 1 ДЕ а х | SS Z 1 ar NZ- a ux 2 Й ; T Z / 1 2 T. Й ^ ERR Й 2 2 Z P й ° Й НЕ Emerman Building, Sheridan Road NORTHWESTERN and Lawrence Ave., Chicago; Fugard is a short form of 2 2 : : | specification forarchi- 2 ‚ © Knapp, Architects, В. Гео Steif, Associate tectural Terra Cotta 7 f Architect | of superior quality. J 1 e e в Й ^ În designing a modern store or office build- j Z e e. ө e ә " 2 ^ ing, it is important to consider carefully ‘its Й 2 ө e ٠ | attractiveness to the general public; its de- / % ° of ; 2 4 ` sirability to tenants; economy as to cost; / 1 ө в > 4 permanency of construction; high rental > 1 > Z мае and low upkeep expense. / ? / 2 | | Й Y 2 Z The use of "Northwestern" grey enamel / > e % / terra cotta facing for the two street fronts / 2 ә ө в e 7 é of this building helped very materially to pro- J > . / duce all of these desirable results. ^ ; 2 2 2 f THE NORTHWESTERN TERRA СОТТА Co, CHICAGO MMW سد WW Nnr LLL INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS ' Јипе, 1022

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KEWANEE Smokeless Boilers Burn Any Coal HE man who buys the coal for a Kewanee Boiler never needs to worry about whatcoal. He merely buys the coal he can buy to best advantage. That saves him hun- dreds and thousands of dollars. So the Architect, Heating Engineer or Contractor who specifies Kewanee makes a warm friend of the build- ing owner. KEWANEE BOILER COMPANY KEWANEE, ILLINOIS | Steel Heating Boilers, Radiators, Tanks, Water Heating Garbage Burners BRANCHES: CHICAGO Market and Washington Sts, MILWAUKEE Mer. & Mfrs. Bank Bidg. NEW YORK 47 W. 42nd Ste PITTSBURGH 945 Oliver Bldg. DES MOINES 315 Hubbell Bldg. DENVER 514 Boston Bidg. KANSAS CITY 214 Wyandotte St. DALLAS Southwestern Life Bldg. INDIANAPOLIS 509 Occidental Bldg. DETROIT 1772 Lafayette Boul. ST. LOUIS 1212 Chemical Bldg. TOLEDO 1121 Nicholas Bldg. MINNEAPOLIS 708 Builders Exchange CLEVELAND 76 Rose Bldg. COLUMBUS, O. 808 1st Natl. Bank Bldg. ATLANTA,GA. 1524-25 Candler Bldg. SALT LAKE CITY Scott Bldg. SAN FRANCISCO 72 Fremont St. CANADIAN REPRESENTATIVES —The Dominion Radiator Co.,L td. Toronto, Ont., Montreal, Que., Winnipeg, Man., Hamilton, Ont.. St. John, N. B., Calgary, Alta. INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS June, 1922

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XXVIII _ BUILDING MATERIAL (Face Brick) شی کت e‏ -- "ыу r Т“ ym д > on m ا‎ V "US d 2 Y os "rn. مھ‎ A da ۶,0 t р 2; E ger ehe 1 ” Brick Panel, Town Hall, С ОП Mass., Peabody and Stearns, Ге A very effective means of breaking the monotony of a large wall ex- panse. This charming treatment is secured without the use of a single special shape or size; it shows the plasticity of the standard sized brick. The Plasticity of S апата Sized Face Brick | ЕНЕ economy of using standard sized Face standard sized Face Brick. Each series is in an Brick instead of specifying special sizes and enclosed folder, with printed tab, ready for fil- molded forms is apparent ќо апу architect. And, ing. A set of these folders — comprising more. except in rare instances, it is unnecessary. than one hundred de luxe halftone plates—- The three series of plates in “Architectural will be sent to any architect requesting them | Details in Brickwork” offer many suggestions on his office stationery, and his name will be of artistic effects that can be secured with placed on the list for future mailings. AMERICAN FACE BRICK ASSOCIATION 1750 PEOPLES LIFE BUILDING > CHICAGO, ILLINOIS INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS June, 1922 — Google .

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LIGHTING EQUIPMENT | | | XXIX BRASCOLITE PATENTED АМО TRADE MARK REGISTERED for Better Illumination | 2 5 Type AF سے‎ kk For all offices. 200- : watt size, equipped with Mazda lamp, illu- minates an office 15 ft. square. List $15.00. Special Type B-1868 For Banking Rooms. Cast Bronze — 300- Special Type B-1866 i Cast Bronze 4- watt size. Detail, light fixture early Greek Archi- tecture, E y eo کے‎ 44; ЖЖ, x : ۱ 3 = TTY = 655 ig r 4. 17 шыла 4022 BA | ali mei ہے 4 پا‎ қ g "des 7 / ^ ор 8 Mal 7 tere ہے‎ Soy ee PILAE: Pdl it « r 4 7 » f 2 РҮҮ 2 رھ — - -- 7 Another Big Building Brascolited Thruout More than 750 Brascolites illuminate this magnificent new Bank and Office Building, a monument to the progress and business spirit of the great Southwest. pra "» miu > مسل 7 ہے چہ‎ سےے۔۔ مس موس ےت جب A eee RE NE - ---.-----4- ƏЗ”; Sum i: = = ۴ таев Счет ep C pm mmm Т " SS N «Е ٠ > "x e x a نال‎ > » >м —-— “ N س‎ “ т^ ERAR = ودب‎ с”. 7 5. “7% жы Жстан "ха aimo gd wo с mme SS жалы ЖА жаса ақыл ҰҚ» а 1 کیہ‎ ` - ~ . E т < = ^ Е МЕУ ^ = » ^ ^w ہم‎ E x - | 3 pe Epi — Wee TPE tnt eet a oa ж Our Designing and Engineering Departments аге at your service, at any time—anywhere—without obligation, for any special requirements. THE BRASCOLITE COMPANY, ST. LOUIS, U. S. A. Division of the St, Louis Brass Manufacturing Company BRANCH OFFICES T: ы П 47-ы Farmers and Mechanics Bank and Office Buildin i Forth Worth. Sanguinet & Staats, Fort Worth. (Sales and Service) ۱ ۱ Mauran, Russell & Crowell, St. Louis, Associate Atlanta Boston New Orleans Detroit Philadelphia New York Architects. Westlake Construction Company, St. Los Angeles Chicago Omaha Cincinnati Minneapolis Oklahoma City Louis, General Contractor. . . INDUSTRIAL’ SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS June, 1922

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WATER HEATERS (Gas) ү | 2 )ہر‎ A - d 1 ІШІ ا‎ i 7 ri = = = سس‎ = | · 7 jue : «^ : © 3 ہ۲‎ EFA CEN. ^ MT УУ УУ N % ` 26. j ! a АРТ” ТЕ: 3 a ™ at AU 2 “2 LJ Pe М № ار کج چ جت‎ / Architects Find It a Convenient Reference Book ARCHITECTS who have seen the new Hum- phrey Manual tell us that they are glad to add it to their reference library. . It is planned to save the time of the busy archi- tect, by furnishing detailed information about various types of gas water heaters, their capacities, operating cost and installation. If you have not yet received.a copy of this manual, we will be glad to send you one, on request. HUMPHREY COMPANY (Div. Ruud Ку. Co.) KALAMAZOO, MICHIGAN AUTOMATIC GAS WATER HEATER 269A INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS June, 1922

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` BUILDING MATERIAL (Tiles) XXXI A Sensible and Businesslike Document‏ ہس К SS Publication No.: K-300, “Basic Speci-‏ ہے m‏ TILEWORK fication,” permits a very brief speci- fication to cover almost any Tile installation. This document, 722х10% inches in size, was especially prepared to serve as a record to which architects may con- veniently refer, under Tilework, in | issuing their own specifications. “BASIC SPECIFICATION” There are four related documents, all available in drafting a specification for each | Tile installation. These include: Schedules for Tilework and for accessories. Specificational paragraphs suggested for rewriting into the architect’s own specification. Paragraphs for suggested modifications of the Basic Specification. Paragraphs relating to structural features incident to Tile installation in the work of other trades. Publication No. K-200— “Basic information''—is another document pre- pared for the architect's use, embracing such sub- jects as Ingredients and Processes, Gradings, Sizes, Shapes, Colors, Fin- ishes and Nomenclature. Tiles are grouped and described, with illustra- tions. Plates of drawings show relative proportions and classifications. The documents here de- scribed are typical of the co-operative service which The Associated Tile Manufacturers are prepared to give. All of these publications, in- cluding several not here mentioned, are designed to accomplish the satis- factory use of T iles in the most economical way. Our Swimming Pool book has supplied the fundamental data for the construction of many of the finest pools. This has been credited by architects with being the most comprehensive work on this subject. Like other publications here mentioned, copies will be sent on request. SWIMMING POOLS 1:۱ :سزاللزاال لاک للا E The Associated Tile Manufacturers BEAVER FALLS, PA. | 0 772777 ТАВАТА s pr ns M uh Wa, t og op n a mE 1 77077777‏ ا ТИШЕТ T,‏ ا ا ا o [a e, i‏ لسلست INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS June, 1922

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XXXII ROOFING (Stone) MAUSOLEUMS AND MEMORIALS HEATING EQUIPMENT Т ШЕШЕН ПЕК ШЕШЕДІ ШЕТТЕ ,- 00,7 0 таа io АЫЛ ДЕ а woe que Dope sg ۱۱۴۳07۱۱۱07077.‏ یییٰٰٰ۷ оў MAUSOLEUMS AND |‏ ا У X gi |» MEMORIALS FOR THE‏ CHURCH AND CEMETERY : i ARCHITECTURAL CARVING .IN GRANITE AND MARBLE WORK ERECTED THROUGHOUT THE UNITED STATES : QUARRIERS MANUFACTURERS | AND. BUILDERS ^ ^x 3 ex! SIN 0 Ме 2 THE PRESBREY-LELAND CO. DESIGNERS AND WORKERS IN STONE - STUDIOS AND ADMINISTRATION OFFICES : 681 FIFTH AVENUE . New York City PRINCIPAL WORKS: BARRE, VT. SHOPS: KENSICO, N. Y.; WOODLAWN, The St а War М l Geo. Albree کت‎ Arch. The Presbrey- 1. С.; HARTFORD, CT. ; NASHVILLE, Leland Co., Builders Str n a als t THEE ve P HL. TH n TH pr rh THp P EP ШШШ КШ ТЇШ at HIP dee qHE ane at, e ul e eer dro e s at ШТ HI nee] T st sts vei p qug e ШЕШ ЕШШ noL, e quo ІЦШІШІІШЕ 1С Wolverine Hotel Detroit ЛҮҮ. Heating System This Hostelry has never had occasion to use more than one of the two 150 Н.Р. fire- box boilers during the two heating seasons since the hotel was opened. It is heated with a steam pressure that has never exceeded 3 pounds, even in zero weather. Detailed Technical Bulletin of the Dunham Vacuum Heating System on request. С. A. DUNHAM СО. 230 EAST OHIO STREET CHICAGO 52 Branch and Local Sales Offices in the United States and Canada Foreign Sales Offices in London and Paris The picturesque illustration shown here is a successful | use of Tudor Stone on Mr. A. I. Dupont’s residence, Roslyn, І. I. Carrere & Hastings were the architects. We are issuing a new booklet showing a wide range | of examples where Tudor Stone has been used. В لد تا‎ [| а М RISING - -& - NELSON - SLATE · CO. Phe REG. TRADE MARK WEST PAWLET, VERMONT | HE ATI NG SERVICE Architects’ - Mervice - Department 101 Park Avenue, New York Boston Philadelphia Chicago INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS June, 1922

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ғ ғ мы” М є мМ Мм ым ےہ‎ са. ARCHITECTURAL WOODWORK (Interior) WINDOWS (Casement) XXXIII "HE architectural harmony of effect possible through the skillful handling in the church ` interior of chiseled stone and carved wood is well illustrated in Trinity Cathedral, Cleveland. The rich wood carving of the choir stalls and chancel is in entire keeping with the splendid Gothic | design of the edifice itself. A recent publication of our Ecclesiastical Department is re- plete with illustrations of wood carving pieces. It is intended to show both the scope of our work and the wealth of oppor- tunity for effective pieces of all kinds available from our wood carving studios. It will be sent you promptly upon request. =a ег ; MANS х M A ^ A d t ۰ THE WOOD CARVING боса = STUDIOS OF Choir Stall End ү н зс b Яшкі | مہ‎ mo American Seating Company Chancel and Nave Looking from 5 anctuary : ۵ “A of Trinity Cathedral, Cleveland. Ohio. Af NEW YORK CHICAGO PHILADELPHIA СЕ Schweinfurth, Architect = ! Е A ELITE ee L: 695-119 W.4othSt. 1o92 Lytton B!dg. 710—250 S. Broad St. NT ч . ےم‎ 5, " ШЕ ¢ 8 E BA ЗЫ | PATENTED ШЫ 4 "rem ۱ HEZA UNIVERSAL} ШАД Ae Pon | ШЕ |) | dus , WINDOWS for BANKS, DUE OFFICES, SCHOOLS اس‎ 7434 Se ihc ү ۸ | «t 4 i ENGLISH CASEMENTS ШУ, 0 г УЙ fer artistic residences and other substantial buildings Made in varied designs to meet all conditions ITTALL Steel Casements. CRITTALL CASEMENT WINDOW CO. Manufacturers Detroit Michigan INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS | June, 1922

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XXXIV WINDOWS (Casement) LIGHTING SERVICE BUILDING MATERIAL (Terra Cotta) Light Control Lighting is not a matter of lamps only, but the application of the proper equipment to control it to secure a particular result. X Ray Reflectors "harness" light and pro- duce, thru various appli- cations, every kind of light- ing effect. The artistic Luminaires | 5 designed in our studios con- ۷ tain X-Ray Reflectors and * Unretouched photograph taken under only X-Ray Lighting produce these various light- showing the remarkable light control of Х- Ray Reflectors ing effects. Messrs. Rapp and Rapp Architects are extended the cooperation of our Designing and Engineering Architects, Chicago Departmentsin developing and applying artistic and advanced lightingmethods. NATIONAL X-RAY REFLECTOR COMPANY “The Clearing House for Lighting Ideas” New York CHICAGO Los Angeles 31 West 46th Street 235 West Jackson Boulevard Security Building Engineers in all principal cities EPIIT ۷۷٣۷۸۷۵۷۱۷ًًًك٘ك‎ ۰ TURN ЇЇ ШЇ سس ڈ۴‎ | | zzz Шаты) The Winkle Terra Cotta Company ————— ——— سح‎ т» п» (ER = ты зет с» 3 ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI = (Section from drawing in Manual) MONARCH Control Lock The ideal control for outswung casement windows. By lifting handle, locking bar is withdrawn and window may be opened to any angle. Lowering handle causes locking bar to be pushed forward, clip then rigidly engages sash bar, eliminating play in lateral arm. No gears—no ratchets—no keys—no rattle. If you have not received your copy of The Manual of Casement Hardware Detail, a post card will bring it. MANUFACTURERS OF Architectural Terra Cotta $ ШІШІШІШІШІШШІШІШІШІШШІІШІШШІИИІШШІШШИШШІШІШИІШІШІШІІШІШІШШІШЕ | لا MONARCH METAL PRODUCTS Co. 4940 Penrose Street St. Louis, Mo. AAA AAT MANTA MRNA OOTP a. == 8 In All Colors and Finishes = = = = E a = Е اح‎ E E ES ES B E = E = Е E = = Е E à Ез 2 E в Е E - = = B н = B n = ^ 7 Жтт INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS June, 1922-

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HOISTS LIGHTING SERVICE XXXV 3 Ат Attractive Display Of Lighting Fixtures in all Periods for the Home, Hotel, Theatre, Bank, or Public Building, may be seen at our Galleries EERE E Q ^ 2 А) д A P | | ^ 2 The New Model E Electric in Use at 145 W. 55th St., (2 New York City.Fred T. Ley Co., Architects & Contractors A | 9 The New Model E Electric — А e е М ۷ Latest G & G Telescopic Hoist | | А | ^ 5 HIS latest G & G Hoist possesses 9 ? many distinct improvements over | the old Model Е Electric. It is even Я у more economical іп operation, and is if | anything more sturdy in construction. с i; А very important new feature is the lowering of loads by gravity, thus sav- A е ing current consumption. | 2 + Performance @ ў It was а С & G Model E, at Hotel "Grand, New York, that raised 3,500 cans of 2 Is ashes in one continuous operation following З ej the accumulation after a heavy winter storm. This without mechanical failure of any kind, ^ 7 and this Hoist continues to give entire satis- i 2 faction. It was a С & С Model E Electric Hoist d © at the Hotel Navarre, New York, that upon being tested for current consumption showed ^ 7 an average cost of operation of only one cent ә} ود ا‎ : 9 for raising and lowering every 45 cans. We invite Architects and Our new catalog has been sent you 8 Owners to avail themselves of i: Д І inf i KY оон ee our service and visit our work- Specifications in Sweet’s Catalog and American 2: Architect Specification Manual * + v) shops where special lighting GILLIS & GEOGHEGAN a effects for аЙ purposes are } 546 West Broadway New York daily in the process of manu- 2 facture » Makers of The 8 i Victor S. Pearlman & Co. Creators of exclusive lighting fixtures Ri 533-535 South Wabash Avenue : Chicago, Ill. و - C REQG.US PAT ОРЕ Telescopic Hoist With Automatic Stop and Gravity Lowering Device SESE -— C “7, М ۴ ANG) INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS | June, 1022

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XXXVI DOORS (Metallic) | Ж . FIREPLACE EQUIPMENT JOURNAL PUBLICATION OO ONIN‏ ےھجت ھت 77 7ھ ھتھااااا ا2 өөө ХХХ ХХАХДАЛАКТ ХХ ДХЛА ЛА از ای انار رر‎ 0.9 ©6 ©0666 00 £4 ee FE eee Sree Wi ۹ 2 A A Service to Architects = We will supply E you with designs 7 in suitable varicty to meet every fire- place requirement. Write for port- folio of prints. In our experience, a pleasing fireplace design has often been a deciding factor in securing a commission. 25% Л e рер 20 ә ct: ZA DEEDS а Many architects always specify the JULII OLIO Ro ev odo SEP SL М Design No. 409 Colonial Head—Throat—Damper as the one certain means of insuring a successful fireplace, and avoiding unfavorable reflection from a fireplace that smokes or fails to draw properly. It is the only damper that provides for heat contraction and expansion within itself. Eleven sizes and five styles of operation meets all conditions. The Colonial Head insures proper construction at the vital part of the fireplace, saves heat, provides perfect draft control and avolds smoking. See Sweets Catalog and American Specification Manual for details or write for blue print. COLONIAL FIREPLACE COMPANY Manufacturers of Complete Fireplaces, Dampers, Grates, Andirons, Screens, Fenders, Hoods, Fire Sets, Etc. 4625 Roosevelt Road Chicago, Illinois ЕАО АТТОО ҮҮ ҮҮ ҮЙ CR DAHLSTROM Corridor Doors Mail Service Building 20000 77[ھھگ‎ 77 7677 7 ЇШЇШЇЇШШШШЇШЇЇЇШЇШШЇШЇЇШ ЇЇШЇШШШШ ШШ New York City = | | Perspective PROOF AGAINST FIRE : RE third revised and enlarged edi- : tion of this text-book, by Ben J. | = Lubschez, Е. A. I. A., a result of his is Webster's definition for Fireproof. E e Nip d i : : No buildine is immune کو روف‎ fire я many years’ experience in perspective à 8 4 8 d ; z and in teaching, with marked success, ри i 7 ерш prevent 5. = the science to beginners. struction in the event of an incipient - fire. This cannot be done by filling 5 The late Prof. Frank D. Sherman, a building with wood doors and trim a School of Architecture, Columbia U ni- to add fuel to that fire. = versity, called іс “ап admirable presenta- tion of the subject, clear, concise and Dahlstrom metal doors and trim expressed in language as becomes a are fireproof as they are immune from fire, there is nothing in them to burn. simple graphical process.’ Illustrated with plans and designs. Price $2.00 postpaid DAHLSTROM METALLIC DOOR Co. 439 BUFFALO STREET, JAMESTOWN, NEW YORK | The PRESS of the AMERICAN NEW YORK CHICAGO DETROIT 25 Broadway 19 South LaSalle Street 1331 Dime Bank Bldg. Representatives In All Principal Cities. INSTI ЖАСТА WF ARCHITECTS 313 East 23rd Street New York, М. Y. HOCUS a 0 ‪‪ھھھھ‪ م0‎ нин АНАА INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS . 8 June, 1922

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WINDOWS (Metal Casement) Mi ,ا‎ ШЕГЕ HARDWARE Hoffman Casements S an enclosure. for porches, sun rooms, etc., permit by i ue ал сака ھا تھا‎ ШЫГ ment and smoothness of opera- tion, almost instant transforma- tion of an open porch to a livable room with weather pro- tection equal to any part of the house. HEY are likewise suitable and satisfactory when іп- stalled as typical windows, and their many conveniences recom- mend their use as such. No limit to width of opening. Gih چ سے‎ 0 wo Жк sA p > } ы “ ДЕТТІ je ۶ | i3 НЕ EL TE‏ کت k‏ ¢ AN ІШЕР: ы و Se ЕЯ. 7 у. ر7‎ n E Andrew Hoffman Mfg Co. ІШТІ! Hoffman Casement Window | | ER P S SR Pp. 1202--1205 Complete catalog of de- tails a information 907 STEGER BUILDING و‎ L GIE ee CHICAGO Pith ال“‎ WE ath lh Ih m ساد‎ iL o fl I | Fa Tt EU UTE enih ШИШИШИ ШЕШ ИШ n ۵٣ف‎ 7 ) T h 7 ۱ "gn [ШИ PITI "нше ир ЕП li ШЕП о "он ШШ Ш ШАТ ІШІ ШЕЛ! ПИТ reason of flexibility of adjust- Ms My dub pays ۹۱۳۲.۳۳ XXXVII Hb pe WE مرک‎ Ea پا‎ a de eH m pns dp ТЕТЕ ЕРКЕЛЕТЕ "TD haa "Ip n ges ШИИ ТШШ o dp. tus "p HU ЕШ ШІЛ ПІ ШЕШЕК ШЕШІ ТЕТЕ ТЕ dl dh TTT Hl Hp e plo llle "sut DOUBLE ACTING PANTRY FLOOR CHECK No. 10 and No. 15 'Ihis device was specially designed for Pantry Doors, Gates in Office Railings, etc. It permits the door to swing in both directions, yet brings the door quietly to rest at center without any of that nerve wrecking “Flip-Flap.” AUTOMATIC DOOR HOLDER When opened to 90 degrees it holds the door automatically in that position so that no door-holder is needed. REFERENCES Perhaps one of the best references we could cite is the fact that after careful investigation, 110 sets were installed in the Montana Apartments, Park Avenue, 52nd to 53rd Street, New York City, and not one has required any attention since installed in December, 1912. This device is meeting with general approval for use in connection with Office Railing Gates. We might mention that in the Woolworth Building, New York, some 250 sets were used for this purpose. Complete catalogue containing 58 pages sent free to readers of “The Journal.” THE OSCAR С. RIXSON CO. MANUFACTURERS OF IMPROVED MECHANISMS IN BUILDERS’ HARDWARE 4450 Carroll Avenue 1210 Architects Building ا ک:ٹٹ::7آٹ ۰۰۰‏ ب0] 0 12 ШИЕЛІ) Ho rgo е nez 71 Chicago, Ill. INDUSTRIAL SECTION New York, N. Y. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS June, 1922

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XXXVIII INTERIOR EQUIPMENT FILTERS ШО С Д ТҮРЕ a ۷یت‎ ENSE ا سك‎ ЕЛЕКТЕР Wm. H. Jackson Co. | | 746 So. Michigan Avenue : CHICAGO, ILL. NEW YORK SHOWROOMS—2 WEST 47TH STREET ШЇ ШҮП ПШ - % Marble, Stone and Wood Mantels zz Period Designs eae E unie‏ ا ШЕ ВОИНИ ШЕ) Andirons, Firetools, Fire Screens, Etc. Any Design and Finish desired > ۷ ھ- We specialize in furnishing and installing tile work for Natatoriums and Swimming Pools in Clubs, Y. M. C. A. Buildings, Private Residences and Out-Door Pools. - - - - - Loomis-MANNING FILTERS WATER DISCOLORED WITH IRON can be made sparkling clear and suitable for all household uses. This applies to either cold or hot water. No chemicals are used and there is no expert care or atten- tion required. Many homes have overcome rusty conditions by us- ing a Loomis-Manning Filter. Loomis-Manning Filter Distributing Co. 1437 South 37th Street, Philadelphia, Pa. Established 1880 INDUSTRIAL SECTION uA RM ADOLLU SUTTANA T T rA A JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS INSTITUTE DOCUMENTS MO The Contract o2 s Forms of (Қ-А Ww سے . the American » A Institute of Architects NS | Equitable and Creditable : To Architect, Owner and Contractor : =——— =f SS; E \\ AVI The Standard Contract Documents of the American Institute of Architects are now on sale by dealers in office and drafting supplies in all of the large cities of the country. TITLES—PRICES FOR SINGLE COPIES 1 Agreement and General Conditions in cover........ $0.20 General Conditions without Agreement............ .14 Agreement without General Conditions............. .05 E Bond of Suretyship ............................».. .03 | Form of Subcontract: رئیم یی‎ же nnt rk ase am .04 E Letter of Acceptance of Subcontractor's Proposal... .03 Cover (heavy paper with valuable notes)........-- .01 Complete set in cover ............................ .30 Complete trial set prepaid for thirty cents in stamps. These Documents have received the full ap- proval of the Institute, through its Conventions, Board of Directors and Officers. They are the outcome of continuous work of many years by a Standing Committee on Contracts and Specifi- cations. This Committee, comprising some of the ablest American architects, was assisted by the Institute's forty Chapters; advised by emi- nent legal specialists in contract law, and aided by representatives of the leading construction interests in the United States. The forms have been officially approved by the National Association of Builders’ Exchanges, the National Association of Master Plumbers, the National Association of Sheet Metal Con- tractors of the United States, the National Electrical Contractors’ Association of the United States, the National Association of Marble Dealers, the Building Granite Quarries’ Associa- tion, the Building Trades Employers’ Associa- tion of the City of New York, and the Heating and Piping Contractors’ National Association. Other Contract Forms Form of Agreement between Owner and Architect dn thé Percentage Вав: гае ce مر وی وا ویو جیی‎ wens $0.0 Form of Agreement between Owner and Architect dnote Bee. Plus Cost буе, jaca یی‎ v cater aaa Circular of Information on Fee Plus Cost System (Owner Archttecth وا ھکر تی چو وو ہیں‎ wise RADICE TRI: аа .03 ' Form of Agreement between Owner and Contractor : (Сов Plus Еее Basis) aineina особена .10 Circular of Information on Cost Plus Fee System (Owner Сопи). saab ra. нш s en ADOS ERR ane ro‏ سو رع Institute Members who have no: Adopted these Modern Contracts are Asked to give them a Trial All of the above Contract Forms and Circulars may be obtained singly or in lots from local dealers. If your dealer cannot supply you promptly and at the above prices, send your n order and his name to the Executive Secretary, A. I. A., The Octagon House, Washington, D. C. | Sample documents mailed upon receipt of stamps. Remittances may be by check, money-order, cash or stamps. All orders filled on the day received. Trans- portation prepaid on those amounting to $1.00 net or more. The adoption and consistent use of these con- tract forms is recommended to the Architect who wishes his office to be known for its thor- : ough, incisive business methods. : William Stanley Parker, Secretary. June, 1922

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сомо ОРА отта ee Е | ae NAVY YARD CONSTRUCTION BUILDING Glass, Steel, Concrete and Daylight Quality construction without a doubt Mississippi Wire Glass Co. Croisic Bldg., NEW YORK CHICAGO ST. LOUIS v - 2%‏ سے ہم — ee‏ لد ا . LIGHTING SERVICE . XXXIX a m -- № A2 r e: ү 2% ^ же KH. E Фа xd vw [ " 5 ) 1 Hu FE = DE Federal Reserve Bank Graham, Anderson, Probst & White, Architects Federal Reserve Bank CHICAGO, ILL. equipped with FRINK | Bank Screen Reflectors ^Y с ж. ~ — XE Our Engineering Department is co-operating with the leading architects in laying out and designing the lighting of prom- inent buildings thruout the country. We hope we can be of service to you. "Specify Frink Reflectors” LP FRINK, Inc. 24th Street and 10th Avenue, New York Curcaco, ILL. San Francisco, Car. PHILADELPHIA, Pa. Monadnock Bldg. 77 O'Farrell Street Franklin Trust Bldg. Boston, Mass. CLEVELAND, Онто CINCINNATI, Онто 161 Summer Street 336 The Arcade 17 Greenwood Bldg. Петкотт, Місн. SEATTLE, WASH. Loursvitte, Кү. | 325 State Street 609 Seaboard Bldg. 415 West Main Street Jl % : INDUSTRIAL SECTION JOURNAL.OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS June, 1922

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CONCRETE HARDENER @ а ШШШ RO TTT DM. NS Gp ШШШ EIU S 0 N N E 2 Ü R N p R O D U C T 5 "ШШШ. = Mune. PAINT LICHT ON YOUR WALLS PE Compare the Cost سے‎ and the Quality of Cemcoat, the industrial Enamel-Paint with the cost and quality of ordinary mill white paints and you will specify | Guaranteed to Stay White Longer Than Any Other Paint “Тһе cost of Cemcoat is lower at the start because it goes farther. It goes farther because it has the body, and yet flows freely under the brush. Thus two -coats will do the work of three coats of ordinary paint. Cemcoat also costs less in the long run, because it lasts longer, 1. e., will not crack, peel or blister, even when subjected to constant washing or steam or heat and cold. a OME RUANDA MAU T шш v = = — a = тысы >= 2 == = = тәл — хз шшы == = == EE کد‎ == = = = am س‎ — = === a = تہ‎ Шеп === == == == == ШӘ سے‎ = = == == = = шаа г-- == == ші == == = = کے‎ = = == © = = IL == = = = = = = = ج‎ == = ЕБ o e == = ڪڪ س‎ ше: کہہے‎ = шш == Е == = = == RE = = == = I == سس‎ = = = ЕЗ 2 E Ium ша جے‎ == ЕЕ ہک ہے‎ == ہے‎ سس‎ ша Шаға талма L— = к=н= سح‎ === سے‎ шаша та альт ج بہے‎ ші = zg = = کے‎ сті —1 = == Еш шемен LI سے‎ ШТ — = سے‎ سوج‎ z= 5 = = = ==: шш zd ЕЗ = = ша шы = тема =з = = = = == = = = 5 5 Е = = - E 3 т r 1 Gloss, Flat and Eggshell Cemcoat for interiors, Gloss and Flat for exteriors. White and colors. Write for literature and color card. L[APiDOl!TH The Liquid Chemical Hardener and Dustproofer has been the standard for twelve years. Not the cheapest in Price but the cheapest in Service. | It hardens concrete floors and keeps them hard. It dustproofs concrete floors and keeps them dustproof. NHR OURO nr RENE eve eye RN LUDUM ПІ AUI RARI Mee | OTHER SONNEBORN PRODUCTS: Over 250,000,000 square feet of concrete: floors have been lapidolized. LIGNOARONS FOR WOODEN FLOORS Write and we will refer you to a lapidolized floor near you, and send you specification form, sample and full literature. the modern wood preservative gives new life to old or new wooden floors, 7 Storm isht of root. | Le SONNEBORN SON S, INC. Saves labor and material cost of new roofs. А Сиан Dept. 21, 116 Fifth Ave. . New York TN 0 Bg: OVER 1 UHRA ASA (SONNEBORN ) re TATA "e. ( <n Ms SUNNEBORN, .. ООУ ОТШ ЙИ ШИШ Аа B.A 60بت ۸ھ‎

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کے ше:‏ یں д/з, уи Ww a Las a‏ ےس ٭۔ پیم ۹ - T ہے‎ DLAMC un c т тет > Ё. сї ? - жж pu^, T / ' 4 Р a I ert АЧ > f T See I. * Ж," 4:7 “- LY. ^ - ۴ d " ۰ > , a = b ES ! i i < ۴ 3 1 E : Қ AP a E + ۴ Г 1 б E NU. 1 Xs 3 А A 1 ^. we uL о کر‎ ) s ' c OMEN ge و‎ zc X а 2% А E ТА er / T^ дуба | ECTS yer tex. ar , 2; LO p Supervising Architect, Washington, D. C. . Birmingham P. O., Birminghami Ala. Interior marble furnished by ALABAMA MARBLE CO. ALABAMA MARBLE CO. Sole producers and manufacturers of the standard grades of ALABAMA STATUARY ALABAMA VEINED GRADE A ALABAMA STATUARY MOSAIC ALABAMA SELECTED A ALABAMA POCAHONTAS ALABAMA MIXED MOSAIC ALABAMA GRADE A ALABAMA ITALIAN ALABAMA TERRAZZO The dest possible and the most SEKO service in r Marble can be obtained by dealing directly with the Manufacturing Producer. The Reasons Why— 1. He has more marble to select from. 2. He can take the necessary waste at a minimum of expense. 3. He can not evade his own responsibility. 4. His living depends on your satisfaction with work done for you in his marble. 5. He has a pride in his material which insures his best effort on every job. 6. Having the largest stock to draw from, he can make the promptest deliveries. 7. His prices are the most reasonable. Reason No. 7 for dealing with the Manufacturing Producer His prices are the most reasonable. It costs him less to handle the waste—and not more than it does other concerns to finish the work. He is very sensitive to the retention of the market; he does not dare to overcharge, even if he is otherwise so disposed. Handling an integrated business, his over-all overhead charges are a minimum. Не сап afford to make reasonable prices—and cannot afford to do otherwise. Our men are specially trained to use our marbles so as to produce the best job possible by selecting from the largest possible stock, not to finish the job from the smallest volume of blocks. We carry a large stock to permit of accurate selection and grading. ALABAMA MARBLE COMPANY MAIN OFFICE, QUARRIES, AND FINISHING PLANT GANTT’S QUARRY, ALABAMA ШШШ ШШ ًئنَََئھئ"ا۷‎ 0 ИШ 0 DC Е ШИНШШЦТШШиИИПИШІІІ ж ! 1 A \ t m i jT * Digitized by Google

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Supplement to the JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS, April, 1922. Proceedings of The Joint Conference on "Better Advertising to Architects" Held at Indianapolis, Indiana, November 10-11, 1921 BETWEEN The Board of Directors of the American Institute of Architects | AND The Building Materials Producers of the United States The Press of the A. I. A., Inc., 313 East Twenty-third Street, New York City

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Proceedings of the Joint Conference on “Better Advertising to Architects" Held at INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA, NOVEMBER 10-11, 1921 Between the Board of Directors of the American Institute of Architects and the Building Materials Producers of the United States The conference met at the Lincoln Hotel, Indian- apolis, on Thursday, November 10, 1921, at 2:30 P.M., with Mr. Henry Н. Kendall, president of the Institute, presiding. Tur CHAIRMAN: We have come together to dis- cuss the presentation to the architectural profession of materials and processes utilized in the construction of buildings. We architects are somewhat embarrassed by the efforts of people to bring to our attention, and to induce us to use things in which they think we should be interested. There come, day after day, pamphlets, circulars, let- ters, follow-up letters, and very beautifully arranged and printed catalogues, of a wide variety of sizes and in thickness from one sheet of paper to volumes. We try to preserve those that give or which we think will give us information. All of this literature comes to us as the product of your effort to induce us to appreciate the merits of what you have to offer, and provide for its use in structures we are designing. Neither your process of inducement nor ours of discrimination is thoroughly successful. We attack our morning mail with a waste basket right handy, and much of this material you send us goes into it unopened; some of it is glanced at and laid: aside only to go into the waste basket within the next twenty- four hours; some of it is retained. This problem of waste is no new one. You producers are spending a very large amount of money to present your wares; you are doing it under the advice of those who have studied the problem of presentation, and yet, I think, you feel that you are not reaching us, and I know, we feel we аге not getting the in- formation we want, in the shape in which we want 1. We get a catalog which is a splendid example of the printers’ art, with fine cuts and illustrations, and a declaration of the very great merit of the article advertised——and we take it with a certain grain of salt. We receive a letter which tells us that you have the very best process in the world for accomplish- ing a certain result. We happen not to be interested in that process at that time, and we, therefore, drop that letter into the waste basket. Some of you, a little later, send us a follow up letter, calling attention to your unacknowledged first letter. We throw that into the waste basket also. A little later we get another letter, couched in a lit- tle more insistent terms; that letter also goes into the waste basket. Sometimes, however, we get angry enough to write you that “as soon as we get to where we want your stuff, we will let you know"; which stirs up some little ire on your part. Now, we need your information, but we want it in a shape in which we can use it. The matter of size, and of the method of presentation are two of the things which I think should be considered. We are also trying to find the answer to the filing problem. It is highly important to both of us that we find the right system. We are trying vertical filing. Perhaps with a little study and some adjustments we can make the vertical file satisfactory. That is one phase of the problem we are here to discuss. Another phase is the reliability of the statements that come to us in the form of advertising. We have, in the Institute, our Structural Service Committee, made up of men from all sections of the country. 'That Committee is receiving continuously calls for in- formation on particular materials, devices and prac- tices. The Committee is making careful briefs of the information available, and is searching out reliable facts; it is consulting every impartial source of in- formation. Every month, in our Journal there is pub-

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lished more or less of the work of this Committee, and architects are finding its work very valuable. The great economic waste inherent in the present methods of publicity presents a very urgent problem to be solved. How can you tell us effectively what you want to tell us and what we wish to know? We have no sovereign remedy to propose, but we do feel that here is something of as vital interest to you as to us. Your selling costs are increasing all the time. Our informational needs are increasing with the ever in- creasing complexity of the modern structure. We need each other. We can help each other. ‘Therefore, we thought it would be worth while for us to come to- gether to discuss these things, and if possible arrive at some manner of presentation, some method of preserva- tion, some way in which we could be mutually helpful, so you may get what you want and we may get that which we need. I do not anticipate that we shall be able to solve this problem in one session; but if we can find out each other’s standpoint, and get some understanding of what is necessary, we may be able to make a definite beginning toward a very much desired end. (Applause. ) I ask the Chairman of our Structural Service Com- mittee, Mr. Sullivan W. Jones, of New York, to give us the point of view of the Institute. Mr. SULLIVAN W. Jones, New York: To most of those engaged in the production and sale of things used in construction, the architect, as a prospect, has been а baffling psychological riddle. Some of you, therefore, have probably looked forward to this con- ference with interest mixed with a feeling of curiosity as to the reason for this sudden concern of the archi- tect in what has been regarded as the manufacturer’s problem of finding the right kind of bait to catch architects. This conference is merely a symptom of the In- stitute’s broadening knowledge and understanding of relationships between the functional elements of the building industry, of the absolute interdependence of these elements for progress. The industry, if it is go- ing to move forward at all, must move as a unit. This meeting is evidence of the fact that the Institute is going forward. Тһе Committee on Structural Ser- vice is charged by the American Institute of Architects with the task of raising the standard of service ren- dered by the architect on the technological side of his practice. Its task necessarily embraces the opening up of channels through which may flow information about structural methods and materials. The Committee has thus a direct and vital concern in the character of advertising and its value to the architect. This concern has led quite naturally, and I may say, inevitably, to a study of that class of ad- vertising intended to influence the architect in his choice of materials and methods. ‘The architect, if ме judge him in mass, has been insensible of his par- tial responsibility for the Niagara of money, ingenuity, enthusiasm and heartbreaks in the form of advertising intended to influence him that daily pours across his desk into the waste basket. Markets and Distribution. Now the manufacturer is faced with the imperative necessity of creating a demand or finding a market. The competitive pressure under which sales are made has been a prolific generator of waste, not to mention the many practices which must in the end destroy the foundation of service, confidence and good will upon which a business to endure must necessarily be built. The mechanism by which industry markets its prod- uct must work smoothly and with minimum friction. Upon its proper working depends thé standard of life of the community. This mechanism, however, 15 developing an alarming amount of friction. It 15 badly in need of adjustment. For the last decade, and perhaps longer, selling costs have been rising out of all proportions to production; that is, the cost of sell- ing the unit product has been steadily increasing and now has reached the point where in some quarters we find a feeling of alarm and a grave concern in regard to where these increasing costs are carrying industry. I do not know how much money is spent in the ag- gregate annually by manufacturers of building materials in finding or developing markets, but the question I put is—to what end is this money being spent? Is the total consumption of building materials being thereby increased? Your own knowledge relieves me of answering the question. The net result of these expenditures is merely a continuous redistribution of markets among the various classes of competitive and semi-competitive materials. The gain of one, as pointed out in a recent article in Printers! Ink, is won at the expense of another or several others. What is the struggle for markets costing the con- sumers of the product, and would not that money be better spent, that is, with greater benefits to the com- munity and to the industry, if it was devoted to a col- lective effort to increase the total consumption of good materials? The Consumers Money.. Let me here point out that the money spent on sales, which includes advertising, is the consumer’s money. When the consumer buys a brick or a bag of plaster or a gallon of varnish, in the price he pays, he makes an involuntary contribution toward defraying the cost of selling him the thing he buys, and in addition, the cost of the effort to sell him a lot of things he does not buy. I have listened to hours of argument in sup- port of the claim that advertising has reduced costs, — a contention which present conditions do not seem to support,—but the fact that it is the consumer’s money which is spent explains the Institute’s interest in the manufacturer's sales methods, especially as those methods are intended to influence the architect. The members of the Institute—all architects—are purchasing agents for a large body of consumers. Money spent to reach the architect is at least in part his client’s money. We are interested, therefore, in how the manufacturer spends that moncy. If he spends

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it wisely, efficiently and honestly, we cannot very well complain, but if he wastes it or spends it in building a market by resort to exaggerated claims or misrepre- sentation, we believe we are justified in recording our ‘objection, if indeed a direct responsibility to object does not rest with us. То be quite fair, I wish to emphasize the architect’s share of responsibility for the waste and objectionable practices in publicity now current. The Architect as Salesman. Perhaps the fact that the architect has any responsi- bility at all in this connection is a new thought to many manufacturers and likewise to тапу architects. The architect's position is a dual one. I have referred to him as a purchasing agent; he is also the manufac- turer's salesman. То make that clear let me relate a recent incident. Not long ago an architect specified the use of a certain metal moulding in connection with the electric wiring of a job. The contractor came to the architect and proposed the use of another make of metal moulding. Не stated that he had never used the metal moulding specified but had used q:1antities of the proposed substitute with perfectly satisfactory results. He did not know what results would be se- cured with the moulding specified and, therefore, could not guarantee the work. He further stated that if the architect had any doubts as to the real merit of the substitute moulding he might satisfy himself by consulting so and so, and so and so, all of whom had used the substitute moulding and were perfectly satisfied with it. The architect having no definite knowledge on the relative merits of the two brands of metal moulding approved the substitution. The manufacturer of the moulding specified had not given the architect the information he needed to sell the product to the contractor. ‘This, of course, is only one of hundreds of such cases which I might cite. The architect is the manufacturer's salesman also in another sense. "The psychologist, I suppose, would say that he has first to sell the product to himself. In the process of choosing as between competitive products for the same use, he does with himself precisely what the manufacturer's salesman attempts to do with him. Presumably his motive and purpose are different from those of the manufacturer's salesman. His aim is to render his client a service by advising the purchase of that material best suited to meet the particular needs. After the manufacturer has persuaded the architect to specify his product, he then beseeches him to accept no substitutes. Buf, generally speaking, the manufac- turer does not convince the architect why the particular product is a better buy than a competitor, and here the manufacturer falls, I think, principally because he does not know the basis on which the architect reaches conviction. He does not give him all the facts, and thus the architect is placed in the uncomfortable posi- tion of being unable to support the wisdom of his choice. Let the manufacturer ask himself if he would send a salesman out without the facts to support his claims for his product. How may the manufacturer seek to sell and and con- vince the architect? There are two ways, namely: publicity and direct salesmanship. Publicity is far more important because it can be spread over the whole potential market. Eighteen months of painstaking study has led the Committee on Structural Service to the unavoidable conclusion that a very large percentage of manufacturers! advertising publicity is waste, at least when measured in terms of its value to the architect. Thus one of the things to which this con- ference should give careful thought is the general character of advertising produced to influence the architect. We ought to find a formula for lifting it to the plane of dependable informational publicity. Circulars and Catalogs. Let me also speak of the variable sizes of circulars and catalogs. All of us who run offices know that vertical files are the most convenient and the most economical in floor space. They are standardized. The Institute, some years ago, advocated a standard size for advertising literature of 816 x 11. The Bureau of Standards is now interesting itself in the matter of standard paper and press sizes. The catalog standardization conference held in Chicago in May, 1918, adopted the following sizes for catalogs as standard: 6 x 9 inches, 7% х 105% inches, 8 x 11 inches. The National Association of Purchasing Agents has adopted these standard sizes and recom- mended the use of 716 x 105% inch or that size, folded and saddle-stitched so that when opened the catalog or folder will be standard size. Now, if it is proved that the 877 x 11 is not economical, let us abandon it and adopt another, but let us wait for the report of the Bureau of Standards. We now come to the subject matter of circulars and catalogs. It is not unusual to receive a catalog in which a thousand products are listed for as many dif- ferent uses. It is impossible to file such catalogs. They are costly and although published, for the pur- pose of being filed for reference, the multiplicity of subjects covered makes filing an impossibility; such catalogs defeat their own purpose. Subject Segregation. Segregation of subject matter in advertising litera- ture, therefore, must be considered by the conference. Some manufacturers have during recent years been fol- lowing more or less this policy of segregation, which, I believe, should be made on the basis of the use of the product because it is from the consideration of use that the architect approaches his file for information. Filing. And then,—the filing system. I may say without fear of contradiction that very few architects’ offices have adequate filing systems for information. Many have some kind of system, but unfortunately most of the systems do not work; thus so far as the manufac- turer is concerned, the file might as well not exist. At its 1920 Convention, the A. I. A. adopted the Standard Classification proposed by the Committee on

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Structural Service. It was thought that this classi- fication would gradually be installed in architects’ offices, and that under it manufacturers could mark their literature for filing. In this way much that now goes into the waste basket, because filing is difficult would find its way into the file through the functioning of an office boy. The importance of such a standard classification arises from several conditions. Unmarked or un- classified literature is difficult and expensive to file under any system because it requires a certain amount of knowledge on the part of the person who undertakes to file it. This means that the filing must be done by the architect himself, the specification writer or some other highly paid employee. The result is that the material is not filed. Specification writers also drift. In one office there is one system and in another office a different one. new office finds it difficult to refer to the material he needs; this difficulty results in sending duplicate litera- ture to the same office. As to the knowledge essential to proper filing where there is no recognized classifi- cation, I can emphasize the point by citing one archi- tect’s experience who turned his filing over to the office boy and found information on fly screens filed under aviation. ‘This conference ought to give some thought to means by which this standard construction classifica- tion can be brought into general use. Things to Do. To recapitulate, the four matters which the In- stitute suggests for consideration are: 1. The general character of advertising literature. 2. Standard sizes. 3. Segregation of subject matter. 4. Standard Classification. Mr. O. C. Harn, National Lead Company, New York: I am called upon to speak as an advertiser, but I do not speak as an official representative of any particular advertiser. I am speaking for myself, but I believe that most of the things that I shall say are reasonable, and certainly do not arise from our own particular problem, but for the experiences common to all advertisers. The Major Interest of the Buyer. I believe it should be taken as axiomatic that mer- chandise is just as important to the buyer as it is to the seller. | Now, advertising is simply telling about the mer- chandise—the thing you have to sell. I am afraid that some architects who are very busy, and much sought after, take the view that the manu- facturer hounds the buyer; that he is trying, at all times, to put something over. Such architects—I do not include among them Mr. Jones or the rest of you who understand the problem because you have been studying it—forget that a piece of merchandise is of equal importance to the buyer and to the seller. In fact, it 1s of greater importance to the buyer than to the seller. 'The man who buys a loaf of bread must The specification writer going into a recognize that it is more important to him than it 15 to the seller. ‘To the seller it may mean a few cents’ profit and be a very small fractional part of his busi- ness, and yet that loaf of bread may stand between the buyer and starvation. ‘The safe a man buys may mean a profit of tes 4fteen or fifty dollars, or what- ever it may be t^ „е seller, but if you, as a buyer, put all your jewels and all your fortune into that safe, it makes a great deal of difference to you whether it Is a proper piece of merchandise, and whether it may, when the test comes, stand between you and the loss of your all. And so it is with building materials. To the seller a sale may mean only one sale,—a small part of his annual business,—but to you it may mean the success or the failure of a building costing hun- dreds of thousands, or perhaps millions of dollars. Hence, any legitimate effort made by the seller to bring to the attention of the buyer the merits of that piece of merchandise, is a favor to the buyer just as much as it is a favor to himself. И aste and Competition. True, there is worthless merchandise, and merchan- dise which is perfectly legitimate and good, but un- suitable for the particular buyer's purpose. In the process of selling all kinds of merchandise there is necessarily some waste; there is necessarily, perhaps, irritation on the part of the buyer especially when the seller insists on selling something which is really un- suited to the buyer's needs. I don't know how such waste can be avoided in a competitive system. Advertising Is Merchandise Until— Now, we come to the point, really, that we split on. The architect often takes the view that he wants a piece of merchandise presented to him in a certain way. I want to say right at the start—and, possibly, I should have said it before I even said "Mr. Chair- man’’—that in the last analysis the manufacturers’ in- terest in all these questions is simply that of finding out what you architects want. It is to our interest to know what influences you. Advertising, or, rather, printed matter, whether it be in the form of book- lets, catalogs, or the advertisements in a publication, Is not advertising at all really; it is simply merchandise, until it has been read and has done its work. Booklets, in the printer's shop, are not advertise- ments; nor are they advertisements in the architect's waste basket. Obviously it is in our interest to get up an advertisement in the shape that you want it, to say the thing that you want to have said, for that will get your attention and lead you to buy. We do want you to buy. We don't want you to buy the other fellow's products. That is a necessary evil of the competitive system. And, I do not understand we are here to discuss world reforms in the whole method of doing business. We have to accept the fact that we are doing business under a competitive system and do the things that system demands. That is one of the objections I have always had to those brokers down in Wall Street—bankers and boards of directors, and Congressmen in our National Legislature, who

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periodically preach against advertising, as an economic waste. Advertising and Distribution Costs. Advertising is an economic waste—I will admit— provided that you will admit that the competitive sys- tem is an economic waste, and that we should abolish it. But as long as we have the competitive system of doing business, anything that will reduce the cost of the distribution of goods could hardly be considered a primary economic waste. With all due respect to the remark that Mr. Jones made, I believe we can prove, pretty conclusively that advertising, properly done, does reduce the cost of distribution. I don’t want to enter into a lengthy discussion of that, but I believe it can be proven. In the proper use of the various means of getting our message to you lies the conservation of our resources, and the elimination of waste. I do not agree that advertising is an economic waste, except when it is done badly, or when it doesn’t get to you. Now, we want to know how to get it to you. I shall begin and I shall close with the statement that all we want you to do is tell us definitely what you want; then we will try to conform in every way to your wishes,—not out of respect for you, or in any philanthropic spirit, but just because it is to our in- terest to do so. "We may not have the right idea as to what the catalog sizes should be, and I was glad to hear Mr. Jones say that although you have made a decision, you are ready to reconsider it, if that de- cision seems to have been unwise. I am quite sure that we will arrive at a wise decision on sizes. But, there is another aspect of this advertising problem in connection with which we hope уби will see something of our point of view before making a decision. What Is “Hot Air’? We have heard architects and purchasing agents say that whatever advertising may be printed in publica- tions, or sent direct through the mails should be pre- pared for the files, that is, it should cut to the bone. They want only the actual facts. ‘They want the hot air cut out. Well, that is all right, perhaps, if we understand exactly what is meant by “hot air" and what we mean by cutting to the bone. But we believe that in the utterance of that dictum some purchasing agents —architects and other purchasing agents—possibly have in their minds the narrow view that the manufacturer is hounding them, pursuing them, and that they must escape if they can. Gentlemen, you cannot escape, and you ought not to want to escape the legitimate selling effort of the manufacturer, because we agreed in the beginning, or I, at least, agreed for you that the buyer’s interest in a legitimate piece of merchandise was as great as the seller's. I think you ought to welcome even the strategy and the resourcefulness exhibited by the sales- man who puts it over on you against your will, pro- vided you are satisfied that he has done so. As a matter of fact, the skin and bone of advertising —or what some buyers think is the skin and bone— is not enough for you to file. You may think it is all you want to know about size, formulas, designs, methods of installation and all that which is necessary, but, as a matter of fact, that is not all that you want. Recently a salesman who calls upon architects and engineers in New York, came to me and said: “Mr. Harn, I think you would be interested in this order I have in my hand." It was a large order. He said, “Т thought you would be interested in it, particularly because it was the direct result of an advertisement." Some time ago we received a call from the office of a prominent engineer of New York, and I went over to see him. He said: “Some time back I saw in your little house magazine, "The Dutch Boy Painter,’ an arti- cle about the decoration of an hospital. I was struck with it, but I have mislaid that article, and I would like to see it again. I happen to be a member of the board of directors of a large hospital which we are going to decorate, and I want to see those ideas put into practice. Could you get me another copy of it?" Of course our man was very glad to comply with the request, and he came back to the office, hunted it up, and took it to him. ‘To make a long story short, there were a number of negotiations, with reference to formulas, applications, colors, and a great many details, which, of course, it was necessary to know, and finally the contractor placed this order which the salesman had in his hand. | Now, my point is this: The things which started that order coming towards us was not a concrete state- ment of the formulas, or the skin and bone of the prop- osition. The thing that started that order toward us was the expression of an idea. It was the idea that interested this professional man. Not only did the idea start that order toward us, but started that hospital toward getting something needed and wanted. Well, you say, that is all right for that kind of advertising; that instance was all right, but when it comes to filing, after we have been sold on a proposi- tion, then we want just the briefest kind of straight. line information we need when we come to install apparatus, or to use any certain material. Now, I am not so sure about that either, You archi- tects are busy men. So are some of the rest of us. Nearly all purchasing agents are busy. They cannot hold in their minds all that is said to them—all the facts that are convincing. Now, I do not believe that you can listen to my talk upon a certain product, or read something convincing that I may send you, and then, a year or two later, when you have use for that kind of thing, go to your files and so refresh your memory from a plain statement of how to install it, or what formulas to mix, and how to use it, that you may recall all the reasons which ought to actuate you to use that particular product. I believe that the files should yield to you, at the time you need it most, a résumé of those emotion- producing statements as well as those technical facts which appeal only to the intellect. The file should give you all the considerations which should influence

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you to make a right decision at the right moment. If you are going to classify that kind of material as hot air, then I must say that I believe you should not ex- clude the hot air entirely from your files. Whether or not you call it hot air, it is a force, a motivating force which should influence you for your own good at the time you consult your files. Perhaps we should differentiate. Perhaps you mean to differentiate. All material supposed to excite favor- able emotion, but which is ineffective, I would call hot air. I would certainly eliminate it, not only from the files, but also from any part of our advertising. I have no doubt that that is one of the things that Mr. Jones had in mind when he said that you wanted to sit down with the advertiser and arrive at a program which will help us to a solution of our problems. I would agree with him on that. But I would drop a little warning. Do not let us decide too hurriedly what you should put in your files. I believe you should put there many things which you may call selling talk, because selling talk in another sense of the term is also buying talk. You should look upon it that way— as something that will help you to make a right de- cision at the right time. Mr. Lyman CLARK, General Electric Company, Schenectady, N. Y.: Now I am not connected with the advertising department of my company but I have devoted a great deal of time to the service of architects and they аге a great lot. They reject you without cause, rhyme or reason, and they accept you equally so. (Laughter and applause.) There is no basis that I know, upon which to get next to them. I think that no effective formula has ever been prescribed, so we struggle along and do the best we can. The Architect and Business. — Some we may please, and some we may not. I have often wondered why. I have pretty nearly reached the conclusion that it is because the architect has so disassociated himself from the business world. I do not know why he rejects advertising unless he stands aloof from such material things. To be an architect, a high professional type of man, he feels that he must deal with beauty; he must not allow his mind to get down to such material things as advertising. For that reason we, who are interested in manufac- turing and disposing of materials, are outside his sphere. Now, I think the architect recognizes this,—that he wants to find out what is the matter,—and if he does not find out I think the builder, ultimately, will be the architect. He meets the manufacturer and the advertiser on common ground, and is, therefore, more familiar with materials than is the architect. I think that is the tendency, and that it will result in neglect of the architect. | I don’t think апу of us, as manufacturers, would like to see the architect neglected. I think we would like to see him on a better plane. The question is how to get him there. In the other professions— mechanical, civil and electrical engineers, and even doctors pay a great deal of attention to materials. They are always interested in them. You go to their con- ventions, and there are always to be found manufac- turers’ exhibits of materials, which these professional men examine and with which they become familiar. I have found that the architect does not always seek the best opinion on materials. He accepts the con- tractor's word for it, rather than ask for the best technical information that he could obtain. He feels that he might cast a shadow on his profession, if he went too close to the makers of the materials. There- fore, he lacks familiarity with them; and apparently he wants to. True, I can imagine that if he had as callers seventeen cement men, twenty iron men, and forty hardware men, leaving out my end of the busi- ness,—which would be still more,—he would have a hard job to see them every day, and they would all be there. (Laughter and applause.) It is a hard problem to tell him what to do or ourselves how better to cultivate him—or, how better he should cultivate us. But there must be some basis on which manufacturers and architects can get together for their mutual benefit. I hope that some day thc architects will open the closed doors of their organiza- tion and make it more like the other organizations, where there are all kinds of associate members—and the term associate is significant because all are associated in an industry, а common enterprise. To the manufac- turer of building materials it is just as important to have a handsome building go up in the city, as it is to any architect who may have designed it. Now, what can we do, either at this meeting or future ones, to bring together these two factors? Mr. THEODORE Е. Larsr, National Lumber Manu- facturers’ Association, Chicago: Advertising literature may, it seems to me, be divided into classes; matter which is merely of temporary value primarily devised to stimulate and attract attention and which makes a personal appeal. And a second kind, the principal function of which is to convey information of practical use to the architect in designing or writing specifica- tions. Differing Advertising Appeals. It seems to me that the latter class of advertising matter may be successfully standardized as to size and filed according to the A. I. A. Standard Construction Classification since it should be designed to form a useful part of the architect’s working library. Adver- - tising of this class should be condensed free from superlatives, and be arranged for quick reference. The other class of advertising is short-lived, serves but a temporary use or is perhaps entirely local in character. In its function it is somewhat the same as any general newspaper or billboard advertising. While this sort of advertising seems wasteful yet it is the only way in which merchandise can be brought to the attention of the profession or of the building public. By display and constant repetition the maximum ге- sult can be obtained. Sporadic advertising of this kind is wasted effort.

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It is not probable, therefore, that the advertiser would be willing to sacrifice in this class of adver- tising the advantage variety and novelty affords. This class of advertising was intended for the general public and to create a demand among the architect’s probable clientele and through this channel reach the architect. As regards the segregation of subjects in advertising literature to facilitate topical filing for reference, I can see іп this only the greatest advantage. І, also, favor using in connection with such advertising the Institute’s Standard Construction Classification of Advertising Literature. Regarded merely as an academic problem, I suppose there will be no dissenting voice in any proposition which has for its end standardization, but in attempting to enforce or introduce such standards one lands on dangerous ground. Radical changes in any well es- tablished practice necessarily are far reaching and cause much confusion. It is better to move slowly than with undue haste. In conclusion it is, of course, obvious that the most any committee can do is to offer suggestions since it cannot force advertisers to adopt any standards. Nev- ertheless, a very definite set of formule or programs for the use of advertisers will bring about a great deal of good and J am sure will be appreciated. The extent to which the individual advertiser will follow is a matter entirely within his own control, but I have no doubt that after the advantages become manifest advertisers will quickly fall in with the scheme, thus accomplishing a great saving and simplifying the work of the architect in his specification department. Mr. ROBERT D. Koun, New York City, Second Vice-President, A. I. A.: I had a lot of ideas, perhaps somewhat confused, as to the position of the architect, and what he really wanted in this matter of advertising, until I heard these several very able addresses. I am now more confused than I was before I heard those talks, and before I began to think about the matter. The addresses have been interesting to me, and im- mensely instructive. My mixed state of mind is a de- sirable one, І am sure. It shows me how important it is that we should get together and begin to study this problem. Seeing the Salesman. I recognize, fully, the truth of what some of the speakers have said, when they stated that the average architect is unapproachable, and seems to treat the manufacturer as a nuisance, when he comes around seemingly intent upon boosting his particular product. That is one problem that I don’t know how to solve, because if the average busy architect, today, saw even one half of those who come through his office door, he could not practice architecture. He might know a lot about white lead and electric supplies, and those various other manufactured articles that have been mentioned, but he would not be able to design his buildings, or keep his clients satisfied. And that, by the way, is the most important function of the archi- tect. (Laughter.) Or, perhaps still more important is getting the client in the first place! “The Best" Now I want to know about these things, and. some- how or other, I cannot get the facts. Superlatives have been mentioned here. The average advertising matter that comes to me is full of superlatives. “We make the best of this, that or the other.” My client may say, "I want the best of this, or that. "This or that, shall be the best—the best workmanship and the best material." Now, the best is not necessary in some cases. Many things are perfectly good enough in a certain situation. "These superlative generalities that we have had pushed at us for so many years don't mean what they say. They can be interpreted in a dozen different ways. A friend of mine recently told me about a bid he had handed in to an architect's office. I said, "How did you make up a bid like that? "That is very high for a little bit of a house like that." And he said, “Well, I looked through the specifications in a general way, and I looked at the plans, and I put my foot rule on it, and decided that that little house was worth about eight thousand dollars, and then I counted the pages of general conditions and found that there were about twenty of them, and I multiplied that by forty dollars a page, and that made eight hundred dollars, and I added it on to the bid." (Laughter.) He said that he thought there was potentially forty dollars’ worth of trouble in every page of general con- ditions. І think, myself, that there is a good deal more than that amount of trouble in the general con- ditions of the architect's specifications. In using the word “best” we have all been on the wrong track, doubtless. We have not meant what we said and so, to even things up, the manufacturer claims, for his particular product, that it is the best. Now, how can we distinguish? I don't know. I hope this conference will presently resolve itself into a number of committees which will bring in, at least, a program and that, eventually, we will have—perhaps today—the skeleton of a permanent committee, repre- senting the manufacturers, the architects, and I hope the engineers, and others who are interested in build- ing products, to work out some scheme whereby, on the one hand, the merits of the different products may adequately be presented to the architects and, on the other hand, that the architects may know, authori- tatively, the truth about these products. I think it would be highly desirable if that might be the outcome of this conference. We need co-operation in the whole building indus- try. We cannot stand aside, each in his own particular field. Just one illustration as to what I meant when I spoke, a moment ago, of “the best." To say that you want the best, in every case, is nonsense. The other day I happened to need a considerable quantity of metal covered doors. Now, if I were to merely specify “АП the doors in this building are to be the best metal covered doors, covered with twenty-gauge copper, or steel," it would be absurd. One manufacturer may make an excellent door, and so may another. As a matter of fact, I had ten bids running from somewhere

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around ten to sixteen thousand dollars on that set of doors. Now, they were not all bidding on the same thing. It would be nonsensical to suppose that they were. There was not ten per cent difference between the two manufacturers of doors, that I could see, but between the sixteen and the ten thousand dollar man there was probably six thousand dollars’ worth of dif- ference in workmanship and material. Now, how to find that out, how to get at the distinctive quality of the product that the manufacturer wants to furnish me—that is the real problem, to my mind. I don’t need that sixteen thousand dollar man’s product in the sub-cellar of the building, but I do need it in the elevator hatchway openings. The building art has become very complicated. These fine distinctions between the ten and the six- teen thousand dollar doors are things that we archi- tects have to study out. We haven’t found the way— I haven’t found the way yet. I have to see how the manufacturer puts his stuff together. I must see his product somewhere to realize what his workmanship is. And advertising, in the long run, will have to get down not only to saying things, in a general way, about the product, but it will have to illustrate and point out where the product may be seen. The Problem a Joint One. We want to get together. The building industry is getting together. Тһе architects, two years ago, de- cided as one outcome of the war, that they could no longer stand alone; that they were part of a great in- dustry; that the architect, by himself, could not solve the problems of the industry; that he could not solve his own problems by himself. The then president of the Institute, Mr. Kimball, of Omaha, appointed the Post War Committee. That committee studied the needs of the architectural pro- fession, the reason why it was not functioning as it should, and why its position in the community was not what it should be. That committee worked long and carefully over the problems. То my mind the most important conclusion reached by the committee, and reported to the Insti- tute, was just that point that I made a moment ago. They said, in their final report, “We find that the architectural profession, by itself, cannot solve its own problems. It must work co-operatively with all the other elements in the industry. The problems of the producers, the distributors, the contractors, the sub- contractors, the workmen, the engineer, and all the other elements that go to make up the industry, must be solved jointly.” Now, as I take it, this problem of advertising, of having the manufacturer present information in such a form that the architect can really appreciate and use it, the problem of educating the architect to realize that he ought to know about these things, and the problem of the architect in getting this information and having it available when he needs it—those are all parts of this larger problem that the American Institute of Architects is hoping to further—to bring together the producer of building materials, the man who distributes them, the man who uses them, and the architect, that they may understand each other, and that the work of no branch of the industry may be in vain. And, what- ever we may do here to further that idea, in order to make men like myself—busy as I am—appreciate the real distinctions that characterize the products you pro- duce, that we may secure the information necessary to the proper use of those things at the right time and in the right place—to get everybody together to co-operate to that end, through some joint committee would be, to my mind, a wonderful outcome of this conference, and I hope that we may achieve that end. (Applause. ) Mr. G. C. Mars (Director of Advertising, Ameri- can Face Brick Association): So far as I represent our industry, regardless of the other arts, it has been a gracious thing on the part of the architects to call to- gether such a meeting, to ascertain if there cannot be some co-operation that will result in mutual benefits. The suggestions that have been made are very valu- able, but the specific question presented is, can the man- ufacturer furnish to the architect material which the architect will find useful in his practice? I believe that the manufacturers, as a whole, so far as I have heard them express themselves—at any rate, so far as the face brick manufacturers are concerned— are only too anxious to furnish architects with exactly what they want. The manufacturers do not want to go forward in the dark and issue a lot of material that the architect will throw away. Your Structural Service Committee definitely states, in very specific language, first, the form or size of the literature best suited for filing—not any definite size, perhaps, but certain limits, between A and. B—size 87 × 11, or 8 x 634, down to the smaller size, and be- tween those two limits their needs would be satisfied. With Mr. Laist, I cannot think it possible that any very definite thing сап be laid down and adopted uni- versally. But if two limits can be set, I believe the vast majority of the manufacturers could meet them without difficulty. We want to know from the architects just what they want to know about this particular material. We do not want to repeat commonplaces and platitudes. But just what do they want to know, so far as a particular product is concerned? If we know the form in which it will be most satisfactory to them, and if we know, specifically, what information they want, we will pledge ourselves to supply it just exactly as they want it. (Applause. ) MrR. E. Н. Hewirr (Director, А. I. A., Minne- apolis): I want to point out the experience of an architect’s office that is trying to be practical and to meet the situation that confronts it. Personally, I made up my mind that I would examine this steady torrential flood of advertising over my desk long enough to, at least, see what it was. Had I realized what I was going to get into the task would have never been undertaken. As we have in our office a filing system twenty feet long completely filled with advertis- ing matter and data regarding building materials, and

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still growing, you can realize that it is something tremendous. Reliable Reference Files. Now, it is absurd to say that we ought to know all the merits and particular features of every one of these thousand and one things manufactured for use in buildings. As specified by the architects, they reach into the tens of thousands. In the past the architect has picked out, here and there, those things that he knew about by his own experience and that of his pro- fessional brethren; through reports by the Structural Service Committee of the Institute and other credible agencies. Now, we must have more and better information. As architects we may be slow and behind the times in the matter of filing information, but I think we arc waking up. We need to have first a bird's-eye view of what is going on in this country in building materials. But the information that might give us that view is coming to us in all sorts of forms, bulky and wasteful. Much of it isn't the right size. It is not in sufficient detail. Let me assure you that the busy architect wants to give all the attention possible to advertising, but the only way it can be done, as the industry is now organ- ized, is to have such files as will eliminate trouble and enable us to so keep the matter for reference that we can get at it quickly. ( Applause.) Mn. D. K. Воур (A. I. A., Philadelphia): We are discussing, not individual problems, but only one of the many which consolidate themselves into one tre- mendous problem in an architect's office. You, as manufacturers, have to consider, in connection with your individual advertising, the position of the archi- tect as he confronts this Niagara of information to which you contribute. Much of it, perhaps, is valu- able; the very thing he needs regarding materials with which he must work. But what shall he do with it? What does he do with it? The Waste Basket. Instead of consigning this material to the waste basket, some time ago I kept an entire year’s inflow on a shelf. I got seven linear feet of single and double- page folders, and other kinds of unbound material, and three feet of bound books, for none of which I had asked. That did not include various pieces of litera- ture for which I had asked. This ten feet of printed matter was simply the incoming mail, we will say, in the average architect's office. I ask you to consider how many architects in this country maintain filing systems capable of properly holding this material, if they were disposed to file it— if they could afford to file it? I venture to say that we could not find more than 150 to 200 architects’ of- fices equipped with an adequate filing system. There may be another 200 or 300 where an effort is made to keep the material, after making a cursory examination of it. And I say cursory advisedly. That gives you a picture of the chaotic condition existing under the cir- cumstances. A very distinct service that the Structural Service Committee of the Institute, of which I have the honor to be a member, can perform, and only in thorough co-operation with such a group as is here represented, is to take a census of the systems of filing used by the architects throughout this country and let us see what can be done to locate the proper filing systems, the pseudo-filing systems, and the shelves and the waste- basket filers. We ought to support some sort of census which would give us a tabulation, exact as possible, of the various kinds of systems that are now used, or which architects are trying to use, and then, perhaps, we might be able to devise a system to suit the different kinds of receptacles; or, better still, endeavor to ar- range for some sort of a standard receptacle which architects might, more or less, universally adopt. That would solve some of our difficulties. By way of illustrating what the architect does with that ten-foot shelf of ordinary material coming into his cfice, and why, I brought with me about two days’ mail, exclusive of letters. This is an indiscriminate col- lection, so you must not mind whose head gets hit by my criticisms. I prefer, for the sake of the record, not to mention any of the names appearing on this material. (Here Mr. Boyd gave a graphic illustration by open- ing and exhibiting the two-days’ mail, most of which went into a waste basket beside him.) The Need for Getting Together. Mn. R. C. SHEELER (Advertising Manager, John Lucas Company): We have given this subject more or less study, but apparently without getting anywhere. I have worked out some plans that I have submitted to architects in New York and Philadelphia, trying to find a means or method whereby the information that no want on paint could be given to them in useful orm. We found, however, that the proposed scheme ap- pealed to some and not to others. That was one of the reasons why I wanted to come out here and see what steps would be taken towards standardizing this kind of data. If you, who are familiar with this prob- lem, could give the paint industry some standardized form in which they could present their data to you it would help you and help them. ( Applause.) Mn. Евер Арам (St. Louis, of Frank Adam Elec- tric Company): One of the hardest problems we have had to deal with was that of introducing our ideas and our materials to the architect. The question is, how to get at architects so that they will understand the problem which we have to solve for our own benefit and, we think, for theirs also. Do the architects ever have a national meeting or convention ? | THE PRESIDENT: We have an annual meeting of the Institute in which various problems are discussed. Mn. ADAM: Are representatives of the manufac- 10

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turers and contractors invited to attend that meeting? Is that an open meeting? THE PRESIDENT: sense, no. Mr. Арам: Тһе main branch of the electrical in- dustry is the National Electric Light Association. It has what is called the Commercial Section. The man- ufacturers of electrical apparatus and supplies are rep- resented in the N. E. L. A. through membership in the Commercial Section. ‘This Commercial Section pro- vides exhibitions of the products required by the mem- bers of the National Electric Light Association at the associatien’s annual convention, and presents subjects of common interest for discussion. It seems to me that this very beneficial arrangement furnishes a suggestion for bringing architects and man- ufacturers together for their mutual benefit. If archi- tects could, or would have in connection with thei: national convention an exposition of products it would give manufacturers a chance to be present, and archi- tects could see and learn in a few moments what it would take them a long time to get under present con- ditions, It is not an open meeting in that Committees. Mr. SULLIVAN W. Jones (New York): We cannot expect to accomplish very much that is concrete in this session, or even in two. We must go on. We must develop our thoughts and formulate a program that will lead to the realization of the big purpose we evidently have in mind. I move that the chair be empowered to appoint the following committees: A committee on permanent organization which could consider, among other things, the suggestion by Mr. Adam for some sort of a co-operative point of contact between the architects and manufacturers. A committee on the character of information con- tained in advertising literature. A cemmittee on classification and standard sizes which, I think, might well consider Mr. Boyd’s sug- gestion that a survey of the existing filing systems be made. A committee on segregation of subject matter. I move that those committees be requested to formu- late, very quickly, tentative reports, which сап be brought in at a session this evening, for the further consideration of the conference. The following committees were appointed: Permanent Organization—Mr. N. Max Dunning, of Chicago, chairman; Mr. J. S. Sewell, Mr. Fred Adam, Mr. Theodore Laist and Mr. K. H. Pullen. Character of Information—Robert D. Kohn, chair- man; Mr. О. A. Bigler, Mr. Lyman Clark, Mr. J. H. Libberton and Mr. W. D. Sargent. Classification and Standard Sizes—Mrr. Sullivan W. Jones, chairman; Mr. A. J. McComb, Mr. F. W. Walker, Mr. S. L. Barnes and Mr. O. C. Harn. Segregation of Subjects—Mr. E. H. Hewitt, chair- man; Mr. J. E. Freeman, Mr. Lane, Mr. R. C. Sheeler and Mr. T. A. Randall. (The committees reported at the evening session). REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON SEGREGATION OF SUBJECTS Mr. Hewitr: My committee met promptly, but fell into a discussion to which there seemed to be no end in sight, when we adjourned. I trust that some permanent arrangement will be thought out whereby we can continue this work. The problem is largely one of operating the files so that time 11 is economized. The desired result can be secured in a measure 1f manufacturers will, so far as possible, con- fine a publication to a single subject. That is all we can now recommend. I sincerely believe there will come a system that will be of immense assistance to us and to the producers. REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON PERMANENT ORGANIZATION Mr. N. Max DUNNING (of Chicago): Our re- port deals with an interim organization which, we be- lieve, should be formed at this conference, to carry on the work, to give the whole subject more intensive study, and to be prepared at a later date, to report definite policies, and definite recommendations as to procedure. Such an organization will make it possible for us to accomplish the objects for which this confer- ence was called. The committee makes the following recommenda- tions : 1. That the conference create a joint continuing committee to study the problem of reducing waste in advertising to architects, and (b) to promote the effi- cient classification and distribution of accurate informa- tion on building materials and appliances and their appropriate use, and (c) to call a future conference to which it may present a plan for a permanent organ- ization. 2. That the Continuing Committee be composed of the members of the temporary committee this after- noon with the addition of five manufacturers and five architects to be named by the chairman, and that the Continuing Committee have power to increase its membership, so that it may be thoroughly represented, and to appoint sub-committees, 3. That the chairman of the Continuing Committee be the chairman of .the A. I. A. Committee on Struc- tural Service and that the committee headquarters be the office of the Committee on Structural Service at 19 West Forty-fourth Street, New York City. 4, That the Continuing Committee shall co-operate with national trade, engineering and professional bodies in the standardization of advertising matter. 5. That the architect members of the Continuing Committee prepare a statement clearly defining the form and character of advertising which will best suit their needs, and submit it to the manufacturer mem- bers, and that the manufacturer members consider these suggestions and indicate to what extent they can be adopted and put into practice. That the full com- mittee then draw up a report to be given general cir- culation through the press and otherwise.

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6. That the Continuing Committee meet tomorrow morning for the purpose of organizing, formulating a policy and assigning work to sub-committees. Many of these recommendations will have to be con- sidered merely as suggestive points for debate at this meeting. I think they are not sufficiently considered to be filed as a report that we would want to stand on. The report, as amended by this conference, should be. referred to the Continuing Committee, which I hope will be appointed. (Applause.) | Report OF COMMITTEE ON CHARACTER OF INFORMATION Mr. SARGENT: The committee submits the follow- ing data for advertising literature sent to the archi- tectural profession by manufacturers: 1. That a stamp of approval of form be placed on all literature by the American Institute of Architects. 2. Literature to contain specific data on (a) draw- ings, (b) specifications, 3. References: (a), Where material has been used. (b) Name of architect specifying material. (c) Where practicable, name of contractor and owner. 4. Adaptation for special conditions: (a) Non-adaptable conditions. 5. Technical data: (a) Physical properties and tests. 6. Information regarding stability and integrity of manufacturer. (a) Installations—where made or used. (b), How long in business. 7. Analysis of material. Information on product and its manufacture. (a) Structure, quality of material and care of workmanship. 8. Where material can be obtained. (a) Agents or jobbers. (b) Show rooms. 9. Information from the architect to the manufac- turer regarding installation or use of that par- ticular manufacturer's material on jobs of cer- tain sizes so that work can be supervised by a representative of the manufacturer to insure proper installation or application. This will insure satisfaction for both the architect’s client and the architect. This plan may not be car- ried out in every instance, but wherever possible would eliminate careless installation or appli- cation. REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON CLASSIFICATION AND SIZE Mr. 5. W. Jones: The committee submits the fol- lowing report and recommendations: The committee feels that what is needed for the guidance of the conference in arriving at right deci- sions regarding a filing system and the underlying clas- sification is not such information as may be secured by £z di taking a census of present filing systems or quasi sys- tems, but rather information on a relative few of the better systems, large and small, and the opinions of the architects who operate these files as to their adequacy and suggestions for improvements. The committee, therefore, recommends that the À. I. A. Committee on Structural Service be requested to secure from a lim- ited number of architectural offices, known to maintain typical filing systems, suggestions on both improved sys- tems and convenient classification. 'The committee further recommends that after the Committee on Structural Service has secured sugges- tions, the A. I. A. Standard Construction Classifica- tion be amended as may be considered advisable, a specification be prepared for a filing system and the manufacturer of such equipment be requested to con- sider the production of the system to be sold by them with the approval of the A. I. A. architects and others. That the Association of National Advertisers and other interested bodies be requested to report to their members the action taken by the conference and en- deavor to secure the co-operation of their members in furthering the ends in mind. | 'That the conference adopt temporarily as standard sizes for advertising literature: 715" x 1056" to 872" x 11". As the result of a general discussion, which touched upon every recommendation in each of the committee reports, the reports were approved and referred to the Continuing Committee provided for in the report of the Committee on Permanent Organization. Mr. Sty: ‘This conference has been called by the A. I. A. to assist the manufacturer in eliminating a certain part of the waste inherent in the present method of reaching architects. | 'The architectural press, as I view it, stands in a peculiar position between the manufacturer and the architect. The architectural press, as a whole, is in- tensely interested in helping both the profession and the manufacturers, who are attempting to serve the profession. Speaking for my own organization, I can say that we are attempting, at all times, to assist manufacturers in the proper preparation of literature, that is, in the form which architects desire and which will give them the most information. 'There are, in this country, something like 14,000 manufacturers producing things that go into construc- tion—more than one manufacturer per architect. It is a tremendous undertaking for an organization to educate 14,000 manufacturers in the preparation of their literature. It is a tremendous problem that you have handed to this Committee to solve. I think I voice the sentiment of the architecural press generally when I say that anything we can do to forward this work through our publications, or through personal effort, we shall be only too glad to do. ( Applause.) THE PRESIDENT: Mr. Morgan of the Е. W. Dodge Co. is certainly sufficiently interested to speak to us. 12

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Mr. Morcan: Mr. Chairman, I did not antici- pate that the courtesy of the floor would be extended to the representatives of the publications. In fact, my invitation did not indicate that we were to participate in this discussion. Hence, I came to listen, and I have listened with exceedingly great interest, because you have been talking about a problem with which we have been concerned for many years. It has been the purpose of Sweets Catalogue to eliminate waste and conserve resources. We are work- ing on that problem today, as we have been working on it for seventeen years. THE PRESIDENT: The American Institute pub- lishes an architectural magazine, which is the official organ of the Institute, and it goes to the desk of every architect who is a member of the Institute, every month. ‘This magazine carries the official report of our proceedings; it carries the reports of the Structural Service Committee; it carries a certain amount of publicity for manufacturers, and dealers, and also the editorial comments of our accomplished editor, Mr. Whitaker. Mr. Whitaker is present, and we would be pleased to have him say something. Mr. С. Н. WHITAKER: Mr. President, theoretic- ally an editor is not supposed to know anything about advertising. There is a point in the very interesting deliberations that have gone on here, today, that has not been touched upon, this evening. It is a rather delicate point. It relates to the editorial function in the con- duct of a journal—especially a journal for the Ameri- can Institute of Architects. Upon the editor, it seems, devolves peculiar responsibilities in accepting money ' from advertisers, with which to carry on the publica- tion. The Institute has always been conscious of these peculiar responsibilities. But one thing that I would like to lay before you for consideration, and a subject upon which I would be very happy to have all the advice possible, is—How is it possible to maintain the utter inviolability of the editorial columns of. a journal that carries advertising? I conceive it to be the function of the Journal of the American Institute of Architects to present all information that is useful to architects. Sometimes that information runs quite counter to the business in- terests of advertisers. This is not a new problem. I think all of you know more or less about it. I am sometimes astonished at the manner in which the editorial function is beseeched to lend its aid to advertisers. J think it is a great mistake, because, after all, the only thing that you have got to build your advertising on, is the inviolability of the editorial pages of any journal. It is the only thing that will last through. Now, when requests come to my desk, as they do almost daily, to give publicity to this, and publicity to that, I am governed by a very arbitrary rule. We give no publicity of any kind, to anything. Now, such 13 a rule is quite wrong, because some of that publicity is very desirable. Yet I do not know where to draw the line. And I don't know anybody who does, Now, that is a question that I would like to lay before this Conference, and before this Committee. Most of all, I would like to find some way of per- suading advertisers to interest themselves in preserving the editorial fearlessness, which must go into the mak- ing of any decent journal, and especially into the making of the Journal of the American Institute of Architects. We ought to be free to give our mem- bers all the information they need. Yet the fact is that information goes to the Structural Service Com- mittee, and comes to me, relating to materials, relating to new methods, to new discoveries, and we are in- hibited from publishing some of that information, because we cannot legitimately take money from one advertiser for giving him the privilege of speaking in our columns, and give the same privilege to another man for nothing. I earnestly hope that among the things to be deliber- ated upon by this Committee that is to be set up, there will be some consideration given to the poor editor who struggles with these problems in all publications today. (Applause. ). THE PRESIDENT: Even editors have their troubles. I supposed that they were mostly confined to architects and manufacturers. We will be very glad to have Mr. Morton, of the Western Architect, address the Conference. (Ар- plause. ) Mr. MORTON: There аге опе or two things that some of the men here have said in relation to the kind of advertising which will impress the architects most tavorably. You are studying ways and means of presenting spec- ifications, drawings and data of various sorts. Once that gets into the files of the architects, how shall you proceed to the pages of the architectural journal, to perpetuate that idea? I think that is one of the very important problems that one of these committees could well take up. As far as the Western Architect is concerned, our services may be called upon at any time. (Applause.) THE PRESIDENT: I am sure that we can count upon the assistance of the architectural press in every endeavor that will serve to forward this movement, and I am quite sure that they can be of very material assistance to us, in this matter. I had the pleasure of talking to Mr. Walker, of the Associated Tile Manufacturers, about some of the things that have been done by that Association, and I am sure that we would be very glad to have Mr. Walker speak to us. Mr. Walker addressed the Conference briefly with reference to the manufacture of tile products. Mr. Boyd also explained certain specifications which have been adopted by the tile manufacturers. THE PRESIDENT: I will now name the additional members of the Continuing Committee, as follows:

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a; m ARCHITECTS H. W. Foltz, Indianapolis; D. K. Boyd, Philadel- phia; Thomas R. Kimball, Omaha. Leaving two vacancies to be filled. MANUFACTURERS Mr. Mars, American Face Brick Association; L. J. Powell, Bostwick Steel Lath Company; H. S. Bright- ley, Indiana Limestone Quarrymen’s Association; R. H. Bradley, Kelsey Heating Company; E. R. Mc- Bride, National Fireproofing Co. The conference adjourned. MEETING OF THE CONTINUING COMMITTEE. NOVEMBER 11, 1921 The meeting was called to order at 10:30 A. M. with Mr. S. W. Jones in the chair. Mr. Jones: The Continuing Committee created by the Joint Conference on Better Advertising to Architects, has been charged by the Conference with the following duties: l. To secure through the A. I. A. Committee on Structural Service data on existing typical filing sys tems used in architects’ offices for the accumulation of information and informational publicity on materials, methods and devices utilized in building construction, and with such data to make such revisions in the A. I. A Standard Construction Classification as тау seem advantageous. 2. To arrange with manufacturers of filing equip- ment for the production of a system based upon the re- vised standard classification, to be sold to architects, engineers, contractors and others with the A. I. A. label of approval. 3. To prepare a statement clearly defining those gen- eral requirements of form and character for publicity, compliance with which by the manufacturer will make his publicity most useful to the architect and therefore most effective as an agency for promoting sales. 4. To seek the co-operation of national bodies of manufacturers in securing the widest possible distribu- tron of these requirements and general compliance with them. 5. To prepare a statement of purposes and to give it general publicity among manufacturers, architects, and others interested, through the advertising and architectural press and otherwise. 6. To formulate a plan and program for a perma- nent national joint organization whose purpose shall be the progressive improvement of advertising to make it of increasing usefulness to the architect and therefore of greater value to the manufacturer, to eliminate, so far as possible, the waste inherent in the present pro- miscuous distribution of advertising and to promote a better understanding among architects and manufac- turers of their common interests. 7. To call a second joint conference and present to it the plan and program formulated. 14 To accomplish this work the committee must organ- ize. At present it consists of four sub-committees of five members each and ten additional members at large, making a committee of thirty. What are the views of the members of this commit- tee on organization for the job which confronts us? Mr. Harn: We ought to have a small working committee. We shall not get ahead very fast if we depend upon correspondence, and I see very little pros- pect of getting meetings of the larger committee, which will doubtless get larger and more unwieldy as we go along. I move that the chair be authorized to appoint an executive committee of five, I suggest that the mem- bers of this committee be selected from among those located in or near New York so that we may insure full attendance at meetings. The motion carried. Mr. Jones: In due course I will announce the names of the members of the Executive Committee. Now, what do you wish to do with the committee reports, submitted yesterday evening? Of course you can merely refer them to your Executive Committee to be put through the mill and handed back to you in the form of definite recommendations, as targets to be shot at. But I believe the Executive Committee would be glad—I would, anyway—of an expression of opinion or a voted concensus of opinion as an aid in reaching acceptable decisions on many of the matters referred to the committee. The reports were referred to the Executive Com- mittee for study. Mr. BRIGHTLEY: I think we will make a mistake if we change the recommended standard size of adver- tising from 814 x 11 inches to 716 x 105 inches. Mr. Jones: I do not understand that the confer- ence recommended a change in the A. I. A. standard size. The conference merely went on record to the effect that, until a definite conclusion was reached, any size from 71% x 10% inches to 816 x 11 inches would be satisfactory. If I remember correctly, Mr. Hewitt even advocated a larger size than the 8% x 11 inches. It is my understanding that this matter of size has been consigned to the tender mercies of this com- mittee, and I am sure it will be carefully considered when we have all the necessary information, including that which will be forthcoming eventually from the Bureau of Standards. Mn. HanN: We should not overlook a class of ad- vertising which was mentioned yesterday. I refer to promotional publicity. We run the danger, I fear, of thinking about advertising containing technical infor- mation to the exclusion of this other important class of publicity. We cannot and ought not attempt to do away with it. Perhaps it is of no value in the refer- ence file. Much of it is intended for the waste basket, and if the architect looks at it before he places it in the waste basket it has performed its mission. The problem here is to make this class of advertis- ing of such a character that the architect will look at

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it. If in that we can succeed we shall have gone a long way toward preventing it from carrying into the waste basket with it a quantity of material that ought to go into the file. Mr. LANE: What we all want, and want as soon as it can be had, is the whole truth in advertising. We ought to lose no time in finding the answer to that problem. Why cannot the Structural Service Commit- tee approve advertising which it finds to contain ac- curate statements? Of course the proof of accuracy in- volves investigations and tests which will be expensive, and also an organization of salaried employees, but there should be no trouble about raising the money needed. My company would gladly pay twelve hun- dred dollars a year for such service, and I am sure there are many others who would be perfectly willing to pay the same or larger amounts. Actually, we would be saving money. Mr. Jones: We should go slowly in this matter and know exactly where we are going. The Struc- tural Service Committee could not undertake the work suggested, much as it might like to, without authority from the Institute’s Board of Directors and probably the approval of the convention. We are in no position yet to go to the Board or to the convention to get such necessary authority because we have no definite plan. Let us first decide exactly what we want to do, put our decisions into writing, budget the plan and then go to the Institute for its approval, and to those who will benefit by the service for their money. Mr. LANE: A point that I think is important to manufacturers is the misuse of a product. Perhaps we can do something to correct that condition. Products are often misused and consequently unjustly con- demned because the architect does not know how they should be used. We manufacturers can do something through our advertising, if we can get it across, but we ought to do something more, we ought to try to associate with the architect more than we have on a basis that will permit us to talk to them to some effect. Ме. Арам: I would like to ask the chairman when the architects hold their annual meeting? Mr. Jones: The next convention is scheduled for the middle of June in Chicago. Mr. ADAM: Why can't we hold the next confer- ence at the same time? I think it would be a good thing if the Executive Committee could get its pro- gram worked out for presentation to a second confer- ence to be held at the same time as or during the Institute meeting. We could get a large number of architects to attend, and if we could do that I believe we would have little or no trouble in selling them the plan we have been talking about; that is, the plan for organizing a commercial section of the Institute. That is the big thing this conference can do. Mr. Harn: It would be very advantageous, it seems to me, if Mr. Adam's suggestion could be carried out. But we ought to consider very carefully the man- ner in which the scheme is to be presented. We have 15 been discussing two things; first, the agency for im- proving and distributing advertising and, second, this new section or branch of the Institute which would in- clude manufacturers in its membership. The agency for passing upon and distributing techni- cal advertising we want and, I believe, we can get without much trouble. We ought not, however, run the risk of losing it as a part of the larger scheme which might not prove acceptable to the architects. Mr. CLARK: It seems to me that if our plan is right and is properly presented we will not run the risk feared by Mr. Harn. If we can get the Institute to accept the whole plan we shall be in a position to solve our financial problem also. If we can get 200 manufacturers to go to Chicago and discuss the scheme before the larger conference, as it has been discussed here, I think we will succeed. Mr. LANE: I would like to see the whole plan ac- cepted by the Institute if possible at its May conven- tion. As I have said before, my company will be per- fectly willing to pay its good money for membership, and many of the gentlemen I have talked to feel the same way about the companies they represent. With the money paid in by manufacturers for membership, this new body ought to conduct investigations and tests to determine the truth of the advertised claims. Mr. Jones: ‘Two or three manufacturers have sug- gested to me the plan of having the Committee on Structural Service conduct tests and investigations through a laboratory of its own or through some other investigating agency, the cost to be paid by the manu- facturer whose product is under investigation. My answer to all such suggestions is why not use such ex- isting organizations as the United States Bureau of Standards. I cannot see the wisdom or the advantage of creating new research agencies when there are so many now in existence that can easily care for our needs. I think this whole question of plan and its presenta- tion to the second conference should be left in the hands of the Executive Committee. There are a great number of factors to be considered, which can be con- sidered only in the light of information which is not now available. I have appointed the following gentlemen (subject to their acceptance) as members of the Executive Com- mittee : Mr. О. С. Harn, Mr. Lyman Clark, Mr. А. J. McComb, Mr. L. С. Powell, Mr. D. K. Boyd. The meeting adjourned. WORK OF THE CONTINUING COMMITTEE The Executive Committee of Five of the Continu- ing Committee met in New York on December 16th. The Committee made a careful study of the per- sonnel of the Continuing Committee with respect to interests represented and it was found that many important groups had no spokesmen on the Continuing Committee. The feeling was that the Continuing Committee should be enlarged to provide for repre-

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sentation from those interests not now represented. A list was prepared and the chairman was authorized to invite the various manufacturers’ associations to desig- nate representatives. Certain leading companies in un- organized industries will be asked to agree among themselves upon suitable representation. The cost of publishing and distributing the pro- ceedings of the Indianapolis Conference was closely approximated, and it was agreed that a charge of $1.00 per copy should be made. The suggestion that the Press of the A. I. A. Inc, publish the proceedings was adopted. { Further consideration of the recommendations made by the Indianapolis Conference in regard to standard sizes, character of advertising copy, and segregation of subject matter was postponed until the Continuing Committee is enlarged and reorganized. It was felt that the work with which the Committee was charged by the Indianapolis Conference should be more finely divided and assigned to a larger number of sub-committees than now exist. The chairman was authorized to discuss with a spec- ified list of manufacturers the production of filing equipment, after the standard classification has been so revised as to embody any valuable features that might be turned up by answers to the questionnaire sent to a select list of 150 architects. The questionnaire on filing systems addressed to 150 architects brought up to February Ist, 1922, 70 replies. In 35 of the 70 offices reporting, manufacturer’s literature and reference data is filed in standard verti- cal file drawers. In 16 offices, drawers (not vertical type) of varying sizes are used. In 21 offices shelves are used either exclusively or in combination with к and other drawer files. Two offices report no files and no attempt to keep catalogues. One of these two reports that it relies entirely on Sweets Catalogue. Four offices report using old type letter box files. The smallest amount of material reported as in the file is equivalent to the contents of two standard verti- cal file drawers; and the largest amount reported fills 40 such drawers. The average quantity for the 68 offices reporting maintenance of files is 7 standard 16 vertical file drawers. One standard vertical file drawer holds an average of 200 pieces of literature other than bound books, the latter being kept generally on shelves. Twenty offices report dissatisfaction with their filing systems, and 32 are satisfied with theirs. Of the 32 offices satisfied with the system used, 27 report the maintenance of vertical files, and of these 27, 25 use an accompanying card index system. Thirty-eight offices maintain a card index system and 24 do not. Fifty-three offices report that incoming material is marked or indexed for filing, and 9 offices do not so mark new literature. . In 11 offices the filing is done by а stenographer, generally under the supervision of a member of the firm. In 4 offices filing is done by the office boy. None of the offices in which the office boy does the filing is satisfied with the system. The specification writer does the filing in 18 offices, a draftsman in 6 offices, and іп 24 offices a member of the firm main- tains the file.” Three offices employ a file clerk. Twenty-three offices classify material for filing alphabetically by the name of the product and the name of the manufacturer, cross-indexed through a card system. Eight offices classify by trades, that is, they collect material under such captions as carpentry, plumbing, painting, etc. Twenty-nine offices use an alphabetical classification of the names of products. Seven offices use the A. I. A. Standard Classification, and of these seven, six are satisfied. If the offices using the A. I. A. Standard Classifica- tion are eliminated, satisfaction or dissatisfaction of the remaining offices with the filing systems in use seems to have nothing to do with the classification used. The reports would seem to indicate that satisfaction results when the file (no matter what its character or what classification is used) is properly maintained by some one possessing intelligence and knowledge of materials and their uses. : The A. I. A. Standard Classification has undergone revision and the second edition will be issued before the end of February.

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A. I. 4 Document No. 172 A Filing System | for | Architects’ Offices HE T | ) NC ^ ise 20 ; کا ا 2 The Standard Construction Classification Adopted by The American Institute of Architects Revised 1922 What it is and how to use it Copyright, 1922, by THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS Tug Ocracon HousE, WASHINGTON, D. С. ا ہے۔ et‏ ا ا сылым‏ سح ود

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The A. I. A. Standard Construction Classification What It Is and How to Use It The Problem of Filing —Construction has become a complex and highly technical enterprise. With the world as a market from which to select the materials and devices fabricated into buildings, the architect, if he would serve his client well by giving him a good building fulfilling its purpose, must keep himself posted, not only on available products, but also on the experience of others with them; he must be able to familiarize himself with new materials and reach conclusions as to their probable serviceability; he must be in a position to judge the relative merits of competing products by reference to criteria of quality and by resort to standard tests. No human mind can absorb and retain the vast conglomeration of information and data which the architect, espe- cially he who practices in the semi-isolation of the small city or town, should be able to draw upon quickly and con- veniently in solving his everyday problems. | The information of a technical character relating to products and their uses and to methods and practices comes to the architect by various media—by his own relatively limited experience, and the recorded experience of others; in publi- cations and reports on research and tests; the work of standardizing bodies and of the Government; by manufacturer's advertising and by articles and advertising in the periodicals. Most of this information reaches the architect in the form of advertising or trade literature. If he attempted to read this material as it reaches him, he might become a walking encyclopedia, but he would have no time for the practice of architecture. He, therefore, finds it necessary to lay this material away for future reference. It is the storage of this material for ready future reference that presents the problem of filing and indexing. If the file does not yield readily the information wanted the file is useless, a mere office encumbrance betokening a double waste—waste of the architect's time and energy applied to filing, and waste of the effort, time and money put into the production of the material filed. The Key to the File.—The key to any file is the system of indexing or the classification under which the material is grouped and filed. A file without an adequate index is like a locked door to which the key has been lost. The usefulness of a file, and therefore, its value as a reservoir of needed information, depends upon the logic, sim- plicity, flexibility and practicability of the indexing system or classification. | Classifications in Use.—In the production of the A. I. A. Standard Classification many existing classifications or indexing systems, including those known as checking lists (alphabetical lists of more than 3,000 products and classes of products), the decimal system, the systems in use Іп various technical and public libraries and those in a number of architects’ offices, were studied and tested and failed to meet опе or more of these requirements essential to the classifica- tion of information on construction. Most of the classifications examined and tried out were, from the architect’s standpoint, illogical; they did not fit into the scheme of things in an architect’s office and were out of line with the habit of mind and train of thought which are characteristic of the specification writer. To be made practicable an elaborate system of cross indexing would have to be introduced or a complete card index would have to be maintained as well as the file. The alphabetical index presented the problem of finding a logical place in the file for information of a technical character on basic or raw materials entering into the manufacture of a number of finished or semi-finished products for dissimilar uses. Such an index calls for elaborate cross indexing. It also threatens confusion and diversity of practice due to the individual’s freedom of choice as between filing by trade names, manufacturers’ names or class names. The decimal system, limiting as it does the number of major divisions, sub-divisions and extensions to ten was found to be too restrictive to meet the logical requirements of the particular problem. Itseemed to involvea wholly unwarranted sacrifice of practicability to an idea. The systems in use in libraries were found complex and far too comprehensive. They are unworkable without an accompanying complete card index system. The classifications in architects’ offices, deficient as some of them were, had developed quite naturally in response to office needs. The sequence of major divisions was similar to the sequence of department captions in the well ordered specification. Generally they were based upon the use of the product rather than upon the product itself or names. They were working and some of them were giving entire satisfaction. The A. I. A. Standard Classification.—It was from the last type of classification that the standard adopted by the A. I. A. was developed. The Standard Classification is in principle a use classification, although the principle has been sacrificed when it oper- ated against simplicity and practicability. Several major divisions have been introduced to provide for filing information on basic materials used by several trades and for a diversity of purposes, thus obviating cross references or the alternative duplication. The major division 3, “Masonry MATERIALS,” is thus accounted for. The few necessary cross references to avoid duplicate filing appear in the printed classification. After a little ex- perience in extracting information from the file by reference to the printed classification, there will be found no need of a card index. All one needs to remember, in going to the classification and file for information, is that the approach is from the standpoint of the purpose for which the product in question is to be used. There is a clear and logical follow- through from the specification to the file. 3

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Flexibility —Ап attempt has been made to reconcile, so far as possible, the architect's need for a rather fine division of subject matter in the file and the present practice and inclination on the part of manufacturers to include in one cata- log information on his whole line of products. ‘The Standard Classification is sufficiently flexible to take care either of the single sheet or folder dealing with one product or of the catalog descriptive of a group of products for similar uses. But neither the A. I. A. Standard nor any other Classification can be made to work easily, without cross reference and at the same time provide a place for a catalog that covers metal lath and concrete reinforcements or that contains information on asbestos shingles and pipe insulation. In time, as the Standard Classification comes more generally into use, manufacturers who now crowd descriptive matter on a line of products for diversified uses into one catalog, will realize the advertising advantage to them of dividing the material and distributing it according to the Classification throughout a number of small publications that lend them- selves to filing for convenient future reference. It is not intended, however, nor is it necessary for a manufacturer of a line of products all of which classify themselves under one major division to split up his catalog. By way of illustration; a bulletin on revolving ventilators would be filed under 12k1; one on stationary ventilators would be filed under 12k2; and a catalog of both revolving and stationary ventilators would be filed under 12k. A catalog of sky-lights would take the file index 12j; and a catalog covering sky- lights, ventilators, leader heads and sheet metal work would be filed under 12. Тһе simple rule is to move the publica- tion up from the extension to the sub-division and from the sub-division to the major division until nothing contained remains uncovered or calls for a cross reference. This flexibility is an advantage to the architect in adopting the system because it removes the necessity of installing the complete file. A new office or a small office can start the system with the 40 major divisions only, and later, as the need arises, sub-divide, installing the sub-division cards and folders. Advantages of a Standard Classification.—1f files were to be generally used but without a standard classification, and a manufacturer sent out a piece of literature to 5,000 architects, the filing would require the time of 5,000 competent per- sons in the 6,000 offices. With a Standard Classification this waste сап be eliminated by getting the manufacturer to print on the front page or cover of the publication the Standard file index number. This practice has been adopted by a number of manufacturers and it is gratifying to note that the number is increasing. This practice of printing the file index on advertising literature, it should be noted, in no way interferes with filing under a system other than the A. I. A. Standard, but at the same time it is a material aid to the architect whose file is Standard. . All of the material published in the Structural Service Department of THE JOURNAL of the A. I. A. is indexed for filing in the Standard file. It is hoped that the time will come when the A. I. A. may be justified, by the number of Stan- dard files in use, to propose to other architectural publications that they similarly index their technical articles for filing. In order to bridge the gap between the present chaotic filing conditions and the time when the Standard Classifica- tion and file is the rule, the Structural Service Committee will prepare an alphabetical list of products and assign to each its proper file index number. Purpose.—The broad purpose back of the A. I. A. Standard Classification is to simplify filing in the architect’s office to the point where an adequate file can be operated by a person without technical knowledge, and where the mainte- nance of an adequate file is within the reach of every architect from the largest, who can afford an experienced file clerk, to the one who does his own filing.

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STANDARD CONSTRUCTION CLASSIFICATION. 3. MASONRY MATERIALS—Continued. 5 0 OP SIIR; 3b. INTEGRAL COMPOUNDS AND CONCRETE FLOOR TREAT- 3. Masonry MATERIALS. MENTS: 3b1. Set ACCELERATING. ы امت‎ Rl Concrete Work. 352. HARDENING AND DusTPROOFING. 6. FOUNDATIONS. 323. ACIDPROOFING. | 7. WATERPROOFING AND DAMPPROOFING. L 354. WATERPROOFING, 8. Stone Work. ' jc. LIME. 3сі. Lump. 9. ARCHITECTURAL TERRA СОТТА. Io. BLOCK CONSTRUCTION. II. PAVING. ۱ I2. RooriNG, SHEET METAL AND SKYLIGHTS. 13. STRUCTURAL STEEL AND IRON. 14. MISCELLANEOUS STEEL AND IRON. IS. ORNAMENTAL METAL Work. 16. FIRE Resistinc Doors, WINDOWS, AND TRIM. 343. SAND AND FINE AGGREGATE. 17. SPECIAL Doors AND WINDOWS. 344. COARSE AGGREGATE. I8. VAULTS AND SAFES. 3441. CRUSHED STONE. I9. CARPENTRY. 3442. GRAVEL. 20. FURRING AND LATHING. 3443. CLINKER. 3с2. HYDRAULIC. 3¢3. HYDRATED. 3c4. SPECIALS. 3d. AGGREGATES. 3d1. GRADING. 342. TESTERS. 21. PLASTERING. 3444. SLAG. 22. MARBLE AND SLATE. Зе. WATER. | 23. FLOOR AND WALL TILE. 3f. Brick. (For Brickwork, see 5.) 24. Рі.Автіс FLOORS. 30 Common. 25. PAINT, PAINTING AND VARNISHING. 2/2. FACE. 3/21. VITREOUS. 3/22. 52701-۷1732008. 3/23. ROUGH TEXTURE. 3/24. GLAZED. 3/25. ENAMELED. 26. CoNCRETE. 3/3. 5۸×] ۰. 26. GLASS AND GLAZING. 27. HARDWARE. 28. FuRNISHINGS. 29. PLUMBING. 30. HEATING AND VENTILATING. 31. ELECTRICAL Work. 32. REFRIGERATION. 33. ELEVATORs. 3f4. PAVING. 34. POWER PLANT. | 3/41. SHALE AND CLAY. 35. Equipment, STATIONARY. 3/42. Cork. 36. CONSTRUCTION PLANT. 3/43. COMPOSITION. 37. MopbELs. 3/5. Horrow. 38. LANDSCAPE. 3/6. REFRACTORY. 39. ۸5۰. 3f7. SEWER. 40. REGULATIONS. 3g. GYPSUM. т. PREPARATION OF SITE. А نت سس‎ 1a. DEMOLITION OF STRUCTURES. 2 | тат. OWNERSHIP OF MATERIALS. A تج ا‎ ING Brocks. 132. STORAGE OF SALVED MATERIALS. 3%. MOS OLORS. 143. SPRINKLING. 31. Mortar. 15. PROTECTION OF TREES, SHRUBS AND SIDEWALKS. 3/1. CEMENT. іс. Тор боп, REMOVAL AND STORAGE. 312. LIME. 313. LIME-CEMENT AND CEMENT-LiME. 2. EXCAVATION. 314. NoN-STAINING. 2a. Tests оғ 5028011. 315. GYPSUM. 2а1. Pirs. : 242. BORING. aa 4. CONCRETE AND CONCRETE WORK. 22; 2: WASH. да. QUALITY OF CONCRETE. 4al. SLUMP TESTS. 243. LOADING 442. STRENGTH. 224. TEST PILES. 2b. EXcavaTED MATERIAL, DISPOSAL or. 45. PROPORTIONING AND MIXING. (For added compounds, 2c. BLASTING. see 3b. 2d. OPEN CAISSON. 4b1. PROPORTIONING. ze. SHORING. 4b2. CONSISTENCY. 2f. SHEET PILING. - 423. MIXING. 2ft. Woon. 4531. MACHINE. 2/2. METAL. 4532. HAND. 2g. Rock DRESSING. | 4c. Depositinc. (For handling plant, see 36b.) 2h. TUNNELING. 4c1. In Am. 21. UNDERPINNING. 411. SPOUTING. 2j. BACK-FILLING. .12ء4‎ CONTINUOUS. 2k. DREDGING. 4с13. BONDING. 3- MASONRY MATERIALS. 4£14. COMPACTING. CEMENT 4c2. IN WATER. 3a. . 4с21. TREMIE. 381. PORTLAND, 342. WHITE PORTLAND. 4722. Drop-Botrom Bucket. 343. NoN-STAINING. 4с23. Bags. 344. NATURAL. 4¢3. RUBBLE AND CycLopEAN AGGREGATE. 345. 58۰ 4c4. PROTECTION FROM FREEZING.

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4. CONCRETE AND CONCRETE WORK—Continued. 4d. Forms. 441. DESIGN. 442. Моор. 443. METAL. 444. SPECIAL. 4e. REINFORCED. 4 421. DESIGN. деті. EXPANSION JOINTS. 412. REINFORCING METAL. MEDIUM STEEL. . Нісн CARBON STEEL. . RE-ROLLED STEEL. . SPECIAL. . FABRICS. 26. DEFORMED Bars. 423. FOOTINGS. 431. GRILLAGE. 424. COLUMNS AND WALLS. 4241. COLUMNS. 4242. WALLS. 4¢5. BEAMS AND SLABS. ۱ 4251. FLAT SLAB CONSTRUCTION. 4252. BEAM AND SLAB CONSTRUCTION. 4¢53. BEAM AND FILLER CONSTRUCTION. 4f. FIREPROOFING. 4g. FLOOR 71۰ 4h. INSERTS AND ACCESSORIES. 4i. SURFACING AND CEMENT Work. 411. IN THE FORM. 412. WALLS AND CEILINGS. 413. FLOORS. 47. CONTAINERS. 4/1. TANKS. 472. BINS. 5. BRICK WORK. (For brick, see 3f.) sa. LAYING METHODS. sai. Вомрз. $a2. JOINTS AND POINTING. 523. CLEANING. ср. BACKING FOR STONE AND TERRA СОТТА. $c. FIREPROOFING. 54. Fire-STOPPING. se. ARCHES. sf. REINFORCEMENTS. 5g. CARVING. | | 5h. CHIMNEYS AND FIREPLACES. (For industrial stacks, see 35124.) shi. FLUE LININGS. Şh2. TILE THIMBLES, 5h3. CHIMNEY Ports. срд. FIREPLACE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION. 5h41. FIREPLACE LININGS, Brick. 5h42. TRIMMER ARCHES AND HEARTHS. (For iron ash dumps, linings, clean-outs, throats, and dampers, see 144.) st. Brick VENEER. 6. FOUNDATIONS. 6a. PILING. 6a1. Woon. ба2. CONCRETE. 6b. Carssons, AIR. 6c. SuB-DRAINAGE. 6d. RETAINING WALLS. у. WATERPROOFING AND DAMPPROOFING. Physical Properties of Bitumens and Felts, see 124.) 7a. WATERPROOFING. (Against static head.) 7al. MEMBRANOUS. “а2. INTEGRAL. | 7a3. PLASTER Солт. (For compounds used in 742 and 743, see 38.) 7b. DAMPPROOrING. (No static head.) "рт. MORTAR. 7b2. COATINGS. “ӛ21. EXTERIOR SURFACES. 7b22. INTERIOR SURFACES. (For E ELS 8. STONE WORK. 8a. RUBBLE. 8b. Cvr. 851. MARBLE. 852. LIMESTONE. 8b3. GRANITE. 854. Stats. (For interior slate, see 225.) 8c. ARTIFICIAL. 8d. CUTTING AND SURFACING. 841. CARVING, (For models, see 37.) 8e. SETTING. (For mortar, see 21.) .1ء8‎ CLAMPS AND ANCHORS. 822. Stain PROOFING. 8е21. PAINTING. 8¢22. PARGING. 8e3. CLEANING. 9. ARCHITECTURAL TERRA COTTA. 9a. MATERIAL. gat. MANUFACTURE. 932. FINISHES. a3. TRIAL SETTING. gb1. ANCHORING. 952. BACKING. 10. BLOCK CONSTRUCTION. 10a. WALLS AND PARTITIONS. 10a1. Номо TILE. 10011. BEARING AND EXTERIOR. 10412. Non-BEARING AND INTERIOR. 1042. CONCRETE Brock. 10421. BEARING AND EXTERIOR. 10422. Non-BEARING AND INTERIOR. 1043. GYPSUM. 1044. MAGNESITE. 10a5. MISCELLANEOUS 1026. REINFORCEMENTS. Iob. FLOORS AND Roors. тор. 1011.0۷ TILE. 10011. FLOORS. 10012. Roors. 1002. GYPSUM. 10521. FLOORS. 10522. Roors. тос. FURRING AND FIREPROOFING. тосі. HoLLOW Тіп, к. 10:11. FuRRING. 10с12. FIREPROOFING. .2ء10‎ GYPSUM. ۲1021. FuRRING. 10с22. FIREPROOFING. I0c3. MAGNESITE. 10с31. FuRRING. 10с32. FIREPROOFING. 10¢4. MIscELLANEOUS. 11. PAVING. 114. CONCRETE. 115. BRICK. тїс. STONE BLOCK. 11d. ASPHALT. 112. COMPOSITION BLOCK. 11f. Woop Brock. IIg. CORK Brick. 114. MACADAM. 111. BITUMINOUS BINDERS. 11%, GUTTERS AND CURBS. (For curb guards, gutter bridges, catch basins, and manhole fittings, see 14.) 11). VAULT LIGHTS. 12. ROOFING, SHEET METAL AND SKYLIGHTS. 12a. Basic MATERIALS. 12a1. BITUMENS. 12011. PITCH. 12412. ASPHALT. 1242. FELTS AND FABRICS.

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جب رہہ بای ..- ےا -- ———— 12. ROOFING, SHEET METAL AND SKYLIGHTS—Con- 14. MISCELLANEOUS STEEL AND IRON. tinued. 14a. SIDEWALK FITTINGS 122. Basic MaTeriaLs—Continued. 1243. METALS. 12831. SHEET IRON. 12432. SHEET STEEL. 12433. SHEET ТІМ. 12434. SHEET COPPER. 12435. SHEET ZINC. 12436. SHEET LEAD. 12}. BITUMINOUS ROOFING. 12b1. BUILT-UP. 12b11. GRAVEL OR SLAG. 12612. TILE SURFACING. 12513. SLATE SURFACING. 12514. SPECIAL. 1252. PREPARED. 12521. Rott. 12522. SHINGLES. 12. SHEET METAL ROOFING. 12с1. TIN. 12С11. STANDING SEAM. 12с12. FLAT SEAM. I2c13. BATTEN. 122 COPPER. I2c21. FLAT SEAM. 12¢22. BATTEN. 12c23. TILE. 12c3. GALVANIZED. 12¢31. CORRUGATED. 12¢32. SHINGLES. 12¢33. TILE. 12¢4. ZINC. 12с41. SHINGLES, 12с5. LEAD. 12d. SLATE ROOFING. 1241. GRADUATED. 12е. TILE. (Except metal and flat tile.) 1221. CLAY. 12¢2. CEMENT. 12f. Аввевтоз. (For roll and built-up, see 125.) 12/1. SHINGLES. 12/2. CORRUGATED. 12g. CANVAS. 12h. FLASHINGS. 1241. METAL, 1202. BITUMINOUS. 12h3. PLASTIC. 12i. GuTTERS, LEADERS AND ACCESSORIES. 12/. SKYLIGHTS. 12/1. PUTIYLESS ТҮРЕ. 12/2. Роттұ GLAZED. 12/3. GLASS AND GLAZING. 12331. GLASS. 12/32. VAULT LIGHTS. 12733. GLAZING. 12k. VENTILATORS. 1221. REVOLVING. 12k2. STATIONARY. 12l. ARCHITECTURAL SHEET METAL. 1211. SHEET METAL CEILINGS. 12/2. CORNICES, PEDIMENTS, Etc. 12m. PRESSED SHEET METAL COLUMNS. 12n. PAINTING. 12n1. ENAMELING SHEET METAL. 13. STRUCTURAL STEEL AND IRON. 13a. Рнүвіслі, PROPERTIES AND TESTS. 135. DESIGN AND SHAPES. 1361. ENGINEERING DATA. 13с. FABRICATION. 134. ERECTION. 13¢. PAINTING AND PROTECTION. 13e1. CLEANING. 13e2. PAINTING. 13f. INSPECTION AND TESTS, 13g. STEEL LUMBER. 13h. Pipe COLUMNS. 1441. AREA GRATINGS. 1442. SIDEWALK Doors AND FRAMES. 1443. Coat Hote Covers AND FRAMES. 1444. CURB GUARDS. 1445. GUTTER COVERS AND BRIDGES. 14р. Door AND WINDOW OPENINGS. 14b1. WHEEL GUARDS. 1452. Bucks, STRUCTURAL SHAPES. 1453. LiNTELS, Cast IRON. 1454. GRATINGS. 1455. SHEET AND PLATE Doors AND SHUTTERS. I4c. FIRE Escapes AND BALCONIES. 144. STAIRS, PLATFORMS, LADDERS AND RAILINGS. 1441. SAFETY TREADS. 14е. FIREPLACE AND CHIMNEY ACCESSORIES. 1461. Aso Dumps. 14¢2. THROATS AND DAMPERS. 1423. FIREPLACE LININGS. 1424. CLEAN-ouT Doors AND FRAMES. 14f. Frac Pores, STEEL. (For lightning protection, see 3526.) 14g. WALL BEARING PLATES. 14h. METAL SMOKESTACKS. 141. PoRTABLE STEEL BUILDINGS. 147. HANGERS AND ANCHORS. 14k. FENCES. 15. ORNAMENTAL METAL WORK. 15а. Bronze. (Composition and Finishes.) 1641. ARCHITECTURAL. 1542. SCULPTURAL. 150. Brass AND COPPER. 15. Cast Iron. 154. WROUGHT IRON. 15е. METAL PLATING PROCESSES. ı6. FIRE RESISTING DOORS, WINDOWS AND TRIM. 16a. HoLLow METAL. 1601. Doors. 16611. Door Frames. (Combined Frames and Trim.) 1642. WINDOWS. 1603. MOLDINGS AND TRIM. 165. METAL COVERED Woop. (Kalamined.) 1651. Doors. 1652. WINDOWS. 1653. MOLDINGS AND TRIM. 16с. Тїн Crap. 16c1. Doors. 16c2. Fire SHUTTERS. 164. SHEET METAL ТҮРЕ. (Corrugated, etc.) 1641. Doors. 16411. HiNGED. 16412. SLIDING. 16413. ROLLING. 1642. SHUTTERS. 1643. ҮҮімроу/3. (Heavy gauge solid.) 16е. SOLID, ROLLED AND Drawn SHAPES. 16¢1. SASH AND FRAMES. 16e2. MOLDINGS AND TRIM. 17. SPECIAL DOORS AND WINDOWS. (Note: Special features are generally confined to the hardware used. 17a. Doons. 1741. REVOLVING. 1742. COUNTERBALANCED. 1743. CANOPY. 1704. FOLDING. 1745. SOUNDPROOF. 17b. WINDOWS. 18. VAULTS AND SAFES. 182. BUILT-IN VAULTS. 18b. FIREPROOF VESTIBULES. 18c. PORTABLE AND BUILT-IN SAFES. 18d. CHESTS, 18¢. PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS.

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19. CARPENTRY. 19a. LUMBER. 19001. CLASSIFICATION. 1042. GRADING RULES. 1043. TREATMENTS. 19431. Ror PREVENTION. 19432. CURING AND DRYING. 19433. FrrE-PROOFING. 19р. FRAMING. 1901. DESIGN. 1902. HaLr-TIMBER. I9c. Docks AND BurKHEAps. (For piling, see ба.) 19d. Roor AND WALL COVERINGS. 19е. MILLWORK. 1921. SASH, Doors AND FRAMES. 19211. SASH. 19212. Doors. 19¢13. FRAMES. 19¢14. WEATHER STRIPS. 19¢15. FLY SCREENS AND SCREEN Doors. 19¢16. CAULKING. 19¢2. SHUTTERS. (For бге shutters, see 16с2.) 19¢3. Mou.ps AND TRIMS. 1924. STAIRS. (For safety treads, see 1441.) 19¢5. VENEERING AND PLYWOOD. 19¢51. GLUES AND GLUEING. 19¢6. PARTITIONS AND Воотнз. 19¢61. SLIDING AND ROLLING. 19¢7. Misc. BUILT-IN FURNITURE. 19¢8. COLUMNS. 1029. FLOORING. 19¢91. GRADING RULES. то/. WALL BOARDS. (For plaster board, see 21d.) (For combination sheathing and lath, see 19k.) 19g. BUILDING AND SHEATHING PAPERS, FELTS AND QUILTS. 19h. FLAG ۲۱۰ 191. PORTABLE AND PRE-cuT BUILDINGS. I9j. GROUNDS AND МАПІМС PLUGS. 19k. COMBINATION SHEATHING AND LATH SHEATHING. .ا9ہ‎ Woop TANKS. 20. FURRING AND LATHING. 20a. FURRING. 20b. LATHING. (For combination sheathing and lath, see 194.) 20b1. METAL. 20b11. WIRE. 20b12. EXPANDED METAL. 20b13. SELF-F URRING. 20014. METAL LATH Partitions. 20b15. COMPOSITE. 20b2. Моор. 20c. CORNER BEADS. 21. PLASTERING. 21a. PLAIN. 21а1. Ілме PLASTER. 2102. GYPSUM PLASTER. 2143. KEENES CEMENT. 215. ORNAMENTAL. 2151. ARTIFICIAL STONE. 2152. ARTIFICIAL MARBLE. 2153. CAEN STONE. 21b4. STANDARD Mou tps. 21с. PLASTER BOARDS. 21с1. PLASTER BOARD PARTITIONS. 21d. STUCCO. 2141. CEMENT. 2142. MAGNESITE. 2143. LIME. 221. SCRAFFITO. 2f1. BONDING AND STAIN-PROOFING COATINGS. 22. MARBLE AND SLATE. 22a. INTERIOR MARBLE. 22b. INTERIOR SLATE. (For slate used as cut stone, see 854.) (For slate blackboards, see 35511.) (Scagliola.) 22. MARBLE AND SLATE—Continued. 22с. ALBERENE STONE. (Soap Stone.) 22d. MARBLE Mosaic. 222. TERRAZZO. 22f. STRUCTURAL GLASS. 23. FLOOR AND WALL TILE. 23a. CERAMIC, 23a1. VITREOUS AND SEMI-VITREOUS. 2242. GLAZED AND ENAMELED. 2243. Mosaic. 2344. FAIENCE. 2345. SETTING. 23451. FLOORS. 23452. WALLS AND CEILINGS. 225. CORK. 2351. SETTING. 23c. RUBBER. 23с1. SETTING. 23d. CoMPOSITION. 2341. SETTING. 23e. ACOUSTICAL. 2221. SETTING. 23f. METAL. 23/1. SETTING. 24. PLASTIC FLOORS. 244. MAGNESITE. 24b. Mastic. 24b1. Heavy SERVICE. 2482. LIGHT SERVICE. 25. PAINT, PAINTING AND FINISHING. 25a. Raw PRODUCTS. 2501. VEHICLES. 25411. OILS. 25412. TURPENTINES AND SUBSTITUTES. 25413. ALCOHOL. 25414. DRYERS. 2522. PIGMENTS. 25421. WHITE Leap. 25422. 21710 WHITE. 25423. Rep Leap, METALLIC Leap. 25424. GRAPHITE. 25825. Оснев. (Iron Oxides.) 25426. INERT FILLERS. 25427. COLORS. 2543. GUMS, RESINS, ETC. 25b. FINISHED PRODUCTS. 25b1. VARNISH, STAIN, FILLER, Erc. 25b11. VARNISH. 25b12. STAIN. 25b13. FILLERS. 25b14. LACQUERS AND GLAZES. 25b15. WAX. 25b2. PAINTS AND ENAMELS. 25b21. WHITEWASH AND WATER PAINTS. 25b22. FLAT PAINT. (Lithopone Type.) 25623. ENAMEL. 25524. GRAPHITE PAINT, RED LEAD, IRON Oxipz, Erc. 25625. SINGLE PIGMENT PAINT. 25626. READY Mixzp PAINTS. 25027. BITUMINOUS PAINTS. 26b28. MISCELLANEOUS AND SPECIAL. 25€. PAINTING AND FINISHING. 25с1. WOODWORK. 2+ STAINING, FILLING, VARNISHING, TC. 25с12. PAINTING, ENAMELING. 25с2. Masonry, PLASTER, Etc. 25с21. PLASTER, STUCCO AND CONCRETE. 25с22. Brick. 25с23. STONE. 25с3. METAL. (For structural steel, see 13¢2.) 25¢4. CANVAS AND FABRICS.

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CT a ی وہ - ہم ےمم یجس‎ carr rape nti ji er із сатысы Ж یں ہیں‎ SDN м کی سن میں کو‎ а کے‎ p — AO ЖИНЕЛ تج‎ т جم جو‎ та iT EU occ cmm ee 25. PAINT, PAINTING AND FINISHING—Continued. 25d. DECORATIVE. . 2541. GOLD Lear. 2542. STENCILING. 2543. PAINTED DECORATION. 25е. LETTERING, 25f. REFLECTING SURFACES. 26. GLASS AND GLAZING. 26a. GLASS. 26a1. SHEET GLASS. 26a2. PLATE GLASS. 26а3. WIRED GLASS. 26a4. Prismatic. (Regular refracting.) 26а5. DırrusınG. (Irregularly refracting.) 26a6. OBSCURED. 2627. LEADED AND STAINED. 2648. Non-SHATTERABLE AND BULLET PROOF. 2651. STORE FRONTS. 27. HARDWARE. 27a. BUILDERS. 27а1. PULLEYS, WEIGHTS, CHAINS, Corps. 2742. WINDOW CLEANERS. 2743. HANGERS, Door. 27а4. EXPANSION BOLTS. 27b. FINISHING. 27c. SPECIALTIES. : .1ء27‎ REVERSIBLE WINDOWS. 27с2. CASEMENT SPECIALTIES. 27c3. Door OPERATORS. 27c4. SASH OPERATORS. 28. FURNISHINGS. 28a. METAL. 28a1. LocKERS. 28a2. FURNITURE. (For safes, see 18.) 2843. PARTITIONS. 285. Woop. 2841. SEATING. 28511. CHURCH. 28b12. SCHOOL. 28613. CHAIRS. 2852. TABLES AND DESKS. 28621. LIBRARY. 28522. SCHOOL. 28523. OFFICE. 2853. CASES. 28531. SHow. 28b32. Book. 28233. WARDROBES AND CASES. 2854. WILLOW AND WICKER. 28be. UPHOLSTERY AND TRIMMINGS. 28c. WALL COVERINGS. 28c1. FABRICS. 28c2. PAPER. 28d. DRAPERIES. 28e. WINDOW SHADES. 28f. AWNINGS. 28g. VENETIAN BLINDS. 28h. HARDWARE, UPHOLSTERER'S. 292. FLoor COVERINGS AND ACCESSORIES. 28:1. LINOLEUM. 28111. LINOLEUM CEMENT. 29. PLUMBING. 29a. DESIGN. 29b. PuvsicAL PROPERTIES OF PIPE AND FITTINGS. 2961. CasT InoN PIPE AND FITTINGS. 29b2. WROUGHT IRON PIPE AND FITTINGS. 2903. STEEL PIPE AND FITTINGS. 2004. Brass PIPE AND FITTINGS, Bronze VALVES. 2005. CLAY PIPE AND FITTINGS. 29056. CEMENT PIPE AND FITTINGS. 2967. LEAD PIPE. 2958. MISCELLANEOUS AND SPECIAL. — SM رج‎ ESE aooaa 29. PLUMBING — Continued. 29c. DRAINAGE. 29с1. EjEcTORS AND Pumps. 29c2. SEWAGE DISPOSAL. 29c21. SEPTIC TANKS. 29d. WATER SUPPLY. 2941. METERS. 2042. HEATERS AND BOILERS. 2943. WATER TREATMENT. 20431. FILTERS. 20432. SOFTENERS. 20433. STERILIZERS. 20434. For Rust PREVENTION. 2924. STORAGE AND TANKS. 2045. Pumps. 29451. HYDRAULIC Rams. 29e. FiRE PROTECTION. 29¢1. SPRINKLERS. 29е2. Hose Racks, VALVES, FITTINGS AND FIRE Hose. 29¢3. EXTINGUISHERS. 20/1. GENERATORS AND PRODUCERS. 20/2. LIGHTING FIXTURES. 29f3. RANGES. 20/4. HEATING. 29g. AIR. 29h. PLUMBING FIXTURES. 29i. BatH Room ACCESSORIES. 30. HEATING AND VENTILATING. 30a. DESIGN. 30b. Warm Arr SYSTEMS. 30b1. FURNACES. 30b2. Pree AND Firrines. (For registers, see 30¢.) 30c. STEAM AND WATER. 30cI. BOILERS. 30c2. PIPE, VALVES AND FITTINGS. (For physical properties and tests, see 295.) 30с3. INSULATION. 30с4. RADIATION. 30c41. RADIATOR Covers AND CONCEAL- ING RADIATORS. 30c5. Pumps. 30d. VENTILATING. 30d1. BLOWERS AND Fans. 4042. Атк WASHERS. 3043. AIR FILTERS. 3044. Еілев AND Ducts. 30е. REGISTERS. 30f. TEMPERATURE REGULATION. 3of1. AIR MoIsTENERS AND CONDITIONING. gog. FUEL AND Fug FEEDS. 31. ELECTRICAL WORK. 31a. GENERATING APPARATUS. .161و‎ ENGINEERING Dara. 315. TRANSFORMERS AND LIGHTNING ARRESTORS. 31с. DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM. 3ісі. ENGINEERING Dara. 31с2. SWITCH BOARDS. 31с3. PANELBOARDS. 31¢31. CABINETS. 31с32. PANELS. 31033. TRIMS. (Switches, fuse blocks, etc.) 31с4. CIRCUIT Rupturine Devices. 31с41. Fuses. 31c42. CIRCUIT BREAKERS. 31с43. RELAYS. 31c5. CONDUIT SYSTEMS. 31с61. CONDUIT. 41с52. OUTLET BOXES. 31653. [неон Boxes. 31c54. MISCELLANEOUS FITTINGS. 41655. MANHOLES.

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31. ELECTRICAL WORK—Continued. 31с. DISTRIBUTION SvsrEM— Continued. 31с6. WIRES AND CABLES. 31с61. CONDUCTORS. 31:62. INSULATIONS. 31c7. WIRING DEVICES. 31c71. SOCKETS. 31:72. RECEPTACLES. 31¢73. SWITCHES. (For knife switches, see 31¢33.) 31074. MISCELLANEOUS APPLIANCES. 31d. Motors AND CONTROL. 31е. ELECTRIC MEASURING INSTRUMENTS. 31f. ILLUMINATION. 31/1. ENGINEERING Data. 31f11. OUTDOOR ILLUMINATION. 31/12. RESIDENTIAL. 31/13. INDUSTRIAL. 31/14. COMMERCIAL. (Stores.) 41/15. Business. (Offices, Banks, etc.) 31f16. EDUCATIONAL. (Schools, Libraries.) 31/17. Ровис BUILDINGS, AUDITORIUMS. 31718. INDOOR RECREATIONS AND SPORTS. 31719. MISCELLANEOUS. 31f2. EQUIPMENT. 31f21. INCANDESCENT Lamps. 31/22. REFLECTORS. 31/23. LIGHTING FIXTURES. 21/24. SEARCHLIGHTS. 31/25. MAINTENANCE. (Factories.) 316. HEATING. 31g1. ENGINEERING БАТА. 31g2, HEATING ELEMENTS. 3123. HEATERS. 31031. AIR. 31g32. WATER. 3124. COOKING. 4125. INDUSTRIAL. (Ovens, furnaces, etc.) 31h. SMALL POWER APPLIANCES. 31h1. LAUNDRY EQUIPMENT. 3182. KITCHEN EQUIPMENT. 31h3. Pumps. 31h31. WATER. 31h32. GASOLENE. 31533. OIL. 31834. AIR AND Gas. 3184. MISCELLANEOUS. 31441. PORTABLE VACUUM CLEANERS. 31342. PORTABLE FANS. 31h43. SEWING MACHINES. 31h44. ADDING MACHINES. 31i. SIGNALING AND COMMUNICATING SYSTEMS. 3111. CALL SYSTEMS. 31111. GENERATORS AND BATTERIES. 31712. BELL RINGING TRANSFORMERS. 41413. BELLS AND ANNUNCIATORS. 31114. Pusa BUTTONS. 3112. TIME SYSTEMS. 31121. Тіме CLocks AND STAMPS. 31122. WATCHMEN’S TIME DETECTOR. 3113. ALARMS. 31131. FIRE ALARMS. 31132. BURGLAR ALARMS. 3114. TELAUTOGRAPHS. 3115. TELEPHONES. 3116. WIRELESS APPARATUS. 41j. ELECTRO-MEDICAL AND THERAPEUTIC APPARATUS. 31k. ULTRA VIOLET AND X-Ray APPARATUS. 31k1. STERILIZATION OF WATER. 32. REFRIGERATION. 42a. DESIGN. 32b. INSULATION. 32c. REFRIGERATORS. 32с1. Doors. 32d. SMALL Domestic Units. 426. SPECIALTIES. 33. ELEVATORS. 33a. ENGINEERING REQUIREMENTS AND DESIGN. 3341. TRAFFIC DATA. 3342. PLATFORM SIZES. 3343. DUTIES. 33431. LOADS. 33432. SPEEDS. 23433. ACCELERATION. 330. PASSENGER, POWER. 33b1. ELECTRIC. 33b11. TRACTION. 33612. WINDING Drum. 3322. HYDRAULIC. 33521. PLUNGER. 33522. КОРЕ GEARED. 3303. STEAM. 33с. FREIGHT. 33c1. ELECTRIC. 33сі1. TRACTION. (Direct drive, 2 to 1 rope geared, worm or helical gear.) 33с12. WINDING. (Worm gear.) 33с2. HYDRAULIC. 33021. PLUNGER. 33с22. КОРЕ GEARED. 33c3. GRAVITY. 33с4. HAND. 33¢5. STEAM. 33d. DUMBWAITERS. 3341. POWER. 33d2. HAND. 33е. EscULATORS. 33f. CAR ENCLOSURES. 33g. Doors AND GATES. 33g1. INTERLOCKS AND CLOSERS. 33h. SIGNALS AND INDICATORS, Push BUTTON Boxes AND ANNUNCIATORS. 331. DEVICES. 337. SPIRAL CHUTES. 34. POWER PLANT. 34a. DESIGN. 34b. Вопк Room EQUIPMENT. 34b1. BoILERS AND ACCESSORIES. 2452. CONDENSERS. 34b3. ECONOMIZERS. 34b4. SUPER-HEATERS AND MECHANICAL DRAFT. 34b5. GRATES. 346. STOKERS. 34b7. TuBE CLEANERS AND SEPARATORS. 4458. Fury Оп, AND POWDERED COAL EQUIPMENT. 34с. COAL AND Азн HANDLING. 34c1. CONVEYORS. 34с2. PULVERIZERS. 344. CRANES AND TROLLEYS. 34¢. VALVES AND OPERATORS. 34f. Pumps. 34g. REGULATORS. 34g1. DAMPER. 4462. FEED WATER. 3423. PRESSURE, WATER, STEAM, GAS. 34h. ENGINE Room EQUIPMENT. 34h1. STEAM ENGINES. 3452. INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES. 34h3. TURBINES. 34h4. COMPRESSORS. 341. MISCELLANEOUS. 3411. Gas PRODUCERS. 3412. OILING SYSTEMS, STORAGE AND FILTERS. 3413. WATER COOLING, HEATING AND TREATING. 3414. COMBUSTION RECORDERS. 35. EQUIPMENT, STATIONARY. (For vaults and safes, see No. 18.) For furnishings, see No. 28.) 35a. STAGE AND THEATRICAL. 10

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35. EQUIPMENT, STATIONARY—Continued. 355. EDUCATIONAL. (Including Library.) 3551. BLACKBOARDS. 35611. SLATE. 35012. ARTIFICIAL. 3562. Book STACKS AND Lirrs. (For bookcases, see 28532.) . 38c. COOKING. .1ء35‎ KITCHEN. (Forelectrical equipment, see 31/2.) .11ء35‎ COAL AND Woop RANGES. (For gas ranges, see 20/3.) 35c12. Е (Tables, cabinets, etc. 35с2. BAKERY. 35c21. OVENS. 354. LAUNDRY. (For portable electric appliance, see 31/1.) 3541. WASHING MACHINES. 3542. IRONING MACHINES. 3543. CLOTHES DRYERS. 35d31. Gas. 35432. Coar. 35е. LABORATORY. (For bacteriological, see 2521.) 3571. CHEMICAL. 35¢2. PHYSICAL. 35f. ATHLETIC. 35/1. GYMNASIUM. 35/2. PooLs AND NATATORIUMS. 35g. MUSICAL. 3581. ORGANS. 35g1I. PIPE. 35212. REED. 35g2. CHIMES AND BELLS. 35h. COMMERCIAL. (For show cases, see 28531.) 35h1. Mart CHUTES. 35h2. CARRIERS. 35h21. PNEUMATIC. 35%. INDUSTRIAL. 3511. MATERIAL HANDLING MACHINERY. 3512. MACHINERY AND APPLIANCES. 35121. Ovens, KILNS, Furnaces, Con- VERTERS, DRYERS. 35122. PRESSES. 35423. TANKS AND VATS. 35124. STACKS. 35125. MACHINE Toots. 35126. Misc. PLANT. 35/7. Dust AND WASTE MATERIAL COLLECTION. 35/1. STATIONARY Vacuum CLEANERS. (For portable C., see 31/41.) 35/2. PNEUMATIC Asa COLLECTION. 3573. CYCLONES. 35k. SuRGICAL AND MEDICAL. 35k1. BACTERIOLOGICAL LABORATORY. 35k2. OPERATING Room. 3523. Diet KITCHEN. 351. AGRICULTURAL. 35m. AUTOMOBILE. 35т1. TURNTABLES. 35m2. GASOLENE TANKS AND Pumps. 35m3. Ramps. 35. EQUIPMENT, STATIONARY—Continued. 35”. MISCELLANEOUS. 3571. CLOTHES CHUTES. 352. INCINERATORS. 3513. Азн AND GARBAGE RECEIVERS. 35n4. CLocks. (For time clocks, see 31/21.) 3575. Prison CELLS. 35n6. LIGHTNING Rops. 357. PERISCOPES. “3578. Азн Hoists. 3579. SPACE SAVING APPLIANCES. 36. CONSTRUCTION PLANT. 36a. TEMPORARY BUILDINGS. 36b. CONCRETE MIXING AND HANDLING MACHINERY. 36c. Horstine. 36c1. PLATFORM LIFTS. 36с2. Hop AND OTHER Horsrs. 36c3. DERRICKS. 36с4. ENGINES, STEAM, ELECTRIC. 36c5. BOILERS. 36d. EXCAVATING PLANT. 36e. SCAFFOLDS AND LADDERS. 36f. PILEDRIVERS. 36g. TRUCKS. 36h. SMALL Toors. 36i. INDUSTRIAL RAILROADS. (See also 357.) 36j. Pumps. 36k. Ropes, CHAINS, CABLES. 37. MODELS. 38. LANDSCAPE. (For Roads, see Paving тт.) 38a. GRADING. 38b. боп, TESTING. 38c. FERTILIZERS. 38d. Parus. (For roads, see 11.) 38e. PLANTING. 3821. Grass AND Sop. 3822. TREES. 38¢3. SHRUBS. 38¢4. PLANTS. 38f. GREENHOUSES. 38g. GARDEN FURNITURE. 39. ACOUSTICS. 39a. TECHINCAL Data. 39b. MATERIALS. 40. REGULATIONS. 40a. Law. 40a1. CONTRACTS. 40b. Copes. (Building.) 40b1. SAFETY AND INDUSTRIAL CODES. 4022. NATIONAL ELECTRICAL Copes. 40c. UNDERWRITERS. 40c1. Lists ОҒ APPROVED APPLIANCES.

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: | MEMBER'S COPY A. I. A. Document No. 173 THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS For One Year (1921-22) President First Vice- President Second Vice-President . Secretary Treasurer THE OCTAGON HOUSE, WASHINGTON, D. C. OFFICERS Henry H. KENDALL, Boston, Mass. WM. B. FAVILLE, San Francisco, Calif. ROBERT D. Konn, New York, М. Y. WM. STANLEY PARKER, Boston, Mass. D. Everetr Warm, 1 Madison Ave., New York, М. Y. BOARD OF DIRECTORS For Two Years (1921-23) EpwiN Н. Hewitt, 1200 2nd Ave. So., Minneapolis, Minn. WM. B. IrrNER, Board of Education Bldg., St. Louis, Mo. ERNEST J. RUSSELL, Chemical Building, St. Louis, Mo. CHARLES H. ALDEN, Empire Building, Seattle, Wash. М. Max DUNNING, 310 South Wabash Ave, Chicago, Ill. ABRAM GARFIELD, "Garfield Building, Cleveland, Ohio. For Three Years (1921-1924) EDWIN BERGSTROM, Citizens Nat. Bank Bldg., Los Angeles, Calif. CHARLES A. Favrot, Title Guarantee Bldg., New Orleans, La. L. P. WHEAT, JR., 808 17th Street, N. W., Washington, D. C. Minutes MEETING OF EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE, Marcu 31, APRIL 1, 1922. Members present. The meeting was called to order when ready, were submitted by the Chairmen of the fol- by President Henry H. Kendall, at the office of Mr. Robert D. Kohn, New York, N. Y., at 10 A.M., on March 31, 1922. Others present were the Second Vice- President, Mr. Robert D. Kohn; the Secretary, Mr. Wm. Stanley Parker; and the Treasurer, Mr. D. Everett Waid; also Mr. C. H. Whitaker, Editor of THE Jour- NAL, and the Executive Secretary, Mr. Е. С, Kemper. Directors E. J. Russell and N. Max Dunning; and Mr. С. Herrick Hammond, Chairman of the Convention Com- mittee, were present only on April Ist. Minutes Corrected and Approved. ‘The Minutes of the meeting of the Board of Directors meeting held on November 11 and 12, 1921, were presented. A reading Was dispensed with and the Minutes were approved as printed. Preliminary Drafts of Committee Reports. Drafts of Committee Convention reports, in tentative form, or let- ters indicating generally the character of such reports To the Membership: lowing Standing and Special Committees: Allied Arts; Building; Community Planning; Competi- tions; Contracts; Cooperation with Engineers; Coopera- tion with National Commission of Fine Arts; Education; Finance; Fire Prevention; Foreign Building Cooperation; Historic Monuments and Scenic Beauties; Public In- formation; Public Works; Registration Laws; School Building Standards; Small House; Structural Service; War Memorials. Most of these reports were referred to the President and Secretary for review, with authority to make sug- gestions to Committee Chairmen before final printing. On others suggestions were made by the Executive Committee, and these have been sent to the Committee Chairmen. Structural Service Matters. Proposed cooperation be- tween the Department of Commerce and the A. E. S. C., approved, in the form set forth in the report, on the These Minutes are the official record of the March-April meeting of the Executive Committee, as distributed to Directors, but there have been eliminated several pages on the subjects relating to the status of members, or other matters of a privileged character. A careful reading of this record will help to inform Institute Members of the work of their national organization. WILLIAM STANLEY PARKER, Secretary.

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PM. understanding that the President will appoint an Institute member in Washington a member of the Structural Service Committee, with the particular object of repre- senting the Committee in Departmental conferences in so far as possible. With regard to the suggested appropriation of $500 for the investigation of wood preservatives by the For- est Products Laboratories, the Executive Committee re- corded sympathy with the purposes thereof, but inasmuch as the Institute is now spending on structural service matters as much as its resources will allow, the Com- mittee does not feel justified in making an appropriation of $500 at the present time. Advertising Conference in Chicago at Time of Con- vention. The Executive Committee recommends that the advertising conference be held on the day, or the two days preceding the Convention, that it be announced in the Program, and that a place be made on the Pro- gram for a report from the Conference. Discharge of Lincoln Highway Committee. А letter was read from the Chairman of the Lincoln Highway Committee, reporting the accomplishment of the purposes for which the Committee was organized, and suggesting its discharge. The Chairman, Mr. Elmer C. Jensen, is serving as representative of the Institute on the Lincoln Highway Commission. Resolved, that the Lincoln Highway Committee be discharged with the thanks of the Institute for its efforts and accomplishments. Letter from Aymar Embury 11. A letter was read from Mr. Aymar Embury ПІ, concerning an article pub- lished in the February JOURNAL. Resolved, that the communication be referred to the Directors of the Press. Clarification of the Schedule of Charges. "Тһе Secre- tary reported the constantly increasing evidence of mis- understanding by Institute members of the intent and spirit of the Schedule of Charges, and the Canons of Ethics, with particular reference to Canon 11 of the Canons of Ethics, which provides that it is unprofessional for an Institute member "to compete knowingly with a fellow architect for employment on the basis of pro- fessional charges.” After some discussion the following recommendation was made to the Board of Directors in connection with the Board’s Report to the Convention: Resolved, that there be brought before the Convention a proposal that competition in price be put on the same basis as advertising—that it is bad judgment and bad taste. This would eliminate Canon 11 of the Canons of Ethics, and would require a new section in the Cir- cular of Advice—advisory in character. Resolved, that the clarification of the Principles of Professional Practice and Canons of Ethics on this point be referred to the Secretary, with a request that he pre- pare amendments for the consideration of the Board of Directors and the Convention. Ship Interior Designs. The Secretary reported that a special committee representing the Institute, Mr. Frank Upman, Chairman, conferred with Mr. Frey, Vice-Pres- ident of the United States Shipping Board, with regard to improving the architectural design of ship interiors. It was found that no new ship construction is con- templated by the Board, except the reconditioning of the Leviathan. Mr. Kohn was named as the representative of the Institute in New York, with whom the officials in charge of the Leviathan might confer. The Secretary has received a report from Mr. Butler, of the Subcommittee of the New York Chapter, which conferred with Mr. Munson. Certain improvements were suggested by the Subcommittee, but in general its report was favorable to the work now being done. А сош- petent firm of architects have been engaged from the begin- ning in connection with the re-designing of the interior of the Leviathan. Satisfactory relations with the Ship- ing Board have been established. Mr. Kohn, as the Board’s representative, was author- ized to keep in touch with the situation. It was Resolved, that the action of the Shipping Board in employing competent architects for this work is highly endorsed. Distribution of Standard Classification. The printing of the approved Standard Classification, under the direc- tion of the Structural Service Committee, was reported. It has been suggested that this document be transmitted to the Membership as a supplement to THE JOURNAL. Resolved, that it be issued as a separate document for distribution with THE JOURNAL, or sent directly from the office of the Secretary. Award of Duplicate Exhibition Medal to Lee O. Lawrie. A communication was read from the Chairman of the Allied Arts Committee, recommending that a duplicate gold medal be awarded Mr. Lee O. Lawrie, for excellence in ecclesiastical work. The original medal was awarded to Mr. Bertram Goodhue at the Second National Architectural Exhibition for the Reredos of St. John’s Church. Mr. Goodhue feels that inasmuch ас the authorship of this work was as much Mr. Lawrie’s as his own, the award should be made in duplicate. He has offered to meet the expense of making the medal, and he suggests that it bear the legend “Awarded to Lee O. Lawrie for Excellence in Ecclesiastical Work— Bertram Goodhue, Architect.” Resolved, that the recommendation of the Allied Arts Committee be approved. The S. W. Straus Medal. A communication was pre- sented from a member of the St. Louis Chapter showing | the declination, by the Chapter, of the S. W. Straus medal, to be awarded annually for the best architectural work in the city of St. Louis. The same offer has been accepted by the Illinois Chapter. Mr. Dunning’s brief report was read. The Executive Secretary reported that a recent ques- tionnaire to the Chapters as to such awards in general

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р MÀ» із‏ .سو سم سے سے r‏ ہے دنت EUN 2 pe FE тузет сс ы л л лл чс ———г r 8 3 = “‏ has so far shown few awards and little interest. Не suggested that the Institute develop this legitimate and fruitful field of Public Information by offering annually 50 gold medals to be awarded by the Institute on the recommendation of the several Chapters to the best architectural work for the year in their respective terri- tories. An item of $1,000 on the 1923 Budget would be sufficient for the purpose. Resolved, that the question of policy with respect to awards of this kind be referred to the Board. A review of the situation should be sent to the Board members in advance of the next meeting. Appointment of Prof. Nolan on Structural Service Committee. The President appointed Prof. ‘Thomas Nolan a member of the Structural Service Committee, in order that his reports as the Institute’s official repre- sentative on the A. 5. Т. М. Committees on Cement and Lime may be made to the Board in connection with the report of the Structural Service Committee. Cooperation with the American Gas Association. A letter was read from the Secretary of the Commercial Section of the American Gas Association requesting the appointment of a Committee to cooperate with a simi- lar committee of the American Gas Association for the purpose of conferring and, if possible, arriving at some definite understanding as to ways and means whereby the two associations can be mutually helpful. Resolved, that the matter be referred to the Structural Service Committee with power. Transfer of St. Clair and Madison Counties. At pres- ent 8 small towns in Illinois, in the Counties of St. Clair and Madison, are specifically assigned to the ter- ritory of the St. Louis Chapter. Presumably other small towns in the same counties remain in the territory of the Illinois Chapter. To avoid this overlapping it was Resolved, that with the consent of the Illinois Chapter, and the consent of the St. Louis Chapter, the Counties of St. Clair and Madison be transferred to the territory of the St. Louis Chapter. Fine Arts Building Restoration. A letter was pre- sented from the Municipal Art and Town Planning Com- mittee of the Illinois Chapter, Mr. George W. Maher, Chairman, in which appeal was made for a contribution to a fund to be used to secure the restoration of the Old Fine Arts Building in Jackson Park, which was built for the World's Columbian Exposition. Many sugges- tions have been made for utilizing the building when re- stored. The Illinois Chapter is most desirous of secur- ing the necessary support in its efforts with the Park Com- missioners which will justify them in proposing a bond or other tax to provide means for restoring the structure. It was the sense of the meeting that this is a matter for local Chapter action or individual appeal A contribu- tion of Institute funds does not seem feasible at this time. e proposed restoration was strongly endorsed by the Fifty-fourth Convention and this should be of some help to the Chapter's commendable efforts. Bulletin of Illinois Chapter. At present, by direction of the Executive Committee, the Illinois Bulletin is be- ing distributed to Chapter Presidents and Secretaries. Bulletins of other Chapters are sent solely to Chapter Secretaries. To make this distribution uniform, and to avoid unnecessary expense it was Resolved, that the Illinois Bulletin be sent to Chapter Secretaries only. Letter from George Edward Barton. A letter was read from Mr. George E. Barton, Institute member, highly commending the professional conduct of Messrs. MacLaren and Hetherington, Institute members of the Colorado Chapter, in connection with the plans for the Cragmore Sanatorium. He asked that some word of approval be sent by the Executive Committee to the Col- orado Chapter. Resolved, that the President be requested to acknowl- edge the receipt of this information, and to write a per- sonal letter to Mr. MacLaren expressing to him appre- ciation of his conduct with respect to Mr. Barton’s rights. A copy of this communication should be sent to the Colo- rado Chapter and to THE JOURNAL. Membership Status in Territory of New Chapter. A letter was presented from the Secretary of the Pitts- burgh Chapter stating that Mr. E. E. Bailey of Oil City, within the territory of the new Erie Chapter, prefers to continue in the Pittsburgh Chapter for convenience in attending meetings. This issue has arisen in other in- stances. There are frequently Institute members in the territory of a new Chapter who do not sign its petition. When the new Chapter is chartered the question arises— shall these men be arbitrarily transferred to the new Chapter, or shall they be allowed to continue their Insti- tute membership in the parent Chapter? With regard to the general issue it was Resolved, that upon the creation of a new Chapter all Institute members, residing or practicing within its terri- tory, shall, with their consent, be transferred to that Chap- ter, effective upon the date the charter is issued. Reserve Fund—Reduction of Percentage. In accord- ance with instructions of the November Board, the Sec- retary presented the following amendment to the By- laws with regard to the percentage of dues to be placed in the Reserve Fund. “Change Section 5, Article V, first sentence to read: 10 per cent of the annual income from Initiation Fees and Dues shall be set aside as a Reserve Fund.” Resolved, that this be approved. San Francisco Municipal Bonds—Sale of. The Treas- urer requested authority to sell the San Francisco Munic- ipal Bonds on deposit as part of the Reserve Fund, five in number, with a par value of $1,000 each, paying 5 per cent and due in 1924. The proceeds can be invested to better advantage than that now offered by the bonds. Resolved, that the matter be left in the hands of the Treasurer with power.

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Resolved, that the Treasurer be authorized to sell any other securities that it may be wise to sell for purposes of reinvestment, after consultation with the Executive Com- mittee. Press Bond Donated. The Treasurer reported the donation to the Institute of Press Bond No. 406, in the sum of $25.00—M r. Wm. B. Mundie of Chicago donor. Resolved, that the gift be accepted with the thanks of the Institute and that the bond be deposited to the credit of the Endowment Fund. Expenses of Membership on Jurisdictional Board. A statement of January 5, 1922, was presented, in the sum of $50.26, the Institute's share of the total 1921 expenses of $251.31 of the Board for Jurisdictional Awards. As there is no item on the Budget to cover this, the Treas- urer requested authority to pay it, and to insert the appro- priation in the Budget. Resolved, that this item be approved and paid for from the Contingent Fund. Structural Service Committee Appropriation. The Treasurer presented voucher for $177.67, the petty cash account of the Structural Service Committee for Decem- ber and part of November, 1921, and requested authority to pay the same. The Chairman, Mr. Jones, stated that it would require $125 per month after June first to meet general expenses of the Committee’s work, exclusive of Mr. Kern’s salary. The item of $500 now in the 1922 appropriation will be exhausted on June Ist. Resolved, that with the clear understanding that the Structural Service Committee is working out a plan whereby eventually the professional, supervisory element of its work will be separated from the technical, inves- tigative element, the cost of which should eventually be carried by the entire industry and not solely by the archi- tects, and because for the time being the continued devel- opment of this program by the Institute is most impor- tant; it is directed that an additional appropriation of $1,000 be made to the Committee for the seven months after June 1st, which sum shall include the item of $177.67 outstanding on the 1921 account. Convention Matters*—Report of Chairman of Conven- tion Committee. Mr. C. Herrick Hammond, Chairman of the Convention Committee, reported personally con- cerning the arrangements for the Convention and the Program. Particulars were agreed upon tentatively, subject to changes by the Convention Committee in conference with the President and Secretary. Headquarters. The Chicago Beach Hotel is selected as headquarters for delegates and meetings. The audi- torium of the hotel will be used for the Convention ses- sions. Information as to rates, means of reaching hotel, and similar items will be included in the next Convention notice. * Members are advised that the following outline of Convention activities is tentative. The final program will be distributed well in advance of the Convention. Committee Meetings. Ample provision has been made for Board and any Committee meetings on the 5th and 6th. The Convention Committee will make reservations at the hotel for the members of the Executive Committee. Registration Committee. Mr. Holsman was suggested as Chairman, and the appointment of the complete per- sonnel was left in the hands of the President. Badges. It was decided that badges be used. The design was left to the Convention Committee. Public Information. Mr. F. E. Davidson will be Chairman of this sub committee and will furnish data to the Public and Architectural Press. Fly sheets showing the Convention news will be issued, and the advance num- ber of the May Bulletin of the Illinois Society will be devoted to the Convention. Stenographic Report. Contract to be let to Mr. Man- ning at 27 cents per folio, including two carbons. Daily copy is to be furnished for each of the three days. Committee on Resolutions. Such a Committee will be appointed by the President. To it should go any resolu- tions to be offered from the floor concerning matters of policy not covered by the Board’s Report—in other words, new business. Program—Tuesday. Informal smoker on ‘Tuesday evening at the Chicago Beach Hotel. Reception Com- mittee of the Chapter will be on hand and there will be a special committee to meet and entertain visiting ladies. W ednesday—M orning. Convention Business. At noon a ready-to-serve luncheon, with five-minute speeches at the hotel. Afternoon. Convention business. Trip through the Chicago University grounds after adjournment. "Tea for the ladies at the University during the afternoon. Evening. Special session of the Convention at which the topics will be Industrial Relations; Organization of the Building Industry; and Registration. After adjourn- ment there will be dancing at the hotel. Thursday—Morning. Convention business until one o'clock. Same kind of luncheon as on Wednesday. Then the delegates will be taken from the hotel through Lake Forest. The McCormick and Armour homes, and other places will be open to inspection. 'This tour will be run on schedule, and a return will be made to Winnetka for supper at the Indian Hill Golf Club. After supper the Chicago Architectural Club will provide entertainment. The delegates will be taken back to the hotel, or to the nearby station of the Illinois Central. Friday—Morning. Convention business. The ladies will be taken through the Marshall Field stores, also the Field Museum and the Art Institute. Noon lun- cheon as usual. Convention business. Evening. Annual Dinner in the old Fine Arts Build- Afternoon.

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ing. Service by the hotel at a cost of not over $3.50 per plate. Feature will be the inauguration of the new ofh- cers; and the presentation of Laloux medal. The themes of discussion at the banquet will be the Chicago City Plan and the perpetuation of the old Fine Arts Building. There will be short addresses by good speakers. Delivery of Craftsmanship Medal to Mr. Manship. At the November meeting the delivery of the craftsman- ship medal to Mr. Manship was left in the hands of the Executive Committee for decision. stated his inability to be present at the Fifty-Fifth Con- vention to receive the medal in person. Resolved, that the medal be turned over to the New York Chapter for delivery. Presentation of Gold Medal to Monsieur Laloux. In connection with the Convention Program, and the pres- entation of the gold medal to Monsieur Laloux, the President reported his letter to Monsieur Laloux cor- dially inviting him to attend the Convention to receive the medal in person. ‘The striking of the medal was also considered, and the suggestion of Mr. Butler that the inscription read as follows: “Awarded by the American. Institute of Architects to Victor Laloux, great teacher and Architect." Resolved, that the medal be presented at the Dinner. If Mr. Laloux cannot attend Ambassador Jusserand, or one of his aides, should be invited to appear for Monsieur Laloux. Constitution Amendments. Mr. Kohn, as Chairman of the Committee on Legal Matters, presented a report hav- ing to do with changes in the Constitution of the Insti- tute necessary to make that document consistent with the Institute Charter and the New York State Law; also draft of notice to the membership. Resolved, that the report be accepted and distributed as a notice to the membership. Taxes and Refunds. А complete schedule of taxes and refunds relative to traveling expenses of delegates at- tending the Fifty-Fifth Convention was submitted, on the basis of reduced delegations, and on the basis of reduced transportation rates in effect after June 1, as submitted by the Convention Committee. A letter of March 8 was read from the President of the New Jersey Chapter, sug- gesting a modification of the method of computing the Schedule. Resolved, that in view of the long established method of determining the taxes and refunds, and the general sat- isfaction which it has given to the Chapters, that no change be made. 'The Treasurer was authorized to send the necessary notice to the Chapters. _ Pre-Convention Board and Executive Committee Meet- ings. The notice of the pre-Convention Board meeting on June 5 and 6 has been sent out. If the report of the Board is to be printed for distribution at the first ses- sion of the Convention it will require practically all of the time of the Board until Tuesday afternoon, which Mr. Manship has ` is set aside for disciplinary matters. The question of holding an Executive Committee meeting in advance of the Board meeting to dispose of all routine matters has been suggested. | Resolved, that an Executive Committee meeting be held on June 3 and 4 en route. Coordinating the Building Industry. Mr. Kohn, as Chairman of a special committee, reported a meeting in Washington on March 27, called by the F. A. E. S., at which representatives of the Engineers, the Architects, the Contractors and Labor were present and at which reso- lutions were adopted, intended to bring about coordina- tion in the building industry, and perhaps the creation of a national or controlling body over all groups constitut- ing the industry. A conference with similar purposes has been called by the N. F. C. I. in Chicago on April 3 and 4. The Secretary was requested to ask Mr. Brown and Mr. Nimmons to represent the Institute in Chicago on the third, and to join with Mr. Russell and Mr. Dunning on the fourth, as a delegation of four. Resolved, that the position of the Institute is that it is glad to co-operate with any or all bodies which seek to bring together every functional element in the Building Industry, and to co-operate with them in developing bet- ter methods for the Industry. Board for Jurisdictional Awards. A communication was read from the Chairman of the National Board for Jurisdictional Awards which explained the splendid co- operation which the work and decisions of the Board have received from the 16 international unions constituting the Building Trades Department of the American Federa- tion of Labor. One International Union, the Carpenters, has refused to abide by the decisions of the Board and has withdrawn from the Building Trades Department. The various larger national organizations representing the major elements in the Building Industry, including the Associated General Contractors, the National Asso- ciation of Building Trades Employers, and the American Federated Engineering Societies, have decided to give the Board full support in its controversy with the Carpenters. The American Institute is asked to take similar action and to aid in putting quickly to an end the sole remaining obstacle in the way of complete success. ‘This can be largely accomplished if the Institute will insert in the general provisions of the contract a clause making the decisions of the Board a part of the specifications, the Contract, and the Subcontract. The Chairman of the Board requested permission to address a communication to the Members of the Institute on the subject. It was pointed out by members of the Executive Com- mittee that at the Fifty-Fourth Convention the follow- ing resolution was adopted: “Resolved, that the American Institute of Architects reaffirms its support of the principle underlying the work of the National Board for Jurisdictional Awards and its desire to support whole-heartedly the efforts of the Board

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to the end that the fullest value of the Board’s labors may result." Resolved, that the Executive Committee hereby re- affirms this resolution. The representative of the Insti- tute on the Jurisdictional Board is authorized to issue a statement to the membership to this effect, and concern- ing the work of the Board. Distribution of Decisions of Jurisdictional Board. Re- cent decisions of the Board for Jurisdictional Awards have been received from the Board and the question has arisen as to the best method of distributing the same to the architectural profession. In January, 1920, a compila- tion of all decisions to that date was distributed to the entire membership as an Institute document. It has been suggested that the decisions should be uniformly printed for the memberships of all of the supporting organiza- tions, and that such printing should be done by the Jurisdictional Board. Resolved, that the Secretary be requested to take up with the Jurisdictional Board the feasibility of one print- ing for the Jurisdictional decisions. Official Notices in the Journal. Correspondence be- tween the Secretary and the Editor of THE JOURNAL with regard to using THE JOURNAL more extensively as a means of official communication with the membership was presented. Resolved, that the Secretary is authorized to use THE JOURNAL for official notices in so far as practicable. The Institute and the Open Shop. A letter was read from the Wisconsin Chapter asking for guidance in the fight for an open shop now being made by certain inter- ests in the Building Industry, in the territory of the Wis- consin Chapter. The same issue is being raised in the territory of other Chapters. The letter of the Presi- dent, dated March 25, to the Secretary of the Wisconsin Chapter was read, in which it was made clear that the Institute as a national organization can take no side in this controversy. Local conditions vary greatly throughout the country and each Chapter must be governed in its attitude by the best interests of the public, and the Building Industry. Resolved, that the letter of the President be approved, as stating correctly the position of the Institute. Los Angeles Public Library. The President reported informally the protest received from the San Francisco Chapter with regard to a public advertisement in a Los Angeles newspaper calling for bids for architectural ser- vice on a percentage basis, accompanied by a certified check, in connection with the Los Angeles Public Library. After obtaining the advice of Messrs. Faville and Berg- strom, and information from the Library authorities and the Southern California Chapter officers, it was decided by referendum vote of the Executive Committee that Institute disapproval of participation by its members would probably conflict with the State law, and with pub- lic policy. It was also decided that no action should be taken by the Institute. The action taken by the Executive Committee and the records in the case have been scheduled for report to the Board at the June meeting.

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MEMBERS’ COPY А. I. A. Document Ко. 176 THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS THE OCTAGON HOUSE, WASHINGTON, D. C. OFFICERS President . . А . Henry Н. KENDALL, Boston, Mass. First Vice- President i ; . Wm. B. FAVILLE, San Francisco, Calif. Second Vice-President ROBERT D. Konun, New York, М. Y. Secretary . - . . . WM. STANLEY PARKER, Boston, Mass. Treasurer . Р : . D. EVERETT Warp, New York, N. Y. BOARD OF DIRECTORS For One Year (1921-22) Epwin Н. Hewrrr, 1200 2nd Ave. So., Minneapolis, Minn. WM. B. IrrNER, Board of Education Bldg., St. Louis, Mo. ERNEST J. RUSSELL, Chemical Building, St. Louis, Mo. For Two Years (1921-23) CHARLES H. ALDEN, Empire Building, Seattle, Wash. М. Max DUNNING, 310 South Wabash Ave., Chicago, Ill. ABRAM GARFIELD, Garfield Building, Cleveland, Ohio. For Three Years (1921-24) EDWIN BERGSTROM, Citizens Nat. Bank Bldg., Los Angeles, Calif. CHARLES А. Елувот, Title Guarantee Bldg., New Orleans, La L..P. WHEAT, JR., 808 17th Street, М. W., Washington, D. C. Minutes MEETINGS OF EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE AND BOARD OF DIRECTORS, JUNE 4, 5, 6, 9, AND 10, 1922. Meeting of the Executive Members Present. The meeting was called to order by President Henry H. Kendall, in a New York Central train drawing room en route from New York to Chicago at 10 A. M., on June 4, 1922. Others present were the Second Vice-President, Mr. Robert D. Kohn; the Secretary, Mr. Wm. Stanley Parker; the Treasurer, Mr. D. Everett Waid; and Director E. J. Russell; also the Editor of the ЈоовмаІ, Mr. C. Н. Whitaker; and the Executive Secretary, Mr. E. C. Kemper. President Kendall stated that the meeting was called to consider routine matters, thereby relieving the Board of such work. Form of Bequest. Іп considering generally a greater usefulness for the Institute, and its dependency upon increased financial resources, it was directed that a form of bequest, approved by Counsel, be inserted in the Annuary, and also printed іп the JOURNAL from time to time. Basic Building Code. The Secretary reported the re- quest of the Department of Commerce for the co-opera- tion of the Chapters of the Institute, in commenting upon the first draft of a model form of basic building code. Copies of the code were sent to the Chapters with a letter of explanation from the Octagon. ‘The returns have been gratifying. In most cases the Chapters found Committee, June 4, 1922. the tentative code satisfactory, and in many instances constructive suggestions were made to the Committee. The Institute is represented on the Committee by Messrs. E. J. Russell and E. H. Brown. International Housing Congress. An invitation to send delegates to the International Housing Congress, to be held in Rome in September, was presented from the Ex- ecutive Committee of the Congress. It was directed that this invitation be called to the attention of the membership, so that any who may be in Rome in September may represent the Institute at the Congress. The Secretary was requested to call the Congress to the attention of Institute members in Mens School of Archi- tecture at Rome. Views of Home Interiors. А letter was read from Mr. Richard H. Bach, Associate in Industrial Art of the Metropolitan Museum, asking whether the Institute would consider the production of lantern slides or films bringing out the factors of design in house interiors, which would aid the consumer in the selection of his furnishings. In this connection he offered the support of the Museum. Resolved, that this request be referred to the New

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York Chapter with the suggestion that one of its Com- mittees might be of some assistance to Mr. Bach. Eligibility of Building Superintendents. A \etter was read from Mr. Т. E. Billquist, former Chairman of the Pittsburgh Chapter Committee on Membership, in which he pointed out the marked ability of building superintend- ents, experts in special features of construction, or speci- fication writers who are not eligible to membership in the Institute as now provided in Article I, Section I of the By-laws. He recommended that some steps be taken to affiliate men of this class with the Institute. It was the sense of the meeting that building super- intendents should be regarded as eligible to Institute mem- | bership, provided they have the necessary professional and technical qualifications. The Secretary was requested to draft a formal reso- lution covering this, for submission to the Board of Directors. Eligibility of Architect Serving Corporation an Re- tainer Basis. Attention was directed to the case of an architect representing a housing company in the interest of a special type of construction, which is alleged to allow the creation of fire-proof structures at a low cost. He is serving for a retainer fee, and has no other fi- nancial interest in the company. A letter of Mr. B. W. Morris was also read in this regard. Mr. Waid was requested to respond to the letter from the architect concerned. The Executive Committee agreed that his serving a construction company as an architect is no bar; but that the performance of duties commonly assigned to a solicitor would make him іп- eligible. Conversion of Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Bonds. The Treasurer stated that the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy bonds matured on July 12, 1922, and requested authority to sell and reinvest. Resolved, that the Treasurer be authorized to do so. Non-Resident Dues Chapter and Institute. In some of the Chapters, non-resident members are required to pay full dues. In the Institute, members traveling abroad are required to pay full dues. Mr. Alden’s letter recommending that steps be taken to provide nominal dues for Institute members abroad for a certain period; and Mr. Waid’s recommendation that Chapters not having non-resident dues adopt amendments to their By-laws to that effect, were considered. The Secretary was requested to advise the Chapters in this matter in a circular letter. With regard to Insti- tute dues, it is now in the power of the Board to remit for cause in any particular case. Scranton-Wilkes-Barre Chapter — Charter Granted. The Secretary reported a referendum vote of the Execu- tive Committee granting a formal charter of Chapter membership in the Institute to the Scranton-Wilkes- Barre Chapter with the following counties іп Pennsyl- vania as territory: Sullivan, Wyoming, Columbia, Brad- ford, Susquehanna, Pike, Luzerne, Lackawanna and Wayne. The names of the petitioners, all of whom are Institute members, are as follows: Lewis Hancock, Jr., David H. Morgan, George M. D. Lewis, E. H. Davis and Edward Langley. Attached to the petition was a copy of the proposed Constitution and By-laws for the new Chapter which were approved in principle by the Secretary. The charter became effective January 16, 1922. The counties named in the petition were transferred from the Philadelphia Chapter to become the territory of the new Chapter; and the Institute members signing the petition were formally transferred, from the Philadelphia Chapter to the Scranton-Wilkes-Barre Chapter, effective January 16, 1922. South Georgia Chapter—Charter Granted. The Sec- retary reported a referendum vote of the Executive Com- mittee granting a formal charter of Chapter membership in the Institute to the South Georgia Chapter with ter- ritory consisting of all counties South and East of the North or West boundary lines of the following counties: Early, Calhoun, Dougherty, Worth, Tift, Irwin, Coffee, Telfair, Wilcox, Pulaski, Twiggs, Laurens, Emanuel, Johnson, Burke and Houston. Attached to the petition was a copy of the proposed Constitution and By-laws for the new Chapter which were approved by the Secretary in principle. The names of the petitioners, all of whom are Insti- tute members, are as follows: H. W. Witcover, Henrik Wallin, M. H. Levy, Wm. B. Clarke, Arthur F. Comer and E. Lynn Drummond. The charter became effective May 24, 1922. The counties covered in the petition were transferred from the Georgia Chapter to become the territory of the new Chapter; and the Institute members signing the petition were formally transferred from the Georgia Chapter to the South Georgia Chapter, effective May 24, 1922. Reassignment of Idaho Counties. Apparently the coun- ties of Boundary, Benewah, Idaho and Valley in the State of Idaho are unassigned to any Chapter, because of recent creation, or because of error. Examination of the map of Idaho showed the necessity of some readjust- ment with regard to counties already assigned, and the following action was taken, subject to the approval of the Chapters concerned. Resolved, that the counties of Boundary and Benewah be assigned to the Washington State Chapter; Resolved, that the counties of Idaho and Valley be assigned to the Utah Chapter, and Resolved, that the counties of Lemhi and Custer be transferred from the territory of the Oregon Chapter to the territory of the Utah Chapter. New Chapter in Counties Between Scranton-Wilkes- Barre and Philadelphia Chapters. A letter of April 27 was read from Mr. M. I. Kast, President of the Penn- sylvania State Association, with regard to certain coun- ties which lie midway between the headquarters of the Philadelphia Chapter and the territory of the new Scran- ton-Wilkes-Barre Chapter. These counties are: Schuyl- kill, Carbon, Monroe, Berks, Lehigh and Northampton. Mr. Kast recommended that the counties be organized

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into a new Chapter, and he desired the advice of the Board. The Secretary was requested to write Mr. Kast that the Executive Committee would approve the organiza- tion of a new Chapter in this territory, but that the initiative should come from the local Institute members. If there are enough Institute members available and the Chapters involved are in favor of creating a new Chapter the Executive Committee would approve such action. The meeting adjourned at 12:45 P. M. Meeting of the Board of Directors, June 5 and 6, 1922. Members Present. The meeting was called to order by President Henry H. Kendall, at the Chicago Beach Hotel, Chicago, Ill, at 10 A. М, on June 5, 1922. Others present were the First Vice-President, Mr. Wm. B. Faville; the Second Vice-President, Mr. Robert D. Kohn; the Secretary, Mr. Wm. Stanley Parker; the Treas- urer, Mr. D. Everett Waid; and Directors Edwin H. Hewitt, Ernest J. Russell, Charles H. Alden, N. Max Dunning, Edwin Bergstrom, Charles A. Favrot; also the Editor of the JourNAL, Mr. С. Н. Whitaker, and the Executive Secretary, Mr. Е. С. Kemper. Directors Abram Garfield and L. P. Wheat, Jr., were unable to attend for business reasons. Mr. Wm. B. Ittner was present only on June 6. The President reported the meeting of the Executive Committee on the previous day, called en route for the purpose of disposing of routine matters, and reviewed briefly the cases acted upon. Minutes Corrected and Approved. Тһе Minutes of the Executive Committee meeting held on March 30-April 1, 1922, were presented. А reading was dispensed with and the Minutes were approved with the following cor- ` rections: On page 4 change heading “Bulletin of Illinois Chapter" to read “Bulletin of the Illinois Society of Architects," also change index reference accordingly. Report of the Treasurer. Тһе Treasurer outlined his report to the Convention, and spoke on the financial con- dition of the Institute for the year ending 1921, which in the main he found satisfactory. He reviewed briefly the financial operations for the first quarter of 1922. Resolved, that the Treasurer’s report be received with approval, for presentation to the Convention. Expenditures from the Adams Fund. There was dis- cussion of the purposes of the Adams Fund, and the conditions under which expenditures should be made from it. This arose in connection with the proposed publication of Mr. Klauder's lectures in brochure form, and the trusteeship relation of the Board to the Funds. It was Resolved, that in future no expenditures from the fund shall be made or arranged for without the advance ap- proval of the Executive Committee, and that the Com- mittee on Education be so advised. | Taxes of New Chapters. With regard to the Chap- ters recently admitted to the Institute, some of whom were to be unrepresented at the Convention, if was 3 Resolved, that the question of adjusting or remitting the taxes of any or all of the five new Chapters be left in the hands of the Treasurer with power. Transfer of Securities from Washington to New York. On motion of the 'Treasurer, it was Resolved, that the Institute securities be transferred from Washington to New York to save the personal tax levied in Washington, the securities being made avail- able to any two of certain officers or directors under methods approved by the Board. 'The 'Treasurer was requested to present later, for approval, a supplementary resolution. This he did, and it was Resolved, that the securities owned by the Institute shall be stored in a safe deposit box rented by the Insti- tute from the Broadway Safe Deposit Co., New York City. It was further resolved that said securities shall be accessible to the Treasurer, or one of the other officers, when accompanied by one of the Directors. The Board after adopting the above resolution author- ized the Executive Committee to issue an authorization to the Broadway Safe Deposit or another company selected by the Executive Committee, in a manner ac- ceptable to the Safe Deposit Company, with the stipu- lation that the funds of the Institute shall be accessible to the Treasurer, or one of the other officers, when accompanied by one of the Directors. Report of the Board of Directors. The Secretary presented a draft of the report of the Board of Directors to the 55th Convention. The various subjects were con- sidered in detail throughout the meeting and after changes in some cases the draft was approved and the resolutions appearing in the report were adopted, in each case on motion duly made and seconded. (See Proceedings of 55th Convention.) The Secretary was instructed at the conclusion of the meeting to present the report to the Convention on behalf of the Board. | Extension of Architectural Education. Mr. Alden spoke of the great need for bringing before the faculties of colleges now offering no courses in art or architecture, the need for such courses, particularly in colleges in the states distant from the eastern centres. It was directed that Mr. Alden's suggestion be called to the attention of the Committee on Education as having the approval of the Board. He cited the University of Oregon as an example and what might be accomplished there if the effort was made by the Institute. It was noted that this action is in line with the present policies of the Committee on Education. Public Information. With regard to the recommenda- tion of the Public Information Committee that a Circular on the Functions of the Architect be issued as a national document, it was Resolved, that the Committee be requested to submit draft of such document to the Board for approval. Los Angeles Public Library. The President reported the protest of the San Francisco Chapter with regard

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adm to a public advertisement in a Los Angeles newspaper calling for bids for architectural services on a percentage basis in connection with the Los Angeles Public Library. ]t was required that the bids be accompanied by certified check or bond for 10 per cent of the bid. After obtaining the advices of Messrs. Faville and Bergstrom, and in- formation from the Library authorities and the Southern California Chapter officers, it was decided by referendum vote of the Executive Committee that Institute disap- proval of participation by Institute members would prob- ably conflict with the State law, and with public policy. Therefore, it was decided that no formal action be taken by the Executive Committee. Resolved, that the action of the Executive Committee in this matter be ratified. Nomination of Mr. Henry Bacon to Receive the Gold Medal. The President spoke of the achievement of Mr. Henry Bacon, architect of the Lincoln Memorial, as evidenced by the memorial itself, and proposed that Mr. Bacon's name be offered to the Convention as that of one to whom the Institute should give its highest award. Resolved, that it be proposed to the Convention that the Gold Medal of the Institute be awarded to Mr. Henry Bacon. School Building Standards. Mr. Ittner reported con- cerning the work of the School Building Standards Com- mittee of the National Educational Association, and the desirability of co-operation with it. Resolved, that the Institute Committee on School Build- ing Measurements be authorized to co-operate to the fullest extent with the similar committee of the National Educational Association. Government Architecture. The President referred to suggestions by members that the Institute adopt a policy looking to the restoration of the principle of the Tarsney Act. Since the repeal of the Tarsney Act the profession, as a whole, has had little to do with the designing of many public buildings. It has also been said that the Institute should insist upon the appointment of an archi- tect as the head of the Supervising Architect’s office in the Treasury Department, which position, has been un- filled for a number of years. It was the sense of the meeting that this matter should be brought to the attention of the incoming Board for consideration when the appointment of the Committee on Public Works is made. No action was taken. Federal Hospital Program. ‘The President reported the passage of H. R. 10864, providing an appropriation of $17,000,000 for hospitals for war veterans, which hospitals are to be built under the direction of the United States Veterans Bureau. Не referred to his letter of April 17 to the Director of the Bureau, which urged the greatest care in the selection of competent architectural advisors; and to the reply of the Director, dated April 24, in which he stated that tentative plans and specifi- cations for standard hospitals have been carefully drawn with the advice of several kinds of experts, not including architects. No action was taken. State and Municipal Architects. Chapters of the Insti- tute are asking for guidance as to the position they should take toward proposals by their communities or states to appoint municipal or state architects. A questionnaire was addressed to all Chapters, and to the various States, seeking information and expressions of opinion. The returns were presented to the Board in the form of a summary. It was Resolved, that the matter be referred to the incoming Board, with the suggestion that a Committee be appointed to study the whole situation and submit recommenda- tions. George Washington Memorial and National Victory Building. A circular concerning the George Washington Memorial and National Victory Building was presented; also a letter from the Chairman of the Committee on Co-operation with the Commission of Fine Arts. The Executive Secretary urged that the Institute inves- tigate this project and take a definite stand for or against it, in line with its established policy of protecting the national capital from erroneous developments. It was the sense of the meeting that no action by the Institute is required at the present time. Medal Certificates. The Chairman of the Committee on Allied Arts, Mr. Faville, reported the request for a certificate of award from Mr. Samuel Yellin, to whom the craftsmanship medal was awarded. This raised the question of issuing certificates with the major awards of the Institute, and Mr. Faville recommended that such certificates be issued. A draft was presented for criticism. | It was the sense of the meeting that this matter should be referred to the incoming Board for action. Award of Fine Arts Medal and Allied Arts Medal. Upon the recommendation of the Chairman of the Com- mittee on Allied Arts, Mr. Faville, it was Resolved, that the gold medal for distinguished achiev- ment in Painting in the Fine Arts be awarded to Mr. Arthur F. Mathews; and that the gold medal for dis- tinguished achievement, in Typography, in the Allied Arts be awarded to Mr. W. F. Goudy. These medals are to be presented at the 56th Conven- tion. Awards for Current Architectural Work. At the March 31-April 1 meeting of the Executive Committee it was directed that investigation be made concerning awards by Institute Chapters, or similar agencies, for the best current architectural work. It was found that seven Chapters directly, or by membership on juries, participate in making awards of this kind. A summary of the returns from these Chapters was presented. The medal awarded by the S. W. Straus Company of Chicago was referred to. The sponsorship of this medal has been accepted by two chapters and declined by one. It would cost $1,000 annually to establish an Institute gold medal, for award by each Chapter of the Institute in the name of the Chapter for the best architectural work in its community. Resolved, that the Institute take no action toward creating medals to be distributed by the Chapters.

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The Board believes that cooperation by the Chapters with local associations or donors making such awards should be encouraged. The Secretary was requested to outline to the Chap- ters the general policy of the Institute as above expressed. Regional Representation—Proposed Amendments. Draft of amendments to the By-Laws, putting into effect, with modifications, the present tentative system of regional representation, was presented by Mr. Favrot, under a re- quest of the Board that such amendments be formulated by him. Resolved, that these proposals be referred to the new Board of Directors for further consideration. Distribution of Proceedings. With regard to the distri- bution of the Proceedings to other than Institute members, it was Resolved, that return postcards be sent to the members of State Societies, Libraries, Schools, etc., on which the recipients shall be requested to indicate whether or not they desire the Proceedings. The book is to be sent com- plimentary to those who respond affirmatively. Circular of Advice for the Guidance of the Committee on Practice. A circular of the kind suggested in the head- ing was presented, from the Chairman of the Committee on Practice, Mr. Mauran. The intention was to furnish a permanent and informal document which could be passed on yearly with improvements, and under the general over- sight of the Board, to the end that the work of the Chair- man of the Committee on Practice might be made easier, and to the end that the purposes intended by the Dis- ciplinary Rules of the Institute might be better ac- complished. The Executive Secretary was directed to transmit this document to the next Chairman of the Committee on Practice for his information. Competition Records. The question of the records of the work of the Committee on Competitions and what to do with them was considered. It was suggested that briefs be made of each case for the information of subsequent Committees and Chapter officers. The matter was referred to the Secretary and the in- coming Board. The meeting adjourned at 5.45 p.m. Meeting of the Board of Di-sctors, June 9, 1922. Members Present. The meeting was called to order by President Wm. В. ҒауШе at the Chicago Beach Hotel, at 3.45 p.m., June 9, 1922. ۱ Others present were the Past-President, Mr. Henry Н. Kendall; the First Vice-President, Mr. E. J. Russell; the Second Vice-President, Mr. Robert D. Kohn; the Secre- tary, Mr. Wm. Stanley Parker; and Directors Charles H. Alden, N. Max Dunning, Charles A. Favrot, Abram Garfield, B. W. Morris, and Wm. Emerson; also the Executive Secretary, Mr. E. C. Kemper. President Faville expressed his appreciation and his sense of responsibility upon his selection as President. He was assured by the members of the Board of their co- operation and support. Messrs. Russell, Kohn and Parker were requested to check up the transcript of the Convention proceedings, and to report to the succeeding meeting on matters requiring immediate action. Adjournment was made at 4.00 p.m., to reconvene at 9.00 a.m. on June 10th, at the hotel.

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MEMBERS’ COPY 7 | NG . == . ۳ \ 2” \ -” 2, ! 01 ^ \\ \ m af е T و‎ ps 2 53 ДИД THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS THE OCTAGON HOUSE, WASHINGTON, D. C. OFFICERS 4 President . А ‘ š WM. В. FavILLE, San Francisco, Calif. First V ice-President . i . ERNEST JOHN RussELL, St. Louis, Mo. Second Vice-President А А ROBERT D. Koun, New York City Secretary . : à ` Я Treasurer . А А ‘ қ WILLIAM STANLEY PARKER, Boston, Mass. D. Еуекетт Wam, New York City. BOARD OF DIRECTORS For One Year (1922-23) CHARLES H. ALDEN, Seattle, Wash. М. Max DUNNING, Chicago, Ill. ABRAM GARFIELD, Cleveland, Ohio. For Two Years (1922-24) Epwin Bercstrom, Los Angeles, Cal. CHARLES A. Favrot, New Orleans, La. І. P. WHEAT, JR, Washington, D. C. For Three Years (1922-25) WILLIAM EMERSON, Boston, Mass. BENJAMIN W. Morris, New York City. WM. L. STEELE, Sioux City, Iowa. Meeting of the Board of Members Present. Тһе meeting was called to order by President Faville at the Chicago Beach Hotel at 9:01 A. M., on June 10, 1922. Others present were Past- President Kendall; the First Vice-President, Mr. E. J. Russell; the Second Vice-President, Mr. Robert D: Kohn; the Secretary, Mr. Wm. Stanley Parker; the Treasurer, Mr. D. Everett Waid; and Directors Charles H. Alden, N. Max Dunning, Abram Garfield, Edwin Bergstrom, Charles A. Favrot, B. W. Morris, also the Editor of the JournaL, Mr. C. H. Whitaker, and the Executive Secretary, Mr. Edward C. Kemper. Directors Ittner, Emerson and Steele were unable to attend for business reasons. Government Architecture. Mr. Electus D. Litchfield spoke briefly urging the inauguration of steps to develop a contact with the Government, looking to the passage of some substitute for the Tarsney Act, and suggesting the possible assistance to be gained from Mr. Elliott Woods. No formal action was taken and the matter was left for consideration at the time instructions to the Com- mittee on Public Works are formulated. General Instructions to Committees. Resolved, that the general instructions to all standing and special com- mittees for 1922-1923 be as follows: To observe and carry out the instructions of the 55th Convention; to continue the general programs of committee work as now established (unless or until the same are modified by subsequent instructions from the Board); to carry out in connection with the Convention instructions the Directors, June 10, 1922. specific instructions of the Board, as the same are issued from time to time; to make progress reports to the Board of Directors not later than December Ist, 1922; and to observe the appropriations allowed in the Budget of 1922. Appointment of Committee Personnels. The President discussed with the Board the appointment of the Com- mittee personnels of the various standing and special committees. He emphasized that such changes as were contemplated were in no sense reflections on retiring com- mitteemen, and were largely determined upon through his desire to impress some of the younger men into the active work of the Institute, or were made necessary by changed conditions in committee activities which de- manded new men with special qualifications. Appointments by the President, and in some instances instructions by the Board, were as follows: Executive Committee (Elective-1). An Executive Com- mittee for the year 1922-1923 was elected as follows: Wm. B. Faville, San Francisco; Robert D. Kohn, New York; Wm. Stanley Parker, Boston; D. Everett Waid, New York; and N. Max Dunning, Chicago. Powers Delegated. With reference to the powers of the Executive Committee, it was Resolved, that the Board delegates to the Executive Committee have the power to exercise the functions of the Board, with the exception of any powers involving the discipline of members. ‘These powers delegated to the Executive Committee are effective during intervals of Board meetings in 1922, and until after the adjourn-

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ment of the Convention of 1923. Тһе Executive Com- mittee is further authorized to supplement the instruc- tions to any of the standing or special committees as circumstances may require. The Standing and Special Committees for the ensuing year were then discussed. The personnels of the various committees will appear in the Annuary for 1922-1923, shortly to be published. Regional Districts. The Regional Districts of the Institute are as follows: District.— No. 1. Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachu- setts, Connecticut, Rhode Island. No. 2. New York, Porto Rico, Virgin Isles. No. 3. Pennsylvania (exclusive of Pittsburgh and Erie Chapters) New Jersey, Delaware. No. 4. Maryland, District of Columbia, West Virginia, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina. No. 5. Pennsylvania (Pittsburgh Chapter territory) Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana, Michigan, Illinois. No. 6. North Dakota, South Dakota, Minnesota, Wis- consin, Iowa, Colorado, Nebraska, Kansas, Missouri. No. 7. Tennessee, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Missis- sippi, Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Texas. No. 8. Washington, Montana, Oregon, Idaho, Wyom- ing, Utah, Alaska. No. 9. California, Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico, (All insular possessions in the Pacific). All of these are represented by elected regional direct- ors except the Third District, for which Mr. Kohn was requested to serve as active Regional Director. The Board calls to the attention of the Regional Di- rectors the duty of keeping in close touch with their respective Chapters by correspondence, and by visit when- ever journey on private business makes such visits feasible; and to the attention of the Secretary the desirability of keeping each Regional Director posted on matters of major importance arising within his district, and the Secretary’s privilege of calling upon Regional Directors for counsel or help in connection with such matters. American Construction Council— Delegates to Organi- zation Meeting. The following were appointed delegates to represent the Institute at the organization meeting of the American Construction Council, to be held in Wash- ington on June 19 and 20. Robert D. Kohn, Chr, Sidney Е. Heckert, L. P. Wheat, Jr., Henry Н. Ken- dall, Stephen F. Voorhees, D. K. Boyd, Sullivan W. Jones, Members. The Board's instructions to its delegates are that the Council should be organized to carry out the purposes agreed upon at the Cleveland meeting, and more definitely set forth in the proposed preamble and By-laws adopted at that meeting. Substantial variations from these pur- poses will be considered as justification of withdrawal. Letter from Mexican Society of Architects. А letter was read by Mr. Bergstrom from the Mexican Society of Architects with regard to closer affiliation with the American Institute. No formal action was taken. Next Executive and Board Meetings. It was the sense of the meeting that the next Executive meeting ought to be held in September, and the next Board meet- ing early in December. Dates and places were left with the President. Meeting adjourned at 12:45 Р. М.

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