The Spectator 1925-08-22: Vol 135 Iss 5069

Page 1

yesodicst~ {BNBR> S. & a No. 5,069. WEEK ENDING SATUR

The Spectator DAY, AUGUST 1925. 22, Price 6p.

PRINCIPAL CONTENTS

Topics : PAGE The Prince and the Argentine Fi ae .. «292 The Urgent Problem of China as are .. 292 Administration of ** The Dole” emu ue .. 6294 The New Dietetics oa we os as os 205 Sectionalism in America na $< os + Dorset the Blest . - nr mr .. 298 Where Rupert Brooke is Buried ae ae “s 2a ARCHITECTURAL NOTES : Public Monuments (Lord Gerald Wellesley) .. o- 299 LETTERS TO THE Epiror: Reconstruction of the Coal Industry .. oe os C3 Mr. Baldwin and the Miners aa s .. 301 The Innocent Divorced Person ; < .. 80l The Future of Canada (Professor W. P.M. Kennedy) os ve ee ane ‘i .- 3803 Porrry : Paddy O’Rafferty (A. P. Graves) .. -. 805 A Book or THE MOMENT : Coleridge St. Loe Strachey) ae wie -. 806 Books ° \ Baby Science ie ne oe .- 308 lodern French Liter: ture , ee a .. 308 \ Modern Physician of the Soul ee oe -. 310 Fiction : Gloom in the Hedgerows ns ay -, 29 Minance—Pusuic AND PRIVATE : Banking in the Empire (Arthur W. Kiddy) .. os ws EprrortaL AND PusiisHinc Orrices: 13 York Street, Covent rden, I lon, W.C.2.—A Subscription to the “* Spectator”’ costs ty Shillings per annum, including postage, to any part of the rid. 7 Postage on this issue is: Inland, 1ld.; Foreign, 1d. gina OF THE WEEK ‘inese Government— that is to say those who JHE ‘| are in power at Peking though their writ runs but a have invited the Powers to a Tariff Conference with the Washington Treaty. It posed that the Conference should open on October 2nd. Let us take the Chinese certainly wasting time short way in accordance is pro- this as a good sign however much may have been that the Tariff now, It are not wasted since 1922. vas understood Conference provided for in the Washington Treaty should take place within three months after the ratifications of the Treaty had been exchanged. The ratifications were exchanged only a fortnight ago. It will, of course, be said it the Peking Government cannot bind China even if they wished to do so and that no real progress towards a settlement of all the present troubles can be made until China has recovered a recognisable degree will be f stability The same argument used that was used about opium—Chinese recovery first, everything rwards., 2 * * * lr} is, of course, a great deal of truth in such argu- ts, but they must not be made an exeuse for any ce or complacency on the part of the British Government. In our view the necessary thing is to get back to the mood and temper of the Washington Confer- ef where Chinese affairs were discussed. Let us act as though there had been no unfortunate incidents in

Lhe

between, and as though the work of Washington was now being taken up exactly where it left off. If we allow our- selves to be unnerved by objections and to think that mere questions of punctilio are decisive we shall make no An opportunity now offered and it We ought to be able to dispose at the of such an awkward the Canton Government the movement of British ships to and from Chinese ports. the Treaties. The Bolshevists have more influence in Canton than anywhere vet that the porarily consorting with Bolshevism. progress at all. is must be seized. Conference even incident as the insolent order of prohibiting This order is simply a violation of else, we believe Cantonese are only tem- Essentially there Bolshevist written in a leading article of no common ground between Chinese and habits of thought. We the immense injury that is being done to our trade by the Chinese the and to show that nothing substantial stands in the is have boycott, and have tried to analyse situation way of removing all the present misunderstandings with the Chinese. * * * * M. Caillaux has arranged to come to London next week, and it is expected that this time there will be fruitful negotiations about the French debt. The French leaders no longer think it possible to evade pay- ment; there have been great changes of feeling since the uncompromising days of M. Poincaré. Nor have the changes been only in France. In this country many people used to believe—we believed it ourselves—that the most practical as well as the handsomest thing to do all debts between the Allies. It is to hold that view. The French them- for us to do so when would be to wipe out no longer possible America selves made it impossible demanded payment from us and they professed unconcern at the fact that a considerable proportion of our debt to America had been incurred simply to pass the money on to France. At the very least, therefore, we are justified in asking France to pay us as much as we owe eh America on her behalf. Whether we shall get even so mu s that is another matter. x x x * But we have the satisfaction of knowing in advanee that M. Caillaux relates the state’ of eredit which his country hopes to enjoy to her ability to meet external debts. It has been said that wh French financial experts visited London recently they were asked wake about £2?) 000.000 a veat Thev rep] cy by offern 7 some- thing less than £6,000,000 a year Che British Govern ment would and could not consider such a s , and the experts returned hon doubt to inform the French Government that something better must be proposed. Not long ago Lord Bradbury informed the Daily News that in his opinion 1 ty per cent. of the War damag France had already been made good and that, partly owing to the acquisition of Alsa Lorraine, the w ho France was now probably iter than before the W Her capacity to pay forcign debts out of her own resources was in his opimon not less than two-thirds ef that of that the total sum owed to us by Assuming Germany.

Page 2

290 THE SPECTATOR. [August 2?, 1925, eS France (£623,000,000) would be reduced to £380,000,000, and that the first payments would be small, Lord Brad- bury expressed the opinion that this obligation could be met by France even if German reparations broke down altogether. Meanwhile Belgium has arranged the terms on which she will pay her debt to America. Her pre- Armistice debt will be paid without interest and her post-Armistice debt on the terms accepted by us for our own debt to America. The particular concession to Belgium is bare justice, as she would not have signed the Treaty of Versailles had not President Wilson pro- mised her that Germany should be made responsible for her debt. * t * * On Tuesday Marshal Pétain left Paris for Morocco and M. Painlevé issued a statement about the French plan of vampaign. Marshal Pétain will stay a considerable time in Morocco, during which he will draw up with Marshal Lyautey and General Naulin the further plans for the large campaign which has already begun. His special voncern will be the difficult matters of guarding the lines of communication and of feeding and supplying the troops. His object will be to bring the Riffs to battle in places where the great mechanical superiority of the French Army can be used to advantage. So far as the new French offensive has gone, it has been successful. Franco-Spanish co-operation has at last become a reality. We imagine that Marshal P¢tain’s real intentions are not to follow an elusive enemy into extremely difficult country, but to make it impossible for the tribesmen to take any action against the safety of the French Protectorate which would be in the least likely to succeed. * « * * In the meantime the Franco-Spanish offer of terms of peace to Abd-el-Krim stands. M. Painlevé has made known what the terms are. He offers to the Riff and Jabala tribes “ administrative, economic, and _ political autonomy under the reserve of the sovereignty of the Sultan and subject to the delegation of the Khalifa.” It seems to us a practical and generously intended offer. * * * * It is good news that the Druse rebels have raised the siege of Sueida as a result of negotiations with the French. Both sides liberated some of their principal prisoners. Captain Carbillet, who was the Acting Governor of the Jebel Druse and whose tactlessness is alleged to have caused all the trouble, has been removed from his position. The French are to be congratulated on having behaved very sensibly and on having come out of the immediate trouble more quickly than last week seemed possible. * * * * We sympathize with France in the series of disastrous railway accidents of the past few days, and we have our own share in the feelings of the French public, since the number of British travellers in France is nowadays enor- mous. Most of the lines have been relaid since the War, which had left the permanent ways in bad condition. The fault seems not to lie there, but in the unpreparedness of the companies for extra holiday traflic, and in that side of French gaiety and gallantry which shows itself in the incorrigible habit of taking exciting risks. This habit often made the hair of our generals stand on end during the War. It is illustrated on the railways by a system (so we read) under which engine drivers are fined for every minute they lose, and rewarded for every minute by which they improve on scheduled time. To us this sounds like a premium on recklessness, and may have lseen one reason why the train wrecked at Amiens had been travelling at about eighty’ miles an hour, and approached the station at nearly sixty miies, where the ee maximum speed is supposed to be twenty-five miles an hour. * * * * Although the echoes of the coal crisis have continued to reverberate during the week there are few new facts to record. The composition of the Royal Commission has not yet been announced. The Prime Minister's object is to make the Commission an entirely inmartial body. For this reason he has resolutely refused to consider the miners’ demand that they should be represented on the Commission. He is, of course, perfectly right. There is no place on the judges’ bench for either miners or mine- owners. If they were there they would only be judging their own cause. On the other hand there is plenty of room for technical experts to serve as assessors and help the five members of the Commission—or whatever the number may be. * * * * Mr. Cook has been breathing forth revolution and Mr, J. H. Thomas, to whom we again offer our compliments, has been using the language of moderation and sterling good sense. It is no doubt true that the Minority Move- ment has become inflated with self-importance and self- confidence since Mr. Baldwin’s so-called surrender te the miners. But the more it threatens the the public is likely to meditate wpon the dangers. Mr. Inkpin has distinguished himself this week by solemnly ‘alling upon the principal Labour organizations to stir up revolt among the seamen and soldiers. So long as Mr. Inkpin’s desires are made public no great harm will be done. The seamen and soldiers will continue to distinguish themselves as before—by doing their duty. * * * * more : Several reports have been published in the newspapers about the repeated offers of Sir Philip Cunliffe-Lister to resign from the Government because his wile is largely interested in colliery property. These offers do him credit; he has displayed the nice sense of honour and delicacy which is indispensable in the moral cquip- ment of Ministers. We think that if Sir Philip Cuntiffe- Lister, as President of the Board of Trade, were required to conduct any negotiations in which his duty as a Minister in any way conflicted with his private interests it would be the right, and indeed necessary, thine for him to refuse to remain in such a position. He could leave the negotiations to somebody else, or he could exchange to some other Department; or, if he did not wish to do either of those things, he could resign from the Government as he has proposed. * * * * Mr. Baldwin, however, it is said, does not wish Sir Philip Cunliffe-Lister to resign, and we can quite understand and approve his reasons. No doubt Mr. Baldwin will see to it that no conflict between duty and interest arises. A Cabinet Minister cannot retain directorships, but if it were laid down that nobody could be a Minister whose relations owned shares the result would be most injuriously to restrict the fields of talent from which Cabinets are recruited. There must be sense and proportion in these things, though nobody desires more than we do that the standards of honourable practice should be kept extremely high. In brief, it is not “ business ” to expect Ministers to divest themselves of all forms of property in order to prove their purity of motive or in order to be rid of all ambiguous incentives when they engage in the miulti- farious work of government. We have, however, a suggestion to make. We think a great deal more might be done in the direction of taking the opinion of Par- liament when particular questions of honour or delicacy arise. More often than not it is secrecy that does the mischief, ames

Page 3

XUM August 22, 1925.] THE SPECTATOR. 291 Consider the recent case of Mr. Ramsay MacDonald, for example. Nobody who looked into the transaction, or who knows Mr. MacDonald’s character, suspected him for a moment of corruption when he accepted from a friend thirty thousand preference shares in order that he might be able to keep a motor car. What caused all the unnecessary suspicion was that Mr. MacDonald, having said nothing about this gift, allowed the name of the donor to appear in the Honours List. Now that Mr. Ramsay MacDonald had taken the suppose Suppose that House of Commons into his confidence. ‘he had made a personal statement and explained that though he had been offered the funds for a motor car by a very old friend, he could not tolerate the idea that his acceptance would be connected with the Honours List. The honour, as he could truthfully have explained, had been decided upon in respect of publie services before the thirty thousand shares and the motor car had been thought of. Mr. MacDonald’s personal prestige would have been increased, not diminished, by frankness of this sort. We cannot imagine that the Commons would have objected to the incident if it had been thus presented. We have never been able to under- stand what mistaken spirit of pride and_ self-esteem prevented Mr. MacDonald from taking such an obvious course, At all events, it is a course open to others. * * % * The Trish Free State Government enacted some time ago that the authority of the General Medical Council and the validity in Ireland of the British Medical Register, which lapsed under the Anglo-Irish Treaty, should be continued for a year which ends in February next. Now they have announced that there will be no further continuation of the British and Irish relations ; the Irish Branch of the General Medical Council will be abolished and a separate Register for the Free State will be established. From the actions of Mr, Cosgrave and the tone of his recent speeches we cannot believe that it was any satisfaction to him to propose this step or to defend it by saying that Irish constitutional dignity could not brook the headquarters of the profession being in the capital—not of the Empire, but of “ another country.”” He has plainly given way to shortsighted and jealous Republican pressure. The first result of this lamentable step would be that the universities and medical schools of the Free State would lose their students, who would not be recognized as quali- fied outside the twenty-six counties. The next would be that Ircland would have to ask for the same reciprocal treatment that is received by the Dominion Registers, * *: x * A young Oxford graduate, Mr. Turville-Petre, attached to the British School of Archacology in Jerusalem, has discovered another skull of the Neanderthal type. Appar- own studies or intuition led him to explore the he limestone eliffs near the banks of the Sea of ently his caves in tl Galilee. Below the Aurignacian deposits he found the skull last June among remains of flint implements and other traces of the Mousterian period. It is now known for the first time that this beetle-browed type was not only spread over the European countries around the Medi- terrancan basin, but also existed in Asia; but we are no nearer knowing whether the Neanderthal ‘“* man” was our ancestor or a member of a parallel line of evolution which was somehow exterminated in the succeeding Aurignacian period. * * * * The Report drawn up by Mr. John Rawlinson upon What happened lately at Vine Street Police Station, when an innocent man was taken there one night on a 1 charge due to mistaken identity, is an excellent piece of o work, ably and promptly done after very careful inquiry. It reveals conditions which must be disquicting to us, who pride ourselves on carrying out in the spirit and the letter the principle that a man is innocent until he is proved guilty. We also believe that, contrary to the Continental practice, our system is so framed technically that it positively helps the accused and protects him, by one device after another, from the grand jury down- ward. The unfortunate man in this case would certainly have suffered greater hardship and indignity abroad in parallel circumstances, but that is of little comfort to our pride in our own methods. The Report illuminates the need for a revision of the police regulations, or the manner of administering them. ** * * * The police officers concerned stated, for example, that they cannot Iet an accused man be bailed out on their own responsibility if the alleged crime was not committed in their own district. This might obviously entail delays not merely of hours but of days on some uncorroborated or even blackmailing charge ; and it is plainly inconsistent with every man’s right to communicate with friends and to be bailed out at the earliest possible moment. He has the right to be advised and represented at a parade for identification (which appears often to be farcical), but in this case the aecused was not told of his right. The trouble seems tc be due to the fact that the regulations are administered by men who are not trained or qualified to do more than carry out by rule of thumb instructions which they can scarcely know by heart since they have become so long and of which the broad intention ceases to be plain because they are so compli- cated. The best police in the world may slip into a care- less groove in carrying out their often dull and sordid duties, and from time to time they need to be pulled up sharply and encouraged to do better. Such a moment has arrived in London. * * * * J. B. Hobbs, the Surrey professional cricketer, playing against Somerset this week, made his 126th and 127th = in first-class cricket, thus beating the record established by Dr. W. G. Grace. There has been great excitement in the expectation of this feat. Although it was perhaps unduly fostered by the daily papers it has been healthy excitement over a sport unspoilt by gambling. Hobbs, too, is a fine example professional cricketers who, with golf professionals, are by far the best group of men who live by playing games. He is the son of a Cambridge professional and colleague of Tom Hayward. His fine captaincy of the Players this year against the Gentlemen showed him in the best possible light. He is not too old to go on increasing his record for several seasons. His feat is the result of genuine progress in the game and “ the Doctor” is not disgraced, for he never had the perfect wickets of to-day to play upon. He will remain a mighty hero of the game. We are reminded of a speech made by the late Master of Trinity at a dinner given to the most graceful player of all, Ranjitsinjhi. Dr. Butler quoted the encouragement given by Napoleon to his Egyptian army under the shadow “Twenty centuries look down upon centuries ” among of the Pyramids : you,” and he added. “‘ Our guest looks down on twenty So may Dr. Grace and Hobbs. * * x * centuries.” Bank Rate, 4} per cent., changed from 5 per cent. on August Gth, 1925. War Loan (5 per cent.) was on Thursday 101 }} ; on Thursday week 101} ; a year ago 101%. Funding Loan (4 per cent.) was on Thursday 89} ; on Thursday week 89}; a year ago 893. Conversion Loan (3} per cent.) was on Thursday 78}; on Thursday week 78}; a year ago 77}.

Page 4

292 THE SPECTATOR. fAugust 22, 1925, British enterprise, or afraid of British influences. They OF THE DAY THE TOPICS THE PRINCE AND ARGENTINE HOEVER it was who planned the Prince of Wales's visit to South America—very possibly the Prince himself—had a very happy and wise inspiration. The right man is doing the right thing, at the right place, at the right time. The South American States in general, and the Argentine in particular, are about to enter upon a new and vast epoch of development, and will fill a far bigger place in the world’s eye than ever before. That being so they want someone of consequence to intro- duce them into National Society, and to make the world understand them, and value them at their true worth— not gaze at them as though they were backwoodsmen with an invisible past and a hypothetical future. Well- informed and thinking people—about 5 per cent. of our population—know, of course, that the Argentine has al- ready arrived and is a rich, prosperous, and stable State, and one likely to develop beyond the dreams of avarice. But even she wants publicity. Could there be a better person to launch her and her sister States in the Grand Monde of the nations than the Prince of Wales—a man who has probably travelled more and seen more lands and cities, oceans and mountains, forests and farms, than any one alive to-day? When he offers the debutante his arm and leads her into the ballroom as his partner, the thing is done, and the happy fair has her picture in every newspaper in the habitable globe. Before she only saw Europe from the head of the stairs. Now Europe sees her too, and in full dress, Europe hears the Prince’s compliments, while his suite are taking notes as to the millions of livestock in the great alluvial plain which seems designed by Nature to be the Home Farm of civilized man. The endless valley of the River Plate is endowed with a climate, a soil, and a water supply both for power and cultivation which make it one of the very best places in the world for breeding horses and all types of cattle, and for growing cereals of every kind. In that happy region Nature responds with an unrivalled generosity and rapidity to the call of the producer. In the Plate it is no fable or figure of speech to say that when you tickle the soil with a hoe it smiles with a harvest. Fortunately the Argentine has got a population which is able to seize and make use of its great opportunity and, further, which can bestow on itself that stability of Government without which the gifts of Nature are of little avail. The original Spanish stock was a good one, and has been Icss impoverished and diluted than in other South American States. To it been added a complement of some of the best agricultural settlers in the world—the peasant-proprietors of Piedmont, Lom- bardy, Venetia and Tuscany. The Argentine has some two millions of these excellent people, who find there a climate little, if any, hotter than their own and a soil capable of producing their home crops in profusion, They find, also, a language akin to their own. This infusion of Italians is making, if, indeed, it has not already made, a new type of Latin State of high quality. Though the Spanish culture and the Spanish language will prevail, Italian influences are everywhere visible. We have every right to expect that the stocks thus mingled will in time produce a nation wholly worthy of its environ- ment. The British colony in the Argentine is considerable in numbers and of high quality. The inhabitants of the Argentine have never been jealous of our settlers or of has large know that we do not want to exercise control, or to dominate, and British capital, British managers, and British professional experts from engineers to bankers are as warmly welcomed as English thoroughbreds, English bulls, or other English prize stock. We do not mean to repeat here the glowing and stimu- lating statistics with which our newspapers have been filled during the past week. They are full of wonder and interest, whether they tell us of the splendid city of 2,000,000 people which has grown up in “ the good air” at the mouth of the mighty La Plata, of the vast railway system that is spread through the land, of the force latent in the rivers and waterfalls, or of the wealth that is only waiting to be awakened. All that is not fairy-story, but fact. Here we want to urge the Government of the Argentine, and especially the enlightened and far-sccing President, to do their best to prevent the nation under their control from neglecting in the intoxication of a rapid prosperity to give due care and thought to the con- dition of the poorer part of the community—to the hand- workers on whom will fall so much of the necessary toil, The Argentine cannot escape industrialization, and does not want to escape it. It is no evil in itself, but she must make unceasing effort to get the benefits without the wrongs. Let the Government take warning by what happened in Europe a century ago, owing to carelessness and ignorance. Material prosperity is worthless, and moreover cannot last, unless it is founded on a free people living, whether they be workers or capitalists, under con- ditions which conduce to the general health, happiness, and intellectual advancement. This sounds like the copy book, but is only common sense. No one wants to see the latest adventurers in the field of material pro- sperity censored, or restricted, or even slowed down. All that we as friends of South America desire is that the new Nations should not forget their real goal—the creation of happy and worthy States. This they can perfectly well accomplish while rearing a vast commerce. Let them save themselves from future shame and remorse by a conscious effort and at the same time save the rest of the world by their example. J. Sr. Loe Srracney. THE URGENT PROBLEM OF CHINA \ E seem to be little nearer to instituting the promised Judicial Inquiry into the Shanghai riots of last June, or to tackling in the right spirit the Tariff Conference provided for in the Washington Treaty. It is possible that if the Judicial Inquiry seemed likely after all to serve no useful purpose the Tariff Conference might be made to cover the whole ground. The important point is that we should prove to China as quickly as is humanly possible that we are quite conscious of the reality and the reasonableness of the wave of nationalistic feeling which is carrying the educated classes of China off their feet. Meanwhile, just because this nationalism takes the obvious, but in many ways stupid, form of anti-foreign demonstrations, vast injury is being done to trade. No foreign country suffers more than Great Britain from the trade boycott. Yet it is true that China stands to lose as much as we do, Economic peace is needed in Chinese interests as much as in our own, China is very far away, and the public here does not appreciate quite how inoppor- tune and how extensive is the damage which is being done. Although distance lends dimness to the British under- standing of what is happening, the reverse is true of China,

Page 5

XUM August 22, 1925.] THE SPECTATOR. 298 The bulk of British trade with China is done not with Chinese buyers direct, but through the agency of the British merchants in the Chinese Treaty Ports and Trade Marts. In this way Chinese animosity is given a real point ; it strikes not at a shadowy country at the other side of the world, but at real human beings who live on the spot and whose discomfiture can be measured and enjoyed. When we look back we can see how sure have been the signs that this Chinese nationalism: was growing and was bound to go on growing. The greater seems the madness that we did not prepare to deal with it thoroughly and handsomely in good time. It was not to be expected that the Chinese educated classes could receive Western training and not be subject to all the consequences of that training, particularly in modern times when all the world is knit much more closely together than it used to be. We received the other day a protest from the Faculty of a leading Chinese University against what was called the barbarism of the international police at Shanghai. In the absence of detailed and proved information we are not, of course, prepared to accept the assertion that the killing of students at Shanghai was deliberate and wanton. Those reports which say that the police did not fire till the students tried to rush the police station and seize arms for the purpose of murdering foreigners are, we are convinced, perfectly true. But what affected us with a peculiar and ironic unpleasantness was that the protest was an extremely well-written document which, in the best Western manner, turned against Great Britain the very moral arguments, the very phrases, the very turns of thought which one would expect to find in a British protest on a similar subject. The truth is that Westernism has gone so far in China that we can no longer delay in meeting all that is reasonable in the Chinese desire to be recognized as a Power that has the right to live with other Great Powers on equal terms. The pity is that we have missed so many opportunities of meeting the Chinese changes of thought step by step. Ever since the Boxer Rebellion we have shilly-shallied about the disposal of the indemnity. We never intended to use the money for ourselves; our intentions were excellent ; and yet we delayed so long with our schemes that the Chinese did not believe us. Whatever we may do now we are unlikely to get any credit. The Americans, on the contrary, set to work at once on spending the money in China on education, and they have not only avoided disagreeable misunderstandings but have “ aequired merit ” in the eyes of the Chinese out of all proportion to any real disparity there may be between American good will and British good will. Actually, we believe, there is no disparity. No country could feel better disposed towards China than Great Britain does. We have never acted as though we understood—although really we did understand more or less all the time—how important a matter it was to help the Chinese to “ save face.” There is no more significant’ process among the Chinese, psychologically and mentally, than that of saving face. If only a Chinese is satisfied that in public estima- tion he has saved face he will often be content to accept the shadow for the substance. It is not so necessary to give him all that he wants as to save him from the humilia- tion of seeming to be ignored or flouted. We find it impossible to disagree with those who say that the extra-territorial rights of foreign countries are still essential for the protection of foreigners, and that these rights must not be renounced until they can be replaced by an adequate equivalent. It is no doubt true that neither personal justice nor commercial security could at present, or so far as we can see ahead, be guaran- teed except under the existing system. Nevertheless, we feel that much more could have been done to associate the Chinese with the communities of foreign nationals, and thus to make them less acutely conscious of the want of faith in their methods which the existence of the foreign Consider the international settle- ment at Shanghai, which is managed by the Shanghai Municipal Council. This Council is composed of the nationals of various foreign countries, and the chief settlements implies. proof of its successful administration is that a large number of Chinese prefer to live under its rule rather than anywhere else. Some years ago a Chinese Advisory Committee was appointed to assist the Council in dealing with Chinese who had elected to live within the settlement. But was this enough? Would there not have been a saving of face if the Chinese had actually returned a member or members of the Council ? The only other place besides Shanghai which has an international settlement, properly so called, is Amoy, and there, as at Shanghai, the foreigners do not exercise any control over the native city. At Canton, Hankow, Tientsin, Kiukiang and Chinkiang the foreigners merely have concessions of dwelling land, where they can manage their own affairs. A statement issued by the Chinese Association in London notes that the Canton concession comprises only 44 acres, the Hankow concession only 149 acres, and that some of the other concessions are much smaller. Materially, therefore, there is not much to offend the Chinese ; and it must be remembered that the Chinese themselves have often kept the foreigners at arm's length, thus actually compelling segregation. In 1904 Changsha was thrown open to foreign trade, and for some years foreigners tried to mingle with the Chinese by living within the city walls. The Chinese, however, determined to keep them outside, and there they have remained to this day. Another point worth remembering is that Chinese who live within the foreign settlement at Shanghai are tried by a Chinese judge with a foreign The Chinese themselves, that is to say, have secured for their own protection a system analogous to that which the nationalists would now like to take away from the foreigners. assessor, From such facts it will be gathered that the Chinese have not very serious reasons for being offended. After conversations with intelligent and observant Englishmen who have long lived in China we are convinced that a great deal could be done by just a sincere demonstration by the British Government that we want to help China and not to thwart her—that we regard her ambitions as natural and praiseworthy in themselves. Of course, there is a terribly formidable obstacle in the fact that there is no single Government, no single person, who can speak for China. Still, the British Government could make haste with the Judicial Inquiry into the Shanghai riots, and with a programme for the Tariff Conference. Too much thought cannot be bestowed upon plans for making the Conference, which Peking proposes should open on October 2nd, the occasion of a general appeasement, Everything will depend upon it. We must get back to the spirit of the Washington Conference. Even while we are negotiating about the Conference with the other Powers we ought to prove to China how determined we are to make the Conference the means of scttling all the present troubles. Lord Gosford suggested recently in the House of Lords that a dis- tinguished statesman should be sent to China to make known our good will. That is an excellent idea. The statesman should be a pre-eminent public man. It is in the way in which we do things, rather than in the things themselves, that we shell impress and convince the nationalists of China.

Page 6

294 THE SPECTATOR. [August 22, 19925, ——. THE ADMINISTRATION OF “THE DOLE” HE work of the authors of The Third Winter of Unemployment long ago made its mark. In their new study, Unemployment Insurance in Great Britain: A Critical Examination (Macmillan and Co, Is. net), they have wrestled with one of the most pressing problems of the day. They approach it in a scientific spirit, yet the sympathy of understanding illuminates their researches, for they are sensitive to human needs. If we have a criticism to make of their manner and method it is this: we felt throughout, as we were reading, that they were very much on the defensive—too much so, indeed, to be always convincing. Although the researches have been, as we said, scientific, and it would be an insult to say that there is not a readiness to submit to the teaching of facts, it is evident that the authors have a strong wish to believe in the commercial and actuarial soundness of unemployment insurance. They have had to deal with a good many awkward facts laid before them by their agents in various large towns. We are told much about the sharp practices of those who try to live regularly on the “dole” without making serious efforts to find work. We could not help asking ourselves whether it would be necessary to explain away so much in the case of ordinary commercial insurance transactions. If any ordinary insurance company were so beset by doubtful not to say dishonest claims, would it be possible for it to carry on, to keep its reputation for reasonable dealing and yet to remain solvent ? Although we mention this doubt it must not be supposed that we have the least desire to condemn unemployment insurance. It is not a bone which we could withdraw from any dog, least of all from a hungry one. Unemploy- ment Insurance has become indispensable. And we can go further and say that in our judgment it is an act of justice and ultimately ought to become, by virtue of experience and regulation, a thoroughly beneficent and accurate For the purpose of this inquiry researches were made simultaneously in cight areas :—Birmingham, Bolton, Cardiff, Glasgow, Leeds, Reading, Shoreditch and Tyne- side. The object was to discover whether the system of insurance already in operation diminishes incentive ; whether it affects the willingness of the worker to change his occupation or his residence ; whether it affects the desire of those who are employed to keep their jobs ; and whether it affects the readiness of men to undertake temporary jobs. It may be useful here to recall very briefly the history of Unemployment Insurance in this country. It began in 1911. After a successful trial in a few trades it was extended in 1916 and again in 1920, so that it now covers substantially all employed persons, except outworkers, those employed in agriculture and domestic service, and certain groups employed by local authorities, railway companies and so on. Persons employed otherwise than in manual labour who carn more than £250 a year are also, of course, excepted. The exceptions rule out approximately three millions of the fifteen millions of occupied persons over sixteen years of age. The features of the scheme, which clearly distinguish it from public relief under the Poor Law, are that it really is an insurance scheme ; that it is administered by the Employment Exchanges and that the coniribution made by the community comes from the Treasury and not from the Local Authorities. In fine, there is all-round contribution ; the community, that is to say the State, contributes, the employers contri- bute, and the employed contribute. It is a genuine system. insurance fund. It is not a case of scattering relief broad. cast. It is consequently a misuse of language to speak of the unemployment benefit as a “dole.” At least there is nothing in the theory or in the facts as a whole to justify the word, though it has obtained a wide popular use as the result of certain actual or alleged abuses. Any fair reader of this pamphlet will, we think, admit that though the abuses are unfortunately not imaginary they have been much exaggerated. The authors say that it is not generally recognized to what an extent many thousands of public-spirited employers and workers give their services in the administration of the scheme, on Local Employment Committees, on Courts of Appeal, on Courts of Referees and on the Rota Com- mittees. Under what is called “ Standard Benefit ” “ one weck’s benefit is paid for every six contributions” and the payment continues for periods not exceeding altogether twenty-six weeks in a year. The No. 2 Act of 1924 made certain increases in the scale of benefits. It granted to every unemployed insured person benefit for an unlimited period up to June 30th, 1926, provided he satisfied the conditions laid down. It also made more generous allowance for dependents. It is true that ** Extended Benefit ” comes more nearly than “ Standard Benefit ” to deserving the nickname “ dole,” but so long as the triple contributions from State, employers and workers are enough to cover all the disbursements the recipient may fairly claim that he is drawing from an insurance fund. We will pick out now from the reports from the various districts certain statements which come under the head of what we have called awkward ,facts. The researcher at Birmingham says that the Exchange does its best to advertise any convictions at the police court for obtaining benefits while continuing in employment, or for making other false declarations, or for obtaining help from more than one souree. “It is doubtful, however,” he remarks,“ if these reports act as a deterrent even when they are posted in a prominent position.” It is easy to imagine the conflict of wits which goes on between the skrimshanker and the oflicials. The Bir- mingham researcher overheard someone say in the Exchange, “ Mind that red-haired girl. She’s a devil for offering you work!” The same researcher says that a visit to the Committee Room “ revealed the fact that the members of the Rota were entirely dependent upon the honesty of the men whose eases they examined.” The researchers both at Birmingham and Bolton remark upon the number of anonymous letters received by the officials. This is a very which may be taken to mean that a man who tries to sponge upon the Fund cannot conceal the fact from his neighbours. The neighbours anonymously report it to the officials either for the justifiable reason that they do not wish themselves and the rest of the community to be cheated, or for the unjustifiable reason that they enjoy exercising a little private malice. The researcher in Glasgow notes that the number of persons receiving “ Extended Benefit ” are roughly one- half of the total claimants. Since the end of 1924 a stricter watch has been kept, and particular attention is given to cases where persons cannot show a period of even temporary employment within the past two or more years. curious fact The result is that more and more of the undesirable eases fall wpon the parish authorities. The secretary of an engineering firm at Leeds told the researcher that unemployment insurance was creating a class of workmen who preferred receiving benefit to working. One can hardly be surprised at this in the case of the de- pressed industries. An engineering labourer in Leeds receives 40s. 6d. a week, whereas at the steel works the

Page 7

XUM

THE August 22, 1924.) SPECTATOR. 295

—_—_——

ee wage is down to 34s. a week—a miserable wage for a skilled worker with a family in a town. A man with a wife and family can get as much in unemployment benefit ; and from the Guardians—if he had four children—he would get 45s. a week. Nevertheless, employers and officials alike acknowledged that the vast majority of hand workers would rather be employed than idle. A wholesale clothier in Leeds whose statements are quoted with approval said that there are always about 10 per eent. who require some driving force to prevent them from slacking, 5 per cent. who would never work as long as benefits were available, and 5 per cent. who are unemployable. That leaves 80 per cent. of genuine triers. We agree that the payment of benefit to workers who are employed for three days only is open to strong objection. This form of benefit caused a remarkable incident in Leeds which is for many reasons worth recording. A clothing firm was working four days a week and the workers approached the management with the demand that the factory should be open only three days a weck, so that they could get unemployment pay. The managers replied that they must have four days’ output. The workers retorted that they would give four days’ output in three days. They then turned to with a will and in three days produced—no doubt by mistake— as much as they had previously turned out in six days! They enjoyed the rest of the week as a holiday on unem- ployment benelit. The authors sum up their conclusions in effect as follows :—That the alleged evil effect of insurance on the willincness of the worker to accept employment has been greatly exaggerated ; that the precautions are suflicient to check substantial abuse ; that it is peculiarly diflicult to determine whether married women are genuine seekers alicr work; that the benefit paid to youths between the ves of eighteen and twenty-one should be revised ; and that the respective functions of the Insurance Fund and the Poor Law should be more clearly distinguished and more carefully co-ordinated. The last recommendation is of vast importance. To our mind national insurance will never adequately cover the ground until it protects every worker against the triple dread of unemployment, sickness and death. It ought to be so comprehensive that the Poor Law would be unnecessary and the Guardians would be abolished. The Guardians, elected to administer relief by persons who intend to profit by that relief, have in some places become a public danger. THE NEW DIETETICS i geo years ago the science of chemistry was thought to be in essentials complete. Dalton, that wonderful, colour-blind, far-secing Quaker, was justified. The atoms of the elements had been found and weighed. They had upon them, as Clerk Maxwell, a master physicist, declared, “the marks of the manu- factured article,” and had “ existed since the creation, unbroken and unworn.” To-day the atomic theory stands, and Dalton’s place is as sure as ever; but the Curics with their radium, and Thomson and Rutherford, have done their work of further analysis ; Clerk Maxwell's dicta are historical curiosities, and the new chemistry is founded and daily forwarded. Thirty years ago, also, the science of dietetics was thought to be in essentials complete. The law of the conservation of energy had been found to apply to the living body. The Continental pioneers had found and weighed the constituents of a dietary. According to the work done in and by the body, and to its needs for fuel in order to maintain its temperature, we must receive a proper supply of tissue-replacers and of potential energy in the form of various combustible materials, conveniently summed up as proteids (now called proteins), fats, carbo- hydrates (starch and sugar), together with a supply of salts in order to replace those which are being perpetually lost from the body and which seem somehow useful. Add water, by the way, in which all life is lived, though it does not supply energy ; and remember the intake of oxygen wherewith the fuel and energy foods may be burnt, oxidized, ‘“‘ combusted.”’ The radiation factor in nutrition, which, in the modern study of sunlight, we are now finding to dominate all else, was completely ignored. There only remained to analyse the various foodstuffs and estimate their food value according to the percentages of protein, fat, &c., that they contain. Tests may then be made as to the needs of the body at rest— lying upon a bed but with heart and respiration muscles necessarily working—the body sitting, standing, doing a navvy’s work, and so on. Appropriate dietaries could then be devised for various people—perhaps, for perfect refinement of science, taking into account the external temperature and the shape and size of the body, a small one cooling more quickly than a large one, and a long thin one more quickly than a short round one of the same weight ; and there was dietetics all complete. A few notes about invalid feeding, some speculations regarding gout, a deal of egregious nonsense about aleohol—and who could ask for more ? Or so it seemed to many. But indeed the science, like its contemporary chemistry, needed further analysis. Both were good as far as they went, but they did not go far enough. Nothing here written supports the view that science performs a volte-face in every generation, and that nothing else “‘ dates”’ so quickly. When the evolution of the atom was discovered in the case of radium, there were critics who said that “the whole fabric of chemistry has been razed at a blow.” Nothing could be less true. And it would be equally foolish to snecr at the calorie-dictetics of the ninetcenth century because further analysis has carried us further. Nor should we blame our predecessors because, alter successful effort, having made new and valuable discoveries, they rested upon their oars and thought the goal was reached. Ye are just like them, for we are just human, as they were; and the next generation will marvel at our myopia, in having discovered the new dictetics and supposing it to be not only the latest but also the last word. What are the essentials of this century’s achievement hitherto in this field? They are, perhaps, best viewed historically ; and thereafter we may look afresh at the whole field of our knowledge and may perceive that the cardinal difference between cur view and that of the *nineties lies not merely nor mainly in our knowledge of vastly more detailed analysis of our food, but in our view of what our food should do for us. Certainly it should stoke the furnace, feed the inner fires, supply the internal combustion engine with its equivalent of petrol, and this it must do according to the universal laws of thermo- dynamics, the same in a man or a motor-car, a starfishora star; but our food should also do for us incomparably more, as we shall see. The great name is that of the pioneer who was knighted this year, and whom we should all know and honour as Sir Gowland Hopkins, F.R.S., Professor of Bio- chemistry in the University of Cambridge. He is principally responsible for two cardinal discoveries. He has taught us the further analysis of the protcins, whence we learn how they differ from one another in their ** biological value,” as it is now ealled. <A genera- tion ago a protein was a protcin, the body needed such

Page 8

296 THE SPECTATOR. [August 22, 1925, ————S, and such a quantity, and maize contained so much, milk so much, and you might take your choice. Hopkins has taught us that all proteins need examination and that the most economical protein is that of a creature nearest to us in the family of life. Maize contains a notably defective protein. Human milk contains, for us, the most perfect protein, and should be remembered when facetious commentators profess to find in these discoverics a new warrant for cannibalism. It is true that when dog is persuaded, for experimental purposes, to eat dog the economy of protein is admirable ; but for us the lesson is that its mother’s milk is best for a baby, on this as on very many other grounds. And, whilst Hopkins has caused us to recognize the quality of proteins, the great American work on dietetics has proved—* beyond a_ peradventure,” to use a_ great American’s phrase—that the estimates of our needs made in Munich in the last century were grossly excessive. The school of ** low protein ” has won all along the line, despite vigorous resistance in this country. Meanwhile the per capita consumption of meat—-which means, in effect, protein—has gone up enormously, monstrously and, I doubt not, murderously, in all prosperous countries : ** but that is another story.” Even more important than his work on the proteins is the demonstration by Hopkins of the “ accessory food factors,” as he modestly called them, named vitamines by another worker and now spelt vitamins (since it is certain that they are not amines, as that worker supposed). Hopkins prepared perfectly pure food materials, proteins, &e., all according to the book, and fed rats with his own hands in a disused cellar in Cambridge some fifteen or so years ago. They ailed. He added a mere trace of fresh milk and they throve. Under the auspices of the Medical Research Council much invaluable work has since been done on this subject in this country, and during the last few years the Americans have “ gone all out on it. We shall do well neither to assume that vitamins are now the whole of dietetics—as many suppose—nor that the new “craze ” had best be forgotten— as many of the old school would have us believe. We shall also do well to acquire a copy of the best volume* on the subject : and thereafter to consider whether our dietary practice, and that of nearly every school, hospital, prison, asylum, sanatorium, orphanage and other such institution in the country does not require the most drastic revision.t Hopkins has long speculated that his accessory food factors, two of which obviously control growth, may act upon and through the ductless glands, such as the thyroid, which we know to control growth. Hence we see a parallel between the deficiency diseases, such as scurvy and beri-beri, due to lack of vitamins C and B respectively—and endemic goitre and cretinism (and possibly, in part, cancer) due to lack of iodine, which is the specific food of the thyroid gland. No one can yet put a term to the list of deficiency diseases, but we may note that a vitamin upon which fertility depends has very recently been discovered, and we may have * Medical Kesearch Council. Special Report Series No. 38 (revised). Report on the Present State of Knowledge of Accessory Food Factors (Vitamins). H.M, Stationery Office, Kingsway. 1924. (4s. 6d. net.) + Consideration of the problem in its entirety will show, I think, how rash it must be to judge the relative values of foods on one criterion, or even on several, without being sure that we are taking into account all that we should. For instance, in the wholemeal versus white bread controversy, to which Professor Mellanby has just made an excessive ly disconcerting but very far from con- clusive contribution, we must remember that not only is the anti- rachitic vitamin concerned, but also salts, such as those of iodine, without which no one can live. In my letter of Aprikkl sth I cited new analyses indicating the pitiful deficiency of white as compared with whofemeal in this vital particular, second in imporfance to none. —— to recognize in certain forms of sterility an addition to the list of those diseases. Evidently we are travelling far onwards from the notion of food as just so much bricks and fuel. Space does not avail for present dis- cussion of the astonishing series of discoveries in New York, Wisconsin, and now in this country, which show the transformation in the properties of food by exposing it to light ; but we must mention them in any adequate survey of the new dietetics. Let us observe that the study of the salts is making a new sub-science in itself, with those of iodine in the forefront ; and, lastly, that the idea of balance is becoming ever more insistent, The simplest illustration, not necessarily an exact state- ment of fact, is perhaps that of calcium phosphate; which makes bones. Evidently, any excess of lime beyond the quantity which can combine with the avail- able phosphorus must be useless—and may be harmful, The supply of the two elements must be balanced. There may be a hundred instances, each more important than this. Lastly, what should our food do for us? not less than this :— (1) Supply fuel for work and warmth. (2) Replace tissue waste. (3) Supply not only the stuff but also the stimuli for growth. (4) Supply the specific agents without which we suffer from deficiency diseases. (5) Be so balanced as not to poison us—nor injure the apparatus of exeretion—by relative excess of any constituent. (6) Contain enough ensure the free the food canal. (7) Supply suitable materials from which our specific munitions against microbic toxins may be elab- orated. (8) Exercise the teeth and jaws. (9) So. nourish the “ germ-plasm ’ parenthood. (10) Give us pleasure in consuming it. Fortunately this is not so difficult as it sounds: the lower animals, unaided by any text-books, articles or lectures, do very well—auntil we begin to domesticate, them, and sophisticate their native wisdom. CRUSADER. Certainly “roughage” or “ballast” to and frequent natural cleansing of ? as to permit of SECTIONALISM IN AMERICA | By Frank R. Kent (Baltimore Sun). -"s census shows that over sixty-three cities of more than 100,000 people contain just about one-fifth of the total population. If only one-fifth of the total population is in the cities of 100,000 and over, it logically follows that four-fifths are outside these cities altogether, and located in the approximately 15,000 smaller cities, ranging all the way from 1,000 up to 100,000, and in the 130,000 townships and villages, with which the country is thickly spotted, containing less than 1,000 persons. Now, when you add to this the seven million people who live on individual farms you have approximately 82,000,000 (out of our 112,000,000 total) who live outside the big cities. That seems a huge proportion when the concentration of power, people and wealth in New York, Chicago and Yet, it is by no means sure that the wealth and power—they are the of the smaller towns, in the aggregate, is other congested centres is considered. same thing not in the same ratio to the great cities as is their popu- lation. The difference is that in the smaller towns it is

Page 9

XUM THE August 22, 1925. ] SPECTATOR. 297 —_—_-—s less active and less informed and effective. It is latent, scattered and unorganized, but it is there; and when, as not infrequently happens, a single political note, to which small town people simultaneously respond, is struck, these people have their easy way with the rest of the country. That is what happened in the matter of Prohibi- tion. An insight into the church-going psychology of the small American town very clearly reveals the reasons not only why Prohibition was adopted in America but why, notwithstanding the open and scandalous violations of the law in all parts of the country, and the howls of the big city newspapers for a modification of the Act, no modification can be secured. The truth is that four-fifths of America is dry in sentiment, if not in actual practice, and its small-town heart will not permit any “ back tracking ©’ on the liquor question. Recently I seized an opportunity to make a tour of the country, from coast to coast, keeping, so far as I could, outside of the big towns and coming into as close and direct a contact as possible with a small part of that four-fifths referred to above. It has been an extra- ordinarily interesting experiment and has disclosed a number of significant things, upon which there is not now space to remark. One development, however, concerning which I do want to speak, is the amazing degree in which the cleavage in American public opinion has in recent years become sectional rather than religious or racial. Under the curious American constitutional provisions this fact brings about a unique situation in the govern- ment in Washington. Brictly, here it is. Sentiment in the Kast, which is not only the most populous part of the country, but is the district where the great bulk of financial and industrial resources is iocated, is decidedly Conservative. In all the great Kastern cities, which in this territory dominate the States, opinion is thoroughly ‘“* wet.” This is true of both the Democratic and Republican parties, between whom in the East there is at present no outstanding issue. In the South and West sentiment is not only overwhelm- ingly “dry,” but markedly progressive, or, as the Conser- vative Kast would describe it, Radical. Now, under the Constitutional provisions for the election of the President the territory east of the Missouri River and north of the Mason-Dixon line, except on a fluke, will always control the Presidency and elect to that oflice a man acceptable to Eastern sentiment. The reason is that the States are entitled to representation in the Electoral Colleges in proportion to their population, and this fact gives the East control of the situation. But when it comes to the United States Senate, a totally different situation is found. There the representation of the States is not at all in proportion either to their size r their population. On the contrary, the little and sparsely populated States have just as much voice as the great and populous ones. Each has two Senators, no more and no less. This means that the section of the country west of the Missouri River, although containing less than sixteen million people, has thirty-four of the ninety-six members of the Senate. Add that number to the Senators from the South, and the West and South have easy control over the Senate. By combining at any time and on any question they have a clear majority over the East. The point of all this is that it creates a situation that makes for deadlocks and futility. The Conservative East, under this system, will always have the Executive branch of the Government, but the Radical or Progressive South and West, in control of the Senate, will always be able to prevent the enactment of Eastern policies that are not in accord with West and South sentiment. It does not, of course, mean that government necessarily Se = There will always be political compromises, and particularly skilful Executives may even find ways of circumventing sectional opposition. Then, tco, it is not on all issues or all measures that the sectional lines are drawn. The division, however, is so deep and so patently spreading that thoughtful men sce in the situation many menacing aspects. When you read some of the demagogic tirades of one section against another, you feel as if the country were too big to be comfortable. must come to a halt. dominant and AND THE CIVIL SERVICE IR JOSIAH STAMP, himself an ex-Civil Servant, and h ho Civil Servants ought to be experts, EXPERTS mean expert, has recently pronounced that and that the man with the ordinary general education will have no chances in future in the Service. Is he right ?— And if he is right, is it a good thing ? In the old days a young man entering the Service used to be advised to make himself a master of some particular subject dealt with by his Office. Sooner or later that sub- ject would come up (if he chose wisely); the Minister would want a brief in a hurry; the young man would be sent for to advise, and, if he was useful, he would be marked for promotion. But then he would pass to other things and he would think no more of the subject to which he owed his rise than the young barrister of his first brief. That young man was not an expert in Sir Josiah’s sense of the word—he had merely all the available knowledge on a certain subject, and forgotten its details as soon as it ceased to be necessary ‘got up” to know them. By his intelligent anticipation of events he had shown himself more fit than his fellows; the experience was valuable to him as teaching him how to get up a case—even, perhaps, leaving with him the general principles underlying an important question. But, no more than the young barrister, was he necessarily a technical expert. Much more than this ability to get apparently wanted for the modern Civil Servant—the up a case Is ordinary capacity possessed by the ordinary well-educated man to read up a subject and produce the views for and against a particular course is said to be not enough. The Civil Servant must be a real expert, says Sir Josial! Stamp. Now, to be a real expert means that the greatei part of a man’s official time—seven hours a day—muust be given to one subject, also a good deal of his private An expert has been described as “a man And ifa young leisure. who knows nothing about anything else.” Civil Servant starts specializing, it is long odds that his ordinary work—the hundred and one subjects which he has to deal with in the course of his day’s work—must suffer. If he concentrates on one subject, and becomes any good at it; if all his energy and all his interest are devoted to one part of his profession, his adaptability will become less and his general utility will be impaired, unless he is a very exceptional man. For the proper conduct of the enormous and complicated Civil Service of to-dav there must, expert advisers to Ministers. For instance, for the National Health Insurance Fund, and for Superannuation questions generally, there must be a Actuary. mean an expert staff ad he Possibly the Companies Winding-up Department of the Board of Trade, or the Patents Department, demands that an Expert—a Commercial or a_ Patent should be brought in to act as its head. But of course, be certain problems of the Government But, as a rule, such questions a separate expert depart- ment. lawyer

Page 10

298 THE SPECTATOR.

[August 22, 1995,

—$——____,

that every Department should consist of experts, in Sir Josiah’s sense, is unthinkable, first because of the expense —for experts rightly command high prices; secondly, because the expert rarely has the breadth of view which is vital for good administration. If the head of the Mint were a practical metallurgical expert, if the permanent head of the Ministry of Agriculture were an expert farmer, the Minister concerned might get better advice on one or two of the problems with which he has to deal; but he would be hopelessly at sea when he wanted help for nine-tenths of the subjects of daily routine. And, as official life would keep the expert promoted to a Govern- ment office out of touch with the developments of his pet subject, the expert would soon become useless for the very subjects on which he was to advise. What real authority on finance would consent to be a Treasury clerk ? The best answer to Sir Josiah is Lord Beaconsfield’s retort when he was attacked for promoting a War Office clerk and not an expert business man to be head of the Stationery Office. “I prefer,” he said, “the man of general education. I will not appoint to this high office a stationer who has retired from business—or from whom business has retired.” ScrIPror. DORSET THE BLEST FEXUE archacology of Dorset is still largely undiscovered H country, and when I recently travelled its ranges from east to west I could hardly believe my eyes before the profusion of remains that stretched from horizon to horizon for mile after mile. The main Ridgeway from Avebury, the ancient capital of England, passes through Cranborne Chase between the great earthworks of Hod Hill and Hambledon Hill, and travels on through the backbone of Dorset to the mouth of the Devonshire Axe. Leave it near Blandford and drop south to Wareham. Draw a line westward from Wareham to Bridport with Dorchester half-way between, and you will find a quite astonishing concentration of the people of the megaliths between that line and the coast, The Downs of Long Bredy are said “ not to be equalled in the whole world for the sight of their barrows”; yes, and on Bincombe Down there is a “* music barrow ” from which hums an unearthly melody, stirring the grasses to sighing and swaying. There are a number of magic mounds in other counties : but none, most fittingly, owns a mound of melody but Dorset the Blest. A musing stroll across the heath from Studland (between Poole Harbour and Swanage) brings you to the Aggle- stone, the holy stone (helig, Anglo-Saxon for holy) hurled by the Devil on to the crest of a hillock rising above the peaty waste. Fiends often do dress like angels, and it is certainly hard to detect anything of the Devil when the Madonna-blue chalices of that visionary flower—Gentiana pneumonanthe—are open on the heath. But devils did traffic with holy stones in archaic England, for devils were once gods themselves fallen from heaven upon evil days, the days when the usurping Celts looked with dread upon the works of their predecessors. The Christians did not have to turn the gods into devils; they had become so on their own account. <A devil did after- wards set up the Agglestone, for it is a monolith or * menhir.” Between Abbotsbury and Bridport the landscape is hummocked with barrows gazing over the sea from the high coastal ridges, and over the vales from the inland ranges. There are actually more stone circles and dolmens existing in South Dorset than there are on the Wiltshire Downs, and I certainly believe that the terracing of the Dorset Downs is more extensive than in what I may ———— call the metropolitan area of North Wiltshire. Run the eye along a triangle composed of Dorchester as the'apex Long Bredy as the western angle and Poxwell as the south-eastern, and there are remains and sites of at least seven stone circles with the mightiest earthwork in the world in the centre. Within the same area, lea) ing out of account the necklaces of tumuli and clasps of earth. works, there are, or rather were, the peculiar cone barrows of Came Down: there is the long barrow of Clandon, in which gold was found, as in the rock-cut tombs of Crete, France and Spain, which our stone-chambered long barrows resemble so closely in design, and there is the dolmen known as the Hell Stones hunched upon the heights above Portisham to the west above Blackdown, and sweeping an illimitable are of sky and sea ina contem- plation which tide upon tide of centuries has not been able to subdue. We are strange to that fixed meditation, but it still catches the wild cries of the wantoning lapwing and still watches its mid-ether revels that no millennia can tire. It is almost a twin of one of the Portuguese dolmens. : To the east is the God-given country of the Purbeck Hills, and here where southern sea, hills soaring and plunging in huge waves and the heathy glooms of Egdon preserve their solitude, once hummed the ports and maritime towns (Bindon, for instance, built of stone) of venturing seamen from, as the evidence now points, the Isles of Greece. Or take the mainroad, yes, the mainroad from Dorchester to Bridport, and all that primrosed way you will pass through avenues of barrows. Pause by Shipton Hill and look down upon the ranges of hiils to the west. In all England there are no hills more individual, more truly shaped according to each their own powerful natures, and yet so comforting to the human spirit asthe Dorset uplands. When I last saw them, the sun had furled his wings, and} dropping to his roost below the western wave, had spread beneath the shoulders of the hills a divinely golden light that flowed into all the channels and bowls of the valleys. Beneath the hills spread this light of everlastingness which endureth but for a moment, while above it rose the swart backs of the highlands sporting like primal whales, dolphins and behemoths in the flood of creation. It was a canvas that some mediaeval artist might have taken for his original in depicting the first world-thought of God. I never expect to see anything better than those rejoicing hills with their flanks dipped into that celestial light, not even the sun-steeped isles of the Aegean whence perhaps came the voyagers to live in Dorset. nearly every one of these hills, Waddon and Ways Hills, Welcome and Boar’s Barrow, Pilsdon, Lewesdon and Eggardon, Round Knoll and Lambert’s Castle, Thorn- combe Beacon, Eype Down and Golden Cap, North, Leders, Coppet and Hamdown Hills, Trinity Hill and Coney’s Castle, the descendants of the men whose tracks seem to lead further east along the Mediterranean than Spain or Sicily plied their industries and buried their dead. It is possible to suggest many reasons for the congested megalithic occupation of the Dorset Hills. highway between the mining districts of Cornwall and Devon (gold, copper, tin) and the homelands of the Wiltshire Downs. Mile after mile of the uplands, again, are scarped with terraces, and it can be proved that this meant an agricultural civilization contemporary with the megaliths. Caches and hoards of implements found along the Dorset coast are very numerous, while its little ports and harbours offer great facilities for sca-going ships rowed with banks of oars. Yet another reason may well be that the ancients occupied the highlands of Dorset because they liked them. Whatever was their motive, lor on They were the

Page 11

XUM - August 22 1925.} » H E SPECTATOR. 299 —__ they possessed a rare eye for landscape. 3oth the Wiltshire and the Dorset Downs breathe the wildness, nobility and freedom of the heights; their curves and undulations equally delight the eye, but Dorset givesa welcome to the human spirit that the Wiltshire Downs do not. H. J. Masstncuam. WHERE RUPERT BROOKE IS BURIED T is carnival-time in Skyros; the narrow stone-paved streets that lead tortuously up and down the hill, spangled with gleaming white houses, are thronged with the masqueraders and their following. Youths attired as girls croon songs and dance mincingly ; men dressed in the skins of beasts, their faces covered with furry masks, move clumsily and with a deafening din, for dozens of copper sheep-bells encircle their waists. To all they meet they dance, leaping in ways invented when the world was young; for it is a masquerade that was old, maybe, when Aristophanes wedded the antique choruses of beasts to the finer growth of Attic comedy. Faster and faster grows the dance, till the noise of the bells culminates in a last terrific crash, and the dancers lean exhausted against the nearest wall, to be rewarded with draughts of resined wine poured through the openings in their masks. All, even foreigners, may be candidates for the skins and bells ;_ but it is a point of honour to last out the day. Wine flows in all too generous a stream ; as night comes on we save ourselves and walk over the hills, leaving the noise to follow us on the breeze. Over the hills, to Linaria, Skyros’ only port: a fishing village boasting an hotel, a post-oflice and a_ school, Our host divides his time between cooking our meals, teaching his all under one roof and one management. pupils, and attending to the telegraphic apparatus. As we eat our evening meal, our room is invaded by a rowd of revellers; for here, too, in Linaria the carnival is celebrated, although not with the skins of beasts and clanging sheep-bells, but with a less pretentious masque- rade. Some six persons come down upon us, demanding wine. One—a burly big-voiced fellow home from Canada —is sober and amused; as for the rest of them, the wine in their heads has turned to polities ; for they are Greeks, The customs-ollicer, his eyeglasses—portentous symbols of lynx-eyed perspicacity—all awry upon his nose, leans across the table at us and sereams: “ Tell England from us that we are her friends; but we want no Venizelos, no Pappanastassiou—no, no Parrot (pappagalos)—-but the King!’ :; and the rest thunder in chorus, King!” For it is the time of the plebiscite, when Greece is to decide between a king who has already gone abroad and a de facto republic; and our islanders are removed from innovation and mistrustful. At last they are shepherded out of the door by their sober companion, and go recling and shouting down With a sigh of relief we retire to our beds, while Linaria keeps the strect, vinous champions of a hopeless cause. revel outside, making the most of the last few hours before the severities of an Orthodox lenten fast begin, In the morning we rise early, for we have a journey before us : away from the tumult of carnival, the revelry, and the declamations of political partisanship, to the peace and beauteous melancholy of the resting-place whom the islanders call “ The Dead Poet,” a stranger given into their keeping by the chances of war; who found in this time-honoured Aegean isle, Achilles roamed in disconsolate inaction, and of him where Theseus’ bones reposed awhile, a grave worthy of the Great Lover. The way to the tomb is over the cliffs and along the shore, scattered with the wave-washed relics of a forgotten town; picces of brick and tile and pot, drawn to and fro by the tide, slowly wearing down to mere rounded dises. There is a solitary house by the shore, and a man working in the garden; close by is a puppy and its mother, which we approach with misgiving; for Greek dogs are of a well-known temper. But the mother plays with her pup, and lets us pass in peace; and the man points out our path to us: past the springs of Niphé, with their clear sweet water, and strange traccries, like volutes, in the rock ; Nature’s artistry in this spot which is wholly hers. So we go on, by rocky paths among thorny shrubs, over Mount Konkhilia and down to the sea again; along the shore of the bay where the ships used to anchor in the days when Rupert Brooke served in these seas ; a bay with deep waters inside, but having a barren islet set at its mouth, whose fect, planted in the sea, touch the shores of Skyros, leaving only one narrow channel navigable to ships of a modern flect. Up from the shore there runs a glen, rocky and difficult of passage : along it one day thev bore the poet . and again along it, when the war was done, they laboriously ra pathway for We walk along it through and suddenly earried the marble for his tomb, makin the bringing of the block thorny bushes, and enter an olive-grove ; in front of us appears a level spot, bright green below with grass, and above greyish with olives; while the 4 t is the place: nor, — centre is gleaming white marble. for the Poet’s tomb, could any other place have been chosen. Here all is peace ; only goats wander round the tomb and crop the grass ; a solitary goatherd watches them, left behind when the others departed to the carnival. He regards the tomb, with its engraven words of classical Greek, with a dull curiosity, and soon, having caten from his simple scrip, falls asleep. The sun strikes through the branches of the olives and lights upon the tomb. Planted in the ground at ihe foot of the marble monument is the rude wooden cross that first marked the grave. Atl round are anemones of varied hues, drooping their heads among the grass: ever multiplying their ranks and forming a fair carpet round the grave : “We found you pale and quiet, and strangely crowned with flowers, Lovely and secret asa child...” ARCHITECTURAL NOTES PUBLIC MONUMENTS. SccrprurE in public places is looked upon by the majority of Iinglish people as a sort of necessary evil, like charity bazaars or presentation portraits in oils to retiring mayors or masters of foxhounds. Every self-respecting parish has to have a bazaar occasionally and every eminent citizen must have his statue or his portrait. In contrast, therefore, to Paris or Berlin there is very little sculpture in this country set up merely to beautify a town or a public garden. One or two fountains in Hyde Park, ** Physical Energy ” in Kensing- ton Gardens and the Diana fountain in Bushey Park almost complete the list, for those imposing groups to be found in continental cities—* Prudence Restraining Valour,’ * The Triumph of Economy over Munificence,” ** Art Conquered by Commerce,” &¢c., &e.—are entirely absent. In commemora- tive sculpture, however, we do not lag far behind, and we are making up for Jost time in a perfect frenzy of production. Assuming he has a perfectly free hand, there are three courses open to the sculptor who is commissioned to execute a monument to a public man or a branch of the Army or Navy. First, he can carve a portrait statue showing the man as he was in life or, in the case of a body of men, of a typical specimen of them. This is probably the method which while most pleasing to the majority of the subscribers will be least appreciated by posterity. Secondly, he can endeavour to

Page 12

300 THE SPECTATOR. [August 22, 1925, eS produce a work of art which has no particular connexion with the person or persons commemorated. By this procedure he may please some members of the public, but he will probably infuriate the subscribers. And, thirdly, he can compromise and show the hero pointed at by Fame or crowned by Peace or merely as the apex of a pyramid of allegorical personages, not wholly unlike the final tableau of a troupe of acrobats. There are advantages and disadvantages in all three methods, so let us see how these work out in practice. To the first category belong the statues of statesmen in Parliament Square. In these the sitter, or rather stander, is shown as he might be posing for a Victorian photograph, with his head and limbs held in position by an iron instrument of torture calculated to produce the maximum of rigidity both of body and feature. The result is not happy, and there is, I think, a general consensus of opinion that statues of public men in frock coats are at all costs to be avoided. The reaction against this type of monument produced the second category in which all connexion with the person com- memorated disappears. An extreme instance is the fountain of Piceadilly Cireus. This is known by tradition and the researches of scholars who have deciphered an inscription in small letters on the rim of the basin to have been erected to the memory of the philanthropic Lord Shaftesbury, whose work for factory hands and boy chininey-sweeps has probably added as much to the aggregate of human happiness in this country as that of any man who lived in the ninetecnth century. But how has it come about that the memory of this pious evangelical is kept alive by a whimsical fountain crowned by a Pagan Eros shooting his fatal arrows at the young couples pouring out of the tubes, theatres and res- taurants ? The Eros fountain is a great adornment to London, in the same way that the Neptune fountain is a great adorn- ment to Bologna, but what on earth has it got to do with Lord Shaftesbury? May not the same be said, mutatis mutandis, of the new Machine Gun Memorial recently un- veiled on one of those triangular plats of asphalt at Hyde Park Corner, another of which has been taken for the Artillery Memorial, which, with its howitzer trained on the Crystal Palace, promises, though still unveiled, to be one of the most terrifyingly ugly things in London? The central feature of the Machine Gun Memorial is a nude and, I think, beautiful figure of David. Now, at the time of the Renaissance nudity meant something. It symbolized pagan freedom after cen- turies of domination by monks and priests. But in these days nude statues are only associated with “ Art,” and, in spite of the flanking machine-guns and their laurel wreaths, the statue, like the Eros fountain, is much more of an embellish- ment to London than a memorial. Whether in the long run it is the worse for that is another matter. In fifty years’ time posterity will be grateful that the memorial did not take the form of a soldier with a tin hat and a dogged expression, though quite naturally that is what the public wants at present for their War memorials. At this late stage it is with some hesitation that I even mention the Itudson Memorial. Surely much of the controversy which it has aroused can be traced to the moral elevation and importance assumed by persons who are fond of birds. I cannot help feeling that if the memorial had been set up to a naturalist who had treated chiefly of reptiles, and if it had taken the form of a frog sanctuary, we should have heard very little about it. Personally, as a work of art, Llike the Hudson Memorial very much, though I cannot quite see what is gained by the apparent childishness and inefliciency of the execution. A less constricted waist, more human hands, and a larger skull would not have destroyed the splendid general massing of light and shade and the feeling of upward surge which the panel certainly possesses. But can it seriously be contended that Mr. Epstein was at all concerned with commemorating Hudson and his writings and that this immense Amazon has any of the essence of Rima except a fiery untamedness common to both ? A lion and a gazelle are both wild, but they are not at all alike. We have now examined the portrait statue which is too realistic and commemorates too much, and the work of art which, while erected to commemorate, does not attempt to do so. What of the third category, the portrait combined with allegorical sculpture and attendant figures ? In theory, this would seem to be the best compromise, and one can think of some fine compositions of this kind abroad, but in London, for some reason, this sort of monument never quite comes off in practice. I am inclined to think that the real reason is that this type of monument, to be successful, must be based on a Louis-Quatorze-like pomposity which is as dead as mutton in the modern world. We cannot make the cardinal virtues appear to worship a modern hero, who receives their adoration’ with bland condescension, nor can we imagine him placing his heel on the necks of writhing and terrified slaves. But unless the central portrait thus completely dominates its attendants they are inclined to dominate it. It may well be said that all this is purely destructive, that the irresistible impulse to commemorate is always present and some way must be found of satisfying the conflicting claims of those who want a work of art and those who, having paid to commemorate their hero, want their moncy’s worth, As a tentative and purely personal suggestion, therefore, I would put forward the claims of the monumental inscription. The inscriptions on our public statues can never be read by people who pass on the top of omnibuses or hurry by on the other side of the street. On the other hand, people cannot resist reading what is easily legible. How splendidly decora- tive a large inscription can be, may be seen on the plinth of the Monument. Great blocks of stone, either isolated or against walls, decorated by inscriptions in letters six inches high, would make the most efficient memorials which could be Cevised, Space could be found below, or at the sides, for smal! scale reliefs, duly subordinated to the inscription, if this alone were considered too arid. It is not beyond the power of living architects, sculptors and letterists to give such pylons the simple and monumental dignity befitting their purpose. GERALD WELLESLEY. MOTORING NOTES A NEW ROLLS-ROYCE Tue announcement that the 20 horse-power Rolls-Royce is henceforth to be fitted with right-hand change-speed and brake levers and a 4-speed gear-box without any addition to the usual price has caused quite a sensation in the motoring world. Owing, too, to the great success of the Rolls-Royce servo-assisted six brakes system as fitted to the 40/50 h.p. car, it has been decided to incorporate it on the new 20 h.p. model, at an extra charge of £85. This decision has involved the redesign of certain components. The action of the brake system is the same as in the case of the larger chassis. Pressure on the foot pedal applies the rear brakes in the usual way, and by an ingenious arrangement simultaneously engages the servo. The latter, which operates equally for forward or backward movement of the car, applics the front brakes and adds its efforts to the pedal pressure for the rear brakes. The method of distributing the braking effort practically eliminates the possibility of front wheel skids, because a greater proportion of the braking is taken to the rear wheels, and locking of these renders it impossible to increase the front wheel braking. In order to meet the demand for closer gear ratios and to enable the engine speed to be maintained to give the best power under varying road conditions, it has been decided in future to supply a four-speed gearbox for those who prefer this to the present three-speed box at no extra charge. The gear ratios have been carefully selected. The top speed is the same as in the case of the three-speed box, the third and second ratios respectively being arranged a little above and a little below the previous second speed ratio. The new first speed ratio is slightly lower than before. This change has necessitated a redesigned gearbox. The new four-speed box is slightly shorter than the three-speed box. The driving shafts are thereby kept as short as possible. They are ach supported by a third intermediate ball journal, this arrangement relieving the spigot bearing of much of its load in the case of the third motion shaft and, generally, making for the permanent silence of the box. The compact design has been achieved by arranging for the sliding first and second speed gear-wheels to be on the layshaft or second motion shaft, and the third and fourth speed sliding member on the third motion shaft E. T. B.

Page 13

XUM August 22, 1925.] THE SPECTATOR. 301 LETTERS TO THE EDITOR RECONSTRUCTION OF THE COAL INDUSTRY [To the Editor of the Srecraror.] Sirn,—The one possible chance of this country pulling through is by the intensive cultivation of its basic industries, coal and iron. It must take its own washing in for a time until it is in a position, through the scientific reorganization of its industries, to be able to compete successfully in the world’s markets. If the Government, twelve months ago, had arranged to expend the £20,000,000 it now proposes to pay as a dole to employer and employed in the coal industry in the erection of distillation plants in this country, the following would have resulted :—- Orders for: (1) 300,000 tons of iron and steel. (2) 120,000 tons of firebrick. (3) Large quantities of electric equipment, piping, cement, ete. Of the total cost of these plants at least £15,000,000 would be represented by wages, the greater portion of which would be paid to the iron and coal industries. After erection and completion there would always be employed in working these plants 15,000 men, and the quantity of coal required for distillation purposes would be 30,000,000 tons per annum, and a total annual wage bill of over £30.000,000. The products of distillation would be :— 500,000,000 gallons of crude oil at 3d. per gall. 190,000,000 gallons of motor spirit at 6d. per gall. 21,000,000 tons of smokeless fuel at 20s. per ton. In addition to this there would be a large volume of gas for power and lighting purposes, and as a result of this there would be a profit of £5,000,000 per annum, consequently the money advanced could have been repaid to the Government by the coal industry over a period of ten years. Finally, at least £10,000,000 which would be expended in the purchase of oils from abroad would be retained in this country.—I am, Sir, &c., M. F. Bernuarp. MR. BALDWIN AND THE MINERS [To the Editor of the Srpecrator.] Sirn,—Surely the arguments advanced in your leader “ Mr. Baldwin and the Miners * will not hold water when examined in relation to the known facts. You say that Mr. Baldwin “did not yield to threats * but * to force of circumstances.” Exactly: the force of circumstances ereated by the gross negligence of the Government in not preparing for a crisis which everyone in the country—not a politician—-knew was coming. 'The Spectator misses the whole and deadly implication of this humiliating episode—namely, that, whether the miners were right, or whether, as most people who have care- fully read and studied the problem believe, they are absolutely in the wrong, the point was that the country was threatened by one section of the community with a partial extinction of its national industrial life if their demands were not satisfied. And the Government caved in. The utter feebleness of Mr. Baldwin is shown by two facts. One, the ordering of ** The Coal Inquiry ” to sit and report in a period of time utterly inadequate for the purpose ; and, secondly, in not instructing the personnel of the Committee to compel the attendance of witnesses which the law relating to these inquiries gives the power to do. The report of the Committee as serious data on which a sane and reasoned conclusion is reached is not worth the paper it is written on. The principal facts are carefully ignored. Nothing is said, for instance, about the pits being notoriously overmanned, or of the extraordinary difference that obtains between the production of miners of other countries and our own; of the great falling off of the output per man, between, say, 1914 and now ; nor is the settled policy of the miners’ extremist leaders to ruin deliberately the owners of the mines—so that they can make a ease for nationalization—mentioned : these vital factors have not-—in any report I've seen—been even referred to! Some astounding conclusions are promulgated, however. which are beyond my understanding at least. One, that while the output per man has slightly increased, the output per shift is slightly less. There should be an explanation of this cryptic sentence at all events. Many of us are wondering what Mr. Baldwin's “ prudent” and trusted advisers are going to do when the next crisis arises. Advise another surrender? If not, why not ?—-I am, Sir, &e., E. H. S. Barnes-Avustin. 36 Prospect Road, Tunbridge Wells. [We understood the “ cryptic sentence to mean that the output per man per hour is slightly larger under the seven hours’ day than it used to be under the eight hours’ day, but not sufficiently larger to make the total new output equal to the old one. As regards the general question, we remain convinced ' that Mr. Baldwin did the best thing for the country in the circumstances. If the miners try force again it will be known that they are holding up not the mineowners but the whole nation. That issue was not clear enough to the public when the Government granted the subvention.—Eb. Spectator.] THE INNOCENT DIVORCED PERSON [To the Editor of the SpecTrator.] Sir,—It is perhaps useless to appeal on certain aspects of divorce to those of the Bishops who have made up their minds that the treatment of innocent divorced persons by the Church of England is in all respects right and justifiable, but, at all events, I want to relieve my feelings if you will allow me to do so. Personally, I believe that the traditional practice of the Church of England with regard to innocent divorced persons is not in accordance with the spirit of Christ's teaching and depends upon a single passage of more than doubtful genuineness; but however that may be I want to state a particular case. We all know that many precipitate marriages were made during the War, when the high state of emotionalism made such things not unnatural. A young man of my acquaintance, a fine and brave young Englishman who has high principles and ideals, married a girl and within a few days was sent to a distant theatre of the War from which he did not return on leave for more than a year. When he returned he found that his wife was living with another man. He was genuinely in love with her; he behaved generously ; he offered to take her back and to forgive her. It wasofnoavail. She remained with the cther man. Ultimately he divorced her. Six years have had their obliterating and consoling effect and he is now engaged to be married again. I do not know whether he will find it possible to be married in a church— of course, there are clergymen who would marry him—but I can only say that so far he has met with nothing but indignant refusals and denunciations of his request. I have said that he has high principles ; I may now add that he has strong religious convictions. He does seriously desire the blessing of his Church. He would like to be married in the place where he was brought up and among the people who know him and love him. That may prove to be impossible. The best he can hope for is to be married by a stranger in his home church or to be married by a stranger in a strange church. It seems to me that this attitude of the Church to one ot her faithful sons is dreadful and deplorable. Nothing but an absolute certitude that the Founder of Christianity Himself would have wished it so could justify it. But is there any such certitude ? Surely it is not enough for the clergy to refuse argument, as many of them do, and to say lightly that they are extremely sorry but that “ hard eases make bad law ” and so on. Do these clergy, or the Bishops who are over them, really understand what they are doing? Do they think it quite right and natural and easy for this healthy young man, with ail his proper instinets for family life, to spend com- pulsorily a life of loneliness? The alternative they offer is a sinful union, unblessed by the Church. Some of them would cast him off from Holy Communion. Are they not driving him away from the Church ? Are they not inventing sins in order to give him the opportunity of committing them ? How can they really believe that Christianity runs contrary to nature and common sense ?—I am, Sir, &c., LAYMAN. A Lantibde

Page 14

302 THE SPECTATOR. [August 22, 1995, eS HOMECROFT SETTLEMENT FUND [To the Editor of the Sprcrator.] S1r,—-I have spoken of possibilities always, hitherto, in connexion with our Homecroft Settlement Scheme at Cheltenham. I think I may almost speak of certainties now. It is not certain yet that there is going to be the particular eighteen or twenty acres of land covered with Homecrofts that we want. But I think everybody may assume now that there is going to be something; this land or some land, forty Homecrofts or four. I think I may say this although we have had a nasty knock this week in the midst of our success. It came by the very post which brought in the Spectator with the magnificent record reached last week by the Fund. It was the Development Commissioners’ regretful refusal to stand in with the substantial contribution we had hoped for. It troubled them. Their refusal was couched in the kindest letter I have seen from a Government Department. And only the advent of what one of my friends calls our “ four-figure”’ man will quite repair the breach. I shall never cease to believe that that man exists. If we don’t meet him now, some friends of ours will meet some friends of his, somewhere in the far future! For this thing is bound to come—the wage-earning city working man, coming home in the evening, or rather, in the still young after- noon, to his own little cottage and his own little frechold, there to finish his day in pleasanter work than he has just left behind him, helping wife and children and they helping him to take their own food from their own soil by their own labour. We want to begin the investigation of how it is done. And we are beginning. We propose, after three years’ payments, to convey their Homecrofts to the men who make good in them, under a mortgage agreement. We are aware of the difficulties which lurk there, particularly that conveyed in Mary, Lady Lovelace’s letter last week, which we had antici- pated and which we think we see our way through, though we should be grateful to anyone who might care to put the teaching of special experience at our disposal. A prospectus is in active contemplation, although it is a biggish under- taking and will scarcely be ready before we must desist from using the Spectator’s space. But I believe if this were once printed and ready to show to business men, the breach left by the Development Commissioners would be quickly healed. I should be glad of any inquiries.—I am, Sir, &ce., Cardiff. J. W. Scorr. We have to acknowledge this week £50 from Miss A. Blyth ; £5 each from J. M. H., the Rev. C. R. Shaw Stewart, and Anon. ; £1 1s., Mrs. G. If. Pollard and Anon. ; and promises of £5 from Miss L. Poste, £1 J. E. Pennington, making a total of £1,078 16s., of which £252 16s. has been paid in cash to the “ Spectator Homecroft Fund” at Barclays Bank, Goslings’ Branch.—Kv. Spectator.] HUMANE SLAUGHTER OF ANIMALS [To the Editor of the Seecraror.] Sir,—My attention has been drawn to the Duchess of Hamilton’s letter on Humane Slaughtering in your issue of August Ist. No doubt the Duchess intended to make it clear that in referring to the “ blunt knife ” and * unskilful cutting ”” she did not refer to the Jewish method of slaughter, which is done by a trained and skilled man with a knife of surgical sharpness. For over twenty years the whole weight of scientific evidence has been in favour of the Jewish method of slaughter with the knife. It was not, however, to be expected that in time some scientist would not arise who would express doubt on the theory that the cut, however deep and thorough, produces immediate insensibility, and Mr. Mudge, lecturer in biology, has stepped into the breach. Professor Bayliss’s Report that insensibility followed immediately was published two years ago. It is a pity, therefore, that Mr. Mudge did not cross swords with him earlier,for the great physiologist passed away a year ago. Had his article been published in a scientific journal instead of in a leading anti-Semitic organ it would no doubt have been answered by some scientist of high standing. I know, for instance, that Professor Leonard Hill, F.R.S., made a thorough investigation into the duration of conscious- ness. Mr. Mudge merely dissected a head and formed con- THE chusions that enough blood was left after the cut to maintain ry consciousness. Professor Leonard Hill went much further, He “ cut” a calf by the Jewish method and then tested the blood pressure scientifically, and found that it immediately dropped to zero, “* showing that the circulation in the great brain had ceased.” It has been pointed out repeatedly that the conclusions of laymen on the subject of the duration of consciousness, even when the observers are unbiased, are certain to be inaccurate. This seems to apply to the Duchess’s own observations with a stop-watch in her hand. The deliberate findings of a large body of professors and other scientists (over 500 in number) that the Jewish method ig absolutely humane, and that it must be, and actually is, fol. lowed by immediate insensibility, should be conclusive for reasonable people.—I am, Sir, &c., La Rochelie, France. Cuares H. L. EmANvet, [To the Editor of the SpecTator.] Sir,—Considerable prominence has been given in your correspondence columns recently to the danger in the use of the free-bullet of the humane-killing pistol. The fact that accident insurance companies do not stipulate for any addi- tional premium in the case of slaughtermen using it has not been mentioned. If there was any special danger such companies would, of course, protect themselves. I know a butcher who has continually used the free-bullet pistol for over twelve years without accident or failure, who says that he would never revert to any other method of slaughtering, Compulsory humane slaughtering is a reform already much overdue, in the interests of men and animals alike.—I am, Sir, &c., 11 Dale Street, Liverpool. Rosr. R. Dovuctas, [To the Editor of the Specrator.] Sin,—I should be obliged if you would allow me to correct an error in my letter appearing in your issue of the 8th inst., on * The Humane Slaughter of Animals.” In the eleventh line from the foot read bolt for ball.—I am, Sir, &c!, JAMES HENDERSON. Broughton, Peeblesshire. MEDICAL TREATMENT FOR THE MIDDLE CLASSES [To the Editor of the Seecraror.] Sirn,— Possibly it may be of interest to you to hear that a Home, for this class of patient, was opened in Liverpool early this year. I enclose one of the circulars giving particulars and should be glad to give any further information, if it would be of interest. We have 80 beds in the Home and have received many letters of appreciation from patients treated there. The terms are so moderate that it is doubtful whether the income from patients will mect the expenditure. We have an endowment fund of about £20,000, which will be a great assistance. We have, at present, an average of about 15 patients and feel that when the advantages of the Ilome are better known there will be a larger demand. The Home was never intended to be run for profit but simply in the hope that it would meet the needs of a class of the community for whom little or nothing has been done. This letter is not written for publication, but if you consider the scheme and information of any use to others you are quite free to use it as you consider best.—TI am, Sir, &e., FraANK Wurre, Hon. Sec. The Robert Davies Nursing Home, Eaton Road, West Derby, Liverpool, WHITE WOMEN IN THE TROPICS [To the Editor of the Sprcraror.] S1r,—As a former resident of Queensland, the most tropical of the Australian States, I wish to support Miss Sternberg’s view that women can live and be healthy there. The idea that women cannot stand life in tropical parts is a hardy sur- vival of the similar belief that the white man could not work there —a belief Queensland was the first British posses put down firmly as far back as the ‘nineties when it abolished * blackbirding.” I discussed this question with a bank manager who had lived north of the Tropic of Capricorn, and he told me that the sion to

Page 15

XUM August 22, 1925.] THE SPECTATOR. 303 ——— experience of men like himself was that if their wives had un- limited native help in the house ill-health was the natural result. If domestic help were searce their wives kept fit. Anyone with personal experience will tell the same story that, alike for men or women, to give way to lassitude induced by hot weather is fatal. Work—that is, physical exercise—is the sine qua non for healthy life in the Tropics.—I am, Sir, &c., 134 Fleet Street, London, E.C. 4. E. L. C. WarTsON. THE SITUATION IN CHINA [To the Editor of the Srecrator.] Sin,—Why is it that members of the Labour Party invariably seem to take the view that their countrymen abroad must be wrong? What type of men are representing home firms in China, and are living out here year after year for the purpose of trying to obtain orders for British products ? Are they not possessed of more than average intelligence, in fact picked men, selected to assume positions of confidence and respon- sibility ? Yet we have the spectacle of a Labour member in the House of Commons relying on translations from a Chinese newspaper and treating such information as fact. Seeing that the extraction of truth constitutes the most difficult problem which confronts those who have daily to deal with the Chinese, one wonders if this M.P. is acting wilfully or in jenorance.—I am, Sir, &c., RonaLp MACDONALD, "21 Jinkee Road, Shanghai. PROHIBITION AND CRIME [To the Editor of the Srecraror.] Sirn,—No cause receives permanent benefit by exaggerated statements, and the cause of Prohibition will not be advanced by such letters as that which appeared in your issue of August 8th from the pen of the Rev. J. T. Rhys. This gen- tleman, referring to Prohibition in America, sets out what he considers the most noteworthy of the immense advantages which he alleges have followed the abolition of the legalized sale of drink. One of these, he says, is the closing of nearly ** 2.600 prisons.’ This on the face sounds splendid, but does it mean a diminution in crime and a reduction in the number of prisoners? The Anti-Saloon in its Year-Book for 1925 gives some interesting figures showing arrests for all offences during the years 1913 to 1923 in 300 cities of the U.S.A. The grand totals read as follows :— 1913 .. -- 1,639,637 1918 .. ee 1,793,731 914 .. -- 1,706,781 1919 .. ee 1,661,795 1018S ix ee 1,746,731 1920 .. «+ 1,668,988 1916 .. -- 1,806,824 BOZL es ee 1,942,118 3017 0 -- 1,888,403 1922 .. -- 2,142,876 1923 3. en - 2,407,756 Prohibition, I would remind your readers, came into effect early in 1920, and since that time arrests for all causes have increased. Probably a large proportion of this increase may be attributed to arrests for non-serious crime, but even allowing for this, it looks as though Mr. Rhys has been mis- informed.—I am. Sir, &e., A. W. Simons. 27 Meads Road, Weod Green, N. 22. MR. LARKIN’S STRIKE IN IRELAND [To the Editor of the SpectTator.] Sin,—Since the article on “ Labour Problems in Ireland ” was published in the Spectator the threatened strike to which allusion was made has taken place. The coal supply of Dublin was suddenly cut off, owing to the refusal of members of Mr. Larkin’s revolutionary union to work with men belonging to the Transport Union. No question of wages or hours is involved. A mass mecting of employers has been held, and it was decided to open a “ fighting fund” and to break the strike. All branches of industry and commerce were repre- sented, and the coal merchants have the support of all employers and of the Press. Coal depots have becn opened at the docks, and men willing to defy the threats of Mr. Larkin’s Supporters are unloading coal which is distributed by impro- vised agencies, under police protection. ‘The Irish Times, in a leading article congratulating the employers on taking up the revolutionary challenge, expresses the hope that reason- able men in the Labour movement will now mect the employers and thresh out means to work together for the common good. —I am, Sir, &ce., 1RisuMAN, A COMPARISON OF BRITISH AND AMERICAN LIFE [To the Editor of the Spectrator.] Sm,—I do not think there is really very much difference between Mr. William Braid White and myself about the very great improvement in what may be called the mechanical conveniences of life in America these last thirty years. All generalisations concerning a continent of over a hundred million people are of course inaccurate, and if space had not compelled me to confine myself to pushing home one important point, I would have made certain reservations ; as that in the small towns of the South, the hotels are as bad or worse than the hotels of Great Britain. But that does not alter the fact that over large parts of America the revolution of which I have spoken has taken place, as indeed Mr. White himself seems to admit. England, as a whole, has not moved with anything like corresponding speed, and it is surely useful to bring this home to English people. We shall not maintain our national position by a complacency which overlooks inertia and a certain lazy-mindedness. I do not doubt that Mr. White has gone through an experience similar to mine, as he finds himself sometimes in America, sometimes in England. When in America I find myself preaching mainly the virtues of the English, and pro- testing against a sometimes ignorant disparagement of those virtues. But in England, it seems more useful to point out the best qualities and achievements of America, to make an attempt to explain them in order that we may not miss their lesson. I happened to be writing for an English audience.—~ I am, Sir, &c., NORMAN ANGELL, Northey Island, off Essex Coast. THE FUTURE OF CANADA [To the Editor of the Sprcrator.] Sir,—I have as yet not had an opportunity of offering criticism to your English correspondent who wrote recently in the Spectator on the future of Canada. Firstly, there is no opinion worthy of consideration which looks to annexation to the United States. You will frequently hear obiter dicta in the clubs and trains suggesting this as a possibility, but the shrewd listener knows the value of casual remarks, and Canadians have often a sense of humour specially assumed for visitors. The Premier of Canada and the leader of the Opposition have alike given the lie to annexation, and the idea would be swamped on a referendum. Secondly, similar remarks apply to the conception of independence. The conception is simply outside Canadian political points of view. French Canada would oppose it, and if we have learned one lesson in the War it is a wholesome dread of the creation of new nation-States. Thirdly, your writer fears a break up of the federation. There is a good deal of talk in this connexion, but it must not be isolated or erected into the dignity of a policy. There is really no danger of any such eventuality. English visitors think so uniformly in terms of a unitary State that they some- times forget the principles governing a federation, which is a delicate balancing of interests. I have no doubt whatever of Canada’s adherence to the British Commonwealth. It provides us with a sovereignty true to political realism and life’s ever-widening inter- dependence, and it is based on the lessons of hard-carned progress and on a sense of deep values. On the other hand, it is a delicate thing—the subtlest political nescio quid. Such is its nature that every man of good will ought to guard it with care. There is too much unintelligent criticism of Canada in Great Britain to-day. We do not object to serious discussion based on intimate knowledge, but I do appeal for a wisdom which knows how to eliminate the ephemeral, and for an insight which scorns the superficial. I have no fear for Canada, but lam beginning to dread that London, not Ottawa, may unfortunately prove dangerous to the invisible bands. There is too little rcal knowledge of the Dominion in Great Britain. The future of Canada is, indeed, on the knees of the Gods ; but, to-day, we are net whoring after the discredited status of a nation-State or the fleshpots of Egypt. There is no such a thing as an historical destiny for a nation, and political events are never logical because they are human. We can,

Page 16

304 THE SPECTATOR. [August 22, 1925, - $$. indeed, guide the future. To-day, every sign points to a continued life within the Commonwezlth. It ought to be the duty of everyone to further that condition and assuredly it will not be done by ignorance. I ask, then, in all seriousness that our community values are judged adequately in Great Britain, and that the snares of sensationalism and unwise writing are abandoned. ‘There is no greater danger than a slowly developing atmosphere of misunderstanding in England -- it lost us the first Empire—and it would be the sin against the Holy Ghost if in any way whatever it helped to bring on another political tragedy.—tI am, Sir, «e., W. P. M. KENNEDY, Professor of Modern History and Special Lecturer in Federal Law. University of Toronto. July 18th. FARM WORK FOR TOWN AND GIRLS [To the Editor of the Specraror.] Sir,-- During the War some public school bays were sent into the country to work for farmers who were short-handed. In the few cases I knew personaily, the boys enjoyed the adventure, worked hard, and gained knowledge and experience which they could not obtain in the towns. Would it be practicable to send boys—and girls—-from the clementary schools for one or two years after the age of fourtcen to work on the land with carefully chosen farmers? They would gain a little insight into country life and many of them might well develop a taste for it and decide to stay in the country, i.e., to go “ back to the Jand,” or feel an added incentive, based on experience, to emigrate. Again, fourteen is a “ difficult ” age, when occupation of the mind and bedy is most important in the development of character. It seems impossible, under present conditions, to keep the boys and girls longer at school, and the casual work they find to do--or do not find-—breeds in them loitering and slip-shod habits. My experience is that “ fourteen ” loves work if treated (with caution, of course) as a responsible being, and if this attitude can be maintained for two years, it probably will never be lost. There is always work that boys can do on a farm, and farmers might very well be glad to have a boy or two to help. U knew a farmer in the North who had seven sons and found work for them all as saon as they could do anything, and the boys enjoyed it and rese to the responsibility. Many beys would return to town life after their country experience, but they would have gained health as well as a widening ef outlook.—I am, Sir, &e., Kk. O. BOYS Biggleswade. |Many farmers are short-handed, but we know of no link between them and the Labour Exchanges or Juvenile Kmployment Centres which in London and other big towns are threnged with lads out of work. As for the girls, will the dairymaid ever return to milk English cows ?—Eb., Spectator. | LIGHT FROM WIND POWER |To the Editor of the Svectraror.| Sir.-- Mr. Fleetwood Chidell asks me to give my authority for stating that Mr. Henry Ford “found wind-powcer the cheapest way of obtaining his supply of electricity.” I have before me a letter from the manufacturers of the Acrolectric Wind Mills, of Mishawaka, Indiana, U.S.A., who write :-— “The largest manufacturer of gasoline engines in the world, Mr. Henry Ford, purchased several Aerolectric plants for his private estates, after his engineers hed carefully canvassed the market for lighting plants, and had found that the Aerolectric was the most economicel and efficient unit obtainable.” There are several British wind-power machines on the market ; we have one installed here in Sandwich, and it has proved itself most efficient. T will leave it to technical experts to say whether there is any advantage in using wind-power to pump water to a height, obtaining electricity by means of its subsequent fall.— I am, Sir, &e., Roper STANDEN, Lieut.-Colonel. 24 Strand Street, Sandwich. BOLT HEAD AND BOLT TAIL [To the Editor of the Specrayvor.] Sir,— Having known for more than forty years your kindly attitude towards such aims for the preservation of | e uty as those of the National Trust, I beg leave to acquaint your readers with the effort which is being made to acquire the above six-mile stretch of coast line in South Devon. The total area which it is advisable to purchase is about 1,600 acres, and the price rather under £20 per acre. The National Trust has unreservedly backed the effort, but informs us local people, very properly, that we must do our share first. Within the last week or two over £3,000 has been promised here, You, Sir, and very many of your readers will know, as well as I do, this glorious unspoilt stretch of rocky cliff crowned with heather and its unique wild flowers and wild birds. The danger of invasion by the speculative builder is very real. Mr. J. R. 1, Thomas, of Bolberry Vean, W. Kingsbridge, is our most efficient and generous local secretary, and either he or I will be glad to answer any enquiries.--I am, Sir, &c., W. Newron Drew. Ringrone, Salcombe, S. Devon. LITTER [To the Editor of the Seecrator.]} Sir, What puzzles me about this litter nuisance is that an appreciable proportion of the people who throw paper and other rubbish about and disfigure beautiful places are people who obviously ought to know better. They would not have been found, when they were young, in the clementary schools, Let me give an example. I was staying in a house in one of the wildest and most beautiful parts of Surrey. One day a party of motorists came down our unfrequented road for a pienie. They were in an expensive-looking car, and they were well dressed. When I say well dressed, I mean that a cursory examination of their appearance did not at all suggest that they were vulgar--though I am bound to say that the fact that amid all that great tract of wildness they chose for their meal a spot almost in front of a house—one of the rare houses in those parts— perhaps implied that they were not gifted with very sensitive apprehensions. Well, as_ they had thus imposed themselves upon the attention of myself and my friends, we could not help noticing that the whole apparatus of their meal showed what I may call a high degree of sophistication. Their sandwiches, their cakes, their fruit were all carefully wrapped up in oiled paper. They had a large number of papier-mdché plates and an claborately- equipped pienic basket, which, if it had been a dressing-case, would have done credit to a rich bridegroom. I thought to myself: ‘“ Anyhow, these people won't make a mess!” They made one of the worst messes I ever saw. ‘They left empty tins and bottles on the ground, yards of oiled paper and about thirty papier-mdché plates which blew about in a high wind. They made no attempt to pick anything up. When they were on the point of departing, and I saw that they were actually going to leave all this mess behind, my feclings were so strong that I conquered a natural shyness and ran after the car which was just beginning to move. Although a steep, sandy pitch was in front of the car and it did not move fast, it nevertheless went too fast for me. I shouted, but was defeated in an unequal contest by the exhaust. I do not think they ever suspected that anybody was after them. Even if they did they would not have expected me to say what I intended to say. Possibly they read the Spectator, though I do not imagine they do. If by good luck they see this letter I hope they will think it over.— I am, Sir, &e., A. THOMAS MOORE IN PARIS [To the Editor of the Specraror.]} Str, My parents were living in Paris when Thomas Moore was a visitor there. They told us how all Paris called him Tom Amour, and naturally, for that was the French pronuncia- tion of his name. The English there pronounced it so, for they were delighted with what seemed a happy bon mot, much better than Byron’s L’ Amour, which was like a nickname.—I am, Sir, &¢e., E. A. v’A.

Page 17

CUM THE August 22, 1925.)} 305 SPECTATOR. TABBIES [To the Editor of the Specratror.] Sir._-I noticed in your issue of June 20th, in a notice of * 4 Calendar of the Court Minutes of the Kast India Company,” a parenthesis explaining * incardinate tabbies ” as ** probably jincarnadine taffeta.” It may interest your readers to know the derivation of ‘* tabby.” watered silk which came from the town of At 'Tabbi in Arabia. Tabby cats were so called because of the resemblance of the markings on their coats to the “ watering” on the silk.— Iam, Sir, &c., It was a name first given to S. F. G. BATEMAN, C.M.S. Hospital, Old Cairo, Egypt. “SPENSER’S WONDERFUL LINE” [To the Editor of the Srecraror.] Sim,—The line of Spenser's quoted (not quite correctly) by a correspondent in your issue of July 4th, will be found in the Faerie Queene, Book I., canto xi., verse 45. The Red Cross Knight, after the second day’s desperate encounter with the dragon, drew back to avoid its fiery breath : “Tt chaunst (eternall God that chaunce did guide) As he recoyled backward, in the mire His nigh forwearied feeble feet did slide, And downe he fell, with dread of shame sore terrifide.” But he fell close beside the Tree of Life, and the halm that flowed from: it so restored his strength that he slew the dragon on the following day.—!I am, Sir, &c., H. CLEMENT Norcvutr. The University of Stellenbosch, South Africa. THE BRITISH WELCOME HOSTEL AT TORONTO | To the Editor of the Specraror.] Sirn,— Would you be good enough to announce to your readers that those intending to migrate to Canada may avail them. selves of twenty-four hours’ free accommodation in cur new Hostel at Toronto ?—-I am, Sir, &e., A. CHAMBERLAIN, The British Welcome and Welfare League, Corner Gerrard and Pembroke Streets, Toronto, Canada. President, AUSTRALIAN BIRDS [To the Editor of the Srvcraror.] Sin,—I think that Mr. W. Uf. Ogilvie has been less than just to the birds of Australia. It may be that, living a good deal ** Outback” in the plains country, he has net come in contact with some of the native birds in their natural haunts— the thick scrubs of the coastal districts, and the hills and velleys of the coastal rivers. Having been for years an interested student of Australian bird life, particularly in New South Wales, I venture to aflirm that Mr. Ogilvie never heard To me, its song, uttered while in flight like the skyiark, is quite as intense and many-noted the Reed-bird sing. quite as clear and sweet, as that of the celebrated British sengster. But the song of the one charms with the associations it evokes; while the other, alas ! has as yet no poet to endow its melody with added When one heard the of the Shrike-thrush in the sunny forests, there is little likelihood that it will be forgotten, for its delightful melody seems to give the final touch of grace to a perfect sylvan scene, and the bird has every right to the title bestowed upon it— Harmonica. The cuckoo’s call has little of the thrilling quality which that of the Wonga pigeon possesses, especially when uttered in the early morning as the sun is just touching the tops of the trees ; and so persuading is the sound that frequently even the most experienced woodsmen have great difficulty in deciding if the bird is within fifty feet of them, or two hundred yards distant. The call of this beautiful and stately bird has laid hold of me as never the call of any other single bird anywhere. Four years ago, when revisiting Australia, I was charmed to hear again the song of the locally-named ‘* wild-canary,” first at the distance of from four to five hundred vards, and This bird outrivals any caged canary I have sweetness. has song then closer, a Other think heard— its notes being louder, richer, more mellow. birds, such as the butcher-bird, can flute gaily, and I it a pity that justice is not done to their songs. it is to be hoped that the quickened interest in the affairs of the Dominions which we have noticed lately will widen, so as to embrace, not only economic, political and Imperialistic questions, but also the natural history of these vast countries, —I am, Sir, «c., J.D. Ramsay, Academy Road, Rothesay, Scotland, PRIZE FOR AN ESSAY ON UNEMPLOYMENT An American reader of the Spectator, Mr. Gabriel Wells, has generously offered a prize of £100 for an essay on ** Unemployment : Its Cause and Remedy.” The maximum length of an essay is 1,200 words, but competitors should aim at confining themselves to 1,000 words. The Editor of the Spectator will judge the contributions and his decision will be final. The last date for receiving contributions at this office will be January 25th, 1926. ‘The Editor reserves the right to publish any of the MSS. Competitors should mark their envelopes, ** Unemployment Competition.” £100 POETRY. PADDY THE O’RAFFERTY (TO AIR OF THAT IRISH SONG) By the Author of Falher O'Flynn. “Wir are you thinking of, Loney Proudy ! Your head in the air and your looks so cloudy ? Confess “tis a poem of elegant flattery Turns all your thoughts upon pretty Am I out, then, Paddy O’Rafferty ?” then, Cafferty !” * One more guess? Och! now Ive the gadabout Girl that you're growing so * Well, tell!’ ** Celia Connolly ? ‘Delia Donnelly ?” “That eat! Your girls aren't a pennyworth: So of my thoughts I'll present you this guineaworth Whose are the glances that set the stars glistening Who is the lilter that holds the listening ? Whose is the swan-shape that past us goes swimming ? Whose feet in the dance like two Whose is the smile that awakens our wonder, Like lucky white heath the red heather inunder ?-~ Yet who, tell me true, is the wavering thistledown Never content with a lover to nestle down?” Peg Slattery— * Sorrow doubt, Rosaleen solemn and sad about.” 999 *» © Curls and pearls ! ” lark swallows are skinuning ? “Will you walk out with me, Rosaleen Cafferty ? ” *That’s just the doubt with me, Paddy O’Rafferty ! Where is the walk that we two would be walking ? And what is the talk that you'd have us be taiking ? “In your ear—I'll whisper the whole of it, By the weir—when making a stroll of it.” “ P’raps, my friend, Vl make just a start with you—- But ere the end I'm not sure but Pll part with you!” ** Shrove, dear, that is the day for me!” ‘No fear! that’s not the way for me.” *'Then, when?” “If life must be spent geith me, I must engage you to make a good Lent with mec! I'in not the sort for a pancakey wedding, Life’s not one long Rinkafodda* for treading, For who that is serious, Paddy, supposes Its paths lie for ever through lilies and roses. Runaway fools, for their rollicking pleasure, Marry in haste and repent at their leisure ; Ile who fasts best is the happiest feaster— So, Pat, have that golden ring ready for Easter!” ALFRED PERCEVAL GRAVIS, the Irish Sir Roger de * A long dance Coverley.

Page 18

306 THE SPECTATOR. [August 22, 1995, ty A BOOK OF THE MOMENT COLERIDGE (Coryricur in THE UniTrep Srares or AMERICA BY THE New York Times.) “ The rapt-one of the God-like forehead, The Heaven-eyed creature sleeps in earth.” (WoRDSWORTH), Edited by H. W. 3s. Gd. net.) Coleridge: Poetry and Prose. Garrod. (Oxford, at the Clarendon Press. Ir a poct is best judged by the reactions of his verse and his genius upon the minds of his fellows and contemporaries of the lyre and the pen, no man comes better from the test than Coleridge. His verse was small in quantity, wayward and even dim in meaning, endowed with little of consistent purpose or design, and often superficially overlaid with many non-conductors of sympathy. Yet from the very beginning of his poetic life Coleridge held the attention of the thinking world. Others had to toil in obscurity to create a public for themselves—to teach men their new language and their new thoughts. Coleridge never cast his spells unregarded. Though he did everything possible to distract and weary the public mind by his spasmodic and clusive publications, by his kaleido- scopic changes of view and feeling, and by his pedantic pre- tences that his elfin spirit and magical versifying were based upon the dreary metaphysic of Kant, Iegel and Schelling, the reading public strove their hardest to follow their poetic will-o'-the-wisp. They were always demanding from his contemporaries their passports from Parnassus. Coleridge seemed born with the entrée to men’s minds and hearts. Though his poetry is obscure no one ever called it un- intelligible or asked for a key or a dictionary. Long before they were printed his verses were passed from hand to hand by admiring strangers. Scott, Byron, Wordsworth, Southey, Lamb, all appear to have read Christabel before it was published and to have had their minds deeply affected. No one ever saw Coleridge without wanting to describe him body and soul. Strangest of all, men seemed bent upon doing what they have done for very few poets. They made him allowances or sent him gifts of money, or took him into their houses, or paid the expenses of his wanderings, without his ever asking for these accommodations. ‘They seemed to fear that the magic flame which enthralied them might go out, and so felt compelled to feed it in spite of the difficulty which surrounded the task. Coleridge, though he had no false pride as to taking money, was so clusive and so visionary that it was not easy to relieve his necessities. He did not tout for help. You had to catch him—to put your salt of gold upon his tail—as he flitted across your path. The fact that Coleridge was throughout his life the poet, the prophet, and the sage of the Elect is wonderfully well brought out in Coleridge: Poetry and Prose, edited for the Clarendon Press by Mr. Garrod. Though he does not in his introduction tell us what he is doing, and perhaps hardly realizes it himself, he is holding up a magician’s mirror in which we see Coleridge reflected. That mirror is made out of the great minds of Coleridge’s own age. We sec him presented from many points of view, and by many critics kind and unkind, friendly and unfriendly ; but not one of them dares to dismiss him as uninteresting or unimportant. They all catch fire at the sight and the thought of him and give us of their very best when they strive to put down in words “ the extreme characicristic impression” that Coleridge made upon them, Take Hazlitt, the man whose definition of the object of the artist in words I have just given. Hazlitt is at his strongest when lie is dealing with Coleridge, and he dealt with him at every epoch of the poet's life. When Coleridge is the theme all the worst qualities in the critic’s writing disappear. 'The magician has known how to call up the Genius of the man who portrays him. Take the passage on Coleridge from the Lecluies on the English Poets :—- “T may say of him here, that he is the only person I ever knew who answered to the idea of a m is the only person from whom I ever learnt anything. There is only one thing in of genius. He he could learn from me in return, but that he has not. He was the first poet Lever know. His genius at that time had angelic wings, eud icd on masna. He talked on for ever; and you wished him to talk on forever. His thoughts did not seem to come with labour and effort ; but as if borne on the gusts of genius, and as if the wings of his imagination lifted him from off his feet. His voice rolleq on the ear like the pealing organ, and its sound alone was the music of thought. His mind was clothed with wings ; and, raised on them, he lifted philosophy to heaven. In his descriptions, yoy saw the progress of human happiness and liberty in bright and never. ending succession, like the steps of Jacob’s ladder, with airy shapes ascending and descending, and with the voice of God at the top of the ladder. And shall I, who heard him then, listen to him now? Not I!... That speil is broke; that time is gone for ever; that voice is heard no more ; but still the recollection comes rushing by with thoughts of long-past years, and rings in my ears with never-dying sound.” But it was no good to say that the spell was “ broke” and that the voice was heard no more. Only five years after Hazlitt is in full ery again and gives us a wonderfully vivid if diffuse picture of Coleridge in 1798 preaching in his father’s chapel. Two years after—that is, in 1825—in The Spirit of the Age, Hazlitt drew yet another picture of Coleridge, Could there be a more perfect calling up of the image of a man’s mind than the following ?— “ Our author’s mind is (as he himself might express it) tangential, There is no subject on which he has not touched, none on which he has rested. With an understanding, fertile, subtle, expansive, ‘quick, forgetive, apprehensive,’ beyond all living precedent, few traces of it will perhaps remain. He lends himself to all impressions alike; he gives up his mind and liberty of thought to none. He is a general lover of art and science, and wedded to no one in particular. He pursues knowledge as a mistress, with outstretched hands and winged speed; but as he is about to embrace her, his Daphne turns—alas! not to a laurel! Hardly a speculation has been left on record from the earliest time, but it is loosely folded up in Mr. Coleridge’s memory, like a rich but somewhat tattered piece of tapestry: wo might add (with more seeming than real extravagance), that scarce a thought can pass through the mind of man, but its sound has at some time or other passed over his head with rustling pinions.” Even when Hazlitt tries to be most critical we see him under the spell of the enchanter. Take, for example, the admirable phrase, “In his abstract reasoning; he misses his way by strewing it with flowers.” And then the reflection, “ All that ’ e he has done of moment, he had done twenty years ago : since then, he may be said to have lived on the sound of his own voice.” Jeffrey, the harsh old Edinburgh reviewer, who by every rule and instinct ought to have hated Coleridge, gives an account of his first interview which shows that he was abso- lutely bowled over by the poet : “ I believe coffee was offered me—and I came away in an hour or two.” One sees Jeffrey seven years later struggling to disengage himself from the enchantment, but it is with very great dilliculty. De Quincey was an ex animo eculogist of Coleridge, but in the special way in which he writes of him there is another proof of Colcridge’s power of impressing the human mind. Lis genius galvanized even De Quincey, and for once made his style stiffen and appear to have a real backbone. De Quincey describes for us how he found Coleridge ‘* domesticated ” at Bridgewater with an amiable family who were the descendants of Chubb the philosopher. But Coleridge did more than secure the affection and esteem of the Chubbs. In their affectionate sentiments we are told that ‘‘ the whole town of Bridgewater seemed to share.” ‘* When the heat of the day had declined, I walked out with him; and rarely, perhaps never, have I seen a person so much interrupted in one hour's space as Coleridge, on this occasion, by the courteous atten- tions of young and old.” Lamb’s refiection on the death of Coleridge is, of course, culogistic ; but, like the rest of his contemporaries, he cannot keep off a description of the man’s person as well as his mind. No one could, apparently, look at Coleridge and his forehead, or hear his musical voice, without a curious perturbation of the spirit. ‘Ife had a tone in oral delivery which seemed to convey sense to those who were otherwise imperfect recipients.” “In him was disproved that old maxim that we should allow every one his share of talk. Ife would talk from morn to dewy eve, nor cease till far midnight, yet who would ever interrupt him?” But greater and more important as a proof of the effect of Coleridge upon his contemporaries is the description of him contained in Carlyle’s Life of Sterling. Taking it altogether, and with all its faults and crudities—there are a good many of these—I can hardly doubt that this pen picture is as great as anything of its kind in English literature. Though Carlyle

Page 19

XUM August 22, 1925.] THE SPECTATOR. 307 —_—— was a grudging praiser of his contemporaries, and though in 1851, when the Character was written, Coleridge had become included in the blind spot in literature, the vision of him still stirred the acrid depths of Carlyle’s soul. Could there be a fairer representation of that strange and unstable equilibrium of mind which Coleridge acquired at the end of his life ? “ A sublime man; who, alone in those dark days, had saved his crown of spiritual manhood ; escaping from the black materialisms and revolutionary deluges, with ‘God, Freedom, Immortality’ still his: a king of men. The practical intellects of the world did not much heed him, or carelessly reckoned him a metaphysical dreamer ; but to the rising spirits of the young generation he had this dusky sublime character; and sat there as a kind of Magus, girt in mystery and enigma; his Dodona oak-grove (Mr. Gilman's house at Highgate) whispering strange things, uncertain whether oracles or jargon.” The inevitable flout and jeer at the end of the passage is maintained in the later part of the Character, and with great effect. Indeed, it is impossible to read the Carlyle picture not only without gusto, but without feeling that these flouts and jeers add very much to the vitality of the portrait. Those who have never read it should not fail to read it in Mr. Garrod’s book, and those who have read it should refresh their memory. If they do, I think they will agree with me in the warmth of my culogy. If we accept Carlyle’s way of writing, what could ‘be more magnificent than the peroration of the Character ? After speaking of the toil of the Titans of Literature and how they must endure * detestability to flesh and blood, of the tasks laid on them,” he goes on to point out how heavy and how tragic are the penaltics which must fall upon the Titan if he neglects his appointed task. “For the old Eternal Powers do live forever; nor do their Jaws know any change, however we in our poor wigs and church- tippets may attempt to read their laws. To steal into Heaven— by the modern method of sticking ostrich-like your head into fallacies on Earth, equally as by the ancient and by all conceivable methods—is forever forbidden. High-treason is the name of that attempt; and it continues to be punished as such. Strange enough: here once more was a kind of Heaven-scaling Ixion ; and to him, as to the old one, the just gods were very stern! ‘The ever-revolving, never-advancing Wheel (of a kind) was his, through life; and from his Cloud-Juno did not he too procreate strange Centaurs, spectral Puseyisms, monstrous illusory Hybrids, and ecclesiastical Chimeras—which now roam the earth in a very lamentable manner !” I wish I had space to quote from the account of Emerson's visit to Cqleridge contained in the English Traits. 1 will only extract one sentence. Coleridge there, criticizing a religious pamphlet by one of the Independents, gave unconsciously a most wonderful judgment of himself. ‘* The man was a chaos of truths, but lacked the knowledge that God was a god of order.” I cannot end this notice without a word of warm personal thanks to Mr. Garrod. The reproduction of the portrait of Coleridge by Moses Haughton the younger, now in Christ's Hospital, is a worthy adjunct to the quotations from Coleridge’s contemporaries. Ife evidently inspired and vitalized the portrait painter, just as he inspired and vitalized his brother poets, J. St. Lor Srracuey. A NEW COMPETITION THE EDITOR OFFERS TWO PRIZES OF £10 EACH, THE FIRST FOR AN INSCRIPTION FOR A SUNDIAL IN PROSE OR VERSE, THE SECOND FOR AN EPIGRAM ON WOMAN IN FOUR LINES OF VERSE, RULES FOR COMPETITORS a All entries must be received on or before Friday, Nov. 27th. 2. Competitors may send in as many entries as they wish, but each entry must be accompanied by one of the coupons to be found on page $16 of this issue. 3. The name and address (or the pseudonym) of every com- petiter must be written clearly at the toot of his manuscript. +. The Editor cannot return any manuscript submitted for the conipetition, nor can he enter into correspondence with competitors. 5. The Editor reserves the right of printing any manuscript submitted. 6. Envelopes must be addressed: Competition, the Spectator, 13 York Street, Covent Garden. London, WC. 2 r ‘ TININIT9C oa THIS WEEK’S BOOKS We must often regret the easy and off-hand manner in which literary critics regard their duties. ‘The seventeenth century is notable above all others in our literature for the passionat@ interest of essayists and poets in philosophy and religion ; and not one critic in ten will take the trouble to acquaint himself with the ideas which were the food and inspiration of those times. We welcome with especial eagerness Mr. Robert Sencourt’s examination of the religious, philosophical and hermetic elements in the works of John Donne, Sir Thomas Browne, and Henry Vaughan. Taking a motto from The Ordeal of Richard Feverel, he has called his study Outflying Philosophy (Simpkin, Marshall). It was this blend of scholasticism and myth which Leibniz denounced as * barbarous philosophy,” for his strict mind it contained too much emotional appeal, too much quick intuition, too many short cuts to truth. Yet it was of great value in keeping men’s minds aware of high issues, and in giving them concrete and definite images, round which their deepest thoughts could crystailize. If sometimes instinct was quarrelling with logic, or flying beyond it, yet (as Mr. Sencourt points out) there was always a shrewdness and practical vigour in their mysticism, As Vaughan explained :— “Love only can with quik accesse Unlock the way When all else stray.” It is particularly important that a book such as Mr. Sens court’s should have been written ; for it was in England that ‘** barbarous philosophy ” reached its noblest expression. * * * * Mr. S. E. Winbolt, from a fragment of pottery, a Roman tile, and a few stones that looked very like an old wall, was excited into carrying on excavations at East Wear Bay. He and his assistants uncovered a number of Roman villas, and now in Roman Folkestone (Methuen) he gives us a lively and full account of what his party found, and of the specula- tions he builds upon this evidence. It is one of the best books of its kind we have come across ; for it turns a detailed and learned subject into a romance. This is partly because we are given a diary of the progress of the excavations; we can follow the work as though we were ourselves involved in it, react with hope or disappointment, feel angry when the heavens send down torrents of rain, and angrier still when crowds of inquisitive visitors impede us. At first it was easy to deal with visitors; a man would stroll up from time to time, gaze idly at the party, and ask, without much interest, * Digging for worms?” “ Of course,” Mr. Winbolt would reply. Later they were a more persistent nuisance. Another part of the romance, however, is in Mr. Winbolt’s speculations —which we leave the reader to discover. * * * * Mr. Ralph Fox, author of People of the Steppes (Constable), was a member of a Relief Mission in South-Eastern Russia ; on behalf of the Mission he was sent into the wilderness to buy horses. For months he had to live as the wild herdsmen live in Turkestan ; he made strange acquaintances and came to understand the fervour of the Communists. His account of his travelling is well written and gives us much new and needed information, “ * * Emanuel! Carnevalli, whose reviews, poems, and _ stories are published by the Three Mountains Press (London : William Jackson, Took’s Court, Chancery Lane) in The Hurried Man, was an Italian immigrant to America, who came with an ardent, energetic, ill-controlled mind to American literature, loved and abused what he saw, and tried to introduce his own It is rarely that we find a creature of such clear and fierce sensations ; fire and seriousness into his new environment. and, though no rigour and self-chastisement was in his nature, he may well act as a stimulus in our rather colourless modern world. ——— - —___—— ee A years subscription to the SrecTaTor, costing only 30s., makes an ideal present for an absent friend. For this sum the paper will be forwarded to any address in the world. Apply Manager, the Sercrarorn, 13 York Street, Covent Garden, London, ee 2.

Page 20

308 THE SPECTATOR. [August 22, 1925, —— A BABY SCIENCE Animai Genetics. By Dr. F. A. E. Crew. (Oliver and Boyd. 15s.) The inherent will to know of mankind has two aims: knowledge for its own sake, and utilitarian knowledge ; and in the strictest sense the word * science * should only be applied to the first of these. The tremendous complexity of human activities, however, has demanded greater and greater incursions into the fields of science for the materials of utilitarian development, with the result that applied sciences have budded off, or grown alongside the parent ones. Among the youngest of these is genetics, or the study of inheritance, but it promises to be one of the greatest import- ance, both in its economic aspect, and in the light it throws on many biological problems and on evolution in particular, The position of this new science is a peculiar one, for it is treading a path already well worn. The breeding of plants and animals is amongst the very oldest of the arts, and its practice has achieved a remarkable efliciency, especially when it is remembered how empirical is the basis. Genetics has not yet reached a point where it can supersede the ancient art, but the attempt which is being made to survey, as it were, the whole wood, will surely let us see more than the trees by the path. Indeed, a great deal has been done in this way already, and in a remarkably short space of time ; the work started with Mendel in 1865, but there was a period of thirty-five years’ quiescence till his investigations were rescued from oblivion by Correns and others. Since that time there has been no looking back. In the volume mentioned above Dr. Francis Crew describes in a vivid and comprehensive manner, the present locus standi of the new science ; its interest to pure biology and to cconomic breeding, with the promise of the much greater interest it holds in the future. This is a work no biologist or intelligent breeder can afford to neglect, but it is more than that, it has no uncommon interest for the man who is conscious of the growth of civilization and knowledge (and may we remark parenthetically that the immense increase in this consciousness is the best reason for optimism in these days when all established institutions are in a welter of difli- culties). This book is an exposition of how a new science arises on the basis of old experience and empiricism, by means of hypothesis and experiment, and one sees already the skeleton of the beautiful mosaic being fitted together piece by piece, towards the completion of the perfect whole. It is true that one may trace just such architecture in chemistry or in mathematics, but these are so much older and bigger that it is by no means so easy, and, moreover, it demands a much greater technical knowledge than does this. Another fact which emerges is the limitation placed on research by time and money. The difliculties of extensive experiments on the breeding of domestic animals are too obvious to require comment, and it will be found that the necessity has forced the research worker to use the smaller mammals, and even the Banana Fly, Drosophila, for most of his material. As Dr. Crew points out, however, this does not in any way invalidate the application of the principles to the higher animals, although the problems there are obviously more complex, and, indeed, nothing has yet been discovered which confutes the hypothesis that inheritance in the fly and in the horse is intrinsically of the same nature. ‘There is a pressing need, nevertheless, for far more numerous and extensive researches on the domestic animals; in fact, it is essential, in view of the rapidly increasing population, and the parallel increase in consumption. Books of this type are the main means of bringing home to people the importance of research, and the necessity for inaugurating and supporting schemes to further knowledge, and especially for impressing the value of pure research, which in itself may appear quite pointless ; and by so doing they are of the greatest service to the community and to science. There is not space, nor is this exactly the place to comment particularly on the scientific detail of the book, and it will be enough to say that it covers the whole range of our present knowledge of the subject, in a way comprehensible to those to whom it is entirely new, but is not a ‘“ popular treatise ” such as earns the scorn of the serious student. Chromosomes, sex-determination, fecundity, heredity and disease, cte., ee —_—— are dealt with thoroughly, and sifted from the multitudinous myths which have arisen around them. *articularly one may commend the portions dealing with poultry and birds, in which direction the author has especial interest, and has done much original work. The very extensive bibliography will be of great assistance to the student, and the excellent illustrations enhance the clarity of the letterpress. Science is a cruel and kind mistress to her followers, but full of interest to all of us, for none can afford to be ignorant of science nowadays. Here we have one of her kindlier moods set forth in a book one would like to have written oneself, MODERN FRENCH LITERATURE By René Lalou. ‘Translated’ by William Aspenwall Bradley. (Cape, Contemporary French Literature. from the French 18s. net.) OnE has to begin a review of this book with a question, Ts it meant as a work of criticism or of reference ? Unless a literary history is on the grand scaie of the Cambridge History it is diflicult to see how it can be anything but a work of reference, a convenient précis by which students can guide their reading. When an author deals with a period so fertile and various as that of French literature since 1870, how can he possibly say anything of critical value about such a heterogeneous multitude of authors? On the other hand, if he gives nothing but a sober précis, in all probability he will be mighty dull. M. Lalou has felt this dilemma, and in trying to avoid each of the horns has com- posed a work which is too superficial and scrappy to be criticism and too good to be a mere précis. He has tried to sketch movements and tendencies and at the same time to analyse the work of individual authors, and the result is rather a hybrid. A reader who is fairly well acquainted with modern French literature will not learn, much from M. Lalou; a reader who knows nothing of it will, it is to be feared, retain little but a multitude of names and a sense of a kaleidoscopic series of literary revolutions. One’s chief objection is that the attempt to sum up a writer's work in a few witty paragraphs is bound to be inadequate and even a misrepresentation, for most French writers of modern times are too complex and even self-contradictory to lend themselves to treatment on the simple lines of the Theo- phrastean character. Undoubtedly the most obvious and striking fact about French literature from 1870 to 1925 is the series of rapid changes which took place in the views and ideals of each generation. Take the great classic period of French literature from 1660 to 1789 ; the evolution is very gradual and proceeds by almost imperceptible gradations. Moreover, each genera- tion was practically homogeneous ; the philosophes and the dévots might differ profoundly on subjects of religion and politics, but each was in agreement on purely aesthetic matters, each accepted much the same standards. Nothing of the kind is apparent in the very dillicult and complex period whose history M. Lalou has undertaken to trace. The rapid mutations of society, due to the war of 1870, the final overthrow of the monarchy, the amazing progress of the industrial revolution, the struggles of Socialists and Nationalists, of free-thinkers and Christians—all are reflected in the almost anarchic conditions of French literature and in the rise and disappearance of schools and movements. The eighteenth century contest between the Ancients and the Moderns was as nothing compared with the mélée of later Romantics, Parnassians, Symbolistes, Naturalistes and the like. Rimbaud was the contemporary of Anatole France, Verlaine of Zola, Moréas of Huysmans, and so on. Perhaps these writers had something in common, but as we look back at them we are far more conscious of their wide differences. How, in this welter of eddies and whirlpools and contra- dictory currents are we to follow Matthew Arnold’s quict precept and look for the main stream? There is no main stream. Nor are we much helped by a comparison with English literature of the same period. Close as is the contact of the two literatures, there is almost hostility between their aims. English writers. as Voltaire pointed out two centuries ago, are eminent for the strength of their imagination and

Page 21

August 22, 1925.] THE SPECTATOR. 309 See ——= the vigour with which they enounce and illustrate moral truths; the French are remarkable for their intellectual curiosity, their devotion to purely artistic ends. What an abyss there is between the India of Mr. Kipling and the India of Pierre Loti, what a chasm between the Socialist Bernard Shaw and the Socialist Anatole France! The French are fiercely contemptuous of ** English milk-and-water sentimentalism and hypocrisy *; the English are revolted by “ French cynicism, indecency and affectation.” To those few who admire both literatures, who are conscious of an immense debt to both cultures, who cannot abandon one for tne other, the problem of persuading the readers of each country to appreciate the high qualities of the other is a matter almost of despair. The diffusion of French books jn England is considerable, but it has little or no effect on English literature. English literature of to-day has very little circulation on the Continent; French literature pene- trates everywhere, from Spain to Rumania, from Berlin to Rome. Is it true, as our cosmopolitans tell us, that English literature is provincial and French literature international ? But what country is more insular than France? M. Paul Morand, an extremely intelligent French ccsmopolitan, asserts that France is an entity which interests Kurope but is not in the least interested in Europe. But how can one generalize about these things ? It is surely the very essence of this huge tumultuous life of modern Europe that generaliza- tion is impossible; in our vast intellectual anarchy everything exists except harmony and a tendency. At the moment when the manifestoes of Dadaisme were launched, a new “ pléiade” of French poets announced their intention of reviving French classical poetry; each group was no doubt fairly insignificant, but the divergence of views is general symptomatic. Nevertheless, some general truths appear to emerge from M. Lalou’s extensive survey. One is struck by the immense vitality of French writers, the apparently inexhaustible capacity for renewal which they possess. The art-vitality of Italy from the twelfth to eighteenth centuries is one of the most staggering examples of creative human effort of a non-utilitarian kind. Something of this tremendous energy scems to exist in French literature ; it has produced new and valuable works for nearly nine centuries, and the last is one of its richest periods. Since 1830 France has produced more writers of international standing than all the rest of Europe put together. Take the alphabetical index at the end of M. Lalou’s book and notice how many writers of inter- national fame occur: Barrés, Baudelaire, Bergson, Bourget, Claudel, Daudet, Dumas /fils, Flaubert, France, Gide, Gobineau, Goneourts, Gourmont, Hérédia, Hugo, Huysmans, Lisle, Lemaitre, Loti, Maeterlinck, Mallarmé, Maurras, Moréas, Péguy, Proust, Régnier, Renan, Rimbaud, Rolland, Rodenbach, Romains, Rostand, Samain, Taine, Verhaeren, Verlaine, Zola! They are not all of equal value ; some of them are rapidly declining in esteem, but all are known and read by cultivated people all over the world. What is the reason for this prodigious diffusion, this universal interest in modern French literature ? M. Lalou hardly provides an explanation, except that the inere gathering into one volume of all these great names Leconte de Maupassant, Laforgue, strikes one’s imagination. In the end one falls back on certain truisms: intellectual life is more intense in Paris than elsewhere ; the surplus energy of the nation is not frittered away in excessive devotion to sport, nor is it thwarted and diverted by moral inhibitions ; for artistic perfection is encouraged and comprehended ; daring novelty is not deneunced unanimously. ‘The French make us smile when they call themselves the modern Athenians, but at least they delight to hear some new thing ; and that stimulates an incessant production of works which aim at conquering new realms of the literary art. the passion It is regrettable that M. Lalou’s book has been cut down and is rather badly translated. Nevertheless it is a valuable guide to a rich period of French literature, so rich that the unguided enquirer is lost without some such précis. If English readers were to study only those werks recom- mended in M. Lalou’s bibliography they would find an almost inexhaustible mass of remarkable and _ original literature. It is very different from English literature, disconcerting and perhaps even scandalous to * the typical Iinglish mind ” (whatever that may be), but full of intelligence and vitality, full of extraordinary experiments and explora- tions, subile, complex and above all artistic in its aims, and yet close to the realities of life. DOUGHTY Doughty Deeds. By R. B. mann. 10s. 6d.) THE book is about Robert Graham of Gartmore, 1735-1797, son of a Scottish laird on the wild Highland Line, in his youth a West Indian planter, Receiver-General of Jamaica, then himself a Scottish laird, Radical politician, M.P. for Stirling- shire, Lord Rector of Glasgow University, and a minor poet, who all of it * but verse,” except for that one lovely lyric which provides the title to his biography and which in his life apparently was, as the Marseillaise in that of its composer récidive. The book is written by his lineal descendant, Mr. R. B. Cunninghame Graham, a Scottish laird who has spent many years of his life in Spanish America, hidalgo and Socialist, M.P. for Lanarkshire, 1586-92, and author of note, whose * Old Self” in Mr. Max Beerbohin’s series bursts on the * Young Self” with centauric strength and without a word to lose. There is an obvious bond of sympathy between the two, sire and descendant. “.... As I turned the pages of his letter books, yellowed with time, and with the well-remembered perfume of the tropics still pervading them,” writes Mr. Cun- ninghame Graham, “it seemed to me that I was re-acting onee again all I went through niyself when, as did he, I first turned laird, after so many years abroad.’ There is in the book the love for the gorgeous, burning exuberance of the tropics which yet, in the end, are given up for the northern mists and the cold, bleak mountains, and for the little burial ground where the old lairds sleep, at peace in their home of short and rainy summers and interminable winters, with their snows and frosts. As one reads the story of the two lives curiously intertwined in this book, one is somehow reminded of the other Scotsman whose days were similarly divided, and who in the South Sea in day-dreams saw Lammermuir and heard the bells of his ‘* precipitous city .” There are chapters in the book worthy of Robert Louis Stevenson, but, as a whole, it is uneven and artistically un- finished. The parts dealing with Robert Graham are richly interspersed with the author's own reflections and meditations, often interesting, sometimes irrelevant and occasionally flat. There seems to have been no revision and no pruning, and even the style and language frequently suffer from neglect. Mr. Cunninghame Graham has done the greater and more important work of deep sympathy and creative imagination, and in this book about his ancestor has given a picture of Scottish life and adventure in the eighteenth century, fas- cinating for the general reader and valuable even for the pro- DEEDS Cunninghame Graham. (Heines ‘wrote a good deal of verse’ une inspiration sans fessional historian; but none the less one regrets that he should not have taken the trouble to work up the material itself in a more scholarly manner. Some of the mistakes are obvious-—e.g., on p. 45, in reference to the Stamp Act, he speaks of **the foolish and corrupt ministry of Charles Greville * when he means George Grenville or when for some inconceivable reason in the letter from Robert Graham, dated February 20th, 1773, Mr. Cunninghame Graham interprets the remarks about “the A. family,” ‘the late Duke” and ** Lord Fredk.” as probably referring to the Montrose family, whereas they obviously stand for the Argyle family, the well- known fourth Duke and Lord Frederick Campbell, M.P. for Glasgow 1761-1780, and Argyllshire 1780-1799. But most regrettable seem sonie ill-considered obiter dicta, such as the footnote on page 57, which, coming from an author of Mr. Cunninghame Graham's standing and expericnee, is apt to be exploited in a way which he himsclf would not desire. He writes: “ There is, I think, no recorded instance in any British colony of the execution of a white man for murdering a ‘native.’ In reality there are hundreds of instances ; to quote one: on June 9th, 1838, seven white men were executed at Myall Creck Station, in Australia, for the murder of a native child. In the British [louse of Commons, on whose politi- cians Mr. Cunninghame Graham pours scorn, there always have been men ready to step forward in defence of the native races, occasionally with an almost perverse lack of under- standing for those of tkeir own colour.

Page 22

310 THE SPECTATOR. [August 22, 1995, > ———____ A MODERN PHYSICIAN OF ‘THE SOUL The Conduct of Life. By Benedectio Croce. ‘(Harrup. 7s. 6d.) Benepverro Crocr, the Italian philosopher, was born in 1866, and has lived for the greater part of his life in Naples. He began his career as a student of literature and history, but after his thirticth year. devoted himself to those philosophical studies which have given him his chief fame. Ie has one great originality in his methed of thought, He contemplates life as dynamic, as a series of beings, events, and conditions, in motion. Other philosophers have con- templated them as static, as life brought to a standstill in order that it might be analysed and classified more absolutely and definitely. At once we see clearly the line of demarcation between Croce and his predecessors. They withdraw themselves from life, and look upon it as a picture, in which different kinds and degrees of persons and things are the concise expression of special ideas. These ideas are rigid, and fit together, cach in its place in the general pattern whose complete design may be called the Universe. It follows that this scheme of existence has a formalising, or conservative effect on our conception of the events by which it is expressed. The history of all human thought has shown the influence of this fixity of philosophic cutlook. Its evils were many. It gave mankind a false idea of security and certainty. Everything, apparently, was placeable. The universe was run on a system of logic, in which God, the engels, Man, and beasts were graded on a sort of social scale. Man again was divided by rigid classifications according to social and tem- peramental types. The Feudal System was the political, and the Roman Church was the religious expression of that conception of life. We all know its hideous defects. We must recognize, however, its advantages. It gave man a sense of certainty, and was a support to faith, morality, and human dignity ; factors that are very valuable stimuli in our practical life, which is one long struggle with the powers of Chaos. Croce, coming to life firsthand, refuses to believe in that cast-iron system of the past. He is thus doing in philosophy what the chemists, biologists, and physicists are doing in the world of fact. We sees that in actual life the artificial fences are constantly being jumped; that Being does not evolve along parallel channels, but interflows, so that species mix and reform themselves, mountains crumble, stars disappear, and human character and society interweave themselves inextricably. The effect of these disquieting observations is remarkable. Here is a philosopher whose system is to believe in no system. He repudiates the formal. The result is that when we demand from him the fruit of all philosophy—an architecture of the universe—he is unable to give it. Tis conclusions are like the novels of Henry James—inconclusive, and thus irritating and unsatisfactory. He is afraid to believe either in forms or in conclusions. So we find him, as an art critic, denying the existence of such a thing as the ideal epic. He even says that Dante's “Divine Comedy ’—-perhaps the most perfectly shaped human conception—is no more than a series of passionate lyrical masterpieces strung together on a chain of irrelevant incident. He says that Goethe's life and art have no intimate relationship to each other. This means that Croce admits a certain inconsequence in life. Ile sees factors existing side by side and not influencing each other. His definitions again and again suggest this possibility of duality. Yet the whole tendency of his nature is to establish the truth that Spirit—what Mr. Shaw calls the Life Foree—percolates and informs all things. Hf{ere then is a philosopher divided against himself. His method is not in harmony with his temperament. Wherever that diseord exists, the observer notices a sense of strain, an cffort to cover up the inconsistency. With Croce this effort takes the form of a rather Jesuitical subtlety, especially when the huge realities of modern social and political life threaten to expose his weakness. Here, for instance, is an inconclusive definition. ‘ A man who cannot live up to his juridical obligations is not prepared to mect his moral obligations.” That would be true of a man living in a community in which he had a hend in the —— making of the laws. But in a society where, cither by ignorance or by economic compulsion, he permits the laws tg be made above his head, it is dishonest and chauvinist to condemn him for not meeting his “ juridical obligations» Do we think, for example, of Pym and Cromwell as men not prepared to face their moral obligations ? Again, Croce is led to condone the existence of the undesip. ables of humanity. Here is his reason :— “To overcome certain obstacles in its path, to pass certaig points in its onward march, the world has often relied upon the so-called dregs of humanity. But for these no Bastilles would hayg fallen, nor would any of the glorious revolutions of modern peoples have attained success. The armies of Europe have written luminoyg pages in the history of mankind, yet in times past armies were not recruited from respectable citizens but from the outcasts of the social} system. T'rom the same sources governments of all ages hays drawn the high priests of their solemn ceremonies of justice, . , , And nowadays, where do we get the intriguers and the unscrupulong politicians without whom, it seems, States cannot transact their necessary business ?” This might be construed as an apologetic for the existence of any parasitic body in the social organism. Jt would be unfair, however, to leave Croce involved in the meshes of his own subtlety. ‘That very quality also makes him valuable and stimulating. His minute skill in probing into the little and most obscure weaknesses of the human mind is wonderful, and he brings out the piecties and personal prides, to show them to be nothing more than pruderies, self-pityings, and other such fruit of cowardice. To sum up, we feel that though we can profit by the stimu. Jxting quickness and variety of Croce’s mind, we cannot find in him that fundamental unity of character which is necessary in a man who is to add something to the scaffolding by which we prevent the universe from falling about our ears. mn, & AN ENTERTAINMENT FOR LADY-DAYES EIKONOKOZMHSIS; or, The Dressing of Images. (Caym Press. 6s.) Tue life of a reviewer is a weary pilgrimage through a sandy desert, but the desert has its oases where he may “ drink of the brook by the way.’ Such is this little book, dedicated “To the Right Excellent ITlippolyta Princess of Arcadia from her most affectionate and perpetually devoted Shepheard Kenelm.” The shepherd would have adorned the Sierra Morena, and might challenge comparison with Don Quixote himself for learning and ingenuity. The book is to match, saving the paper, which is a thought new-fangled, and the size, which is somewhat larger than that of an Elizabethan Quarto ; but the type and the woodcuts suit very well with the age of her whom the Shepheard, like the Catholics of her day, styles “ England’s Jezebel.’ His theme is the practice of dressing the images of Our Lady and the saints in raiment as rich as that of the hated Queen herself. Ile cites Orderie Hloveden, Richard of Cirencester, and Stow, and brings for- ward many examples from the York Wills of legacies of rich clothing and jewels to be placed on the images in various churches. He relates the spoliation done by the reformers (whom he would call deformers) in England, and next surveys the more famous clothed images of Europe and of America, such as “the Little Doctor of Ara Celi, il Santo Bambino,” a figure “ of our B. Lord in infancy, whose swaddling Clothes are altogether hidden from View by the profusion of Jewels ; of whose Miracles there is not Space to tell.’ "Tis well that “hard words break no bones,” or the reformers would be in evil case. The “ arrant peevish old Jewell, too loathsome even to be cast before Swine,” “ that crafty Fox, the turbulent and seditious Cranmer,” ‘the wretch Ridley with marmositicall Apishness,” the “filthy forsworn Latimer,” ‘ the stout and filthy Prebendary of Windsor, Doctor London” are ** Demon- jacs ’’ who ** ceased not in their obscene Drivellings to breathe forth Bloud, Biasphemies, and Butcheries.’ He must be a hardened Protestant indeed who cannot delight in the foree and variety of this bucolic abuse. But those who differ from the Shepheard may find in his own scrip a few smooth round pebbles to sling at Image-worship. Thus, ** the sacred Congregation of Rites at Rome hath in its Wisdom forbidden

Page 23

TILE August 22, 1925. SPECTATOR. 311 —— different Mantles for the Summer and Winter Seasons to be placed on Images of the Saints.’ Then, there is the famous story of the soldier who stole one of the earrings of the Virgin of Loretto and swore she had given it to him, in consequence of which a law was made ‘“‘ that no man should in future accept Presents from our Ladye under Pain of Death.” The Shepheard also tells us how the ** pragmatica! Churchwardens ” of St. Stephen's, St. Uncumber, “from motives of Propricty, as they allege.” It is a pity,morecover, that so painful and conceited an author should have fallen into the error of supposing that the Chapel of our Lady of the Pew was in Westminster Abbey. Since it adjoined that of St. Stephen it can only have been in the alace of Westminster. But why make so much pother about aspot in the sun? Let us only note his conclusion : ** Mean- while the Restitution of this Country’s decayed Taste is much to be desired; in England there be but few Images *? Seauvais, shaved the bearded maiden, decently adorned. CURRENT LITERATURE SOME PHASES OF FREE THOUGHT IN ENGLAND IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. By the Earl of Oxford and Asquith. (Lindsey Press. Is. 6d.) Ir is a platitude that addresses, however successful when orally delivered, seldom make good reading; and, though Lord Oxford has himself provided many exceptions to this rule. he can hardly be said to have done so in the present instance. His reeent Essex Hall lecture is, to begin with, very brief. It covers only forty pages of large type, and is slight in matter as well.as in length. After a cursory survey of the nineteenth century as an age of great personalities which may “ challenge comparison with any of its prede- cessors,” the author focusses his attention on * the life-work of two men who are, in these days, among the less well-known, but both of whom were pioneers and indeed crusaders in the social and industrial domain—Robert Owen and William Cobbett.”. Examining Owen's New View of Society, published in 1816, Lord Oxford gives a number of examples to show how that remarkable book anticipated “ almost all the great social and industrial reforms of the next one hundred years.” His appreciation of Cobbett follows closely in the steps of Mr. Cole’s recent biography ; and the remainder of this little pamphlet is devoted to a consideration of Malthus, and of the debt which Darwin owed to him. We are reminded that Darwin’s researches were, by his own acknowledgment, guided and rendered fruitful by a principle already laid down by Malthus in the purely economic realm—** a notable example of the correlation and interdependence of free thought.” PROBLEMS OF PERSONALITY, STUDIES PRESENTED TO DR. MORTON PRINCE, PIONEER IN AMERICAN PSYCHOPATHOLOGY. (Kegan Paul and Co, 18s. net.) Tis volume, composed by various writers on various subjects in honour of the first editor of the Journal of Abnormal Psy- chology, is a good example of the genus “ Festschrift.’ Of its twenty-four contributors fourteen are American, seven sritish, two Swiss and one French, and the subjects and the style of the papers are even more various than the nationalities of their authors. They embrace a good deal of psychology, medical and general, a great deal of psycho-analysis, for and against, but curiously little that carries on the tradition of Dr. Prinece’s brilliant studies in the ** dissociation ” of human personality. Presumably the reason is that opportunities like that presented by the famous ** Beauchamp Case ” arise but rarely. As is usual in such books, the papers vary a good deal in importance and interest ; the most attractive, perhaps, is an incisive criticism of the Unconscious in Psycho-Analysis, by Dr. Hf. Hf. Goddard, which concludes that ** the unconscious, as conceived by the psycho-analyst, does not exist,” and so cannot explain anything. The general reader, however, will be specially interested by Dr. C. L. Dana’s attempt to discover from the recorded signatures of Shakespeare by what disease the poet was finally afflicted. After acquitting him of paralysis agitans, paresis, tabes, alcoholism and writer's cramp, he decides that ** a thrombotie condition affecting his left mid- brain and disturbing the automatic association mechanisms of that region would explain his defective signatures.” But in arriving at this conclusion he sets aside the work of eminent * palaeontologists ” (sic /) like Sir E. Maunde Thompson, in a way that would have rejoiced the heart of Mrs. Malaprop ! THE WORLD AFTER THE PEACE CONFERENCE. By Arnold J. Toynbee. (Oxford University Press. 5s. net.) SURVEY OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS, 1920-1923. By Arnold J. Toynbee. (Oxford University Press. 25s. net.) TuEseE two volumes are designed to carry on the record begun in the History of the Peace Conference of Paris, and it is pro- posed, we learn, to issue an annual survey, beginning with the Survey for 1924, which is to appear in the autumn. Their purpose, to which they are admirably adapted, is ** to enable speakers and writers to gather in the time available for their task the factual material, carefully checked, upon which to base the advice which they offer to the public.” The intro- ductory volume is a masterly and penetrating study in a short compass of the changes in the political map, between 1914 and 1923, and of their meaning and consequences. Mr. Toynbee puts the events of these years in their historical perspective, and it is unlikely that this valuable short study will be sur- passed in our time. The second volume is naturally more detailed, and a less reflective account is given of international affairs in the years 1920 to 1923. The work is written in six parts, dealing with international conferences and the League of Nations, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, the Islamic World, Tropical Africa, and the Far East and the Pacific. This full, accurate, and objectively written account will prove invaluable. SIXTY YEARS AGO. By Alexander Hill Gray. (John Murray, lds. net.) To have known India in the time of the Mutiny, and South Africa during the diamond fever of 1868, to have taught Tibetan nuns to dance the Highland fling, to have met Buckle and Glennie in Egypt, to have scored off the Shah of Persia, is the lot of few men: and we must accept Mr. Gray's apology for not having put pen to paper earlier to tell us of his multi- tudinous voyages and adventures, on the score that he has been too busy. Now at the magnificent age of eighty-nine he gives us his first, and a very enthralling, book. There is an engaging simplicity and a quiet humour in his style which is both personal and pleasing. Mr. Gray obviously had all his generation's forthrightness, its careless- ness of infidel susceptibilitics, its vigour, and he saw the world, quite literally from Java to Peru, as any true Victorian gentieman of fortune must have seen it. That is what makes the book of so much value as a historical as well as a personal document. Our particular thanks are due to Mr. Gray for the inclusion in his book of a really magnificent photograph of Colonel Alexander Gardner, an eccentric American turned Mohammedan, in the service of Rangit Singh. Seated in grim state, clothed in a suit of tartan, with a plumed tartan turban on his head, and a fierce eye gleaming above his rather wild moustaches and whiskery beard, sword in hand, the Colonel is a figure such as Thackeray would have loved to invent. UNKNOWN CORNWALL. By C. FE. Vulliamy, F.R.G.S., and Charles Simpson, R.I. (John Lane. 15s.) To spend a few weeks at a hotel in Falmouth or St. Ives, and to make excursions by motor or charabanc to the Lizard and the Land's End, is not really to see Cornwall, and Mr. Vulliamy is right in claiming for this much visited peninsula that, except in the vulgar sense, it is still unknown and remains the most * foreign” of all our English counties. Mr. Vulliamy has completely eschewed conventionality and sentimental * cush.’ There is little description or impressionism in his pages, which, with their excursions into little known byways of history, legend and archaeology, will appeal more to the scholar than to the average tourist. Mr. Simpson, whose acquaintance with Cornwall has been long and intimate, con- tributes over 2 hundred illustrations in colour and black-and- white. His range is wide, and, while he has not hesitated to depict scenes familiar to the holiday-maker, he shows us Cornwall in many moods revealed only to those who have lived within her borders. Ilis pictures of the moors, with their wild bird life, are particularly striking, and there are some excellent seascapes. MERE MORTALS. By C. MacLaurin, M.B.C.M., F.R.C.S.E, (Cape. 7s. 6d.) Dr. MacLAurin here follows up his Post-Mortem with a second series of fascinating ‘* medico-historical *’ essays, in which he considers the characters of Dr. Johnson, Henry the Eighth, Ivan the Terrible, Frederick the Great, Nietzsche, and a number of other famous historical personages, in the light of their

Page 24

312 THE SPECTA 1 Oo R : [August 22, 1925, An Oxford Sectional Bookcase will enhance the appearance of any room, great or small. From one section you can start now to build a bookcase to suit any future requirements. Each section is joined neatly and rigidly by practically invisible joints. As shown at Wembley, Ideal Homes and other Exhibitions, OXFORD Sectional Book sesc Send to-day for Handsome Illustrated Catalogue Free and Post Paid. Wm. BAKER & Co., Ltd. (Dept. 10), ‘srecauists, OXFORD. Hiv Booksellers, 34-36 Margaret Street. | Cavendish Square, IH’. 1. London Agents: Duiau & Co., Ltd, f aaa ns ae em SRERASCELIERSSEATE 7 mel SEPEROESRERRERRERSASSSLALEELOSARESERARSERBSRESERRR RD ER Lay, - So Weekly Mail Service from Southampton via Madeira Fortnightly from London via Canary Islands REGULAR SERVICE TO EAST AFRICA via Suez Canal Holiday Cruises from London to ANTWERP, ROTTERDAM, HAMBURG and back UNION-CASTLE LINE HEAD OFFICE: 3 FENCHURCH STREET, LONDON, E.c. 3. WEST END AGENCY: 125 PALL MALL, S.W. 1. Branch Offices and Agents. : VAVCUCVIUETETOCUCCUTETETONT ETT ° sOUTTTTVT ALITTLE eee e aes ——.., THE PRINCE OF WALES’S APPEAL | FOR THE LIFE-BOAT SERVICE. 66 | APPEAL to the men and women of our Empire and, indeed, to all those who value the practical example of heroism and hur nanity to givs generously in support of this great Service.’ WILL YOU RESPOND ? The Institution needs annually 1,000,000 FIVE SHILLINGS to provide and maintain the Life-Boat Service. Please send your 5/- TO-DAY and be ‘SONE IN A MILLION.”’ Will you also remember the Life-Boats in your will? There is no subsidy from the Staite. Lorp Harrowny, Grorce F. Sner, M.A, Honorary Treasurer. Secretary. LIFE-BOAT HOUSE, 22 Charing Cross Road, London, W.C. 2. Be sure / that it says’ Made in England’ on your lyres F you want to be certain that the money you spend on Tyres not only gives you the greatest value— but also that British labour makes them and that you are helping to create pros- erity In your own country fit Dunlop and be satisfied’ We put ‘Made in England’on DUNLOP TY RES Sor your protection DUNLOP RUBBER COMPANY LTD., BIRMINGHAM. BRANCHES THROUGHOUT THE WORLD, C.F. 39 A. B. effected in 1884 a policy with the “ Old Fquitable ” for £400 payable at his death, which occurred in 1924 at the age of 69. The Society paid £820, while the total premiums received were only £418. No Shareholders. Equitable Life Assurance Society Founded 1762. 19 Coleman Street, London, E.C. 2. No Commission. LIGERTY’S TILO-LEUM GIVES THE PICTURESQUE EFFECT OF AN OLD WORLD RED-TILED FLOOR OBTAINABLE ONLY OF LIBERTY & CO., Lid., REGENT ST., W.1. Coloured Illustration Free. phy wit jm} jm dui

Page 25

August 22, 1925.] THE SPECTATOR, 313 —— physical peculiarities and ailments. These studies are written with knowledge, imagination, humour, and vigour, and implicitly point some valuable if familiar morals, such as the immense importance of a sympathetic treatment of children during their earliest years, FICTION GLOOM IN THE HEDGEROWS Ducdame. By John Cowper Powys. (Grant Richards. 7s, 6d. net.) ei Mary Glenn. By Sarah Gertrude Millin. (Constable. 6s. net.) EvERYONE realizes how important it is that novels should begin well. The reader knows that it is the novelist’s duty to rouse his interest with the first sentence ; and the novelist himself seems nowadays to feel his responsibility so deeply that he moves heaven and earth to find a brilliant opening. Mr. Powys succeeds admirably. The sentence and the situation with which he begins would catch and hold the most wandering attention :— “Some of the most between two persons one of whom is asleep or dead.” significant encounters in the world occur And he does not keep us waiting long to learn what it is all about. Rook Ashover, the twenty-first possessor of an English country house, and the only heir of the family except for an invalid brother, is endangering the continuance of his linc. His mother is trying to force him to marry a cousin ; but all the interplay of human relationships which centre in his childlessness affects him disagreeably. He continues to live with a more or less unmarriageable woman, always trying to find out, in some rather baffled, pessimistic way, a reason or justification for the universe as he conceives it to be. In some sense, of course, the problems Rook Ashover sets himself are also Mr. Powys’s own. ‘There are two opposed schools of countryside novelists. One of them, like the fine ladies and gentlemen of cighteenth century France, sees a Boucher or a Watteau in every rural prospect, swards smoother than plush, dotted with earefully laundered lambs; on the grass human beings of a more than mortal sweetness disport themselves with idyllic grace. The other school, more serious and respectable but equally prejudiced, sees, when it looks over the landscape, a menace in every cloud, a snake in every orchard, and Nature hovering with bloody and malicious claws over all animal, vegetable, and human life. Mr. Powys belongs most definitely to the second class. He writes :— “The gamekeeper and his wife were engaged in feeding the fowls, assisted by their idiot This child, whose half-articulate utterances and facial distortions would have been horrible in a city, fell naturally into his place armong wilting hemlocks and lightning- struck trees and birds eaten by hawks and rabbits eaten by weasels.” son. The falseness of this pessimistic attitude is plain, since all hemlocks are not wilted nor all trees blasted by lightning : nor is an idiot child any less saddening in a village than in a town. It really is a falseness, a patent desire to be romantic and gruesome at any cost, since in his best passages Mr. Powys shows himself peculiarly sensitive to “the scent of young leaves and the new-grown grass” and since he speaks of the * bounty of the gods’ when to Rook Ashover comes “the old mysterious acceptance of life upon earth, of birth and death, of pleasure and sorrow and he had the feeling that whatever might be the issue of all these things for him, it was enough that they had been just as they were.” There has been a surfeit lately of gloomy and distorted books about villages, and a fashion for cheap and shabby-black magic in all of which the desire to startle is obvious. One tires very quickly of bogies, born of a muddled and lazy philosophy : and Mr. Powys must forgive his readers if they grow impatient with his idiot-boy and * the oozy stalks of half-dead_ bluebells,’” and refuse to be really impressed. There are many ugly things in life, under the hedgerows or elsewhere, but so gifted and sensitive a person as this author need not go out of his way to dilate on them when he can equally well exalt us instead with a vision of that beauty and rightness in life in which he himself believes so strongly. He never convinces us that he believes in the existence of a malignant blight on the world’s face. And when he follows his intuition, and relies on his sensitive perceptions without being side- tracked into gloom, he can suggest the subtle degrees and half-tones of many diverse and enthralling kinds of human emotions amazingly well, and write vividly and with power. He is, in fact, so able and in many ways so likeable a writer that one is impelled to quarrel violently with him for his quite unnecessary errors of judgment, since Ducdame is, in spite of everything, a good and intelligent novel, and the story of Rook Ashover’s final surrender to family claims is, some crudities excepted, well imagined and ingeniously told. Much of the serenity and poise that Ducdame lacks is in Mrs. Millin’s Mary Glenn. Her tale of two South African farmers and their wives is a simple one, simply written in a low, unassuming tone: its restraint is the kind that comes of a real sense of proportion. There are painful and pitiful things in the story of ambitious Mary Adams, and her marriage with the gentlemanlike but characterless Elliott Glenn, but they are seen with wise eyes, and not spoken of merely to horrify. Mary had ached to rise in the world, and all she managed to do was to tie herself to a man whom she despised. But one day a situation far worse than the abiding meanness of an unsatisfying married life faced her. Her little boy was lost in the bush while his father was in charge of him. How Mary Glenn could ever forgive the husband whom she did not love for destroying the one thing she did love, is Mrs. Millin’s to tell, in her own quiet way. Tragedy is here in a homely dress, but the telling of it moves us: it does not horrify. And though these farmers and their wives are made known to us for a little time of their lives only, they seem to live apart from our knowledge of them, and bevond the confines of their own story. Up Hill and Down Dale. By Eden Phillpotts. (IMutchin- son. 7s. 6d. net.)—Short stories of which the scene is mostly laid in Devonshire. They are told in Mr. Eden Phillpotts’ familiar manner, and those many thousands of people who have enjoyed his play The Farmers Wife will find them very pleasant reading. On the other hand, if any spectators of The Farmer's Wife were not entertained by it, they may like this book less, for they will find human weaknesses and virtues treated here in much the same way as in the play, with a sure, if perhaps not altogether subtle touch, and tinctured with the same cheerful spirit of bucolic romanticism, FINANCE—PUBLIC AND PRIVATE BANKING IN THE EMPIRE By ARTHUR W. KIDDY. In taking any long view of the financial outlook, and more especially when considering the economic future of this country, it is impossible not to be impressed with one great change which has taken place as a result of the Great War. Even before 1914 the United States, by reason of its size and its enormous production of com- modities like wheat and cotton, tended to dominate the economic situation, and in the matter of prices of many leading commodities America was undoubtedly the controlling influence. In at least two respects, however, this country still enjoved a predominant position. By reason of its long existence it possessed reserve stores of liquid and invested wealth greater, probably, than those of the United States. Also because of the excellence of its banking and monetary system London was, beyond all question, the financial centre of the world, even America, which had a very imperfect banking system, being constantly dependent upon London for financial assistance. In those days American investments outside the country were virtually nil, while Great Britain, on the other hand, included in her huge catalogue of foreign investments some hundreds of millions of American Railroad securities. A CHANGED Postrion. To-day, as we know, the position has changed materi- ally, and while the subject may not be a particularly cheery or inspiring one, it is well that this great change which has taken place should clearly be recognized in all its bearings. As we know, America occupied the position of a neutral country during the first three years of the War, and in consequence of that attitude she became the possessor of a volume of trade and wealth which

Page 26

314 THE — SPECTATOR. [ August 22, 1995, | a might otherwise have taken fifty years to accumulate. Orders poured into America from the belligerent countries which she executed at famine prices, while so greatly were the belligerent countries crippled in their own industrial activities that America got a big start in competing for world trade. Moreover, so huge were these orders from the belligerent countries as to pass quite beyond the power to pay for them, and, therefore, when the War closed, not only was America in the possession of a colossal trade balance in her favour, but in addition book entries had been made representing over two thousand million pounds of debt by European countries. Nor is this the whole of the story, for shortly before the War America had completely remodelled her banking system so that she was in a position to make the most skilful use of the economic advantages which the War had brought to her. And, finally, as though to add, if not to the overwhelming prosperity of the United States, at all events to the embarrassment of her debtors, America elected to raise further her tariff walls, thus increasing the difliculty of Europe making repayments in the shape of goods and services. Empire Resources. Amongst the belligerent countries it is Great Britain which has not only borne the brunt of the financial strain of the War but has led the way in the matter of financial recuperation, and evidence of that fact is seen in the recovery in our National Credit, the re-establishment of Budget equilibriums, and the recent return of the £1 sterling to the parity of the dollar, accompanied by the readoption of the Gold Standard. Nevertheless, we have only to turn to our industrial position to discover that all is far from well in the “* State of Denmark,” and that in the handicap experienced by all European countries by reason of America’s enormous financial power, Great Britain is a sharer. Readers of these columns do not need to be told that I attribute much of the present industrial depression to shortcomings on the _ part of Labour and, in particular, to the unintelligent tyranny of Trade Unionism. All the same, it has to be admitted that if these matters were remedied to-morrow, and if Capital and Labour were actively co-operating instead of being at daggers drawn, we should still be suffering in many respects from the handicaps I have just referred to. Indeed, only quite recently, when noticing in these columns a Report of the Federation of British Industries on our industrial depression, I drew attention to the query raised by the Federation as to the desirability ef concentrating our attention upon the development of Empire resources. On the one hand, we have the great Continent of the United States making its power felt all over the world by reason of its ability to bring those resources into a unity of financial and economic control, and the thought leads inevitably to a remembrance of the fact that in our British Empire, as a whole, we have territories more vast, and undeveloped resources even greater and more varied than those represented by the United States of America. Only in recent years we have had suflicient evidence of the fact that, though great seas may divide these territories, it has only required the danger involved in a great war to reveal the vital bond of kinship linking Great Britain and her Oversea Dominions. It is not surprising, therefore, that many should be asking whether it is not possible to link up more closely the economic resources and power of our Oversea Dominions with the financial prestige and power which attaches to the Mother Country. AN IxverestinG DEVELOPMENT. Tt is this thought which has imparted such particular interest to the banking development of the past week, and because it has already been dealt with so fully else- where I need only recall the mere outlines of the scheme. The Colonial Bank, which originally carried on business in British West Indies and latterly extended its operations to Nigeria and other parts of West Africa, has been re- constituted with the very large capital of £10,000,000, and is changing its name to Barclays Bank (Dominion, Colonial and Overseas). In its new form, moreover, it is to acquire the businesses of the Anglo-Egyptian Bank, Limited, and the Nationa! Bank of South Africa, thereby ce comprising a consolidation of banking interests through. out the greater part of the African Continent. Barclays Bank, Limited, which previously was closely allied with the Anglo-Egyptian Bank and the Colonial Bank, by acquirmg further capital in the new institution, wij] obtain control over this new and important banking institution, the Chairman of Barclays Bank, Mr. F, ¢ Goodenough, and the Deputy Chairman, Sir Herbert Hambling, assuming similar offices in the new bank, A Lone ConsipERED PRoJEcT. The development is one which may be said to mark the culminating point in the policy of Mr. Goodenough with regard to the linking up of our banking resources here with the development of our Oversea Dominions, while it also harmonizes with the policy which has been pursued in high quarters of establishing Central banks in various parts of our Dominions on the lines of the Bank of England in this country. On more than one occasion the Chairman of Barclays Bank has made no secret of the importance which he attached to such developments, and, indeed, as recently as last January, when dealing with the general industrial outlook and with the develop- ment of trade with our Dominions and Colonies overseas, Mr. Goodenough said :— * Apart from any steps that may be decided upon by the respective Governments, there can be no question that the financial, industrial, and commercial ties which now exist can be greatly strengthened and developed by better organization and by a wider interchange of population and of ideas. The desire throughout the Mmpire for close co-operation is very great. I believe that just as in former days the many obstacles and difficulties which then existed and hindered trade and financial intercourse between one part of England and another were removed or overcome by increased facilities and by the spreading of the population through cheaper and more expeditious methods of communication and transport, with the result that to-day the various parts of the country have been consolidated into one undivided and homogeneous whole, so also by the same process greater consolidation can be effected within the Empire. The homogeneity of principles within the Empire forms a great asset towards consolidation. Whenever great developments are required, it is generally recognized that a bridge must be found, but as the main and most effective method, it is certain that cheap inter-Empire finance and good organization will have a greater effect even than actual tariff preferences.” A Criticism. IT am far from asserting that this latest banking de- velopment is not open to criticism, for undoubtedly it might be said that, having regard to the enormous size of our present banking institutions such as Barclays and the other four mammoth concerns, the Chairmen of those banks have already sullicient responsibilities resting upon them without any further extension. Ina sense, and up to a point, the criticism is sound enough, but, as in industry, so in banking we find that it is the big men who usually have to act as pioneers in some such development as the one I have referred to in this article. Therefore, I suggest that for the moment attention should centre rather upon this scheme of Empire banking development itself. If it promises to aid the difficult economic situation in which Great Britain finds herself after the Great War, then these objections raised in the friendliest spirit may be waived for the moment. The first duties of the Chairmen of our big banking institutions must always be to Home interests and to the Home depositor. At some later date, therefore, it may be that the weight of the responsibility for institutions conducting operations overseas can best be placed upon other shoulders, the pioneer work having been done, however, by those who alone, by reason of their standing in the banking world, could have initiated the movement. FINANCIAL NOTES Rise iN INvestMENT Srocks, Ti Stock Markets are still under the influence not only of the lower Bank Rate but of hopes of a further reduction. ‘This is the main explanation of the continued firmness of high-class Investment Stocks, although they usually benefit at this period of the year by a pause in new flotations. It will be noted, however, that in contrast to the steadiness of most markets, and the firmness of a few, Home Raiiways keep decidedly duli, and needless to say this is due to the constant apprehensions with regard to Labour. Since the decision to appoint a Royal Commission to enquire into the coal industry, L do not find that Coal Owners have engaged ia Oo ef ww Mm maw ws ee he et me oh we

Page 27

XUM August 22, 1925. ] THE SPECTATOR. 315 any propaganda work likely either to embarrass the Commission or to spoil the ¢ hance of some improvement in trade during the next few months. Labour, on the other hand, both through the mouths of the mining leaders and the railway leaders, seems bent upon producing an atmosphere pre judicial to any kind of confidence. And without confidence we can ce rtainly have no trade revival worthy of the name. * * ok * Witt Trapt Revive ? Having regard to these circumstances, I find it difficult to indulge in any confident expectations of a further reduction in the Bank Rate immediately. Doubtless those who are fond of maintaining that abundant credit and low Money Rates are quite sullicient to start the ball rolling in trade might clamour for such a reduction, but what is the use of talking of influences of that kind if, when they arise, oppor- tunities are completely lost to achieve an improvement in our industrial activities ? Here we have what should be nine months of truce pending the Report of the Coal Commission and, with a lower Bank Rate, it might be thought that there was some chance of bringing about a temporary improvement in trade. Not all the low Bank Rates or paper currencies in the world can, however, take the place of compctition between countries, as expressed in brawn and sinew, individual effort and individual output per man. At present, there are few signs of this elementary but vital aspect of the industrial roblem being appreciated ; and therefore it looks as though it were useless to look for any early trade recovery. * * * * JULY REsULTs. Certainly the figures of our foreign trade for July are far from inspiring. It is true that the visible adverse trade balance of about £22,500,000 is the smallest since June of last year, but that fact is quickly traceable to an exceptionally heavy decline in Imports. In the preceeding month of June there was a great rush to avoid new duties and consequently almost record figures of imports were established in some departments, and a reaction in the following month was only to be expected. Our Exports, however, showed a decline for the month of over £5,000,000, while the entire turnover of trade represented by Imports and Exports together was unusually small, so that the unsatisfactory figures of unemployment are by no means surprising. A. W. K. PARTNERSHIP ASSURANCE. Capital is usually required by a firm on the death of a partner. Life the ideal way of | necessary amount. Assurance is providing the THE PRUDENTIAL ASSURANCE CO., LTD., 142 HOLBORN BARS, E.C. 1. All Classes of Insurance Business Transacted. When requiring new Curtains, Carpets, Furniture, Decorations, STORY'S, , LTD., 49- 53 _KENSINGTON HIGH ST., W. ONAL PROVin he BANK CAR LIMITED ESTABLISHED 1833. Subscribed Capital - - - £13,617,080 Paid-up Capital - . - 9,479,416 Reserve Fund : - 9,479,416 Deposits, &c. (June 30, 1925) 254,290,570 15 BISHOPSGATE, LONDON, E.C. 2 AGENTS EVERYWHERE. Head Office : OVER 1,100 OFFICES. BRITISH, COLONIAL and FOREIGN BANKING. TRUSTEESHIPS AND EXECUTORSHIPS UNDERTAKEN. SAVINGS DEPARTMENT. SMALL ACCOUNTS OPENED. AFFILIATED BANKS : COUTTS & Co. GRINDLAY & Co., Ltd. ASSOCIATED BANKS: BANK OF BRITISH WEST AFRICA, LTD. LLOYDS & NATIONAL PROVINCIAL FOREIGN BANK LTD. P. & O. BANKING CORPORATION, L/D. THE BRITISH ITALIAN BANKING CORPORATION, LTD. SCOTTISH PROVIDENT INSTITUTION FOR MUTUAL LIFE ASSURANCE (Estabiished 1837) Funds £18,250,000 POLICY under the Distinctive System of this Institution is peculiarly adapted for covering the increase in Death Duties. An Explanatory Leaflet will be sent on anplication. HEAD OFFICE: 6 St. Andrew Square, EDINBURGH. LONDON: 3 Lombard St., E.C.3; 17 Pall Mall, S.W.1. STORY & COY., STOLL PICTURE THEATRE, Kingsway DAILY 2 to 10.45 p.m. (Sundays 6 to 10.30 p.m. New Prog.) AUGUST 2 25th and 26th.—LON CHANEY in ** THE MONSTER ” and BETT 4 c OMPSON | n ** THE GARDEN OF WEEDS ": Cameo Film and Bonze, the Pup, &«, AUGUST 27th, 28th and 29th -—— “THE AIR HAWK,” starring Al Wilson; ** THE CITY OF BEAUTIFUL NONSENSE,” by E. Temple Thurston, starring Henry Edwards and Chrissie White ; Comedy, «c. T HE SPEC TATOR. Before going on their holidays readers are advised to place an order for the Seecraror. The journal will be forwarded to any address at the following rates :— One Month oe ws oo 28. Gd. Two Months ee oe oe 5s. Three Months wa 7s. Gd. The Publisher, the Specraror, 13 Doig Street, Covent Garden, We. FRENCH WHITE WINES FOR DINNER USE. The increasing peoniasiig a these delightful Wines encourages us to call attention to the exceptionally fine quality of the following: — Per doz. Per doz. Jottles, $- Bottles. Vin de Graves ese eee 30/- 17/- Do. Superieure ose eae 36/- 20/- Sauternes ... ° ‘ 42/- 23/- Sauternes Superieure £2/- 28/- CARRIAGE PAID to any Railway Sta ition in the United Kingdom, JAMES SMITH & ‘COMP. ANY, Wine and Spirit Merchants, Limited, 37 NORTH JOHN STREET, LIVERPOOL, MANCHESTER HOUSE, 26, MARKET STREET. ESTABLISHED 1863.

Page 28

316 THE SPE CTATOR. [August 22, 1925, WAITKYANAMANKUKINGMINIKIKPITHMUK What DOES this mean ? The answer may ke found in UNSEALING THE BOOK a 16-page booklet describing the task of a translator of the Bible, which has been prepared to help Sunday School Teachers in giving The International Lesson for August 30th. The value of Bible translation is thus described in the Preface to the Authorised Version of the English Bible, 1611 :— “Translation it is that openeth the window, to let in the light; that breaketh the shell, that we may cat the kernel; that putteth aside the curtain, that we may locke into the most Holy place; that removeth the cover of the well, that wee may come by the water. - . « Indeed, without translation into the vulgar tongue, the unlearned are ... as that person mentioned by Esay, to whom when a sealed booke was delivered, with this motion, Reade this, I pray thee, hee was faine to make this answere, I cannot, for it is sealed.” The B.F.B.S. has now issued translations of Holy Scripture in 573 languages. Copies of UNSEALING THE BOOK may be obtained, price 2d., from the Book Rooms of the various Churches, or from: The Bible House, 146 Queen Victoria Street, E.C. 4. THE "SHIPWRECKED MARINERS’ SOCIETY is in urgent need of money for the great work | of relief which it has carried on for 86 years, the banking account now being considerably overdrawn. Patron — H.M. THE KING. Bankers—Williams Deacon’s Bank, Limited. Contributions will be gratefully acknowledged if sent to the Secretary, GERALD E. MAUDE, Esgq., Carlton House, Regent Street, London, S.W.1. THE UNION BANK OF AUSTRALIA, LIMITED. Established 1837. Incorporated 1880, Capital Authorised and Is ued - - £10,500,000 Capital Paid-Up - - - - - £ 3,500,000 Reserve Fund : - - - - £4,150,000 Reserve Liability of Proprie tor £7,000,000 HEAD OFFICE: 71 CORNHILL, London, aE, 3. DRAFTS are GRANTED on the Bank’s Branches _ throughout the Australian States and Dominion of New Zealand. TELEGRAPHIC REMITTANCES are also made. BILLS are purchased or sent for collec- tion. DEPOSITS are received for fixed periods on terms which may be ascertained on application. Prepaid Classified Advertisements, RATES, Minimum 20 Words (Two Lines) .. oe ow F our Shillingy Every Additional 10 Words (One Line) .. -» Two Shillings Less than 10 Words charged as a line. Headings DISPLAYED IN CAPITALS—occupying tho equivalent to 1 line—2s. per line. Each ruled line, or white space equivalent to a line, charged as 10 words, (A line averages 10 words.) Vouchers sent only to adver. tisers whose announcements exceed 70 words. Classified Advertisements can be display ed and are charged according te space at the rate of £1 2s. Od. per inch, Files are available at “* The Spectator’’ Office for inspection by advertisers who order less than 70 words. Series Discounts as follows :-— 6 insertions 2}% ; 13 insertions 5%; 26 insertions 74% ; 52 insertions 10%. To ensure insertion, remittance covering cost of the advertisement must be sent in all cases with the order. Instructions should be addressed to— PREPAID CLASSIFIED ADVERTISEMENTS DEPT. THE SPECTATOR, 13 York Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C. 2, by first post on Tuesday of each week, For Sale and Co Bet. W ESTON -SUPER- MARE for Health and Happiness.— SUPERIOR FLATS TO LET in beautiful and healthy positions and surround. ings (sea and land views), self-contained, well decorated, every modern and sanitary convenience, Rentals (inclusive), £85 to £150 yearly. No premiums, Fixtures free.—Apply HENRY BUTT, Oxford Street, Weston-super-Mare, ERTS (35 minutes King’s Cross).—Well wooded residential sites, amidst charming scenery. Water, Gas, Electricity (1} miles Welwyn Station). FREEHOLD PLOTS, half to three acres, Council roads, from £130 per acre.— Homeland Garden Estates, Ltd., ® Laurence Pountney Hill, Cannon St, ,E.C4 Appointments, &c., Wacant and Wanted. al alleaaatiatilt alias OF CAPE TOWN. SENIOR LECTURER IN CLASSICS, Applications are invited for the post of SENIOR LECTURER. Salary.— £450 per annum, rising by annual increments of £25 to £650 per annum.) Transport.—f£40 will be granted on account of passage expenses. Duties.—Duty is to be assumed on March Ist, 1926. In addition to other classical teaching, the lecturer will be required to undertake work in the subject of Classical History, in which he should hold special qualifications. Applications and copies of testimonials, all in duplicate, should reach the Secretary, Office of the High Commissioner for the Union of South Africa, Trafalgar Square, London, W.C. 2 (from whom forms of application and further particulars may be obtained), not later than October Jlst, 1925, MEYLON :— There is a vacancy for a DIVISIONAL INSPECTOR OF SCHOOLS in the EDUCATION DEPARTMENT, CEYLON Candidates should be Honours Graduates, with experience as a Headmast« re or as an Inspector of Schools, and should have knowledge of modern methods of teaching and testing. Salary, £600, rising by £20 annually to £900 per annum. Appointment will be for a period of three ye in the first instanee. Requests for turther particulars of this appointment and for the necessary forms of application should be addressed in writing to the Private Secretary (Appointment Colonial Office, 38 Old Queen Street, 5.W. 1. Completed applications should reack the Private Secretary not later than October Ist. ri —_____ —— QHANGHAI MUNICIPAL COUNCIL N PUBLIC SCHOOL FOR GIRLS Au Assistant Mistress is required for the MIDDLE FORM of this School. Candi- dates must have had experience in teaching Middle and Lower Forms of Secondary Schools, They must be from 25 to 30 years of age, unmarried and registered with ‘Spectator’ Competition | AUGUST 22, 1925 | Competitors must cut out and enclose this coupon. (See page 207). the Teachers’ Registration Council. Commencing pay, Tacls 235 per mensem. No allowances except participati in the Superannuation Fund Avreement for three years, renewable at the end of each three years, if services satisfactory, at an increased rate of pay The value of the Tael may be taken at 4s., but exchange is liable to fhuc tust jet First-class passage provided and half-pay allowed during the voyage urther particulars and application form inay be obtained of the Council's Agents, - whom applications must be received as early as possible. Messrs. JOHN POOK & CO., Agents for the Municipal Council of Shanghai, 68 August, 19za Fenchurch Street, Londen, E.C. 3, | a

Page 29

XUM August 22, 1925.] THE SPECTATOR. 317 ————— NIVERSITY OF DURHAM. U ARMSTRONG COLLEGE, NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNEy PROFESSORSHIP OF EDUCATION, Applications are invited for the above appointme nt. Salary £800 per annum. Duties to commence as soon as po sible after Ist October, 1925. Ten copies of plications, giving names of three referees, but not enclosing testimonials, must be spf not later than 8fh September, 1925, with the undersigned, from whom further j : ith the | oie. may be obtained.—J. Y. T. GREIG, Registrar, Armstrong College, Cee astle-upon-Tyne. ee cecaeeed | Y ‘ WI 7 ‘ ° NHARITY ORGANISATION SOCIETY.—The Council are C about to appoint two — Secretaries (women). Applicants should be leer with social work and agencies ; be able to organize; have knowledge of office routine: and of good ade ire ss. Preference will be given to those acquainted with Charity Organ sition Society work, Applications by letter only to the SECRE- TARY, 212 Bath Street, G lase yw, in Secretarial Method Six to twelve months. Residential Hostels recom- mended and posts after training secured through Appointments Department CENTRAL EMPLOYMENT BUREAU AND STUDENTS’ CAREERS ASSO- CIATION (INCORPORATED), 64 Russell Square, WC. e a 5a ° tga FOR EDUCATED GIRLS.—Unique Training Medical and Bnibersity Craining. —— pL EX HOSPITAL MEDICAL SCHOOL (UNIVERSITY OF LONDON), BERNERS STREET, OXFORD STREET, W.1. THE WINTER SESSION OPENS ON OCTOBER Ist. Students wishing to enter the Medical School should apply for accommodation as early as possible. Examinations for the Entrance and University Scholarships will be held on September 14th, 15th and 16th. Applications must be received not later than September Sth. The Medical School is fully equipped for teaching the entire curriculum, Students are also prepared for the Pre-Medical Examination in Chemistry and Physics. Value of Scholarships awarded annually exceeds £1,000. Research Funds of over £25,000. The teaching staff includes 6 University Professors, 1 University Reader, 30 Lecturers, 8 Demonstrators and 4 Tutors. Parents and Guardians desiring information and advice with regard to the Medical Curriculum should write to the Dean, E. L. PEARCE GOULD, M.A., M.D., Ch.M., F.R.C.S., or to the School Secretary, R. A. FOLEY. TNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER. FACULTY OF MEDICINE (Medical, Dental, Public Health, and Pharmaceutical Departments open to Men and Women Students.) The WINTER SESSION will COMMENCE on THURSDAY, OCTOBER 8th, fhe Courses given at the University, the Royal Infirmary, and other allied Hospitals, which contain over 1,000 beds, provide full instruction for the Degree and Diploma Examinations in Medicine and Dentistry and for the Diploinas in Public Health, Psychological Medicine, Veterinary State Medicine and Pharmacy. There are Halls of Residence both for Men and Women Students. In addition to two Entrance Medical 8 ps, each of the value of 160 gns., Special Entranee Scholarships are open to Women Medical Students, and there are other Entrance Scholarships tenable in the Medical School. Full information as to Courses of Study, Fees, &c., will be for- warded on application to the Internal Registrar. RiVYERSILTr ET OF ABERDEEN. ACADEMICAL YEAR, 1925-26. The WINTER SESSION COMMENCES on TUESDAY, OCTOBER 6ru, 1925, nd CLOSES on FRIDAY, MARCH Izth, 1926. The Autumn Diet of the Pre- liminary Examination will commence on FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 4th, 1925 The SUMMER SESSION COMMENCES on TUESDAY, APRIL 20th, 1926, and CLOSES on FRIDAY, JUNE 25th, 1926. The Spring Diet of the Preliminary cholars Examination will commence on FRIDAY, MARCH Sth, 1926 1 Degrees in Medicine granted by the University are :—Bachelor of Medicine , Bachelor of Surgery (Ch.b.), Doetor of Medicine (M.D.), Master of Surgery , Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.). They are conferred only after examination, only on students of the University. A Diploma in Public Health (D.P.H.) erred after examination on Graduates in Medicine of any University in the Vuited Kingdom, The total cost for the whole curriculum, including hospital fees ind fees for the degrees of M.B. and Ch.B., is approximately £236. Pursaries, Scholarships, Fellowships, and Prizes, to the number of fifty and of the aggregate al l of £1,180 are open to competition in this Faculty A ts of the classes, fees, &c., May be had on application to the Secretary it nivetsity, and full details are given in the Aberdeen University Calendar published by the ‘Aberdeen University Press, Ltd. University also grants the following Degrees :—In all Faculties—Doctor of Philosophy In Arts Doctor of Letters, Master of Arts, Bachelor of Education In Seier Doctor of Science, Bachelor of Science in Science and Applied Science luding Agriculture, Forestry and Engineering). In Divinity— Doctor of Divinity Honorary) and Bachelor of Divinity. In Law— Doctor of Laws (Honorary), Bachelor of Laws (LL.B.), and Bachelor of Law (B.L.). In Commerce— Bachelor of Commerce, Diple in Agriculture, Forestry, History, and Theory of Fine Art are also granted. Particulars may be had on application to the Secretary of the University rhe University, Aberdeen H. J. BUTCHART, Secretary. ~~, - Rectures, Scholarships, Kc. EASTBOURNE HE EASTBOURNE SCHOOL OF DOMESTIC ECONOMY. All Domestic Science subjects taught. Resident and Day Pupils. Certiticates granted. Principal, Miss RANDALL, Ist Class Diploma, Edinburgh Training School, Uy att Sa 85.28: OF LONDOWN6 SCHOOL OF LIBRARIANSHIP, 5-26. SESSION 1925-2 Honorary Visitor: SIR FREDE ARIC K GEORGE KENYON, G.B.E., K.C.B., Direc 1.A., D.Litt. ector: E. = BAKER, M.A., D.Litt. The School provides the following courses :— 1. Fullsime Courses. 2. Courses for Part-time Courses 1 and Librarianship, or fc Association, %. Special Courses. 4. Public and Special L Students, both day and evening. 2 are for students reading for the University Diploma in or the Certificates qualifying for the Diploma of the Library ectures on Rural Library Systems, Library work with chil- dren, Ilustration of Books, Book-binding, Printing, &c., will be given during the session The session begins on Students wishing to be Monday, October Sth admitted should apply forthwith, to:— WALTER W. SETON, Secretary, University College, London (Gower Street, W.C. 1), A NSTEY PHYSIC: tA Birmingham (Ling’s Swedish Syster (Women) in Swedish 1 Dancing, Hockey, La Hygiene, Physiology, &c. SICAL TRAINING COLLEGE, Erdington, offers complete Teachers’ Training ducational Gymnastics, Medical Gymnastics and Massage, rosse, Cricket, Tennis Netball, Swimming, Anatomy, Three Years’ Cour Prospectus on application TCATIONAL soma COLLEGE FOR | ee EDUC: Nz Ni TEACHERS, GROVE HOUSI ROEHAMPTON LANE, 8.W 15. DEMONSTRATION S¢ Chairman and Hon. 5S ‘HOOL, COLET GARDENS, W. KENSINGTON, W. 14, -cretary, Mr. ( G. Montefiore, M.A Hon. Treasurer: Mr. W. H. Ogston For information concerning Scholarships Loan Fund and Grants from the Board oi | of E luc ation apply to the Principal, Miss I E LAWRENCI Boys Scheels vr" Colleges. ee at DRE Prepares |} aaa C: ‘ASTLE PREPARATORY st HOOL oan N CASTLE, Colinton, Midlothian, 1dmaster Ss. H. OSBORNE, B Boys for Public Schools and Dartmouth. ASTLE UPPER SCHOOL at CRAIGEND PARK, Liberton, Midlothian Headmaster: RK. W BURTON M.C., B.A Boys prepared fo Prospectuses from Heac r the Universities and al eliminary Examinations. 17 Rutland Street, Edinburgh a. imasters or the Secretars > * 5% TRIN A N D 8 ss ¢ zeG oO k& ITY, JERSEY—CHANNEL ISLANDS, Preparatory School for Boys. FouxpeErs: Sir JESSE BOOT, Br., Lady BOOT, Licut.-Gen. Sir ERNEST De BRATH, k.c.0., C.LE., M. V. BLACKER DOUGLAS, Esg., F. J. BOIS, Esg., Sig GEORGE MACARTNE Y, KE.C.L.E., AND THE Rev. G. O. MORGAN-SMITH, HEAD-MASTER: THE REV. G. O. MORGAN-SMITH, M.4.. PH.D., F.C,S, (St. Catharine's The school stands in Its College, Cambridge; Lille University, France). GRADUATE STAFF. $s own magnificent grounds of 18 acres. Own Farm. Beautl- ful climate, healthy sltuation. Every modern convenience. Electric light. BOYS TA KEN -_ WHOLE-TIME BOARDERS. Apply for Prospectus, &c., to the Head-Master, DR. MORGAN-SMITH. _ THAMES NAUTICAL -TRAINING COLLEGE, Chairman : Vice-Chairman -; For the training of Boy MARINE. Two years’ Age limit 11 to 16 ye: H.M.S. ‘ WORCESTER.’ Off Greenhithe, Kent, Established 1862. Right Hon. Lonp [NcucaPe, G.C.M.G., &c. Admiral The Hon. a. Sir LE, FREMANTLE, G.C.B., &c; 3 intending to beco: me OFFIC ERS IN THE MERCANTILE training counts as one year’s sea-service for qualified Cadets. irs. Moderate terms Cadetships granted by the Admiralty in the R.N. (under a special scheme of entry), also in the R.N.K, Other appointments are for the Royal Indian Marine and Bengal Pilot Service. For Illustrated Prospe THE SECRETARY, London, E.C ctus apply— Thames Nautical Training College, 72 Mark Lane 8 ee, ING EDWARD ae SCHOOL, BURY SI oy 40 Boarders, 80 Day boy Department Sound teaching. Well-run boarding-house, Games, U.T.C., Scouts, Physical Training, Fees, £22 per tert Head-Master: J. M. WADMORI M.! {.. Oxon I ALHOUSIE C: will be opened ir M.A. (Oxon), late Head ASTLE, near BONNY GG, MIDLOTHIAN, 1 September as a Boys’ Preparatory School, by K. M. Mylne, Master r, Merck tiston Castle Preparatory School | te LLY COLLEGE, TAVISTOt K Rex ognized by the Army Council. Mag wnhificent building in beautiful situati 340 feet above sea facing Dartmoor. Special ENGINEERING class for NAVAT CADETS. I fead-Master H. V. PLUM, M.A. SCHOOI SOMERSET.—Publiec School in ELLINGTON SC 4 SOMERSET. > Sek four Houses. Staffed by Oxford and Ca ridge Graduates. Recognized by Army Council x HEAD-MASTER, elli Wellington, omeareat. r.c., Swimming, et Fees, £72—£85 per an um Apply ngton School, Somersct Clerk, F. LEE MICHELL, IWENTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL EDITION. ATON’S ia 2 OF SCHOOLS. An aid to Parents in the selection of Schools and Tutors. Crown Svo, 1,088 pages, Pri 53. . postage, 9d Contains particular; with Ulustrations of story, Priv: ate ind Public Schools for Boys, Tutors, Private and Publie S« hools { r Girls, Domestic Science, Physical Training and Agricultural and Business Colleges, P ATON, Kducational Agents, 143 Cannon Street, London, E.t’. 4 t Colleges, Secretarial Training &e., A Advice also given, free of all echarge.-—J. & Jy Girls’ | Pe Tt Ucad-Mistreas : Schools and Colleges. SCHOOL FOR GIRLS. HINDHEAD, SURREY Braciag climate. Good education. Miss F. M. 38. BATCHELOLR (Oxf, Hons, Sch.),

Page 30

$18 THE SPECTATOR. [August 22, 1995, Ts OODARD GIRLS’ SCHOOLS.—WESTERN DIVISION. Provost: Rev. F. M. ETHERINGTON, Wrington. Somerset. B® KATHERINE’S, HEATHERTON PARK, TAUNTON. Head- Mistress : Miss Kk. M. HARTNELL, M.A. (Oxon.). CHOOL OF 8. MARY AND 8S. ANNE, ABBOTS BROMLEY, STAFFORD.—Several Exhibitions of £35 a year and a few of £55 a year are offered for September. For particulars apply to the HEAD-MISTRESS. me) 8 8 Ff Se ee OXHEY LANE, WATFORD, Principal—Miss_ Wallis. Private Residential School for Girls. Tele.: “ Watford 616.” Fees £150, girls over 14, £180. T. HELENS, COCKERMOUTH.—Boarding School for Girls in the Lake District. Principal—Miss WHEELER. Special terms for ministers’ and missionaries’ daughters. Entire charge if desired. INDORES JUNTOR SCHOOL, BEXHILL-ON-SEA. A CHILDREN’S HOUSE. Home and ontdoor life combined with teach- ing on modern lines. Old-world garden, large grounds overlooking sea. Norland trained nurse. Principal’ Miss L. A. FREEMAN, N.F.t PUPIL (Lady by birth) would be received as Boarder in a large ‘* Recognised ” School, on the South Coast, to work with others for London Intermediate Arts, at half fees (60 gns. per annum).—Apply at onec, Box 50, King’s Library, St. Leonards. yg ersner ANK SCHOOL, MALVERN WELLS. — For Girls. Bracing air. Home comforts. Excellent health record.— Principal, Miss Rogers ENT WORTH. SOURNEHOT TH COLLEGIATE SCHOOL FOR GIRLS. (ES, M.A., D.D. Chairman: Rev. J. D. JON Principal: Miss M. DAVIE, B.A., London. The School stands in its own grounds of 10 acres, facing Bournemouth Bay. Eatrance Scholarships. Prospectus from the PRINCIPAL, “ Wentworth,” College Road, Bournemouth Collegiate Schools, Ltd. 7 GIRLS’ SCHOOL, Climate bracing and sunny. A sound education on Publie School lines. PREPARATORY SCHOOL for girls, 8 to 13 years. UPPER SCHOOL for girls, 14 to 19 years. Lacrosse, hockey, cricket, tennis, golf, riding, good and safe bathing. Escort London, Crewe, Leeds, Manchester, Liverpool. For illustrated prospectus apply HEAD-MISTRESS. Lournemouth. SEASCALE — CHOOLS FOR BOYS AND GIRLg TUTORS for ARMY and ALL EXAMS. i CLERGY RECEIVING DELICATE OR BACKWARD BOYS FoR SPECIAL CARE AND TUITION. Messrs. J. & J. PATON, having an up-to-date knowledge of the Best Schools Is ang Tutors in this COUNT RY and on the CONTINENT, will be pleased to PARENTS by sending (free of charge) prospectuses and’ Trustworthy nomad The age of the pupil, district preferred, and rough idea of fees should be gi J. & J. PATON, Educational Agents, 143 Cannon Street, London, EC re QcHOOLS AND TUTORS. Reliable information and advice concerning the most suitable establishmenty will be given (free of charge) to parents stating thei “4 requirements (kind of School, age of pupil, locality preferred, range of fees, &c.) t Messrs. TRU bere & KNIGHTLEY, LTD., Scholastic Agents, 61 CONDUIT STREET LONDON, W.3; Telephone: Gerrard 3272 (2 lines). Publishers of “SCHOOLS,” the most complete guide to Schools in exlatenty price 2s. 6d., post free 3s. Authors, @ppeturiting, &c. J ONALD MASSEY, Literary Agent. Successful autnors should communicate with Ronald Massey if they hays film rights for sale. The only English Agency in Los Angeles, the worl eentre for Moving Picture Production. RONALD MASSEY, 108 Victoria Street, London, S.W. 1. K ARN Money by Your Pen. Unique postal course: Hoy to write, what to write about, where to sell. Expert oe ance veel Booklet free.—Re gent Institute (Dept. 85), 13 Victoria Street, 5.W. £. = ey M ~ NY REVISED.—Criticism, Revision, Rewriting, Inte. b e polation of fresh ideas, “ Ghosting”’ entire work, if desired, a moderate fees by one-time Editor of well-known magazine, Weekly Paper, Review, ang Daily Paper.—Address (absolute privacy), Author, 25 New Cavendish Street, W.1 i ITERARY TYPEWRITING of every description carefully BA and promptly executed. MSS. 1s. per 1,000 words. Carbon copy 3d. per 1,000.—Miss NANCY McFARLANE (€), 11 Pal eira Avenue, Westcliff-on-Sea, Ng rer 10d. per 1,000. Prompt and careful work. ; Also Duplicating —WEATHERLEY, 5 The Close, Thornhill Park, Bittere, iants. mm ub OW SCHOOL, Modern History, Somerville College, Oxford. M™ Prospectus on application. 73 Gower Street, W.C.1 Bracing air from Downs and sea. OSS SCHOOL, FARLEY HALL, near Oakamoor, DOWNS SEAFORD. Head-Mistress: Miss LUCRETIA CAMERON, Honours School of IRONSIDE’ BUREAU. JOURNALISTIC AND SECRETARIAL TRAINING. N. Staffs. Good all-round education for limited number of Girls in charming country residence, 650 ft. above sea level, Principals: Miss PICKARD, M.A. (Newnham College), and Miss KITTS. EDGE POINT, WESTGATE-ON-SEA, KENT. A first-class Boarding School for Girls from 7 years of age upwards, The School stands in grounds of two acres facing the sea. Special attention paid to health, Entire charge taken if desired Tlustrated prospectus from the Head-Mistress, Miss BECKINGHAM (late of Queen Margaret’s School, Scarborough). : he E GRAN G E, BUzx&T BOARDING SCHOOL FOR GIRLS. The Misses L. C. DODD, and H. 8. HOLLOWAY. Preparation for Matriculation and Intermediate Exams. Large On. Principals : Bracing climate. Garden, 3 tennis-courts, swimming bath, gymnasium.—Apply the HUAD- MISTRESS. , _ Foreign. WITZERLAND, LAUSANNE-LUTRY, CHATEAU BLEN- VENUE.—FINISHING SCHOOL FOR GIRLS. Special study of French. Modern languages, Art, Literature, Domestic Science classes, Sports. Highest references.—Principal, Miss RUFER. Escort from London. PONTAINEBLEAU, FRANC E.—PREPARATION for FOREIGN OFFICE, CONSULAR, and UNIVERSITY EXAMINATIONS. —Mr. ©. COPLAND PERRY, M.A., Ph.D, Lic, és L.—F¥or details apply 55 Rue a’ \von, Fontaine bDleau, Private Tuition, Kr. OHN DUXBURY’S ELOCUTION SCHOOL. HARRY DUXBURY—Expreasion, ete. HAROL ¥ HORTON—Voice, ete. __Apply SEC RETARY, 41 Woburn Square, London, W.C.1. Tel.: Museum'2386. RX UTION.—Mr. E JUR will forwa CHARLES SEYMOUR. will forward a brochure of his Private Lessons in PUBLIC SPEAKING FORENSIC, AFTER-DINNER), 401 Strand (opp. Hotel Cecil). (PARLIAMENTARY, Voice Production, Breathing, Reciting. M ADEMOISELLE VILBERT, 6t Ladbroke Road, Notting Hill Gate, receives and Visits pupils. French Grammar conversation, Under arts ake s Secretaris al wi work, Translations. Scholastic Agencies. Revision of MSS., b MSs. 1s. per *,000 words,— ([‘SERWRITING, Proof-Reading and experienced clerk, late London University. Miss HILL, Monks Risborough, Bucks. Gotel Wypdros, Kr. ORTREE, ISLE OF SKYE. ROYAL HOTEL. Largest and finest in the farfamed Misty Isle. Facing sea. Within 3 hours’ sail of Kyle of Lochalsh. An attractive and healthy Summer Resort. Every comfort. Inter. esting motor tours, golf course near. Write for illustrated Booklet containing 20 fine views. Moderate Boarding Terms. N OOR COURT, SIDMOUTH (Private Hotel)—ONLY Hotel i adjoining 18-hole Golf Course; magnificent sea-views every room; Excellent cuisine, chef; electriclizht; gas-tires In bedrooms. Easy reach sea, shops, churches. Good safe bathing; shady garden. Good garages. Comfortable car for hire. Summer and winter seasons. Write for illustrated bovklet. Telephone; 18) Sidmouth. LLAN WATER HOTEL, Bridge of Allan, Stirlingshire. —Excel- P lent motoring centre for Trossachs, Rob Roy Country. Large Garden. Lawn Tennis, A FEO sL PALACE HOTEL, Pitlochry, Perthshire. Unique Hotel situated amidst finest scenery of the Scottish Highlands. Grounds 46 acres. | ge HOTEL, Gullane, East Lothian.— The finest Golfing Centre in Great Britain. Nine Golf Courses within easy reach. Lawn Tennis, Gours, &c. HENRY LUNN, LTD. S IR £919 6 GOLF, BELGIAN COAST, 14 days’ Hoteis and Rail. £15 4 6 MONTREUX, SWISS RIVIERA, 14 days’ Hotels and Rail. £15 1 0 BRUNNEN, LAKE OF LUCERNE, 14 days’ Hotels and Rail. Illustrated Booklet post irce. 5 H.K. ENDSLEIGH GARDENS, LONDON, N.W.1. THIRD WORLD TOUR Visiting NDIA, BURMA, CEYLON, MALAY, JAVA, JAPAN, CANADA, Organized and accompanied by N. 8S. BISHOP, F.R.G.S., leaves London on November Lith. October 3rd, ROMANTIC SPAIN ous weeks). November 14th, INDIA, BURMA, CEYLON (four months). PRIVATE SOCIAL TOU RS, 159 ao kland Road, I London, 3.F. 19 Miscellaneous. DVICE ABOUT SCHOOLS, AT HOME or on the CONTINENT, and TUTORS’ ESTABLISHMENTS, DOMESTIC ECONOMY SCHOOLS, &c., is given free of charge by MESSRS. GABBITAS, THRING & CO., 36 Sackville Street, London, W.1. Telephone: Regent 5878. Educational Agents. Established 1873. Messrs. Gabbitas, Thring & Co., are personally acquainted with nearly all School Principa>; in the country. They will also be glad to supply full information about establishments giving a course of training in Domestic Economy, Secretarial Work, Agriculture and Horticulture. NO CHARGE WHATEVER IS MADE TO PARENTS, i yew SHERRY (old-fashion style), 78s. per dozen bottles. Sample bottle per post, 7s.—WICKHAM «& Cv., LTD., Bideford, bat. Isi7. pe LTRY. — Finest Roasting Chickens, 63. 6d., 7s. 6d. pair. Ducks, 7s., 8s. Large Boiling F wis, 6s., trussed, killed fresh. Delicious Lulter 3 Ibs. 6s., postage paid.— Miss DEMPSEY, Poulterer, Rosscarbery, Cor! | wet Pershore Egg. 12 Ibs. 4s. 9d., 24 Ibs. 9s 48 ibs. 17s. Victoria, 1z Ibs. &s. €d., 24 Ibs. 16s. @d_, 48 Ibs, 32s. Carnage paid. Packages iree. Cash with order. HUMPURLY & STANTON, Swan Terrace, Lyesham. Gol ret oth

Page 31

i am t=] 4 XUM August 22, 1925.) THE SPECTATOR, 519 VXTR A Large Roasting Tender Fowl and Ducks, 6s., 6s. 6d. and Ti" is 78. pacr, trussed, post free.—Mrs. D. MAHONY, Poultry Stores, Rosscarbery. ea DERD Cenennennanneell a GOMETHING NEW FOR BAZAARS, SALES OF WORK. =m GY Z| S Handsome, novel, Hand-coloured Pottery, Glassware, Trays. Certain PRESENT ——— success @ assured to purchasers of our Vasc3, Pecan Fernpots, Trays. Every piece = HAND-COL OURED. Beautiful colourings g profits. Customer writes : “ Pottery supplied was mu h admired and sold out before anything else. If we had unde rstood demand bh ‘forehand we should h ave been safe in having quite three times the amount.’ Write for details —“ RAINBOW” POTTERY CO., Dept.S,” Lindfield, Sussex. AVE YOUR OWN BOOKPLATE.—Your own Arms, H Crest, Motto, or other ideas incorporated. Artistic and original work from £2 2s. Specimens sent free—HENKY b. WARD, 57 Mortimer Street, London, W. 1. a ietaeaiine J EEDLEWORK and Mending Bureau.—Work for Sale. Ladies’, Gentlemen's and Children’s Underclothing and Household Linens made and Terms Cash. References and Estimates given —SWORDER, 33 Ware Herts. repaired. Road, Hertford, REAL SAVING.—WE Ladies’ TURN SUITS, OVERCOATS, COSTUMES, &c., guaranteed as new. Descriptive price list free, or send garments for free estimate, or we collect.—LONDON TURNING CO. (Dept. A.), 16 Chardimore Jtoad, London, N. 16. ’Phone : Clissold 4777, New clothes also made. RTIFICIAL TEETH WANTED (OLD).—2s. each tooth on vulcanite, 4s. on silver, 6s. gol i No misleading prices. Cash by return, —DENTAL AL WORKS, » Main } in Street, ¢ uriton, Notts. Bankers: Lloyds. “A RTIFIC ICAL TEE TH (OLD) BOUGHT.—Highest Value, assured. Up to 7s. per tooth posi on Vulcanite, 12s. on Silver, 15s. on, on Platinum. Cash or offer by return. Jf offer not accepted, parcel returned post free. Lest prices paid for Old Gold and Silver Jewellery (broken or otherwise). Satisfaction guaranteed by the reliable firm. 8. CANN & CO., 694 Market Street, Manchester. you Cockroaches ? Gold, £2 Estd. 1850. -You can’t keep them if you use Blattis, the guaranteed scientific remedy which has stoed test of 30 years, Tins 1s, 4d., 2s. tid., 4s. 6d., post free from Sole Makers :—HOWARTHS, 473 Crookes- moore Road, Sheifield, or Chemists, LOOTS’ Branches, Stores. Larger Sizes for expo mt, lowe r rates, “MENTAL T. ANDR EW S HOSP IT AL FOR. S NORTHAMPTON. DISEASES, President: The Most Hon. the MARQUESS OF EXETER, €.M.G., C.B.E. This Registered Hospital receives for treatment PRIVATE PA rIENTS of the TUPPER and MIDDLE CLASSES of both sexes. The Hospital, its branches (in- cluding a Seaside Home at Llanfairtechan, North Wales), and its numerous Villas are surrounded by over a thousand acres of park and farm, Voiuntary boarders without certificates received. For particulars apply to DANIEL F. RAMBAUT, M.A., M_D., Telephone : No. 56 Medical Superintendent. Dr. Rambaut can be seen by appointment on Wednesdays at 39 Harlcy Street, W. 1. Felephone : Langham 1827. Se : — ———_ ———— ee + y P92 ANDAR PIRI IRIN Vai ara. aarp > > THE NEW RENAISSANCE §} if , = One single new force which has recently been introduced into the life of the nation is gradually preparing another renaissance. That movement is silently affecting the great mass of the public, and focussing their attention upon ‘the intel- lectual forces which are moulding humanity.” There is nothing spectacular about this move- ment, but it is sending every one now and again to the for further information. We are equipped to help you Write bookseller for Catalogues and Descriplive Booklet J.& E. BUMPUS LIMITED 350 Oxford St., London, W.1 By Appointment to His Majesty the King *Phones— Mayfair 1223 and 1224 = PIG EID IGF GALI IPI LI Id | epiyceng sapere —the noblest of voss the chiefest of bie — theirs who = acquire juil and accur: "knowledge of VII ROBLEMS as ey im tl he followiag popular volumes. WISE WEDLOCK 6/2 rth pe ra Treating the subiect frankly, fully, but n. By Dr. G. COURTENAY BEALE. = THE REALIIES OF MARRIAS E 6/9 - eneeess Guide to Marrage and Warenthood. By Dr. G. COURTENAY BEALE. INTIMATE LETTERS TO HUSBANDS AND WIVES 6/9 Provides brilliant solution s to problems of the heart. By Dr. G. COT RTENAY BE THE CRITICAL AGE OF WOMAN 6/9 = A book that makes the “ change ” a happy period. By WALTER 2 M *ALLICHA = SEXUAL PHYSIOLOGY 10/6 = he only authentic editio1 n (illustrated). By Dr. R. T. TRALL. = = Each rice includes pe stage and a copy of “ Health and Efficiency.” = = GET THESE BOOKS NOW. Send Cheque or P.O. to = HEALTH PROMOTION, LTD., = 182 Efficiency House, Paternoster Square, London, E.C. 4. E Full Catalogue and specimen Magazine free on request. = Bonn RTI TI UMAR AIT MMA CO PHIDIAS AND THE PARTHENON SCULPTURES By P. JOHANSEN. 10/6 net Morning Post: “ Professor Johansen has made a life-long study of the man and his achieve and a transiation of his monograph will be welcomed, not vin i) nents, only by scholars, but also by all who wish to know why Phidias has been acclaimed through the ages a the greatest sculptor—and rightly so... 4 All that at is known of the achievements ind craftsmanship of Phidias is set forth, often from a new angle, in this instructive and suggestive book.” ALSO THE MISTRESS OF HUSABY By SIGRID UNDSET. (2 vols.) 12 THE TREE OF THE FOLKUNGS By VERNER VON HEIDENSTAM (2 vols.) 12/- AND THE NOVELS OF KNUT HAMSUN /- net net SEGELFOSS TOWN (2 vols.) 12/- net CHILDREN OF THE AGE 7/6 net GROWTH OF THE SOIL 4/6 net PAM, A LOVE STORY 7/6 net MOTHWISE 6/- net WANDERERS 83/6 net VICTORIA, IN THE GRIP ORANGE ST LONDON W.C. 2} 3 A LOVE STORY 5/- net OF LIFE 6, - net ail PRESENT THE LIFE OF THOMAS HOLCROFT Written by himself, continued to the time of his death from his diary, notes and other papers by WILLIAM HAZLITT, and now newly edited with an introduction and notes by ELBRIDGE COLBY. Slim Demy 8vo. Illustrated with portraits and facsimiles. 2 vols. 42/- net R. Ellis Roberts in the Observer: “ Holcroft di erves to be remembered for this sturdy, sensible, in dependent autolio raphy, and for the diari vhich Hazlitt include in hi continuation of Holcroft’s 1 nished_ work. The whole book has now been most excellent Captain Colby, who had added considerably to rearranged much ot the material, and in an introduction given a succinct account of Holcroit’s times,’ ROBERT E. LEE: The Soldier By SIR FREDERICK MAURICE. 15/- net Truth: “In this concise, but admirably lucid exposition . Sir Frederick Maurice has given us quite the best short histo ry of Lee BY MAIL AND MESSENGER By SIR T. COMYN-PLATT. Ss campaigns that has yet appeared, 10/6 net Birmingham Post: “ This series of travel love-letters . . . are the work of a man of culture, reflective power, and a natural epistolary genius.” ORVIETO DUST By WILFRANC HUBBARD. 10/6 net Punch: “Mr. Wilfranc Hubbard in his new setae ha 4 been able (far more convincingly than F in Shadows on the Palatine) to recapture the ‘ ol two past eras... . This distinguished and orig ina has k,.”’ DIALOGUES IN LIMBO By GEORGE SANTAY ANA. wiew ‘Mr. suc h semi pl its demure wi 10/6 net _Santayana’s style is a_ perfect losophical writin as these. It . saclancholy cadences and vivid Saturday Kk instrument for charms us by imagery. KS s.

Page 32

THE SPECTATOR. [August 22, 1925, "4 At Reduced Winter Fares (December-February) INDIA or CEYLON 100 GUINEAS RETURN ” Peo ‘A visit to India or Ceylon in mid-winter, entailing an from England of two months or less, will appeal to many people, absence —to those who wish to visit resident friends or relatives; to those who would see the enchantments of architecture with w hich India’s fascinating history has been enriched; to those who, loving India, hold the well-founded belief that India to-d: 1y— political eddies apart—differs but little from the India of earlier im, Ceylon, as a sunny winter resort, has a charm peculiar to itself. To travel both ways between London and Marscilles by the P. & O. Sleeping Car Express will shorten the double journey (fare £120) by 13 or 14 days, For Illustrated Handbooks ‘ —an Equatorial Playground,” cabin plans, apply: ‘A Winter in India” and “Ceylon with special steamer dates and z ._ CHIEF PASSENGER OFFICE Ps | (F. H. GROSVENOR, Manager), > O MD . & 0. HOUSE, 14 COCKSPUR STREET, . LONDON, S.W. I. a more Urs Make the most of your holiday. Letters making appointments, acknowledging i invitations, fixing the next day’s arrange ments, or giving news of your doings can be written at leisure with- out having to hurry back to hotel or apartment. Waterman's is just as much a help on holidays as on other : -Watérman's Ideal | FountainPen ! ii! * Regular ” Type from 12/6; “ Safety” I! ‘Type from 17/6 * Self-filling ”’ Type, 4 No. 52, 17/6; No. by 22/6; No. 55, 27/6; |i No. 56, 32/6; No. 58, 42/-. Clip-Cap, 1/: il extra, Presentation Pens in Silver anc Gold. Nibs to suit all hands. Every Pen fully guaranteed. OF STATIONERS AND JEWELLERS. The “Pen Book” sent free on request. L. G. SLOAN, Ltd., Che Pen Corner Kingsway, London, W.C. 2. AUTAMTTVVE TTT Teer WUVTTTTT ETI, HERE'S nothing like the right spirit for a motoring holiday. and the right spirit is PRATTS PERFECTION. Start on it, and carry through on it and you'll have notrow no sick engine use of excessive carbon deposit, no * knocking” or “ petering out” on stiff hills. Why sir! with PRATTS. in the tank your engine will purr with power every day, p.' through the holidays. —# can get PRATTS kf ce. It's al- ways the same pure “uniform” reliable spirit. Tom PRATIS. Unifors swersohere Reliable SPIRIT Reliable always DA. 3 ANCLO-AMERICAN O14 COMPANY, LTO 36 QUEEN ANNES CATE. LONDOM. 5 wt A man travels first-class for extra comfort. With equal fore- thought he buys LD BLOCK CUT PLUG 1-0z. Packet 1/34 2-0z. Packet 2/7 . 5/2 Loudon: ~ Printed we W. SPEAIGUT aNnD Sons, on. 4 Street, Covent Garden, London, W. * —————— 98 and 99 Fetter Lane, E.C. . 4, and Published by Tue S27 PRCTATOR, Lip, “at their Offices, _ 43 York C.2. Saturday. August 22nd, 1925,