The Spectator 1889-07-06: Vol 63 Iss 3184

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| Che Spectator. A WEEKLY REVIEW OF POLITICS, LITERATURE, THEOLOGY, AND ART. VOLUME THE SIXTY-THIRD. 1889, FROM JULY 6th TO DECEMBER 28th, 1889, INCLUSIVE. LONDON: JOHN CAMPBELL, 1 WELLINGTON STREET, STRAND.

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—6h The pectator FOR THE No. 3,184. | WEEK ENDING SATURDAY, JULY 6, 1889. Price Br Post, 6jd, “RESISTERED AS A NEWSPAPER. Sun-Dial Inscriptions 1 Mr. Victor Horsley on the Pasteur Grants 5 pa The Del on Theological Tests... 6 ik 3 The Cardinal Irish Blunder 7 “ Railway The Delagoe Council’ and” their 7 | Booxs— Henry Bradshaw Baumbach’s “Summer Legends”... 15 Mr. Hooper’s “ Wellington” 16 The Autobiography of Garibaldi... 17 General Hamley on National Defence The Magazines CurRENT LITERATURE PUBLICATIONS OF THE WEEK ADVERTISEMENTS r P= Melancholy "Lerrers EprroR— Gemuianion on Higher Educa- London Bn Jeet pect the Land-Transfer : —— #,* The Editors cannot undertake to return Manuscript, in any case. NEWS OF THE WEEK. Shah has been the amusement of London for the week. As he was royally entertained in Russia, it was thought wise to entertain him royally here; and he has been received with a splendour and an effusiveness not always displayed to regal visitors. The whole Court has put itself to trouble for him; millionaires like the Rothschilds and the Sassoons have expended thousands on entertainments, and London has made itself gay with flags and painted sentences from Hafiz. The visit will help to foster a new and laudable fancy of the rich, the use of flowers in glorious profusion as decorations. The Opera House on Tuesday, for example, was like a garden, and the wealth of roses which is the specialty of this summer has been utilised to the utmost. The multitude has been languid, but civil and amused, and the Press was laudatory to a degree, till unluckily it suffered from the visit. The Strand was shut on Wednesday for two hours to let the Shah pass to the Guildhall, and this at a moment when to stop the traffic is to ‘inflict a fine on the evening papers. That was too much; the varnish vanished, and journalists discovered with laughable ananimity that the King of Kings was a “coffee-coloured barbarian” after all. The dervishes are clearly no allies of the French. On Tuesday, a formidable body of them, marching northwards, made a desperate attempt to seize a point upon the Nile at Argnin, just above Wady Halfa. They were attacked by Colonel Wodehouse with three black regiments, some cavalry, and a mule battery, the latter of which proved most effective. The dervishes fought with their usual desperate courage, and it was not till five hundred of their number had been killed and wounded that they made off, without, however, aban- doning the northerly direction of their march. They are still hovering on the bank, dying of thirst. The blacks in Egyptian service behaved excellently; but without the British organisation, the dervishes would have entered Egypt, and only bave stopped at Alexandria. That would not imply merely the loss of Egypt to civilisation, but a fierce uprising of all the Arabs in Asia, determined to regain the lead of the Mussulman world, which, indeed, properly belongs to them. We only wish it were possible to let them have it out with the Turks, and avenge the oppressions of centuries ; but the revolution would be too far-reaching, and sterile besides. The boy-King of Servia has been anointed, a ceremonial which is supposed to give him a certain guarantee of the loyalty of his subjects. The ceremonial was performed by the Archbishop Michael in an ancient and dilapidated church at Kraljevo on July Ist, and was marked by only One incident. No representative of any Power had been invited ; but at the last moment, the Russian Minister, M. Persiani, pleaded a personal order to attend from the Czar, and stood by the King’s side throughout the service. That, in the situation, is really remarkable. The Czar is a sincerely pious, not to say superstitious man, and if he intended harm to the Obrenovitch family, would not have allowed so special a sanction to be given to a ceremony which, in the opinion of the Orthodox Church, consecrates their claim. The act may, of course, have been dictated by unreflecting sympathy for the position of King Alexander, a child, a Slav, and a King; but it is directly at variance with the ideas supposed in the Balkans to have inspired the Czar’s recent toast. The House of Commons was asked on Tuesday to make provision for the Princess Louise of Wales on her marriage with Lord Fife, and for Prince Albert Victor of Wales, the future King, now twenty-five years old. Mr. Labouchere and his followers, however, insisted that any grant should be preceded by the appointment of a long-promised Select Com- mittee to report upon past and future provision for members of the Royal family, exclusive of the Sovereign and the Heir. As the Radicals threatened obstruction at every stage, and as the matter, owing to the increasing numbers of the Royal family, is really perplexing, the Ministry on Thursday assented to the Committee. Mr. Gladstone entirely approved, and took occasion to point out that whereas in George III.’s time the Royal family, including the Heir, drew £500,000 a year, they now received only £170,000, which he thought fair and moderate. His Left Wing were not, however, contented at all; and Mr. Labouchere announced that if he did not like the recommendations of the Committee, he should pass them by and oppose the grants at every stage. Mr. Bradlaugh also demanded that the condition of the Civil List should be referred to the Committee, apparently with the view of dis- covering how much the Queen had saved; but this was defeated by 313 to 125. We have said enough about the Royal grants elsewhere, but we wish here to call attention to a curious social fact. The House of Commons is supposed to be entirely opposed to dis- tinctions between men and women in regard to their claim to property, and to dislike primogeniture chiefly because it is so rough on daughters. Nevertheless, neither the Ministers nor the Opposition nor the Radicals ever suggest that the allow- ances of Princes and Princesses should be equalised. The idea current is that male Royalties should in future have £10,000 a year, and female Royalties £3,000. Why? Because the Prince has his wife to maintain, while the Princess is main- tained, or ought to be, by her husband? Very true, and quite sufficient; but then, does not that answer admit a radical difference in the natural status of men and women ? A banquet was given to Mr. W. H. Smith, the First Lord of the Treasury, on Wednesday, by the Westminster Con- servative Association, at which an address from the electors of the Strand borough was presented to him, congratulating him on his career and on the services which he had rendered to the State as Leader of the House of Commons. The Duke of Norfolk took the chair, and said that Mr. Smith had vindi- cated the dignity of his office in the face of difficulties which would have furnished no trivial excuse for some temporary oblivion of that dignity. Mr. W. H. Smith, however, had never for a moment forgotten the attitude which best befits the representative of the Administration confronted by factious opposition. Mr. W. H. Smith himself remarked that the storm and turmoil of the opening of the Session had vanished, and that, instead of being hurled from power as was threatened, the Administration had never been more firmly established in its seat. In reviewing the twenty-one years since he first entered Parliament, Mr. W. H. Smith observed that in that time the National Debt had been reduced by

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2 THE SPECTATOR. [July 6, 1899, £100,000,000, that the population had increased from 30,000,000 to 37,000,000, and that the taxes are lighter by £6,300,000 than they were twenty-one years ago. The people are now taxed only £1 19s. 8d. per head, instead of £2 1s.,as they were then ; and yet we are spending £4,000,000 a year»more on educa- tion than we spent then. This is, on the whole, an encouraging review of our financial position at all events; but whether the 37,000,000 of our people weigh quite as heavily in the scales of the world as the 30,000,000 of 1868 weighed, may fairly be doubted. Yet even national influence is not the highest or most important of all ends. Mr. W. H. Smith, however, is not at all disposed to concede that our national influence is on the decline. ‘“ The power of England,” he said, “is at the present moment the make- weight, the equipoise, the safety of the world.” “I am con- vinced in my own mind that if England were deposed from the position which the United Kingdom has occupied in the councils of the world, if anything deprived her of the power of self-defence and of maintaining her honour and dignity, it would be the first step towards the most disastrous conflagra- tion in Europe which the world has ever seen.” Is not that a rather overcharged assertion of the influence of England in maintaining peace? What do we do to prevent Russia and France from engaging in war with Germany and Italy? Is it true that we either should or could identify ourselves with the cause of the nation which should be the object of an unprovoked attack P The Scotch Universities Bill has passed through Committee, and the Report is fixed for July 11th. The chief discussions of the week have turned upon the amount of the State grant to the Universities, and upon the question of theological tests. As regards the former matter, the Chancellor of the Exchequer proposed. to increase the grant to the four Universities so as to bring it up from £28,000 to £42,000,—that is, by about £14,000 a year,—but he added that if the Commission, in revising the salaries of the Professors (which he thought were at’ present calculated on avery high scale) should be involved in difficulties by the necessity of finding compensation for the Professors who would suffer by the proposed reductions, he should not be indisposed to suggest to Parliament some further help for the express purpose of extricating the Commission from their difficulties, on condition that the compensations granted were moderate, and that the system of pensions should be such as would commend itself to the House. With this concession most of the Scotch Members seemed to be satisfied, and the Government passed the clause on the subject of the money grant without difficulty or opposition. For ourselves, we desire greatly that private liberality should show itself much more conspicuously than it does in the endowment of the higher education. On the question of theological tests, what the Government propose is to drop them entirely for all the chairs held by laymen. With regard to the theological chairs, it is pro- posed to refer the best: mode of treating the securities for safe doctrinal teaching to the Universities Commission, and not to propose any solution on the subject till the Com- missioners have made their report to Parliament. To this course Mr. Bryce objected, as he desires to abolish the tests altogether, and not to leave it to the Commission, arguing that the Crown, the Commissioners, and the University authorities would find it to their interest to appoint Professors who had the confidence of the students and of the Scottish people, which is another way of saying that a virtual test (though a more elastic one) would be imposed by the reluctance of those who fill up the vacant chairs to offend the religious feelings of Scotland. To this Mr. Balfour replied that if it were con- tended that the persons appointing to theological chairs would always take. the creed of the candidates into account, that was only another way of admitting that one way or another a test is needful; and if so, the Universities Commission was the proper body to consider the best provisions for taking creed into account. Mr. Gladstone made a very odd speech on the test question, in which, as we understand him, he charged those who supported the reference of the matter to the Commissioners with voting for that reference only to keep the present Government in office, and to prevent the grant of Home-rule to the Irish people. In reality, the dis- preserving them, and asking the Commissioners how protect the theological chairs, is so fine, that it is quite certaiy that the existence of the Government could not Possib| depend upon it. Mr. Gladstone reads the Irish Question int every cranny and corner of the political situation. The clanse was carried by 219 votes against 157,—majority, 62. : Best ty Another official scandal is reported from Paris. Qne Sourbe invented a spirit-test of value to the Excise, Which infringed his patent. He demanded compensation or a ro and received a letter from M. Cadiot promising the Support of M. Rouvier, the Minister of Finance, in consideration ots heavy commission. As M. Cadiot is M. Rouvier’s brother.iy law, and as M. Rouvier is very poor, it was imagined that tj, offer was made with his consent. A.-secret Committee of ths Chamber inquired into the affair, and exonerated M. Rouyig, who entirely repudiates his relative; but the “ reporter” é the Committee, either moved by party feeling, or honesty suspecting that his. colleagues were shielding the Ministy prematurely revealed the report. A furious scene accordingh arose in the Chamber on Wednesday, the Right accusing t) Finance Minister of plunder, and the Minister of Justice, ¢ partiality. M. Thévenet was at last obliged to promiy a prosecution of M. Cadiot, and then, but not till then, th Chamber declared itself content. It is unjust to form opinion on this affair without evidence on oath; but it look prima facie as if M. Rouvier had rejected the bribe, but wy endeavouring to screen M. Cadiot. A story worth remembering comes from Russia. It} asserted that shortly after the last attempt to blow up th Czar’s train, the officer commanding the Guards, a Prince of th Oldenburg family, was asked what would have happened ha the attempt succeeded. “I should have ordered the Guard’ —sixty thousand men in full possession of the capital—“t swear allegiance to the Grand Duke Vladimir,” the Czar) brother, said to be the ablest of the Imperial House. It i highly improbable that any such reply was made ; but it my serve as a reminder that in Russia, as in every despotir country, the succession is always surrounded by uncertaintia, Even in the confusion caused by a catastrophe, the Guani, which would for the moment be in possession of the situ. tion, could not dismiss the race of Rurik; but within tha House it might affect the order of the succession. Thi very nearly occurred when the Emperor Nicholas ascended the throne,—indeed, would have occurred but for his om nerve, and his elder brother’s consciousness of some incapacity to. reign. The Grand Jury of Chicago has indicted seven persons= Martin Burke, John F. Beggs, Daniel Coughlin, Patrick O’Sullivan, Frank Woodruff, Patrick Cooney, and John Kum as the probable murderers of Dr. Cronin. They are all Irish men except the last-named, who is a German from Luxem- burg, and is awaiting trial on.a charge of swindling. The prominent citizens of Chicago, in a public meeting, have denounced the Clan-na-Gael as an Association formed to create an imperium in imperio, and impeached “the United Brotherhood of the Clan-na-Gael.as an association of assassins.” The excitement has been increased by a report that Dr. McInerney, a member of the Clan-na-Gael, who has die appeared, has been “removed” on the same grounds.as Dr. Cronin. It is alleged that he is in hiding, that he is “attending a wealthy patient,” and that he. has “gone West;” but the citizens of Chicago say that, if alive, he should be produced, and that when Dr. Cronin vanished, he also was accounted for in half-a-dozen ways. It is right to add that, except disappearance, and the certainty that the doctor was hated bya part of the Olan, there is as yetn0 evidence of this alleged murder. Business in the House of Commons is getting on withs perplexing absence of obstruction. The Scotch University Bill, and the Scotch Local Government Bill, and the Coal Duties Abolition Bill, are all advancing as if the Opposition wished that, even with Unionists in power, work should be done. Have the constituencies given their Members a hit or what is the explanation of all this good-humour asl tolerance of progress? That.Irish Members should lie low till the hail of American telegrams ceases, we can understand; tinction between abolishing tests in form though virtually but what is the pressure.on the Radicals? Is it that they ar }

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Possib]y tion into he clans ; low nd; July 6, 1889. ] THE SPECTATOR _ 8 afraid to offend Scotland, and that the Scotch, however Radical, have good sense, and want their business put through? Whatever the cause, the effect is certain, and the House of Commons has reduced itself to the decency and orderliness of a shareholders’ meeting in a prosperous year. Perhaps the eace is only a truce, and the House will explode by-and-by ; put at present the country is almost as comfortable ‘as if it qere in recess. The Lord Mayor’s meeting to give support to the Pasteur Institute in Paris, on Monday, was as unanimous, to use Mr. Lowell’s happy simile, as “ Jonah in the whale,” but the reason was simple,—that all opposition was deliberately excluded. So far as we can judge, the strong points of the physiologists who contend for Pasteurism are that,(1), Dogs “protected” by repeated Pasteur inoculations, and afterwards bitten by a really mad dog, do not go mad, where other dogs ‘not so pro- tected, and bitten by the same dog,'do go mad; and (2), that human beings belonging to ‘the Class A mentioned by Mr. Victor Horsley in his letter in another column,—~.e., bitten by dogs proved to be rabid,—are said to die in very much smaller a proportion if treated by M. Pasteur, than those ‘so bitten who. are not treated by M. Pasteur’s method. The case on the other side is that inoculation before a bite, as a pro- phylactic, may very well succeed, where inoculation after a bite ‘would fail,—vaccination seldom or never succeeds, we believe, if the small-pox virus is already in the system,— and next, that we have no means of knowing whether, in the comparatively few cases of bite by certainly mad dogs, the virus may not have been removed, either by sucking or caustic, or the interposition of clothes between the dog’s mouth and the wound; so that the statistics are not so impressive as they appear. On the other hand, the whole system of deliberately infecting a great number of animals with rabies in order to supply the Pasteur method with virus and with tests of rabies, is so revolting, as to:render humane beings very reluctant to find a cure in this direction; while M..Pasteur’s incredible and amazing rashness in the proposal to kill off the New South Wales rabbits by chicken-cholera has rendered ‘it quite impossible for reasonable men to regard his authority with the respect which Professor Tyndall ex-! presses for it. The Prince of Wales was certainly ill-advised in accepting a brief for the advocacy of M. Pasteur’s method. ' On Monday, the Lord Mayor of Dublin (Mr. Sexton, M.P.) asked leave to move the adjournment of the House on a matter of urgent importance, in ‘order to call attention to the proclamation of a ‘meeting at ‘Cork on Sunday, and the arrest of Mr. William O’Brien. A large number of Opposition Members at once rose in support of Mr. Sexton’s appeal, and; he proceeded with his speech. Mr. Sexton denied that the meeting at Cork was held to ‘express sympathy with the tenants on the Ponsonbyestate; but the Ponsonby estate is one of those on which the “ Plan of Campaign” has long been established, so that by Mr. Sexton’s own showing the meeting was held to support the “ Plan of Campaign,” which he never- theless denied, calling the assertion a mere “lie,” and declaring that the proclamation of the meeting was “as cowardly and dastardly an act as had distinguished the Chief Secretary’s policy.” Mr. W.O’Brien’s arrest on Sunday was also denounced by Mr. Sexton, who declared that if he was arrested for a. speech made on the previous Sunday, he ought to have been arrested during the week, and not at the railway-station on a Sunday morning. The discussion, however, was aimed less at the Chief Secretary and the Government than at Mr. Smith- Barry for his intervention'on the side of Mr. Ponsonby. Mr. Balfour in his speech denied that, so far as the Government knew the circumstances of the case, there was any reason to complain either of the proclamation of the meeting or of Mr. O’Brien’s arrest. What the Government objected to was not combination either by tenants or by landlords, but combination for an illegal purpose. Combination was one thing, and per- fectly open to either class; combination to violate the law was quite another thing, and was open to neither tenants nor landlords. The motion for adjournment was rejected by a majority of 84 (212 against 128). Mr. Gladstone’s tone was moderate. He did not question the reasonableness of delay, to enable the Government to receive full reports of what had occurred on Sunday. But he assumed, as he generally does, that the presumption is against the police. In Mr. Glad- stone’s Ireland, the presumption is always against the police, The first meeting of the Bright Memorial Conmuifttee was held on Tuesday in Devonshire House, Lord Hartington taking the chair. The purpose is, in the first instance, to erect a statue of Mr. Bright within the precincts of St. Stephen’s, and to use the surplus in any way which ‘the sub-committee shall decide soas best to perpetuate his memory. Mr. Chamberlain thought ‘that ‘the best appropriation of the surplus would be to found in Birmingham, Rochdale, and Manchester, training-schools for nurses who should give their services to the poor gratuitously. But that will ‘only be possible if a large ‘surplus remains, for it involves not only endowing three great training-schools, but ‘finding incomes for all the nurses sent out from them. We heartily hope that the fund raised may be adequate to the execution of such ascheme. But it is undoubtedly a large scheme. Mr. James Tuke, who has done such great services, year after year, to the poorest inhabitants of the poorest part of Ireland, sends a very interesting letter to last Saturday’s Times on the condition of Donegal, and on the attitude of the tenants of Donegal towards the “ Plan of Campaign.” He does not think that the payment of rent has-much to do with the distress in Donegal, which is mainly due to overcrowding and the extreme subdivision of the holdings; nor does he think that the tenants-have any personal feeling against their landlords, though they allow themselves to be moved about like the pawns on a chessboard by the authors‘of the “ Plan of Campaign,” and express themselves very strongly against “TLandlordism,” whatever that may mean (which Mr. Tuke tells us that he has not ascertained). So far as Mr. Tuke could judge, the views of the tenants about “ Landlordism ” are of the socialistic type. But though they suffer themselves to be played off by the leaders of “the Plan,” the Donegal tenants have no strong personal dislike to pay their individual _ rents to their individual landlords. They are inoculated with an idea, not actuated by a sense of personal injustice, The “Society for the Liberation of Religion from State Patronage and Control” are greatly elated by Mr. Gladstone’s declaration at St. Austell in favour of Disestablishment for Wales and Scotland, and regard his declaration in relation to England as an implicit avowal that even here it is a mere question-of time and of moral education. This elation is quite natural and justified by Mr. Gladstone’s language, if his personal adhesion to the cause of Disestablishment is, as it may be, a matter of the first importance. But the Liberation Society seem to us to display less than their usual shrewdness ‘in not seeing that- Mr. Gladstone has now bound up the cause of Diséstablishment'so completely with the cause of Home- rule, that if the lattér fails, the former will receive a very serious blow; while even if ‘the latter wins its first battle, the ‘former will be aliiost indefinitely delayed, and perhaps be beaten in the end. Home-rule must now succeed completely before Disestablishment is likely to win even its first step in the game. Lord Rosebery asked on Tuesday how matters stood in regard to the Delagoa Railway, and Lord Salisbury replied that the action of Portugal had been very high-handed and, “in his opinion, very unjust.” It had been directed, however, in the first instance, against the Portuguese Company, which only employed an English Company as its agent to find the money. Portugal would, however, be held responsible for any loss to British subjects. We are not quite so sure of that. The action of the Lisbon authorities is vexatious, and may be oppressive; but the principle that the British Government should recover private British debts is a most dangerous one. We might have to act upon it in cases where action would be impossible, or to draw the ugliest distinc- tions between debts due by powerful States, and debts owing by weak ones. The conduct of Portugal in East Africa fully justifies a sharp lesson, if not a serious change of policy; but our action should be based upon ‘her political conduct and her almost avowed hostility to Great Britain, and not upon a doubtful breach of faith with private speculators in railways. ‘As we read the papers, she has not even broken faith, but only placed a harsh construction upon an imprudent though customary bargain, Bank Rate, 2} per cent. New Consols (23) were on Friday 98} to 983. - merrier OO wet woe ws AF reese

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4 THE SPECTATOR. [July 6, 1889, TOPICS OF THE DAY. THE SHAH’S RECEPTION. WwW. see no serious reason to disapprove the rather ostentatious reception which the Court, with the Prince of Wales at its head, and the Government are giving to the Shah of Persia. If it is allowable or wise to regulate diplomacy by considerations of policy, it is allowable also to regulate international courtesies, and undoubtedly it is wise to conciliate this particular guest. He is absolute in his own dominions, and his own dominions, covering as they do the grand isthmus between the Caspian and the Indian Ocean, are so placed that his good-will may, in certain contingencies, become matter of grave importance to the Government of India. As to the method of his reception, the processions through the streets, the shows in theatres, the semi-private enter- tainments by millionaires able to spend thousands on roses, the marked and unusual attentions of the Royal family, it has, we suppose, been ascertained that this method gratifies the Shah; and it is by the feelings of the guest rather than of the host that a reception should be arranged. If the Shah enjoys fuss and feathers, he is as much entitled in courtesy to fuss and feathers as the Emperor of Brazil was entitled to go about where he would among the savants without being hustled and harassed by a mob of courtiers. It is not the business of the enter- tainer to say, or even to think, that the Brazilian’s is the nobler way. It is desirable to impress the Shah with British force and British friendliness; and as our fleet can never enter the Caspian, and as we have no masses of soldiers to display, London en féte is perhaps the most impressive object which could be brought to his attention. He will probably admire Edinburgh a great deal more, for he is by instinct a mountaineer ; but there are few minds which, once conscious of London, are not a little overawed. All we object to in the reception is the undignified eagerness with which the Press lends itself to untrue excuses for a perfectly proper exhibition of grandiose and laboured courtesy. No excuse is needed, and the current excuses are false. The Shah is not a great monarch or a particularly estimable one. No Englishman can quite rid himself of the tradi- tional idea of grandeur which attaches to the word Persia ; but the King of that historic Empire now rules over a land vast indeed, and with ill-defined boundaries, but reduced by misgovernment and misfortune almost to ruin. It is doubtful if the population of Persia, which ought to be thirty millions, now exceeds that of Belgium; and year by year, everything in the country, except the Palace, decays. Persia is perishing for want of Persians, and her total inability to protect her independence if the Czar ever ordered an occupation, constitutes one of the most dan- gerous features in the great Asiatic problem. As for the Shah, he is probably much abler in his own way than those who call him a barbarian think; but he is not a Persian at all except by residence, but the head of a Tartar clan which has been hardly less destructive to Persia than the Ottomans have been to the Eastern Empire. He has put down many insurrections success- fully, and maintained his own autocracy with rare skill; but he is as relentless in punishment as the Ameer of Afghanistan, and condones in his satraps, who are drawn exclusively from his House, a license of cruelty which is reaffirmed and condemned by the most friendly travellers. As to his “reforms,” they do not exist, and never will. Even if he himself strongly desired them, of which there is no evidence but a vague proclamation or two, there exists in Persia no native agency through which they could be carried out; and European agency will never be employed to any purpose. The Court may grant a sterile concession or two, like the one conceded to Baron Reuter, but it will never admit of the European control over the springs of power, without which the “ regenera- tion,” as it is called, of the country is as impossible as the regeneration of Turkey. The key to the disorder of an Asiatic Kingdom like Persia, the ultimate source of all oppression, of all rural decay, of all the failure to develop commerce, is taxation, the resolve of the Court and the satraps that they will have money in quantities, and their ignorance how to get it without destroying the very springs of wealth by oppression, or, what is financially worse in its effect, by capricious alterations of policy. A competent Chancellor of the Exchequer in Teheran, who was allowed to insist that no penny should be absorbed on its way to the Treasury, or taken from the subject, save in due course of law, might yet save Persia and draw into it a new and vigorous Asiatic popula. tion. The tribes of the frontier would fill its plains, our own Parsees would organise its commerce, and all Europe stands hungry to provide and profit by modern means of communication. To secure these results, however, rea] financial power must be entrusted for a generation to Europeans, or, if they are too intolerable, to picked Armenians; and this is precisely the power which the governing clan does not intend to part with. The Shah may give a concession for a bank, or establish a paper currency, or even guarantee caravan merchants against his own officers; but if he assigned the control of taxation and expenditure to foreign hands, the great interests affected would instantly raise a religious cry which even he could not permanently face. Nothing of the kind will be done, and until it is done “ reforms” will remain mere phrases, the Army will continue too small for the protection of the State—Persia needs twenty thousand good cavalry merely to prevent the shocking border raids— and the population, without which revived agriculture is impossible, will continue to decay. It is a great pity, for Persia is a glorious land, full of potentialities of wealth, and her people, though full of the faults of their qualities, vain, boastful, and false, have intellectual capacities which separate them from every other race in Asia. A Persian is a Parisian in chains. They have true feeling for all the constructive arts; they alone in Asia still enjoy and cultivate literature in the European way, and for all that has been said, they have something of the European joy in manly ways of living, in soldiership, and dangerous sport, and exciting adventure in travel. They cannot stand up, however, against the steady pressure from above which crushes out every class as it rises above the herd, crushes it, just as the later Roman Empire did, by fiscal exactions; they are apparently incapable of successful rebellion; and they perish out silently and, as far as Europe is concerned, unnoticed, to be replaced in the end by the Slavs, who already grow too thick in Southern Russia, who can plough on the plains of North Persia as easily as on their own, and who are separated from the greatest prize in Asia by a landlocked sea which never has seen, and never can see, any flag but their own. We suppose the Government has some plan in its head which is to retard the fulfilment of this prophecy, and to which the hearty assent of the Shah is considered a. necessary preliminary. Well, if they see their way to. alleviate in any method the misery of Persia, or restrain her administration, or even facilitate her commerce, they: are perfectly right in doing all they can to convince the Shah of their friendliness and their power. Persia’s gain is India’s gain, for India ought to have a splendid trade through the Gulf, and has only one at which a great London shopkeeper would smile. It cannot be good for Asia, either, that one of its foremost peoples should die away, and one of its most beautiful and separate countries: should be lost in that huge Slav morass of whose future, for good as well as for evil, we all know so exceedingly little. But we do trust the Foreign Office will beware of turning Teheran, as Constantinople has been turned, into a mere ground for diplomatic battles, a pivot for intrigues among Ambassadors all eager to extract from a justly suspicious but bewildered Court decrees which they suppose will increase the “influence,” or, at al¥ events, the prestige of their respective countries. All that is utterly sterile, whether we regard the interests of Persia or those of the European Powers. What is wanted is either an agreement with Russia, regardless of Persian independence, or a strong and persistent policy having for its object such a restoration of Persian strength as shall enable her to make occupation a difficult and hazardous enterprise, not to be undertaken without full reason and long-continued preparations. For ourselves, we fear that, weighted as we are by other work already too great for our strength, by the growing weakness of Persia, and by the rapid increase in Slav numbers, the latter policy is beyond hope of a successful end; but still it is a policy, and one not unworthy of the civilised masters of India. What is not worthy of them is to waste influence in obtaining what are called “‘ concessions,” which may in themselves be unobjec- J tiona those rev oA curr all e jnter the Prin form milli easil he a

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a eg ge ot Oe ee ee ee ee ee ee THE SPECTATOR. 5 “rable enough, but which can do no permanent good to i we wish, on the theory, to protect, and will no more es the Russian advance than perpetual sounding will coh the Baltic from becoming a landlocked sea. Banks, rt Railway Companies, and mining enterprises, and ” forms, and safe-conducts for Bombay agents, are t things; but to make Persia strong again, the ‘sternal spirit of her administration must be changed, and ib overnment of her provinces be transferred from aes to able statesmen, who even then will have to per- form the hardest of Asiatic tasks, the attraction of fresh ‘Jlions into a dying State. We shall do it in Burmah oil? enough; but then, in Burmah, if a man ploughs he also reaps the crop. currency re all excellen THE ROYAL GRANTS. HE Ministry were wise on Thursday in conceding Mr. T Labouchere’s demand for a Committee of Inquiry into Royal Grants. The senior Member for Northampton constantly degrades his own arguments by his cynicism, and by an unmannerliness of speech about dignities intended to catch the vulgar ; but he is in this instance substantially inthe right. The maintenance of the Royal family in decent state is essential to the dignity of the Monarchy, and while the Monarchy endures, must be provided for in some way. As the English House, unlike any other reigning House, has no family fortune, and no means of making one, the nation must provide the necessary allow- ances, Which have already been cut down to the lowest point consistent with what English society considers dignified existence. Our Princes are poor, not only by the side of millionaires, but by the side of well-to-do gentle- men; and our Princesses receive dowers at which Bond Street shopkeepers would sneer. The total amount ex- pended on the whole group is £170,000 a year, perhaps a third of the amount expended under “ Farmer George,” who had Hanover also to fall back upon, and less than a third of the amount a paid House of Commons would cost. Nevertheless, the Committee had been promised, and it was right that the promise should be redeemed before any grants had been made to an entirely new generation. Moreover, the promise was in itself a wise one, for new conditions both of circumstances and of feeling are arising, and the old methods of manage- ment are not only inconvenient, but positively mis- chievous to the relations which should exist between the people and the constitutional throne. In the first place, the Royal House is growing very large. Its members, already twenty-two in number, without counting foreigners, all marry; they have exceptional ill- luck in winning wealthy partners; and in another half- century there may be a hundred of them denied permission to work, with small chance of foreign establishments, Continental opinion being imperative on the subject of dower, and with no adequate or nearly adequate fortunes of their own. The English people are not generous about pensions to grandees, their incurable idea being that the first condition of rank is the possession of money; and even if it were just to ask them, they would not con- sent to support a Clan Guelph. It is indispensable, therefore, that a limit should be fixed, outside which the far-away kinsfolk of the Sovereign shall be commoners, and without any claim upon the State derived solely from their ancestry. For those within that limit—that is, with a chance of succeeding to the throne—a general pro- vision should be made, working automatically, and based on the idea that the arrival of a Prince or Princess at a certain place in the succession is arrival at an office en- tailing certain responsibilities—limitations on marriage, for example, for we cannot have dancers or singers mate Queens—and therefore entitled to a fixed allowance. The maximum number of Royal Princes and Princesses being thus fixed, the amount to be allowed them could be fixed too, and the total would become one of the permanent outlays helping to preserve the decent grandeur of the English throne, which is, be it observed, a mark for the incessant and over-critical observation of a hundred millions of English-speaking people, and four hundred millions of persons who either speak English or find their destinies entrusted, in one way or another, to English hands. What the total amount should be, it is for the Committee to suggest and the leaders of parties to settle; but if the Prince of Wales, who is really a great officer of State, is excluded, as every speaker on Thursday excluded him, £150,000 a year ought to be sufficient to pay adequate incomes and accumulate moderate but reasonable dowers. We do not believe that the English people either wish for or would tolerate Princesses in bombazine; but though they desire silk, they are not the people to furnish silk for a tribe. The second condition which has altered is the feeling of the electors. We do not pretend to understand exactly why, but we take it to be certain that the householders, who are now absolute, have some inner dislike to these grants, a dislike so strong as to make argument nearly useless. There are people who think that the feeling is a survival of the old idea that the money is paid to foreigners; but that can hardly be true, for we notice that it exists in Scotland, where the Queen is held by the multitude to be in the highest degree a Stuart, a Bruce, and therefore a native Sovereign. Mr. Labou- chere always suggests a different explanation, the wealth of the Queen, and on Thursday talked with a funnily archiepiscopal air of the “ natural law” that a parent should maintain his or her children. We should have thought, and we believe the lower English still retain the creditable impression, that Nature bids the young, when once grown up, to maintain and cherish the old; but no doubt Mr. Labouchere expressed the sentiment of capitalists. The people, however, even if they resent the Queen’s economical mode of life—which, considering the way that the Georges plundered them, is not a little odd, or at least would be if the householders ever remem- bered anything—must be too sensible not to perceive that this is a temporary accident, and that to expect every King to provide for the whole Royal family out of his savings is an unjust absurdity. They do not, it is true, understand figures when they rise above thousands, and half-believe that the Queen could provide for the whole expenditure of the Kingdom; but still, they are not themselves in the habit of maintaining their cousins to the fourth generation. We rather incline to the belief that the hatred to Royal grants upon which Mr. Labouchere and his associates trade, is not a Republican feeling at all, but is part of that hatred of pensions of all kinds which once dominated the Americans, and now embarrasses every department of the English public ser- vice. The pensions to the Royal family, unlike any other pensions, are granted publicly, after debate, and to the householders they seem large. Consequently, the English dislike to pay money without receiving a visible return, concentrates itself upon them, and they insist upon Radical Members fighting, not Royalty, but the pen- sion system. At all events, whatever its cause, the feeling exists, and is used to keep up a_ bitter- ness between the reigning House and the people which conduces to no one’s advantage, and makes foreigners fancy that England is always on the point of dispensing with the throne. It is well that an irrational bitterness of that sort should be soothed away, and the only way to do it is to make some businesslike arrangement which both parties and the Royal family can accept as a working compromise, at least for this generation. We wonder whether, if one of the mammoth millionaires now springing up around us bestowed his wealth on the Crown, the constitutional effect would be evil or good. The old theory was that the Sovereign ought to be poor, because, if not, he would be too independent of Parliament ; but is that theory true under the changed conditions of society? We rather fancy that a Sovereign of to-day, with £500,000 a year of his own—in actual money. and not, like a landlord, in illusory claims to receive money—and who spent it freely, either on art or science or showy magnificence, would be exceedingly popular. We do not see that the crowd hates splendour at all, or wealth, or even waste, and no more expect to see Lord Rothschild mobbed than Lord Tennyson or Sir Frederick Leighton. The King’s benevolences would then be appreciated, and his expenditure, as the centre and pivot of society, would be considered rather generoys than of evil example. It is not the Queen’s wealth, but the Queen’s preference for quiet, which irritates the multitude, who would, we believe, consider a Sovereign with great wealth of his very own which he expended royally, to be a figure reflecting credit on his country. As to any misuse of wealth in the King’s interest, how is it to be misused George III. bought a party in the State, and did it with

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6 THE SPECTATOR. [July 6, 1889, money as well as patronage; but there are no close boroughs now, the electors number some five millions, and to buy a majority, either in the House or the country, would overtax even ‘the British Treasury. We should rather like to see the Royal House rich, and exempted from the necessity of standing cap in hand to Mr. Labou- chere, and are inclined to believe that if rich, it would be more constitutional than ever. THE DEBATE ON THEOLOGICAL TESTS. N? reasonable man can help seeing that there are two sides to the debate on theological tests, though one side may have, and we think has, more to say for itself than the other. If instead of talking about theological tests, concerning which there is a sort of passion in the air, we were to ask ourselves what we should do if it were proposed in all our Colleges to have a chair of what we might call dogmatic politics, in which our children should be taught what they ought to believe in relation to the eat party questions of the day, we should realise better cow difficult the question is. say, a hearty Gladstonian,—like to have his son taught to despise democratic politics and to abhor the policy of separate sectional self-control for parts of a great political whole ? How would a good Conservative like to have his son taught that State Churches are a gross in- justice, and that no man can attach the true value to truth who is prepared to let the State administer a reward such as Establishments are supposed to provide for the adhesion to one form of theology rather than another? If both Liberal and Conservative would feel such a condition of things an outrage, and would vehemently cry out that no son or daughter of his should be indoctrinated by political teachers whom he held to be utterly in the wrong, we can see at once what difficulty there must be in the minds of earnest believers, or, for that matter, earnest unbelievers too, in having teachers of theology provided for their children who might sedulously assail in their children’s minds all the convictions which their parents had carefully implanted there. And if that is not to happen, what guarantee can be taken against it which would not in some form or other involve a security that the teacher in question should practi- cally support the same conclusion as that which the parent dictated’? That, however, is a theological test, and is, of course, inconsistent with the attitude of a mind which is simply ‘bent on looking for truth, and is not bound to look more earnestly for it in one direction than in any other. Of course, the analogy with pure science which Professor Huxley is always urging, is a very im- perfect one. In all controversies in which a bias of the will is involved,—and must be involved,—in which at bottom every man has to choose between one type of loyalty and another type of loyalty,—and this is certainly the case in the region both of political and of religious faith,—quite as much must depend on the moral ideal which the mind accepts, as on the mere evidence of fact. It is not a question of pure science whether a man shall place greater trust in the impulsive and frequently, we may hope, unselfish, though frequently also rash instinct of the people at large, than he shall place in the carefully trained but too timid, and perhaps even cowardly judgment of the professional classes. It is not a question of pure science whether a man shall place more trust in the self-condemning judgments of his own conscience and the horror of sin which he finds implanted in him, than in the arguments which go to show that every state of mind is that which its antecedents have made it, and that there is no more real respon- sibility for the fall of the will than there is for the fall of the leaf. In all these matters there is an element of volun- tary choice involved which perplexes the whole question, and separates the region of pure science by a very broad gulf from those mixed sciences in which the conclusion drawn depends more or less on the bias of the moral nature, whether in the region of politics or in that of religion. It seems to us impossible that parents should not wish, and should not.rightly wish, to have what they think the reasons for their own deepest convictions so stated to their children as to give them the best chance of securing the adhesion of their children; and yet it is not easy to admit that any security can be taken that this shall be so, without involving all the mischiefs How would a Liberal,— | which undoubtedly have followed the imposition of pelitig, or theological tests on those who are engaged in ¢, investigation of this class of subjects. It seems to 14 very undesirable that a serious student of any subjeo should be told beforehand what conclusion he ig to at at. And, again, it seems to us very undesirable that the parents of any class of students should be exposed to th, danger of having their children deliberately submitted 4, a class of influences which they believe to be mislead; and dangerous, and likely to distort their moral natuny It is perfectly true that most of those who are deliberate, Christian would hesitate greatly to send their go, to M. Renan’s lectures on Hebrew literature. And iti, also perfectly true that to exact from a teacher a ple that he shall resign, so soon as he finds his ming moving in the direction of M. Renan’s conclusions, js a great evil which tends to embarrass his studies, an even to make him, if he is a conscientious man, ove. scrupulous and disposed to attach more importance thay he ought to M. Renan’s sceptical arguments. On the whole, we are disposed to think that the beg way out of the difficulty would have been to abolish tests altogether, not only as the Scotch Universities Bill dog abolish them, for all the secular chairs,—in which it jj quite unnecessary to suppose that a judicious Professo; will seek to undermine the theological faith of his pupils, but also in relation to the theological chairs; but at the same time, to give every facility for the appoint. ment of the Professor by the class of persons who will best know what the Scotch parents believe, and what would tend to undermine their confidence in the Professor. That this will operate as an indirect test, we are perfectly well aware. But we do not agree with those who say that an indirect test is worse than an a. plicit one. At all events, it is much less injurious to the teacher himself. He will ‘be chosen, no doubt, in the Scotch Universities, because he is a convinced Presbyterian, and not either an Anglo-Catholic or 4 Congregationalist; and that implies that he will be chosen because he believes a certain creed and rejects other creeds. Still, he has himself adopted his own creed, and the fact that he has a creed of his own is no encroachment on his liberty, and does not humiliate him as a deliberate pledge to adhere always to that creed would humiliate him. And if, after satisfying those. who know what Scotch parents will wish for in the teacher of their sons, the teacher so chosen should “ fall away,” as the phrase goes, from the faith of his earlier days, and lose the confidence of the parents, we see no remedy for it that would not do more harm than good. No doubt it would be well that a considerable part of his remuneration should always depend on the number of his pupils, so that he may have but little temptation to stay in an office where his pupils are very few. But we see no mode of applying any further security which would not be sure to fail. We all know how willingly in our English Universities men accept tests in a non-natural sense, and how much mischief that taking of false pledges,—for false it is so to take them,— has done. Nor is it much less mischievous if the test is applied to a scrupulous man, and pushes him perhaps to conclusions which he would never have reached had it not been for a morbid feeling that as he will suffer by accepting them, he is too likely to underrate the intellec- tual reasons which tell in their favour. So far as we can see, tests have done a great deal more harm than good, though we fully understand why they have been applied, and are perfectly aware that they seem to be the only guarantees we can apply against a kind of teaching which would either empty the lecture-room, or fill it with young people who would be in conflict with their parents on some of the most important questions of life. The issue seems to us a very difficult one, far more difficult than either side admitted in Tuesday’s debate. But while we heartily admit that it is far from desirable to establish chairs for teaching young people religious doctrines of the whole drift of which their parents are likely to disapprove, we hold that there will be compara- tively little danger of that result, if the patronage of the professorships is placed in the hands of discreet men who desire to see the teaching a success; and we are deeply impressed with the mischief and hollowness which have resulted from the free use of dogmatic tests as a security against any teaching of which parents would be likely to disapprove.

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89, —e Olitical ony Ug Subject ) arrive hat the | to the ee to atures, erately ¥ SOng id it ig pled. mind Ons, js 8, and ] Over. é than € best h tests l does h it is fessor pils, — ut at point. 3 who >, and in. the St, ‘we + with iN ex. 1rious loubt, rinced or a Il be ejects own Wn is ‘iliate creed >. who ler of Tag as d lose y for 1bt it ation that vhere lying re all ecept that m,— ast is ps to ud it ar b lee g we 1arm. have yeem 1d. of r fill their life. more pate. ‘able rious are aT the who eply have ity y to July 6, 1889.] THE SPECTATOR. 7 THE CARDINAL IRISH BLUNDER. HE resolutions passed at Chicago on Monday in relation to the finding of the jury on the Cronin murder touch so nearly the root of the Trish difficulty, that they ought to be carefully considered by all Englishmen. Thanks to successive Governments which felt no sympathy with murder and rebellion, the Clan-na-Gael represents a more violent form of Trish Association than any which has at the present time any existence in Ireland. Its readiness to murder those who thwart its plans, and its willingness to plot without the smallest respect for the laws of the State within which the plots are hatched, greatly exaggerate the worst features of any illegal Association at present existing in Ireland. But what the speakers at the Chicago meeting complained of, the utter indifference of the mem- bers of the Clan-na-Gael to the obligations imposed by American citizenship, are precisely the characteristics of the Irish agitation carried on in Ireland, and embody the same wish to establish an imperium in imperio which is the final aim of all Irish agitation. We suppose that the mem- bers of the Clan-na-Gael would hardly affect to be carrying ona constitutional agitation. The Irish agitators in Illinois would defend themselves by saying that though their agita- tion is not constitutional in the United States, yet since it is not directed against the Constitution of the United States, put only against the Constitution of the United Kingdom, American citizens need not take alarm. Unfortunately, however, American citizens do not agree with them. They think that the murder of Irishmen living under the protec- tion of American laws, is hardly at all the less dangerous because it is founded on disgust, not for American laws, but for English laws. The active hatred to English laws which leads to the violation of American laws, is a source of anarchy from which the Americans are pro- pably more likely to suffer serious consequences than the English themselves. Indeed, you can hardly conceive a more cynical indifference to law than is manifested by men who, while professing to respect the laws of the State in which they live so far as those laws are intended to pro- tect the political life of that State, calmly ignore and transgress them only in order to upset the political equili- brium of another State which they detest. Irishmen who ignore American laws in order that they may unsettle Great Britain, have even less excuse for what they do than Irishmen who ignore British laws in order that they may unsettle Great Britain. What should we say to a guest who set his respected host’s house on fire only in order that an enemy’s house in the neighbourhood might catch fire? That is what the Clan-na-Gael do when they organise, conspire, and murder in the United States in order to embarrass Great Britain. But though this cynical indifference to American law is even more culpable and more expressive of utter lawless- ness of nature than the same indifference to British law, we must remark that the Clan-na-Gael has never even pre- tended to be constitutional, while it is the great claim of Mr. Parnell and Mr. Davitt and their followers that their recent Irish agitation has been in the true sense constitu- tional, although it has attempted to evade the law at every point, and to organise aggressive inroads on the law, like the system of “ boycotting” and the “ Plan of Campaign.” The cardinal blunder of Irish agitation is that it has no conception of what “constitutional” agitation means. Thus, for instance, Mr. Davitt,—whose frankness and candour no one can help contrasting very advantageously with the consistent evasiveness of other Irish agitators,— explained openly to the Court before which he gave evidence this week, that he regards “the authorities of Ireland as the criminals of Ireland.” He did not, he said, communi- cate with the Irish authorities as to the true murderer in a case where he believed that a wrong person had been convicted of the crime, because he held the authorities to be “the criminals of Ireland, and the cause of all the unhappy outrages that are committed in the country.” And yet he claims to take part in a “ constitutional” agitation, as if the British Government any more than American citizens could tolerate conduct which assumes as its very basis that the authorities of their own land are the criminals of that land. Mr. Parnell has repeatedly contended that he is in favour of constitutional action and nothing but constitutional action ; but, nevertheless, he founded a League of which it was to be the cardinal principle that a man was to be treated as a leper for availing himself of some of the legal rights given him by the law of the country in which he lived. And his lieutenants have founded, against his will it is true, but against his will very timidly and gingerly expressed, a “ Plan of Campaign” which is a mere Association for breaking contracts, and for inciting to as obvious a breach of the law as any secret Association has ever advocated. What Englishmen feel is, that while this is what the Irish mean by “ constitutional ” agitation, no compromise with them is even possible. What sense is there in granting Home-rule to a people who begin by telling you that they regard it as con- stitutional to break your laws? What pretext is there for supposing that they will think it more unconstitutional to break the laws which the Treaty for Home-rule may im- pose, than they think it now to break the laws which are founded on the Treaty of Union? Here is a section of the people of the United Kingdom who have an exception- ally large and an exceptionally favoured representation in Parliament, who can carry almost anything they wish in Parliament so far as it is consistent with the present Consti- tution of the United Kingdom, who have carried year after year popular agrarian measures of an extraordinary kind which have no match in any other country in Europe or the United States, and who yet proclaim their right in a strictly “constitutional” agitation, as they call it, to con- spire to break, and to actually break, the law as it exists, instead of simply agitating for the right to make it what they wish to see it. We believe that the Parnellite ideal of constitutionalism is at bottom an arbitrary claim to refuse to be bound by the Constitution, an arbitrary claim to regard the authorities of the country in which they live as “ the criminals” of that country, and themselves as the judges of who are criminals and who are not. We hold very strongly that if the Parnellite movement had really been constitutional, or could even now become so, it would have twice the chance of success which it actually has. If it really respected the existing law,—if it really limited itself to attempts to alter that law in the proper constitutional manner,—if it really persuaded the English people that while the law is what it is, it would be carefully obeyed, and that all breaches of it would be discouraged and strongly condemned by the leaders, then we do fear that the attempt to disintegrate the United Kingdom in a legal manner might only too probably suc- ceed. But so long as this conviction that a constitutional agitation means the free use of every expedient to ignore and impede and escape the law which Irish ingenuity can invent, is diffused through the Parnellite Party, we hold that the English people will decline to listen to the pro- posal for making a new treaty with so-called “ constitu- tional” agitators who have not shown the least insight into the significance of what the word “ constitutional ” should convey. THE DELAGOA BAY RAILWAY. HE British public is a little too hot and hasty over this Delagoa Bay affair. The Portuguese Govern- ment is not a good one even in Europe, and abroad it is probably the very worst white Government in the world ; but still, it is a recognised European Government, and entitled to the full protection of international law. Under that law it has a right to plunder and oppress its own subjects as much as it pleases without foreign interference, and it is by no means clear that it has exceeded that right. It has no doubt seized a railway the shares of which are owned by Englishmen ; but the governing body—that is, the Company recognised by the State—is admittedly Portuguese. That being so, the action of the Govern- ment of Lisbon can be no more a subject of complaint by a foreign Power than could a tax of 100 per cent. upon railway profits, or a seizure of the line for the purpose of military defence. Morally the Government may be hopelessly wrong, and may deserve to be treated on every Exchange as a dishonest Government ; but legally it has only broken a contract made with its own subjects, which it has, as far as foreigners are concerned, a right to break. The incidental injury to Englishmen is no aggrava- tion, for they ventured their money in a foreign concern, located in a foreign State, of their own free will, and in pursuit of profit with which, as they knew, that State might interfere. Every Englishman who buys foreign stock buys subject to a chance of repudiation, and if the chance occurs, will have no redress whatever from his

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8 THE SPECTATOR. [July 6, 1889, Government. Turkey repudiated the other day, but nobody talked of sending the Fleet to Constantinople. Lord Salisbury has a right, by the practice of Europe, to represent and remonstrate at Lisbon if he thinks English- men unfairly treated; but if he meets with a refusal, he has nothing to do except to remember the offence. He can, of course, with the consent of the people, declare the affair so important as to be “ injurious to the interests or honour of the natfon,” and exact redress by war ; but short of that extreme assertion, which we have never made but once about a pecuniary claim, he has no legal foothold. The Englishmen injured make much of Portuguese motives, talking rather wildly of a plot between Lisbon and the Transvaal ; but what have motives to do with the matter ? The question is not the morality of Portugal, but the right of Portugal to deal with her own subjects on her own territory in her own way. It is impossible to question ‘that right without affirming that the British Government is to distrain for the debts of British stockholders all over the world,—to invade Virginia, for example, or bombard the ports of Mexico, or to seize Paraguay. We cannot do it, and if we could, it would be a most unjust thing to do, unless we first of all made ourselves certain of the justice of every creditor’s claim. The British principle, acted upon in all cases, is that British subjects adventure their “money in foreign securities at their own risk, and recoup ~themselves for that risk by exacting extra profits. We ‘have never departed from that principle in theory, and only once in practice—the Pacifico case—for we entered Cairo not to secure our own debts, but those of all Europe, which, as it happened, was for semi-political reasons determined to have its money. It seems to us that this argument is final, and that the discussion of Portuguese morality is altogether useless ; but so far as appears, that morality has not been so very bad. They have insisted, after a good deal of delay, on the letter of their bond; that is all. After many exten- sions of time, they said that if a certain extension of the * jine were not finished by a certain date, they would declare the concession forfeit; and they did. Nodoubt time-bargains of that kind are seldom kept, the tacit understanding being that the penalty is inserted in the bond only to ensure as much energy as possible. No doubt, also, the Company in this case were thwarted by geographical and other circum- stances unsuspected when the contract was signed, which ~made the completion of the contract physically im- practicable. No doubt, therefore, the Portuguese Govern- ment, in availing itself of its extreme rights, acted harshly and offensively ; but the harshness of a creditor does not terminate his debtor’s obligation. The Delagoa Company sade a reasonable bargain enough, according to the usual practice, in arranging such bargains; but still, they made themselves liable to forfeiture should they not keep time ; they did not keep time, pleading insuperable obstacles, and they must accept the consequences. Whether the Portuguese Government have not exceeded their right in forfeiting the old concession for failure to com- plete the new one, is another matter, depending upon the construction of all the contracts taken together ; but even in this respect, the action of the Portu- guese Company in recognising the forfeiture scems to put the English Company, whose position, as we sunderstand it, is that of sole shareholder, almost out of the court of international law. If that has really -happened, as the Portuguese affirm, it seems to us that the British Government has nothing to go on, except the general amity of the two Powers, and that redress must be sought not from the State, but from the Stock Ex- changes and financiers of Europe. They can apply quite pressure enough to the impecunious little State, if they think public faith has been broken, and there is no reason to suppose that they will be unwilling to apply it. It is their interest that public faith should be maintained, and Portugal cannot dispense with either loans or quotations for them. It is through them that pressure should be applied, not through the British Government, which never, so far as we can see, obtains from a Lisbon Cabinet anything except obstruction, annoyance, and long pro- fessions of good-will. This annoyance is becoming so serious, that we doubt whether the Government is wise in any longer treating Portugal as a friendly Power, or protecting her even morally against those who would gladly see the whole Spanish peninsula united into one State. The dis- appearance of Portugal would be a break in history but it might be a good to the world. We are becom; deeply engaged in Africa, where we have a great civilig; function to perform, and everywhere we find Portugal actin as a hostile Power. She imports the arms which we desir, to keep out. She protects the slave-stealers whom we desire to crush. She is the great opponent of the missions which we desire to protect. She prevents the free nayiga. tion of the Zambesi, which ought to be open to all nations And she, by her monstrous claim to sovereignty right across Africa, from sea to sea, prevents the junction between South Africa and ‘“ Livingstonia” which, if our civiligip work is to be thoroughly done, is absolutely essential to success. Her officials never treat ours with any decent respect, and her officers avow that their first object ig to prevent the development of British influence jy Africa. Portugal is, in fact, in Africa a hostile Power entitled, on account of her action in the slave question, to no consideration. There are no sufficient grounds of quarre] in this affair of the Delagoa Company, but there will be with regard to a dozen territorial questions, and we do not see in future why, as they arise, Great Britain should either yield or consent to arbitration. There are no impartial arbitrators, and for this country a reference to arbitration only implies submission to a Court which holds that, of al] the Powers, Great Britain is the one which can best spare either territory or money, and the only one, moreover, sure not to punish the arbitrator for his award. We must find an independent Court somehow, if arbitration is to be anything but an excuse for submission; and we have not found one yet. Portugal is a little State, it is true ; but the whole future of Africa must not be spoiled because little States plead that they must never be arrested since, whatever they do, they are always so very small by the side of the policemen. On the very first opportunity, Portugal ought to be banished finally from Kast Africa, and left to finish her career, a much greater one than she now pursues, in ex- ploring, developing, and filling up the endless expanse of fertile soil within her ancient Colony of Brazil. There she can do good work ; but in East Africa, and we may add, in India, she is a most vexatious obstacle to civilisation. THE COUNTY COUNCIL AND THEIR JUDGE. HE London County Council is given not so much to doing the wrong thing, as to doing the right thing in a way which suggests the suspicion that it is done rather unwillingly. In part, no doubt, this is due to the superior talkativeness of a minority which finds in free speech the best compensation for few votes. In part, we fear, it springs from a certain fascination which a wrong theory sometimes has even for those whose practice is right. They do the commonplace and sensible thing, but they do it in a spirit of humble envy of that which is eccentric or foolish. They vote straight when it comes to a division, but during the debate their sympathies seem to be given on principle to the side which in the end they help to defeat. Something of this temper was visible in the discussion of Tuesday last on the salary to be paid to the Chairman of the London Quarter-Sessions. There is no fault to be found with what the Council did. They were no more liberal than they were obliged to be ; but then, they had a fair reason for holding their hand for the present. It is true that Sir Peter Edlin has asked for an increase of salary. He now gets £1,500 a vear; he thinks that he is worth £2,000. His work has greatly increased, and there is an obvious anomaly in giving the Judge by whom appeals from the Metropolitan Police-Courts are decided, less than is paid to the chief of the Magistrates whose sentences he has to review. In themselves, these are per- fectly good reasons for granting his request. The Chair- manship of Quarter-Sessions for the County of London is a position of very great importance, and the income attached to it ought to be large in proportion. The Com- mittee to which Sir Peter Edlin’s letter was referred do not contest this. They only say that the salary of the Judge can best be considered in connection with the work he has to do, and that a scheme for regu- lating the London Quarter-Sessions is now under the consideration of the Parliamentary Committee, and will eventually be submitted to the Council. When the Council are thus put in possession of the nature and amount of the Chairman’s duties, they will be better able to determine the remuneration to which he is entitled. In the meantime, the

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ting Sire hey en, her ex- of ere dd, do of th u- he ill cil he he July 6, 1889.] THE SPECTATOR. 9 entero Committee proposed that the salary he has hitherto received should be continued. This was met by an amendment raising the salary to £2,000, which in the end was rejected by 73 votes to 7. Had the debate been confined, as it should have been, to the question whether Sir Peter Edlin’s salary should be considered at once, or postponed until the Parliamentary Committee had reported as to his work, it would have given no cause for remark. But to submit to any such self-imposed restriction would, in the eyes of some members of the Council, have been at once pedantic and mischievous. The London County Council sits as an example to all deliberative bodies—Parliamentary or Municipal—and in that character it has to rise above such petty considerations as relevance or decorum. Your genuine Socialist is never so happy as when he is attacking a Judge. He has possibly already appeared before him in the capacity of a defendant, and has been unable during the proceedings to speak his full mind about his oppressor. A debate into which the amount of the tyrant’s salary enters even incidentally gives him just the opportunity he wants. This was evidently Mr. Burns’s view of the situation. He would have liked, no doubt, to move the reduction of Sir Peter Edlin’s salary ; but as this was not open to him, he became quite enthusiastic in sup- port of the Committee’s proposal to pay him no more than he has already. The effect of this was to produce a curious hiatus between premiss and conclusion. Let us adhere to the recommendation of the Committee, and pay Sir Peter Edlin £1,500 a year: this was the conclusion. His conduct has been simply disreputable for one of her Majesty’s Magistrates: this is the premiss. Mr. Davies, who followed on the same lines, objected to the motion as well as to the amendment. He was thus more consistent, though less familiar with the limitations of his function as Councillor. But the spirit of the objec- tion was the same in both speakers. Mr. Davies does not care what duties Sir Peter Edlin performs; he does not like the man. In judicial work, quality is of more im- portance than quantity. Better one sentence of which Mr. Davies approves than a hundred sentences of which he disapproves. “They must have a Judge who possesses the confidence of the people, and, above all, of those who practise at the Bar.” We are sure that Mr. Davies, on reflection, will wish to recall this last con- dition. The Bar has really all the qualifications which can make its opinion worthless in the eyes of the patriot and the statesman. Its members belong to “the classes,” and though they may be ready, for a good consideration, to defend the masses, it must be confessed that, on the same condition, they are equally ready to prosecute them. Moreover, they have frequently some acquaintance with the subject-matter to which a Judge’s decisions relate, and knowledge is a fertile source of prejudice. The true spiritual ancestor of Mr. Davies was the author of the precept,—‘“ The first thing we do, let’s kill all the lawyers.” The real and sole qualification of a Judge, then, is that he should possess ‘the confidence of the people ;” and as confidence, to be well grounded, must be born of familiarity, he should especially possess the confidence of those sections of the people which are best acquainted with him. Here, however, those who follow Mr. Davies have to make a choice. The sections of the people best acquainted with a Judge are two,—the criminals he sen- tences, and the police by whom these criminals are arrested and brought to trial. It is plain that Mr. Davies cannot have the police in view. Their confidence can be no credit to a Judge, for are they not the natural enemies of the people? Thus we are brought at last to this, that when Mr. Davies talks of a Judge possessing the confi- dence of the people, he ought to mean, though we are quite sure he does not mean, that a Judge should possess the confidence of the criminals he tries. This is borne out bya passage in Mr. Burns’s speech. Sir Peter Edlin’s sentences, it seems, have been ‘‘out of all proportion to what they ought to have been,” meaning, we imagine, that they have been much more severe than they ought to have been. Now, it is plain that this feature in judicial sentences would naturally be very destructive of a criminal’s confidence. That confidence 1s tantamount to a well-grounded conviction that he will be let off with the very lightest sentence it is open to the Judge to give. Whether he will escape altogether, does hot rest with the Judge; it is a question for the jury. But what consequences a verdict of “Guilty” shall carry with it, is a matter that rests with the Judge; and it is upon this point that Sir Peter Edlin’s conduct has been “simply disreputable.” He has made conviction a very unpleasant process, and thus has justly forfeited the good opinion of those who have been convicted. Seriously, it is strange that Mr. Burns and Mr. Davies should not see that it is the people who would in the end be the sufferers if it came to be understood that the enjoy- ment of their “ confidence” was an indispensable requisite in a Judge. For, as the term was used on Tuesday, it obviously meant that a Judge should be popular, that he should represent and be guided by the prevalent feeling at any given time. In that case, the sufferer on behalf of an unpopular cause—and Mr. Burns has known what this ° means—would always find the Judge against him. The passion—it may be the utterly unjust passion—which insists that a man shall be tried, would always be repre- sented on the Bench. This is the ideal Mr. Burns and Mr. Davies wish to reproduce. Do they remember that it has once been realised in England,—in the days of Titus Oates ? THE POLITICAL FUNCTION OF WIT AND HUMOUR. URNING over a little volume which has just been pub- lished in illustration of our political wit and humour,*— a very hasty and inadequate illustration of itas any one may see who examines this very thready and scrappy collection of a few of the good sayings of the last thirty or forty years,—one is. struck by nothing so much as the very trifling influence which wit and humour appear to have had in making the reputation of statesmen. The only statesman who may be said to have won his way to power chiefly by virtue of his wit is, we think, Mr. Disraeli. Lord Palmerston no doubt increased his popu- larity, after it was already assured, by his genial humour; and possibly Sir Wiliiam Harcourt may owe at least as much of the reputation he has, to his wit, as he owes to his willingness to perform that strategic operation which the poet Cowper calls “changing his side as a lawyer knows how.” But we only assume that Lord Beaconsfield and Sir William Harcourt owe a good deal of their influence to their wit, because their wit, and the cool- ness which is essential to wit, have been so much more remark- able than almost any other political quality they have possessed. Of the other political wits of our time, hardly any have seemed to owe much of their public influence to its display. The late Lord Westbury and the late Mr. Ayrton certainly made many more enemies than friends by their wit. Lord Melbourne’s humour was hardly known at ail to the general public till after he had retired from political life. Mr. Bernal Osborne, who. was one of the greatest favourites in the House of Commons, never held any important office. Sir Wilfrid Lawson, who is still a great favourite there, has never held office at all. There is no reason to suppose that either the late Lord Derby or the present Lord Salisbury, both of whom have shown a very pungent wit, have owed a tenth part as much to their wit as to their general oratorical power; and assuredly Mr. Bright, whose humour and irony were remarkable, commanded a vast deal more influence by virtue of his passionate sympathy with the people and his great political sagacity than his humour or irony would ever have gained for him. We believe, indeed, that, politically, humour tells much more as indicating vitality in reserve, the power of looking at the less serious side of political life on the part of those whose whole heart is given to political affairs, than on its own account. It inspires almost no political confidence where it stands alone, as it did in the case of Mr. Bernal Osborne, and does in that of Sir Wilfrid Lawson. It increases the respect and admiration of the political world where it is but the reverse side of profound political earnestness, or, at the very least, laboriousness,—where it shows how much reserve of power there is in the man, besides the power which he devotes to the study of political affairs and the mastery of political history. Even in such instances as Mr. Disraeli and Sir William Harcourt, where the use of the word “earnestness” would be almost absurd, their wit and humour would not have told as it has told, were there not plenty of evidence of the devotion of their minds in good earnest, though not in good earnestness, to the circum- stances of the political world with which they have had to deal, and to the manipulation of its intricacies and difficulties. Many very considerable speakers, and many very humorous * Collected and edited by T. Williams. London: Field and Tuer,

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10 THE SPECTATOR. [July 6, 1889, speakers like the late Mr. Horsman, for instance, or the present Earl of Wemyss, or, as we said before, Mr. Bernal Osborne, have failed entirely because they gave no evidence that they entered heartily into the business of politics, though they loved its lighter side. Lord Palmerston, Lord Beacons- field, and all the more notable political humourists of the last generation, began by making Parliament see that they had mastered the dreary detail of politics before they gained in- fluence by showing that they were something more than mere politicians, that they had a laugh for what was laughable, as well as a vigilant attention for the minutest aspects of what was important. And even then, how very commonplace in kind the most effective political humour has often been. For example, let us turn to the evidence given in the little book we have mentioned of Lord Palmerston’s humour. In the account there given it consists mainly of his hustings battles with the Tiverton butcher, Mr. Roweliff, who was one of Lord Palmerston’s constituents, and who used habitually to “ heckle” him on ‘the hustings in the days when hustings still were. The fol- lowing was the sort of thing which rightly gained for Lord Palmerston a certain reputation for entering heartily into the vulgarer side of political life, and not being afraid to handle the weapon, however rude a weapon it might be, with which he was attacked :— “My good friend, Mr. Rowcliff, has reproached me for not coming often enough among you. I must say that he does not appear disposed to make my visits here particularly agreeable to me. (Laughter.) I cannot say that the manner in which he receives me affords much encouragement to cultivate the society of persons of his way of thinking. (Renewedlaughter.) Whether Mr. Rowcliff is a Radical, a Chartist, ora Tory, I really cannot say. I believe that all parties may have some reason or other for claiming him. Mr. Roweliff says that I only told you of the good that Governments and Parliaments have done, and that I have myself done, and that I have not told you of the bad. Why, God bless me! it was quite unnecessary for me to do that when he was here. (Loud laughter.) If there was a bad thing to be recorded, to be invented, or to be imagined, I am quite sure Mr. Rowcliff would be the first man to tell you of it. (Laughter, which was increased when Mr. Rowcliff called out ‘Question!’) Well, Mr. Rowcliff is impatient under this castigation. I will hit lower or higher, just as he pleases (renewed laughter) ; but he must allow me to hit somewhere. Mr. Rowcliff has asked me what Govern- ment I mean to join. Now, that is a question that must depend upon the future ; but I will tell him what Government I do not mean to join. Icanassure you and him that I never will join a Govern- ment called a Rowcliff Administration. (Great laughter and cheering.) Now, gentlemen, do not you imagine, because you deem it very absurd that there should be such an Administration, that my friend, Mr. Roweliff, is at all of that way of thinking ; for I believe I am not far mistaken in the opinion that he will con- sider everything going wrong in this world, and in this country, until the Rowcliff Administration shall govern the land. (Loud laughter.)” There is humour there, if it be, as we think it is, proof of humour, to enter heartily into the attitude of mind of a com- monplace assailant, and to appreciate very accurately the sort of thrust which is likely to turn a crowd against him. But it would be childish to suppose that Lord Palmerston’s power of giving such replies as these to a man like Roweliff, had much to do with the confidence which the English public placed in him. Yet Lord Palmerston’s humour as displayed in Parlia- ment was much the same in kind, as, for instance, when he replied to that Parliamentary bore of thirty years ago, Mr. Darby Griffith, that a Junior Lordship of the Treasury was still vacant, and then mutely signalled from the Treasury bench to know whether Mr. Darby Griffith would accept it at his hands. Mr. Darby Griffith was silenced for the time as Mr. Rowcliff was silenced for the time, by the readiness with which Lord Palmerston showed his apprecia- tion of the character of his critic’s attacks, and the best mode of meeting them. But readiness of that kind is no sort of ground for political confidence, and, as a matter of fact, except ‘as indicating the great reserve of general vitality on which Lord Palmerston could always fall back, we question whether it was of the smallest political significance. Nor do we think that the best wit and humour which is dis- played in parliamentary battle is often of much political value. It relieves the tedium of debate, and now and then displays a mastery of political analogy which implies a much deeper insight into the reason of the case than any less humorous remark would have indicated. One of the best instances of humour condensing a sound and solid argument into an epigram, is Mr. Gladstone’s answer to the Fair-traders, as it is given in this little book, though Mr. Gladstone} aie i 18 not usually regarded as one of the political humorists of hig day “Speaking at Leeds in 1881, on the subject of Fair Trade, yy Gladstone thus observed :—‘ Now, what is this Fair Trade system} It proposes that we shall tax foreign manufactures in order that they may untax our manufactures. That is its first proposal, W now, gentlemen, it appears to me to bea considerable exaggeration of a great Christian precept. There is a great Christian p that, if a man strikes you on one cheek, you should “ turn to him the other also;” but the precept with Mr. Ecroyd and others jg “if somebody smites you on one cheek, you should smite yourself on the other also.” That appears to me to be a needles exaggeration.’ ” That is condensed logic, as well as a stroke of humour. But it is really very curious to observe how seldom the humorist of political life do embody a real argument in their irony or their mirth. Mr. Lowe attempted it once in his argument against the scheme for grouping boroughs ; and undoubtedly, whether the illustration was or was not sound, it was ve humorous, though, as a matter of fact, we do not think that it was sound :— *Criticising, later, the proposed grouping of boroughs under this Measure, Mr. Lowe said that, by grouping several boroughs, and giving them one Member in the gross, expenses would be in. creased, for each constituency would expect from the one general Member as much as each of them had received from its individual Member. It was like asking a man to marry several wives; nay, worse, it was asking him to marry several widows.” But, comparing that with Mr. Gladstone’s attack on Fair. trade, we should be disposed to say that while Mr. Gladstone hit the very centre of the target, Mr. Lowe hit the centre only of an imaginary target which has not been shown to have any existence in fact. And, as a rule, it will be found that the humorous sayings which have produced most amusement in Parliament,—like Mr. Bright’s as to the difficulty of distin. guishing the head from the tail of the Adullamite Party, which for that reason he compared to a Skye-terrier; or Mr, Labouchere’s apology for not having noticed any drunkenness on the Derby Downs, namely, that of course he, being a vir pietate gravis, would naturally exert a centrifugal repulsion on anybody who was not all sobriety,—have had no political sig. nificance whatever. So far as they tended to increase the popularity of the speakers, it was by the impression they pro- duced of their elasticity and buoyancy, not of their political weight of character. Perhaps we ought to except Mr. Disraeli from the scope of this remark. Not, indeed, that he very often used a sound argument at all. And when he did, he rarely embodied it in a joke. But though he argued very little, he often expressed in his irony a very keen criticism on human nature, and showed that he understood not so much whether a particular proposal was wise or foolish, as why it would be agreeable or disagreeable to the English people. Probably nothing was ever said in the whole course of political controversy which contained more serious observation of the English character and its aversion to any strained type of political eagerness, than the remark he made in 1872 on the great achievements of Mr. Gladstone’s first Administration, and on the exhaustion they had left behind them :— «But, gentlemen,’ he said, ‘as time progressed it was not difficult to perceive that extravagance was being substituted for energy by the Government. The unnatural stimulus was sub- siding ; their paroxysm ended in prostration. Some took refugein melancholy, and their eminent Chief alternated between a menace andasigh. AsI sit opposite the Treasury Bench, the Ministers remind me of one of those marine landscapes not unusual on the coast of South America: you behold a range of exhausted volcanoes; not a flame flickers on a single pallid crest; but the situation is still dangerous—there are oceasional earthquakes, and, ever and anon, the dark rumbling of the sea.’”’ That was a most graphic and brilliant apercu of the defects of one of the greatest of modern Administrations, and of the reason why the English people were weary of it. But for the most part, we are strongly of opinion that the humour and wit of political life is essentially relaxation,—the play which forms a refreshing interlude in the battle, and nota real part of the battle itself. BLUE-ROSE MELANCHOLY. UR readers, even the middle-aged among them, are 4 little too young to recollect a weakness which once infected cultivated society, and was delicately ridiculed by Miss Austen in “Sense and Sensibility.” A whole generation, especially of the better-bred young women, took to cultivating

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at it inder ughs, )e in. neral idual nay, Fair. stone > any t the nt in istin- arty, > Mr, ness L vir m on | sig- » the pro- tical e of ound it in assed and cular dle or > was vhich acter ness, its of stion s not d for sub- igein isters n the usted it the , and, ofects nd of But mour play not a are a once od by ation, rating July 6, 1889.] THE SPECTATOR. 11 ee _— - the feelings, and allowing them when cultivated their most unrestrained expression, in forms which, when the presence.of lookers-on raised emotion to its full height, became almost convulsive. Society was pervaded by a kind of hysteria. Any incident, however slight, gave an occasion for tears, the best evidence of refinement was the capacity to sob, and ability to faint on the smallest provocation was cul- tivated like any other grace of deportment. Even men caught the infection ; a class with nerves on the. surface came to the front in answer to the demand; young squires in the flush of their youth swooned when girls refused them ; and that section of the world which has time to be unreal, imagined that.it had risen to a higher stage of sensitive per- ception. The sensitiveness was not at first wholly artificial, though the reader of to-day has a difficulty in imagining a generation which sobbed or fainted at will; but a qualification so easily imitated was, of course, assumed, until, when bouncing schoolgirls wept because a sparrow fell dead in the path, and servant-maids fainted because their lovers kissed them, the new development died, apparently in a single season, of universal ridicule. Boys and girls found it better form to restrain themselves, and did restrain them- selves accordingly, to the immense advantage, at all events, of their health; for although, in its later stages particularly, much of the “ sensibility ” was affected, much of it was real, and the result of considering a liability to hysteria evidence of mental distinction. We are less unrestrained nowadays, and feel our emotions with less show of them; but we are not sure that a weakness as noteworthy as the old sensibility is not: becoming frequent. It is melancholy this: time which distinguishes us, gentle yet very injurious melancholy; its cause is failure to find the blue rose, and its outward sign is a tendency towards what our grandmothers knew as “decline.” The victims are mostly women over thirty, but men are not exempt. It is perfectly sincere as yet, and appears to many acute but perhaps over-sympathetic observers, to have something about it deserving of pity, if not admiration. We can hardly doubt, for instance, that Mrs. Oliphart, a novelist with the eyes of a hawk, for all she is so tender and tolerant, feels both of these for the heroine of her exquisite though most painful novelette, “ Lady Car.”* She has exhausted her skill in describing her, and has produced something which, in the way of art, would be absolutely perfect, but that she did not intend to evoke the faint nuance of contempt which will mingle itself in every critical mind with deep pity for Lady Car. Lady Caroline Beaufort, when the story commences, is one of the most happily placed of created beings. She has survived a detested husband, has married her first lover while still in youtb, and finds him charming, making, we may observe, no mis- take in her estimate of his charmingness; ske is rich, and she: is tenderly worshipped by her husband. All her surroundings, society, scenery, occupation, are such as she desires, and she has precisely the receptive appreciativeness and pleasantness of temperament to enjoy them all fully. She dies of heart- break nevertheless, and though the catastrophe is hurried on by a real calamity, the revelation of a son’s villainy, the authoress dwells on the fact that the first shock, the first origin of bodily disability, had come from melancholy caused by disappointment in her husband. Beaufort is a man withouta fault ; he is throughout the tender, thoughtful lover of his wife ; hehas just the refined nature and exquisiteness of culture lady Car desires; he is in every difficulty a sensible and strengthening counsellor: but his wife seeks for something more. She wishes for a husband with all these qualities and awish to utilise his powers, and Beaufort is a man without ambition, naturally self-distrustful, and being without any spur from poverty or reproach, inclined to a refined and intellectual form of reflective indolence. bear that. She has been seeking, in fact, a blue rose, a man without a fault in another creature’s eyes, and not finding it, falls into a mood of gentle and forgiving melancholy—painted 80 lovingly as to form an exquisite picture—and so pines that she is prepared to be killed, and is killed, by the first shock of really serious trouble. Her life, externally so happy—and we must excite Mrs. Oliphant’s impatience by adding, with every reason to be so happy—has a want in it, and because of the want, an unsatisfied kind of soft ambition, ambition that another should be perfect, there is bodily weakness leading toa catastrophe. * Lady Car: a Sequel, By Mrs, Oliphant. London: Longmans and Co. His wife cannot) We wonder if Mrs. Oliphant, who observes everything as closely.as Miss-Austen did, though in a very different mood— a mood which has more pity than ridicule in it, and which finds its fullest expression in one of her less popular novels, the really wonderful sketch of. Clara Burton in “ At His Gates” —has observed accurately this time; whether the new culture both of women and men has produced this disposition towards.a:melancholy of the mind rather than the heart, so unreal often in-its causes, so real in, its. effects even on the bodily constitution. Our own idea.is that she is right, and that.in some men.and more women the new development of intellectual refinement, and of the power of appreciation and disapproval—of critical feeling it really is, rather than of the power of criticism—has brought with it an un- healthy capacity for permanent dissatisfaction. The one thing desired is not there, as when is it ever there in this unintelligible life—or should we not rather say, in more decent humility, this unexplained life ?—and therefore all the apples are ashes, and the life-blood flows too languidly for health. The heart is poisoned by disappointment, and that vague thirst for the unattainable which our forefathers could not understand, but perceived in a very few over-sensitive people, and described to one another pityingly as “a want.” “She has a want,” they used to say, “and is pining away,” the very word “pining” being, in fact, reserved for the double thought. There are, we fancy, people, prosperous people with no griefs and few pains, who die of a disease which doctors confuse with that terrible enemy of vitality, tedium vitz, but which would be better described as the absence of content'in living. Usually, though not always, the disease, for it is little else, comes to those whose minds, like Lady Car’s, have grown un- equally, so that the faculty of perception is out of proportion to all other powers, and they live in something of that horror and pain which we should live in if we saw everything except the purpose of all, but could foresee nothing, and remedy nothing that we perceived. That would be a ghastly doom, and some faint and distant adumbration of the deadly melancholy it would generate falls, we fancy, as Mrs. Oliphant does, on a few natures, producing in men what the literary call pessimism, and in women an absence of the joyousness which is at once a constituent and a product of vigorous health. Such people are described by the few who see as’ “sad;” but theirs is not sadness exactly, only a deficiency of pleasure and interest in the concerns of life, a hunger for something else without: which all is nothing, but which they could hardly formulate in words. It is a condition which is now the sorrow of many families with unmarried women in them, and the despair of nerve-doctors, who under- stand perfectly that it is curable, but can no more hit on the cure, differing as it must do in each case, than they can hit on the cure for cancer. Mrs. Oliphant is right enough, ‘we fear; but we should part. company with her utterly and beyond reconciliation as to the mode of regarding the disease. She cannot conceal that she regards Lady Car with something of admiration for her weakness, as if it were a rare faculty, something akin to that intolerable suffering in the presence of bad music which has marked the organisa- tion of some great masters in the art. It is a higher being, she thinks, with such a capacity for subtle pain. We should rather say Lady Car was a feebler being than the average, and one, too, infected with the great mental vice of our day, the vice produced by too great easiness in the externals of life, an incapacity of endurance. Even happiness is valueless to her if it is not ideally complete. She has read everything and thought over everything, only to forget, like a modern Radical, that life is by its inherent conditions hard, that we are born in pain and die in pain, and have to plan and strive and compress ourselves if we would not also live in pain. Blue roses are not impossible, but our failure to find them is not our misfortune, to be wept over like an incurable disease, but our discipline, compelling us perpetually, even when we are fairly happy, to new effort. Lady Car’s disease is simply, when all is said, discontent, and having no reason for discontent except her desire for an impossible fulfilment of all wishes at once, it makes her: not more admirable, but less admirable than she would be if she controlled herself into acceptance of the cross in her lot, so slight as it is when compared with what the majority bear. The hypersensitiveness of which we see so much on all sides to-day, is not so ridiculous as the hypersensibility which Miss Austen described, but it’ is nearly as weakening; and with the development of culture,

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12 | THE SPECTATOR. [July 6, 1889, and of the natural preference for the sedentary which culture has, we fear it is rapidly on the increase. The doctors will have to give lectures by-and-by on the duty of cheerfulness, and the clergy to add to their list of snares a life too full of the materials for refined joy. If the Lady Cars of the world are to let their hearts break because they make their husbands too content for exertion, they had better pray for misfortune to give them a sense of the true proportion of things. We know, as we read Mrs. Oliphant’s story, that she is describing a melancholy which exists; but in spite of our admiration for her painting, we can hardly resist repeating the sentence with which the rough East Anglian women used to teach their children endurance :—“ Quite [quiet] there, quite there, or I'll give you something to cry for!” LETTERS TO THE EDITOR. THE COMMISSION ON HIGHER EDUCATION IN LONDON. [To THE EpiTor oF THE “ SPECTATOR.’’} S1z,—In perusing the Report of the Royal Commission recently published, it has struck me as very surprising that the Commissioners have not clearly differentiated the motives of the two very different agitations which led up to their appointment,—the one of science teachers for higher teaching, the other of medical teachers for lower degrees. These two movements converged and met at one point only—viz., in the desire their promoters had to “ brand their own herrings.” The apparent unanimity of the report is most seriously ‘compromised by the three teaching representatives—half the Commission—having expressed a well-founded doubt as to the feasibility of combining under one head Imperial examining and Metropolitan teaching. This fact cannot fail to operate upon the minds of those who will be responsible for the action which will now be taken by the various parties con- cerned. It will be interesting to see how the Senate and Con- vocation of London University will relish the suggestion of accepting certificated credit for study and work in a con- stituent college, in lieu of examination, on the one hand, and the modest request to lower the standard of degrees, at any rate in the medical faculty, on the other. In their criticisms upon the present constitution of the University and its standard of examinations, the Commissioners can scarcely have relied upon the evidence laid before them. We are told that its examinations tend “to divert the attention of students from the regular course of instruction,” and the intermediate examinations are in consequence to be blotted out. I venture to assert that in the case of the Preliminary Scientific Examination, which is singled out as specially obnoxious, the result has been to direct rather than to divert the medical students’ attention to the all-important subsidiary medical sciences. But for the existence of this examination, where would have been those special courses in biology, physics, and chemistry, which form so conspicuous a feature of all the teaching hospitals in London? But this examina- tion is to be excused in the case of licentiates of the medical corporations, who in future will come forearmed with a desperate array of scientific knowledge. What im- portance these institutions attach to preliminary science may be gauged from the fact that in their draft charter (clause 15) they proposed to turn their licentiates into Doctors of Medicine without any guarantee of any additional knowledge, scientific or otherwise. Again, the Commissioners “ think that a standard of attain- ment appropriate to honours ought no longer to be required by the University for an ordinary or pass degree.” This anomaly they consider only to exist in the medical faculty. Now, Sir, in spite of this observation it is nevertheless the fact that if the M.D., the pass M.B., and the intermediate M.B. examinations be compared with the corresponding examina- tions in every other faculty, it will be found in every case that the per-centage of those who pass is higher in the medical than in any of the other faculties. Moreover, in the medical faculty special facilities are given to candidates: the Pre- liminary Scientific Examination can be taken out in parts, the physiology of the intermediate M.B. can be postponed for a year by those whose brains are overtaxed, and the rudiments of logic have been knocked out of the M.D., as too severe a test for such very learned persons. ——_- The high reputation of the University in the past, built y solely upon the high standard of its pass degrees, the (om, mission mildly suggests, is to be utilised to sanctify the noy departure we are asked to make—a departure whose mog, conspicuous feature shall be that the “ higher education ” jt , to inaugurate will be incapable of facing the high standard gf examination which sufficed for less “educated ” times. To be suspended, after the fashion of the prophet’s coffin, twixt pase and honours, as the Commissioners suggest, will be a Poor compensation for having been born before the days of higher education and degenerate degrees. The Chancellor and Vico. Chancellor have repeatedly assured us that any change in the value of the University degrees is impracticable and impo. sible ; let us hope that under the pressure that will be brought to bear, we may not see “the impossible disguising itself as, fact and going through the hollow mockery of taking place.” —I am, Sir, &c., W. J. Cotuins, MS., M.D., B.Sc. (Lonp)), Junior Atheneum Club, July 1st. THE LORDS AND THE LAND-TRANSFER BILL, (To rHE EpiIToR OF THE “SPECTATOR.” ] Srr,—A few weeks ago you permitted me to correct a mis. apprehension on the part of one of your correspondents as to the grounds of the opposition offered by the legal profession, or at all events by the solicitor branch of it, to the Land. Transfer Bill. Will you permit me now to assure you that, in some measure at all events, you mistake the grounds of the vigorous opposition it has encountered in the House of Lords? The Bill may be divided into two parts, each having ap entirely different object. It proposes to amend the law governing the devolution of the real estate of intestates, both by the abolition of primogeniture and in some other respects, It also contemplates the substitution for the present methods of transfer of land and conveyancing, of a system of registra. tion of title and conveyance by entry on the register. This latter object is entirely distinct from the former, and the opposition not only of the solicitors, but of a very large number of persons outside the profession to the Bill, is due entirely to the fact that it proposes to compel registration of title. The Lord Chancellor has been urged to introduce a measure embodying the amendments of the law contained in Part IV. of the Bill now before the House of Lords—and were he to do so, many of the most strenuous opponents of the present scheme would wish him god-speed—but he refuses per. sistently to do anything of the kind, and urges that the objections of the solicitors to the compulsory registration of title to land are due merely to their dread that it will affect their pockets. It is quite true they think it may do so, but in a very different way from that which the Lord Chancellor suggests. That it will simplify and cheapen dealings in land, they do not believe; they are con- vinced it will seriously increase the expense of all transfers of realty, and create such confusion and difficulty, especially in small transactions, as to hamper sales and mortgages; and thus, and thus only, do they expect to suffer. They have pressed this view on their clients, among others on those who have seats in the Upper House, and a very large number of the votes against the Bill were due to such considerations, and not to the political ones you mention. It is, of course, impossible for me to explain here the reasons for this opinion; they have been stated in detail in various publications, and they are shared by the Free Land League, and by such advocates of small holdings as Mr. Arthur Arnold. The late Lord Cairns, whose grasp of this branch of the la¥ was almost unrivalled, abandoned the idea of making regis- tration compulsory; and even in the earlier stages of his measures, he proposed to except from its operation all sales and similar transactions where the consideration was less than £300. The objections to the recent Bill, from the point of view of the solicitors, are stated with great force and accuracy by Sit Henry James in a letter* recently addressed to one of his constituents. After stating that when he was Attorney: General he gave a great deal of attention to the subject of land-transfer, in the hope that he might discover some method of simplifying and cheapening it, and explaining the difi- culties in the way of establishing a system of registration, he * The letter is printed in extenso in the Solicitors’ Journal for June 22nd. a eS ee

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uilt 9; . Con he new > Most »” it iy dard of To be xt pasg &@ oor higher 1 Vice. in the impor. rought lf asa (LL, & Mis. 8 as to ession, Land. shat, in of the Lords? ing an 1e law 3, both spects, ethods gistra. This 1d the r large is due tion of easure urt IV. 2 to do resent 3 per: at the tion of it will it may which y and e con. fers of ally in 3; and y have 3e who of the nd not easons arious eague, rnold. 1e law regis- of his 1 sales s than yf view by Sir of his orney- ject of rethod » diffi on, he — nd. THE July 6, 1889. ] SPECTATOR. 13 writes :—“If registration be compulsory, the burthen on everybody transferring land would be most serious, and in many instances absurdly great, in relation to the value of the property transferred. ..... It is because I am an extreme land-law reformer, that I consider the Bill of the Govern- ment insufficient and unsatisfactory.” If the present Government are really ii earnest in their desire to abolish primogeniture and reform the Land Laws, let them introduce next Session a measure assimilating the devolution of the real property of intestates to the present devolution of personalty; and I think I know enough of the views of the opponents of the present scheme to say that it will pass, when unhampered by the compulsory registration clauses, almost without opposition.—I am, Sir, &c., A Country SouiciTor. THE ENGLISH WANT OF TRADITIONS. (To tHe Epitor oF THE “ SPECTATOR.’ ] $1z,—For the information of your correspondent “ H. S. B.,” whose letter appeared in your issue of June 29th, and who is under the impression that at the Board schools nothing but “wishy-washy compositions, full of sickly sentimentality, are provided for the scholars’ mental digestion and vocal vomiting,” I enclose a list of the recitations for the year in this school :— Standard I. “Children’s Hour.”—Longfellow. a II. “ Lines on Receipt of my Mother’s Picture.”— - III. “The Day is Done.”—Longfellow. [ Cowper. i IV. “ The ‘ Revenge.’”—Tennyson. ss V. “King Robert of Sicily.”—Longfellow. a VI. “Richard II.”’—Shakespeare. I might add that the list of recitations is always presented to her Majesty’s Inspector at his annual visit, and is subject to his approval. The Board-school work would be better understood if friends who are interested in education would visit a few of the schools and sympathetically examine the work. Thanking ‘you for your interesting and suggestive article, I am, Sir, &c., Burghley Road Board School (Girls’), M. E. Mackay. SUN-DIAL INSCRIPTIONS. {To tHE Epitor oF THE ‘ SPpEcTATOR.’’} S1r,—Your notice of “The Book of Sun-Dials,” collected by Mrs. Alfred Gatty, leads me to add three inscriptions over sun-dials which may possibly not be contained in her selection. At Kedleston Hall, Scarsdale, Derbyshire, I have read the two words, “ We shall,” printed above a sun-dial plate, evi- dently accompanying its lesson with a double play upon words,—“ We shall sun-dial” (soon die all). Another inscrip- tion marks a sun-dial at the parish church, Kidderminster, with the challenge,—“ None but a villain will deface me.” A third inscription, at Himbleton, is as neat and pithy as any,— “Via Vitx.”—I am, Sir, &c., St. John’s, Wigan, June 28th. JoHN G. MacLeEop. MR. VICTOR HORSLEY ON THE PASTEUR SYSTEM. [To THE EpIToR OF THE ‘ BrEcTATOR.’’] S1r,—Two years ago, Dr. Bell Taylor, in a paper read at the Nottingham Medico-Chirurgical Society, endeavoured to support the futile thesis that rabies did not exist. It seems that he has since endured some education on this point, but that he is anxious to propagate some more of his ideas, unfor- tunately again misleading, on the subject. For the sake of humanity and scientific truth, it is perhaps as well that the actual facts which he distorts shou!d be known to your readers. (1.) It is not a fact, as stated by Dr. Taylor, that deaths from hydrophobia have increased in France owing to the formation of the Pasteur Institute; but it is a fact that the work of the Institute has led to the complete provision of Correct statistics on the subject, and to the establishment of preventive legislation. _ (2.) Dr. Bell Taylor insinuates that the inoculation process is a risk to the patient. The method and its records prove the exact contrary. (3.) Dr. Bell Taylor asserts that the majority of M. Pasteur’s ‘patients are not attacked by rabid animals. The real fact is that n exceedingly small minority belong to this doubtful class. Dr. Bell Taylor continues to misrepresent the subject of statistics further on. I am compelled to say misrepresent, for he is well aware that M. Pasteur’s statistics are not “simply statistics of dog-bite or dog-lick such as we have all experienced some time or other ;” but that the cases, from the beginning of his work four years ago, have always been divided into three classes, of which the first, Class A, includes those patients bitten by dogs proved to be rabid by experimental inoculation ; the second, Class B, embraces those bitten by animals certified to be rabid by qualified veterinary surgeons; and the third, Class C, is formed by the small minority just alluded to, in which the rabidity of the animal was not scientifically estab- lished. Dr. Bell Taylor says the mortality among all these cases should be “one in a million.” As a matter of fact, the death- rate in Class A among people not treated by M. Pasteur is 150,000 in 1,000,000—that is to say, one in seven of such cases dies with absolute certainty—whereas of such cases treated by M. Pasteur, only one in one hundred dies. I trust this will prevent Dr. Taylor from bringing forward again his hopelessly erroneous estimates and beliefs. He refers finally to certain statements regarding the pre- valence of rabies, which may or may not have been true many years ago; but the records of all veterinary surgeons and of the police show that they are ridiculously false when applied to the present time. These additional errors are but réchauffés of Dr. Bell Taylor’s worn-out and oft-refuted beliefs, and it is hard upon your readers that he should have revived them at this time when we have been long in possession of irrefutable data.—I am, Sir, &c., Vicrok HORSLEY. 80 Park Street, Grosvenor Square, W. P.S.—I would recommend all those really interested in the subject to read the Report of the Select Committee of the House of Lords on Rabies in Dogs, 1887. CLUB FOR FACTORY-WOMEN IN SOUTHWARK. [To THE Epitor oF THE “Spectator.”’ | S1r,—May I again bring before your readers the needs of our Women’s Club in Southwark? After four years of almost incessant work, we are just beginning to realise what uphill work it is to make a permanent and continuing impression on the rough girls and women in the lower parts of London,— more difficult, I sometimes think, than on men, perhaps because the usual standard among women is higher than among men; and in this case I am not sure that it is so. This past year, the ladies who work down in the home have - laid great stress upon their efforts to get at the mothers and younger married women, and through them at the girls, a move which seems to me most wise. The poverty and degradation in which some of these live is really terrible. A lady went to pay a visit to one of these poor women the other day. The court she lived in was so dark, she could not even see the door; after climbing up a staircase which hardly held together, she found her in a filthy room, eight feet by ten, lying on a bedstead, foul beyond description, and half-delirious with pain, want, and neglect. Round a fire of cinders, gathered from the neighbours’ dustheap, sat five small children equally dirty, with neither light nor food. All this was brought about by drink and thriftlessness. What wonder, then, is there that the girls grow up little better than savages? But, thank God, they improve, slowly, but I think very surely, owing to the outward touch of sympathy given to them by the ladies who day after day go down to the club in theevening. Itis forthe expenses of this mission to the poor—gas, rent, food, Bank- holiday treats, &c.—that I venture to ask for help—I am, Sir, &c., 18 Chester Street, S.W. Basin LEVETT. MR. MUKHARJI’S “ VISIT TO EUROPE.” (To THe Epitor or THE ‘‘ SPECTATOR.”’] S1r,—I am not the London publisher of a book entitled “A Visit to Europe,” by T. N. Mukharji, with a preface by N. N. Ghose, Esq., barrister-at-law. My imprint (of which the address is incorrect) has been used without my knowledge or permission, and the book should only be reviewed as the publication of W. Newman and Co., Calcutta.—I am, Sir, &c., EDWARD STANFORD.

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14 THE ‘S$; PHCTA TOR. [July 6, 1889, BOOKS. ——_——_ i HENRY BRADSHAW.* Hap Henry Bradshaw been only a man well-beloved, this memoir would not have been written: had he been only a bibliographer of surpassing knowledge and preternatural acuteness, it would not be widely read. The presentment of the two characters in one indiyidual,—of the tam carum caput, cherished and bewailed by every high-natured man who has left his mark on Cambridge during five Academic lustres, encased:in the same personality with, the discoverer of un- known manuscripts, the decipherer of unintelligible glosses, the accepted referee of English and of foreign scholars as a specialist, or rather as a universalist, in every department of book-lore,—more than justifies the biography with which Mr, Prothero’s three years’ toil and admirable selective judgment will delight a host of readers both at home and on the Continent. Henry Bradshaw was born a lover of books. At four years old, he announced that he would be “a scholar.” At fifteen, while a boy at Eton, he hada book-plate struck for his library. At sixteen, he buried himself in Ducange’s Dictionary, and questioned received etymologies. At eighteen, he was known as a book-hunter to the brothers Macmillan and in the Picca- dilly shops; taking up with him from school to his rooms in King’s a library of five hundred volumes. His University career was inconspicuous. He rebelled against the exclusive Etonianism of King’s, seeking his society in other Colleges; the present Archbishop of Canterbury, the Master of Trinity, Bishop Lightfoot, Dr. Luard, Sir Arthur Gordon, were amongst his undergraduate intimates. He read widely, but discursively, refusing to touch books which did not interest him. He haunted. the University Library, ransacking MSS., studying early Liturgies and old Irish books, of which last his father had possessed a valuable collection. He-was.deeply impressed by the writings of Maurice and of Charles Kingsley; his religious fancies shaped themselves into “moderate Trac- tarianism,” and he contemplated taking Orders. The break in University life which is essential to healthy development came to him in the shape of a mastership at St. Columba’s, a High Church, aristocratic, semi-ecclesiastical school near Dublin, governed by a remarkable man, the late George Williams. To teach boys was clearly not his vocation ; but he was fairly contented until Williams left; then he returned to Cambridge, and settled down on a. nominal salary in a post created for him at the University Library. This was probably the happiest time in his life, though rash purchases of books and excursions to foreign libraries so crippled his means that he was compelled to sell two thousand of his treasures. The bibliomaniac side of his profession developed in him more and more :—“ It was a treat to see him handle a rare volume; first the caressing clasp of the closed book in his two broad hands; then the rapid survey of lettering, tooling, gilding; then the critical glance at type and margin; finally the long survey of title-page and colophon, with the bit of erudition or delightful anecdote given out in illustra- tion.” But he was no mere dilettante. He gained such a knowledge of the then neglected library as no one of its pro- fessional custodians possessed, patiently examining the whole collection book by book, and laying up in his astonishing memory the character, contents, and structure of every volume on the shelves. He began to make discoveries: ina tenth-century MS. of the Gospels known as the Book of Deer, he found a series of Gaelic charters, then, as now, the only specimens extant: he interpreted Irish glosses in the MS. of Jwencus, which opened new materials for the study of the Celtic languages; he disinterred the long- lost “ Vaudois Books,” and by detecting an erasure in the passage hitherto supposed to fix their date, he shattered the accepted theory.as to the antiquity of Waldensian Calvinism. His researches extended themselves to early printed books; ere long he had examined every Fifteener known to exist in any English library, and passed over into Holland and Belgium, to explore the rich materials still preserved in the birthplace and the cradle of Printing. As a Chaucerian expert he attracted the purely literary scholars whose temperaments palexography and typography had failed to touch; his abso- lute knowledge of all editions in manuscript or print, his * A Memoir of Henry Bradshaw, Fellow of King’s College, Cambridge, and University Librarian. By G. W. Prothero, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, and laborious study and ingenious application of rhyme-tests, the imaginative sympathy,. the pouvoir divinatoire, as a. French savant called it, which led him to recast the arrangement of the. Prologues, so as to. simplify and clear. the itinerary of the Pilgrims, seemed.to mark him out as the long-degireg editor who should harmonise and formulate the vast. modern accumulation of Chaucerian lore, and achieve for the students of to-day what Tyrwhitt achieved for the readers of a hundred years ago. In. 1867’ he became: Librarian. He gained’ in: power ang celebrity, but he put his neek under a yoke. His. student days were over; henceforth he was to work for others, subject to the demands of.all appellants, from, the Holtrop or the Ten Brink whose visits-made red-letter days in the year’s calendar, to the poetess who informed him that “the foliage of her glorious youth lies folded up deep down in the innermost strata of the paleozoic days of her golden past.” To otherg the gain was immeasurable: foreigners spoke to one another with bated breath of the new. Librarian’s acquirements. No matter what the language, bow: archaic the texture of the documents they laid before him,—all alike seemed to have been his special study. He had mastered, if not thoroughly, yet abundantly for technical purposes, Arabic, Armenian, Persian, Welsh and Celtic, Dutch and Flemish, Sanscrit, Pali, and Tibetan! His memory was almost incredible. At Bruges, where he asked to see a particular book, the librarian insisted that it was not there, had been carried off by the French. Bradshaw “ blurted out the letter, number, shelf, under which it would be found,” and; there it was. At: Orleans there was shown to him a fine early printed Bible: he named at once the place and year of printing, and at the end of the book stood date and press as he had given them. The astonished cicerone brought another and another book: a glance enabled him to give the imprint of each. Mr. Quaritch was hunting in vain for a collation, or bibliographical description, of a rare Massa- chusetts Bible: Bradshaw entered the shop, and at once met. the case by writing out the complete collation, which proved to be minutely accurate. Professor Mommsen told him of a con- traction in a Pandect:MS. in the British Museum which neither he nor the museum assistants had ever seen before: Bradshaw said nothing, but brought down a book from the shelves, and showed the same contraction. The talk turning one day on Sarum Breviaries, he wrote there and then, from memory, an accurate list, with dates, printers’ names, and full descriptions, of the seven editions published in Queen Mary’sreign. If the author of Village Communities wanted. facts as to the Welsh tribal system of land-tenure ; if the Bishop of Lincoln doubted the ecclesiastical authority of the Novum Registrum, which he had sworn to observe; if a question was mooted amongst. esoteric scholars as to the method of ruling Greek manuscripts. in the thirteenth century ; if his old friend Dr. Benson, drafting statutes for his Truro Chapter, craved information on the capitular offices of mediwval French and older English cathedrals; if an American Professor was investigating the Family of Love ; if Dr. Zarncke found lacune in the materials. for his history of Prester John ;—the points were, as a matter of course, referred to Bradshaw, who, “ by a curious coincidence,” as he always pointed out, had just been reading up the subject,. and proceeded to irradiate it with all germane erudition. He assisted his memory by copious notes, taken at the time when a fact impressed him: like King Alfred, he “ bare ever a boke in his bosome :” thirty-four of these were found in his rooms, stored with every variety of fact; he could always remember the exact date of every entry and refer to it without hesitation, and one or two such references fixed it for ever in his mind. And what was gain to others was joy to him. His bountiful nature, his delight in giving, reconciled him to the encroach- ments of official duty upon private research which would have maddened a Casaubon or a Pattison. Not only to the famous. scholars, bearing world-wide names, but to the modest literary neophytes shyly consulting him on points which they feared. were almost too trivial for his attention, he gave all bis time and knowledge; kindling their enthusiasm by his own, showing them as they had never seen before, the scope and beauty of the subjects which they: thought they knew, leading them like dazed folk into a new world, as he took down book after’ book, opened cut after cut, clothed dry bones with flesh. | They followed him from the library to his rooms; and absorbed the evening which should have given rest to the day sacrificed in their service, “M. was here till

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I the Noh t of "of red ern nts lred and lent ject Ten Jar, her Lost 1ers her No the. een yet ian, and POr> ted ich... ich: was the ood. one: i to rain 38a. met ved on- cher haw and 7 on , an ons, the: elsh ted. nich gst: ipts. ting the lish the ‘jals. r of ce, ject, en & » his pred. the ‘ion, ‘iful ach- 1ave rary ared. hime ving y of hem fter’ lesh. and , to Jaly 6, 1889. ] THE SPECTATOR. 15 ‘past seven after hall,” he writes, “and P. and H. here till eight, and D. was here till nine, and G. came in eee and it is now half-past, so I ought not to be talking wth you.” “ The most delightful thing in the world,” he said one day to a very young scholar, “is to have people coming to you for help.” And “help was a word writ large in his vocabulary. It meant that brain and goods and person and purse were given to him in stewardship for others; usw non mancipio, in usufruct, not in freehold. “It was dangerous for those he loved to express a wish or to sound a note of admiration in his presence.” When St. Columba’s was in temporary difficulties, he tore up and returned, though a poor man at the time, the cheque handed to him for a half-year’s salary. He would assist a needy scholar by paying him for work; would subsidise a student to whom foreign study was essential. He noticed the low spirits of a deserving library assistant, found that he was encumbered by a debt of £80, paid it, and “set him on his legs again.” By successive sweeps he poured the greater part of his own fine library into the University shelves. When classical archeology was recognised as a Cambridge study, and the necessary funds were not at once available, he secretly placed in the Vice- Chancellor’s hands £200 for a first year’s endowment. The noblest men have failings which link them to less perfect humanity. His were procrastination, diffuseness, inability to finish. “ You like doing bits of twenty-five things, instead of finishing one,” writes Mr. Furnivall. ‘“ What is Bradshaw doing ?” some one asked of Mr. Vansittart. “Oh!” was the answer; “he is doing something else!” His foible of not answering private letters became at last a habit which amused or pained his correspondents, but which never shook their faith in his affection. A friend to whom he had promised avisit, but who could get no answer to his invitations, sent him two post-cards, inscribed severally with “No” and “ Yes,” and asked him to post one of them. Bradshaw promptly posted both. In literary matters the fault did wider mischief. The biography is a museum of promises deferred and broken, of abandoned attempts to edit or to print matter which he alone could expound completely and authori- tatively, yet which fell from him into less competent but more energetic hands. So it was with the Book of Deer and the Juvencus, with Wyclif’s Postils, with Deguille- ville’s Pilgrimages, with the Barbour fragments, with the history of fifteenth-century Bruges printing, with William of Palerne and the Hisperica Famina; above all, with Chaucer. Yet it must be borne in mind that all this was due notsolely to his dilatoriness, but to his fastidiousness, to his notions of accuracy and responsibility, his refusal to stamp the imprimatur of his name on any statement which he had not exhaustively verified, his lively surmise of possible sub- sequent discovery which might contradict and vitiate con- clusions for the present unimpeachable. From the scholars’ point of view, such hesitancy is mistaken ; as a moral trait, it is essential to our understanding of the man. He has left some valuable letters, eight brief ‘“ Memoranda,” a paper on “Early Bibles,” a curious and characteristic annotation of the day-book of a sixteenth-century Oxford bookseller, the Sibylline leaves of his note-books. These, or some of these, his biographer hopes to print. His life was as happy as it deserved to be,—as all men’s lives must be into which is woven the belief that it is “ more blessed to give than to receive.” When past forty, he fell in love; his suit was unsuccessful, and he resigned himself to his fate—but something of a scar remained. Not long before his death, he was comparing notes of the past with an old and valued friend, whom he had not seen for many years. The other’s public life had been full of care and turmoil; his own éalm and free from anxiety. “ But,” he said, “ you have had domestic happiness, and I have missed it.” The friend—the same friend who traces these obituary lines, and in tracing them mournfully lays a last wreath upon his grave—thought of Bacon’s aphorism,—the charity which waters the ground, the charity which first fills a pond,—the love concentred by most of us on wife and child, spreading out from him to such @ domain of friends as scarce any man besides possessed. Multis bonis flebilis !—multis, as the farewell gathering round his tomb attested; bonis, for to have been dear to such a man ‘was a certificate of worth; flebilis, for where will any of us find again «a friend so staunch and a welcome so affectionate, as made himself a comrade and his rooms a home to old and young for five-and-twenty years P BAUMBACH’S “SUMMER LEGENDS.”* Tue Thuringian poet whose Swmmer Legends are here trans- lated has a true grace, and a delicate fancy of his own; but he is too eager to satirise the world as it is, and consequently he often spoils a beautiful story by tarnishing it with a cer- tain spirit of mockery which is not at all in keeping with the fanciful idealism that is their main beauty. Miss Dole would certainly have done better to exclude, for instance, “The Water of Forgetfulness” entirely from her volume. The opening of it is disagreeable and not at all in the tone of the best of these tales, and though the close is conceived in a very different spirit, that does not take the bad taste out of the mouth, which the opening produces. Another of the efforts at satire which is of a less objectionable kind, but still quite out of keeping with the delicate idealism distinguishing the best of these tales, is “ Theodelinda and the Water-Sprite,’ in which a sentimental young lady, a would-be poetess, so disgusts a water-sprite by her long-winded effusions as to drive him away from a fairy home where he was an unwelcome visitor; so that Theodelinda actually earns the gratitude of the little forest-women by her dreary sickliness, and receives in return an inexhaustible skein of blue yarn from which she knits herself blue stockings in superfluity. In the same tone is the last legend, in which is described the union of the immortal “ Stupidity” with the equally immortal “ Pride,” and the great happiness of that union. We cannot say that we enjoy these attempts of Baumbach to engraft a cold and shallow mockery on his fair flights of fancy. There is, to our apprehension, a jar in this kind of story which is extremely disagreeable. The fanciful idealism is tainted by the mockery, and the effect of the mockery itself is blunted by the medium of fancy in which it is conveyed to us. But when Baumbach does not give way to his rather unfortunate taste for combining mockery with fancy, he can write as perfect a story as Hans Christian Andersen himself. ‘The Forgotten Bell,” for in- stance, and “ The Water of Youth,” and “ The Match-Makers,” and “The Easter Rabbit,” are all of them tales of great beauty which we should have picked out for special admira- tion even if we had found them amongst Andersen’s tales; for they have the happy ring about them, and the spiritual delicacy, and the childlike simplicity, which give to so many of Andersen’s tales their liquid freshness and their playful innocence. Andersen himself could hardly have imagined a better conversation between a cat and a dog on their master’s melancholy, and the best cure for it, than Baumbach has given us in “The Match-Makers.” A lonely artist is sitting in his room on Christmas Eve larenting his solitude :— «Then, as he sat thus brooding over the past, he suddenly heard close to him the words: ‘ Old friend, shall we chat together? The master is asleep.’—‘ I am willing,’ came the answer. ‘ You begin.’ —‘ That is my poodle and my cat,’ said the man to himself, ‘and Iam dreaming. To be sure, on Christmas eve, animals have the power of speech; I used often to hear that when I was young. If only I do not wake up before I learn what the two have to say to one another !’—‘ Friend Pussy,’ the poodle began, ‘do you know that for some time the master has not quite pleased me? He has neglected me. I will forgive him for not having me sheared in the summer, but it hurts me deeply that he almost never claims my services.’—‘ Yes,’ replied the cat, ‘he is no longer as he used to be. Just think, yesterday he even forgot to give me my breakfast. At last I shall have to return to my former life of catching mice. That would be hard.’—‘ Do you know, my dear,’ said the poodle, ‘what would be the best thing for us and for him? If we had a woman in the house who would look after our rights and keep things in order.’—‘ Oh!’ exclaimed the cat, ‘ that is a doubtful suggestion. The wife would probably look on the friends of her husband’s youth with disapproval. We have both seen our best days. Suppose the young woman should show-us the door, what then, brother ?’?—‘ But I know one who would not do that,’ replied the poodle, ‘and you know her too.—The cat pointed with her fore-paw to a little picture on the wall. Itwas a woman’s head with large, dark, childlike eyes.—‘ Do you mean that one there.’—‘ Yes,’ said the poodle. ‘She would be the woman for us. She is friendly toward me, that I know; and she doesn’t dislike you, for I have seen with my own eyes how lately, when you creep around her window, looking for sparrows, she sets out a cup of milk for you. And our master-——’—‘ She likes him too,’ said the cat, filling out the sentence. ‘That I know; for when she is sitting by the window, sewing, and the master passes along on the street, she turns her pretty white neck after him, and blushes. And when people blush ’—*T know what that means,’ interrupted the poodle. ‘We are both agreed, and that is the main point. She must be our mistress.’—‘ But the master ?’ asked the cat, doubtfully—‘ That will be all right,’ said the poodle, confidently. ‘But hush! He is moving; he is waking * Summer Legends. By Rudolph Baumbach, Translated by Helen B. Dole. London: Walter Scott.

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16 THE SPECTATOR, [July 6, 1889,

up. The sleeper leaped from his chair, and looked suspiciously at his companions. But they lay, to all appearance lost in sweet dreams, curled up like snail-shells on their cushions, and never stirred. And with his hands behind his back, the man strode up and down the room, like one who is striving to settle some weighty question.” We can well imagine the sequel, though we cannot imagine it half as vividly as Baumbach, in whose hands it makes an exquisite Christmas picture. Still more beautiful is the story of “ The Forgotten Bell,” which is really a charming poem in a fanciful dress, as the following opening will sufficiently prove :— “The little bell in the ruined forest chapel.saw with sorrow how everything was preparing for the feast of the Resurrection. In former years, when the sound of the bells trembled through the air at the happy Easter-tide, she, too, had lifted her voice and sung in the chorus of the proud sisters in the church towers. But that time was long ago. Since the old hermit was buried, no hand had pulled the rope at Easter-tide; silent and forgotten hung the bell beneath her little roof, and for a bell nothing is harder than to be obliged to keep silent at the feast of the Resurrection. Passion week had come. On Wednesday the hare came bounding out of the forest. He stopped in front of the chapel, stood on his hind legs, and called up to the bell, ‘If you have anything to be done in the city, tell me, for I am on my way there. I have been appointed Easter hare, and have my paws full, and so much business to attend to that I don’t know which end my head is on.’ The sorrowful bell kept silent, and the hare ran on. The next night there was a mighty roaring in the air. The roes crouched down in the underbrush, for they thought it was the night hunts- man passing through the forest. But it was not the forest fiend, but the bells, on their way to Rome to obtain the blessing of the Pope. The bell from the convent on the mountain came over to the forest chapel, and stopped for a moment. ‘How is it, sister,’ she asked the forgotten bell, ‘that you are not going, too ?’—‘ Ah, I would gladly go,’ lamented the little bell. ‘But I have been idle the whole year long, therefore I dare not go with you. Still, if you will do me a favour, say a good word to the holy father in Rome for me. Perhaps he will send some one to ring me on Easter Sunday. It is so melancholy to have to be silent when all of you are singing. Will you do me the kindness?’ The convent bell mumbled something like ‘non possumus.’ Then she arose, like a great, clumsy bird, from the ground, and flew after the others. And the forgotten bell remained sadly behind. ‘ Be thankful that human beings leave you in peace,’ said the forest owl to the bell. ‘The stupid beasts in the woods understand nothing about your ringing, and it disturbs me in my meditation. But you are not entirely forsaken, for I am going to build my nest near you. And you will gain much by it, for I am a man from whom you can learn a great deal.” Thus spoke the owl, and puffed himself up. But the bell gave him no answer.” Why a writer who can write like this should think that it adds to the beauty of his conceptions to let-in to the body of them little bits of commonplace cynicism such as the following passage interwoven even into this lovely little tale, we cannot imagine. It would seem that the unhappy realism of the day has so infected Baumbach that he can hardly give us a frag- ment of pure and lovely idealism without suggesting some disagreeable contrast to remind us that life is not like that, but is full of spots and stains. Baumbach has told us in the opening of this story, that soon after the death of the hermit who first built the hermitage and placed the bell in it which afterwards found itself so forgotten, another hermit came who excited the jealousy of the nearest villagers :— “It happened that soon after the hermit’s decease another came, who established himself in the deserted hermitage ; and he pleased the women quite well, for he was young in years and had a pair of eyes as black as coals. But the new hermit was an eye- sore tothe men; why, it was never exactly known. In short, the peasants collected together one day, seized the recluse, and con- ducted him to the highway. And the hermit turned his back to the thankless fellows, and was seen no more in that region.” Now, that passage strikes the one false note in the story. Has Wagner’s notion that discords add to the beauty of the higher music, really infected German literature so deeply that even poets like Baumbach think it artistic to interleave scraps of cynicism with the purest and happiest flights of fancy? We have a strong impression that the basis of what is called “Realism” as it runs through the literature of the present day has quite as often proved to be a pure loss to modern Art as a real gain to it. It is a gain where it is used to show life as it is in a connection in which it is appropriate that life should be so described, and where the ideal aim of human action is all the better appreciated through our understanding how far below that ideal our actual life falls. But where it adds nothing but a mocking note to the fancy of the poet, and rather suggests that the poet is only half in earnest in his higher visions, than that he is deeply sensible of the failure of human nature to live up to his standard, this vein of Realism only lowers the

. . ———— significance of the visionary world into which it is introduoeg instead of making its lesson appear all the nobler fo, the contrast with real life.

HOOPER’S “ WELLINGTON.”* Mr. Hooper’s biographical sketch of Wellington will add t the already high reputation which he has acquired as a write, on military subjects. It is a book which never flags in i, sustained interest from the first page to the last. Rye Englishman ought to know at least as much as is here told of the great soldier and the loyal “servant of the Crown anj people,” as he loved to call himself. We are tolerably sure that not many Englishmen will read Mr. Hooper's biography without having at least a clearer idea both of the great Duke and of “the bold outlines of the fascinating story” of hig career, than they had before reading it. As, therefore, we hope that none of our readers will read this review without reading Mr. Hooper for themselves, we shall devote the space at our command to dealing with the few points on which we are not prepared altogether to accept Mr. Hooper’s view of his hero’s life. We shall so do a bette service both to them and him, than we should if we attempted still further to condense his closely compressed story of one of the most eventful of lives. Mr. Hooper leaves the impression in his account of Wellington’s boyhood, that the young Arthu was sent into the Army by his friends because they looked upon him as “the dunce of the family.” He devotes a con. siderable amount of zeal and skill to disputing the justice of this estimate of the youth of the man who was to be im. measurably the most distinguished of a brilliant brotherhood, We believe that the fact is, that Lady Mornington kad pro- cured for her son some clerkship in the Excise. and was extremely annoyed by his insisting upon declining this, because he had set his heart upon going to the French military school at Angers. <A well-authenticated conversation between mother and son on this matter has, so far as we are aware, never been published. In it Lady Mornington complained to a lady friend that Arthur had been giving them all a great deal of trouble, because, instead of taking advantage of the patronage she had procured for him, he wanted to idle his time away in the Army. “No, mother; that is not fair,” replied the boy; “what I said was, that I wanted to go to Angers in order to study my profession before going into the Army. I don't want to idle, but to work.” The point is of considerable importance when it is taken in conjunction with another fact, which Mr. Hooper has also ignored, that the Duke told Sir J. Shaw Kennedy that he had all his life devoted some hours a day to military study. Itis practically certain that his short time at Angers gave him the starting-point for the methodic study of his profession which was habitually undervalued by the great body of English officers at the time. It seems to us that we have here an evidence of the sense in which the child was father of the man, which would have saved Mr. Hooper from what will strike many who are disposed to cavil as rather a con- jectural and imaginative construction of the history of the childhood, based on what Mr. Hooper thinks the childhood of such a man ought to have been rather than on what it was. The fact that, as a very young man, he had chosen for himself the profession to which he could devote all his energies, ability, and enthusiasm, and that from his very earliest years he had realised that he could find in it scope for work, and not for idling, is a very intelligible starting-point of a great career. Seeing that, in order to do this, he had to face the ignorant prejudices alike of his own family and of most of the men in that very profession whom he could have met, and that because, as Mr. Hooper truly says, “ England). according to her wont, had no military institutions of any sort,” he was obliged to cross the seas in order to carry out his views, the firmness of his decision stamps him surely as: a boy who was already one among ten thousand. For our own part, that story of the youth of sixteen has always seemed to us one of the most graphic and credible glimpses.at the youth of a great man that we know in any biography. That he was still somewhat idle at Angers, as he had been at Eton, is likely enough, and was probably due to that other fact, also recorded of him there, that he was at the time “ rather weak in health.” Active outdoor life would before long remedy

* English Men of Action: Wellington, By George Hooper, Tondon: Mac- millan. 1889,

tl oO ge me ee ee eee Oe 3a

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89, ey: duced, for the add to L Writer 3 in it Eve told wn and LY sure graphy t Duke of hig ll read eS, We th the accept better mpted, of one ression, Arthur looked @ Con. tice of 9 im. rood, d pro- d was ecalise school 10ther * been » lady eal of onage ray in boy; ler to don’t en in 3 alsa e had It is n the which glish re an ar of what July 6, 1889.] ‘THE SPECTATOR. 17 that defect. The independent character, the resolution to adopt his own line and to adhere to it despite the views and, opinions of others, was already formed. Mr. Hooper seems to us a little too anxious, when he first places his hero on the stage, to make an Admirable Crichton of him, to dress him in kid-gloves, and not to allow any spots even on these. There exists a long unpublished letter of the Duke’s, written during the years of occupation in France after 1815, in which he distinctly says that at one period of his life, doubtless that when he was at the Viceregal Court in 1792, he had gambled a good deal. The letter is in all respects an admirable one, and all its circumstances tended to do honour to the Duke. But it tells heavily against the kind of white- washing process which Mr. Hooper applies to the period of his life (p. 5) spent in the dangerous atmosphere of the Vice- regal Court of 1792. It seems to us that it is a most unfor- tunate fact that numbers of these unpublished letters of the Duke’s are floating about in the world and have never been collected and made available. Any one who is interested in the subject is continually hearing of one here and another there, and till they and all the well-authenticated stories of his life have been gathered and put together, it is impossible that the picture of the most remarkable Englishman of the nineteenth century should be complete. The next point in which we think that Mr. Hooper has somewhat misrepresented the mind of the great leader, con- cerns his comments on the Battle of Assaye. ‘“ Munro,” he says, “by the light of the rules of war criticised sharply the mode of attack,” and he puts it in a way common with historians, which leaves the impression that there is some wonderful code of “rules of war” which only exists in order to be always violated by great captains, and always, in fact, to insure victory to those who will have the hardihood to break through them. But that was not Wellington’s view at all :— “As you are a judge of a military operation,” he writes to Munro immediately after the action, ‘and as I am desirous of having your opinion on my side, I am about to give you an account of the Battle of Assaye, in answer to your letter of the 19th October, in which I think I shall solve all the doubts which must naturally occur to any man who looks at that transaction without a sufficient knowledge of the facls.”— Wellington Despatches, Vol. II., p. 820. In other words, Wellington at the time fully realised that he fought the Battle of Assaye under conditions which needed justification and explanation, and that the mere circumstance of his having won a very costly victory, though it was quite enough to throw in the face of an ignorant public opinion, was not sufficient answer to an able and trained soldier. Just before the battle was fought, half Wellington’s army, under Colonel Stevenson, had crossed the hills between Budnapoor and Jaulna by one road, and Wellington with the other half had crossed them by another. They had intended to make a combined attack on the enemy on the 27th. Now, whatever the “rules of war” may say, Napoleon has said over and over again that such combined movements never, as a matter of fact, in war come off in the way they are intended to do. In the instance of the Battle of Assaye, at all events, Napoleon’s deduction from the whole vast experience of war was completely justified. The combined movement was not effected. Wellington fought with his own part of the army alone. That he was justified in attacking in the way he did, there can be no doubt,—first, because he has shown clearly that not to have attacked would have been much more dangerous for him under the circumstances in which he stood than to attack as he did; secondly, because he had correctly gauged the practical fighting-power of the two armies, and knew that, though he had only about a tenth numerically of the forces opposed to him, he could depend on his splendid infantry to secure him the victory. But his letter to Munro is that of a man who has studied carefully the previous experience of war, and of one who cares to justify himself to those who know what it is. That was always and habitually his attitude of mind down to the time when, a very old man whose powers were somewhat weakened, but when covered with a glory anda reputation that might have allowed him to pass by in silence the criticism of any man in Europe, he sat down to answer the criticisms of Clausewitz on the Waterloo campaign ; because, though he knew that every popular historian and all the mass of public opinion would laugh at the criticisms of a young Prussian officer, he knew also that, among those who thought and studied, the words of Wellington’s is the name rather than any other which is used as the stalking-horse of what is called common-sense, a common- sense which he would himself have considered to be “most uncommon nonsense,” because it ignores that very study of his profession to which he was devoted. It is therefore that we have thought it worth while to insist upon this aspect of his mind, which has, as it seems to us, been too much ignored by Mr. Hooper, whose words have a ring, which we are sure he does not intend to impart to them, of a desire to appeal to that gallery which Wellington habitually despised. The story of the Peninsular campaigns is admirably told. It is difficult for any one to touch on the Waterloo campaign without making innumerable statements that are open to dispute. We.do not altogether agree with what Mr. Hooper has said about it; but he has already given us elsewhere so excellent a study of the campaign, that it would be absurd, at the end of an article of this kind, to attempt to explain the points on which we differ from him. If space permitted, it would not be difficult to show that Mr. Hooper, in his just enthusiasm for one of the noblest Englishmen and one of the greatest of men, has been not always just to those who have protested against what Canning once called the process of worshipping the sun in a moment of eclipse. THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF GARIBALDI.* Ir is a prevalent theory in these days that every man of eminence is in a manner bound to tell the world what he knows about himself. We do not think this is altogether a sound theory; no doubt the works thus produced are of considerable historical value, especially to the generation immediately following, who must always find a blank inter- vening between the events they have seen themselves, and those which, in the days when they found time to learn something of the past, had already been set down and formu- lated as history. It is natural to think, too, that there wilk be a special interest in the record of events by the principal actors. But though this may be the case, it is very often not a pleasant kind of interest. There is evidence before us to show that the knowledge of all the little peculiarities and humours of a great man does not increase either our respect for or our real knowledge of him, nor is he himself by any means always the best qualified person to set forth and explain his own actions. The publication of the posthumous Reminis- cences of Carlyle brought nothing but grief and humiliation to his most sincere admirers. The book before us is by no means so extreme a case as this, but we cannot think that it is in the least likely to increase the fame of the great Italian patriot among any but his most uncompromising disciples. Weare, of course, ready to admit that such a work is not to be judged by the ordinary standards, nor do we expect to find in it any absolute literary merit. We may parody Chaucer, and say with truth that the wisest—and still more the bravest —men are not the best of clerks; many, indeed, are the gallant soldiers and indefatigable explorers, fertile of expedient and fearless of difficulties in action, who have had to call in the aid of the humblest of literary professionals to make the record of their deeds at all fit to read. But, from an exceptional man like Garibaldi, we expect something exceptional and original ; something with a merit of its own, and a greater stamp of individuality than comes merely from the incessant use of the first person singular. We look for some revelation of the man who is speaking to us, some reflection of the frank, bold, soldierly spirit which we have pictured to ourselves; some- thing which, however destitute of graces of style, will at least command our interest and impose itself upon us, even in spite of ourselves. But we must confess that we find nothing of all this in the pages of the Autobiography. What we have is, for the most part, a dry recital of military operations, varied occasionally by little starts of enthusiasm, mostly of a very banal type, and occasional criticism of con- temporary politics and politicians, often conceived in what seems to us a narrow and illiberal spirit. We shall be told that every allowance must be made for this unstudied record of a man’s real feelings and thoughts. The pious hands to which the manuscript was committed, have not ventured to excise or correct a single passage; the work is to be judged on its merits as it stands,—and as such we are compelled to decide * Autobiography of Giuseppe Garibaldi, Authorised Translation by A. Werner. Clausewitz were such as would carry weight. Unfortunately, With a Supplement by Jessie White Mario, -London: Walter Smith and Innes, 1889,

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18 THE SPECTATOR. [ July:6,:1889. that it is extremely disappointing. We may with difficulty allow for some of the eternal cant about the universal. vileness of the priesthood; we may make an effort to pass over such blots as the glorification of the assassin of Rossi; we are even ready to‘allow that a great deal of turgid rhapsodising may seem much more absurd through the medium of a translation —not from any fault of the translator, but from the mere fact of being rendered out of the original Italian into commonplace, unimpassioned English ;—but still, clap-trap is clap-trap all the world over, and the writing of such a man as Garibaldi should not be disfigured by such poor rant as the passage we quote here :— “Honour! I feel inclined to laugh, a bitter laugh of scorn, when I think of a soldier’s honour! The honour of Bourbons, Spaniards, Austrians, French! the honour of the murderer, who assaults the defenceless traveller on the high-road! the honour which makes us slaughter our fellow-countrymen, our political co- religionists ;—while a monster on the throne, a sceptred scoundrel, enjoys the sight, laughing in his sleeve, amid the lurid revelry of Naples, Vienna, Madrid, or Paris.” The Autobiography—as it is called—is not guided by any established rule or precedent. It does not profess to recount the whole of Garibaldi’s life; it begins when it chooses and leaves off when it chooses. A continuous narrative was not contemplated by the writer. When he comes to.an incident which he does not wish to relate, he merely passes it over. A curious instance of this practice is given on his first entry into political life, of which Garibaldi himself only says :— “TI threw myself body and soul into what I had so long felt to be my true element; and on the 5th of January, 1834, I left the Porta della Lanterna at Genoa, disguised as a peasant, an outcast from my country. This was the beginning of my public career. A few days later, I had the pleasure of seeing my name for the first time in a newspaper. It appeared in a decree condemning me to death.” What his offence had been, he does not choose to tell us. As a point of fact, the sentence was provoked by an exploit which is open to severe criticism. We find the particulars in Madame Mario’s supplement. Garibaldi had enlisted as a volunteer in the Sardinian Navy, with the object of gaining over as many officers and men as possible to the “ Young Italy” party, and possibly seizing one of the Royal men-of-war to assist them in carrying out their designs. What these designs were, Madame Mario carefully sets forth, and we should absolutely deny that the intention justified the means employed. In any case, he entered the service of the Sardinian Government with the purpose of overthrowing it and revolutionising its policy, and there can be little wonder that on the failure of his plans, the Government should have dealt with him asa criminal. Wedo not say that a man is bound to vindicate his actions when he believes them to be justified by the motive which prompted them, but we do think that if he enters upon the subject at all, he is bound to show how far the fault lay with himself, and how far with the Government that condemned him. It was rarely Garibaldi’s fortune to be at one with his fellow- workers in the cause of Italian Independence. Neither the Sardinian Government, which formed the right wing of the movement, nor the party of Mazzini, which may be regarded as the left wing, ever gave the hearty support to his schemes which he expected as a right. The pages of this book are full of denunciations of the Cavourian and Mazzinian parties. Yet with all his impatience of opposition, we observe the one remarkable characteristic that whenever he can pin himself down to examine the conduct of any one leader of either side, the natural uprightness of his character leads him to under- stand the difficulties of his opponents, and form, in most cases, a fairly true judgment of their conduct. He is easily led into vague, general denunciations of a party, but as soon as he comes face to face with a single antagonist, he asks himself, how far was this man in fault P what were the difficulties of his position? and he lets favourable circumstances have due weight in his final decision. Of the priests, whom he held most responsible for the oppression of Italy, he rarely speaks well; such a case as that of the good priest, Padre Giovanni Verita, can hardly be considered as an exception, for Garibaldi mentions him asa singular instance of one who ‘was ‘an honest, benevolent man, though a priest. Against ‘Mazzini he is at times very bitter, especially on account of the ‘way in which the latter, when at the head of the Roman ‘Government in 1849, thwarted his plans, and in Garibaldi’s own opinion, made the fine body of men under his command practically useless :-— “If this man—who had called upon me to repass the Ticino in -1848, after the capitulation of Milan, and not only kept my volun: teers back in Switzerland, but got them to desert from me, even | after the victory of Luino, sending Medici to tell me that he:ang his would have done better; who, yielding to my own opinion, | had let me march to Palestrina and succeed there, but afterwards, I know not for what motive, sent me to Velletri, under General Rosselli’s orders ;—if Mazzini, in short, who had the casting vote in the Triumvirate, had been willing to understand that I might possibly know something about war as well as he—he would have been able to leave Rosselli at: Rome, entrust the second enterprise, as he had done the first, to me alone, and let me invade the kingdom of Naples (whose defeated army was disordered beyond recovery, while the populace were awaiting us with open arms), If, I say, he had acted thus, how differently would things have turned out! What a future just then presented itself before an Italy not yet disheartened by foreign invasion !” The opposition to his plans on this occasion, when the right was probably on his side, was a thing he never could forgive, though, as he says, “I mean to write calmly about Mazzini.” The latter’s assumption that he knew as much of military matters as Garibaldi seems to have especially irritated him, Like most men of strong purpose, he was very self-confident, and could rarely be made to see that his judgment was wrong, a peculiarity which became more prominent after the marvellous Sicilian campaign had proved how his wildest schemes might be realised. After his account of the miserable Aspromonte business, he notes with a mixture of astonishment and disgust that there were men who had praised him before but who blamed him then,—much as some persons nowadays cannot understand how, having supported Mr. Gladstone in one policy five years ago, we are now opposed to the diametrically opposite views which he advocates to-day. Yet Garibaldi could subordinate his will to that of others. He was, above all, a soldier, and when he had commenced a campaign under a certain leader, he would obey that leader’s orders to the end. The Mazzinian party could not understand this feeling ; if the King ordered a retreat, their immediate instinct was to pro- claim a Republic and go on, and Garibaldi was often denounced for his punctiliousness in obeying the orders of Victor Emanuel in 1859 as he had those of Mazzini ten years before. The jealousy and ‘suspicion with which he was treated by the Sardinian Government from his first co-operation with them in 1848, was also deeply resented by him, though it is not difficult to see sufficient reason for it. With all the pres- tige of his South American successes, Garibaldi felt that some peculiar honour ought to be paid him by those under whose command he put himself; while the Sardinian Ministers who could not refuse his services probably regarded the brilliant leader of irregular troops with more alarm than good-will. From this Government he never received a hearty support, and it is hard to find an adequate defence to the charges he brings against them. Victor Emanuel was undoubtedly his well- wisher, and, indeed, Garibaldi himself speaks well of the King. There were many similar elements in the composition of these two heroes of Italian liberty, and it is only to be wondered at that a closer friendship did not exist between them. But Cavour and Garibaldi were by no means formed to understand each other. It is no disparagement to the great popular leader to say that he was quite incapable of comprehending the grand schemes of Cavour, and the hundreds of different, apparently opposing points, that led to their completion; while the great statesman, on the other hand, probably regarded Garibaldi as a mere firebrand who would be very much better out of the way, a man who certainly achieved wonderful things, but all in an irregular, inopportune fashion, forcing the hand of much wiser people than himself, and pushing his way through tothe object of the most delicately laid schemes by mere brutal rule of thumb. Of the enemy he fought against, a leader like Garibaldi, who always imagined himself to be waging a kind of holy war, could hardly be expected to speak highly ; yet in his valuable article on the causes of the defeat at Custoza, he pays a fitting tribute to the strategic talents of the Archduke Charles; and in his account of the Franco-German War, he gives great praise to the Prussian troops. Of the attack on the Garibaldian forces at Dijon, he says :— “T had never faced better soldiers than I saw before me that day. The column marching on our central position showed admirable valour and coolness. They came up, compact as a rain- cloud, not quickly, but with a uniformity, an order, and a calmness, which were perfectly terrible.” There could not be a better description of the finest qualities of the German troops. Perhaps: the best-written portions of his. memoir are those -- 31 oe ammbetinaewmoeteos wore eases ts wee rr ae ee am, Hele, ie alia

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nd us ht ite ist ho ot ne ve er 1e O- el y is te & BQ ete otf O ODO OO CS ~~ ae a a lh eSlhCUr;m July 6, 1889.] THE SPECTATOR. 19 seceasistnnent which deal with his personal adventures, notably the account of his escape in 1849, after laying down his arms: at: San Marino. But it is to be regretted that he tells us very little of himself. One fact of personal history which he is fond of impressing on our minds is, that in spite of his occasional association with the Italian Monarchy, he was always in principle a thorough Republican. But the exposition of his Republican doctrines is somewhat remarkable. He tells ys that “it is a great mistake for those nations which remain their own masters (as happened, within a short space of time, to both France and Spain) not to decide on the government of a single honest man; under the name of dictator or any other, but one only.” It is certainly often advisable to follow this course, if you can be quite sure of: the honesty of the one man. Being no scholar, Garibaldi was probably unaware that it was to describe exactly this form of government that the Greeks invented the word “monarchy.” In conclusion, we may say that, though the Autobiography is to us disappointing as a picture of Garibaldi himself, it has, of course, much necessary value from the record of facts it con- tains. The gaps in the narrative are filled up in the memoir by Madame Mario which forms the third volume of the work. The same lady has thought it necessary to prefix a historical introduction in which she prepares the reader’s mind for the study of the Garibaldian period by a more or less exhaustive review of the principal events in the history of Italy from the fifth century onwards. The usefulness of both. autobio- graphy and memoir would be much increased by the addition of a good index. GENERAL HAMLEY ON NATIONAL DEFENCE.* Sir Epwarp HaMLey has performed such conspicuously good service by his firm and temperate advocacy of the duties of National Defence, that the collection of his essays and speeches on the subject in one handy volume can only be regarded as a public advantage. The interest in this vital question during the last forty years has exbibited considerable fluctuations, but, on the whole, there has been a steady, wholesome increase in quantity and, what is more important, quality. The reason is, that the nation is less uninstructed. What a gulf, for example, separates the popular appreciation of:to-day, such as it is, from the blank ignorance upon which in 1848 the Duke of Wellington’s famous letter to Sir John Burgoyne fell like a thunderbolt! How far we are from the virile yet uninformed enthusiasm which called forth General Peel’s letter on May 12th, 1859, authorising the raising of Volunteers; from the fortifica- tion schemes of Lord Palmerston ; from the fierce commotion produced by Mr. Cardwell’s drastic measures in 1871, and even from the tentative efforts of his successors! General Hamley’s little but. weighty volume will enable any one with a memory to measure the slowly moving rate of progress over this period of forty years. There is still much, very much, to be done; nevertheless, we have got a considerable stage beyond that so ably described in the memorandum submitted to the Cabinet by Lord Palmerston at the end of 1846, and so vigorously, with a touch of profound pathos, by the veteran Duke to his old comrade. These were the days before the flood. If the fundamental principles remain the same, the conditions have been radically changed, ashore and afloat, by the discoveries of science, the substitution of enforced for voluntary service on the largest scale, and the resolute application of thorough- going business methods to the creation and maintenance of Continentalarmies. One thing is not changed,—the necessary measures for effective national defence are still withheld because they come into collision with the exigencies of political conflict and the blighting effects of reckless party spirit. The remedy for that mischief can only be found in a courageous and instructed public opinion; and we were glad to hear a soldier so competent as Sir Edward Hamley boldly say a year ago, in the House of Commons, that “this is a time when pub- licity has come to be a necessary element in our military institutions,” because now the ultimate sanction must come from the constituencies, and the sole chance of obtaining it is plain, authoritative speech and writing. In that respect, also, some advance has been made, and perhaps, after all, a disaster may not be needed to provide a radical cure. If an unpleasant experience is to be avoided, then the measures recommended by those whose mature judgment on * National Defence: Articles and Speeches. By Lieutenant-General Sir Edward Bapiey, K.C.B., K.C,M.G., M.P. Edinburgh and London; William Blackwood our permanent requirementsis so well expressed by Sir Edward Hamley will have to be put in force. They are not vast or ‘unreasonable ; they are admittedly, from a purely military point of view, not the best; but they aim at the practicable, and that is their merit. He, an accomplished soldier who well knows what war is, who has studied it profoundly in all its varied aspects, wishes, simply and earnestly, that we should make the most of what we have. Why that was not done is really astonishing, especially when’ we consider that we are called, and believe ourselves to be, a “practical people.” Yet here, before our eyes, is an immense defensive force, prodigally and spontaneously given—the Volunteers—which has to this day been left without that complete equipment and organisation which alone would make it serve the ends of its being in time of need. The fact is surely a satire on our reputation for practical ability. Much has been done, we admit, and’ more is promised; but the necessaries of life, including the faculty of effective motion, that essence of a military force, are still withheld. Let any one study these articles and speeches, which have already operated as a stimulus to responsible authority by clear appeals to common-sense, and candidly say whether the modest requirements set forth should not have been supplied long ago,—always, of course, supposing that in matters military we are a practical people. It may be that the public at large do not or did not know what an army jntended to be operative needs; but the War Office has always known, and the War Office should have told the public in plain terms. Then there is this other astounding fact, that the Metropolis is left defenceless, although it stands within four marches from a long line of open beach, and even less from some points. Sir Edward Hamley’s suggested remedies for this startling defect, a defect which has become much more serious of late years, are simple, practical, and accommodated to existing circumstances; but how long will it take to put them in operation in that. thorough businesslike fashion which alone brings security? No one can say; and for this truly surprising reason, that the wealthiest nation in the world has never supplied itself with a body competent to say what is wanted for its protection, and to keep that minimum, when attained, well abreast of all the scientific discoveries which modify or revolutionise the stern conditions under which flects and armies must act. The Government of the day is responsible, no doubt, and with our institutions we cannot set up a Committee of Public Safety, even of a temporary character, beside the Government. At the same time, it is in- dubitably clear that responsibility implies the means of fulfilling public duties to the uttermost; and, therefore, the Government is bound to discover and devise the kind of agency upon which it can rely for sound advice. If it does not do so, it should be severely called to account. The standard of defen- sive strength and organic efficiency once ascertained, should not only be kept up rigorously, but adapted to circumstances almost as a matter of course, seeing that it is, or should be, the safeguard of the bases of our existence. For years we have- run, and we still run, all sorts of risks; but the happy immunity we have enjoyed might cease in a moment, and if we are stupidly unprepared, its cessation would mean humilia-~ tion and ruin such as never before befell a “ practical people.” We have spoken solely of the bases of National Defence, that great branch of Imperial Defence, and nothing of offence which pertains to the large general subject. Sir Edward Hamley touches upon the vast theme with his usual sagacity ; but the main point at present to be insisted on is the duty of placing the auxiliary materials which we have at home in full possession of requisites essential to them if they are to be living, organic bodies capable of attaining the objects which called them into, so far, a very fragmentary and partial being. “A little more and how much it is, a little less and what milesaway!” The little more is precisely what is needed in order to avoid the penalties inflicted on those who put their faith in the little less. Some suggestions. made by Sir Edward have now: been adopted, and, in addition, the formation of brigades ; but other measures recommended in the pages under notice have. not been touched. Yet they are very important. No. provision has been made for: the equipment of the Volunteers for:field service. Magazines have not been constructed ; nothing has. been said of any arrangements for exercising these: inchoate troops in the posts to which they are assigned; nor anything speeific relating to storehouses and transport; nor isthe State

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20 THE SPECTATOR. [July 6, 1889, prepared to pay for the conveyance, lodging, and feeding of troops who are willing to spend their brief leisure in camps of exercise or places of instruction remote from their homes. So that is not done as it should be. Finally, “ there is no pro- vision made,” says Sir Edward, notwithstanding certain passages in the speech of Mr. Stanhope last March, “for such @ defence of London as has been contemplated ” in this book, which, it will be remembered, does not include permanent fortifications, but the selection of “lines of defence to meet all possible lines of attack, not to be constructed except on the imminence of war, but to be thoroughly planned, and the means of creating and occupying them kept always ready.” The Volunteers of London would need to be increased, the guns provided, and the “ London Guards ” made acquainted practically with the part they would have to play. For the outline of this ingenious plan we must refer our readers to the book. Something the Government must do, and, indeed, contemplate doing, but what that is has nowhere been more than hinted at; yet itis one of the most vital of questions, both in regard to the mere safety of London, and the bearing. of that safety upon the free and effective movement of the Army in the field. Respecting the odd proposition that we should rely entirely or mainly upon our Navy, we have said and shall say nothing, because it is a quaint conception which has no relation to the facts, and lies wholly beyond the confines of reason. THE MAGAZINES. THERE is nothing striking in the magazines of this month, but there is plenty to read. We should say, on the whole, though we do not wholly agree with it, that the most suggestive paper was Miss Wedgwood’s in the Contemporary Review, called “Male and Female Created He Them.” Miss Wedgwood accepts Darwin’s idea that hereditary qualities descend most perfectly in the same sex, and deduces from it the belief that women, inheriting as they do the maternal instinct through ages, have necessarily more morality—that is, more of the instinct of protecting the feeble—than men. In the latter, morality was an acquired quatity, though they extended protection to those, not their own, of whom women scarcely thought. She thinks the moral superiority of women is recognised in the earliest creeds, and that the belief has reappeared at intervals in all, coming forward now in the intense, even the exaggerated recognition of the feminine side of Christianity. She holds, in fact, that justice is the child of love, love like that of the mother, which recks not of the want of merit in its object. The paper will make every man think, but has it not in it an assumption of which Miss Wedgwood is unconscious? She leaves an impression that virtue and altruism are identical, which. is by no means so certain as she in this paper appears to assert. Duty to God is at least as imperative as duty to fellow-beings, and cases are conceivable in which the highest virtue would be indifferent or even opposed to altruism. Professor Sayce states once more, in “ The Primitive Home of the Aryans,” his great historic doubt whether the tall, light-haired, conquering race to whom we give that name did come from the northern slopes of the Hindoo Koosh. He shows that much of the philological evidence which is the basis of that theory has been overstrained, and is inclined to believe that the original home of the pure whites was Scandinavia. He does not, of course, assert that this is proved, but thinks him- self justified in this cautious paragraph :— “T cannot now enter fully into the reasons which have led me gradually to give up my old belief in the Asiatic origin of the Indo-European tongues, and to subscribe to the views of those who would refer them to a northern European birthplace. The argument is a complicated one, and is necessarily of a cumulative character. The individual links in the chain may not be strong, but collectively they afford that amount of probability which is all ‘we can hope to attain in historical research. Those who wish to study them may do so in Dr. Penka’s work on the ‘ Herkunft der Arier,’ published in 1886. His hypothesis that southern Scan- dinavia was the primitive ‘Aryan home’ seems to me to‘have more in its favour than any other hypothesis on the subject which has as yet been put forward. It needs verification, it is true, but if it is sound the verification will not be long in coming. A more profound examination of Teutonic and Keltic mythology, a more exact knowledge of the words in the several Indo-European languages which are not of Indo-European origin, and the progress of archeological discovery, will furnish the verification we need.” More evidence is now the great thing required, and we wonder that the learned of Europe do not inquire more carefully, especially in Chinese records, whether positive proof of the mmempuansill existence of a white race in Asia cannot be obtained. It ig, little difficult to believe in the swarming off for thousands of years of successive armies from a region like Scandinavia, which at present can scarcely maintain the thinnest of pop, lations.——Professor Sanday’s essay, with its rather ambition title, “The Future of English Theology,” really amounts only to this, that Mrs. Ward underrates the value of English theological criticism. English divines are studying patiently, and will utilise German criticism without losing their oy, religious temper. Let us hope so, even if we are forced to believe that some of the English patience and thoroughness jg due to nothing higher than English slowness.——Mr. Town. send contends, in a paper on “Cheap Missionaries,” that the idea of inducing Europeans to live like natives is fallacious, that the only possible cheap missionaries are natives them. selves, and that the true use of the European missionary ig to be a Bishop of the old type, the head and counsellor of g group of native preachers. Such a Bishop cannot be cheap in the new sense, because he must have wife and family, and the means of keeping them from sinking to a lower level of civilisation than his own. The answer will be that the writer underrates the force of enthusiasm; but has enthusiasm every produced in Protestant countries a celibate caste P The most important article in the Fortnightly Review is un. signed. The writer, who claims to have studied the subject for himself, and to have travelled carefully over the ground he speaks of, maintains that if France declares war on Germany, she must violate Swiss neutrality, and she will. She could privately mobilise one hundred thousand men in the great entrenched camps of Belfort, Besancon, and Lyons, pour them by the five railways into Switzerland, and “ within twelve hours” possess herself of every bridge over the Rhine from Bale to Constance. He doubts whether if Switzerland were struck thus suddenly, the Swiss Army could be massed in time, transport and artillery being quite unready, while there is no line which could be de. fended until the Germans came up. As to the moral objection to such a breach of national law, the writer thinks the French would not feel it, especially as the neutrality of Switzerland rests on the Treaties of Vienna, already torn to shreds, and is guaranteed by the very Powers against which war would be declared. There is, of course, some exaggeration in the paper, as its author’s object is evidently to wake up Switzerland; but there is much in it which deserves consideration. Certainly, France, if she decides on a rush, will hesitate at nothing, for her very existence will depend on her making the war, at the worst, a drawn game. — Mr. J. D. Bourchier sends an account of his stay in the Balkans with Prince Ferdinand, which is interesting to read, but a little too entirely optimist. He testifies, like all other observers, including the Emperor of Austria, to the immense material improvement in Bulgaria, whose capital, Sofia, is becoming a fine city; and declares that Prince Ferdinand is growing not only in popularity, but in personal vigour and intelligence. The people, the Greek popu- lation included, heartily appreciate his efforts to develop com- munications and commerce, and have assisted in his attempts to improve the Army. “The number of regiments has been doubled, and Bulgaria can now bring 120,000 well-disciplined men into the field, the flower of a sturdy and well-nourished peasantry, together with a reserve of 30,000 men still under thirty years of age, who showed what they could do on the hills of Slivnitza.” There are no Russian officers now, and the spirit of the Bulgarians who have succeeded them leaves nothing to be desired. With a most difficult country to defend, the Bulgarian Army should be able at least to delay that even of a first-class Power. Mr. E. Gosse publishes a most interesting account of Mr. E. Fitzgerald, the poet who rendered “Omar Khayyam,” and who appears to have lived his life as a Suffolk squire, reading everything, learning most things, but detesting publicity, and perhaps too indolent to use his amazing faculties. He did nothing in life except his magnum opus, which might be printed in fifty pages, and a few transla- tions from Calderon and Aischylus, and only used his power of brilliant prose description in letters to his friends, whose numbers he in late years never increased. Fitzgerald had, in fact, the Oriental spirit in him, and sauntered through life musing on what he met. It is well there should be some men of that type, though in his case wonderful powers produced little fruit of benefit to the world. It is a curious fact in ete 1 -_ »« ets .o & @ 2 Bee O68

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889, ——y It is g sands of idinayia, of Popn. mbitiong nts only English atiently, Lelr OWn orced to hness jg . Town. that the llacions, 3 them. TY is to or of g e Cheap ily, and level of > Writer sm ever » is un. subject und he rmany, - could great » pour within ar the her if Army being ye de. moral chinks lity of r torn rainst some lently which es on é will rame, nthe — g to _ like stria, Those that ut in Opu- com- npts been ined shed der the and ives r to lay eS a who his 1gs, his um sla- ver ose faths July 6, 1889.] THE SPECTATOR. 21 literary history that “Omar Khayyim ” nearly missed fire, the first edition attracting no attention, and descending with unprecedented rapidity to the book-stalls.——“ Nordanskir nas Nordanskiir is the name of an island in the Gulf of Bothnia, which M. Bergman, the timber-king, hopes to change into a watering-place—by Sir H. Pottinger, is a good description of travel in Sweden under exceptionally favourable circumstances. The account of the steamer’s descent of the rapids of the Kalix js as good a piece of writing as we have lately seen, and makes one wish that its author would give us more serious and sustained work :— “My further impressions are: of afew quiet moments when the s of the river seemed to be rushing past us up-stream, even as the earth below seems to drop away from the released balloon, and where I could see the long vista of rapids over the heads of the rowers; of a sudden plunge, yet still without any violent shock to the boat, in amongst enormous ridges of foam, sharp tossing crests and boiling mounds of liquid, wrestling and battling in horrible confusion, trampling down and annihilating each other, amidst a hubbub of sound that was all angry and half- articulate, like the shouts, yells, hisses, and blasphemies of a savage mob, and without a trace of pleasant aqueous tones; of a wall of spouting foam directly ahead charging upwards to meet the boat; of a strong lurch and swirl at the moment when it appeared to be close upon us, like that of a train at full speed when it feels the influence of the points, and of the bow oar-blades dipping within a foot of the hidden rock; of rank behind rank of towering waves, never changing their position, and curling back in white crests over their gleaming troughs; of the boat being caught between two of these and plunging madly until we were well-nigh jerked from our seats, and the planks seemed likely to shiver under our feet, while a cloud of foam burst over the bows and deluged the oarsmen ; of escaping from this trap and dragging heavily across the face of a seething slope, at whose base a dreadful hollow, large enough to admit a man’s body, with streaky spume circulating rapidly round its edge, gulped and hissed; of release also from this deadly suction, and a swift run through boisterous but not dangerous water until we rounded into the expanse of smooth foam-laced current below the curve, and the first and worst stage of Kamlunga was over. And here, so great was my admiration for our pilot’s skill, that I caught myself applauding loudly, even to clapping of hands,” Is not that last touch the very quintessence of the modern spirit, with its permanent sub-idea that man is in a theatre, andalwayslooking on? Mr. Lilly writes a fine essay on “ The Ethics of Punishment,” in defence of the old and true thesis that law must have another and higher sanction than utility. The essence of the paper is in this paragraph :— “Man, as man, has no claim upon my obedience. Only to the law of Right, speaking through human ministers, is that obedience due. Man is social qua rational. He is gregarious and something more: he is a political animal: civil polity is his natural state. And here is to be found the underlying principle which makes human justice just. The moral law apprehended, not made, by our practical reason, implies that right is rewarded and wrong punished. That, as we have seen, is involved in the very con- ception of law. Criminal jurisprudence is simply a moral judgment exhibited in visible form. Thus Aquinas, with his usual clearness and precision: ‘The law of nature ’—that is the law arising from that divine reason which is the nature of things —‘proclaims that he who offends shaJl be punished. But to define that this or that punishment should be inflicted upon him, is a determination drawn from the law of nature by human law.’ And so Butler: ‘ Civil government being natural, the punishments of it are natural, too.’ ” —Of the two reviews, one on Massinger, by Mr. Swinburne, and one on Ibsen, by Mr. W. Archer, we prefer the latter as reading ; though we fancy, if we had read all Ibsen, we should differ from it fundamentally. Having only read Nora, we can only say that we see little ground for Mr. Archer’s high appre- ciation of Ibsen’s powers as displayed in that drama.——The advocates of female suffrage once more defend their case with a long list of well-known names, the whole being, in fact, a counterblast to the recent revolt of some able women against the assertion that the sex is unanimous in claiming direct political power. Mr. Gladstone’s new paper in the Nineteenth Century, “Plain Speaking on the Irish Union,” is one more account of the many atrocities the English in Ireland once committed. It is all true; as true as that the English conquest of Britain was one long-continued scene of massacre, expulsion, and other cruelties. That does not prove that the English of to-day ought to hand back the country to the Welsh. The narrative has value as explaining why a people with long memories hate us so hard ; but continuous vindictiveness is no proof that those who are its objects are incompetent to rule well. As, whether Home-rule is granted or not, the English and Irish must live together for ever, we question the expediency, in a statesman, at all events, who expects to govern both races, of reviving these shameful memories.——Dr. Kidd’s account of Lord Beaconsfield’s “ last illness” will be read with interest, though it does not add much to our real knowledge of the patient, and is much too like an advertisement. It is worth remembering that he was one of the many men who disbelieve in exercise :— “The greatest difficulty was to get the patient to take exercise. ‘My grandfather,’ he said to me, ‘lived to ninety years; he took much open-air exercise. My father lived to eighty, yet he never took any.’ Lord Beaconsfield tried to steer a middle course, but the utmost he could be persuaded to take was a short walk two or three times a week if Lord Rowton or some other pleasant friend called to accompany him, otherwise he easily found an excuse for not going out. His slow pace in walking prevented him from getting much benefit from it. Riding he had given up, although in his early days passionately devoted to it. For many years his life had been a sedentary one; presuming on his hardy constitu- tion, and the fact of his father’s great age without open-air exercise, he considered it a matter optional in his case. He had the excuse of urgent occupation in his political and literary life to hinder it. Yet Nature has a ‘Nemesis’ power of revenging her- self on the man of sedentary life. In the end the liver suffers. In one of his letters to his sister he says: ‘I have recovered from the ca of a torpid liver which has overwhelmed me the last few ays.’ ” Probably half the Jews in the world share Lord Beaconsfield’s opinion, yet the race is exceptionally healthy, and he himself survived his seventy-sixth year. Lord Beaconsfield died of Bright’s disease, facing his final illness with his habitual courage and that evenness of temper which must have been a gift.——Many readers impatient of other essays will read with avidity Dr. Jessopp’s account of his parishioner, Dandelow, the horse-coper, who looked and sometimes talked like an old noble, knew French perfectly, and with all the instincts of a gipsy, was in some respects a model man. He was apparently the son, accidentally deserted, of a Dutch noble, and his “half- told” story might make the basis of a first-rate novel of adventure. If it is, as we presume, all true, it is stranger than most fiction. Mr. Rees’ account of the “ Persia of the Shah” is a laudation of that monarch, mainly, we fancy, because he has made some commercial concessions; but we must find room for this most characteristic story :— “At a village near Kermanshah I begged ten minutes’ leave from a curious crowd for the purpose of bathing in an irrigation channel. Before I could dress, the villagers were upon me, and the headman noticing that I was covered with bites and stings, the result of sleeping, or rather of sleepless vigils, on the floors of filthy caravanserais, I sorrowfully remarked that there was no country like Persia for insect tortures. ‘ How else ?’ said he; ‘ it is the country of Nasr-ud-din-Shah.’ ‘Was this meant in com- pliment to his Majesty ?? lasked. ‘How else ?’ said he; ‘could aught be said in any other spirit of the centre of the world’s adoration ?’? ‘No, of course not,’ but I did not understand. He fixed the audience with his eye, an? while I tried to struggle into my clothing said, ‘ These insects are as good as a daily bleeding. No man can be bled daily. Praise be to God, who devised this substitute in the land of Iran’ ” We remember once hearing a similar apology for mosquitoes, as specially created in marshy districts to prevent fever. Mr. Oscar Wilde publishes in Blackwood a new theory as to the subject of Shakespeare’s sonnets. He suggests that they may be addressed, not to Lord Pembroke, as is generally sup- posed, but to “ Willie Hughes,” a handsome lad who, it is imagined, acted the female parts in the earlier plays, and for whom Shakespeare may have written them. The theory is ingeniously worked out, but rests on air, all trace of Willie Hughes’s history having been lost. Colonel M.S. Bell, Royal Engineers, sends a most interesting account of a journey through Persia, in which he incidentally mentions that the settled population, exclusive of the towns, cultivating the 600,000 square miles of the Empire, is not above 4,000,000. He adds as many more nomads and townsfolk; but even this estimate is far in excess of many calcula- tions since the great famine. Colonel Bell has apparently been surveying routes from Bushire to Ispahan, and is much struck by the potential fertility of the plains. The author of a paper on “The Critical Position of Europeans in Africa,” who does not give his name, confirms all that has been said of the revival of the Arab slave-stealers’ power, and of the urgency of the plan for planting a great colonising Company on both sides of the Central Zambesi, a plan which will be carried out if Portuguese opposition can be overcome. —We mark a story by a new pen, Miss Beatrice Harraden, as worth the attention of those who like to watch beginnings. The story is incredibly absurd, but it is full of evidences of intellectual force which the young lady does not yet know how to use. There should be something from such a pen some day, though it has not come yet.

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THE SPECTATOR. [July 6, 1889, CURRENT LITERATURE. —»——_ Yet another monthly review! It bears: the title of: the Newbery House Magazine, and is issued from the: establishment which was founded in 1740 by that John Newbery, whom Oliver Goldsmith styled “the philanthropic publisher of St. Paul’s Churchyard,” and which is now carried.on by Messrs. Griffith, Farran, Okeden, and Welsh. It will “vigorously uphold the principles, doctrine, and ritual of the Church of England,” while it also aims at being “bright, lively, and interesting.” It is always rash to base a prediction as to the character and future of a new magazine on the contents of the first number. This much may be said, however, of the first. number of the Newbery House Magazine, that itis full of editorial energy, that its contents are very varied, and are adapted for young and old, and that, looking to amount and quality of letter- press, it is. an exceptionally good shilling’s worth. The ordinary lay reader may feel inclined to say that, what with “ Notes on the Subjects, Dates, and Text of the Psalms,” “The Lincoln Rubric,” Trial,’ “Catholic Reform in France,” “ The Ornaments “Sermon Outlines for July,” and what not, there is too much of the pulpit in this magazine. But such excess is excusable in a first number. Besides, the various ecclesiastical and theological papers are crisp and readable. Perhaps the key-note of the new venture is to be found in the Rev. T. Moore’s article on ‘‘ Freedom for the Church without Disestablishment,” which winds up with a suggestion for a Church organisation with some such name as “The League for the Liberation of the Church from Oppressive Legislation,” or “The League of Liberty for the Church to Exercise Self-Government.” The danger is that with such a programme as this, the Newbery House Magazine may contain too much, not too little vigour. Among the non-ecclesiastical contents of this number may be mentioned an article by Sir Robert Ball, on “ The Recent Eclipse of the Sun,” and the first part of “‘The Bishop’s Bible,” a novel by Mr. D. Christie Murray and Mr. H. Herman, which contains already at least one strong individuality, and “Captain Smith,” a short story of self-sacrifice. The illustrations in “ Boy,” a sketch for the young, are remarkably good. Obviously the editor of the Newbery House Magazine knows his business. Audrey Ferris. By Frances A. Gerard. (Ward and Downey.)— This painfully powerful story is an almost unique combination of fashionable frivolity, theological controversy, and sweet simplicity of character, converging finally into tragedy. There is nothing in recent fiction more genuinely pathetic than the story of the love and the death of Audrey Ferris, a pure-minded, carefully nurtured, unselfish Catholic girl, who, as can be seen from the first, is too good to live long. Then it would be difficult to say whether the moral contrast between Audrey Ferris and her more showily attractive rival, Olive Middleton, or the theological—it would not be strictly accurate to say the religious—difference between her and her lover, Philip Lennox, is the more skilfully brought out. One sympathises almost as much with Lennox as one does with Audrey ; indeed, one looks at him with the kindly eye of Father Selby, who is one of the minor, but also one of the most satisfactory, characters. in the story. Lennox is not, like her, unspotted by the world; he compromises himself with Olive Middleton, even when she is Lady Asphodel, and head of a “set.” He has not Audrey’s simple faith; on the contrary, he is a sceptic, though of the worldly rather than of the philo- sophical kind. But towards the end, and under unexpected misfortunes, his better nature asserts itself in every sense, to such an extent that it is hardly possible not to wish that happiness of the conventional kind had been meted to him and Audrey. The greater number of the secondary characters in this book are as well drawn as the principals. It is full of contrasts, and of these none is better defined than that between the two matchmakers, Mrs. Middleton, whose daughter is worthy of her, and Muriel Vavasour, who plays Martha to Audrey’s. Mary. The “society” scenes through which Audrey Ferris passes unscathed are not the pleasantest, but they are among the most effective in the story. Altogether, as a thoroughly uncon- ventional yet carefully written novel, teaching a sound moral, indicating a knowledge of the world on the part of its author, but also a belief in the desirability of using that world without abusing it, Audrey Ferris deserves the heartiest commendation. Children of To-morrow. By William Sharp. (Chattoand Windus.) —It is to be regretted that Mr. Sharp, who is a writer both in prose and verse of considerable versatility and of promising but undisciplined vigour, should, apparently because he has attached himself to the “ Marriage a Failure ” school of fiction, have written this book, which, to tell the truth, contains a great deal of sad and turgid nonsense, and the object of which apparently is to lay down the doctrine that if a Jewess loves a Christian, she had better —having an eye to her subsequent degradation in Israel—become his mistress than his wife. Butif Mr. Sharp had had a grain of humour in his composition, he would have spared:his readers not a few both of his personages and of hisincidents,—the mad fiddler, Acosta; the preposterous attempts of the villain, Ford, to murder his rival, Felix; and the fearful and wonderful storms. It is truly appalling to be treated to page after page of “ resilience” and “susurrus,”’ and “the sweet, radiant, wondrous Garden of To-day that lies amidst the abysses of the soundless and viewless Dark.” Mr. Sharp should go through a course of Macaulay and Sydney Smith—and perhaps of the Shorter Catechism as. well— before he writes another line of fiction. The Poetical Works of Samuel Taylor Coleridge. Edited by William B. Seott. (George. Routledge and. Sons.)—This is a charming little pocket volume, containing an edition, not, indeed, as it pro- fesses to be, of “‘ the poetical works” of Coleridge, for it contains no play, and does not contain the splendid translation of Schiller’s play, but of all the minor poems, including “The Ancient Mariner,” “Christabel,” “Kubla Khan,” “Fire, Famine, and Slaughter,” and the “Odes.” But, considering the unequalled beauty of the principal poems contained here, nothing astonishes one more than the large proportion of dreary trash contained especially in the juvenile poems. Nevertheless, it is a charming little volume. Though one half of it at least. is hardly readable, the other half is poetry of the highest type. Type and’paper are everything that could be desired. Industrial Liberty. By John M. Bonham. (G. P. Putnam’s Sons.)—Some of Mr. Bonham’s. applications of. his principles will be unexpected by readers on both sides of the Atlantic. That he should condemn Protection as one of the outcomes of “ paternal government” (according to him a contradiction of true govern- ment), is natural. Nor are we surprised at his condemnation of various abuses of the railway system. The chapter on “The Relation of the Railway and the Trust to Industrial Liberty ” is a very powerful indictment of certain practices common in the States. What Mr. Bonham calls “parasite corporations,” are a very strange and, it would seem, noxious development of the system. There are some notable revelations about “ Trusts,” a matter in which the conflict between the public interest and the encroachments of capital will have sooner or later to be fought out. The surprise of the book comes when we find the author condemning the ‘“common-school system.” ‘ Paternal govern- ment exacts contributions from its citizens in interfering with the family relation, and endeavouring to regulate and mould human faculties.” This is interesting, especially in view of the tendency here to invoke more and more the interference of the State in regulating education. Mr. Bonham would have made his book more useful by putting his theses in a compact form. Roman Catholic Claims. By Charles Gore, M.A. (Rivingtons.) —Mr. Gore has given us here a learned defence of the Anglican position. His tone and temper are admirable. A better tone could hardly be. In particular, it is difficult to imagine how any one can doubt the validity of Anglican Orders after reading the argument of Chap. ix., on “ Anglican Ordinations.” The final chapter, on “Anglican Orthodoxy,” is very frank indeed; but if Mr. Gore’s view of the true doctrinal position of the Anglican Church is correct, a very large portion of the clergy and laity are out of place within her borders, and her formularies and devotions are very defective. Sketches from a Tour through Holland and Germany. By J. P. Mahaffy and J. C. Rogers. (Macmillan.)—%* This book,” says the preface, “is really a joint-stock undertaking.” It is not the less true that the well-known characteristics of Professor Mahaffy’s work are conspicuously present. One of them certainly is to keep a reader very much awake, always to interest and sometimes to irritate him. Generally, we may say that a more pleasant book of travelling experiences has seldom come in ourway. The companions began their journey by going down the Thames, a route which they justly praise,and to which the only objection is the maddening amount of stoppages. Holland was then visited, special attention being given to the cities about the Zuyder Zee. 'They made a pilgrimage to the scenes of Descartes’ life, but found little or nothing about him. The Dutch impressed them favourably, save as to their religion, which has been certainly minimised. A “ Liberal” Dutchman would be thought to be a renegade if he went to church. They have the bad habit of using dogs as. beasts of draught; but it must. be said that the dogs do not seem to dislike it. An intelli- gent dog would probably prefer drawing a cart to being chained to a kennel. From Holland the. travellers went. to Germany, saw Brunswick, Helmsdedt,and other towns. They passed by Gittingen, being repulsed: by a sight of the students,—“A more beery, swollen, criminal-looking set of people it would be hard to find.” (Surely we have here Professor. Mahaffy’s hand.) Marburg pleased them better. The Wartburg pleased them very much indeed ; but here they were guests of. the Grand Duke. German iL a ao wt oO at ot eh eS 4

Page 25

hin of S not Adler, It is nee” en of Wiess y and rell— liam ming | pro- tains ller’s cient alled isheg ined ning able, rare am’s will t he ern- n of The a | the ea the the tht hor rn- the lan icy ok 2 ind) Ce i. July 6, 1889.] THE SPECTATOR. gg ee : . «Jife and art ” would lose a great deal, they think, if the smaller capitals were swallowed up in the ugliness of Berlin. Then we are taken to Wismar, a town on the Mecklenberg coast, where the travellers confess to a “ scandalous ignorance” about the house of Reuss. Why, even the “ fifth-form boy” knows about the elder and the younger house of Reuss, and how all the sons are named John, the counting beginning again when the hundred is reached. Hamburg was found very delightful. Inthe concluding chapters we have some free hitting at various things and persons disliked by Professor Mahaffy, and, of course, his companion. The Prussians are not among their favourites—whose favourites are they ?—but they have justice done to them. Essays on Sacred Subjects. By the Rev. W. Russell. (Blackwood and Sons.)—Mr. Russell writes clearly and forcibly, and draws his arguments from abundant stores of knowledge. Nothing could be more lucid than his summary of the philosophical views of Kant, Schelling, Fichte, and Sir William Hamilton. Indeed, the first essay, with its powerful refutation of what may be called without offence the Agnosticism of Hamilton and Mansel, is a valuable contribution to natural theology. But we get into a different plane of thought when we come to the second, dealing with the subject of “ The Unity and Divergence of Human Speech,” and to the seventh, on “ The Unity and Divergence of the Races.” Surely the theory of Noah partitioning out the world among his sons is one that is scarcely tenable; and the story of the Confusion of Tongues can hardly be taken in its literal meaning. An elaborate attempt to reconcile the Scriptural and scientific records of Creation seems to us in a great degree wasted labour. It is simpler to regard Genesis i. as a “Psalm of Creation” directed against Polytheism and Nature-worship. There is much that is valuable in Mr. Russell’s volume, but it does not seem altogether suited to the present state of the controversy. D. D. Home: his Life and Mission. By Madame Dunglass Home. (Triibner and Co.)—This is a book of wonders. People of credit (Lord Adair, Lord Lindsay, Mrs. 8. C. Hall, for instance), testify to holding red-hot coals in their hands without harm, to seeing Mr. Home raised to the height of seventy feet, or himself sud- denly growing seven or eight inches longer or shorter. Mr. Crookes saw him raised from the ground, chair and all. Lord Lindsay saw him floating round a room, and pushing the pictures out of their places. Mr. Crookes and Dr. Huggins saw and heard him play an accordion without moving a muscle. Certainly there are wonders in plenty in this book; but we cannot see that there are signs. It is impossible to discern any meaning in these marvels. Hence, we may say, though we hear a good deal of Mr. Home’s “life” in this volume, we hear little or nothing of his “work.” Curiously enough, the most notable things concerning him are the strange “adoption” by Mrs. Lyon, the consequent gifts, and the lawsuit which finished the whole business. He seems to have been hardly dealt with. But if he had devoted his powers, which were evidently considerable, to some practical human work, instead of to necromancy and thaumaturgy, this trouble could scarcely have come in his way. A Queen among Queens. By Cameron Macdonald. (Swan Son- nenschein and Co.)—The “ Queen among Queens” is Zenobia of Palmyra. In this volume Mr. Macdonald tells, in a somewhat inflated ‘style, the story of her fall. He follows'the usually accepted narrative pretty closely, though he departs from it when he seeks to acquit the Queen of having laid the blame of her resistance to Rome upon Longinus. Zosimus is express on this point. It is somewhat curious to find in dialogues of the third century the phrases, “ Not an inch of our land, not a stone of our fortresses;” and, “A glorious charge, but it was not war.” When Mr. Macdonald ventured to coin a word, “ ullula- tion,” from ululare, he should have spelt it right. And it would have been as well if he had not dragged in by head and shoulders the vivisection ‘controversy. The people whom he politely calls *anti-vivisection maniacs”’ have more to say for themselves than he seems to think. Elementary Biology. By R. J. Harvey-Gibson, M.A. (Long- mans and Co.)—Botany takes up half the space of this work, an arrangement quite in accordance with the attitude of the teach- ing biologists of to-day. We have no fault to find with this volume, except that perhaps the style is more technical than is consistent with the connected interest which Mr. Gibson talks about in his preface. Still, the biologist of the day has so much to say, that he has to do it briefly, and therefore technically. Mr. Harvey-Gibson has, however, illustrated his manual plenti- fully, for which the student will be duly grateful. Popular Lectures and Addresses. By Sir W. Thomson. Vol. I. (Macmillan,)—Every one should: be grateful for the suggestion made to Sir W. Thomson,—that he should publish a certain lecture, “On Capillarity,” in an-accessible form. The result is the volume before us, which contains also other addresses on “The Constitution of Matter.” To say that the publication of Sir W. Thomson’s lectures is a boon, would be only a commonplace truth, and would hardly express the real value of such popular and classical work. We hope soon to see the remaining two volumes which Sir W. Thomson promises us. The Web of Fate. By W.J. Wilding. (Hurst and Blackett.)\— This story should give almost absolute satisfaction to lovers of melodramatic fiction. It is spiritedly written ; it is full of startling incidents, including a couple of murders, a theft of diamonds, a hunt by a detective, and a suicide; while as for “the superior fiend” in it, it will be enough to say that “the rounded contour of her skin” is “in keeping with the elliptic form in which her countenance was moulded,” and that the outline of her upper lip is “ fashioned like the bow of Eros.” Perhaps the contrast between the heroine, Kate Lovell, and that gambling adventurer, her father, is improbably great; and the fun, which is contributed to the story chiefly by a sad blockhead of a country inspector of police, borders, to say the least of it, on extravagance. But the plot is skilfully constructed; and it would be difficult to say whether the conspiracy by Digby and Marcia against the peace of the hero and heroine, or the counter-conspiracy against Digby and Marcia by Banks the detective, aided by Captain Lovell, is the better contrived or worked out. The tragedy with which the book closes is, in its way, a masterpiece. Altogether, The Web of Fate is an excellent specimen of the class of fiction to which it belongs. First Principles of Physiography. By J. Douglas. (Chapman and Hall.)—This is a clearly written manual of physiographical principles on the broadest lines, including geology and the physics of the earth. Perhaps the conditions of weather and climate might have been made more descriptive; but, on the whole, it is well expressed, and likely to interest the student. We have before us parts of three magnificent works which we may notice in the order of their publication. These are,—A Monograph of the Trochilide, or Humming-Birds, complete in 30 parts (418 plates); The Birds of Great Britain, in 25 parts (367 plates) ; and The Birds of New Guinea and Adjacent Papuan Islands, in 25 parts (320 plates). All were the work of the most accom- plished illustrator of bird-life that this country has ever produced, Mr. John Gould, excepting that a little more than half of the third is due to the exertions of Mr. R. Bowdler Sharpe. Anything more perfect, for colour and form, than these figurings of birds cannot be conceived. To indicate a preference would be unjust, for all are admirable in their own department; but perhaps for rich variety of colour the humming-birds may be allowed to bear the palm. The books were published by the author, and are now offered to the public by Messrs. H. Sotheran and Co. A new volume of the Pulpit Commentary, edited by the Very Rev. H. D. M. Spence, D.D., and the Rev. Joseph S. Exell (Kegan Paul, Trench, and Co.), contains the two Epistles of St. Peter, the three Epistles of St. John, and the Epistle of St. Jude. The Exposition and Homiletics to St. Peter have been contributed by the Rev. B. C. Caffin, the Homilies by Dr. Maclaren, Professor Thompson, and Messrs. New, Thomas, and Finlayson; the Epistles of St. John have been dealt with by Dr. Plummer and Messrs. Clemance, W. Jones, New, and Finlayson; and St. Jude by Professors Salmond and Croskery, Dr. Bright, and Mr, Finlayson. Booxs Recetvep.—The Annual Register for the year 1888 (Rivingtons), with its customary summaries of “ English ” and “ Foreign and Colonial” history, and of the progress of literature and art, its chronicle of events, and its obituary. Speech Before the Parnell Commission. By Sir Charles Russell. (Macmillan.) The second volume of Blackie’s Modern Cyclopedia, edited by Charles Annandale, M.A. (Blackie and Son), including articles from “ Black-quarter” to “Condy’s Fluid,” a most compact and useful work of which we have already spoken in well-deserved praise. Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, New Series, Vol. IV. (Longmans), containing, among other interesting articles, a paper on “ Vercingetorix,” by Colonel Malleson ; the “ Letters and Despatches of Henry of Monmouth during the War in Wales, 1402-1407,” by F. S. Flood, Q.C., author of that admirable monograph, “ Prince Henry and Judge Gascoigne ;” “ Commercial Policy of Edward III.,” by Dr. Cunningham; and “ Historical Sketch of South Africa,” by the late Sir Bartle Frere. The fourth volume of the Dictionary of Music and Musicians (A.D. 1450-1889), edited by Sir George Grove, D.C.L. (Macmillan and Co.), brings that learned work to a conclusion. The list of contributors contains about one hundred and twenty names, many of them of the very highest eminence. Mr. Fuller Maitland has editéd an appendix occupying about three-fifths of the volume. Two volumes of the series of Present-Day Tracts (Religious Tract Society), one of them containing papers on “Man: his Age, Origin, Moral Nature, and Needs;” the other on “The Authenticity of Scripture,” “The Family,” and “Socialism

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24, THE SPECTATOR. [July 6, 1889, - aud Christianity.”——Sterne, by H. D. Traill (Macmillan), a volume of the cheap reissue of “English Men of Letters.”—— New Aids to Reflection (Simpkin and Marshall), a volume of exfracts from some sixty writers, divided into four books and furnished with an introduction.——The Development of the Intellect. Translated from the German of W. Prager by H. W. Brown. (D. Appleton and Co.)——Introduction to the Sacred Scriptures. By the Rev. John Macdevill. (Sealy, Bryers, and Walker, Dublin.) —Essays, Political and Social. By David Atwood Wasson. (Lee and Shepard, Boston, U.S.A.)—The Law of Goodwill, By Charles E. Allan. (Stevens and Sons.) PUBLICATIONS OF THE WEEK. —@~—— BID tors Bh Bat Or TIAG | REO | ics isiiscsveecevevscesssenecssosesayees (Eyre & Spottiswoode) 6/0 Bowiok (J.), BohOol ALUM Moss, OF BVO «600.05 000csecessesccescsessesessosencsvecs (Relfe) 3/6 Boyle (J. R.), Lost Towns of the Humber, 8V0 ..........cscsscceseseeeeeees (Brown) 3/6 Bunsen (EF. De), Islam ; or, True Christianity, cr 8vo ...............06. (Triibner) 5/0 Clarke (G.), Bible Talks, 16m0_ ......csecee.ee-eeeeee Coolidge (W. A. B.), Swiss Travel, &., cr 8vo . Ditchfield (P. H.), Our English Villages, cr 8vo. ..(Methuen) 2/6 Doriot (8.), Beginner’s Book in German, 8vo ... ....(Triibner) 3/6 Drysdale (A. H.), History of Presbyterianism in England (Presb. Pub. Co.) 7/6 (Marshall Bros.) 2/0 (Longmans) 10/6 Evelyn (J.), Captain Kangaroo, cr 8v0 ...........s:ccccsssecorssecoeseeoes (Remington) 7/6 Gretton (F. E.), Memory’s Harkback, 8V0 .............c0ce0cceeeee se--.(Bentley) 12/0 Harte (B.), Cressy, cr 8V0............-.ssessesserses ...(Macmillan) 3/6 Samson (GB. H.), Pudge Laned, CF BO ....000010s:s000s0ssercecenccecennceves (Longmans) 6/0 Kant’s Critical Philosopby, Vol. II., by J. D. Mahaffy, cr 8vo ...(Macmillan) 6/0 Kingsford (A. 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Ith. nal, July 6, 1889.] THE SPECTATOR. 25 FATHER DAMIEN MEMORIAL FUND. PRESIDENT OF THE COMMITTEE— H.R.H. the PRINCE of WALES. COMMITTEE. Col. Sir Edward Bradford, K.O.S.I. i Canterbury. The Archbishop of Canvorpary Sir Alfred Lyall, K.0.B. f Norfolk, K.G. 1 ‘The Dike of Westmincter, K.G. Sir A. Borthwick, M.P. The Marquis of -—— nD. ais pad z= en aes 4 is of Dufferin an va, | Sir George Stokes, Bart., M.P, The Marquis © Sir Joseph Fayrer, K.0.3.I. Sir William Jenner, Bart., K.C.B. Sir James Paget, Bart. Sir W. Guyer Hunter, K.C.M.G., M.P, Sir W. MacCormac. Sir Charles U. Aitchinson, K.C.8.I, D. seed = in a hoe war M.D. n, Bishop of Salford. rincipal Fairbairn, Dr. Yeustg anew 4 M.P. Jonathan Hutchinson, Esq. The Right Hon. W. E. Gladstone, M.P. | Rev. Hugh Chapman. The Right Hon. the Lord Mayor. W.S. Lilly, Esq. The Right Hou. John Morley, M.P. K. Lawson, Esq. Gen. Sir J. Lintorn Simmons, G.C.B. E. Clifford, Esq. Cardinal Manning. Frank Harris, Esq. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE, Sir James Paget, Bart. Sir W. hey Hunter, K.C,M.G., M.P. Jonathan Hutchinson, Esq. E. Clifford, Esq. Frank Harris, Esq. (hon. secretary). C.8.1. x. Earl of Derby, K.G. Laps 0 -e a Tho FRapdolph 8. Churchill, M.P. Baron Ferdinand Rothschild, M.P. The Bishop of Londo Duke of Norfolk, K.G. the ee of London, inal Manning. = F, Rothschild, M.P. The Hon. G. Curzon, M.P. Sir Joseph Fayrer, K.O.8.1. Hon. TREASURERS, Sir Algernon Borthwick, Bart., M P., 139 Piccadilly, W. Edward Lawson. Esq., 39 Grosvenor Square, W. BANKERS. Messrs. Coutts, Strand. Sir Samuel Scott and Co., Cavendish Square, W. London and Westminster Bank, Lothbury. The death of Father Damien, completing the noble sacrifice of himself for his brother men, has suggested the thought that the sympathy of the United King- dom ought to find expression in a substantial memorial of his work, It is proposed therefore— 1. That a sum of not less than £500 be appropriated to a Memorial to be erected to Father Damien in some public place in Kalawao, and that estimates and designs for a statue, in stone, marble, or bronze be invited from Mr. Gilbert. 2 (a). That a Fund be formed, the interest of which shall be devoted to the medical treatment and care of indigent British lepers in the United Kingdom. (b) And that a sum of money be set apart and placed under the control of trustees for the endowment of two eo cay ey one student to make the United Kingdom and the remainder of Europe his field of investigation, and the other to o abroad and study the disease in China, the Colonies, and elsewhere. The Stadentsbiys to be held for a period of three years, to be renewed by the Trustees if thought desirable. 3. That a Commission be appointed, for not less than one year, consisting of three members, one to be named by the Royal College of Physicians, one by the Royal College of Surgeons, and one by the General Committee of ‘* The Father Damien Memorial Fund,” to go out to India for the purpose of investigating the disease of leprosy there, and that the Indian Auxiliary Committee be requested to add two members to this Commission. The Oommittee invite public subscriptions for the above-mentioned objects, while wishing especially to draw the attention of the public to the fact that a large sum of money is needed in order to properly treat the 200, lepers in India who are pow in many districts without ordinary medical care. His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales, speaking on this subject at Marlborough House on the 17th inst., said: —“ The heroic life and death of Father Damien (de Veuster) has not only roused the sympathy of the United Kingdom, but it has gone deeper : it has brought home to us that the circumstances of our vast Indian and Colonial Empire oblige us, in a measure at least, to follow his example, and this not for foreigners and st: angers, but for our own fellow-subjects. India, with its 200,000 lepers, and our Colonies, with their unnumbered but increasing victims to a loath- some, deadly disease that has hitherto baffled medical skill, have a far stronger claim on our aid than the poor natives of the Hawaiian Islands could ever have had on the young Belgian priest who has given his life for them..,...It must be remembered also that whilst leprosy has been and is steadily increasing, probably in India and certainly in our Colonies, it has steadily decreased since 1867 in Norway, where the disease has prevailed for many years to a grave extent, and this decrease is attributed by specialists to the Government measures for isolation which have been there pnt in force. These measures include compulsory sogre- gation, and have been adopted at a cost of £20,000 a year, although the leper population of Norway now under treatment numbers barely 700 souls. Donations ALREADY RECEIVED. 4.R.H.the Prince of Wales ... £105 00; General Sir J. Lintorn The Archbishop of Canter- Sil seoree £100 00 | rere seoovee 100 0 0] KE. Clifford, Esq, ........... svooee 100 00 Cardinal Manning... «» 5000) Sir William Guyer Hunter, The Duke of Norfolk ... -» 50000 Bart.. MiP. cccccccccccescessense 25 O09 The Duke of Westminster ...... 500 0 0| Frank Harris, Esq.. « 52100 Baron Ferdinand Rothschild, The Lord Mayor........... ae OK ME aiccusvebccsdaieasaaadexe secre 210 00] Sir William Jenner, Bart... 30 00 The Earl of Derby, K.G.......... 200 0 0} Jonathan Hatchinson, Esq... 30 00 Sir Algernon Borthwick, Dr. Robson Roose .......... wwe 30 00 BUD RUba MEGIS «axesinn stv encatusdics 105 0 0| Sir James Paget, Bart......... 21 00 Edward Lawson, Esq......... re 105 00{ Dr. R, Thorne Thorne ......... 10100 Donations and subscriptions forwarded on account of “ The Father Damien Fund” to the above-mentioned treasurers or bankers, or to the HON. SECRE- TARY of “The Father Damien Fund,” Marlborough House, St. James’s, will be acknowledged in the public Press. ROS VENOR GALLEBY. NOW OPEN, 9 a.m. to7 p.m. SUMMER EXHIBITION, Admission, ONE SHILLING. [ae NEW GALLERY, Street. SUMMER EXHIBITION NOW OPEN, 9 till7. Admission, 1s. Rovar SOCIETY of PAINTERS in WATER-COLOURS. Regent The ONE HUNDRED and ELEVENTH EXHIBITION is NOW OPEN, 5 Pall Mall East, from 10 till 6. Admission, 1s, Illustrated Catalogue, 1s. ALFRED D. FRIPP, R.W.S8., Secretary. — I NIVERSITY ASSOCIATION of WOMEN-TEACHERS. Schools and Families Supplied with Teachers of University qualifications, either Permanent, or for Lecturing, Coaching in Special Subjects, or Visiting Teaching. Apply to Miss OC. ELDER, Campden House, Kensington, W. Fee, 2:, 6d. to Employers engaging a Member. For Examiners, apply to Miss L. HAIGH, 44 Shirland Road, W. LUNDELLS’ SCHOOL, TIVERTON. SIX SCHOLARSHIPS (under 15), JULY 18th and 19th, For particulars, apply to the HEAD-MASTER, NIVERSITY COLLEGE of BANGOR. (Incorporated under Royal Charter, and receiving an annual Parliamentary Grant.) PrincipaL—H. R. REICHEL, M.A., Fellow of All Souls’ College, Oxford. NORTH WALES, DEPARTMENTS, I, Arts, Subjects. Professors. Grreek........0.:s:eee008 We Rhys Roberts, M.A., late Fellow of King’s College, Cambridge. We icvarsccceccedeucdavcceue aa Arnold, M.A., late Fellow of Trinity College, Cam- ridge, French and German... Frederic Spencer, B.A. (Camb.and London), Ph.D. (Leipzig.) WR fis sd sdsccacocinacce The Principal. Philosophy ........... «+ Henry Jones, M.A., late Clark Fellow of Glasgow University, Mathematics ............ G. B. Matthews, M.A., Fellow of St. John’s College, Cambridge, I cckeccccene deuiaaed Lecturer—J. Moris Jones, B.A., late Scholar of Jesus College, Oxford, Il. Science. WR dscaccatancincsanes Andrew Gray, M.A., F.R.S.E. Chemistry ........ aoe J.J. Dobbie, M.A., D.Sc., late Clark Fellow of Glasgow University. NT ea siniacdcnnttinidssns R. W. Phillips, M.A. (Camb ), B.Sc. (Lond.), late Scholar of St. John’s College, Cambridge, The NEXT SESSION OPENS on OCTOBER Ist, 1889. Inclusive Tuition Fee, £10 a year. Registration Fee, 211s. Laboratory Fees additional, on the scale of £1 1s. per term for six hours a week. The College possesses extensive and well-equipped Laboratories in Physics, Chemistry, and Biology. The College Courses include the Subjects for Degrees of London University in Arts and Science. The Chemistry and Botany Courses are recognised for Medical Graduation in the Universities of Edinburgh and Glasgow, and Students can make one Annus Medicus at this College. The Science Courses are recognised for two years of the three years’ degree course of the University of Edinburgh. Arrangements are being made for the opening of an Agricultural Department next Session. The average cost of ing Coes College tuition fees) at Bangor for the Session (33 weeks) is from £30 to £40. A list of registered Lodging-Houses is —_ at the College. A Hall of Residence for Women was opened in October, 1888, For detailed information as to Courses, Entrance and other Scholarships, &., apply to the Registrar, Bangor, June Ist, 1889, W. CADWALADR DAVIES. NIVERSITY COLLEGE HALL for WOMEN, BANGOR. (In connection with the University College of North Wales.) Lapr-PrincipaL—Miss FRANCES E. HUGHES. The Hall has been established to provide a home for Women studying at the University College. Newly built for this special purpose, it affords excellent tion for 30 d on the Newnham principle of separate study-bedrooms. The house stands in extensive grounds, which include a garden, lawn-tennis court, and a wooded hill private to the students. Fees from £30 to £10 for the College ya1r, aovording to accommodation. For further information, apply to tha LADY-PRINCIPAL. N.B.—The College Courses include most of the subjects required for the Oxford Higher Examinations for Women, aid the Cambridge Higher Local Examinations, ITY and GUILDS of LONDON INSTITUTE for the ADVANCEMENT of TECHNICAL EDUCATION. ENGINEERING.—The course of Technical instruction at the Central Institu- tion of the City and Guilds of London Institute is adapted to the requirements of persons who are preparing to bi. come Civil, Mechanical, Electrical, or Chemical Engineer, or to entering Manufacturing Works, Tne NEXT SESSION will COMMENCE on OCTOBER Ist, 1889. An ong ee Et eee on SEPTEMBER 23rd, and the three following days, A’ A * WALTER 8. PRIDEAUX, } Honorary Secretaries, Programme and fall particulars of course of Instruction may be obtained on application at the CENTRAL INSTITUTION, Exhibition Road, S.W.; or at the Office of the Institute, Gresham College, E.C. CQ RAIGMORE COLLEGE, CLIFTON. Inclusive fees, from 63 guineas. Heap-Master—B. RALPH, A.B., LL.D. PSOM COLLEGE —FIRST-GRADE PUBLIC BOARDING SCHOOL. Classical and Modern Sides, Excellent scientific teaching. Head-Master receives 31 Boarders on special terms. SEVEN OPEN ENTRANCE SCHOLARSHIPS: Examination, JULY 9th and 10th.—For Pro- spectus, apply, HEAD-MASTER. T. LEONARD’S SCHOOL, ST. ANDREWS.—WANTED, a thoroughly trained MISTRESS, for Swedish Gymnastics.—Apply, stating salary and full particulars, to the HEAD-MISTRESS. HE WELLS HOUSE, MALVERN WELLS, WORCES.- TERSHIRE.—The Rev. W. W. GEDGE having accepted preferment, the School will be carried on after the present term by A. H. STABLE, Esq., M.A., of Keble College, Oxford, late Second Master in the School.—For Prospectus, address as above.—NEXT TERM will COMMENCE SEPTEMBER 24th, 1889, RESDEN.—The Widow and Daughters of a distinguished German Officer RECEIVE a LIMITED NUMBER of LADIES as BUARDERS. Highest recommendations. Reference kindly ‘a to Lady ee Lancaster.—Address, Frau VON FALCKENSTEIN, Sedanstrasse 7, resden. FRENCH GENTLEMAN, Professor, with Government Diplomas, wishes to SPEND AUGUST and SEPTEMBER in ENGLAND, in a school or family. In return for board will give French lessons. Wishes opportunities for study. Highest references given.—Address, “ F. F.,"’ Galignani’s 7 ate 224 Rue de Rivoli, Paris. ANTED, in SEPTEMBER, a Post as ASSISTANT- MISTRESS in a HIGH SCHOOL.—Subjects:—English, Arithmetic, Political Eoonomy, French, German (acquiredabroad). Higher Local Certificate. Country preferred. Good references; Ohurchwoman.—Address, “‘ M.,” 8 Maze Hill, 8t. Leonards-on-Sea, | =~ M. BRAMSTON, 41 Dingwall Road, Croydon, will have VACANCIES in SEPTEMBER for two or three girls between 12 and 18, Instruction given at High School, or otherwise where desirable,

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26 THEH SPECTATOR. [July 6, 1889, OYAL HOLLOWAY COLLEGE for EGHAM, SURREY. Principat—Miss BISHOP. The next ENTRANCE EXAMINATION will be held at the College on JULY llth and 12th. The following ENTRANCE,-SCHOLARSHIPS will be awarded ™ connection with it :— One of £4) a year fortwo years. One of £30 a year for three years. Twenty-one of £30 a year for one year. Holders of these Scholarships will be eligible at the end of their first year’s residence for FOUNDER’S SCHOLARSHIPS of £30 a year for two years, of which twelve are awarded annually. For Prospectus, Forms of*Entry, and further particulars, apply to J. L. CLIFFORD.SMITH, Secretary. WOMEN, Ten beds. patients, Western Bank. ——————___ fhg oom MATERNITY HOSPITAL, 74 Jeffrey’s Road a ee cnc gpa MEDICAL WOMEN, 7] No letters required. t i i 4 A few free me taken. tp mre eee Dade circumstances 9 Address, the SECRETARY, 74 Jeffrey’s Road. Bankers, London and South Annual Subscriptions earnestly requested Se Sed as T. BDWARD’S SCHOOL, near Oxford.—EX AMINATION for at least SIX ENTRANCE SCHOLARSHIPS, Classics or Mathematics, Names: ta. be sent on or before July 9th. Value of Scholarships will vary according to merits of candidates, allowance being made for age.—Fuarthers p2rticulars from Rev. the WARDEN. value £60 to £20, on JULY 16th: or 17th. Hxrap-MastEr—Rev. T, HAYES BELOAER, M.A, ER few Mg — aa arenes DEPARTMENT— . A. A, sq., M.A, (late of Cheltenh: HEAD-MASTER OF JUNIOR icant: CG. WIOK TAM, Bones in which is specially adapted for passing boys direct into Woolwich, or Cooper’s Hill, or for business life. There isa Junior Department for boys f; t, 8 to 13, with separate boarding-house, school buildiags, and staff of Masters, _ rT 0. 8 COLL EGQGRE KHAM, Esq, M.A, The School has Classical Side on which boys are prepared for th iversit; Indian Civil Service, &. There is alsoa Civil and Military Depart 2 Universities ment, the work Sandhary ING’S SCHOOL, CANTERBURY— Special Classes arranged for Army FOURTEEN Entrance or ‘Foundation SCHOLARSHIPS, £75 to £10; in July.—Apply,’ Rev. T. FIELD (late Fellow of. Magdalen. College, Oxford, and Assistant-Master at Harrow), Head-Master. Valuable Exhibitions to Universities. Examinations. RE SCILLA, LAUSANNE.—Miss WILLS, late Head- Mistress of the Norwich High School, has a very comfortable ENGLISH HOME for ELDER GIRLS. Garden andfall-sized tennis-court. Numbers|limited, - i wo 2OCHS MEN, desirous of LEARNING FRENOGH can be received in the family of Mr. ASTIE, Prof ivini H Mental Philosophy (Lausanne, Vaud). Be Be Aan nity aad field Street, London, E.C. Reference :—Rev. R. 8S. Ashton, 13 Blom. Subjects taken :—French, German, Italian, Music, Singing, and Painting. RINITY COLLEGE, GLENALMOND.—ENTRANCE SCHOLARSHIP EXAMINATION will be JULY 16th and 17th. Several | Scholarships offervd' £50. Ages under 15 and under13. Candidates: entertained | at College. Oandidates at distance’ examined: at nearest: centres:—Particalars | from Rev.the WARDEN. ERKHAMSTED SCHOOL.—COlassical, Military, Com. mercial Certificate Classes, Junior Dep. under 13, House for young Good Scholarships. Woolwich successes. Sanatorium, Laundry, Swimming-Bath, Carpenter's Shop. New buildings to meet growth of school. Moderate fees.—Rev. T. CO: FRY, M.A., Head-Master. Also, good High School for Girls, Day and Boarders, Head-Mi DISNEY, late of Cheltenham Ladies’ College. a Spanish, a Speciatty, St. Andrews, N.B. S™: ANDREWS UNIVERSITY DIPLOMA for WOMEN, With. Title of L.L.A. For Prospectus, apply to the SECRETARY, L.L.A. Scheme, the University, NUARDIAN. FIRE and LIFE LA! OFFICE. Head Offite—1I Lombard Street; London; E.C, Law-Oonrts: Branei—21 Fleet Street, .K.C. Established 1821, Subscribed Capital, Two Millions, . DIRECTORS. Chairman—Joun B, Martti, Esq. aN ee eae 3 Joun’ Norman, Esq. R£:Hon. Lord Addington. | Richard M. Harvey, Esq. | John Hunter, Esq. George Lake, Esq. Right Hon. G. J. Shaw- Lefevre, M.P. Beaumont: W. Lubbeek, Sq. | David Powell, Esq. | Angustus Prevost, Esq. | John G. Talbot, Esq., M P. Henry Vigne, Esq. Actuary'and Seeretary~—T. G..C. BROWNE. Manager of: Fire: Departmont+A. J. RELTON, Share ‘Capital .at: present paid: up and invested ae o0e «+. £E,000,000 Total Funds, upwards:of: ... + 4,179,800 Total Annnal:Income, over ae 850,000 N.B.—Fire Policies’: which .expire at Midsummer should ‘be renewed: at ithe Head: Officer! withithe Agents; ‘on or before July'9th. WNGLISH: and: SCOTTISH LAW LIFE ASSURANCE ASSOCIATION. (Established 1839.) 12.Waterloo Place, London. 120’ Princes. Street, Edinburgh. Whole Life Bonuses never less than £1 10s; percent, per annum. Annuities, . Loans. Libéral Conditions. ARTHUR JACKSON, . Geveral (Manager 12.Waterloo Plave, FRANCIs.E. COLENSO, F.1LA.,, London, Actaary. Hy. Bonham-Carter, Esq. Wn. Hill Dawson, Esq. Charles F! ‘Devas, Esq. Granville F, R. Farquhar, Alban G. H. Gibbs, Esq. James Goodson, Esq. John J. Hamilton, Esq. Thomson Hankey, Esq. QTANDARD LIFE ASSURANCE ESTABLISHED 1825. Constituted by Special Acts of Parliament. PREMIUMS MODERATE, CONDITIONS LIBERAL. FUNDS, 7 MILLIONS, increasing-yearly. Euinburgh : 3 and 5.George Street (Head Office). London: 83 King William Street, E.C.; and 3 Pall. Mall.East,S.W. Dublin: 66 Upper Sackville Street. H@NIX FIRE OFFIOE, {, 12Lombard Street,| E.C., and 57 Charing Cross, .Wi. Kéatablished 1782. Moderate Rates. Absolute Security. Liberal: Loss Settlements. Prompt Payment of Claims, Joint Seeretaries— W. O:'’ MACDONALD’ ‘and F, B,. MAODONALD, LOSSES PAID, OVER: £16,000,000. London Mercantile Insurances at Reduced Rates. ‘ARRIAGE WITH A DECEASED WIFE'S! SISTER. Full information on this subject may be found in the Publications of the MARRIAGE LAW DEFENCE UNION. A List ‘of ‘Pamphlets(4d: each and upwards) will be sent free on applicatinu to the Secretary, G. J. MURRAY; Esq,; 1 King Street,’ Westminster, 5: W. \ DNVILLE’S OLD IRISH ' . WHISKY is:resommended by the Medical Pro- fessionin preference to: French Brandy. They hold the largest:stock: of ‘Whisky in the world. Supplied in- casks and cases for home-use and exportation, Quotations on application to DUNVILLE and OO., Limited, Royal Irish Diatilleries, Belfast ; or attheir London Offices, 4 Beaufort Buildings, Strand, London, W.C. USE rR ¥ "Ss PURE. CONCENTRATED Cc 0c O A. Sir 0. A, Cameron, MD, says:—“ I havenever tasted Cocoa that I like so well.” SPECTACLES. ** Spectacles unsuited to: the Sight frequently cause Blindness,” si P Mr.: H.. LAVRANGE, OCULIST OPTICIAN, la OLD: BOND STREET, assisted by a qualified Medical Practitioner, scientifically adapts his Improved tacles to..strengthen' and assist the Weakest IRK BECK BAIN: Ky ESTABLISHED 1851. WEHAMPTON \BUILDINGS| Chaneery Lane, THREEs PER. OBNT. INTEREST. allowed on DEPOSITS, ‘repayable on demand.,, TWO: PER: CENT.. on CURRENT. ACCOUNTS, calculated on the: mimimany monthly *balances;-when not drawn below £100. STOCKS and SHARES. Purchasediand Sold. The: BIRKBECK. ALMANACK, with’ full parti- culars, can be-obtained, post-free, on application to FRANCIS:RAVENSOROFT,; Manager. ‘AT HOME and ABROAD. Accivents or An Kinbs INSURED AGAINST BY THE RAILWAY PASSENGERS’ ASSURANCE COMPANY, : 64 CORNHILL, LONDON. . Hon. EVELYN ASHLEY... ... ... CHAIRMAN. Annual ‘Incoma,: Smeg Compensation) .Already, : 000. Prem pt end-Liberal Settlement of Claims, Moderate Premiums... Favourable Conditions. New Concessions. West-Enp. OFFICE— 8'GRAND. HOTEL BULLDINGS,:W.0.__ Heap. Orrice—64. CORNHILL, LONDON; E:C. : WILLIAM J. VIAN, Secretary, Sights. Pamphlet, “The Eye in Health and Disease,” t-free, contains. valuable suggestions to sufferer, om deféctive vision. CITY BRANCH :6 Poultry, H.C. LADIES’ CLUB NOTE The only Note Paper that has been special] made ‘for Ladies, and will be found peraliaely adapted to the style of their handwriting, LADIES’ CLUB NOTE, See Watermark in each sheet. LADIES CLUB NOTE, CaN BE HAD OF ALL STATIONERS. Od. per 5-Quire Packet. LADIES CLUB NOTE, Court or Heraldic Envelopes to match, 9d. per 100, BENGER’S FOOD FOR INFANTS, CHILDREN, & INVALIDS. GOLD MEDAL, HEALTH EXHIBITION, LONDON, A Mother writes :—‘‘ The infant was very delicate, and our medical. adviser ordered your Food, The result in a short time was wonderful ; the little fellow grew strong and fat, and. is now:in a.thriving condi- tion—in fact, the ‘ flower of the flock.’” In Tins, at 1s. 6d.,.2s; 6d., 53., and 10s., of Chemists, &., everywhere; THE TRADE SUPPLIED BY ALL WHOLESALE HOUSES. BRAND & Co’s A 1 SAUCE, OUPS, PaaS VeD PROVISIONS an reap MEATS. Also, — of BEEF, BEEF TEA, _— SOUP,and JELLY, and other JOSEPH GILLOTT’S STEEL PENS. GOLD MEDAL, PARIS, 1878. SPEGIAL OFFER PREVIOUS TO STOCK-TAKING, ‘A, GLEARANCE BUNDLE Containing: 50-to- 60; yards of SUMMER DRESS MATERIAL—chiefly in Full Dress Lengths, Zephyrs, Beiges» Tennis Cloths, &., sent to any address for ONE GUINEA by HY. PEASE and CO.’S SUCCESSORS, THE-MILLS, DARLINGTON, QUITE EXGEPTIONAL VALUE. Ayr acr ALITIES for INVALIDS. CAUTION—BEWARE OF IMITATIONS, SOLE ADDRESS :— 11 LITTLE STANHOPE STREET, MAYFAIR, W. en OLLOWAY’S PILLS—Any dys peptic sufferer aware of the purifying, regu- lating, ‘and gently aperient powers of these Pil’s, should permit no one to cloud his judgment or to warp his course. With a box of Holloway’s Pills, and atten- tion to its accompanying “ Directions,” he may feel thoroughly satisfied that he can safely and effectually release himself from his miseries without impairing his appetite or kening his digesti This most excellent medicine acts as. a nervine and bodily tonic by aiding nutrition, and banishes a thousand aunoying forms of nervous complaints. An occasional resort to Holloway’s remedy will prove highly salutary to all persons, whether well or ill, whose digestions slow or imperfect, a condition usually evidenced by weariness, languor, listlessness, and despondency.

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iversity, —., TE. cially liarly TE, TE, TE, ver 100, \emists, ESALE ICE. [ONS July 6, 1889.] THE SPECTATOR. 27 NEW & POPULAR NOVELS NOW READY AT ALL LIBRARIES. A CROOKED PATH. By Mrs. ALEXANDER, Author of “‘ The Wooing 0’t,” &e, 3 vols, A POOR GENTLEMAN. By Mrs. OxrpHantT, Author of “It Was a Lover and his Lass,’’ “Agnes,” &c. 3 vols. HILARY ST. JOHN. By Mrs, A. Pricg, Author of ‘‘ A Rustic Maid,’’ “ A- Wilful Young Woman,” &c. 2 vols. WITH EVERYTHING AGAINST HER. By Colonel Curusert LarxING, Author of “‘ Bandobast and Khabar.” 3 vols. IRIS DACRE. By Alice ManooLtp Dieut, Author of “The Garden of Eden,” &. 2 vols. DEVERIL’S DIAMOND. ApELINE SERGEANT, Author of “ Jacobi’s Wife,” &. 3 vols. HURST and BLACKETT, Limited. Price 8s.; postage, 43d, 5A 8 4. &. By A DESCENDANT. J. T. HAYES, 17 Henrietta Street, Covent Garden. Just published, SECOND EDITION, 8vo, cloth, 103, 6d. ABOUR and LIFE of the PEOPLE. Volume I.: EAST LONDON, Edited by CHaRLES Booty. With a large Coloured Map. Contributors: Charles Booth, Beatrice Potter, David F. Schloss, Ernest Aves, Stephen N. Fox, Jesse Argyle, Clara E, Collet, H. Llewel'yn Smith. ConTENTS :—1. The Classes.—2. The Trades (Docks Tailoring, Bootmaking, Furniture, Tobacco, Silk, Women’s Work).—3. Special Subjects (Sweating, Influx of Population, Jewish Community). Witurams and Noreate, 14 Henrietta Street, Covent Garden, London; and 20 South Frederick Street, Edinburgh. This day is published, crown 8vo, cloth, price 2s. 6d. HE STERNNESS of CHRIST’S TEACHING, and ITS RELATION to the LAW of FORGIVENESS. An Essay which obtained the Norrisian Prize for the Year 1888. By J. F, BetHune- Baker, M.A., of Pembroke College, Cambridge. md0os ud0os (PAIN IS GAIN). Cambridge: MacmILiuan and Bowes. OOKS: a Penny Weekly Journal. Published every THURSDAY: Best medium for the Purchase and Sale of .Second- Hand Books. Weekly Prize Competitions, 88 CHancEeRY LANE, W.C. Enlarged Edition, pp. 324, cloth, 1s., post-free. OMCOPATHIC FAMILY IN- STRUCTOR. By Drs. R. and W. Epps. Describes fully, and prescribes for General Diseases. James Epps and Co., 48 Threadneedle Street, and 170 Piccadilly. Monthly, price Half-a-Crown. VHE CONTEMPORARY REVIEW. Contents For JULY. CHEAP MISSIONARIFS. By Meredith Townsend, Tue Frest Society or British AUTHORS (1843). By Walter Bosy1a'anp its LAND TeNvuRE. By Paulina Irby. THE FuTuRE OF EnGiisH THEOLOGY. By Professor Sanday. Tuomas Harpy. By J. M. Barrie. A CoLLoguy on Currency. By Henry Hucks Gibbs, JEWELS AND Dress. By’ Mrs, Haweis. a ~ PRIMITIVE HOME OF THE ARYANS. By Professor jayce. “ MaLE anp FemaLE Orgatep HE THEM.” By Julia Wedgwood. Tue Positron oF THE InisH TENANT. By J. J. Clancy, M.P. IsBISTER and Co., Limited, 56 Ludgate Hill, E.C. HE NINETEENTH CENTURY, JULY. Price 2s. 6d. Piarn SPEAKING ON THE IRISH Unton. By the Right Hon. W. E. Gladstone, M.P. Tue Ereut-Hovurs Question. By Harold Cox. Tue Fortu Briper. (With Illustrations.) By Sir John Fowler and Benjamin Baker. THE First-Nicut JupGMent OF PLays, By Henry A. Jones. Sport in NEPAUL. By Lady Eva Wyndham Quin. THE Last Intyxss oF Lorp BEACONSFIELD, By Dr. Kidd, THe THéaTRE Francais AND ITS SocréTAIRES.— (Concluded.) By Mdlle, Blaze de Bury. THE APPEAL AGAINST FEMALE SUFFRAGE: A REPLY. 1. By Mrs. Faweett. 2. By Mrs. Ashton Dilke. GrorDANO Bruno AND New Iraty. By Karl Blind. H®ALTH-SEBKING IN TENERIFE AND MaperRA. By Sir Morell Mackenzie, Mr. DanpvELOw: A Story Hat¥-TouD. By the Rev. Dr. Jessopp. THE PERSIA OF THE SHan. By J. D. Rees. London: Kraan Pau, TRENCH, and Co. JULY, 1889, Edited by D. HACK TUKE, M.D., and GEORGE -H. SAVAGE, M.D. Price 8s. 6d. ConTENTS. ADDRESS IN PsYCHOLOGICAL MEDICINE, Manning, M.D. On THE CuRE OF THE MORPHIA AND ALCOHOLIC Hasir. By W.S8. Playfair, M.D. »sNoTes oF TEN YEARS’ EXPERIENCE IN THE USE OF THE TURKISH BATH IN THE TREATMENT OF MENTAL Itt-Heattu. By Robert Baker, M.D. Nores ON THE USE OF SULPHONAL. By W. R. Wat- son, L.R.C.P. Pensions. Lunacy Britt, AsyLum ATTENDANTS. Dr. YELLOWLEES ON NoON-RESTRAINT. London : J. and A. CuurcHILL, New Burlington Street, W. By F. N. Now reatly, price 4s. Annual Subscription, 12s, 6d., post-free. HE LONDON QUARTERLY REVIEW, No. OXLIV., for JULY, 1889, CoNTENTS. 1. THe Mrnp anp Evo.Lvurion, 2. STOWEY AND COLERIDGE. 3. SocrALISM AND SELF-HELP. 4, Fetix MENDELSSOHN, AND HIS Music. 5. LIvEs AND TEACHINGS OF THE FATHERS. 6. MoTtLEy’s LETTERS. 7. MopERN BuppDHISM. 8. ROGERS AND HIS CONTEMPORARIES, 9. GouveRNEUR MorRIS. 10, Sort Reviews anD Brier NorTIcEs, 11, Summaries OF ForReIGN PERIODICALS. T. WooLmER, 66 Paternoster Row, E.C. Toensure insertion, Advertisements should reach the Publishing Office not later than noon on Friday. DINNEFORD’S MAGNESIA. A pure Solution, For Acidity of the Stomach, For Heartburn and Headache. For Gout and Indigestion. Safest Aperient for delicate Constitutions, Ladies, Children, and Infants, DINNEFORD and CO., 180 New Bond Street, London. Sold by Chemists throughout the World. FIRST PRODUCED AND DESIGNATED CORN FLOUR BY BROWN AND POLSON IN 1856. BROWN & POLSON’S CORN FLOUR Was in the market some time before any other was anywhere heard of, and none has now an equal claim to the confidence of the trade and the public. READING CASES FOR THE SPECTATOR, Price 2s. 6d. each. CASES FOR BINDING, Yearly Vols., 2s. 6d.; Half-yearly Vols., 1s. 6d. each. May be had by order through any Bookseller or Newsagent, or at the Office, 1 Wellington Street, Strand, RICHARD BENTLEY & SON'S LIST. BY H.M. THE SHAH OF PSRSIA. DIARY KEPT DURING HIS LAST VISIT TO EUROPE, IN 1878. Rendered into Eng‘ish by General SCHINDLER and Baron LOUIS DE NORMAN. In 1 vol. demy 8vo, 122. Now ready, at all Libraries. “MEMORY’S HARKBACK.” THE RECOLLECTIONS OF DR. GRETTON. In 1 vol. demy 8vo, 12s. LYRICS and BALLADS. 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28 THE SPECTATOR. | July 6, 1889, CHAPMAN AND HALL’S NEW BOOKS. THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW FOR JULY. Edited by FRANK HARRIS. Puitip MassinGer. By Algernon Charles Swinburne. Swiss NEUTRALITY. IBSEN AND ENGLISH CriTIcIsm. By William Archer. In THE BALKANS WITH PRINCE FERDINAND. By J. D. Bourchier. Epwakp Fitz@eraLp. By Edmund Gosse, How THE SHAH TRAVELS IN Persia. By J. Theodore Bent. GOETHE AND THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. By Professor E. Dowden. NoORDANSKAR. By Sir Henry Pottinger, Bart. Tue EtHics OF PUNISHMENT. By W. S. Lilly. Women’s SurFraGE: a REPLY. FatHer Damien anpD Leprosy IN Inp1A. By Edward Clifford. Leprosy AND Its Causes, By Phineas 8, Abraham, M.D. A CENTURY OF REVOLUTION. By W. 8. LILLY, Auttor of “ Ancient Religion and Modern Thought,’”’ Deny 8vo. [This day. REMINISCENCES OF A REGICIDE. Edited from the Or‘ginal MS 5, of Sergent Marceau, Member of the Convention, and Administrator of Police in the French Revolution of 1789, By M. ©. M. 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he r his 7M, per, 118 hts . hing yday 118 >C- LER, LC- and iY, mn, land. [ER IN. tions , but ' Now ready, demy 8vo, cloth extra, gilt top, 25 Full-Page Illustrations by the EL July 6, 1889.] THE SPECTATOR. 29 ee eat KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, & GO0.’S LIST. Crown 8vo, with 3 Maps, 5s. ELAND. By Sopnie Bryant, CELTIC : ae Ends.” y er will rise from the perusal of the volume without the pleasurable “No read he has been both instructed and delighted.”—Manchester Guardian. feeling that Crown 8vo, 53. LETTER, and other Stories. By Author of “ By Virtue of his Office,’ ‘‘ Lindenblumen,”’ &, JACOB'S RowLaNnD GREY, The WAGNER FESTIVAL at BAYREUTH. PARSIFAL: a Festival Play by Richard Wagner. A Study by Atrrep Gurney, M.A., Vicar of St. Barnabus’, Pimlico, Author of ‘* The Vision of the Eucharist,” ‘‘ A Christmas Faggot,” ke, Feap. 8vo, 1s. 6d. NEW VOLUME of SACRED VERSE. SURSUM CORDA; or, Song and Service. By GEORGE F. E. 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ee ee ap: 30 THE SPECTATOR. [July 6, 1889, BLACKIE & SON’S PUBLICATIONS. NOW READY, VOLS. I. and II. To be completed in 8 vols., published quarterly, square 8vo, cloth, 63. each; or half-morocco, 8s. 6d. each, BLACKIE’S MODERN CYCLOPEDIA. A Handy Book of Reference on all Subjects and for all Readers. With numerous Engravings and Maps. Edited by CHARLES ANNANDALE, M.A., LL.D., Editor of ‘‘ Ogilvie’s Imperial Dictionary,” &c. “To judge from the two volumes published, ‘ Blackie’s Modern Cyclopedia,’ edited by Dr. Charles Annandale, will be found a boon to the general reader, Some handy form of encyclopedia has long been wanted. This is er ma without being bulky. The information is succintly given, sufficiently copious, and strictly relevant. With these good features must be noted the excellent type and paper, the useful woodcuts.and maps, of these neatly bound octavo volumes,” —Saturday Review, NOW READY, VOLS, I. to VI. 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1889, ‘SON IN} Martin /Rig, TA. By Colong en, B, A, —(Conelusi) oy eit my, ie PGEND OF tm + By Manr fred Harouan Trans. Sir TH LoDo OMYN; ance, By'tly OLD: 4 Nihil,” Soh, & YEAR: d 3-87, By the > i m, Crown 810, vg a int of Rin , late in the its, and other ibutary, Mr, m not toh onventional, Scotsman. ds of travel —Engineers’ WALFORD, By “A hor, thor. ondon. GROSVENOR NOTES (1889). THE July 6, 1889. | SPECTATOR. 31 CHATTO AND WINDUS’S NEW BOOKS. 8 vols. crown 8vo, at all Libraries, THE TENTS OF SHEM. By GRANT ALLEN, Author of “ Babylon,” “ This Mortal Coil,” &c. “This charming story...... story full of freshness and beauty.”—Glasgow Herald, The descriptions of Kabyle life and scenery are delightful, and some of the incidents are narrated with great dramatic power..... A —_—_— NEW and CHEAPER EDITION, crown 8vo, cloth extra, 3s 6d. THIS MORTAL COIL. 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32 THE SPECTATOR. [July 6, 1889, CLARENDON PRESS NEW AND STANDARD BOOKS NEW BOOKS. Just published, small 4to, cloth, gilt tov, 21s, Ms , CHRONICON GALFRIDI le BAKER de SWYNEBROKE. Edited, with Notes, by E. MaunpE THompson, LL.D., F.S.A., Principal Librarian of the British Museum. With a Fac-simile of a Folio of the MS., a Map of the Raid of the Black Prince, and a Plan of the Battle of Poitiers. For LONDON UNIVERSITY B.A. EXAMINATION, 1890, Just published, crown 8vo, paper boards, 33. TWO of the SAXON CHRONICLES PARALLEL (787-1001 A.D.), with Sup- lementary Extracts from the others. A Revised Text, Edited, with Introduction, &., on the sis of Professor Earle’s Edition. By C. PLummer, M.A., Fellow of Corpus Christi Vollege, Oxford, NEW VOLUME of the TRANSLATIONS of FOREIGN BIOLOGICAL MEMOIRS. Just published, 8vo, cloth, 16s. ESSAYS upon HEREDITY and KINDRED BIOLOGICAL PROBLEMS. " By B. Dr. AvausT Weismann, of the University of Friburg. Authorised Translation, Edited by E. 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London: HENRY FROWDE, Clarendon Press Warehouse, Amen Corner, E.C. Lonponx: Printed by Joum CamprBext, of No. 1 Wellington Street, in the Precinct of the Savoy, Strand; and Published by him at the “ Spectator ” Office, No, 1 Wellington Street, , Strand, in the County of Middlesex, at 18 Exeter Street, Strand, aforesaid, Saturday, July 6th, 1939, the vil sil aw hit pic th: