The Spectator 1911-05-20: Vol 106 Iss 4325

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No. 4,325.] —_—[——_&—“—<—S— 753{ The University of London and vat = Women’s Sul peeuavaee . 766 Tor:cs— A Phantasm of the Living . 767 The Duty of the Lords.........+s++ 756} = The Cuck00 .........ccssee-seeee . 768 The Bu seusssssereesecssncenceesessee 290) The Derby of 1861 ..........ceccccssse 768 The German Emperor ........0-.---- 758) All-British Nesting Boxes .....s00. 708 Tie Condemnation of the Stendard Oil Trust............--.-++ 759 | Porrrr— The Coronation Meeting for Men 760| MMaysong 768 # Qpinionettes ” ........+--sesseeeereeee = Pets in Z00 Cages .....-.-s-rereeeeenee 162] Roos — ~ Modern Constitutions ......000000 769 eget eng ga Modiisoval Ttaly........c-occcscsoneee 770 The BishoP eg. 763) 4 Family Chronici 77 She Boot for « Gonsarvative 9) Biiinde ane ca * Who Said —_ =F somseeneonees a Mrs. EME Ward's Heminiscences 773 } ee Soieealiet Utterancesin Ireland 764 |e ipa Empire .....s.seseeeeeeeeees ns The Projected Visit of Repre- sentative Englishmen to Russia 765 | soug Booxs ov THE WEEK oss 775 Tuionistsand Universal Training 765 lord Lytton’s * Money" .......0 - PuBLICATIONS OF THE WESK........ . 775 of Laymen .........--.0+ The Heed Red Flag of England 766 | ADVERTISEMENTS........0-s0-ses0000 776-792

9° The Editors cannot undertake to return Manuscript, in any case.

NEWS OF THE WEEK. lee HE event of the week in Foreign Affairs is the resignation of President Diaz and the consequent triumph of the insurrection and the prospect of peace. President Diaz has promised that his own and Sefior Corral’s resigna- tion shall take place before May 3lst, and it is agreed that Sefior de la Barra, Minister of Foreign Affairs, shall become Acting President, and General Madero his chief adviser, or, as some telegrams put it, these two are to be co-Regents. They are to conduct the government of the country till the elec- tions are held, which must not be delayed beyond six months. The rebel leaders now declare peace throughout Mexico, ex- cept in Lower California, where the insurrection is independent of the main movement. It is very generally believed that peace is now assured and will be general. The Cabinet Council at which President Diaz’s resignation was announced is said to have been most pathetic owing to the age of the President and his physical sufferings caused by an ulcerated jaw. We wish the new régime every success, but if itis to do any per- manent good its leaders must face and lay the spectre of slavery which haunts Mexico in the form of forced labour for debt. As we have shown elsewhere, there is plenty of paper law in Mexico to prevent slavery. The trouble is that it is not applied. What is wanted is for public opinion in Mexico to recognize the truth—namely, that the toleration of the enslavement of any portion of its population is the greatest crime which a community can commit. The French advance on Fez is still delayed, but telegrams on Friday stated that it was possible that the French troops would on that day reach a point some twenty-five or thirty miles from the capital. Meantime there seems to be no danger of the city falling into the hands of the rebels, The news, however, is scanty. Frequent skirmishing attacks appear to be made upon Fez and also upon the French columns and camps. At present all the signs seem to show that Fez will be relieved without any great difficulty, and that the Morocco imbroglio generally is not likely to prove so formidable as was at first feared. Torgut Pasha, the commander of the Turkish troops in Albania, told a correspondent, according toa telegram from Vienna in the Times of Tuesday, that he did not expect much result from the proclamation requiring the Albanians to sur- render within a certaim number of days. In the event of no surrender he would suyround the rebels with 20,000 men, and it would be impossible for them to escape. If Montenegro, whose attitude had so far been correct, decided to help the

rebels he was even prepared for war with Montenegro. Within a week, he said, a second corps from Rodosto and Gallipoli could reach Skutari. He was certain, however, that he could suppress the insurrection withintwo months. There was no other solution possible, as the Turkish Government would on no account grant autonomy to Albania. The Turks are, apparently, not afraid of provoking Nemesis by over- confidence of speech. The draft of the General Arbitration Treaty between the United States and Great Britain and the United States and France was submitted to the British and French Am- bassadors at Washington on Wednesday. The Times corre- spondent says :— “ All differences internationally justiciable will be submitted to the Hague, unless by special agreement some other tribunal is created or selected; but differences which either country con- siders not internationally justiciable will be referred to a Com- mission of Inquiry with power to make recommendations for their settlement. The Commission, which will be composed of nationals who are members of the Hague Court, can decide that the difference should be submitted to arbitration, and its decision is to be binding. Moreover, even in cases when both countries agree that the difference is one susceptible of arbitral decision, the Commission of Inquiry shall investigate with a view to recom- mending a settlement which will preclude the necessity of arbitration. The action of the Commission, however, is not te have the effect of an arbitral award.” The powers of the American Senate are safeguarded in the phrase: “Arbitrations are to be conducted under terms of submission subject to the advice and consent of the Senate.” It will be seen that the Treaty employs, as far as possible, Lord Pauncefote’s principle of arbitration by nationals. This is likely to be the most satisfactory plan, and outside assistance will always be in reserve in case of failure. The Berlin correspondent of the Daily Mail sent to Mon- day’s paper a statement which Professor Delbriick has made about the proposed Anglo-American Arbitration Treaty. Professor Delbriick is reported to have said :— “It is simply a piece of diplomatic hypocrisy. It is ridiculous for the United States to talk of peace at this moment when it 1a about to make a great conquest. I mean the conquest of Mexico. The United States is the greatest conqueror the world has ever known. It is now entering upon a new period of conquests and is creating this peace sentiment for that purpose. It is a clever diplomatic move beyond doubt, but it is a step to conceal greed for more conquests, and a very skilful step. These peace and recipro- city treaties are, I am afraid, preludes of trouble to come. The English Press is growing impossible. There is a real danger in the falsehoods it spreads about Germany.” It is astonishing to us that Professor Delbriick can believe such nonsense. The last thing Americans want to do is te conquer Mexico. So far from wishing for more territory, many of them would like to be rid of the territorial responsi- bilities they acquired in the war of 1898, The King and Queen, accompanied by the Prince of Wales and Princess Mary, drove to the Crystal Palace through South London on Friday week to open the Festival of Empire. The route taken by their Majesties, who were escorted by a troop of Life Guards, lay through Westminster, Kennington, Camberwell, and Dulwich, and special facilities had been given to 30,000 children of the elementary and secondary schools of South London to witness the procession. The proceedings at the Crystal Palace, where the King and Queen were welcomed by Lord Plymouth, chairman of the Council of the Festival, opened with a patriotic concert on Handel festival scale in the Great Transept. The King and Queen then drove through the grounds and witnessed a parade of ten thousand performers in the Pageant of London. Great crowds assembled along the line of route, both going and coming, and gave their Majesties a most cordial welcome.

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754 THE SPECTATOR. [May 20, 191), On Tuesday the King unveiled the Queen Victoria Memorial in the presence of the Queen and the German Emperor and Empress. Lord Esher read an address to the King on behalf af the Executive Committee, and the King’s reply was full of strong fecling and admirable phrases. The King reminded his audience how King Edward had watched the rising Memorial “with tender interest and close attention.” He went on to describe the essential greatness of the Victorian era, “This monument represents the tribute of races and regions more various in character and circumstance than have been combined before upon a common purpose.” The King then spoke of the German Emperor in warm and affectionate words, and recalled his devotion to Queen Victoria, whom he “ always loved and venerated with natural affection.” The Emperor, after the unveiling, placed a large green wreath at the foot of the column. Before the company dispersed, the King knighted Mr. Thomas Brock, the sculptor of the Memorial. In the House of Commons on Tuesday Mr. Lloyd George opened his Budget. The first question that is always asked in such cases is: Are there to be any new taxes? The second is: Is any taxation to be taken off? In both cases the answer is “ No,” for the slight readjustment of the Cocoa Duties, described by us elsewhere, will not affect the taxpayers. The next question always put in regard to Budgets is: What is the realized surplus? In this case the answer is a little com- plicated by the fact that the arrears in taxation caused by the throwing out of the Budget by the Lords have not yet been completely adjusted. Making allowance, however, for the fact that some twenty-six millions were collected in the past financial year which do not belong to it, there is for the past two years a realised surplus—that is, a surplusage of cash in the Treasury—of about £5,607,000. The existence of this surplus is due to the fact that, in spite of very heavy Supplementary Estimates, the expenditure was considerably less than the Fstimate, while the increase in revenue over the Estimate amounted to £4,060,000. The Chancellor of the Exchequer proposes to spend his realized surplus as follows :— £1,500,000 to sanatoria for insured workers. £250,000 loan at 3} per cent. to Uganda and East Africa. £1,500,000 to the Development Fund. £2,357,000 to the Old Sinking Fund (relief of debt). We now come to the Estimates of Revenue and Expenditure for next year—that is, for the financial year 1911-12. The prospective balance-sheet is as follows :— Estimated Revenue .., eee ove Estimated Expenditure ove eee tee £181,621,000 £181,284,000 Surplus eee ove eee 337,000 The expenditure on the Navy shows an increase of £4,006,000 over that of last year, and a total increase in three years of £12,204,000. The total cost of old-age pensions last year was £9,798,000. This year it will be £12,415,000, or an increase of £2,617,000. The Post Office expenditure, it is estimated, will be increased by £1,401,000. Next, the Coro- nation will cost £300,000, while payment of Members will require about £250,000. Fifty thousand pounds will also be required, if the Insurance Bill passes, for the first instalment of expenditure under the scheme. If the revenue were to bestationary this would, of course, mean the necessity of raising some extra five millions a year by taxation. The Chancellor, however, looks for what ke calls “a sunny year.” Our trade has gone up by leaps and bounds, and there is still no prospect of reaction. There was a spirit of enterprise abroad, he declared, which boded well for all industries. He expected further increases under the chief items of revenue, which would, he anticipated, bring the revenue to £337,000 above the expenditure. This secures him the margin necessary in every Budget. Looking forward to the financial years after this, when a great deal more money will be wanted for the insurance scheme, he felt confident that the revenue would be sufficient if Members would co-operate and not make any attempt to enlarge the expenditure under that scheme. We sincerely hope that the Chancellor may not be too optimistic, but we are bound to point out that he is very sanguine in expecting that the trade boom will last undiminished for another three years. If it goes the way of other booms it is far more likely that two years hence we shall be shaking our heads over the terrible signs of inelasticity in the revenue, and the Ch, cellor, whoever he may be, will be calling upon us to fe the sacrifice of new and heavy taxation like men, _ We cannot in a week crowded with events, Parliamen and otherwise, attempt to give any summary either of the Chancellor of the Exchequer’s speech or of the debate which followed. We must point out, however, that Mr. Austen Chamberlain, after chaffing the Chancellor of the Exchequer about the Cocoa Duties, and for succumb. ing to the election cry of “ How about cocoa?” pointed out that the Land Taxes had hitherto cost a great deal more to collect than they had yielded. With regard tg our naval expenditure, he noted how dangerous jt was to hold out hopes of a great reduction in the future, for we did not control the situation—a warning which Mr. Austen Chamberlain was fully justified in giving to the nation, The scheme of payment of Members he declared would meet with determined resistance, for he was strongly against placing the House of Commons on a salaried basis. Members of Parlia. ment ought to be the guardians of the people’s purse, and not the recipients of the people’s bounty. The debate upon the Third Reading of the Parliament Bi) took place in the House of Commons on Monday, The rejection of the Bill was moved by Mr. F. E. Smith, who re capitulated the principal arguments against it. He urged the Government to consider carefully Lord Lansdowne’s pro. posals, and declared that, if they rejected them, the only remaining alternative would be an elected Second Chamber, If such a Chamber were instituted, however, it was obvious that the Veto Bill would have to be altered. Speeches were made later in the evening by Mr. Asquith and Mr. Balfour, and the debate was wound up on the Opposition side by Mr. Long, and on the Government side by Mr. Churchill. The amendment for the rejection of the Bill was ultimately defeated by a majority of 120 (863—243). In a further division upon the motion for the Third Reading the Govern: ment’s majority rose to 121 (362—241). On Tuesday the Parliament Bill was introduced into the House of Lords and read a first time. The debate on the Second Reading has been fixed for next Tuesday. The debate upon the Second Reading of the Reconstitution Bill was begun in the House of Lords on Monday. Lord Lansdowne, in opening the discussion, said that he had never pretended that his Bill provided a solution of the whole con- stitutional problem, for there would remain for settlement the question of the relations between the two Houses. He had provided a Bill which would establish a House to deal with legislation in an independent and judicial spirit. Lord Lansdowne went on to say that he was quite open to argument in regard to details of the composition of the House. But was it asking too much that in a House which had the revision or suspending of measures brought before it there should be a preponderance of those who held moderate opinions? Lord Morley replied with a detailed criticism of the Bill. He declared that what was wanted in any great scheme were stability and simplicity, and these qualities Lord Lansdowne’s proposal lacked. In conclusion, he repeated emphatically that the Government’s first duty was to pass the Parliament Bill. The debate was continued on Tuesday, when the Lord Chancellor gave his opinion that the Reconstitution Bill, if passed, would provide no remedy for the grievances of the Liberal Party. There would remain a permanent handicap in favour of the Unionists in the Upper House, and at the same time the prerogative of the Crown for creating new peers would vanish. The House of Commons would thereby be held as in a vice; and there would be no escape except by the Referendum, which he distrusted. They would be justly regarded as traitors and poltroons if, with all the omens in their favour, they refrained from pressing forward the measure for their own emancipation. On Wednesday, when the debate was again resumed, the principal event was the speech of Lord Rosebery, with which we deal at length else- where. After many other speeches, including a most able and eloquent defence of the Bill by Lord Curzon, the discussion was udjourned to Monday, when it is expected to conclude. In a leading article headed “Occasional Conformity ” the Times, of Thursday, strongly supports the action of the

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a? So 8 OE ee oe eee ee ld Moy 20, 1911.] THE SPECTATOR. 755 of Hereford in inviting Nonconformists to the ccle- ‘on of Holy Communion in Hereford Cathedral a few days after the Coronation. We rejoice to find that the ss is “thankful for the Bishop's action,” which it vindi- estes a8 im accordance with the views of Archbishop Tait, ressed in a letter written to Canon Oarter in 1870, = that it hopes he will persist in his determination to welcome such of his Nonconformist friends and neighbours as may feel minded to attend the service. We trust that the fimes may see its way to support the recommendation of Royal Commission on Ritual of 1870, that a new rubric should be added to the Communion Service to the follow- ing effect: “ But Note, the foregoing directions are not to be held to authorize the refusal of the Holy Communion to those who humbly and devoutly desire to partake thereof.” Mr. Balfour delivered a powerful fighting speech to an audience of ten thousand at Newcastle on Thursday night. The ple, he declared, had to choose between two solutions of the Constitutional problem offered to them by the two political parties. It was the Unionists who were approaching the problem as if it were a national problem, above the interests of party. The critical question now was Home Rule. The Government were destroying the only Constitutional machinery by which the people can be asked what they think of Home Rule. The Cabinet were guilty of the mean contrivance of so framing their changes that there was to be a period in which all Constitutional safeguards were to be swept away. Mr. Balfour ended by declaring that it was not yet too late to remove from the Parliament Bill its chief blot—that is, the provisions which remove the greatest issue which can ever be presented to the people from the judgment of the constitu- encies. He appealed to his audience to say that Home Rule is not to be carried unless there is either an efficient Second Chamber or a Referendum. “Give us either an effective Second Chamber or give us Referendum, or give us both. If they will not have the House of Lords, let them have the people. If they will not have a Second Chamber, let them have the Referendum.” With every word of Mr. Balfour’s speech on this point we are in entire agreement. There never was a greater political crime than the creation of the interregnum in order to pass Home Rule against the will of the nation. But though we never felt more strongly the need for resistance to Home Rule nor hated more fervently the idea of Single-Chamber govern- ment, we feel, as we have said elsewhere in regard to Lord Rosebery’s speech, that the essential thing for the moment for the country is not to cry over spilt milk, to bewail our con- dition, or even to denounce our opponents, much as they deserve it, but to try by means of cool thought and steady guidance to make the best of a very bad business. In spite of the fact that so many Unionist politicians seem to think differently, we are convinced that the best would not be made of a bad business, but the worst, by forcing the creation of Peers. To do so would, no doubt, embarrass the Liberals, but it would not save us from the interregnum, nor would it put any obstacle in the way of Home Rule. Rather it would make it far easier to carry Home Rule, which we fully admit is the essential thing against which we must fight. [If we are to have the Parliament Bill plus the 500 new Peers, we shall not even have the period of two years’ delay, but may see the Bill pass immediately, either under its own name or the deceptive alias of Devolution. Can anyone say that action tending to produce such a result is making the best of a bad job? We assert without fear of contradiction that if the Unionists will really concentrate on the Referendum, and are prepared to fight Home Rule honestly and seriously, their prospects, as a party, are by no means bad. Let us never forget that the carrying of the Referendum will automatically repeal the iniquities of the Parliament Bill. Weareglad tonotethe appeal which has been issued by the Non- conformist Unionist Association to Nonconformist Unionists in Great Britain. It is pointed out that if the Parliament Bill becomes law, the Home Rule crisis must become more acute than ever. In view of the situation thus created the Nonconformist Unionist Association, which has taken an active and successful part in defeating previous Home Rule Proposals, has resolved to issue an appeal for financial assistance to Nonconformists in this country with a view to aiding the Unionist Party in their opposition to Home Rule, The appeal, which is signed by Sir George Hayter Chubb, and others, is issued from the offices of the Association, 9 Great George Street, Westminster. The defence put forward by the Chancellor of the Exchequer last week for the delay in collecting the railway companies’ income-tax is the subject of some very damaging criticism in the Manchester Guardian of Friday, May 12th. After noting that Mr. Lloyd George dropped his original line of defence and fell back on that of attributing the delay to a misunderstanding of his instructions by a subordinate official, the Manchester Guardian continues :— “This defence seems to us a much more serious infraction of Parliamentary control over finance than the evasion of the rule against balances. The result was a loss to the Sinking Fund of £680,000. And yet it would seem that no one is responsible. The Treasury throws the responsibility on to Sir R. Chalmers, and he on to a minor official; and Parliament is told that it has no remedy because no one is technically responsible. It seems to us that the Treasury should be responsible, and as the whole transaction admits of defence on the ground of broad public interest, we are the more surprised that the Treasury should not have shouldered the responsibility, that is after all so light. The practice of throwing the blame on to Civil servants seems to be extending, and is a far more serious matter than the evasion of a rule which was designed only to increase Parliamentary control over finance, and should therefore be construed in reference to that end.” Depend upon it, the new State maxim “Throw over asubordinate whenever you find yourself in a tight place” is not one which will make for efficiency or honourable public service. The question of Compulsory Greek at Oxford came before Convocation on Tuesday. The new Statute renders Greek an optional subject in responsions for candidates who afterwards take honours in Mathematics or Natural Science. It was supported by the Master of Balliol and the President of Magdalen, on the ground that the Statute offered the best compromise, and by Professor Gilbert Murray, who main- tained that it would further the interests of classical teaching. Ultimately the Preamble to the Statute was carried by 156 79. The decision is one with which we strongly sympathize. On Friday week there was a display of flying at Hendon, organized by the Parliamentary Aerial Defence Committee with the help of Mr. Grahame-White. A particularly surprising series of experiments was that of dropping imitation bombs on a diagram representing the deck of a ship. The bombs were dropped with considerable accuracy, and it is not too much to say that the practical impossibility of hitting aeroplanes in flight with any sort of artillery now in use made plain the extreme impor- tance of proceeding at once to the proper organization of aerial defence. The great influence flying will have on national defence is now beyond doubt. Perhaps the only con- solation in the presence of this new method of warfare is that it would, in the matter of invading an island, tend to give an advantage to the defenders rather than to the invaders. Imagine the effect of bombs dropped from the skies upon transports while engaged in disembarking troops. We are glad to see that the Aerial League of the British Empire has convened a meeting, to be presided over by the Lord Mayor, to take place at the Mansion House on May 24th. The chief purpose of the meeting is to arrange for the establishment of a National Institute and School of Aerotechnics. To-day Lord Roberts inspects the Surrey Veteran Reserve in the Millmead Meadows at Guildford. The gathering is one of great interest, for the Reserve has now, which it had not when it was paraded before the Secretary of State for War last June on the Horse Guards’ Parade, a local organiza- tion. The Surrey Veteran Reserve now consists of some 3,200 men, divided intotwenty strong companies. Nach company has a commandant and five or six officers under him, according to the number living in the company’s district. The whole of the 2,500 men, who, it is hoped, will be able to reach the Parade ground this afternoon, will be under the command of Colonel Fairclough, the commandant of the Godalming Com- pany. Bank Rate, 3 per cent., changed from 3} per cent. Mar. 9th. Consols (2}) were on Friday 81}—Friday week 81}.

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756

THE SPECTATOR. [May 20, 1911,

a TOPICS OF THE DAY. THE DUTY OF THE LORDS. Ww regret Lord Rosebery’s speech in the House of Lords on Wednesday for what he said, but we regret it infinitely more for what he left unsaid. If he thinks it was unwise of Lord Lansdowne to produce a Bill it was, perhaps, necessary for him to say so, though this ground he himself cut away when he told the House that he should have remained silent but for the pokings and proddings of Lord Newton. Again, feeling as he does, and as every wise man must, in our opinion, feel, as to the folly and iniquity of Single- Chamber government, it was no doubt incumbent on him to speak strongly against the actual proposals of the Parlia- ment Bill. But if it was necessary for him to speak it was not necessary to k as passionately as he did. Still, our regret here is, as we have just said, as nothing when compared with our regret for what Lord Rose- bery did not say. His speech was in a high degree unsatisfactory and even dangerous because he omitted to face the real problems of the situation and to give the House of Lords and the Opposition advice which he was well competent to give, and which, in our opinion, it was his essential duty to give in view of his high position and un- rivalled experience in State affairs. The need of the hour is cautious, prudent, deliberate, and, above all things, cool advice. We want guidance of the kind whicha wise leader gives to himself and to others in a moment of peril, in a moment when a situation has become bad and dangerous, but when, nevertheless, it is possible through steadiness in action to make it a little better, or, at any rate, to prevent worse things happening. When one is climbing a dangerous peak und a thunderstorm comes on, and the light will soon give out, it is madness to bewail one’s condition, to lecture the guides for their folly in leading one into such a situation, or for not having taken the precaution of starting earlier, or, again, to denounce, however deservedly, the wickedness of those who have made the condition of the climbers worse by refusing them help and assistance. All this may be absolutely true, but in such conditions as we have named the man whose advice is worth having is he who turns to face the facts, the whole facts,and nothing but the facts, of the situation, and concen- trates all his efforts on making the best of a bad job. Such a man, to vary our metaphor, is the pilot who weathers the storm. It is he to whom a nation or a party will give its gratitude in the end, even if at the moment it may be angry or sulky or difficult to lead. Had Lord Rosebery addressed himself to the task of showing the Peers and the Opposition how they might make the best of a bad job, he would have done a great national service, though the immediate task would very likely have proved utterly ungrateful. Instead of such ractical spade work, or, if you will, patriotic opportunism, e merely criticized a scheme necessarily exposed to criticism, and denounced the Government for doing what all wise men have already denounced them, and rightly denounced them for doing. Neither the criticism nor the denunciation, we venture to say, was of any practical value at this moment for both are truisms. Lord Rosebery, instead, should have faced the facts as they are and as he must know them to be. Lord Rosebery knows that the Government can only maintain their majority, and can only therefore remain in office, if they pass the Parliament Bill without any real concessions. And he knows that they mean to hold office under these conditions. He knows, therefore, that if the House of Lords rejects the Parliament Bill the Govern- ment will advise the King to create a sufficient number of peers to ensure the passing of that Bill. He knows, next, that the King must, under our Constitution, accept that advice, unless he can find Ministers willing and able to carry on the government of the country without passing the Parliament Bill. But this means Ministers willing to take the tremendous responsibility of advising the King to dissolve Parliament, and to yar He it at once.

But Lord Rosebery knows that there exists no alternative set of Ministers able to carry on the government in the present House of Commons, or willing to run the risk of destroying their Party by an immediate disso- Therefore the King must, if the Lords reject the lution.

: * ° _ _~_——— Bill, accept the advice of the Ministry in bein ) sufficient peers to pass the Bill. Therefore Tod eee knows that if the facts are faced the situation is as follo < Ws, The Peers have to choose between the iniquities of the Parliament Bill plus the destruction of the House of Lords by the creation of 500 peers, and the iniquities of the Parliament Bill minus the iniquity of the creation of the peers. That is the choice which lies before them. That is the situation which it is the duty of the leaders and advisers of the Peers to get them to face, and to face in g spirit of coolness and temperance, and, as we have said, in the spirit of those who desire to make the best of a bad job. Can any reasonable man think that the Peers will make their choice more sanely or more wisely if they arg inflamed by the kind of oratory, however great and moving—and great and moving it certainly was—to which Lord Rosebery treated them? The Peers have suffered great wrong at the hands of those who have traduced them, and it is only natural that many of them should be in the mood to say to the electors: “If you want to get rid of us, get rid of us and make anend. We will perish like men, but we will not endure the tempests of contempt and vituperation to which we have been subjected. We will show the country that we would far rather cease to be altogether than occupy the humiliating position pre. pared for us by the Parliament Bill, the position of pres tending to be a Second Chamber, but in reality being merely a gilded machine for registering with certain delays the will of the House of Commons.” That is a mood which one can understand Members of the House of Lords assuming, but it is not a wise one, and it is not in reality a patriotic one. Therefore it is not a mood which g statesman and patriot like Lord Rosebery should do any- thing to encourage. A leader such as he, and also a man who by his past experience and his position between the two great Parties is peculiarly well able to give good, even if unpalatable advice, should have used very different language. He might have admitted the provocation suffered by the Peers, but he should have shown them how much better they can serve their country by enduring for a time the treatment which is meted out to them under the Parliament Bill. What Lord Rosebery should have told them might have been on lines like these: “If the Parliament Bill were to be a permanent settlement of the question, and if there were no hope of its revision, then no doubt you would be right to say, ‘ Let our House perish at once and let us refuse to endure the degradation prepared for us.’ But the Parliament Bill need not be, and will not be, a permanent settlement. It is obviously, it is admittedly, a temporary and partisan device for trying to pass Home Rule by a coup de main—a desperate attempt, but one which must be made if the Government are to remain in office. The British people do not realize that as yet; but when they do realize it a reaction will come which will sweep the present Ministry away and restore the Unionists to power. This itself might not be enough, but the Unionist Party have made their essential policy the adoption of an institution which is the corrective of the great defect of representative government—log-rolling arrangements which usurp the authority of the people. The Unionists are pledged to the introduction of the Referendum. But the moment the Referendum is adopted for settling disputes between the two Houses, the humiliating position created by the Parliament Bill—that is, Single-Chamber government in fact, but cloaked by a sham or rather a manacled House of Lords—instantly passes away. The House of Lords recovers its dignity and that modicum of power which is all it has claimed in this generation, the power of seeing that the will of the people shall prevail and not the will of a combination of estiomsdiny cliques. If the Referendum were not a possibility, or rather a great deal more than a possibility, the House of Lords had better perish. While it is the policy adopted by the Unionist Party, and a policy which daily and hourly grows in strength and popular estimation, as needs must a policy so democratic, the House of Lords has not only the right but is under a solemn duty to endure and wait and be patient. It is far better that the Peers should suffer the humiliation of a degraded, or if you will abjecting, position for a few years than that in a moment of anger and indignation, however well justified per se, they should become parties to the ruin of the Constitution.” Surely

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May 20, 1911.] THE SPECTATOR. 757

—_———— me such words as these—would that we had the power - the great orator’s thrill—would have been to give them worthier of Lord Rosebery. It is all very well for the Peers to talk about personal iations and so forth, but we venture to say plainly ene talk is rhetoric, which they had much better put on one side. If certain action is for the good of the country as @ whole, the Peers ought not to trouble them- selves whether a “ personal humiliation ” is or is not involved. The Duke of Wellington and the Peers of his time thought they were suffering a deep personal humilia- tion in 1832. But the Duke wisely and patriotically advised them to suffer that humiliation, and histu:y shows that he and they did well. Here, however, it will no doubt be said, and in a sense truly, the humiliation is greater. Whereas the Bill of 1832 was a thoroughly good Bill in itself, the Parliament Bill is a thoroughly bad one. Such an argument, though true, is not germane. The point is that the Duke of Wellington thought he was suffering a personal humiliation and yet endured it. The Peers, then, if they are wise, will not let their action be swayed for a moment by personal considerations, and this, we ven- ture to say, is what Lord Rosebery should have told em. ot we may repeat ourselves, what the Peers have got to do is to remember that the Parliament Bill is not, and can- not be made, permanent. If they and the Unionist Party will only concentrate their efforts upon adding the Refer- endum to our institutions, the effort to establish Single- Chamber government will prove futile. As soon as we have the Referendum for deciding deadlocks between the two Houses, the Peers, whether reconstituted or as they exist now, will possess a function which it is peculiarly appropriate that they should exercise—the function of acting as remembrancers to the democracy, and of being able on great and important occasions to see that the ple have the opportunity of saying whether they will or will not be governed by a particular piece of legislation that has been prepared in the House of Commons. That will be the duty of the Lords when the Referendum is part of the Constitution—surely not an ignoble or useless one. Can it be wise that the Peers should wreck these possibili- ties of the future in order to indulge a sense of personal indignation in the present ?

THE BUDGET. HE Budget is a tame one. There are no new taxes and practically no remissions of taxation, for the alteration in the Cocoa Duties can hardly be called a remis- sion. Here the Chancellor of the Exchequer merely dealt with an anomaly. There was no doubt, he declared, that at the present moment an element of protection entered into these duties. Manufactured chocolate contained ingredients which were not dutiable, and yet it was taxed at the same rate as cocoa without those ingredients. This had to be altered at a loss of £20,000 in duty on imports. At the same time the home manufacturers will get a “ draw- back” of £25,000. They will, that is, receive repayment of the Cocoa Duty on any chocolate they may export. Another slight alteration in the scheme of taxation will be found in the Liquor Licences. ‘Those licences will not be charged on those parts of the licensee’s premises which have nothing to do with the sale of intoxicants. There is also a slight reduction of the Stamp Duty on short-term bonds, but this will have little or no effect on the revenue. As we have explained elsewhere, the manner in which the realized surplus of the last two years, £5,607,000, is to be spent is as follows: A sum of £1,500,000 is to go to the creation of sanatoria for insured workmen; £250,000 is to be lent to Uganda and East Africa ; £1,500,000 is to go to the capital account of the development fund; and the rest, £2,370,000, is to be allotted to the Sinking Fund. Admitted that the Government’s policy of reducing the sums allotted to the repayment of debt is a sound one— which we do not, of course, admit—the manner in which the realized surplus is to be spent cannot cause complaint. The proposal to deal with the scourge of consumption is, per se, a good one, and if the money is wisely spent, and not wasted, it will probably not only yield sound results im its prime object—the saving of human life and the checking of human misery—but will also stop a great deal of unnecessary waste. The prevalence of consumption and the haphazard way in which we now deal with it are a

fruitful source of economic loss. Through consumption our population not only loses terribly in energy, but we fling away a vast amount of money in fighting the scourge un- successfully. The loan to Uganda and East Africa will also probably prove a sound investment. The Colony will pay 3} per cent. interest with a 1 per cent. sinking fund, and as the present Uganda Railway has already turned out a paying line there is little doubt that the Colony will be able to fulfil its engagements. In regard to the money proposed to be allotted to the Development Fund we feel very considerable doubts. On paper, no doubt, the objects are excellent, but the question is, Will the money be really wisely spent, or will it have to be entered under what was always the largest item in the accounts of the parish clerk in the story—the item “ moodled away ” ? The chief point of interest in the Chancellor’s speech this year was not financial. It was the proposal to pay every Member of Parliament, not already in possession of a Government salary, £400 a year. As our readers know, we dislike the notion of Members of the House of Commons, as the true rulers of the country and the trustees of its treasury, dipping their hands into the public purse. We take the high—nay, the highest view of the functions of the House of Commons. Subject to the ultimate sovereignty of the people, a sovereignty which we desire should be made more effective, they are our masters. But it is the mark of a master to pay, not to be paid—to pay the piper and call the tune, not to put himself in the piper’s position and send round the hat. Ministers are quite rightly paid, because they are the servants of the nation—their official title is “the King’s servants,” and the King here stands for the whole Commonwealth. The House of Commons hitherto have been, and in our opinion ought to be, regarded as the representatives of the masters, and therefore not in the position of civil servants. Now they will pass from their proud position into that of some- what poorly-paid officials—officials drawing the pay of middle-aged lower division clerks or small inspectors. So important are the functions and duties of a Member of Parliament that we can find no satisfactory answer to the criticism, “ If the services of a Member of Parliament are worth anything they are certainly worth more than £400 a year.” If we are to begin estimating the value of the work done by Members of Parliament it must surely be put as high as that of the work done by a County Court judge or a Commissioner of Inland Revenue. Though we greatly dislike increasing the burdens of the taxpayer, we say in all seriousness that we would rather see Members given £1,000 a year than £400. Some time ago, when £300 seemed likely to be the figure fixed upon, we pointed out that £600 should be the minimum if pay- ment were decided upon. As it is, we are glad that at any rate £400 has been chosen, for it appears to us the very least upon which a Member of Parliament, even though a working man, can live in independence while he is in the Commons. Remember that a Labour Member of Parliament without private means is pretty sure to be married, and that he will either have to live a great part of his life away from his own home, and under very expensive conditions, including heavy travel- ling expenses, or else must bring his wife and family to London for, say, five months, and then go back again to his home in the country at the end of the Session—a source of large expenditure, however careful a man may be. We can well believe that a married Member of Parliament with £400 a year would be worse off than a superior artisan living at home on £150 a year. A cynic will probably tell us, however, that we need not trouble ourselves over this matter, and that, once Members of Parliament have begun to pay themselves, there i: not the slightest chance of the salaries stopping at £400 a year. As in America, the Members having once put their hands to the Treasury plough, and having complete <4 over that institution, will very soon, probably by a series of steps, raise their salaries to the highest point which the public will endure. If the American representatives vote themselves salaries and allow- ances, office accommodation and travelling expenses, which amount to very nearly £2,000 a year, our Members will be pretty sure ultimately to put their pay up to £1,000 or £1,200 a year. Members of the House of Lords, stung by the unfair and offensive things that have of late been said in regard to their House, may

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758 THE SPECTATOR. [May 20, 1911, well be smiling at the sight of the House of Commons voting themselves salaries. The Lords will remain the House of Parliament in which men are content to place their work gratuitously at the disposal of the public, and to ask nothing for the privilege of serving the State. Unless the House of Commons make haste to get rid of the Upper House altogether we shall not be surprised to find that, in the inevitable reaction, the contrast between the paid House and the unpaid House will not be without its effect on the minds of the electors. That payment of Members will be a blow to Socialism and the Socialistic organizations we may well believe. It will also, no doubt, to a very great extent, free the Member from the tyranny of the smaller group caucuses and, perhaps, even of the great Party caucuses. So far it is good, even though it may stimulate the growth of the purely pro- fessional politician. No one must suppose, however, that it will help the poor man to get into Parliament and decrease the advantages of the rich man in the competition for a seat. It will rather increase those advantages. There can be no doubt that what a great many Members of Parliament will do with their salaries will be something of this kind. They will declare that they so much dis- like payment of Members that their consciences will not allow them to touch any portion of the public money voted to them. They will, therefore, spend the whole of their salaries on public objects within their constituencies. There is, in fact, nothing to prevent a Member of Parliament saying: “I cannot con- scientiously touch my salary, holding, as I do, that Mem- bers of Parliament not holding office have no right to take the public money of which they are trustees, What I shall do is to spend my salary on public objects. If I did this directly and on my own initiative it might be said, however, that I was corrupting the constituency and acting with selfish Party purposes. To avoid all cause for complaint in this matter I shall appoint four trustees— two, if possible, from among the most respected of my opponents and two of my own side. To these gentlemen I shall pay the £400 a year, and ask them to spend it in the best interests of the constituency, my only con- dition being that it must never be spent upon anything which is, either in fact or appearance, a Party object. The money must go to objects which are for the general good of the whole constituency.” No one will be able to say that this money is illegally or corruptly spent, and yet we venture to say that it will very soon become an enormous source of strength to the Member of Parliament who acts as we have described. There will be plenty of large and important interests in his constituency which will look with great anxiety to the fund being withdrawn, and we may be sure that the candidate who challenges the position of a sitting Member who has thus disposed of his £400 a year will be obliged either to be very popular indeed, or else to promise that if elected he will do the same. But if both men make such a promise the £400 a year merely becomes a local dole voted by Parliament. Unquestionably the pay- ment of salaries to Members of Parliament will not make it less easy than now for rich men to enter the House of Commons, THE GERMAN EMPEROR. fhe person and character of the German Emperor always appeal to the British people, and whatever may be the state of political feeling between Great Britain and Germany the Emperor is assured of a warm welcome whenever he cares to visit us. The affection and venera- tion he displayed for Queen Victoria will not be forgotten. The Emperor isa man of quick and generous emotions, strong feeling, and attractive ideals; when he expresses his pleasure at being in England we may be sure that he means what he says, and he may be sure, on his side, that his sentiments are reciprocated. It may be asked why, if we recognize thus freely the good qualities of the Emperor, we should often express our distrust of German State — We shall say something on that subject presently. ‘or the moment we have only to assert that our distrust has nothing to do with our estimate of the Emperor's character. The Emperor has now ruled over Germany for about twenty-four years, and during that time Germany has not broken the peace of the world—a fact to which the Emperor often points with pride. We do not doubt that - tr: the Emperor is a lover of peace himself, and that if the olicy of Germany had caused war, as it might eagi) me done over the Chinese, Moroccan, or other questio; the Emperor would have been pained, and would a ascribed the misfortune sincerely enough to the perversi @ of circumstances rather than to the Bismarckian tradition, of his Government. Indeed, it would be to dispute both the honesty and intelligence of the Emperor if one doubted that peace is one of his ideals. When he came to the throne he said: “Called to the throne of my fathers, [ have assumed the reins of government looking up to the King of kings, and have vowed to God that after the example of my fathers I will be a just and clement princg to my people, that I will foster piety and the fear of God, and that I will protect peace, promote the welfare of the country, be a helper of the poor and oppressed and a true guardian of the right,” Six years ago the Emperor said: “ When I ascended the throne I vowed, as the result of my studies of world. history, never to strive after a mighty world-supremacy, My dream of a world-empire is that of a German Empire which shall be regarded on all sides as a quiet, honest, and peaceable neighbour. If history has ever to record the existence of a German world-empire or a world. supremacy of the Hohenzollerns, that supremacy will not be based on conquests gained by the sword, but on mutual confidence between ourselves and other nations which are striving after similar objects.” While clinging to the hard old Prussian precedents of bureaucratic autocracy, and a strictly limited franchise wherever it can possibly be limited, as it can be in the case of the Prussian Diet, the Emperor has been a warm sympa- thizer at heart with many of the wants and demands of the working classes as to conditions of work and wages, When he acceded to the throne Bismarck said of him that he had the typical ardour of youth asa social reformer, “ But,” added Bismarck, “at my time of life one no lo believes in the practicability of schemes for the benefit of humanity at large.” In 1890 the Emperor convened the International Labour Conference, which recommended certain principles that were subsequently put into effect in Germany. Bismarck disliked and resented the whole idea of the Conference, and it was at that time that he dis- appeared from public life. The Emperor, again, proposed various schemes of insurance against sickness, accidents, and old age, and the result of legislation on the subject is a group of laws which we Englishmen would have done well to consider more carefully before the establishment of old-age pensions provided solely by the State. Of the Emperor's pride and interest in the German Army it is unnecessary to speak, and still less of his personal guid- ance in the development of the German Navy. A convinced believer in sea-power, he has encouraged in every possible way, not only the multiplication of fighting ships, but the extension of Germany’s mercantile marine. ‘The sub- sidizing of great steamship lines, the improvement of harbours, the cutting of canals, the cultivation of yacht- racing—all these things have had the advantage of his personal interest and his unremitting favours. All his cherished causes have become popular because he has the power of recommending them to the German sople in exalted, picturesque, and romantic language. He is a great figure as a ruler. We do not say that his methods would be always agreeable to our British tempera- ment. In fact, they would not be. It is not derogatory to the Emperor to say this because he is German and we are English. Weasanationare very much better suited, as we gratefully acknowledge, by the quiet and haif-invisible, but orderly, methods which are the habit of our own Royal House, and which resemble rather those of a chairman of an important committee or of a bench of magistrates. We suppose that the visit of the Emperor to England will give rise to a crop of rumours such as foreign busybodies put in circulation with an ingenuity and persistence that we do not hope to emulate. The fact that a member of the German Foreign Office accompanied the Emperor will lose nothing in the telling. In England we are already being urged by excellent friends of peace to seize the opportunity and make friendly permanent agreements with Germany m Morocco, Turkey, and elsewhere. Why is all this talk illusory ? In broad terms, and in the last resort, it 1s illusory because the German Government is dissatisfied with the status quo, hopes to see it altered, and 1s

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THE SPECTATOR, 759 tly restless. We have, of course, no quarrel omeeTermany for building a great Navy, which sho bit as much right to do as we have. But has every : : when that Navy is held in reserve at the back of an unsettled but ambitious policy we cannot help regarding Germany asthe most disturbing element in the European family. The noble words in praise of which the Emperor delivered in 1905 were uttered in the very year jn which the German Foreign Office was exhausting the art of sticking pins into France. M. Delcassé, the French Foreign Minister, was sacrificed by French public opinion in order to placate Germany, but still Germany was not appeased, and, up till the moment when a working arrange- ment was reached at Algeciras, Europe trembled on the verge of war. In 1908 the German Government was still threatening France in Morocce, in spite of the Algeciras arrangement, and at last M. Clemenceau, who was then Prime Minister, declared that France would yield no more. Immediately a surprising and gratifying thing happened. Germany entered into fresh negotiations with France in a friendly spirit, and the end of it all was that the special in- terests of France in Morocco were recognized much more handsomely than at Algeciras. It may be said that this only shows that the German Government did not want war. But we cannot admit that the issues of peace and war can be safely played with in this way. If Germany was right in 1908-9 she was wrong in 1905. If you habi- tually carry a naked light in a mine nothing may happen for a ‘01g time, but ultimately there is sure to be a disaster. During the last few weeks there has been an ominous re- stirring of anti-French feeling in the German newspapers, and we know only too well from experience how the German Foreign Office may make use of such manifesta- tions. They are used as an argument in diplomatic negotiations. It may be perfectly true that the German Foreign Office does not set out with the intention of war ; it may honestly repudiate the idea of war; but it cannot resist the temptation to get what advantage it can out of a complicated situation, and unhappily the declarations of the Foreign Office and the ardent cam- paigus of the Press react upon each other. All this is in the spirit cf Bismarck’s habit of letting the enterprise of the agents of German policy run its course unimpeded abroad and then rewarding or disowning the agent as cir- cumstances required. * Whatever rumours may follow the German Emperor’s visit to England, we believe that the Triple Entente is too firmly established for it to be shattered by mistrust. We could not conceivably come to an agreement with Germany about Morocco that had even the appearance of embar- rassing French policy. We know that France does not waut to wage a war of conquest in Morocco; and if we thought she did we should be the first to warn her against so hazardous an undertaking. Only the other day we wrote of the dangers of France becoming entangled in Morocco by drifting unwittingly into a situation from which it would be very difficult to withdraw. We are glad to notice that that excellent French weekly paper L’Opinion, in writing of Morocco, appreciates the definitions of British policy in relation to France which have been expressed in the Spectator. M. Jacques Bardoux, writing in L’ Opinion, says that no nickname is more undeserved than “ Perfide Albion.” He thinks British policy often lacking in discrimination and sometimes in generosity, but “ when the British Foreign Office has pledged its word it is invariably loyal. Great Britain is never ‘ combinazione,’ but always ‘ gentleman.’ ” M. Bardoux does not expect English approval of unneces- sary military adventure in Morocco, and would not regard the absence of it as disloyalty to France. “The Radicals,” he says, “are in ‘office. Arbitration is the subject of the moment. William II. is in London.” France, however, were coerced or attacked she may be assured that Great Britain and Russia would not fail to take their places beside her. Neither of them could afford to see France isolated and ruined. It is equally true that France could not a second time surrender her will as she did in 1905. French public opinion would not allow it. If these facts are clearly recognized there will be less likelihood of Europe being plunged into war. _ if there is no opening for an agreement with Germany in Morocco, there is none either in Turkey. The methods of Germany in Turkey are to make diplomacy and the search for commercial concessions go hand in hand. We do not mean that these methods are dishonourable, but their disadvantage is that they inevitably and unconsciously confuse questions of political right and wrong with those of commercial expediency. Sometimes the results are unfair and oppressive, as in the case of the kilometric guarantees of the Baghdad Reail- way. Weare frankly disconcerted when English Liberals recommend, without reservation, a course which would mean co-operation in these methods. We have said enough to show why there is an unavoidable collision of ideals between Germany and Great Britain—between the satisfied nation and the unsatisfied nation, between the nation which desires to maintain the status quo and the nation which desires to alter it—and to justify the extreme watchfulness on our part which we have always recom- mended. It is out of the question that the Emperor's visit should give us any cause to abate that watchfulness or to weaken the ties which bind us to Russia and France. And we say that while declaring most gladly that there is no natural enmity between the British people and the Ger- man people, and that the Emperor himself is, and we trust will always remain, a popular figure whenever he comes te England. THE CONDEMNATION OF THE STANDARD OIL TRUST. T is difficult to form any precise opinion as to the meaning and probable results of the condemnation of the Standard Oil Trust by the Supreme Court of the United States. This decision has been hailed in America asa victory of the Government against the Trusts. The people have conquered the monopolists—so it is said. On the other hand, it is noticeable that the quotations of the Standard Oil Trust have risen, and so also have the quotations of many other important Trusts. Evidently, therefore, the financiers do not take quite the same view of the effect of the judgment as is taken by the newspapers and the politicians. This is partly due to the terms of the judg- ment itself. The text of the Sherman Anti-Trust Law of 1890 provided that all combinations in restraint of trade were illegal, but in many Courts this provision has been construed as implying that the methods of the combination or Trust must be unreasonable in character, and the Supreme Court has now upheld this general contention, while at the same time specifically condemning the Standard Oil Trust. From this it seems to follow that the Standard Oil Trust, though now condemned as unreasonably acting in restraint of trade, can cease to come under the ban of the law by modifications of its procedure or organization, which conceivably may neither affect its profits nor the prices it charges to its customers. If this is all the judgment means something much more drastic will be needed to destroy the Trusts, but it is fairly certain that public opinion in the United States, having been so greatly irritated by the pre- datory methods of the principal Trusts, will not allow the matter to rest at the doubtful point now reached. If it is found that in substance the Trusts still continue much as they were before, new legislation will be demanded, and fresh efforts will be made to escape from the real tyranny which these organizations impose upon the masses of the American people. In saying this we do not for a moment wish to condemn the Trusts merely because they have created large amalgamations of capital. There is much to be said for big businesses as contrasted with little businesses. ‘The latter are, from some points of view, more valuable on the human side, because they mean a number of independent units, whereas the big business means a number of dependent wage-carners. It certainly would be a bad thing for the future of a country if all except a minute fraction of its population consisted of wage-earners, and if there were no room for small inde- pendent capitalists. The mere creation of big concerns does not, however, by itself necessarily involve this result. In London we can see under our own eyes the growth of various huge retail trading stores, and side by side with this growth the continued multiplication of small shops. To some extent the same phenomenon is visible in the United States. The well-known American economist, the late Mr. Edward Atkinson, used to be fond of asserting that the number of small businesses in the United States was increasing rapidly in spite of the Trusts.

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760 THE SPECTATOR. [May 20, 1911, At any rate, mere bigness is not an evil provided the big concern does not attempt to employ unjust methods of carrying on its business. The real evil of the American Trust system is that the Trusts, or many of them, adopt business methods which the vast majority of people regard as essentially unfair. The history of the Standard Oil Trust is a case in point, It had its origin more than forty years ago in an arrange- ment between a few company promoters and various railway companies. The company promoters acquired a controlling interest in certain oil wells and refineries, and, by methods which have never been disclosed, persuaded the railway companies to charge higher rates to their competitors than to themselves. Not only so, but the companies actually agreed that the excess rates which were charged upon the firms outside this combination were to be handed over to the combination. In other words, the incipient Standard Oil Trust grew rich by levying a rail- way toll upon its competitors. In 1881 an official of the Pennsylvania Railroad testified before the New York Legislative Committee that in eighteen months the Standard Oil combination had received rebates from the railroads to the amount of 10,000,000 dols. This pro- ceeding alone is so palpably unfair that it is sufficient to condemn American Trust methods. Necessarily, however, the evil did not end with the toll thus levied. The com- peting concerns quickly found that it was quite impossible for them to carry on business in face of such a railway reference. They also found that no one was willing to uy their undertakings except the Standard Oil Trust, and consequently had to sell to the Trust on such terms as the Trust chose to impose. By this method the Trust obtained control of the principal sources of supply. It also, since it was making enormous profits, easily obtained command of unlimited capital. It was thus able to develop the business—in particular by laying down pipe lines, and generally by improving methods of manufacture. The defenders of the Trust are fond of pointing to these improvements as a proof of the beneficial work that the Trust has accomplished. There is not the slightest evidence, however, that the same advance would not have been secured by ordinary methods of carrying on business. Invention is not slow in the United States, and most of the improvements introduced into the oil industry are the results of American inventiveness and not of Trust methods. The whole purpose of the Standard Oil Trust, as of other Trusts in the United States, has been to acquire a monopoly, and it is this purpose which distinguishes a Trust from an ordinary big manufacturing concern. Why the Trust system as thus defined should have taken so much stronger root in the United States than in the United Kingdom is one of the most interesting of modern problems. The tariff undoubtedly accounts for part of the difference. It is clearly much more difficult to establish a Trust in a country subject to foreign competition than in a eountry from which foreign competition is excluded by means of a tariff. This consideration, however, does not apply to the Standard Oil Trust. That Trust depends upon the monopolization of the natural sources of supply, and is in no way shielded from external competition, for at the present time petroleum, both crude and refined, enters the United States free of duty. When, however, we note the part played by the railways in building up the monopoly of the Standard Oil Trust, it becomes clear that another factor in England’s favour is the relative smallness of her area and the length of her coast line. Railways in the United Kingdom cannot dominate the commercial life of the country as they can in the United States, for the simple reason that at most important indus- trial centres sea carriage has a controlling influence over the rates that can be charged for rail carriage. These two factors—the absence of tariffs and the presence of sea carriage—make it difficult for any body of capitalists, however enterprising and however un- scrupulous, to establish Trusts in the United Kingdom on the American model. There is a further factor on which we insist with a little more hesitation, but to which we attach very great importance. This is the personal or moral factor. Broadly speaking, the Englishman in his business relations never forgets the good old English maxim of “ Live and let live,” and rarely drives a bargain to the extreme point which an American regards as justifi- able. If one talks to an ordinary English business man, whether engaged in commerce or in manufacturing or in agriculture, one finds that he is instinctivel ere the feeling that a bargain, to be a good ree pee he profitable to both sides. The Americans, unless their view of life is altogether misconstrued by those who hay, dealings with them, act on the strict interpretation of the hard legal doctrine, Caveat emptor. In maki this contrast we do not wish to impute any general sin to the American people, or any excess of yirtug to our own countrymen. We merely wish to point out that there is a broad difference of outlook upon commercial transactions, and this difference is of a character to make public feeling in England instinctively revolt against any- thing in the nature of Trusts. In the long run this jg probably our best safeguard against the American Trust system, and we may add it is also our best safeguard against the American tariff system. ‘ THE CORONATION MEETING FOR MEN, HE explanation of the Coronation Meeting for Men pub lished in the newspapers in the form of a letter from the Duke of Devonshire is a document which makes one like both the idea and the writer. The meeting is to be held in the Queen’s Hall on June 20th, and is to be presided over by the Lord Chancellor. Addresses will be delivered by the Arch. bishop of York and the Bishop of London. Among those who hope to be present are Lord Alverstone, Lord Cadogan, Lord Curzon, Lord Selborne, Sir A. Conan Doyle, Sir William Ramsay, Lord Beauchamp, Lord Cromer, Lord Roberts, Sir Robert Baden-Powell, Sir Archibald Geikie, Sir George Reid, and many Members of both Houses of Parliament. “The central idea is that an attempt should be made to emphasize in the right way, and to place in the right perspective, especially to men brought up in the traditions of our public schools and Universities, the Imperial and Christian religious significance of all that will be taking place in the heart of the Empire during the week which begins on Sunday, June 18th.” The result, it is hoped, will be “a quickening of the sense of responsibility, followed by the corresponding determination of rendering personal service”—a determination to advance “the true religious, national, and Imperial causes for which the British monarchy is the symbol.” If the Duke of Devonshire is the sole author of the courageous and simple letter from which we have quoted, we maz be allowed to say that he follows worthily in the steps of some of his ancestors who have left a lasting memory of the same qualities of courage and simplicity. Boswell records the tribute which Dr. Johnson paid to the grandfather of the Duke of Devonshire of his day: “He was not a man of superior abilities, but he was a man strictly faithful to his word. If, for instance, he had promised you an acorn and none had grown that year in his woods, he would not have contented himself with that excuse; he would have sent to Denmark for it. So unconditional was he in keeping his word, so high as to the point of honour.” An uncompromising Tory like Dr. Johnson would not have said this of a typical Whig unless he had had very good reason for doing so. Johnson said of another Duke of Devonshire that he had “a dogged veracity.” Pope noted how the Cavendishes did not care to be great unless it was “to serve and save the State.” Horace Walpole, if wa remember rightly, wrote to Sir Horace Mann _ that the Duke of Devonshire of his time was building @ house in Piccadilly—the present Devonshire House—“ as plain and honest” as himself. As for the late Duke of Devonshire, we suppose there was no man of our time who was so thoroughly and instinctively trusted by people of all kinds of political thought. He was never brilliant and never eloquent, but we can remember occasions when the announce- ment of his decision in a political crisis was a national event. Everyone knew that his judgment was not formed to catch either popular favour or party success; he said exactly what he thought—sometimes bluntly enough—and he said it with- out passion and invariably without giving a moment's con- sideration to any question of personal advantage. As the late Duke of Argyll said of him, he was “firm as a rock and clear as the crystal which adorns the rock.” The orator added, in fine outburst, “O gentlemen, what a comfort it is to have a leader who means what he says and means you to understand what he says!” The présent Duke is probably “bred true to type.”

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May 20, 191 1.] a THE SPECTATOR, 761 y we wrote about the meaning of the Coronation Service, and pointed out how it isa covenant, almost in the old Judaic manner, between God, the King, and the people. The le swear allegiance to the King only on the express understanding that he obeys the Divine Law; the King demands obedience from the people only in virtue of holding a trust from God. The very vestments worn by the Sovereign ata Coronation show the sanctity and, as it were, the priestly character of his office. It is so easy to lose sight of the solemn and sobering significance of the Coronation in the dust of splendour and excitement that we can think of no moreencouraging sign than that men of great place or great name should agree to meet together to remind themselves that much is required of them, even as their opportunities are at. The action, in its undramatic, English way, has some- thing of the value of that symbolic act of humility by which the Emperor of Austria and the King and Queen of Spain on certain occasions wash the feet of some old men and women. Is there not something worth pondering in the fact that such a declaration of personal responsibility as is made by any well-known man who lends his name to the Queen’s Hall meeting will expose him to ridicule if he is openly false to his word? No man lets himself in for ridicule spontaneously ; this movement is, on the face of it, genuine. And it has its origin, as may be seen from some of the names we have mentioned, among a class which is glibly represented at political elections as cpposed to all efforts towards independence and self-respect on the part of the poorer classes, as tenacious preservers of privilege, and as practitioners of oppression as landiords, magistrates, and squires. We hold no brief for the House of Lords, which we have long been heartily in favour of reforming; no man, we think, should have a seat for the bare reason that he is the son of his father—possibly “some tenth transmitter of a foolish face”—but at the same time those who can clear their minds of cant and judge facts as they see them instead of as they are represented for political purposes, preposterously out of perspective, will admit that an “aristocracy” which rallies to such an appeal as is made by the Duke of Devonshire is not a rapacious and conscienceless clique. It is curious how tolerant people can be of conventional assertions which deny the obvious realities. Landowners do not, as a class, dragoon their dependents into wearing “the right colour.” Truth to tell, the landowner is too well known in his neighbourhood for him to care to take the risk of being called a political bully. A large manufacturer, on the other hand, can exercise any amount of political intimidation with a hundredth part of the chance of being exposed. If he happens to be a Liberal such intimidation is called sound and wholesome influence. The present attempts to distribute the land among a greater number of small owners or tenants simply show that tenant farmers would rather rent a farm from the average English landowner than acquire it for them- selves, and that, as tenants, they would rather be under a private person than under a county council or any municipal body. Thereis only one explanation of such facts. The best abused class of to-day earns little abuse from those who know them at first hand. When one comes to think of it,a man who has a position by virtue of a title or by territorial property has necessarily given hostages to his critics. They hold his behaviour in pledge. A man with an historic name, having a posi- tion by virtue of that name, is under less temptation to employ the arts of climbing fame’s ladder than some obscure man who depends upon those arts alone. A duke remains a duke, even though he fails to reach the Cabinet. ‘The late Duke of Devonshire was perfectly innocent of ulterior motives in his polities because it was in accordance with his character to be so, but it is certain that it is easier for a duke to be politically honest than for a lesser personage “on the make” who knows that his fame departs with his political success. _ By a happy effect of reaction the desire for personal service is stronger than ever at a time when the State seems to be Proclaiming that men are scarcely responsible for their own Prosperity or failure, and must have all the details of their lives arranged for them by a superior provi- dence. It is not only among “the Dukes” that the desire for personal service is expressed. Some of the best work being done in London now is the result of kindly human assistance from men and women of all parties and Recentl classes above the poorest; it is a thousand times more valu- able than the abrupt, and sometimes even selfish, charity of signing cheques. The inspiration of the Agenda Club, which has set itself an extraordinarily difficult task, is the same confession of personal obligation, and this will remain splendidly true whether the Club succeeds or fails. We are much interested to see that the Club will soon carry its organization a stage further at its first annual general meeting. We would not exclude, either, from the examples of personal service the enthusiasm of old soldiers to be enrolled in the Veteran Reserve. Some three thousand have been voluntarily enrolled in Surrey alone—a number which far exceeds the most optimistic expectations. Of these no fewer than two thousand seven hundred will appear before Lord Roberts at the Parade to be held at Guildford to-day. An officer who has commanded his battalion in his day, but is now ready to command a company of veterans—and there are such cases—is subordinating all thought of self to the ideal of personal service. It would be in accordance with the generous influences of this important season if such a remarkable public act as that of the Men’s Coronation Meeting were happily to induce some women to look with more kindliness and less suspicion on some men. We have watched with alarm the present women’s movement taking a more and more decided bias against men. Men are spoken of as flippant and cynical oppressors, arrogant proprietors of womankind, satyrs, and what not. Heaven forbid that men should allow themselves to think that their obligations to women have as yet been discharged or that they ever can be fully discharged! But we do say that no worse fate could happen to a nation than that the co-operation and harmony of the sexes which have accompanied the rise of England should give place to odium and contempt. The criticisms of men which we have summarized are morbid and unjust. If any single event could help women whose vision of English man- hood has become distorted to join in the occupation, which we recommend to all, of clearing their minds of cant and behold- ing realities, it might well be this organization of the Queen's Hall meeting. That it will have an effect upon the habits and moral resolutions of our day, and that it will be aided by its high contrast with the more spectacular side of the Coronation, we do not doubt. “So near is grandeur to our dust, So near is God to man, When Duty whispers low, ‘ Thou must,’ The youth replies, ‘I can.’” “OPINIONETTES.” OUIS STEVENSON coined the word “ opinionettes™ when he was twenty-one, and applied it to the obstinate little conclusions which the Edinburgh University students brought with them to college. [We quote the word froma small volume lately brought out by Messrs. Chatto and Windus (Zay Morals, by R. L. Stevenson, 6s.) which with other matter reprints some of his earliest essays. | From the height of his majority he looks down on students yet in their teens :— “Tt is a sad sight,” he writes, “to see our heather-scented students, our boys of seventeen, coming up to college with deter- mined views—roués in speculation—having gauged the vanity of philosophy or learned to shun it as the middle-man of heresy—a company of determined, deliberate opinionists, not to be moved by all the sleights of logic. What have such men todo with study? If their minds are made up irrevocably, why burn the ‘studious lamp’?” It is impossible not to smile at words at once so descriptive and so redolent of youth. For these finished philosophers their graduate brother prescribes—the debating society. He prescribes it as a means of converting a “museum of premature petrifactions into living and impressionable soul.” For him in those days the College Debating Society was the world :— “We there meet people of every shade of opinion, and make friends with them. e@ are taught to rail against a man the whole session through, and then hob-a-hob with him at the con- cluding entertainment. We find men of talent far excceding our own, whose conclusions are widely different from ours, and wo are thus taught to distrust ourselves.” But all the papers are not in this didactic strain. The young Louis Stevenson gives us some charming pictures of student life,

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762 THE SPECTATOR. [May 20, 1911, not indeed so charming as those he wrote later—when the re- membrance of college days had mellowed—but well worth read- ing. 'T'wo of the papers compare very amusingly the students of 1871 with those of 1824 The latter description is gleaned from an old college magazine which ran for a few months during the first quarter of the last century and was called the Lapsus Linguz. First our author conjures up for us from the yellow pages of this forgotten magazine a Divinity student, “tall, pale, and slender,” in a threadbare coat. He was to be seen “issuing from aerial lodging-houses.” “He was noted for cheap purchases and for exceeding the legal tender in halfpence.” He always had “a weighty volume of theology under his arm.” Somehow he impresses us as a fancy figure, but. the young critic who described him ninety years ago is not intentionally making a caricature—he likes him, and says that “he paid his landlady’s bill, read his Bible, went twice to church on Sunday, seldom swore, was not often tipsy, and bought the Lapsus Lingux.” The medical student of the day was fashionable in his dress, “ wore a white great-coat, and consequently talked loud,” was very free with his money, and went up Arthur’s Seat ona Sunday afternoon. Something of a brawler but nothing of a talker, “he wasasquiet in a debating society as he was loud in the street.” The student of law was an equally lively person, and apt to find himself in the police-court. He had, however, a much greater determination of words to the mouth. In his own de- fence, the “divine precepts of unchanging justice and Scots law flow from his tongue.” From him Louis Stevenson turns to the student of his own university days, the student of the year ’71. He is a much less merry fellow, we are assured. “ The quadrangle in the interreg- num of classes ” has changed from “an habitation of dragons” to “a court for owls.” The students—so he tells us—never laugh “except in the way of polite recognition of professorial wit.” They work hard, “ but without relish for their studies,” science and learning having become a means of livelihood. The “ merry men,” again, are “ too evidently professional in their antics ” :— “ Solemnity, even in dissipation, is the order of the day, and they go to the devil with a perverse seriousness, a systematic rationalism of wickedness, that would have surprised the simpler sinners of old.” So much for the criticism of his fellows from the lips of a very young man. We learn far more about them from what he wrote in no critical spirit of himself. The first paper in the book before us was written in the same year, ’71. Stevenson never revised or published it, and perhaps no one else should have done so; all the same it contains very good reading, and it will take any middle-aged man back to his youth, none the less that it is full of sophistries and “ opinionettes.” We see the coming stylist under the college gown. Here is man—as he appears to a boy—truly a brilliant picture :— “The sight of a flower, the note of a bird, will often move him ee ee | The paper was inadvertently pulled away, and in went the ortentous bonfires of the universe. He comprehends, he designs, ne tames nature, rides the sea, ploughs, climbs the air in a balloon, makes vast inquiries, begins interminable labours, joins himself | into federations and populous cities, spends his days to deliver the ends of the earth or to benefit unborn posterity; and yet knews himself for a piece of unsurpassed fragility and the creature of a few days.” Never did courage and the spirit of youth so completely conquer ill-bealth. “ He cannot take a step without pain or pleasure. His life is a tissue of sensations, which he distinguishes as they seem to come more directly from himself or his surroundings. He is conscious of himself as a joyer or a sufferer, as that which craves, chooses, and is satisfied; conscious of his surroundings as it were of an inexhaustible purveyor, the source of aspects, inspirations, wonders, cruel knocks, and transporting caresses. Thus ho goes on his way stumbling among delights and agonies.” His Jove de vivre is boundless, but it is not material; “he even eats, not with a wakeful consciousness, but as it were between two thoughts.” What, he asks again, is man? “ There is some- thing that was before hunger and that remains after a meal,” All his life he is “on variable terms with himself.” ‘The intimacy is at times almost suspended.’ He seeks to define the better self which neither poet nor theologian can analyze :— “ Mankind, in the sense of the creeping mass that is born and eats, that generates and dies, is but the aggregate of the outer and lower sides of man. This inner consciousness, this lantern alternately obscured and shining, to and by which the individual exists and must order his conduct, is something special to himself and not common tothe race. His joys delight, his sorrow wounds him, according as this is interested or indifferent in the affair; a according as they arise in an imperial w: i i by the tributary chieftains of the mind. Ho mer” pe this not suffer; he may lose what is materially a trifle, and leap in his bosom with a cruel pang. Ido not speak of it to ardent theorists : the living man knows keenly what it is I mean” But once on lower ground and the confidences lose interest. The writer imveighs against Mrs, Grundy to prove his true Bohemianism. He defies the criticism of an imaginary “ society,” which at the time was certai not thinking about him, with all the bombast of adolescence, and then, to show his standard is not lax, he proves to hig own satisfaction that Christianity has been forgotten in anxioug respectability, that every man who spends more than he can enjoy is a thief, together with every man who is paid to do any work and does not put into it his whole heart and soul and strength. In fact he rates the orthodox bour. geois with all the intemperance of thoughtful youth, until he himself begins to pity his listeners. “I would say less if J thought less,” he kindly explains for those whose ears may burn too painfully. As he moralizes the “stuffed dragon” of the young, the terror of hypocrisy, overtakes him, and he hints to the Philistines whom he is harrying that they might be shocked if they knew all about him. Certainly these pages give us a very interesting glimpse into the ways and thoughts of the youth of forty years ago How do they compare, one idly wonders, with the ways and thoughts of present-day undergraduates? Let us take Bdin. burgh students for an example. Is the quadrangle now “an habitation of dragons” or “a court for owls”? Are the great men the country sighs for at college now in England, Scotland, and Ireland? Should we find them among those who rollic for pleasure, or who study for gain? Who knows? “There is no epoch so obscure as the present,” said Robert Louis Stevenson. PETS IN ZOO CAGES. WO of the most attractive of the animals recently arrived at the Regent’s Park Zoological Gardens are the young lions brought back by Miss Olive Macleod from her African journey, and presented by the Macleod-Talbot Expedition to the King’s African collection. They are at present under quarantine in the Sanatorium, but have received a few privi- leged visitors, with whom they have been glad to shake hands through the bars. They are about six months old, and the baby-spots in their coats are very strongly marked; so are the black patches on their ears and the dark tips to their tails. Their chief needs are increased opportunities for play, and they are anxious to pat or box at anything within reach, which they do with very heavy paws, but without claw- ing—that is, unless whatever they are hittingat issnatched away from them. The writer, the other day, happened to be holding a rolled-up newspaper, which one of the lion eubs was patting. claws, ripping it to ribbons. An interesting occasion in their daily round is when their loose-box is swept; the broom is welcomed as a playfellow, and hardly allowed to do any work at all. At the present moment, indeed, they are the most delightful pets, and are the strongest contrast possible to the two young lionesses next door from the Sebackwe River, in Southern Rhodesia. These young creatures are of an ex- tremely savage disposition, or so they desire you to under- stand. They growl in a very provocative manner at the slightest attention shown them; one of them even goes so far as to refuse to be seen, but sits in the corner in a box turned on its side. How will she receive Miss Macleod’s cubs when they are introduced to her? The present intention is to bring them all up together, but that, of course, will not be possible for some time yet—the two young lion cubs must wait for the usual time in quarantine. One of them wears & leather collar and the other a piece of old rope round its neck, just as they came off the ship, and they are to keep these on until Miss Macleod has seen them ; she, perhaps, will give them their names. There are other possibilities in the way of pet cats in the lion-house. No lion cubs have yet arrived there, but Minnie, one of the young jaguars, has presented the Gardens with baby. Its father was Billy, the jaguar, who, a year or two ago, spent his days with Dora in a cage outside ; Dora is no more. Minnie is extremely proud of her baby, and can hardly be induced to leave it, even for the grisliest morsel. She has 4

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May 20, 1911.) THE SPECTATOR. 763 eye for the most benevolent. The baby, who is to be called Peter, is very round and firm, with absurd bow legs and a serious outlook on life in the lion-house; perhaps it would play with visitors if Minnie allowed such a thing. A much Jess exacting mother is the young caracal in the small mammals’ house. She has two kittens, very soft little animals, with long, pointed black ears. They lie together in a corner of the cage while the mother walks about or waits in another corner while her babies are being stroked. If they should gurvive—caracal kittens are apt to be rickety—they should be very friendly pets. Buta full-grown caraca! is a little too lithe and slender to look really friendly; a caracal is leanlike Cassius, and lacks something of the air of dignified comfort that distinguishes other cats. The cheetah is another cat which cannot carry quite the full dignity of cathood; he walks too Joosely, perhaps, or his hind legs are not set under him as heavier cats’ are, or he has too many small spots. Yet Meggy, the cheetah in the lion-house, is a cat of a pleasant temper: she likes to be scratched and made much of, and when a friend comes to see her she leans, rubbing, against the bars of her cage with loud and prolonged purrs. Prince, the puma in the next cage to her, would make a delightful companion if he were not so strong. He has filled out into a great, muscular cat since he first came to the Zoo as a kitten and used to box with his keeper. You would hesitate to box with Prince as he roams his cage to-day. It is not difficult to believe that his method of killing a horse for a meal in his native land is to jump on its shoulder and dislocate its neck. A part of the Gardens which holds a large number of friendly animals, and is not visited as often as it might be, is the stretch along the canal bank on the far side beyond the insect house. ‘lhe more obvious friends among the animals are nearer the main entrance gates, and so are the more easily seen and known. Everybody knows the bears; Johnny, the kagu in the western aviary, receives many visitors and much criticism; many pens have praised Delia, the young orang- outang; but few spend their time in the space which used to be called the Prince of Wales’s ground, and which now is occupied by the house which contains the lemurs and other attractive animals. There is a particular coati, for instance, which really has the most engaging manners; you pick him up, and he nuzzles about with his long, inquiring nose, making affectionate noises and, of course, hoping for some addition to his plain fare. But the animals in the lemur house are most unfortunately situated in that respect, for it happens over and over again that by the time visitors have found their way to these far and unpromising regions they have long exhausted their store of provisions, so that the coati often asks in vain; so do the ring-tailed lemurs, which are some of the most fascinating of all small creatures to feed. Grapes are what they like best, and the cage to which to take grapes is one which contains eight ring-tails. They are most eager to be nearest the grapes, and rush up the side of the cage with curious little pleading noises, pushing past and over each other in the greatest excitement. Other lemurs are not so gentle; there are ruffed lemurs, for instance, next to the ring-tailed lemurs, which are vaguely referred to as spiteful, and certainly their voices forbid a long visit. When a couple of ruffed lemurs decide to bark at another pair of lemurs it is well that they should bark alone. The noise, coming from so small a throat, is prodigious; it is as the slamming of many boxes. With the lemurs live two cat-bears, or pandas, in two Beparate cages, and they are animals to be studied. The panda is something of a riddle among beasts. His English name, cat-bear, suggests his general appearance, but fora long time there were differences of opinion as to the place he should hold in zoological classifications. He has been claimed as a bear, and also as representing a family by himself; probably most people to-day would accept him among the racoons. He is a new and rare arrival at the Zoo, and though he has had many advances made to him, and though he will let you go into his cage without protest, he will not accede to every request. Yet, as time proceeds, the panda surely will unbend. Nothing could be milder than his eye, nothing more bearlike than his paws, nothing hairier or fluffier than his coat, which is a good, deep red, shading to fawn on his face ; but the panda eannot bring himself to be confident; he needs sympathy, surely, but he will not accept it yet. He has another, perhaps & better, name in his native hills; in Nepaul he is the wah. jealous The creatures which, at first sight, seem to promise every- thing which a pet should be are the otters. There is no more delightful sight than to see the otters playing in their pond when they are really in the mood for a game. They swim dive, roll over and over in the water in a tumult of sunshine and bubbles. They play hide-and-seek with the merriest and most impudent tricks of their own devising, and they have the prettiest way of running to the side of the pond and pleading for the food which visitors are requested not to give them. One of them, known to his keepers as Duke, has an extremely attractive habit of sitting up and begging, exactly like a very well trained dog, except that he waves his paws much faster. Could anything more be expected froma pet? Yet otters are not, as pets, wholly satisfactory. They know and, in a fashion, love their friends, but they are not to b trusted. Duke, with all his graces, is not to be depended upon in his cage. His pond is cleaned out every week, of course, and the floor and woodwork are scrubbed while he runs about dry and waterless. It is quite safe for an attendant, even if he is not an acquaintance, to go into Duke’s cage and to clean it out, so long as he can be sure of knowing at any moment where Duke is. At first Duke runs away and keeps ata distance, but it may happen later that he waits for a convenient opportunity, and, running up behind the unsuspecting person with the scrubbing brush, inflicts a sharp and sudden bite—probably just above the heel. LETTERS TO THE EDITOR. THE BISHOP OF HEREFORD AND NONCON- FORMISTS. (To rue Eprror or rus “ Srecraror.”’] S1r,—In your last issue a “Presbyterian Layman” writes: “It the English Church would accept honestly the Church- manship of Nonconformists I do firmly believe that many who hold off from her would willingly join her communion, but not as heretics and infidels.” I, for one, should cordially approve the honest acceptance of the Churchmanship of Nonconformists provided I could be assured of the validity of their claim to the title of Churchman. To my mind that claim must depend on the question: Have they been admitted to Christ’s Church by Baptism or not? I have sought infor- mation on this point from Nonconformist friends, Wesleyans, Congregationalists, even Baptists, and I can get no assurance. Many seem to consider that Baptism by the Spirit—individual “conversion ”—is sufficient, and that Baptism by water in the name of the Trinity is unnecessary. How can we speak of the “Churchmanship” of those who refuse to enter the Church by the only way appointed by our Lord? (See St. John iii.5, compared with St. Matthew xxviii. 19.) I write te ask for information, and in no narrow spirit of bigotry.—I am, Sir, &c., S. A. DonaLpson, The Lodge, Magdalene College, Cambridge. ’ [To tux Eprror or tue “Srecrator.” | Si1r,—It is interesting to compare the views of Lord Halifax, representing the Church Union, expressed in his letter to the Archbishop of Canterbury published in the Times of Friday, 12th inst., and of “Presbyterian Layman” in your issue of 13th. Lord Halifax writes down Nonconformists as guilty of heresy and schism, and twice uses the term “ Catholic Church” in a sense which clearly excludes them. To me this attitude appears deplorable. It is akin to that of the Roman Church, which claims an exclusive monopoly of truth, and displays absolute intolerance towards those who differ from it in any degree. Perhaps no Church has an exclusive monopoly of truth. God only knows. It is reasonable that we should firmly adhere to what we believe to be truth, but surely un- reasonable to stigmatize other Christians, who, after faithful study of the Holy Scriptures, have arrived at conclusions which differ from our own on some points, as heretics or schismatics. I infinitely prefer “ Presbyterian Layman’s” definition of the Catholic Church—“ universal; liberal; per- taining to all Christians "—in fact, “the blessed communion of all faithful people.” I would deprecate our giving up any doctrine that distinguishes the Church of England, but I respect absolutely the opinions of those Christians who differ from us. I would hold out the right hand of fellowship to them, and would advocate communion and co-operation with

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764 THE SPECTATOR. [May 20, 191, them in worship and every good work. The course adopted by the Bishop of Hereford gives away nothing of our position as Churchmen, but only opens the door to fellow-Christians who do not think exactly as we do to join with us in the eelebration of the holiest and greatest Christian mystery.—I am, Sir, X&c., MopERATE CHURCHMAN. [What is Lord Halifax’s meaning when he speaks of the Church we are at a loss to discover. At any rate, he does not mean what is meant by Article XIX. of the Articles: “ The visible Church of Christ is a congregation of faithful men, in the which the pure Word of God is preached, and the Sacramenis be duly ministered according to Christ’s ordi- nance in all those things that of necessity are requisite to the same.”—Ep. Spectator. } THE NEED FOR A CONSERVATIVE PARTY. [To tae Epitron or THE “Spectator.”’) S1r,—Last August you were good enough to insert a letter of mine on the need for a Conservative Party, and I venture to again address you on the same subject. Eight months have elapsed, and a General Election has taken place, and what do we find? The Radical elements in the Conservative Party have been scotched but not killed. Mr. Balfour’s promise of the Referendum on Tariff Reform (which he will never with- draw) has reassured a very considerable section of those more stable elements of the Conservative Party which Mr. Chamber- lain’s sudden change of policy bad alarmed. Had Mr. Balfour's promise of the Referendum on Tariff Reform come a month sooner than it did, I doubt very much if Mr. Asquith dare bave appealed to the country, and if he had we should probably have won four seats out of six in Manchester,and given a Jead to the whole nation which, judging from all previous precedents, would have been followed. The Radicals can only succeed while the Conservative Party is disunited. It is most unfor- tunate that at the present crisis the leaders of the Con- servative Party in Lancashire should be allowing the Radical element in the Party to bring into prominence the great apple of discord which prevents all Conservatives from acting together. I mean the demonstration in favour of “Pre- ference,” arranged for Saturday, May 20th, at Belle Vue. This Radical element has had all its own way for nine years; result, Sccialist legislation and the prospect of wrecking the Constitution. It is really time that the real Conservatives asserted themselves, and that Mr. Balfour should makeit clear that every person of Conservative tendencies in our party and the Liberal party is welcome, whatever his views on the Fiscal Question may be, and that he should re-assert that if and when a Tariff is formed, every voter shall see it, and vote on that, and that alone, ata Referendum. Let every moderate man speak out and insist on the policy of the Con- servative Party in the future being really Conservative. Let the country feel that there would be a prospect of a rest from legislation if the Unionists come in, and then the tenure of office of this Government will be surprisingly short. Our Budget has gone up from £140,000,000 to £181,000,000, and will soon be £200,000,000 if this Govern- ment remains in power. The business people of the country are beginning to see that taxes and extra officials bid fair to cripple the country and destroy personal freedom. Let them be assured that it is perfectly safe to work and vote for the Unionist Party without committing oneself to a tariff which no one has seen, and the Unionists will soon have as good a majority as in 1886 or 1900. All Conservatives in Manchester who are Conservatives first and Tariff Reformers afterwards, now, at last, recognize that the choice for them is this: Shall I give prominence to Tariff Reform and keep the Radicals in power, or shall I give prominence to the Referendum pro- mised by Mr. Balfour on Tariff Reform and try to get the Radicals out? Let this Tariff Reform demonstration at Belle Vue be the last instance of emphasizing Unionist differences.—I am, Sir, &c., x. “WHO SAID ‘ JOB’?” [To rue Eprron or tue “Spectaror.’’] Sir,—I hope you can find space to confer a deserved im- mortality on the enclosed extract from the Daily News of Thursday, May 11th. “ WHO SAID ‘JoB’? “T may mention in conclusion that the Soares controversy re- coiled this afternoon with crushing force on the heads of the Tories, with their cries of ‘job’ against Mr. Lloyd George. Mp, Swift MacNeill drew out the fact that the private secretary of the late Lord Salisbury was appointed to this very office of Aszistant Comptroller of National Debt. What, however, was quite yj in the case of Lord Dunsandle—without legal experienco—jg quite wrong for Sir Ernest Soares, with legal experience—espec} according to the views of Mr. Peel, who waxed wonderfully virtuous.” Apparently it is a sufficient defence of a particularly seay. dalous job to point out that the other side committed a similar one in 1888. Doubtless when Mr. Peel's friends hayg their next innings they will find the Soares case a valuable precedent; and both sides will bandy formal recriminationg with a pleasing sense of having played the game in accor Janee with the true spirit of the rules.—I am, Sir, &c., Hersert A. €murru, Magdalen College, Oxford. THE SALE OF DRUGS. (To tux Epiror or Tue “Spectator.” } Srr,—As a clergyman, working in a parish chiefly composed of residents with good and large incomes, I am writing to say how glad I am to see that the Spectator has taken up the subject of “Self-drugging.” I am only desirous in asking you to publish this short letter to add my testimony to the widespread and rapidly increasing habit. One cannot but agree in every respect with the excellent letters which have already appeared. I can only say that, unfortunately, it is no uncommon experience to find in such a parish as this lives being wasted and homes ruined by the habit of taking such drugs as veronal, sulphonal, trional, &c. Great efforts have been made to suppress the evils of drunkenness, and it is apparent to all how much good has been done by public opinion, and most especially on the part of the medical profession. It is surely not too much to ask that at least the dangers of taking such drugs may be made known. From my experience I am convinced that the habit is to a very great extent begun in ignorance. One friend will tell another “that he or she has been ordered one of the above drugs; that it is perfectly harmless because it can be bought anywhere and without a medical prescription.” Thus the habit commences. Would it be impossible for doctors, when it is necessary to order such drugs, to tell the patient of their harmful effects when taken without medical advice? This would be one way, though a small one, of letting people know of the dangerous character of the drug they are dealing with. The medical profession know how great the evil is, and are anxious themselves that steps should be taken to hinder it. Let them stir up public opinion by dispelling the present ignorance. It would make the way easier for legislation against drugs now sold as perfectly harmless. Then, again, those who have votes might also approach their candidates on the subject. All—doctors, chemists, and the public—are ab one in the matter, only no one moves. No real strong voice is heard against it as against, e.g., drunkenness. It is with gratitude, then, to the Spectator that I find it has opened its columns to correspondence on the subject.—I am, Sir, &c., CLERICUS, NATIONALIST UTTERANCES IN IRELAND. [To tue Eprror or tux “ Specrator.”]} Srr,—I would ask for a little space in order to draw attention to the recent utterance of Mr. Reddy, M.P., as reported in the Irish Times of May 9th. “Look,” he is reported to have said, “at the five miles of land owned by the Goodbodys. Was that class of thing to goon? No, the Goodbodys would have to give up the land and be content to retain their factories and industries.” Later on in his address, however, he seemed to think that even the factories and industries required attention, for he is reported to have said further: “The Insurance Bill would tickle them, and make them give fair wages and pensions totheir workers. It was said that the Goodbodys were large employers, but it was the people who made them.” The Messrs. Goodbody thus alluded to are well known in Ireland as a Quaker family who have for generations adhered to the best traditions of their sect; and who have suc- ceeded in creating in King’s County what that portion of Ire- land needs so much, viz., a manufacturing industry, employing

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SM Geer oe" @ ” wT Fo oF Fe FT May 20, 1911.] THE SPECTATOR. 765 1,000 people. They are kind and charitable and on he welfare of all around them, and yet for icitous for t a reason or other they are thus attacked by Mr. Reddy, M.P. Now, the process of tickling, however delightful for the ticklers, is not so pleasant for the tickled, and it is no wonder that mercantile and business men throughout Ireland yiew with dismay the setting up of a Legislature in which men of the type of Mr. Reddy would be so largely repre- sented, men who cannot discern that in killing the goose they are also thereby destroying all prospect of golden eggs—and it is no wonder that in the face of such utterances as those above quoted the checks and safeguards promised by Mr. Redmond are regarded as but of little value.—I am, Sir, fie, James N. RicHARDSON. Ex-M.P. Co. Armagh. (Liberal.) THE PROJECTED VISIT OF REPRESENTATIVE ENGLISHMEN TO RUSSIA, [To tux Environ or tus “ Srxecrator,”’] Sir,—The projected visit of representative Englishmen to Russia will not take place, as at first planned, during this spring. The invitation was conveyed in person by the Hon. Secretary of the Anglo-Russian Committee in Russia to the corresponding Committee in England as early as last November. The highest approval for the visit was secured on both sides, and in Russia there was formed a very repre- sentative Reception Committee, whose composition showed how widely is felt in that country the desire for strengthening the ties of friendship with England. A most attractive pro- gramme was sketched, including receptions in St. Petersburg and Moscow and a journey through the Caucasus and South Russia, But it was found that the accumulation of public business in England made it practically impossible for such a party to be formed as would have represented the general appreciation of such an invitation. The question was left undecided as long as possible in the hope that a suitable moment might yet present itself. This hope has not been realized, and by the interchange of the letters recently printed in the Times and elsewhere it has been arranged to defer the visit till next winter. At the same time the signa- tures to the English and Russian letters show clearly enough the growth of a cordial feeling of friendship between the two countries.—I am, Sir, &c., P, UNIONISTS AND UNIVERSAL TRAINING, [To Tue Eprror or tus “ Srecrator.” J Sir,—As you were good enough to allow me to announce in your issue of May 6th, a special meeting of the Unionist Party in the New Forest was held on Saturday last to consider a resolution proposed by me in the following terms, which was seconded by Admiral Russell :— “That this special meeting of the New Forest Conservative and Unionist Association urges the leaders of the Party to adopt Universal Military Training as a plank of the Unionist platform.” Now, the first thing to be noted, and it is a very encour- aging fact, is that everybody who spoke or wrote to me about it was eager to protest his adherence to the principle of Universal Military Training. Indeed, if the meeting had represented the general body of electors in the division, instead of only the Unionist section of them, I believe that, though some of the eagerness might have been lacking, the adherence would have been almost equally general. Nevertheless, an amendment was moved on behalf of the Executive Committee, proposing to substitute a mere platonic expression of affection for the principle, and omitting all words tending to give effect to it. This, after all, was only natural. Nobody likes the process of being “urged.” Butif there is one thing certain in politics, it is that Party leaders will nowadays do nothing unless they are certain beforehand, not only that they will not lose votes by doing it, but that they will lose votes if they do not. It is not for us to blame them; of course, they cannot govern without votes. But it is for us to see that, whatever may be the case with the actions of politicians, the only consideration which influences the votes of electors shall be the good of their country, which, at the present moment, is far more bound up in ite strength and ability to defend, not only its own shores, but the interests of the Empire all over the world, than in any measure of internal reform or constitutional reconstruc- tion. These considerations had weight with the meeting at Brockenhurst, and the Executive’s amendment was rejected by thirty-four votes to twenty-one. I am convinced, and my opinion is shared by many who have far better means of judging than'I have, that, so far from losing votes the Unionist Party would gain enormously if, after this question had been taken up by them, the Liberal Party were to adopt an unpatriotic attitude with respect to it. I go further and say that this seems to me the only way in which the Unionist Party is likely to climb into office at all in the near future; but this is just why it is highly probable that if they adopt universal military training as a plank of their platform the other Party will attempt to dish them, and, possibly, to go one better. Such a consummation is, indeed, devoutly to be wished, as it would keep the question outside the arena of Party strife. And it may well be attained if Unionists all over the country—private members, of course, not officials—will take up the idea, summon special meetings of their local associations, and pass resolutions similar to that passed at Brockenhurst. If this is done now, before October the great plank may be well and truly laid in the platform at the November gathering of Conservative Associations. But there is no time to lose if we do not want to let the matter slide for yet another year. Will your readers help? May I, while Iam about it, refer to another move in the same direction? A resolution is to be moved at the Annual General Meeting of the National Service League, on June 28th, calling on all who approve of the object for which the League exists to make it a test question at Parliamentary elections, and to withhold their own votes from any candidate who does not explicitly pledge himself in favour of it. There will, no doubt, be opposition to this also, from the Party politicians of both sides. But Iask every Englishman, is it for your country’s good, or, rather, is it not essential to your country’s safety? If you say “ Yes,” then vote for it; and let your Party leaders adapt themselves, You can safely trust them to do that.—I am, Sir, &c., Epwarp T, Drxon, The Hard, Hythe, Southampton, LORD LYTTON’S “MONEY.” (To rue Eprror or tux “ Srecrator.”’] Srm,—As Lord Lytton’s play, “ Money,” has been acted this week, perhaps an extract from a letter to my mother, the late Mrs. A. 8. Thomson, from him may interest some of your readers :-— “Tam sincerely rejoiced that you liked the play, especially the first night, when I own I thought it badly acted. The principal comic part in the play, Sir J. Vesey. Strickland made a dead weight throughout, and Macready himself being a little un- nerved by his own afflictions, the whole thing was much toe long. I hear it has gone more smoothly since. I am also pecu- liarly glad that you like Clara. I own I had an object in her delineation. It isso common for a young woman of a generous and romantic temper to think that there is something very noble in an imprudent marriage that I wished to show there were two sides of the question, two persons to think of.” He writes from Craven Cottage, and says he has been a sad invalid for some months.—I am, Sir, &c., E. A. R. THE HOUSE OF LAYMEN. [To tas Eprron or tas “ Srecraror.”] S1r,—I cannot help being amused at the consternation with which the overwhelming defeat of Prayer Book Revision in the House of Laymen has been received. There was nothing surprising in this defeat to those of us who are in real touch with the feelings of the rank and file in the Church. I knew before I rose to move my resolution that I was going to carry it, though I hardly expected to find only seven dissentients im such a full House. Why is it that the House does not repre- sent what your correspondents eall “ enlightened lay opinion,” but is so strangely conservative in theology, and shows se little disposition to dethrone creeds and expurgate the Bible like some of the Bishops and others of the “ official ” clergy P The Reverend Arthur N. Bax puts the matter in a nutshell. The official clergy owe their appointment to the English people at large of every religion and no religion. The House of Laymen represents the communicants of the Church—i.e., those who try to obey her laws and adhere to her discipline. That is the real cleavage. And I eam tell your other correspondent, Mr. Storrs Fox, that his

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766 THE SPECTATOR. [May 20, 1911, proposals, with which, indeed, I am in hearty agreement, will not alter the present complexion of the House of Laymen. I have addressed many thousands of communicant working- men in my time, and I claim to know something about their tendencies. If “Liberal Churchmen” really mean business they must attack the communicant basis of lay representation ; to use the frank language of your clerical cor- respondent, it must be “ manipulated ”—a task not so easy as it looks—for the House of Laymen is showing a growing dis- like to clerical interference. But, then, why have a House of Laymen at all? The Imperial Parliament would do as well. Need I point out that if such a policy could be carried through it would shiver the Church of England to pieces, there would soon be no Church left to represent, and the Roman Church would have largely taken her place in this country P “ Liberal Churehmen ” would then find themselves out of the frying-pan into the fire. One word more. May I gently protest against the bad habit of calling your opponents names? “ Obscurantist,” “ un- enlightened,” “narrow-minded,” “ignorant”—these are a few of the epithets hurled at our poor heads! But many of us have got at least average brains in these heads, some of us are accustomed to weigh evidence, and not a few have been pondering over theological problems much longer than some of your correspondents. We have come to different conclu- sions as to the faith which ia to rule our lives, that is all—I am, Sir, &e. ATHELSTAN RILEY. United University Club. THE BLOOD-RED FLAG OF ENGLAND. (To rue Eprror or tue “ Specrator.’’} Sir,—Regarding the Red Ensign, I do not remember the year that I took the trouble to find out what is correct for one and all of us to “fly.” I applied to the fountain-head of information and heraldic law on such points. Let us take one instance of a Union Jack that all passers to Gourock, or Greenock, or to Glasgow can see displayed on the castle belonging to Lord Inverclyde, who flies the Union Jack as Lord Lieutenant of Dumbartonshire. It is a sign and symbol that he is the Lord Lieutenant. He is not likely to go wrong as to this matter. The White Ensign is the ‘“ man-of-war” flag, which none can fly save only the Royal Yacht Squadron Club, Cowes. The Blue Ensign denotes the Royal Naval Reserve. Lord Crewe, it is asserted, said in 1908 that the Union Jack can be flown on land by anyone. I dare say he may have said so—I can’t help that. According to the Heralds it is not correct. Flying certain flags is punishable, I believe, and so it should be. Hundreds of thousands of flags of a cheap kind are manufactured that are incorrect. I cannot understand encouraging what is incorrect or in bad taste.—I am, Sir, &c., ARCHIBALD CAMPBELL, Inveraray, Argyll. {To tae Epriror or tus “ Srecrator.”’) Srr,—Those interested in the subject are referred to a long correspondence in Notes and Queries, 1906-8, in which I and others took part. The matter was finally settled in June, 1908, thanks to my friend, Mr. John C. Francis, whose letter to Lord Knollys on the subject elicited a reply from the Under-Secretary of State in the Home Department to the effect that “ in the opinion of the Secretary of State the Union Jack is to be regarded as the National Flag, and may be used generally by British subjects on land.” The Earl of Crewe, in the House of Lords on July 20th, 1908, in answer to a question by Earl Howe, replied to the same effect. But, until then, the Briton who flew the Jack on land did so at his peril. I am unable to quote any law on the subject. But, as the corre- spondence above alluded to will show, Mr. Balfour, in the House of Commons on October 22nd, 1892, expressed his inability to undertake the Jegislation necessary to regulate the use by civilians of the flag. In India, in my time, a choleric general imprisoned in the cantonment jail a non-official who ventured to fly the Jack, and the High Court gave no relief to the flag-flyer. An Archdeacon in South America who flew the flag at the Queen’s Jubilee had to lower it on the demand of the British Consul. And exception was even taken to the flag having been used to cover the coffin of a non-official who died on the West Coast of Africa. All doubt on the subject has now been removed by Lord Crewe’s answer above referred to.—I am, Sir, &c., J. H. Riverr-Carnac, Schloss Rothberg, Switzerland. ———_____ [To raz Eprron or THe “SPecraror,”} editorial Srr,—May I submit a remark with reference to the comment on a letter dealing with the above subject in the Spectator of May 6th? Your statement of the law of the case is quite correct. Like the Uonstitution of the United Stg as explained by Artemus Ward, our law—in the matter of flags—allows everyone above high-water mark “to do as he darn pleases.” Though not illegal, it is irregular and jim, proper for any person to hoist the so-called Union “Jack” over any but a Government establishment or official residence, In the latter case the Union Flag may be “ differenced ” by a device in the centre. The hoisting of the Union Flag over private buildings is, I know, common. It is, probably, legs common than dropping the letter “H,” and is quite as im. proper. The right flag for private persons to fly is the Red Ensign. It would not be a bad plan if people were, in thig Coronation year, to start doing the right thing—I am, Sir, &e., C. A. G. B, [In theory we bow to the opinion of our distinguished and authoritative correspondent, but it is much too late to eradicate the Union Flag habit from the minds of English. men. After all, it does no more harm for them to use the national flag in its essential form than it does for Ameri. cans to display the Stars and Stripes. What is useful ig to encourage veneration, respect, and love for the national colours, and this, for good or ill, will be far more easily obtained for the Union Jack than for “ the Red Duster.” The Red Ensign means the prosecution of a commercial venture on the high seas. But “ we are not shopkeepers all,” and we wanta national emblem which shall suggest an ideal ratherthan trade, however honourable. Let us make it “ good form,” ag well as legal, for every Briton to fly the Union Flag on shore.—Eb. Spectator.) [To rue Eprror or tae “Specrator.”] S1rrz,—Thank you for inserting my letter. I believe that there is no Statute against flying the Union Jack in a military port, but there is a stronger reason thana Statute, viz., that of self- preservation, for since the Union Jack is flown over all forts and batteries the enemy’s fire would be directed against any position where it is seen, and I cannot conceive an English- man flying a flag during peace which he intends to haul down when his country is at war.—I am, Sir, &., Royrat Navy. [Royal Navy” has touched us with his foil just over the heart, and we make him the customary salute——Eb. Spec. tator. } (To rue Epiror or tux “Srecrator.”] Srr,—The question as to the right of British subjects to fly the Union Jack on land in this country was settled on July 14th, 1908, when the Earl of Crewe, speaking as representa- tive of the Government, stated that “the Union Jack should be regarded as the national flag, and it undoubtedly may be flown on land by all his Majesty's subjects.” British subjects resident abroad are at liberty to fly their national flag, the Union Jack, on land, unless the municipal law of the foreign State in which they reside prohibits the use of foreign flags.—I am, Sir, &c., Goprrey E. P. Herts er. [Lord Crewe’s statement, to which our correspondents refer, makes it unnecessary to continue this discussion.— ED, Spectator.) THE UNIVERSITY OF LONDON SUFFRAGE. {To rus Epiror or tus “ Srecraror.”’) Srr,—Your readers will, I am sure, be interested to learn the result of the division on the motion introduced to Convocation of the University of London by the Rev. Dr. Caldecott im favour of Women’s Suffrage, in connection with the election of the Parliamentary representative of the University. Roughly speaking, there were 300 members present (say 170 women and 130 men). The division was :— In favour of Women’s Suffrage ... Against AND WOMEN'S 247 28 ove eee The 28 included only two women. In studying the figures, it must be remembered that the members of Convocation are of all ages, from, say, twenty-five upwards, that they have all obtained one or more of the naturally coveted London degrees, that they include some of

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of he h- tad e. y r 8 I d 3 ee ae a lhl CO Moy 20, 1911.] THE SPECTATOR. 767 the ablest men and women of the age, all professions, and the more intellectual of occupations. Furthermore, although : member of Convocation received a copy of the motion erery Mefore Convocation, the Chairman (Sir Edward Busk) . a he had not received one letter against the resolution, but ae strongly supporting it.—I am, Sir, &c., A. 8S. E. AckERMANN, B.Sc. (Engineering). 295 Victoria Street, Westminster, S.W. A PHANTASM OF THE LIVING. [To rue Eprror or tae “ Spectator." Sir,—In connexion with the recent letters in the Spectator on hantasms, the following description of an apparition, not, indeed, of a living person, but of a well-beloved object, may be of interest. The account, as I send it, was written by my sister, the Hon. Lady Hamilton Gordon, before her death some years ago.—I am, Sir, &c., C. A. Luspock. Observatory House, Slough, April 2nd, 1907. “As a contribution to the many well-authenticated accounts of ‘ Apparitions,’ I cannot resist recording the following one, being, as I am, once more on the spot where it eceurred between sixty and seventy yearsago. This house belonged te my father, Sir John Herschel, and on the lawn stood his father’s t forty-foot tele- scope, suspended in a tall, pyramidal scaffolding of ladders and beams. It had stood there for fifty-four years, and in 1840 it was pronounced dangerous, as many of the beams were rotting. My father, with great reluctance, gave the order that the whole thing should be pulled down, but what it cost him to do this those only can judge who know how almost sacred were the memories and associations attached to this telescope. Its destruction was a real grief to him, and the thoughts which filled his mind when the order had been obeyed must have predisposed him for what followed. “Ho was returning some days after,in the dim twilight, from his cottage study across the lawn, and on looking up he saw the tele- scope, scaffolding and all, erect in its accustomed place. For the moment he was startled, but he walked slowly on, keeping his gaze fixed upon it, until it gradually faded away. I remember him coming into the house where we were and saying quietly, ‘I have seen a ghost.’ And he then described the vision to us, adding that, to his amazement, as he moved, the spars changed their posi- tions against the sky. He held up his two hands, with fingers outstretched one against the other, to explain his meaning. This completely passed his comprehension, though, as he used to say afterwards, he could perfectly account for the actual vision, considering the over-wrought state of his mind at the time. He admitted he was at first startled, and that he rubbed his eyes, trying to see clearer, but I feel sure he never implied that he believed there was anything supernatural when he used the words, ‘I have seen a ghost.’ He looked on the whole thing as a most exciting and extraordinary mental experience, and probably would have talked it over quite calmly with those who could understand it as he did. Carouine E. M. H. Gorpon. [To tnx Eprrox or tus “ Spectator.”] Sin,—The letters published recently in your columns con- cerning phantasms of the living encourage me to send you the account of a curious incident which occurred to me about ayearanda halfago, There is no “phantasm” in the case, and the story is very similar to many others I have read of. But as it is the only experience of the kind I have had I naturally take more interest in it than, perhaps, it deserves. I dreamed one night that I paid a visit to a small lodging- house and rang at the door. No one came to answer the bell, and I pushed the door open, and walked in. The place had a deserted look, and I was about to leave it when a couple of slatternly servants appeared. One of them asked me my business. Now, up to this point I had had no idea in my head of what my reason for visiting the house was. On this point Tam quite clear. But I found myself replying at once, “I have come to see Mr. N Is he at home?” The servant at once replied that he was not at home, that he had been absent for two or three days, and that they didn’t know what had become of him, or where he had gone. With that my dream ended. The next morning I found on my breakfast- table a letter from my futher, in which he said, “ You will be sorry to hear that Mr. N—— died suddenly a couple of days ago,” N ow, there are two or three rather interesting points about this dream, (1) It was at least nine or ten years since I had had anything to do with Mr. N——, who used to teach me singing when I was a small boy. Since then I had, perhaps, seen him casually two or three times. He was never conscioue!v in my thoughts; nor had I even known him at all well. It was in the highest degree unlikely that I should have dreamed about him without some special reason, and apart from the fact of his death, which was, of course, unknown to me, there was no such reason. (2) The obvious explanation is that my father, in writing the letter, communicated his knowledge of Mr. N——’s death to me telepathically. Indeed, this is the only “scientific” explanation. But I should like to point out the difficulties which attend it, and which seem to me to attend many similar attempts at explanation. Both my father and I are perfectly normal people, not given to indulging in psychic manifestations; and it is really extraordinary that the telepathic rapport between us, which has certainly never been observed by either of us before, should suddenly have flashed into definite existence for such a slight reason. I mean to say that Mr. N ’s death, though, of course, we were both grieved to hear of it, could not have affected either of us at all deeply, and it was in fact a mere accident that my father even told me about it at all. It was certainly not in his mind to such an extent as to make “ telepathic ” communi- cation of it to me probable or even explicable. If a mere casual piece of news can be communicated “telepathically” in this way by one normally constituted person to another, then why is it that the faculty is not more frequently, even continuously, exercised? And, indeed, how is it that on really important occasions, when such a faculty ought if ever to be at work, it nearly always fails to assert itself? (3) The “symbolic character” of the dream is somewhat remarkable. According to the servant, Mr. N—— had been unaccountably absent for two or three days; my father's letter told me that Mr. N had died two or three days ago. The chrono- logy is a little vague, but it does correspond. The bald fact of death is presented in the dream under the image of a mysterious absence from home. Assuming that the tele- pathic hypothesis is the correct one, you must combine it with an hypothesis that my sub-conscious mind, after receiving the telepathic impression, set to work and furbished it up so as to present it in a suitable form to my consciousness during sleep. I do not deny this to be possible; but it seems to require some psychological explanation, which I am unable to offer. There are one or two other noticeable points. Did my father send me the message as he wrote the letter in the even- ing? Ifso, did it lie dormant in my sub-consciousness until I fell asleep that night? ‘That it was not a pure coincidence Iam quite convinced. Apart from the curiously suggestive form of the dream, no one could have been further from my thoughts than Mr. N Apologizing for the length of this recital.—I am, Sir, &c., UNDERGRADUATE, (To rae Eprror or tae “ Srecrator.”’) Srr,—The experience of your correspondents reminds me of @ tale related by the late Dr. Littledale of “the good old Roman Catholic Bishop Milner.” “ A lady came to him for spiritual counsel one day, and recounted at length some remarkable visions with which she said she had been favoured. ‘Oh father!’ exclaimed she, ‘aren't they lovely, aren’t they heavenly? Isn’t it a blessed thing to be so privileged? ‘Very lovely, very heavenly,’ replied the old Bishop, ‘and as you say, my dear child, it is a blessed privilege, but don’t you think you had better take a little blue pill?’” If A.B. W.or K.D.E. should again be troubled with visions of boys or vanishing ladies they might do worse than follow the old Bishop’s advice.—I am, Sir, &c., J. Foster PALMER. 8 Royal Avenue, Sloane Square. [To rux Epiror or tue “Srectator,”] Srr,—May I be allowed to amplify “ Locuples’” argument against the theory that the phantasm of a person implies that person’s immortality ? As “ Locuples” trustworthily observes, the evidence for phantasms of animals other than man can- not lightly be disregarded. Assuming that there is some objective cause for any given phantasm, whether of a man or of a brute, we can even so only say of it that the percipient is caused objectively to see that phantasm ; we have no grounds for affirming that the phantasm is itself the conscious or unconscious cause of its being seen. Again, phantasms of persons appear, as a rule, in dress familiar to the percipient, or at least in such garb as causes the percipient no surprise ; surely the agency which can cause

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768 THE SPECTATOR. . [May 20, 1911, one to see the phantasm of a Norfolk jacket could also cause one to see that of a dog or of any other creature. The argu- ment, therefore, that a phantasm of a person implies that person’s immortality is quite valueless; unless, indeed, we suppose that Norfolk jackets also are immortal.—I am, Sir, &e., Cc. H. F. H. [To rue Epriror or tue “ SrecraTor.”’} Sir,—Permit me under this heading to give you my own experience of something somewhat similar to what your cor- respondents write about. About three hundred yards from my father’s house, in the county of Sutherland, there lived a shoemaker, George Mackay, who, at not very regular times, visited our house. His knock was quite familiar to all of us, but by-and-by we began to hear it before he himself arrived. Latterly, on its being heard, some one of the family would remark to the person about to answer it, “ You had better see if George has left home yet,” and not infrequently the knock was heard before he had come many yards from his own house. I tested this on several occasions, because, being schoolmaster in the district, and sceptical on the matter of ghosts, &c., I wished to probe it to the bottom. But, both from my own experience and that of my brothers and sisters, I was constrained to admit that George’s knock preceded his personal arrival. Can any of your readers give other in- stances of this kind? My friend, Mr. W. A. Craigie, LL.D. Oxford, tells me that the belief in such “precursors” is entertained widely in Scandinavia.—I am, Sir, &c., Hew Morrison. Edinburgh. THE CUCKOO. {To tHe Eprror or tHe “ Srecrator.”] Srr,—Many are the legends about that chief bird of augury, the cuckoo (the husbandman’s time-keeper), and many also are the flowers which, appearing about this time, take its name and share its prophetical character. These and the lugubrious joy of the wry-neck (expressed in the minor key in its “ peep, peep, peep”)—a bird usually called the cuckoo’s mate, more appropriately its “ servant” in that it follows its “master” almost everywhere, and at a respectful distance, and, like it, makes no nest—remind me that just a year ago (May 14th) you permitted me to inform your readers that I had successfully reared a young male cuckoo through the previous winter. As thenstated, my cuckoo was taken out of a green- finch’s nestinour woodsearlyin August,1909. It was kept (near the window of a large, warm room) in captivity until the onset of the cutting east winds inthe middle of February, 1911, when it died somewhat suddenly, having passed nearly two winters, or, more exactly, a period of eighteen months, in confinement. Our cuckoo completed moulting in January of its second year, but it began to throw off its nesting feathers in the previous October, appearing after moulting in its mature plumage almost a different bird—having changed from brown to a blue- grey. Its unique winter’s sojourn under observation has thrown some light upon its life and habits, also upon the question of migration. It knew its caretaker (a patient) well, and would eat mincemeat off his hand, but it was ever timid and fearful of strangers, fluttering against its cage if anyone unfamiliar went too near, Al- though unamiable and often pugnacious, it was fond of play. It possessed the germ of its nature—which shows no love of oftspring—in that it never demonstrated affection. It pre- ferred as food the larve of lepidopterous insects, but it ate raw meat with relish, and always refused bread by itself. It devoured crickets, beetles, flies, spiders, wasps’ “eggs,” moths, and meal-worms. It erushed beetles in its beak ina very original and unusual way, turning them round and round until sufficiently “masticated,” when it suddenly swallowed them. It was always fond of young mice, and would peck at them in the cage until they were insensible and then devour them whole ; indeed, it seemed to be a little hawk-like, “after its kinde.”’ Next to the larve it seemed to enjoy skinned mice. It was insectivorous as well as carnivorous. Buffon and the nursery jingle also add frugivorous :— “ Cuckoo ! Cherry-tree, Lay an egg ; Bring it to me.” It acquired its piquant vernal song in captivity, and was heard to “cuckoo” quite clearly (see my previous letter), a although at first doubtfully and indistinctly, probably : the sound by mimicry from the newly-returned elders of its race, or, possibly, from its own parents. Migration jn birds is probably caused by a reaction to food shortness, but it has interested many as a miracle, or some unsolved mystery, rather than an example of imperfect instinct supplemented intelligence. The rarity of the whole incident, and the faet that I received many letters from readers of the Spectator commenting upon my first letter, induce me to send the complete account.—I am, Sir, &c., Claybury Asylum. Rorert Jones, MD, THE DERBY OF 1861. (To rzz Eprror or tue “Srecraror,”’} Si1x,—Your correspondent, Mr. R. E. Longfield, inquires ig the pages of the Spectator of May 6th for information ag t *Kettledrum’s’ exact height. The following isa description of ‘ Kettledrum’ given in the best record of 1861 :— “* Kettledrum’ is a dark chestnut colt, standing an honest sizteon hands high. He has a plainish but by no meansa bad head. He has a straight, strong neck, which he carries ‘poking’ out, and werful, tolerably well-laid shoulders. He has a good back and — great depth of girth with arched loins and very muscular quarters drooping towards the tail. His arms and thighs are large, his knees and hocks good, with long springy pasterns, He bears a strong resemblance to his sire, ‘ Rataplan,’ but with more style and less lumber about him. We thought as we saw him we had never seen a big one so admirably prepared.” Pray accept my apologies for this frivolous contribution to your paper, which I always read in a serious mood.—I am, Sir, &c., I-88, ALL-BRITISH NESTING BOXES. (To rus Epiror or tae “Specrator.”] Srr,— You were good enough some time ago to publish a letter of mine with reference to the nesting boxes made from natural ] which the Selborne Society introduced at the beginning of the year, and now that they have been put to the test I should be very glad indeed to have an opportunity of saying that they have proved most successful. In some cases correspondents (who number well over seven hundred) have had all the boxes which they have put up tenanted, and a special experiment made in the Brent Valley Bird Sanctuary has resulted in possession being taken of all but one of the boxes concerned. My Committee has arranged an exhibition of the boxes in the Science Section of the Coronation Exhibition, which opened on May 18th), and photographs of the boxes showing the nests within, and the birds sitting, will be published in the Country Home for June.—I am, Sir, &c., Witrrep Marx Wess, Hon. Sec., Chairman of the Brent Valley Bird Sanctuary Committee, 42 Bloomsbury Square, London, W.C. NOTICE.—When “Correspondence” or Articles are signed with the writer’s name or initials, or with a pseudonym, or are marked “ Communicated,” the Editor must not necessarily be held to be im agreement with the views therein expressed or with the mode of expression. In such instances, as im the case of “ Letters to the Editor,” insertion only means that the matier or point of view is considered of sufficient interest and importance to warrant publication, POETRY. —_—o——— MAYSONG. I am weary of winter; the cold days tarry Though April is over with long delay, And I would that desire and delight that marry In song could carry me swiftly whither They bore me, a boy, in my times of play; But to-morrow at length I shall journey thither Past bonnie Saint Johnstoun that grows not grey. I was wont in spring to return to the high land, To look for a little on sea and spray, On the heather hills of the shire of Argyle And the loch and the island, the sparse green spaces *Twixt sheltering hill and bordering bay; But flowers grow fairest in landward places And I would be in the North to-day, Where the land rolls up toward many a mountain With dens and glens and glades by the way, Where a thousand waters of fall and fountain That find their account in the riches of reaping Fill fall the tides of the swift, sweet Tay, Who hath in his gift, in his care, in his keeping, The wondrous music and mirth of May.

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S®ISGRESTR / S@eoecni weno s eos - were ec ef os = er VF FS 32 Ee SS May 20, 1911.] THE SPECTATOR. 769 | BOOKS. MODERN CONSTITUTIONS.* Hurry is the country without a written Constitution. Not that there are not happy countries with written Constitutions, put it is certain that a country which can manage its affairs without one must command a high patriotism in its citizens and the capacity and commonsense to arrive at practical working arrangements. No Englishman who uses this valu- able work of reference, which was published in January, 1909, by the Chicago University Press, and is now fathered by the Cambridge University Press, can regret that Great Britain does not figure in it. Great Britain has no formal written Constitution—only a few Constitutional documents—but it may be that the laws adjusting the relations of the two Houses will grow into something more formal than we have contemplated hitherto. In any case, a written British Constitu- tion would be short. The British temperament being what it is would have no use for long catalogues of pious opinions and assertions which are not applied in practice. When they are applied in practice there is no need to write them down. It would be a great mistake to suppose that the most important countries have the longest Constitutions. The Mexican Con- stitution, to take examples, fills thirty-eight pages of this book, and the Netherlands Constitution thirty-nine, whereas Germany requires only twenty-six. The art of making Constitutions is imitative. The same clauses and articles occur over and over again in the Con- stitutions of countries divided by every sort of geographical and ethnical distinction. The art is rather like the business of furnishing a house ; a man when furnishing starts off with a certain enthusiasm, meaning to provide for all his possible wants and to keep everything permanently in apple-pie order. His enthusiasm dwindles as time passes, even his sense of orderliness may become blunted, and eventually he consents to dinginess and dowdiness, perhaps hardly conscious of them. Many things in the Constitutions of the world were similarly introduced in an access of enthusiasm for having everything handsome and right; but experience has proved that they were destined for show and not for use. Consider the revela- tions which have been made from time to time as to the treatment of debtors who become, in all essentials, slaves in Yucatan and other parts of Mexico, and then read such articles as the following in the Mexican Constitution :— “ArticLe 1. The Mexican people recognize that the rights of man are the basis and the object of social institutions. Conse- quently they declare that all the laws and all the authorities of the country should respect and maintain the guaranties which the resent constitution establishes. Art, 2. In the Republic all are m free. Slaves who set foot upon the national territory shall recover, by that act alone, their liberty, and shali have a right to the protection of the laws...... Art. 17. No one shall be arrested for debts of a purely civil character. No one shall exer- cise violence in order to enforce his rights. The tribunals shall always be prompt to administer justice, which shall be gratuitous, judicial costs being consequently abolished.” To read some of the Constitutions in this book is a salutary lesson on the vanity of human purpose. To anyone who takes the least interest in statecraft we should say, indeed, that the book would be something more than a work of reference. Constitutions do not, of course, represent the complete political organization of any State, but they are the bones which are clothed with political flesh. Unless one under- stands the framework one can scarcely understand the organiza- tion. Constitutions are a sufficiently buman study. And how quickly even Constitutions, for all their air of eternal beneficence, vanish from the face of the earth! Everyone will call to mind the shower of French Constitutions. And if they go lightly they also come lightly. Since this book was written the Articles drawn up for the administration of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and printed here, have been rendered obsolete by the annexation of those provinces, and Turkey has a Constitution, although the name of Turkey is not mentioned, we think, in either of these volumes. The bearing of the variors principles in the Constitutions of the world on political topics of the moment in Great Britain does not appear without some searching on the part of the reader. We are bound to say that the index does not help us * Modern Constitutions: a Collection of the Fundamental Laws of Twenty-two of a Most Important Countries of the World, with Historical and Bibliographical otes, fae cot) Fairleigh Dodd. Two vols. Cambridge: at the University . net. as much as it might. We look under “ Referendum,” for instance, and find the Swiss Referendum mentioned, but no word about the Australian Referendum. This may be strictly justifiable on the ground that the word is not used in the Australian Constitution, but neither is it used in the Swiss Constitution. Research is not thereby made easy. The Referendum in the various. American States is not, of course, within the scope of the book. The definitions in the Swiss Constitution of the “ vote of the Swiss people,” otherwise the Referendum, and the Initiative are worth quoting :— “Art. 120. When either council of the Federal Assembly resolves in favour of a total revision of the constitution and the other council does not consent thereto, or when fifty thousand Swiss voters demand a total revision, the question whether the federal constitution ought to be revised shall be in either case submitted to a vote of the Swiss people, voting yes or no. If in either case the majority of those voting pronounce in the affirma- tive, there shall be a new election of both councils for the purpose of undertaking the revision. Art. 121. Partial revision may take place either by popular initiative or in the manner provided for the passage of federal laws. The popular initiative shall con- sist of a petition of fifty thousand Swiss voters for the adoption of a new article or for the abrogation or amendment of specified articles of the constitution. When several different subjects are proposed by popular initiative for revision or for adoption into the federal constitution, each one of them must be demanded by a separate initiative petition. The initiative petition may be pre- sented in general terms or as a completed proposal of amendment. If the initiative petition is presented in general terms and the federal legislative bodies are in agreement with it, they shall draw up a project of partial revision in accordance with the sense of the petitioners, and shall submit it to the people and the cantons for acceptance or rejection. If, on the contrary, the Federal Assembly is not in agreement with the petition, the question of partial re- vision shall be submitted to a vote of the people, and if a majority of those voting pronounce in the affirmative, the Federal Assembly shall proceed with the revision in conformity with the popular decision. If the petition is presented in the form of a completed project of amendment and the Federal Assembly is in agreement therewith, the project shall be submitted to the people and the cantons for acceptance or rejection. If the Federal Assembly is not in agreement with the project, it may prepare a project of its own, or recommend the rejection of the proposed amendment, and it may submit its own counter-project or its recommendation for rejection at the same time that the initiative petition is submitted to the vote of the people and cantuns.” All this has been restated recently in a Parliamentary Paper laid before the House of Commons by the British Minister at Berne. Although so much is said about the Initiative, and though it 1s unquestionably regarded as a very important democratic weapon in Switzerland, it is, in practice, not very much used. In theory, it will be seen, the people have the power of legislating over the head of the Assembly. Both Federal Houses have a habit of anticipating popular desires —in what democratic country do not Members of Parliament ensure the safety of their seats in this way ?—so that the Initiative is a means of threatening rather than of arro- gating to the people the right to act. The Initiative was in operation in Switzerland before the Referendum was intro- duced. On reading the report of the British Minister one can hardly fail to see that the Referendum, which is, in fact, a right of veto placed in the hands of the people, is perfectly separable from the Initiative. In Great Britain there is, of course, no demand and no need for the Initiative. In examining the powers of Second Chambers in the various Constitutions, one notes the absence in a large number of any special machinery for settling disputes between the two Houses. The agreement of the two Houses is required for the enactment of a Bill, and if the Houses cannot agree the Bill fails, and there—till a future session—is an end of the matter. The simple truth that the Upper Houses of other great Powers, even when those Powers are Republics, have more influence than our House of Lords is not appreciated by a large number of electors in Great Britain. In France the Senate may advise the President to dissolve the Chamber. In revising the Constitution the French Senate sits with the Chamber in National Assembly, in other words, in joint session, and the Acts effecting revision of the Constitutional laws must be passed by an absolute majority of the National Assembly. In the case of Money Bills the powers of the French Senate are only limited by the stipulation that such Bills shall be passed first in the Chamber. The most crushing Upper Chamber among the Great Powers is the Bundesrat of Germany. With respect to laws concern- ing the Army and Navy and taxation for Imperial purposes the vote of the Praesidium (?.¢c., Prussia) shall decide disputes if such vote be cast in favour of maintaining the existing

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770 THE SPECTATOR: [May: 20, 191% arrangements. In other words, the Bundesrat is explicitly armed with a Conservative Veto. In declaring war and making treaties the consent of the Bundesrat is required. Again, such provisions as the following practically supersede all others when necessary, and give the Bundesrat complete and effectual control of the Reichstag :— “Arr, 7. The Bundesrat shall take action upon: (1) The measures to be proposed to the Reichstag, and the resolutions passed by the same. (2) The general administrative provisions and arrangements necessary for the execution of the imperial laws, so far as no other provision is made by law. (3) The dafects which may be discovered in the execution of the imperial laws, or of the provisions and arrangements heretofore mentioned.” The strongest Upper Chamber next to that of Germany among the Great Powers is, no doubt, the American Senate:— “ All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments as on other bills.” Of the other notable powers placed in the hands of the American Senate the most remarkable is that which requires every Foreign Treaty to be approved by a two-thirds majority in the Senate. Enough has been said to prove, if proof were needed, that all great countries recognize the need of a powerful Second Chamber. Those countries which have attempted a frankly unicameral system, like Greece and Honduras, have not the honour of being even mentioned in this book. We have always admitted that British Liberals have certain grievances against the House of Lords, but that is no reason for rushing into the perils of what is in effect Single-Chamber government. The collective Constitutional wisdom of the world might well give pause to those who will take the trouble to examine it. MEDLEVAL ITALY.* From the coronation of Charlemagne on Christmas Day, 800, to the death of Henry VII. in August, 1313, is a period of five hundred years, though, until the figures be realized, those «rowded and turbulent centuries must always appear longer. ‘They give us the beginning and the end of a fine, though impossible, ideal. They were times of confusion and of misery, less horrible, no doubt, than the ages immediately preceding them, when the Empire of the Cwsars fell into ruin, and their inheritance became the spoil of robbers and pirates. Dark and lawless indeed was the time between Romulus Augustulus and Charlemagne, and men longed in their agony for the order and power of Rome, whose tradition lived on, however feebly. Out of this tradition, Charlemagne formed his con- ception of the Holy Roman Empire, but, as Professor Villari says, Charlemagne “lacked the true genius of organization.” His new Empire was held together only “by the power of his sword and the strength of his personal authority.” And, besides, tie German custom of dividing inheritances equally among a man’s sons was applied, with an excess of stupidity, to the Empire, and the result was that helpless chaos and family discord which ended the Carolingians in a few generations, The early period of Pro- fessor Villari’s history is a scene of tangle and confusion which overwhelmed the European world as it then was, and still involves historians in its obscurity. Even so redoubtable and experienced a veteran as Professor Villari cannot escape. He tries to disarm criticism at the beginning of his Preface by confessing that he has written “a popular book for the general reader.” “I had no mind to write an erudite book.” Nevertheless, whatever Professor Villari writes is based on a wide and solid erudition, which he has spent a long life in acquiring ; and, he adds, “a simple exposition” of the facts thus acquired, by laborious and original research, “cannot be a vain work. On the contrary, I think that the too great neglect of such expositions, now frequent in Italy, where we are apt to oceupy ourselves exclusively with the collecting of further documents, without giving a thought to the object for which they are collected, is a mistake.” This warning against research for its own sake, as though it could be an end in itself, does not apply to Italy alone. Professor Villari, then, has written, in a clear and simple narrative of some three hundred and seventy pages, the history of five momentous centuries during which Europe * Medizral Italy: From Charlemagne to Henry VII. By Pasquale Villari. Translated by Costanza Hulton, London: T, Fisher Unwin. (I's, net.] an was struggling painfully towards civilization and order. Ital is the centre and the connecting link of the whole story, for it was ever the chief object to which imperial ambitions on directed. In drawing attention, justly, to the importance ot Italy, Professor Villari protests aguinst the neglect, and even contempt, with which the southern part of it has been treated usuaily, and he points to the glories of Sicily and of all South Italy under the Norman Kings and the Swabian Emperors, It is quite credible, since Professor Villari says so, that such a history as he has written was wanted in Italy; but if we may venture to doubt, without seeming ungracious, the necessity for it in English ig not so apparent. The main part of his ground has beey covered by Bryce’s Holy Roman Empire, and the general history has been treated both more widely and iy greater detail in Milman’s Latin Christianity. All the re search that has gone on since Milman’s day does not enable Professor Villari toadd anything essential to his predecessor's narrative. Milman, we are bound to think, is clearcr and more orderly in his arrangement; while Professor Villari, far too often, has needless repetitions, clumsy joinings, ang obtrusive interruptions in the flow of his discourse, He violates that lucidus ordo which one of his most influential countrymen demands so urgently. Taking the book for what it is, we find no fault with the history, because we know a general sketch cannot be made, and should not be judged, like a minute and detailed study. But we do think this volume might be recast in many places, and rearranged with great advantage. We have been so accustomed to receive Professor Villari in English, through the fluent pen of Madame Villari, that it isa shock to find a new translator, We welcome, however, the appearance of his grand-daughter to carry on a good family tradition, and we congratulate her on the result. The Preface, we must own, rather dis couraged us as we started, because it seemed a little s tiff and awkward, It read like atranslation. Prefaces are usually difficult. The introductions of Sallust and Livy are much harder to construe than their average chapters, and so it may be with their successor. At any rate, when the history itself is reached the translation reads well. We have noted only two places which betray a little uncertainty in colloquial English. On page 225, “ Milan was condemned to restore to the Empire all the rights it had usurped—coinage, douane, river duties, &c.” Douane is not English: we should say “customs ” or “toll.” On page 277, “ They [the Mohammedans} were his most valid supporters.” Valid, in English, has more usually the sense of lawful or right than of strong or effective; and there is a bewildering misprint on page 51: “ All this was are calling into force Lothair'’s 6 stitution.” As we look back on the long an! stormy period which Professor Villari has described so graphically, it is not easy to findaclue. The scene is crowded with stirring and often tragic events, and certainly with great actors :— “We are here as on a darkling plain Swept with confused alarms of struggle and flight, Where ignorant armies clash by night.” Men were plunged in darkness, and were struggling towards light and order. Both were bound up with the memory of Rome. Therefore statesmen conceived a notion of restoring the Roman Empire. The clergy also appealed to Rome an¢ based their authority on the episcopate of Peter, on his sup- posed apostolic claims, and on the donation of Constantine; all, perhaps, equally fictitious, but all equally valid in an age of dense ignorance. Hence both the Empire and the Papacy were based on one and the same Roman authority. They were not, as people argued vainly, two principles, but one; though, unfortunately, it was embodied in two personages, whose claims were irreconcilable with each other, and so they waged an incessant warfare. This war- fare, to a large extent, is the subject of Professor Villari’s book, and Italy was the field of battle on which, and for which, they contended. Both sides were equally carried away by words and phrases, which they seldom understood, and generally misused. Though they struggled blindly in the dark, we can see emerging civil society, as opposed to a clerical theocracy ; liberty and democracy, as cpposed to an aristo- eratic militarism; knowledge and culture, as opposed to ignorance and the fiercest intolerance ; industry and commerce, as opposed to mere plunder; nationality and the young lan- guages, as opposed to the universal polity and speech that .

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wera M™eaektaeaneR ma ST BCR SR RFF FRB RAZA EW |b May 20, 1911.) THE SPECTATOR. 771

~ implied, and, where possible, enforced by both Empire and Papacy. These were the real conflicting forces, out of whose clash and fermentation the new order was to rise; and these are the clues which we must follow if we would understand the continuity and progress of a world that appears at first sight to be without aim or guidance. , The corruption of the times was horrible, and any detailed account of it would be unprintable. “Corruptio optimi ssima ”; and the state of ecclesiastical society was the worst of all. The degradation of the lower clergy, the worldliness ofthe episcopate, and the laxity, and worse, of the religious orders as far back as we can reach into ecclesiastical history ; and the excesses of the worst Renaissance Popes were out- done by some of their predecessors’ achievements in the ninth and tenth centuries. But, allowing for all this, if we grant the Papal conception of Christianity, it is difficult to see what else the Papacy could have done, than was done by the vigorous Popes, Gregory VIL, Innocent III., and Boniface VIII. In the matter of Investitures, both the Emperors and the Popes had right on their side, if we postulate their several conceptions of Christianity and of the State, and as long as both sides were enslaved by phrases there was no way either of avoiding the conflict or of settling it. So, too, even with the monstrous claims of Boniface VIII., which would have destroyed civil society. Both sides, too, made equally valid claims to inherit the authority of Rome, if we grant their premises. That, however, is impossible. Universalism, cosmopolitanism is a vain and mischievous delusion, and the European world was both saved and re-made by nationalism, with its vivid life and its wholesome rivalry, without which humanity stagnates. Christianity, again, as its Founder preached it, is not an institution, but a leaven, an influence, a living and penetrating spirit; and any attempt to harden it into an institution, to enforce it by violence, to mistake theology for religion, has ended, and must always end, in corruption, conflict, crime and failure. It is equally destructive to the State, to the Church, and to the in- dividual. Like an oasis in that desert of barren conflict between the Empire and the Papacy is the account of Sicily and Southern Italy under the Norman kings and Frederic the Second. And the same record of civilization and toleration is to be found in Provence before it was ravaged by Dominicans and Crusaders. Judging by the libels of modern times, which can be tested, we are very incredulous about the crimes that are imputed to sovereigns and peoples who were dis- pleasing to the orthodox clergy in the Middle Ages; and we must also add, from the experience of the past, that those peoples were happiest and most civilized from which the Papal jurisdiction was excluded altogether, and in which the clergy were kept in their proper place and restricted to their spiritual duties. These were the aims of Abelard, of Arnold of Brescia, of Frederic II., who all anticipated, too early, both the Renaissance and the Reformation.

A FAMILY CHRONICLE:* Miss Monerty’s Dulce Domum is a very unusual book and has its origin in circumstances scarcely less unusual. “ At this moment,” she says, “my father and mother’s immediate deseendants number eighty-one persons. Bishop and Mrs. Moberly had fifteen children and forty-one grandchildren, and they already have twenty-five great-grandchildren.” Here, then, we have in abundance the human material of a family history. The material supplied by friends is equally ample. Winchester is only five miles from Hursley, and there Keble was vicar and Sir William Heathcote lord of the manor. The neighbouring village of Otterbourne was the home throughout her life of Charlotte Yonge; and between these four households there grew up an intimacy fed by constant intercourse and common tastes. It is of her own member of this group that Miss Moberly writes, helped by autobiographical fragments con- tributed by her father and mother and three of her sisters,as well as by a mass of home letters of the intimate kind natural in a family at once so large and so united. To criticize a book of this kind is impossible ; and it is difficult even to fix the precise class to which it belongs. It is not a life of Bishop Moberly, for the notices of his work outside his family make no pre-

* Dulee Domum : George Meborty, ie Famil era neat By his Daughter, : JO urray. . C. 4. E. Moberly. Lon

tence to completeness, It is not meant for a large public, for Miss Moberly says expressly that “the story is adapted only to those who have a personal reason for desiring to know the outlines of a history rapidly becoming ancient.” It is more like one of those collections of family incidents and letters which are privately printed from time to time for the pleasure of those who have provided the material or to some extent helped in the writing. Why, then, it may be asked, did Miss Moberly prefer to write her book for the public instead of for Ler friends? Perhaps this question will be sufficiently answered when we say that we are glad that she didso. Dulee Domum is an unpretending but intimatechronicle of a family who were eminently fortunate alike in themselves and in their friends. Whether the book finds many readers or few, there will certainly be some outsiders for whom it will have a charm, and in one sense the charm will be lasting. We know the accuracy with which a novel will now and again reproduce the social life of a particular period. We gain from it a kind of infor- mation and a vividness of presentation which no historian can equal. How imperfect, for example, would be the social record of the men and women of the opening years of the nineteenth century if there had been no Miss Austen, or of those of fifty years later if there had heen no Anthony Trollope! The letters and narratives which Miss Moberly has brought together in this volume will be of a somewhat similar value. She places us in the middle of the society which is described in a series of stories which at one time had a remarkable vogue. Miss Yonge might doubtless have done better work if she had written kes and allowed herself a lighter tuuch. But when these de- ductions have been fully made it remains true that a par- ticular section of society in the last century is nowhere co well described, or even described at all. It was a society in which religious convictions and religious interests played the chief part, but it was entirely free from the self-imposed limitations which bad been the mark of an equally religious cirele half a century earlier. The difference between the two cannot be better illustrated than by a comparison between the Daiey Chain and the Fairchild Family. In Dulce Domum we have the actual society which Mires Yonge painted in her stories—a society of intelligent and cultivated young men and women, happy and deserving to be happy in their own lives, and ardently desiring to make others happy. Indeed, the Moberlys were something more than excellent examples of a type with which Miss Yonge was familiar. They were sometimes, we can hardly doubt, the very originals from which she painted. More than this, one of the Moberly sisters suggested one of the best poems in Keble’s Lyra Innocentium. Miss Moberly appeals, no doubt, to a limited class of readers, though how limited only experience can show. There have been cases before now when books which seemed quite as special as Dulce Domum have at once made and kept a public far in excess of the writer’s expectations. The chief danger that we foresee is that people should come to it for eomething which it does not eontain. It is not a life of a successful headmaster of Winchester. It is not a life of a successful bishop. Bishop Moberly, so far as he appears in it, remains, something of an enigma. There is little in the part he played in the ecclesiastical life of his time which seems quite to bear out the opinion formed of him by his.intimates. In the first instance he owed a great deal to a happy accident. “I was,” he says, “a boy of no mark whatever at Winchester, and New College was lost to me from the time I went...... I entirely acquiesced in the verdict of my masters and school- fellows, and, as far as I ever thought about it at all, never supposed myself capable of anything.” As he could not get into New College, he was sent. to Balliok—matriculation there was not a formidable ordeal in 1822—and at once things entirely changed. “From the first moment I could not but know that I was thought much of: my ‘tutor told me so and my companions, and I was gratified -by hearing from my scout that someone had sworn at me for being clever.” He got his First early, won the English Essay and, in 1826, was elected a Fellow of ‘his. Oollege. Yet of his under- graduate days he writes, ‘I was in a bad set, and, being a good whist and billiard player, played a great deal too much and went on in a very unsatisfactory way.” At this period, indeed, he seems to have ‘been in an unusual degree the creature of circumstances. With his Fellowship

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772 T-H E SPECTATOR.- {May 20, 1911, -his circumstances changed, and he changed with them. Of the senior common room he writes: “The atmosphere was ‘@elightful to me; all sorts of subjects were topics of con- versation, literary and religious, for men’s minds were full of Church discussions in those days. I seemed to spring towards those higher subjects, became immensely interested, read a great deal, and began to have my opinions.” His pupil, Archbishop Tait, declared long afterwards that “ what- ever he possessed of accuracy of thought he owed tu Dr. Moberly’s admirable lectures on Aristotle”; and after his death Dean Church wrote, “He was the person who first opened my dull eyes and put a high reality of character and purpose before them.” Evidently he was a man who impressed in a remarkable way those who came into personal contact with him, and greatness of this kind affords but poor material for the biographer. He was an active and vigorous bishop, but he came just when Wilber- force had taught people to look upon these qualities almost as a matter of course in the younger episcopate. Perhaps the feature which makes most impression in these extracts from his journals—of which Miss Moberly says that “just so much about public matters is retained as to form a setting for the picture of daily life over a large number of years”—is his independence of mind. He lived for thirty years in the closest intimacy with Keble and regarded him with the highest ad- miration and reverence. Yet he never came to hold Keble’s opinions in anything like completeness. Miss Moberly has been well advised, from her own point of view, in subjecting herself to this self-denying ordinance. To have written more about her father would have been to merge the family in the head. Every author has a right to define the purpose with which he writes, and Dulce Domum is an attempt to “sketch, very lightly, the picture of a home.” Without these self-imposed limitations she could not have attained her aim so completely. MR. ZANGWILL’S FANTASIES.* Ir requires considerable patience to read Mr. Zangwill’s Italian Fantasies through, and at the beginning it is necessary to disabuse ourselves of the notion that Mr. Zangwill is writing of Italy. With him Italy is still merely a geographical ex- pression, the point in time and space from which, with some- thing of that fervour which distinguished his ancestral predecessors in the difficult business of prophecy, he contem- plates man’s position in the universe, the source from which he sprang, his achievements during the whole of recorded time, and his ultimate destiny. It is a wide survey, which gives Mr. Zangwill ample scope for the exercise of his peculiar powers; and we believe that the only two subjects of any im- portance which he has neglected to mention are the nebular hypothesis and the practice of exogamy among the tribes of Central Australia. We may be wrong. Mr. Zangwill men- tions totemism, taboo, parthenogenesis, and Lord Acton on the inherent machiavellism of the greatest happiness principle; he writes about the absurdity of astronomy, the emptiness of religions, the irrelevancy of science, the futility of culture, the irony of institutions, the hypocrisy of politics, the myth of history, the fiction of chronology, the failure of society, and the impossibility of socialism. These are some of the sub- titles of his essays; and if, among all this wealth of material, we should have overlooked his references to the two subjects mentioned, Mr. Zangwill surely will forgive us. When we have accepted the notion of Italy as merely a platform from which Mr. Zangwill speaks to us with florid and declamatory gestures, we admit that the book becomes interesting. The style is too rhetorical and the tone too dogmatic for the essay form, but behind these faults there is a great deal of interesting matter. We cannot agree with many things in the book, and the point of view often seems to us too narrow, too prejudiced, to be sound. Take, for instance, his criticism of Saint Francis: “It was his tragedy to be torn between a blithe personal revelation of the divine and a stereotyped tradition of sorrow, to constrict his spiritual genius to a cut-and-dried scheme of salvation, and to be crucified on a second-hand cross. The stigmata which are the best proof of his hyperesthesia are likewise the best evidence of his spiritual plasiarism and comparative failure. For to be crucified is not to be Christ. Jesus did not set out ae to be crucified, but to do His and His Father's work. Cruci- fixion came in the day’s work, but was its interruption, not its fulfilment. The true imitation of Christ is to do one’s work though men crucify one. But deliberately to seek crucifixion—even crucifixion of one’s natural desires—ig to imitate the accident, not the essence.” This passage has interest and sanity as a modern criticism of the ascetic idea. but the interest and sanity evaporate when we try to place ourselves at the precise point of view of Saint Francis, who accepted the whole mediwval scheme of the world, uncon. sciously and naturally, and who imagined that he haa received a direct command from God to follow a certain rule of life. We may retort on Mr. Zangwill that he is criticizing the accident and not the essence, Saint Francis was, of course, the full and perfect expression of the Middle Ages, and, upon certain sides of his character, is only intelligible when viewed in the light of medieval ideas ; but at the same time his genius had qualities which make i universal and permanent, so that for us, still, his life, his every action, seem perfectly appropriate, seem to be the full expression of his own individuality, absolutely spontaneous and natural. ‘“ As much asa man is before God,” he said, “so much is he and no more.” We can understand a criticism of Saint Francis in which sympathy is mingled with irony; we cannot understand one based almost entirely upon an unintelligent contempt; and when Mr. Zangwill tells us that the little poor man’s life was a plagiarism, and a failure at that, we can only say we think he errs, and, smiling urbanely, turn the pages, until we come to that essay in which the author tells us, not without a certain pride, that a Jew invented Esperanto. In another essay, “The Carpenter's Wife,” there is a slight sketch, no more than fourteen pages, of ‘A Holy Family,” and this we can praise, and praise without any reservation. It is the study of a Pharisaical family of Nazareth, and what we may cull the racial imagination of Mr. Zangwill has seized upon all the possibilities of the subject and handled them finely. We wish that Mr. Zangwill would give us more work like it. The essay in which it occurs is perhaps the most in- teresting, and the most ironic in its presentation of facts, of all in the book. On one point, however, Mr. Zangwill is wrong: when he speaks of the Septuagint translator's mis- take in translating the Hebrew word for “ girl” by the Greek The Greek word is the proper equivalent, and does not connote chastity. We may add, in conclusion, that while we have criticized Mr. Zangwill’s book severely on account of whut we believe to be its faults in style and tone, and though we have found it prejudiced upon some points, we would not deny that many of the subjects are handled ably, and the author’s thought is at least provocative. ” map8évos, BALLADS.* “Wuart is a Ballad?” asks the editor of this collection in his preface, and the answer he gives is eminently the right one. Instead of a scientific, literary, or historical reply to his own question, he gives us a number of short quotations, all of which show the true Ballad spirit in a concentrated form. Here are two of them :— “ About the dead hour o’ the night She heard the bridles ring.” (Tam Lin) “Tn somer, when the shawes be sheyne And leves be large and long.” (Robin Hood) Sir Arthur Quiller-Couch might have added a quotation from the “ Wife of Usher’s Well,” which, in two lines, evokes the whole magic of the dark :— “Tt fell about the Martinmas, When nights are lang and mirk.” Chronology, in regard to Ballads, is a most unsatisfactory thing, and in the arrangement of the present book it has been wisely set aside. What is obviously a very old Ballad may exist only in modern version. Objection, too, might also be raised against locality. It is probable that there were very few such things as Ballads of a particular district. In primi- tive times the minstrel wandered over the country, and the people who learnt his verses naturally repeated them in their own dialect, so it is probable that often a ballad has got the reputation of belonging either to Scotland, England, or the - — Fantasies, By Israel Zangwl. London: W. Heinemann. (8s. 6d. net. * The Ozford Book of Ballads. Chosen and Edited by Arthur Quiller-Couch. Oxford: At the Clarendon Press. (6s. net. ]

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‘ e's ‘Sir Isaac Pitman and Sons. (12s, 6d, net.) May 20, 1911.] THE -SPECTATOR. 773 ee Border when its only local claim was due to the accident of its being written down in one of these localities. This argu- ment does not apply, of course, to Ballads which record local a a collection we are considering a good arrangement has been followed. The first part consists of the Ballads dealing with magic, and in it are to be found “The Wife of Usher's Well,” “The Demon Lover,” and “Clerk Saunders.” The second part has in it the romances, and to indicate what this means it need only be said that here we find “ Glasgerion” and “The Lass of Lochroyan” ; later come those Ballads which have in them a slight element of history—such as “Sir Patrick Spens” carols and the Robin Hood series, each having a division to themselves. After that come the Border battles, and, lastly, the much more modern and weakly descendants of the race of giants. In these last, grandeur gives way to sentiment, and “Barbara Allen” and “ The Builiff’s Daughter of Islington” replace “ Binorie ” and “ The Lass of Lochroyan.” The great difficulty which confronts an editor is that so often many versions exist of one Ballad, each of which contains good things. In some instances it is possible to make a com- bined version without doing violence to the originals. But sometimes it is impossible. A case in point is “Glasgerion.” “The Ballad of Glenkindie ” is the same story, and has in it many splendid verses, but they could not be transferred to Glasgerion. We think in such a case Sir Arthur Quiller-Couch would have been wise to have given both, for neither alone produces anything like the com- bined effect of the two. ‘The editor has occasionally had to supply missing lines, but where he has done so he has placed his own work in square brackets. He has also made an occasional omission of a verse so that a Ballad might be included in a collection which so eminently appeals to the young reader. Altogether the collection is a very good one. THE ENCYCLOPZDIA OF SPORT.* THE new edition of this Encyclopedia will be complete in four handsome and bulky volumes. There are photographs in profusion, many excellent drawings by Mr. Caldwell, and some pretty coloured plates by Mr. Thorburn. T'wo volumes are now before us: and it will suffice if we describe them and draw our readers’ attention to a work which, under the title of “Sport,” embraces not only aviation but catapult-shooting; not only motoring (or as the editors, for reasons best known to themselves, call it, ‘automobilism’) but butter- fly-collecting and birds-nesting. A noteworthy staff of writers has been enlisted, some possibly on account of their titles. Much of the natural history has been entrusted to such com- petent writers as Mr. Harting, Mr. Lydekker, Mr. Bryden, and Mr. Millais. A great deal of the matter in both volumes is new, and so are many of the illustrations. The first volume opens with “ Aeronautics,” which includes flying machines and balloons, by Lord Montagu of Beaulieu. Next comes Lord Northcliffe on the “ Alligator.” In the second volume we have “Crocodile Shooting,” by Mr. H. R. P. Carter. It is amusing to find both writers out of their depth in laying down the distinction between alligator and croco- dile. Long articles are devoted to athletics, big game, billiards, boxing, coursing, cricket, cycling, dogs, golf, and football, and the second volume ends with hound-breeding, by Mr. Charles Richardson. Many of the articles are good reading, as well us instructive; but a few of the writers incline to be discursive. The first aim of an encyclopedia is to be concise, and to furnish as much trustworthy information in as accessible a form as possible. In this the articles occasionally fail, but the whole work is most attractive, and is sure, with good reason, to be popular. Many of the articles end with glossaries of the technical terms that are used in the sport. A very useful feature of the work is the Bibliography which concludes the chief articles. MRS. E. M. WARD'S REMINISCENCES.+ IT would seem that Mrs. Ward was bound to be an artist. Her grandfather, James Ward, R.A., was a painter of great * The Encyclopedia of Sport and Games, Edited by the Earl of Suffolk and Berkshire. A new and enlarged addition, with Colour Plates and Illustrations [ioe cpctostapheand Drawings. Vols.I. and II, London: William Heinemann. er vol. t Mrs, E. M. Ward's Reminiscences, Edited by Elliott O'Donnell, London: repute. Her father, George Raphael Ward, and her mother achieved considerable success in the same line. She could claim affinity with a greater than any of them, George Mor- land, whose wife was her great-aunt, Anne Ward. The hereditary gift soon showed itself. She could draw before she could talk; at the age of four she made a sketch of an uncle's pony; at six she came out as a critic; the figure in a portrait which her father was engraving was too short, she said, for the head; and it was found that she was right. It was only in accord with the natural order of things that in due time she should marry an artist, E. M. Ward. Though having the same name, he was not related. The two Ward families were near neighbours, and the postmen, who made a point of de- livering the letters at the wrong houses, brought about the first introduction. Then a mutual friend took G. R. Ward to see a cartoon which E. M. Ward had drawn for a prize competition, and Henrietta Mary first showed her partiality by crying and screaming for an hour or so because her father did not take her with him. A friendship followed, and before long the young lady was utilized as a model. The next thing was that they were engaged; E.M. Ward was thirty-one and his fiancée fourteen. But fourteen meant, it would seem, much more with her than with most girls, for she had already exhibited at the Royal Academy. Two years later ler marriage took place. It gives a certain finish to an artistic genealogy to add that Leslie Ward, known,we might say, all over the world as the caricaturist, “Spy,” is the son of the marriage. Such is the beginning of Mrs. E. M. Ward's story. As we follow it we meet many personages whose names are familiar in the world of art and of letters. Thomas Moore was a friend of her childhood. Lord Macaulay, “wearing a long coat, cut according to the latest fashion, with a spotless velvet collar,” Thackeray, Jacob Omnium, Charles Dickens, Wilkie Collins—he was her husband's “ best man”—Douglas Jerrold, “ Lewis Carroll,” Harrison Ainsworth, Sir Arthur Sullivan, and Lord Lytton are among them. Sometimes we find some characteristic anecdote, but the Reminiscences, though always readable, do not particularly abound in good stories. Here is a grim little tale of Thomas Uarlyle’s wife. Mrs. Ward saw her in her carriage in Hyde Park, and was so struck with her huddled-up attitude that she mentioned it to her husband. She was in fact dead, and the coachman had driven her twice round the park not knowing it. A very pieasant book this and not an ill word of any one in it from beginning to end. ABOUT THE EMPIRE.* THE late Mr. Louis Spitzel made a bequest to the League of Empire which was to enable it to publish, without risk of loss, text-books dealing with Imperial subjects. This is the second volume of the series; the first was meant for advanced students and teachers ; this is designed for the use of upper forms in schools, and is to be followed by one adapted for juniors. Briefly put, the subject dealt with here is what the Empire, as a whole and in its several parts, is at the present time, and how it came to be what it is. It is, therefore, both historical and descriptive, and we do not hesitate to say that, in both respects, it is a very good piece of work. We observe no important omission, except, indeed, that there is no index, and that this defect is not made up by a very detailed table of contents. Many questions which still exist in party politics have to be approached, but the author never forgets that the League is non-political. Altogether, it is a model of what such a book should be. Meant, as has been said, primarily for schools, it may advantageously be studied by other readers. There are few, we imagine, who will not find in it much that will either correct or clear their notions about the subject, so vast and so full of detail, with which it deals. There is, for instance, the definition of the term “self- governing.” It is not everyone who could say off-hand what a self-governing state can and cannot do. Then there are degrees of autonomy in what are generally described as “Crown Colonies,” these being divided into three groups, Gibraltar is despotically governed ; it is a garrison, and has to be managed as such; some colonies have councils, executive and legislative, but the members are appointed by the Crown; others have a Crown-appointed executive and a popularly elected legislature. Different from these is India. Is not “ruled © The British Empire and Its History, By Edward G. Hawke, B.A. London: John Murray. (3s. 6d.]

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774 THE SPECTATOR. [May 20, 1912, absolutely ” by the British Ministry and the Viceroy a little too strong? And Ceylon, again, is on a different footing from India. Then there is Egypt, distinguished as to its government from the Empire by a difference, subtle indeed, but real; and the Sudan, where there is yet another variety of rule. Behind every one of these varieties there is a history. Canada, with its intimate connection with European affairs, is a good instance. Mr. Hawke gives an excellent summary of the process through which it has come to its present status. The historical section is especially good. And how different they are! That of New Zealand, for instance, is as unlike that of Australia as can be. Mr. Hawke has done very well with his very large and difficult subject. NOVELS. THE MAJOR’S NIECE.* THERE were occasional moments, we confess, in the last of the Ballymoy Series—The Simpkins Plot—when we found the irresponsible exuberance of the Rev. Joseph John Meldon a trifle fatiguing. But The Major’s Niece has cured us of this heresy. Here we have “J. J.” once more at his best. When Garibaldi visited England at the zenith of his fame someone suggested that they ought to find him an English wife. When it was mildly suggested that he had got a wife already Lord Palmerston is alleged to have observed that there was a very simple way out of the difficulty. All they had to do was to get Mr. Gladstone to explain her away. Parvum componere magno, this isoneof “J. J.’s” great qualities. When Major Kent took him into his confidence about the im- pending arrival of his niece, Marjorie, one of the ten children of a sister who had been for twenty odd years in Australia, “ J. J.” soon convinced his friend, by an admirably sustained chain of logical argument, that Marjorie was grown up, and took the necessary preparations in hand with the utmost promptitude and despatch. But when Marjorie turned out to be a child of ten years old, and all the Major’s plans had to be readjusted, “J.J.” proved more than equal to the occasion. The grown-up Marjorie was explained away and new plans made with inexhaustible fertility of resource. The fact that “J.J.” was so often wrong counted for nothing. He over- whelmed all opposition. Part of the original scheme had been to entrust Marjorie with the duty of presenting a bouquet to the Lord Lieutenant’s wife on the occasion of her visit. When her age was halved “J. J.” resolved to retain her for the function, but in the character of an Irish fairy. Mr. Doyle, the chief tradesman, and president of all the local Leagues, recognized the absurdity of the idea, but had to give way. “Previous experience had convinced him that there was nothing to be gained by opposing any plan which Meldon was determined to carry out. He foresaw that unless he gave way at once his life would be made unbearable by the continuous flow of Meldon’s argu- ments.” But we are anticipating. The visit of the Lord Lieutenant is the climax of a series of diversions, excitements, and adventures in which Marjorie is the central figure, with Paudeen, the stable boy, as her reluctant satellite. Marjorie, in the words of a famous lyric, “was what nurses call a limb, One of those small, misguided creatures Who, though their intellects are dim, Are one too many for their teachers.” Her Australian upbringing had rendered her absolutely fearless. She was an infant Amazon, with the instincts of a bushranger and a serene disregard for all authority. “J.J.” was the only person who could manage her, but his views on the sub- ject of education were decidedly unorthodox :— “*You'll find,’ said Meldon, ‘that it’s the people who haven’t got any children who take the keenest interest in education. All the authorities on the subject—those who invent the new theories —are either unmarried women or confirmed old bachelors. John Stuart Mill, who wrote one of the best books there is on education, is a case in point. The moment people—men or women—get even one child of their own, their interest in education begins to flag. When they get two or three children it requires the utmost exer- tion of the Parents’ Union and other similar societies to keep them up to the mark. Those who have really large families know what utter rot the whole thing is, and nothing short of the Com- pulsory Education Act will induce them to send the poor little things to school.’ ” * The M Niece, * : ‘Smith, nate ei iece, By George A, Birmingham. London ith, Elder Marjorie, it should be added, though not a model child. wa quite free from guile, and her impishness has always an engaging side. Besides one cannot blame her for exploit- ing her emancipation from the tiresome rules and regulations of an educational faddist like her mother. When Major Ke . . ° . nt ordered boiled chicken and rice pudding for her luncheon, and was told that no chicken was available, he left the arrange. ment of the menu to his cook, Mrs. O’Halloran, stating, at the same time, that he would not himself be at home for luncheon The result of this was that Mary Garry, the parlour-maid, after consultation with Mrs. O'Halloran, asked Marjorie what she would like, and Marjorie chose sardines on toast, to be followed by whipped cream and rasp berry jam. Marjorie had a superb digestion, but her conscience was only imperfectly developed. Paudeen, on the other hand, had been taught by the experience of life that “anything which is rapturously pleasant to do is extremely injurious to the thing it is done to” :— “ Nothing could have been pleasanter, for instance, than coursing the black-polled Angus calf round the tennis-court. It therefore turned out afterwards that the game was harmful both to the calf and the lawn. He knew in his heart that it could not be right to leap from one side of the punt to the other, and bear her down with a bump upon the stones which strewed the upper part of the beach.” But though his conscience pricked him, he was unable to carry conviction to his partner. As Mr. Birmingham puts it, Paudeen “could never have been a leader of men, for he lacked initiative, but, born at an earlier period, he might have developed into a subordinate buccaneer.” When Mr. Birmingham wrote serious novels on the Ireland of to-day some people complained that he gave them more information than guidance. In his new réle of an irrespon- sible entertainer he still contrives to give us a great deal of enlightenment on the ways of those who live in and on Ireland. None escape the lash of “J.J.’s” agile and omniscient tongue, be they Lords Lieutenant, village patriots, journalists, literary revivalists, or clerics of all denomina. tions. When “J. J.,” by way of obliterating the original Marjorie legend, conceived the idea of dressing her up asa fairy to welcome the Viceroy, he has, first of all, to convince Mr. Doyle, the principal tradesman in Ballymoy and head of the reception committee. This is how he did it:— “© When I say that fairies are the proper thing you may take it that they are. You set up to be president or vice-president of half a dozen different leagues, as well as being Chairman of the Urban District Council and an ez-officio magistrate, but you're an utterly uneducated man. It’s just as well for you to realize that fact at once. You don’t know what’s going on in Ireland outside of your own wretched board-room. As it just happens, every intellectual man in the country at the present moment is simply devoted to folk-lore and popular mythology and esoteric mysticism generally. You probably don’t know what those sciences are, but I'll tell you. They’re fairies, pure unmitigated fairies—which, of course, includes leprechauns—and nothing else. Very well. The Lord-Lieutenant naturally wants to associate with intellectual men. That’s what brings him to Ireland. He knows that there's more real genius in Ireland than anywhere else. You have the usual old-fashioned notion in your head that Dublin Castle is full of landlords going up the front stairs, priests going down the back stairs, and politicians waiting about in the basement storey expecting to be made into County Court judges, That’s what you think; and, of course, you're perfectly right as to the facts. Where you make the mistake is in supposing that the Lord- Lieutenant likes that kind of thing. He doesn’t. He puts up with it simply because he’s paid to put up with it. In reality he hates the whole business. The sight of a landlord turns him actually sick, and he’s so fed up with priests and politicians that he wouldn’t care if every one of the whole crew was at the bottom of the sea, with some kind of a floating tombstone anchored to his dead body. What he really wants—what he indulges in when he gets away by himself to a quiet place where nobody sees him—is, poets and philosophers ; that is to say, the men who will talk to him freely about really interesting things—fairies, the earth-spirit, and everything else of that time.’ ” This is good fooling, with a sub-stratum of well-directed satire. But as a neighbour we expect “J. J.” fully deserved the tribute of Mrs. O’Halloran: “There isn’t ip the inside of the four seas of ‘holy Ireland another but just yourself that would have thought of such divilment.” Just Folks. By Clara E. Laughlin. (Maemillan and Co. 6s.)— To acertain extent Clara E. Laughlin might be described as an American Miss Loane, though she is fonder of the form of fiction than is her English prototype. This novel gives an account of life in the region which in an American city corresponds to the East End of London, and it betrays both careful study of the people

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THE. SPECTATOR.” 775 May 20, 1911.) : owers of delineation. The love story of the eee) ggg is quite delightful reading, and the pre of her romance and of her returned lover, Adam Spear, is extremely entertaining. There are many pictures of Jews, — hildren and adults, in the book, and it would be well worth read- r for its insight into the characters of the people described by rs Allen as “just folks,” even if it had not the further recom- ion of being very interesting: o-oo OvELs. janie Griselda. By Laurence North. rtin Secker. 6s.)—A story of a modern girl who develops her artistic talents to the detriment of her love affairs. Phyllis in Middlewych. By Margaret Westrup (Mrs. Ww. Sydney Stacey). (John Lane. 6s.)—A series of sketches of which the central figure is Phyllis Cartwright, a charming little girl who lives with her father and mother in a country village. Fortuna Chance. By James Prior. (Constable and Co. 6s.) —A good picture, if some- what overloaded with detail, of England in the days of the ’Forty- five.——The Lever. By William Dana Orcutt. (Harper Brothers. 63.)—A good story of American life. John Merridew: A Romance. By Frederick Arthur. (Longmans and Co, 63.)—A powerful story of Italian life, in which the “ mafia ” plays an important part. ——The Colonel’s Story. By Mrs. Roger A. Pryor. (Macmillan and Co. 6s.)—The scene of this tale is jaid in Virginia before the Civil War, and shows us a most delightful Arcadia. Moll o’ the Tollbar. By Theodora Wilson Wilson. (Hutchinson and Co, 6s.)—A vigorous tale of the North Country in the famine years with which the last century began. SOME BOOKS OF THE WEEK. — [Under this heading we notice such Books of the week as have not been eeserved for review in other forms,] Stock Exchange Ten-Year Record of Prices and Dividends, Compiled by Frederic C. Mathieson and Sons. (F.C. Mathieson and Sons. 10s. net.) —A somewhat startling record this. We must, of course, give no names in the section which would make the most interest- ing reading, the “ Commercial and Industrial,” but it is allowable to give a general warning that the most promising enterprises, however skilfully and honestly managed, are liable to great vicis- situdes. One thing is evident at once with regard to investments generally : that money gets a better interest than it did ten years ago. Even the best gilt-edged securities are cheaper. In 1901 Bank of England stock fetched £342—we give the highest price in all cases—and in 1911 £272. In the former year it paid 10 per eent., in the latter 9 per cent.; but we see that the first figure shows a dividend of £2 18s. 5d., the second one of £3 6s. Railway ordinary stock gives the same result. Great Western stock cost £149} and £127,;, the dividend being £4 per cent. for 1901 and £5} per cent. for 1909. Perhaps, as 1901 was disturbed, it would be fairer to take 1903, when the dividend was £5} per cent. and the price £143 17s. 6d. But the romance of the matter, so to speak, is to be found else- where. A correspondent in last week’s Spectator mentioned as a capital instance of worldliness, if not of wickedness, that clergy- men died possessed of Brewery shares. Evidently he believed that breweries were stili Eldorados. Here are some brewery dividends taken alphabetically as they stand. In 1901 (1) 16s., (2) 12s., (3) £14, (4) £5, (5) £1, (6) 10s., (7) 19s., (8) 9s. 6d., (9) 16s. The shares were of very varying amounts. In 1910 the figures were (1) 8s., (2) nil, (3) £3, (4) nil, (5) nil, (6) 7s., (7) 3s., (8) nil, (9) 10s. The Industrials proper—Breweries and Distilleries have a section to themselves—show fluctuations not less surprising. The Administration of Justice in Criminal Matters (in Engiand and Wales). By G. Glover Alexander, LL.M. (Cambridge Univer- sity Press. 1s. net.)—This is a very instructive and useful little volume. It describes the qualifications and functions of Stipendiary Magistrates and Justices of the Peace, and in Part II. deals with Quarter Sessions, Recorders, Assizes, the Grand and the Petty Juries. Part III. gives a summary of recent legislation. There is much in every part of the book that is especially worth noting; appendix B, “the Justice at Home,” puts a matter now being discussed with some fervour in a new light. “It is clear” — the quotation is from a recent article in the Justice of the Peace— “that a man who undertakes the duties of a justice should not do 80 for his own gratification, and he ought to be prepared to sacrifice such time as is necessary to help his poorer neighbours when possible.” Printer’s Pie. (Sphere and Tatler office. 1s. net.)— Twenty-one short stories and articles under the heading of “ Literature,” and fhirty-four cartoons, making up the section “ Art,” are the entertain- ment which Mr. Spottiswoode providesfor the readers of Printer’s Pie. Such entertainments we are thankful for but do not criticize, but we may express our special admiration of Mr. Harold C. Earnshaw’s “On Guard,” a little scout fast asleep. We have seldom seen a prettier thing. A General Sketch of Political. History from the Earliest Times. By Arthur D. Innes. (Rivingtons. 6s.)—Mr. Innes seems to have done his work well ; anyone who masters the manual which he has given us will have made a fair start in historical study. It may seem unreasonable to speak of omissions where a writer has to put four or five thousand years into less than a tenth of that number of pages ; still, we should like to have seen in a “ political history ” something about a subject of capital importance, the working of the party system in Greek politics——In A Short History of Europe (Medieval), by Charles Sanford Terry, M.A. (G. Routledge and Sons. 3s. 6d. net), the author makes a speciality of working out the connection of Britain with European history, It is an import ant matter and has been well handled hera, Crockford’s Clerical Directory, 1911. (Horace Cox. 20s.)—This work appears for the forty-third time. Its special characteristics are well known, but two may be briefly mentioned. It gives the literary achievements of the clergy and the details of their income. Here is an instance taken at random: “Tithe rent charge £218, average, £152; Queen Anne’s Bounty £6, other sources £30— gross £188; net £148 and house.” The preface contains, as usual, some sound advice on various matters which concern the clergy, but the editor would have done well to leave the divorce question alone. New Epitions.—In the series of “English People Overseas” (Constableand Co. 4e. 6d. net) we have a second edition of India, by A. Wyatt Selby. It has been revised throughout and two new chapters have been added : one on the “Maratha War” ; the other, of especial interest and importance, on “The Ocean Highway of Britain.” This brings together a number of facts relating more or less directly to our line of communication with India. The story of the Suez Canal, for instance, is told, with the masterly retrieving of our initial blunder by the purchase from the Khedive of a block of the Canal shares. The purchase money was £3,976,000, and in 1908-1909 the income was £1,171,466. That is a pretty good investment, not to speak of the incalculable advantage of securing a commanding place in the management. Yet it was fiercely assailed by the Liberals, as it would have been, of course, by the Conservatives if they had been in Opposition. ——Function of Religion in Man’s Struggle for Existence, by George Burnam Foster (Cambridge University Press, 4s net), one of the studies published by the University of Chicago Press.——Canada As It Is. By J. F. Fraser. (Cassell and Co. 6s.)—Mr. Fraser tells us thatthe book has been thoroughly revised and the statistics brought up to date. This may be the case so far as the statistics are concerned, but it scarcely holds good of the book as awhole. The great development which has recently taken place in British Columbia is not dealt with. The Art of Revolver Shooting. By Walter Wynans. (G. P. Putnam’s Sons. 21s. net.) PUBLICATIONS OF THE WEEK. Abbott (G. F.), The Philosophy of a Don, er 8vo.................. (Swift) net 5/0 Ashley (W. J.), British Dominions, their Present Commercial and Industrial Condition, cr 8vo ...... cians ‘ (Longmans) net 6/6 Atkinson (8.), An Artist in Corfu, 4to...... (Herbert & Daniel) net 18,0 Avebury (Lord), Marriage, Totemism, and Religion, cr 8vo (Longmans) net 4/6 Bagley (W. C.), Educational Values, er 8vo (Macmillan) net 5/0 Barton (F. T.), Ponies and all about them, gene .. (Long) net 7/6 Berry (R. J. A.), A Clinical Atlas of Sectional and Topographical Anatomy, 4to (W. Green) net 42/0 Blundell (A.), Idealism, Possible and Impossible, cr 8vo . (J. Ouseley) net 26 Bone (M_), Glasgow: Fifty Drawings, 4to ; . (MacLehose) net 42,0 Brereton (F. 8.), Tom Stapleton, the Boy Scout, cr 8vo (Blackie) 36 Bright (C.), Imperial Telegraphic Communication, cr 8vo (P. 8. King) net 3/6 Call (A. P.), Every-Day Liv ing, er 8vo . (Gay & Hancock) net 46 Chamberlain (A, R.), Practical Plain Needlework, 4to (L. Pitman) net 36 Chester (G. R.), The Cash Intrigue, er 8vo “ (Digby & Long) 60 Colville (Mrs. A.), 1000 Miles in a Machilla, 8vo ...............(W. Seott) net 10/0 Dastre (A.), Life and Death, cr 8vo : (W. Scott) 50 Davidson (R. T.), Capta:ns and Comrades ia the Faith, cr 8vo (J. Murray) net 60 Diehl (A. M.), A Mysterious Lover, cr 8vo (8. Paul) 6/0 Dunn (W.), Diagrams for the Solution of T Beams in Reinforced Concrete, cr 8vo (Hodder & Stoughton) net 50 Dunn (W.), Lectures on Reinforced Concrete, 8vo (Hodder & Stoughton) net 76 Eames (J.), The Shattered Temple and other Addresses to Young People, cr 8vo , (Allenson) 36 Earle (Mrs. C. W.), Memeirs and Memories, cr 8vo (Smith & Elder) net 106 Edgar (J.), Expansion of Europe during Five Centuries, Part I., er 8vo (Simpkin) net 5/0 Evans (G. P.), Big-Game Shooting in Upper Burma, 8vo .. (Longmans) net 7/6 Faris (J. F)}, Making Good, 8vo . (Revell) net 3,6 Friedlander (G.), The Jewish Sources of the Sermon on the Mount, cr 8vo (Routledge) net 4/6 Gibbs (P.), Oliver's Kind Women, cr 8vo .. (Herbert & Daniel) 6/0 Goldring (M.), Lonely England, cr 8V0 ..........ccsses-veeseeresenennees (Swift) net 5/0

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776 THE. SPECTATOR. [May 20, 1911, Green (F. W. E.), The Hunterian Lectures on Colour Vision and Colour B (K. Paul) net 3/6 lindness, 8vo Green (J. A.) and Birchenough (C.), A Primer of Teaching Practice, cr 8vo net 2/6 Grierson (F.), Parisian Portraits, 12mo awitt) (A.), The Law of Contract, 8vo (Spon) net 17/0 Harvey (A.), Castles and Walled Towns of England, 8vo (Methuen) net 7/6 Herkomer (Sir H. von), The Herkomers, vol. 2, 8vo (Macmi Hocking (8S. K.), The Third Man, cr 8vo. Horn (K.), The White Owl, er 8v0 Hume (F.), The Jew’s House, cr 8vo. (Ward & Locke) 6/0 Jebb (B.), The Imperial Conference, a History and a Study, 2 vols. 8vo Cangmenst net 25,0 e Ancient , 2 vols., illiams & Norgate) net 25/0 Johnson (J. P.), The Mineral Industry of Rhodesia, 8vo...(Longmans) net 8/6 Jordan (D. 8.), The Stability of Truth, cr 8vo. (Williams & Norgate) net 3/6 Judd (A. M.), A Soul's Burden, .{(Digby & Long) 6/0 Kassner (T.), My Jommeg from Rhodesia to Leacock (S.), Nonsense Novels, cr 8vo Lethbridge (O.) and cuageetes (G.), The Marriage Maze, cr 8vo Levens (J. T.), Aspects of the Holy Communion, cr 8vo ...(Macmillan) net Low (R. C.), Carbonic-acid Snow as a Therapeutic Agent in the Treatment of Diseases of the Skin, 8vo ) (Churchill) net Macdonald (D. B.), Aspects of Islam, cr 8vo ..(Macmillan) net 6; Mahood (J. W.), The Lost Art of Meditation, cr 8vo .... (Revell) net Martens (M. E.), A Woman of Small Account, cr 8vo .. ....(W. Scott) 6 Matcham (M. E.), The ‘Nelsons of Burnhamthorp, 8vo (Lane) net Mawson (T. H.), Civic Art Studies in Town Planning, folio, (Batsford) net Minnett (C.), The Model Millionaire, cr 8vo (Ham-Smith) Morrison (Sir T.), The Economic Transition in Inaia, cr 8vo (J. Murray) net Mortimer (L.), The Torch of Venus, cr 8vo (Long) Nielsen (T.), Calculation of Columns, 8vo ..+-... (Spon) net Pammel (L. H.), Weeds of the Farm and Garden, 8vo... (K. Paul) net Ray (A. C.), A Woman with a Purpose, cr 8¥0...........:ccseceeeeeseees ..(S. Paul) Recollections of a Parisian, 1789-1863, 8vo (J. Murray) net Rector of St. Jacob's (The), by ‘‘ Senex Rusticanus,’’ cr 8vo (Swift) Reid (W. A.), In the Clutches of the Cardinal, cr 8vo (Marshall Bros) Reports on Plague Investigations in India, Vol I., 2 vols, roy 8vo Cambridge Univ. Press) net Sandeman (G. A. C.), Metternich, 8vo (Methuen) net Shute (Mrs. C.), The Unconscious Bigamist, cr 8vo...... Stanton (C.) and Hosken (H.), The Muzzled Ox, cr 8vo. Storey (H.), The Ascent of the Bostocks, cr 8vo Todd (A. B.), Covenanting Pilgrimages and Studies Todd (J. Eyre-), The Story of Glasgow, 8vo Trotter (J. J.), The Royal High School, Edinburgh, cr 8v Wade (G. W.), ‘The Book of Isaiah, 8vo Wagner (R.), My Life, 2 vols, 8vo Whiting (L.), Life Transfigured, cr 8vo Williams (J. E.), Aberafon, cr 8vo 6/0 6/0 50 3/6 (I. Pitman) net 3/6 (Methuen) net 106 (Constable) net 31/6 (Long) LIBERTY’S WORLD-FAMED BEAUTIFUL & INEXPENSIVE FURNITURE FABRICS PATTERNS FCS&T-FREE Regent Street, London Literty & Cc., Ltd. CARDINAL & HARFORD, ORIENTAL CARPETS, ANTIQUE & MODERN. 10-116 High Kolkcrn, Londcn, W.C. Established 119 years. ORIENT CRUISE FOR WHITSUNTIDE SPAIN, MOROCCO, GIBRALTAR, ATLANTIC ISLANDS and PORIUGAL. By §.8.‘*GTRAN10,” 12,)24tons. From London, 27th May to 16th June. Cabins de Luxe. Single berth rocms, Wireless Telegraphy. 20 Days for 18 Guineas and upwards. NORWAY.—the 8.8. ‘‘Otranto” will make a series of Cruises to Norway during June, July and August, occupying from 13 to 17 days. Fares from 12 Guineas upwards. Maragers:—F. CREEN & Co.; ANDERSON, ANDERSON & Co, For jastage ayply to the latter fam at 5 Fenchurch Avenue, E.C., or 28 Cockspur Street, 5.W. THE HORSE, CARRIAGE AND GENERAL INSURANCE COMPANY, LIMITED. For the insurance of MOTOR CARS, CARRIAGES, HORSES, THIRD PARTY and all other accidents. WRITE FOR QUOTATIONS. Chief Ofice: 17 QUEEN VICTORIA STREET, LONDON E.C. PRUDENTIAL ASSURANCE COMPANY, Limited, HOLBORN BARS, LONDON. INVESTED FUNDS To £77,000,000. ALLIANCE ASSURANCE COMPANY, LIMITED, Heap Orrick: BARTHOLOMEW LANE, LONDON, E.c, ACCUMULATED FUNDS EXCEED £18,090,000, Chairman: Right Hon. LORD ROTHSCHILD, G.C.V.0. TEE OPERATIONS OF THE COMPANY EMBRACE ALL ERANCHES OF INSURANCE, DEATH DUTIES.—Special forms of Policies have ty the Company providing for the rayment Py hw —.., thus avoiding the necessity of disturbing investments ata time when it may te difficult to realise without loss, INCOME TAX.—Under the rrovisions cf the Act, Inceme Tax is not payable on that portion cf the Assured’s income which is cevoted to the rayment cf annual premiums cn an assurance cn his life or cn the life cf his wife. Having regard to the amcunt of the Tax, this abatement (which is limited to one- sixth cf the Assured’s inccme) is an impcrtant advantage to Life Policy holders, Full particulars of all classes of Insurance, toget i ) and Statement of Accounts, may be had A + yy bon Company’s Offices or Agents, Applications for uension invited, ROBERT LEWIS, General Manager, HORLICK’S MALTED MILK. BARLEY, WHEAT AND MILK in Powder Form. THE IDEAL FOOD DRINK FOR ALL ACES, Delicious, nourishing and refreshing. The wholesome nutrition of pure, rich milk and choice malted grain, supplying strength and vigour, with little tax on digestion. PREPARED IN A MOMENT WITH WATER. NO COOKING. Used instead of tea, coffee or cocoa at meals develops healthy bodies and clear brains. Equally useful to the vigorous and the weak, the business or professional man, the youth, the maid, the mother, the child, or the infant. An efficient corrective of insomnia, taken hot before retiring. In Glass Bottles, 1/6, 2/6, 11/+, at all Chemists and Stores, Liberal Sample for trial free by post on request. HORLICK’S MALTED MILK CO., Slough, Bucks., England. Royal and Imperial Warrants of Appointment, REDFERN Court Dressmakers Ladies’ Tailors Furs Millinery Lingerie, &c. 26 CONDUIT STREET, W. AND its OBESITY DISCOMFORT CAN BE AVOIDED by replacing your bread and toast with KALARI BISCUITS. PALATAPLE, NO DRUGS. NO DRASTIC DIEF. CALLARD & CO., 80 Regent St. London, W. Sample and Bookiet free from

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May 20, 1911.] THE SPECTATOR. 777 ROYAL EXCHANGE (4.) ASSURANCE. Governor Sir NEVILE LUBBOCK, K.¢.M.G. FIRE. LIFE. SEA. ACCIDENTS. MOTOR-CAR. PLATE GLASS. BURGLARY ANNUITIES. FIDELITY GUARANTEES. EMPLOYERS’ LIABILITY. gPECIAL TERMS TO ANNUITANTS WHEN HEALTH IS IMPAIRED. The Corporation is prepared to act as EXECUTOR OF WILLS, TRUSTEE OF WILLS AND SETTLEMENTS. Prospectus and all information may be obtained on application to the Secretary. Head Office: ROYAL EXCHANGE, London, E.C. West-End Office: 44 PALL MALL, London, S.W. CORONATION GIFTS FOR CLERGY IN POOR PARISHES. It is hoped that, to commemorate this year of the King’s Coronation, a Supplementary sum may be contributed amounting to £10,000, half for maintaining existing A.C.S8. payments through next year, as well as this, without a further special appeal, and half for new payments for a period of five years, to meet some cases of pressing need, Gifts promptly contributed would be of very great service. They may be sent to CANON PETIT, 14 Great Smith Street, Westminster. Cheques should be crossed “Coutts, for ace. of Additional Curates Society.” The Oxygen Tooth Powder How delightful the effect of that Oxygen is—and how valuable—only use can prove to you. Only use can demonstrate the wonderful sense of sweetness and clean- liness that CALOX invariably brings to mouth and teeth. Onl CALOX Cilox” wards “on aay, CALOX and, where decay has CALOX started, arrests its progress, CALOX ) = ames no other denti- CALOX *° “@,1dx°%" “* CALOX CALOX is sold in dainty metal bottles by Chemists and Stores at 1s, 134, book are waiting here—FREE—for your address, Please mention this paper. G B. KENT & SONS, Ltd., 75 Farringdon Rd., London, E.C, FOR WHITSUN. —_— No other dentifrice contains t Try before you buy—a Sample of CALOX and a THE CENTRE CLIFF HOTEL, SOUTHWOLD, SUFFOLK. The most beautifully situated Hotel on the East Coast, in the centre of a most interesting country. Lovely walks and drives through miles of gorse- and heather-covered commons to the old- world villages of Dunwich, Blythburgh, and Walberswick. FISHING. Bonuses Divided Yearly. BONUSES allowed to Policy-holders for the ONE YEAR, 1900, exceeded £779,000, being over 37 per cent. of the Premiums received for the year; and A.M.P. Society, 37 Threadneedle Street, London, E.C, THE AUSTRALIAN MUTUAL PROVIDENT SOCIETY OFFERS THE BEST ADVANTAGES. Established in 1849, “the A.M.P.” (as it is popularly called) is now the LARGEST and MOST PROSPEROUS Mutual Life Office in the British Empire, with FUNDS OF £26,000,000 and ANNUAL INCOME OF £3,285,000. Larger than those of any other Office. The CASH he total amount so divided in the 61 years of the Society's existence reaches the colossal figure of £15,116,584. Write to-day for Prospectus and Proposal Forms to A. C. HOLLINGWORTH, Resident Secretary, CLERICAL, MEDICAL AND GENERAL LIFE ASSURANCE SOCIETY. 15 St. James’s Square, London, &.W. BONUS YEAR. Persons who effect Profit Policies before the end of June will receive A FULL YEAR’S BONUS. GOLF (18 Holes). TENNIS. THE WINGFIELD TENNIS SMOKING MIXTURE. PREPARED ONLY BY ROBERT LEWIS, (Established 1789), CIGAR IMPORTER, 20 ST. JAMES’S STREET, LONDON, S.W. 13s. per ib.—in 1 ib., 11h. and i th. Tins. Major WaLter Wrxarretp writes:— The Tobacco you have sent down is very good indeed; it is pronounced by all here as a delicious fragrant mixture.” THOMAS & SONS, Sporting Tailors and Breeches Makers. Messrs. THOMAS & SONS, besides being well known as Ereeches Makers, Sporting and Military Tailors, are also Makers of all other kinds of High-class Clothes for town or country wear, for which they employ @ special staff of highly skilled workmen. 32 BROOK STREET, GROSVENOR SQUARE, W. FISHER’S CORRESPONDENCE CASE. Best of all Writing Cases. Expanding russets Arrange sevlers aC, ri Pron saniien gee * — alg aa dhapdle pins Rn S. FISHER, Ltd., 188 Strand. EVERY MAN _ who wishes to retire PENSION Prostem, | FRO Y A L | Total Funds - £16,630,262 which will be sent post-free on application to the . , National Provident Institution INGURANOE TROSITS, MAINE. LIFE, FOR MUTUAL LIFE ASSURANCE, COMPANY, reagent: Saanpnensmes 48 GRACECHURCH STREET, LONDON, E.C. | LIMITED. OFFICES {38 Lenbesa Steet LONDON.

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"78 THE SPECTATOR. [May 20, 1911. FOR SALE AND TO LET. CHOOL FOR SALE. GOOD MIDDLE CLASS. Established 1869. Situate in large West of England Town. Lem retiring. Splendid opening for a Married Clergyman or Gentleman with University Degree. Easy terms of Payment. Address: “ J.P.,"° Box No. 478, The Spectator, 1, Wellington Street, Strand, London, W.c. REQUIRED ‘FOR YOUTH JUST LEFT PUBLIC SCHOOL, residence and partial board in a private family with young society in the neighbourhood of Knightsbridge. State Terms. References gives and required. _“Box 76,~ Taylor's. 30 Feet Strect, E.C- APPOINTMENTS VACANT AND WANTED. EICESTERSHIRE COUNTY COUNCIL EDUCATION COMMITTEE. COUNTY GEAMMAR SCHOOL OF KING EDWARD VIL, MELTON MOWBRAY. Owing to the appointment of Dr. F. Hodson as Head Master of Bablake School, Coventry, the Governors invite applications for the vacant fost of HEAD MASTER of the Melton Mowbray Grammar School. forces must be not more than 40 years of age. The school is a Dual School, founded in 1910, with accommodation for 174 pupils. The present numbers on the roll are: Boys, 69: Girls, 46, he commencing salary is £350 per annum. Copies of the Articles of Government (price One Shilling each) may be obtained from the undersigned, to whom applications for the vacancy should be sent not later than Wednesday, 7th June. W. A. BROCKINGTON, Director of Education, 83 Bowling Green Street, Leicester. puEe UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELD. The Council of the University of Sheffield is about to appoint a LIBRARIAN, Salary £250 per annum. __Further particulars may be obtained from W. M. G IBBONS, Registrar. {HESHIRE COUNTY COUNCIL. An Instructress in Physical Exercises is required for the County Training College, Crewe, and the County Secondary School, Crewe. Applicants must be trained and experienced teachers of modern Physical Exercises and must be competent to train students to take classes in accord- ance with the Syllabus of Physical Exercises issued by the Board of Education. Salary £120 per annum, Applications for the post, together with copies of three recent testimonials, should be sent to the Secretary of the Training College, Education Office, Crewe, on or before Monday, 22nd May, 1911. EST RIDING COUNTY COUNCIL MEXBOROUGH SECONDARY SCHOOL. Required in September, an Assistant Master who must be a good teacher of Elementary siathematics, and must have good qualifications in either French or English or History. Salary beginning at £140 and rising according to scale. Forms of application are obtainable from the HEAD MASTER, and must be returned to him by May 25th. T. W. IRELAND, Head Master. ANTED.—September, in a large Public School, non- resident ASSISTANT MISTRESSES. (i) History Specialist, Degree essential; (ii.) English Specialist, Degree and High School experience essential; (iii.) Mistress well qualified to take French by direct method and some English; (iv.) First Form Mistress, well qualified in handwork and teaching of English. Initial Salary £110 to £150, according to length of experience. Apply at once with full details, age, etc., to Head Mistress, Girls’ High School, Barnsley, Yorkshire. a Ce hag: DS TRAINING COLLEGE, BATTER. SEA, S.W. Wanted, in September next, a Lady as Rcs‘dent Tutor assist in the teaching of Science. A University Dezree or its equivalent ; a pensable. For particulars apply to the PRINCIPAL. — O PARENTS and GUARDIANS.—KYNOCH, Limiiag have VACANCIES in their Commercial Departments for a FEW YOUNG GENTLEMEN of good education and manners. No prem required. Term of Indentures, 4 years.—Apply by letter caly’ te = SECRETARY, Kynoch, Limited, Witton, Birmingham, : qj tv Seeess OF MANCHESTER. COURSES IN AGRICULTURE. Complete courses of instruction in Agriculture are given by the Universit of Manchester in conjunction with the College of Agriculture and Horticulturs of the Cheshire County Council at Holmes Chapel. These courses include lectures and laboratory work in Chemistry, Physicg and Biology, as well as special courses in Agriculture and Estate Management, Agricultural Chemistry, Agricultural Botany, Agricultural Zoology (including Entomology). For particulars and prospectus of these courses, and of the conditions leading to the degree of B.Sc. in Agriculture given by the University, and the Diploma in Agriculture given by the College of Agriculture, apply to the Registrar ot the University. UEEN’S COLLEGE AFTERNOON LECTURES, 4345 HARLEY STREET, LONDON, W. The following Lectures, open to the Public, will be delivered during the Summer Term, Fridays, May 19th and 26th, at 3 p.m. J. A. CRAMB, M.A upon “ KINGSHIP AND EMPIRE” Tickets for each Lecture 3/6, may be had from the Secretary, GIRLS’ SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES. Do yh gy ote COLLEGIATE SCHOOL FOR GIRLS. (Bournemouth Collegiate Schools, Ltd.) Healthily situated on high ground. Thorough Modern Education. Large staff of Graduate Mistresses. Good playing fields. Swedish Gymnasium. Well-equipped Domestic Science Department. For prospectus apply to Headmistress, UEEN WO OD, EASTBOURNE.- Principals: Miss CHUDLEIGH and Miss JOHNS, M.A. Lond. (Girton College).—First-rate Modern Education for the Daughters of Gentlemen, New premises, specially built for a School, opened 1906, Large Playing-feldg and Rink, Tennis, Hockey, Cricket, Swimming. Summer Term begau May 4th, Next vacancies in September, M\HE CAMBRIDGE TRAINING COLLEGE FOR WOMEN TEACHERS. Recognised by the Board of Education asa Training College for Secondary Teachers. Principal: Miss M. H. WOOD, M.A. (London), Litt.D, (Dublin); Classical Tripos, Cambridge ; Girton College, A residential College providing a year’s professional training for secondary teachers. The Course includes preparation for the Cambridge Teachers’ Cer. tificate (Theory and Practice), and for the Teachers’ Diploma of the London University. Ample opportunity is given for practice in teaching Science, Languages, Mathematics, and other subjects in schools in Camb . Students are adinitted in January and in September. Fees £75 and £65.—Particulars as to qualifications for admission, scholarships, bursaries, and loan fund may be obtained on application to the PRINCIPAL, Training College, Wollaston Road, Cambridge. YCHOOLMASTER (B.A. Cantab, Class II. Classical J Tripos), with six years’ experience in first-class French and German schools, seeks a modern language master in an English Public School, Apply. Box 481, The Speciator, 1 Wellington Street, Strand, London, W.C. (Seer HIGH SCHOOL FOR GIRLS. Reguired in September :— 1. Senior Mathematics Mistress, Tripos or Honours Degree, 2. Lower School Form Mistress, Nature Study essential. 3. Junior Kindergarten Mistress. 4. Domestic Science Mistress, who will also act as Housekeeper. Commencing salaries £100 to £400, according to qualifications and experience. _Apply, before June Ist, to the HEAD MISTRESS. OUTHPORT PHYSICAL TRAINING COLLEGE. President—Lord CHARLES BERESFORD, K.C.B., M.P. Principals—A, ALEXANDER, F.R.G.S., and Mrs. ALEXANDER. ‘The Staff consists of Medical Lecturers and experienced Teachers in every branch of Physica! Train- ing, including a Swedish Mistress from the Royal Gymnastic Institute Stockholm, Educated Women are trained as Scientific Teachers of Physical Education. ‘The Course includes:—British and Swedish Educational and Medical Gymnastics, Massage, Dancing, Swimming, Outdoor Games, &c, Diplomas and Gold Medals awarded to successful students. SECRETARIAL TRAINING.—Stadents who show capacity for secretarial work have the opportunity of acquiring knowledge of Shorthand, Typewriting, Correspondence, Roch iuien, English Literature, French and German. Refer- ences permitted to Lord Kinnaird, Right Hon. Viscount Gladstone, the Hon, and Kev. E. Lyttelton, D.D.—Further particulars from the SECRETARY, OLVERLEY SCHOOL, Nr. KIDDERMINSTER. Housemaster wanted, not over 40 years of age, with qualifications in Mathematics or Modern Languages. Salary £150, together with a capitation grant of £5 for each boy. Accommodation for 35 boys. Free board and residence for the master and his wife or sister. Present number of boys 25, Apply HEADMASTER. } IPON HIGH SCHOOL FOR GIRLS. ) Wanted in September, a MISTRESS to teach Enghsh Literature and History, and one or more of the following :—Art, Physical Training or Class Sing- ing throughout the School. Degree and experience essential. Games desirable, Salary £110. Applications to be sent to the Head Mistress before June 13th. ELLY COLLEGE, TAVISTOOK. The Headmastership of this School will be vacant in September next owing to the resignation of the Rev. E. L. A. Phillips. By the terms of the Scheme the Headmaster must be a Member of the Church of England, but it is not required that he should be in Holy Orders. The endowment of the Trust consists of fine modern buildings, well equipped, 20 acres of land and an income from investments amounting to about re 550 @ year, Further information may be obtained from the Clerk to the Trustees, W. W. MATHEWS, Solicitor, Tavistock, to whom all particulars must be sent on or before Saturday, the 27th May, 1911. U Niversity OF LIVERPOOL. UNIVERSITY HALL. The Committee of the Hall of Residence for Women Students invite applications for the post of Warden. Applicants, who inust hold a University Degree, should send their application, with testimonials, before June 15, to the Secretary, 4, Abercromby Square, Liverpool, from whom particulars of appointment can be obtained. Rie MAIDS’ SCHOOL, BRISTOL. 1 ) ART and FORM MISTRESS.—Wanted, in September, Assistant istress, holding the Teacher Artist Certificate (Royal Drawing Society preferred), and able to take ordinary form subjects, including needlework, One who can offer physics and chemistry preferred. Commencing salary about £50 (according to experience) with board and residence. Applications, with copies of three testimonials, to be sent at once to the HEAD-MISTRESS, the Red Maids’ School, Bristol, LING’S SWEDISH SYSTEM, HE BEDFORD PHYSICAL TRAINING COLLEGE, 37 Lansdowne Road, Bedford, Principal, Miss STANSFELD. Students are trained in this College to become Teachers of Gymnastics in Colleges and Schools. The course of training extends over 2 years, and includes Educational and Medical Gymnastics on the Swedish System, Massage, Anatomy, Phyak ology aud Hygiene, Dancing, Hockey, Lacrosse, Cricket, Tennis, &. GT. FELIX SCHOOL, SOUTHWOLD. Head-Mistress—Miss LUCY SILCOX. St. Felix School stands in twenty-four acres of ground about a mile from the sea on the bracing Suffolk coast. YHE DOWNS SCHOOL, SEAFORD, SUSSEX Head-Mistress, Miss LUCY ROBINSON, M.A. London (formerly Second Mistress, St. Felix School, Southwold). Bracing air from Downs and Sea, Special care given to individual development, ARROGATE COLLEGE, YORKSHIRE. First-grade residential school for Girls, with FwO none Houses in College grounds—one for training of Students in DOMEST SUBJECTS, and the other as JUNIOR SCHOOL for pupils under 12, Strong Staff, newly built remises, tine grounds. Lacrosse, Hockey, Cricket, Tennis, Swimming, 1 ead Mistress, Miss M. E. Jones, B.A. T. MARGARET’S SCHOOL ror GIRLS CO., LTD. POLMONT, STIRLINGSHIRE, : Excellent Education on modern lines. Healthy situation; gravel soil; extensive grounds; Hockey, Cricket, Tennis, &c. Head-Mistress—Miss WORSFOLD (formerly Assistant-Mistress at St. Leonard’s Sc™@oi, St. Andrews). Two Scholarships awarded annually. Prospectus on application to HEAD-MISTRESS or SECRETARY. ENRHOS COLLEGE, COLWYN BAY— Lady Principal: Miss HOVEY, B.A.—A high-class School for Girls (Boarders only). Fourteen Kesident Mistresses and Lady Matron. ine school and house buildings; 14 acres of ground with long sea-frontage, Sunny and bracing. Three Scholarships. Separate Preparatory School,

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May 20, 1911.] THE SPECTATOR. 779 BEDFORD COLLEGE FOR WOMEN. B (UNIVERSITY OF LONDON.) York Place, Baker Street, London, W, Principal—Miss M. J. TUKE, M.A, ENTRANCE SCHOLARSHIPS. Jarship in Arts, annual value £30, tenable for 3 years. 3 Beid See Scholarship in Science, annual value £50, tenable for 3 years. ; ‘Arnott Scholarship in Science, annual value £50, tenable for 3 years, will warded on the results of the examination to be held in June, te pull particulars on application to the Principal at the College. SECONDARY TRAINING DEPARTMENT. Head of the Department—Miss SARA MELHUISH, M.A. The Course includes full reparation for the examinations for the Teaching Diplomas granted by the Universities of London and Cambridge. ts are admitted to the Training Course in October and in January. 1 Free Place (value £26 5s.), 1 Scholarship of the value of £20, and a limited ber of ts of £10 are offered for the Course beginning in October, 1911. She will be awarded to the best candidates holding a Degree or its equiva- in Arts or Science. wet plications should be sent to the Head of the Department before July ist, 1911. ae RAZENOSE SCHOOL, STAMFORD. Boarding School for Girls, Head Mistress, Miss A. M. KELLETT, Y ificated Mistresses for all I Games and Gymnastics under qualified Mistress. Also TRAINING DEPARTMENT in which Students are prepared for the Cambridge Teachers’ Diploma under fully qualified Mistress ef methods Terms moderate. Prospectus and list of recent successes on T. HILDA’S SCHOOL, FOLKESTONE —MISS ABBOTT receives in her well appointed home a limited number of daughters of gentlepeople. Careful attention is given to individual character talent, as well as to physical development. Examinations to University Matriculation Standard taken if desired. Reference is permitted to Miss SOULSBY, The Manor House, Brondesbury. IR EDMUND and LADY ELTON confidently Recommend “THE LAWN,” CLEVEDON, SOMERSET.—Delightful Home School, with thorough education for Gentlemen’s Daughters only. Entire charge of Children with parents abroad. Resident trained Nurse. Detached house 4 mins, from ses.—F or Illustrated Prospectus, apply PRINCIPAL, ASTBURY HOUSE, NEAR NORTHWOOD. HIGH-CLASS SCHOOL FOR GIRLS, NEAR LONDON. The house is on gravel soil, 400 ft. above sea-level in a beautiful district, neighbourhood of Harrow. The grounds of 27 acres are available for Golf -hole course), Tennis, Cricket, Hockey, &c. Only resident ig vd taken, professors attend. Principals: Miss EDDES and Miss SALBERG. Sr MARY’S COLLEGE, 34 LANCASTER GATE. flate Principal—Miss H. L. POWELL Head-Mistress of the Girls’ High School, Leeds, and Principal of the Cambridge Training College). (Q) TRAINING COLLEGE for Secondary Teachers. Preparation for the Cambridge and London Teachers’ Diplomas, and the Certificates of the National Froebel Union. SECONDARY DAY SCHOOL and Kindergarten, FEES:—STUDENTS, Resident, 60-75 gs. a year; Non-Resident, 24-30 gs, yyear, SCHOOL, 24-30 gs. a year. KINDERGARTEN, 9-12 gs. > gem. A few Boarders are received at the Head-Mistress’s House, 4 Orsett Terrace, Hyde Park, W., at 60 gs. a year. DGBASTON HIGH SCHOOL FOR GIRLS, Limited, 84 HAGLEY ROAD, BIRMINGHAM. Head-Mistress—Miss G. TARLETON YOUNG, M.A, Preparation for the Universities ; Annual Scholarships, DOMESTIC SCIENCE DEPARTMENT. BOARDING HOUSE adjoining the School. Prospectuses, &c,, from Mr. H, KEELING, A.C.A., 109 Colmore Row, ngham. TWO SCHOLARSHIPS are awarded annually entitling the holders to free tuition for two years, Examination held in July. For particulars apply to the Head Mistress. IRST CLASS SCHOOL FOR LIMITED NUMBER of girls, 25 minutes rail from Paddington. Modern building ially planned for School. Standing 200ft. above sea level on gravel te sand, surrounded by gardens, lawns and playing fields. The most modern educational requirements are combined with the comfort and refinements of home life, The ith and physical development of the pupils receive special attention, as much time as possible being spent in the open air. Prospectus and full particulars on application to Mr. J. H. Paton, 143, Cannon Street, London, E.C. INCHESTER HOUSE SCHOOL, ST. LEONARDS. ON-SEA.—High and bracing situation. House built for School, perfect sanitation. Large garden and playing-field. Gymnasium, sea-bathing, riding, hockey, and all games. Preparation for Universities, Oxford and Cambridge Joint Board Examinations, Associated Board, &c, Seven Resident Mistresses, including French and German; Visiting Masters.—Ilustrated Prospectus from the Principal, Miss AGNES BOOTH. ANSDOWNE HOUSE, LYNDHURST GARDENS, 4 HAMPSTEAD, N.W.—High-class Boarding School for Girls, Principal, CONDER, Classical Tripos, Camb., M.A., Dublin, Thorough Education @a modern lines. Special attention given to Languages, Music, and Painting, Pupils re for advanced Examinations and for the Universities if Fequire: ealthy situation. Tennis, hockey, &. (HSLTENHAM LADIES’ COLLEGE. SECONDARY TRAINING DEPARTMENT, A wy 2 of £40 is offered by the Council of St. Hilda’s College, Chelten- ham, as from September, 1911. Candidates must hold a University degree (or equivalent), and prepare for a University Teacher’s Diploma during the session, Applications must be made, on or before 25th July, 1911, to the SECRETARY, College, Cheltenham, from whom further particulars can be obtained, HERWELL HALL, OXFORD. TRAINING COLLEGE FOR WOMEN SECONDARY TEACHERS, Recognised by the Board of Education, by the Oxford University nee -y. for 8 dary ining, and by ___ the Cambridge Syndicate. Principal: Miss CATHERINE I. DODD, M.A, Str te Lecturer in Education, Manchester University). dents are prepared for the Oxford and London Teachers’ Diploma Sebo” Cambridge Teachers’ Certificate. Fees for the Course from £65, =p of from £40 to £20 open to Students with a Degree on Entry, und, zPowED SCHOOL FOR GIRLS, SKIPTON, YORKSHIRE. BOARDING AND DAY SCHOOL. Head-Mistress Miss BROADBENT (Cambridge), M.A. Dublin (late of Newnham College).—Prospectus may be application to the SECRETARY, at the School. Syn SUSSEX. Sunny Brae School. For girls and little boys. Grand position facing sea. Sound education, with every attention to health and comfort. Entire charge of Children whose pareuts are abroad. Principal, Miss WOODWARD. ERSEY LADIES’ COLLEGE, ST. HELIERS, JERSEY. —Splendid Buildings. Gymnasium, se te Cubicles, Hockey, Tennis, Sea-Bathing; beautiful climate; great advantages for acquiring French Twelve Resident Mistresses; Teacher for Physical ‘Training; Special Tcrms for Ministers’ Daughters.—For Prospectus apply PRINCIPAL, ROEBEL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTE (Incorporated), TALGARTH ROAD, WEST KENSINGTON, Recognised by the Board of Education, Chairman, Sir William Mather; Treasurer, Mr. C. G. Monte fore; Secretary, Mr. Arthur G. Symonds.—For Prospectuses and informa tion concerning Scholarships apply to the Principal, Miss E. LAWRENCE, Historical Tripos, ve obtained on Gi. ANDREWS UNIVERSITY DIPLOMA ror WOMEN With Title of L.L.A. For Prospectus, apply to the SECRETARY, L.L.A. Scheme, The University, St. Andrews, N.B. ALLASEY GRANGE SCHOOL, WALLASEY, CHESHIRE.—Boarding-School for Girls. Beautiful healthy situa. tion on the outskirts of Wallasey, three minutes from the sea, twenty :inutes railfrom Liverpool. Head-Mistress, Miss VYNER (late Head-Mistress of ne Wallasey High School).—Fcr Prospectus apply to the SECRETARY at the School. Telephone: 381 Liscard. HOUSE HERINGHAM, NORFOLK, DRAYTON SCHOOL FOR GIRLS.—Finely situated in own grounds. Magnificent sea and land view. Sound education with every attention to health and comfort of pupils. Games and outdoorexercises. Moderate fees. Entire charge of girls whose parents are abroad.— Principals: Miss FRYER and Fraulein HAAS, A LLENSWOOD, WIMBLEDON PARK,S.W.—Principal, MISS BOYCE, for many years colleague of the late Malle. Sonvestre and The French is under the kind direction of Madame Beau. Several resident English and foreign mistresses. Large choice of subjecta. Preparation for Universities when desired. Sports in moderation. Special attention to health and bearing; Fine situation and grounds, Terms £150 for seniors, £132 for juniors. References to parents of present pupils cs well as to old friends of the school. UTDOOR LIFE.—FRUIT & FLOWER FARM, NEW. BURY.—GARDENING for GENTLEWOMEN. Practical, Theoretical. (Gold Medalist R.H.S, Exam., 1909, trained here.) Greenhouses. MARAICHER SYSTEM, by Frenchman, Carpentering, Bees, Fruit Preserving.—Princi pals LILY HUGHES JONES, F.R.H.S, 1st Class Certificates, See Prospectus. OTICE IS HEREBY GIVEN that the Partnershi heretofore subsisting between us, the undersigned LILY HUGHE JONES and MARY PEERS, carrying on business as Horticulturists at Thatcham, near Newbury, under the style or firm of Thatcham Fruit and Flower Farm has been dissolved by mutual consent as and from the 19th day of October, 1910. And all debts due to and owing by the said late firm will be received and id by LILY HUGHES-JONES, who will continue to carry on the aww under the same style as heretofore. (Signed) MARY PEERS. LILY HUGHES-JONES, (p*4* SCHOOL FOR DEAF CHILDREN, ll, FITZROY SQUARE, W. Lipreading and Speech taught both to Deaf and Deaf-and-Dumb Childrens TRAINING COLLEGE for TEACHERS of the DEAFP. Good appointments (public or private) easily obtainable by students on the completion of their training. Apply, DIRECTOR, 11 Fitzroy Square, W. Malle. Samaia. Dated the 10th day of April, 1911, TAMMERING PERMANENTLY CURED.— Adults and boys taken in residence oras daily pupils. Booklet of particu- lars and testimonials from Mr. A, C. Schnelle, ib Bedford Court Mansions, London, W.C. Estab. 1905. TAMMERERS and all interested in the subject should read a book by one who cured himself after suffering forty years, “STA MMERING, iTS TREATMENT, AND REMINISCENCES OF A STAMMERER,” post-free..— B. BEASLEY, Dept. O., Tarrangower, Willesden Lane, Brondesbury, N.W. BOYS’ SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES. LAYESMORE SCHOOL, PANGBOURNE, BERKS, SPECIAL SCHOLARSHIPS, INTERVIEW PLUS EXAMINATION, Based largely on the system of examination used for candidates to the Roya Naval College, Osborne, and also to be adopted for the Army Entrance Examinations. Eight Scholarships—four of £50 eack and four of £30 each—will be awarded in July. Entries to be made by July 5th. For particulars apply to the Pursar, (XN RESHAM’S SCHOOL, HOLT, NORFOLK, SCHOLARSHIP EXAMINATIONS, 15th and 16th JUNE, Two Scholarships of £50 each. _Apply HEAD-MASTER’S SECRETARY. _ — OCKLINGTON SCHOOL, E. YORKS.—Old Public School upon modern lines. Healthy position by Yorkshire Wold’, Boarding Accommodation excellent. Numerous closed scholarships to Universities. Fees per annum: Tuition £15, Boarding £47. No extras.— Apply G. H. KEETON M.A., for seven years Vith Form Master at Fettes College, Edinburgh. HIGWELL SCHOOL. EXAMINATIONS for HOUSE SCHOLARSHIPS of 50 to 20 guineas on JULY 20th. Apply to CANON SWALLOW, Head-Master. RIGHTON COLLEGE.—The next Examination for School Scholarships will be held on July 4th and 5th, Particulars from the SECRETARY. HIGH CLASS HOME SCHOOL FOR 10 GIRLS. and prettiest part of Sussex, 550 feet above sea level, 40 miles Ben London. Very suitable for backward = delicate girls. Large grounds. uch time is spent out of doors. Very reasonable fees. Prospectas and full verticulars from Mr, J. H. Paton, 143, on Street, London, E.C, T. EDMUND’S SCHOOL, CANTERBURY—Fine healthy situation in grounds of 30 acres overlooking Canterbury. Excellent modern buildings, laboratories, swimming bath, ete. Preparation for Universities, Army, etc. Approved by Army Council. Separate Junior School.—Apply Rev. W. F. BURNSIDE, M.A. Head- Master.

Page 28

780 THE SPECTATOR. [May 20, 1911,

Quan VACATION COURSES IN ENGLISH & FRENCH WITHIN THE NIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH. August, 1911. (7th year.) Distinguished Professors and Tutors from France for French Language, Literature, and Institutions; English Lectures suitable for British Students on Literature, History, Phonetics, &c.; Excursions and Evening Entertainments, Fee for 62 Lectures and Lessons .., eos ove ose Half-course son oat ‘en will eee ooo ooo --. £1 5s, Programmes, &c., from J. J. WAUGH, W.S., 43 George Street, Edinburgh. EK PSOM COLLEGE.—Preparation for Universities, Navy, ‘J Army, Medical, and other careers, Classical and Modern sides; separate Lower School. Open Scholarships annually in March, Valuable leaving Scholarships to Universities and Hospitals. The new Physical and Biological Laboratories and the new Gymnasium and Music Rooms, erected ata cost of over £20,000, are now open.—Apply, The BURSAR. oe .

R U0GBY SCHOOL.—Major and Minor Founda- W ti merships for Day Boys are awarded at the Entrance Examinations held every term. Major Foundationerships give free tuition ; Minor Founda- penis a reduced tuition fee of £20 per annum, Particulars from ecretary. T EADMASTER OF

SMALL PREPARATORY SCHOOL of 12 boys has two vacancies. House overlooks the sea, Sandy soil. Dry, bracing air, low rainfall, entire absence of fog. Owing to its strictly Umited numbers the school is particularly suitable for backward and delicate boys. The Headmaster’s wife is a fully certificated trained nurse. Pros;ectus and full particulars from M.A, Oxon., c/o J. and J. Paton, 143, Cannon *ireet, London, E.C, WE CATHEDRAL SCHOOL OF HEREFORD. A SMALL BUT ANCIENT PUBLIC SCHOOL. Valuable Close Scholarsbips to the Universities annually. Preparation for all branches of work. New buildings costing over £6,000 open in September, ldres Rev. HEADMASTER, the Close, Hereford. adel {HELTENHAM COLLEGE. SCHOLARSHIP / EXAMINATION cn June 7th, 8th and 9th,. For particulars apply to the Bursar, ‘ihe College, Cheltenham. ¢ ENT AGRICULTURAL SCHOOL, SELLINDGE, ~ HU\THE.—General School Education combined with Agric. and Hort. subjects. Training for Farming, Land Agency and Colonics. Special caro devotcd to Lachwaid and delicate boys. Sons of gentlemen, 13 to 18. Healthy oy<nmcir life. One Tutcr to four students, Caniab., and N. F. RICHARDSON, F.Z.S., F.R.G.S. {OURTENAY HOUSE, KELLY COLLEGE, TAVI- STOCK.—Healthy situatioa. All modern Public School requirements. Army icaving Certificates. Domestic arrangements u ider personal supervision of Mrs. Livneill, who ig a trained nurse with highest references, Terms modeiate. Scholarships.—Apply, W. LINNELL, M.A.Oxon, yy ING’S SCHOOL, ROCHESTER. AN Headmaster: Rev. R. F. ELWYN, M.A. ‘HOLARSHIPS (three reserved for sons of clergy), and FOUR HOUSE TIONS offered next July. Valuable Exhibitions to Universities, . New Seience Laboratories recently opened. Other considerable entemplated, Apply for Scholarship particulars, etc, to Headmaster HERTFORD.— 15th, 16th. Three Scholarships and various Grants specially allotted to Sons of Clergymen.— For particulars apply to the BURSAR. N ALVERN COLLEGE SCHOLARSHIP EXAMI- NATiON, MAY 50th and 3lst, and JUNE Ist. One of £87, five or more of £52, five or more of £30 (£21 for Day Boys) per annum. Faber Exhi- bition of £12 awarded to the boy who does best in examination. Council Nominations, value £12 p.a., may be awarded to boys who do well but fail to obtain a scholarship, Particulars from HEADMASTER or SECRETARY. { RADFIELD COLLEGE, BERKS. THREE SCHOLARSHIPS, value 90 guineas per annum, and FOUR or Mor" VXUIBITIONS value from 20 to CO guineas per annum, Examination on June 50th (Preliminary) and July 5th and 6th (Final). Candidates must be under 15 on Sept. 20th. One Scholarship will be reserved for MODERN SIDE candidates, and one Exhibition for ARMY candidates, if boys of sufiicieut merit present themselves. Apply to the Secretary. (porns SCHOOL. SCHOOL SCHOLARSHIPS. _ Aun EXAMINATION will be held in July, 1911, beginning TUESDAY, July 4th, when the following Scholarships will be competed for, viz.: TWO SCUOLARSEIPS of £70 a year, THREE SCHOLARSHIPS of £4 a ycar, FOUR or more HOUSE SCHOLARSHIPS of £30a year, Further particulars can be obtained from the HEADMASTER, The School, Cundle, W HSTMINSTER SCHOOL, An examination will be held en June 28, 29, and 30, to fill up not less than six residential and 1 Sche

LEYBURY COLLEGE, A ig SCHOLARSHIP EXAMINATION, NOVEMBER lI4th, Seven Enirance Scholarships, value from £50 to £25 per annum.

four non-res'denti: arships, and also some exhibitions, For particulars, aprly !y letter to the RSAR, Little Dean's Yard, London, 8.W. ERCHANYT TAYLORS’ SCHOOL, E.C. Five Entrance Scholarships for boys under 14 on June 11th, 1911; will be com- sted for on May 30th and Sist, and June lst. For particulars apply to the Feerctary. LKLEY GRAMMAR SCHOOL, YORKSHIRE. feallhity situated near the Moors, Leaving Scholarships to the Univer- sities. ‘LRM BEGAN THURSDAY, May 4th, 1911. Head-Master—C, W. ATKINSON, M.A, Cantab. ; ASTBOURNE COLLEGE. President—THE DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE, Head-Master—Rev. F.S. WILLIAMS, M.A., late Assistant-Master at Rugby School. Special Army and Enginecring Classes, Physical Drill compulsory for the whole School, Cadet Corps. New buildings, racquets and fives courts, swimming-bath, &. Exhibi- tions for Sons of O.Beers and Clergy. YEW TERM BEGAN, MAY 5ra,. GRICULTURAL COLLEGE, TAMWORTH.—Youths Trained on Farm of 1,000 acres for Home or Colonies. Blacksmiths’ work, Carpentry, Kiding, and Shooting twught. Open-air life for delicate boys, - se me soak and nou | OVER COLLEGE.—For information as to ENTRANCE SCHOLARSHIPS and EXHIBITIONS reserved for sons of OFFICERS and CLIORGY, application should be made to the Head-Master, the Rev. F. de W. LUSUING'ION, M.A., The School House, Dover College, or to the BURSAR, Ti e Colleve Close, Dover College. r BU

NLIFTON COLLEGE.—CLASSICAL, MATHEMATI- J CAL, MODERN LANGUAGE, NATURAL SCIENCE, and MUSIC SCHOLARSHIPS, May, 1911. Ten or more open to Competition, value from £35 to £100a year. Also a Scholarship for Army Candidates,—Particulars and —" from HEAD-MASTER or SECRETARY, The College, Clifton, rstol. Particulars, F. JENKINS, B.A., ERKHAMSTED SCHOO, Prep. for University, Army, Navy, Scientific, and Medical Life, Junior School, quite separate houses, teaching, and life; successful Senior School and for Navy.—Apply HEAD-MASTER, School House, Prep, for OUTH LODGE SCHOOL, LOWESTopp Preparatory for the Public Schools and Osborne, . SCHOLARSHIPS GAINED at Ragty, Marlborough: Hoe tae ~ AIN at Rugby, Marlborough, Hailey): 7 Malvern, Oundle, Felsted, Lancing, Trent, Weymouth. 4 ary, Cheltenham, TIrn lo LENALMOND SCHOLARSHIPS 1911, The EXAMINATION will be held on JULY 12th and 13th, SEVERAL OPEN SCHOLARSHIPS (ranging from £60 to £20): also the McQUEEN SCHOLARSHIP of £50 for sons of Officers. Age limit, 15 on Septem 30,1911, For further information apply to the Warden (Rev. Canon Hiyalope Trinity College, Glenalmond, Perth. ements £80 to 2m I ADLEY COLLEGE, TEN SCHOLARSHIPS and EXHIBITIONS, varying from in value, will be OFFERED for competition on July 6 and 7 next, Exhibi. tions for the Army class will be awarded at the same time.—Apply to the WARDEN, Radley College, Abingdon. QHERBORNE SCHOOL. \) AN EXAMINATION for ENTRANCE SCHOLARSHIPS, o to BOYS under 15 on August Ist, will be held on JULY 18th and follow! days, Further information can be obtained from the HEAD-MASTER, School Hou, Sherborne, Dorset. ILL CREST, SWANAGE. Boys Prepared for Publig Schools and Navy. A rents fi f idi PRINCIPAT, A.C. B. Lloyd, M.A. (Marlborough and Oriel, Oxford} nas et. mse Manes. PE | ING’S SCHOOL, CANTERBURY. FOURTEEN SCHOLARSHIPS (£55-£10) on WED., June 1éth-l6th for Classics, Maths., or Modern Subjects. Classes for ARMY, NAVAL CLERKSHIPS, INDIAN POLICE, ENGINEERING, A&c, Laboratories approved for Medical Study, Weill-equipped JUNIOR SCHOOL for boys from $to 13. 5 Boarding-houses.—Head-Master, Rev, C. B. L. McDOWALL, MA, | IFFICULT, Delicate and Backward Boys. An Oxford f Graduate has a few vacancies for Boys of 14-18 years of age who require special attention. Specially woe No cramming undertakes, a partic 3, apply C. WATSON, The Old School House, Hing. 1am, Norfolk. ACKWARD or DELICATE BOYS prepared for Uni. versity and other Exams. by former Assistant at Uppingham. Modem languages. Many refs.—Rev. A. BOWLKER, M.A., Normanton, Stamford, WN ILL-HILL SCHOOL, LONDON, N.W.—The next EXAMINATION for ENTRANCE SCHOLARSHIPS and EXHIBI. TIONS will be held on June 29th and two following days, Applications should be made at once to the Bursar. : at once fo the Bars ING’S SCHOOL, BRUTON, SOMERSET— An EXAMINATION FOR SCHOLARSHIPS tenable in the School will be held on July llth, 12th, 13th, For full particulars apply to the HEADMASTER, ELSTREE, HERTS. LDENHAM SCHOOL, near An Examination will be held at the School on June 8th and 9th, 1911, for TEN or ELEVEN OPEN SCHOLARSHIPS, six JUNIOR PLATT of £8, and four or five (HOUSE) of £20, all tenable for three years, and open to boys Under certain conditions the Junior Platt and Hous Further particulars may be had from Ber,

a,

under 15 on May Ist. Scholarships are tenable together. A. H. COOKE, M.A., Head Master. LANDOVERY COLLEGE, SOUTH WALES. Public School. Moderate fees. Healthy country. Scholarship Examine tion at Llandovery in September. Warden—Rev. W. W. POOLE HUGHES, M.A. |} OYAL NAVY.—Parents thinking of the Royal Navy as a profession for their Sons can obtain (without charge) full particulars of the regulations for entry to ROYAL NAVAL COLLEGE, OSBORNE, the PAYMASTER AND MEDICAL BRANCHES, on application to Mr. J. W. GIEVE, 65 South Molton Street, London, W. FOREIGN. ORAVIAN SCHOOL FOR BOYS, Bi CHATEAU DE PRANGINS, Nyon, Lake of Geneva. Specially recommended by Members of the Lausanne Prangins Old Boy? Society, 13 Walbrook, London, E.C; Headmaster: Rev. OTTO MENZEL, FRENCH EDUCATION for Boys from 13 to 17. Special attention to Com mercial Subjects and modern languages. Protestant religious teaching. Gym nasium ; workshop; lake bathing, boating and fishing; tennis court in ows park and playfield for sports; Alpine excursions, Terms, incLuprNe 10 pats’ TOUR IN THE ALPS, £90 PER ANNUM. For full particulars apply to Hea at Prangins, or to Secretary, L.P.O.B.S., as above. N {FONSIEUR and MADAME DUOCROS (Protestants), j offera COMFORTABLE HOME to a limited number of young Delightful country. Johnson,

Old manor house, large grounds, tennis, music. ences: Rev. Philippe de Félice, 28, Rue d’Assas, Paris; Mrs, C. Holgate Villa, York. ARIS.—An English lady highly recommends a French barrister’s widow and two daughters, who receive two young English girls. Comfortable family and pleasant social life. Position agrecable, Oa healthy. Summer holidays spent in the country. French lessons by a cated teacher, and piano and harmony lessons can be arrang’ Special terms for two girls coming together for a year. References exchanged.— BARLOW, The Red House, Stanmore. 'P\WITION and RESIDENCE for YOUNG GENTLEMEN in a German family, where no English is spoken. Thorough teach in German language. Comfortable home; villain beautiful situation. Instructve social life. Detailed Prospectus. Best references.—DR. PHIL K. LANGEN, MARTA LANGEN née COUNTESS STRACH WITZ, Eisenach, Thiringen.

O* THE CONTINENT. ie Prospectuses and full particulars of reliable Schools, Tutors snd es in FRANCE, BELGIUM, GERMANY, AND SWITZERLAND, will be forwarded free of charge on receipt of detailed statement of ments by Messrs. J. and J. Paton, 143 Cannon St., London, E.C., who have a8 intimate knowledge of the best establishments, personally inspected. \IEFPPE. — Rev. CHARLES MERK, M.A, Ph.D, BRITISH CHAPLAIN, formerly Master at Uppingham and Lectaret at Wren’s, Preparation ivil Service, University Examination& for Army, Ci Pupils placed wi

th French families, if desired, ‘Holiday pupils received. Address: BRITISH CHAPLAIN, Dieppe.

Page 29

1 Freee | F Pie ffa i FS Se Sener" O29 tt SBM eett Tl PRP ea ewif RBErhe i i a ee. CC wwsw Swear ees Ve May 20, 1911.] THE SPECTATOR. 781 EE HATEAU D’OEX, SWITZERLAND. — ENGLISH PREPARATORY SCHOOL. Hend-Master: T. H. REEVE, Oxford. Prepares for English Public Schools. French and German ~Onnbjects. Bracing climate, Altitude 3,500 feet. strong subjects. STAs “ — SRENCH LESSONS.—PARIS.—The WIDOW of Pastor ALOT RECEIVES a few PAYING GUESTS wanting to find a t home in Paris and to learn the French Language.—Address, 61 Rue Bevangirard, close to the Luxembourg Palace and Gardens, HALET CAUDE COTE, DIEPPE.—An ENGLISH LADY RECEIVES GIRLS of sixteen or y wards in her Chalet Dieppe. Conversational French rapidly acquired, Special facilities for near. (Pianoforte, Singing, Organ, Violin, and Violoncello), Sketching, Art Music . Opportunities for every form of healthy enjoyment, — of Practical French Cookery (skilled chef) and of Dressmaking. Girect service twice daily with England.—Apply to Miss CUNNICK, Dieppe. FARIS—Mile. EXPULSON and Miss METHERELL " RECEIVE a few GIRLS to Study Languages, Music, and Art with first-class Professors. Practical Cookery and Dressmaking, Only French ken, Beautiful house with a large garden in Auteuil, the healthiest part Paris, near the Bois. Concerts and Galleries attended.—Apply, 46 Rue du Docteur Blanche, Paris. a SCHOLASTIC AGENCIES. DUCA TION, Parents or Guardians desiring accurate information relative to the THOICE OF SCHOOLS for Boys or Girls or TUTORS in England or abroad, are invited to call upon or send fully detailed particulars to Messrs. GABBITAS, THRING, and CO., who for nearly 40 years have been closely in touch with the leading educational Seay syst ce is given free of charge. sam 56 ? 36 Sackville Street, London, W. GcHOoLs in ENGLAND or ABROAD for — BOYS and GIRLS, Messrs. J. and J. PATON, having an intimate knowledge of the BEST SCHOOLS and TUTORS in this country and on the Continent, will be pleased to aid parents in their selection by sending (free of charge) prospectuses and full rticulars of reliable and highly-recommended establishments. When writing lease state the age of pupil, the district preferred, and give some idea of the fees to be paid. PATON’S LIST OF SCHOOLS AND TUTORS, 1910. 1,12 pp., 2s. Gd. 700 Schools, 900 Illustrations. red cloth, 2s.; post-free J. and J. PATON, ional Agents, 143 Cannon Street, 53 Central. London, E.C. Telephone: OINT AGENCY FOR WOMEN TEACHERS, 74 GOWER STREET, LONDON, W.C. Under the management of a Committee appointed by the Teachers’ Guild, College of Preceptors, Head-Mistresses’ Association, Association of Assistant- Mistresses, and Welsh County Schools Association. The Agency has been established for the purpose of enabling Teachers to find work WITHOUT UNNECESSARY COST. All fees have therefore been calculated on the LOWEST BASIS to cover the working expenses, Hours for Interviews, 11 a.m, to 1 p.m. and 3 to 5 p.m, Saturdays, 1] a.m. to 1 p.m. and 2 to 3 p.m, When possible special appointments should be arranged. Registrar—Miss ALICE M, FOUNTAIN, CHOOLS for BOYS and GIRLS in ENGLAND and ABROAD.—Prospectuses of the leading Schools, and every informa- tion, supplied to Parents FREE OF CHARGE. Please state pupils’ ages, locality preferred, and approximate school fees desired.—UNIVERSITY SCHOLASTIC GENCY, 122 Regent Street, W. Established 1858, CHOOLS and TUTORS. Prospectuses and reliable information will be supplied free of charge to parents sending particulars of their requirements (locality desired, fees, &c.) to Messrs. TRUMAN and KNIGHTLEY, Ltd., who have a wide knowledge of all the leading educational establish- ments for boys and girls at home and abroad, many of which they ave personally inspected, 102 OXFORD STREET, LONDON, W. Telephone: 1136 City. O INVALIDS. — REGISTER of _ Residences of _ DOCTORS WHO RECEIVE RESIDENT-PATIENTS—Town, Country, Seaside—sont free of charge. The Register states terms, &c., and is illus- trated.—_MEDICAL ASSOCIATION, Ltd., 22 Craven Street, Strand, W.C. Telegraphic Address: “* 'Triform, London.” Telephone No, 1854 (Gerrard), OMPETENT ASSISTANCE to PARENTS in CHOICE of SCHOOLS gratis by University Men and old Schoolmasters, who en recommend Schools personally visited. Publishers of “‘ THE SCHOLASTIC GUIDE.” Assistant Masters, Mistresses, Governesses, Introduced. “THE” SCHOLASTIC AGENCY CO., Ltd., Messrs, Pocer (Cantab.) and Browse (Oxon,), 217 PICCADILLY, W. Telephone: 1567 GERRaRD, \ ORKERS AND WORK.—Students’ Careers Associa- 7 tion (in connection with the Central Bureau for the Employment of Women).—President, Miss PENROSE, Principal Somerville College, Oxford. Principals of Colleges and Schools who are anxious to help Students to a wise cecision regarding their future careers are invited to join the above Associa- tion with a view to obtaining up-to-date and expert information on employment questions. No Fees for Membership.~Further particulars may be had from the SECRETARY, Central Bureau, 5 Princes Street, Cavendish Square, W. Tel. 5060 Mayfair. HOTELS, HYDROS, &c. T BOURNEMOUTH HYDRO Visitors enjoy every _ Hotel comfort, with Hydro advantages, Every kind of Bath, Massage and Electricity, Resident physician (M.D.) SHIPPING AND PLEASURE TOURS. R.M.S. “DUNOTTAR CASTLE” (5,625 tons; 7,000 horse-power). *4 4s-—-WHITSUNTIDE CRUISE to the ISLE OF WIGHT, DARTMOUTH, DIEPPE, &c., from London. £15 1is.NORTH CAPE AND NORWEGIAN FJORDS, CORONATION NAVAL REVIEW CRUISE. Leaving Tilbury June 22nd; returning Tilbury June 26th. THE CRUISING COMPANY, LTD. (Sir Henry Lunn, Chairman.) =e 5 Endsleigh Gardens, London, N.W. MiSs BISHOP'S PRIVATE SOCIAL TOURS, = GENTLEMEN AND GENTLEWOMEN. June 30th, Driving Tour ZERL, the AMPEZZO DOLOMITES (8. Tyrol. Later—HOLLAND, SWIT- LAND, DANUBE, and CONSTANTINOPLE (overland). ALGERIA of Allah).—Miss Bishop, “Haslemere,” Wimbledon Park Rd., S.W. MISCELLANEOUS. REEN and ABBOTT, 473 Oxford Street, W., give J EXPERT ADVICE for ALTERATIONS and REDECORATION of TOWN and COUNTRY HOUSES. Inspection of Exclusive Fabrics, Wall Papers, &c., invited. Tel.: 3,500 Gerrard, LD FALSE TEETH BOUGHT.—Send to us any old Artificial Teeth you have for disposal. Most liberal offers by the largest firm in the World.—R. D. and J. B. FRASER, Ltd., Desk 146, Princes Street, Ipswich, Established 1833, Bankers: Capital and Counties, LD ARTIFICIAL TEETH BOUGHT Persons wishing to receive full value should apply to the actual manufacturers, Messrs. BROWNING, instead of to provincial buyers. If forwarded by post, value per return, or offer made.—Chief Offices, 63 Oxford Street, London, Est. 100 years, ers ay cleared with BLATTIS. Supplied by order to the Royal Household at Sandringham. Guaranteed by E, Howarth, F.Z.S., who destroyed plague of them at Shefficld Workhouse, 1896, Recommended by Dr. H. Woodward, F.R.S., and Canon Kinton Jacques, R.D, —Tins 1/3, 2/3, 4/6.—-HOWARTH & FAIR, 471 Crookesmoore Rd., Sheffield. UBLIC-HOUSE REFORM.—The People’s Refreshment House Association, Ltd., manages 8 Licensed Inns. Ask for List and Report. TAKE £1 SHARES, 5% paid regularly since 1899, P.R.H.A., BROADWAY CHAMBERS, WESTMINSTER. iD PILEPSY.—TO MEDICAL ADVISERS and others. 4 —A few Vacancies in a Modern House at Maghuil, Lancashire, specially erected and equipped for the treatment of Gentlemen suffering from Epilevsy. Expericnced Medical and Nursing treatment. Farming and Gardening, Billiards, Lawn ‘Tennis, Cricket, Bowls, &.—Apply W. GRISEWOOD, 2 Exchange Street East, Liverpool. | aide TOT and LIFE INTERESTS e PURCHASED or LOANS granted thereon by EQUITABLE BEVERSIONARY INTEREST SOCIETY, Limited, 0 Lapvcaster Place, Strand, W.C. Established 1835. Capital (Paid up) £500,000, OURNALISTIC and SECRETARIAL TRAINING e FOR LADIES.—Rapid systematic coaching. Special course in Journalism begins end of January. Excellent introductions given.—Telephone or write, THE TRIANGLE SECRETARIAL OFFICES, 61 South Molton Street, W. T OW TO WRITE FOR THE PRESS OR TO BECOME i. AN AUTHOR, Interesting and useful booklet free, Literary Corre- spondence College (Room L), 9 Arundel Street, W.C. NCOTCH HOMESPUNS, SUITINGS, COSTUMES, TWEEDS, Latest styles for Ladies’ and Gent's wear. Patterns post-free; any length cut; carriage pai PATON and CO., Manufacturers (Dept, 40), Hawick, Scotland, Post 8vo, strongly bound, price 7s. “ AREY’S GRADUS AD PARNASSUM.” With the English Meanings, Revised, Corrected,and Augmented by a Member of the University of Cambridge, London: Published by the Stationers’ Company, Stationers’ Hall, Ludgate Hill APPEALS. NFANT ORPHAN ASYLUM WANSTED. PATRON: HIS MAJESTY THE KING. The NEXT HALF-YEARLY ELECTION will be held on Thursday, May 25th, at the Cannon Street Hotel, E.C., when 20 Infants will be elected, viz., 10 boys and 10 girls. The Chair will be taken at 11 o’clock precisely. Annual Subscriptions of half-a-guinea or Life Subscriptions of five guineas will entitle the donors to give one vote to any child on the list. JOHN HILL, Treasurer. Commr. HARRY C, MARTIN, R.N., Secretary and Supt, Offices: 63. Ludgate Hill, E.C, MPERIAL CANCER RESEARCH FUND. DONATIONS and SUBSCRIPTIONS urgently REQUIRED, and should be sent to the HONORARY TREASURER, Examination Hall, Victoria Embankment, London, W.C, =— ————————S===" — =—— —— ——— —=—=s TYPEWRITING. YPEWRITING OF EVERY DESCRIPTION, General MS, 104. 1,000 words. Carbon Copies 3d. 1,000 words. Dramatic Work. Duplicating. Accuracy and prompt return guaranteed. Highest testimonials, NORA DICKINSON, 1 Sackville Gardens, Liford, Essex. —— —_ — NORWAY. NORTH CAPE AND CHRISTIANIA. YACHTING CRUISES DE LUXE by R. M.S. P. AVON, Twin-screw, 11,073 tons. From GRIMSBY AND LEITH. July 6* and 21 to North Cape and Fjords (14 days) August 5 to Fjords (13 oo August 19 to Fjords and Christiania (17 ,, FROM £1 A DAY. * From Southampton July 5. For further particulars apply for Ilustrated Booklet. B.N, R M Ss P. THE ROYAL MAIL e s 2 e STEAM PACKET COMPANY. London: 18 Moorgate Street, E.C., or 32 Cockspur Street, 8.W. EXTRA PIN MONEY. We buy all kinds of Old Gold Jewellery, Silver Plate, Diamonds, Emeralds, Pearls, and any article of value; also Old False Teeth. Send to us, Wo will send cash offer. If you do not accept our offer we at once return the articles, Established more than Half-a-Ceatury, ALLEN & DAWS, Goldsmiths, 108 London Street, Norwich

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782 THE SPECTATOR. A SPORTSMAN’S BUSINESS Splendid opportunities are now being offered in the fruit-grow- ing districts of East Kootenay. The life is ideal in all respects. BRITISH The owner at the same time enjoys The climate is Large profits are made. a pleasant life. COLUMBIA healthy. Scenery is magnificent, and the surrounding country is the finest for shooting and fishing. A large party, consisting mostly of retired army officers and professional men, sailed last month. A new party is now being arranged, and will sail August 23rd. A few berths are still open. Apply for Illustrated Book— “‘ The FRUITLANDS OF EAST KOOTENAY.” Full particulars from THE BRITISH EMPIRE AGENCY, LIMITED, 11, Haymarket, S.W. DR. BARNARDO’S HOMES are in real and urgent need of help to support their great family of 9,400 Orphan and Destitute Children, Can you please help them at a time of heavy burden-bearing? Cheques and Orders may be sent to the President, the Duke of Somerset, or to the Honorary Director, Mr. William Baker, M.A., LL.B., at Head Offices; 18 to 26, Stepney Causeway, London, B, Scientific Certainties. THE * Allenburys” Foods are based on scientific certainties. Used as directed, they are exactly what a baby needs to develop into a healthy and robust child. ‘The ‘Allenburys” Foods are easily assimilated; digestive and kindred disorders are avoided by their use. Infants fed on these Foods are neither fretful nor wakeful. MILK FOOD No. 1. MILK FOOD No. 2. MALTED FOOD No. 3. From birth to3 months. From 3 to 6 months. From 6 months upwards The “Allenburys” Foods Pamphlet on Infant Feeding and Management Free. [May 20, 1917, ROBINSON $$ we §RISH LINE CLEAVER’S 8 Irish Linen Handkerchiefs, No. 27.—Ladies’ all-linen hemstitched, American size about ins. square), with }-in. hem, 5/3 per dozen. ( 18 No. 10.—Ladies’ linen Initial Handkerchiefs, with initia] centred into wheatear and butterfly design, 7/11 per dozen. No. 20.—Gentlemen’s cambric Handkerchiefs, ta borders, about 21 ins. square, 5/3 per dozen. ro © ong No. 60.—Gentlemen’s Initial Handkerchiefs, pure linen fine} hemstitched, about 19} ins. square, with -in. hem, 8/6 per dan Irish Collars and Shirts. “Castie” Collars, linen faced, single shapes, 4/11, shapes, 5/11 per dozen. ; /M1, double ““Matchiess” Shirts, with four-fold fronts and cuffs, for dress or day wear, each 5/11. on orden of ROBINSON & CLEAVER, | jicrist, £1 and upwards, 4, P, DONEGALL PLACE, Ltd., free on request, LONDON. BELFAST. LIVERPOOL, — SOCIETY OF FRIENDS, The SWARTHMORE LECTURE, 1911, WILL BE GIVEN BY THOMAS HODGKIN, D.C.L, (Author of “Italy and Her Invaders,” &c.), ON “HUMAN PROGRESS AND THE INWARD LIGHT; at the FRIENDS’ MEETING HOUSE, BISHOPSGATE, E.0, On Tuesday, May 23rd, 1g11. The Chair will be taken at 7.30 p.m. by JOAN MARY FRY. Doors open at 7 p.m. Proceedings close at 8.45 p.m. ADMISSION FREE, CORONATION BIBLES AND PRAYER BOOKS. Inspection is invited of a UNIQUE SELECTION of CORONATION BIBLES and PRAYER BOOKS also of the LARGEST and most complete collection of RELIGIOUS PICTURES. 28 Margaret Street, Oxford Circus, W. THE NATIONAL SERVICE LEAGUE (A Strictly Non-Party Organisation). President - FIELD-MARSHAL EARL ROBERTS, V.C., K.G. OBJECTS OF THE LEAGUE.—To secure the peace and safety of the Country and the Empire, and improve the moral and physical condition of the peopie by bringing about the adoption of Universai Military Training for Home Defence TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION, LIFE PAYMENTS, 2 s. d. | «. 25 0 O| Members ose eee ANNUAL PAYMENTS, —— Fl 0 | Associates, with Literature 1 0} on 2at Hon. Vice-Presidents oo 1010 0 Hon. Vice-Presidents embers am on ese and Journal ... on 0506 The Subscription of Ladies and Members of the Territorial Force is at hall rates, except in the case of subscriptions of Associates. BRANCHES IN EVERY PART OF THE UNITED KIKQDOM Cofone! W. Jv. B. BIRD, Secretary. Offices: 72 VICTORIA STREET, WESTMINSTER, S.W. Messrs. SOTHERAN’S WEST-END HOUSE IS NOW IN ENLARGED PREMISES AT 43 PICCADILLY, W. (Opposite PRINCE’S HALL.) BOOKS, ENGRAVINGS AND AUTOGRAPHS Valued for Probate; Bought for Cash. Telegraphic Address: Bookmen, London on View; Telephone: Mayfair 3601. ALLEN & HANBURY’S Ltd., Lombard Street, lt d BAILEY’S.. TURNSTILES PUBLIC CLOCKS WATCHMEN’S “TELL-TALES,” TIDE, PRESSURE, AND OTHER RECORDERS, &c. Sie W. H. BAILEY & CO., Ltd. Albion Works, Satrorp. FURNITURE FOR CASH Lowest prices. Wm. SPRIGGS & Co. tt 238-241 Tottenham Court Road, W. One of the largest Stocks in London. Pate =

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BS F = Ir ae* EN) NENA PAGER TEE = May 20, 1911.] THE SPECTATOR 783 Messrs. CONSTABLE and Co., Ltd., WILL PUB- LISH NEXT WEDNESDAY (May 24), the authorised transiation from the German of the personal reminiscences of RICHARD WAGNER, in two yolumes, with Frontispiece Portraits, 31s. 6d. net, entitled : MY LIFE RICHARD WAGNER The greatest interest attaches to this auto- biography, mow published for the first time, and to prevent delay and disappointment orders should be placed immediately with booksellers and circulating libraries. SIR WILLIAM BUTLER. 16s. net. An Autobiography SIR FREDERICK HAINES. 10s. 6d. net. Robert S. Rait THE DIGRESSIONS OF V. 21s. net Elihu Vedder THE WORLD OF DREAMS 7s. 6d. net Havelock Ellis JHE CORNER OF HARLEY STREET 4s. 6d. net Peter Harding, M.D. DIMINUTIVE DRAMAS 4s. 6d. net Maurice Baring SIXTINE ROME 7s. 6d. net J. A. F. Orbaan SHEPHERDS OF BRITAIN 7s. 64d. net Adelaide Gosset ADVENTURE, SPORT AND TRAVEL ON THE TIBETAN STEPPES 16s. net W. N. Fergusson THE DOCTOR’S DILEMMA 6s. Bernard Shaw ACROSS the ROOF of the WORLD 16s. net P. T. Etherton New ve Fiction Horace Caradoc (New Author) GEOFFREY SANCLAIR Hector Munro (New Author) MRS. ELMSLEY W. E. Norris VITTORIA VICTRIX Mrs. George Wemyss PEOPLE OF POPHAM London: 10 ORANGE STREET, W.C. HATCHARDS, Booksellers. A FAMOUS SHOP Established 1783. THE RESORT OF THE FASHIONABLE WORLD FOR A HUNDRED YEARS 187 PICCADILLY, LONDON, W. Bes BARGAI NS.—N: ash Mansions of England in the Olden Times, 4 vols., folio, 1869, scarce, £6 68.; Geo. Eliot’s Novels, 21 .€d., for 35s. ; Stein’s Sand Buried Buins of Then 7s, 6d., for 4s. 6a. ; ‘Gc yuld, 8s. 64., for 3s.; Vern m Lee’ s Studies 18th os « hildren’ s Encycl opeedia, § vols., 45s. net.; Jewitt’s £. 0d., for 30s, ; Harmsworth Hist. of the World, lssays, 3 vols., 218. ; Capart, Primitive Art in Egypt, osticism, 10s. 6d. ; ; Benn’s Gr ek Philosophers, 2 vols., 1 sophy of the Unce mnscic ous, 3 vols., 2ls.; Jowett's Plato, 5 Is,, 2 te’s Plato, 8 vole, 388. 6d. List of P hilosophical Books on application.— BAKER R's S$ GREAT BOOKSHOP, John Bright St., Birmingham. BY )OKS WANTED :—Strickland’s Queen; Mommsen’s e; Delany Autobiography; D’Arblay’s Diary; "Carlyle’s Works, St vols.; Shakespeare, edited Singer or Valpy; Aldine Poets, 53 vols.; Alice in Wonderland, 19865 or 1866; any books il ustrated by Alken, Rowlandson Beardsley, , Leec! h, ete. HEC TOR'S GREAT BOOKSHOP, BIRMINGHAM. HAVE YOU A BOOKPLATE? We can design and engrave a bookplate to incorporate your own ideas, crest motto, ete. Artistic and original work, from 17s. 6d, Specimens sent free. Henry G. Ward, 49 Gt. Port land Street, London, W. Scale of Charges for Hdvertisements. ——_>_—_ Ovrsipe Pace (when —— Fourtern Guineas. SD ios scninnsascrets teamactintae £12 12 Narrow Column(T hird of Page)@s H Hali-Page (Column) .. 6 6 0 Half Narrow Column ........c00 H Quarter-Page (Haif-Co inmn) 330 Narrow Column sess ; Column, two-thirds oe of page, £8 8 0 Compantzs. Outside Page ......c.sesscecsesses ee ie 0 | Inside Page .....scssssssesecesesees £1414 0 Five Line 8 (45 Words) and underin broad column (half-width), 5s.; and 1s,a line for every additional line (containing on an average twelve words), Narrow column, one-third width of page, 8s. an inch, Broad column, half-width of page, 12s. an inch, Across two narrow columns, two-thirds width of err, 16s. an inch, Broad column following ‘‘ Publications of the W 15s, an inch, Interesting Announcement Having acquired on most advan- tageous terms a large quantity of superior Secondhand and Antique Furniture, we are offering same at prices which should not only appeal to our private customers, but to merchants, shippers, and visitors from abroad. In addition to a large selection of old oak we have purchased a vast assortment of high-class Secondhand Furniture in Old- world Styles. Owing to the varied nature of the stock no catalogue will be issued. ONLY ADDRESS: STORY & TRIGGS, Limited, 152-154-156 Queen Victoria Street, LONDON, E.C. WATCHES Precision and Quality LIKE THOSE MADE BY J. W. BENSON, LTD, ARE A PURCHASE FOR A LIFETIME, BENSON’S WATCHES contain Improve- ments all conducing to that Accuracy, Durability, and Inexpensive upkeep which should be the main features in Watch work, and no other firm can equal them. Sold at strictly moderate prices for Cash, or on “The Times” System of MONTHLY PAYMENTS of £1 and upwards. Owners write that the £25 “Field,” £20 “ Ludgate,” and £15 “ Bank” Watches are of “ INCOMPARABLE EXCELLENCE.” Selections of goods will be sent to intending buyers al our Risk and Expense. IMastrated Books post free. No. 1 of Watches, from $2 to £1,000, Rings (with size card, Gc.), No. 2 of Clocks, &mpire Plate, Dressing Cases, &c. J. W. BENSON, LTD. FACTORY: 62 & 64, LUDGATE HILL, E.C., AND Displayed Advertisements according to space, Terms; net, 25, OLD BOND STREET, W.

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784 THE SPECTATOR. [May 20, 191) THE NELSON LIBRARIES New Volumes Just Ready. THE AMATEUR POACHER. By Richard Jefferies. THE CIFT. By S. Macnaughtan. SELECTIONS FROM EDMUND BURKE. UCENIE GRANDET. MEMOIRES D’OUTRE-TOMBE. Chateaubriand. - - - . * 1s. net. = ° - - = 7d. net. By J. Buchan. -« = 6d. net. COLLECTION NELSON. Balzao. = - - - ~ - 1s. net. 1s. net, = - - - 1s. net. THE 1911 ENCYCLOPAEDIA. Vol. 5. AT ALL BOOKSELLERS AND BOOKSTALLS. D*NNEFORD’S MAGNESIA. A pure Solution. For Acidity of the Stomach, For Heartburn and Headache, For Gout and Indigestion. Safest and most Effective Aperient for Regular Use, MEDOC. CHAMPAGNE. VIN ORDINAIRE. js" Down: LE DUC & CIE. Pure BORDEAUX, an excellent light Dinner Wine, The quality of this wine will be found equalto 14/6 8/3 wine usually sold at much higher prices. ST. ESTEPHE Superior DINNER WINE, old in bottle, On comparison it be found ve superior to wine usually sold at higher prices. The appreciation this wine meets with rom the constantly increas- ing number of customers it pro- cures us in London and the Provinces, gives us additional con- fidence in submitting it to those who like pure Bordeaux wine, 8 Doren Bottles or 6 Dozen Pints Delivered Carriage Paid to any Railway Station, including Cases and Botiles. All who know these Wines tell us there is no Claret sold in Great Britain to equal them in value, JAMES SMITH AND CO. WINE AND SPIRIT MERCHANTS, LIMITED, LIVERPOOL: 37 North John Street. Lanchester: 26 Market Street. 17/6 9 CREAT SCARCITY OF CHAMPACNE. Vide Morning Post, Feb. 18: ** All round it may be stated the in- erease (in price) is about 30 per cent.” ‘© for DE GREMENAY, 1900 Grand Vin., Extra Sec. 68 /= Per vozen BOTTLES. VEUVE VICTOIRE,1904 Private Cuvee, Extra Dry. 48/-= rer vozen sorries. Two admirable wines bought direct on the French market at low prices—sold to you at low prices. HATCH, MANSFIELD & Co., Ltd. 47 PALL MALL, &.W. Bend for Prize List. SEA AND SUN TOURS TO FR ANCE, SPAIN, PORTUGAL. F PACIFIC LINE TRANSATLANTIC MAIL STRS, ll p4*s ORISSA—(twin screw) 5,359 tons, JUNE Ist. FOR £ 1 0 Return Tickets valid 6 months. LONDON and 32 Cockspur Street, S.W. LIVERPOOL T E PACIFIC STEAM ‘H MANCHESTER | NAVIGATION COMPANY, Illustrated Handbook on Applieation { B.M.S.P.Co.,18 Moorgate Street,E.C., Applications for Copies of the SPECTATOR and Communications upon matters of business should not be addressed to the Epiror, but te the Pusuisuer, 1 Wellington St., Strand Extra quality, 1900 84/- # doz. a ee ss oe «CS There has recently been a very heavy rise in the prices of Champagnes of all the best known brands. Attention is therefore specially called to the above brand as a first-class wine at a moderate price, which will bear critical comparison with any of them. Samples sent at above prices. Carriage paid to any Station in England and Wales on orders of 1 dozen bottles or 2 dozen half-bottles, and upwards. BRIDGES, ROUTH & Co., (ESTABLISHED St. Michael’s House, 1763.) Cornhill, London, EC. Famous Carishad Cure For RHEUMATISM, GOUT, ARTHRITIS, &c., is now within the reach of sufferers IN THIS COUNTRY. Dr. Tyrnauer’s celebrated apparatus for the treatment of these obstinate com- plaints by painless local application of Dry Hot Air IS NOW INSTALLED IN LONDON. Apply for Free Illustrated Prospectus to the Secretary, Carlsbad Electro-Thermal Baths, 13a, Wigmore Street, London, W. Deaf readers are notified that Kroeger's success- ful Electro Chemical Ear Bath can now be obtained only at above address. Full particu- lars free to enquirers, THE UNION BANK OF AUSTRALIA, LIMITED. Established 1837. Incorporated 1880, Paid-up Capital ..,........0-sseseceereeees £1,500,000 —_} Ree £1 un 3330,000 Reserved Liability of Proprietors £3,000,000 HEAD OFFICE: 71 CORNHILL, London, E,O, DRAFTS are GRANTED on the Bank’s Branches throughout the Australian States, and Dominion of New Zealand, TELEGRAPHIC REMITTANCES are also made, BILLS are purchased or sent for collection, DEPOSITS are received for fixed periods, om terms which may be ascertained on application, READING-CASES FOR THE **SPECTATOR.” To hold Six Numbers, price 2s. each. By post, 2s. 3d, May be had by order through any Book- seller or Newsagent, Or at the Office, 1 WELLINGTON STREET, STRAND. ————____ THE “Little Treasure” Series aT. Cloth Boards, 6d. Paper Covers, 4q, A NEW BOOK FOR MOTHERS, KEEPERS AT HOME, By Mrs. THOMPSON. HOLIDAY PLAY GIRLS. a By CONSTANCE E. WAUGH. BEAUTIFUL SEWING. By JOSEPHA CRANE. 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Sls ” > m - -—& SR THE SPECTATOR On May SIst, the low prices at which applications are now being accepted for the new Encyclopeedia Britannica will be withdrawn. With the close of this month there comes to an end a notable offer—notable as representing a delermination to render generally accessible, by means of a low price, a book which appeals to the largest possible circle of readers, No one who is able to read can escape the wish to add to his books, be they few or many, the new edition of the Ency- clopedia Britannica. A compendium of knowledge—prepared on such a scale as adapts it, not to reference only, but also to instruction—is, indeed, the last book in the world that should be set apart for the use of a few. On the other hand, adequately to meet all the demands that may be made upon it, such a book must inevitably be an ex- tensive production, costly to prepare and to bring out. 15/10 for over a million and a half words. In the present case, for example, each of the 28 volumes of text contains over a million and a half words (the equivalent of seven or eight biographies or books of travel sold at 21s. each), and the expenses of preparation and production will not fall far short of £400,000. Its sale, then, at the rate of only 15/10 a volume is a notable and very important feature in the enterprise undertaken by the Cambridge University Press—a feature which claims more attention now that this low rate has but a few days more to run. Notice concerning delivery. The publishers have now nearly completed delivery of the 98 volumes of text to all whose applications had been received at the beginning of this month. As regards delivery to subsequent subscribers, the daily number of orders is now rapidly increasing, and if the increase is maintained at the same ratio (as there is every reason to believe will be the case) the orders will soon account for ail the copies now in course of completion. Towards the end of the month, indeed, applications will be received, probably in thousands, from subscribers who have delayed until the eleventh hour. If you postpone your order until then, you will certainly have to wait for delivery. Whereas, if you give your order THIS WEEK, the pub- lishers will be in a position to send you the 28 volumes of text at an early date, and volume 29 (the Index) not long after- wards. This week, also, those who have not yet seen a copy, should write for the SPECIMEN BOOK, which will enable even a reader who knows nothing whatever about the Encyclopedia Britannica to come fo a satisfactory conclusion as to whether, in his particular case, the work will really prove so valuable an addition to his equipment as it promises to be. As this table of its contents shows, the Specimen Book contains representative articles, or portions of articles, in every domain of knowledge. BIOGRAPHY :—Charles Frederick Worth; Etienne de Silhouette; Jean Martinet; Earl Cardigan; Nietzsche; Chippendale; Napoleon; Camoens; Lord Charles Beres- ford ; Neville (family). GEOGRAPITY :—Fashoda; Fotheringhay; Egbo; Tunis; Tunisia; Australia ; Alps; Polar Regions. HISTORY :—Middle Ages; Battle of Worth; Europe; Feudalism ; Crusades ; Portugal; The United States ; Crypteia; Crete; Persia; Rome; Medal. BOTANY :—Dodder; Sundew; Mushroom; Ranunculus; Ranunculaceae ; Fungi; Plants. BIOLOGY :—Life; Mendelism. ZOOLOGY :— Colours of Animals; Migration; Ornithology; Starfish; Axolotl; Mantis. GEOLOGY :—Geology; Jurassic; Glacial Period; Wealden; Fold; Petrology; Granite; Alexandrite. RELIGION :—Religion; Asceticism; Buddhism; Mystery; Mithras; Bible; Ezekiel; Friends; Vatican Council; Vestments. MEDICINE :—Medicine ; Blood; Joints; Parasitic Diseases; X Ray Treatment; Diphtheria; Chilblain. CHEMISTRY :—Alchemy; Element; Chemical Action; Valency ; Isomerism; Acetylene; Alkali Manufacture. AGRICULTURE AND INDUSTRIES :—Grass and Grass Lands; Reaping; Flourand Flour Manufacture; Adultera- tion; Woollen Manufactures; Cotton; Canvas; Building; Heating; Oil Engine; Power Transmission ; Engine. MATHEMATICS, PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY :— Mathematics ; Probability; Infinitesimal Calculus; Func- tion; Quaternions; Geometry; Matter; Heat; Sky; Atmospheric Electricity; Star; Canis Major; Eclipse; Comet; Jupiter. LAW AND FINANCE :—Flat; Fixtures; Bill of Exchange; Brehon Laws; Costs; Arbitration; Labour Legislation ; Juvenile Offenders; Income Tax; Stock Exchange; Con- tango; Agio. ART AND MUSIC :—Drawing; Sculpture; Roman Art; Tapestry; Lace; Stained Glass; Drinking Vessels ; Jewelry; Desk; Sonata; Sonata Forms; Horn. LITERATURE AND LANGUAGE :—Triolet ; Pantun ; Poetry; Drama; Irony; Vandeville; French Literature; Guenevere; English Language; Basques; Bantu Languages; Philology; Slang; Classics; Z. SPORTS & GAMES:—Horse-Racing; Shooting; Angling; Falconry; Yachting; Fencing; Punt; Bowls; Trente-et- Quarante ; Hop-Scotch; Marbles. There are also extracts from the Index (vol. 29), 13 speci- men plates (one in colours) and plate map. Write for a copy of the Specimen Book, using the form printed below. Teer PPP PC eS et eee rerr rr TTT TTT TTT COREE ERE EE TREE RRO EEE EEE EEE OE EEE E EERE ERE H EO ® THE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS, 135, FETTER LANE, LONDON, E.C. Please send me post free the Specimen Book of the new Encyclopaedia Britannica (11th edition) with full particulars of prices and terms to be withdrawn on May 31st. STORER EOE E EERE HEE EEE EEE TEETH EE EEE TEES EE EE EERE SEES EEE TEETER HEHEHE EEE Ee

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786 THE SPECTATOR. [May 20, 1917 Mr. Edward Arnold's New Books. 4th Impression of Mrs. Crichton’s charming novel of Irish Life. 1 ‘THE SOUNDLESS TIDE By Mrs. F. E. CRICHTON. 6s. “A wholly delightful novel.” —British Weekly. *‘The book is one to be really read and by most people to be really loved.”— Morning Post, JUST PUBLISHED. The End of the Irish Parliament By JOSEPH R. FISHER. 1 vol. 10s. 6d. net. A CENTURY OF EMPIRE (1801-1900) By the RT. HON. SIR HERBERT MAXWELL, Bart. Author of “The Life of Wellington,” &c. 3 Vols. With Photogravure Portraits. 14s. net each Vol. * Sir Herbert Maxwell’s third volume completes a piece of historical writing that ought to make a wide appeal by its literary charm, its concentration upon essentials, and its manifestations of a stable, firm, and yet incisive judgment.”’ —Pall Mall Gazette, WEEK-DAY POEMS By HUGH OWEN MEREDITH, formerly Fellow of King’s College, Cambridge. §&s. net. ACROSS THE BRIDGES A Study of Sceial Life in South London. By ALEXANDER PATERSON. With Preface by the Bishop of SOUTHWARK. 6s. [2nd Impression “Tt is a book that every M.P., every county and town councillor, everyone who plays or aspires to play any part in public life, ought to be compelled to read several times over.’’—Daily Mail. London: Edward Arnold, 41 & 43 Maddox Street, W. From Wells Gardner, Darton&Co.’s List A New Series of Copyright Novels. THE WHITE LIBRARY. 1s © each, cloth, gilt back. 1. A PRINCESS OF THE GUTTER. By L. T. Meape. (Ath Edition.) 2. THREE GIRLS IN A FLAT. By Ernen F. Heppue. . (3rd Edition.) 3. MARY GIFFORD, M.B. By L. T. Meape. In this new form the books are conveniently light for the pocket, well printed and bound, in @yle fit for inclusion in any bookcase, The first three volumes are now ready, and will be followed at intervals by others. THE BALL AND THE CROSS. By G. K. Cuestrrrton. Second Issue. Price 6s. * Far more good solid work than in any of Mr, Chesterton's previous essays in fiction.”"—Pall Mall Gazette. ** Mr. Chesterton has done nothing else so good.’’"—Morning Leader, THE DOG LOVER’S BOOK. Pictured by Epwiy Nostz, R.B.A. With Preface by Masor Ricuarpson. Cloth 15s. net. Beautifully illustrated in colours produced by chromo-lithography, besides numerous small illustrations in black and white, and a diagram of the com- parative sizes of dogs, “The most delightful book on ‘man’s best friend’ that we have seen this many a year. A most original and scholarly account of the different breeds of watch dogs, sporting dogs, and house dogs, with a fund of by no means hackneyed anecdote, and a leavening of humour throughout.’”’—Morning Post, THE SLOWCOACH. By E. V. Lucas. Illustrated in colours by M. V. Wuertnovss. Cloth 6s. All those who are making plans for their holidays should read the caravan erperiences through some of the counties of England in Mr, Lucas’ fascinating volume, “A most delightful story, and we recommend it with all our heart.”"—Spectator, An Outdoor Book for Boys. A BOOK OF DISCOVERIES. By Joun Maserietp. Author of “Caprarin Maraarer,” &c. Profusely illustrated by Gorpon Brown, R.I. Cloth 6s. No boy after reading this most interesting volume can fail to make use of his powers of observation to read in the present the history of the past. “It contains a wealth of information on all sorts of subjects that the boy wants to know about. It is indeed a delightful volume.’’—Truth. WELLSGARDNER, DARTON, & Co., Ltd.,3and 4, Paternoster Buildings, E.C., and 44 Victoria Street, London, S.W. HEINEMANN'S NOVEIs Crown 8vo. 6s. each. BURNING DAYLIGHT By JACK LONDON. THE MAGIC OF THE HILL By DUNCAN SCHWANN. ACCOUNT RENDERED E. F. BENSON. THE PATRICIAN- - JOHN CALSWORTHy JANE OGLANDER - Mrs. BELLOC LOWNDES THE BREAD UPON THE WATERS CEORCETTE ACHEW THE HOUSE OF BONDAGE 6. ¢. COMPTON THE WHITE PEACOCK (2nd Imp) D. H. LAWRENCE N.B.—The latest volumes in Mr. Heinemann’s New Series of 1s, and 28, net Fiction are (1) ‘The Red Badge of Courage,” by Stephen Crane (1g, net); (2) “A Ship of Solace,” by Eleanor Mordaunt (28. net); “The Gift of the Gods,” by Flora Annie Steel (2s. net). —$—$$$___ HEINEMANN’S NEW BOOKS ART IN FRANCE By LOUIS HOURTICQ. Profusely Mlustrated with Photo graphs and in Colour. Crown 8vo. 6s. net. This is the third volume of the series “ Ars Una Species Mille,” which ia their entirety will constitute a history of art in all countries, MEMORIES OF A MANAGER By DANIEL FROHMANN. Crown 8vo, Illustrated, 5s. net, Mr. Frohmann has managed for nearly every eminent actor and actress, THE FASTING CURE By UPTON SINCLAIR. Crown 8vo, 2s. 6d. net, THE GREAT ILLUSION By NORMAN ANGELL. 2s. 6d. net. This great “Peace ’’ book is now in its Fifth Edition, THE HEART OF THE ANTARCTIC By SIR E. SHACKLETON, C.V.0. Popular Edition. 6s. net, The race to the South Pole can be easily followed and enjoyed by reading this book now issued in popular form. London: WM, HEINEMANN, 21 Bedford Street, W.C. NOW READY. ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT BOOKS OF THE CENTURY The Censored Plays of Brieuz. 5s, net, postage 4d, THREE PLAYS BY BRIEUX THE PREFACE BY BERNARD SHAW Crown 8vo, buckram, 380 pages in all, with a 45-page preface by Bernard Shaw, and a photogravure portrait of Brieux. Long reviews of this notable book are appearing in every important journal. The Times, Daily Teiegraph, Pail Mall Gazette, Nation, Daily News, Evening News, Evening Standard, Sunday Times, The Star, The Globe, The Scots- man, The Daily Chronicle have already discussed it at length Mr. W. L. Courtney says (in Daily Telegraph) :—‘ They are certainly not meat for babes; but then, there is no reason why they should be. . . Every where we sce Brieux, the moralist, enforcing his lesson with obstinate didacticism, bringing to the light of day hidden evils, and exposing the cancerous sores which are eating out the health of the community.” The Pall Mall Gazette says :—‘‘ It is a good thing to have these plays in honest English translations. . . . They are, of course, among the most moral plays ever written, and all honour is due to M. Brieux for having tackled such subjects with so much courage. . . . Their circulation in book-form among thinking men and women cannot fail to be beneficial.” The Globe says :— No one of intelligence who reads these plays but will be better for so doing. . . . ‘Damaged Goods’ treats a vitally serious subject with tremendous power and unanswerable logic.” Mr. W. H. Massrvanam says (in The Nation) :—‘I should not like to take the responsibility of advising fathers and mothers and fairly intelligent sons and daughters to eschew them... . No thinking person can help reading them, or can be otherwise than unhappy in doing so.” Mr. R. A. Scorr-James says (in Daily News) :—‘ Mr, Shaw is surely right ia urging that matters of such tremendous importance ought not to be hushed up because they are unpleasant, but that, on the contrary, everyone ought to be forewarned. . . . To shirk Brieux is to shirk vitally important facts modern life.” 5s. not, Aft all good booksellers and libraries. 6S. net. LONDON : A. ©. FIFIELD, 13 CLIFFORD’S INN, E.G

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z= wn Slim ar re a res & soo" = - we” a _- _—— ss Ff “ May 20, 191 1.J THE SPECTATOR. 787 ——————————— Messts. HODDER & STOUGHTON announce the publication of Dr. JEAN CHARCOT'S extraordinarily fresh and vivid journal of his second great Polar Expedition. The volume is very handsomely produced with a great number of illustrations from photo- graphs, and is issued under the title of “* The Voyage of the ‘Why-Not?” in the Antarctic.” The great drama of Polar expedition gains immensely from the truthful and unstudied nature of the author’s method of narrative. The Royal Geographical Society has recently awarded its highest mark of honour in a Gold Medal to Dr. Jean Charcot for his two expedi- tions in Polar Regions. Jllustrated. 20/- net. THE VOYAGE of the ‘WHY-NOT 2° in the ANTARCTIC By Dr. JEAN CHARCOT HODDER & STOUGHTON, Publishers, Warwick Sq., London, E.C, VOL, II, JUST ISSUED. A HISTORY OF PAINTING By HALDANE MACFALL, With an Introduction by FRANK BRANGWYN. To be Completed in Eight Volumes. Illustrated with Two Hundred Reproductions in Colour of the World's most Famous Pictures. Vol.1. The Renaissance in Central Italy 2. The Renaissance in Venice A.M 3. The Later Italians and the Genius of Spain 4. The Renaissance in the North and the Flemish Genius (A4/ay) 5. The Dutch Genius (/June) 6. The French Genius (/udy) 7. The British Genius (Axg.) 8. The Modern Genius (Sef#.) “The History of Painting” is issued in sets in eight volumes, handsomely bound in cloth at 7/6 net per volume. The work is also issued as a series of Volumes which may be purchased separately. The binding of this series differs somewhat from the binding of the sets, but the price is the same, A FEW OF THE EARLIER NOTICES: “ Messrs. T. C. & E. C. Jack have gone far to revolutionize the publishing of art books in their now famous series of illustrated monographs on great artists, but surely in Macfall’s ‘History of Painting’ they have excelled themselves. x Tolstoy realised, perhays before any other artist, and Macfall in his ‘History of Painting’ shows, how this social view of art works in the realm of Pictures,”—Black and White, be No other book that I know of has been produced in such style, with such ilustrations, for less than a guinea,... Thereis no dryasdust work here, but a living story which enables us to live in these vanished centuries and to realice What the waster spirits of the time felt and tried to paint of the genius of their age.”"— Review of Reviews, “The repreductions of the world’s masterpieces in colour are altogether adnirable.”—Graphic, = Let it be said at once that he who buys the eight volumes of this ‘ History of P ainting’ will possess a fearless, independent, picturesque account of Painting, well planned, well printed and illustrated, with 200 plates in colour.” ~The Daily Chronicle. “Mesars. Jack have done more than any other single firm to elevate the three-colour branch of illustrating to a worthy position.”— Weekly Times, london : T. C, & E. C. JACK. 16 Henricita Street, W.C.. and Edinburgh, Messrs. Hutchinson & Go.’s New Books THIS DAY FROM RHODESIA TO EGYPT By THEO, KASSNER, F.R.G.S. In cloth gilt and gilt top, 12s. 6d. net, with 107 Illustrations on Art paper and three maps. The book comprises a description of a journey on foot through Eastern Congo and parts of German and British East Africa. Mr, Kassner tells of his adventures with the native races generally. including some of the cannibal tribes. He also gives an account of the wild animals he encountered, and he includes a graphic description of an ascent of Mount Ruwenzorie. At all Libraries By I. A. TAYLOR In cloth gilt and gilt top, 12s. 6d. net, with 13 Illustrations, “There was room for a new Life of Mme. Roland, She is, next to Marie Antoinette, the most interesting of the women who lost their lives in the Terror. Miss Taylor writes brightly and knows her period.” The Times 4th Large Edition A DIPLOMATIST’S WIFE IN MANY LANDS By Mrs. HUGH FRASER In 2 vols., cloth gilt and gilt top, 24s. net, with IMlustrations. *No book is more likely to be read and discussed during the present season, and none will more amply repay both study and discussion.” Daily Telegraph Hutchinson’s New 6s. Novels By the Author of “Captain Desmond, V.C.” LILAMANI By MAUD DIVER ** Well written and interesting throughout. For the charm of the tale and the skill of its telling we can cordially recommend it.’’ Daily Telegraph By the Author of “The Blue Lagoon” THE SHIP OF CORAL By H. DE VERE STACPOOLE The Times says:—“ While dreaming out the vivid, beautifn] romance con tained in ‘ The Ship of Coral,’ Mr. H. de Vere Stacpoole has dipped once more into the inexhaustible treasure of tropic light and colour which yielded him so much in ‘The Blue Lagoon.’ Fora few chapters a breathless air of suspense broods over a lonely coral reef. If anyone holds his breath with anxiety here, well and good ; but if anyone dares to glance at the last pages before their turn, he is unworthy of the beauty in store for him, and should have the book suatched from his band,” *."2nd Large Edition At Press By the Author of “The Bar Sinister” THE HAND OF VENUS By J. MORGAN DE GROOT “The idea is well worked out, most of the charactersin the book are exceed- ingly well done, and the various situations are cleverly handled. The story absorbs the reader's attention and keeps it closely to the end.’” The World “ Will be one of the greatest and best novels of the year” MRS. THOMPSON By W. B. MAXWELL * Admirable, truly admirable, and full of exquisite pleasure, holding the reader in the closest thrall. It is the tale of a grand, a splendid woman. We do not think that there is much doubt vut that ‘Mre. Thompson’ will be one of the greatest and best novels of the year.” Daily Telegraph By the Author of “The Elusive Pimpernel” (215th Thousand) A TRUE WOMAN By BARONESS ORCZY * Baroness Orczy has handled her complicated plot with great skill, ingenuity and dramatic effect.” The Times THE PRINCESS OF NEW YORK Cosmo Hamilton SOME HAPPENINGS OF CLENDALYNE Dorothea Conyers Theodora W. Wilson G. B. Burgin E. M. Channon Jane Barlow MOLL O’ THE TOLL BAR THE VISION OF BALMAINE THE REAL MRS. HOLYER MAC’S ADVENTURES London: HUTCHINSON & CO.

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788 THE SPECTATOR. [May 20, 1911, Messrs. LONGMANS & Co’s NEW LIST | MARTIN SECKER’S Books “The Perfect Sportsman.”—THE TIMES. “ The great book of the year.’’—DAILY MAIL. KING EDWARD VII. AS A SPORTSMAN. By ALFRED E. T. WATSON. With Contributions by Captain the Hon. Sir Seymour Fortescue, C.M.G., K.C.V.0., the Marquess of Ripon, G.C.V.0., Lord Walsingham, Lord Ribblesdale, and Others. With 10 Plates in Colour, and 92 other Dlustrations. 8vo. Price ONE CUINEA net. (Inland Postage 6d.) **As an historical record of the outdoor life of a great King it possesses & permancnt value that cannot be too strongly emphasized.”—Daily Telegraph. *,* Prospectus with Illustrations sent on Application. MR. LANG’S “BALLADES” AND “RHYMES A LA MODE.” These two volumes, hitherto published at 5s. each, are now reprinted in one volume of LONGMANS’ POCKET LIBRARY. Cloth 2s. net; leather, 3s. net. (Inland postage 3d. each). [On Monday nezt. The Imperial Conference. A History and Study. By Ricnarp Jess. 2vols. S8vo. 25s. net. [Inland Postage, 6d. This is the only book extant which tells the whole story of THE IMPERIAL CONFERENCE, its origin, growth, and work; its past five sessions ; what it has done about PREFERENCE, DEFENCE, FOREIGN AFFAIRS, ALL- RED ROUTE, EMPIRE CABLES, EMIGRATION, COURT OF APPEAL, ADVISORY COUNCIL, and all the other Subjects which are now coming up again, British Dominions: their present Com- mercial and Industrial Condition. A Series of General Reviews for Business Men and Students. By the Right Hon. ALFRED LYTTELTON, M.P., Sir EDMUND WALKER, Sir GEORGE REID, Sir WALTER HELY-HUTCHINSON, &c. Edited by W. J. ASHLEY, M.A., Hon. Ph.D. Berlin, Professor of Commerce in the University of Birmingham, Crown 8vo. 6s. 6d. net. Inland postage 4d. [On Monday nezt, *,* The Lectures contained in this book were delivered before the University of Birmingham during the last winter. SECOND IMPRESSION NOW READY. The Life of George Joachim Coschen, FIRST VISCOUNT GOSCHEN. By the HON. ARTHUR ELLIOT. With Portraits and other Illustrations. 2vols. 8vo. 25s. net. [Inland Postage 64. “* This is a fine biography of a fine character and noble servant of England: -++ Heis fortunate in his biographer. Mr, Elliot has done his work with tact and skill.”"—Daily Mail. ** This is a book which all serious politicians must read and will take pleasure in reading.’’— Westminster Gazette. Big-Game Shooting in Upper Burma. Ry Major G. P. EVANS, Indian Army. With a Glossary of Burmese Words, and a Map and Photographs from the Author's Collection of Trophies. 8vo, 7s. 6d. net. [On Monday net. On Marriage, Totemism, and Religion. A Reply to Critics. By Lord AVEBURY. Crown 8vo. 4s. 6d. net. [On Monday nezt. NEW NOVEL BY MRS. WILFRID WARD. THE JOB SECRETARY: An Impression. By MRS. WILFRID WARD. Crown 8vo, 4s. 6d. [Inland Postage 4d. LONGMANS, GREEN & CO., 39 Paternoster Row, London, E.C “SPECTATOR.” THE Terms of Subscription, . PayaBLe iy ADVANCE, Yearly. ratty, Quarterly, Including postage to any part of the United EE IE Se Rae GH 8 Cun OM 3.8 F 8 Including postage to any of the British Colonies, America, France, Germany, India, China, Japan, &C, ....ccccccsererseseeeeee fg pane 016 3.0 8 2 1 Wetireton Srreet, Strayp, Lonpox, Mary Wollstonecraft A STUDY IN ECONOMICS AND ROMANCE, G. R. STIRLING TAYLOR. With Portraits in Photogravure. Demy 8vo. 17s. 6d. net, Manchester Guardian.—‘‘The book really rises to a hi Taylor has written at once justly and sympathetically of ae hist, Mr. Godwin’s wife. It isa combination by no means easy here. The book j “ a ~~ el — and aa ap 4 oy are excellent.” auy Dutlook.—* e circumstances of her career are set fort! Taylor’ able and eminently readable biography with fulness and iusighe The a in which he has developed the personality of his subject upon the bac of biographical fact is extremely skilful and the book is not a negligible one,” Graphic.—* To the unfolding of the tragedy the writer has developed a ful study of fact, much insight, and an attractive way of handling his gui —_ In short, this eighteenth century prophet is fortunate in her new biographer,” Leaders of the People STUDIES IN DEMOCRATIC HISTORY FROM THE TWELFTH CENTURY TO THE TIME OF THE CHARTISTS. JOSEPH CLAYTON. With many interesting Portraits in Photogravure and Half-tong, Demy 8vo. 12s. Gd. net. Spectator.—** Not the least of the services rendered by Mr. Clayton's book lg the light thrown on characters of whom ordinary histories tell us little, Such a soapee Winstanley, the ‘George’ of his time, and John Lilburne the eveller.”” Nation.—* Mr. Clayton’s most interesting volume. ... An inspiring book,” Standard,—“ Mr, Clayton's scholarly volume.”’ — Bookman.—" A subject that was well worth the handling,” The Linleys of Bath CLEMENTINA BLACK, Medium S8vo. Price 16s. net. The volume of memoirs which Miss Clementina Black has prepared deals with a family group, al! the members of which were personally interesting, and several of whom were closely connected with the social and theatrical life of the latter half of the eighteenth century. Both in Bath and in London the family’s circle of friends was an interesting one, and many well-known names appear in the various letters. One series of these, which are now published for the first time, contains the history of the courtship of Miss Jane Linley (whe married in the year 1800), and presents a vivid picture of social and family life from the point of view of a young lady in the days of Jane Austen. As, in addition to writing good letters, the family had a habit of sitting for good portraits, their features have been recorded by Reynolds, Gainsboro Lawrence, Westall and Cosway, and the volume is amply illustrated nearly a score of paintings reproduced in photogravure and half-tone, A pros pectus will be seut upon application, Some Eccentrics and a Woman LEWIS MELVILLE, Demy Svo. 10s. 6d. net. Mr. Lewis Melville, in his new book, introduces many statesmen, wits and dandies of the time when George IV., as Prince of Wales, was Regent, He shows us the dandies in their habit as they lived, and we are presented with pen-portraits of many of the leading bucks, both those whose fame has coms down to the present day and those who are now but little more than s nama, Sterne’s Eliza is one of Mr. Melville’s subjects, and that brilliant madmaa, Philip, Duke of Wharton, is another. There are many interesting portraits ia the book, and the frontispiece is a facsimile reproduction in coloured collotype of one of Richard Deighton’s famous caricatures. D’Eon De Beaumont HIS LIFE AND TIMES. HOMBERG and JOUSSELIN. With many Ilustrations. Demy 8vo. 10s, 6d. net. Leader.—“'The story as here told is a piece of serious minor history, net a mere popular book-making effort.” Z i , Birmingham Post.—“ Their book is a serious historical study, as well a a romantic piece of biography.” SECOND EDITION. People and Questions , G S. STREET. Wide crown 8vo. 5s, net. No one should miss Mr. G. 8. Street’s delightful book, which is one of the successes of the season. ‘‘ We welcome a volume of essays,” says the a 4 News, “‘not topical in the narrow sense, but o— ——_ and actual. We welcome, too, the work of a writer who has a scholarly sense for words, and allows himself—and us—the luxury of a literary conscience. M Post singles out for special praise “the fine appreciations of Lord Randé Churchill, Haydon the painter, and Oscar Wilde, They are all three brilliant, eloquent and sympathetic.” Old English Houses THE RECORD OF A RANDOM ITINERARY. ALLAN FEA. With a Frontispiece in Photogravure of Creslow Manor House, Buckinghamshire, and over 100 photographs. Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net. Daily Telegraph.— The author shows his readers where they may see delightful and interesting old mansions, many of those picturesque homes of England which have largely withstood not only the hand of but also the desolating finger of improvement; and he has supplemented text with upwards of a hundred beautiful photographs,” NUMBER FIVE JOHN STREET, ADELPHI, LONDON a1]

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“PS RR Pr May 20, 1911.] THE SPECTATOR, 789 Macmillan’s New Books. New and Cheaper Edition in One Volume, Modern Egypt. By THE EARL OF CROMER. With Portrait and Map. 8vo. 7s. 6d. net. Volume il. Just Publishod. The Herkomers. by Sir HERKOMER, C.V.O., R.A., D.C.L. LL.D., &e. trations. In2vols. Vol. II. 8vo, 7s. 6d. net, Previously published : Vol. I. 7s. 6d. net. MAURICE HEWLETT. The Agonists. A Trilogy of God and Man (Minos King of Crete. Ariadne in Naxos. The Death of Hippolytus) by MAURICE HEWLETT, Author of “The Forest Lovers,” &e. Crown 8vo, 4s. 6d. net. Lollardy and the Reformation in England. An Historical Survey. By JAMES GAIRDNER, C.B., LL.D., D.Litt. Vol. III. 8vo. 10s. 6d. net. ** Previously published: Vols. I. and II. 21s. net. [ Tuesday. The Religious Experience of the Roman People from the Earliest Times to the Age of Augustus. The Gifford Lectures for 1909-10, delivered in Edinburgh University. By W. WARDE FOWLER, M.A. S8vo. 12s. net. [ Tuesday. 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