The Spectator 1895-06-01: Vol 74 Iss 3492

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The

Spectator . FOR THE WEEK ENDING SATURDAY, JUNE 1, 1895. hag a AS A) Price.........63. NEwsrarer, Br Post, 6}d.

No. 8,492.] 737 Glorifying the Slipshod Life ...... 752 bs Wax -—- a pi eceieneseorensanatebe = "‘Zorics— . A Dog-Story..........ccccssees cove 258 Brepplng te Taam reno 740| A Duck Navigator sccsccscccsnsss 752 Mr. Morley's Avowals .....+.++ se 742] Portrr— The True Antidote for Radicalism 743 | ‘The Minuet-Dancer sssssssessessse 752 The Celebration at Kiel .....+..+4 Lr Poni Ngo tax’s Bill wscsosencsnea 745| The Academy.—IV. Pictures...... 753 ish Pride ......00+ 746 | Booxs— 4 Dathdsy Hononrs... s» 747] Mr. Eecott on Lord Randolph The London Wood-Pigeo ie ae GPRITIINEIIIED os aitua siciaccha<codcessébacces 754 The TempleGardens Flower-Show 749| Prince Henry the Navigator ...... 755 CoRRESPONDENCE— The Theory of Chess... 756 How the Irish Land os Affects Fa Aye _ War... pod to Tenants’ Improve- reek Sculpture aime 75 ene ie . John Greenleaf Whittier. 760 Gerrers 10 THE EpIToR— : OURRENT LITERATURE wes.cssseceseeseee 761 Te ee Sone Sr hot 731 | PUBLICATIONS OF THE WEEE ...... 763 Brotherless WOMEN aiccccreccseeerees 752 | ADVERTISEMENTS .....cccceeseeeees 764-772

#,* The Editors cannot undertake to return Manuscript, in any case. — NEWS OF THE WEEK. —_—~——_ Times’ telegram from Kobe announces that the Japanese people are seriously irritated by the conduct of their Government in abandoning the Liau-tung Peninsula; that the Premier, Count Ito, will probably be overthrown; and that it has been found necessary to suppress fifty or sixty vernacular newspapers in a single week. It is not likely that the discontented will attack the authority of the Mikado, which rests upon the traditional belief of the common people that his descent is divine; but the popular anger will compel the Government of Tokio to refuse all further concessions. They are already pressing the Chinese Court about the indemnity; they have despatched an expedition to take possession of Formosa; and they are strengthening their hold upon the administration of Corea. Reports are afloat that the Russians are marching troops into Man- churia, and that the French fleet is watching events in Formosa, with its decks cleared for action; but the certainty that if Japan is further thwarted its Government must declare war or go through a revolution, will tend to sober both Paris and St. Petersburg. No further arrangements have been made about the indemnity; and so faithless are the Chinese, that it is quite possible a Japanese demonstration against Tientsin may be necessary to bring Pekin completely to its senses. It must be remembered, however, that the authority of the Emperor over Southern China is almost nominal, and that Prince Kung and his colleagues may be actually at a loss how to compel their subordinates to carry out the Treaty.

A large portion of the British fleet in the Mediterranean has this week visited Alexandria, and has been received ly the Khedive with every kind of official honour, his Highness himself going on board the ships. Two thousand men from the fleet were landed on May 28th, and marched through Alexandria, ostensibly, to accept an entertainment offered by the Sporting Club, really, to show the populace of the city that British authority is supported by irresistible force. The effect of the demonstration will probably be most pacificatory. Orientals, as a rule, know nothing of the power of a fleet; but the Alexandrians have seen their fortifications blown to pieces, and are painfully aware that if the guns were turned on the city itself, it would in six hours be burned tothe ground. Alexandria is one of the cloacx of the Levant, and the extraordinary mass of ruffians who mix with its quiet Population require not only strict government, but visible proof that successful massacre is physically impossible. We do not believe in terror as an instrument of government ; but there are cities in the world where the visible irresistible- ness of the governing power has a distinctly moralising effect. Calcutta would be civilised if there was only one |

policeman left; but Bombay always needs the gentle influence of gunboats in the harbour. The incident reported from Jeddah on Friday may turn out to be extremely serious. A Consular party was riding on Thursday outside the town, which included the British and Russian Consuls, the British Vice-Consul (an Arab gentleman), and the French Consular Secretary, when they were attacked by Arabs, “supposed to be Bedouins.” The British Vice-Consul was shot dead, the British Consul was wounded, and the French and Russian officials “suffered serious injury.” It is most imprc- bable that Bedouins would commit such an outrage, and we greatly fear the attack was made by fanatics, intent on killing the representatives of the West. In that event it will be most difficult to obtain either justice or reparation, or the needful apologies, and it may be necessary to bombard the towr, asin 1858. There is no more fanatical or wicked population in the world than that of Jeddah, which is composed of men who live by pillaging pilgrims, of agents ef the Arab slave- stealers, and of a residuum deposited by the endless pilgrim stream. It will be well for Lord Rosebery to act quickly, or the French will, and they may perhaps interfere in their operations with the flow of pilgrims from India. On Friday, May 24th, Mr. Balfour made an exceedingly amusing speech to a meeting of the National Union of Conserva- tive Associations, held at Westminster. After alluding to Mr. Haldane’s declaration that the Government’s present majorities were quite sufficient, he remarked that apparently “ man—Gladstonian man—wants but little here below,” and “anless I am greatly mistaken” will not “want that little long.” Mr. Balfour went on to compare the position of the Govern- ment to that of a beginner on the bicycle :—“ You see him pursue a devious and wavering course, shooting to the right, shooting to the left, turning the handles of his machine in frantic agony to escape now a fall on one side, now a fall on the other. You look at him, and you wonder when the catastrophe will actually arise. You cannot prophesy with any assurance; you cannot foresee with security what is the particular obstacle that will finally demolish him, but you see with an absolute assurance that that obstacle cannot be far distant. It may be a Welsh ditch to the right; it may be an Irish bog to the left; or he may tumble over a brewer’s dray coming round the corner.” Clearly Mr. Balfour has himself taken to cycling. In any case, the parallel is most happy, and the brewer’s dray is near at hand. The West Edinburgh election has ended in the return of the Unionist candidate (Mr. MaclIver) by a majority of 708 (for Mr. MaclIver, 3,783; for the Master of Elibank, 3,075), or 196 more than that which Lord Wolmer gained over Mr. T. R. Buchanan in 1892. The Unionist poll was larger by 55 votes than in 1892. On the other hand, the Gladstonians polled 141 fewer votes than in 1892, though according to the local accounts the Master of Elibank made a most favourable personal impression on the Gladstonians of West Edinburgh. The Gladstonians’ discouragement is growing even faster than the Unionists’ popularity. On Tuesday Mr. Chamberlain delivered a brilliant speech at Birmingham on the Unionist position, of which we have given some of the most pungent points in another column. He commented on the great reluctance of the Government

to face a Dissolution, and said that it reminded him of the criminal who was “not in great haste that the show should begin,” and who— “ Now fitted the halter, now traversed the cart, And often took leave, but was loath to depart.”

They did not care to carry unpretending measures which they

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738 THE SPECTATOR. [June 1, 1895, could have carried, but cared much more “to punish some- body than to benefit anybody.” They were losing ground steadily in the country, and dropped with one hand the few votes they had scraped up with the other. Mr. Chamberlain quoted Lord Salisbury’s speech at Bradford to show how heartily the Tory leader supported the Social reforms with which he himself is identified. The Government had done those things which they wished not to do, and had left undone those things which they had specially desired to accomplish ; and as they professed to have been acting from the most un- selfish motives, a grateful country could hardly do better than “relieve them as speedily as possible from an undignified and humiliating situation.” Lord Salisbury made an amusing speech in the Merchant Taylors’ Hall on Tuesday night. He remarked that there had been, century after century, frequent demands, “not entirely of a voluntary character,” made on the Companies’ resources, but no one had threatened their existence. There had, how- ever, been a great improvement on the mode of expressing the simple idea of taking your neighbour’s property without his leave. The old Kings called it “a benevolence;” “ that great man, the ancient Pistol, called it ‘a conveyance,’ but the modern Radical calls it ‘ Unification.’” But whatever it may be called, if what is given is taken without leave, the habit of giving and bequeathing will “disappear.” The great cause of the frequent collapse of municipal Conservatism is, said Lord Salisbury, that the contented electors do not vote, and so it happens that as the constituency becomes less eager and more placid, its representatives, who are returned only by the discontented electors, become less placid and more eager. The desire for Unification, he declared, is only a morbid desire for bigness. May not the advocates for “ Home-rule all round” retort on Lord Salisbury that the Conservatism of the Unionists is the morbid desire for bigness over again P Mr. John orley addressed his constituents at Newcastle- on-Tyne on tue Derby day instead of visiting the racecourse, as some of the evening papers ironically suggested that he had done, or remaining in the House of Commons to give his approval to the principle of Dr. Fox’s County Councils (Ireland) Bill. In his remarkable speech, Mr. Morley was of course very severe on Mr. Chamberlain for having said that they did not know how to govern and did not know how to resign. Whether they knew how to resign or not, they did know, he thought, how to govern; and Mr. Morley pointed proudly to the tranquillity of Ireland on the one hand, and to the adminis- tration of the Factory Acts on the other. He declared that Mr. Chamberlain was holding up and waving the banner of Social Reform “on the box-seat of the brewer’s dray.” Then Mr. Morley made a pun :—“ The curser of what he chooses to call New Liberalism, was himself the precursor.” Mr. Morley was exceedingly wroth at the doctrine that the Government should appeal to the nation to overrule the Irish policy of the House of Lords, before they have done what they wish to do in the way of the futile passing of Bills through the House of Commons. Well, it is a question for them, of course, whether they want to waste time or not. Rut they know that they must waste it by taking no measure to overawe the House of Lords, and they know that if the country is with them they need not waste it, if they take their authority from the country first, and introduce their Bills afterwards. Lord Salisbury’s speech at Bradford he de- nounced as “ vicious and wicked claptrap.” In one part of his speech, Mr. Morley delivered himself of two distinct and, superficially at least, rather inconsistent prophe- cies, the first being that the Welsh Disestablishment Bill and the Irish Land Bill would pass the House of Comtnons “before the beginning of the fourth week in July.” The second was that the Government would push the Local Option, or Veto, Bill on liquor, to its second reading, and would deal with it with an earnest determination to pass it. The only way of reconciling the two prophecies is to assume that the second reading of the Veto Bill will not be taken till August or later, for even Mr. Morley must know that there is a very minute chance of its passing even the House of Commons. And its rejection would of course involve either the resigna- tion of the Ministry, or the Dissolution of Parliament. It is possible, however, that if once the Government has carried Lr the Irish Land Bill, and if once the rejection by the Lords of the Welsh Church Disestablishment Bill-has.filled up “th cup” a little fuller, they may not be indisposed to ride a fall on their very bad and unjust Veto Bill, and to go to the country with the Temperance flag in the front of the battle, Sir Wilfrid Lawson and the enthusiastic teetotalers are ina high fever of excitement at the prospect of a pitched battle on Local Option ; while the Westminster Gazette poses in that. heroic attitude of calm but dignified despair which becomes the good man in adversity awaiting his unmerited fate, ~~ The Anti-Semitic feeling in Vienna has risen to great heights. The Municipal Council has elected the leader of the party Burgomaster of the city, and the mob attacks members known to be friendly to Jewish liberties. The Liberal party in the Cis-Leithan Parliament has been compelled to declare formally that unless such excesses can be prevented, it will retire from the coalition which supports the Government; and there is, according to the Times’ correspondent, serious danger of Parliamentary Government in Austria being made impossible. The Emperor has, accordingly, intervened ; and the Governor of Lower Austria, under his statutory powers, has dissolved the Municipal Council, replacing it by an Imperial Commissioner and thirty assessors, fifteen of whom are Anti-Semites. This arrangement is ostensibly to last only for a few months, but it is so certain that a new municpal election would result in a heavy majority of Anti-Semites, that government from above may last for a considerable period. The party, in truth, unites the more rigid Clericals, now very strong in Austria, with those who detest all capitalists, whether Christian or Jewish. The Queen’s Birthday List of Honours, published in the papers on May 25th, is a long one, but of no unusual interest. There are no peerages or promotions in the peerage, greatly to the delight of those who already enjoy the dignity, and the rewards for the Chitral Expedition are reserved for a special Gazette. Five baronetcies are granted,—to Mr. J. T. Brunner, M.P.; Mr. W. Dunn, MP.; Mr. D. Dale, of Darlington; Mr. R. D. Holt, of Liverpool; and Mr. J. Watson, of Earnock, Lanarkshire,—all men who doubtless deserve them, but who have performed no national} services. The Right Hon. James Stansfeld also accepts a G.C.B., rather, we should fancy, to the surprise of his friends, though he amply deserves that decoration, or any other. An endless list of decorations to members of the Services follows, and there are twelve new knights, among whom the most worthy is Mr. W. H. Russell, the war correspondent, who did so much to rescue the British Army in the Crimea. He ought to have been decorated thirty-nine years ago, the day after the conclusion of peace. The right of actors to be socially recognised is affirmed by the grant of a knighthood to Mr. H. Irving; Mr. W. Besant, the novelist, is made Sir Walter Besant; and Mr. Lewis Morris is also knighted, an excellent selection if it is made because it has been decided that he shall not have the Laureateship. As we have said elsewhere, we regret the new system of deco- rating literary men; but if it is to be adopted, Premiers will have to take more care, and pick out the real chiefs of the corporation. The opening of the Baltic Canal by the German Emperor on June 19th will be one of the grandest maritime spectacles ever witnessed. Great Britain is sending a regular fleet, four gigantic battle-ships, three cruisers, two torpedo- vessels, the Royal yacht, ‘ Osborne,’ and the Admiralty yacht, ‘Enchantress.’ The Austrians send three cruisers, and the French two, besides a battle-ship; the Italians four battle- ships, two cruisers, and three smaller vessels, and the Russians a battle-ship, a cruiser, and an armoured gunboat. The Americans will be present with four cruisers, and Denmark, Norway, Portugal, Roumania, Spain, Sweden, and Turkey will all be represented. Germany, of course, will display a large portion of her fleet, and altogether twenty battle- ships will be present and ninety-six smaller vesce's, most of which latter would, in the first half of the century, have been considered giants. The Daily News, which furnishes the list, justly remarks that no such fleet has ever been collected before; and we trust that the Emperor William II. will constitute himself Admiral-in-Chief for the

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a te i ee ee es ee oO ae ee eee, ee ee, ll, lla eel Um rDhUrhrmrDhlCU rl lULCrrlhlC rh CU] ons awe THE June 1, 1895.] SPECTATOR. 789 Spree days of the celebration. Otherwise there will be trouble about etiquette and heartburnings without number. The object of the mighty gathering is not entirely clear; but one ffect of it will be to warn the new Power in the Far East that Europe is not quite so “ effete” as a Japanese orator recently pronounced her to be. Let us hope there will be no etorm and no collisions, and no speeches liable to miscon- ception. The friends of Local Option held on Saturday, May 25th, in the Albert Hall, a very large and enthusiastic meeting in favour of Sir William Harcourt’s Bill. It is said that ten thousand persons were present, the Hall being filled to euffocation, and that ninety thousand more tickets were applied for. The speeches were not remarkable, the best being that of Sir Wilfrid Lawson, who, however, only agsured his audience that Sir William Harcourt was stanch on the Bill, and intended to fight it through “to the bitter end,”—an odd description of the result which the Chancellor of the Exchequer hopes to attain. This statement of Sir Wilfrid Lawson’s is confirmed from so many sides, that we can only believe it to be true, and that Sir William Harcourt, man of the world as he is, is actually con- vinced that he can persuade a Teutonic race to give up the use of alcohol. Lady Henry Somerset is apparently more doubtfal, for though a strong supporter of the Bill, she was careful to point out “that if the people approved drinking, the new law would be a perfect charter for its perpetual continuance.” Of course it will be, as the friends of tem- perance will soon discover, but we should not have expected this feature of the measure to be its recommendation in the eyes of teetotalers. The General Election in Italy came off on Sunday, and ended, as it was expected to end, in a large majority for the Government, which secures 326 seats out of 508; while Signor Crispi was returned for no less than nine electoral districts. That is conclusive as to the general opinion of Italians; but it is by no means conclusive as to the ability of the Premier to form a stable Administration. The regular method in Italy is for the people to return a majority to support the King’s Government, and for that majority to split into groups, each of which thenceforward sells its support in return for local concessions, or grants towards public works. The Govern- ment, therefore, is nearly as unsafe as in France, and is quite too weak to doanything unpopular. Unfortunately, the thing needed in Italy just now is an unpopular thing,—namely, a large reduction in the overmanned Civil Service, and a still larger one in the expenditure on public works. The friends of “sound money” in America are rapidly organising themselves, and the ideas of the two parties as to the currency are becoming clear. The silver men want silver in unlimited amounts to be made legal tender at a ratio of 16 to1; while the “ sound money ” men advocate the English system,—gold as the only legal tender for large amounts; paper to be convertible on demand into gold, and silver to be legal tender up to about £2. The numbers of the two parties can only be guessed, but the visible signs point to equality, varying greatly, however, according to’ the district. The voting will be exceedingly confused, as the Republican party includes great numbers of “sound money” men; and the Democrat party as many devotees of silver. This will make the choice of a President on either side excessively difficult, and almost certainly result in the election of “a dark horse.” We fancy that as bodies the wage-earners are in favour of gold—that is, of cheapness—and the freeholders of silver, which they think will bring back high prices. A telegram from Melbourne in Wednesday’s Times states that Mr. G. H. Reid, Premier of New South Wales, cabled on Tuesday to Sir Saul Samuel, the Agent-General, in the fol- lowing terms:— The Governorship of New South Wales is too important a post to justify this protracted delay. If no one in the mother-country is eligible and willing to occupy the position, we are quite prepared to suggest a suitable appointee from our own people. Acquaint Lord Ripon.” If that was not a strictly private telegram treacherously divulged, Mr. Reid has been guilty of a breach of good manners. At the same time, we cannot absolve the Government from the gravest censure for keeping the post open for so long. To do 80 is not to treat the Colony and the statesmen of New South Wales with proper courtesy and respect. The Times states, on the authority of a correspondent, that the explana- tion of the delay is to be found in the fact that Sir Arthur Hayter has been fixed on for Governor. ‘In these circum. stances it is surmised that if there be any hitch, it must have arisen in connection with a doubtfal report of the Whips on the subject of the relative strength of parties at Walsall.” In other words, the present Government cannot even fill up a Colonial Governorship without conferring with the Whips and reckoning up the majority in “Dod.” This sacrificing of everything to Lobby considerations is as foolish as it is scandalous. On Monday Lord Rosebery introduced into the House of Lords a Bill allowing Colonial Judges to be appointed as members of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council,— that wonderful final Court of Appeal for the Empire, in which the suitors are now the merchants of Melbourne or Montreal, the fur-traders within the Arctic Circle or the Dutch farmers of the Cape, now the priests who guard some dim mysterious shrine on the Ganges, or the chiefs of a hill- tribe, or again, the Chinese merchants of Singapore. We have nothing but satisfaction to express for anything which helps to keep the Colonies united to the mother-country by so wholesome and safe a tie as the Judicial Committee. We wish, however, that Lord Rosebery had been a little bolder and had proposed straight out to create three great Judicial posts, one for Canada, one for Australasia, and one for South Africa, and had attached to each a salary of £5,000 a year. Unfortunately it is almost impossible to get a Government to take a bold and generous step of that kind, and we must therefore be content with the small mercy Lord Rosebery presented on Monday. The Derby, which was run on Wednesday in splendid weather, resulted in the victory of Lord Rosebery’s horse, ‘Sir Visto.’ It is a great event for any man to win the Derby twice. To win it twice running is almost a miracle. Against any one winning it twice running as Premier the odds must be millions to one. It is to be feared, however, that even this piece of extraordinary luck will not contrive to make Lord Rosebery’s dimmed and damaged star shine any the brighter. We heartily welcome Mr. Stead’s penny edition of the English poets, which he leads off with Lord Macaulay’s ballads and some of his other pieces, making up a very stirring pennyworth of patriotic verse. Call it what you will,—and to us Lord Macaulay’s verse is rather first-rate rhetoric than true poetry,—it is at least verse of the kind which fires the imagination with the story of great purposes and high achieve- ment. Sir Walter Scott’s “Marmion” is to follow, another mighty pennyworth of lofty song; and then Lord Byron’s “Childe Harold,” and then selections from James Russell Lowell will follow, containing, we hope, most of the humorous and unsurpassed satire of the “Biglow Papers.” What a treasure of poetry will thus be procurable for fourpence; and indeed a child’s imagination might be richly fed for all the early years of its life for something less than a shilling. We see that the poets are to form only one division of the ‘Masterpiece Library,” though whether the prose divisions are all to be issued in penny instalments we are not told. Within a year the series of some fifty-two English poets will be completed. The “ Lays of Ancient Rome” are preceded by photographs of a dozen distinguished persons, from Mr. Gladstone to our greatest living poet, Mr. William Watson, who write to Mr. Stead approving heartily, as every one must, his patriotic enterprise. Another great scandal is evidently impending in Paris. The Public Prosecutor, it is stated, is about to proceed against a number of politicians, including, according to the Figaro, MM. Rouvier, Deloncle, Magnier, Jules Roche, Yves Guyot, and a Senator, on a charge of corruption in connection with the “extensions” granted to the Chemins de Fer du Sud. It is said that a statute of limitations will be pleaded; but this, of course, will not prevent public discussion in the Chamber. Probably no one who read the debates on these extensions doubted that there was corruption somewhere; but the difficulty is to be sure that the Deputies accused were not duped by intermediaries, of whom M. Reinach was the chief, Bank Rate, 2 per cent. New Consols (22) were on Friday, 106.

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740 THE SPECTATOR. [June 1, 1895, TOPICS OF THE DAY. a DROPPING TO PIECES. We. are not seeking a speedy Dissolution for party purposes. Our strong impression is that time is working for the Unionists; that a process of disenchant- ment with Radical ideas has commenced and will go on; and that, consequently, delay will serve to swell a majority at the General Election which, for many reasons, we wish to see a large one. Our motive for urging a Dis- solution is that delay is bad for the country, because the House of Commons, the ultimate pivot of power, is visibly dropping to pieces. It is not capable of doing anything except evading the appeal to the country. The Govern- ment pretends to urge forward a quantity of Bills, but the very Ministers who defend them know that they will never pass, and are ready to accept holidays, new proposals, new motions for adjournment, or any other excuse for getting through the time. They are not sufficiently in earnest even to keep their followers together, and except when menaced with defeat, are as content with a hundred voters in the House as with the three hundred who ought to be listening to their arguments. According to their own account, they are trying to establish religious liberty in Wales, to continue and regulate the agrarian revolution in Treland, to carry through a Reform Bill, and to extinguish “the greatest source of vice and misery in the Kingdom ; ” but they dawdle over all these prodigious undertakings as men do not dawdle while they retain a hope. They are wise, no doubt, in rejecting the Radical cries for the guilletine, but they reject them with obvious willingness, as of men well aware that the hour is past for employing force, and caring only for a future which will arrive of itself, Their Reform Lill slumbers undisturbed; while their Liquor Law is not even pushed forward to its second reading. Energy, in fact, has gone out of the Ministry, and so also it has out of their followers. The groups are as mild and as disagreeable as margarine. The Welsh know perfectly well that there is no hope for their Bill, but they do not press the Government to withdraw everything else; the Irish Mountain, though it is getting nothing, has not a cry left in it; the Teetotalers see that their Bill is shirked, but daunted by the whispered fears of their own allies, consent by silence to its taking a back place. As for the prostration of the House of Lords, which was to have been the grand effort of the Session, it is never so much as mentioned, and would have been forgotten but that the Premier thinks, after all his professions, it would not be decent to create Peers, and, moreover, could not create any without endangering seats by the removal of Members to “another place.” The Ministers meet in Council, and, to judge by the length of their sittings, dispute with something like obstinacy; but in Parliament they are languid, and hardly care to conceal their languor. It is natural enough. To Englishmen all labour is tolerable, except the useless turning of a crank, and Stephenson would never have filled Chat Moss but that he knew the filling to be both necessary and possible. It is not, however, only the Government which is languid; the Opposition also suffers from the unreality of the situation. Except when Mr. Balfour says a few words, the debating about the Welsh Bill is poor, the Con- servatives can hardly be induced to attend, and you have the absurdity in a democratic State that as the chance of suceess for the Government recedes, the majorities for that Government grow a little larger. The Opposition leaders oppose, as is their function, but they initiate no resistance, they let great questions like Armenia sleep, and, though they promise to force a Dissolution at some time, give no hint of the method by which it is to be forced. In truth, the whole House is out of heart. Members, bored with the whole business, live on the Terrace, and only rush in for divisions. No one is thinking of anything but the next Parliament, no one is anxious, except to avoid giving offence, and the only enthusiasts are those who know that they will be heckled on their favourite fad if they cannot prove by statistics that the Government has done its best. The House of Commons is like a fly-wheel which has been disconnected from the machinery, but goes on whirling for a few seconds in its archway, raising only a little dust. Even the work of Supply does not get forward, and practically the Treasury _ Will nave to ask that all the millions it is bound to spend —s may be given it in a single, and as it were automati Nobody, except Sir William Harcourt, cares what’ “ap hoay nobody tries to save, and business is really left to the r- manent officials, whom the House is elected to vestaiin and guide. Both the Government and the Opposition are blamea for this state of affairs, and both a little unfairly. It is nonsense to expect the latter to allow proposals which to them seem attacks on all they hold dear, on the Church on property, or on social liberty, to pass without discussion, and as yet certainly they have only discussed. With the regiment of orators behind him, Mr. Balfour could haye stopped business altogether; but he has allowed it to pro. ceed, only insisting that the Government shall every now and then give a reason for the faith that is in them, shal] for instance, state why they think that Church endowments and chapel endowments stand on a different footing, and are not equally liable to State control. He takes any decent opportunity he can, no doubt, of defeating the Welsh Bill; but that is his proper business,—the very object for which we create the means of carrying on “Government by deliberation.” The Opposition are not afraid of the Bill passing, for its rejection by the Lords ig a certainty; but they want, if they can, to persuade the representatives of the people,—surely not a want to which Radicals have any moral right to object. The Government, on the other hand, is scolded for want of energy ; but howis it to beenergetic? It hasa majority of less than 20, and the electors are pronouncing against it so visibly that there ig not a Minister who does not assume that the next Election will bring defeat. Ifthe Ministry were to cut off debate ona, Bill for destroying a Church—which is at all events not a measure of urgency—they would rouse a tempest of irritation in the country, while they would not be one step nearer to the passing of their Act, or one whit less em. barrassed by the endless multitude of their pledges. They were gravely in the wrong at first, both as statesmen and tacticians, in giving those pledges; but having given them, we do not see what choice they have except to do as they are doing,—that is, mark time and let the House talk, or by a Dissolution seek a new mandate from the electors, That they should desire to avoid this alternative is natural. The Ministers probably think they have been unlucky, which is true enough; and do not recognise that the two first causes of their ill-luck—the retirement of Mr. Gladstone, and the failure of Lord Rosebery—are irremediable unless they resign. They have no leader with the confidence of the people, and no delay of a few weeks will give them one; but it is hardly to be expected that Sir William Harcourt should see that, or indeed much humbler Members of the Cabinet. They trust in the chapter of accidents, which is seldom against an Opposition, because it is irresponsible; and perhaps in their traditional theory, that a larger Register must be better for Radicals than it can be for Con- servatives,—a theory which is entirely outside reason. At all events they hold on, and the result of their holding on is that there is no steam in the ship, and the machine is driven, so to speak, by the hand-power of unwilling slaves. They are in the position of the jaded pro- fessional who clings to work for yet another month, and at the end of it finds that he has done but little, and done that little badly, while he has used up finally much of the energy to which his holiday, if taken sooner, might have restored vigour. If the Session lasts another three months, as some Gladstonians affirm it shall, we venture to predict that the next Opposition will prove the most flaccid and nerveless which has been seen since the days of the Reform Bill. Without a trusted leader, with no object upon which the hearts of all are set, and with no cry except “Down with the publicans,” the Radicals are just in the position in which a party, when defeated, is also demoralised and made afraid. We agree with the Daily Chronicle that they want a new leader, but new leaders are not made by the queer process which our con- temporary suggests. They announce themselves when the time is ripe, and with the House of Commons dropping to pieces, the time is not ripe yet. THE AMEER’S SON. i is quite right that the English people should receive Nasirullah Khan, Shahzada of Afghanistan, with cordiality and respect. We should, we confess, were we in Parliament, ask who was intended to pay the bill; but

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= THE June 1, 1895.] SPECTATOR. 741 ee. . provided the burden is fairly distributed—half to India and half to Great Britain—we see no reason to object to the expenditure. States, like individuals, should oecasionally be hospitable to their friends, and the terrible Afghan who is now Lord of the Indian Marches, has shown a decided inclination to be our friend. We are not responsible, that we see, for the appalling severity by which, in a country of cruel men, he maintains his beneficial ascendency, and we are not disposed to cavil overmuch because he makes large demands on our penevolence, claims bits of territory which do not belong to him, and has occasionally seemed doubtful whether, after all, the Northern Czar or the Southern “ Kaiser ” was the more profitable friend to cherish. The Ameer of Afghanistan must always occupy, between Russia and England, the position which was held for so many generations by the Savoyard between France and Italy ; and we must expect him, if not to be faithless, at least to tell us that if we are not obliging, faithlessness is always in his power. He is bothered, too, just as the Savoyard was, by the clan chiefs under him, and by a host of petty nobles who claim to be nearly, or quite, independent, and who, whenever he is disagreeably imperative, appeal to Simla, just as the nobles between Savoy and Italy used to appeal to Paris for support. We believe fully that Abdurrahman Khan, like the Savoyard, fights for his own hand, with little care who gains, so that he does not lose, but he is an able though terrible ruler, he says he has chosen his part by our sides, and though we hardly under- stand why he has sent us a Prince who is not his heir, and not his Commander-in-Chief, still, as he has sent him, the Prince should be received with the utmost honour. The reception at Windsor Castle, the ceremonial reviews, the guards of honour, &c., are all quite right, and will all, let us hope, impress on Abdurrahman Khan, to whose address they are all intended, that Englishmen understand him to be a considerable person, to secure whose friendship they will make all reasonable effort. Only we do wish that those who manage these things would make up their minds a little more clearly as to what they desire todo. We presume the intention is first of 1 to honour Abdurrahman Khan, and secondly to impress his son, who may one day hold a great position, with the exceeding powerfulness of the English people. The first object is, we suppose, attained, or, if it is not, we have little competence to point out any deficiencies. The Prince of Wales has welcomed the Shahzada, the Queen has received him, the courtly nobles have invited him, the grandest private house in London has been placed at his disposal, in everything the Court has paid him more honour than is usually paid here to European Princes. There has been, however, much too much hurry. No man can genuinely like to be whirled about as the Shahzada has been, to be hurried to Windsor for an audience of half an hour and hurried back again, to see fifty great strangers in a day, and amidst crowds whose language he does not speak, to be made to stand on his feet or sit on an unaccustomed saddle for hours at a time. To a great Asiatic noble who knows nothing of time, but takes life in a leisurely way, whose dignity it is to sit, and who regards fuss of any kind as European Royalties regard noise, the whole process must be detestable, and we do not wonder that the Shahzada occasionally pleads fatigue, and even illness, to gain for himself a respite from ceremonial labour. He is not trained to it like English Princes, and with every hour of his day mapped out, with his meal-times and his prayer-times, and his “kef” times all altered, with crowds of strangers all round him, and a consciousness such as he must feel of the pressure of mighty London upon his spirit, we should not wonder if his first despatch to his father might be summed up in the peasant’s expression, “I was very happy, but fair dazed-like.’” Most Europeans would be bewildered by such an experience, and this Prince has never known what hurry and flurry are, why time should be even thought of, or why, except in his father’s presence, his own convenience should not be the supreme consideration. The Shah, when he first came here, ordered his train to stop because he felt sleepy ; and though the Shahzada is not the Shah, and has lived an out- door life, he has been similarly bred. The officials who Manage should be slower, should not crowd his life so much ; and should above all remember that an Asiatic is not a Western, and is not impatient of tranquillity or silence. An Oriental visitor should have one day in two for himself, or he will feel himself hustled; and will be incapable of the impression which it is of course the first. object of his hosts that he should receive. How to make that impression vivid is, of course, the essence of the problem, and it is one of curious perplexity. So great is the difficulty which Europeans find in penetrating the recesses of the Oriental mind, that the most experienced officials and travellers differ violently as to the show which will excite most admiration or awe in the mind of a fairly able Asiatic. It is quite useless, of course, to display the Fleet to a Prince who accepts from the beginning the fact that we have endless carrying power, and realises quite fully that no ironclad can exer- cise the smallest influence over the fate of Central Asia. The floating fortresses of steel would strike him, of course, as wonderful machines, but machines entirely outside his notions of valuable war power. A battery of Gatling guns would strike him much more forcibly, or a factory which could rapidly and, so to speak, visibly turn out a moun- tain train a week. Elswick, in fact, would be far more impressive than all the fleets to be assembled at Kiel, even if they all belonged to the Empress of India. Nor do we think that a review of soldiers would impress Nasirullah Khan so much as is supposed. Their discipline might have some influence on his imagination, but we could not collect the numbers which would over-awe him, nor if we could, would he believe that they could be carried in thirty days to within sight of Cabul. He is to see the marvels of our machinery, and the triumphs of our manufactures, and will probably regard both with little awe, as successful devices for doing what he does not care to see done. The Asiatic mind is not moved to awe by infinite shirtings, or even by Nasmyth’s steam-hammer. If, indeed, we could bring before him the marvels of our revenue system, with its collection of thousands of millions of rupees by almost invisible processes, without the aid of soldiers, without threats, and with-. out executions, the Prince would doubtless acknow- ledge frankly that the Treasury was a depdt of power with which nothing in Asia could compete. Asiatic Princes understand perfectly the relation between pecuniary resources and fighting power, and Nasirullah Khan in particular well knows what the Indian subsidy, just because it is paid to the hour, means to his father’s grip of Afghanistan. Unfortunately, the very perfectness of our fiscal machine makes it, so to speak, invisible,—as invisible as the system of credit which makes the right of drawing cheques the equivalent of wealth. We suppose, if he saw many of our cities, they would make a similar impression of endless resources; but we are not sure, for India is covered with cities, and Afghans know that but for us they could march through the Peninsula as conquerors, and never suffer a defeat. Upon tho whole, we question whether anything we can show will make the same impression as London itself— the mighty capital, in any quartier of which all the cities of Afghanistan would be lost—and which all day sends up even to Dorchester House its buzzing roar of life. London impressed Jung Buhadoor as nothing else in England did ; and though the Nepalese Regent was a man with a genius for government, it is probable that his mind was in other respects that of the average Asiatic. It is to be regretted that Nasirullah Khan will have no opportunity of seeing London turn out inits millions; but he can drive through it, he has been to see the Derby, and coming from a thinly settled country, he probably realises the force latent in the mere existence of multitudes of subjects. At all events, it is London which will im- press him most, and London therefore which, if it be possible, he should be helped to see. Whether, when tho impression is made, the Prince will become our loyat friend, must of course remain a matter of speculation. Most Englishmen think that contact with them is sure to breed in an Asiatic’s mind either friendliness or awe; but there is nothing more certain than that some Asiatics who have visited the West contract for it a fierce loathing and contempt. It seems to them a hive of fussy and ill-man- nered ‘fools. Salar Jung, the Vizier of Hyderabad, resisted every counsel to desert the British, because, as he said to his advisers, “ I have seen London and you have not;” but Azimoollah Khan, who knew London through and through, was the author of the massacre of Cawnpore. ‘The

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742 THE SPECTATOR. [June 1, 1895, difference of the impression is not after all so wonderful, for Asia makes two utterly different impressions on two classes of Europeans,—one of deep respect and one of con- temptuous distaste ; but the fact is one to be remembered by every one who invites, or who organises, visits from great Asiatics. Nasirullah Khan may go back to Cabul our loyal friend, but he may also go back, however little Englishmen will believe it, our deadly and contemptuous foe. MR. MORLEY’S AVOWALS. R. MORLEY’S speech at Newcastle on Wednesday has done the Unionist cause more good than any speech which the Unionist leaders could have uttered. First, he has definitely identified the Gladstonians not only with the Irish Home-rulers of the present day,—that was done before,—but with the duty of raising again that stained and tattered standard, even after it has been once more defeated and captured in the next political battle at the polls. He himself ceriainly can never again lift his head as a statesman if he accepts the popular verdict of the English people against this hapless and hopeless proposal and consents to drop it from the policy of the Liberal party of the future. And nothing can be more unfortunate for the would- be leader of a great democracy than to avow as he does that, let the people say what they will as to their rooted aversion to this break-up of the nation,—this sub- division which has already demonstrated that it cannot stop where Mr. Gladstone proposed to stop, but must go on to “ Home-rule all round,” whatever that may mean,— the so-called Liberals must turn a deaf ear to the people, and insist on converting them to their own view, as if the policy of Union were a moral stain to which it would be a degradation for any true man to give ground. That is Mr. Morley’s first and most fatal declaration. But the second, though not so thoroughgoing, is perhaps almost as immediately injurious, namely, that he and his colleagues are committed, for the present at least,—here he does not venture to commit himself to all time,—to a policy of philanthropic tyranny on the question of temperance, and will identify the Liberal party with the Veto Bill, quite the most unjust and unreasonable of the enthusiasms of the present day for reforming inebriates by enabling the will of the majority to ride roughshod over the moral discretion of the minority in matters purely and distinctly moral. These two admissions seem to us the most signal of the triumphs of unreason over the one statesman of the Glad- stonian party of whom it was once justly supposed that while he set limits to the tyranny of numbers in matters on which the individual ought to consult his own reason and conscience alone, and not the mere pleasure of his fellow-citizens, he yet accepted the verdict of the majority on purely constitutional matters. In rela- tion to the hours of labour, Mr. Morley was the last of the Gladstonians to take a firm stand and zefuse to bind minorities by the decision of majorities. He was understood to distinguish between matters political and matters moral, and to stand up for the right of the nation to dictate the solution of questions of the former class, while denying its right to dictate the solution of questions of the latter class. But now he appears to have almost reversed the character of the decision at which he had arrived. If ever there were a matter in which, to plain men’s minds at least, the nation has a right to decide, it is the question of the organisation of the nation itself. Yet that is just the matter on which Mr. Morley refuses absolutely, as we understand him, to take any final orders from the people, and binds himself to the lost cause, even if it be a lost cause, as peremptorily as if the limits of the Union were a moral question, and it were as base to submit to the will of the majority, as it would be to conform to the popular judgment on a question of moral purity or religious conviction. He has seen, or ought to ave seen, the rapid progress made towards the policy of the Heptarchy since Irish Home-rule was first raised. He knows that many of his own colleagues are now the avowed advocates of a tetrarchy at least, and have fallen victims to the logic of disintegration. Yet, though he himself has never as yet adopted that political polytheism, as it may almost be called, he not only ignores its dangers, but announces that, come what may, he holds the Glad- stonian party bound to nail the Irish colours to the mast, however loud the nation’s voice may be in deprecation of that step. He commits himself to the duty of fighting on against the will of the people for any period to which the lives of existing statesmen may extend, as if the declared will of the people had no right at all to influence the judgment of those who dissent from it, even on a matter go distinctly within the limits of the democratic principle ag this. That is surely a very startling position to take up. If the whole may not decide for itself into what parts it will, and will not, allow itself to be split for the purposes of common action, it is not easy to conceive that a national whole means anything at all. The principle of national life loses all force and meaning, if it may not dictate to the parts for what purposes they may, and for what purposes they may not, go free and decide according to their own good will and pleasure. Yet if a great demoeracy is told that, whatever it decides, the minority in favour of disintegration will take no notice of the national decision, but will continue to propagate its doctrine as if it were a spiritual gospel that could not, and would not, accept any modification from the dictation of the majority, that surely amounts to a declaration against the very principle of democracy in the very field in which, if in any field at all, democracy ought to wield a legitimate authority. We cannot imagine a declaration more fatal to the Gladstonians than this of Mr. Morley’s, that they have tied this heavy weight so firmly round their necks, that, whether the nation likes it or not, they at least must sink or swim with this impracticable doctrine weighing them down. But Mr. Morley’s second avowal, coming from his lips, seems to us even stranger. If there be a matter in which it is to our minds certain that the moral liberty of the individual should override the political policy of the nation, it is the question of personal conduct as to matters of eating and drinking. Yet this is the very matter on which Mr. Morley claims to dictate to the people at large, what shall be justice and what shall be injustice, how the nation shaM interfere with the rights of the individual, and how it shall not interfere. The Local Option Bill is treated by the Gladstonians as if it were a Bill to reform the morals of the people, yet it is a Bill which begins and ends with the assumption that morality consists in treating a large class arbitrarily and unjustly for the sake of the few weak persons who are sup- posed to be unable to pass a public-house without yielding to the temptation to go in and buy drink. If it passes, it will arbitrarily ruin a good number of persons who have been licensed by the State to pursue a particular business in a particular locality, and who have pursued that business quietly and respectably. And it will do this without offer- ing compensation of any kind, unless a three years’ notice can be so regarded,—which, we venture to say, it cannot. If anything were ever doing evil that good might come of it, this Bill seems to us the most perfect illustration of the principle. We hold most strongly that to withdraw a license for the sale of liquor from people who abuse the rights it gives, is not only right but a duty. But to with- draw it without compensation in a number of instances, necessarily chosen more or less at hap-hazard, because for reasons depending on local convenience, from people who have never abused it, seems to us the proceeding of philanthropic tyrants, who are rapidly becoming the most dangerous tyrants of our country and age. We regard the Local Option Bill as a thoroughly unjust Bill, proposed in the supposed interests of weak and intemperate men without any real chance of doing them good. Mr. Morley’s enthusiastic support of it is one of the most singular and startling of the phenomena of our time. He may try to discredit Mr. Chamberlain as occupying “the box-seat on the Brewer’s van,” if he pleases. He seems to us to have taken the box-seat on the car of a philanthropic Jugger- naut who is bent on driving over scores and hundreds of honest and innocent tradesmen, solely because they supply useful wares which are liable to abuse, and are actually abused, by men and women too weak to resist the most superficial of temptations. We never expected to find Mr. Morley proposing to defy democracy where democracy is really exerting its most legitimate preroga- tive, and to bow down before democracy when it proposes to override the most obvious principles of justice in the in- terest of a doctrinaire, despotic, and decadent philanthropy.

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THE June 1, 1895.] SPECTATOR. 743 THE TRUE ANTIDOTE FOR RADICALISM. R. CHAMBERLAIN is now the main quarry of the Radical huntsman. We sometimes think that no reater misfortune could befall the Westminster Gazette than Mr. Chamberlain’s retirement from politics. Othello’s occupation would then indeed be gone. And it is note- worthy that what annoys the Radicals most is the half- consciousness by which they are pursued, without having adequately realised it, that though Mr. Chamberlain is no longer a Radical, he is really a much better democrat than his old colleagues. For the new Radicals were, it seems, only democrats so long as they believed or hoped, that when the people got their own way, they would wish what the Radicals wishh The moment they discovered that this is by no means the case, and that the true antidote for a great deal of the most rasping Radicalism is de- mocracy, they began, like Mr. Labouchere, to become doctrinaires, who, instead of consulting the people frankly as to their wishes, lecture them as to what they ought to wish, and assure them that if they were only true to themselves they would find that they ought not to wish what they do wish, but only what their old Radical tutors had so long been teaching them that they were under a positive obligation to wish. Mr. Chamberlain is told, for instance, by the Daily Chronicle, that in his remarkably able and amusing speech at Birmingham on Tuesday, he was intolerably bitter. Well, the chief cause of offence seems to us to have been the ex- ceeding skill and effectiveness with which he applied the democratic principles on which the Radicals had so long been insisting, to counteract the drift of the new Radicalism. First of all, he dwelt, and dwelt most powerfully, on the reluctance of the Government to take the real judgment of the people on the first article in their new creed,—their Irish Home-rule policy. They had said as little as they could about it before the last Dissolution, sandwiching it between other and more popular articles of the Newcastle programme, and not explaining to the people what they really meant by it; and then having reaped the fruits of that suppression, by winning a small majority at the General Election, they found to their disgust that they must show their hand, and translate honestly into Irish legislation what they had kept as dark as possible before the appeal to the people. This Mr. Gladstone did for them, in the frankest way, and from that time onwards they found their power sinking in the constituencies till it reached its present low ebb. But then, instead of frankly submitting their fully developed policy to the people, as, if they were true democrats, they ought to have done, they did all in their power to take off the disagreeable taste of the medicine they had avowed their intention to ad- minister, by insisting that before the people said how they liked it, they should be forced to taste the various less nauseous ingredients by which they hoped to neutralise its disagreeable effects. Irish Home-rule was their most essential prescription no doubt, but on no account would they take the people’s judgment on it till they had tried to dissipate the unpleasant shock of the plain confession of what it would do, by their further explanations of what they regarded as the more agreeable prescriptions by which it was to be followed and the memory of it partially obliterated. Mr. Chamberlain insisted that whether this was Radicalism or not, it was clearly not democracy. Their Irish policy was avowedly their main policy. It was on that that war had been declared. It was on that that they announced their intention to stand or fall. Clearly, if they were really democrats, they should give the people the opportunity of declaring their will plainly heed separately on the leading article of their political aith. But, on the contrary, instead of taking this course, they did everything to avoid it, and the more signs they dis- cerned that their Irish policy had alienated the con- stituencies, and that their small majority had been already transformed into a disastrous minority, the more they endeavoured to conceal their bankruptcy in popular favour, and to go on “trading on credit ” in the hope of recovering their lost capital,—one of the greatest aggravations of the offence of bankruptcy under Mr. Chamberlain’s own Bankruptcy Act. Nothing, Mr. Chamberlain maintained, could be less democratic. When their Irish policy had been fairly developed, they should have asked a judgment on it all the more if they had any reason to believe,—and they had much reason to believe,—that it had wholly undermined their popular support. But the more they recognised that the democracy rejected their Irish policy, the more anxious they were not to give them as yet any opportunity of saying so. From this moment their policy became a series of sensational attempts to divert the attention of the public from their great political failure. Mr. Chamberlain related a most amusing story told him by a lady who had just returned from China of the hope of the Chinese that a remedy for their defeat by the Japanese might be found in the enlisting of a regiment of formidable aspect, called the Tiger Braves, who were clothed in imitation tiger- skins, wore masks of tiger-heads, and shouted so horribly, and turned such ghastly somersaults, that they hoped the foe would run away without firing a shot. The present Government, he said, was a regiment of Tiger Braves. They were playing at war, and dressing themselves up in costumes so sensational, that they hoped to put their antagonists to flight without showing their real weakness. And all the curious somersaults that Sir William Harcourt has made, in relation to Local Option, Church Disestab- lishment, attacks on the House of Peers, and the like, had been made with this object of terrifying his foes into forgetting their own strength and his weakness,—in a word, with the object of diverting the attention of the Opposition from the fact that the Radical Government has no longer got the confidence of the people of this Kingdom. Of course this playing at war will not succeed. The Tiger Braves will not daunt those whom it is intended to daunt, into forgetting that they have the people on their side. What the Government are really aiming at is indefinite delay. Nothing passes in Parliament, said Mr. Chamber- lain, except time, but of that a very great deal passes, to the great detriment of the public. And this ostentatious waste of public time is, again, unscrupulously undemo- cratic. There is no more flagrant indifference to the will of the people than a deliberate waste of time in pretending that the Newcastle programme is being carried through, when nothing is, or can be, carried through except in the House of Commons, and when everybody knows that if the opposition of the House of Lords is to be overcome, it can be easily overcome, and can only be overcome, by the simple process of showing them that the masses of the people are distinctly against the Lords, if, indeed, they are against them, and not, as both parties now really believe, on their side. The true secret of the dislike to a Dissolution, and of the waste of public time which is so laboriously arranged in order to delay the Dissolution, is that the Radicals distrust the people instead of trusting them. They would dissolve to-morrow if they hoped for a popular majority. But as they do not hope for a popular majority, they evade consulting the people. That means that the Radicals are not democrats. The true antidote for the new Radicalism is therefore, as Mr. Chamberlain has so powerfuly shown, honest democracy. The democracy are not Radical, but are full of Conservative instincts. THE CELEBRATION AT KIEL. E would give something to know precisely the thought in the German Kaiser’s mind, which induced him to summon the navies of Europe to send representative squadrons to Kiel, to witness the opening of the Elbe Canal. The opening will not teach them any- thing. He can hardly have made such diplomatic efforts, or have thrown such expense upon a dozen Adwiralties, merely to increase the grandeur of a show, which, after all, will be forgotten in a few weeks; and yet with what other view can he have been acting? Does he want all mankind to see how completely a British squadron can surpass any other in formidableness, or does he desire to read a lesson to the German fleet in naval manceuvring, or is he only hopeful of awakening in Germany an emulative interest in the splendour and the force belonging to naval armaments? It isa curious design to have con- ceived, and a perplexing mind which conceived it; but certainly the Kaiser is entitled to any credit which is to be derived from success. If no storm stays the experi- ment, and William II. remains in health, there will, on June 19th, be collected at Kiel an embodiment of sea- power without a precedent in the history of the world.

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744 THE SPECTATOR. [June 1, 1895, No such fleet has ever been collected, or probably ever will be collected again, unless in some almost incon- ceivable contingency the yellow race or the American Republic should compel Europe to combine to defend herself not only on land, but by sea. There will be more than a hundred floating steel fortresses present, including twenty giant “battleships,” technically so called, all fully armed, and all capable of moving over the waters at at least s-venteen miles an hour. It is difficult to realise such a concentration of power, which could in a few hours sweep the greatest seaport out of existence, or brush the concen- trated commercial fleets of the world to the bottom of the ocean. ‘There is, in fact, nothing on the seaboard of the world which could even pretend to resist such a force; and Eurcpe, considered as an entity, may fairly pronounce herself at once unassailable at sea and irresistible. Europe is not federated, and probably never will be, but such an exhibition of maritime power has nevertheless an interest of its own. It proves that, in the judgment of the most civilised nations, the day of navies is not over, that whatever the power of armies, the peoples must still endure the immense expenditure both of energy and treasure involved in keeping up great fleets. They must go on building and perfecting and arming floating fortresses, without fearing either their immense cost or the certainty that science, in its rush forward, will speedily reduce the grandest of them to “ obsolete, and therefore useless, structures which it is waste to send to sea.” That is the universal conviction acted on in the style which bas made the gathering at Kiel a possibility; and no one doubts that it is bused on sound deductions from unquestioned facts. The doubts of a few years since have all passed away, and every State in Europe would, if it only could, maintain an efficient and a grandiose fleet, the broad ‘lesson of the Japanese war being that the huge ships to which the word ironclad is now restricted furnish the first -conditions of naval safety. Three boats like the ‘ Terrible,’ the monster just launched on the Clyde, by the side of which any first-rater of the old war would appear but a tender, would destroy the Japanese Fleet, and might, under certain not improbable circumstances, save China from subjugation, and the entire Asiatic world from a political and social revolution. Indeed, it may be ques- tioned if even yet the value of sea-power has reached its culminating point. The European world is thirsting for dependencies, is seizing immense possessions beyond sea, and is declaring that its prosperity depends almost exclusively upon its power to secure and to protect transmarine commerce. If that is true, and more or less it must be true, freedom of communication by sea has become more valuable than ever; and that freedom can only be preserved by great fighting fleets. France, for example, could not keep her splendid possessions across the Mediterranean for a year, unless she could traverse the inland sea at will; and Great Britain, if unable to reach India by water, would have lost India more completely than if her whole population had risen in insurrection. If England were to hold again the maritime position she held in 1814, she would be mistress of the wealth of the world, and might assign to herself in safety every territory that she could garrison. It is difficult to see how this potency of maritime ‘power could be greatly altered by anything except the discovery of some easy mode of travelling through the air. Aerial gunboats dropping explosives would, of course, render fleets of little value, for we could not build sea-boats which could fight such machines, or find sailors who would be content to man _ them. But short of that great discovery, which would alter at a blow all armies, all navies, and all methods of taxation, it is difficult to conceive of any discovery which would render the large ships of to-day useless or little formidable. The science of projectiles may advance as far as it pleases, but the projectile will always destroy the little ‘Monitor’ sooner than the gigantic “Terrible.’ Torpedoes are dangerous things; but they can be stopped, and the gun which could destroy the ‘Terrible’ at one discharge could probably not be manufactured. The steel fortress, in fact, holds the sea impervious to attack, save from one of its own kind, and possibly impervious even to that. Sailors can conceive of a horrible duel in mid-ocean which should ke absolutely resultless, and in which victory would depcud solely upon the skill, or the foresight, which had i the supply of shells to one of ar two combatants, "aed next thing to be decided in naval warfare may be, and we fancy will be, the best way of feeding the fortresses which we still call ships with munitions of war. They are al] powerless without coals, and all powerless, too, without the explosives which quick-firing guns will consume at 80 reckless a pace. The fleet to be assembled at Kiel ig pro- bably the highest embodiment possible of power for fight. ing, provided that the fight shall never last longer than its explosive stores. When it does, no courage or skill will render the ships anything but powerless and silent targets for receiving enemies’ shots. A NEGRO SULTAN. iw of our readers who were in Egypt last winter and who took the trouble and had the patience to read the Journal Egyptien, may remember that one of the mare’s-nests compounded of English perfidy, daily found by that enterprising paper, concerned a certain ex-officer of Zobehr Pasha, named Rabah. This personage was described as having been hired by the English to carry fire and sword into that region of North Africa which can best be described as lying at the back of Tripoli, Tunis, and Algiers. His object, and that of the perfidious successors and imitators of the arch-corrupter Pitt, who were shower- ing their gold on him, was described as that of making a great native State in the interior, and then either hurling himself on Tunis or Algiers, driving before him the French settlers and the tribes friendly to them, or else cutting France off from forming a great African Empire. The story, as it stood, was, of course, a pure delusion. There seems, however, to have been a tiny spark of truth in it,--a not very usual element in the plain tales of the Journal Egyptien. It is needless to say that the British Government had nothing whatever to do with instigating or encouraging an adherent of Zobehr Pasha, or any one else, to raid at large in the Sahara. Still, it seems that there really is such a person as Rabah, and that he was once the slave of Zobehr. Moreover, he is at work in Central North Africa, and is carving himself an Empire in the extreme Hinterlands of Tripoli, Tunis, and Algiers, or to speak more specifically, out of the country of the Sultan of Bornu,—that hitherto great potentate whose dominions enfold Lake Chad, and stretch on the East as far as the Niger. According to a telegram from Reuter’s Agent at Tripoli, based upon the reports of certain camel-drivers who have just returned from Bornu, what has actually happened is this. Rabah was first the slave and then the trusted lieutenant of Zobehr, when Zobehr was Governor of Darfur. While Zobehr held this post he sent Rabah to collect taxes in the outlying villages. Afterwards, and when the Mahdist movement broke the Egyptian power, Rabah fled to Baghirmi with a small but resolute body of adherents, all fighting men, with whose help he sub- jugated the country. From that time his career has been lixe that of Sivajee or any other of the freeboct rs who carved themselves thrones out of the débris of the Mogul Empire. With constantly growing forces and a good supply of modern rifles, Rabah advanced against Kuka, the capital of Bornu, of which Ashem was then Sultan. It is reported by the traders who brought the news to Tripoli, and who were at Kuka at the time, that the battle between Rabah’s army and the forces of the Sultan took place two days’ journey from Kuka, and lasted from 3 until sunset. “It was fought on both sides with desperate valour, and there was great carnage. Ashem was defeated, and fled with the whole population of Kuka to Zinder. Here he was overtaken, and another battle was fought, in which, after three thousand men had fallen, Rabah was again victorious. Ashem was succeeded in the Sultanate by Kiari, his nephew, who gathered together fresh forces and attacked Rabah again and again, but was always repulsed.” The traders, who stayed at Dikoa, Rabah’s headquarters, for four months, and saw him constantly, describe him as a tall, spare negro, very energetic, and of simple tastes. ‘He is very rich, having collected vast stores of gold, silver, coral, feathers, and ivory. There are no Europeans with him. tabah is a perfect free-lance, and fights for his own hand and profit. His large army lives on pillage, dividing all loct with its leader, whose power is absolute. When the

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THE June 1, 1895.] SPECTATOR. 745 traders left, Rabah was regarded as the Sovereign of Bornu, and levied a yearly tax of one Maria Theresa dollar on each inhabitant.” If all this is true, it may prove very jmportant. It must not be forgotten, however, that this news is more than a year old. The caravans that journey through the land of the Tuaregs to Lake Chad are like the old whalers of Nantucket described by Melville. Their voyages are reckoned by years, not months. The caravan that brought the news we have summarised had been away from Tripoli for four years, and it was a ear since they left Kuka. It is possible, therefore, that Rabah’s sovereignty may already have passed away like a dream, and left hardly a trace behind. Such things are not uncommon in the Hast, and especially in Africa. A man has made himself a great Sultan, and tribes and empires fall before him, and then a whiff of cold or isoned air, or “a dagger in a damsel’s hand,” and the whole fabric of empire is overthrown. There is nothing substantial enough for a son or a lieutenant to succeed to. What came so easily goes still more lightly. While, then, we are talking of the new negro Sultan, and wondering what he will do, it may well be that his bones are bleach- ing in the sand, and that the men he conquered, and the men whom he led to conquest, have alike begun to forget him. On the other hand, it is also quite possible that Rabah’s term of victory is not closed, and that he is daily adding to his strength and making his power wider and more secure. [t is, indeed, conceivable that Rabah may be going to do what all other negro conquerors have as yet failed to do,—make an African Empire, and create a black Sultanate. Except in a partial way, and in the valley of the Nile, Africa has never given birth to anything like an Empire. Central Asia has bred them as the mountains breed eagles. Syria and Assyria, Persia and Arabia, have all in turn supplied the hero-soldier. Indeed, the history of Asia is the history of conquering soldiers who have swept vast provinces under one rule. In Africa, where super- ficially the conditions seem so much like those of Asia, we have waited in vain for anything like the birth of an Empire. Chief wars against chief, and this or that tribe pushes others to the wall; but out of the toil and trouble of its endless wars, no Tamer- lane ever arises from Africa. What was to prevent Cetewayo—or, for the matter of that, Lobengula, before he grew fat—from sweeping up from South Africa, and founding an Empire which should have stretched from Bechuanaland to Uganda? He had the men, and the guns, and the courage, and the resource, and lastly the ability to discipline and move a great army. The Zulu impis always obeyed, and if the word had been given to move north, nothing could have stopped them till they reached the Equator. There have been plenty of other examples of failure to build up an Empire, both in the North of Africa, and to the East and West. Again and again, black Kings of power and ability, and heading fighting tribes, have had the opportunity for that dominion on the grand scale which we call Empire; but they have always missed it. Probably there is some want of cohesiveness in the negro which prevents his forming an extensive kingdom,—a kingdom which men take a year to cross. It cannot be that no man of sufficient ability or ambition has yet arisen, for in North Africa, at any rate, there must always have been plenty of Arabs equal to the position. Possibly, however, it is merely an accident that has made the difference, and we may only have to wait a little to see a negro Sultan. Possibly, again, we have him in Rabah. Think for a moment what this would mean were it true-—what would be the result, that is, of a great ruler arising at the back of Algiers and Tunis, and holding the middle space between the valley of the Nile and the French Congo. Rabah, were he to reach this pitch of Empire, might change the fate of Europe. If his Empire lay along the Hinterlands not only of Algeria and Tunis, but of the West African possessions of France, the French, instead of dreaming of an Empire stretching from the Red Sea to the Atlantic, and of cutting across our line from the Cape to Cairo, might be fighting for dear life against their black neighbour. Remember that Rabah, if he does create an Empire, will not command a mere naked rabble. The Sultan of Bornu, had he the requisite energy, might put twenty or thirty thousand horsemen in the field, and horsemen who could move at the rate of thirty miles &@ day. Against these mail-clad warriors it would be utterly useless to place the tiny companies of Senegalese sharpshooters who now suffice to win victories in West. Africa. These men have done excellent work hitherto; but if Rabah were to turn out the man of our thought, the conditions of warfare would be those that prevailed when we fought the Mahrattas, or in the Mutiny, rather than those which obtain in a campaign against Samory. No doubt the French would in the end destroy a negro Sultan of Bornu, just as they destroyed Ab-del-Kadir, for the French troops are every bit as steady against savages as our own. We very much doubt, however, whether the French taxpayer could be induced to squander millions upon millions in order to create a French India in the Soudan. It is all very well to press on when, as now, a single volley is sufficient to clear a province. Real resistance from the natives would change the whole aspect of affairs. But if Rabah turns out a negro Sultan with an African Empire, resistance to the French advance there most certainly will be. The possibility of Rabah making the Sultanate of Bornu into a reality is then by no means a matter of no importance. Very likely he will not do it; but if he does, the politics of Africa may be entirely changed. LORD HALIFAX’S BILL. Si are two ways of dealing with an Established Church. Both are compatible with a genuine zeal for its maintenance, and a real interest in its welfare. But as they start from opposite principles they lead in practice to very different conclusions. The one method delights to emphasise the condition of dependence in which an- Established Church is supposed of necessity to exist. It is indispensable that the Church should never forget the position in which it stands towards the Civil Power, and the most effectual way in which the State can impress this fact on the mind of Churchmen is by taking every oppor- tunity of bringing home to them their dependent position. The other method prefers to make ample allowance for the friction that naturally exists between closely allied bodies which appeal to different sources of authority and different sanctions of conduct. It is anxious to give the Church all the freedom that is compatible with its established position, and avoids with the utmost care any situation that can accentuate the fact that there are subjects. which politicians and theologians naturally anproach from different points of view. The question of divorce is on: which lends itself remarkably well to either of these systems. The Church of England as usual is of two, if not of three, minds whether divorced persons should be allowed to marry again. There are many Churchmen who would altogether forbid such unions. There are many who would allow the innocent party to marry again, but extend no similar permission to the guilty party. There are some who hold that a decree of divorce following upon proof of adultery, absolutely dissolves the the marriage, but that as a matter of ecclesiastical discipline, the guilty party should not be allowed to remarry, at all events until he has given adequate proof of repentance. The State, on the other hand, is quite clear upon this question. It regards adultery in the wife, and adultery coupled with certain other acts of miscon- duct in the husband, as proper ground for dissolution of marriage by sentence of a competent Court. When the marriage is dissolved, it treats the former husband and wife as in exactly the same position as though they were bachelor and spinster. More logical in this respect than many Churchmen, it argues that as a door must be either open or shut, so a marriage must be either subsisting or dissolved. It cannot be one thing for the husband and another thing for the wife. According to one of the theories we have been contrasting, the determination on the part of the State that a husband and wife whose marriage has been dissolved shall be free to marry again, gives them the right, without further provision, to be married in their parish church. To marry his parishioners, when they wish it and the law allows it, is part of a clergyman’s duty. In the supposed case, both these con- ditions are satisfied, and the clergyman has nothing to do but open his book and read the marriage service. He is for this-purpose an officer of the State whose business it is to perform and register marriages; and it is wholly incon- sistent with this position, that he should pick and choos between the couples who come before him and say, “I will

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746 THE SPECTATOR. [June 1, 1895, marry this pair, and I will not marry that.” According to the other theory, it is not wise to force people to do things which they greatly dislike doing, or doubt whether it is right to do, if the desired end can be arrived at by less harsh means. The end here is to give legal validity to the remarriage of divorced persons, and this can be done equally wad “Whkthver they are married in church or at a registrar’s office. The question is not whether these scrupulous clergy are scrupulous with or without reason ; it is simply whether it is kind or prudent to override their scruples with no adequate cause. For reasons which it thinks good, the State allows these marriages, and directs the registrar to solemnise them in his office. Is anything to be gained by insisting that they shall equally be solemnised by the clergy in church? Stated in this way, the question answers itself. Those who wish to maintain the existing relation betwen Church and State will take care not to drive the clergy into an unwelcome corner, at the risk in some cases of making them active advocates for Disestablishment. There were upholders of both these views in the debate on Lord Halifax’s Bill. Lord Grimthorpe and Lord Cowper took the rigid view. Perhaps they would have taken it more decidedly if the authors of the Divorce Act had been more logical, or if they themselves had been clearer as to their own wishes in the matter. It sounds, indeed, like a contradiction in terms to speak of Lord Grim- thorpe as not knowing his own mind. It is ordinarily the thing he knows best and is most sure of. But apparently Lord Grimthorpe is no friend to the remarriage of the guiity party. As all that the Bill does is to throw an additional obstacle in the way of such remarriage taking place in church, he might even have been expected to speak in favour of it. And we have his own word for it that, “ taking the Bill in the abstract, he would have been in entire agreement with it had it been brought in under other circumstances.” Since, however, the circumstances are what they are, he thinks the Bill “most illogical.” We have long known that circumstances alter cases, but we did not know till now that they can make Lord Grim- thorpe illogical. Yet that they have this effect is evident, because, had the Bill been brought in under other circum- stances, Lord Grimthorpe would have been in entire agreement with it, in spite of its want of logic. Happily, however, for his self-respect, he has been saved from this degradation by the circumstances under which the Bill has been brought in. These circumstances are (1) that the author of it is the head of the English Church Union ; (2) that this body has been active in trying to stop a par- ticular marriage by violence ; (3) that this same Union is opposed to the marriage of the innocent divorcee. The position of the President of the English Church Union, in Lord Grimthorpe’s eyes, is that of an excommunicated person. With such a one he will not even vote. Lord Grimthorpe is quite willing to speak as strongly about the guilty divorcee as the Archbishop of Canterbury him- self. Seemingly, however, he would allow any number of guilty divorcees to be married in church, rather than prevent them by the help of Lord Halifax. He has nothing to say against his speech. That was mild enough. But from whom does the proposed interference with their being married in church come? Why, from “a nest of people who have been raging against the marriage of the innocent divorcee.” Lord Halifax has mixed himself up with a very bad lot ; indeed, he has become the head and chief of a very bad lot. Consequently, he must be classed with the “nest” in which he has chosen to place himself; and his Bill, however mild it may seem, must be condemned as a Clergy Supremacy Bill. Lord Cowper’s position is some- what different. He has none of Lord Grimthorpe’s feeling against the guilty divorcee. Indeed, he is not sure that the guilty party is necessarily worse than the innocent party. There may have been “faults on both sides.” Consequently, in his opinion, the simplest thing is to make the clergyman obey the law without stopping to inquire whether it hurts his conscience ornot. He does not mind the concession made in the Divorce Act, which exempts a clergyman from the obligation to marry the guilty party. But there he would stop. No clergyman must have the right of refusing to lend, ‘‘ what he is pleased to call his church,” for the performance of the ceremony. Otherwise, it might happen that these hardly used guilty parties would not be married at all. We must infer from this last argument that Lord Cowper is either unaware of the existence of registrars, or does not think that a i solemnised before them is valid. — It is an agreeable change to turn from thege rather far. fetched apologies for what is a real scandal and often 4 real grievance, to Lord Herschell’s criticism of the Bil] He would evidently like to settle the question once for all by prohibiting the marriage of divorcees in churches,’ That would undoubtedly be the best way out of the difficulty. There is a precedent for such a Bill in a pro. posal which has more than once been submitted to Parlia. ment for allowing marriage with a deceased wife's sister when celebrated before a registrar. It is the advantage of such a compromise as this that it does what the State thinks right and expedient, without forcing the Church to do what she may think wrong and inexpedient. Itis not part of the conception of an Established Church, that it should hold precisely the same views about marriage that the Civil Power holds. The Roman Church is established in France,—very much established, as we know from the Radical agitation in favour of disestablishing it, But the French Government—which has no special love for the Church, and is not sorry to make it feel that if it gets much in the way of clerical salaries, it surrenders much in the way of clerical independence—does not order the clergy to lend their churches for the remarriage of divorced persons. Why should the tolerant and reason- able Government of England wish to lay a burden on the Established Church which even the Anti-Clerical Government of France would not dream of imposing ? ENGLISH PRIDE. DAUDET, in the interview which he accorded to the e representative of the Daily Chronicle last week, and which was published in its issue of yesterday week, seems to have expressed a very deep conviction of the universality and tenacity of English pride. But when he went on to illustrate his meaning, he seems to us to have confounded pride with vanity,—feelings so different in their modes of showing them- selves, indeed in their practical results on human conduct, that, closely related as they are, they oftener seem to be opposites than varieties of the same species. “‘ How proud you are,’ continued M. Daudet, with emphasis and conviction, ‘How proud you English are, from the highest of you to the lowest. Oh! this English pride of yours. It is what I call la dominante,—the dominating trait in your national, as in your individual, character. You are all proud; each and all are convinced that you are capable of doing great things. It is by your pride that you could be moved. It is a handle to move you by. Flatter your pride, and one could lead you anywhere. Napoleon, had he invaded England, would have worked on this feeling, and you would have been his. And he knew it, the Corsican, the cunning Corsican, the Emperor of the South. Yes, he knewit, as he showed when he appealed to your ‘well-known generosity.’ It was to your pride that Nelson appealed at Trafalgar, to the pride of your sailors.’” Yes; but Nelson, when he told his fleet that “ England expects every man to do his duty,” did not appeal to at all the motive of which M. Daudet was thinking, when he said that Napoleon, if he had flattered our pride, could have led us anywhere. Pride does not love flattery. It is vanity that loves flattery. Pride is the stiffening of character, not the secret of its flexibility. What Nelson appealed to was the sense of each man that his own self- respect required him to do his duty. Pride does not persuade us that we are capable of “ great things,” but only that we are capable of satisfying ourselves, and standing firmly on our own centre, and that we could not be cajoled into leaving it by the flattery of any one else. When the fox persuaded the crow to drop the piece of cheese by expressing the deep admiration he felt for the beauty of the crow’s voice, and the wish to hear him caw, it was to vanity, not to pride, that he appealed. No doubt the feelings are very closely related. If you happen to be persuaded that you possess some dis- tinguished quality in abundance, which you do not possess, pride may produce some of the same consequences as vanity. But then the ordinary pride, certainly the ordinary English pride, is not usually possessed with these self-flattering delusions. Unlike vanity, it rests on a basis of limited perhaps, but still real, knowledge. Tennyson’s “ Northern Farmer (old style) ” was much more proud than vain :—

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June 1, 1895.] THE SPECTATOR, 747 « But Parson a cooms an’ a goiis, an’ a says it eiisy an’ freeii, The A’moighty’s a taiking of you to ’issen, my friend, says ei. I weint say men be loiars, thaw summun said it in ’aiste, But ’e reads wonn sarmin a weeik, an’ I a stubb’d Th by Waiiste.” urns That is pride, pure pride. But he comes rather near vanity when he goes on,— “ *ow quoloty smoiles when they seeiis ma a-passin’ bo on thosaén, en doubt, ‘ What : man a bei, mats That rests certainly on a firm basis of self-knowledge, but it is an illusion nevertheless. What “quoloty” smiled at was not the massiveness of the man’s character, but its narrow- ness andimmobility. Still it was an illusion due to the belief that “quality” recognised the full strength of his character and purpose with as much satisfaction as that with which he himself recognised it,—which was not the fact, but was near enough to the fact to be excusable and perfectly consistent with the immense solidity of habit on which the Northern Farmer’s pride was founded. It is by no means true, as M. Dandet suggests, that a proud man always thinks him- self capable of “doing great things.” On the contrary, he is often perfectly aware that he is not at all capable of doing what heis instigated to do; and when that is the case, no persuasion will induce him to attempt it. That is precisely the difference between pride and vanity. A vain man is frequently persuaded to attempt what he is entirely incompetent to achieve, by judicious flattery; but that is not at all the weakness of the proud man. You may get him to die at any post of duty which he is sure 7s his post of duty, not because he flatters himself that he can achieve what he is told to attempt, but because he can certainly diein the attempt. But you will not find it at all easy to move him by flattery to imagine it his duty to suppose himself cleverer than he is, Far from it, he will stick to his own narrow conception of what he ought to be and do with a certain grim tenacity. And had Napoleon conquered us, he would have found it impossible to flatter us that it was a very good thing for us to have become his subjects, and that we should be all the better for promoting and subserving his great ambitions. We should, we take it, have kept firmly to the conviction that it would be much better to regain this little island for ourselves than to carry his standards to Rome or Moscow. Pride is not by any means an easily manipulated motive. Its distinctive character is that it rests on a clear basis of definite habit and conviction, and will not budge from that basis for all the tempting dreams by which it may be plied. Pride is, as we have said, a stiffener, not a will-o’-the-wisp, like vanity, which drags us about the world in all sorts of wild-goose chases. Its charac- teristic vice is that it renders us too easily satisfied with a very narrow and limited sphere, just because we think ourselves masters of it and dislike attempting anything of which we are not masters. Pride, like Satan, would rather rule in hell than serve in heaven. There is no greatness of character or nobility in it. But its better side is its stability of purpose, its reluctance to veer about like a weathercock from one quarter to another in the restless attempt to achieve all sorts of fanciful ideals. Ina nation at least, pride and narrowness go together, because no collective character, no national character has in it enough of genius and versatility to master a great variety of different functions, and yet to show capacity and tenacity in all, The French are, as M. Daudet said, far more mobile, far more versatile than we; but for that very reason they attempt much in which they fail, though they excel in many more different fields of energy than we do. Where we are rather stupid, and proud of it, they are very versatile, but apt to collapse, because they often attempt what they find that they cannot trust themselves to achieve. But we are not sure that under the influence of democracy we are not, perhaps both for good and for evil, losing a good deal of our sturdy national pride. Mr. Gladstone has done a good deal to impress upon us that humility, rather than pride, should be the characteristic of nations as well as of individuals. And when, while we were smarting under a humiliating defeat from the Boers he made us acknowledge that we had been justly defeated, he took a good deal of the stiffening out of our national character, and was able to do it because the masses to whom the government of the nation had been com- mitted, are not nearly as proud and steadfast as the classes to whom, till after 1867, the supreme power was con- fided. And now when a clear and imperative duty demands from us to protect the Armenians from the outrages of the Turks, we are showing that irresolution and want of self- confidence which we have seldom in our history shown before. The truth is, that a nation can hardly be proud without proud leaders. It is bewildered by the multitude of counsellors, and the variety of motives by which all demo- cracies are moved. And the leaders, again, when they see the pendulum swinging from side to side as it does in all great popular bodies, are daunted, and cannot trust them- selves, as Pitt could, to sway the class to which all power was then confided, by the magnificence of a great resolve. Pride is always resolute, though it is often, indeed generally, narrow. But democracies are not reso- lute without resolute leaders, and it is very difficult for leaders to be resolute when they see at once the immense massiveness of the popular purpose, and yet the mighty fluctuations to which it is subject. The habits engendered by representative institutions are certainly not, on the whole, favourable to fixity of purpose, and therefore not to either the grim constancy or the fatal obstinacy of national pride. M. Daudet, however, is greatly mistaken in supposing that proud men or nations always think themselves capable of great things. They may often think themselves capable only of small things, but nevertheless their pride enables them to be satisfied with small things, if small things are all that it is natural to them to achieve. THE BIRTHDAY HONOURS. E do not often feel tempted to criticise a list of Birthday Honours; but this year the chorus of applause at Lord Rosebery’s discrimination is a little too provoking, and compels us to ask for once on what principle such lists ought to be drawn up. We demur, for example, to the assertion that, as Lord Rosebery proposes a reform of the House of Lords, he is clearly right in avoiding any creation of Peers. Why is he in the right? We should have said, on the contrary, that a reforming Minister would, in common logic, take any opportunity of improving the House he intended to reform, and that Lord Rosebery needed for his end, even if that end is excellent in itself, the aid of good debaters. In refusing to make new Peers, he strengthens instead of weakening the force opposed to re- form by disappointing men who, had he adhered to precedent, might have assisted him in his very difficult task. He does not weaken the Peers as Peers, for the smaller their number the greater the social rank of those who remain, while he omits a fair opportunity of leavening the lump with men whose convictions are similar to his own. We understand the wisdom, when Disestablishment is proposed, of selecting divines for bishoprics like Dr. Percival, but see no astuteness in declining to fill up vacant Sees, The Premier might have secured last year and this at least six able advocates of reform, and has not, that we can perceive, shown tact in rejecting his opportunity. He is defended, we see, on democratic grounds ; but if he was moved by genuinely democratic sentiment at all, which we doubt, he should have declined to advise the Crown to grant any hereditary honours. He has, however, made five Baronets, and they are all of one and the same kind; men who have made much money, and have shown readiness to expend it in advancing the interests of party. There is not one distinguished person in the entire list, or one who has done the nation a service. We entirely acknowledge that in so acting Lord Rosebery has advised the Crown in accordance with precedent, the unwritten law being that a rich man who is also a partisan, is entitled, if he wishes for a baronetcy, to have one; but then, in adhering to precedent, the Premier is not entitled to praise for originality. In what may be called the official lists, there is little sign of discrimina- tion, the roll being principally marked by the absence of names of which the nation has any cognisance, the heroes of Chitral being left out on the military side, and men like Mr. R. Giffen on the civil. Mr. Stansfeld, of course, who receives a G.C.B., is a most worthy selection, but then he was so clearly entitled to a decoration, if in the evening of life he wished for one, that to have refused it would have argued rare political discourtesy. It is said, of course, that the distribution of knight- hoods makes up for all defects, because literature and art have been greatly honoured ; but we confess, while we acknowledge the intention, we could have wished it had been a little more thoughtfully carried out. It is, we suppose, quite right that

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748 THE SPECTATOR. [June 1, 1895, acting should be recognised as one of the arts, though as a rule the drama must derive its value from another brain than the actor’s, and we should have placed Mr. Pinero’s claim above Mr. Irving’s; but we cannot admit that Mr. Besant’s exceedingly pleasant novels give him high rank in literature, while of the fifty minor poets, we should assign Mr. Lewis Morris about the fortieth place. It is said he is an excellent Radical, and of course Lord Rosebery is bound to acknow- ledge that claim, but then he is not entitled to praise for his appreciation of literature. There is no objection whatever to the decoration of Mr. Lewis Morris as a vehement Welsh politician, but it is not fair to conceal his true merit by describing him as a poet. At heart, we confess, we distrust and dislike the recognition either of literature or journalism by the State. The jour- nalist is lured away by the hope of honours from his true position as an independent critic, almost as much as he would be by the hope of pension; and we believe that the poct, the historian, the philosopher, or even the author, would do better in looking to recognition among those who speak his language, as his only, or at least highest, reward. In seeking ordinary honours he seeks of neces- sity an individual patron, and must, of course, remember in using his zift, that it must be used in the way which that patron will appreciate. That is a bondage; and the writer will do best who keeps himself and his work entirely free from any such bonds. Decorative honours, moreover, do not seem to us to beseem literature much more than patches of gilding beseem a marble statue, and we have difficulty in imagining Shakespeare with a title or Gibbon with a star on his coat. We are aware, however, that there are men entitled to high respect who think differently on this matter, and who maintain that the pride of the littérateur should not be higher or more separate than that of the soldier or the statesman. They conceive that the State should honour, by official recognition, all merit whatever, and that all men of merit should help to keep up the value of such recognition by accepting it gratefully for themselves. Every rejection of an honour by an eminent person lowers the estimation in which that honour is held, and under a monarchy, at all events, this is inexpedient. That is a sensible view; but then if it is the one to be accepted, the heads of the State should select the persons to be honoured with the greatest care, and should, in particular, never mix up the questions of service to the community and service to a party. No Premier asks, when a General has won a battle, whether he is Tory or Radical; nor should he ask that ques- tion as regards either poet or historian or philosopher. The service is the one thing to be considered, not the individual’s opinions. Lord Rosebery has no more to do with the political views of Mr. Lecky than Lord Salisbury has with those of Mr. William Morris, and either leader should honour either writer, if he is willing to be so honoured, as historian or as poet alone. He would then at least point out to the multitude which needs guidance that the heads of the State perceived in the work of those they honoured what they took for first-class merit. No doubt Premiers would often blunder, the men of action seldom quite understanding the men of thought, but thatis a difficulty which is inherent in the nature of things. All that can be avoided is a careless bestowal of honours on second or third rate men which, so far as the State -can effect it, deceives the public, and sets their critical judg- ment wrong. If such a system is to be attempted it should be carried out with care and diligence, and, we think on the whole, though we are aware of the objections, through the institution of a separate Order for the recognition of Thought in all its varied forms. The existing Orders offer no place for Literature, Science, or Art, and knighthoods are tossed to minor political agents and country Mayors, in a style which almost deprives them of any honorific value. An “Order of St. Luke,” whom tradition affirms to have been at once author, man of science, and artist, would soon be as well understood as an Order of St. Michael, and if distributed with care and economy, would soon be as much valued. We trust, if such an Order is ever instituted, that it will be thrown open in the completest way to women. They succeed already in some branches of literature as well as men, and there is no intelligible reason, now that instruction is open to them, why they should not succeed equally in some of the sciences and the arts. It is said, indeed, that in Paris they are succeeding as painters, and they will, we venture to pree dict, one day succeed as physicians and astronomers. At all events, whether they succeed or not, the road to social honours ought to be open to them, and it is now closed. They would value such rewards even more than men do, while the criticism of the State would as regards them be, if it were fairly exer. cised, an invaluable guide to the public taste. It is only in fiction as yet that women have attained the front rank, though Mrs. Browning, in spite of much rubbishy work, was a genuine poet; but there would be nothing absurd, as well as nothing undeserved, in making Mrs. Oliphant Lady Oliphant, her title to the distinction, if not as good as that of Sir Walter Scott, being better than that of Sir Walter Besant. She wrote “ The Beleaguered City.” THE LONDON WOOD-PIGEONS. } ina increase of the London birds more than keeps pace with the increase in the number and size of London trees. Some years ago it seemed probable that only a few half-domesticated species, such as sparrows, starlings, jack. daws, and domestic pigeons, birds which have for generations established a “commensalism” with man, would be left in the central parks. But the springs of 1894 and 1895 have seen the bird population doubled and trebled; and now that the County Council have determined to enforce the Wild Birds’ Protection Act in the London area, there is every prospect that before long it will arouse the interest and curiosity not only of country visitors and naturalists, but of those who are concerned in preserving the minor amenities of large towns in the Midlands and North of England. The most marked feature of this revival of bird-life in London is the sudden and recent increase of the London wood-pigeons. The wood-pigeon is not only the largest and handsomest of all our native wild pigeons, but the shyest, the least dependent on the labour of man for food, being able to subsist almost entirely on the seeds of weeds, acorns, beech-mast, and other wholly wild and woodland products, and the only one of the tribe which, when reared by hand from the nest, seems indisposed to remain tame or attach itself to human society. Now it is the commonest of all the birds—sparrows excepted—in the central parks, and is spreading fo all parts of London where trees are to be found. Very curious and interesting modifications have also taken place in its habits and in its demeanour towards human beings, though this is perhaps less remarkable than the fact of the spontaneous increase and diffusion of the birds themselves. In Hyde Park and Kensing. ton Gardens, the estimate of those whose duty it is to feed them places the number at about one hundred pairs. In the early part of this spring, they congregated at two main centres in Hyde Park, the small inclosure near the Powder Magazine, above the Serpentine Bridge, and the outfall of the waters now known as the Glen. From one hundred and fifty to two hundred birds were daily fed near the latter point, and forty or fifty at the upper inclosure, where the peacocks have their homes. Now they have scattered over the whole of Hyde Park and Kensington Gardens to nest, but none appear to have left their London quarters, though many pairs have migrated to adjacent squares and gardens. St. James’s Park is, considering its size, even more thickly populated by the wood-pigeons. The low wooded ground near the ponds is said to have been the original centre from which they first spread; general tradition among the park-keepers attributing their first introduction to a wish expressed by the Prince of Wales. Ona foggy day of February last, the writer counted forty-three, without leaving the path which runs from the Queen Anne’s Gate entrance across the bridge, and northwards towards towards Waterloo Place. All the birds seem to have remained to build and rear their young, and though the thick foliage makes it difficult to find the nests, they are so fearless that, contrary to all established bird. tradition, they do not build in the early morning hours, but are seen at all times of the day carrying sticks to the partner who is acting as architect. A morning’s “ birdnesting” in the parks is an interesting experience for the naturalist in London, even when denied the pleasure of tree-climbing. If he will only wait quietly, the movements of the birds themselves, soon show where the home is being prepared, and even when the hen is sitting, the cock-bird is so attentive in visiting ker that she is soon

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June 1, 1895.) THE SPECTATOR. 749 discovered. Two pairs were building at the same time, on the north side of the St. James’s Park Pond, in a large and ancient willow which overhangs the water. One bird gat on the nest, while the other flew up with small pieces of dead stick, and “ handed” them very carefully in its beak to its mate, who adjusted them with more care and pains than the rather ragged, unfinished appearance of a wood-pigeon’s nest suggests. Other nests were placed in elms and plane- trees, and one in a low thorn-tree, just above a garden-seat. In Hyde Park the nests were much more numerous, though the number and size of the trees, and the thickness of the foliage and limbs, made them more difficult to find. One pird was sitting in the first elm which stands between the carriage-drive and the Row, opposite Hyde Park Corner. Three sparrows’ nests were also built in this tree. In the same row of elms, four more wood-pigeons were build- ing between Hyde Park Corner and the “ @len.” In a small lime-tree opposite the inclosure in which the park rabbits, waterhens, and pheasants live, a pigeon had built a nest not more than twelve feet from the ground, while another pair had nested in a tall plane-tree. Another nest was placed almost as low down in a tree just west of Knightsbridge barracks; and many more in the tall elms of Kensington Gardens. The old trees in the Broad Walk are perhaps their favourite nesting-place. But there a few pairs have always bred, and some of the trees have this year held nests not only of pigeons, but also of jackdaws, wild-ducks, and starlings. The wood-pigeons are now extending their range from the parks which lie adjacent to each other, to isolated squares and gardens, though those who do not readily notice the distinction in size and colour between the wild and domestic species, have been slow to notice their arrival. They have discovered the new gardens on the Thames Embankment, between Charing Cross Station and Waterloo Bridge, and one pair at least have nested there. In the winter they regularly visited Onslow Square, beyond South Kensington Station. There they were fed during the hard weather, and have never left the neighbourhood. Three or four pairs still come regularly to be fed at the back of one of the houses on the north side of the square, and are nesting in the trees in the centre. It would be difficult to find a better example of change in what must be considered the induced, and not the natural, attitude of our wild birds towards man, than this voluntary association of the wood-pigeon with the inhabitants of Western London. There is at least one house in Onslow Square at which they may be seen daily, feeding on maize thrown upon the lower leads of a ground-floor room. They perch upon houses as well as upon trees, and have adopted in part the habits of the stock-dove, which naturally prefers rocks and old buildings to trees. In Hyde Park Terrace a pair nested last year between two chimney-pots. Their tameness in the small inclosures in the Parks is familiar to all who visit them. But they are learning the same con- fidence even when feeding in the open among the trees of Kensington Gardens, and will allow an approach within a few yards before rising to fly. While the wood-pigeons are showing an inclination to nest on houses, the sparrows, by a curious change of habit, are leaving the houses for the trees. Encouraged by the quantity of food given to the wild-fowl and pigeons, they have flocked in thousands to the parks, and become “ arboreal.” In the first hot days of May they all began building at once, and in some of the trees the nests were placed so close to- gether, that it seems not improbable that before long they may combine to build “ flats,” and make nests in common, like the “ sociable weaver-birds.” The nests were all built of freshly gathered, or freshly mown, green grass, and when placed in the elms or timber-trees were very large. But their favonrite site is in the small upright poplars, which are planted in groups near Hyde Park Corner, and also near the bridge in St. James’s Park. Some of these trees hold from four to seven or eight nests, in some cases placed at an interval of less than a foot one above the other. The London carrion-crows are not encouraged in the parks, though, if they had not been shot down to stop their forage among the young wild-fowl and the ducks’ and pigeons’ eggs, they would mukiply as fast as they still do along the banks of the London river. One pair still haunt the Serpentine, and their appearance is the signal for a @eneral rush to the cover of the bank of all the young wild- ducks on the upper lake. A pair nest regularly on an island in the lake in Battersea Park, and another nested in a tree in Dean’s Yard, almost under the shadow of St. Paul’s Cathedral, until the old Doctors’ Commons passed into the hands of the builder. More broods of young blackbirds and thrushes have flown safely this year in Kensington Gardens than have yet been reared,—an increase partly due to the growth of the shrubs, but also to the care of the park-keepers; and chaffinches, robins, and even the bullfinch are nesting near the Long Water. The common warblers, such as the white- throat and chiff-chaff, have not yet returned to the parks, probably for want of suitable nesting-places. But the increase of the wood-pigeon is evidence that the welcome extended to wild birds in London is appreciated, and the arrival and permanent settlement of one wild species will probably be followed by that of many others. THE TEMPLE GARDENS FLOWER-SHOW. OREIGNERS may say what they like of London and its vast unwieldy size, and may contrast it with the slim elegance of Paris; but those who love their London as Charles Lamb, for instance, loved it, know where to find its chief beauties, and would never barter the “silver streaming Themmes” for any other river. The great artery of the heart of England, with its ebb and flow, its daily freight of barges and lighters passing slowly from bridge to bridge, its mazy windings, outlined at night by countless twinkling lamps, is no longer the thoroughfare of the citizens as it was in good old days, when cabs and omnibuses were not, and steam still sputtered, bubbling and unnoticed, in the kettle. Mr. Secretary Pepys went as naturally by water from his house in Seething Lane to Whitehall or Westminster, as his suecessor would journey to his office by cab or underground- railway. Charles II. went in the royal barge to dine with the Lieutenant of the Tower, or sallied forth in his pleasure-boat “above bridge,” or took a particular friend out in his new “gundaloe.” The river no longer washes the garden-foot of the Temple, as in Lamb’s days, but the Temple itself,— “ Those bricky towers The which on Themmes brode aged back doth ride, Where now the studious lawyers have their bowers,” —still stands on its old foundations, though the buildings are somewhat altered by fire and the course of time since Spenser wrote his “ Prothalamion.” The gardens of the white-robed Templars—the trees under whose shade Johnson and Gold- smith sat and talked—are still there, though the embankment has taken the place of the old river terrace and wall. Those incongruous Sphinxes by the Savoy stared as impassively three months ago over grinding ice-floes covered with screaming sea-birds, whose cries drowned the roar of the traffic, as they stare now over the trees in their summer garb and the pert London sparrows, as if the old Egyptian deities were far above noticing the swift exchange of the seasons. It was a happy authority that permitted the Royal Horticultural Society to hold its great annual show, that passive battle of the flowers, in the historical precincts, where according to tradition the red and white roses of Lancaster and York were first plucked and worn as party badges. Thefrst part of Henry VI. may be doubtful history written by a problematical Shakespeare, but the scene in the Temple Gardens is not unworthy of the great poet, and if the decisions of the present day are entirely peaceful, and the “ verdict on the white rose side,” or the red rose side, will not necessarily lead to blood- shed, it is not because Englishmen have ceased to regard the rose as the typical English flower, but that being at peace among themselves they have time to cultivate it, and leisure to admire it, and have brought to their present perfection the successors of these old red and white French and damask roses. The prevailing hugeness of London seems to have infected even the flower-show lately held in the Temple Gardens; there were more tents, more flowers, more spectators than in past years. A flower-show has two distinct aspects, either in the afternoon when the tents are crowded with sightseers, their slow procession regulated by policemen, their eyes dazzled by passing crowds, and wearied by the dull light that robs the ‘ roses of their true colours, and lends an artificial tinge to pelargoniam and azalea; or in the early morning when the tents are empty of people except gardexers and men in charge,

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750 THE SPECTATOR. [June 1, 1895, and the air is fragrant with countless flowers and fresh with cool syringings of artificial dew. Before midday the sun has power to penetrate through the yellow tent-cloth, and that is the time to see the great groups of roses, a background of standards, then dwarf bushes covered with brilliant red, pink, and white blossoms, Catherine Mermet, Clio, Spenser, Madame Lambard, La France, Juno (whose flower with its rosy blushing heart might more fittingly have been called after Venus), Mrs. T. Laing, all the quaint names that call up fragrant visions to ardent rose-lovers, and finally boxes of cut blooms, arranged in beautiful gradations of colour, from deepest purple-red to pale apricot and white. The new “Crimson Rambler,” a free-flowering, bright crimson, polyantha rose, was a great feature of the show. Its bright clusters of blos- soms were to be seen on low bushes or standards, and, most beautiful of all, climbing in long trails up the supports of the tent. The whole atmosphere of the large tent was scented by roses and a large bed of Malmaison carnations, while down the centre stood magnificent groups of orchids, in every shade of rich purple, pale violet, green, and orange. Some from Belgium were very picturesquely grouped, broad-faced pink Miltonia vexillaria gigantea, purple velvet-like Cattleya, and Lelia purpurata, and a tall centre spike of Dendroum Dalhousianum, cream-coloured flowers with blood-red spots. Sir Trevor Lawrence’s Cypripedium Stonei Platytenum, with its two spikes of white and chocolate flowers, valued, we believe, at £800, was withdrawn before the last day of the show as the bell-glass that sheltered it from any profane touch was accidentally broken. Though it has been for some years in the President’s collection, it is at present the only specimen of the kind flowering in England. Some of the orchids are uncanny-looking things, the Burmese Dendrobium cruentum, for instance, with its green petals and coral-red sort of lip, as hard as ivory to the touch. A still more uncanny plant even than an orchid is the insectivorous Sarracenia flava picta, a quantity of long green tubes surmounted by queer pitcher-shaped lips. Close by was a very large coral-pink anthurium with huge green leaves, and a new plant from the Solomon Islands, whose dark foliage was seamed with rosy red veins and ribs. One of the best sights in the early morning light was the group of Leschenaultia biloba major, a bushy Australian plant covered with gentian-blue blossoms. Flowers of this colour are so rare that eyes dazzled with flaming pinks, reds, and oranges, rested joyfully on the unaccustomed azure mass, contrasted as it was with pale blush ericas and boronias. The Alpine gardens were a source of infinite interest, the tiny plants and ferns looking undisturbed among their rocks and stones, and not in the least as if they had been trans- planted bodily long distances in railway vans and shaky conveyances. Each little flower held up its head bravely,— tiny myosotis, blue veronicas, minute purple and pink phloxes and primulas, saxifrages and gentians; a bright pink Dianthus calizonas from far-distant Alps, that has only shown its true colour this year; a double Welsh poppy that seems to have sown itself spontaneously among its single brethren; a rare little gnaphalium grandiceps from New Zealand; and a little green rarity from Labrador. What would Charles Lamb have said if he had seen the spoils of the new and old worlds in his beloved Temple Gardens P Would he have recognised old-fashioned tulips in the strange “rectified” freaks of the present day or the gaudy green and yellow “ parrots,” would he have known the columbines of cottage-gardens and hedge- rows transformed into mauve and yellow fluttering butterfly flowers that gardeners call “aquilegia,” and would not the double-pink lychnis have been the single “ bachelor’s button ” of his day? We know that he loved old folios better than modern editions, and ancient sun-dials, “the garden gods of Christian gardens,” better than modern clocks, and we remem- ber his description of the pretty device, recorded by Marvell, of making a sun-dial out of herbs and flowers. What would he have thought of the “Cape primrose” and its endless variety of pink and mauve flowers, the huge double rosette-like begonias, the pyramids of azaleas and pelargoniams, the large star-like clematis, white “Madame von Houtte,” or purple “Beauty of Worcester”? Would le have had the same aversion from those standard nectarines in pots, covered with dark red-cheeked luscious fruit, that he had from peaches, or , Would he have praised the wisdom that desired visitors not “to touch the fruit,” knowing that Satan is still busy at his old trade of finding occupation for idle hands P Human nature can have too much even of flowers, and such a large show is a strain on the attention, and ends in Wearie ness and dazzled eyes, but its results will be seen in eve’ cultivated garden in England. “Crimson Ramblers” wij} peep at us from trellis and verandah, and “ Uriah Pikes” ang “Ernest Ladhams ” will shed their clove scent over countless carnation beds. It was Lowell who gauged the true value of flowers in one of his delightful sentences, “Good heavens, of what uncostly material is our earthly happiness composed, —if we only knew it! What incomes have we not had from a flower, and how unfailing are the dividends of the seasons!” CORRESPONDENCE, HOW THE IRISH LAND BILL AFFECTS THE LAW AS TO TENANTS’ IMPROVEMENTS. S1r,—Perhaps the best way to test the character of the Irish Land Bill is to consider how it would affect the fixing of rents if passed as it now stands. Let us consider how a rent is arrived at under the existing Irish land laws. Let us suppose that a case is brought into Court, heard by the Assistant-Commissioners, and that the land is about to be inspected by them. A question as to im- provements arises. The tenant claims credit for something which he has done, which adds to the letting-value of the holding, and for which he claims to be allowed in esti. mating the amount of the rent. In the first place, it must be remembered that if no improvements are claimed or allowed for, the land is valued as it stands, the landlord getting the benefit of anything which may have been done to add to the value of the holding, but which is not proved, or made the subject of a special deduction from the rent. In the case put, the Court has to consider whether the claim of the tenant is for a legal improvement—one which can be allowed for within the meaning of the definition in the Acts as they stand. That definition is :—* (1) Any work which being executed adds to the letting-value of the holding on which it is executed, and is suitable to such holding; also (2) tillages, manures, or other like farming works, the benefit of which is unexhausted at the time of the tenant quitting his holding.” This definition, as interpreted by the Courts, credits the tenant with the cost of doing the work so far as such cost adds to the letting-value of the land. Every claim for improvements is accordingly limited and governed by this necessity,—that the “ work ” must have “added to the letting- value of the holding.” The Courts have, after a long series of years, come to consider improvements which “add to the letting-value” under certain well-defined heads, such as buildings, fences, and farm-roads—all of which are visible— and reclamation, drainage, and manures, which are not: usually self-evident, and which are commonly proved by some one who has seen the work done. Any of these improve- ments, if proved and if not excepted from consideration by one of the various rules and provisions on the subject in the existing Acts, is allowed to the tenant. That is, the cost of doing the work, so far as such cost adds to the letting-value, is estimated, and a percentage on such cost is allowed off the valuation of the holding. Thus, if the valuation of the holding is as it stands £20, and the tenant proves that he has reclaimed two acres of land, at a cost of say £10 an acre, and made 100 perches of drains at a cost of 2s. a perch, or £10, the Court will proceed to deduct from the £20 valuation put on the holding as it stands, a sum of £1 (or 5 per cent. on the cost of the reclamation), and a sum of 10s. (or 5 per cent. on the drainage)—making the fair rent of the holding £18 10s, If, however, the Court comes to the conclusion that the reclamation which costs £10 an acre has only added to the letting-value of the land a sum of 5s. a year, which would represent a capital expenditureof £5, the tenant is only credited with an expenditure of £5 an acre for his reclamation, and loses the other £5 of expenditure. In this case, instead of being allowed off the gross valuation a sum of 20s. for his reclama- tion, he is allowed only 10s. If, on the other hand, the ex- penditure of £10 an acre has raised the value of the land from, say, 3s. to 15s., the tenant is only allowed 10s. (or 5 per cent.) on his outlay, and the landlord gets the benefit of the

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i ao ove s ver Fe BO BO bt he SG June 1, 1895.] THE SPECTATOR. 751 remaining 28. which has been added to the value of the land by the execution of the work. ‘fs In Mr. Morley’s Bill, the definition of “Improvement ” «jnoludes every expenditure of capital or labour on or in t of the holding which increases the letting-value thereof.” “Except that this definition omits the words in the old definition, that the work must be suitable to the hold. ing, words which have been given an interpretation resulting in much hardship, as where rent has been put on improve- ments made by the tenant which were considered to be too for the holding, it differs little from that old definition. Yt has been objected that the new definition would allow the Court to take into account, as a reason for reduction of rent, ordinary tillages and labour in working the land. It is, of course, evident that ordinary tillage will not increase the jetting-value of the land, as the land has no letting-value apart from its ordinary use as afarm. Besides, the existing definition is as open—if it is not more open—to such an interpretation, and no one has ever sought to apply it. Having decided whether a certain work is an improvement, the Court has next to consider what amount of credit is to be given for it. In the illustration above given, it will be seen that a percentage—usually 5 per cent.—is now allowed on the cost of the work, so far as such work adds to the letting-value, and that any additional value remaining over, after the percentage is deducted, goes to the jandlord. This interpretation Lord Justice Fitzgibbon told the,Select Committee of the House of Commons, was not justified by the decision in “ Adams v. Dunseath.” It, how- ever, has been the interpretation adopted by the Land-Courts, and Mr. Morley now introduces a clause giving to the tenant any increase in value resulting from the making of an im- provement “beyond what the holding would let for without such improvement.” If this is read to mean that the possi- bility of increasing the value of the land by an expenditure of dabour and capital—in short, the improvability of the land— is to be taken into account in estimating what the holding would let for, it is only carrying out what Lord Justice Fitz- gibbon said was intended by the Court of Appeal in “ Adams v. Dunseath.” At present it frequently happens that a tenant proves a certain improvement for which the Court cannot give him any credit owing to the application of the rules governing the giving of compensation for improvements to a tenant on quitting his holding, contained in Section 4 of the Act of 1870. Thus, drains more than twenty years old, any improve- ments except permanent buildings and reclamation in the case of holdings under lease for more than thirty-one years, any improvements made where the tenant held under a lease which prohibited him from claiming compensation if quitting his holding, cannot be taken into account so as to make a reduction from the gross valuation of the holding. Mr. Morley’s Bill seeks to abolish all such exceptions from the principle that a tenant should not be rented on his improve- ments. It is evident that rules which may have been fair and just in restricting thé right of the tenant on quitting his holding to demand payment from the landlord for works done by him, may be unfair and unjust if applied for the purpose of making the tenant pay rent on improvements admittedly made by him. It frequently happens that improvements are found to exist on a holding which has been in the occupation of the tenant or his predecessors as far back as the history of the holding goes. The improvement may be a house. No one knows when it was built. The tenant may say that he was told by his father or grandfather that it was built by him. This is not legal proof, and in the absence of such, the holding is valued as it stands, a process which gives the landlord rent on all improvements not legally proved by the tenant. Section 5 of the Land Act of 1870 gave a presump- tion that all such improvements—definitely shown to have been made in the holding—are to be held to have been made by the tenant or his predecessors. The section, however, con- tained so many exceptions to the rule that its application was very limited. The present Land Bill sweeps away all these exceptions, and would give a general presumption in favour of the tenant, allowing the landlord, however, where the improve- ments were made before 1850, to give such information as may be available to show that the improvements were made by him. The opponents of the Bill now say that this rule would lead to “ prairie-value,” as under it the Court would assume that the holding was in some valueless condition at some prehistoric period. Any one acquainted with the method of Courts must, however, know that before a rule of presumption can be applied, the subject-matter must be shown to exist. A house undoubtedly is an improvement which cannot be gain. said. The rule of presumption will give that to the tenant. Reclamation and drains, on the other hand, are not self. evident. Before any “ presumption ” can be applied to them they must be shown to exist. This will be an effective check on the applications of the “ prairie-value” doctrine. Besides, the rule of presumption in Ulster has always been that all improvements on a holding were made by the tenant—a more complete presumption than Mr. Morley’s—and yet no one ever found that it resulted in confiscation or injustice. It is evident that the net result of Mr. Morley’s change in the law, as here considered, in no way alters the principles of rent-fixing contained in the Act of 1881. The new Bill would only remove certain existing restrictions on the free play of the principles adopted in 1881, and settle the law where ita interpretation is doubtful.—I am, Sir, &c., X. LETTERS TO THE EDITOR. THE LIBERAL REMEDY FOR AGRICULTURAL DISTRESS. [To raz Epiror or THe “Spxrcrator.”’] Srr,—Yonr article, “'The Liberal Remedy for Agricultural Distress,” in the Spectator of May 18th, is particularly valuable at the present time, because both landlords and tenants are making vigorous efforts to bring our farming system into line with the requirements of the age, and because it is absolutely certain that any State interference with land-tenures would tend to arrest the progress that is now taking place. There is only one sentence to which, as an agriculturist of long and extensive experience, I would beg leave to demur. You say towards the close of the article, “ We entirely admit that, in the present condition of agriculture, unusual remedies may be required.” I venture to assert that any such admission is likely to do harm, because it would have the effect of encouraging the belief that anything the State could do would remedy or alleviate the world-wide causes from which our agriculture, and indeed all agriculture, is suffering, whereas the only possible allevia- tion is to be found in a general recognition that all we can do is to alter our system, as far as we can, so as to enable it best to contend with existing circumstances. To admit that it is possible that the State can do anything for land—except, per- haps, lending money to landlords and farmers at a low rate of interest to enable them to carry out permanent improvements —would simply be to retard the adoption of the agricultural modifications that have now become necessary. For the same reason I equally deprecate the idea that the remedy for agricultural distress, or, in other words, low prices, is to be found in Bimetallism; for, shuffle the cards as we may, foreign cheapness of production, and the abundance or scarcity of articles, must rule prices. Amongst the articles I produce are wool, coffee, and cardamoms. If the scarcity of gold governed the situation, then all three ought to have fallen in price. But this is not so. Wool is low in price because it has been over-produced, coffee high because it has not been over-produced, and cardamoms have largely fallen in price because they have been over-produced. I would, then, most strongly urge landlords and farmers not to look for one moment to any State measures, but to set to work and remodel the agricultural system, so as to bring it into harmony with the existing state of things. This we are doing in Scot- land, confidence is being restored, farms can now be rapidly relet and sometimes at higher rents. It is perfectly true that farming is being carried on at a very low rate of profit; but farmers are now beginning to recognise the fact that they are suffering from world-wide causes; that, after all, they are no worse, and in some cases better, off than farmers in other countries, and that their sole resource lies in their own intelligence and industry. To encourage the idea that the State could aid them is simply to discourage the only aid they can ever have to rely on to help them out of their present difficulties,—their own efforts.—I am, Sir, &c., Clifton Park, Kelso, May 21st. Rorert H. Erpiot.

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752 THE SPECTATOR. [June 1, 1895, [We are quite in agreement with our correspondent, and only put in the proviso to which he objects in order to express forcibly our idea of the necessities of agriculture.— Ep. Spectator.] BROTHERLESS WOMEN. [To THe Eprror or THB “ Srectator.”} Sr1r,—I was much interested in your article in the Spectator of May llth on “ Brotherless Women,” and thank you for it. My observation compels me to the belief that girls who have no brothers grow up with such ignorance of young men’s daily life and faults, failings, and weaknesses, that they idealise them, believe all they say, and are in danger of accepting the first lover who makes advances. “No man isa hero to his valet de chambre.” I do not forget that Carlyle says it is because the valet is incapable of valuing and appre- ciating a hero, but this I know,—that a girl who is in the midst of a family of boys is not very likely to be disillusioned after marriage. She is near enough to see the foibles and vanities of her brothers without the softening influences of perspective. She is now and then snubbed, some of her con- ceit taken out of her by brotherly candour, and in the main is more likely to form a correct opinion of a young man than the girl who only sees him outside home-life. Of course the thing cuts two ways, the man who is a good brother is likely to be a considerate husband, and the most unselfish and pleasantly-rounded characters I have known are those who have grown up in families of boys and girls together, especially where circumstances have compelled them to make sacrifices for each other. May I venture to remark (and yet live) that young men’s most common failing is selfishness P— Iam, Sir, &., Tue Sister OF Four BROTHERS, GLORIFYING THE SLIPSHOD LIFE, [To THe Epitor or tHE “ SpecTaTor.’’] S1z,—As a statement appears in the Spectator of May 18th that the poet, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, was slipshod about his children, I inclose an extract from a letter of his which has never yet been published. It was written from Greta Hall, 1803, to Mr. Coates, of Bristol, one of my wife's family, and certainly shows that at that time his children occupied much of Ooleridge’s attention. “ Hartley Coleridge, seven years, Derwent, three years old, and Sara, a year old onthe 23rd of this month. Hartley is considered a zenius by Wordsworth and Southey ; indeed, by everyone who has seen much of him, (but what is of much more consequenceand much less doubtful) he has the sweetest temper and the most awakened moral feelings of any child I ever saw. He is very backward in his book-learning, cannot write at all, and a very lame reader. We have never been anxious about it, taking it for granted that loving me, and seeing how I love books, he would come to it of his own accord, and so it has proved. For in the last month he has made more progress than in all his former life. Having learnt everything almost from the mouth of people whom he loves, he has connected with us words and notions, a passion and a feeling which would appear strange to those who had seen no children but such as had been taught almost everything in books. Derwent is a large, fat, beautiful child, quite the pride of the village, as Hartley is the darling. Southey says that all Hartley’s guts are in his brains, and all Derwent’s brains are in his guts. Verily the constitutional differences in the children are great indeed. From earliest infancy Hartley was absent, a mere dreamer at his meals, put the food into his mouth by one effort, and made a second effort to remember that it was there to swallow it. With little Derwent it is a time of rapture and jubilee, and any story that has no pie or cake in it comes very flat to him. Our girl is a darling little thing with large blue eyes; a quiet creature that, as I have often said, seems to bask in a sunshine as mild as moonlight of her own happiness. Oh, bless them! next to the Bible, Shakespeare, and Milton, they are three books from which I have learnt the most and the most important, and wth the greatest delight.” —I am, Sir, &ec., ALGERNON WARREN. [Is not this letter quite consistent with our view? Coleridge had all sorts of beautiful feelings about his children, but he left the care and support of them to other people.—Ep. Spectator. ] LOCAL PROVERBS. [To Tue Epvitor or THE “ SPecTaToR,’”’] S1r,—As the summer holidays are approaching, and we shall soon all be in the country, I enclose two or three local pro- verbs, hoping that some of your readers, when away, may be tempted to gather some more, eee From Mr. Fergusson, farmer, Balquhidder :== “Craiget heron near the hill, Plenty water for the mill, Craiget heron to the sea, Fine weather it will be.” The idea being, the heron flying north or south, the south representing seawards, From Mrs. McGregor, crofter, Balquhidder :—“ A far.ofp broch is a near-hand blast.” The “ broch” meaning the ring round the sun. From Mr. McNaughton, blacksmith, Balquhidder >The Lammas flood was never lost.” Referring to its possible lateness but certainty of coming.—I am, Sir, &c., . Wu. Young. 50 Palmerston Place, Edinburgh, May 21st. A DOG-STORY. (To txw Eprror or tum * SPecTaToR,”] S1z,—Perhaps you will allow me to add another to your interesting list of dog-stories. In a house where I once boarded there was a large and remarkably sagacious St, Bernard mastiff, who used to come into my sitting-room and give me his company at dinner, sitting on the floor beside my chair, with his head on a level with the plates, His master, however, fearing that he was being over. fed, gave strict injunctions that this practice should no. longer be permitted. On the first day of the prohibition the dog lay and sulked in the kitchen; but on the second day, when the landlady brought in the dishés, he stole in noiselessly close behind her, and while for the moment she bent over the table, he slipped promptly beneath it, and waited. No sooner had she retired than he emerged from his hiding-place, sat down in his usual position, and winked in my face with a look which seemed to say, “ Haven’t I done her!” In due course, the good woman came fo change the plates, and as soon as he heard her step, he slank once more under the table; but in an instant, ere she had time to open the door, he came out again, as if he had suddenly taken another thought, and threw himself down on the rug before the fire, —to all appearance fast asleep. “Ah, ‘Keeper’; you there, you rascal!” exclaimed his mistress, in indignant surprise, ag she caught sight of him. The dog opened his eyes, half. raised his body, stretched himself out lazily at fall length, gave a great yawn as if awakened from a good long sleep, and then, with a wag of his tail, went forward and tried to lick her hand. It was a capital piece of acting, and the air of perfect guilelessness was infinitely amusing.—lI am, Sir, &., Kirkcaldy, May 16th. Gro. McHagpy. A DUCK NAVIGATOR. [To rue Epiror or tHE “SpPEcrator.”} S1z,—As an example of overcoming disadvantageous environ- ment, the following is, I think, worth recording. The round pond in Kensington Gardens is now frequented by numerous ducks and their recently hatched ducklings, which have been reared in the tall trees near, for the keepers have observed the old ones nesting there during thé season; but how the young birds are transported from the nest to the water is, I believe, an unsolved problem, as it always occurs during the night, when no one is about. On Saturday last I saw another rather comic example of this instinct. A duck with eight or nine ducklings boarded one of the toy cutters sailing on the pond, to rest her brood in safety from the dogs and people on terra-firma. She stood at ease on one leg at the stern, and kept her family all huddled up in the middle, apparently fast asleep, while three consecutive;voyages were made to and fro N. STEVENSON. 51 Wimpole Street, Cavendish Square, W., May 14th. POETRY. THE MINUET-DANCER. So, my enchantress in the flowered brocade, You call an elder fashion to your aid, Step forth from Gainsborough’s canvas and advance, A powdered Galatea, to the dance. About you clings a faded, old-world air, As though the link-boys crowded round your chair, As though the Macaronis thronged the Mall, And the French horns were sounding at Vauxhalh

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June 1, 1895.] THE SPECTATOR.

753

They tread the stately measure to its close, The silver buckles and the silken hose, Ladies and exquisites, that bend and sway, Brilliant as poppies on an August day. You dance the minuet, and we admire, We dullards in our black and white attire, Whose russet idyll seems a mere burlesque, Set in a frame so far less picturesque. Yet I take heart: for Love, the coatless rogue, Can scarcely heed what raiment be in vogue, Since in good sooth his negligence is known As something scandalous anent his own. And so he whispers, Eyes were bright and brown, Long ere the powder-tax dismayed the town, And faithful shepherds still shall babble on, Although the rapiers and the frills be gone. ALFRED COCHRANE.

ART. THE ACADEMY.—IV. PICTURES. AFTER a lengthy survey of confused ideas we may deal with a few scenes, portraits, and landscapes which are in the picture vein. Mr. Clausen used to confound the portrait with the scene, dragging up the labourer from his occupation to exhibit in near, tight definition, his features and his boots. But Mr. Clausen is a student with a conscience, and has fallen back on a more reasonable treatment of occupied humanity. His boy- winnower (No. 121) would bea good Millet but for the last trick of the portrait, that makes him catch the painter’s eye instead of minding his business. The sentiment of Millet depends on the profound occupation of the labourer. In matters of definition and colour, Mr. Clausen has made great advances, but his knowledge that something was wrong has outrun his eye, and you find him trying to correct his eye by a technique, in- stead of his technique by his eye. Thus in the Harvest (No. 91) there is a great deal of hatching over forms todisguise hard de- finition, and an eagerness to find salvation from blackness by forcing the purple shadow. The action, too, a laudable study in itself, has the same forced look. The result is that the balance of interest in the picture is uncertain. Two aggres- sive claims are made on the attention of about equal force. First, the action. The arms and legs are so viclent that we inquire with wonder, Why all this ado about picking up a little corn? In life those poses would melt into others so easily and rapidly, that the eye would not take this impression. The suspended, momentary act becomes too momentous, Second, the effect. The emphatic statement, Shadows at sunset are purple, competes for our attention. Not quite so purple, surely, to an eye engaged with the whole field, and not so noticeable to a mind engaged to this extent, with the features of the boy. One order of interest or another should rule. Either Evening Effect on harvest-field (with harvesters subordinate) ; or, Harvesters in a field at evening (with effect subordinate). Millet is right, and Monet is right. Mr. Clausen admires too many things at once. His portrait of Mrs. Roberts (No. 57) shows him at his best, modest, patiently securing a charming face. It is not great painting, but it has the root of good portrait. Mr. Waterhouse has directed his talent not to the fields and open air, but to illustration by way of “ decorative painting.” Decorative painting, as practised in England, is vitiated by a misunderstanding even more unfortunate than the super- stitions of “open-air” painting in France. There are two ways of arriving at a decorative effect,—if by decorative we understand an effect of simplicity in forms and tones that will tell at a distance, simplicity of colours that will match with surroundings, simplicity in the treatment of depth that will preserve the continuity of the wall. One plan is to throw Nature overboard in the matter of values and match colours out of one’s head. The other, the more difficult, convincing, and beautiful plan, the plan of Puvis and Whistler, is to catch Nature in adecorative mood, to take those effects when tempered light and vapour themselves broaden, flatten, and simplify the aspect of things. Our

decorators have stumblingly followed the other track, and Mr. Waterhouse falls between two stools. He takes a certain aspect of colour in Nature, strips off the envelope and delicacy that may be found in all natural aspect, and states the local colour in an unmitigated form. Look at the pink in his cheeks, the red of his lips, the yellow of fore- head and neck, the chestnut of the hair. These colours do not match one another pleasantly, they have not that arbitrary justification. Still less have they the inclosing, uniting, modulating medium of natural light and air. So with the green of the sky, the virulent green of the grass, the extreme scarlet of the poppies. Mr. Whistler once said of such a scarlet,—“ If you squeeze your colour straight out of the tube upon the canvas, the only thing left for you to do is to squeeze it out of the other end up your sleeve!” Orude colour may be condoned in an artist like Sir Edward Burne- Jones, for the sake of a curious personality in expression... One cannot pretend to find this in Mr. Waterhouse (No. 97).. Rossetti has illustrated that verse of Tennyson about Saint Cecilia. Tennyson is an excellent poet to illustrate, because he- edges as near to a painter’s methods of presentation as a fine- poet may. The grammar of his stanza, devoid of move- ment, working by juxtaposition, culminates in an effect of* stillness, with its intent line, “An angel looked at her.” Rossetti felt the verse in his marrow, and gave the ecstatic- sleep of the saint and that immediate angel. Mr. Waterhouse- brings on his familiar sullen model three times over; once as the saint having a nap, again as two angels not looking at her. It is impossible, therefore, to accept either the conven-- tion or the illustration. But Mr. Waterhouse has unusual patience and intelligence in design, and ability in the use of the brush. His portrait of a little girl (No. 174) shows some- thing more,—a real feeling. The feeling is badly served by an imperfectly trained eye, for the school-cleverness of the painting only disguises uncertainty of vision. It is difficult for a successful man to turn back, to deny himself school- tricks, and to develop a real sentiment of form and colour from the action of his own eye. Mr. Waterhouse might per- haps do what Mr. Clausen is doing. If Mr. Tuke and Mr. Waterhouse could pool their qualities, we should have a strong painter. The picture of boys bathing, by the former (No. 812), has considerable truth of aspect in tone and colour. The latter would have given more thought to its arrangement. Portraits in the exhibition must be briefly dismissed. Mr: Seymour Lucas has a surprisingly good portrait of a lady- in the first room (No. 14). It is expressively drawn, and has less red soup than will be found in a portrait later on. How seldom the qualities of good portraiture are found conjoined! You find in work by a painter otherwise somewhat common- place, Mr. Otto Scholderer, the personal regard, the haunting eyes (Nos. 89,108). There is little enough of this personal charm in men of greater power, but we find strength either on the side of vital drawing, or of decorative picture- making. Mr. Sargent is easily first in vitality; but an eye looking round a gallery for pictures may frequently pass him over. It is on the second or third review that his knowledge- tells. Mr. Greiffenhagen, on the other hand, attracts the eye by the decorative intention of his pose and colour, but fails somewhat on the side of life and insight. So with Mr. Lavery. He has done nothing so good for a long time as the Lady in Black ; the pale note of the arm is exquisite. But the content of the portrait leans to a kind of wooden smartness,—an. empty statement of dress and pose. <A portrait by a new- comer, Mr. D. Muirhead, is promising every way (No. 83). The intention is obvious enough; rather spoilel by imitating the titles that the directors of galleries have painted across certain old pictures. But there is more than reminiscence of ashy-blonde infantas. There is delicacy and intimacy of drawing. Miss Agnes Walker’s work also. deserves a good word. In landscape Mr. David Murray has displayed every ability except the ability to fix upon and follow out a single feeling. His work this year more nearly approaches that essential: of fine art, and more widely departs than has been common with him from the region of the expert catalogue. He has: given us before evidence of his fluency in Corot’s tree-lan- guage, but has frequently appeared to have no guess why Corot was at the pains to elaborate that noble speech—as if one were to use a language moulded on the impulses of a

mysterious poetry, for guide-book gossip. It is impossible to

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754 THE SPECTATOR. [June 1, 1895. be effectively chiitpy in the Hebrew tongue; that organ was framed for the awful intercourse of man with God. It is incon- venient to be a rattle in Latin, hard to be familiar in English, absurd to be solemn in American. So to dress a dull and placid observation in the dream-implicated foliage of Corot is a misuse of terms. It is strange how seldom a painter will rely on the expression of a tree itself to furnish his picture with poetry, but must hurry in some other entertainment to cover and dull that sentiment. You would think there was enough in each of these characters to fill a canvas. Somnolent elms that go nodding up the sky; foreign beeches that rake or clamber against the clouds like creepers; chestnut avenues lit for spring; the watchman poplar by French rivers; the mourning obelisk of the cypress; cedars that build floor above floor of night; the chancel of the ilex; the fountain of the willow; weedy festoons of pear-trees; the tormented fir,— these and fifty more. Constable’s homely, cheerful eye never was weighed upon by trees; Corot did feel the oppression and mystery, though even he would force the hint of an incantation upon those woodland glades whose essence is expectation and disappearance. Now Mr. Murray has made a very beautiful thing out of the willow seen through Corot’s eyes, but he will have his Constable in too, and all manner of games. His bathing scene, followed out on one sentiment or the other, wonld be a capital picture; it is a little like a gymnasium started in a church. I perhaps press the point too far; and in No. 373 I gladly recognise a picture of trees and clouds that a little more exclusion, a little more nursing and refinement, would make beautiful. The criticism of Mr. Murray must cover thinner talents like Mr. Hast and Mr. Waterlow; and Messrs. Aumonier, Corbet, Wm. Stott, Wetherbee, and Mark Fisher, remain for the present un- discussed. Mr. Wither’s Muhrman-like landscape (276), Messrs. Arnesby Brown (158), Buxton Knight (156), Tit- combe (198), Belgrave (336), should all be seen. Mr. Swan’s rare knowledge of structure and other gifts seem to be at the mercy always, in the last stage of his pictures, of a never-satisfied technical craving. There swims up on the top of all a surface of enamelled blue, and every- thing is subdued and smothered to submit to it. M. Fantin’s roses would be beautiful if we were not dis- turbed by the grapes and peaches. So rare, even among the good painters, is simplicity! Mr. Tom Gresham, in his Béranger (277), and Mr. Macbeth Raeburn (283), show them- selves painters marred by the over-emphasis of illustration. D.S. M. BOOKS. eS — MR. ESCOTT ON LORD RANDOLPH CHURCHILL#* Me. Escort’s monograph will not greatly improve the estimate formed of Lord Randolph Churchill as a states- man by those who, like the present writer, have watched his public career carefully, from its opening to its close, without being either fascinated by the charm which he assuredly had for most of his personal friends, or violently repelled by the haughty and contemptuous scorn with which he treated the amiable leader whom he managed to pull down from the chieftaincy of the Conservative party in the House of Commons. Mr. Escott’s monograph is interesting, but not always careful or exact. And he dwells with quite too much rhetorical iteration on the “seventh Duke of Marlborough,” his “ strawberry-leaf,” the “third Marquis of Londonderry,” and, in short, all the state and grandeur of the mental inherit- ance which might have descended to Lord Randolph Churchill, but didnot. That inberitance served Lord Randolph Churchill ill. It gave him, no duubt, his great audacity,—an audacity far in advance of the wisdom and culture by which, in a descent so distinguished, it ought to have been guided and tempered,—and very probably that loyalty to his personal followers which was the single attaching quality in Lord Randolph’s public life. But without more moral and in- tellectual qualities than any of which Lord Randolph Churchill showed a trace, audacity is not a great power, and in him it produced that fitful and spasmodic vehemence which made him a first-rate stump-orator, an occasionally effective but utterly unreliable Parliamentary leader, an * Randolph Spencer Churchill as a Protuct of his Age: being a Personal and Political Monograph. By T. H. 8. Rs-ott M.4.° Louion: Hutchinson and Co. exceedingly inconsistent and untrustworthy statesman, and a most bitter foe. Lord Randolph Churchill was indeed a perfect type of those “young barbarians” whom Matthew Arnold used to describe as the typical product of our aristocratic system. We are bound to admit that for his intimates there must have been sweetness in the man, for the testimony on this head is too strong to resist. But as a popu- lar leader he was entirely destitute both of “sweetness and light.” He had no reverence for his great antagonist, no sense of magnanimity for those whom he had overthrown, and, worst of all, no self-control. The story which Mr. Escott tells of his capture by one of the Eton tutors in the act of plundering a neighbouring strawberry-garden, and blurting forth the words, “ You beast,” against the offending tutor, is very characteristic of the future politician. His vindictiveness was untempered by any shame at his own violent and imperious self-will. It was said after his death, that on one occasion Sir Stafford Northcote was asked whether, on the formation of a new Government, he should not find himself obliged to find a place for Lord Randolph Churchill, on which Sir Stafford replied that the question rather was whether Lord Randolph would find any place for him,—and that when this was related to Lord Randolph, his scornful comment was, “I did not think the old fool had so much sense.” We do not pretend to know whether the story is authentic, but it is at least very characteristic of that barbarity with which he treated his political enemies. He was chivalrous towards those who were his loyal followers, but showed no sign of chivalry towards his personal foes. We have said that he was no statesman, and nothing is easier to prove. When he overthrew Mr. Gladstone’s Govern- ment by his negotiations with the Irish party on the Budget of 1885,—an incident frankly related by Mr. Escott,—he committed the greatest of all blunders by allying himself with the very party which it was the duty,—and not only the duty, but the destiny,—of himself and his colleagues to resist. He had to pledge the Tories not to renew, at least in that Par- liament, the Irish Crimes Act, which it was really their duty to renew, and which within two years they had to renew and did renew successfully, though under the great disadvantage of having Lord Randolph’s intrigue constantly cast up against them. There never was a more fatal sacrifice of principle, and of the characteristic principle of the Conservatives, than the compact which Lord Randolph made. It was this compact which really led to Lord Carnarvon’s being appointed Viceroy of Ireland, with power to open those negotiations with Mr. Parnell by which the Unionist party was so terribly ham- pered. In fact, the very blunder which Mr. Gladstone made when he negotiated the Kilmainham treaty with Mr. Parnell, Lord Randolph copied when he engaged the Tories not to renew the Crimes Act with the Irish party, and so led to all the tissue of mishaps in 1885 which ultimately caused, no doubt, Mr. Gladstone’s bid for Home-rule, and its train of evil consequences. A more inexcusable political blunder and, indeed, a more immoral political concession to the very assailants whom it became the chief duty of his own party to resist, was never made; and Mr. Escott makes no attempt at any apology for it,—indeed, does not appear to be aware of its grave and far-reaching consequences. Again, what could have been a more fatal and obvious blander than Lord Randolph Churchill’s resignation in December, 1886, which it is frankly admitted that he would never have thought of if he had remembered the existence of Mr. Goschen? Indeed, this admission seems to us worse than the act itself, for it implies so plainly that it was a political move made exclusively in the interest of Lord Randolph’s personal ambition, and not in the least in the interest of his country. If he had thought that Lord Salisbury could supply his place, he would not have resigned ;—a most discreditable almission. And no doubt that was the real truth, If Mr. Gladstone was, as Lord Randolph asserted, “an old man in a hurry,” he was at least in a hurry for what he mis- takenly thought a constitutional duty. Lord Randolph, on his resignation, was a “young man in a hurry,” but in a hurry only to be Prime Minister himself, and not to discharge any constitutional duty. He could not have believed that a reduction of the Military and Naval Budget of the country was urgently necessary for the country’s welfare. Only a few months before, in a speech in Dorset, he had declared that the true policy for England was to create an overwhelming

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June 1, 1895.] THE SPECTATOR. 755 Navye Yet directly he was in Office, and was preparing for his very first Budget, he insisted on reducing the estimates for Navy and Army, with that perfect indifference to litical consistency which he showed so often in his short political career. Mr. Escott takes no notice at all of this glaring inconsistency. As for Lord Randolph’s violence of language when not jn Parliament, Mr. Escott seems hardly to deprecate it at all. In addressing his Paddington constituents after Mr. Gladstone’s defeat in 1886, Lord Randolph said that Mr. Gladstone was “deserted by all who could confer on his policy, character or reputation, and signalising his career’s close by a conspiracy against the honour of Britain and the welfare of Ireland more startlingly base and nefarious than any of those other designs which, during the last quarter of a century, have occupied his imagination. It was not only a design for the separation of Ireland from Britain, but an insane recurrence to heptarchical arrangements, a condonation of crime, an exaltation of the disloyal, an abandonment of the loyal, a monstrous mixture of imbecility, extravagance and political hysterics, professing to convert a nation of tributary slaves into exuberant lovers of the Britain which they now hate, but with which it is on a footing of per- fect political equality.” From a politician who had himself organised a conspiracy for the “condonation” of crime, and who was evincing in this very address a hysterical violence of which nothing in Mr. Gladstone’s career suggests even the poorest shadow, this was shameless language. And in a very short time he was rendering his tribute to Mr. Gladstone’s magnanimity for that great man’s criticism of his own policy as Indian Secretary,—a situation which ought to have made him feel profoundly humiliated at ever having used such language. But Lord Randolph used words as mere missiles to produce particular effects without any reference to their expression of his own mind, and could not therefore feel at all sensible of such humiliation. Mr. Escott’s book will not improve the estimate formed by any impartial and detached mind of the political meteor whose flashy career he so much admires. That career was in some sense brilliant, but in no sense admirable. Mr. Escott is sometimes careless. What, for instance, can he possibly mean by saying, on p. 133, that Lord Randolph in 1880 “might have contrived to retort not ineffectually Mr. Gladstone’s taunt of inconsistency levelled at the Opposition, and resting as it did on the not wholly unanswerable plea that Lord Beaconsfield’s Land Act of 1870 contained, at the moment of its second reading, the main principle manifested in the present Compensation measure”? Lord Beaconsfield was not in power for a day in 1870, and the Land Act of that year was Mr. Gladstone’s own. It is a small matter, but Mr. Escott is also mistaken in saying that the Dissolution of January, 1874, was only rumoured in the Clubs on Sunday, January 25th. It was known on Friday night, the 23rd, and announced in our own columns on Saturday, January 24th, the paragraph having been written on the previous evening. PRINCE HENRY THE NAVIGATOR.* Great stories of small States must fascinate Englishmen, per- petually reminding them that small States give great men their best chance, and that it is by great individuals that history is moulded. The other lesson, that no one man is indispensable, is more popular nowadays. It is true enough, doubtless; and yet it never has been by men who thought any one could do their work that the great deeds have been done, or from whom the great developments of interests have taken new departures. Very possibly the heroes did not think much about them- selves; but it is quite certain that they did not take their inspiration from other people, nor listen to advice upon the impossiblity of the desired venture. The present volume is interesting as describing one who had the pleasure, and paid the penalty, of holding advanced opinions in his age and country; and, moreover, Prince Henry the Navigator has more than usual claims on English sympathies with heroes of discovery. He was grandson of John of Gaunt, “time-honoured Lancaster,” the third son of the remarkable family of John the Great of Portugal, and * Henrv the Navigator, and the Age of Discovery in Europe. By C. Raymond Beazley, M.a » F.4.G 3, &c. New York and London: G, P. Putnam’s Sons, his English wife, Philippa of Lancaster. The legitimate chil- dren of John of Portugal were all good, and all able in their own lines: Edward, who became King; Pedro, the Regent; Henry, Duke of Viseu (1394-1460); John, the Constable; Ferdinand, “the Constant Prince;” and Isabel, who married Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy. They were often the less fortunate because they acted up to their principles; but as they did not contradict their contemporaries for nothing, even where they failed they also succeeded,—if to leave fair names in history be true success. In another volume issued by the same publishers, the history of Portugal previous to the birth of Prince Henry is more clearly told; and, like others of the “Heroes of the Nation ” Series, this volume is not quite easy reading, though it is very useful reference. As we have said in reviewing other such volumes, we do not expect graphic writing in these three hundred pages; but something more than patient scholarship would leave more information in our memories, even though it did not give us quite as many facts for our note-books. We apprehend this is a thing to be desired, if the volume is for more or less general use. The sub-title of the book better describes the volume than its title. Major’s Henry the Navigator, amplified, some may say corrected, in the light of the last few years, gives us more of the Prince. But there is much interest in what has been put forward by Mr. Beazley, avowedly as “an account of geographical progress throughout the Middle Ages, as the preparation of his work,” and the results of such laborious researches cannot but be read with profit. Before tracing in detail the European discoveries and explorations, stimulated by the combination of natural enterprise and religious zeal, where North joined South, Mr. Beazley asks us “to grasp the import of that transition of which Henry is the hero.” This is all very well done :— “‘ More than any other man, he is the author of the discovering movements of the fifteenth, sixteenth, and seventeenth centuries ; and by this movement India has been conquered, America re- peopled, the world made clear, and the civilisation which the Roman Empire left behind has conquered or utterly overshadowed every one of its old rivals and superiors,—Islam, India, China, Tartary.” In this short sentence there is some long controversial matter, and none of us will forget that if one man gives the method of search, and imparts desire to explore the unknown, the clue, as it unrolls, takes its own time and tests other people’s perse- verance. Still, when we look backward to the early mappings and imaginings which Prince Henry focussed, or forward from his command to the future enlargement of the world, we see that, in compensation for being in advance of his generation, he stands at its head :— “ He refused all offers from England, Italy, and Germany, and chose the life of a student and a seaman,—retiring more and more from the known world that he might open up the unknown. After the capture of Ceuta, in 1415, he planted himself in his Naval arsenal at Sagres, close to Lagos town and Cape S. Vincent, and for more than forty years, till his death in 1460, he kept his mind upon the ocean that stretched out from that rocky headland to the unknown west and south. Twice only for any length of time did he come back into political life ; for the rest, though respected as the referee of national disputes and the leader and teacher of the people, his time was mainly spent in thinking ous his plans of discovery—drawing his maps, adjusting his instruments, sending out his ships, receiving the reports of his captains. His aims were three: to discover, to add to the greatness and wealth of Portugal, and to spread the Christian faith.” As regards discovery, his monument is to be found in the maps of the world; and, as indeed Mr. Beazley well suggests, , | nothing is more telling against those who would draw “a circle premature, heedless of far gain” than the survey of early maps. It is, indeed, a parable. There were those who put down all that they could not discover as impossible; and, unconsciously it may be, to avoid being thought cowardly or unenterprising, marked the unknown with monsters, physical or supernatural. Others again, to conceal ignorance, devised beautiful and shapely systems of land and water, as they ought to have been, in the medieval mind, and proved them by literal quotations from Scripture. Others exaggerated the genuine physical difficulties, if that may be said, when the marvel is that any could take those ships to sea, and when, as may be recollected in the voyages of Columbus, con- tractors, as ever, cheated captains. Human nature was always the same, only then its means of getting its work done were less adequate. Still, from whatever cause Henry’s enter- prises were checked, he had but one answer,—they had to be carried out. If his maps were imperfect, so much the more

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756 THE SPECTATOR. [June 1, 1895, need for testing them; if sailors failed yesterday, they must work to-day: for him who had adopted the motto “Talent de bien faire,” no other course was possible. Love of his country was hereditary. On both sides he came of a governing and organising family. He was placed in a State which had worked out its salvation, had asserted its ecclesiastical independence, as he says, had balanced, English fashion, nobles and people, and was then, roughly speaking, at the height of its influence, though this is not the place to narrate the interesting story of the decline and fall of Portugal. “It is the business of a gentleman to fight or to govern,” it has been well said; and the sons of John of Good Memory and wise and sweet Philippa of England, were to the core gentlemen in a way which shows chivalry at its best. We cannot refrain from one interrogation. Is not what our new governing classes need, the infusion of the chivalrous spirit? How else but through historical knowledge can it be given P Our popular teachers care too little for history. But if the Princes of this great family were emphati- cally gentlemen, it was because, where good breeding was prized and chivalry extolled, they were so distinctively Christians. Medieval Christians, doubtless, they were in matters on which after ages have had fresh light. The nineteenth century cannot think that, under any conditions, slavery in a Christian land is better than freedom in their own for Moor, Indian, negro, or any other “Pagan and infidel folk.” It is now easy to see that whilst the leader thought chiefly of the baptism of his prisoners, the average man had a shrewd eye to the benefit of his own estates. The personal and the temporal ideas put forth in the name of Christianity have been, at least partially, worked out from its human propaganda, and it is Christianity which has purified itself. But, in the use of Christian phrases to cover worldly greed, that age was a master, for compulsory Christianity ever distorts worldly characters. So it is very well to remember that to this same compulsory medixval Christianity we also owe the self-sacrificing chivalry of that family. Nor can we despise as utterly unreal the open admiration given to it by those who did not live up to the counsels of perfection evidently at work in the lives of the Princes. Very pretty is the well- known story of the brothers who preferred to win their spurs in real fight against the Moors, rather than in mimicwar against their fellow-countrymen and Christians; and then, when this was done, and our Prince Henry, as we may here call him, had carried off the honours of the hard day, how charming the refusal to take his knighthood before his senior brothers ! But one of the beautiful romances of Christian history (one which a modern writer, Miss Christabel Coleridge, has sketched in fiction), is that of the younger brother, Ferdinand, who earned his title of “ the Constant Prince,” from his refusal to be ransomed from the Moors. He preferred to die in captivity rather than be redeemed at the cost of a Christian city. The story is one which few could read without recognising an appeal to all that is best and most beautiful in human nature. The history of the age has been told over and over again, and, if it is more immediately interesting to lovers of their kind in all ages, we can scarcely regret its partial omission in favour of all the geographical information so lavishly bestowed on us. Henry the Navigator is a most painstaking monograph, and the numerous corrections necessitated by its author’s foreign absence do not greatly mar its general usefulness. We should also have preferred that one of the excellent repro- ductions of maps did not stand so aggravatingly upon its head. But these and other small imperfections are mere trifles, as compared with the generally high standard of the work, THE THEORY OF CHESS.* Two Americans have attempted for chess what Jomini did for strategy. There had always existed, thought Jomini, certain principles upon which rest all the good combinations of war; they had been applied by the best generals since the beginning of history, but they had never been analysed and explained. Jomini, in 1806, set forth these principles in an essay which became the source and starting-point of the modern theory of war. Chess until now has been treated much as war was treated before Jomini. The traditional text-books explain the moves and the rules, give one or two empirical * The Minor Tactics of Chess: a Treatise on the Deployment of the Forces in precepts, and then plunge into history. They repeat the records of hundreds of games, classified according to openings, and accompanied by, here and there, a note which describes a particular move as “a splendid conception” or “the initiation of a masterly combination.” From such a dictionary of games the beginner has been expected to derive his ideas. Messrs. Young and Howell have been stimulated by Jomini’s example. They have attempted to reduce to a system the play of the best records, and the volume before us contains so much of the system thus obtaineg as applies to the opening of the game. The opening is the process by which the pieces, originally in their normal positions along the two first horizontal lines, are rearranged so as to be efficiently grouped for attack or defence, a process which the authors describe as “the de. ployment of the forces in obedience to strategic principle,” The authors have, therefore, undertaken to discover the best groupings of the pieces for the purposes of attack and defence. They begin with the pawns, and expound a series of positions for all the eight pawns,—positions, one or other of which should, if possible, be secured at the outset. Thus (in the open game) White is recommended never, in the opening, to move his rooks’ or knights’ pawns at all; always to post QBP atQB3,Q Pat Q 4,and K P at K 4. This done, but not before, White may advance K B P. Black (in the open game) is to leave undisturbed his rooks* pawns, his knights’ pawns, and his Q B P. He is to post Q Pat Q3,K P at K 4,and may then advance K B P to KB4, Other groupings of pawns are recommended for the close game. The superior pieces are next discussed, and the best positions for each pair and for the Queen, both in the open and in the close game, are enumerated. The varions elements having been thus dealt with are next combined into “ primary bases,” that is, positions or deployments of the whole sixteen pieces. A “primary base ” is defined as “a complete and consistent disposition of all the pieces in the opening of a game, preliminary to the play of the mid-game.” The authors give eleven such primary bases for the open, and five for the close game, all of which, however, upon examination and comparison are seen to be merely variations upon four fundamental types, two for the open and two for the close game. The substance of the theory is contained in these types of deployment, and the theory will stand or fall with the first of them, which the authors consider to be the perfect ideal, and of which a photograph forms their frontispiece. The reader will have this ideal deployment before him if he will set the White pieces on the board and make the following moves :—l. K P—K 4; 2. Q P—Q 4; 3. Q B P—Q B 3; 4, K B—Q 3; 5. K Kt—K 2; 6. Castles (K R); 7. Q B—K3; 8. Q Kt—Q 2; 9. K B P—K B 4; 10. Q Kt—K B38; 11. Q— Q2; 12. K R—K 1. The position thus formed is declared to be “ the most efficient disposition of the forces possible in the development of the open game; ” it is a model of the dis- position of the forces for the open attack, and to this model the White player should as far as possible conform. Of course the White player has to reckon with Black, who will hardly allow him to carry out his deployment undisturbed during twelve moves. But the authors’ view is that White ought to know what position he is aiming at, though he will probably never attain it; and that in the course of the attempt to com- plete a perfect deployment, he will not only be able to defend himself against his adversary (whose deployment cannot be more advanced than his own), but may also have the oppor- tunity, if his opponent makes any mistake, of an effective attack which would otherwise be premature. The authors give in an appendix fifteen well-known games which throw a strong light upon their theory, for it appears when these games are followed through, as if the better player in each case had had one of their “primary bases” in his mind during the opening. To this historical test may be added an experimental one. The reviewer, a poor player (the critics are those who have failed in literature and art), played for many years with a friend from whom he usually received odds and a beating. After acquiring the new theory, he has played a series of games with the same friend (to whom this theory was unknown) without taking odds, and has not: only won the majority of the games, but made a much better fight in those which he lost than he had usually been able to Obedience to Strategic Principle. By Franklin K, Young and Edwin O, Howell. London: Obatto and Windus i805. . eer make before becoming acquainted with the theory. The

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the ich la ive ed THE June 1, 1895.] SPECTATOR. 757 authors are therefore perhaps right in declaring that the study of their work will make beginners into players, and r players into better players. The orthodox will perhaps pe displeased by the rejection of some long accepted methods; the King’s Gambit, for example, is condemned by the pro- hibition to advance K BP until after the centre pawns on the Queen’s wing have come forward, and the favourite move _Q Kt—Q B 3 is strongly deprecated for White. The book is clearly written; the powers of the pieces are quite admirably explained; but an effort is required to master the theory, and it needs to be mastered entire, from beginning to end, before the light dawns. This difficulty is, however, inherent in the subject and in the nature of the theory put forward. Theauthors speak of “principles” in a way which will lead the unwary to expect general propositions founded in the nature of things and appealing directly to the ordinary intelligence. But chess is hardly based upon the nature of things. It is a system of conventional abstractions,—the sixty-four squares, the powers and original places of the pieces, the proceedings of castling and queening, of check and check- mate. There is no room within these conventional limits for what are commonly called general principles; the perfect theory can be no more than an exhaustive analysis of specific factors and combinations ; and such an analysis is, in fact, what the authors offer. It seems at first sight as though the authors do not justify their recommendations for play. They assert, for instance, that the best position for the queen is at her second; for the two knights, at K B3 and at K 2; and they set forth some advantages of these positions, but prove nothing. The mind is apt to resent this kind of dogmatic statement, and to crave an exposition of the reasons why. But the reason why, in each case, really consists in the analysis of an infinite number of games played to the end; it cannot be given in a syllogism. ‘The true justification of the authors’ theory of the openings would be in a theory of the mid- game and of the endings, which indeed they promise to give in due time, being content for the nonce with various hints on the subject thrown out in the course of the present volume. Messrs. Young and Howell may be congratulated upon a thoroughly original work, treating with great interest and suggestiveness of a subject that seemed well-nigh thread- bare; and they may reasonably expect their labours to lead to an improvement in the practice of the game. As regards its philosophy, they are bound fast in traditional errors. After referring to the eulogies of Leibnitz, of Petroff, and of Anders- sen upon chess, they “are tempted to go still further and to assert...... not only that chess is a real science, but that it may not unreasonably be regarded as symbolical of the supreme science, the science of force. If this be true, the study of chess may profitably engage the attention of the ablest intellects.” Here are disclosed a series of fundamental untruths. The analogy between chess and war—for by the “supreme science” the writers mean not politics, which is properly so described, but war—appeals chiefly to those whose knowledge of war is superficial. The quasi-mathe- matical calculus which figures so largely in old-fashioned treatises on strategy, and attracts the popular mind in a pseudo-scientific age, does, indeed, resemble the calculus of the chess-player. But the essence of war is the fight, of which the elements are destruction and the will that scorns it. The military virtues reside in the epirit that keeps men to their course in spite of danger; that impels them to obey leaders and to support comrades; that confronts death haughtily. So potent in war are these spiritual forces, that they may upset the strategical calculus. In chess, the question is purely of position. One piece will capture any other piece within its radius; there is no resistance, but at most an ex- change. But in war it is possible for a body of men not to know when they are beaten. Without that sublime ignorance strategy is as helpless as Antewus in the air. It is there- fore a mistake to dwell on a comparison which assumes that the strategical calculus is the chief thing in war. Equally wrong is it to suppose that the combinations of chess could serve as an introduction to those of war. That which is difficult cannot be a propedeutic for that which is simple; and the principles of strategy are as simple and general as those of chess are complicated, abstruse, and specific. The hard thing in war is to make the pieces move, not, as in chess, to know where to put them. A third deplorable error into which our authors fall, is the opinion that chess is to be recommended for its practical utility ; wherein they display a lack of acquaintance with human nature, for who will play at a game that is useful ? Whether the metaphysic of chess has ever been written, wedo not know, if it has, we apologise to those qui ante nos nostra dizere; the matter ought certainly to have been settled by Schopenhauer, for his philosophy alone explains perfectly why men must play at this game. It is necessary, according to the great pessimist, to seek an escape from the evil of existence, either by the straight and arduous road of nirvana, the annihilation of the will to exist, or by the evasive path of ideal art. , But, Schopenhauer must have added, there is also a loophole or temporary door of evasion presented by chess; in chess the will and the intelligence find entire occupation and absorption devoid of all alloy of passion or desire ; it is a world of decision and action in the abstract, a world of pure form without matter, reproducing, free from sensuous taint, the essence of all endeavour, an end and a variety of means for its attainment. In this abstract world the will is opposed by another will, and yet, the opposition being forma) and ideal, is without the anger and malice that are inseparable from the practice of life. Amid the ills of existence, intensified by the feebleness of our attempts at self-annihilation and by the imperfection of our artistic creations, the chess-board provides a temporary haven,—a momentary paradise, where conflict, our bane in the actual world, is deprived of its poison, and, thus sublimated into pure form, becomes absolute happiness. THE CRIMEAN WAR.* THE two books before us are intended to supply the materials for a cool historical estimate, at this distance of time, of the rights and wrongs, the blunders and the achievements, of the much-vexed Crimean War. Sir Anthony Sterling served practically throughout the campaign, and after collecting his home-correspondence, had some copies privately printed, and dying more than twenty years ago, desired that the book should be published. The executors, however, con- sidered that there was too much in the collection which would injure the personal feelings of those concerned in the criticisms of the writer; but now that nearly all who can be considered to have been responsible have passed away, the publication is put forward as a “salutary record of the mismanagement that bas too frequently attended military expeditions from this country,” as in the case of the Waterloo campaign of earlier days, and later on at the Cape, and on the Nile. General Lysons, who is responsible for the second collection, is himself still living, and publishes his letters to his mother and sister during the Crimean War, on the plea of having been “the very first soldier to jump on shore at the landing of the army at ‘Old Fort,’ and never to have left the camp of the Light Division for a single day from the commencement to the end of the war.” Unlike his precursor, General Lysons has no desire to pose as a severe and unsparing critic, but contents himself with a straightforward record of the doings and sufferings of himself and those around him, of hairbreadth escapes and personal experiences, which will be attractive to a different class of readers from those who will appreciate the strictures of Sir Anthony Sterling. The General’s book is dedicated to the Duke of Cambridge, as a kind of guarantee of “no offence i’ the world,” and may be treated as an antidote to the more pretentious work. We are not sure that much is gained, even though it be at so appreciable a distance of time, by exposures more or less authoritative—it is but what Sir Anthony thought, after all—of the mismanagement inherent in all military expeditions, especially at the outset. It is not only England that is guilty of such mistakes. We have read of them in connection with ancient Rome and Greece; we have heard of them very frequently indeed where France has been concerned; and Germany herself has not been free from the imputation at times. The figure of Moltke, thinking and planning out in his tent every detail of his war, is, as we believe, unique in history. It is to the end of a campaign, and not to its beginning, that men must look, if they are to judge of it asa whole. We believe that it is not so much for its conduct * (1.) The Story ¥ the Highland Brigade in the Crimea: Founded on Letters written during the Years 1854, 1856, and 1856, By Lieutenant-Colenel Anthony Sterling. London: Remington and Co. 1895.—(2.) The Crimean War from First to Last. By General Sir Dan‘el Lysons, G.0.B, London: Joha Murray.

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758 THE SPECTATOR. {June 1, 1895, as for its inception that History will record her condemnation of the Crimean War, if condemned at her bar it is to be; not go much for its execution as for its design. No good has come, nor does it seem that good ever can come, of attempts of the Western Empires to sustain or to protect the Sultan’s power. The disparity is too complete; the opposition too entire. Nature and Religion throw their bars in the way of the alliance; and they are bars that, in these matters, it seems impossible to bridge over. The Russian question is an enduringly grave one; but Turkish alliances seem to give no clue to its solution. Sir Anthony Sterling, however, is of the good old type of soldier who has nothing to do with considerations of this kind. Against everything that the authorities either advised or did, he is the grandest and most unmitigated grumbler to be found. Rightly or wrongly, he convinced himself that politics alone were the motive-power of everything that was done :—= ** As Vinoy said to me last winter, when I was trying to arrange sdinething for the convenience of landing his stores at Balaclava, «Je vois que chez vous tout se fait par la politique.’ I believe, {he writes in another place] that the Court had been planning to give Codrington the command of the army, but that Lord Pan- mure, the responsible man, has concluded that Markham shall have it, and that he positively would have been named in the spring; this design his illness will disturb; and should he not recover, Lord P. will have to look out for some one else. I cannot imagine what has given his lordship so high an opinion of his capacity. In India he was considered to be very brave, and the best ibex-shot th the country...... The moment that we receive definite orders to go into winter quarters, which we expect every day, C. intends to ask for six weeks’ leave of absence. He will go direct to London and take Lord Hardinge and Lord Panmure by the throat, and, I think, will not come back to this army. I shall wait till I hear from him before doing anything. if they try to make me serve after the injustice I have suffered, there will be nothing left for me but to sham sick, which I disdain to do, or to sell out. Strictly speaking, I ought to refuse any employment except on the personal staff, unless Lam promoted into my proper place,—viz., a colonel, with date of 17th July; but in extremities my iron temper may have to yield a little, and I may have to eat my leek. Nothing can possibly be more against the grain. There is, indeed, the resource of writing to the newspapers, with my name subscribed. ..... Would that I were an M.P., or rather a Peer; had I been either the wish would be unnecessary, for I should not have been passed over.” The subsequent letters tell us that Sir Anthony followed ap his reflections by the Englishman’s resource of writing to the Times in support and vindication of his favourite “C.,” whose full name is suppressed for no especial purpose, as it can only be an open secret to all who are acquainted with the particulars of the time. His hero-worship seems to have been shared by other observers, if we are to trust Pelissier’s remark that “Je ne vois jamais cet homme sans avoir envie de V’embrasser.” The letter to the Times, though it brought Sir Anthony many compliments, seems to have had, upon those terrible persons the authorities, no effect at all. At an earlier date (February, 1855) we find Sir Anthony anticipating a great change in the constitution of the English Army, and hoping that it would consist in an exact copy of the French organisation invented by the first Napoleon. We are not ourselves able to put much faith in a critic who takes what seems to us so purely impossible a view, nor do we profess to understand the data on which he founded so radical a theory of change. It must surely be an accepted fact that every nation must vary its system of organisation according to its national characteristics. If the England of 1855 should have copied the military arrangements of France, her successor of forty years later should reproduce the system of Moltke. Military success or national stability, we venture to think, are not to be attained in this way. But Sir Anthony Sterling was nothing if not an impugner of every- thing that was done, in contrast to all that ought to have been. The letter which we have last quoted gives us another specimen of his combativeness in an onslaught upon the reform so identified in our day with the name of Miss Nightingale. That lady and her nurses seem to have been nothing to the stout old soldier but a kind of béte noire, who had no business whatever to interfere with such a soldierly prerogative as wounds and sickness :— “We are going to make an attempt upon Miss Nightingale. She keeps all our men when they are discharged from hospital, and makes nurses of them, not considering that the other men are doing their duty in the trenches. I believe she has about 300 men of the Highland Brigade thus employed. There ought to be men enlisted as nurses, and the soldiers should be left to ht. hief Medical Off trusted arith gh iat there pres In another place he hopes to “recover our convalescents out of the Nightingale’s claws.” Of all this we can only say that History has made up her mind about Miss Nightingale and all that is so honourably connected with her name, far too completely to be likely to change it now. In this instance at all events, it was English organisation and English arrange. ments that were found worthy of foreign imitation in more than one quarter; and we imagine that Sir Anthony’s com. ments will be read with more of amusement at the old soldier’s grumblings than with any other marked feeling, “We have here a certain Miss S——, who has rebelled on geographical principles. She avers that she signed articles to obey the Nightingale as her lieutenant in Turkey in Asia, but not in Russia in Europe...... She drinks her bottle of claret, and has her own private reasons besides her benevolence-bump, for coming here; but her geography seems to be out in the matter, aateonere Amid this grim war female tracasseries are out of place,” Another letter from the Balaclava camp ends with a wail over the English authorities for refusing to be warned by him before he started, about the dangers of fever, and dig. misses them briefly as fools who purchase their experience, “Poor England! purse-proud and boastful, how low art thou fallen!” This appears to us, we confess, a poor sort of spirit in which to fight his country’s battles, and does not allow us to wonder much that the writer’s promotion was not so rapid as he thought it ought to have been. Furthermore, ag his observation led Sir Anthony to the conclusion that Louis Napoleon had more of the qualifications of a good General than any one else he could hear of, we should not be sur- prised to find his qualities as a military critic submitted to rather serious question. We cannot deny that in this revival of the story of the old Crimean War the book of Sir Daniel Lysons possesses much more attraction than the more pretentious companion that we have coupled with it in the present article. In its fresh-air straightforwardness, and absence of com- plaint about anything, it seems to reflect the spirit of the man, and the frank and soldierly face we find upon the frontispiece :— ‘To-morrow morning we expect to be at work early. I do not think that we shall meet with much opposition in landing, but the attack on the intrenched camp will be heavy work, no one knowing what number they may have against us; but we shall thrash them somehow, that’s certain.” In these pages, at all events, there is nothing to be found about purse-proud England, or any intimation of a suspicion that she had fallen so low as Sir Anthony found her. It is a simple and stirring account of battle and adventure, and the General’s much more simple summary of early misadventure deals with both the allies equally :—“The French are not fit to move—no more are we—and to complete the misfortunes of this ill-omened expedition, Varna has been burned to the ground, together with nearly all our commissariat and engineer stores, all the French stores, and the private supplies and shops, &c. I suppose we are quite done for, and will have to sneak into winter-quarters the laughing-stock of all the world. I am heartily sick of such blundering.” Yes; we suppose that it was a big blunder, the Crimean War. So was the Siege of Troy. So was the Invasion of Russia. So, apparently, were most of them, unless superintended by Bismarck and strategised by Moltke, when they came to be considered a few years afterwards. It is doubtfal now, and very doubtful, whether the Crimean War served any purpose whatever but to get rid of a large number of lives, perhaps appropriately enough for statistical purposes; and whether it left behind, with all respect to Sir Anthony, any memory so salutary as Miss Nightingale’s, or any change so useful as that con- nected with her name. It is such books as these before us which make us more and more hold with Green, that it is not in the records of war and battles that the history of a nation is mainly to be written. We are only thankful that poor purse-proud England has got on her legs again so well as she has, and apparently with as much reason to be content with her purse. GREEK SCULPTURE.* Tus work contains a large number of passages from such Roman and Hellenic writers as have given any important * Ancient Writers on Greek Sculpture. By H. Stuart Jones, M.A, Londons Macmillan and Oo.

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June 1, 1895.] THE SPECTATOR. 759 information regarding the rise and progress of Art in Hellas and her colonies, with learned and judicious notes thereon. These latter, however, we think much too few and brief, and regret that the editor has not increased the size of the yolume by about a hundred pages; for as the authors he draws from belong almost to the end of the Silver Age, and wrote sometimes incorrectly and too often affectedly, difficulties very embarrassing to the student may be expected to present themselves. This defect will, we trust, be sup- plemented in a later edition, which will assuredly be called for. The earliest attempts at the formation of images were termed Xoana, apparently from their being smoothed or planed, and consisted at first of a square block of wood, surmounted by a head and neck with rudimentary shoulders andarms. Such images are even now to be found among the Lapps and Ostiaks, but gradually attempts were made to fashion the rest of the body, though at first in a rude and tentative manner. By these artists, whose very names are unknown to us as they probably were to the writers of the classic period of Hellenic literature, the eyes were portrayed closed, and the arms hanging stiffly by the sides, while the nether limbs were kept close together; there was, therefore, a complete absence of gesture and expression, and the later art-critics term them “the school of rectilineal severity.” Athens, “the eye of Hellas”—and we may also term it the mind—led the way in reform and progress, and gave to future _ “The stone that breathes and struggles, The brass that seems to speak ;” but other States, and even isolated and self-centred Sparta, took up the work, and to the Hellenic race Europe owes it that she possesses artists who can— Give more than female beauty to a stone And fervid eloquence to marble lips.” Daidalos, an Athenian of royal lineage—it is remarkable that the citizens of democratic republics who rise to eminence are almost invariably accredited with a regal or noble ancestry—was the first to image gods and heroes, not merely as existing, but as acting; he opened the eyes, ex- panded the arms, and parted the lower limbs of his figures, and thus bestowed on them some degree of gesture and ex- pression, though we can easily believe that much of his work was somewhat unpolished; and Plato asserts that many of them would be laughed at in later times. Many of his statues were of wood, but the most famous, which still existed in the days of Pausanias, were of the Attic marble, supplied by the quarries of Pentelicus. After Athens had established her naval empire over the Algwan, a more copious and varied supply was attainable, “ green Donusa ” opened her stores,— * And the light chisel brushed the Parian stone.” This latter species was termed Avyyirns from the pellucid quality of its lower strata, and was appropriated to the effigies of the supreme deities. Bronze and tin were in common use in the Homeric times, the former for weapons and armour, the latter for ornamental purposes; iron was known, but apparently scarce and dear, its usual epithet, morixpnros, implying either difficulty in procuring or working it up. Endoios, of Athens, was the first to make a statue of ivory, and the grouping of figures to represent heroic adventures came into use about B.C. 580. Glaukos, of Chios, invented the soldering of iron, but this art was not, as far as we know, ever applied to statuary. Many States, probably from considerations of economy, continued to use wooden statues with the head and bust wrought in marble or bronze, but we have no adequate information as to when the casting of the latter material was first devised, and the wood used was ebony, box, or fig. Onatas, of Cigina, cast a bronze Apollo, in which he was considered by art-critics to have sacrificed grace to corpulency, so much so that the deity was facetiously addressed in an epigram as fora =hulking lad. Myron, who flourished about 500 B.C., is celebrated by many writers for his cow, which has become nearly as famous as Paul Potter’s bull, as well as for his discobolos and sea-monsters, which we believe to be the real meaning of pristas in Pliny, though in this view we dissent from our author. He gave variety to the postures of his figures, and studied proportion more carefully and successfully than his predecessors, but was believed to be too materialistic in his treatment and to have made no advance in portraying mental emotions, The anthology gives us a graceful epigram on his statue of ‘ Ladas ’—a celebrated conqueror in the foot-race at Olympia, not the Premier’s horse, which some may think should more properly be named ‘ Disruption’ or ‘ Cataclysm ’—in which the lifelike execution is praised in high terms. The custom of erecting statues of the athletic victors at the public games must have been very serviceable to the progress of the art, but it is noteworthy that the artists were forbidden to present such a likeness as would lead to identification, save in the case of pancratiasts, or those who had been successful in all the five species of contest, a rather Hibernian mode of doing honour to a victorious athlete, but logically consistent with the democratic theory of equality. But Hellenic Art received its most powerful impulse from the genius of Pheidias and the fostering patronage of Perikles, the Lorenzo di Medici of antiquity. This illustrious artist, who flourished about B.C. 450, commenced his studies as a painter, and is best known for his colossal statue of Zeus at Olympia, that of Athene in the Akropolis at Athens, and the monument in honour of his fellow-citizens who had fallen at Marathon. Much gold and ivory were used in the making of the two former, but it seems probable that marble also was employed. The enemies of Perikles, wishing to strike at him through the sides of his favourite artist, brought against Pheidias a charge of embezzlement of the valuable materials placed at his disposal, and drove him into exile. There is, how- ever, much uncertainty regarding the events of his life, and though many statues in various States of Hellas have been assigned to his skill, it is probable, in the case of some at least, on insufficient grounds. Pliny praises his fertility of invention, which is shown by the numerous groups of figures on the bases of his statues representing various mythological adventures; but Strabo points out that the statue of Olympian Zeus violated proportion by being too large for the temple in which it was placed. Critics assign to Pheidias a decided superiority over his predecessors and contemporaries in sublimity and precision, and in the former quality he has rarely been surpassed in later times and more favoured nations. He may also be said to have initiated the Attic school of sculpture, and had many pupils and successors who gave to Athens the various groups on the Parthenon and Erechtheum, as appears from such inscriptions as archmo- logists have succeeded in deciphering, The mantle of Pheidias descended on Polykleitos, the originator of the Argive school of art. Inferior to his great precursor in colossal sublimity and magnificence, he equalled him in precision and surpassed him in beauty of face and grace of figure, so that the critics have told us that Pheidias portrayed Divinity and Polykleitos Humanity. If we may adduce a parallel from dramatic literature, we will term Pheidias the (£§schylus, and Polykleitos the Sophocles of statuary, and as the “father of tragedy” called his dramas “fragments from the great Homeric banquet,” so the Attic sculptor said that he derived his conceptions of the majesty of the father of gods and men from the strains of the father of song. His statue of a boy bearing a lance has been judged by critics a perfeet model of youthful grace and proportion, and has been called the “QOanon,” since from it artists have drawn rules of art, so that, in the words of Pliny, “he is held to be the only man who has embodied Art itself in a work of art.” As may be supposed, he was successful in the nude and in portraitures of boys and youths. The Argive school was prolific in sculptors of ability, principally disciples and imitators of Polykleitos, but we can hardly rank among them Scopas, save indirectly. Scopas, who flourised from 380 to 350 B.C., and is praised by Horace as “Solere nunc hominem ponere nunc Deum,” is thought to have surpassed all earlier sculptors, save Pheidias and Polykleitos. His most famous work is said to have been a group representing Poseidion and divers marine deities and sea-monsters; a colossal statue of Ares was also much admired. Both of these were conveyed to Rome as the spoils of war; most probably from Corinth. He was engaged in concert with four other artists of reputation in exe- cuting the seulptures on the wonderful Karian Mausoleion, which was counted one of the seven wonders of the world, We believe that this region has been recently somewhaf explored and excavations made, but do not anticipate thas any important discoveries can be made until Asia Minor falls under the control of a civilised nation.

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760 THE SPECTATOR. [June 1, 1895, The last great name in the roll of Hellenic artists is that of Lysippos, B.C. 360, a most versatile genius and prolific worker. He was first known as a skilful bronze- caster, but soon turned his attention to sculpture, and was advised by the painter Eupompus not to limit his studies to he works of his predecessors, but to contemplate Nature in the scenes of everyday life. Most of his statues were in bronze, and he made great advances by his careful treatment of the hair, and by making the head smaller and the body more slender, thus modifying the ungraceful squareness to which former artists were addicted. His likenesses of Alexander the Great and his Macedonian warriors were highly celebrated, and his chief merit is the extreme delicacy of his work even in the smallest details. The world-famous Laokoon was the joint work of three artists, Hegesandros, Polydoros, and Athenodoros, of Rhodes, and was discovered in A.D. 1506, in the ruins of a building which tradition points out as having been the palace of Titus. Some have held that it was made during the reign of that Emperor, but there is good reason to suppose that its date is about B.C. 80, when Rhodes was closely allied or rather subject to Rome. Pliny believed that it was fashioned out of a single block of marble; but there are really six, so ingeniously joined that even the eye of Michael Angelo could only detect three. To criticise so noble a work would be unpardonable presumption. The well-known group called the “Farnese Bull,” repre- senting the cruel punishment of the Theban Queen Dirke, was found in the baths of Caracalla in A.D. 1456, and was trans- ported from Rhodes by Asinius Pollio in the reign of Augustus. The entire group is stated to consist of but one block of marble, and was the work of Tauriskos, a native of Tralles in Asia Minor. Hellenic art, like all the intellectual products of that gifted race, expired with expiring liberty; but we may be thankful that it enjoyed a glorious existence for over five hundred years, and gave to the succeeding ages,— « Jove’s awful brow, Apollo’s air divine, The fierce atrocious frown of sinew’d Mars, And the sly graces of the Cyprian Queen, Minutely perfect all.” We can safely recommend Mr. Jones’s book to the careful study of the lover of Hellenic literature as well as of the cultivator of art, and hope to see more from a writer who has exhibited so much industry, learning, and good taste. JOHN GREENLEAF WHITTIER.* Mr. Pickarp has done his work very well. True, his two volumes may seem a little long to English readers. There is a good deal about American politics that does not much interest us. And doubtless Whittier looms larger in American eyes, both as a politician and as a writer, than he does in ours. Still, this is a good book; and it is the picture of a singularly blameless man. His biographer has no occasion for special pleading, for there are no faults, and, as far as we can see, no mistakes, to hide or excuse. The tone throughout is remarkably candid, moderate, and free from exaggeration. The first Whittier came from England in 1638. He was, it was supposed, of Huguenot descent. The same strain appears in the poet’s maternal ancestry. Fourth in descent from the original immigrant, and occupying for a consider- able part of his life the dwelling built by him, John Greenleaf Whittier was born in 1807. It may be noticed that the five generations from the birth of Thomas in 1620 to the death of John Greenleaf in 1892, occupy an unusually long space of time (two hundred and seventy-two years, a number which may be compared with the one hundred and ninety between the birth of Ernest Augustus, Elector of Hanover, and the death of his fifth descendant, George III). The poet spent his early years on the ancestral farm, receiving but the simplest teaching, and mostly from men who were incompetent to give even that. In his twentieth gear he went, not without misgivings on his father’s part, to the newly established academy at the neighbouring town of Haverhill. His studies were not prolonged, nor were they systematic. Too the culture which distinguished Longfellow he had no claim. Even a rudimentary knowledge of the classics would have forbidden such a mistake as “ Pindus-born Arawes.” But his passion for knowledge was quite admirable. * Life and Letters of John a Whittier. By famuel Pick-rd, 2 vols, Lordon: Sampson Low and Co, During his stay at the Academy, he supported himself by making a rude kind of slipper for the modest remuneration of 4d. per pair. And while he was busy reading, he continued to write. This he had done, indeed, from very early years, He was as precocious in verse-making as Ovid and Pope, though to judge from the specimens given of his early efforts, not as melodious. His first appearance in print was in his nineteenth year, when a poem, “The Exile’s Departure,” appeared in the Newburyport Free Press, then edited by W. L. Garrison. Hig sister had sent it without his knowledge, and the paper came into his hands while he was working on the farm with his father. ‘“ His heart stood still for a moment when he saw his own verses.” Seventy years ago it was not as common an experience as it is now to be in print. Other poems after. wards appeared, and when the Academy was opened his reputation was such that he was asked to write an inaugural ode. These Juvenilia, however, he always excluded from the editions of his poems. Whittier left the Academy in 1828 to become the editor of the American Manufacturer, a journal devoted to the advocacy of temperance and protection to American industries. His salary was nine dollars per week. He resigned this place, coming back to the farm, in order to help his father, whose health was failing, After his father’s death he returned to journalism, be. coming editor of the New England Review, a journal pub- lished in Hartford. His salary was but little increased, but he managed to save enough out of it to pay off the mort- gage which encumbered the paternal farm. For some time after this his life was largely taken up with interests other than literary. He was in the front of the Abolitionist move. ment, and ran no small personal risk, for it was not only in the South that the advocates of freedom took their lives in their hands. The mob at Boston was just as violent as the mob at Baltimore. Whittier was in company with George Thompson when the latter was mobbed in a New England town, and shared his perils. For a time Thompson was actually in hiding in the Whittier homestead. Though these interests in one way distracted Whittier’s mind from literature, yet in another they helped him forwarg. His passionate fervour in the cause gave an inspiration to his verse which it had not before possessed. The outbreak of the Civil War put the Quaker politician and poet in a very embarrassing position. The principles of his community forbade anything which looked like approval of war. At first Whittier was in favour of allowing the Southern States to secede, if they could not be kept in the Union by other means than war. This position he soon abandoned. To hold it was to assist the pro-Slavery cause. He could not advise the young Quakers to enlist; Friends might help in the hospital and elsewhere. And indeed he did not always find it possible to keep his fervent spirit within the bounds which the traditions of his Society prescribed. The “Song of the Vermonters,” written in his youth under the pseudonym of “ Ethan Allen,” was certainly not a Quaker poem, witness the following :— “Hurrah for Vermont! For the land which we till Must have sons to defend her from valley and hill; Leave the harvest to rot on the fields where it grows, And the reaping of wheat for the reaping of foes.” Elsewhere he says of a vigorous stanza, “I think there is a touch of nature—old Adam’s—in the last verse, but if it is too late, let it pass.” An amusing story, too, is told of a Friend who consulted him in a case of conscience. Some oak timber that was wanted by Government, was intended, he suspected, for the building of a ship of war. Would it be right to sell it? Whittier, in little doubt what the man would really do, amused himself by an elaborate argument to show that to furnish the timber for such an end would be grossly incon- sistent with Friends’ principles. The merchant, who had asked for an anodyne for his conscience, was somewhat troubled; but “was reassured as Mr. Whittier bade him farewell by the remark,—‘ My friend, if thee does furnish any of the timber thee spoke of, be sure that it is all sound!’” A pair of slippers that was worked for the poet by his friend, Gail Hamilton, illustrated Whittier’s attitude neatly enough. Each slipper displayed an American eagle, with vigilant eye, ready for attack or defence, and clasping thunderbolts in its claws, but they were worked in drab. The poet’s work was more and more appreciated by his countrymen as time went on, but his first great success, a8

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June 1, 1895.] THE SPECTATOR. 761 measured by a pecuniary standard, came with the publication of “Snowbound,” in 1865. This poem is one of those tran- scripts of genuine feeling which win their way to the heart of the world at once. Regarded from this point of view, it stands, we think, above anything of Longfellow’s, though Whittier, in respect of general literary power, is unquestionably inferior to his great countryman. The poet’s share of profits in the frst issue of “Snowbound” amounted to more than £2,000. As the poem does not exceed a few hundred lines in length, this rate of remuneration has seldom been exceeded. From that time new volumes and new editions followed in rapid succession. Almost to the last the poet continued to write, and this with undiminished force and facility. “Sun- down,” published in its full form in 1892, when Whittier was eighty-five, is not inferior to the average of his work. Here are some stanzas found in a letter to Annie Fields that was written twelve days after his eighty-fourth birthday :— “ Blossom and greenness making all The wintry birthday tropical, And the plain Quaker parlors gay, Have died on bracket, stand, and wall. I saw them fade and droop and fall, And laid them tenderly away. White virgin lilies, mignonette, Blown rose and pink and violet,— A breath of fragrance passing by, A dream of beauty and decay, Colors and shapes which could not stay, The fairest, sweetest, first to die. But still this rustic wreath of thine, Of winter green, and bay, and pine, The wild growths of our forest land, Woven and wound with careful pains, And tender wish and prayer, remains As when it dropped from love’s dear hand.” The biography shows abundantly the fine qualities of the man, —his courage, his absolute singleness of mind, his tenderness. Though he was never married he loved children, and he was fond of animals. He laments quite pathetically for his parrot ‘Charlie.’ ‘He has gone,” he says, “ where the good parrots go......I am sorry enough to cry if it would do any good.” Yet ‘Charlie’ was not exactly a good parrot. His words were not always pia verba, such as Ovid imagines Corinna’s darling bird to address to a listening audience in the Elysian fields. He had been a wicked bird in his youth, and he sometimes had relapses: “ One Sunday morning he climbed the lightning rod, whilst the bells were ringing for meeting, and the streets were full of church-goers, and having reached the chimney-top began to dance, and sing, and swear, to the mingled amazement and amusement of the passers-by, and to the intense annoyance of the shocked household beneath, who could devise no way of stopping the bird’s unholy frolic.” Such sparkles of fun are not uncommon in the grave story of Whittier’s life. The light heart with which he met all the troubles of life, ill-health being not the least of them, prolonged his days far beyond the usual span. Few men have done more work or done it better, and with less reproach :— “ Best loved and saintliest of our singing train, Earth’s noblest tributes to thy name belong. A lifelong record closed without a stain, A blameless memory shrined in deathless song. Lift from its quarried ledge a flawless stone ; Smooth the green turf and bid the tablet rise, And on its snow-white surface carve alone These words,—he needs no more,—Here Whittier lies.” CURRENT LITERATURE. "Tween Gloamin’? and the Mirk. By Sir Hugh Gilzean-Reid. (Alexander Gardner.)—Most of the sketches in this volume, its author tells us, were written more than a quarter of a century ago. Itis probable, to say the least of it, that the collection and tepublication of them in volume form are to be attributed to the present “ boom” in studies of Scotch life, which shows no symptoms of decay. It will hardly be pretended that Sir Hugh Gilzean-Reid competes with Mr. Barrie, Mr. Crockett, and “Ian Maclaren” on their own ground; some of his sketches, more particularly his half-historical studies, are readable ; but his stories have a rather old-fashioned flavour, such as “ From Plough to Pulpit,” which tells simply and prettily beyond doubt, but yet rather conven- tionally, how a young Scotch ploughman can by industry and choice home to a comfortable manse, Sir Hugh Reid is really, ' however, in his element when, under the title of “ Unaccredited ‘ Heroes,” he describes the work done in and for Scotland by men who have not been awarded, perhaps, quite the amount of honour they should have received, like the Brothers Bethune, who wrote of the Scottish peasantry, Robert Nicoll, the poet-journalist, and others : or when, in “ A Northern University,” he tells of the work done for the higher education in Scotland. A more pathetic strain is touched in “‘ Oscar,’ the Faithful Dog,” which certainly recalls “Rab and his Friends” more readily than any other story that has recently been published. Altogether, ’Tween Gloamin’ and the Mirk is a volume into which many Scotchmen will dip at odd times with pleasure, and which even Englishmen may read with profit. The Vita Nuova and its Author. By C. 8. Boswell. (Kegan Paul and Ce.)—The Italian stands high among European lan- guages for its purity, sweetness, tenderness, and clearness, to which may be added the facility with which it can be learned, at least by those who possess any proper knowledge of Latin, and the excellence of its literature both in prose and verse. Some scholars hold that the Vita Nuova, which is the earliest prose work in the language, having been composed when Italy was just emerging from the gloom of medixwval ignorance, should also be the first book placed in the hands of the learner; but we fear that its sentimentality of thought, and the frequent metaphysical allusions and discussions to be encountered, though by no means irrelevant, may cause it to appear tedious and uninteresting, at least to junior students, who will naturally prefer Ariosto, Tasso, or the Promessi Sposi. The subject of the treatise is the poet’s love for Beatrice and the twofold effect this passion produced on his mind, at first by rendering him unhappy, and subsequently, especially after her death, by re- fining and elevating his thoughts in the hope of meeting the object of his unrequited affection in a holier and happier sphere. The arrangement of the work in prose paragraphs alternating with canzoni, or sonnets, was suggested by the “ Consolatio” of Boethius, the last Latin writer who can be justly deemed a classie, who varied his ethical reflections with snatches of verse, princi- pally mere adaptations from the Tragedies of Seneca. The editor has done good service to Italian literature by this translation, which is not only accurate but—what we too often miss in similar productions—is also clear and idiomatic English, and still more by his learned and sagacious introduction, in which, while he avoids the unreasonable scepticism of Scartazzini, he gives all the particulars of the great poet’s life that can be considered entitled to acceptance. In his brief sketch of the ever- varying constitution of Florence he has exposed in bold relief the tricks that a fierce, suspicious, and unbridled democracy can play in tampering with legislation and in defiance of justice, humanity, and even of what they value still more, their own interest, though we fear this exposure has been made somewhat contre ceur. The notes, though brief, show that Mr. Boswell amply possesses the qualifications of a judicious and useful com- mentator; but we wish that he had adopted the system used by Mr. Vernon in his edition of the “ Inferno”—one of the best- edited books we have ever seen—and prefixed the Italian to each English paragraph and canzone, and also added a brief explana- tion of his author’s reasoning and train of thought. This, per- haps, he may see his way to do eventually,—the great creator of Italian literature, the post who was at once both priest and prophet, is well worth all the trouble we can take. McLellan of McLellan. By Helen R. Redden, (Bliss, Sands, and Foster.)—Here we have a stout, substantial, essentially common- place story, with a good old-fashioned, mildly melodramatic plot. A mysterious peasant, or half-peasant, a wicked Peer and proprie- tor, and an estate which is not at all well managed—out of such materials how many Scotch stories have been made? Malcolm, the heir, temporarily cheated out of his inheritance, and Lord Lissing, the villain, who hates and, of course, tries to murder him, are there- fore old friends. But they are well drawn; and then in Gretchen, the girl artist, who is loved by Malcolm, we have an element of novelty. Colin Buchanan, too, the sickly enthusiast, provides the necessary element of pathos. While, on the whole, this book deserves a word of commendation because it contains a good deal of conscientious work, it does not appear nearly so Scotch as it should be, and the illustrations are rather poor. Philo about the Contemplative Life. By Fred. C. Conybeare, M.A. (Clarendon Press, Oxford.)}—The most important point connected with this treatise of the learned and philosephic Jew of Alexandria, is the question of its genuineness, which the editor has defended by able and apparently cogent arguments. Many eminent scholars, however, have held that it is really a forgery of the third century composed in defence of the monastic ability find his way into a pulpit, and take the girl of his early system, which, originating in Egypt, soon became prevalent in

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762 THE SPECTATOR. [June 1, 1895, southern and eastern lands, and of which we find many traces even long prior to the Christian era. It has also been con- jectured that this tract—on the supposition of its genuineness— formed a portion of the address intended to be delivered to the Emperor Caligula in defence of the doctrines and morals of the author’s co-religionists, but which the tyrant refused to listen to; but this view we think inconsistent with the subject-matter of the treatise, which is almost totally devoted to a class of thoughtful and pious Jews called Therapeute, who retired from the very busy and very vicious city of Alexandria, fixed their cenobium on the banks of Lake Marcotis, and employed themselves in meditation and the study of the Scriptures. Like Philo himself, and the Rabbinists of later times, they were inveterate allegorists; and it is remarkable that we find no reference in this treatise to the coming of the promised Messiah, who was certainly expected at this time by the Jews of Palestine, in conformity with the predictions of Daniel. Both in language and sentiment Philo closely imitates Plato, and is an easy and attractive writer, presenting very few difficulties ; and Mr. Conybeare has given us a copious and valuable body of notes calculated to render much aid and information to the student. We wish that he had told us whether the rapaomdv5eir Suyor, sung by these recluses at their meetings, mean hymns accompanying the pouring out of a libation, or drink-offering, or refer to the Divine Covenant made with Abraham, either sense being consistent with the etymology of the word, which occurs only in this place; and that he had given us a literal translation of the first three lines of the treatise; where his reading &popntérepov, renders, we think, the meaning very obscure, while eipopyrdrepov, given in some MSS., seems to furnish a more appropriate sense. His suggestion that this work might be profitably introduced into a theological course seems to us of doubtful expediency, inasmuch as Philo, like the early Christian Fathers, was engaged in a strife with idolators and polytheists, who believed too much; while the clergy of our day have to contend with those who believe nothing at all save that we have no data to warrant any belief. Sunshine and Haar. By Gabriel Setoun. (John Murray.)— This pleasant and graphic volume is the sequel to a careful study of a Fifeshire seaport and mining village, which its author published some time ago under the title of “ Barncraig.” Some, indeed, of the heroes of the earlier book—miners, and the like— figure in the later. At the same time, Sunshine and Haar attempts something different from “ Barncraig.” As its author very truly says, “villages, even more than their grown-up neighbours, have their times of collective rejoicing, and their seasons of collective sorrow, when, for a space, the individual ceases, and with one voice of lamentation or of joy the whole community lives one passionate life.” It is this collective life more than the life of any individual that is described in this book; and it is admirably described. Only one chapter in the book has even the appearance of melodramatic strain. That is “The Return of Big Wull.” Love is no doubt accountable for strange things in mining villages as well as in the backwoods of Canada and the boudoirs of Mayfair. The attempted revenge of Big Wull upon his successful rival is, however, a trifle too transpontine. But the pleasure and the pathcs of first-footing and other Scotch ceremonies, and the dangers of the sea, are all set forth by Mr. “ Setoun” with care and ease. The second half of his book, which deals with the curious relationship between Lowrie and Linty, is decidedly the better. The poor old village poet—his character is of the best, though his verse is of the worst —is one of the most vivid studies in Scotch life that we have had for a long time. His active benevolence in the interest of the boy whose nickname is “ Linty,” which ensures that lad’s having the benefit of the higher education, is affecting without being tinged with sentimentality. Mr. “Setoun” plays upon feelings of a different kind from those which Mr. Barrie, Mr. Crockett, and “Tan Maclaren” have touched to such fine issues. But his execution is quite as genuine as theirs. The Mother’s Book of Health. By Gordon Stables, M.D. (Jarrold and Sons.)—This book is intended to be “a guide to the mother in the rearing of her children, especially in their earlier years, and also a general family referee in emergencies.” It is the fifth of a series of similar works. The author is not wanting in loyalty to his fellows. The book, he explains, is not intended to super- sede the family physician’s service. But what in the world does he mean when he says that his profession “is the only one that is old-fashioned enough to retain a conscience worthy of the name”? It is true that he says “joking apart” in the next sentence. But we must own not to seeing the joke. A Late Springtime. By Lily Perks. (Fisher Unwin.)—Thero is really very little to be said about this story which it would be at all worth while to say. Mrs, or Miss Perks is evidently a sae cultivated and refined woman, and these are days in which it is very difficult to discover a woman of cultivation and refinement who has not either written a novel or thought of writing ong Unfortunately, while education, interest in literature, and the power to write with some measure of ease and correctness are much commoner than of old, the qualities which go to the making of a good novel have not become equally common; and we must regretfully say that we see no signs of their presence here. There is no material for a “slating” review—that is, if the reviewer be moderately courteous and honest—for from positiyg literary vices the book is entirely free. The complaint is that positive literary virtues are also absent, that the matter is con. ventional, the style tame, the whole being somewhat flat and entirely ordinary. The story is the kind of story that has been told again and again, and it gains nothing of freshness in its latest setting. One is not roused to anger by agreeable common. place, but praise must be reserved for something else, Of English Classics arranged as text-books for colleges and schools we may briefly notice the following. In the series of “ Shakespeare: Select Plays” (Clarendon Press), Much Ado About Nothing, edited by William Aldis Wright, M.A. The annotation is as full and thorough as we are accustomed to have from Mr, Wright’s editorship.——In “ Arnold’s School Shakespeare,” under the general editorship of Mr. J. Churton Collins (E. Arnold), Macbeth, edited by R. F. Cholmeley. Here the notes are charag- terised by brevity and point, the limitations of space confining them to what is strictly necessary. Some five pages of questions are supplied——Miss Charlotte M. Yonge has abridged for the use of schools her own story of Lances of Lynwood (Mac. millan).——In “ Blackie’s English Classics ” (Blackie and Son) we have Macaulay’s Horatius and The Battle of Lake Regillus, with Introductions and Notes. The notes, historical and geo- graphical, are adequate and not over-long.——Readings from Carlyle, selected and edited, with Introduction and Notes, by W. Keith Leask, M.A. (same publishers)——We are in- clined to doubt the expediency of this attempt “to render Carlyle accessible to schools.” For instance, we read in the editor’s preface that “ ‘Past and Present’ shows the politician discussing problems never more debated than now.” But wa do not want to have schoolboys debating problems! Let that be left awhile. So much for matter; and as to style, surely there is something to be said for keeping before an unformed mind only the very best models. Imagine the horror of a boy attempting to imitate Carlyle! And they will imitate what they read— We may mention, as a useful accessory to the study of English, Common Words Commonly Mispronounced, by W. Ramsay-Crawford (same publishers). The Goddess of the Dandelions. By Lillias Wassermann, (Ward and Downey.)—Though this novel is very slight and not particularly well written, we have an impression that we might have found it pleasantly entertaining had we read it ten years ago; but to read it now gives one an uncomfortable Rip Van Winkleish sort of feeling. Nothing is shorter-lived than a fashionable craze; no occupation is less exhilarating than the flogging of a dead horse; and in 1895 a story which is mainly a satire of the earliest stage of the “ssthetic’? movement, seems a book which has altogether lost its way and wandered into a world in which it is a perfect stanger. True, one or two of Miss Wassermann’s types have survived into present decade. We are not quite unfamiliar with the poet Potter and his “ strain after the cultivated licentiousness of life,’ who nevertheless could not “prevent himself from looking just what he was, an exceedingly intelligent, conventional, respectable, well-principled young man,” and several other touches remind us that Miss Wassermann is happily still a living novelist; but the main substance of the book is terribly out of date. Indeed, there is one respect in which The Goddess of the Dandelions is untrue, even to the transient travesty of life which it depicts. The Dandelion Club is established in a small provincial town, and nothing is more certain than that the earliest “sstheticism ” was simply a West London fad which never had any hold on the provinces. The Dandelion poseurs are neither very interesting nor very credible; but Miss Wassermann has given something of life to the disreputable father of the “ goddess,’ who induces his daughter to accept a man whom she does not love, by a lying confession of disgraceful fraud and the melodramatic display of a revolver. That there are many poorer, less amusing books than The Goddess of the Dandelions we are quiet free to admit. What we contend is, that it has neither the sparkle nor the up- to-dateness essential to the success of a social satire, The Lone Inn: a Mystery. By FergusHume. (Jarrold and Sons.)— “‘The Lone Inn,” and another tale, “ Professor Brankel’s Secret,” which helps to make up the volume, are, we think, too much of the hard conundrum kind to be generally attractive. There should be

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June 1, 1895.] THE SPECTATOR. 768 ceanemencsaninssct no difficulty in following a story of this kind with full comprehen- gion as one goes on. This condition is scarcely satisfied here. One criticism on the details of the first plot wemay make. Surely the man who tells the story ought to have done, and indeed could have done, but one thing as soon as he found the dead hody— give information to the police. « Wilton, Q.0.”; or, Lifein a Highland Shooting-Box. By Mrs. Alec Tweedie. (Hutchinson.)—Mrs. Tweedie gives her readers a mixture of love and sport. There is nothing beyond the common- place in her descriptions of either; on the other hand, there is nothing that offends, and the effect of the whole is moderately pleasing. As for the sporting element in her tale, she is even better than her word, for she goes out of her way to provide us with a description of golf, and this is more than we could expect inthe Highlands. The usual varieties of shooting and fishing are fairly represented. If Mrs. Tweedie is not absolutely an expert in the matters about which she writes, she knows enough to avoid mistakes. The Yoruba-speaking Peoples of the Slave Coast of West Africa. By Lieutenant-Colonel A. B. Ellis. (Chapman and Hall.)— Colonel Ellis, who died last year on the West Coast, was not only a good soldier, but an industrious observer of the habits and history of the native tribes among whom for many years he lived. The Yoruba tribes inhabit the British Colony of Lagos and its neighbourhood, and Colonel Ellis has gathered together much curious information as to their religious beliefs and cere- monies, their laws and customs, their language and folk-lore. The book is similar in scope and method to previous works by the same author on the Tshi-speaking and EWe-speaking peoples, but the present volume contains one new feature, an ambitious attempt to analyse and compare the four allied languages of the Tshis, Gis, Ewes, and Yorubas. His theories on this subject can only be re- garded as the guesses of an amateur, and require to be sifted bya trained philologist. Colonel Ellis told us in a previous volume that his main object in writing this series of books was to show by a comparison of the beliefs of these various tribes, “ how the evolu- tion of religion may proceed.” Unfortunately his arguments are not convincing, and one feels that while the evolution may possibly have proceeded in the direction described by him, it may also with equal likelihood have proceeded in exactly the opposite direction. In at least one instance the author propounds, in the same chapter, and as part of what purports to be a single coherent theory, two guesses at truth, diametrically opposed toeach other. Thus (p. 276) he writes :—“It seems probable that the belief in all nature being animated was an extension of the belief that man possesses a spiritual second self, or indwelling spirit, which belief is beyond dispute the result of savage speculations concerning dreams.” And on p. 283 he indulges in the contrary wild if not “savage speculation”:—“ From the analogy of the lower animals, it seems probable that” the belief that all nature is animated preceded the belief that man has an indwelling spirit. For, we are told, “animals regard objects which move as alive, without having come to the conclusion that they themselves have spiritual second selves, and primitive man, who would know little more of natural causation than an animal does, probably did also.” After this one may say that almost anything ‘seems probable,”—or improbable, New Epirions AnD Reprints.—The Ingenious Gentleman, Don Quixote dela Mancha. By Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra. Done into English by Henry Edward Watts. A new edition, with notes, original and selected. 4 vols. (A. and C. Black.)—— Romances and Narratives. By Daniel Defoe. Edited by George A, Aitken (J. M. Dent and Co.). The fourth volume, containing “The History of the Life and Adventures of Mrs. Duncan Camp- bell."——The Adventures of Haji Babé of Ispahan. 2 vols. By James Monier. With an introduction, biographical and critical_——Madonna’s Child. By Alfred Austin. (Macmillan and Co.)——-A Man of Mark. By Anthony Hope. (Methuen.) ——Familiar Letters of Henry David Thoreau. Edited, with an introduction and notes, by F. B. Sanborn. (Houghton, Mifflin, and Co., Boston and New York.) Writings of Thomas Paine. Collected and edited by Moncure Daniel Con- way. Vol. III. (@. P. Putnam’s Sons.)——Logic. By Dr. Christoph Sigwart. Translated by Helen Dendy. 2 vols. A “second edition, revised and enlarged.”——Lives of Indian Oficers. By Sir T. W. Kaye. 8 vols. (W. H. Allen and Co.)— The “ Lives” are the following :—Lord Cornwallis, Sir J. Malcom, Mountstuart Elphinstone, Henry Martyn, Sir Charles Metcalfe, Sir Alexander Burnes, Arthur Conolly, Eldred Pottinger, D’Arcey Todd, Sir H. Lawrence, General Neill, John N icholson, Sir Charles Napier, Hodson of Hodson’s Horse, Sir W. Napier, and Herbert Edwardes.——Richard Wagner’s Prose Works. Translated by William Ashton Bilis. Vol. III., “The Theatre.” ( Kegan Paul, Trench, and Co.) Of new editions of tales we have received :— | The Old House at Sandwich, by Joseph Hatton (Sampson Low, Blatchford Marston, and Co.); A Son of the Forge, by Robert (Sampson Low, Marston, and Co.); and One Never Knows, by F. C. Philips (Ward and Downey). ’ Books Recrtvep.—The Labour Annual, 1895 (Clarion Office), Lean’s Royal Navy List (Witherby and Co.); Willing’s British and Trish Press Guide (James Willing); Souvenir of King Arthur, by J. Comyns Carr (Cassell); The Sportsman’s and Tourist’s Guide to Scotland (118 Pall Mall) ; Cottage Gardening, edited by W. Robin- son, Vol. V. (Cassell); Directory of Indian Manufactories, 1895 (Indian Textile Journal, Bombay); The Sale of a Boul, by F. Frankfort Moore (Hutchinson and Co.); Royal University of Ireland Calendar, 1895 (Alexander Thom and Co.); The Governor’s Guide to Windsor Castle (Cassell); The Gentle Art of Nursing the Sick, by G. A. Hawkins-Ambler, F.R.C.S.E. (W. Scott); The New Fiction (Westminster Gazette Office) ; The Faith of Reason, by “A Man of the World” (Simpkin); How to Visit Italy, edited by Rev. H. S. Lunn (5 Endsleigh Gardens); B. Bradshaw’s Dictionary of Bathing-Places, fc. (Kegan Paul); Stock Exchange Accounts, by S. H. M. Killik (Waterlow and Sons); Master and Man, by Count Leo Tolstoi (Chapman and Hall); Electric Light for Country Houses, by J. H. Knight (C. Lockwood and Son); God and the Ant, by Coulson Kernahan (Ward, Lock, and Bowden); Emigrants’ Information Ofice Handbooks, 1895 (Eyre and Spottiswoode) ; The Currency and the Banking Laws of the Dominion of Canada, by W. C. Cornwell (G. P. Putnam’s Sons); Christ or Moses: Which? (Williams and Norgate); In Memoriam: George Windus Wood- house, by C. Y. Sturge, M.A. (J. W. Arrowsmith) ; For Every Day (Wells Gardner); Prayer and Eternity (H. Marshall and Son) ; Gibbon Commemoration, 1794-1894 (Longmans). MaaazInges AND SERi1aL PuswicaTions.—We have received the following for June:—The Century, Scribner’s Magazine, the Woman at Home, Chambers’s Journal, Good Words, St. Nicholas, the Pall Mall Magazine, the New Review, the Antiquary, Macmillan’s Magazine, India, Review of Reviews, Belgravia, Blackwood’s Magazine, the Argosy, the Minster, the Cornhill Magazine, Atalanta, the Sunday at Home, the Quiver, Harper’s Magazine, Gentleman’s Magazine, the United Service Magazine, the Humanitarian, the Boy’s Own Paper, the Expositor, the Portfolio, the Artist, the Monthly Packet, Lippincott’s Magazine, Cassell’s Magazine, the Magazine of Art, the Windsor Magazine, Temple Bar, the Forum, the Strand Magazine, the Strand Musical Magasine, the Sunday Magazine, the Englishwoman, the Girl’s Own Paper, the Leisure Hour, the Picture Magazine, St. Luke’s, the London Home, Round the Coast, Part 1, the Studio, the English Illustrated Magazine, the Geographical Journal, the Thinker, the Atlantic Monthly, Cassell’s Russo- Turkish War, Part 1, Journal of the Cork Historical and Archxo- logical Society, Journal of the Royal Colonial Institute, the Month, Expository Times. PUBLICATIONS OF THE WEEK. annie nain Abbotsford Series of Scottish Poets, Vol. V., cr 8vo ...(Williams & Weegee) 5/0 (8. Low) Abney (W. de W.), Platinotype, 12mo Arnold (E.), Tenth Muse, aud other Poems, cr 8v0 .....4+0 seosveeeee(LONgmans) 5/0 Babington (W. D.), Fallacies of Race Theories, cr 8V0........+.-+.++ (Longmans) 6/0 Barlow (G.), Woman MINE, CF BVO vrececcecsercsereseoesesees (Roxburghe Press) 6/0 Barlow (J.), Maureen’s Fairing, cr 8vo... (Dent) 2/6 Barry (A.), England’s Mission to India, 12m0... ......ses:sceesenseneeaees (C.K.8.) 3 Benson (R. M.), The Final Passover, Vol. II., Part 2, cr 8vo...... (Longmans) 5/0 Booth (0.), Life and Labour of the People of London, Vols. V. and VI., DOE Seccvicaveee “on (Macmillan) e 7/8 Brassey (Lord), Voyages and Travels of, 2 vols. 8V0 .....6,ceceee+++0 (Longmans) 10/0 Brockelmann (0.), Syriac Lexicon, imp 8V0....++....ssssseeeeeerenees (T. & T. Clark) 30/0 Buchan (G.), Willoughby Oourt, or 8V0 ........00-css00e ...(Digby & Long) 3/6 Campbell (G_), The Joneses and the Asterisks, 12m0.,,.......+.++-++ (John Lane) 3/6 Carruth (H.), Adventures of Jones, 12mo. Chatto & Windus) 2/0 Cumberland (0. S.), Sport on the Pamirs, 8V0 .........seseeeseeres (Blackwood) 10/6 Dench (E. B.), Diseases of the Har, 8V0 ....ssccssssesceessecceceeceeees (Hirschfeld) 21/0 Finck (H. T.), Lotos-Time in Japan, 870 .........ss0ssssseee (Lawrence & Bullen) 7/6 Following of Ohrist, selected from Modern Writers, 12mo ..........+. (E. Stock) 5 Graves (A.), Dictionary of Artists, 1760-1893, 4t0 ........eseecee soeseeere( Graves) 42/0 Gregory (R.), Elementary Education, Cr 8V0......sserseeseeseeres (National Soc.) 3/6 Hamley (8. B.), Life of, 2 vols. 8vo. (Blackwood) 21,0 Hearn (L.), ‘‘ Out of the East,” or 8vo......... se (Osgood) 5/0 Henley (W. E.), Macaire: a Melodramatic Farce, imp. 8vo ...... Oitanaitinns 2/6 Holm (A.), History of Greece, Vol. I1., Cr 8V0.......c+ssesseeeereerereee (Macmillan 6/0 Jensen (W.), Runic Rocks, Cr 8V0........0cesceesesrescenceereneees ooee( B. Stock) 6/0 Jones (C.), Companion to the Solicitor’s Clerk, 12mo..... K. Wilson) 2/6 Legge (A. E. J.), Sunshine and Smoke, 12m0,....4.....+...++++ Leland (0. G.), Hans Breitmann in Germany, Tyrol, 12mo eee Leland (0. G.), Legends of Florence, cr 8vo oe (Nutt) 5/0 Lent in London : Sermons, &., cr 8vo Maartens (M.), My Lad we OB BIO ive. cescasssseeesisie sdacct sevceseeeses (Bentley) 6/0 Marston (A. W), Gather Spoil; Notes for Bible - Readers, er BVO ..ccrcrceccoescccccoscoereseosesosccosseenscesssooeccesecsoecesees (Marshall Bros.) 2/6 Moore (G.), Celibates, cr 8vo .... +...(W. Scott) 6/0 Morland (Geo.), Painter, by R. Richardson, roy 8vo...... ....(E. Stock is Morris (J.), Advance, Japan, 870 .....cscsereeeeeeeereees W. H. Allen) 12/6 Morris (W.), Wood Beyond the Worlds, cr 870 ..........4. (Lawrence & Bullen) 6/0 Myddleton (H.), Phoobse Deacon, cr 8vo (Jarrold) 3/6 Muddock (J. E.), “ For Valour,” The “ V.C.,” or 870.....0.00s0000 (Hutchinson) 3/6 Nib (J.), Wondrous Strange, and other Stories, cr 8V0 s++..0.+0.++ (Remington) 2/6 Norris (W. E.), Billy Bellew, 2 vols. Cr 8V0 ......s00ss00e- Chatto & Windus) 1 Parker (G.), When Valmond Oame to Pontiac, cr 8vo Prentice (C,), The Eye in its Relation to Health, 8vo.. Prestwich (J.), Tradition of the Fiood, 8vo “ Putnam (R.), William the Silent, Prince of Orange, 2 vols. cr 8vo (Putnam) 15/0 Ragozio (Z. A.), Vedic India (Story of Nations), cr 870.........:0+ee00 (Unwin) 5/0 Shakespere’s Comedy of Errors, edited by W. J. Rolfe, cr 8V0 ........ (Clive) 2/0 Shakespere’s Works, edited by H. A, Qoubleday, Vol. IV.,cr 8vo (Constable) 50 Some Passages in Plant t Paul’s Life, by Himself.........(Digby & Long) 6/0 |

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764 THE SPECTATOR. [June 1, 1895,

Sophocles Cédipus Colonens, ed. by Campbell and Abbott ......(Oxford Press) 2/0 "5 tica Canticorum, edited by 8. L. Eales, 8vo ......(E. Stock) 12/0 er ( he . Gustave Flaubert, 8V0 ........0..0 ...(Constable) 14/0 mson ) of Duddington, Pastor and Painter, ed. by W. Baird (Elliot Thornton (J. H.), Memories of Seven Campaigns, roy 8vo .........(Constable) 17/6 Turner (‘T, urgy of Iron and Steel, Vol. 1., 8V0.....cccrceeeee w---(Grifiin

o Tutt (J. W.), Rambles in Alpine Valleys, cr 8V0 ...100.. Warr (W.), Dawn of European Literature, 12m0 ..........0008 Wells (H. G.), Select Conversations with an Uncle, 12mo Wells (H. G.), The Time Machine, cr 8vo. 1 (F. E.), A Wheel Within a Wheel, 12mo

{einemann) VINOLIA SHAVING Soap CAUSES NO BLOTCHES UNDER THE CHIN. Sticks, 6d., 1s., 1s. 6d.,2s., 2s. 6d. Flat Cakes, 1s,,2s., 28, 6d

“ | Messrs. LIBERTY invite inspection of their large LI B E RTY and exclusive Stock of EASTERN EASTERN CARPETS and RUGS. CARPETS Being large Buyers and direct Importers, Messrs. 4ND Liberty can offer special facilities in regard to RUGS Variety of Design, Excellence of Quali and Specially Imported Colouring, Uncommon Sizes, and Econ in IuLustRatTEeD CaTALOGuE | Price. post-free, ILLustrRaTED OaTALOGuE post-free.

LIBERTY & CO., Lid. Regent Street, London, W. o 8 tL @ et. CRYSTAL GLASS AND CHINA SERVICES. ELECTRIC INSTALLATIONS AND FITTINGS. 100 OXFORD STREET, W. M* BROWNING’S SYSTEM OF TREATING SHORT-SIGHT REDUOES IT AND IMPROVES THE VISION. MR. BROWNING, 63 STRAND, LONDON, Consultations free,

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“OUR EYES,” §1xTEENTH Epirt10y, 118 pages, 70 Illustrations, Sent for One Shilling.

EBENHAM and FREEBODY will be happy to forward, post-free, Price-Lists and Pattern Books of BRITISH and Foreign Silks in the Newest Colours and Designs, BRITISH Speciality: BRITISH SILKS FOR YOUNG LADIES’ DRESSKS, from 2s. per yard, SILKS. The present style of Fashion favours the makes of Silk Goods (notably Glacé Silks) in which English Manufacturers have always been pre- eminent, DEBENHAM & FREEBODY, “Oboe, wo” The TIMES, Dec. 29th, 1894, asks, in a Leader on “Our DauGHTERS” :— “What will the little stock of accumulations which paterfamilias can hope to leave behind him, after he has paid for his son’s education, provided for his widow, and been aggregated by the Chancellor of the Exchequer, yield his girls to live on, and what other sources have they got?”

THE QUESTION Is ANSWERED BY THE MuTuAL LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY OF NEw YORK, WHICH GUARANTEES FIVE PER CENT. under its DEBENTURE POLICY, and also provides for Death Duties, Ohildren’s Education, Marriage ttlements, or Business Capital, under one contract. The safe-keeping and repayment of the principal is supported by a guarantee unsurpassed by that of any financial institution in the world, ACCUMULATED FUNDS EXCEED ... ... 1 .. £38,000,000.

Apply for particulars to any of the Branch Offices; or to D. 0. HALDEMAN, General Manager for the United Kingdom, 17 and 18 Cornhill, London, E.O.

N ESSRS, A. B. DANIELL & SONS desire to intimate that they have recently added a Department of ANTIQUE FURNITURE to their old-cstablished business of China and Glass. Beautiful and genuine pieces of OLD CHIPPENDALE FURNITURE. ENGLISH FURNITURE at very moderate prices. A. B. DANIELL & SONS, “ * “<sicxons et. LONDON, NO END OF WORRY SAVED BY USING STONE’S TIME SAVING For keeping in order all SPECIALITIES LETTERS, PAPERS, PAMPHLIETS, MUSIC, &c. Sold by Stationers everywhere, Send post-card for Illustrated Catalogue to the annfacturers, OLD SHERATON AND

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(the well-known place of cure for all suffere BATH (oor and RHEUMATION) ‘oe unique Roman remains, its Natural Hot Mineral Springs (117° Fa.), and its beautiful scenery, is a place which should be visited by all. Good hotels Band daily. ; Letters to tho Manager of the Corporation Baths will receive immediate attention, &s SANITAS, The Best Really NON-POISONOUS DISINFECTANT,

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INVENTIONS EXHIBITION, GOLD MEDAL AWARDED. DENT’S WATCHES AND CLOCKS. All Watches and Clocks of E. DENT and CO.’S Mannfac- ture now bear the annexed Trade-Mark, TRADE-MARK. NEW ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE sent free on appl cation to E. DENT and CO.,,. 61 Strand, or 4 Royal Exchange, Cornhill, London, SUN INSURANCE OFFICE 63 Threadneedle Street, London, E.0. FOUNDED 1710. THE OLDEST PURELY FIRE OFFICE IN THE WORLD. 60 Charivg Cross; 832 Oxford Street; 40 Chancery Lane, Sum Insured in 1894 2. ws oe on £393,622,400,

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RAVELLING PUPIL—EXPERIENCED CLERGY: MAN, going to Canada and United States, August 8th, for about twe months, can take charge of above. Excelluut references,—Address, “ Rev, M.C.,” Abbey House, Tewkesbury. T 7’ tt? @ ¥ @ @ Ss MRS, CUFFE, ST. JOHN'S, COVENTRY. (Certificated Typist.) AUTHORS’ MSS, accurately and quickly typed. Usual Terms. OYAL SOCIETY of PAINTERS in WATER- OCULOURS.—The SUMMER EXHIBITION is NOW OPEN at 5a Admission ls. ; Catalogues 1s.—GEORGE L,

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I Pall Mall East, from 10 till 6. RIDGE, Secretary. THENEE ROYAL DE BRUGES. This School under the Belgian Government has a Staff of Twenty-five Experienced Mustere.—For terms as to Boarders, &., apply to the WARDEN, St. George’s, 8 Rue d' Argent, Bruges, Belgium. O BE LET at BRUGES, for two months, this Summer, LARGE FURNISHED HOUSE (8 bedrooms). Safe distance from Canals.— Address ‘* X. O. K.,’” Café Francais, Bruges, Belgiam. NIQUE EFFECTS NEAR the NORTH POLE. A Collection of Paintings by FRANK WILBERT STOKES, of Philade!phia. Painted whilst a Member of the Peary Relief and North Greenland Expeditions, 1892-3.4, in latitude 78° 43’. At the GRAVES’ GALLERIES, 6 Pall Mall, 5.W. Admission 1s, ; 10 to 6. OOKS.—HATCHARDS. Booksellers to the Queen, 187 Piccadilly, W.—Libraries entirely Fitted up, Arranged and Cata- jogued. All the New and Standard Books, Bibles, Prayer-Books, &c. New choice Bindings for Presents, Post orderspromptly executed. Usual cash documents.

The SPECTATOR is on Sale regularly at Mzssrs. DAMRELL AND UpnHam’s, 283 Washington Street, Boston, Mass., U.8S.A.; THE INTERNATIONAL News Company, 83 and 85 Duane Street, New York, U.S.A.; Mrssrs. Brentano’s, Union Square, New York City, U.S.A.; and GALIGNAN?’s LipraRryY, 224 Rue de Rivoli, Paris, where single Copies can be obtained, and Subscriptions are received.

Page 29

June 1, 1895.] THE SPECTATOR.

765

THE LEYS SCIOOL, CAMBRIDGE. An EXAMINATION will be held at the School on JULY 29th, 30th, and Sist next for several ENTRANCE SCHOLARSHIPS, ranging in value from £30 to £50 per annum (which may in special cases be increased to £70). These Scholarships carry with them a Life Donor’s Nomination of £10 103, per annum. For particulars, apply to the Head-Master, the Rev. Dr. MOULTON, The Leys, Cambridge. ING’S SCHOOL, CANTERBURY. — Head-Master: Rev. T. FIELD, late Fellow of Magdalen Oollege, Oxford, and Master at Harrow.—Fifty Foundation Scholarships and valuable Exhibitions to Univer. sities. TEN SOHOLARSHIPS, £55-£10, July 24th, — PREPARATORY DaPARTMENT for BOYS under 13.

ELSTED SCHOOL.—Head-Master: Rev. H. A. Datton, M.A.—Thero will be an Election on JUNE 29th, to FIVE SOHOLARSHIPS (£45, £25, £20), for BOYS between 12 and 15, Examination in London and at Felsted begins June 25th. School Fees, including all 'y payments £65 per annum. Owing te transference ef Young Boys to the New Preparatory School, there are VACANCIES in the School House. Names can be received for next term.—For particulars, apply, Rev. Head-Master, Felsted, Essex.

ELSTED SCHOOL.—A PREPARATORY SCHOOL in close connection with Felsted, is OPEN for BOYS from 9to 13. Fees as at School House.—App!y to O. M. MILLER, Esq. (Master of Preparatory School), or Rev. Head-Master, Felsted, Essex,

AUSANNE.—Miss WILLS, formerly Head-Mistress of the Norwich High-School, and Madame de WORMS, have a comfortable EDUCATIONAL HOME for GIRLS, Studio, tennis-court, grounds of five acres. Special preparation for University Examinations, Thorough conversational French and German.—CHAMP FLEURI.

ALVERN COLLEGE.—SCHOLARSHIP EXAMINATION, JULY 11th ard 12th. One of £87, one of £56, three of £50, four of £30 per annum. Council Nominations of £15 per annum may be awarded to boys who do well, but fail to obtain Scholarshigs.—For particalars apply to the HEAD-MASTER or SECRETARY. ,> Boys from 7 to 15 are carefully prepared for a'l Public Schools. For Prospectus, epply to the Head-Master, Rev. H. J. GRAHAM, M.A,

MOUNT SCHOOL, ST. LEONARD'S-ON-SEA.

ADLEY COLLEGE.—SCHOLARSHIPS, 1895. Two of £80, one of £50, one of £40. EXAMINATION BEGINS JULY 17th, cee pentane information apply to the Rev. The WARDEN, Radley College, Abingdon, TONEYGATE SCHOOL, LEICESTER.—A first-rate Preparatory School at very moderate fees. Many Scholarships recently gained at the Pablic Schools, including four at Charterhouse. The Resident Masters are graduates in honours of Oxford or Cambridge. The house stands in its own grounds in a high and healthy situation away from the town. References to the Dean of Peterborough and the Head-Masters of Charterhouse and o: her Pablie Schools.—Full particulars from the Misses FRANKLIN. UNDLE SCHOOL.—ENTRANCE SCHOLARSHIP EXAMINATION, July 16th—Six or more Scholarships, £40 to £30 a year. Classical, Modern, Science, and Engineering Sides. Fees, £65 to £70 a year. Successes :—1893-94, Five Open Scholarships and One Exhibition; 1894-95, Five Open Classical Scholarships and One Science Scholarship—also Woolwich Entrance (11th place).—Apply to the HEAD-MASTER,

AYWOOD, SEVENOAKS, KENT.—HOME SCHOOL for GIRLS.—Large House, and cight acr3s of land. Gymnasium; Kiding. Prospectus on application to Miss 8S, OARR. The School is recom- mended by Miss Wordsworth, Principal of Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford, yea HOUSE UNIVERSITY SETTLEMENT, CANNING TOWN, EAST LONDON. ;

£6,500 + URGENTLY NEEDED AT ONCE FOR RESIDENCE, LODGING-HOUSE, LADS’ CLUB, &c. Mansfield House is a University Settlement, founded for practical helpfulness in the spirit of Jesus Ohrist in all that affects human life. We war in the Master’s name against all forms of evil,—selfishness, injustice, vice, disease, starvation, ignorance, ugliness and squalor, and seek to build up God’s kingdom in brotherhood, righteousness, purity, health, truth, and beauty. After being in the district for nearly five years, during which the work has extended beyond all expectations, a permanent and suitable RESIDENOE is imperatively necessary; we have also been compelled to acquire at a great cost the LODGING-HOUSE we have worked for two years, and to purchase a new LADS’ CLUB. We appeal in this special need for funds to frea us from the cramped conditions that impede the growth of the settlement. Contributions and promises already received :— AVelend ac ce 6 SONOS O Ol Sc Frames. ns lcs le «CS CO BW cee, lie OS Ch ree. << «« £6 ¢ The Misses Thompson ... 100 0 0O| MissE.M. Wright .. ww. 5 0 0 Miss Mann ... aaé eee 50 0 0| J. Godwin King +“ eco 5 00 Blackheath Friend ove 50 0 0} Mrs. Fordham wo «=Cl ee CBO CO Anon... ore eee eee 25 0 0} Anon ... ose ove eee 220 A. J. Shepheard ... eee 20 0 0|} R. J. Godlee ... eee «as 2n-e Albert Spicer, M.P. a DBdoodHaL ry eee oes 116 1 Bh 1010 0| W. H. Horsley ww ws 324 Edwyn Holt ooo ese 10 O 0} Edwd., Collin ... ove oe 100 F, W. Lawrence, B.. eee 10 0 0|R.Leonard .., eee wo 100 Miss Spicer... ... eve 10 0 0O| Thos. C, Allin... ooo oe 10 6 Joseph King, M.A. as 5 5 0} Mr. and Mrs, J. Stead ose 10 6 F. Wells... eee ose 5 5 0) A. G. Paterson ace oe 10 0 Edward Sheffield ... ase 5 5 0; MissS.M.Gordon .. a 10 @ Miss A.T. Glyde... ase 5 00 os Mrs. Stewart ‘iat “a 500 To date... £2,459 7 0 Reports of the last four years’ work will be sont to any address on application to WILL REASON, M.A., Financial Secretary, Mansfield House, Canuing Town, E., to whom all contributions should be sent, or to any of the Committee, viz:— Mr, A. Marshall (Chairman), 7 East | Mr. W. Hazell, M.P.,1 Creed Lane, E.0. cdia Avenue, E.C, », O.S. Horne, M.A., 9 Campden Hill » Percy Alden, M.A. (Warden), Mans- Gardens, W. field House. » J. G. Milne, M.A., Mansfield House, » Joseph King, M.A. (Treasurer),{ , A J. Shepheard, 9 Roslyn Gardens, Lower Birtley, Witley, near God- Hampstead, N.W.

alming. » F. Tillyard, B.A., Gloucester Villa, » N. H. Smith, M.A. (Secretary), Derby Road, Woodford, E. Mansfield College, Oxford. »» F.W. Troup, 14 Gray’s Inn Square, wo & a a M.A., Mansfield College, E.C. Oxford,

HERBORNE SCHOOL.—An EXAMINATION for ENTRANCE SCHOLARSHIPS will be HELD on JULY 9th, 10th, and 1lth.—For farther information, apply to the HEAD-MASTER, School House, Sherborne, Dorset. OYAL HOLLOWAY COLLEGE, EGHAM, SURREY. —ENTRANCE SCHOLARSHIPS. Twelve Scholarships from £50 to £75, and a few Bursaries of £30, tenable for three years in the College, will be awarded on the results of an Examination to be held from JULY 9th to 13th.— For forms of entry and further particulars, apply to J. L. CLIFFORD-SMITH, Secretary. T EDWARD’S SCHOOL, near OXFORD.=— Public School, founded 1863, to provide Education for Gentlemen’s Sons in Preparation for Universities, Army, &c., on definite Church principles. Fees: £66 per annum (Sons of Olergymen, #60) ; Day Boys, 21 guineas. Olassical and & a sides. Scholarships, £40 to £20, July 30th.—Rev. T. F. HOBSON, M.A,, arden. ONDON.—High-class SCHOOL for GIRLS. Every modern educational advantage. Six resident governesses. Well-known

DGBASTON HIGH SCHOOL for GIRLS, LIMITED. —WANTED, for September, a FRENCH MISTRESS. Initial Salary, £100 to £120, according to qualifications.—Applications, enclosing copies of testi- moniais, and stating age, experience, and other particulars, to be sent to the SECRETARY, 13 Newhall Street, Birmingham, not later than June 12th.

REBOVIR HOUSE SCHOOL, 1 and 3 TREBOVIR ROAD, SOUTH KENSINGTON, 8.W.—ADVANOED and ELEMENTARY { LASSES —Principal: Mrs, W. R. COLE.—The HALF TERM will COMMENOE TUESDAY, June 18th. Prospectuses on application.

| ING EDWARD THE SIXTH’S SCHOOLS, BIRMINGHAM, GIRLS’ GRAMMAR SCHOOL, CAMP HILL. WANTED, in September next, an ASSISTANT-MISTRESS for Class in the Middie of the School. Good English and Mathematics essential, Salary £100. Forms of application and further particulars may be obtained on application, in writing only, to the SECRETARY, King Edward’s School, New £tveet, Bir- mingbam, to whom applications and {copy-testimonials (not more than three fecent ones) should be sent on or before June 10th, Birmingham, May 23rd, 1895. O INVALIDS.—A List of Medical Men in all parts, willing to RECEIVE RESIDENT-PATIENTS, giving full particulars and forms, sent gratis. The list includes Private Asylums, &c. Schools also re commended.—Address, Mr. G. B. STOCKER, 8 Lancaster Place, Strand, W.0. SMALL PARSONAGE to LET, July, August, or September. 8e. close, rivers, boating, fine air, dry, hetween Bournemonth aud New Forest. Four Bedrooms, Nursery, Two tittinz, Garden, 44 guineas a week. Reduction for duty taken,—Rev, J. M. G“DEN, Muieford, Christ- church, Hants,

rofessors in attendance. Highest references, Large house and grounds.—Lady Pri ipal, Pelican House, Champion Hill, Denmark Hill, 8.E, Y a ee co 0 47S SB EGE SCHOLARSHIPS and EXHIBITIONS in JULY. Apply, HEADMASTER.

ESTMINSTER SCHOOL.—An EXAMINATION to fill up not less than Eight Resident, Five Non-Resident, Queen’s Scholarship, and Two valuable Exhibitions, will take place in JULY next.— — information may be obtained from the HEAD.MASTER, Dean’s Yard, estminster.

RANCE.—VILLA LOUISE, LIMOGES. — Malle. CHABROL, Diplomée, ‘* Sorbonne ” (Paris), daughter of University Pro- fessor, RECEIVES DAUGHTERS of GENTLEMEN for French and Accom- plishments, Very healthy town, beautifally situated. School of Art and Academy. Excellent piano and violin masters, Every home comfort. Highest references.—For particulars, address, The Hon. Mrs, TALBOT, Vicarage, Leeds.

DVICE as to CHOICE of ,SCHOOLS.—The SCHOLASTIC ASSOCIATION (a body of Qxford and Cambridge Graduates) gives advice and assistance without charge to Parents and Guardians in the selection of Schools (for Boys or Girls) and Tutors for all Examinations at Home or Abroad.—A Statement of Requirements should be sent to the Manager, R. J. BEEVOR, M.A,, 8 Lancaster Place, Strand, London, W.C,

ERMANY, WEIMAR.—Mrs. WILLIAM LIDDER- .. DAL" and Mrs. YATE-LEE wish very highly to RECOMMEND Frl. PUNDTER (formerly eleven years in England) and Fri. SCHAFFER, who receive eight or ten English girls, giving them every home comfort and educa tienal advantsge. First-rate masters, German constantly spoken, Escort provided.—For particulars, a dress Mrs. YATE-LEE, 11 Gloucester Square, Loréa:.

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766 THE SPECTATOR. [June 1, 1895, MUDIE’S SELECT LIBRARY. FOR THE CIRCULATION AND SALE OF ALL THE BEST ENGLISH, FRENCH, GERMAN, ITALIAN, AND SPANISH BOOKS. TOWN SUBSCRIPTIONS from One Guinea per annum. LONDON BOOK SOCIETY (for Weekly Exchange of Books at the Houses of Subscribers) from Two Guineas per annum. COUNTRY SUBSCRIPTIONS from Two Guineas per annum. | N.B.—Two or three friends may unite in One Subscription, and thus lessen the cost of carriage. LIBRARY BOXES GRATIS. Town and Village Clubs supplied on Liberal Terms. Prospectuses and Monthly Lists of Books gratis and post-free. SALE DEPARTMENT. ‘All the leading Books of the Past Seasons are on Sale, second- hand, at greatly Reduced Prices. LISTS GRATIS AND POST-FREE. | copre's MANCHESTER LIBRARY, 10 to 12 BARTON ARCADE, MANCHESTER, is in daily communication with this Library. MUDIE’S SELECT LIBRARY, Limited, 30 to 34 NEW OXFORD STREET, LONDON; 241 Brompton Road, S.W.; and 48 Queen Victoria Street, E.C. Cloth, crown 8vyo, 5s. _A NTI-STATE CHURCHISM: its Genesis and Justifica- tion, By WiLtiam Ovtton. ‘*The philosophy of Free Churchism is expounded with uncommon lucidity and convincing logic...... Mr, Oulton’s con- tention is that neither the social idea, ethical necessity, revealed necessity, nor economic necessity, justify the setting up and maintenance of an EHstak- lished Church, but that such Church is, on the contrary, a wide departure from the social rule, and is hurtful to conscience and religion...... Each point is driven howe with remorseless logic, and all through the book the author ridiles land casts aside the multiplied fallacies of the defenders of Established religion.” _ Christian World. “That the author has thought out his subject laboriously and conscientiously is evident, and that he has arrived at a sound conclusion— namely, that State Churchism and religious toleration are logically incompatible —may also be allowed.”—Scotsman, ‘ The work isa little hard toread. But he lwho will patiently study it will tind that in the author he has a man of vigorous lintellect, who has looked all round the subject, and who treats it ina most masterly way.”—North British Daily Mail, ‘Those who know the bent of Mr. Oulton’s liga will regard the work asa highly characteristic one; it being thoughtful and cool-headed, and if at times somewhat speculative, always acute and suz- gestive...... Throughout the book there are proofs of the author’s powers of observation, as well as of his wide reading, and some of his quotations and his references to other writers are of considerable value,”"—Liberator. JAMES CLARKE and CO., 13 and 14 Fleet Street, London, OTHERAN’S PRICE-CURRENT of LITERATURE. The MAY Number (No. 544), just published, contains a large number of | FIRST EDITIONS of the STANDARD NOVELISTS and other Authors of the Oentury (many fresh in the original cloth), besides important Sets, &c.; also a series of FIRST EDITIONS of the Minor Works of JOHN BUNYAN. 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June 1, 1895.] THE SPECTATOR. 767 ——_—_— sMITH, ELDER, AND CO.”’S NEW BOOKS. The Biography of Mr. Justice Stephen. On June 11th, with 2 Portraits, demy 8vo, 16s. THE LIFE OF SIR JAMES FITZJAMES STEPHEN, BART., K.C.S.I., a Judge in the High Court of Justice. By his Brother, LESLIE STEPHEN. On June 7th, with a Frontispiece, crown 8vo, 5s. OUR SQUARE AND CIRCLE; or, The Annals of a Little London House. By “‘Jacx EasEt,” sometime Punch’s Roving Correspondent. On June 7th, with 2 Illustrations, crown 8vo, 6s, OFF THE MILL. By the Right Rev. G. F, Browne, D.C.L., Bishop of Stepney. Ready this day, crown 8vo, 4s. FIFTY YEARS; or, Dead Leaves and Living Seeds. By the Rev. Harry Jones, Prebendary of St. Paul’s, Author of “Holiday Papers,” ‘‘ East and West London,” &, TWO NEW ONE-VOLUME NOVELS, 6s. each. On June 7th, crown 8vo, 6s. THE MARTYRED FOOL. By D. CHRISTIE MURRAY, Author of “Rainbow Gold,” “Aunt Rachel,” “Joseph’s Coat,” &e. Just published, crown 8vo, 6s. A FATAL RESERVATION. By R. O. 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768

THE SPECTATOR. [June 1, 1895,

FRANK STOCKTON’S NEW WORK. NOTICE. The ADVENTURES of CAPTAIN HORN, 4y FRANK STOCKTON, Author of “ Rudder Grange,’ “ Pomona’'s Le, Travels,” &c., ts now ready, price 6s. CASSELL and COMPANY, London, Paris, and Melbourne.

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June 1, 1895.] THE SPECTATOR. 769 (HATTO AND WINDUS'S NEW BOOKS. W.E. NORRIS’S New Novel, BILLY BELLEW, ‘ now ready, in 2 vols., at every Library. THE THREE GRACES. By Mrs. Honcerrorp, Author of “Molly Bawa.” 2 vols., 10s. net. Eames 5 “Mrs. Hungerford’s tale of a blind girl’s mistakes of the heart is pretty, even pathetic.”—Worl “A pleasant and very wholesome story.”—Glasgow erald. i THE CONVICT SHIP. By W. OxarK RussEtt. 3 vols., 15s, ne! “This is a thrilling story, and no mistake. Mr. Olark Ruseell bas given us plenty of romantic and stirring tales of the sea, but we do not remember to have read anything quite so exciting and sensational as * The Convict Ship.’......The yarn is as absorbing as anything of that sort could well be.”—Glasgow Herald. THE Atay 8t. 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If you wish terror, and plots, and blood- shed, and an exeellent detective, you cin do no better than read ‘ Prince of Balkistan.’”—Pall Mall Guzette. MOUNT DESPAIR. By D. CuristIz Murray. “Tho lover of natural character- drawing, of simple pictures worked out with quiet imagination, and kept sweet by a rational optimism and a playful huweur, will be in his e'ement when he sits down to *Mount Despair,’ &c. Two or three of these stories are in his best vein...... Full of human motive and pathos.”—Athenezum, THE PHANTOM DEATH. By W. CLaRK RoesseELey. “We can cordially recommend it as being, in its way, equal to anything that Mr. Olark Russell has yet written. Higher praise than this could hardly be given to a collection of stories dealing with lite upon the sea,”—Speaker. NEW TWO-SHILLING BOOKS. IVAN GREET’S MASTERPIECE, By Grant ALLEN. THE SOCALLYWAG. By Grant ALLEN. THE REBEL QUEEN. By Water Besant, THE RED BULTAN. By Mactaren Cospan, DARK DEEDS, By Dick Donovan. WITNESS TO THE DEED. By G. MAnvILiE Fenn. ROPES OF SAND. By R. E, Franciuion, A DOG AND HIS SHADOW. By R. E. FranciL.on, A FAIR COLONIST. By Ernest GLANVILLE, A WAIF OF THE PLAINS. By Bret Harte. AWARD OF THE GOLDEN GATE. By Bret Harte. THE DAYS OF HIS VANITY. By Sypney Grunpy. LADY VERNER’S FLIGHT. By Mrs. Hun@ERFOoRD. THE DICTATOR. By Justin McCartay. TIWE’S REVENGES. By D. Curistiz Mugray, A TRYING PATIENT. By James Payn, OUTLAW & LAWMAKER. Mrs. CAMPBELL PRED. SCENES FROM THE SHOW. By Georas R, Sims, Ti £1000 IN FULL. By T. W. Sprient. HE £1,000.000 BANK-NOTR, By Mark Twaln. HB QUEEN AGAINST OWEN. By ALLEN Urwarp. CHATTO and WINDUS, 214 Piccadilly, W- MESSRS. METHUEN’S NEW BOOKS. Messrs. METHUEN will publish on June Ist a New Romance by Mr. GILBERT PARKER, entitled WHEN VALMOND CAME TO PONTIAC: The Story of a Lost Napoleon. Crown 8vo, 6s. SEVEN POPULAR NOVELS. SIX SHILLINGS BEACH. ANTHONY HOPE. A MAN OF MARK. By Antsony Horz, Author ot ne Mrs, OLIPHANT. SIR ROBERT’S FORTUNE. By Mrs. Ourrnant. W. E. 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770 THE SPECTATOR. [June 1, 1895, MESSRS. ARCHIBALD CONSTABLE & CO.’S New Books. THE ALPS FROM END TO END. By Sir Witt1am Martin Conway. With 100 Tilustrations by A.D. McCormick. Large demy 8vo, cloth, gilt top, one guinea net. *,* The text of this work is printed on a pure rag paper of extreme lightness and durability, and the illustrations on the finest French plate paper. [In a few days. ICEBOUND ON KOLGUEV. A Chapter in the Exploration of Arctic Europe. By AUBYN Trevor Barrys, F.LS., F.Z.S., &c. With Illustrations by J.T. Nettleship and Charles Whymper, and numerous Drawings in the text by the Author and by Edward Thornton from Sketches and Photographs by the Author. Large demy 8vo, cloth, gilt top, one guinea net. GUSTAVE FLAUBERT. By Joun Cuaries TARVER. Demy 8vo, cloth gilt. MEMORIES OF SEVEN CAM- PAIGNS. By Surgeon-General James Howarp THornton, C.B., &c. With an Introduction by A. Eamonr Hakz, and numerous Illustrations by Edward Thornton and Katherine Margaret Thornton. Large demy 8vo, cloth gilt, 17s. 6d. net. A COUNTRY MUSE. Second Series, uniform with the First. By Norman Gaur. Crown 8vo, cloth, gilt top, 5s. THE WHITEHALL SHAKESPEARE In Twelve Volumes. NOW READY, Volume [V., containing— ALL’S WELL THAT ENDS WELL, MEASURE FOR MEASURE, THE TEMPEST, THE WINTER'S TALE. In cloth gilt and in buckram, 5s.; in half-parchment, 6s. THE ARTIST. JUNE NUMBER contains, for the sixteenth year in succession, the epitomised opinions of the leading papers on the exhibition at the Royal Academy. See also the New Prize Competition. Illus- trated, 6d. THE WAVERLEY NOVELS. Constable’s Reprint of the Author’s Favourite Edition in Forty- eight Volumes, with all the Original Plates and Vignettes, feap. 8vo, cloth, paper label title, 1s. 6d. net per vol. Also cloth gilt, gilt top, 2s..net per vol.; and half-leather, gilt, 2s. Gd. net per vol. NOW READY. WAVERLEY, 2 vols., 420 pp. each, 1s. 6d. net. With Engravings after Sir Epwin Lanpseer, J. SrepHanorr, and G. 8. 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FINGERPRINT DIRECTORIES. By Francis Gatton, F.R.S., D.C.L. Oxford, and Hon. Sc.D. Cambridge. 8vo, 53. net, AGRICULTURE, PRACTICAL and SCIEN- TIFIC. By James More, M.R.A.O., &c., Professor of Agriculture im the Yorkshire College, Leeds. Orown 8vo, 4s, 6d. A TEXT-BOOK OF PHYSIOLOGY. By M. Foster, M.A., M.D., LL.D., F.R.S., Professor of Physiology in the University of Uambridge, and Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. With Ylus. trations, Sixth Edition, Part IL,comprising Book If.—The TISSUKS of CHEMICAL ACTION with their RESPECTIVE MECHANISM—NOTRI. TION. 8vo, 10s. 6d. LIFE and LABOUR of the PEOPLE in LONDON. Edited by Cuartes Bootu. Vols. V. and VI, 8vo, 7s, 6d. net each volume, SHEILA’S MYSTERY. By Mrs. Molesworth, Illustrated by L. Leslie Brooke. Crown 8yvo, 3s. 6d. MACMILLAN’S MAGAZINE. No. 428. JUNE. Price 1s. CONTENTS. THE BATTLE OF COPENHAGEN. On A DevonsHIRE Trout STREAM. Portry AnD MosIc. A GARDEN OF Dreams, Tue FirtH Picture. A FORGOTTEN SaTIRE. . THE DISAPPEARANCE OF THE SMALLER GENTRY. . Or CaBBaGES AND KINGS. . THE Herons. (Conciasion.) CON Qowm wr MACMILLAN and CO., London. NOW READY, long 8vo, 1s. GOD AND THE ANT. By COULSON KERNAHAN, Author of “A Dead Man’s Diary,” “ A Book of Strange Sins,” &e, “He has risen to imaginative heights whither few living authors could follow him. Nor can I recall any finer picture in religious feeling than that which he has painted of the end of the world and the coming of unnumbered souls to cry for vengeance before the throne of God.”— Vanity Fair. “Tt may be said to speak as closely to the religious conscious- ness of the nineteenth century as Bunyan’s immortal work did to that of the seventeenth.”—Literary World. “One may say without exaggeration that it is as fine a prose poem as has been written by any one in our generation...... So exquisite a piece of work, so candid in the rebellious utterances of the accusers, so full of divineness and humanity in its ‘ apologia pro vita Christi” ”’—To-Day. “The writer has the gift of rapt inner vision such as we asso- ciate with De Quincey on the one side and with Bunyan on the other.”—Public Opinion. London: WARD, LOCK, and BOWDEN (Limited), SALISBURY SQUARE, E.O. CELLULAR SHIRTS AND UNDERWEAR, Invaluable for affording perfect ventilation to the body, combined with freedom from the dangers of chill and cold. Made in Cotton, Silk, and Merino, and mixtures of these. “THIS IS THE TRUE AND NATURAL PRINOIPLE OF oye gl —Tke Lancet, Illustrated Price-List of full range of Cellular goods for Men, Women, and Cnildren, with names of 400 Country Agents, sent post-free on application, ROBERT SCOTT, 14 and 15 POULTRY, CHEAPSIDE, E.O.; CLIVER BROS., 417 OXFORD STREET, LONDON, W.

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June 1, 1895.} THE SPECTATOR. 771 — RICHARD BENTLEY & SON’S LIST. Now ready, Price One Shilling. THE TEMPLE BAR MAGAZINE. FOR JUNE, 1895. 1. Scytta oR CHARyBDIS? By Rhoda Broughton, Chaps, 1-3 2, Notes ON LOCKHART. 8, WEATHER PREFERENCES OF AUTHORS. 4, Tue Last Parape. 5, LETTERS OF EDWARD FITZGERALD TO Fanny KEMBLB, 6. A GLIMPSE OF GENTEEL SOCIALISM, 7, Meurt L’Amour, Mevrr L’Eré, 8, A Man oF PROMISE. 9, THE MODERN NovEL, 10. My Lavy Disparn. 11, WaLTER SavaGr LANDOR. 12. THE Mornine Star, TWO NEW NOVELS. NOW READY. A NEW STORY BY THE AUTHOR OF “AN OLD MAID’S LOVE.” In 1 vol. crown 8vo, 6s. MY LADY NOBODY. MAARTEN MAARTENS, Author of “God’s Fool,” “The Sin of Joost Avelingh,” &, A NEW STORY BY THE AUTHOR OF “ MISUNDERSTOOD.” In 8 vols. crown 8vo. COLONEL NORTON. FLORENCE MONTGOMERY, Author of “Thrown Together,” “Seaforth,” &e. London: RICHARD BENTLEY & SON, New Burlington Street THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW. JUNE. Mr. Batrour’s Diatectics. By Herbert Spencer. Tur New Party. By Andrew Reid. Russia AND ENGLAND. By A. J. French. University DEGREES FOR WomEN. By An Oxford B.A, Mr. CHAMBERLAIN’S MUNICIPAL CAREER. By Frederick Dolman. INTERNATIONAL LAW IN THE WAR BETWEEN JAPAN AND OHINA, T. E. Holland, D.C.L. PictuRES OF THE YEAR. By Olaude Phillips, Irat1an Disunion. By Jos, Crooklands. Tue Duc pE LavzUN AND THE Private Court or Louis XV, By Yetta Blaze de Bury. Hona-Kon@ AND THE Straits SETTLEMENTS. By R.S, Gundry. By W. H. Mallock. By Professor A Question or Courage. By Harry Quilter. Tue Heart or Live, Chaps, 31-36. CHAPMAN’S MAGAZINE OF FICTION, Edited by OSWALD CRAWFURD, Price Sixpence, Contents of No, 2. BRET HARTE—“ In a Hortow or THE Hitts (Serial). 8. B. OROCKETT—“ Unpez Oxoup or Nieut” (in Two Parts), AN UNKNOWN WRITER—* Tue Microse or PESSIMISM.” GEORGE GISSING—* His BrorHer’s KEEPER.” GEORGE IRA BRETT—“ Experiences or Inspector BatTLE—THE MURDER at Jex Farm” (Conclusion). FRANK STOCKTON—‘“ Tue BisHor’s GHOST AND THE PRINTER'S Basy.” FLORA A. 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BEESLY,. “The book is worth reading and keeping.”—Manchester Guardian, “Scholarly poetry in the best sense.” —Scotsman, : “ Some fine swinging ballads, some little lyrics in which fine sentiment is finely crystallised, and some really delightful out-of-door poems,.”—Chronicle, a S, * aa fine poem is ‘Before and After a Reading of the Hecuba.”—Glasgow eraid, ** His ballads have fire and go, and his lyrics are simple and suggestive.” —Freeman’s Journal, ss Has ois the heroic ballad spirit and the hearty, homely ring of country song.” —Sketch. “Many other charming descriptions of scenery, English and foreign.,.,..should tional Observer, win him grateful readers in these gloomy times,”—Na ‘Would there were more of this kind in the book-world to read and linger over.” —Liberal. Ba... caught by glad ins oe = the a of the century......‘8ir C. ings,’ a rousing lyric worthy of a place...... eside the swinging rhythms Drayton, Macaulay, and Tennyson,” —Academy. . ed “There is a charm in such a poem as ‘Iona’; something that haunts one...... * Amphibious,’ ‘A Whaling Song,’ ‘ The Ploughboy’s So ng’ lilt themselves.” _ er. “Nothing conventional in these pages..,....The ballads which begin and the : songs which end the volume have a delightful swing and go, and deserve to be widely known; they stir the sympathetic soul as with a trumpet.”—Globe, ** A whiff of moral ozone in ‘ Ad Populum Phaleias’...... Uncommon power in the two sad poems, ‘Stone-Broke’ and ‘A Tradition of ——,’ "—Shefiela Independent. “Indeed welcome. His ballads have a rare fire......There is also a deeper note of fine melodious utterance in such poems as ‘An Agnostic’s Apology,’ ‘A Woman’s Last Word,’ *Zwei Herzen und Hin Schlag’.,....and an indication of real tragic power in ‘ A Tradition of ——.’’’—St, James’s Gazette. “It is difficult to say which of the three that have the first places in the volume, ‘Sir C. Mings,’ ‘The Brave Dumas,’ ‘Lieutenant McMunn,’ is the best...... Another stirring poem of the ballad kind is ‘The Regiment’s Return.” Of the more reflective sort of poem we have some fine specimens. ‘ Wordsworth’s a *Tempora Mutantur,’ and ‘Iona’ may be mentioned.”—Westminstzr azette, Crown 8vo, 5s. net. THE TENTH MUSE, And other Poems. By Sir EDWIN ARNOLD, K.O.I.E., Author of “ The Light of Asia,” &, 2 vols, crown 8vo, 10s. VOYAGES AND TRAVELS OF LORD BRASSEY, K.C.B., D.C.L. From 1862 to 1894. Arranged and Edited by Captain 8. EARDLEY-WILMOT, With Maps and Charts. Crown 8vo, 54. REASONABLE FAITH AND HOPE. Sermons. 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172 THE SPECTATOR. [June 1, 1895,

MESSRS. BELL’S PUBLICATIONS,

NEW WORK BY COVENTRY PATMORE. Feap. 8vo, 5s. THE ROD, THE ROOT, AND THE FLOWER. By COVENTRY PATMORE. Second Edition now ready. Crown 8vo, 10s. 6d. The BRITISH FLEET: the Growth, Achievements, and Duties of the Navy of the Empire. By Commander Ounar.es N. Rosrnsoy, R.N. With about 150 reproductions of Paintings Prints, and Drawings, illustrative of Battles, Ship:, Persons, Customs, and Social Lifein the Navy. Dedicated by permissionto H.R.H.the Duke of York. “Commander Robinson’s book is, in short, sui generis. We have nothing like dt in the language. It is a repertory of all that concerns the navy.” —Pall Mall Gazette. “Till the present time, in fact, no history of the navy has been written. Captain Robinson has broken what must be absolutely new ground to most readers.””—Athenzum. “4 work which we commend to the attention of every one who wishes to know what the navy was and is.”""—Edinburgh Review. New Volume by the late Professor Ten Brink. Small post 8vo, 3s. 6d. FIVE LECTURES on SHAKESPEARE. By Berwuarp Ten Brinz. Translated by Jutta Frank in. *,° This is Uniform with the same Author’s “Early English Literature,” 2 vols, New Volume of the Ex-Libris Series. Imperial 16mo, 83. 6d. net. ALPHABETS: a Handbook of Lettering, compiled for the use of Artists, Designers, Handicraftsmen, and Students. With complete Historical and Practical Descriptions. By Epwarp F, Sreanas. Printedat the Chiswick Press. With more than 200 Illustrations. Crown 8yvo, 6s. net per volume. HISTORY of the CITY of ROME in the MIDDLE AGES. By Ferpivanp Grecorovius. Translated from the Fourth German Edition by ANNIE Hamitton. Vols. I. and II. (from the Beginning of the Fifth Century to the Coronation of Charles, A.D. 800). 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