The Spectator 1916-06-10: Vol 116 Iss 4589

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The. pect ator REGISTERED AS 4} PRICE. . 6p, No. 4,589.] WEEK ENDING | add JUNE 10, 1916, nigh motel ee TuE WEEK «s.cssssececcceceeccee 105 yy he ee 72 submarine. The German losses cannot, of course, be determined go » &e,, &o. exactly, but the Admiralty, which is not given to making state- Uister and the Irish Settiement. - 708 rn ie 719 | ments without warrant, has “the strongest ground *—nothing Ficsely ! ce ee ee 710 dard Fieweoer and his Traducers 710 | less than the evidence of eyewitnesses, we imagine—for believing mecha = cae oe * s11 | Booxs— that they included two battleships, two Dreadnought cruisers of The Unchanging Sea Fight...... 712 The Rule of the Majority....... - 720} the most powerful type, two of the latest light cruisers (* Wies- Voltaire om the Fleet .....+++.« v8 Pha Slt - gue Ls baden’ and ‘ Elbing’), a light cruiser of the ‘ Rostock’ type, the CoREESTORDERCE— 2 A Student in Arms ...........+. wee light : ‘ Frauenl b,’ t least ni dest das ” .. Reminiscences of the American ee ee coer cones -53 | light cruiser ‘ Frauenlob,’ at least nine destroyers, and a submarine. Civil War—IL. 6... esses eee 718 Man the Gregarious .........++. 736 | There is other evidence, less good but thoroughly worthy of con- Sn ap er Alco- pene aaeeey sideration, that the Germans lost no fewer than twenty vessels i ai a aI aya 714 | Some Books or tur WEPK ...... 26 | all told. It seems probable that the great new German battle- The | a eee se New xD Foxtucomixa Peprica- ___ | cruiser ‘ Hindenburg’ was among the losses, i ia«............. 8 ADVERTISEMENTS ...........+- 727-36} The battle began about half-past three o’clock on the afternoon *,* The Editor cannot undertake to return Manuscript in any case. NEWS OF THE WEEK. ——_—>—— FTER twenty-two months of war the German High Sea Fleet Zz at last came out of its shelter and offered battle on Wednes- day, May 31st. In the greatest naval battle of the war—and of course the greatest battle in history, since for the first time super- Dreadnoughts, with all their terrific yet uncertain possibilities, opposed one another—our battle-cruisers and some cruisers and light cruisers, supported by four fast battleships, although exposed to greatly superior numbers, attempted to hold up, and even to cut off, the High Sea Fleet till the great battleships under Sir John Jellicoe could arrive. As it happened, the Germans were able to a when the balance of numbers told in our favour, but they escaped thinned in numbers, limping, and terribly mauled. The net result, therefore, was that the High Sea Fleet utterly failed in its mission, which may possibly have been to disperse as commerce raiders in the Atlantic, or to swoop on Archangel and scatter ruin among our munition ships and grain carriers. It was driven back under the cover of its shore guns and behind its ramparts of mines, and Sir John Jellicoe was able to scour the North Sea at his leisure and assure himself that not an enemy ship remained there, Our command of the sca is stronger than ever. The High Sea Fleet will take months to recover from the shock. There were no surprises. All that there wes to be known is now known. Except by @ mischance, Germany cannot possibly are our supremacy. She tried to “ come out ,” and she was promptly driven back. That is the contral fact beside which everything else is unimportant. li she has had a new heart put into her by the battle, as she asserts, her sincerity can very easily be put to the test. Let her “come out” again. If she does not come out, we shall know what to think of her candour; if she does come out, our thrice-gallant eciiors will know how to deal with her. All people of British blood salute the noble seamen who had lost no particle of their passion for attack during their long watch. Rather it seems to bave grown more intense with waiting. Admiral Beatty cheerfully took risks in what he did. But he saw an opportunity and seized it. Tke event amply justified him. If we had lost more ships while we were outnumbered and were among the submarines and mines on the other side, we should have had no right to complain. With goed luck we might have lost fewer. But the result as it was is cause enough indeed for deep gratitude and the highest confidence. In those who remain to watch the seas we place an intensified and Absolute trust. Those who died have earned the reverence and affection of a whole people. Our losses were naturally severe. But that must be expected in naval battles, Relativ ely to their strength, the Germans lost more heavily, and it is quite likely that even their absolute losses were heavier than ours. We lost the battle-cruisers ‘ Queen Mary,’ ‘ Indefatigable,’ and ‘ Invincible,’ and the cruisers ‘ Defence’ and ‘Black Prince.’ The ‘Warrior’ was disabled, and after of Wednesday, May 31st, and continued into the “ glorious first of June,” with results which need not fear to be associated with that historic naval day. We follow almost exactly an account of the battle published in the Glasgow Herald, which is the best we have secon. Admiral Beatty’ 8 battle-cruisers, the ‘ Lion,’ ‘Princess Royal,’ ‘Queen Mary,’ ‘ Tiger,’ ‘ Inflexible,’ ‘ Indomit- able,’ ‘ Invincible,’ ‘ Indefatigable,’ and ‘New Zealand,’ were on a south-easterly course, followed by the four Queen Elizabeths — Barham,’ ‘ Valiant,’ ‘ Warspite,’ and ‘ Malaye.’ Tho enemy light cruisers were first sighted, and then the head of the German battle-cruiser squadron. This squadron consisted of the new cruiser ‘Hindenburg,’ the ‘ Seydlitz,’ ‘ Derfilinger,’ ‘ Liitzow,’ * Moltke,’ and possibly the ‘Salamis.’ Admiral Beatty opened fire at a range of about twenty thousand yards, and this shortened to about sixteen thousand as the fleets closed. The Germans could see our ships sharply silhouetted against a pale-yellow sky, but the Germans were enveloped in a haze. The Queen Elizabeths opened fire one after another as theycame up. The German battle-cruiscre drew away slightly. This was the first phase of the battle. Tho second phase opened when all the High Sea Flect battle- ships could bo scen approaching in three divisions, behind a screen of destroyers. The German battle-cruisers turned and took station in front of their battleships. Admiral Beatty was thus face to face with the whole High Sea Fleet, and Sir John Jellicce, though rushing to the scene, was still some way off. The opposing fleet were now moving parallel to one another in opposite directions, and the British advance ships were in danger of being cut off from the Grand Fleet. In order to avoid this, and at the same tims to prepare the way for Admiral Jellicoe to envelop his adversary, Admiral Beatty immediately turned right round so as to bring his ships parallel to the German battle-cruisers and facing in the same direction. As soon as he was round he increased to full specd to get ahead of the Germans and to take up a tactical position in advance of their line. Just before the turning-point was reached the ‘ Indefatigable ’ sank, and the ‘ Queen Mary ’ and ‘ Invincible’ were also lost at the turning-point, where of course the High Sea Fleet concentrated its fire. A little earlier, as the German battle- cruisers were turning, the Queen Elizabeths had in a similar manner concentrated their fire on the turning-point and destroyed a new German battle-cruiser, believed to be the ‘ Hindenburg.’ Admiral Beatty, after turning, headed away with the loss of three ships, racing parallel to the German battle-cruisers. The Queen Elizabeths followed behind, enga, ging: the main High Seca Fleet. The third phase of the battle was the delaying action fought by Admiral Beatty. He manceuvred his ships so successfully in upsetting the spotting corrections of the enemy that no seriously disabling hits were registered against us. He had the speed of the Germans by about four knots. It was unfortunately possible only to fire at the flashes which flarod out in the haze on the German side. The range et this time was between twelve and fifteen thousand yards—a short range for our battle-cruisers, which are built for long-distance firing, and are therefore not heavily armoured. ButtheQueen Elizabeths as well asour battle-cruisers had well pounded theGermans,and the German gunnery, which had been goodin theearly concentrated fire, became less accurate, and this became much more being towed for some way had to be abandoned. We also lost eight destroyers, No British battleship was sunk, no light cruiser, and no obvious after the arrival of Sir John Jellicoe with his battleships. Among other things, the battle was highly flattering to British

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706 THE SPECTATOR. [June 10, 1916, gunnery. Admiral Beatty succeeded in outflanking the German battle-cruisers, and to avoid being headed they had to accept a renewal of very fierce fighting, during which tho ‘ Derfflinger’ was sunk, : The fourth phase was introduced by the arrival of Sir John Icilicoe, who deployed his ships, by a perfect piece of manceuvring, Between Admiral Beatty's battle-cruisers and the Queen Elizabeths. The whole British Flect was now concentrated and in a splendid position. Only a decent light was necessary for the destruction of the German Navy. For a few minutes the light improved, and during this brief time the first three of the German ships were smashed up. But then “ visibility” suddenly failed. It was as though the gods had intervened to draw a desperately pressed Trojan out of the power of the besetting Greeks. Accurate firing became impossible. The battered German Fleet was able to slip away in the white shroud. We should be unjust, we think, if we did not add that, in spite of the assistance Nature lent them, the Germans extricated themselves with skill. They were of eourse quite right to abandon the fight. Out of the multitude of facts and incidents in the heavy part ef the battle we can choose only two for mention. First, the appalling suddenness with which the ‘Queen Mary’ and the other battle-cruisers were lost. It seems that the magazines must have exploded. Secondly, the manner in which the ‘ Warspite’ went to the rescue of the ‘ Warrior,’ as related by a correspondent of the Times. The ‘ Warrior’ was lying helpless, her engines disabled, hor magazines waterlogged, and her crew awaiting their end, when the ‘ Warspite’ dashed to the rescue :— “ Recognizing in her their saviour, the ‘ Warrior's’ men grected tue ‘ Warspite’ with ringing cheers. Theso were ungrudgingly answered from the battleship, which threw herself between the helpless ‘ Warrior’ and the German vessels that were battering her silent hull. Crash went a salvo from the ‘ Warspite’s’ 15-inch batteries. A German ship got the full force of it and sank. Putting her helm over, the *Warspite’ circled round the ‘ Warrior,’ drawing on herself all the fire of the German ships, and replying to it with vigour and great effect. A shell damaged her stecring gear; still the ‘ Warspite’ held on... . Four times the ‘ Warspite’ circled round the ‘ Warrior’ in this way, all the while punishing the enemy terribly with her great guns. ‘Come back; you are sacrificing yourself,’ signalled Admirai Beatty to the ‘ Warspite,’ but, owing to her damaged stecring gear, she could not obey the order. She could only hang on and fight, and she did this so sturdily, in spite of the heavy battering which she received, that by the time her consorts of the Dreadnought division lad come up the German Battle Fleet was in full flight.” The last phase was the pursuit of the fleeing Germans and the night fighting. The British destroyers when released asked for nothing but to sink something or be sunk. At Icast one great German ship was sent to the bottom by a torpedo from a destroyer which had rushed in to close quarters. Although the Germans were able to escape, they were no longer an organized, coherent fighting force. As they fled they spouted forth clouds of smoke to cover themselves, as a cuttlefish fights behind its inky fluid, and fiom the smoke their destroyers dashed out again and again in small groups to discharge their torpedoes and be received again into the obscurity. Their own destroyer attack on our lines in the dark was singularly unsuccessful, not a single torpedo getting home: Much more dangerovs were the German submarines. The super- Dreadnought ‘Marlborough’ earlier in the day came into a nest of these, and she dodged three torpedoes before she was struck. Then she was able to steam home, it is said, at fifteen knots. At all events, sho is safe in harbour, and it is most satisfactory to know that a ship of this type, designed for protection against submarines, ean be torpedoed and survive. The whole.conduct of the battle on the British side was glorious in its audacity, and wo feel sure we shall be able to say when Admiral Jellicoe’s despatch appears that it was also great in its skill. Every Admiral, every commander, fought his ship with an Elizabethan fury. Admiral Beatty wont out to engage the enemy. He could do so only at short range owing to the bad light, therefore he fought at short range, though that was an unfavourable condition for his battle-cruisers. The whole tradition of the British Navy is expressed in his decision. “It would have warmed your heart,” he wrote to Sir Hedworth Meux, “ to see the gallant Hood leading his division into action with the most inspiring courage.” Alas! that fine seaman, Admiral Hood, went down with his ship the ‘ Invincible, and added another honour to the annals of one of the most famous of naval families. Sir R. Arbuthnot was also killed or drowned while “engaging the enemy more closely." The thousands of brave men who perished died to keep tho “sure shield” fixed between the tyrant and every British homo. Let it be the part of all true Englishmen never to fail in their gratitude, and to prove that gratitude by never grudging the Navy tho material support it has so richly and gloriously earned. We aro not in the least inclined to echo the violent complaints that have been made against Mr. Balfour and the Admiralty beca: they announced the events of our great sea victory in so di se style, and, according to some of their more vehement critics, nat the impression that wo wero beaten, or at any rate that the Flost had done something of which we were in no way too proud—some. thing which only deserved a bare record, and about which, indeed, the less said the better. Of course that is a gross exaggeration, and in our heart of hearts we cannot help feeling a good deal of pride at the curtness of the official announcement, and the determination not tg claim a shred of praise or glory which might afterwards Prove not to be the Navy's due. That is much better than gasconading ee and then having little by little to withdraw our ill-founded claims. But admitting all this, we own to a cortain surprise that Mr. Balfour should say, as he did in his speech at the Cannon Street Hotel on Wednesday, that he could not see how he could have dong otherwise than he did. Fired by this statement, and by the attempt of Lord Beresford as a naval bulletin-writer, we have tried to see exactly how the facts stated and logically implied in the Admiralty communiqué of Friday week, and no more, could have been pm. sented in an exhilarating rather than a depressing form—presented, shall we say ? so as to give persons of nervous temperament a good rather than a bad night—not a very important matter, we admit, but still worth a little effort. The following is the text of the official communiqué ;-— “ The Secretary of the Admiralty makes the following announcement; ‘On the afternoon of Wednesday, May 3lst, a naval engagement took place off-the coast of Jutland. Tho British ships on which the brunt of the fighting fell were the Battle-Cruiser Fleet and some cruisers and light cruisers, supported by four fast battleships. Among thoss the losses were heavy. The German Battle Fleet, aided by low visibility, avoided prolonged action with our main forces, and soon after these appeared on the scene the enemy returned to port, though not before receiving severe damage from our battleships. The battle-cruiserg * Queen Mary,’ ‘ Indefatigable,’ ‘ Invincible,’ and the cruisers ‘ Defence’ and ‘Black Prince’ were sunk. The ‘ Warrior’ was disabled, and after being towed for some time had to be abandoned by her crew. It is also known that tho destroyers ‘Tipperary,’ ‘ Turbulent,’ ‘Fortune,’ ‘Sparrowhawk,’ and ‘ Ardent’ wero lost, and six others are not yet accounted for. No British battleships or light cruisers were sunk. Tho enemy's losses were serious. At least one battl- cruiser was destroyed, and one severely damaged; ono battleship reported sunk by our destroyers during a night attack; two light cruisers were disabled, and probably sunk. The exact number of enemy destroyers disposed of during the action cannot be ascertained with any certainty, but it must havo been large.’ ” This is how wo would suggest that the news should have been set forth :— On the afternoon of Wednesday, May 3lst, the greatest naval action of the present war took place off the coast of Jutland. Though only a portion of our Fleet was in action, while the whole, or almost the whole, of the German High Sea Fleet was opposed to it, we wers able, owing to the gallantry and hardihood of our officers and men, the proficiency of their gunnery, and the able manceuvring of ths squadrons and individual ships, (1) to prevent the enemy carrying out the design to accomplish which he had brought out his whole naval force into the North Sea; and (2) to drive the German ships back to their ports. It was only by breaking off the encounter and taking advantage of the oncoming of night that the enemy were able to escape destruction. The proof of the complete- ness of our victory is to be found in the fact that our ships were left in command of the waters in which the battle took place. Results so momentous aa those involved in tho frustration of the enemy’s attempt to break out in force and carry out a scheme which at present remains obscure and their precipitate retreat were bound to involve heavy losses on both sides. Our losses were chiefly in the Battle-Cruiser Fleet, which, supported by cruisers, light cruisers, and four fast battleships, had to endure the brunt of the fighting. The battle-cruisers ‘Queen Mary,’ ‘Indefatigable,’ ‘Invincible,’ and the cruisers ‘Defence’ and ‘ Black Prince’ were sunk. The ‘ Warrior’ was disabled, and after being towed for some time had to be aban. doned by hercrew. It is also known that the destroyers ‘ Tipperary. ‘Turbulent,’ ‘ Fortune,’ ‘ Sparrowhawk,’ and ‘ Ardent’ were lost, and six others are not yet accounted for. No British battleships oF light cruisers were sunk. Owing to the conditions of distance under which modern sea battles take place, the losses of the enemy cannot be quickly ascertained. Wo know, however, that they were serious, and it will be surprising if, when they are exactly known, the rule does not hold good that those who are vanquished and break off an encounter invariably suffet more than the victors. Already we know that at least one battlo- cruiser was destroyed, and one severcly damaged; one battleship was reported sunk by our destroyers during a night attack; two light cruisers were disabled, and probably sunk. The exact numbet of enemy destroyers disposed of during the action cannot be ascertained with any certainty, but it must have been large. The public should be warned that we have been careful only to enumerate losses in regard to which there is practically no doubt. As soon as a further record of German losses has been obtained it will be published. Fuller details of the battle will be reported later. Even if the German losses should prove to be no greater than our own, it will be found that we have not paid too heavy a price m frustrating what the Germans have officially described as theif “ enterprise.” No credence should be given to the official version of the battle sent through the wireless stations by the Germas Government. a es es oF Ss s&s = =e ae ee

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eo coc @ - * awe Fe FF rr fFaagce - Ss. Fi Sa & ——- SS ewe FS & ow ee -—- eee Ss a SS oO = wv ft =r —_ en wwe Ft Se eaeNeeelmrerl aaa eeselClU®T June 10, 1916.] THE SPECTATOR. 707 ame If our readers will study our version carefully, it will be seen that we have included no fact which only became known after the issue of Friday week’s communiqué. Our additions, if any, are direct, logical, and therefore legitimate inferences from the pre- misses supplied by the Admiralty, and not guesses. The whole of our statement is implicit in the Admiralty’s first announcement. The difference of tone is due to the method of presentment, not to the addition of introductional facts. Those who admit this will perhaps tell us that we have “ written up” the facts, and that the style is istic and not worthy of a Government Department. Possibly, bot at any rate our version is not nearly as much “ written up” as were the announcements of naval actions in former times by the Admirals themselves. No doubt reticence is convincing, but after all what the Government ought to give is a true impression, and baldness may be carried to such a point as to produce a false impression. We do not suggest that the Admiralty should be pompous or long-winded, but there is a good deal to be said for the plea that they should trim the boat between this extreme and the extreme of a style which may almost be described as squalid and “ pauperesque.” The good news from the sea is balanced by equally good Jand news from the South-East. The Russian offensive, which began about the same time as the battle of Jutland, was not only earlier than we had any right to expect, but also shows better in results. We have never failed in our belief in Russian prowess and Russian leading, but we are bound to say that the notion that the Russians would, or indeed could, get under way so quickly that they would take forty thousand prisoners (including nine hundred officers), seventy-seven guns, one hundred and thirty-four machine guns, forty-four trench mortars, and search- lights, telephones, field kitchens, arms, and other material of war in immense quantities in the first week of June, never entered our heads. Its unexpectedness makes Russia’s. great and) growing victory all the more pleasant. The only shadow which falls across it is the thought that Lord Kitchener will not be in Petrograd to express, as the nation’s representative, our delight in so magnificent an achievement. The scene of the recent fighting has been on the extreme south of the Russian line, not very far from the Rou- manian frontier—that is, along a wide front in Galicia and Bukovina, The fortress of Luck, the capture of which was announced on Thursday evening, appears to be the northern and Czernovitz the southern limit of the fighting line, a distance of about a hundred and fifty miles. On Thursday comes the news from British Headquarters that fierce fighting has taken place in the Salient. The German attacks, which were fiercest on Tuesday and Wednesday nights, appear to have failed everywhere, except in the case of our front-line trenches which run through the ruins to the village of Hooge. These seem to have been captured. This loss is annoying, but not of any military importance. We have no space, and perhaps, after all, it is not worth while, to notice the amazing flood of acrid rhetoric which Herr von Bethmann Hollweg poured upon the Reichstag at the beginning of the week. We must, however, find a corner for the Kaiser’s verbal war dance executed in the sweet security of Wilhelmshaven over his naval foes. On Tuesday the Kaiser from the deck of the flagship addressed delegations from all the vessels which took part in the great battle, the men being appropriately drawn up on shore. Whether the War Lord used a megaphone is not stated, but the style was cer- tainly megaphonic. After telling them that many thousands of them had “seen eye to eye with your superior War Lord,” and after recalling that he had formerly informed them that when they went to war they would have to fight against gigantic superiority, he went on to note the interesting personal fact that he had tever journeyed to the coast in such high spirits as on June 6th. “The gigantic Fleet of Albion” had received the hammer-blow from the German Fleet, and the nimbus of British world supremacy had disappeared. “A new chapter in the history of the world has been opened by you”; “ The German Flect has been able to defeat a superior English Fleet” ; “ God Almighty has steeled your “ms and kept your eyes clear”; ‘“‘I am standing here to-day & your Supreme War Lord ” ; “ I am standing here as the represen- tative of the Fatherland ” ; “‘ Every one of you has done his duty st the gun, at the boiler, in the wireless ” ; “ Every one thought of the same thing ”—but why go on? We expect that by this time the Emperor has persuaded himself, not only that the British Fleet is destroyed, but that he himself was present at the action disguised as the conductor of the Admiral’s band. We shall never do justice to his speech, but it has been done justice to by the immortal cartoon which Mr. Raemakers has con- tributed.to the Daily Mail. It shows the Kaiser caparisoned as Falstaff, waving his sword, and under it run the words, paraphrased from Henry 1V.: “ Wrt1am Fatstarr: ‘ All! I know not what ye call all ; but if I fought not with the whole British Fleet, I am a bunch of radish.’ Mr. Louis Raemaekers, as always, is as happy with his pen as with his pencil. The Birthday Honours were announced on Saturday last. We can only comment upon three of them. No man has earned his peerage better than Sir Arthur Nicolson. Mr. C. W. Bowerman, Labour Member for Deptford, by his character and action deserves in the fullest sense the title of Right Honourable. The third honour we must mention is the K.C.B. conferred upon the Registrar-General, Mr. Bernard Mallet. This in the truest and most exact sense is a war honour. Upon Sir Bernard Mallet fell the great and responsible duty of arraying or enrolling the British people under the National Register Act. The public are apt te forget that under universal military service two processes are required: first the arraying or enrolment of the available men, and next their enlistment as soldiers. That the first process was well and truly carried out was due to Sir Bernard Mallet and his colleagues in the Registrar's Department. We have dealt with the Ulster problem elsewhere, but may remind our readers that in our issue of March 7th, 1914, we set forth in detail the amendments to the Government of Ireland Bill which would be required in order to exclude the six counties of North-East Ireland from the operation of the Bill, and allow thena to remain within the United Kingdom and under the Parliament at Westminster. A few copies of the number in question remain ia stock and may be obtained from the Manager. The draft was made by a distinguished Parliamentary draftsman, and from the technical side has stood the test of criticism. We may add that our instructions to him were to make as little alteration in the Bill as was compatible with securing the clean cut of the siz counties The letters published in our correspondence columns show thaé Mr. Churchill to a very considerable extent misled us in regard to the question of servants at the front, and we apologize both to them and to their officers. We ought, of course, to have been on our guard, but as his statement was so positive, and as he had only just come from the trenches and from the command of an infantry unit, it seemed unjust to refuse to accept the statement merely because it was made by the Member for Dundee. It is another proof that it is far more important te consider the personal equation than the details. There is a story of Gladstone jumping to his feet in the House of Commons and vehemently denying a positive statement made by Bethell (later Lord Westbury) upon a very technical point of law which came in conveniently for Bethell’s argument. It turned out that Mr. Gladstone’s denial was correct. ‘ How completely you smashed Bethell!” said an admirer; “ but how did you know he was iz error?” “TI didn’t,” replied Mr. Gladstone, “but I knew my man!” We knew our man, and therefore we have no excuse for having been misled by him. But though we were misled by Mr. Churchill as to the servants of officers in the trenches, we maintain that there are still too many inactive or sterilized soldiers at the front, and that careful combing out would probably raise a new division. With the deepest regret we record the death of Lord Kitchener, who together with his Staff was lost in the ‘ Hampshire’ off the Orkneys on Monday evening. Lord Kitchener was on his way to Russia, and it is supposed that the ‘Hampshire’ was sunk either by a torpedo or a mine. Four boats were seen to leave the ship, but a heavy sea was running, and no trace of them could be found afterwards. Lord Kitchener was accompanied by Mr. O’Beirne, of the Foreign Office, Sir Frederick Donaldson, and Brigadier-General Ellershaw. Although the death of Lord Kitchener in this tragic and unexpected manner has produced a profound emotion throughout the nation tat transcends all other thoughts, it is not forgotten that in the ‘ Hampshire’ we have lost not merely a useful ship of the County class, but what was much more precious —some seven hundred brave and skilful sailors. We have paid elsewhere our tribute to the great personality of Lord Kitchener, He was a man who stood alone and thought alone. Although other men might have done some things better, none could have invented the New Armies as he did, and created them with so little friction. It was an amazing feat, for which his name will be eternally remembered, Bank Rate, 5 per cent., changed from 6 p.c. Aug. 8th, 1914.

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708 THE SPECTATOR. Tune 10, 1916,

TOPICS OF THE DAY. — —~<- LORD KITCHENER. i attempting an appreciation of the character of the great soldier whom all Englishmen mourn, we need not sur- vey the familiar achievements that marked him out as the right man to be Secretary for War in our time of great stress. Every one knows of the steadfast patience with which (as surcly as by the iron road laid across the desert, the very symbol of his scientific method) Kitchener obliterated the power of the Mahdi. Every one knows how he “ cleared up ” South Africa in a military sense in the latter part of the Boer War. Every one knows how he remodelled the defences of India, and how he visited Australasia and was received as a trusted adviser when our truly democratic brothers over the seas were laying upon every citizen the obligation to defend his inheritance in arms. Every one knows that Kitchener was the greatest of our soldier-organizers. We want rather to examine his qualities as they presented themselves during the war. The central fact in Kitchener’s administration of the War Office is that he both invented and created the New Armies, and that he did it of his own motion, alone bearing the responsi- bility of the idea, and almost alone stubbornly asserting and reasserting the belief that this miracle was possible. Beside this everything else that Kitchener did seems of small account. Seside this everything else that he did not do, or that he did wrong, can be forgiven and forgotten. . His claim to greatness as Secretary for War is firmly established by his one great act of prescience and construction. Events have moved so rapidly that it is not easy to cast the mind back and look with the eyes of nearly two years ago upon the situation as Kitchener then saw it.: He saw a country utterly unprepared for a great Continental war. There was none of the material to equip a host. There were no rifles in reserve, no ammunition, no guns, no uniforms, no officers, and no men, when one had written off the splendidly trained Expeditionary Force already abroad and the Territorial Force legally destined for home cefence. Even our most intelligent and adaptable officers thought, so far as we remember, that we must be content to make the best of the bad job which had been handed down to us by sins of omission. That is to say, they believed that there was now nothing for it but to try to keep reinforcing a make-weight Army which by its pre-eminent skill and training might succeed in inclining the balance to the side of our Allies. They saw no hope but to rely upon the old policy of Chatham even in the tremendously changed circumstances of to-day. Lord Kitchener, consulting no one but himself, took a far larger view. He announced his belief that the war would last three years, and that great Armies could and must be created. Others were sensible, to the exclusion of all other thoughts, of the desperate position of our outnumbered troops abroad who were being hammered to death where they stood. It was quite natural that this feeling of pity and passion for rescue should prevail. It scemed that there and then in Flanders the fate of the Empire was being decided, and that the only rational thing to do was to send every officer, N.C.O., and man who had already had a respectable military training to harden the thinning line and take the places of those who were daily falling. That was natural, we say, in onlookers who were conscious that a terrible crisis had already arrived, and that even if great new Armies could be created they would probably be too late. “ Where,” they asked, “is the equipment? How can you officer the Armies ? How can you get enough men under our voluntary system?” Kitchener never wavered. The mis- givings of othe: men were natural, but his own faith and confidence were supernatural. He believed that the Armies could be created somehow, and he conjured them up out of the dust. As for the Expeditionary Force abroad, which must meanwhile hold on, he thought that it might be able to do it successfully. But he believed that even if it could not— such was his length of view—our only hope of ultimate success was to put great Armies in the field and help to drive the Germans back, though in the meanwhile they might have reached the Atlantic seaboard. Knowing what we all know now, which one of us will say that Kitchener was wrong ? Rather, who will be daring enough to deny that he was magnifi- cently right ? Surely he fairly earned by his grand stubborn- ness and independence the deepest gratitude it is possible for man to win. He saved us. And then in this great act of creation Kitchener wielded an influence which would have belonged to no other man.

rs No one else could have done it with so little friction, | looking back we are inclined to say that there was no friction. It was marvellous. Kitchener had the reputation of bein a forbidding and austere man, rather sphinx-like and inhumane The explanation was probably that he was shy, and never overcame some of the social clumsiness of shyness, Of course he was a bad man to quarrel with; any one of his supreme independence would be. But those who knew him best testify to his almost childlike simplicity among his friends and his affectionate loyalty to those whom he trusted, Certainly there must have been much in this side of him for the notorious fact is that in his dealings as Secretary for War with the leaders of Labour he was respected and liked to a degree that must have astonished those who took the legendary view of his character. Trade Union officials used to say that he was like a father to them ; he was so accessible so sympathetic, and so reasonable. It should be remembered that he made exactly the same impression on the Boer leaders at Vereeniging, where the friendly confidence he evoked was the equivalent of a stroke of statesmanship and did much te end the war happily and honourably. We often criticized somewhat sharply Lord Kitchener's methods of recruiting. And logically we still think we wers right. But we must confess that now that the millions of men have been successfully drawn into the net, we can say with certainty that Kitchener’s methods were good enough to “get there,” whereas we cannot with certainty say the same thing of our own suggestions. His method, which, at all events, succeeded whether it was inherently right of wrong, was a method of secrecy. He did not take the nation into his confidence and say, in effect: “ I want so many men; at present I have only got such-and-such a number, but I know I can safely trust to the gallant British people to make good the required number.” With his great reputation and popularity, he could at any moment have told the people tu do anything he liked, and we think they would have done it enthusiastically. But he had none of the arts of setting people on fire by public speeches. He had no glimmering of the histrionic talent of Nelson. He wrapped his schemes in a kind of Oriental mystery. Yet we fully confess that some- how or other he put the necessary pressure on us all. He never allowed us to feel that we could rest content with our efforts. He kept us, so to speak, in a funk, because we never knew whether we were securing our safety or not. Whether Kitchener thought all this out as a psychological problem we do not know, but at least his instincts about his country- men were absolutely true. When the standard of measure- ments was raised—unwisely, we thought—emulation was very likely excited. Men wanted to force the forbidden door, As Dickens said, a play is bound to be a success, irrespective of its merits, if people hear that they cannot get into the theatre. Kitchener was, to put it in a word, no idealist. He treated the nation with the instincts of a brilliant sergeant. Ilis defect as an organizer was the common defect of organizers. He liked personally to watch the progress of every part of the machine and to hold every lever in his own hands. Much might have turned out differently if he had not accepted too much responsibility. It would be treating the memory of a truly great man with something like contempt to pretend that his qualities had none of these defects. But for the immensity of his qualities let his achievement speak. He looked clearly into the future and provided for it. Tis astonishing self-dependence gave us the New Armies. Without him we should not have had them.

ULSTER AND THE IRISH SETTLEMENT. E have always held that the Ulstermen are not only the salt of Ireland, but the salt of the Empire. Joined to their native courage, their steadfastness, theit responsibility, and their sense of duty and self-sacrifice they have, however, a certain wildness and over-emphasis of language, caught,no doubt, from those among whom they live. The fact that they have had to live toujours en védelte has made them assume an attitude which has often in the past seemed to the comfortable, prosperous citizens of England suspicious and domineering. That is a venial fault. Judge Ulster by her deeds, not by her language, and there is no part of the United Kingdom or the Empire which will come better out of the supreme test. While the rest of Ireland has been burning in its own political madness, the North-Hast and non-Celtic Ireland has not been fiddling but carnestly workin out her own salvation. And remember this. She has work out her own salvation, industrial, moral, and political, without

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-— = ow _ = - se 2 Oe FOS OU CENT ESE eS eel Eee ee Cee June 10, 1916.] THE SPECTATOR. 709 outside help or encouragement. Angry Nationalists sometimes try to impose on ignorant Englishmen the notion that it was easy for the people of Belfast and. the North to win their prosperity. “They won it because they ere favoured by the connexion with Britain and have been the spoilt children of the Union.” “ That statement is probable, but certainly false ’’—to quote one of Mr. Gibbon’s footnotes. Nothing is farther from the facts. Belfast has never had anything else but the cold shoulder from the British Government and from Dublin. The subsidies, the loans, the Government schemes of development, the pensions and the places, the smiles and the good things of the Castle, which have been showered on the South Irish during the last fifty years have never come her way. The old fat scandals of the Established Church and of the land system, the sinecures of the law and of officialism, have poured no gold into her lap. She won her place in the industrial world solely by her own vigour and industry, like any of the great towns or industrial districts of England or Scotland—for example, Middles- brough or Newcastle. If the Belfast correspondent of the Times is not misinformed fn the telegram published in Thursday’s paper, Belfast and what we have termed the moral Ulster, the Ulster of the six counties, are going to give the greatest possible proof of their devotion to the Empire. Though their hearts are sad within them -who can wonder that this is so ?—and though they have the gravest doubts as to the future, Ulster Unionists are going to put aside all thought of their own selfish interests, and to assent to the proposal that the Government’s Home Rule scheme shall be tried in those portions of Ireland in which there isa local Home Rule majority. In our opinion, they are wise not to pronounce a cold non possumus to Mr. Lloyd George’s scheme, and this we fcel will be the general opinion of English Unionists. But when we say this let us not forget how great must have been the temptation to the Ulstermen to stand aloof, to avenge all the threats and injuries and insults of the past five years, and to wreck the Home Rule compromise. But even though they resisted this temptation, there were other adverse influences quite as potent. They have seen their warnings as to the toleration of the forces of 1evolution and revolt come true, and half Ireland in flames because, in spite of those warnings, the sentimentalists of the Irish Office pretended that a tiger could be turned into a domestic cat by calling it “ poor pussy ” and offering it a daily ration of cream and fried sole. In a word, they had every excuse for looking at the great political problem with which they were presented in a narrow and self-regarding light. Unless, how- ever, all the omens are at fault, and the telegram from Belfast in the Times to which we have alluded is ill-founded, they have put aside all this, and in spite of their fears and their disgust they have determined to think of the Empire first and Ulster second. They have decided not to use the power which the Sinn Fein revolt has undoubtedly given them in order to veto the Government’s last chance for carrying out the policy of reconciliation. We are sure that the men of North-East Ulster have done right. We remain, as we have always been, Unionists —te., defenders of, and believers in, the wisdom, justice, and practical statesmanship of the Act of Union. We hold that the legislative and incorporating Union pro- Vides the best form of government for a country with Ireland’s history, and divided as she is by cross-currents vf race, creed, and political aspiration. Were the island homogeneous, and did the local majority throughout Ireland correspond with the majority in Ireland as a whole, the case for Home Rule might be unanswerable. Ireland, however, is not homogeneous, and if she is to remain one and indivisible the Union is the best compromise. But though we still believe ‘hat the Union holds the field as the soundest way of sett!ing the relations, not only between the two islands, but between the two Irelands, the Ireland of the South and West, of the Celt and the Roman Catholic, and the Ireland of the North, of the Saxon and the Protestant, we recognize that in existing cveumstances it is impossible to resist the demand that & Home .Rule settlement shall be tried subject to a bona-fide agreement to leave out that homogeneous portion of Ireland roughly described as the six counties— .e., the area in which the proportionate majority of anti-Home Rulers is, roughly, as great as the Home Rule majority in the test of Ireland. The Z'imes correspondent in Belfast informs us that the scheme for what he calls “ the New Ulster ” will be accepted on Monday at a meeting of the Unionist Council. There is much regret, he tells us, and some misgiving, but ‘the overwhelming pressure of Imperial necessity will do its work.” That, we believe, represents the facts, and it is a momentous tribute to the political wisdom and foresight of the Northern Unionists. As we have said, but must say once more,» we share their regrets and their misgivings, but we absolutely and whole-heartedly endorse their determination to keep the area of New Ulster, not only outside Home Rule, but inside the Union and under the Parliament at West- minster. More than this they might no doubt have claimed, and so have wrecked the so-called policy of conciliation ; but more it would have been unstatesmanlike, and at this moment unpatriotic, for them to claim. They will have the thanks of all true Imperialists here and overseas because they did not insist on their pound of flesh, but agreed to stand by and see the Home Rule Act applied to the rest of Ireland. = To attack the leaders of the Unionist Party as the Morning Post attacks them in Thursday’s issue is a piece of political injustice so monstrous that we feel sure our contemporary will soon repent its words in sackcloth and ashes. They may have made a mistake. We do not think they have. But to speak as if they had betrayed Ulster is preposterous. Here we must also protest most strongly against the hoary and ten-times-demolished scare- crow paraded by the Morning Post—i.ec., that to leave the New Ulster out of the Home Rule scheme is to betray the Unionists of the South. It is to do nothing of the kind. The Ulster Unionists, still under the Imperial Parliament, will be the best and most efficient protectors that the Southern Unionists can possibly have. They will hold hostages, or, if it is pre- ferred, pledges, moral and physical, for the prevention of the ill-treatment of the Southern Unionists which no Nation- alist Parliament or Government in Dublin can possibly ignere. The Ulster Unionists can afford to pass by this cruel, this ungenerous, this false suggestion that they have saved them- selves at the expense of the loyalist minority in the rest of Ireland. The Times correspondent goes on to point out that it is feared that unless Mr. Redmond can exercise as much influence with his followers as Sir Edward Carson with his, there will be discord and dissension. He tells us, for example, that one of the representatives of the Healyite wing, “ which is much stronger in the country than in Parliament,” says that “* the acceptance of such a scheme”—which is, in essence, a scheme for leaving out that part of Ircland in which the majority loathes Home Rule, and letting it apply only to that part of Ireland in which the majority desires it—is enough to discredit any Government and to disgust any honest Home Ruler, and proceeds to speak of it as ‘* hateful, pernicious, and repulsive.”’ We had hoped to be able to say no more on the subject till the Unionist Council at Belfast had endorsed Mr. Lloyd George’s compromise. We must, however, note one other point made by the Times correspondent. He tells us that the Bishop of Raphoe and Mr. Devlin, the two great Nation- alist powers in the North, “ will only recommend the accept- ance of the compromise as a purely temporary expedient, and on the understanding that the whole question will be reopened after the war.” If this is to be the attitude of the Northern Nationalists, undoubtedly the Northern Unionists would have ground for breaking off negotiations even at the last moment. We most sincerely trust, however, that they will not take advantage of this fact, but will treat this unworthy attempt of the Nationalist extremists with the contempt it deserves. It will be the duty of every English and Scotch Unionist who, like ourselves, is encouraging the Ulster Unionists to do a painful and dangerous duty, to see to it that in no circumstances shall the inhabi- tants of the New Ulster—of the six counties—be asked to go back on the compact they are now making, unless, of course, they see the rest of Ireland so wonderfully well governed that they of their own free motion come to the Parliament of the United Kingdom and demand in- clusion within the area governed from Dublin. The notion of a settlement on the basis that it is all to be torn up, possibly only six months hence, and coercion applied to Ulster the moment the war is over is preposterous and unthinkable. Clearly she must have an adequate assurance from Unionists here that the settlement, if it is made, shall be a real settlement, and not a temporary device—an_ honourable contract, not a trap. Whatever settlement is made must be a settlement in good faith, and both sides must agree to abide by it, unless and until one side can convert the other to its own views. Better no agreement at all than one which is to be the preliminary to a new faction-fight. To suggest a compromise ‘for the duration of the war only’ is the height, not only of political bad faith, but of political fatuity.

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710 THE SPECTATOR. [June 10, 1916. “ ENGAGE THE ENEMY MORE CLOSELY!” T° the question, ‘‘ How are we to know who is the victor ? ” our forefathers gave the answer, “ He who holds the Death-stead.”. We held the Death-stead on June Ist, and we hold it still. Ever since the German Fleet went about and ran full steam ahead for Wilhelmshaven, scourged on, till darkness covered them, by our destroyers, cruisers, and battleships, British warships have patrolled the battlefield. @ur flag has flown, and still flies, without challenge over the gteen-grey shects of humming water beneath which lie so many brave men and the good ships that once so proudly played their part in guarding all we hold dear. If to hold the Death-stead is the test of victory, as without question im is, who can deny our claim? But this is not the only test of victory. There are others, and judged by them also our victory is beyond question. The first of these auxiliary tests is allied to that which we have gust given. Ife is the vanquished who breaks off the encounter, who dares not fly the signal “ Engage the enemy more elosely |” who from necessity—for here of course there is no question of cowardice or courage—seeks the shelter of his ports. * Even if we had not been able to hold the Death-stead, and if the enemy still roamed over it in our place, we might mevertheless count ourselves the victors. The Germans acknowledged defeat when their ships, some to the south, some to the north, some to the eastward, made their dash for safety. It is not the victors who fly to shelter. Next gomes the moral test of victory—did the enemy accomplish the object to gain which he invited battle? It is conceivable that the side which is physically beaten, which loses the battlefield, which has to break off the encounter, may yet win a moral victory by accomplishing its aim. The German High Sea Fleet, when in all its beauty and strength it steamed into the North Sea, was not merely challenging us to « fight, or, like Van Tromp, showing its power to sweep the €ierman Ocean with a broom. It had a great and clearly defined aim. What that aim was we do not yet know, but we do know that the German Fleet was intent on some purpose beyond bringing our Fleet to action. It may be that Admiral von Scheer thought our battle-cruisers were too adventurous, and judged that by a sudden swoop of his whole force he could ouieell and destroy them, and yet get back to shelter before Admiral Jellicoe could rescue his daring skirmishers. It may be that the German Admiral wished to prove to the neutrals that.our blockade was broken, and that he could if he liked at any moment assume the command of the North Sea. Again, it may be that the Germans wished under cover of a general action to facilitate the escape of a small squadron of swift commerce-destroyers into the Atlantic. Further, the ingenious suggestion of a French Admiral may be true— namely, that the supreme object was to cover the despatch ef a squadron with orders to steam full speed to Archangel and there destroy the ships going in with munitions and the ships coming out with grain, and also to burn the Russian base and ruin the open (summer) door into Russia. Yet again, it has been suggested that the aim of the German Fleet was, after brushing our battle-cruisers aside, to enter the &kagerrak, pass either through the Sound or the Little Belt into the Baltic, and so demonstrate German strength and British weakness. The notion sounds rash to the point of madness when we remember that the German Fleet could get into the Baltic at any moment in the sober security afforded to it by its great ditch, the Kiel Canal. But mad as it sounds, we must also remember that there is no limit to the eccentrici- ties of the German High Command, especially on the element still strange to them. They are brave sailors and ingenious constructors, but for sea strategy they have no instinct. Finally, the dominant idea may have been a combination of two or more of these schemes. All we can be sure of is that the Germans had a clear and definite object, and that we prevented them accomplishing it. They did not fail by accident, or because they changed their plan, or because they found that they were mistaken in some tactical calculation. They failed because we attacked them, obtained the initiative in the battle, and drove them from the field of action. Judged by this test of the unaccomplished object, our victory was again complete. There is one more test. We won “ on points ” as well as » the failure of the Germans to “ come up to time.” Though the arithmetic of the battle of Jutland is stil! nebulous, we now know that, great as were our losses, those of the Germans were still greater. We have published ours truth- fully. They dare not publish theirs. They have closed Wilhelmshaven lest the dreadful secrets it holds should bring despair to the heart of the Fatherland. In all probability they lost nineteen or twenty ships to our fourteen. If we take the percentage of loss to the total force, this means a terrifig blow to German nava! power. We have dealt elsewhere with the details of the ba and need not tell again of its deeds of heroism beyond th dreams of romance ; of how the battle-cruisers and battleshi 4 came ploughing through the green water like knights ch a with pennons flying and lances in rest. Into the unten dashed, every thought obliterated from the mind but patie | destroy their enemies and rescue their comrades. Valour chivalry, and nobility were in the ascendant and ruled the hour. Every one of the great traditions of our Navy was maintained, and had Blake or Hawke, Rodney or Camperdown, Nelson of Collingwood, been present, he would not have felt one instant’s misgiving that any of his lessons of self-sacrifice and coura had been forgotten. As we write there come to mind the words of the great Elizabethan lawyer, Lord Coke. Even the arch. pedant of the Courts burst into fiery eloquence at the thought ofthe Navy. It turned parchment and wax and white wafer into flesh and blood :— “Tho king’s navy exceeds all others in the world for three things, viz.: beauty, strength, and safety. For beauty, they aro so many royall palaces: for strength (no part of the world having such irog and timber as England hath) so many moving castles and barbicang: and for safety, they are the most defensive walls of the realm. Amon the ships of other nations, they aro like lions amongst silly beasts, or falcons amongst fearfull fowlo.” Taken as a whole, the instinct of the British people towards the battle has been sound throughout. They have realized that there was nothing to regret, nothing but what might “quiet us” in deaths so noble. A few shrill voices have, however, been raised in criticism. Our commanders, they think, were too daring and ran too great risks. “ They need not have attacked the Germans so precipitately and while we were so weak. When the enemy so greatly outnumbered and outclassed them they should have waited for sup- ports.” They should have done nothing of the kind. Admiral Beatty, bravest of the brave as he is, is no Berserker blind with the rage of battle. He is the coolest and most calculating of strategists. He knew that his duty was to engage the enemy more closely, not merely because it is the glorious tradition of the Fleet, but because it was the right thing to do at the particular juncture. He knew, too, that his ships were built to fight and destroy the enemy whenever the chance arose, and not to be preserved in a glass case. He knew that a com- mander’s duty is not to save his ship but to risk it. His squadron was no talent to be laid up in a napkin, but some- thing to be put into the Bank of Battle to earn its profit, When he found the enemy he did not merely bark at their heels and ask for help. He did not add up the number of units or the number of guns, or work out formal calculations as to the proportions of armour. He and the band of brothers under his command flew in their hearts, if not at their masts’ heads, the old signa!. As long as he had a deck under him and a gun to fire he knew that it was his duty to hold the enemy. It has been said of the men commanding the ships which cams up under Admiral Arbuthnot to support the leading squadron that they were even more blind with the lust of battle than Beatty’s captains, that they “flushed ” too eagerly “ to antici- pate the scene,” and rushed on with too little thought “o'er the deadly space between.” We are not going to argue this point now. It is of course possible that in the heat of battle a mistake was made—there never was a battle on land or sea in which mistakes did not occur. All that we are concerned with now is that Arbuthnot, like Beatty, was true to the great tradition, true to the spirit of the Navy, and when the foe were in sight made it his prime care to grapple with them and not to save his ships or his own and his men’s skins. We are not suggesting that there is to be no sea strategy, no sea tactics, no husbanding of strength, nothing but “ m- fighting.” Every artifice is to be used and encouraged on the sea as on land, but it must always be remembered that when the enemy comes out and ofiers battle he must be fought, and fought not half-heartedly but whole-heartedly and with the utmost inspiration of the offensive. And here perhaps we should guard ourselves from being thought to be making some subtle or covert insinuation against out land forces. Nothing is farther from our mind. We have no part or lot with those foolish people who want to hurl our men prematurely or unadvisedly against the German lines in Flanders. We cannot put it more strongly than by saying that we no more want that than we wanted Admiral Jellicoe to hurl his ships on the German minefields, or, weary of waiting, to make a dash on Wilhelmshaven or Cuxhaven, or, again, to court destruction by badly thought out attempts to seize Heligoland or to force a passage into the

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. 4 e ecane' "=" © M70 &@ oo “— SS es OS ee aE a —C iiaiDainds hs ha June 10, 1916.] THE SPECTATOR. 711 Baltic. There is no analogy between engaging the enemy as Beatty engaged them and attacking the German trenches pre- maturely. The analogy would only apply if to-morrow the Germans came over the parapet by the hundred thousand to swamp our lines. In that case there could and would be no standing on the defensive, no thoughts as to whether we were strong enough at the moment. Our Army, we know, would clothe itself once more in the inspiration of the offensive and attack the attackers, just as Beatty and Arbuthnot attacked them. There would be no shirking of sacrifice, only the inexorable determination to hold the enemy till Haig, like Jellicoe, could bring his sledge-hammer reserve on to the field. Splendid as is the Navy, our Army has no need to learn this supreme lesson from it. Whenever the inspiration of the offensive has been required of it, our glorious Army has answered the call. Who knows but that it may be answering it as we write ? THE MECHANISM OF FOOD CONTROL IN GERMANY. [CoMMUNICATED.] ‘HE most contradictory reports regarding the food position in Germany have appeared. We hear some- times that food is exceedingly dear and scarce, and sometimes that it is very cheap and plentiful. Even the German Government has published irreconcilable accounts. It has officially complained that England was starving to death the German women and children, and it has also asserted that Germany could not be starved into surrender because the productivity of her agriculture made starvation impossible, and because she had devised a food organiza- tion for the duration of the war which made that country practically independent of imported supplies. The true position of the German food question is not realized in this country because the public has been mis- informed, not only by the Germans, but by neutral and British correspondents and journalists as well. In the natural desire to cheer up this country the newspapers have, since the beginning of the blockade, printed information according to which the food position in Germany was very serious. However, they have taken a very one-sided view. They have supplied us with instances of scarcity and of dearness, but they have failed to show us the other side. While English papers have month by month told us that food in Germany was scarce and dear, the advertisement columns of those German papers which reach England indicate that food is very cheap. If we turn for information to the Board of Trade Labour Gazelte, which is supposed to be a well- informed and perfectly impartial organ, we are apt to be deceived. In the April number of that official publication lists of retail prices of foodstuffs in the United Kingdom and in Germany are published, but as the prices are expressed, not in shillings and pence, but in abstract percentages, it is, of course, impossible for the reader to compare prices in Germany and the United Kingdom. According to the Labour Gazette, retail prices of food have, since the beginning of the war, risen by 85°6 per cent. in Germany, and by only 49 per cent. in the United Kingdom. Apparently the rise has not been very much greater in Germany than over here. The difference is certainly not great enough to justify the belief that the blockade has produced widespread distress in Germany. However, if we look a little more closely into the figures supplied by the Board of Trade, it appears that the summary statement given is scarcely trustworthy. The staple foods of the German people are, in order of their importance, potatoes, bread, and sugar. The price of potatoes had remained unchanged, that of wheat bread had risen by 27:7 per cent., and that of rye bread by 42°9 per cent., whereas bread prices in the United Kingdom had increased by 52 per cent. Lastly, sugar had increased by 28 per cent. in Germany, and by no less than 128 per cent. in this country. As a matter of fact, potatoes, bread, and sugar have during the whole duration of the war been very much cheaper in Germany than over here. If the Board of Trade had made its comparison with a better knowledge of German conditions, it would not have published the figures given, which are quite misleading. Broadly speaking, food has been very cheap in Germany during the whole of the war, although some comparatively less important items have been dear. Germany produces about eight times as much potatoes as this country. The average German is as great a potato consumer as the average Irishman in the West and the South. Now, whereas potatoes have cost retail during the war about three-halfpence ® pound in this country, they have cost only about a halfpenny a pound in Germany. In other words, they are three times as dear in this country as in blockaded Germanv. The German Government has recently proclaimed that food was cheap and plentiful in Germany. It has no doubt been cheap, but it seems questionable whether it has been plentiful. We have lately read about sanguinary food riots in many parts of Germany. We have become familiarized with the fact that housewives have to wait for hours, and sometimes all night long, to get certain foods under the ticket system, and in the Times of May 23rd the following Reuter telegram from Amsterdam was published :— “The Berlin Municipal Council issued new regulations en Saturday evening for the distribution of meat and fat. Every bread-ticket holder is now entitled to half-a-pound of meat or fat a week, eo long as there are sufficient supplies, These regulations are to come into force im- mediately. Citizens are advised to put down their names at their butcher’s without delay. Whether these rations will be increased, and, if so, when, depends on the available supplies which, it is expected, witl speedily be regulated by the ‘ Food Dictator,’ who has not yet beea appointed. The same rations have been allotted to the population as Charlottenburg.” Half-a-pound of meat is equivalent only to a very small steak. How small that quantity per week must appear to the German masses may be obvious if we bear in mind that the German soldier’s ration consists of three-quarters of a pound of meat per day, or of five and a quarter pounds per week. However, even this miserable half-pound of meat per week is not a certainty, but merely a possibility. It is the maximum to which a full-grown man is entitled. Apparently food in Germany is at the same time cheap and scarce. This seems a contradiction, but the correctness of this view will presently appear. Germany s power of organization has been the admiration and the envy cf the world. Her organization and regulation of the food supply have evoked particular admiration in many quarters, and some British politicians have advocated copying the German system e# bloc and putting the nation on rations. Coming events may sober the views of the uncritical admirers of Germany. It seems by no means impossible that Germany by over-organizing and over-regu- lating the economic life of the nation has organized herself into ruin and regulated herself into defeat. Immediately on the outbreak of war representatives of the Socialist Party, which had polled 4,250,000 votes at the last election, demanded that the regulation of food prices should not be left to rapacious “ food usurers,”’ that the State should fix low maximum prices, and ensure an equitable distribution of foodstuffs to all. In other words, the German Socialists demanded that the law of supply and demand should be abolished for the duration of the war. It is almost as danger- ous to disregard that fundamental economic law as to disregard the law of gravity. The food problem of blockaded Germany was a simple one. As the country produces only about two-thirds of the food which is regularly consumed, consump- tion and production could be harmonized only by decreasing the former and increasing the latter. If the law of supply and demand had been allowed free play, prices would have risen considerably, and the greatly enhanced prices would have induced the masses to eat less, and would at the same time have caused the farmers to produce as much as possible, for German farmers like to take advantage of exceptioral opportunities of making profits. Consumption of food in Germany could easily have been restricted, because the German masses suffer from habitual over-eating. That accounts for the well-known corpulence of the people. The very poor might of course have suffered by increased prices, but these might have been helped by the State and by the local authorities so as to tide them over. Instead of allowing supply and demand to be regulat: by natural means, by the means whereby they have be harmonized since the creation of things, the Germ: Government chose to embark upon the most gigantic Socialistic experiment which the world has scen. In frantic haste it published hundreds of emergency laws, orders, and regulations, the bulk of which were designed to regulate the economic life of the country. A law was passed in the begin- ning of the war which empowered the Government to fr maximum wholesale and retail prices for all commodities, and to expropriate the owners of these commodities at the prices determined upon. At the same time, it authorized the State to undertake the distribution of these commodities. Socialist doctrinaires have claimed since the time of Plato that the State should equitably regulate productio: distribution, and consumption. A bureaucracy can « many things, but it cannot alter human nature. That ia is often overlooked by the dreamers of economic dreams. powerful bureaucracy can easily seize all the existing supp1ic od a | a a

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712 THE SPECTATOR. [June 10, 1916. of meat, bread, potatoes, &c., and distribute them more or less equitably ; but it cannot very easily regulate production and consumption. Men like the Germans, who are used to ever-eaiing and over-drinking, will continue eating and drinking in excess unless necessity compels them to alter their habits, and as it is impossible to regulate the food eaten by each individual by means of Government inspectors, a reduc- tion in the food consumed can be effected only by the pressure of necessity, by high prices. The ablest bureaucracy also cannot compel retailers to continue in their business if it does not yield them an adequate profit, and least of all can it force millions of peasant farmers to produce meat, bread, corn, and potatoes in large quantities if the maximum prices fixed by the Government are not sufficiently attractive. By fixing maximum prices very low both for wholesale a retail transactions the German Government has seemingly suc- ceeded in reducing production and in considerably in- creasing consumption. Germany suffers from a_ gencral shortage of food. The Government has distributed sparingly certain foodstuffs and has made others dear. However, as other food could be obtained cheaply, the people apparently merely changed their dict, and continued their fatal inroad upon the insufficient and shrinking food stores of the country. The anxiety of the German Government regarding the food osition may be plainly seen from the extravagant and ridicu- hos regulations made. Maximum prices, wholesale and retail, have been fixed for the most trivial items, such as vheasants, carp, tench, pike, red-eye, &c. It is difficult to soe exactly what has happened, because the German news- papers, thovgh devoting columns to the food problem, do not give those details which alone will enable one to gauge the position correctly, It must not be forgotten that the entire Geiman Press is edited by the General Staff. However, a few stray items cf only local significance seem to indicate that low prices have caused the peasants to neglect cultivation, that they have allowed their cattle and pigs to eat bread corn before it was ripe, and to consume much of the potatoes intended for human consumption. The maximum price of potatoes was fixed at 55 marks per ton, which is equal to about three pounds fora penny. Peasants who find that they cannot make a sufficient profit by selling their produce to the fovernment at the low official maximum prices, and who do not care to have their produce seized by the authorities, will produce little, will conceal much, and will raise food principally for thcir own consumption. That insufficient numbers of cattle and pigs are coming to the markets is either due to the fact that the animals have been eaten during the period of low prices, or to the fact that the owners refuse to part with them, and that the Government is afraid to con- fiscate them. As a rule low prices indicate plenty and high prices scarcity. Hlad the German Government allowed supply and demand to regulate themselves, there would have been high prices but a sufficiency. It seems possible that by keeping prices at an unnaturally low level the German authorities have created a fatal scarcity throughout the country. Herr Delbriick, the late German Vice-Chancellor, who has been responsible for the regulation of prices and the whole food policy of the Government, resigned recently “for reasons of health,” and according to report the German Minister of Agriculture, who presumably acted as his principal adviser, will follow him into retirement. The food position in Germany is no doubt serious, and for all we know it may be desperate. That may account for Germany’s desire for an early peace. Still, the new harvest is ripening, and the German people may bear much in the hope of early relief. Therefore the military efforts of the Allies must not be allowed to slacken. THE UNCHANGING SEA FIGHT. IGHTING at sea changes its character less than fighting on land, no doubt because it is conditioned by an unchanging element. It might, however, be maintained that land fighting changes in these days only to become more like its old self. As the Greeks sat down in front of Troy, so the Germans sit in front of Verdun, and the long lines of fighting men sit facing each other from the Channel to the Swiss foothills. Of course the strain is continual in Northern Europe, whereas the classical fighters joined the combat only now and again and filled in the intervals with personal combats “ between the lines.” The turn of the wheel in land fighting has been slow. ‘The range of cannon when gunpowder was invented drove armies to a more respectful distance from each other. It seemed that the ever-increasing range of artillery and musketry would drive them still further apart, and that they would close upon each other only when infantry rushed the position of wavering men or cavalry swept in pursuit on to a demoralized army in flight. But the inevitable compensation came, Men burrowed like conies to escape the effects of metal, approached each other from behind ramparts of earth, which wera continually advanced by the sappers. Before Sebastopol tha opposing armies lay for months within a few yards of ono another Even grenadiers to-day are restored to a position of importanea from which they seemed to be deposed a hundred yoars ago, Bus if the vicissitudes of land fighting move in a gigantic circle, they still have the appearance of rapid change with every new campaign, The changes in sea fighting are smali by comparison. and armies The fact that seamen are placed on a floating platform tioy their movements to a fixed and final form. Soldiers may dispute whether a serried mass of men in a land battle may not, in Spite of huge losses under a terrible fire, have the advantage over mey in open order. For one thing, the com pact mass enjoys a sense of support, conveyed by shoulder touching shoulder, and this is of g measurable moral value. Then, again, there is the truth—at least, an ascertained truth within certain limits—that the momentum of a crowd will carry it further than the sum of individual personal resolves would enable it to go. It is as though the crowd developed a mystical determination of its own which is not explicable by any reference to the characters of the individuals composing it. Some such doctrine as this perhaps justificd the use of the German phalang against the Russians a year ago. In any case, this is a question which is taken entirely out of the hands of the seaman and is decided for him by circumstance. He is bound to fight with the fullest co-operative sense. He is part of a war-machine which Stevenson, 2s he looked down upon a ship of war in the harbour of a Pacific island, described as “an ant-heap for activity.” There would be confusion in so comparatively small a space if each man had not a task that keeps him to his allotted place. All things combine to emphasize this co-operative sense of the sailor, and impress it upon him till he cannot think of his work except as a small contribution to an immense and intricate effort in combination. If the organiza. tion breaks down, the ship becomes unworkable, or at all events falls short of playing her part in the higher combination of which she in her turn is only a unit. Naval tactics depend upon the precise movements of worlds within worlds. If any particular world suffers the earthquake which is produced by the arrival of salvoes of shells, by a torpedo, or by an internal explosion, the constant co-operation of the ship’s company receives its final illustration. Every soul on board goes into the sea when the ship founders. There is no prospect here of the wounded being drawn out of the conflict and gently tended behind the lines. Doctors, bearers, and wounded are all engulfed in the common element, and lucky is the man who is rescued from a shattered boat or a floating piece of wreckage. The psychologist might exhaust himsolf in comparing the sustain- ing and unnerving influences which make tho differences between land fighting and sea fighting. The sailor who had a mind to run away—if there be any such in the Navy, which we think highly improbable—could not do it. His legs are not his servants of his masters. The engines rush him forward to the attack, and the only man—the Captain—who can give the word to stop will certaiuly never do it so long as a spark of hope remains of firing on the enemy with success. It is easy to say that the sailor must fight because he cannot help it—that he is always in the position of the man with his back to the wall. But there is no record of a modem British sea fight that we know of which displays the sailor fighting in that spirit. He is always seen as the cog in the machine, perfectly cool, perfectly preoccupied with his business, which indeed has become so much a habit with him that he has no time to think of anything else. His motive is habit, not desperation. If his nerves be racked, it is during the time when his ship is gradually approach, ing the encmy. When the battle is joined he has no such hours of waiting as often fall to a soldier in the middle of an action. All the time he works so hard that he has no opportunity to think at will. That, we gather from all accounts, is the common experienc® As for Leing paralysed by the imminence of death, he has become intimate with the idea of death long before. Evorything depends upon the mental approach to thoughts of death. The sailor knows that if his ship sinks in battle there is no hope for him worth spect lating about. He is, therefore, not troubled by doubts. His feeling is that death has been accepted in edvance. He tells himself thst he will be lucky if he escapes it ; he does not tell himself that it will be bad luck if he is killed. The writer remembers being told of as inventor’s scheme by which torpedoes would be tiny submarines navigated by a single man inside. A torpedo, instead of taking 1 only appointed course, would be capable of changing its direction at tho will of its navigator. The navigator would, of course, perish when the torpedo struck. The writer remombers wondering

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June 10, 1916.] THE SPECTATOR. 713

whether a branch of the Navy could be built up on this principle of condemning a certain number of officers and men in advance to certain death in battle. But, with the wonderful story of the North Sea battle in our minds, can any of us really wonder whether euch a service would lack recruits ? One is more inclined to think that every officer and man in the Navy would clamour to enter it if by so doing he could serve the Navy better. Even the change from sail to steam did not essentially alter sea fighting. Nelson mancuvred for the weather gage; Sir John Jellicoe manceuvres for the better conditions of light. action may begin at a distance of more than fifteen miles, low visibility brings the ships close together. And we may be certain that in a fog the fighters would search for one another till ship crashed into ship, and one was perhaps locked with another till the old scenes of boarding were reproduced. of seamanship, are not like the Romans, who tried to make good their inferiority to the Carthaginians in seamanship by turning a sca fight as nearly as possible into a land battle ships together and pounding away at close quarters. excel in manceuvre and the lightning judgment which it requires. ‘They prefer to fight on the terms they can impose, but they would nct hesitate to prove that they were equal to the oldest forms of that traditional vea fighting which changes little in accidentals and not at all in essence. by locking the Our sailors

VOLTAIRE ON THE FLEET. ‘¥ F in the Elysian Fields they aro moved at all by mortal things, we may be sure that Voltaire watches with cagie eyes Le Roi des Bulgares trying to Prussianize the world. We may be that Voltaire, if he writes as well as watches, is full of sympathetic reflections on the English, for he loved our nation; and if he did not build us a synagogue, he at any rate raised to us an eternal monument in his letters on England Voltaire. He could not keep his pen off the people who always amused him so immensely, and yet touched his fierce, hard, mocking spirit as chiidren touch men who are too cynical and saturnine to show human feeling to grown-up people. They will see men or women lying wounded in the ditch and pass by on the other side, but cannot resist the appeal of the child. We will goa sure, also, Anglis erexit

Although | Our sailors, being masters | | realize what the document was so zealously concealing. step further and say that if Voltaire has been watching and writing | . - o co i of England, he has this week been delighted beyond all measure by the wey in which we took the greatest navai battle in history, and made it a subject, not for flags, toasts, and triumphs, but for indulgence in | aperfect orgy of spleen, self-depreciation, abuse of ourselves and our rulers, and for a general display of melancholic gloom of tho most approved East Wind kind. (Our readers will remember Voltaire’s deliciously whimsical attribution of English mental eccentricities to the inability of the race to endure cold, dry winds.) The weather and the occasion, we may be sure Voltaire has been saying, all contributed to afford the English people an opportunity of showing off their national characteristics to the full. He has unquestion- ably beon gravely thanking Le Roi des Bulgares for having proved 60 perfect a circus-master. ‘ Before the vyes of a delighted Europe he has been putting the lion through his paces—including, of course, the final bolt for the cage-door, with the lion’s teeth in the black and yellow coat-tails as they whisked through the eperture into safety.” Let us imagine ourselves blessed by what Sir Thomas Browne would have called the “ courteous revelation of spirits.” A new Voltaire letter on England is on our desk. Surely it must run something in this style :— Dear ——,—-The English are a great people, a brave people, and @ people who, in spite of their phlegm, and of all appearances to the contrary, are at heart optimists. No doubt they conceal the fact with a cloak which a fool or an enemy would call hypocrisy, but in trath it is nothing of the kind. If you could have seen them during the last two days and watched how they received the news of the great battle lately fought in the North Sea, you would have been exasperated et first, but later I am sure you would have learnt, like me, not Only to love but to understand them. Any other people would have per- ceived at once that their Fleet had won a victory. enemy doing what he wanted to do, whatever that was—and who can say what Potsdam may not want when once its lusts are stirred? It had driven him off the sea into his porta, and further it was left to scour the battlefield in proud possession. ‘What more can heart desire ?” would have been the cry in Paris or Madrid. Not so wiih the English, They only perceived a magnificent opportunity to show the world what the spleen can do at its height. Though they had the facts which I have just given staring them in the face, there was not a bright eyo cra happy countenance in the country. plunged in melancholy, and melancholy of a very angry kind. They were determined to enjoy to the full what one of their pocts has called “the luxury of woe,” and, but for their essential goodacss of heart, Every man, woman, and child was |

| is something in the English after all.” It had stopped the |

I should have added, of arrogant ill-temper. They were “ of all mon most miserable.” [You must always pardon these islanders a quotation from Peter or Paul. They know their Bibles far too well, and quote on every possible and impossible occasion.| They were disgraced, they were ruined, they had lost the command of the sea—how, they did not explain, and at tho moment it was positively not safe to ask them. To have done so would have been to win a drubbing from people who tho next moment were declaring that all spirit, courage, steadfastness, and what-not had utterly and for ever abandoned the English race.—¥or the future any man might slap their faces or kick their hinder parta without the slightest trepidation. It was all over. They could never recover from the humiliation and despair of this black I'riday. You will say, perhaps, that all this melancholy was really tho result of the humanity of the English, and of their sorrow at the great loss of life, and even more at the loss of those precious ships which the English- Only the English manage to worship inanimate things, though of course they will not allow their “ coursers of the brine” to be inanimate. No; that is not the explanation. The English know how to suffer losses without blenching. man loves as othor men love animals or old customs. As their greatest General said, they rather like a “ big butcher's bili.” It stirs their sluggish spirits to hear of great losses, huge slaughter, and heroic sacrifices. They endure death and wounds easily enous) It was the luxury of self-depreciation, the joy of hitting their own heads hard, which they could not resist when so good an opportunity offered itself. Admiralty, who are also Englishmon and share the nation feelin, The temptation was increased by the fact that the Lor ls of the led off the chorus of adoration of the great goddess of Spleen in a style of special magnificence. We have all heard the expression “lio liko a bulletin.” Tho English will somo day vary it to “ weep like a bullc tin.” So lachrymose was the manner in which Milords announced the nows of the sea fight that it took even a Frenchman a little time to Not merely vas its general tone funoreal, but there was visible aa almost savage effort to exaggerate the English loeses and conceal those of the enemy. The English took the cve instantly and joyfully, and wopt, and woul: not be comforted. Yet I honestly believe that all the time those amazing islanders were cherishing in their secret hearts the knowledge that things were really quite satisfactory, and that after a good howl they would enjoy all the more tho delights of victory. I have hoard that one of their youthful poets now on this side Lethe and the Styx was io the habit of putting tho strongest cayenne pepper down his throat and enduring temporary tortures, in order that later he might the more enjoy the coolness of his claret, a3 they all call Bordeaux in London and, by the way, there is none better than that stored in the cellara of England. They tend it as if it were a raro plant. Well, this, I am sure, is what the English people were doing last week. As I write they aro beginning to acknowledge how dolicioua claret tastes to a burnt throat. Finally, they will return to sobrioty and sound business, and will reckon up thoir gaina in tho truo counting. hous? style. ‘* What a people!” you will say. “ They are impossible! Frenzicd and inoomprchensiblo barbarians ! Perhaps. And yet somehow delightful barbarians with a truc worship for intellect, science, and even, incredible as it may sound, art. Their loyalty, if not their dis- crimination, is amazing. In truth, if I may whisper it in your ear, of discrimination and discretion they have none. Of literary and artistio valour, however, there is plenty. If they think you are a genius, they will go through fire and water to save and serve you, and never even It is sufficient if you yourself swear that you are tho authentic son of Apollo. They do not know why they cherish genius. It is enough if the mystic label is there, I admit that they cannot understand genius as we understand it, but at any rate they adore it. Do you wonder, then, that I pardon all their gloomy, and even graceless, follics and eccentricities, their crudities and aber- rations? I claim for them the right to indulge their spleen to any extent they may desire. As long as they recognize the flowers of the mind and will die to protect them, what man of letters or of genius can be so base as to deny his bravest bodyguard? Truly the English have never delighted and amused me more than within the past few days. They are a noble people, and I hug myself and them for thea delicious inconsequence. Jt is Rabelais and Don Quixote come to jife in the plump body of M. Jourdain, and yet with it all tho stera lf you want to go into battle, have an Englishmen at your right hand—yes, and another at your left, and, I may add, two immediately in front and two close behind. “ Thore Never forget that, even when you are most irritated by the antics of these engaging madmen. ' With profound respe:t and in the best of tempers, Your devoted friend ” ask to see your certificates. trumpet of Mars fires the heart.

Voitainsg, CORRESPON DENCE, --- --- REMINISCENCES OF THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR.—II ;To THE Eprron oF Tak “ SrrcraTos.”)} in,—What struck mo alking with the officers with whom I lived was the entico absence of bitterness agaiast tho Southerners. Must of those oflicors had been educated at West Loint, and, of course, they most iat

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714 THE SPECTAYTOR. {June 10, 1916. had very numerous friends serving in the Confederate Army, for one of the great advantages which the latter obtained at the beginning of the war was that the majority of the West Point officers came from Southern families. Moreover, all appeared to feel the sympathy and respect which brave men entertain for each other. I do not think that during the whole time I was with the Northern Army I ever heard a single one of those bitter tirades against the “ rebels,” as they were ralled, which were rather frequent amongst the civil population in New York and elsewhere; but, though the officers were all staunch Unionists, a feeling of deop sadness prevailed amongst them that, by a cruel fate, they had been destined to bear arms against their own kith and kin. Assuredly, of all forms of strife, civil war is the most odious—a fact which I trust has by this time penetrated into the minds of both Ulstermen and Nationalists in Ireland. The Army itself resembled, I fancy, in some respects that of the Boers in the recent South African War. Tho boots and arms were in excellent condition, but beyond that, with the exception of General Butler and his Staff, who kept up a certain amount of what we should call emartness, there was very little attempt to display any of the pomp and circumstance of war. The uniforms were very dilapidated. There was not much outward appearance of discipline ; but, in point of fact, it was very severe. The morning that I arrived at headquarters a Federal soldier was hung for assaulting a woman. So far as I was concerned, there was really very little danger in going down to the trenches. So long as one kept under cover, the risk incurred was slight; but one had to be careful to keep under cover, as tho Vonfederate sharpshooters—the word “sniper” not having been then nvented—were admirable marksmen. On one occasion I put my forage-cap on the end of a walking-stick and held it above the parapet. In a couple of minutes it was pierced by three bullets. I remember also that the French Colonel to whom I have already alluded sat himsel¢ quietly down behind a loophole made of sandbags to look at the cnemy’s position through his glasses. Hardly had he begun to do so when two bullets plumped into the sandbag on cither side of him—within a few nehes of his nose. During the time I was there, or just before my arrival, one of the Federal Generals, I think it was General Sidgwick, being some six or seven hundred yards from tho Confederate lines, which was then censidered too far a range for accurate rifle-fire, thought te could safely go into the open and look through his glasses at the position. In a few minutes he was ehot dead. Petersburg was never invested. The Federal Army was entrenched in straggling lines some cight or nine miles long. The distance from the Confederate lines varied from about one hundred and twenty yards st the nearest point in the centre to several miles at the flanks. I remember that on the left flank, where the distance was considerable, rifle-pits, which were very close together, were thrown up in advance of both sides. There were two men in each of them. A couple of Federal toldiera, being rather bored with the situation, holloaed out to the two onfederates in the opposing rifle-pit, inviting them to meet in the space which separated them and play a game of poker. They did so. \fter the Southerners had lost all the money they had, it was suggested hat both should lay aside their arms and play for who chould be taken prisoners. Tho Yankees again won, and the two Southerners were marched off in triumph to the Federal camp. They complained to General Meade that the whole thing was a joke and they ought to be tct free, but the General decided that when he had once got them be would keep them. Also, at times, some good-humoured chaff, which does not bear repetition, went on between the outposts, particularly on the subject of a lady who at that time had gained a romewhat unenviable netoricty. Much amusement and admiration was excited owing to the fact that when an entrenchment was made across a railway line of which the Federals had gained possession, it was discovered that the Southerners, before withdrawing, knowing that the telegraph-wires on poles would be destroyed, had laid wires under the sleepers of the line, and had thus been able to communicate for some while with their friends outside through the Federal camp. On the extreme right, the officer in command was Gencral Butler, of New Orleans fame. He did not appear to be popular either with the Army or with the civil population. I recollect that on the occasion of a visit I paid to his battery, when I got within about fifty or sixty yards, I saw a puff of emoke from a wood opposite, some two or three miles off. A shell came whizzing over. A very good shot was made, as it plumped into one of the embrasures of the battery on our side and diemounted a gun. I remarked on the range being very long, and was told, but without reproach or comment of any kind, that the shot was from a Whitworth gun; which, of course, must have been furnished by a British blockade runner. At the point where the two lines approached each other most nearly, the distance being, as I have already mentioned, about one hundred and twenty yards, a mine had been constructed. None of the Staff officers thought it would be of much use, but an officer in command of a regiment of Pennsylvanian miners earnestly begged that he might be allowed to see what he could do, and permission was accorded to him. Iremember going into the chamber of this mine. It was curious bearing the Confederate guns being run up a few feet above one’s head and the ehells being discharged at the lines which we had just left. It was on this occasion that I realized the truth of what I had learnt in the classroom as a cadet at Woolwich—namely, that it is extremely difficult, especially for any one who is not a thorough expert, to judge from the sound of the pickaxes and shovels in which direction counter. mining is going on. About a thousand yards behind the Confederate lines a serics of redoubts had been constructed, which completely commanded the first line. Little as I knew of military affairs at the time, it appeared to me that the mine could be of no use, and this view was fully sharod by the American Staff officers. I waited some days to be present when it was exploded, but eventually, as the date seemed to be very uncertain, I had to leave. Shortly after I left, the mine was exploded early one morning, not just before dawn, as had been intended, but after it was light. Of course, the Confederate battery under which the mine had been placed was blown sky-high. Then the Federal troops, black regiments being employed, rushed to the attack and easily made a lodgment in the crater of the mine. When they got there, as was anticipated, the redoubts in the rear opened fire and speedily rendered their position untenable. They therefore had to retire in driblets, exposed to the rifle-fire of the Confederates on either flank. This useless attack cost the lives of several thousand men. I do not know if any of the Staff officers of General Meade’s Army were aware that the whole of the operations before Petersburg were little moro than a feint, and that the real attack was about to be made by Sherman in the West upon Atlanta. If they did know anything about it, which I rather doubt, they, of course, were very careful to hold their tongues, otherwise I should certainly have asked, and might perhaps have obtained, permission to accompany Sherman on his cnward march, which practically ended the war. I have always very greatly regretted that I was not able to do this. The general impression which I carried away from my visit to the American Army was that, although, of course, the United States at the commencement of the Civil War were as unprepared as they probably are now, and as we were at the commencement of the present war, when once the people of that country put their backs into an effort, they are capable of creating in a short time a most formidable military force. I conceive that the main difficulty now, as then, in the event of any large force being organized, would be the dearth of trained and capable officers. I was also deeply impressed with the fact that in time of trial the American democracy were prepared to put aside ail minor differences of opinion, to accord a whole-hearted support to the Executive Government of tho time being, and to display the greatest indulgence towards any mistakes which were committed.—I am, Sir, &c., CROMER. LETTERS TO THE EDITOR. THE FRENCH CRUSADE AGAINST ALCOHOLISM. [To THE EpIToR OF THE “ SPECTATOR.”) Sm,—The great interest which the Spectator has shown in the much- needed work of temperance reform emboldens me to hope that you will allow me, through its columns, to call attention to the remarkable crusade against alcoholism which is now sweeping over France. Some- thing is known of what Russia has done in this direction, although the full story of the self-denial and devotion of the Russian peasants in the matter has still to be told, and the fact should be better known that it was to their appeal and agitation that the Prohibitive Edict which suppressed the sale of vodka is owing. But it is strange that our atten- tion has been go little directed to what is going on in France. “La Ligue Nationale contre PAlcoolisme,” which was formed about ten years ago, has done good work, but it was the stimulus of the war which kindled the fire of enthusiasm. “ L’Alarme,” which is described as “ une grande Société d’action contre l’alcoolisme,” was formed, and the President of the Republic became its honorary President, and amongst the members of its ‘‘ Comité de Patronage” are to be found the names of euch men as M. Henri Bergson, of the Académie Frangaise, Léon Bourgeois, Paul Cambon, Joseph Reinach, Alexandre Ribot, &c., &c. In December, 1914, it sent a letter to Le Temps which produced a great effect, and since then the movement has swept forward with remarkable impetuosity. A great meeting was held at the Sorbonne, under the presidency of M. Painlevé, Ministre de l’'Instruction publique, at which M. Vandervelde, Ministre d’Etat de Belgique, amongst other nota- bilities, spoke, and the following resolution was unanimously passed 1 “The three thousand citizens assembled at the Sorbonne on Sunday, May 7ih, under the chairmanship of M. Painlevé, Ministre de P'Instruc- tion publique, petition Parliament to pass legislative measures of a strong character for the suppression of alcoholism.” This was followed by similar meetings in many of the principal towns of France. At Rouen a meeting which, we are told, was held “ en présence des autorites civiles, militaires, judiciaires, et d’une foule considérable,” the following was, again unanimously, passed: ‘ The meeting of citizens here present, fully persuaded that if France does not kill alcohol to-day, alcohol will kill France to-morrow, declares its conviction that the evil will be definitely conquered only by the absolute prohibition of the manu- facture and tale of all spirituous drinks.” A remarkable book, upon the whole subject, by M. Jean Fino entitled L’Union Sacrée contre T Alcoolisme, has just been published under the auspices of “ L’Alarme,” of which Le Temps says: “It

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June 10, 1916.) THE SPE CTATOR, 715 -—— ecms impossible that any one, after reading it, should still have any hesitation upon the subject.” The introduction contains these words :— “The heroism at the front has penetrated, with a happy contagion, the whole of France. The serious duties which weigh upon the nation demand a more determined struggle against alcoholism. The enemy from without has made more manifest the dangers which are within. But for alcoholism before the war, we should have sooner tackled the Germans. And if this evil continues to prevail after we have won the victory, the end will have come of the greatness, the nobility, and the graciousness of a people so much valued and admired. Will you pardon my quoting further from this remarkable little book ? After saying that all who love France will have to strive that she may be “ plus nombreuse, plus belle et plus prosp*re,” he goes on :— “To realize this ideal, upon which depends the welfare and the safety pf France, and indeed of humanity at largo, it is necessary to destroy sicoholism, which is the cause of the physical and moral decadence of the people.” { have referred to the honourable part which Le Temps has played in this crusade, and we are told that “la Presse francaise, tout entidre, m mettant son influence au profit de notre propagande a réussi & créer ane ambiance spéciale favorable au triomphe définitive de la cause sntialcoolique.” And it adds: “‘L’Union Sacrée, qui se manifeste Jans tous les domaines de la vie nationale, a surtout triomphé dans telui de I'antialcoolisme.” I think I have said enough to show that the splendid spirit of devotion and love of their country which the French have shown throughout this war is not limited to a desire to protect her from tho inroads of the Germans, but that they desire the regeneration of their nation, and to put from them the sources of moral and physical weakness which they now recognize to have been sapping their national vitality. France nas indeed recovered her soul, and is showing us as fino a lead as our other great Ally, Russia, has done. She has determined not to trifle any longer with so great a danger as alcoholism represents, and is demanding, in no uncertain tones, from those who govern her, that they should deal drastically with it. Tho agitation demands as a beginning and minimum the immediate prohibition of the salo of all intoxicants to those men who have been mobilized, and especially io all wounded soldiers. It also asks that the sale of such drinks to women and minors should be made illegal. Those of us who, for years, have been agitating for temperance reform must be struck at the contrast between our timidity and the boldness of our French Allies. Let me quote one illustration of this from the appeal which I have already referred to: “ Les affaires des empoisonneurs publics sont des plus florissantes. On devine la dévas- tation terrible que I’alcoolisme prépare pour la fin de la guerre.” The French are further asking what will be the fate of their fighting heroos when they come back to their homes and find their women “ adonnées & la boisson,” and declare that it is an elementary duty on the part of the Government to watch over the welfare of the homes which havo been disorganized by the war. Sir, Ineed say no more. The reasons which impel the gallant French nation to this “‘ Union Sacréo” should press with double force upon ourselyes. May we hope that at last, through tho strain and stress, the anguish and the sorrow, the bereavement and the loss of this titanio struggle, Great Britain too may find its soul, and put from it this great scyrce of weakness, suffering, and shame? I heartily commend to the study of your readers the remarkable book which has moved me to trouble you with so long a letter.—I am, Sir, &c., 18 Collingham Place, S.W. H. H. Crorpox. REPORT OF THE LIQUOR TRAFFIC CONTROL BOARD, {To THe Eprror or tHe “ SrectarTor.”’) §ir,—Mr. A F, Harvey’s suggestive letter in your issue of May 27th on the Board’s recent Report contained an inaccuracy, not since torrected, which makes our normal social state much blacker than it really is. Hesaid: ‘ The figures for the London area aro particularly interesting: the weckly average in 1914 was 2,034 convictions, whereas for the four weeks ending March 26th, 1916, the average had dropped to 940." These figures, as given in the Report, p. 23, are not for London only, but for the Metropolitan area, plus the convictions of forty important boroughs in twelve other areas, as detailed in Appendix I. The weekly average for the London area alone was 1,301 in 1914, whilst from November 29th, 1915, the date of the Board's full Order, the averages were for three weeks to Decembor 20th, 606; for two weeks days) to January 2nd, 952; and for the subsequent periods of four weeks to January 30th, 692; to February 27th, 614; to March 26th, 579; to April 23rd, 560; to May 2Ist, 498. The later steady decline is very hopeful as showing improved drinking habits. A fair idea of the gratifying results of the Board’s nine months’ work may be gathered from its comprehensive Report, but the vast benefits secured, and the drink menace to national existence averted, can only be fully realized by perusal of the Parliamentary White Paper, Shipbuilding, Munitions, and Transport Areas, May Ist, 1915. The latter begot the King’s abstinence declaration, the unopposed creation of the Control Board, and Lord Lansdowne’s statement on May 15th; “There was evidence of a painful character, which showed that there did exist in connexion with the drink traffic something which he could only describe as a aational scandal and a national peril.” Mr. Harvey rightly said: “Ibe Board’s powers vrovide for varied experiments, and the more experiments initiated on wise lines the better.” Seeing that in 1920 Scotland may legally claim to exercise local option, and that in many districts there exists widespread opinion expressed in the Press and by licensing and other authorities for a “ Down Glasses” policy during the war, at any rate as regards spirits, might not the Board wisely arrange in a few areas for a popular vote on the subject?—I am, Sir, &c., W. J. H. THE ONLY WAY TO PEACE. {To THe Eprrog or THE “ SPECTATOR.”) Sir,—Lord Cromer’s letter in the Times on President Wilson's recent speech was also in my opinion so useful that I sent our paper a trans. lation of it. And I wish your two leading articles on that subject could be spread broadeast in neutral countries. Many enlightened, and I dare say the best, people there will agree with your observation that “at this moment ‘Peace’ is in danger of becoming the most ill- ominous, the most threatening word in the humap vocabulary.” Of course the peace propaganda in neutral countrios is cunningly stimulated from the German side, but it is also significant that in neutral countries the peace talk is heard chiefly from those who are in sympathy with Germany Nowhere are the friends of the Allies talking of peace, and for very good reason. They do not forget that the Prussian military oligarchy has, for the fourth time in fifty years, wantonly provoked war to satisfy its ambition, and that therefore the world cannot get a lasting peace so long as the prestige of that oligarchy remains unbroken, The decisive defeat of Germany can alone produce peace and security to all independent nations, be they small or large. And the Allica are quite capable to end the war in that cnly satisfactory manner, Why, then, should neutrals meddle with it? There is for no noutra} country glory attached to any mediation, while the ruthless invaders still occupy territory on which they fell without right or reason. It might have been tho lasting glory of any neutral country if she had called on the whole civilized world to prevent Germany starting (hia war. But all neutral countries neglected sadly the duty which the solemn pact, made in 1907 at the Hague, imposed on them. They all allowed Germany to unsheath the sword and trample on the Hague Conventions. Now the sword can but vindicate Right and Justice, Neutrals can and ought to hasten that end by withholding their sym- pathy, yea, and their aid, from the wrongdoer Before my mind stands always the lofty maxim of our great Dutch countryman, Hugo Grotius, who, clearly distinguishing between a just war and a wrong one, wrote three centuries ago: ‘‘ Neutral peoples aro bound to abstain from anything which can strengthen those whose cause is bad; nor must they impede the movements of those whose cause is good.” Should we now, in a more enlightened age, hesitate to follow that noble advice ? Only timidity can do it, But so great are tho issucs at stake in this war for all liberty-loving peoples and independent nations, that none should submit to the fear which Germany's strength and German boasts spread in neutral countries. Even if Germany could win this war, every neutral should still resist that fear and speak out for the cause that is right and just. But Germany never will cr can win the war. Why, then, should neutrals hesitate to side with those who are waging not their own but the world’s righteous battle? The German Imperial Chancellor can never convince well meaning neutrals that Germany will win “for smaller peoples the lasting freedom of the sea routes, now closed by England's domination.” In peace time all countries, Germany included, had on the sea “full eqvelity of rights.” The bugbear of what is called British “ maritimism,” by which Germans have sought to incite neutrals against this country, is as unconvincing as the German-made phrase of “ freedom of the seas.”’ British naval power has never made the sea unfree for any country, buf Germany has in this war made the sea unsafe for all peaceful neutral traders. What, then, would a peace be worth which left that country in pos- session of its aggressive and mischievous power? But all will be well with the world. And in spite of German boasting about the battle of Horn Reef, the really victorious heroism of the British Fleet must fill all well-meaning neutrals with infinite joy as heralding the peace that is to be ![—I am, Sir, &c., Jorn C. Van per VEER, London Editor of the Amsterdam Telegraaf. 49 Minster Road, West Hampstead, N.W. OF JUTLAND. “ SPecTaTor.”] THE BATTLE {To THe Eprroz oF Tax Srr,—I think the following quotation from The Naval War of 1812, by Mr. Roosevelt (Third Edition, New York, 1897), will interest your readers .— “In every one of De Ruyter’s last six battles each side regularly claimed the victory, although there can be but little doubt that ea the whole the strategical, and probably the tactical, advantage remained with De Ruyter. Every historian ought to feel a sense of the most lively gratitude toward Nelson; in his various encounters he never left any possible room for dispute as to which side had come out first." —P. 150 (footnote) —I am, Sir, &c., x A SWISS ANALOGY. TaTOR.”’] THE IRISH PROBLEM: (To tae Eprron or Taz “Sr Sin,—Onoe utterance at least of President Wilson's will find an echo in every freeman’s heart, and mightily comfort the people of Ulster ia

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716 THE SPECTATOR. [June 10, 1916, the present crisis. It deserves to be emblazoned on a banner: “ That every people has the right to choose the sovereignty under which they shall live” And he appropriately added: “That the small States of the world have the right to enjoy the same respect for their sovercignty and territorial integrity that the great nations expect and insist on.” The cardinal fact is that there are two nations in Ircland; and this the British public seems unable to seize. There is no real unit that can be called “Ireland” other than geographical (indeed, never has been), and in that sense Macedonia is a unit too. These two nations are largely different in origin, and utterly different in ideals, political, religious, and industrial Among white people, two more divergent communities could not be found. It is impossible for any joint govern- ment to be successful; their aims are mutually exclusive. The best thing for all the five nations in the United Kingdom is a just and im- partial central government, like that of India, which favours none at the expense of the others. But if things have reached such a pass in one of the communities that something like cantonal] separation of areas must be tried, then in God’s name let a fair proportion of the territory be delimited as the home of loyalty to the Empire, toleration, progress, and independence from the asphyxiating influence of clerical interference. In this matter I would like to point to the example of the Swiss cantons. It may not be generally known that although nominally there are twenty-two sovereign States, this very religious difficulty has forced them to divide again into twenty-five or more. In Switzerland many of the difficulties we have in Ireland are not found. Bitter racial feelings do not survive from the era of persecution. The political conditions are the result of free choice on the part of each canton. Again, the theological temperature is there cool and moderate, whereas in Ireland we are still in a sense in the sixteenth century Yet in spite of all this, at least two of the cantons, where both religions are strongly represented, have found it best to delimit their area again and form each two governmental units. I refer to Basel and Appenzell. In the Annuaire Statistique de la Suisse these cantons are divided into Barel-Land (pop. 176,154) and Basel-Stadt (134,937); Appenzell Auseer-Rhod en (57,859) and Appenzell Inner-Rhoden (14,611). Each, 1 am told, is self-governing like the original cantons. Unterwalden also is quoted in two parts. Unterwalden O.D.W. (17,081) and Unter- walden N.D.W. (13,760). This arrangement on the part of the cool and practical Swiss points the way in which peace may perhaps at lest be found. As far as respects population, among existing sovereign Statcs Ulster would, with 1,581,000, rank higher than Salvador, Panama, Nicaragua, Ecuador, Uruguay, Costa Rica, Montenegro, Luxemburg, and several others, of which the smallest is Andorra, with six thousand people And to assume (as the Nationalists do) that every island has an indefeasible right to be under a single government is to ignore, among other things, the division of San Domingo into two separate Republics, the partition of Borneo, and the very history of Great Britain iteclf —I am, Sir, &c., Hastines Crossiry, Eastbourne. RELIEF FUND FOR DEPENDANTS OF KILLED AND WOUNDED IRISH V.T.C. [To THE Eprror OF THE ‘ SPECTATOR. *) Sir,— The Executive Committee of the lrish Association of Volunteer Training Corps desire me to return you their most sincere thanks for the generous manner in which you have supported the claims of those who have been bereaved and ruined by the death or permanent disable- ment of their breadwinners who were members of our Irish Volunteer Training Corps in the deplorable outbreak in Easter week. These casualties amounted to five killed and seven wounded. They have inquired into the circumstances of these families, and have ascertained that five of them are in immediate and urgent need of financial help. The claims of these families have been laid before the military authori- ties, but it will probably be some time before any payment can be made, This being so, the Executive Committee have opened a fund for their present 1elief, and already over £300 has been subscribed inside the V.T.C. movement. The Committee feel that they have no claim what- ever upon the Spectator, but they venture to ask you whether you would be so kind as to publish this letter in your next issue so that any of your readers who are disposed to subscribe to the Relief Fund may have en opportunity of doing eo.—I am, Sir, &c., R. A. ANDERSON, 18 South Frederick Strect, Dublin. Mon, Secretary, {On the contrary, the Committee have a claim on the Spectator and its readers, for they have a claim upon all who profess and call them- eclves patriots. We feel sure that those of our readers who put their nioney on the right horse, and provided the fund required to run the Centra] Association of V.T.C., will do their share in preventing miscry falling upon the familics of the gallant Volunteers who bore them- selves so bravely. They were fighting Britain's battles as surely in Dublin as ovr soldiers in France. Again, the English and Scotch Volunteers whose comrades in arms they were have only to be made acquainted with the facts to find the remedy. Volunteer would well-nigh eoon provide the requisite fund: Spectator.) One penny from every Eb. COUNTY LOUTH VOLUNTEER DEFENCE CORPS. {To tuk Epirox or THe “ SrectTator.” | &ir,—I notice your well-deserved tribute to the Dublin: ompanies of the V.T.C. for their services during the recent rising, and your sympathy with them, which every one shares, for their losses—losses inflicted by the rebels on unarmed men, or rather on men with rifles but no ammunition, It may interest you to know that the County Louth Volunteer Defence Corps (“G.R.’s"*) were also on duty from the Monday evening till the Saturday morning next. They were called up to assist the military and police in protecting the town of Dundalk, the village of Castlebellingham, and the railway line running through their district from Belfast to Dublin. They turned out with any arms they had, or could get, from shot-guns and miniature rifles to two or three service-bore weapons, Among other duties, they guarded bridges, patrolled the railway line, guarded railway stations, the police barracks, and acted as town patrols at night. They received eight general emergency calls-out during the five days—at all hours of the day and night—and many of the memberg of the corps did not get more than twelve hours’ sleep during the whole period, while at times the tension was very great. Many of the members had to carry on their day’s work when off duty. Some of the members owning motor-cars and cycles were extremely useful to the military in despatch-carrying and scouting. When the surrender took place in Dublin the corps were taken off duty In a paper which has always taken a paternal interest in the V T.C. it may not be out of place to record, thus briefly, the work of a small company hardly more than six months formed.—I am, Sir, &c., L. B. THE LATE F. H. BROWNING. {To Tas Epirozm or THs “SprecraTor.”’] Sm,—In the Spectator of May 20th appeared an article headed “ Fir ¢ Blood for the V.T.C.,” in which was mentioned the mortal wounding of my son, F. H. Browning, alluding to him as the “ well-known footba'l player and sportsman of Trinity.” I think it ought to be known that in the work he did for his country he possessed a much higher claim to recognition. The Rugby Football Association Volunteers, the first body of the G.R.V. to be formed in Dublin, was started by him during the week following the declaration of war, and from that time on his whole life was devoted, and, alas ! eventually sacrificed, to its develop. ment. That corps numbered over eight hundred, two hundred of whom enrolled in the Dublin Fusiliers, forming a large portion of the 10th or so-called “ Pals” Battalion, most of whom lost their lives at Suvla Bay. Surely a record such as this far surpasses, and merits acknowledgment more than, his achievements in the cricket and football field, good as they were.—Trusting that you will kindly help me to bring this noble finish to his life to light, I am, Sir, &c., 2 Upper Ely Place, Dublin, J. M. Browrna, MOTOR VOLUNTEERS. {To THe Epiron or Tae “ SrecraToR.” Stm,— One hears frequently of the generosity and usefulness of motor-cap owners in coming to the assistance of our wounded soldiers, a phase of war charity or activity that is in danger of grave curtailment owing to the price and restrictions in the purchase of petro] and the increased taxes. In various forms, and organized by various Associations, Red Cross work has been done to the immense relief and advantage of the hospitals and at no cost to the Government, and it would be a greater tax on the Government from a financial point of view to replace them than it would be to grant a relaxation of taxation and petrol at favourable rates, The writer has been connected with a phase of motoring that, since the commencement of the war, has taken shape in the National Motor Volunteers. Raised under the aegis of the Central Association of Voluntecr Training Corps, the organization has grown hand in hand with the Volunteer Movement. The training is on all fours with the ordinary infantry Volunteer as regards drill and shooting, thus founding their activitics on discipline. The movement, conceived on broad lines, and placed at once on a national basis, aims at the co-ordination of all Volunteer motor effort, and presents an opportunity to the patriotio motorist, who is not eligible for the Regular Army, which should not, in fact cannot, be neglected. Besides many thousands of miles done in the interests of hospitals and in giving health rides to the wounded, the value of the various corps has been proved in aiding recruiting, the transport of troops for local military authorities, and in taking Volunteers to their posts on certain dutics. The National Motor Voluntecrs have no axe to grind, nor have they the interests of any particular Association to foster. Pro Patria is their proud motto, and their ambition is to do all they can to aid the authorities in every possible way. No town that has organized itself against raids can do without the co-operation of Motor Voluntecrs. Based, as I have said above, on discipline, with their own drill book to assist in the hand- ling of masses of cars, the Motor Volunteers are a valuable asset to the country because under the new Regulations they become also soldiers and can be relied on to answer the call of duty. No other organization can boast of this obligation to serve. In this country, with its splendid system of roadways, the motor vehicle becomes an instrument of the utmost value; critical points, often far from reach by railway communication, are by its aid made easily accessible, even to comparatively large bodies of troops— always provided that motorists are organized and trained on military lines. Unfortunately, in this movement also a slump is threatened by the enormous expenses entailed by the causes 1 have mentioned at the beginning of this lettcr. It seems a pity that the motorist wle

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June 10, 1916.] THE SPECTATOR. 717 has deemed it his patriotic duty to train and fit himself to be of service to his country should be penalized, and I cannot belicve it possible that the Government is so blind as not to recognize the great present, and greater potential, value of the Motor Volunteer. Restrict pleasure- riding by all means, but leave well alone with the motorist who ceased pleasure-riding when he joined the N.M.V., and has devoted his time and moncy freely for the benefit of the nation. No one will deny the value of the Motor Volunteer. In ncarly every city and town it is practically a daily sight to see them carrying out their important duties, and it is a pertinent question to ask if the Govern- ment is prepared to tax the voluntary helper out of existence and undertake the duties he reluctantly, but of necessity, relinquishes. The National Motor Volunteers contain amongst their members many leading citizens of London and some thirty other cities and counties, who have given their time and money to the perfecting of the organi- ation and to efficiency. They not only have light or ordinary car squadrons, but in certain cities they have heavy transport, such as lorries and commercial vehicles, organized into squadrons. Motor-cyclists perform various useful duties, and have becn employed already in emergencies for patrol and despatch duties. In London a splendid movement is being initiated by the Motor Transport Voluntecrs branch of the N.M.V. for meeting Icave trains at various termini. The Women's Reserve Ambulance, which takes our maimed soldiers from all the London stations to Roehampton to be fitted with artificial limbs, is also attached to the N.M.V. With a little encouragement, the country would have at its disposal a still greater number of vehicles of all kinds, and it would lead to further economy in our war expenditure if steps were taken to further the efforts of the Central Association of Volunteer Training Corps and their National Motor Volunteers to be useful to the country, by a reasonable encouragement in the reduction of taxation and the cost and supply of petrol. The putting of some scheme of relief into force presents no insuperable difficulties, especially when dealing with a highly organized body such as the National Motor Volunteers, whose watchword has been co-ordination and efficiency. Time is short, and if the services of Motor Volunteers are to be retained, it behoves the Government to make some pronouncement, and that without dclay, Unfortunately, fresh organizations which were contemplated in counties and cities have been held up. Further development of the movement awaits a word of encouragement to proceed with the good work, and a statement that the Treasury will offer tho relaxation in taxes and petrol supply that are essential in this patriotic movomont,—I am, bir, &o., VOLUNTEER. “SAVE US FROM OUR FRIENDS.” [To 1ue Eptror or Tug “ Srectaror.”’) S:r,—I thought you might care to have enclosed, which I have translated from the Conversations-Lezikon of Meyer, the great German encyclo- paedia.—I am, Sir, &c., Hersert A. Strona (Professor). Clyst, Farnham Common, Slough. Tue Irish Cuaracter aS DepicreD BY THEIR FRIENDS THE GERMANS. “The character of the genuino Irish is a singular mixture of opposite traits; many of them no doubt developed by their unfortunate history. The main feature of the Irish character is inconstancy and thought- lessness, though they possess such characters as are compatible with these vices. The Irishman lacks reasoning power, perseverance, end self-control. He possesses a poetical faculty and a taste for art, music, and rhetoric. He is keen for knowledge, cunning, clever, end witty, although for the sake of deception he often pretends to be stupid and naive. But with all his intellectual powers he lacks profundity. Superficial in his actions and thoughts, untrustworthy as a worker, lacking perseverance and fickle, he is not equal to the performance of any great task in life, and is incapable of attaining resulis commensurate with his spasmodic activity. Those who are not his relations or friends dare not trust him. The proverb seems true that when an Irishman is stabbed, another Irishman is always found to drive the dagger in. Treason has always teen a prominent feature in all Irish risings. Conscientiousness, a virtue which distinguishes the English a all other nations, is con- kpicuously lacking in the Irishman, and he is not distinguished for his love of truth. Irritable as he is and inclined to quarrels and violence, he is fond, too, of amusement. Hospitable and extravagant, he forgets to provide for the future. Though often a victim of intemperance, he can put up with dearth when necessary, and is quite contented if he only has enough potatoes to eke out his life.” OFFICERS’ SERVANTS. fTo tHe Epiton oF Tas “Specrator.”) Siz,—I cordially agree with Mr. Winston Churchill that too largo & proportion of our Army is non-combatant, but I do not considertla servants and grooms should be indiscriminatelyclassed as non conbatants, shows a singular ignorance of the facts of the case in singling out of their own and observation of tho enemy's trenches, confident that when their work is finished they will find ready for them a wash, perhaps a change of socks, and a meal cooked with some approach to decency and cleanliness. A servant who docs this for his master is doing just as valuable work as any man in the company who does his share of fatigues and sentry-go. It ia folly to supposo that in an action an officer’s servant in the front line is going to sit down to brush his master’s clothes and not take his rifle and do his share of tho fighting. Servants, and grooms too for that matter, have fought and dicd, not only in the early stages of the war, the Retreat, and the first battle of Ypres, but in ordinary trench warfare since. They are usually old and reliable soldiers, and their training is probably continued from time to time when their unit is in reserve. By all moans decrease the number of servants attached to officers at home, to the A.S.C., to the Staff and other non-combatant officers, but please remomber that there is many an infantry subaltern’s servant who has scon more fighting, incurred more risks, suffered more hardships, and shown more devotion to duty than many whose doings are more widely advertised. I could give you many instances: from my own experience.—I am, Sir, &c., B.E.F. R. M. W. {To Tae Epiror oF tam “ Srecrator.”) Str,—I have just received my Spectator for last weck (May 27th), but I hope I shall not be too late in writing to you. In your comments on the “* News of the Week ” you speak of “ the scandal of the huge number of men withdrawn as officers’ servants,” and later you refer to the “ twa hundred thousand officers’ servants . . . abstracted, as it were, from the firing line.” Neither of those remarks is applicable to the officers’ servants of this battalion, who accompany their efficers wherever they go. Personally, I think that it is in thg trenches that an officer needs his servant most; and, as all tho scrvarits are in the fire trenches with their officers, they are as valuable in holding the trench as the ordinary rifleman. I always imagined that this was the caso in all battalions ; io fact, though I have been out here sixteen months, I have not yet come across any battalion in which the officers’ servants are left behind when the battalion gocs into the trenches. Of course, officers’ grooms cannot come up into the line.—I am, Sir, &c., Carray, Field. {To rar Epitor or tae “ Srecratos.”)} Sirn,—With reference to your criticism on Mr. Churchill's speech re ““ wastage in the ranks.” As regards “ officers’ servants,” lot me state the facts existing in the battalion to which the writer belongs, and which are very generally the case “ at the front.” We all have a batman, These are all actually “ia the line”; none are loft behind in billets. Their duties are to cook their officers’ food and to act as their runner—for no officer is allowed to go about tho trenches without a runner with him. Out of tho trenches tho batman goocs on all parad>s save the one before breakfast— this was also our practice when training in England. I can assure you that an officer really requires a batman to look after his needs,as he has no time to do this for himself. As regards “ grooms,” the Colonel and second in command only have one. The remainder of the officers’ chargers are attended to by men on the transport of the battalion.—I am, Sir, &e., France. Masor, 0 C, Company. [We have dealt with the subject of officers’ servants at the front in our “News of the Week” columns,—Ep. Spectator.} ‘ CONSCIENTIOUS OBJECTORS. {To tar Epiror oF THe “ SPrecrator.”) Sir,—TI am not a conscientious objector, but one loses nothinz, I think, by being fair to one’s neighbour, even if one doesn’t agree with him, and I cannot think you would have given your editorial approval to the letter of “ An Englishwoman ” had you been in possession of the facts. To talk about conscicntious objectors remaining at home carni1g good money is wholly inaccurate. The fact is that nobody will employ them at all, at big wages or small. I dare swear that “ An Enzglivh- woman ” docs not know of a single case where a conscientious objector has changed his job for a better since the passing of the first Military Service Act, but I know many who have lost their only means of live'i hood. Apart, however, from that, there is, it appears to me, a very simple way out of the present tinpasse. It is to let the objector prove by the evidence of his writings, or of people who knew him, that he made his objection public prior to the war. It is a rough-and-ready method, and may possibly act unjustly in a few cascs, but it will, at any rate, avoid trying to coerce, purcly through prejudice, the most notorious objectors in the kingdom —an act of stupidity which is only feeding resentment, wasting much valuable time, money, and materitts, and bringing the discipline of the Army into grave disrepute.—-[ am, . = - = | Sir, &c., Epvw. J. Rezp. Moreover, in your “News of the Weck” of May 27th the writer | servants of officers below the rank of Major for special condemnation. | It is just this class of servant which is to be found in the front line | a3 often as any man in the Army, and it is in the front line that their most valuable work is done. 1 consider it to be of the utmost im- portance that officers in the front line should be free from worry their own food, clothing, and washing arrangements. They can then give their full attention to their work, the maintenance and cleanliness | j | 41 Tunley Road, Balham, S.W. “SOMEWHERE IN MACEDONIA.” {To tHe Eprron or rue “ SrEcTaToOR.”] Sin,— As indicative of what is in the mind of at least some of the men about | in our Army, I beg to send to you the following extract from a lettor | written by a private in a famous Scottish regiment, a battalion of which | has been serving somewhere in Macedonia. The writer came home

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718 THE SPECTATOR. [June 10, 1916, from Peru to enlist. He is not Puritanical, and has no profession or calling, but roams the world to seek his fortune where it may lie, and to enjoy his life where he may be living it. The scene is on a three days’ “trek,” and one of the chaplains has told the men that about thirty miles from their camp was to be scen the original site of the first Christian church set up by St. Philip at Philippi :— “So you sco we are in a real old-world part up here. We passed an old native woman when on the march, and she was in a great state. She would moan and mutter prayers, at the same time crossing herself, so I expect she thought we had come to destroy her land. These poor ple seem to be living in the shadow of superstition, and they seem have nothing noble or inspiring in their lives. Their code of honour fe-there, but they seem to be a pageant of the past, living in an eternal ove, with their minds w and a grey past, with an equally grey fature before them. They are only recovering from a recent war, and to-day they do not know what the future may bring them. Let us hope our cause will triumph and help to uplift them to a higher and purer life.” Later in his letter he pulls himself up for moralizing, and apologizes fn a shamefaced kind of way for having done eo—I am, Sir, &c., 3 Change Alley, Lombard Sireet. R. W. Wrtrams. THE “ SPECTATOR ” AND BASE HOSPITALS ABROAD. {To THe Epiror or THe “ SrecTaTor.”) §r,— May I be allowed to contribute a very small sum towards sending the Spectator to the base hospitals in France ? I enclose a cheque for one guinea, Your paper is indeed the sanest one reads nowadays, and is an unutterable comfort to many. I may say that I owe my education to life—and the Spectator, which has been almost as a Bible to me since Iwas a girl of fifteen in South Africa.—I am still faithfully yours, though S1xTY-FOUR. [To tHE EpiToR oF THE “ SrEecTaTOR.”) &ir,—Please find enclosed cheque for £3 to be used epecially to send your number for May 20th to our soldiers, The articles on Ireland are specially instructive.—I am, Sir, &c., R. P. A GREAT WASTE OF LABOUR. [To Tue Eprror or Tus “ SrecTaToR.”) §rn,—The shortage of labour is universal. It can obviously not be alleviated by transferring labour employed in some necessary occupation to some other occupation—for instance, from shell-making to agri- culture or from agriculture to shell-making—but only by eliminating all unproductive labour as far as possible, by transferring the workers who are engaged in unproductive employment to some productive and very necessary employment. As it is difficult for the State to reorganize employment in this manner, it can best promote the object in view by making unproductive and nationally unnecessary employment as difficult as possible, and by inducing the employers of unproductive labour to dismiss the men and women unproductively employed. They will then quickly enough enter those employments in which they are most required. It is probably no exaggeration to say that hundreds of thousands of English men and women are unproductively employed. I will give somo instances. Hundreds of thousands of able-bodied men and women carry food to and fro in popular restaurants and refreshment-rooms which customers can just as well fetch themselves, In the United States and in Canada self-help is universally practised in the cheap restaurants, refreshment-rooms, &c. Customers fetch what they require at the counter, pay for it on receipt, take it to their tables, and only a few attendants are needed for keeping the restaurant clean, cleaning crockery, &c. Incidentally, that system has the advantage of prompt service for the customers, and it makes food cheaper by reducing the cost of running a restaurant. A very large number of growing boys are employed in selling newspapers in the street. At many stations six or eight young strong boys are loafing about selling papers, and in addition there is a bookstall with one or two attendants. The selling of newspapers in the street is quite unnecessary, and should be forbidden by law for the duration of the war. Tho sale of newspapers would not be reduced thereby, and the boys, who at present grow up in busy idleness, learning no useful work, would become useful members of socicty, whereas they may degenerate into loafers if they grow up in ignorance of a useful trade. Very large numbers of able-bodied women are at present employed in domestic work who can easily be spared. Employers should reduce their servants to the absolute minimum, but they may hesitate to do so, fearing that they will not find work. Many thousands of able-bodied men are employed in tending ornamental gardens who would be far more usefully occupied in growing food. During the war ornamental gardens may well be allowed to grow ragged. In order to induce employers to dismiss unnecessary servants and gardeners, it would perhaps be useful to impose a tax upon servants, graduated in such ® way that the tax would fall lightly upon people employing only one tervant, but very heavily upon those employing a large number. By similar means the unnecessary waitresses and waiters and the street vendors of newspapers might be eliminated, unless the large employers of such labour, the great catering companies and the newspapers, ehould voluntarily abolish the present waste of labour.—I am, Sir, &c., J. Ertis Barker. Albion Cettage, Fortis Green, East Finchley, N, ——————» FORTY-FIVE YEARS SINCE. [To THe Eprrom oF THE “SPECTATOR.”) Srm,—Last week you reprinted a passage from what you rightly call « an extraordinarily prescient article” by the late Mr. Meredith Townsend which appeared in the Spectator for March 25th, 1871. You may care to insert, by way of a pendant and parallel, the following passage from a sermon preached on the following day—March 26th, 1871—by the late Canon Liddon on “The Sinlessness of Jesus Christ” and ro. published in his Passiontide Sermons: “ There is ground for the appre. hension lest Frederick the Great—the highest embodiment, perhaps, in modern Europe, of successful brutality—whose memory was for a while buried at Jena, but who has risen in his successors with greater splendour than before, should again become the ideal Monarch of North Germany.”—I am, Sir, &c., G. A LETTER FROM THE FRONT. [To tos EpiroR oF THE “ SPECTATOR.”) Sm,—I think you may find the enclosed extract from a letter which 1 have just received from an N.C.O. in a Territorial unit somewhere ig Macedonia of interest.—I am, Sir, &c., Lk. & “ Spectator arrived quite up to date, also three C.F.N.’s, for which so many thanks. The sermons are very nice, and the one you mention is very etraight indeed (temperance). I trust that very many copies have gone to France, as it is there that the great temptation of our soldiers is . . . Drink is, without doubt, fifty per cent. of the cause of the trouble. I am grateful for this experience of travel, but it only makes me feel how wicked the world at large is. The further one goes, still the same eights meet you. ... With us here there is no trouble, and I am proud to say the men without exception were never looking finer or fitter. The secret is here notice. able and realized by the men themselves. And why? Because we aro away from it all—well away from the things that wero inviting, tempting, and alluring. ‘What you can’t get you must do without,’ and the result is beauty of face and physique, alertness where stupor used to dwell, eyes for the beauty of surroundings and not women and wine. It is a training that ought to continue and would have a great effect for later days. Think of some of our men that now can’t face one int of beer, and prefer cocoa or the twicc-a-day tea. Isn’t it funny! And yet it has come about simply because he couldn’t get it. Then the cure for the great excess at peace time is, the accommodation and the legislation is put to the task straight away to remedy the cvil, and we've got the result. Tho old complaint it can’t be done without is piffle and rot. It’s over three months since we got up country, and only once did a barrel of beer show on the sky-line, and that didn’t work out at half-a-pint per man. Many who had it were ill, many lost taste for it, some criticized its substance, very many wouldn’t pay the rice for it. Therefore it can be treated as surplus and not necessary. must admit the rum ration has been a great medicine and very neces- sary, and nothing should be thrown at the Government for continuing the supply by the T.T.’s—although I have read a few bigoted pars on the matter. It has never been ill-used, and if it has proved a benefit I say, use it. How lovely the lines you attached to the Speciaior ‘With Christ in Flanders’)! How strange that only last night tapr 6th) our Padre preached to us off the sheet a real fine sermon. Yow I have seen the deepest meaning they possess, and I would add our double marquee is far too small for the voluntary evening service, where with piano and many harmonious voices we deeply enjoy and benefit. But all are not like our Padre. He is Christ. He is a man. He’s with us in pleasure. He’s canteen manager for our daintics at @ great trouble. e’s his own church-builder practically, and, in short, he is our all out here. Rev. —— ——, parish unknown as yct, but centre of coalfields, South Wales. The uncertain posts are annoying our patience and parcels are very slow—will drop a card to acknowledge reel when received. Now y bon been writing all this between two hunderstorms, a left and a right; and it reminds me that you have had a cyclone, or near it, at home, I hear, terrible indeed, and this is a touch of it; we noticed a change coming after our eight weeks’ hot weather. How t is Creation and who knows what's to follow? This is Holy Week, and it looks like history over again to me—‘ And darkness fl weee the earth with thunderings and lightnings as He prayed for us: “ Father, forgive them, for they know not what they do. These are my thoughts of this great struggle. We are still blind, and the poorer enemies are stone blind, and have been led and brought up to worzhip golden images, and at this time I believe that Christ will die again for His people, and we shall be redeemed and forgiven. War was never like this; it is phenomenal, and the end will be likewise. . - - Daylight has dawned after a quiet night’s work, all my wires are clear, nothing doing. Thanks again for all papers. Just received a very cheery letter from home—all quite well and patient.” LINES WRITTEN IN THE SALIENT. {To THE EpIToR OF THE “ SPECTATOR.”) Srr,—I enclose a copy of verses sent to my baby from her godfather, & Lieutenant at the front. They were written one night in the trenches at Ypres after a specially objectionable time.—I am, Sir, &e., Y. To PHYLuIsaNNE (AGED 18 montns)—Nor To Stor SMILING. A childlike smile is of all things on earth The far most beautiful and far most fair, For there is naught, whatever it is worth, However glorious, however rare, That can one instant with a emile compete Without it sinks, and falls, lost, dead, effete. For smiles, dear child, are half life’s battle won: They cheer the worn-out wand’rer on his way, Making full eunshine ere the day’s begun, And turning to bright light the dullest day. For him who draws a smile with every breath All things come casy—even unto dea

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easesaa June 10, 1916.] THE SPECTATOR. 719 And if perchance it hap that thou must weep— Rays thro’ the clouds are sunniest of all; And if at night thou still smil’st thro’ thy sleep, The happier dreams will on thee gently. fall. For smiles are gold, and very truest gold, That gold which buys all things, which are not sold. And so, dear child, seeing what smiles still can, And will, still do for each and every day, This one request do I entreat thee—-ban Ne’er from thine eyes that one most sunny ray, Lest having lost the art of smiling freo, It may be gone ne’er to return to thee. And when in time it comes that thou must dia, Die smiling, for no smiling soul as yet Has ever sought from smiling death to fly: For death tho’ grim is e’er on smiling set, Ard is not half so grim as sad men say, But softly smiles on him who émiles alway. Ypres, 1916. R. MB. A DEVONSHIRE GANDER. [To THE EptToR oF THE “ SPECTATOR.”’] §rn,—-Some years ago we possessed a goose and a gander. For some reason or other the goslings were taken away from them, and the gander went off to the next farm, and brought back other goslings. The farmer came down to ask if we had seen his missing ones, and, lo and behold ! they were in our field with our gander. He must have beaten off the farmer's gander to get them. He did this once or twice, and finally we had to give him back his own family. The goose was very fond of H——, and she would sit on the ground, and the goose would make a sort of nest on her lap; and the gander was so jealous he would come and drive the goose off and would beat H—— with his wings most fiercely. ‘The goose was killed by some unknown wicked boy, and the gander wandered all over the fields looking and calling for her. Hoe would not eat, and finally died of starvation. I can vouch for this story, as the goose and gander belonged to my cousins.—I am, Sir, &c., [It is cowardice not to print a thing because you think it will not be believed " (Dr. Johnson).—Ep. Spectator.] STONEHENGE. {To Tax Eprror or Tas “ SpecraTon.”] Srr,—Burrowing rabbits are excavating the ground under some of the largest megaliths at Stonehenge. In comparatively recent times one, at least, of the trilithons has fallen from this cause. It would be an easy matter to fill in the existing burrows, and to obviate further damage by keeping this grand religious monument free from rabbits. Will you eall the attention of the authority concerned to this matter ?—I am, Bir, &c., R. Farrar. WOMEN’S NATIONAL LAND SERVICE CORPS. (To THE EpiTor ov THE “ SPECTATOR.” §in,—We aro threatened in the near future with a very serious milk famine, as well as a diminution of production in our home-grown food. The men are being taken from the land in great numbers, and the only available labour on any large scale is that of women. The Women's National Land Service Corps asks all young, strong, educated women, who can give their whole time, to come and take a short training for work on the land. We want all we can get between eighteen and thirty-five, but we most particularly want those who are over twenty- five and have had some little experience in leading other women. We offer a short training at 15s. a week, including maintenance, to those who can afford it, and free training to those who cannot. We also want for six weeks, from the middle of June, untrained workers for fruit- picking, hay-making, &o. Will all those who can, take their holiday then, and so help to save the home-grown food supply of the covhtry ? For further particulars apply to the Secretary, Headquarters of the W.N.L.S. Corps, 50 Upper Baker Street, London, N.W.—I am, Sir, &o., CaRoLiveE GRosvEnor. BRITISH WOMEN’S HOSPITAL. {To tHe Eprror or tag “ Specratonr.”] 51r,—The Chairman of the British Women’s Hospital has received the following letter from Mr. Arthur Stanley, asking the Committee to collect the sum required for the complete furnishing and equipment as well as the building of the Star and Garter Home. The Committee, confidently relying upon the generosity of the public, have gladly under- taken the responsibility.—I am, Sir, &c., Z. Z. to acknowledge receipt of your letter Drarn Miss Warrry,—I all have much pleasure in laying before of yesterday's date, which I , the “Star and Garter” Committee at their next meeting. I cannot ‘wait until then, however, to express to be and to your Committco the grateful thanks which I fecl, and which I know my Committee will also feel, for the very generous manner in which the British Women’s Hospital have met the increased demands which we have made upon them. The sum of £100,000 which your Committee are now kind enough to undertake to raise for us will provide a splendid building Pre’ equipped, and will be a magnificent memorial of the devotion of the British women to the men who fought for them in the Great War. May I add one word of personal thanks for the very kind way in which you have helped us to overcome our difficulties ?—Yours sincerely, Artuurg SraNiey. British Red Cross Society, 83 Pall Mall, 8.W. [We are asked to say that all donations should be sent to the Hon. Treasurer, The Lady Cowdray, 21 Old Bond Street, W.—Ep. Spectator.] » THE POETRY SOCIETY. {To Tus Eprror oF Tas “ Srecrarox.”)} Sin,—I am encouraged by the two most instructive reviews of recent poetry which have appeared in your columns in the last two weeks to ask you to let me make an appeal in your columns which I have already made elsewhere. There are many signs, indeed it is generally recognized, that the stress of the struggle in which wo are engaged has been accompanied by a deep and general stirring of the human soul and spirit, and has led both old and young to turn with a renewed and more living interest than before to the things of the mind, and among them to poetry. There is reason to believe that poetry is being more generally read and written, and that it is both fresher and mora rea] than it has been for a long time. May I be allowed to say a word on behalf of the Poctry Society, the object of which is to assist such a movement ? Founded to promote, in the words of Matthew Arnold, adopted as its motto, “a clearer, better sonse of the best in poetry, and of the strength and joy to be drawn from it,” this Society seeks to bring together lovers of poetry with a view to extending and developing an intelligent interest in, and proper appreciation of, the art. This it attempts to do by encouraging meetings for public recitation and reading, with occasional lectures and addresses, and also throug! its organ, the Poetry Review. May I in particular invite all who caro for poetry and believe in its influence as one of real value, national and personal, to make themselves acquainted both with the Society and with its Reriew ? Already during this year, notwithstanding, perhaps on account of, the war, the number of subscribers has increased. Its friends believe that it only requires to be more widely known to receive yet more support and extend its influence still further. Besides dealing with poetry generally, the Rertew aims at providing periodically a representative selection from, and also critical appreciations of, tho poems of the hour, and so at giving a brief and reasoned presentment of what is going on in the world of poetry, and in particular it haa already become a recognized channel for what has been called “ the poetry of the trenches.” It further contains full information as tv the personnel and workings of the Society and accounts of the mectings of its branches in London and in the provinces, The ordinary member- ship subscription is 7s. 6d., and subscribers receive the Review froo of charge. Any who desire to become members should address them- selves to the Secretary, Miss V. E. James, M.A., at 16 Featherstone Buildings, Holborn, London, who will gladly supply any further details. —I am, Sir, &c., Hersert Warren, President of tho Poctry Society. POETRY. LORD KITCHENER. (Drownep Jone 5ru, 1916.) Tar unresting giant, who, above war's din, Held his grave course and laboured mightily, Now, beyond toil and clamour, sleeps within Tho unresting bosom of the eternal sea. Arrtuur K. Saar. LORD KITCHENER AND HIS TRADUCERS, You, who with poisoned pen and art malign So long have etriven his power to undermine, Now that a crafty and relentless foe Has laid the greatest of our War Lords low, Havo yet the sickening impudonce to bewail The man you clawed with daily tooth and nail! “ Judas despairing died, his guilt confessed ”’ : You live, and with frosh falschood clean your breast. But there are Englishmen who hold more vile Than Hunnish shark the home-brei crocodile. Qa. MORT HOMME. Who was the first to give tho name, Iil-omened, to this mountain side ? On some dark winter's night ho came, What dreams were his before he died? What figures, awful, blood-imbrued, Heroic, to his failing eyes, Peopled this peaceful solitude ? He saw them and he heard their cries. The mist rose like a winding-sheet, As shadows in a shadow dance They moved. He heard the marching feet, The song of songs, the name of France. And as he lay and prayed for light There echoed, where the river runs Through pasture-lands, tho whole long night, Tho iron clamour of tho guna,

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THE SPECTATOR. [June 10, 1916, It may be when day broke at last He watched the Angel Death draw near Among those others as they passed— Not one man, but an army here. And—“ Ravaged earth, and shattered trees, And tragic river stained with red. Dear God, have mercy on all these Who follow after me!” he said. Moray Darron. writer’s name or initials, or with a pseudonym, or are marked “* Communi. cated,” the Editor must not necessarily be held to be in agreement with the views therein expressed or with the mode of expression. In such instances, or in the case of “ Letters to the Editor,” insertion only means that the matter or point of view is considered of sufficient interest and imporlunce to warrant publication, BOOKS. —— THE RULE OF THE MAJORITY.* Canty.t, in one of those sweeping and hasty generalizations in which he was wont to indulge, said that before the French Revolution there wero “so many millions of persons, all gyved, and nigh strangled with formulas,” and that one of the main objects which the Revolution sought to attain was “to make away with formulas (de humer les formules).” Tf this be so, then it must be admitted that the Revolution was a complete failure. The general result of that mighty upheaval was that certain formulas were deposed, but that others were solidly enthroned in their place. More then this, it soon became evidert that democracy, far from liberating humanity from the bondage of phrases, tended in a very marked degree to stereotype and enhance the potent sway of the phrasemonger. Vandal, who was far better informed and a much more acute political observer than Carlyle, said with great truth: “Nul ne comprendra la Révolution s'il ne tient compte de lextra- ordinaire empire exereé & cette époque par les mots et les formules.” Voliticians have always been well aware that the cowl does not make the monk, and that, paradexical as it may eppear, democratic Monarchies, as well as Republics which are based cn the negation of all essentially democratic principles, are capable of existing. None the less, so mighty is the sovereignty of mere words, and so loth are men to depart from traditions built on the accumulated experience of history, that probably the mass of mankind are still penctrated with a hardy belief that institutions which are dubbed Monarchical must of necessity Le less democratic than those which are called Republican. Those, however, who have watched the recent ebb and flow of public opinion, as sct forth by its authorized exponents, cannot have failed to observe the prevalence of symptoms which encourage the belief that the old nomenclature is falling into desuctude, and that the far more correct expressions “ absolutist”’ and “ democratic” have acquired a greater degree of supremacy in the political vocabulary than at any former }* riod. Mr. Elhott’s highly instructive essay on the various phases through which American institutions have passed since their creation is helpful as a means for estimating both the vicissitudes of what is ostensibly democratic national life, and also the extent to which the words “republican ” and “democratic’’ are synonymous and interchangeable terms. Properly understood, the picture which he presents is almost pathetic in its well-balanced yet ruthless exposure of the vanity of human wishes. The essence of democratic rule is that the voice of the majority should prevail. Yet Mr. Elliott's verdict, after a very careful enalyeis of the past and present working of the American machine of State, is that “the people do not govern.” For nearly a century and a half, blind, blundering, but withal well-intentioned Demos has been endeavouring to find seme adequate means for aseerting its will. Every- where it has been thwarted. Systems have been changed. Reforms have been intreduced. But cn each cecasion when it was thought, in Miltonic language, that the fair guerdon would at last be found, the “abhorred shears,” in the shape of caucuses, “ bosses,” or other subtle devices of party management, have appeared on tho scene and “ slit the thin-spun life” of real and effective power. At the close of each effort, Demos has found itself tightly bound by ligaments, at times so fine as to be scarcely visible, but nevertheless of so tough a texture as practically to cripple and confine its functions within a very limited sphere of action. Unless Mr. Elliott exaggerates, the history of American institutions records the defeat of democratic principles, and the triumph of a very elaborate and sinister system of democratic stage management. Two circumstances have mainly contributed to bring about this result. The first is that the original framers of the American Constitution were not democrats in the sense in which that term is now gencrally employed. On the contrary, in Mr. Elliott’s words, they “felt a lively distrust for too much.democracy.” They abhorred tyranny in all its forma, and they were sufficiently philosophical and far-sighted to grasp a truth which but too often fails to obtain adequate recognition—namely, tha and the maintenance S there is no necessary connexion between democracy * American Government and Majerity Rale. By Udward Etuott, Ph.D. Oxford at the University Press. (5s. 6d. net.J — of individual liberty. They had, before they acquired their inde. pendence, experienced from one particular form of government a degree of oppreesion which led to revolution, and they had somewhat hurriedly rushed to the conclusion that all governments were oppressive. They set themsclves to work, therefore, to devise a series of elaborate and complex checks all having for their object the protection of the individual against government action of any kind. Jefferson and others strongly asserted the right of the people to rule, but they scouted the idea that a government by the people could donowrong. They feared that a demo, cracy would be as tyrannical as a Monarchy. “ For all that Jefferson had to say about the people as the source of power and authority, there was a strong feeling that the leaders, men of training and education ang social position, should direct the masses. Jt was a democracy in which theoretically the majority ruled, but in which in practice the leaders were to direct an acquiescent majority.” These men were, in fact, really not democrats, but conventional British Whigs. Henry Laurens, who was typical of his class and whoso Life has recently been written by Professor Wallace,* expressed the feelings uppermost in their minds when he said # “God deliver us from kingly, ministerial, and popular tyranny ! ” The second cause which militated against the full application of the democratic principle that the voice of the majority should decide was also intimately connected with the unqualified assertion of individual liberty. Was the majority to be the voice of cach State taken separately, or that of all the States taken collectively 2? In other words, wore liberty and patriotism to be local or national 2 The “ Fathers ” of the American Constitution never really faced this thorny question, with the resuls that on several occasions before the final catastrophe in 1861 civil war seemed imminent. The rival theories were embodied in Jackson's celebrated toast, “The Unicn! It must be preserved!” and that of Calhoun, who was the protagonist of State rights, “ Liberty! Dearer than Union!” This controversy was finally set at rest by the great Civil War. Federalism triumphed over State rights, and the principle that the American Republic should be governed by the voice of the collective majority of all the States wag definitely adopted. But the war did not do more than enforce the acceptanco of the principle. The machiner | originally adopted remained intact, and inasmuch as that machinery had been specially designed to protect the rights of minorities, it stil] | remained v ery dificult in practice for the majority to exercise an effective control over all the branches of the government. Gradually, as society has grown more complex, and as tho need for legislation of a general character has become more and more apparent, the theory that government should exercise very limited powors in order that it may do no harm has given way to a desire for the creation of a strong central government, considered as an agent of the popular will for the accomplishment of good. With this end in view, the Referendum has been adopted in almost all the State Constitu- tions. Originally intended es a means for dealing with emer- gencics, it is beginning to be gradually accepted as “the normal and usual method of government” But Mr. Elliott thinks that neither the Referendum, nor the more extreme measure of conferring the Initiative on the people, which has also boen adopted, has succeeded in achieving the desired end. Tho “ averago citizen has and witb this weariness Moreover, “ an grown or will grow weary of so much voting,” the opportunity of the party manager will again arise. impossible task has been imposed upon the electorate in that the number of measures to be considered at each election is so great and their | character so complex that it is impossible for the voter to have an intelligent opinion regarding them.” Somewhat greater success has attended the adoption of what is known as the “Commission system,” which, however, has so far only been generally applied within the domain of municipal government, coupled with tho “ recall system,” which enables an unpopular publio official to be removed at any timo during his period of office. The “Commission system” involves “the centralization of power, bot! executive and administrative, in a single small group of cleted officials—the Commission.” In dealing with the reforms which he considers should be adopted in order to ensure the cffective predominance of the voice of the majority, Mr. Eliott insists strongly on the necessity of simplicity. ‘* Democracy in the United States demands an easy and efficient instrument for the expreesion of its will.” Moreover, he recognizes that democracy not only docs not resent but clamours for guidance at the hands of its most enlightened members, thus apparently agrecing with the late M. Faguet, who, in his L’Horreur des Responsabilités, puts the same idea in the following words: “ La vitalité des démocratics se mesure & la force génitrice d’aristocraties qu’elles portent en clles.” The specific measures which Mr. Elliott proposes are, in the first place, the extension of tho “‘ Commission system” to the government of the several States; in the eccond place, the adoption of a Singls Chamber system of government ; and, in the third place, tho ebolition of the law which requires a representative in the legislative body to reside in the district which he represents. The effcct of this law is to encourage the faulty theory that an clected member merc ly represents local rather than national interests. ‘Tho chango advocated by Mr. Elliott would bring the American system into greater conformity with British practices and aims of government. We have always held that a 18 * Sce Spectutor of Apri! 22n4, 1916,

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YIM June 10, 1916.) THE SPECTATOR. 721 aes Member of Parliament, when once elected, represents the whole people and not merely the interests of his constituency. Mr. Elliott also appears to contemplate that the “ eystem of recall,” which is already in a fow instances applied in the States, should be made applicable to Federal representatives and officials generally. It will be seen that these proposals, more especially that which involves government by a Single Chamber, are of a very drastic nature. - If edopted, they would poesibly result in a roal approach being made to the realization of the democratic ideal to the extent of enabling effect to be given to every passing humour of public opinion. But this js not altogether certain. It is by no means clear that, under the system advocated by Mr. Elliott, the power of the “ boss” and of the party manager would wholly vanish. Demos is now as gullible— cinapdywyos—as it was in the days of Aristophanes. But even if the vbject can be achieved, it remains a very open question whether it would be wise to sweep away at one stroke ail the elaborate devices conceived by the American “Fathers” in order to check the hasty impulses of democracy. In spite of the wave of democratic feeling which has of late years passed over the United Kingdom, there are few thinking peop’c, even although they be staunch demccrats, who would wish to sce the provisions of the recent Parliament Act, which at all syents gives the democracy time for reflection before definite action is taken, entirely abolished. We are just now witnesses of the most remarkable instance the world of politics has ever seen of want of fore- sight on the part of the many and of wisdom on that of the few. Whatever may be done in America, it is earnestly to be hoped that the lesson will be taken to heart by the Cis-Atlantic branch of the great democratic Anglo-Saxon community, and that the drag-chain will not be wholly removed from the equipment of the demceratic coach. The Americans also will possibly do weil to pause before they throw away the advantages of a Constitution which has been eulogized by so high an authority as Lord Actcn in the following terms. The American democracy, he said, is “‘democracy. in its highest perfection, armed, vigilant, less against aristocracy and monarchy than against its own weakness and excess.” CromER. “HORSE SENSE.”* Tre practice of printing verse as prose is not new. emotional expansion it is sometimes indulged in (unintentionally) by serious writers, Thackeray resorted to it occasionally in whimsical or serio-comic moods. And of late years the reports of Police Court proceedings in one of the evening papers were frequently served up in thyme, though printed in ordinary paragraphs. But Mr. Walt Mason, the American humorist, stands in a special class among these disguised versifiers, since he invariably discards the usual indications of lines and stanzas. It may be a concession to the man in the street who shies at poetry, or it may be from modesty; but the motive does not really matter. It is the result that counts, and the result here is dis- tinctly exhilarating, and, let us add, characteristically American. Mr. Mason makes no pretence toliterary finish. His style is colloquial, richly embellished with the most expressive slang, and marked by turns of phrase which are calculated to make the precious and the fastidious reader writhe in agony. But he is a remarkably deft and ingenious rhymer; his outlook is genial and wholesome; and he never fails to make his point—indeed, one may say of him that the more grotesque the image, the more effectively it drives home the moral. There is nothing very new or original about his philosophy ; it is simply that of “horse sense,” as the title claims, leavened with kindly humanity. He preaches the gospel of hard work, cheerfulness, and contentment, of reverence for elders, of the charity that begins at home, and of honesty as the best policy. He expands the thought that lies at the root of Lucretius’s suave mari magno into a page of spirited doggerel. As he puts it: “ There’s nothing so soothing, so apt to be smoothing the furrows of grief from your brow, as sitting and gazing at folks who are raising out there in the mud such a row! ‘To watch a mad neighbour through hurricane labour while you are all snug by the fire, to sce him cavorting and pawing and snorting, what more could a mortal desire?” But this sentiment is not typical of his ettitude, which is in the main gencrous and chivalrous. He has no micrey on spurious philanthropy, or on capitalists who grind the faces of their employees and subscribe lavishly to freak funds to provide Retreats for Maiden Aunte, or to furnish roasted ducks to suffragists in jail! or pink pinafores for heathen in Cathay. He scarifies the miserly moralist, the croaker, the puffer of faked goods and quack medicines, and the food crank, and denounces the apologists of intemperance in lines which are worth a wilderness of tracts :— In moments of “How many ringing songs there are that celebrate the wine, and ether goods behind the bar, as being wondrous fine! How many choruses exalt the brown October ale, which puts a fellow’s wits at fault, and lands him in the jail! A hundred pocts wasted ink, and suined good quill pens, describing all the joys of drink in gilded boozing kens. But all those joys are hollow fakes which wisdom can’t indorse ; they're soon converted into aches and sorrow and remorse, The man who drains the brimming glass in haunts of light and song, next morning knows that he’s an ass, with cars twelve inches long. An aching head, a pile of debts, a taste that’s green and stale, that’s what the merry fellow gets from brown October ale. Untimely graves and weeping Wives and orphans shedding brine ; this sort of thing the world derives [2s Pt 1 ae " in Verses Tewse. By Walt Mason, London: Duckworth and Co. oO . net. from bright and ames wine. The prison cell, the scaffold near ; such features may be blamed on wholesome keg and bottled beer, which made one city famed. Oh, sing of mud or axle grease, but chant no fairy tale, of that disturber of the peace, the brown October ale !” Unfair criticism is another subject on which his views, as expressed in “The Thankless Job,” may be commended to English readers at the present moment :— “There’s nothing but tears for the man who steers our ship o’er the troubled sea; there's nothing but grief for the nation’s chief, whoever that chief may be. Whatever he does, he can hear the buz of critics as thick as flies ; and all of his aims are sina and shames, and nothing he does is wise. There’s nothing but kicks for the man who sticks four years to the White House chair; and his stout heart aches and his wish-bone breaks and he loses most of his hair. There's nothing but growls and the knocker’s howls, and the spiteful slings and slams ; and the vile cartoons and the dish of prunes and a chorus of tinkers’ dams. Oh, we humble skates in our low estates, who fuss with our garden sass, should view the woes of men who rose above and beyond the mass, and be glad to-day that we go our way mid quiet and peaceful scenes; should thankfully take the hoe and rake, and wrestle with spuds and greens!” We are frequently reminded of Artemus Ward in this little book—by its hatred of cant, its high spirits, its underlying sanity, as well as by its grotesque imagery. We have never read a more trenchant indictment of the decorative, spoiled Amcrican woman than tbat to be found in “ The Idlers ” :— “Men labour against the hames, and sweat till they’re old and grey, supporting the stall-fed dames who idle their years away. We've bred up a futile race of women who have no care, except for enamelled face, or a sea-green shade of hair, who always are richly gowned and wearing imported lids, who carry their poodles round, preferring the pups to kids. And husbands exhaust their frames, and strain till their journey's done, supporting the stall-fed dames, who never have toiled or spun. We're placed in this world to work, to harvest our crop of prunes; Jehovah abhors the shirk, in gown or in trouserloons. The loafers in gems and silk are bad as the fragrant vags, who pilfer and beg and bilk, and die in their rancid rags. The loafers at bridge-whist games, the loafers at purple teas, the hand-painted stall-fed dames, are chains ou the workers’ knees. The women who cook and sew, the women wio manage homes, who have no desire to grow green hair on enamelle« domes, how noble and good they seem, Ge wholesome and sane their aim, compared with that human scream, the brass-mounted, stall-fed dame!” The only surprise in the book is the distinctly pacificist sentiment betrayed in such pieces as “* War and Peace’ and “ Deliver Us ’—the conviction that “ war is merely woe,’ and that an army must live in “pompous folly.” On this question Artemus Ward took a longer and broader view. But as to Mr. Mason's “ wonderful fun and kindliness,” of which Mr. Masefield speaks in a few words of intro- duction, there can be no doubt. SOME BOOKS ON THE WAR.*® Mr. F. W. Wire has done a really useful service to English readers during the war by summarizing for them the news and comments of German newspapers. In his new book, The Assault,’ he describes how, after being known as an American for thirteen years in Berlin, he was arrested as an ** English " spy at the outbreak of war; how Berlin went med and assaulted men of enemy nationality and damaged their property ; how he was allowed to depart from Germany under the care of Sir W. E. Goschen; and how in England he studied Englishmen at war and learned to appreciate more deeply both their determination and their cause. We are specially interested to notice that Mr. Wile does not think that the German people had adopted bodily the hateful doctrines of ascendancy preached by the Prussian militarists :— ‘I wish Germany beaten for the Allies’ sake and for my own country's sake. A victorious Germany would be a menace to international liberty and become automatically a threat to the happiness and freedom of the United States. My years in Germany taught me that. But I cherish no scintilla of hatred or animosity toward the German people as individuals, who will be the real victims of the war. I saw them with my own eyes literally dragged into the fight against their will, fears and judgment. 1 know from thair own lips that they considered ita cruelly unnecessary war and did not wantit. They were joyful and prosperous a year and a half ago—never more so, They craved a continuance of the simple blessings of peace, unless their tearful pro- testations in the fateful month preceding the drawing of their mighty sword were the plaints of a race of hypocrites, and 1 do not think the percentage of hypocrisy much higher in Germany, man for man, thaa elsewhere in the world.” We hope this judgment as to the desires of the German people may For Germany ultimately must be reformed, if at all, from The spirit of the people is therefore the first factor in the problem. The book has evidently been written for Americans, as the commonplaces of English lifqare often explained. But the narrative is very lively ; although Mr. Wile must have been thinking for a long time, so to speak, in clippings, he pieces the extracts together so that there are never any loose edges. A boy who read this record of cx- periences would certainly come to the conclusion that journalism is a be true. within, thrilling career. ak and E aglan iin War-Ti ne A any before tre Outdr trated. Lendon: W. Heineman: ®(1) The Assault : Cer W illiarn Wile. Personal Narrative by Fre [6s. net.) (2) Wea Liovists «m j By Lieutenant-Colonel J. H. Patterson, D.S.0. Londor Hutchinson and Co, (63. wet.) 3) Witla Our froops ta Freice by Rey. f. J. Campbell, M.A London: Chapman and Holl. ls. net.} 4) The Story of a Prisoner of War By Arthur Green, No. 6646, First Somersetshire Light lufautry London: (hatto and Windus. (is, net.)}——(9) The War Manual. By Licutcnant-Colone C. Anderson. 2 \ Louden: T. Fisher Unwia, (Vol. 1. 53.; Vol. il, lusj

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722 THE SPECTATOR. [June 10, 1916. Onc of the strangest incidents in the war so far was surely the creation of the Zion Mule Corps, which served under Colonel Patterson in Gallipoli? Colonel Patterson, the well-known author of The Man- Eaters of Tsavo (in which he described how he killed the lions that for a time held up work on the Uganda Railway), tells us that from boyhood he has been intensely attracted by Jewish history. When the Russian Jews who fled before the Turks in Palestine arrived in Egypt with their families, starving and destitute, and offered their services to Britain, the choice fell upon Colonel Patterson to organize them into a corps of muleteers. It was a curious but appropriate chance which brought these men under the command of one who had a natural sym- pathy with them, and an insight into their thoughts and habits. Not since the days of the Maccabees, probably, has a Jewish unit fought in any war. For it should be understood that the Zion Mule Corps were armed, and several times took a gallant part in tho fighting. The corps was five hundred strong. Colonel Patterson says of its members :— “ Among the N.C.O.’s and men I had every conceivable trade and calling; highly educated men like Mr. Gorodisky, a Professor at the Lycée in Alexandria, and afterwards promoted to commissioned rank ; students of Law, Medicine, and Divinity; mechanics of all kinds, of whom I found the tinsmith the most useful. Even a Rabbi was to be found in the ranks, who was able to administer consolation to the dying and burial rites to those who were struck down when death came amongst us before the enemy in Gallipoli. I also discovered among tho enlisted soldiers a fully-qualified medical man, Dr. Levontin, whom I appointed our surgeon, after having obtained permission to form a medical unit.” The badge of the corps was the shield of David, such a shield a3 David is supposed to have used when he fought Goliath. Colonel Patterson thinks that the employment of this corps against Germany did much to determine the adherence of many Jews, who had hitherto hesitated as to which side they sympathized with in the war. Ono of the privates in the corps received the Distinguished Conduct Medal for a fine deed. Tho mules were stampeded by intense shrapnel-firo when ammunition was being conveyed to the trenches, but Private Grouskousky held on to his mules, though he was shot through both arms, and safely delivered his ammunition. Apart from his extremely interesting account of the Zion Mule Corps, Colone! Patterson indulges in some caustic criticism of the conduct and strategy of the war. The Rev. R. J. Campbell's book, With Our Troops in France,’ is extremely modest in sizo and tone, but it contains some things about soldiers and religion which were well worth saying. No wonder that Mr. Campbell expects results to flow from the fact that “ the same table is used for Holy Communion for Church of England at one hour, Roman Catholics at another, and Nonconformists at a third.” The Roman priest is expected to bring his own candles, and that is almost the only difference in the preparation of the table. The following comment on the soldiers’ view of religion is important :— “They see no justification for our permanent divisions. Compre- hension is their note, without rigid uniformity. How far this is true I cannot be sure, but I think it is not very wide of the mark. It is no use anyone telling me that our soldiers are not taking religion seriously ; they are. They may be too shy to say much about it openly, but they are thinking about it all the same. How could it be possible for men daily at grips with death to do ef other? I have overwhelming proof inmy own immediate experience alone that fellows who formerly may have been somewhat careless or rackety are now in simple whole-hearted fashion secing themselves and their duty sub specie acternitatis. Never have I seen among them, and never expect to see, anything but the utmost reverence for the name of our blessed Redeemer. One of their favourite pastimes was to stand me up on a platform and heckle me, sometimes to my discomfiture and sometimes theirs, but always enjoyably. It began in a very simple manner. After an ordinary non-parade service ut which I hap ool to be preaching, men singly and in groups would saunter up to tho reading table and enter into conversation. Usually this would lead to a little questioning and discussion, and the numbers of those taking part would gradually swell until quite a large audience would bo assembled. At length the authorities thought it would be well in the interests of all concerned to have separate meetings for this kind of thing, properly announced and held at specified hours, This arrangement was a great success. ‘It beats cock-fighting,’ remarked one Tommy cheerfully after we had had about an hour and a half of it, one down, t’other come on. The questions were not flippant by any means; they were mostly on quite a high level, not only of seriousness but intelligence.” One knows the popularity of religious debates in Hyde Park. Perhaps here is a fruitful idea, Debates might end in a service—the majority asscnting. Mr. Arthur Green’s story‘ of his capture by the Germans and of his treatment at Wittenborg and elsewhere is told in his own terse, vivid, but highly ungrammatical language without the disastrous inter- vontion—it would have been disastrous_in this case—of any editorial hand. If this sort of thing were done artificially, it would be tiresome ; but the book is, we should say, genuinely what it professes to be. Mr. Green describes how he lay helpiess when he was wounded, and how ho was cared for by French and English, and finally carried off by the Germans :— “Well, it rained all night, so I covered my head up, and, what with beipg worn out and loss of blood, I slept, I suppose, till seven o'clock next morning. I was wet to the skin, and what with mud and blood 1 bet I looked in the pink. I could still see the enemy, and I knew they had drove our people back, as they ought to, considering there were eo many. The cries now were worst than ever. I could see our men iving on top of one arother, dead and wounded. It was a very pitiful sight. About 10.30 along come some French country people. They lifted me up and took me in a cart to a village called ‘ Beauvois’ taine au Piro, in (Nord). I was took to a room used for a pn They treated us very good. There wero sixteen of us in this roo; but four died the first two days. I remained there till 5th September’ going then to a civil hospital at Cambrai (Nord). I did not like it there, The Germans were in the town; it waa their base. They had most all the food. My wound only took about fourteen days to heal up. Sines then I’ve had no treatment whatever. I could not get into the French way of living—such funny feeds, boiled red cabbage, else beans, of potatoes. They seem to make a feed off anything. I romained thers until 5th October ; then I went to a English lady’s house for convalisance Oh ! it was fine there—all English ways ; and tho ladies use to come and see us and bring us sweets and fruit. It was pleasant. It was whils there that our airplanes tried to drop bombs on the railway. A bomb fell about 300 yards away in the street. I thought we were lying too easy. I had not been able to get up yet. Well, on the 16th Octobe; they came—the Germans, I mean—and took us off to the train bound for Germany.” He was mocked at by brutal spectators as he was conveyed through Germany. At last he found himself at the deadly camp of Wittenberg, It is an entertaining study in the comparative values of language which is educated and language which is not to read Mr. Greon’s account of Wittenberg while one still remembers the official account :— “Our camp was composed of 15,000 Russians, over 2,000 French, 850 English, and about 40 Belgium civies. If anything came in tho camp it was shot down a shoot, and nothing whatever would go out when once in, so they left us in misery, and disease. At the time there were about 10 French doctors, 10 Russian doctors. They had to liye in the disease with nothing to beat down tho fever. You sco nothing but Russians laying down with fever. oe | were going into hospital about 50 a day and a lot getting treated in barrack. At this time the lice had got a proper*hold of the camp. You could catch about sixty before dinner on your shirt, in the afternoon you would havo just as many, at night you could not sleep ; you could feel them crawling over you. Just before the Germans left tho camp they told us we were shifting ; so we had to pack up.” Mr. Green's “report” loses nothing of the horror, we think. In November, 1915, he was suddenly told by a comrade “ You aro for home.” His answer was “ I've been had before.” But then a German officer came up, and Mr. Green continues: “ He says‘ Nom?’ ‘Green,’ Isays. He says ‘Green, Arteur?’ Isaya‘ Yah.’ Ho says ‘Scurrey| Go London.’ Well, I did nip.” We cannot do much more than mention the first two volumes of The War Manual.® It is a mine of information gathered together from various sources. It gives all the military definitions of words any one is ever likely to require; it explains strategy, the laws of war, martial law, the practice of first-aid, military formations, the principles of attack and defence, military engineering, and much else. o? A STUDENT IN ARMS.* WE aro glad to say that the scries of articles published by us over the signature of “ A Student in Arms”’ has been reprinted in book form, together with two other articles by the same writer which originally appeared in the Westminster Gazetie. As the articles were not by a member of the regular Spectator staff, wo may be allowed, if not to praise them, at any rate to put up a signpost to them and remind our readers how pleasant is the road on which they are invited to walk once more. An excellent choice of a first chapter has been made in “ Kitchener's Army,” reprinted from the Westminster Gazette. It is very much shorter than the majority of the essays, and is little more than a sketch, though a graphic one, of the men who make up “ Kitchener's Army.” Indeed, it might very well be taken as a description of the dramatis personae of the book :— “Wo are a mixed lot—a triumph of domocracy, like the Tubes. Some of us have fifty years to our credit and only own to thirty; others are sixteen and claim to bo eighteen. Some of us enlisted for glory, and some for fun, and a few for fear of starvation. Some of us began by being stout, and have lost weight ; others were seedy and aro filling out. Some of us grumble, and g> sick to escape parades; but for the most part we are aggressively cheerful, and were never fitter in ont lives. Some miss their glass of claret, others their fish-and-chips; but as we all sleep on the a and have only one suit, which is rapidly becoming very disreputable, you would never tell t’other from which.” In another chapter, “An Experiment in Democracy,” this theme is amplified and handled with that sympathotio and philosophic obser- vation which is so characteristic of tho writer. In the course of this article he gives an amusing picture of the “ gentleman” turned recruit. The embarrassment of the uneducated suddenly thrust among the educated is a common topic of study and ridicule. It is rarely that we see tho situation reversed. Indeed, it seems to be assumed that the “ gentleman,” like the hero in a novel, is never secn at a disadvantage. Wherever he is placed ho brings his own atmosphere, so to speak, and can breathe easily. The “Student” has the courage to go against a popular tradition :— “Even the gentleman, who had prided himself on his freedom from ‘the snobbishness of the suburbs,’ felt ill at ease. Of course he had been to working men’s clubs; but there he had been ‘ Mr. Thingumy.’ Here he was ‘ mate.’ He told himself that he did not mind being ‘ mate,’ in fact ho rather liked it; but he fervently wished that he looked the part. Ho felt as self-conscious as if he had arrived at a dinner party in a Norfolk jacket. A little later on, when he sat, one of four nude men, in a cubicle awaiting medical inspection, he did feel that for the moment they had all been reduced to the common denominator of their sheer humanity; but embarrassment returned with his clothes and © A Student in Arms. London: Andrew Melrose, (5s. net.]

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SR8E2E35 58 YIimM June 10, 1916.] THE SPECTATOR. 723 with him all through the march to the station and the journey to the depot. At the depot —— for the prize of a verminous blanket, and six foot of floor to lie on. hen he awoke the next morning his clothes were ereased and dirty, his collar so filthy that it had to be discarded, and his chin unshaven. He perceived with something of a shock that he was no longer conspicuous. He was no more than the geedy unit of a seedy crowd. In any other circumstances ho would have been disgusted. As it was, he sought the canteen at the earliest opportunity and toasted the Unity of the Classes in a pint!” As Mr. St. Loe Strachey says in the introduction, “ the special quality of mind that the Student in Arms has brought to his anatomy of the mind and soul of the British soldier—the Elizabethans would have called his book The Soldier Anatomized—is his sense of justice. That is the keynote, the ruling passion, of all his writing. There is plenty of stern- ness in his attitude. He by no means sinks to the crude antinomianism of ‘to understand all is to pardon all.’ His ideal of justice is, however, clearly governed by the definition that justice is a finer knowledge through love.” But with all his detachment of observation the “Student” does not disdain sentiment. One of the most moving articles in the book is “The Beloved Captain,” which many of our readers will recall to mind :— “Then he started to drill the platoon, with the sergeant standing by to point out his mistakes. Of course he made mistakes, and when that happened he never minded admitting it. He would explain what mistakes he had made, and try again. The result was that we began to take almost as much interest and pride in his progress as he did in ours. We were his men, and he was our leader. We felt that he was a credit to us, and we resolved to be a credit to him. There was a bond of mutual confidence and affection between us, which grew stronger and stronger as the months passed. . . . He was good to look on. He was big and tall, and held himself upright. His eyes looked his own height. He moved with the grace of an athlete. His skin was tanned by a wholesome outdoor life, and his eyes were clear and wide open. Physically he was a prince among men. We used to notice, as we marched along the road and passed other officers, that they always looked pleased to see him. . . ..We knew that we should lose him. For one thing, we knew that he would be promoted. It was our great hope that some day he would command the company. Also wo knew that he would be killed. He was so amazingly unzelf-conscious. For that reason we knew that he would be absolutely fearless. He would be so keen on the job in hand, and soanxious for his men, that he would forget about his own danger. So it proved. He was a captain when we went out to the front. Whenever there was a tiresome job to be done, he was there in charge. If ever there were a moment of danger, he was on the spot. If there were any particular part of the line where the shells were falling faster or the bombs dropping more thickly than in other parts, he was in it. It was not that he was conceited and imagined himself indispensable. It was just that he was so keen that the men should do their best, and act worthily of tho regiment.” We understand this to be a composite portrait. It says much for the officers of the British Army that many people have claimed to identify the ‘ Beloved Captain.” A similar note of emotion is found in several other articles, notably “‘ The Honour of the Brigade” and “Of Some Who were Lost, and Afterward Found.” Excellently as the “‘ Student” can portray the feelings of the men of “ Kitchener’s Army,” tho present writer confesses to a preference for him in his more philosophic mood. Conspicuous among the essays in this vein is “‘ An Englishman Philosophizes ’—the first to appear, in the Spectator—which shows the“ Student’s” originality of thought and style at their best, It is a study of the mental and moral attitude of “the Average Englishman” in peace and in war. Living through his uneventful routine before the war, the “‘ Average Englishman” could hardly be said to possess a philosophy at all, but rather “a code of honour and morals, based partly on tradition and partly on his own shrewd observation of the law of cause and effect as illustrated in the lives of his neighbours.”” When war came and he found himself “ some- where in France,” he discovered that this easygoing philosophy “did not quite fit in with the new demands made on his personality. Much against his will, he had to try and think things out” :— “Tt was an unmitigated nuisance. His equipment was so poor. He had read so little that was of any use to him. All that he could remember were some phrases from the Bible, some verses from Omar Khayydm, and a sentence or two from the Latin Syntax. And then his brain was so unaccustomed to this sort of effort. It made him quite tired; but it had to be done. A man couldn’t sit in a trench hour after hour and day after day with shells whizzing through the air over his head, or bursting thunderously ten yards from him, without trying to get some grip of his mental attitude towards them. He could not see his comrades killed and maimed and mutilated without in some way defining his views on life and death and duty and fate. He could not shoot and bayonet his fellow-men without trying to formulate some justification for euch an unprecedented course of action. His tind was compelled to react to the new and extraordinary situations with which it was confronted.” But when he found himself in a support trench heavily shelled by German guns, Omar, who “ lived before the days of high explosives,” was of little comfort ; and as for the Bible, “ it didn’t seem quite playing the game to go to it now when he had neglected it so long.” At this crisis “ he very nearly became a Mohammedan ”’—in effect, though he could not have given his attitude of mind a definition. In face of the dropping shells he repeated “ Kismet!” “ thinking in a moment of inspiration of Oscar Asche.” From fatalism he was driven to the Gospel of “ the will to prevail,” and was very near “to becoming a disciple of the Hunnish Nietzsche.” But this philosophy of the ego, though useful at moments of crisis, failed lamentably in days of rain in a trench without dug-outs, and he fell back on the motto of a Boys’ Club, “Keep Smiling.” This worked very well for a time, but it was not till many days had passed, and he had endured much weariness of mind and body, that he seemed to find anything like a real philosophy :— “ At length the battalion was relieved, and marched back to a rest camp, where it spent three weeks of comparative peace. In the intervals of presenting arms and acting as orderly corporal the Average English- man thought over his experiences, and it suddenly struck him that during his fortnight as a section commander he had actually forgotten to be afraid, or even nervous! It was really astounding. Moreover, his mind rose to the occasion, and pointed out the reason. He had been so anxious for his section that he had never once thought of himself, With a feeling of utter astonishment, ne realized that he had stumbled upon the very roots of courage —unselfishness. He, tho Average Englishman, had made an epoch-making philosophical discovery |” “A Book of Wisdom” follows much the same lines as the article just mentioned, but the individual who is the subject of analysis is of a special type. The extracts from his diary, which is the “ book of wisdom” of the title, show him always introspective, thoughtful, eager, but humble in his search for truth. The conclusion to which his ex- periences bring him seems the only possible one to a mind such as his. In June, 1914, he is dealing more or less with abstractions :— “* Agnosticism is a fact, it is the starting-point of the man who has realized that to study Infinity requires Eternity.” Perhaps, as a youthful philosopher, he is here rather preoccupied with words, but that ho is not a mere word-spinner is shown by another sentence :— “Agnosticism is no excuse for idleness; because we cannot know all, it does not follow that we should remain wholly ignorant.” Immediately after war has begun his philosophy is influenced by his experiences :— “ The philosopher who is a bad citizen has studied in vain.” “The Gospel says: ‘Love your enemies.’ That means: ‘Try to make them your friends.’ It may be necessary to kick one’s enemy in order to make friendship possible. A nation may be in the same predicament and be forced to fight in order to make friendship possible.” “ Here are two contemptible fellows: a philosopher without courage and a Christian without faith.” “To have a wide experience is to inherit the earth; with a narrow horizon a man cannot be a sound thinker.” “‘ Experience is the raw material of the philosopher; the wider his expericace, whether personal or borrowed, the more sure the basis of his philosophy.” By October, 1914, “ philosophy ” seems to be largely giving place to religion :— “ Religion means being aware of God as a factor in one’s environment ; perfect religion is perceiving the true relative importance of God and the rest.” “ Religion is fecling and aspirational theology is the statement of ita theoretical implications.” : “In the hour of danger a man is proven; the boaster hides, the egotist trembles, only he whose caro is for honour and for others forgets to be afraid.” “True religion is betting one’s life that thore is a God.” The entry of June Ist, 1915, closes the extracts :— “IT have seen with the eyea of God. I have secon the naked sou!s of men, stripped of circumstance. Rank and reputation, wealth and poverty, knowledge and ignorance, manners and uncouthness, theso I saw not. I saw the naked souls of men. I saw who wero slaves and who wero free: who were beasts and who men: who were contemptib‘e and who honourable. I have seen with the eyes of God. I have seea the vanity of the temporal and the glory of the eternal. I have despised comfort and honoured pain. I have understood the victory of the Cross. O Death, where is thy sting? Nunc dimittis, Domine... .” The “Student's” religious sense is very strong, and he is therefore naturally interested in a high degree in the relationship of the Church to the Army. He deals with it very frankly in several articles, notably in “ The Religion of the Inarticulate,” and has a good deal of criticism to offer—criticism which seems to us sound and useful. In summing up our notice of the book we may quote once more from the intro- duction, where Mr. Strachey defines the work of “A Student in Arms” :— “ What is his task ? Consciously or unconsciously, I know not which it is, to interpret the British soldier to the nation in whose service ho has laid down his life, and dared and done deeds to which the history of war affords no parallel. One rises from the Student’s book with a sense that man is, after all, a noble animal, and that though war may blight and burn, it reveals the best side of human nature, and sanctilics as well as destroys.” EPHEMERA.* Mr. Grorrrey Drace has brought together a selection from the speeches and papers which he has published in the course of his wor as a member of what he calls, with a happy appropriateness, th» “ Volunteer Civil Service of the country.” Tho field covered is a largo one, but in present circumstances the reader will naturally tura to Parts IV. and V.—those which are headed “ Russia” and “ The Great War and Sea Training”—and to the “Epilogue,” which touches, in the light thrown upon them by tho present war, upon many of th» questions in the consideration of which the author has spent his life. What is most significant in these chapters is the contrast between two of Mr. Drage’s speeches in the House of Commons—ono on August 10th, 1898, the other on March 20th, 1899. In the earlier “e Ephemera, By Geoffrey Drage. London: Smith, Elder, and Co, [10s. 6d, net.)

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724 THE SPECTATOR. [June 10, 1916, specch we are warned that the policy of Russia is to absorb China, to exclude British trade from the Chinese market, and generally to treat England as an adversary. In that made only seven months later, though the facts stated are much the same, the method of dealing with them has completely changed. Mr. Drage has come to recognize the growth in the men immediately around the Tsar of Slavophil ideas, and of faith in the mission, political, social, and religious, which Russia has to carry out. He no longer insists on the nced of marking out the area of our special interests in Asia and defining what amount of interference with them will constitute a casus belli. Ho treats the Peace Conference proposed by the Tsar as an occasion for trying to arrive at an understanding between Russia and England on the very matters dealt with in the earlicr speech. Probably few of those who listened to this suggestion appreciated the greatness of the change it foreshadowed. Englishmen were still influenced by the Ideas of Palmerston and Beaconsfield. They had still to discover that the true reason why Russia threatened us in Asia was that we stcod in the way of her natural progress: in Europe: Afghanistan was a theatre of Russian intriguo because England was still convinced that Constantinople must remain Turkish. There is no reference to the need of a revolution in English policy on this question in Mr. Drage’s second speech, but evidently something of the sort was in his mind when he made it. He returns to the relations between the two countrics in the “ Epilogue,” with special reference to the argent need of an immediate revision of the Anglo-Russian Commercial Treaty concluded in 1859. If nothing is done in this way during the war, there is a real danger that it “‘ may be merely thrown in its present form into an omnibus clause of the gencra] treaty on the conclusion of peace.” When this time comes European diplomacy will have its hands full. It will have to settle “ the national, political, military, and naval issues concerned in the reconstruction of the European system,” and with these tremendous issues urgently calling for settlement what chance is there that new commercial treaties will gain anything like the amount of attention they merit ? In the case of Russia the question will have an importance special to itself. Russia “is on the eve of a tremendous industrial development” which is only waiting the conclusion of peace, and Germany will be on the watch how to turn it to the best account. All the traditions of the pre-war period will work in her favour. Her business men all speak Russian, and Mr, Drage foresces a further advantage in the knowledgs gained by “ the million and more German and Austrian prisoners now quartered in Siberia and doing industrial and other work.” His special suggestion is that the English Government should not trust to the knowledge which can be gained by written communications. He would have a small mission sent out from this country to Russia to obtain all the facte and figures “ which the great Departments of State may consider necessary.” The members of such a mission should be well acquainted with Russian economics, and with the “leading personalities in Petro- grad and Moscow.” His own observation points to the conclusion that Russian public opinion would welcome the aid of British capital and of British workmen in place of the German infiltration which has so long exercised a disastrous influence on the political, bureau- cratic, and commercial action of the great Slavonic Empire. We have dwelt chiefly on this portion of Mr. Drage’s volume because of its immediate importance, but there are other social questions coming into sudden prominence on which he has much to say. MAN THE GREGARIOUS.* Tne original of socicty, maintains Mr. Shandy in the famous passage was m-rely conjugal, and consisted in nothing more than the getting to_ether of a man ang a woman, supplemented byabull. If man were indeed or'ginally a solitary and not a herd creature, how did the phenomenon of crowds and communitics of men first arise ? Pretty certainly from the need of co-operative action in war and the chase, and ha dly less surely from the need of co-operative emotion in religion. Primitive 1el'gions have generally had for one of thcir chief elements the enthusiasm and se!f-hypnotism which a crowd engenders. The rites of Isis and Osiris, of Juggernaut, of Obi, of Dionysus, of Totem beast and bird, and of many a dreadful god whose name never passes the lips of a worshipper—all these are crowd religions. And it was from such orgies of communism that man, with his dual nature. turned to the individualism of philosophy. A Socrates secks truth and virtue, not the opinion of the many. Just before the war intellectual religious life showed a curious tendency to turn from rationalism to some form of mysticism-—generally highly ritualistic. Those who followed this train of development scemed to do so from a longing to turn from the cold individua'ism of logic and, through co-operative ritual, to find again the primitive crowd solidarity and emotion. What will be the effect of the war upon this and similar tendencies ? Will mankind become more er less of a herd animal? We have nearly all of us been living a crowd life of Jate—-some of us for the first time—- breathing the crowd spirit in battalion, hospital, or munition shop. Shall we react from this taste of communal life and become furiously individualistic, or, pleased with our preiiminary canter, shall we choose that dark horse Socialism for our permanent mount ? That will be one of the chief of the many strange questi ns which peace will bring. ~® The Crowd in Peace and War. By Sir Martin Conway. Londou: Longmans | ~~ cit ’ , ' @ Conference of wise, patgiotic, and modcrate Irishmen to agree OB end Co. (Gs. nets Sir Martin Conway's The Crowd in Peace and War is particularly well timed. If his tracing of the crowd’s origins is not Special illuminating, his analysis of that strange mindless emotional webin is excellent. He has throughout the book relied more upon such facta as he could observe for himself than upon the researches of psychologists; he is more liberal with modern instances than with wise saws. Tho book is, in fact, an excellent piece of journalism rather than a profound scientifig study. He deals most entertainingly with that universally fascinating creature, the man born of the crowd. As a bubble rises from the troubled depths of a torrent-fed pool, so from a crowd a leader is beund sooner or later to arise. He may be a man ofa strong and virile genius-. Sir Martin Conway would call him a “ crowd-compeller "—one who will bend, and sway, and weld his crowd as did Shakespeare's Mark Antony or as Milton’s Satan shook and gripped the fiends who heard him in the hall of Pandemonium, or as Napoleon bent and forged the molten soul of France into an irresistible instrument of Empire. But such men are rare. Oftencr the leader will be what Sir Martin Conway calls 9 “‘crowd-exponent.” Crowd-exponents, he points out, arise after a crowd movement has taken shape :— “They are men who have not m de it but who have been made by it « . . The crowd-exponent is the man who feels by sympathetic insight and mere sensitiveness of nature as the crowd feels or is going to feel, and who expresses in clear language the emotion of adumb organism. For all the ideas of a crowd are necessarily of a dumbemotional sort andcan only be expressed by them in the form of shouts or actions of approval or dissent. The crowd loves anyone who will express its ideas, He may bo a speaker, or a writer, or a group of news but whatever he is, he is the voice of the crowd and his utterance is really theirs. . . . Hence the chief quality of a crowd-exponent is sensitiveness, and tho faculty he most needs is the power of speech He is by nature akin to an artist; his is the stuff of which poets are made, . . . The - men of this sort do not go forth to find out by laborious research what people are thinking. . . . It is only the little men who are always listening at the keyhole of the publio to catch some secret of its tones. The great men catch the opinion of the public as they breathe the air; they cannot avoid sharing it.” **> per writers— Sir Martin Conway goes on to instance the characters of Mr. Gladstone and Mr. Lloyd George to illustrate his point. His comments upon the psychology of the latter’s political career and his estimate of his value in political life are both illuminating and original. Excellent also is the chapter upon “ Government and the Crowd,” in which, we are glad to see, Sir Martin Conway shows himself a champion of the Referendum. The whole book, indeed, provides most suggestive and interesting reading at the present juncture. THE MAGAZINES. In the Nineteenth Century Sir Charles Lucas, who discusses the sugges- tions for the future government of the Empire made in Mr. Basil Worsfold’s book, The Empire on the Anvil, inclines to the “ half-way house ” solution of the problem, on the general ground that he can find in the past no encouragement for making a wholly fresh start, nor any satisfying safeguards against the pitfalls of a brand-new Constitution. He accordingly hopes that at the first Imperial Conference after the war it may be decided to call an ad hoc Convention representative of the whole Empire to discuss what steps should be taken to pro mote its further unity. Lord Cromer in “‘ Democracy and Diplo- macy’ points out that modern Foreign Ministers and their agents must to a great extent reflect the public opinion and national aspirations of their respective countries. As regards British diplomacy, he observes that whilst its failures are patent to all the world, its successes are less well known and appreciated. The essential! issue with which he is concerned is whether democracy makes for peace, and while on the whole inclined to agree that it does, he shows that, judged by the light of history, the case in favour of democracy breaks dowa com- pletely. Even in America the guiding principle has often been self-interest, and, in regard to Mexico, has been the negation of the fundamental democratic principle that every nation has a perfect right to choose its own government. The American people, according to some of theit most eminent interpreters, though non-militarist, are both militant and aggressive. Lord Cromer disclaims any desire to decry democracy. On the contrary, his personal opinion is that on the whole a distinct vein of high morality runs through democratic action which is con- spicuously absent under absolutist rule. “ But it would be a mistake if, in a fit of anti-absolutist enthusiasm, we were to imagine that demo. cratic diplomacy can or will assuredly inaugurate an era of universal peace or the realization of all the ideals of democracy.” Human nature, in fine, can only gradually be changed, if indeed it can be changed at all._—Of the three articles on Ireland, that of Mr. J. R. Fisher finds the root of the present evil in the wea!:ness of the Executive, and ridicules the notion of saving tho situation by setting up “ another debating socicty.” We have to reckon with the “ incradicable and unreasoning hatred of England” admitted by Mr. Lecky, Sir Horace Plunkett, and Mr. Birrell himself. This sentiment asks for no reforms and will accept none, and the movement which translated it into action was “encouraged to gather strength and prepare its plans by a few years of notoriously incompetent rule in Dublin.” Mr. J. Clere Sheridan, writing as an Irishman who has becn a resident official in South Africa since the Boer War, pleads for an “ entente with Ireland ” on the model of the South African Union, with as its first step

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‘TIM June 10, 1916.] THE SPECTATOR, 725 and frame the necessary amendments to the Irish Self-Government Act. Finally, the Rev. Robert Murray gives a very interesting and fully documented account of the growth of the Sinn Fein rebellion and the personalities of its leaders. It is at best a painful study of perverted idealism. Mr, Murray sums up in the following memorable words :— “There are after all but two alternatives, two national ideals. Jreland must either be one with England as a portion of the Empire to which she contributes in a large measure imagination, soul, intensity, wit, resourcefulness ; or she may refuse her share in a great and glorious Empire—she may spend her soul, her intensity, her wit, her resourceful- ness in fostering a scheme which is essentially and eternally impracticable, Jt may lead in the future, as in the present, to the detriment of England. It may lead Ireland to the destruction, partial or complete, of herself. But there is one goal to which it can never lead, and that is to National Iudependence.” ——We may also note Mr. Ellis Barker's long article advocating the poutralization of Asiatic Turkey after the war; Professor Joseph Delcourt’s fascinating study of “ Shakespeare and the French Mind”; and Commander Currey’s well-deserved tribute to the magnificent spirit of the Navy and the splendid services of the merchant marine. Mr. Edgar Crammond, one of our ablest and best-equipped statis- ticians, writes in the National Review on “ British and German War Finance.” His conclusions are in the main decidedly reassuring. A survey of Germany's expenditure, war loans, commerce, &c., leads him to pronounce that her financial outlook is desperate, and that all the evidence available points to the approach of the greatest financial déhdcle which the world has seen. As for ourselves, though we were the least prepared of all the Great Powers on the financial as well as t%e military side at the outbreak of the war, we have “‘ overcome the financial difficulties of the first eightcen months with astounding ease.” But the outlook for the coming financial year gives cause for anxicty, and the energies of the nation must be concentrated on the problem of the reduction of expenditure. Our greatest hope of re- trenchment on a large scale lies, in Mr. Crammond’s view, in the reduc- tion of consumption by private individuals, “ If an all-round reduction of, say, 15 per cent. could be effected in our total civil and military expenditure, our deficit, in the coming year might be reduced from £830,000,000 to, say, £450,000,000, a sum which would be quite within manageable limits.’"———The editor prints an interesting memorandum of a conversation between the late Mr. Alfred Beit and the German Emperor at Potsdam in 1906, in which the Emperor's animus against England, especially in connexion with the Entente Cordiale with FrBace is markedly shown. The editor also reproduces the striking chapter, “The Week of Tragedy,” from Cermany Before the War, by Baron Beyens, the Relgian Minister in Berlin. The gist of Baron Beyens's impressions of the crisis of July-August, 1914, goes to prove that Russia was used by the German Government as a diplomatic bogy, and that the Emperor made war to consolidate his dynasty, to extend his dominions, and to increase German power, wealth, and prestige. As for Great Britain, we cannot do better than quote Baron Beyens’s own words :— “The events leading up to the present war have revealed to us the honesty and scrupulousness of British diplomacy, side by side with the bad faith of German diplomacy; and they have thrown ample light upon the loyalty of Great Britain and her Ministers, as contrasted with the double-dealing of Germany and her Imperial functionaries.” ~—" The Reconciliation,” by the Comtesse de Luz, is a charming sketch of the union sacrée that has united all Frenchmen with one object. On the eve of the war she pictures for us a French country gentleman of o'd stock, completely estranged from his neighbours, sulking in his old castle, and supplanted by Socialistic tradesmen in the local offices which he had regarded as his right. We leave him a few days later acrecing with the conseil municipal that “from to-day there were no longer any politics or parties—only France and Frenchmen standing shoulder to shoulder, until the soil is free from the foe that has set its heel on our childhood’s inhcritance.”——-Mr. W. H. Hudson writes a delightful paper on “ Life in a Pine Wood : People, Birds, and Ants ” ; while Mr. Eustace Miles in ‘‘Cookless Meals” discusses in a tone of friendly criticism the dietetic reforms advocated by Mr. Aird, and pleads for a Department or Institution for the fair and unbiassed investigation of various dietaries. Personally, he believes that “any wholesale con- demnation of cooking as destroying food-values can only be put down 1% ignorance.”’ The editorial comments are, as usual, mainly made up of more or less violent tirades against the Cabinet. Sir W. Ryland Adkins, M.P., defends the Coalition against its critics in the new Contemporary. But while condemning carping, unfair, and destructive criticism, he maintains that “ many things can be achieved ky pressure which is not disloyal, but which is based on knowledge,” and pleads for more information. The powers of exposition which the Government possess might, in his opinion, be much more freely used than they have been. There are some disputable statements in the article—e.g., that the neutrals grow more friendly, and that Mr. Ramsay MacDonald is seen and not heard—but on the whole it is a temperate and well-reasoned argument for the maintenance of the Coalition. Mr. Hugh Law writes on the situation in Ireland. Here again the manner is moderate, but some of the statements are open to question —as, for example, that “ the insurgents, in the main, appear to have fought a clean fight.” He traces the movement partly to economic discontent aud the survival of the old inextinguishable hatred of the Irish-American irre. concilables, but largely to the rise of the Ulster Volunteers. He estimates the total number of insurgents at hardly a tenth of the number of Irish recruits to the British Army since the outbreak of war. Lastly, ho finds Castle government weak and ineffisient, while declining to lay the blame on individuals, and going so far as to declare that Mr. Birrell’s policy in past years “‘ won for him the respect and affection of the groat mass of the Irish people. This alone, it may woll be, kept thousands from joining or sympathizing with the insurgents.”"———-Dr. Dillon, writing on “Sweden end the Belligerents,” docs not minimize the pro-German movement or the plausibility of the arguments of the “ Activists,” who favour a pooling of Swedish and German interests. None the less, he holds that the nation as a whole is averse from this movement, and convinced of the solid advantages of maintaining neutrality. “Polonus” outlines the new partition of Poland contem- plated by the Central Empires, showing that by the progress of the war a division of zones of occupation has taken place closely recalling the Austro-Prussian delimitation of 1795. The fate of the kingdom of Poland remains at the moment absolutely undetermined, bus the writer holds that the continuance of tho old partitioning conceptions, which led tho world into war, will not lead the world out of it. That way can only be found in a Poland “ really new-born, strong, vigorous, and healthy.”—— In view of the sufforing of native peoples, the terrible depopulation of their territories in tho last fifty years, and tho crying nood of a reform of the labour question, Mr. John Harris utters a powerful ploa forthe sum- moning of another European and International Congross—overdue when the war broke out. He accordingly urges that the Europe1n Powers should agree that within one year of the declaration of pose such a Congress should be held to amend the existing agreements for main- taining the rights, liberties, and welfare of native races. Of the reforms, tho first alike in time and value is that of the abolition of forced labour, and he finds encouragemont in the fact_that the commercial world is “not only beginning to realize the importance of conserving native life, but is recognizing that the application of fraud or force upon the labour supply is a ruthless and unerring boomerang.” Wo may note, amongst other suggestions, his recommendation that, on the analogy of Basutoland, the white colonizing nations should agree to ect aside an area in each Colony or Protectorate for the exclusive use of the native inhabitants; his advocacy of short labour contracts; and his plea for the appointment of Protestors of the native labourers chosen from the country from which the labourers are secured and able to speak their language, Mr. Sidney Low, writing in the Fortnighily of English and American sea rights and powers, describes how he watched the last Hague Conference, and noted that it was not peace which was discussod but war. Germany's envoy agreed to everything that would limit sea warfare, but to nothing that would interfere with the action of armies. ‘“‘ Auditor Tantum” traces the history of “The Late Crisis and the New,”’ and with regard to the new one tells a story of Mr. Birrell which, even if not authentic, exactly describes his mental attitude. The late ruler of Ireland is reported to have said: “ Doing is the very devil; dreaming is the real thing.” To see the result of his dreaming Mr. Birrell has only to go to Dublin and look around.—— “* Judex ” pours forth a sloppy appeal for mercy in dealing with Irish rebels. Nobody wants retributive vengeance, but to assert that the Sina Feiners in all numbered Icss than three thousand, and that “ there was no looting, no wanton destruction of property,” is stretching things a good deal. The writer has the impudence to say that “ the Sinn Feiners did no more than Sir Edward Carson and his followers threatened to do.”” One party proclaimed an independent Republic, while the others said they would not be cast out of the United Kingdom. It is characteristic of such a writer that he is in ecstasies over the Irish soldiers who remained faithful, and cannot speak too highly of their gallantry, but mak»s no mention at all of the English troops who died to save Dublin from anarchy and destruction.——Mr. Archibald Hurd writes of “* America’s Bid for Sea Power.” He gives various cxtracts from the document drawn up by the Board over which Admiral Dewey presides. These advisers of the Government evidently do not believe in the approaching end of the big ship, for they recommend the construction of larger units than any existing. Mr. Hurd holds that in considering the size of the proposed Fleet account has been taken of the probability of our Fleet being reduced in strength whatever the outcome of tho war. There has always been among some Amevicans a feeling of delight at the growth of the German Fleet, it being believed that by putting a strain on our resources the ends of America were being served. In Blackwood an article on “The Nature of the Beast” gives an analysis of the Gezman character and mind. One of the most difficult qualities to combat is that of absolute acquiescence in a Government pronouncement. You may prove to a German that a statement is false, and he will follow your logic, but close the discussion with, “ But the Government has said so-and-so.” What you say may be true, but authority is greater than truth. “‘ Truth’ to the German, then, docs not present itself in 4he least as it does to us. To him, truth is that version of facts which best suits the progress of the German Empire.” i “An Exchanged Officer” writes his hospital experiences at Cambrai | after being wounded and taken prisoner at the beginning of the war. He | pays a fine tribute to the skill and devotion of the French dootors and

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728 THE SPECTATOR. [June 10, 1916. nurses. Whenever it was possible, the French people dressed our men in French uniforms to help them to escape the cruelties specially reserved for the English. The German surgeons who used the hospital seem to have been callous, and would start an operation before the anacsthetic had taken effect. There was one exception, Professor Fessler, who was most humane, and who wished that those responsible for the conflict could realize the horror of a war operating-room. A German officer with a stomach wound was told that he must not eat or drink for twenty-four hours. He forthwith ordered his servant to bring him a bottle of champagne, half of which he drank, and died in five minutes.——Mr. Holmes, the well-known Police Court missionary, gives a startling narrative of a spy. He was a man who had been a burglar for the sheer love of it, but had drifted out to India, settled, and then married a native somewhere in the region of Aden. When the war came he felt he must do something, and his old love of adventure led him to take up spy work in Mesopotamia. Ho did this with success, but in the end hoe had to relinquish his work, tortured and maimed, but satisfied.———“ Moira O'Neill” writes a sober, ungarnished account of what it was like to be in an isolated country house during the rebellion in Wexford. Robbery under arms and every form of intimidation were rampant. The peasants, formerly friendly, shut their doors and would exchange no greetings. The irresponsible girls and boys seem to have made the most of things, the former putting red crosses on their sleeves, rushing off with raiding parties, and carrying a revolver as a nursing outfit; while boys paraded with guns and bayonets, halting and threatening every one within reach. As for the terrorism, the writer declares that had the rebellion lasted a week longer the terrorized people would have joined it, and been the most cruel of the lot. FICTION. CHRISTINA'S SON.* Nor a few novelists of eminence in recent years have lent support to the view—indced, one of them is credited with having expressly said so— that normal themes are exhausted, and that the possibilities of making a successful appeal to the reader resided in the exploration of the abnormal. It is an old complaint. In his admirable Anthologia Graeca Mr. St. John Thackeray quotes tho lament of Chocrilus (the Samian poet who flourished at the end of the fifth century B.c.) over the exhaustion of al] poetical subjects: “* Happy was tho follower of the Muses in that time when the field was still virgin soil. But now, when all has been divided up and the arts have reached their limits, we are left behind in the race, and look where’er we may, there is no room anywhere for a new-yoked chariot to make its way to the front.” Miss Letts’s novel is, in its way, an excellent answer to this recurrent and secular complaint. In Christina’s Son she gives us no brand-new study of sophisticated tem- peraments, but an unvarnished picture of the actions and reactions and transitions of late Victorian middle-class life. Superficially her story, since it deals with the representatives of three generations, has a resemblance to Milestones; but there is this difference, that while Mr. Arnold Pennett’s greatest admirers cannot say that he is a poet or an idealist, Miss Letts is unable to suppress, though she keeps it reverely under restraint, that poetic and idealistic element which runs ike a gold thread through the homespun of her argument. Christina, who is the only daughter of a succersful retired accountant and a typical mid-Victorian matron, has artistic leanings and a vein of romance in ker character. But family tradition and domestic influence are too strong, and she marries an excellent, kindly, prosaic man, a good deal elder than herself, who dics in early middle age and leaves her poorly off with two children to bring up. Ske finds her true vocation in mother- hocd, and devotes herself to her son,a delicate, sensitive boy, on whom ehe lavishes her affection. But though he is neither ungrateful nor miutinous, he belongs to his own generation, and illustrates the old s2ying, “A son’s a son till he marries a wife’”’—in this instance an aitractive, heartless girl of bad stock. Laurence is an architect, wedded to his art, and unable to hold his wayward wife, who neglects, deserts, and drives him to an untimely end. The sequel describes Christina's noble if reluctant revenge on the woman whom she bad cursed in the hour of her bereavement. The action takes place in commonplace surroundings, and Christina is no heroine of remance, but the story is rot commcenplace: nothing that Miss Letts writes could be, for she has distinction of thought as well as of style. It is not an “ emancipation novel,” though the modification of domestic relationships is clearly traced, so much as a sympathetic study of parents and children. And it treats of great matters—motherhood and religion and renunciation— though the scene is eect on a humble stage. The story lacks a strong male character, though it contains a really beautiful portrait of the echolar-saint, Mr. Ingleby, the perfect family friend, wise, gentle, helpful, and tolerant—whom even Philistines appreciated, and to whom admit- tance was always given in times of sickness and sorrow when doors were slut to others. ReapaBLeE Novers.—Desmond’s Daughter. By Maud Diver. (W. Blackwood and Sons. 5s.)—An Anglo-Indian novel which deals with the incidents of the Tirah Campaign. Spectators. By Clara Smith ° Christina’s Son. By Ww. M. Letts. London: Wells Gardner, Darton an! (o Ss. aet.j aria and T. Bosanquet. (Constable and Co. 63.)—A novel which touches on the change that war has made in the lives of aset of super-cultivated peoplo. It is told in the rather unsatisfactory medium of letters, —__ The Complete Gentleman. By Bohun Lynch. (Martin Secker. 63.)~ A country-house story of the last decade of the nineteenth century —_ The White Ghost Book. By Jessie Adelaide Middleton. (Cassell and Co, 5s.)—The ghost stories in this volume purport to be true, and some of them are certainly terrifying. ——The Secret Sympathy. By Mary L, Pendered. (Chapman and Hall. 6s.)—A pre-war novel tho heroing of which becomes a jobbing chauffeuse, her chauffeur lover turning out to be the long-lost heir to a large property. SOME BOOKS OF THE WEEK. ——_>—_— [Notice in this column does not necessarily preclude sudsequsnt review.) Ia Vérité. By J. Bertourieux. (Geneva: Imprimerie Jent.j). This substantial book of respectable outward appearance reaches ug from Switzerland. The author dates it from “ Paris, Octobre, 1915~ Janvier, 1916.” It is addressed to his compatriots in beloved, misguided, mutilated France. The argument is that English machinations brought about the unhappy alliance between bemused France and the Russian barbarian: that King Peter and the Pan-Slav element, who stood to profit by the Scrajevo murders, brought Russia into war: England arranged the Belgian resistance, and France was merely dragged in to fight for England’s economic domination of the world. Afterthe war, England, who is careful to lose only a hundred men to every thousand French lives lost, and is profiting enormously by making her Allies take her munitions and other goods, will be left in secure possession of North. Western France and the ports there—a poor exchange for France, even if she regains Alsace and Lorraine. It is painful reading, and one cannot even enjoy the absurdities about our “ pléthore maritime,” nor such ridiculous points as “I’English Channel—Le Canal Anglais— tel est le nom que nos alli¢és donnent & la Manche avec un orgueil étrange. ment significatif” ; “or the reference to Calais, engraved on the heart of Queen Elizabeth! Most of the evidence produced in support of the argument is taken from the official documents “ discovered” by the Germans in Brussels, a proceeding which the writer compares with the English action in publishing the privato papers of passengers who put jnto “ Falsmouth ” (sic), i.e., von Papen. There is something more venom- ous in the hints that poor France is being deluded by M. Poincaré and his Government to the destruction of the Republic, and in the sinister insinuation of the view expressed that in the Presidential office “un homme habile pourrait, grace a la guerre, joucr au Cromwel (sic) ou au Monk.” Whether M. Bertourieux of Paris is a renegade, a dupe, or a fictitious charactor we do not know. Whether the appeal to France to withdraw from the war is inspired by her enemy’s desire for peace we cannot say. Possibly a clueto the real source of the book ia to be found in the portion that treats of Italy’s part. There sho i, described as succumbing to the histrionic appeals of Signor d’Annunzio instead of listening to the wisdom of ‘‘ un homme de noble caractére comme le Prince de Biilow.” Such works as La V érité can of course ba called into existence by any Secret Service Department with a long purse like that of Berlin. Whether the money is well expended is another matter. Anyway, it is good to think that the British Govern- ment have not stooped to producing such prostituted and malignant literature, Five Russian Plays. Translated by C. R. Bechhofer. (Kegan Paul, Trench, and Co. 3s. 6d. net.)}—Nicholas Evréinov has a fantastio touch, and A Merry Death—recently given a production in London by the Pioneer Players—has much that is attractive in it. The Beautiful Despot, the other of his plays published in this book, is disappointing. There is another translation of Anton Chékhov’s one-act plays The Wedding and The Jubilee: and The Choice of a Tutor, by Denis vou Vizin, an eighteenth-century farce, is interesting as a study of Russian manners at that period. The Babylonian Captivity, by Lésya Ukrainka, which we are told in M. Bechhofer’s introduction represents the enslave- ment of the Ukraine by its powerful neighbours, is hardly more than a sketch, but such characterization as its length allows is very well dons, and the writing altogether is on a high level. The Flower-Patch among the Hills. By Flora Klickmann. (R.T.3. 63.)—Can any one imagine a more delectable place to live in than cottage perched on the hills overlooking the Wye Valley, with views of the Welsh hills, Tintern Abbey, the river, and a distant glimpse of the Bristol Channel ? We do not wonder that Miss Klickmann dee lighted in it, and felt constrained to write a book on its beauties. This she has done very pleasantly, and in the course of it introduces us to some of the amusing people who were her neighbours. Women’s Work on the Land, by G. A. Greig (Jarrold, 34.), is a useful little book or pamphlet, fit for distribution in rural districts, It states the need plainly, and should encourage women and girls to tell the village Registrar of Women Workers what they are willing to do. (Erratcs.—The price of Mr. John Drinkwater’s book of poems, Swords and Ploughshares, reviewed in our issue of the 3rd inst., waa stated to be 1s. net. The correct price is 23. 6d. net.)

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Viina Jane 10, 1916.] THE SPECTATOR,

——————— 7 7 vi NEW AND FORTHCOMING PUBLICATIONS. a o ’ . G.), Some Recent Rescarches in Plant Physiology, er 8vo atkins (W. R. G.), manic iad pe ruittaker) net 7/6 ), American University Progress an ollege Reform, cr 8vo paker (J- H.), aetna Shine . (Longmans) net 4/6 dy (Mabel), An Undress eroine, cr &vo0........ (Hutchinson) 6/0 Barnet s ¥ Aeroplane Design ; and A Simple Explanation on Inherent Stability. by W H. Sayers, cr 8vo , .+.(MeBride) net 2/6 parr (W.), I. K. Therapy in Pulmonary Tuberculosis, vo. .(J. Wright) net 38/6 fell (R. H.), Taormina, CF BYO......ceecesereensessesceveses (Putnam) net 5/0 Rennett (R.), Captain Calamity, cr 8vO............ (Hodder & om net 2/6 Roden (J. F. W.), Freedom's Battle, ae (J. F. W. Boden) net 8/6 pooth (EB. C.). Fondie : Se tehneokedneresnas costed V Deckeerths 6/0 prown (H. G.), Transports ation Rates and their Regulation..(Macmillan) net 6/6 Buss (A. H.), The Real Object . Life, CF BVO... ..ccccccseces (R. Scott) net 3/0 Cable (B.), Action Front, cr 8VO...........+eeesse-ss (Smith & Elder) net 6/0 Caedmon Poems (The), trans. tuto English Prose by C. W. Kennedy, er 8vo (Routledge) net 6/0 Carrington (If.), True Ghost Stories, cr &vo (T. W. Laurie) net 5/0 Carson ( E.), The Marriage Revolt, 8vo. (T. W. Laurie) net 9/0 “ Cats,” A, by Louis Wain, cr Rp athena (Duckworth) net 2/6 dlifton (M.) and others, Manual of Conversation: English-French; Francais- Anglais, ISMO .....-0-cseeceseeeeeerssesescceecess (L. B. Hill) each net 2,6 Colles (H. C.), The Growth of Muric: Pusrt LII., Ideals of the Nineteenth Century, ct Svo ph eer aeshSibneegshehneecnsesessetaks ot (H. Milford) 8/6 “Contemptible,” by “ Casualty,” cr SVO .........-.04.: (Heinemann) net 3/6 Foulke (W. D.), Lyrics of War and Peace, cr Svo,.\Oxford Univ. Press) net 2/6 Garland (H.), They of the High Trails, cr 8vo................0+.: (Harper) 6/0 Grahame-Wh ite (C.) and Harper (H.), Learning to Fly, cr ®vo(T W. Laurie) net 2/6 Grande (J.), A Citizens’ Army: the Swiss System, cr 8vo0 (Chatto & Windus) net 3/8 Gregory (R. A.), Discovery; or, The Spirié and Service of Science, cr 8vo (Mecmillan) net 5/0 Grey (Zane), The Border Legion, cr BVO.....cceeseeeeeeeeeeesenes (Harper) 6/0 Hart (Elizabeth), Irreconciiables, cr 8VO..........eeceeeeenes (Melrose) net 5/0 art (S.., The Witness of the Church, cr 8v0............++. (Longmans) net 3/6 Henshaw ‘(Julia W.), Wild Flowers of the North American Indians (McBride) net 10/6 Howells (W. D.), The Daughter of the Storage, cr 8VO............000- (Harper) 6/0 Hurgronje (C. 8.), — LIBRARY ‘of ALGERNON CHARLES SWINBURNE, Esq. (deceased). Sold by order of the Exccutors of the late W. T. Watt s-Dunton, Esq., gg First juding Browning, Coleridge, Lamb, Arnolc, ent English Authors, in Thackeray, A Editions of Em me Shel Kelmscott Press Publications (incluc- Swinburne, ¢, with Autograph Inscriptions of ing Chai wer's Works), &c.— Many Presentation Copic Swinbu V. Hugo, Rossetti, William Morris, &c. May be "viewed two days prior. Cat: logu es may be had. ; APPOINTMENTS VACANT AND WANTED. Epreess SHIRE EDUCATION COMMITTEE. CHESTERFIELD “GI Ls’ HIGH SCHOOL. REQUIRED, In September, a Siz NIOR ENGLISH MISTRESS. Degree of equivalent and experience desirable. Subs sidiary subject, Initial salar : SCIENCES History. £115-125, according to qu alifications. Also a MISTRESS to teach Chemistry and Physi s) and MATITEM = in the Middle School, Good experience essential. Initial salary, £115 Applications should reac’ ch the HEAD- MISTRE SS by June 20th. M: ASTERS WANTED for FOLLOWING POSTS :— HEAD-MASTER for a School in China Salary 300 dollars per month rising each year by 25 dolla ars per month. ART MASTER for Public School. Salary £250. MASTERSHIP in American Preparatory School. Salary £200. For these and other vacancies apply to the REGISTRAR cf the JCINT SCHOLASTIC AGENCY, 23 Sotfthampton Street, Bloomsbury, W.C. ¢ ee COUNCIL of COLLEGE HALL (Hall of Residence for Women Students) will shortly proceed to appoint a RESIDENT BURSAR Salary £80 and Board and Residence tions, accompanied by such evidences of fitness for the post as candidates may w ish. to submit, together with the names nd addresses of not n ore than three referees, should reach the PRINCIPAL, Colles Hall, Byng Place, London, W.C. (from whom further particulars may be obtain w NOT LATER THAN MONDAY, JUNE 121TH. D ARLINGTON EDUCATION HIGH SCHOOL FOR GIRLS. Applica . COMMITTEE. | WANTED :— ledge of 1. An ASSISTANT-MISTRESS for general subjects, one with knowledge Elementary Art and Needlework preferred. Salary accordiag to x . ASSISTANT-MISTRESS, special subject History. Subsidiary subjects to be stated. Commencing salar y £120 per annum, Forms of application, which will be forwarded on recs pe of a stamped, adk ed foolscap envelope, to be returned by 26th June, = ord June, 1916. .¢. BOY DE, 2. An

Secretarr. ( {APE PROVINCE.—REQUIRED, for Girls’ High Schoo! J FIRST ASSISTANT-MISTRESS. Degree, Training, Experience essentia Subjects Mat] ma tics, Botany to Cape Matriculation Standard. Some Englis . subjects. Middle School. Some supervision required. Salary £170; £240 deduc te for board. Passag ce paid. MAPE PROV onc E.—REQUIRED, August, for Diocesan Giris’ J High School, ly-qualifed MUSIC MISTRESS, Age 26-36. Subjects: No nd Class Siaging, Voi Production, Elocutioa, Piano. Salary £150, resident » paid. Churchwoman essential. , EDUCATION SECRETARY, Army {REAT URBAN DISTRICT COUNCIL. Applications are inv d for the position of Librarian of the above Council The person appointed wi ll b ired to devote the whole of his or her time to the dutie Salary, £60 per annua. yas, endorsed “ Librarian’ to be addressed to we Sok toler than th JOSIAH DEAN, The ‘‘ouncil Oi Clerk of the Counc, Great Crosby, Liverpool,

and Navy Mansions, &.W.

CROSBY

, Coronation Read, (ta June, 1916,

Page 24

728 THE SPECTATOR. [June 10, 1916. EAD-MASTER of ULSTER SECONDARY SCHOOI. would take, for half Summer Term, HEAD or FORM MASTERSHIP In cood Faglish school. Half-pay, if substitute for attested married man.—Box No. 732, The Spectator, 1 Wellington Street, Strand, London, W.C. PONTEFRACT AND DISTRICT GIRLS’ HIGH SCHOOL.— Wanted, for September, GRADUATE to teach FRENCH and CLASS SINGING. High School experience, residence abroad. and knowledze of Phonetics essential. Initial salary from £110, according to qualifications.—Appilication forms to be obtained from Mr. H. HOLMES, Ropergate End, Pontefract, must be returned before Jun «16th. IPON AND WAKEFIELD DIOCESAN TRAINING COL- ; LEGE.—SCTENCE LECTURER required for next September. Degree essential (good Botany). Churehwoman. Commencing salary £100, with board, residence, and medical attendance during term.—-For forms cf application apply The Rev. the PRINCIPAL, Training College, Ripoa. {1 A R E E RS. J WOMEN’S PART IN THE WAR.—Tra!ned Workers are wanteld. Real “CAREERS,” and specialize. A Handbook giving detailed information as to a openings for educated women. Price 1s. 6d.; post freo 13. 10d.—Central tureau for the Employment of Women, 5 Princes Strest, Cavendish Square, W. LECTURES, &c. (= UNIVERSITY DIPLOMA IN EDUCATION. SCHOLARSHIPS FOR WOMEN STUDENTS. The Council of the Girls’ Public Day School Trust offer TWO SCHOLARSHIPS for the year 1915-17 to WOMEN STUDENTS in need of assistance to enable them to take the Oxford Training Course.—Applications should be made in writing not later than July 6th to Miss HAIG DROWN, Oxford High Schoo’, Banbury Road, Oxford. T HE LIVERPOOL. UNIVERSITY OF SESSION 1916-17. THE AUTUMN TERM BEGINS ON THURSDAY, OCTOBER Ora, 1816. Prospectuses, and full particulars of the following, may be obtained on application to the REGISTRAR :— JOINT BOARD MATRICULATION EXAMINATION, FACULTIES OF ARTS, SCIENCE, MEDICINE, LAW, AND ENGINEERING. BCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE. DEPARTMENT OF CIVIC DESIGN, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE. INSTITUTE OF ARCILEOLOWY. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION, DIPLOMA IN EDUCATION. UNIVERSITY TRAINING COLLEGE, UNIVERSITY EXTENSION BOARD. SCHOOL GF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND OF TRATNING FOR SOCIAL WORK. SCHOOL OF LOCAL HISTORY AND RECORDS. SCHOOL OF RUSSIAN STUDIES. DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC HEALTH, SCHOOL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE. SCHOOL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE. SCHOOL OF DENTAL SURGERY. FELLOWSHIPS, SCHOLARSHIPS, STUDENTSHIPS, SPECIAL GRANTS AND PRIZES. HALLS OF RESIDENCE. EXUIBITIONS, UNIVERSITY CALENDAR (Price 1Is.; Post free, 13. 54.). Fp stteesea POLYTECHNIC, s.W. DOMESTIC SCIENCE TRAINING. Battersea Polytechnic Tralning Department of Domestic Sclence. Recognized by the Board of Education. Full courses of training for Teachers of Cookery, Laundrywork, Housewlfery, Needlework, Dressmaking, Millllucry. ‘Training for Housekcepers and School Matrons. HYGIENE AND PHYSIOLOGY DEPARTMENT. Recognized by Local Government Board, Roya! Sanitary Institute, and Sanitary Inspect rs’ Examination Board. Training Courses (Day and Evening) are held for Health Visitors, Sanitary In- epectors’, Infant Welfare Workers, Teachers, Almoners, Voluntar ; District, and Social Workers. Preparatory Courses for Nurses. PHYSICAL TRAINING COLLEGE. Three years’ Course of Training for Teachers of Swedish Educational and Remedial Gymnastics and Massage, Dancing, Swimming and Games. The Diplomas are recognized by the Ling Association. Non-professional students accepted. For particulars of Fees, £chclarvhizs, Hostels, and Curricula apply to the SLCRETARY. AFTER THE WAR.” A Summer School, arranged by the Social Unions of the Churches, will be held at “The Hayes,” Swanwick, Derbyshire, from June 24th—July 3rd, when the above subject will be considered from d flerent standpoints. The names of the Lecturers are: The Bishop of Oxford, Mr. J. A. Tlobson, Mr. Clutton Brock, Sir Hugh Pell, the Rev. Dr. A. J. Carlyle, Mr. J. St. G. Heath, Miss Margaret Bondfield, Mrs. Pethick Lawrence, Mr. Christopher Turnor, Mr. Charles Roden Buxton, Mr. Phillp Kerr, the Rev. Henry Carter, Mr. Ernest Barker. Inclusive terms, 6s. Cd. a day, £2 10s. for the whole time. Applications and inquirics shoul. be sent to Miss LUCY GARDNER, 92 St. George’s Square, London, S.W. ‘tel. Victoria 7082, “= RECONSTRUCTION (yesersanee LADIES’ COLLEGE. SECONDARY TRAINING DEPARTMENT. TWO SCHOLARSHIPS of £40 a year each are offered to students who have taken a Degree Exu mination. For particulars apply to the SECRETARY. B EDFORD (UNIVERSITY OF LONDON). REGENT’S PARK, N.W. Principal: Miss M. J. TUKE, B.A. BECONDARY TRAINING DEPARTMENT. R ized as a Training College by the Board of Education, the University of London, and the Cambridge Syndicate. SCHOLARSHLPS and BURSARIES. For part:cwars apply to Miss 8. MELHUISU, M.A., Head of the Department. COLLEGE FOR WOMEN N ARIA GREY TRAINING COLLEGE For WOMEN ay a x see, SRcerOARY. and PREPARATORY SCHOOLS u connexion with the London University and recogui; b . x 3, ‘Training Kvndieate. y the Cambridge Teachers? Principal: Miss KATHARINE L. JOHNSTON, B.A London M.A. Colloge, sreral Sciences Tripoz, Cambridge Teachers’ Training Conn, sotton Preparation for the ‘teaching Diploma cf the London Un versity, for the ae of the Cambridge Teachers’ Training Syndicate, and ior the National Froe Higher Certificate, Parts I. and IL. yemonstration School attached to the Coiivve, nd neighbouring schools under hg a of specialists ‘uition foes £24. A number of Scholarships from £12 to .24 offer a w.th a Degree or its equivaient. Loan unc. oantte Stusten's Particulars of College Hall and Registered Lodgings can be obtained f-om t PRINCIPAL at The Maria Grey Ccllege, Salusbury Road, Brondesbu y, London, x = OUTHPORT PHYSICAL TRAINING hk) President—Lord BERESFORD, K.C.B._ Priacipals—aA. ALEXAY R.G.8., and Mrs, ALEXANDER. The Staff consists of itedieal foe srienced Teachers inevery branch of Physical Training, including a Benen Mistress from the Koyal Gymnastic Institute, Stockholm. Educated women es trained as Scientific Teachers of Physical Education. Massage, Sick-Nursi — Medical Gymnastics. Health Students received in residence. Medical supervision Keferences — to Lord Kinnaird, Right Moa. Viscount Giadstone, tho Hoa, ana Kev. E. Lyttelton, D.D.—Further particulars from the SECRETARY, fivate bel Unioa Practics fOr Students in COLLEGE. LING’S SWEDISIL SYSTEM. rXHE BEDFORD PHYSICAL TRAINING COLLEGE 87 Lansdowne Road, Bedford.—Principa!, Miss SUANSFELD. Students res trained in this College to become Teachers of Gymnastics in Colleges and School, The course of training extends over 2 years, and inciudes Educational and Medica Gymopastics on the Swedish System, Massage, Anatomy, Physiology aad Hyziens, Dancing, Hockey, Lacrosse, Cricket, Tennis, &c. ———$———— SS eeeteeep TO GIRLS SEEKING A USEFUL AND ATTRACTIVE CALLING. = fEY COLLEGE FOR PHYSICAL TRAINING AND ft HYGIENE, Erdington, Warwickshire, offers a full teachers’ training ig Physical Culture, &c. Swedish Gymaastics, Dancing, Games, Swimming, Hygiene Anatomy, Physiology, &c. Inclusive fees, £2110 per annum. GUOD busts OBTAINED AFTER TRAINING. rNNHE BERGMAN OSTERBERG PHYSICAL TRAINING COLLEGE, DARTFORD HEATH, KENT. Trustees : Sir GEORGE NEWMAN, M.D. (Chairman). Major WALDORF ASTOR, MP, br. CHRISTOPHER ADDISON, M.P. LORD SHAW OF DUNFERMLINE the a ES5 OF SALISBURY. -rincipal: Miss M. Il. MEADE, &.A. (Moral Sciences Tripos). Vice-Principal : Miss A. WIKNER (Royal Cent. Last. of Gymnastics, Stockholm). The —- was opened in 1835, and was tlio first of its kindin Englaad. Students are prepared to be teachers of Scieutific Physical Education on Ling's Swedish System, The course extends over two years. It includes tho study of Anatomy, Physiology lheory of Education; the Theory and Practice of Gymnastics, Massage and Me lical Gymnastics, Dancing, and Outdoor Games. Studeuts practise teaching in schools inthe neighbourhood. The Coliege stands in its owa grounds of 15 acres, ia a beautiful and healthy tocality close to Du:tiord Heath. ‘The Coursa begins iu September.— Further particulars on application to the SECRETARY. W ESTFIELD COLLEGE (University of London).—Principal, Miss A. DE SELINCOURT. Students are prepared for the Arts and Science Degrees of the University of London; also for the Archbishop's Diploma in Theology. Fees.—Resident from £90 a year. Non-Resident from SO gutneas a year. A certain number of Scholarship: of from £25 to £50 a year are oifered for competition at an Examination held annualiy in May—fFor Calendar and further particulars apply to the PRINCIPAL, Westfield College, Hampstead, N.W. SROEBEL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTE, COLET GARDENS, WEST EENSINGTON. Training College for ‘Teachers. Chairman, Rt. Hon. Sir William Mather, LL.D.; Treasurer, Mr. C. G. Monteflore, M.A.; See, Mr. Arthur G. Symonds, M.A.—For information concerning Scholarships and Loaa Fund, epply to the Principal, Miss Ek. LAWRENCE. : é a 18 I Le MINE WOMAN'S LARGEST POULTRY FARM Ovtdoor life for girls. Twelve weeks’ course for resident students begins June 19th. Best tuition obtalnable; all branches, exteasive, intensive, Lectures Examinations. Catalogue free. Necessary national work.—Miss j EDWARDS, President of the Ladies’ Poultry Club, Coaley Poultry Farm, Gloucestershire. JRINCIPAL (Graduate Lond.) has VACANCIES, September, half-fees. High-class Girls’ School, W. England. Very successful coach, Excellent preparation. University career: Matriculation, &¢. Also VACANCY Student. Training Kindergarten, Music or Art. Small premium required.—Bos No, 781, The Speciator, 1 Wellington Street, Strand, London, W.C. ——p PRIVATE TUITION, &c. OURNEMOUTH.—Mr. P. H. L. EVANS, BLA., prepares PUPILS for Woolwich, Sandhurst, Navy (special entry), London Matrie. aud other Exams. Large modern house, 200 yards from sea.—Apply, Stirling House, Manor Road, Bournemouth. GIRLS’ SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES. f(OUNTHURST, Oak Hill Park, Frognal, HAMPSTEAD, HIGH-CLASS SCHOOL FOR GIRLS.— Exceptional advantages. Languages, Literature, and Music specialities. Careful attention given to health and the development of character. Pupils prepared for advanced examinations. Excellent results. Good garden and field for games. References kind!y permitted to Rev. B, Varing-Gould, cf Blackheath, S.E., Rev. Cyril C. B. Bardsley, lion. Sec., C.M.3., and others.—Apply PRINCIPAL for Prospectus. T. MARGARET’S SCHOOL, HARROW. “Prospectus on application to Miss ALICE J. ROBINSON, late Scholar of Newnham College (Historical Tripos) and of the Maria (Girey Training College. Tel.: 470 Harrow. s* NOTICE. MONICA’S, KINGSWOOD, EPSOM. Miss HEATH-JONES, Miss BERVON, and Mile. MANILEVE beg to announce that they have opened VILLA Ste MONIQUE, Burgh Heath (Station Kingswood, 8.E.R.), as a HOUSE for FRENCH and for TRAINING in PR HOUSEHOLD MANAGEMENT, for Eight to Ten Elder Girls, under their personal supervision and control. Ladies in residence: Mile. TESTENOIRE, B. és i. Mile. SAVOURET. ONLY FRENCH SPOKEN. For prospectus and details apply :—The Principals, St. Monica's, Kingswood, Epsom. ACTICAL ERSEY LADIES’ COLLEGE, ST. HELIERS, JERSEY. e Good Su stitute for Continental School ; special tacilities tor learning French, us well as full range of all other subjects; boarding fees moderate; good and liberal diet; healthy locality ; games, &c., in own grounds; sea-bathing.—For Prospectus epply to Miss GOOD, B.A. (Loudon), Principal.

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June 10, 1916.) THE SPECTATOR. 729 gt ELPHIN’S CHURCH OF ENGLAND SCHOOL. DARLEY DALE, MATLOCK. FOR THE DAUGHTERS OF CLERGY AND LAITY. Fiend-Mistress: Miss MARGARET FLCOD, Classical hey Camb., M.A. Dublin. Thorough education on medern lines. Preparation for Public Examinations and Universities. Large Staff cf Resident Mistresses. Extensive Grounds, Chapel, fanatorium, Gymnasium, Swimrming-bath, &c. Valuable Bursaries Senior Bcholarships for Daughters of Clergy. Scholarships to the Universities. Accommodation now increased to receive 120 pupils. For Prospectus and terms apply HEAD-MISTRESS, St. Flphin’s, Darley Dale; or The Secretary, Rev. CANON WILLIS, The Rectory, Warrington. SCHOOL, Li%¢s OLT HINDHEAD. Troepectus on appli ‘ation to Mias MACRATE MOTR. SUMMER TERM REGAN ON THURSDAY, MAY 4th, Tel.: 7 Grayshott. Eee “ Tr S' FELIX SCHOOL, NMead-Mistress— Miss L, SILCOX, SUMMER TERM BECAN MAY 697. 1IR EDMUND and LADY ELTON confidently Recommend “THE LAWN,” CLEVEDON, SOMERSET.—Delightfal Home School, with thorough education for Gentlemen's Daughters only. Entire charge of Children with parents abroad. Resident trained Nurse. Detached bouse 4 mins. from sea -For Illus. Prospectus apply Principal, Miss Wiltshier, we ea EALING, HELENA COLLEGE, Princly al—Miss PA RKER. pEncess W. Boarding and Day School for the Dauzhters of Gentlemen. Special attention to fanguages. English, Art, Music. Holidays arranged for if required. Large grounds. Fees, 66 guineas to 75 guineas a year. Officers’ daughters. 66 guineas a vear. \HE DOWNS SCHOOL, SEAFORD, SUSSEX. HFAM-MistTReEss: Miss L. M. CAMERON, Final Icnours School of Modern History, Oxford (formerly History Mistress, St. Felix School, Southwold) Bracing air from Downs and Sea. Special care given to individual development. Pupils prepared for the Universities. Junior House for Girls under 14. ropoR ~ HALL SCHOOL, CHISLEHURST, FOUNDED 1850. (Miss BRENDA NIGATINGALE, M.A. London. Principals | \tisg VIOLET M. FIELD. THOROUGH EDUCATION FOR GENTLEMEN'S DAUGHTERS. (Resident only.) House stands in 100 acres of ground, 11 milea from London, SPECIAL ATTENTION to MUSIC (Foreign Method), LANGUAGES and ART. LECTURES BY WELL-KNOWN PROFESSORS. G H F I E L D, OXHEY LANF, WATFORD. Principal—Miss WALLIS. Private Residential School for Girls, _” Tele. a Watford 616.” {REENWAY SCHOOL, TIVERTON, N. DEVON. For Prospectus apply to the Head-Mistresses ( Miss SCOTT, M,A, Miss MOLYNEUX, M.A. Good modern education; country life. New buildings; grounds of 12 acres, Healthy situation; high position. Fees from 60 cuincas. es PAUL’S GIRLS’ SCHOOL, BROOK GREEN, HAMMERSMITH, LONDON, W. The NEXT EXAMINATION for FOUNDATION SCHOLARSHIPS will take place on Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday. July 4, 5, and 6. These Scholarships exempt the holders from payment of Tuition Fees. Applicagion should be made to the HIGH MISTRESS, at the School. The last day for the registration of candi- dates will be Monday, June 26. KENT. RAPERS’ COMPANY'S FEMALE ORPHAN SCHOOL AT TOTTENHAM.—An Examination will be held in July next for filling up ‘WO VACANCIES on this Foundation. Fatherless girls of between ten and twelve years of age, daughters of members of the Church of England and such as may be deemed from reduced circumstances proper objects of the institution, are eligible to enter. Foundationers are provided, without charge, with board, lodging, clothing, and education.—For further particulars apply to the CLERK to the DRAPERS’ COMPANY, Drapers’ Hall, Throgmorton Avenue, E.C. ee ANSDOWNE HOUSE, LYNDHURST GARDENS, 4 HAMPSTEAD, N.W.—High-class Boarding School for Girls. Principal, Miss CONDER, Classical Tripos, Camb., M.A. Dublia. Thorough Education on modern lines, fpecial attention given to Languages, Music, and Painting. Pupils prepared for edvanced Examinations and for the Universities if required. Healthy situation. Tennis, Hockey, &c. wis (.\HE GRANGE, BUXTON.—School for Girls from 10 to 19 years. Thorough general education, with great attention to health. Elder girls may specialise in Art, Music, Literature, or Languages. New Domestic Science branch for girls over 18. ‘Tennis Courts and field for Hockey and Cricket. Prep. for Exams. Principals, the Misses DODD. yPosaston HIGH SCHOOL FOR GIRLS, Limited, 84 HAGLEY ROAD, BIRMINGHAM. Head-Mistress—Miss G. TARLETON YOUNG, M.A, Preparation for the Universities; Leaving Scholarship. DOMESTIC SCIENCE DEPARTMENT. PREPARATORY DEPARTMENT FOR BOYS AND GIRLS, BOARDING HOUSES. Prospectus from the TIEAD-MISTRESS. UEENWOOD, EASTBOURNE.— Principals: Miss CHUDLEIGH and Miss JOHNS, M.A. Lond. (Girton College).—First-rate Modern Education. Premises specially built for a School. Large Playing-fields and Rink. Lacrosse, Hockey, Tennis, Cricket, Swimming, &c, Summer Term began May 4. Tele.: Eastbourne 1034. ee Se wT HILDA’S SCHOOL FOR GIRLS, x LIBERTON, MIDLOTHIAN, SCOTLAND. deantifully situated in the country away from anything toattract hoe‘tle aircraft. Sound modern education, Preparation for public exams., the Universities and Women's Colleges, Domestic Economy. Swedish Gymnastics, All Games, Riding, Swimming, ONLY BOAKDERS TAKEN, Prospectus trom PRINCIPAL, BOYS’ SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES. OYAL NAVY AS A PROFESSION.—CO0 pages Crown 8vo giving particulars of the pay and prospects of Officers in the Roya y will be forwarded (without charge) to interested parents. —Messrs, fTHEWS & SEAGROVE, Ltd., 65 South Molton Street, London, W, RADFIELD OOLLEGQ@G E. — An Examination for Entrance Scholarships will be held June 27th and 28th. Nomination Exhibitions for Thirty Guiueas for the Sons of Officers fallen in ‘avy. A cop GIEVE, MAT d the War have been given to ths new House, recently opened under the Head- “SOUTHWOLD., | _ ROMSGROVE SCHOOL, Chairman of Trustees : Head-Master, RK. G. Routh, M.A. ENTRANCE SCHOLARSHIPS annus!! WORCESTERSHIRE. Viscount Cobhain. For details apply HEAD-MASTER, “The School Howse, Bromagrove. 7 ESTMINSTER SCHOOL SCHOLARSHIPS AND EXHIBITIONS. An Examination will be held to fill vacancies beginning on Wednesfay, Jun* 21st, 1916.—For particulars apply by letter to the BURSAR, Westminster School Bursary, Little Dean's Yard. West minster y OLVERLEY SCHOOL, near KIDDERMINSTER.—FIVE ENTRANCE SCHOLARSHGIPS, reducing fees to £35 a year, offered for September. ONE LEAVING EXHIBITION of £50 a year to any University off:red each year.—Apply to the HEAD-MASTER. ] 7 ELLY COLLEGE, TAVISTOCK. Recognised by the -. Army Council. Entrance Scholarships in June. Two UNDATIONER- SHIPS offered to Sons of NAVAL OFFICERS hilled cn Active Service, Spocial ENGINELRKING class for NAVAL CADETS. Head-Master, H. V. PLUM, M.A. QHER BORNE S CH OOL.— KI Aa EXAMINATION for ENTRANCE SCHOLARSHIPS, open to Boys under 14 and over 12 on June Ist, 1916, will be held on June 13th and following days. —Further information can be obtained from the HEAD-MASTER, School House, Sherborne, Dorset. D 0 VE RB SCO bb BSB @ Se SCNOLARSHIP EXAMINATION, JULY, 1916. Three Entrance Scholarships £40, £30, £20 per annum for Boarders, For particulars apply to W. 8. LEK, M.A., Hcead-Master. | hg tte! RNE COLLEGE.—President: The DUKE OF 4 DEVONSHIRE, lHead-Master: Rev. F, 8. WILLIAMS, M.A., late Assistant-Master at Kugby School. Special Army and Engineering Cilaases. Vhysical Drill compulsory for the whole school. Cadet Corps. New buildings, —~ and Gves courts, swimming bath, &c, Exiibit.ous for Sons of Officers and Clerev. Qurron VALENCE SCHOOL, NEAR MAIDSTONE, KENT, Founded 1576. Two Scholarships of the value of £63 a year; one of the value of £18 a vear, and a Clothwerkers’ Company's Exhibition of £30 a year will be awarded ia July.—For further particulars appiy to Rev. W. W. HOLDGATE. Head-Master, at the School; or to the CLERK, 53 Palace Street, Weatminster, 8.W. ILLASTON SCHOOL, A Public School on Modern lines, with Preparatory. Moderate fees.—Treepectus on «pplication to the HEAD-MASTER, Willaston School, Nantwich, Chestir>. yas LEYS SCHOOL, CAMBRIDGE. Fcholarshipa, &c., £75 (restricted) to £15, offered in July.—Yarticulars from Publie Schools Year-Pook or the BURSAR. AUTHORS, TYPEWRITING, &c. OURNALISTIC and SECRETARIAL TRAINING e FOR LADIES.—Rapid systematic coaching. Six Months’ Course from any date. LExcelieut Introductions given.—Telephone or write, THE TRIANGLE SECRETARIAL OFFICKS, 61 South Molton Street, W. TINHE LITERARY, JOURNALISTIC AND SECRETARIAL BUREAU (Miss Ironside), 50 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London.—SECRETARIES TRAINED in all branches of pubiic and private work. Three-nine months’ tuition, Positions offered when proficient. Coaching in Journalism, Public Speaking, Lan- guages. Instruction by Correspondence ulso, Prospectus on application. rPVYPEWRITING.—Miss RUTH SPEAKMAN, 5 Duke Street, Adelphi, W.C. (near Charing Cross Station). T.N. Gerrard 6179. TYPE- WRITING of all kinds, including: Articlea, Theses, Old Family Letters, Genesa- logical Trees, Novels, &c. MIMEOGRAPHING : Circulars, Testimonials, &o, FRENCH (BDrevet Elémentaire). SHORTHAND. PUPILS taken, Estab, 1906, SCHOLASTIC AGENCIES. HOICE OF SCHOOLS AND TUTORS. Advice free of charge will be given by MESSKS. GABBITAS, THRING AND CO., 86 Sackville Street, Piccadilly, W. Tel., Regent 4,926, Educational Agents. Established 1873. Fu!l statement of requirements should be given. SSISTANT MISTRESSES DEPARTMENT. —tThe Firm invites applications from qualified ladies who are looking for posts as MISTRESSES or MATRONS in Schools, or as GOV ERNESSES in Private — NO CHARGE FOR REGISTRATION, OINT AGENCY FOR WOMEN TEACHERS, e OAKLEY HOUSE, 14, 16, 18, BLOOMSBURY 8T., LONDON, W.C, Under the management of a Committee appointed by the Teachers’ Guild, College of Preceptors, Head-Mistresses’ Association, Association of Assistaut-Mistresses, and Welsh County Schcols Association. The Agency has been established for the purpose of enabling Teachers to find wo:k WITHOUT UNNECESSARY COSF. All fees have therefore been calculated vm the LOWEST BASIS to cover the working expenses. Liours for Interviews :—11.30 a.m. to 1 pm. and 3 to 5 p.m. Saturdays, 11.30 a.m. to 1 p.m. and 2 to 3 p.m. When possible special appointments should be arranged. Registrar—Miss ALICE M. FOUNTAIN, QCHOOLS FOR BOYS AND GIRLS, K TUTORS for ARMY and ALL EXAMS. Messrs. J. & 3 PATON, having an intimate, UNIQUE, and up-to-date knowledge of the BEST SCHOOLS and TUTORS in this country, will Le pleased to AID PARENTS in thelr choice by sending (iree of charge).prcspectuses and TRUST- WORTHY INFORMATION regarding ESTABLISHMLNAITS which can be THOROUGHLY RECOMMENDED. The age of the pupil, district —e and rough idea of fecs should be given, *Phone, write, or call. PATON’S LIST OF SCHOOLS AND TUTORS. 18th annual edition. 1,108 pp., red cloth, 2s.; post-free, 2s. Cd. 900 Illustrations. J. & J. PATON, Educational Agents, 143 Cannon Street, London, F.C Telephone: 6053 Central. ave ho uct ~) CHOOLS Parents can obtain (free of charge) reliable S information respecting Schools, Tutors and Educatiouai 7 Hiomes for boys and giria by sending full particulars of their requirements (age of pupils, locality preferred, range of fees, &c.) to ‘UTORS Messrs. TRUMAN & KNIGHTLEY, Ltd., Educational Agents, who are largely responsible for the teaching stafis of the most important schools and thus able to supply information dificult to obtain elsewhere. iaster.—Apply to the Keveread R. D. BELOE, Head-Master’s House, Bradfeid, Berkshire, Ofices—158-162 OXFORD STREET, LONDON, W. Telephone—1136 Muscum

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730 THE SPECTATOR. [June 10, 1916, - QICHOOLS, &c.—Parents or Guardians may obtain, without charge, information and advice as to Schools for Boys or Girls (in all parts), Tutors for University, Civil Service, Legal, Medical, Naval, or Military ms., &¢., &c. A detailed statement of requirements should be sent to The General Manager. Mr. A. V. STOREY, Scholastic, Clerical, and Medical Assn., Ltd., 22 Craven Street, Trafalgar Sq., W.C. (Telephone No. Gerrard 1854.) rNHE LESSER PUBLIC SCHOOLS — There are a good many perfectly equipped smaller Public Schools which give a thoroughly efficient education at a quite reasonable cost. Prospectuses and full particulars will be sent free of charge on application to J.and J. PATON, 143 Cannon Street, London, E.C. Please mention age of boy, the locality preferred, and intended profession if decided upon. REN TS. F INTEREST TO PA “HOW TO SELECT A SCHOOL.”—Tarents concerned about the proper eijucation of their children may receive, without charge, valuable assistance and exclusive information respecting the best Schools and Tutors, by sending statement of their requirements to ED. J. BURROW & CO., Lrp., Dept. Y, Educational Consultants, Regent House, Kingsway, London, W.C. TOURS. ISS BISHOP, F.R.G.S., is arranging a tew more short tours. June 20, The English Lakes (150 miles of Coaching). July 4, Edinburgh ~ and the Scotch Lakes. Sept.-Oct., Wye Valley and Cathedrals of the West. Also the above tours repeated.—159 Auckland Road, Upper Norwood. HOTELS, HYDROS, &c. ARTMOOR. — BOARDING IN PRIVATE HOUSE.— Lovely Situation, 800 ft. above sea, close to moor. Shady and sheltered arden. Tennis Lawn, Stabling or Motor. Separate tables. Private Sitting-room required.—Apply “ L. CANTAB,” Middlecott, sington, 8, Devon. Tel. 8 Haytor. Terms absolutely inclusive. SSS ———— MISCELLANEOUS. 1 PILEPS Y.—TO MEDICAL ADVISERS and others. —A Modern House at Maghul!, Lancashire, has been specially erected and equipped for the treatment of Gentlemen suffering from Epilepsy. Experienced Medical and Nursing treatment. Farming and Gardening. Billiards, Lawn Tennis, om pom, &c.—Apply W. HAROLD GRISEWOOD, 2 Exchange Street East, iverpool. | ESIDENT PATIENTS.—Descriptive List (illustrated) of Medical Men in all parts willing to receive RESIDENT PATIENTS sent without charge. Or selection will be made on statement of nature of case and terms to the GENERAL MANAGER, Scholastic, Clerical, and Medical Asscciation, I td., 22 Craven Strect, Trafalgar Square, Ww.c. TEETH BOUGHT. LD ARTIFICIAL Persons wishing to receive full value should apply to the actual manufacturers, Mesers. BROWNING, instead of to provincial buyers. If forwarded by post, value per return, or offer made.—Chief Oilices, 63 Oxford Strect, London. Est. 100 years. House Association, Limi:ed, founded by the Bishop of Chester, manages 130 licensed Inns. Ask for free descriptive list, take £1 shares, kbive per cent. paid elnce 1899.—P.R.1H.A., Broadway Chambers, Westminster, ———— exterminated with Blattis, the Union Paste. J) A Scientific Remedy invented and guaranteed by E. Howarth, F.Z.8. Kecommended by Dr. H. Woodward, F.K.S. Supplied to the Royal Household. Used in war hospitals, dug-outs, &c. Harmless to pets. Tins, Is. 6d., 2s. 6d., 4s. €2.—HOWAKTH & FAIR, Sole Makers, 471 Crookesmoore Road, Sheffield. creepers APPEALS. Tr HE NATIONAL HOSPITAL FOR THE PARALYSED AND EPILEPTIC (ALBANY MEMORIAL), QUEEN SQUARE, BLOOMSBURY, W.G Patron: H.M. Tue Kina. Eoldicrs suffering from nerve injuries and shock are being treated. P.TADERS of this journal willing to benefit a National Charity, but destring to retain their normal income, cr who are wishful to provide annuities for relatives or friends, are invited to write to the Secretary for particulars of the DONATIONS CARRYING LIFE ANNUITIES FUND, DONATIONS, SUBSCRIPTIONS, LEGACIES BADLY NEEDED. Treasurer: THE Ear. OF Harnowby. Secretary: Goprrey H. Hamitron. Opportunities that Journalism offers an aspirant to fame are many and varied. It !s a fascinating career and may be rendered a highly remunerative one. The School of Authorship will train you as a Journalist or Writer of Novels, Short Stories, Verse, «te. The lessons are perfectly simple and fees quite moderate. Write to-day for Prospectus (sending 1d. stamp) to THE PRINCIPAL, SCHOOL OF AUTHORSHIP,160 FLEET STREET, LONDON, E.C. NOTICE.—The INDEX to the SPECTATOR is published half- yearly, from January to June, and from July to December, on the third Saturday in January and July. Cloth Cases for the Half-yearly Volumes may be oblained through any Bookseller or Newsagent, or from the Office, ai ls. 6d. each ; by post, 1s. 9d. iia. MILITARY TYPE 20-25 Ambulances Fully equipped £595 The points of superiority which distinguish the Austia from other ambulances are seen in its practical design and efficient equipment. Hundreds are being effectively used in the evacuation of wounded. The Austin Motor Co. (1914) Ltd, Longbridge Works, Northfield, Birmingham. At home or at the front SMITH’S GLASGOW MIXTURE COMPLETES THE EQUIPMENT. S PER a 7 OZ. in Three Strengths — Mild, Medium aad Full A Perfect Blend of Smoking Tobaceos. GOLD MEDAL awarded, Edinburgh, 1886. PS five eras STS. “Ux gh | $.255 - r; \ ‘Manufacturers of * ORCHESTRA rm Wigh-class Virginian Cigarettes Branch of The Imperial Tebaceo Co. (ft Britain and ireland), Lid ———— OOK BARGAINS.—Morris’ Mansions, 6 vols., 240 beautiful coloured plates, 36s., cost £10; Trollope’s Barchester Novels, 6 vols., 20s.; Secret Court Memoirs, 20 vols., illus., £9; Burke’s Peerage, 1915, 25s., cost 42s. Wanted, Ency. Brit., India Paper. Books bought for cash or exchanged, Cate logues free.—HOLLAND BROS., 21 John Bright Street, Birmingham. ROWBOTHAM, THE MODERN HOMER. “*Mr. Rowbotham fs the only living epic poet.”— Bazaar. The Human Epic (The wondrous story of Prehistoric Earth and Man). The Epic of the Swiss Lake Dwellers (A romance of the Stone Age). These epic poems are selling in thousands. Each 2s. E. GOLDBY, 87 Charles Street, Hatton Garden, E.C, THE UNION BANK OF AUSTRALIA, LIMITED. Established 1837, Incorporated 1880. Autdorised and Issued Capital, £6,009,009. Paid-up Capital, £2,000,000, Reserve Fund, £1,960,000. Together..... £3,960,000 Reserve Liability of Proprictors.... £4,000,000 Total Issued Capital and Reserves £7,960,00) EEAD OFFICE: 71 CORNHILL, London, E.0 STILL “The IDEAL DRAFTS are GRANTED on the Bank’s Branches throughout the Australian States, and Dominion of j-ew Zealand, TELEGRAPHIC REMITTANCES are also made, BILLS are purchased or sent for collection, DEPOSITS are received for fixed periods on terms which may be ascertained on application, THE CLDEST and PURE COCOA.” IN DAILY USE IN THE ROYAL COURTS OF EUROPE, “THIS IS GENUINE COCOA.” —Leaacet. FOR ALL CLIMATES ALL THE YEAR ROUND. TRADE MARK COCOATINA THE COCOA AND CHOCOLATE COY., LTD., 143 York Road, London, N

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June 10, 1916.] THE SPECTATOR. 731 —_—-- THE GOUTY HABIT. YOUR TENDENCY TO URIC ACID EXCESS. Has it ever occurred to you that every moment of your life there ks being formed in your own system, by a purely natural process, a gubstance so inimical to your well-being that it !s capable of laying the foundation of some of the most diverse and most distressing forms of suffering you could possibly be called upon to endure ? Yet this is the literal truth. In that wonderful laboratory, the human body, the most remarkably complicated chemical processes are continually taking place, and one of the strangest of these is the unceasing manufacture of uric acid. Uric acid is a waste by-product evolved during the never-ending ehanges incident to the wearing out and building up of tissues that are inseparable from every physical action you perform. During the earlier years of your life, and while your health continues, this uric acid is promptly disposed of by your liver and kidneys, and no harm results from its formation. But in later years thero is a tendency to over-production from various causes, such as lack of exercise, indulgence of certain foods, overwork, or even overstudy. Then the organs appointed for the task cannot destroy and eliminate the uric acid quickly enough, and an excess remains and accumulates jn your system. Or the liver and kidneys may become weak or impaired, and the same result happens—retention of uric acid. This finds its way to every portion of your body, and ultimately ill- health results. First of all, indigestion begins to trouble you. Headache, flatulence, acidity, heartburn, constipation, and liver torpidity ensue. Irritation and burning of the skin are experienced, and little hard lumps here and there, establishing conclusive evidence that uric acid is permeating your system. THE FIRST PIN-PRICKS OF GOUT. In time the uric acid is thrown out from the blood in the shape of acutely sharp little crystals, which spread themselves over the various tissues and structures, and it is to these cruel, piercing atoms all the torture and pain of gouty suffering is due. They permeate the soft elastic muscular tissue, hardening and stiffening it, and producing gouty rheumatism and lumbago. They penetrate the crannies and crevices of joints, invest the cartilages, and enclose the whole structure in a closely embracing block of hard uratic deposits, causing rheumatic, chalky, or chronic gout. They pierce like red-hot wire the delicate nerves, and set up the stabbing pains of sciatica or neuritis. They burrow into the skin, giving rise to that irritating, burning, distressing skin affection known as gouty eczema, or they appear as solid concretions of uric acid in the guise of kidney stone or gravel. There is only one effective remedy for all these varieties of gout, and that is a really reliable wric acid solvent. Bishop’s Varalettes aro the result of long-continued investigations into the whole subject of uric acid by an old-established firm of manufacturing ehemists, who have made uric acid solvents their special study for years, and who are the leading manufacturers of the most powerful uric acid solvents and eliminants now prescribed. Bishop’s Vara- lettes are no chance discovery, no empiric or secret remedy, but 4 genuinely scientific compound that has successfully stood the test of years in actual practical experienco. YOUR FUTURE FREE FROM GOUT. Bishop's Varalettes are also an effcctual preventive of gout, and their occasional use by those of a gouty disposition corrects the gu y habit and results in the system being kept gout free. Bishop's Yaralettes attack the uric acid directly in its strongholds. They effect a chemical combination with it and produce an entirely new and harmless soluble compound, which is rapidly reduced to com- plete solution, and then swept clean out of the body by the natural channels. With the gradual disappearance of the uric acid the aches and pains also depart, stiffness and lameness give place to suppleness and freedom of movement in joints and muscles, whilst with equal steps the general health improves. Bishop’s Varalettes are entirely harmless and safe. They are free from all poisonous agents, such as colchicum, the iodides, the salicy- Jates, mercury, narcotics, and purgatives. They do not irritate or depress the nerves,weaken the heart, disturb the digestion, or derange tho functions of any organ. DIET LIMITS. The extent to which the diet of the gouty must bo necessarily himited is, after all, astonishingly slight. ‘The number of prohibited articles is but small, but it is just as well to know what they are. Popular belicfs on this subject are so often erroneous that an authoritative guide to the uric-acid-free dict has become a prime necessity to the gouty subject. Such a guide is provided in a little booklet issued by the makers of Bishop's Varalettes, a copy of which may be had post free on application to Alfred Bishop, Ltd., Manu- facturing Chemists (established 1857), 48 Spelman Street, London, N.E. Classified lists of permissible and non-allowable foods are published side by side, so that varied, palatable, and satisfying yaenus may be selected with ease from day to day. The booklet contains also a series of interesting descriptions of gouty disorders gencrally, showing how to recognise their symptoms, and their _— treatment. You will be well repaid for the time you spend in looking through it. Please write for Booklet Y. Bishop's Varalettes are sold by all chemists at Is., 2s., and 5s. 25 days’ treatment), or may be had from the makers for 1s.3d.,2s.4d., and 6s. 4d. post free in the United Kingdom. New Issue of Exchequer Bonds. Income Tax Concession. NHE Investor in 5% Exchequer Bonds has now the choice of Two Series, one repayable at par on October 5th, 1919, the other on October 5th, 1921. In all other respects the Bonds offer identical advantages. Dividends on Registered Bonds of this issue will be paid without deduction of Income Tax, which is left for assess- ment at the rate applicable to the Investor’s income. (For particulars see Prospectus.) 5°, Exchequer Bonds are the simplest and safest investment in the world. The security is the security of the Consolidated Fund of the United Kingdom. The interest is payable half-yearly on 5th October and 5th April. All the money lent will be repaid in cash on the date specified. Bonds of either date will be accepted as cash in subscribing for a new War Loan. he Bonds will be issued in multiples of {100. Application Forms, together with copies of the Prospectus, may be obtained at the Bank of England, at the Bank of Ireland, of Messrs. Mullens, Marshall & Co., 13 George Street, Mansion House, E.C., and at any Bank, Money Order Office, or Stock Exchange in the United Kingdom. Instruct your Banker or Broker To-day.

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732 THE SPECTATOR. [June 10, 1916, _—— ees The GERMAN FLEET has gone back to its Ports, BAFFLED and BATTERED. For this we have to THANK OUR BRAVE BRITISH SEAMEN. PLEASE SHOW YOUR GRATITUDE by supporting THE CHURCH ARMY’S ROYAL NAVAL AUXILIARY HOSPITAL IN SCOTLAND; numerous NAVAL RECREATION HUTS at lonely Naval Bases ; also many RECREATION ROOMS for wives, widows, and dependents of sailors; and HOMES OF REST for holidays by sea and in country for sailors’ wives and little ones. ==: — | HUTS cost £300 each; Equipment £100; Week’s Working £5. £50 NAMES A HOSPITAL BED FOR 6 MONTHS, == ——> PRAY CONTRIBUTE | towards these means of giving healing, change, rest, and comfort to the | gallant men who have done so much for us, and to their dependents, Cheques crossed “ Barclays’, a/e Church Army,” payable to Prebendary CARLILE, D.D., Hon. Chief Secretary, Headquarters, Bryanston Street, Marble Arch, London, W. It is most inadvisable to send TREASURY NOTES by post; if so sent the letter should always be PEGISTERED.

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aveeaa June 10, 1916.] THE SPECTATOR 733 FORTNUM & E88 Specialties York Hams (Matured) Cooked and Dressed ~ each 22'6 English Ox Tongues Cooked and Dressed - each 7/6 Galantine of Chicken Truftied, about 2 lb... Caviare (Astrachan) Large Grey Grain per jar 5/-, 7/6,& 13/6 Coffee Black Roasted ee Choice Blend Tea In Fancy Boxes ee ee ee 2/8 Vinegar Finest Fronch Wine.. Olive Oil Best Quality Italian.. per bottle 3/- For the Front. The War Catalogue contains a large selection of suitable Goods and Assorted Food Boxes vurying tn price jrom 152. to £3 bs. \FORTNUM & MASON 182 Piccadilly, London, W. ‘"™ : Telephone: Regent 4:. Telegrams: “ Fortnum, London.” . per lb. 3/6 +. per lb. 2/4 per bottle 1/6 Tobacco “Sweet, when the morn is gray, Sweet, when they've cleared away Lunch—and at close of day Possibly sweetest.” A ty Sample will be forwarded on application to Stephen Mitchell & Son, Branch of the Imperial Tobacco Co. (of Great Britain and Ireland), Lid., Glasgow. King’s Head is Stronger Both sold at Sd. per oz. THREE NUNS Cisarettes MEDIUM - - - 4d. for 10 TWO BOOKS ON THE WAR that STRIKEa DEEPER NOTE THE UDDENLY he stood up and looked at us. “We must cheer up,” he said. “ After all, it’s the day of sacrifice. It’s the day of testing.” He gave a faint gesture with his hands as he spoke, and I saw a great scar in the middle of each ons of them, In the light I thought I saw blood, and started involuntarily. “You're wounded, sir!” I exclaimed. He put his hands behind his back as though to warm them, “That was long ago,” he answered; “but whenever one of them falls, I feel the pain.” Tue SACRAMENT By LL. 2/6 net +~zZzmeronopn HODDER & STOUGHTON, Publishers, London, E.C. Boy of my Heart "T BEN, through the rolling, blinding waves of mist, there came to me suddenly the old childish cry: “Come and see me in bed, mother!” And I heard myself answering aloud: “Yes, boy of my heart, I will come. As soon as the war is over I will come and see you in bed-in your bed under French grass. And I will say good- night to you—there—kneeling by your side—as I've always done.” “ Good-night ! Though Life and all take flight, Never Good-bye!” Boy of my Heart The War Epic of Motherhood The Publishers wish to state that this is a book of absolute fact—not a work of fiction. From cover to cover it is the truth. and the truth only—a record exact and faithful. Ready immediately. 2/6 net HODDER AND STOUGHTON Publishers LONDON, E.C.

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734 THE SPECTATOR. [June 10, 1916, THOMAS NELSON & SONS’ ANNOUNCEMENTS NELSON’S HISTORY OF THE WAR By JOHN BUCHAN. In Monthly Volumes. Cloth 1s. 3d. net. Everywhere recognized as the most authoritative story of the War. Everywhero praised as a brilliant military history. NOW READY VOLUME XII. The Retreat from Bagdad, the Evacuation of Gallipoli, and the Derby Report. RECENTLY ISSUED VOL. XI. The Struggle for the Dvina, and the Great Invasion of Serbia. *,* Previous Volumes still on sale. “The survey continues to be as balanced, spirited, and illumi- nating as usual.’’-—Observer. “Mr. Buchan holds his reader’s attention at every point.” —Daily phic. “Mr. Buchan’s History of the War becomes day by day more popular; at this rate it will soon be a classic.” —Evening Standard. GERMANY BEFORE THE WAR 2nd Impression 3s. Gd. net. By BARON BEYENS, Belgian Minister in Berlin, 1912-1914. A complete exposure of Germany’s attempt to dominate Europe. Written from intimate knowledge by the highest possible authority. A large number of copies of this book has been purchased by the British Government. On Sale at all Booksellers’ and Bookstalls. THOMAS NELSON & SONS, | LTD., London and Edinburgh. SMITH, ELDER & CO’S LIST ———_— With a Preface by the EARL OF ROSEBERY, K.G. ENGLAND’S EFFORT By Mrs. HUMPHRY WARD Just Ready. Crown 8vo. 2/6 net. A volume showing what Great Britain has done and is doing fm the War. Mrs. Ward has had the assistance of some remarkable opportunities given her by the British Government to visit the Munition Areas, the Fleet, the Supply Bases in France, and the British Headquarters. BOYD CABLE’S NEW WAR BOOK ACTION FRONT By the Author of “ Between the Lines.” Just Ready. Crown 8vo. 5/- net. SIR HENRY LUCY’S REMINISCENCES NEARING JORDAN Being the Third and Last Volume of “Sixty Years in the Wilderness.” Small Demy 8vo. With a Frontispiece by E. T. Reep. 10/6 net, 15 WATERLOO PLACE LONDON: SMITH, ELDER & CO., SS "The Sister of Literature-Tobaccd Prof. Sir Walter Raleigh in the’Times™ ‘ “The pipe with solemn Fy “J Makes Raita sentence at a rina pa ad : 3 The dosing sages drop the downy tal em j ; Then pouse, and puff and speakand puff & — COWPER. § _ PLAYER'S NAVY MIXTURE “Pipe Perfect” IN THREE STRENGTHS— White Label. Mild and Medium, Go” “a” Per oz. Per oz. For distribution to Wounded British Soldiers end Sailors in Military Hospitals at Home end for the Front at DUTY FREE PRICES. Terms on application to a, YOUN PLAYER & SONS, Nottingham. ». (of Great Britain and Ireland), Ltd. | Jeeued by the Imperia! Tobacco Cx Mr. JOSEPH HOCKING HAS DONE NOTHING BETTER THAN “THE PASSION FOR LIFE” JUST READY. PRICE 3s. 6d. “A wonderful story.” SB. IN COURSE OF PUBLICATION. BIBLIOTHECA REUTERIANA: eatmoqes OF THE EXTENSIVE LIBRARY OF bes - BARON DE REUTER. Part t.—Art and Archaeology, etc. Part !!.—History, etc. Part Ii1.—Philosophy, Oriontalia, and Classical Literature. Post Free, Others to follow. HENRY SOTHERAN & CO., 140 Strand, W.C., and 43 Piccadilly, W. Telegraphic and Cable ‘Address : Bookmen, London. Telephone: Central 1515 and Mayfair 3601 A Speciality of BOOKS ON THE WAR at No. 43 Piccadilly. THE BOOK OF CLEAR THINKING. §&s. net. MEDITATION By ARTHUR LOVELL, Author of “ Ars Vivendi,” &0. “Carefully reasoned, and developed with engaging lucidity. "—The Scolsmeame “An inspiriting and invigorating book.”—Manchesier Courier. “ Writes easily because he sees. vividly.; his vision has ey es.” —Saturday Review, SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT & CO., London, E.C, LONDON + 4a + BOUVERIE eTeasr, =o

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June 10, 1916.] THE SPECTATOR. 735 Macmillan’s New Books. BY LORD CROMER: Political & Literary Essays. Third Series. By the EARL OF CROMER. 8vo. 103. 6d. not. Tae SCOTSMAN.—* This interesting volume . .. These discourses cover familiar ound with a keenness of patriotic thought, an intellectual vivacity, and a Freadth of literary culture that make them invariably stimulating and suggestive to read, and give them a certain unity of their own that is rare in books of which the subject-matter is so varied in interest. Persons & Politics of the Transi- tion. By ARTHUR ANTHONY BAUMANN, B.A, sometime M.P. for Peckham. 8vo. 6s. net. THe MorNING Post.—“ Mr. Baumann’s personality sketches are admirable in their ‘actuality’ and maay will read them with pleasure and profit... A very thoughtful and suggestive book.” Concerning Prayer: its Nature, its Difficulties, and its Value. By the AUTHOR OF “PRO CHRISTO ET ECCLESIA,” HAROLD ANSON, EDWYN BEVAN, R. G. COLLINGWOOD, LEONARD HODGSON, RUFUS M. JONES, W. F. LOFT- HOUSE, C. H. S. MATTHEWS, N. MICKLEM, A. C. TURNER, and B. H. STREETER. 8vo. 7s. 6d. net. Tas CHALLENGE.—“ Altogether the book is one of supreme value and import- ance. It is modern in tone and temper throughout.” REV. WILLIAM TEMPLE’S NEW BOOK. Plato and Christianity. Three Lectures. By the Rev. WILLIAM TEMPLE, M.A. Crown 8vo. 2s. not. *.* These three lectures are entitled respectively General Philo- sophy, Ethics and Politics, and Plato and Christianity. ST. MARGARET'S, WESTMINSTER. Sermons on Subjects Suggested by the War. Third Series. The Religious Spirit of the Slavs. Three Lectures given in Lent, 1916, by the Rev. Father NICOLAI VELIMIROVIC, Priest of the Serbian Church. Svo, sewed. Is. net. Second Thoughts of an Economist. By WILLIAM SMART, D.Phil., LL.D., late Professor of Political Economy in the University of Glasgow. With a Bio- graphical Sketch by Tuomas Jones, M.A, Extra crown 8vo. Ss. net. The Military Map: Elements of Modern Topography. (French School of War.) With Diagrams and Maps. 8vo. 2s, 6d. net. *.* Mainly based on the topographical work of the French Higher School of War. Incidentally it treats of French military maps in great detail and explains all terms and symbols likely to be found therein. Shakespeare’s Theater. By ASHLEY H. THORNDIKE, Ph.D., L.H.D., Professor of English in Columbia University. With Illustrations. 8vo. 10s. 6d. not. THE Tres.— It is an excellent book of its kind. Dr. Thorndike is well up fn his subject, and has investigated it for himself.” NEW 6s. NOVELS. The Rudder. MARY 8. WATTS, Crown 8vo. God’s Puppets. sy wittrAM ALLEN ware, Author of “A Certain Rich Man.”” Crown 8vo. 6s. THE LOWELL LECTURES. The Science of Musical Sounds. By D. C. MILLER, D.Se. Illustrated. 8vo. 10s. 6d. net. A Novel with several Heroes. By Author of “Nathan Burke,” &c. = Medieval Civilization: a Textbook for Secondary Schools. By R. L. ASHLEY. Illustrated Crown 8vo. 5s. net. NUMBER ONE NOW READY. Bengal Economic Journal. The Journal of the Bengal Economic Association. Edited by Prof. C. J. HAMILTON and Prof. J. C. COYAJEE. 5s. 4d. net. Annual subscription, 13s. 4d. net. Leading Contents for April :—Bengal Economic Association : Tnaugural Meeting.—The Effect of Poverty on the Public Health in India. By Dr. C. A. Bentley, M.B., D.P.H.—The Economic Development of Japan. By Prof. C. J. Hamilton.—The Organiza- tion of Economic Research in Rural India. By Prof. E. A. Horne. re a Economic Position of Education in India. By Prof. R. N. christ, LTD., LONDON. MACMILLAN & CO., DUCKWORTH &CO.’S NEW BOOKS D. H. LAWRENCE Twilight in Italy Travel Vignettes. (Just Published, NEW POPULAR NOVELS EDWARD BOOTH Author of “The Cliff End.” Fondie A fine novel, which realises all the promise of the author's early work, which was very highly praised. MARY AGNES HAMILTON Dead Yesterday *“ A real contribution to English fiction and to English history.” — Westminster Gazette. “A fine novel, a rich and powerful story, full of thought and emotion.” —The Times. “A really fine novel.”"—Country Life. MILDRED GARNER Harmony Truth, May 31, says: “‘‘ Harmony’ will certainly make a wide appeal in these days when the facts of external experience are so disagreeable. There is freshness and charm which marks it as a genuine record. It was lived imaginatively at least before it was written. It is a refreshment of the mind to make the acquaintance of the pleasant people who inhabit ‘Peacewold.’ Their companion ship is soothing and uplifting. ‘Harmony’ should have a very considerable success.” TEMPLE BAILEY Contrary Mary “A tender love story. A gentle, leisurely novel. *“¢Contrary Mary’ will furnish enjoyment to a large numbor of readers. Should be one of the popular novels of the year. Temple Bailey has omitted nothing that goes to the making of a best seller.” —Manchester Guardian. —Times. BEY SOMERVILLE The Passing of Nahla “ The very spirit of Egypt, with its age-long mysteries, seems to breathe through these dreamy pages. . . . A strange and moving tale . . . silent, vivid life on the edge of the desert.”—Observer. A Racy American Poet WALT MASON Horse Sense Mr. Jonn Maserrecp says: “I read Walt Mason with great delight. His poems have wonderful fun and kindliness.”’ The Evening Standard says: ‘* Read him (Walt Mason) at break- fast and he bucks you up for the day; at lunch, and you can face the afternoon ; in the evening, and you feel too good to seok dissi. pation. He contributes to the cheerfulness of a continent and helps it in its great task of smiling through the labours of the day.” Feap 8ro., 28, Cd. net, postage 44. ED : NOT by LOUIS WAIN Cats A book which refers to ALL WOMEN except YOU, the reader. 2s. Gd. net, postage 4d. 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736 THE SPECTATOR. [June 10, 1916, — $$ NEW VOLUME in the HANDBOOKS TO ANCIENT CIVILISATIONS CENTRAL AMERICAN & WEST INDIAN ARCH AHOLOGY By THOMAS A. JOYCE, M.A., Vice-President Royal Anthropological Institute, Assistant in Department of Ethnography, British Museum. Fully Iltustrated, Coloured Frontispiece, Map and Index, Demy 8vo, Cloth Gilt, 12s. 6d. net (postage, 6d.). : [Published June 6, The above volume includes the West Indies and Central America, less only Guatemala and Honduras which are dealt with in the volume on Mexico. South American Archeology is a third volume, the trilogy completing the Author’s review of early American Civili‘ations from Mexico to Peru. UNIFORM WITH THE ABOVE, also at the same price: Mexican Ar cheology, an Introduction to the Archzology of the Mexican and Mayan Civilisations of pre-Spanish America, By T. A. JOYCE. South American Archeology, an Introduction to the Archzxology of South America, with special reference to the early History of Peru. By T. A. JOYCE. /Egean Archeology, an Introduction to the Archeology of [Prehistoric Greece, By H. R. HALL, M.A., F.S.A, Antiquities of India, an Account of the Culture and History of Ancient Hindustan, By L. D. BARNETT, M.A., Litt.D. Mesopotamian Archeology, an Introduction to the Archzxology of Babylonia and Assyria. By P. S. P. HANDCOCK, M.A. *,* Further volumes are in preparation for publication hereafter, Names will be registered on application, and full announcemenis sent as issued. | THE MEDICI PRINTS Fiemisy 46. P. de HOOCH. Interior with a Woman Peeling Apples. Wallace Collection, 22 x 17} inches, {I 5s. net. Iranian 95. RAPHAEL, Madonna della Sedia. Pitti, 15} inches (circular), {1 Is. net. Iranian 94. GHIRLANDAJO., The Vision of Santa Fina. S. Gimignano, 8ix144. Ready in June—July. 1 5s. net. *,* The completely illustrated Prospectus, containing details of over 230 Medici Prints, Edition of May, 1916, post free, Od. Summary list of above, post frec, 3d. Postage of any Print, od. extra. The Medici Christmas Cards and Calendars (Season 1917) Owing to the restricted Paper-supply, it will be impossible to reprint these. Orders already received are greatly in excess of the corresponding orders in 1915. A complete Series of the Cards and Calendars is available for inspection, and early ordering will ensure delivery. Complete Lists post free on demand, Memorabilia: A Series of Works in Literature and Art. These little Books measure 6 by 4} inches, are printed on pure rag paper and issued in hand-made paper wrappers printed with a special design, The types used are The Riccardi Press Founts, Each volume is supplied in a stout grey envelope for posting. UNILLUSTRATED Volumes, cach ONE: SHILLING. Postage 2d. ILLUSTRATED ie » ONE SHILLING and SIXPENCE. Postage 2d. Recently issued “ Memorabilia” are :— Tue IpEaAL oF CirizENsHIP, being the Speech of Pericles over those fallen in the War. Translated by A. E. Zimmern os id = i a * Bie. e Is. net. PORTRAITS OF CHRIST. Text by G. F. Hill oe oe oe oe ee oe oe 1s. 6d. net. THE LAST SUPPER. “ ” . ese - oe ee eo - +» Is. 6d, net. Complete List of Published and Forthcoming Volumes (30 in all), post free. PHILIP LEE WARNER, PUBLISHER TO THE MEDICI SOCIETY LTD. 7 GRAFTON STREET, Lonpon, W. Liverroor,: 63 Bop STREET. ———————————_—— — —————————— = —— ——— ——————— ~ —- —————— Lospon; Prinkd by W. Spraiaut & SONS, 98 & 99 Fetter Lane, London, E.C.; and Published by ALrxep Eversos for the “Spuctator” (Limited), at their Office, No. 1 Wellington Strect, im the }’ree.nct of the Savoy, Strand, in tue Vouuty of MidJ‘esex, Saturday, June loth, 1916,