The Spectator 1865-02-25: Vol 38 Iss 1913

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er -y he Spectator FOR THE No. 1913.] WEEK ENDING SATURDAY, FEBRUARY Sramprp .. 7d. UnsTanrep, 64, 29, 1860. THe WEEK cevesecerees eesesseees 199 | SPECIAL CoRRESPONDENCE— Topics oF 7RE Day— Toronto and Washington ........ 211 The Danger in Canada ......... - 202 | Anr— Mr. Villiers’ Bill ......++..-0008-. 203 The Palace of Justice Artistically The Caste Feeling in North and Considered ....cocecosccose-e 218 South ....eeececcsceee-+seeree 204 | Books— Paraguay and Brazil ............ 205 Matthew Arnold’s Essays........ 214 The Marriage-Law Commission .. 206 Love's Conflict..........+0..+ coo 215 Earl Russell on Reform ........ 207 The Forgotten Fact of Canada ., 217 Women “ Associates” .......... 208 Sir Kingston James's Tasso...... 214 Private Accouuts...........0..06 209 Current Literature ..... ervcee eco 819 Governine Famtcies or Scorl.anp— The Kerrs.—(Concluded) ........ 210 Advertisements, ...........00.+ 221.30 NEWS OF THE WEEK, N Monday night Lord Lyveden stirred up a debate in the Peers about Canada. He professed to be asking a number of questions, but the drift of his speech was that Canada ought not to be left defenceless. He thought the danger of war with America imm‘nent. So did Lord Derby, who held, moreover, that Her Majesty’s Government ought to have taken steps to provide against the coming danger ‘‘ silently and quietly.” He advocated fortifi- cations and the placing of a force upon the Lakes. Lord Ellen- borough agreed, and considered the vote proposed by Government of 50,0007. a year for four years entirely insufficient. Earl de Grey replied by explaining that Her Majesty's Government did intend to fortify Quebec as an imperial fortress, and praised the Canadians. Lord Granville deprecated alarm, but declared the determination of the Government to defend Canada; and Earl Russell, after pointing out that 200,000/. could not have been obtained quietly and silently, avowed that as the Canadians were bestirring themselves the defence of Canada was a question of honour and policy. The debate was not extended to details, but it shows clearly that both the great parties in the State have decided, should it be necessary, to fight for British North America. The danger is, however, diminishing. Canada does not come within the scope of the Monroe doctrine, which, as we have often shown, does not mean America for the United States, but America for its inhabitants, uncontrolled by forcible intervention from Europe. There must therefore be a cause of quarrel, and Lord Monck and his Cabinet are doing their best to soothe away bitter- nesses. ‘The principal “ Vermont raider” has been given up, and on the Ist inst. Mr. J. A. Macdonald introduced a Bill enabling the Governor-General to expel any alien for plotting against the United States Government by order in the Canada Gazette, to arrest him if he disobeys, or if necessary to inflict twelve months’ imprisonment. The right of habeas corpus is suspended so far as that alien is concerned, except when actually imprisoned. The battle concerning the Regius Professorship of Greek at Oxford will now never be fought out, as a third party has stepped in and done the neglected duty of the University. The Dean and Chapter of Christchurch, first of course carefully protesting that there is no sort of claim upon them, and armed with a legal opinion from Sir Roundell Palmer to that effect, have consented to do what is not their duty—to allay the irritation in the University and raise Mr. Jowett’s salary to 500/. a year. We cannot but regret the failure in retributive justice which this settlement of the question involves, though we are glad that a fine scholar and the best tutor of his time,—otherwise likely enough to have worked for 401. a year for the rest of his life,—is to suffer no longer for the petty bigotry of Convocation. Perhaps after all, if it had been the duty of Christchurch to endow the Professorship, and not of the University, the University might have acted more creditably. It was the feeling of duty towards a man they dread and dislike which made the country parsons kick against the pricks. If they had had no sense of duty to Professor Jowett they might have treated him with common equity. Both the North and South have put out their accounts of the recent fruitless negotiations. Mr. Lincoln’s tone is very calm and assured, and to Mr. Seward it is, as it is right that it should be, that of a master. The Richmond papers are furious beyond even missioners apparently hoped for an immediate cessation of hostilities, with a combination between North and South to maintain the Monroe doctrine,—apparently against Mexico. The hope they held out to Mr. Lincoln was that from the friendly spirit thus excited something might “ turn up” to his advantage. ‘The North of course declined entirely any terms short of recognition of the Union under the old constitution, with its impending con- stitutional amendment against slavery,—terms impossible as yet. Mr. Davis turned the whole negotiation, —as we pointed out that he must have intended to do,—to good account in fanning anew the old war spirit. He got together a fierce war meeting in Richmond on the 6th iust., wherein he addressed the people in very much the same spirit in which last autumn he promised to beat “the Yankee spaniels” as they deserved, that he would teach ‘the insolent enemy who had treate| our propositions with con- tumely that in that conference in which he had so plumed himself with arrogance he was indeed talking to his masters ;” and added that “the gallant Beauregard would cause Sherman’s march across Georgia to be his last.” ‘This is like the pledge to the Georgians that the retreat of Sherman from Atlanta should be “more disastrous than Napoleon's retreat from Moscow.” If the battle can be won by big words Mr. Davis will win it. The military news to the 11th inst. is not very important, except indeed an “ unofficial ” statement received through the Rich- mond papers at the very hour of the mail’s leaving that General Sherman had taken the great railway junction in South Carolina, Branchville, and so broken the line between Augusta and Charleston. We should attach no importance to this rumour, had it not professed to come through Richmond. On Sunday, the 5th inst , General Grant had moved a force further to his left towards Weldon, and experienced what the 7imes calls ‘‘a bloody repulse,” but what the Confederate General Lee supposes to be ‘* no great loss,” on Monday. ‘The real loss of the North was 1,180 killed and wounded. On ‘Tuesday, 7th, they retook the ground lost on Monday without opposition, and the left is now advanced some six miles beyond its extreme limit on the 4th, cutting off the waggon road into North Carolina and approaching nearer to the Danville line. General Terry is said to be advancing from Fort Fisher on Wilmington, and General Thomas with 40,000 cavalry and armed infantry to be attempting a raid from Tennessee into Alabama, to assail Selma, Montgomery, or Mobile. ‘These statements, however, are rather rumours than facts. The Aray Estimates show a reduction in the estimate of 495,641/., being 14,348,447/. as against 14,844,088/. voted last yew. Moreover, the amount of extra receipts is estimated at 378,998/., so that the total reduction in charge is 874,6391. ‘The Navy Estimates show a net decrease of 316,417/., obtained chiefly on the votes for naval stores, so that between the two services Mr. Gladstone will get a total diminution of charges to the amount of 1,191,056. Ona very moderate computation therefore we may suppose he will have 3,000,001. surplus for the remission of taxation. ‘The excess of revenue can be scarcely less than 2,000,0002. We are glad to see that Sir Fitzroy Kelly has introduced a clause into his Bill for amending the law of evidence now before Parliament, by which the parties to a petition for a declaration of legitimacy under the 21 and 22 Vict., cap. 93, will be entitle1 to demand a jury as of right. But why does not Sir Fitzroy also give an appeal to the Lords against the ruling of the Court in matters of law? ‘There seems to be no good reason why these cases should not be treated like all others, and as the loser is seldom satisfied with the decision of a Court of first instance, he ought not to be concluded by it. We have reason to believe that the Attorney- General is favourable to the alteration. The President of the Poor-Law Board has introduced a Bill which substitutes Union for parochial rating, and transfers the power of removal from the overseers to the guardians. The Bill is the ordinary level of Richm ond fury. The Confederate Peace Com- | fully explained in another place, but we may here ask why a clause

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200 THE SPECTATOR. [February 25, 1865, es has not been alded substituting the last Union in which a pauper is ‘6+ ipremoveable” for the original place of settlement. At present, ifa man lives three years ina Union he is irremoveable, but if he leaves , } . . . ~ against the philanthropists and the slave-trade squadron, and a it he must be deported, not back to that Union, where he is known, but to his hereditary parish, which he perhaps never saw, and where he has no one to help him. Why not give the energetic man who has acquired a new status and then gone further atield the benefit of his three years’ character? Mr. Hibbert has brought in a Bill for executing capital sen- tences within the walls of gaols in the presence of “ the sheriff, the gaoler, the chaplain, the surgeon, any justices of the peace who may wish to be present,” and anybody the sheriff likes to admit. After execution the coroner is to hold a regular inquest upon the body, and ascertain the cause of death, &c., upon oath, an extremely clever suggestion, as the populace oddly enough believe in ** quest verdicts.” ‘The spectators should, however, include one or two persons not connected with the gaol, and if possibie one relative of the culprit’s victim, as we now only hang for murder. Even then we doubt if the public will believe that the same treat- ment will be meted out to all, while the best effect of executions, the visible proof they afford of the irresistible strength of law, will be lost. Cardinal Wiseman was buried on ‘Thursday in the Catholic ceme- tery at Kensal Green, with all the pomp required by his rank as an ecclesiastical prince. The cortége was followed by carriages from most of the Catholic embassies, the shopkeepers en roudée shut their shutters, either from respect or regard for the cost of glass, and the procession occupied hours. It is stated that the deceased Cardinal had recommended three names for the Archbishoprie—Dr. Grant, Dr. Clifford, and Dr. Ullathorne, any one of whom would be ‘advertising his missionary society,’ approved of that step on the ground that “it stands in considerable need of some such support.” ; *Mpport, aul then proceeted to say all the nasty things he could think of repudiate English responsibility for the wretched Africans, ‘] hirty years after the extinction of slavery aul sixty years after the ex- tinction of the slave trade, I.ord Stanley thinks “ we may fairly hold that whatever debt we owed to the people of Africa has be» paid off.” As for civilizing, why not civilize the barbarous English, and o_o? sive the English lives lost on the coast of Africa into the bargain 9 gain 3 Lord Stanley and his friends would have England give up every noble external duty she ever undertook, in order to do her home duties better,—and they would find when she had done so that the spirit quenched in one quarter would be so much the feebler and paler in every other. No man ever yet got more out of the charity which begins at home, by extinguishing it abroad. On the same night Mr. Doulton moved for a select committee (which was granted) to look out the best means of preserving open spaces and forests round the metropolis, and the discussion turned chiefly on the Wimbledon-Common scheme. ‘The best speech was made by Mr. Shaw Lefevre, who rated indeed Lord Spencer’s generosity of intention higher than we are disposed to do, but spoke very strongly in favour of preserving the open spaces round London for the recreation of the public. He pointed out the folly of that maxim of law which main- tains that custom sanctions the rights of the immediate locality to the enjoyment of such places, but not the rights of the more distant public. The right of a village like Woodford to play upon a green was good, but when Woodford becomes engulfed in the neighbouring metropolis, which needs the right far more, the lawyers tell us it is bad. He advocated the alteration of the law so as to give the general public a customary right in such places, acceptable to English Catholics. As there is no Concordat, how- ever, the Pope is almost unfettered, and may possibly nominate Monsignore Talbot, one of his secretaries, Mr. O'Reilly, on Tuesday, in a very temperate and sensible speech, called attention to the subject of recruiting. The rate of enlistment, he alleged, was not rapid enough to keep up our Indian, home, and colonial armies at proper strength, and he thought the system demanded modification. His principal suggestion was to localize enlistment by recruiting for each regiment always on the same spot, so as to bring a kind of clannishness or local pride to bear upon the army. He argued also for pay increasing with length of work, and greater facilities for marriage. Several officers in the House added their testimony to the bad effects of | the present system, but the Marquis of Hartington in reply aflirme. that recruiting was going on successfully, and that though changes might be hereafter found necessary none would be made this year. ‘The first changes ought to be the legal aboli- tion of flogging, except in presence of the enemy, and the total suppression of stoppages. Flogging is a bugbear, and will remain one till done away with by law, and the stoppages seem unfair to the soldier, Tell the country folk that they are to have so much a week, food, clothes, and lodging, and they will soon estimate the 5 value of a soldier’s position. Even then we fear the dread of a tour of Indian service, the one fate dreaded by English soldiers, | will impede the recruiting officer. | M. Emile Pereire, the Parisian millionaire, is rather in trou- | ble. In 1862 a project was started for fusing the “ Société des | Ports de Marseille” and M. Pereire’s bank, the ‘* Crédit Imimo- | bilier,” into one concern. A meeting was held, a majority of | shareholders voted for the fusion, and it was completed. The Marseilles shareholders complained, and the Cour Impériale has uow decided that the fusion is null. M. Pereire’s agents had, it appears, managed to obtain a number of fictitious votes, given by persons who had no shares, in order to secure an object desired by M. Pereire. ‘The Court in passing judgment commented in some- what severe terms on the conduct of the respondents, whose only possible defence indeed is that they did not authorize the acts com- plained of. as well as the immediate vicinity. On Monday Mr. Augustus Smith moved that the Under- Secretaryship to the Poor-Law Board should be abolished. He said it was a sinecure, the Secretary not having addressed the House once Jast year. ‘ Mr. Villiers of course opposed the motion, alleging that the Under-Secretary saved a Commissioner. ‘There were three when the Board was established, and there is only one now. Mr. Gilpin was humorously plaintive about assisting at his own execution, and Mr. Smith was beaten of course by 193 to 17; but we really hope the Cabinet will take the hint, and dis- tribute the offices between Lords and Commons upon something like a principle. What is the use of a President and a Secretary both in one House? Is it simply that the Peers like offices which involve as little work and as much dignity as possible ? Mr. Gladstone’s tables for granting annuities to the poor have been published. The main fact is this :—A working man, by pay- ing a shilling a weck from thirty to sixty, will secure himself an annuity from that date of 6s. a week for life, and with two sbil- lings of course twice that amount. The figures have been set- tled on mathematical calculation, but as regards this one item Mr. Gladstone might have been a little less exact, might at least have knocked off the 20 per cent. he is going to charge for the trouble of receiving money in small sums. Still the tables will enable any employer who wishes to provide pensions for his older hands and to make strikes difficult or impossible, to subscribe for them under the State guarantee. The only object now remaining is to see that the Boards of Guardians treat these annuities as they do annuities from sick clubs, i. e., as non-existent. If they threaten to refuse relief to any person who possesses one, the poor may consider the annuity a bad investment compared with the riskful but cheap club. The Indian journals think the dooars or valleys taken from Bootan may be valuable, as they yield cotton, silk, and tea, We daresay they do, but as we have some millions of unoccupied acres already in the valley of the Burhampooter which also yield tea, cotton, and silk, as access is no easier, and the neighbours much less pleasant, one does not see the exact use of the acquisition. Apples are nice to a child, but giving him twice as many as he »xhibited his pr smpt for cos hil ropy and mis- outa 4 : : is exhibited his profound contempt for costly philanthropy an¢ * | can cat on condition that he carries them till he can is not kind- sionary sacrifice. inquiry into the present state of British establishments in Western Africa, Lord Alfred Churchill, in maintaining the value of these | colonies for the civilization of the natives, said that the evidence | of natives and of missionaries would be given before the committee, | A gentleman, annoyed at what he conceived unfair testimony, adver- especially referring to the agent of the Basle Missionary Society, | tised for some one who witnessed a brutal assault in the Marylebone who was now in this country. Lord Stanley thereupon accused Lord A. Churchill of ‘improving the occasion for the purpose of | On Mr, Adderley’s motion for a committee of | | to be endured, not a subject for hymus of thanksgiving. ness. We had to take these valleys no doubt, but it is a nuisance The Pall Mall Gazette of Tuesday contained a strange story. | Road. The assault wasa fiction, but the advertisement was answered by a man, evidently a broken-down gentleman, who for five

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es February 25, 1865.] THE SPECTATOR. 201

eas recollected all the incidents, big man, little man, cab, &c.,| it was the ornament of a meek and quiet spirit which was of great &e. ‘ ; lhe . existed in London, and while breaking off all communication with | the fellow sent him, apparently from pity, the five pounds. One of these days we shall have to sharpen our laws against perjury and extortion, but meanwhile the English perjurer is rather a clumsy animal. He contents himself with inventing. Th: Ben- galee when he wants to ruin anybody has the charge he is going to bring acted on the spot he has fixed for locale, so that when his villains are in the witness-box all their unconscious evidence is cor- rect. To hear a consistent tale, and find that all accidental remarks, such as distances, neighbourhood of trees, presence of certain cows, &e., &c., are correct would have puzzled Solomon. It is reported that the Papacy intends to place Louis Napoleon's Life of Caesar in the ZJndex, as aretort courteous for the suppres- sion of the Encyclical. The fate of the German Duchies is not yet settled, but rumours are flying thick. It is stated that Kngland has recommended the nomination of the Duke of Augustenburg, that Prussia has offered to restore Danish Schleswig to Denmark if France will consent to herswallowing up the remainder, and that Austria has agreed to in e The inquirer was satisfied that the trade of being a witness | price in His sight.”

consent to annexation provided Glatz, a county in Silesia of 158 square miles, is granted to her in return. None of these rumours | can be relied on, and the first least of all, as it is exactly the story which Junkers would invent to make the Duke of Augustenburg unpopular in Germany. Herr von Bismark, however, has a good deal of time before him, as the Prussian Treasury will not be empty for two years, and till then he can hold the Duchies without much fear of being called to account. It is said that the uncertainties of the position are seriously injuring Holstein.

The lower classes in Leeds have, it would seem, original ideas about theft. It is wrong to steal handkerchiefs, but right to steal dripping, particularly if you are trusted with the latter and not with the former. ‘he cook of Mr. Chorley, of that town, stole 2 Ib. of dripping, for which Mr. Chorley, anxious to establish the fact that he owned the kitchen as well as the parlour, prosecuted her. The local bench with most injudicious severity inflicted a month’s imprisonment, whereupon the mob took up her case, hooted and insulted Mr. Chorley for days, tried to receive the woman in triumph, and failing in that, broke Mr. Chorley’s windows. The police were called out, but they were stoned too, and at last it was necessary to call out the military, as practical preachers of the doctrine which Leeds, it seems, disapproves,‘‘ Thou shalt not steal.” The Bishop of Oxford in the last meeting of Convocation called the attention of the Upper House to the concession to clergymen by the Courts of Law of the right to practise at the Bar. Of this concession he approved, but was in a great fright lest any one practising at the bar should simultaneously exercise any of the sacred functions. ‘The ‘‘ Western Church,” he said, was sadly afflicted with this confusion between ecclesiastical and lay functions, and in Paris no less than 750 priests “drive cabs.” That must, we think, be a little exaggeration of the Bishop’s. Are there much above 4,000 cabs in Paris, and are 20 per cent. of them driven

by priests, and hy acting priests? Yet if it be so, supposing they are good priests, where is the great harm? Is cabdriving or practising at the bar so much worse morally than tent-making ? Or is it since St. Paul’s time that the realism of secular duties has | been found so vitally corrupting to the conscience of the priest ? | No doubt the Bishop of Oxford in a white coat on a perch behind | 4 Hansom cab would seem out of place, but then the Bishop of Oxford is more than a priest,—a leading member of the fashionable world. }

Clergy orphans, especially orphan girls, are, we suppose, de- signed by nature to be “improved,” and if they are to be improved at all it must bea pleasure to be improved by the Archbishop of | Canterbury, whose noble presence and kindly face must soften the | melancholy of that otherwise dreary process. Still we think the | Archbishop might riot a little less in that luxury on a ple want | Occasion like that of presenting a good and clever girl with 5(0/., prices yesterday and on Frjday week : — Provided by a fund the proceeds of which are only distributed | once in 21 years. This day week the anniversary came round, and the 500/. was awarded toa Miss Fanny Jane Fayrer, whose “conduct and attainments had seemed most worthy” of the rare prize. Accordingly the Archbishop presented it to her in his own kindly way, but could not refrain from hoping ‘ that it would not Produce in her feelings of pride or vanity,” but rather “ feelings of thankfulness to God, who had endowed her with such talents

that she stood at the head of the school. She must remember that Clergymen are sadly too much inclined to think that Providence expects them to snub the happiness He gives by saying precisely the thing which is least adaptel to the spirit of the occasion, If they “ understood their epoch” they would find it answer—even to their moral influence—to be cheerful and avoid moralizing on cheerful occasions. No girl was ever better yet for being told to have a meek and quiet spirit when she felt in high spirits at a great success. The Board of Trade Returns just published for the yew 1854 show a vast increase in the value of our exports. ‘The total declared value is 160,436,302/., as against only 123,992,262. in 1862, and 146,602,342. in 1863. The increase therefore on the previous year is very nearly 10 per cent. The increase in the value of the woollen and worsted exports is still greater, more than 20 per cent. ‘The woollen and worsted manufactures exported are now worth 18,566,078/., about the total value of the cotton exports in 1848. The woollen and worsted trale is therefore treading fast on the heels of the cotton trade, having approached to within sixteen years of it. The Amalgamated Company constructed out of the Globe and the Liverpool and London Insurance Companies has presented a flourishing report for the year. The fire premiums have attained the amount of 742,674/., and show within two years an increase of 290,0001. ‘The invested and reserved funds were statel t be 3,212,5431. A dividend of 40 per cent. was declared. The Imperial Mercantile Credit Association has been authorize 1 to offer 30,000 shares of the Varna Railway Company, the price of issue being 12/., the deposit on application 1/., on allotment 2l. pershare. The object of this company is the formation of a railway from Varna on the Black Sea to Rustchouk, on the River Danube, a distance of 138 English miles. When this shall have been completed travellers will be able to accomplish the journ«. from London to Constantinople in the space of four and a half d yys. The railway was commenced in June last, and about fifty ii! os are now ready for laying the rails. A company entitled Warehouses and Wharves has been start] for the purpose of supplying wharf and warehouse accommodation to the south-western district of the metropolis. The site selecte| comprises about twenty-six acres of land at Battersea, which, when the canal basin shall have been completed, will present » water frontage of about 9,000 feet. The capital of the compan: is 500,0002., in 25,000 shares of 201. each. The Rio de Janeiro Gas Company,—capital, 600,0901., in 39,099 shares of 20/. each,—has been formed, acquiring two concessions from the Imperial Government of Brazil which grant the mono- poly of supplying the city of Rio with gas till 1879. ‘Tho wor! at present in operation under the above concessions, whic! iu- cluding the concessions it is proposed to purchase for (')),‘))) )’ supply at present 6,694 houses, in addition to 4,926 public lin The prospectus states that the number of houses in Rio is about 21,000. The share-list of the Scottish Assam Tea Company will be close | on Wednesday next, the Ist of March. The Consol market has been very quiet during nearly the whole of the week. Yesterday Consols left off at the prices of Saturd» last, viz., 89} 4 for money, and 89} 3 for account. Yesterday and on Friday week the lealing Foreign Securities left off at the following prices :— ° Friday, Feb. 17. Frilay, ! Greek oe oe +e e ee 22] ° 2 Do. Coupons oe _ ee _ ° Mexican oo “ Spanish Passive = +. se oe os oe 322 ° Do. Certificates *e oe 14} ° Turkish 6 per Conts., 1858.. ° ° 12} a Fa 1362.. ee oe oe ra) oo Consolidés.. ee oe +e a 52) ° ” The leading British Railways closed officially at the foilowi Friday, Feb. 17, Fridey, i Caledonian .. oe .* ee ee ve Lily *e i Great astern oe ee oo . ee 455 ° Par Great Northern... os +e os Litt} . H Great Western... .. ee +e oe oe %} ce i Do. West Midland, Oxford .. ee } ee Lancashire and Yorkshire se ee es Ihuf oe Mi London and Brighton oe ee oe oe 13} ee 1 London and North-Western es ° ee 203 oe 214 London and South-Westera oe ee ° wy F $ London, Chathan,and Dover .. oo oe ai i) Midland . » le ~ = ée 1474 oo Ls<} North-Mastera, Berwick . - oo rity iis Do. York ee os oo se 10); oo lu2y

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902 THE SPECTATOR. [February 25, 1865, { That carefully concealed in the folds of formal, al nN | ? TOPICS OF THE DAY. diplomatic phraseology, is the meaning of their Fever 4 —— THE DANGER IN CANADA. S Canada to be defended by Great Britain or not? That is the question which, in his suggestive and thoughtful, but vague and inconsequent way, was raised by Lord Lyveden on Monday night, and it is by far the most important at this moment before the nation. The talk about ‘discretion ”’ in which all the Peers on the Ministerial side indulged is, to say the least of it, a little out of place. All the world, from President Lincoln to Mr. Lindsay, is aware that, whether the Union is reconstructed or splits into two unequal Federations the Government of Washington will, the moment peace is declared, have the means of making a formidable, it may be an irresistible, attack upon British American possessions, Whether they will be inclined to make it is a different and quite a subordinate point. Our own belief is that if the Union be restored in its integrity the immediate temptation of its rulers will be to choose between a peace which will re- invigorate their finances and re-establish their trale and a war which will gratify the South and involve military and not maritime expeditions, that is, a war for the conquest, or, as it would be styled, the ‘ liberation” of Mexico. It is only if the North were defeated that the temptation to conquer Canada, to regain in the North the territorial vastness for- feited in the South, to spread the Union “from the Potomac to the Pole,” to widen that terribly narrow strip which would then separate Richmond from Niagara, would be felt in all its evil force. But let any man of any prepossessions or know- ledge of America form what view he may, he will, if acquainted with the circumstances, acknowledge this one fact, that the | instant peace is concluded, the Canadas lie at the mercy of the Federal Government. That Government can invade them if it will, and we can revindicate them only at the cost of a long and hazardous war. That is not a tolerable position for any British colony ; it affects commerce too much, our influence in the world too much, our honour too much, to be calmly or even patiently endured. This country cannot afford to be indebted for the security of its territories whether valueless or valuable—half a continent like British America or a sandy speck like Heligo- land—to the forbearance of any Power, however great or how- ever friendly. The American Government, as we have re- peatedly shown, is no worse than other Governments, is in many respects a great deal better than many other govern- ments, but weakness and neighbourhood invite attack, and the British people are called upon to answer clearly and distinctly whether, if Canada is invaded or seriously menaced with invasion, they are prepared to defend her. It is, we are aware, a most painful and embarrassing question, one upon which any answer of any kind must leave in the mind of him who makes it a feeling of deep despondency. On the one hand, it is clear that a war for the Canadas must be a long and terrible business, in which, even if we succeed, we shall exhaust the savings of years, which will probably carry Napoleon to the Rhine, and in which we can by no possibility within the range of political foresight gain any permanent advantage. Whether we fight or do not fight we must in any case within one generation lose the control of the Canadas, which, again, has for years been of the smallest possible benefit. To mortgage posterity in order to do battle for a temporary nominal sway over a vast region whose inhabitants own their own soil, make their own laws, keep out our produce by protective tariffs, and dis- obey English orders, seems simple imbecility, and were the prize of war Acadia as a new possession no man of average brains would hesitate to refuse the challenge. On the other hand, it is by no means certain that we should win. ‘The Federal Government has very large, very experienced, and very well-commanded armies in motion, armies which we could not hope to subdue except by an effort which we all know will only be made for a European, perhaps only for a British object. Colonel Jervois, held to be competent authority, believes the frontier to be indefensible, as indeed all men can see that it is, and suggests that as matters stand the garrison will be fortunate if it escapes to its ships. Our one chance is a maritime war, which may be successful, and if successful may impose upon the Federal Government losses which will induce it to abandon the dream many Englishmen believe its people to entertain. Under any conceivable view the defence of Canada would produce a long, a costly, and a profitless war. Nevertheless Her Majesty’s Government, with all these facts before them, have replied that they will defend Canada if only the Canadians are prepared to defend themselves. Lord Lyveden, Lord Ellenborough, and Lord Derby, and they are right in their resolve. There is no calamity within the scope of a judicious politician’s foresight which would be half | so injurious to this country as an American war, save only one, and that is, to skulk from a recognized duty from fear of American threats or American invasion. That duty as it seems to us, is under certain conditions clear and patent. We have no more right to abandon the people of British North America to foreign rule against their own consent than we- have to abandon Ireland or Cornwall under the same circum- stances,—than the head of a household has to give up his family to insult and spoliation. Of course the obligation must be mutual. If the colonies are at heart careless about the matter, if they had rather join the United States than undergo the necessary sacrifices for independence, if they look to the mother country to do all and to themselves only to receive all, if they even seek to refuse under any circum- stances reciprocity of aid, and cluim the right of standing neutral, say in a war with France,—then cadit questio, we have only to perform solemn ceremonials and retire. But if they are saying what they really thiuk, are willing to arm and die provided they can but trust in our alliance, if they will furnish their quota of men, their proportion of expenditure, in order to maintain their in- dependence,—then also cadit questio; our duty clear and imperative is to do for them what we should do for Corn- wall, fight on, successful or unsuccessful, at any cost and any hazard short of national dissolution. It is nonsense to. talk of the indefensibility of the American provinces. We are bound to try to defend them, even if we see from the first that the defence must be illusory, just as we should be bound to defend Curnwall, even though the true policy for Great Britain were simply to draw a cordon across the peninsula and give the county up to ravage. That is evidently the de- cision of Her Majesty’s Ministers, and it would not much matter if it were not. There are certain points, very few, but very definite, upon which British affairs are not under the control of any Ministry, or even of any Ministry sup- ported by any Opposition, and this, like the continuance of the Crimean war, is one of them. If there is any war re- garded with secret dread by the English middle class, with utter abhorrence by the masses of the people, it is war with the United States, but before they would sacrifice a colony to a menace from Washington, both classes would abandon their traditions and take affairs iuto their own hands. The educated among them would perhaps be very glad to be well rid of Canada, the ignorant would scarcely know where Canada was, but neither education nor ignorance would make the slightest difference in the clear comprehension of the nation that to abandon allies of our own blood who pray not to be abandoned would be an act dangerous to national existence, fatal to something higher even than that existence —tlie national self-respect. The defence of Canada being inevitable, the Ministry have, so fur as we may judge from the very slight hints afforded by their speeches, the report of Colonel Jervois, and the estimates, acted wisely. They have endeavoured, at the least expense and with the least appearance of menace to the United States, to place Canada in the position in which she may best with our assistance be able to defend herself. They have sent a com- petent officer to report upon the defences, have examined his report, have decided on the work to be done by the colony and the Empire respectively, and have quietly but honestly asked the permission of Parliament to do their share. Colonel Jervois’s report in brief amounts simply to this :—Canada as at present organized is indefensible unless her whole population rise in arms. Even if they do, the operation will require time, and intermediately any garrison we could send—he underrates that perhaps—would be in a position of im- minent peril. To enable them to act effectively they must be securely masters of certain positions, more especially Quebec, Montreal, Toronto, and three much less known strategical points. Her Majesty’s Government, considering that report, have come to the conclusion that of the points mentioned Quebec more especially falls on them, firstly, because there is no doubt that French Canada of all the colonies most objects to being annexed, secondly, because I rench Canada is of all the colonies the one most exposed to attack ; and thirdly, because Quebec from its singular geographical position at the head of the ocean-borne navigation of the St. Lawrence, from its strength, and from its history, is best entitled to the appellation of an ‘‘ Imperial fortress.” They have resolved to spend upon it a sum which seems too small,

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February 25, 1865.] THE SPECTATOR. 203 ieee 200,000/., but which is the sum stated by Colonel Jervois, as fast as they can obtain men and material, that is, as he also, we may presume, calculates, at the rate of 50,000/. a year: To have declined to do this would have been to justify Canadian inaction by convincing the people that the British Government at heart contemplated only a maritime war on their behalf. To have done it is to have done what Wellington did when he planted a single sentry upon the bridge of Jena,—to have convinced all on-lookers that the strength of Great Britain, great or small, but at all events its whole strength, is ledged to the maintenance of that position. This is the security the Canadians required; they have now obtained it, and it rests with them to decide whether if attacked and secure of British alliance they stiii value their character as subjects of the British Crown above their ease. If they do not they had better claim their independence at once, and deal with their powerful neighbours as nation to nation; if they do, they will be defended by her Majesty’s Government with a strenuousness which will be criticized by Her Majesty’s Opposition only for want of energy. , MR. VILLIERS’ BILL. R. CHARLES VILLIERS is a very “safe” man, perhaps there is no safer man in Lord Palmerston’s Government. When he has anything considerable to do he does it quietly, annoying as few interests and shocking as few prejudices as he possibly can, postponing symmetry to fitness, and subordinating everything except principle to practical expediency. It is a wise policy, particularly in matters like ¢hanges in the Poor Law, on which so many people have erotchets, and everybody thinks himself qualified to form an individual opinion. Jt will, we believe, in this case enable him to carry a very important improvement with very little dangerous opposition, and without arousing the latent suspicion with which country gentlemen are apt to regard every move- ment of the Poor-Law Board, a body which, existing as it does chiefly for the purpose of judiciously snubbing local crotchets, an never be very popular with those who are snubbed. The way in which Mr. Villiers has in this instance steered his way through opposing interests and conflicting opinions, yet arrived safe at his goal at last, is a specimen of the very highest constitutional style. Most of our readers are aware of the strong objections which have from time to time ‘been raised against the Law of Settlement, and which have rendered opinion almost ripe for its abolition. That law, a relic of the days when to be a “ masterless man” was to be a criminal under sentence, formerly compelled every labouring man to reside in the parish in which he was born, under penalty of losing all claim upon the poor-rate. If he went farther afield, where he was wanted, that is, where wages were high, he was on the first lull in demand or fit of sickness |, carted back to his parish, whieh very often carted him back again. Fortunately the cartage of a pauper costs money, parishes began to find that a carrying trade of that sort was very oppressive, and Sir R. Peel passed an Act making any man who had resided five years irremoveable. By another Act his expenses were charged upon a Union fund, which, in 1861, was directed to be levied according to the amount of rateable property in every parish of the Union, that is, in fact, though not in theory, by a Union rate. The parish raised it and paid it over, but as the amount varied with property the cost of the irremoveable poor was really defrayed by a Union rate. At the same time a further and very great improvement was introduced, the time neces- sary to establish a settlement being reduced to three years. This, again, succeeded, and the country began to imagine that the Law of Settlement, which visibly interferes with the ebb and flow of labour, might be swept away altogether, or at all events the time of residence reduced to three months. That is the ideal towards which matters are obviously tending, but meanwhile there are some serious obstacles still to be overcome. Big boroughs are by no means prepared to dispense with the law all at once. ‘They want to see the flow of labour made easy, but do not exactly appreciate the flow of idleness. They are afraid that in every bad winter or time of scant labour the country population will flow to the cities in search of work, and not finding it come on the rates in numbers which will seriously affect the value of property. London in particular would be dreadfully burdened in that way, while Liverpool would be absolutely inundated with Irish. They swarm there already, and but for the power now latent in consequence of emigration, but still existing, the town would be eaten up with them. That is a real difficulty, and there is besides a distinct grievance calling for more immediate redress. This is the condition of the per- manent poor. The parish has still to support them, and there is therefore an immense temptation on the part of its owners to turn them out, pull down their cottages, and decline to erect new buildings, leaving the Union to pay for the labour required within the parish. The State in fact throws its burden upon the Federal taxes. When the whole of a parish belongs to one man this is done to an enormous extent, in some instances by complete depopulation, and the people evicted are huddled as lodgers into the over-filled cot- tages of the open parish, more especially town suburbs. To such an extent has this system been carried, landowners “‘ adding house to house and field to field till there be no room for the poor,” that, says the President of the Board, “by the census returns in 821 agricultural parishes in Eng!and there has been between 1851 and 1861 a decrease of houses accompanied with an increase of population. The total decrease of houses in these agricultural parishes within these ten years has been 3,118, while the increase in the number of persons has been 16,497.” This is an intolerable mischief, sapping as it does the very foundations of population, health, comfort, and chastity, and urgently demands a reform. We may not yet be able to re- dress the great evil of English country life, the defective con- dition of the mass of cottages, but we may at least avoid aggravating it by a legal incentive to overcrowding. Mr. Villiers, upon whom, as upon Sir Cornewall Lewis, this point seems to have made a great impression, thought it possible, without encountering any of the just objections pleaded against the abolition of the Law of Settlement, to remove its main defects, and at the same time the temptation to this grievous overcrowding, and he has, so far as we can perceive, accomplished both his ends. His Bill, a very short one, does not abolish the power of removal, which would hurt London and Liverpool and the great cities, but transfers it from the overseers to the guardians. These, though sometimes amazingly stupid, are usually men of a very superior class to the overseers, are always a good deal more humane, and usually very indisposed to the expense of removals and of the law-suits growing out of them. They have in fact the brains to see that saving five sixpences at the cost of half-a-crown is not a profitable occupation. The second change is much greater. The whole cost of the Union poor, whether their settle- ment is inherited or they are only irremoveable, is thrown on the Union fund, and not, as now, divided be- tween the Union and the parochial income. Consequently, although the ebb and flow of labour as between Unions is still imp-rfect, as between parish and parish of the same Union it is completely free. It is no object to the parochial magnate to pull down cottages, for he must have labour, and if his men live within the Union they will tax him just as much as if they lived in his parish. It would pay him to expel them from the Union, but very few Unions indeed are “close,” 7. ¢., owned by one or two men, and distance has to be taken into the account. If the labourer has to walk too far he cannot do a full day’s work, and if the distance be stretched beyond his patience—we wish we knew its limit—he will not come at all. Whenever therefore the employer does not happen to live just on tho boundary of a Union with a village just across it his tendency will be to house his labourers close to their work, to make occupancy part of wages and dismissal the equivalent of evic- tion, a system which as labour gets scarce will compel the employer to offer good cottages as an attraction for good labourers—a vast improvement. When civilization pays peo- ple’s objections to civilization very soon disappear. It will be seen that the ‘innovation will not hurt any but one of the classes favourable to the Law of Settlement. It does not affect the great towns, for they as Unions can remove incoming paupers just as they could before. St. Pancras can send people away, and Liverpool throw up its Irish just as freely as before, the only differ- ence being that guardians must give the orders instead of overseers,—the wise instead of the foolish, county gentry instead of parish officials. One class is, however, injured. The rich man who, in defiance of justice, morals, and the principles of the creed he professes, has depopulated his estate will find the profits of his systematic hardhearted- ness suddenly cut off. It is to be expected that he will not like it, but his case is not one for the sympathies of the country, and the very great proprietors fortunately are not addicted to the practice. ‘Those who resist will hardly venture to plead vested interests, and will probably raise the old ery that the guardians will be more extravagant than the over- seers. Mr. Villiers, however, has shown that the guardians already manage one-half of the total expenditure on the

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204 THE SPECTATOR. [February 25, 1865, irremoyeuble poor, and in the single instance in which the plan has been tried, that of the Docking Union, it has been found to reduce expenditure, the able-bodied men circulating frecly about the Union in search of work, and employers being no longer unwilling to offer work to good labourers from other parishes than their own. Mr. Villiers proposes in fact only to extend everywhere the scheme which has suc- ceeded in Docking, to carry out the original idea of the framers of the new Poor Law, and, though last not least, to reduce the agencies which his Board has to guide from nearly fifteen thousand to about eight hundred. As his Bill will not affect any interest save that of a few monopolists, will abolish the legal incentives to overcrowding, will set labour partially free,—give it asit were the range of a prison instead of a eell,—and will not increase taxation, it must, we think, be | accepted as a wisely-considered and moderate measure of | reform, CASTE IN NORTH AND SOUTH. T is not unfrequently desirable in studying the history of a great civil war like that in America to put aside as far | soldiers of negroes; he would not discuss the question of their fitness as soldiers; he had not lost the pride of a Southern man yet ; he did not intend to lose it.” But to no one does it seem even to occur, to discuss any of these numerous pro- posals with reference, however slight, to the negro’s welfare. The net result of all these discussions is uniformly the same —that slavery, instead of being a necessary evil, as it was held to be even by the keenest Southerners thirty years ago, is a great and necessary good,—and its sacrifice, if it should be necessary to sacrifice it, a clear evil that could only be justified by its effect in winning victory for the Confederate ‘arms. The Confederacy may be driven to emancipation just as a man may be driven by the fear of mortification to consent to lose his leg or his arm, but even the most patriotic other nations speak of the temporary sacrifice of liberty when |a dictator is armed for a time with absolute power. It is the ‘last great surrender of the thing dearest to the nation’s heart, |far dearer than peace and prosperity, dearer than its life- | blood, less dear only than its independence. As for the negroes themselves, it no more occurs to the amongst them in urging the sacrifice, speak of it precisely as. as possible all preconceived ideas, and dnterrogate events, in | nation to think of their interest in the matter than to think order to judge of the growth of new tendencies due to those | of the personal interest of the horses for which General Lee incalculable influences that are the offspring of revolution. | makes a requisition. Yet consider only the real significance of For such a purpose the policy which is actually determined | Mr. Atkins’ motion to the negro,—that aspect of the ques- upon in direct relation to war is often of far less import-| tion which never even crosses the imagination of the Con- ance than those minor symptoms which betray the involun- | federate Congress. He proposes in fact something equiva- tary social attitudes of men’s minds, and which are the spon-| lent to the Northern Homestead Act,—only that he pro- taneous result of the changed moral atmosphere, not the | poses to inspire the mean whites with a sentiment of deliberate design of political counsel. There have been two | patriotism and loyalty by the gift, mno¢ of land, but of little incidents recently at the Southern and Northern capitals, |a live negro. He would make the army an army of neither of which seem to have been the result of Government | peasant proprietors,—but of peasant proprietors in flesh and purpose, but which seem to us far more instructive as to the | blood rather than in the soil. Slavery is more closely identified true bent of the rival societies than the formal speeches which | with the South than even its soil. Let every soldier have his Mr. Lincoln made to the Confederate Commissioners at Fortress | own negro—his “ absolute” right in flesh and blood —to fight Monroe and the Confederate Commissionersto Mr. Lincoln. | for, and he will carry his home and hearth with him,—he On the 3rd of February, as we read in the page of the | will fight not pro aris et focis, but pro aris et niyris. True, Richmond Sentinel of the 4th February,—which brings, by the | the negroes, thus abandoned to the absolute will of ignorant and way, the depreciation of the Confederate currency more graphically before the eye than any figures could do, being priced at half a dollar (2s.), and consisting of a dirty piece of | | brutal soldiers in the field,—abandoned to them with the ex- | press view with which wild beasts are made to taste blood before they fight,—that they may know the true greediness paper printed on both sides, containing in all about one- | of masterhood and die in defence of the right to rule over a eighth of the matter of the Standard or the Stav,—on the 3rd | human creature by the power of the lash,—the negroes thus February, Mr. Atkins, of Tennessee, moved in the Confederate | attached to the persons of a coarse and violent soldiery, and House of Representatives to substitute for Mr. Gholson’s re- | daily taught by the chafing of the military yoke over them- solution permitting the arming of the slaves, a series of his | selves to thirst for the sweet opportunity of imposing it in own, of which the following is the most important :— | their turn on inferiors, would lead such a life as slaves never “ Resolved,—That between subjugation and using our led before except on the middle passage. The army would slaves in our defence every principle of nature and self- | become a torture-house for negroes, where mean and servile preservation requires the latter, and therefore we would at | natures would be draining daily deep draughts of the delights of once put one hundred thousand slaves, between seventeen and absolute despotism,—would be plied with the intoxicating foriy-five, into the field ; and in order to render them effective and | stimulant of power over slaves in order that they might fight iminediately to interest all our soldiers in the institution, it is ex- | pedient that the Government should purchase all the slaves thus put in the army, and give to each white soldier now in the army, or who will join the army within three months after the enactment of a law in accordance with these resolves, a slave, to be his absolute right and property, to be for ever free from all claims from any and all persons, and the title only to be diverted by such soldier abandoning his post without leave, in which case the title shall revert to the Government.” The resolutions were referred ultimately to the Committee on military affairs, and it is not likely that they will ever be more than a symptom of moral feeling in the Confederacy. But they were introduced not only without exciting any protest, but by special fayour,—a member who had precedence of Mr. Atkius expressly retiring in his favour; and from the short discussion they underwent it is clear there was no sort of as desperately as the Russians fought at Inkerman under the _ intoxication of a less deadly drug. That is the idea of the | resolutions of Mr. Atkins, of Tennessee, but even that does not ‘excite a remark in the Confederate Congress. If the stimu- lant would answer we may clearly infer that the stimulant | would be administered, not only without a shadow of scruple, but without the thought crossing them that such an objection might exist. On the Ist of February, three days before this proposition |was made at Richmond, an incident equally significant | occurred in the northern capital at Washington. Mr. Sum- |ner, of Massachusetts on that day entered the Supreme Court, | —the Court-room appears to be the same as the Senate-room in which Mr. Sumner was nearly murdered some few years ago by Mr. Brooks, of South Carolina, for denouncing slavery as a barbarous and inhuman institution,—and standiug with repugnance entertained to them on any moral or philanthro- |true dramatic propriety, it is said, on the very spot pic grounds,—the whole discussion turning simply on the|then stained by his blood, moved the Supreme Court military wisdom of putting arms into the hands of the | “that John S. Rock, a member of the Supreme Court of the slaves at all. Not a word throughout the discussion was said | State of Massachusetts, be admitted to practise as a member of on the moral character of this monstrous proposition. | this Court.” Now, John S. Rock is a negro, an unmitigated It was received in precisely the same spirit,—as a mere ques- | negro, without any semblance of even mixed blood. The tion of expediency,—as all the other propositions for eman- | Chief Justice recently appointed in the room of Mr. Taney, cipating and arming, or arming without emancipating, | Mr. Chase, simply nodded assent, and the few accidental spec- or employing as labourers without either arming or emanci- pating, the slaves. All these proposals alike are received with absolute indifference to the negro side of the question, no Southern gentleman ever even offering an argument based thereon. ‘They get very warm on the subject of caste, like Mr. Wigfull, of Texas, for instance, who said in the Confederate | tators of the scene had the pleasure of seeing the clerk of the | Court, an appointee of Mr. ‘Taney’s, to whom negro equality ‘seems the last depth of human degradation, administer the oaths to the first negro barrister in that Court, with that kind | of hard propriety with which self-interest forced him to cover /his profound disgust. This is no uncertain indication of the Senate that “ he was fighting for slavery, and nothing else ; the | social revolution which is following in the steps of the political patent of nobility is in the colour of the skin,””—or Mr. Maxwell, revolution in the North. Llinois, too, has just spontaneously of Florida, who “ would yote for no measure tending to make | repealed its “‘ Black law,”—the law against the immigration of oo a oe ket a ot oe Conall

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laa February 25, 1865.] THE SPECTATOR. 205 . . . ! s, slave or free,—and everywhere it is evident that the negroe . : . ‘a : sf he constitutional amendment is winning its way, not licy of the c g \ ral into the minds but the hearts of the people. The passion of caste, rapidly dying out in the North, is | flaming higher than ever in the breasts of the South. ‘“ The atent of nobility,” says Mr. Wigfall, of Texas, “is the colour | of the skin,” and he and his comrades make the patent of | nobility 1 patent also of reckless inhumanity. I move the | Court,” says Mr. Sumner, of Massachusetts, without the | most distant allusion to colour, “that John S. Rock be | admitted to practise as a member of this Court,” and a nod of | the Chief Justice destroys the old ‘patent of nobility” for ever. We say that the Englishman who can look at these contrasted pictures and throw his heart and hopes into the cause of caste and bondage, is little worthy to belong to the nation which thirty years ago made so great and noble a sacrifice to abolish slavery. PARAGUAY AND BRAZIL. «“ TXT7E soon had a specimen of the marvellous contrast \ between Corrientes and the whole Argentine States that I have seen anything of and Paraguay . . . . No sooner was our cavalcade on the beach, long before our men had got up asignil.... than, as I could see with my telescope, a canoe was putting off from under the fort on the opposite side. In about twenty minutes it landed on the beach, and my eyes, which had been gradually opening with wonder at the vigour of the paddlemen, were fixed with admiration on the splendid fellows who jumped ashore, shouting with laughter, not at us, but from fun. The men were utterly unlike the rest of the South Americans that I have seen: there were seven of them, and I should have supposed they had all been picked men from England or Italy, some of them quite fair, none of them with any signs of Indian blood . . . . We had scarcely discussed with them the mode of our transfer... . when another canoe appeared rounding the sandbank, and a second crew of equally splendid fellows were soon ashore at our service . . . . Our crew dashed off with us. I never saw a more glorious sight than these men at work,—they seem to enjoy it so thoroughly. The whole way it was a spurt, at least as hard work as a race up the Long Reach at Cambridge, and the men were shouting and laughing the whole way, yet | working with the most perfect regularity, and keeping the most exact time.” So wrote the late Charles Mansfield—one of the keenest observers that ever lived—of his first mecting with that | remarkable people which has now, in defence of invaded Uruguay, fairly entered into a conflict with the huge Empire of Brazil. Subsequent experience only confirmed these first impressions. He spoke of the “ true feeling of patriotism in | the people,” of the peasantry as ‘‘a noble race ;” dwelt upon the curious fact that ‘‘among high and low there is less appearance of Indian blood and more resemblance to English complexion” than in any part of South America which he had visited, so that in poor country cottages he had seen many children whom he would have supposed “the offspring of some high-bred English family, with delicately-cut features, rather long than broad, and hair as fair as any Saxon,” and indeed often reddish, ‘* quite Scotch ;” declared on his return that he believed Paraguay to be “the most interesting, loveliest, pleasantest country in the world.” But what concern have English readers in such distant quarrels as those of Brazil with Uruguay or Paraguay? A_ late article by M. Elisée Reclus, in the Revue des Deux Mondes (“La Guerre de l’Uruguay’’) serves to answer the ques- tion, and receives illustration in turn from Mr. Mansfield’s now nearly ten-year-old work (Paraguay, Brazil, and the Plate, Macmillan, 1856), of which the writer seems to be ignorant. M. Reclus shows that this conflict is really one between freedom and the slave power, ‘that the invasion of Uruguay by Brazil represents slaveholding encroachment, that Uruguay is at bottom against Brazil now, as it was twenty years ago against Rosas, the champion (though not indeed a very creditable one) of freedom against brute force. Uruguay, or Banda Oriental, is the borderland of free soil between Brazil and the Argentine Confederation. The border- land of slave soil which confronts it is the Brazilian province of Rio Grande. But Rio Grande has not been continuously a Brazilian province. For nine years it maintained itself as a republic. In its struggles with the Empire, not only many chiefs of Spanish race from the republics of the Plate, but many of those European emigrants who, drawn particularly towards Banda Oriental, contributed so greatly to its heroic and successful defence against Rosas, including Garibaldi him- self, took part. During those struggles, though slavery was not abolished, yet numbers of slives received or won their freedom. After the subjugition of the country by the Brazilians these took refuge in Uruguay. ‘They have been followed by many other coloured fugitives, and in spite of fugitive slave laws these have been received, and allowed to remain and prosper in the adjoining republic. But the slaye- owners of Rio Grande, restored with the Brazilian rule to the plenitude of power, have ill brooked such a_ sight. | Their armed bands have repeatedly crossed the Uraguayan frontier in quest of fugitives, or pretended fugitives, whom they have swept back into slavery. Nor is this all. Like the Southern planters who invaded ‘Texas, many have established themselves with their slaves on the grassy plains of the republic, where, in spite of the free- dom written in its laws, they now hold some 15,000 to 18,000 of their fellow-creatures in bondage. The foremost of these filibusters, General Souza Netto, had from the first allied himself to the Montevidean partizan chief Flores. By favour of this alliance the encroachments of the slave-owners became more and more audacious. Not only did the slave hunts pro- ceed on a larger scale, but by the destruction of title-deeds and public registers the invaders swept away before them all records of title prior to their own usurpations. Then, it is said, Souza Netto claimed the assistance of the Brazilian Government, threatening if it were not granted to proclaim once more the independence of Rio Grande. Pleas were not wanting for Brazilian interference. In the general state of lawlessness on the border—which indeed is one not only be- tween slavery and freedom, but between a republican customs’ tariff of from 12 to 15 per cent. ad valorem and an imperial one of at least twice that amount—there had probably been about as many outrages committed on the one side as on the other. So, in the midst of civil war, a Brazilian envoy made his appearance at Monte Video, with an ultimatum to which a reply was demanded within six days. There was some amount of negotiation, but a rupture was evidently pre- determined on the part of Brazil. It took place, and the latest bloody act of the struggle has been the heroic defence of Paysandi against the combined forees of Brazil and the rebel Flores by the Uruguayan chief Leandro Gomez, and his execution after surrender by his countrymen, in retaliation for his own shooting of prisoners taken from them at the earlier assaults. But meanwhile the little republic of Paraguay has entered the lists, and under the fairest auspices. Her hands are not stained with blood, like those of the Montevidean chiefs. | Whilst Uruguay is practically bankrupt, Brazil ever unable to squareincome and expenditure, Buenos Ayres, like Brazil, loaded with debt, Paraguay owes not a penny, and is even abic to |advance public money at 6 per cent. to private individuals. Extraordinary as has been the development of population in all the States orginally forming part of the old Vice-Royalty of the Plate, which has risen since 1797, M. Reclus tells us from 443,000 to 3,000,000, ¢. e., in the proportion of more than six to one, Paraguay claims for herself a rate of in- crease actually more than doubling this, since her population, from 97,480 in 1797 had risen in 1857, she tells us, to 1,337,439. Hence, though geographically little more than an atom compared with Brazil (her area covers only 4,132 geo- graphical square miles as against the 147,624 of Brazil), her population is more than one-seventh, her standing army of 8,000 men (which could easily be raised to 30,000), more than one- third, of that of her huge neighbour. And better than all, she descends into the fray with all the prestige of a cause which at once entitles her to the sympathies of the world, and is at the same time a national one for all her sister republics of Spanish-American blood. She offers freedom, with work on her railways, to Brazilian fugitive slaves, she proclaims it in the Brazilian province of Matto Grosso, which she has invaded. And despite the traditional jealousy of Buenos Ayres towards Monte Video, it appears almost certain that by taking the part of Uruguayan independence against the Brazilians, Paraguay has not only shamed Buenos Ayres out of any idea of inter- ference in favour of Flores, but is likely sooner or later to be followed by other States of the Argentine Confederation. As respects the vast, and to Europe almost unknown, pro- vinee of Matto Grosso, it appears nearly certain that as much of it as Paraguay cares to retain is henceforth rescued for ever from the Brazilian slave power. So difficult are the mountain chains which separate it from the eastern provinces, so abso- lute is the want of means of communication between them, that the shortest route to it from Rio is even now to ascend the Parana and cross the Paraguayan territory. Those to whom the geography of South America is unfamiliar may realize this fact, by supposing the hill ranges of the Cévennes.

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206 THE SPECTATOR. : [February 25, 1865, and Auvergne so lofty, and the interior of France so barbarous, that the shortest way to Lyons from Bordeaux should be by taking ship to Rotterdam, ascending the Rhine to Bile, and the least, and there is one point outside the ceremonial —we believe the only point in which the incidents of marriage differ in the three Kingdoms—to which their attention may crossing Switzerland. Absurd as would be a war of invasion | usefully be directed. Is not the Ssotch law more consistent by Switzerland on France nowadays, the case would be far | with both justice and humanity than that of England and different if in addition to such material difficulties as just now Ireland when it holds the children of parents who marr mentioned, France were a thinly peopled, and slatternly, if | after their birth to be legitimate? Why should the inaeeent not beggarly, empire, ruled by a slave-owning aristocracy,— | child suffer for the fault of its parents? At least the question Switzerland a free and prosperous young republic, with no | should be dispassionately considered, and though the altera- internal sources of discord, conscious of its owa strength, with a good cause at its back, and rich prizes in its front. Under such circumstances probably Franche Comté and Burgundy would lie very much at the discretion of the Swiss invader, especially when he came with the ery of freedom in his mouth. With no country of the Old World has Paraguay, since the fall of Rosas re-opened an outlet for it towards mankind, been more anxious to establish friendly relations than with our own. In none, it is said, was the present President of the Republic, when some years back as General Lopez he visited Europe, received with more supercilious indifference. Shall not the sight of the American war, and of what it costs to the world to uproot slavery in a single great country, awaken some kind of interest in our minds for this little fair-skinned people of South America, going forth in the name of freedom to attack the vastest slave empire in the world? Whatever respect we may feel for its European parent, Portugal, the cause of the Portuguese race in South America is not one to deserve our sympathies. Amidst all the storms of their early years, the Spanish races of the Plate basin, M. Reclus reminds us, have won not only personal liberty, but the absence of caste distinctions, respect for the freedom of worship, freedom from prejudice against the stranger; they have nearly run through the series of crises which constitute nations. Brazil has not yet entered upon them, and slavery, and the monopoly of the land by the aristocracy, are preparing for her a social disintegration of which the like has not been seen within the Spanish American Republics, bloody and violent as have been their birth-throes. THE MARRIAGE-LAW COMMISSION. N°? legislation without a blue-book seems to be one of the few rales which are without exception, so that the appointment of a Royal Commission to inquire into the state of the Marriage Laws of the United Kingdom was perhaps inevitable. What good it is to do it is not, however, very easy to see. If the Commission is to confine itself to the con- sideration of the rules which regulate the ceremonial, states- men and lawyers are pretty much agreed as to the principles by which it ought to be governed, and all that is required is to apply them to England, Scotland, and Ireland alike. This is the province of the Legislature, and we very much doubt whether further discussion is not more likely to fan than quench the flame of opposition. The Irish Catholic clergy are contending for independence of the civil power, but nothing would be demanded of them that is not now submitted to by their English brethren, and far less than the French law imposes on the Gallican Church. In Scotland no important alteration is needed but the abolition of its scandalous “irregular marriages,” and the retention of these is really a point of national pride more than of religious feeling. The middle classes do not like to be Anglicized. But a mere unreasonable jealousy of this sort might have been safely dis- regarded, because no well-drawn bill would have imposed English law pure and simple on the United Kingdom. Our law no longer sins against principle, but many of its minor regulations are not applicable to Scotland or Ireland, and would be cheerfully sacrificed to the paramount importance of uniformity. If indeed the Commissioners are to extend their inquiry to the law of divorce, which ought to be just as uni- form as the law of marriage in the narrower s ase of that term, they will have to deal with a question on which there are still the widest differences of opinion. But it is to be hoped nevertheless that the two subjects will not be confounded. There is no reason why we should not have a uniform law of marriage at once, but if we are to wait for it till we can have a uniform law of divorce too we shall wait for years. Each must be dealt with by a separate bill, and there is there- fore no object in mixing up things essentially distinct, or in pro- longing one set of anomalies because we cannot at the same time get rid of another kindred set. As the matter stands, it is to be feared that the commission will either be inquiring into a subject in which inquiry is not needed, or else raising questions on which men are not likely at present to be agreed. It will be an excuse for delay or else a stumbling- block in the path of legislation. However, the former evil is tion, if made, should be made on its merits, it is an additional \ coeueamedaiion that the adoption of Scotch law on so im. portant a point would be a conclusive answer to the narrow outery against English dictation. What may be said for the English law is that it is founded on sound principles, and in this sense the law of Ireland and | Scotland must be assimilated to it. The English law secures deliberation by interposing a period of three weeks between the first notice to the clergyman or registrar and the celebra- tion. It secures, or tries to secure, publicity by requiring three publications of banns, and the performance of the ceremony in canonical hours and with open doors. Where the marriage is contracted bond jide it suffers no defect of form to invalidate the contract. Providing three modes of celebration, so as to suit all forms of religious belief, it holds a marriage solemnized in any one of them to be binding, be the creed of the parties what it may. Finally, it secures lasting evidence of the contract by registration in a book kept by a public officer and open to public inspection. The only exceptions to this statement are marriages by licence, which want the first two of these requisites, and the marriages of Jews and Quakers, which want the second. In Ireland the law with reference to members of the Established Church, Jews, and Quakers, is the same as in England, but every other part of it has almost every possible fault. Neither Catholics nor Dissenters can celebrate any mixed mar- riage. Both parties must be Dissenters or Catholics, so that the validity of the contract depends on their religious belief,—a rule of the working of which we have a delicious example in the case of Major Yelverton. As for the majority of Irish marriages, the law may almost be said to ignore them. Roman Catholic marriages are constituted by the certificate of a priest. There is not of necessity any publication of banns,—they may be cele- brated at the dead of night, and there is even no registration except so far as the Catholic Bishops may require it for their own private purposes. Even among Dissenters uniformity has not been observed. Presbyterian ministers may grant licences and publish bauns,—all other Nonconformists must b2 married as in England, by the registrar or by his licence in a registered building. In Scotland even a regular marriage has but two requisites,—publication of banns and the presence of a clergyman of any religious persuasion. In practice the cere- mony, if it may be so called, takes place in a private house and at any hour, but usually in the presence of witnesses. And in the custom of proclaiming the banns three times on the same Sunday may be found a substitute for our evil system of licensing. The registration however, which is after all the most important point, is con- sidered to be satisfactory. The great blot on their system is that even these loose precautions for deliberation and pub- licity may be dispensed with at will. Prove present consent to marry in any way either by witnesses or acknowledgments verbal or written,—prove a promise to marry followed by consummation,--nay, prove only that a man and woman have lived together and have given out that they are man and wife under such circumstances as to raise a presumption that they meant what they said,—and in every case you have a marriage as valid as one celebrated in the face of the Church. It is quite idle to insist on the undoubted truth that con- sent to marry constitutes marriage in the sight of Heaven. Consent constitutes every contract. But human tribunals have not the power of reading the heart, and there is there- fore nothing unreasonable in requiring people who enter into a contract to provide evidence of their consent of which human tribunals can take cognizance. If they will not, at least they have no right to complain if the tribunals decline to enforce obligations which the parties themselves have deprived them of the means of estimating. Neither has any one the right, merely for his own purposes to conceal, even for a time, a contract by which the rights of third parties are affected. On the fact of marriage depends not only the status of the offspring, but the rights of inheritance of collateral relatives. But it is hardly worth while to dive very deeply into the nature of the contract or the abstract rights of FF Ff - f- + - * - OO SS eee ee ee rr oO

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petaa February 25, 1865.] THE SPECTATOR. 207 mauity, : befrictions by which any reasonable man’s conscience can be | or his freedom seriously diminished. In order to violated 01 secure unl Kingdom nee formity neither of the various sects in the United d relinquish anything more valuable than a, rejudice or a custom. The licensing system cannot be defended on principle nor retained as a privilege. There would be great difficulty in extending it to Nonconformists generally, and if it were introduced into Scotland could it be | denied to the Free Church? Here the English upper and | middle classes ought to give way. Canonical hours might | surely be extended from noon to three, or even four p.m. If it | js enough that the names of persons intending marriage should be published by means of a list hung up in the, registrar's office, it would surely also be enough that | the clergyman should affix a similar list of names to the church door. And all clergy of every denomination might | erhaps be allowed to add any additional conditions required by the law of the body to which they belong, for individual | freedom is sufficiently secured by the power of contracting | civil marriage before the registrar at his office. By a spirit | of conciliation in things which are admitted to be non- essentials most of the differences between sects might easily be rm moved. No doubt the shortest and simplest mode of obviating all difficulties would be the adoption of the French system, by which the civil marriage is in all cases first celebrated before the registrar, and then the clergy of all denominations are at liberty because a good marriage-law really need impose no | on production of the registrar’s certificate to perform any reli- gious ceremony the parties may desire. But we have no hope that the opposition with which so logical a proposition would be met | eouldever be overcome. The Catholics and the High-Church | party will not or cannot distinguish between the religious and civil contract. All the clergy fear that when the poor once | understood that the marriage before the registrar gave them | the status of married people, they would pay no more fees for the blessing of the Church. Nor is it merely a question of money, or even of power. Religion would lose one great hold on the popular mind,if in practice she ceased to preside over the commencement of the most important relation of human life. For these reasons it seems desirable that the system which allows the parochial clergy to celebrate mar- riage should be preserved, and if possible extended. The one necessary condition is that the clergyman should undertake to perform the duties of registrar. The parish clergy in England and Ireland are now in reality deputy-registrars. Why could not the principle be extended to the ministers of other sects ? The presence of a deputy-registrar is not objected to in England, but the Catholic priesthood in Ireland will certainly kick against it. The same difficulty will arise | in Scotland as between the Establishment and the Free Church. Of course ministers acting as deputy-registrars ought to receive the fees of deputy-registrars, and be subject to the ordinary legal penalties for irregularity. This would conciliate the Irish priests, who would be compensated for an inconsiderable loss of freedom by the concession of a legal claim to marriage fees. We cannot believe that there would be any serious difficulty in framing regulations by which all sects but a few, perfectly insignificant in point of numbers, might be put on a level with the English clergy in this matter. But it is certain that if we are to have uniformity it must be so effected, or else the English clergy must make up their minds to choose between the presence of a registrar at every ceremony and the performance of a previous civil ceremonial. | EARL RUSSELL ON REFORM. Wt are happy to reckon Ear] Russell among the advocates | of wise and just Reform, grieved to perceive that he representation is required. It is the function of the House of Commons, he says, ‘‘ to guard the rights and liberties of the people. It is theirs to protect every subject of the realm in the enjoyment of his property and his rights. It is theirs to point out to the Crown, by extending their confidence to one party and refusing it to another, by giving it to certain men and refusing it to certain other men, which is the party and who are the statesmen qualified to govern this mighty empire, to administer its laws, to preserve its honour in the face of other nations, to advise the Crown in matters of peace and war, to maintain the character of the nation unsullied, and its station neither impaired by timidity nor imperilled by rash- ness.”’ It is necessary for the first two ends that representation should be full, lest the unrepresented class should be injured or oppressed, and for the third end that it should be limited, lest the nominces of the least educated and most numerous classes should form a House not qualified to per- form that most important task. There is but one class at present in England deprived of representation, —the one which works with its hands. Were they but once admitted, and some larger share of power transferred from the south to the north of the Trent, the representation of Great Britain would, we believe, be as perfect and as thorough as is consistent with the only real end—good government upon the principles ap- proved by free men. Therefore, says Earl Russell, ‘for my part, I should be glad to see the sound morals and clear intelligence of the best of the working-classes more fully represented. They are kept out of the franchise which Ministers of the Crown have repeatedly asked for them, | partly by the jealousy of the present holders of the suffrage, and partly by a vague fear that by their greater numbers they will swallow up all other classes. Both those obstacles may be removed by a judicious modification of the proposed suffrage, and by a happy sense on the part of the public that an addition of the votes of the most intelligent of the working- classes to the constituent body will form a security, and not a danger.” That paragraph which, except as to the geographical remark, is a mere condensation of Karl Russell's views, con- tains the whole substance of the difference between ourselves and the advocates of democracy. ‘They hold that the suffrage is an end, we that it is only a means; they maintain that every man has a right to be represented, we that his right is to wise and good government through the representation not of all individuals, but of all classes, interests, principles, and varieties of thought and im- pu'se. We are happy to believe that the man who of all men living has done most to make English representation real agrees with the second view, that one more leading statesman acknowledges that the problem before us is how to make represeutation complete, not by the creation of masses of votes all actuated by the same idea, but by the admission of the one set of ideas which has hitherto been excluded, and admission in a way which shall give them great anl visible force. If that acknowledgment once becomes general among men of Earl Russell’s calibre, we shall have next Parliament a Reform Bill which will complete the representation of the nation without throwing all holders of property and almost all thinking men into a fever of doubt aud alarm. For they must in the end abandon the proposal to which Earl Russell, —so full of the ideas of 1831 that he signs this paper on January 3, 1865, “ John Russell,’’—still adheres with his old tenacity, but without his old force of argument. He still pleads for reduction in the qualification, pure and simple, but without advancing a single reason for his support of a pro- position four times rejected by a Parliament in which a majority of members stand pledged to some Reform. It is not Earl Russell, we trust, who will call the allegation that voting by rental is based “on good old English principles and still adheres to schemes which will give us a Reform without | in conformity with good old English notions of representa- cither wisdom or justice. He has just re-published his Essay | tion” a reason? A coronet cannot so weigh down a brain on the English Government and Constitution, first issued forty | that a man whose whole life has been the endeavour to cope years ago, and prefixed to it an introduction which is in fact | with that very dogma should now acknowledge that it is all- a manifesto, Amid many curious scraps of history, such as | sufficient, should admit that the precedent he has defied the original draft of the plan for Reform, with Lord Durham's ‘all his life is greater than reason, holier than convic- annotations and the statement that but for himself the original | tion, more to be obeyed than expediency. When a Tory Bill would have included the ballot, his Lordship explains his | talks of “ the good old English ways” we know what views as to the changes still required in the constitution of | he means,—that he has no arguments to advance, but feels the House of Commons. He declares truly that there are | very comfortable under the abuse attacked ; but Earl Russell is but two bases of thought on which the suffrage can be re- | not yet reduced to a condition of Toryism. Yet we cannot gulated,—one, that every free man has a right to a voice in| perceive that he advances a single argument to refute the the election of his rulers; the other, that the end being good Bovernment, and the representation of the people essential to good government, that representation is best which is most complete, yet least interferes with the object for which objections which have been made on all sides, or to harmonize the principles he professes with the means he still suggests. To thinking Liberals the point at issue is almost as clear as a mathematical proposition. If good government is the end, as

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‘208 SPECTATOR.

(February 25, 1865,

THE Harl Russell says, to be desired, no one class must be able to monopolize representation. If the suffrage be a household one the working-class will be so able. Every further reduction unaccompanied by new guarantees for variety tends directly and quickly to household suffrage. Yet seeing that clearly, as from his own definition of principles he must sce it, Earl Russell still rejects with contempt all plans for equalizing numbers «and intelligences as ‘‘ invidious schemes,’’ and is even ready to surrender his own great suggestion, the greatest perhaps in its consequences which he ever made, for representing minorities. He would still ‘like ” his own plan of giving three members and only two votes to great boroughs, but urges that ‘‘ it would be difficult to introduce,” “which is only true because he and men like him are half afraid of their own convictions, and ‘ perhaps unpalatable in its first working,’’ which is only a vague guess. We do not particularly favour Earl Russell’s scheme. It is inferior to that of Earl Grey both in simplicity and in securing repre- sentation for considerable fractions of opinion, but still it admits the statesmanlike principle, and even this Earl Russell is prepared to abandon. An old and sincere Reformer, trusted by the Liberals of the towns, the Dissenters, and lower middle class as no other statesman is or has been trusted, elevated above the pressure of a constituency, and wise with the ex- perience of forty years of Purliamentary success, Earl Russell could, had he chosen, have obtained a hearing for a plan which was at once a sound compromise between Radicalism and resistance, a great improvement in representation, and his own device. He knows that unless some leader so trusted will make some such suggestion, an advance towards simple <lemocracy is inevitable, yet he adds the weight of his great authority to a plan which has no one recommendation except a vulgar simplicity, and abdicates his own position as leader to fall into rank behind Mr. Baines. Because one class does not enjoy the representation it ought to possess, therefore Liberals must run the risk of disfranchising every other class. It is enough to make real Liberals, those who wish to sce full and free representation of the entire nation, and not of any section of the nation, ulmost despair, when the statesmen who ought to lead shrink back so visibly from the difficulties to be encountered, —difficulties which arise simply from this, that in England convictions however deep are never operative till they are professed and defended by statesmen of established reputation. Karl Russell says there is danger lest drawbacks inserted in a Reform Bill should result in sweeping away some of its results, as the Chandos Clause did, and calls on the ‘* Liberal party to consent to no candid compromise, to place no weights in the scale against democracy, to trust to no nice ‘tricks of statesmanship, no subtle inventions of ingenious theorists, rather than to be parties to a plausible scheme, which under the guise of an improvement of the Reform Act of Lord Grey might sweep away half its fruits.” They are rather to trust ‘‘ to the great innovator Time,” that is, as we understand it, to wait until some period of distress, some exaltation of feeling, some irritation such as that which fol- lowed the first faiiures of the Crimean war, shall enable them to carry a reduction without plausibility. In other words, Liberals, rather than encounter the possible risk of giving the Conservatives an advantage, are to encounter the certainty of allowing to democracy absolute and permanent power, are to disfranchise the educated altogether lest the stupider section of them should gain a little too much. Does Earl Russell mean to say that his own proposal would sweep away half | the results of the Reform Bill? If he does, why did he propose it? If he does not, what does he mean by class- ing plain and frank suggestions made by determined Liberals for representing minorities with insidious plans for restoring the ancient dominance of a class? Either his proposal does tend to secure fuller representation and better government, or it does not. If it does not, he is false to his own avowed principles ; if it does, why are all other plans similar in principle, in motive, and in result to be so summarily con- demned? The truth is, we believe, that to Earl Russell, as to many other strong men, experience has brought wisdom with- out bringing inventiveness. He can see clearer and can express better the true theory of representative government than he could even in 1831, but the power of devising plans to realize his own ideas is deserting him. The difficulties to every plan seem so numerous and so formidable that, retaining all his clearness as to his goal, he yet despairs of all routes | save the one he has trodden so long. He can as it were comprel:end steam, but wants to employ it upon the ancient roads, on which its use will bring destruction instead of specd.

et) WOMEN *“ ASSOCIATES.” HE Cambridge Committee appointed to report on the examination of girls has, we see, recommended the Senate to admit girls for the next three years to the same local examinations as lads of the same age, and to open to ; them the same individual distinctions, but to suppress the | public class-list as inconsistent, we suppose, with the modesty of women, and also as calculated to create an emulation which is not supposed to be a desirable quality of the feminine | nature. It is, we believe, the defect of being a woman,—though we have never tried it,—that you have not only much less choice as to what you shall do, and much less freedom in doing it, but also, at present at least, much less definite knowledge of what you could do, even if you had the amplest means of doing it. No doubt this last ignorance is not altogether without compensating advantages, The happiest part perhaps of a man’s life is that during which he is a great problem, an unspoiled potentiality as Mr. Carlyle says, to himself, and is fully aware that some veins of power still lie in him unworked, When he has sunk his shafts into them all, and knows precisely what he cannot do as well as what he can,—when he has accurately computed his practical latitude and longitude, and has nothing further to do than to keep himself to his right place in the world and resist the capricious currents and eddies that so often attempt to force him out of it,—a great part of the fascination of life vanishes simultaneously with its restlessness. And to women of any real force of character who never know what unworked ore there may not be within them, this pleasurable dream often lasts to the very end, and the restlessness with it. Still it is on the whole doubtless a disadvantage not only to be a woman, but to be subject to the additional and arti- ficial misfortune of incompetence to test fairly the calibre of your own powers. It is a tentative process with every one, and a tentative process which requires a certain amount of solid educa- tion to pursue with any success. Nothing can be less calculated to give a girl a respectable knowledge of her own powers than the ordinary training in mere ‘‘ accomplishments,”—of course we include the commoner accomplishments, like arithmetical computation, read- ing and writing under the term, everything in fact which is of the nature of a mere mental dexterity as distinguished from a com- plete and thorough mastery of principles, —which has been hitherto considered to constitute a first-rate education for girls. For though we may admit that the feminine intellect is rather calcu- lated to excel in art than in science, that feminine genius will generally prefer to deal with the individual case to dealing with the general principle, that it usually misses little in missing the training for abstract pursuits, yet the fact nevertheless remains that the excellence in art, the capacity for individual insight, the apprehensive power of the feminine intellect is, in great measure, never fairly displayed, and even, so far as it is displayed, is m great measure lamed, through its want of preparatory culture in the general principles at the foundation of the arts. Take, for instance, the only department of art in which women have achieved anything like an equal success with men,—prose fic- tion. Miss Austen and George Eliot may no doubt rank, Miss Austen almost if not quite, George Eliot quite, in the very | highest rank of novelists. Yet in general, women of genius break | down even in this their most successful sphere, not for want of power, | but for want of real intellectual capacity to enter into the thoughts and a great part of the life of men. Miss Austen avoids this danger only by confining her sketches to the lighter aspects of social life, and never attempting to give the side of a man’s charac- ter which women do not at once see. George Eliot does not avoid the danger at all,—but why? Because, as everyone knows, she is | one of the few women in England who have entered quite deeply | enough into the abstract training of men to share many of their | intellectual interests so far as-this is requisite for apprehend- 'ing the theoretic knots which occupy their thoughts, the in- | tensity of their passions for abstract ends, the force of ambitions which are quite independent of vanity or love of influence. We | doubt if any woman can ever attain to the highest rank of | novelists without having enough of the masculine education to gather up at sight most of the clues to the complexities of intellectual character and solitary thought. But even in other departments of art, in music, in painting, in poetry, the rea- son, we believe, why women so seldom reach even to notability is not so much deficiency in strength and weight of purpose or character as deficiency in that love of universality, that eye for broad and typical effects, which a grasp of principle, and study of the theoretic roots of art, is absolutely requisite | to give. We trust therefore that this promised step of the Uni-

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February 25, 1865.] THE SPECTATOR. 200) ae versity of Cambridge, by supplying some imeasure of true elemen- tary education for girls, and giving their parents and teachers gome real insight into the value of the education they have received, may do something at least to remove one of the artificial disadvantages of being a woman,—that absolute igno- rance of the true rvofs of artistic and intellectual “ accomplish- ments” which is always necessary in order to attain the highest power in them ; and that it may remove also, as a consequence of affording this information, that ignorance of self and of the true relative value of her own powers, from which every woman must saffer until she knows something more of their nature than is implied in a knack, like imitative dexterity in music, or drawing, or even moderna languages when learned rather by conversation than by principle. Many people assert, and very justly, that, after all, woman's highest qualification for happiness is her highest qualification to be the companion of man. This is true no doubt, but it only strengthcus the argument in favour of giving women some thorough insight into the roots of knowledge. ‘Strong-minded women’ are odious, but in nine cases out of ten strong-minded women are women without strong minds. That mixture of hardness with sentimentalism which is peculiar to the strong-minded woman, —that boldness in doing what is unsuitable to them which they try to compensate by false raptures and treacly sympathy for those on whom they lavish their unreal emotions,—the women in short whom Mr. Trollope has so skilfully sketched in the picture of Mrs. Gen- eral Talboys in one of his shorter tales, — would perhaps be rendered impossible, certainly diminished in number, by a little sound intel- lectual discipline enough to teach them something of their true powers and a good deal of their true weakness. There is a foolish idea that a woman is more feminine who relies on tact and the feeling of the moment for such conversational opinions as may be needed for true companionship,—for no one would wish women to be altogether silent on all subjects they do not understand, even if they think it desirable that they should not understand them. It is considered a great charm in a woman to live completely in the special and the particular, to care nothing for the universal principle, but to find her principles to suit the occasion of the hour. For our own part, we would just as soon have the sympathy of a chameleon as that of a woman who lives completely in particulars, and is quite destitute of power to appreciate a universal principle. Perhaps— such is masculine nature—a wife with more knowledge, more fixity of thought, and more general mental power than oneself might be a ‘blessing in disguise.’ But one who is goose enough to sympathize at random on subjects of which she knows little or nothing, because it is ‘feminine’ to do so, is a nuisance not in disguise; and we know nothing so likely to prevent it as a little sound teaching early in life. After all a man might do worse,—though he certainly might do better,—than chance an offer of himself as a prize for the best female com- petitor in the local Cambridge examination, if instead of taking geography only, as suggested by a contemporary—an alarm. ing subject, of which as usually taught a judicious forgetful- ness is rather a grace than a defect,—he took the net result of the examination, ‘The chances are considerable that the girl in ques- tion, even though she should be fool enough to accept her offered reward, would still be better informed, and less conceited than the average of her class, and far less so than the prize she had won. There are great disadvantages in being a woman, but the disad- vantages are diminished greatly by being a woman of some education. There is no such thing as a truly feminine mind without large and genuine sympathies ; but large and genuine sympathies are im- possible without the discrimination which education indefinitely heightens if it does not give. PRIVATE ACCOUNTS. HE Duke of Sutherland is obviously a little amused by the fuss the circular to his tradesmen has created, and has stepped forward again, this time openly in the character of aristocratic Mentor. Ina letter to the Times, published on Tuesday, he tells the employing world in a series of italicized apophthegins how to defeat their servants’ habit of extortion and their tradesmen's tendency to connivance. They are to send written orders and ask for the vouchers back, to have those vouchers countersigned by the servant who takes in the goods, to see the order-book * daily, or when convenient,” and in short, to keep careful household accounts It is very sensible advice, and open only to this one criticism,—that it is of very little use to the classes principally aggrieved. It is all very well for Dukes, or people without strawberry-leaves but very strict accounts, for they have not to do the work thems :lves. They are in the position of business men with clerks to take te Huan off their shoullers. There is always in great establishments a secretary, or a steward, or a ‘‘led-captain,” or a Mr. Fothergill of some kind, quite willing and well qualified tg take all that trouble off the paymaster's hands, but what is the average householder, with an . income ranging from 500J. to 5,000/., todo? He certainly will not keep strict accounts of his whole expenditure, and if his wife keeps her share they will be very often unintelligible, and always so im- perfect as to supply no real and trustworthy check upon his outlay. Something must be allowed, even when a Duke is teaching us all from a golden stump, for the weaknesses of English human nature, and among them is this inability to keep private accounts. Asa rule no- body keeps them, and the few exceptions who prove the rule do it with a sense of obedience to duty deep enough to diminish greatly their reserve of moral force. They are like people who get up early “on principle,” and consider themselves entitled thereby to be disagreeable for all the rest of the day. The annoyance of keeping accounts is very much greater than that of enduring a well-regulated and decent amount of plunder. Women have usually time, and pencils lying about, and a deficiency of mental perspec- tive as to the comparative importance of occupations, but the man who tries it soon wearies. Weekly accounts are for him a delusion, for he forgets half the orders he gives, and all the money he spends except that shilling to the boxkeeper, and could no more tell how much he has wasted on cabs than how miny ounces of sulphur London gas-burners have poured on his plate. He must, to do it properly, do it daily, and he won't do it daily. Daily means for him every evening, and every evening the worry of finding the book, and remembering the totals, and being quizzed by his wife for his little wastefulnesses, and feeling as if he were the most extravagant of mankind increases on him till at last he accepts the Duke's odd alternative, looks at the accounts “‘ when convenient,” and finds that the only convenient day is the day on which his banker's account makes him fancy himself half ruined. Then he will look sharp enough, and finally decide that too many scrubbing-brushes have been bought, and that his wife's milliner is really intolerable, but after the fractious fit,—which a wise wife will meet by offering to change wax for composition, or something else which would save sixpen¢e a twelvemonth,—the accounts are no better kept than before. Is it quite so certain that they should be? We are inclined to suspect that as society is now organized in great towns the opinion in favour of private accounts,—for though nobody keeps them everybody admires those who pretend to do it,—is a mere super- stition. People are deceived by a false analogy between private and business accounts. A tradesman who did not keep his books would probably soon be in trouble—though Messrs, Coleman, Turquand, and Young’s clerks could probably give some old information on that point —but a tradesman’s books have a mean- ing which private account-books have not. If well kept they really afford some inkling of the whole state of affairs, which house- hold books never do. Their main object is to remind the trades- man of the wasting away of his stock and the sums he is to receive to supply the deficiencies, but private books never show either loss or liabilities. Nobody puts down his income except under legal pressure, or his bank balance, or the bills that will come in at Christmas, or anything else that has the smallest real bearing on his affairs. He would not do it even if he thought of it, lest the servants should find his book lying about, and he does not as a rale think of it. lis object is to put down the items of his cash outlay, and those only, a process utterly delusive, and serving only, like any other troublesome process, as an opiate to the economical conscience, What is the use of gravely recording—tailor so many pounds, eab hire so many shillings, charity so many pence, when there are the milliner’s bill, and the coachmaker's little account, and the poor relation’s supplication all left out, and all just as sure to come in? The wife’s book is useful to her because it consists only of pay- ments which ought week by week to bear some comparison with previous ones, but the husband's is simply a fret, telling him nothing worth knowing, and keeping up a perpetual recognition of that process of bleeding money which people with incomes have in great towns to submit to, happy if ouly the hour of exhaustion never comes. Worry, or, as the country folk call it in their much more racy dialect, “ worrit,” is something in the balance even against economy, and as against mere book-keeping weighs it utterly down. Of course real book-keeping might be useful, and men might if they chose keep their household books as complete as the books of a business, but if they do we cannot wish them joy of their lives. They will find book-keeping without clerks an occu- with incomes ranging from ten thousand a year upwards, to keep | pation only to be compared in tedium with listening to music one

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210 SPECTATOR. [February 25, 1865. THE doos not understand, and will probably end as a business friend of ours once did. His notion of the end of business was not a bank balance but books, and when in the Bankruptey Court the Com- missioner complimented him on his accounts he came out quite radiant, and rather disposed to exult over people so ‘+ unbusiness- like” that they cared about nothing but profit. But surely there must be accounts even in private houses ? Cer- tainly there must, and let the banker who understands how to keep them properly, keep them for you. The man who, having more than three huudred a year, does not keep a banking account i1o23 not deserve to be solvent. That datum once grantel, every- thing is easy, accounts included. Let the sufferer who wants to be thrifty and cannot bear domestic arithmetic, i. e., five English income-tax payers out of every six, first allowance himself for his personal petty outlay, and then pay every account, his wife's weckly requirements included, by cheque payable only to order. If the sum is less than a pound let his wife pay it, but over that let him pay by cheque, and cheque only. He need have no shame- facedness about the number of his drafts presented at the bank, for the advantage is not on his side, ‘The calm impudence with which bankers keep and use a few thousands of small accounts, amounting in the aggregate to millions, as if they were doing a favour to their customers by refusing them interest, is impudence merely, never to be encouraged except when the bank takes trouble off those customers’ hands. Let the householder examine that bank book once a month, and he will know far more about his affairs than any book he is likely to keep accurately will teach him, for he will have the business data, receipts, expenses, stock, and waste of stock. Most men know pretty nearly their own income and the dates on which it comes in, and the bank book will show every- thing else—wife’s demands, sums paid to tradesmen, and sum left to get along with until the next day of receipt. But liabilities? Why should he have any ? There is no reason whatever why any man sol- vent and living in a city should ever have a bill running for more than aweek. ‘Tradesmenare only too delighted to find that a customer nwans ready money, and serve him better in fifty ways, the most ac- ceptable one being that he gets a distinct preference in his choice of the goods, and is never put off with unsaleable stock. 'The very few items which, like rent and taxes, cannot be paid weekly are fixed amounts, as easily remembered as the income. With weekly pay- meuts, a fixed allowance for the husband's waste, a cheque to the wife instead of cash, and cheques to everybody else, private accounts become a worrying delusion. If the middle-class man has the nerve to go one step further and mount his establishment on a scale just one-third less than he can well afford, he may go on through life free from three-fourths of the pecuniary annoyances which make up so large a portion of English household trials. We do not mean that he should save the money unless he needs it. He may spend it, but the difference between his stated income and inevitable expenditure will always keep him easy. ‘It is not,” said an old lady one day, “it is not the house, my dear, which ruins me, or the carriage, or the servants; it is the scrub-brushes, my dear!” and most men, interpreting the scrub-brushes merely as the accidental demands which always recur, will think that old lady wise. THE KERRS.—(CONCLUDED.) R' IBERT KERR, of Ancrum, had from his father, July 20, 1538, a charter of the third part of the lands of Dirleton, and another of the lands of Woodhead in Overancrum, in feu-farm from the Abbot of Jedburgh, July 7, 1542, and also a charter of the lands of Newton, in the barony of Bedrule, November 17, 1586. He died in February, 1588, and was succeeded by his son, William Kerr of Ancrum, who, as we have seen, was assassinated by Robert Ker of Cessford in 1590. Archbishop Spottiswoode greatly laments his premature death, describing him as ‘‘a man generally well given, wise, of great courage, and expert beyond others in the laws and customs of the Borders.” His eldest son, Sir Robert Kerr of Ancrum, was a man of considerable accomplishments and much refinement of mind. He was born about the year 1578, and at an early period of life obtained a considerable share of Court favour, being first nominated to a high position in the household of Prince Henry, which was formed on a scale of lavish magnificence, and after his death being placed about the person of Prince Charles, with whom he soon formed congenial tastes for the fine arts. In 1620 he had the misfortune to kill at Newmarket, in a duel which had been forced upon him, a young man named Charles Maxwell, whose brother was a member of the King’s family, and though Maxwell's own friends are said to have acquitted him of all blame, he was fowced to fly to Holland, where he remained about a year. During his exile he employed himself in collecting pictures, which he brought back with him and ultimately presented to Charles. On the 21st of August, 1611, he had had a charter of the lands of Whitchester ; on the 20th of June, 1625, he had another of Jedwart- field, and the right of patronage of the parish of Ancrum, and on the 14th of January, 1632, of the barony of Langnewton. On the accession of Charles he was made one of the Gentlemen of the Bedchamber. He had married first Elizabeth, daughter of Sir John Murray, of Blackbarony, by whom he had a son, William, and after her death, through the mediation of Charles, he married the Lady Anne Stanley, only surviving daughter of William, sixth Earl of Derby, by whom he had several daughters and one son, Charles. His eldest son, William, married, as we have had occasion to mention, Anne, Countess of Lothian (and heiress of a Cessford branch), and was created Karl of Lothian on the 5th of October, 1631. Sir Robert himself, at the King’s coronation in Scotland, was on the 24th of June, 1633, also raised to the peerage, under the titles of Earl of An- crum and Lord Kerr of Nisbet, Langnewton, and Dolphingstoun, with remainder of the same to his heirs male by his second marriage, which failing, to his other heirs male, and their heirs male for ever. He adhered to the King’s side during the Civil War, although his two sons joined the opposite party. After the King’s death he took refuge in Holland, and there passed the remainder of his days in solitude and poverty, though keeping up a continual correspondence with his family, and devoting his time to study and composition. A sonnet of his, “in praise of a solitary life,” is found among the works of Drummond the poet, to whom it was sent with a letter, and considering the circum- stances under which it was probably composed, as well as its own merits, it is worthy of attention. It runs as follows :— “ Sweet solitary life! lovely dumb joy, That needs no warnings how to grow more wise By other men’s mishaps, nor the annoy Which from sore wrongs done to one’s self doth rise. The morning’s second mausion, truth’s first friend, Never acquainted with the world’s vain broils, Where the whole day to our own use we spend, And our dear time no fierce ambition spoils! Most happy state, that never takest revenge For injuries received, nor dost fear The Court's great earthquake, the grieved truth of change, Nor more of falsehood’s savoury lies dost hear, Nor knows hope’s sweet disease that charms our sense, Nor his sad cure, dear-bought experience ! R. K. A.” The Earl died at Amsterdam in 1654, at the age of seventy-six. [lis son by his second marriage, Charles, Lord Kerr, who succeeded his father as second Earl of Ancrum, espoused the cause of the Covenant, and entered the Long Parliament as a ‘ recruiter” for the borough of St. Michael in Cornwall. He was also returned for Wigan in Lancashire in 1660, and represented it till 1689, speak- ing frequently. He had a pension of 500/. a year, sat in the Par- liament of Scotland in 1681, but dying without issue, his titles devolved on the then Earl of Lothian. His brother William, Earl of Lothian, adhered with great zeal to the Covenant in 1638, was in the Scotch army which invaded England in 1640, and on the capture of Newcastle was constituted governor of that town, In 1641 he was appointed one of the four commissioners of the ‘Treasury, and the same year was sent to consult with the English Parliament about quelling the Irish rebellion, and in !642 had the command of a regiment for that purpose, with which he weut over to Ireland. On the Sth of November, 1642, he had a charter of the lordship of Jedburgh. In 1643 he was sent by the Privy Council, with the King’s approbation, to make some propositions to- the French Court respecting Scotch privileges, and on his return waited on the King at Oxford, where he was detained by Charles’s order on suspicion of treachery, and was committed close prisoner to Bristol Castle. Here he remained several months, till released on petition from the Committee of Estates. He now joined the party of Argyll in Scotland, and held a joint command with him against Montrose in 1644. He was president of the committee sent by Parliament to the King with propositions for peace in December, 1646, which were refused by Charles. Burnet says of him that “he knew the King very well, and loved him little.” He proteste] against Hamilton's. «“ Engagement ” in 1648, oecupiel Edinburgh during his march into England, and joined Argyll in welcoming Cromwell into Scotland. He was in 1649 appointed Secretary of State in place of the Earl of Lanark. He was sent by the Scottish Parliament to remonstrate and protest against the proposed execution of Charles, and being very zealous in his efforts to raise a party against that proceeding, was put under arrest and sent with a

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February 25, 1865.] THE SPECTATOR. 211 to Gravesend, and thence to Scotland. On his return thither he was thanked by Parliament, and sent along with the Earl of Casselis to Breda in 1649, to invite Prince Charles into Scotland. He afterwards acquiesced in the Protectorate, and sur- yiving the Restoration, died in 1675. He was succeeded as fourth Earl of Lothian by his eldest son, Robert, who as we have seen, in 1692 succeeded to the representation of the male line of the Ifouse of Kerr of Fernihirst. In 1673 he had distinguished himself as a volunteer in the Dutch war, and had in 1678 a new patent of the Earldom of Lothian to him and | the heirs male of his body, and was sworn a Privy Councillor January 4, 1686. He espoused, however, the cause of the evolution, was made a Privy Councillor by William IIL, and Justice-General, and was Iligh Commissioner to the Assembly of the Church in 1692. On the 23rd of June, 1701, he had a patent of the dignity of Marquis of Lothian to him and the heirs male of his body, which failing, to the other heirs of entail succeeding to him in his estate. He died February 15,1703. He had married Lady Jean Campbell, second daughter of the Marquis of Argyll, and was succeeded by his eldest son by her, William, second Marquis of Lothian, who supported the Revolution of '89, in 1692 suc- ceeded to the lordship of Jedburgh, and had a charter of the lands of Nether-Chatto in Roxburghshire in 1695, sat in the Parliament of Scotland as Lord Jedburgh,and had acommission in 1696 as Colo- nel of the 11th Dragoons and afterwards of the 3rd Regiment of Foot Guards, and in 1708 ranked as a lieutenant-general in the army. He is thus described by a contemporary at the time of his succes- sion to the Marquisate :—‘ He hath abundance of fire, and may prove himself a man of business when he applies himself that way ; laughs at all revealed religion, yet sets himself up as a pillar of presbytery, being very zealous, though not devout. He is brave in his person, loves his country and his bottle ; a thorough liber- tine; very handsome; black, with a fine eye; forty-five years old.” He was very active for the Union, and a warm supporter of the Whig party. At the election of representative peers for Scot- land in 1708 he was returned, but after a prolonged investigation unseated for informalities in the giving of the votes, and the Mar- quis of Annandale substituted for him. In 1713 the Tory admin- istration deprive! him of the command of his regiment of Foot Guards, He was chosen one of the representative peers of Scotland in 1715, and was major-general on the staff in Scotland. He died in London on the 28th of February, 1722. He had married his cousin, Lady Jean Campbell, daughter of Archibald, Earl of Argyll (beheaded in 1685), while the family were under attainder and in deep poverty, ‘‘ purely out of a principle of honour, be- lieving they suffered wrongfully.” By her he had five children, and he was succeeded by his only son, William, third Marquis of Lothian, who during his father’s lifetime sat and voted as Lord Jed- burgh. He was elected one of the representative peers for Scotland in 1731, and sat in that capacity for thirty years. He was High Commissioner from 1732 to 1738, and in 1739 was appointed Lord Clerk-Register of Scotland, but resigned it in 1756, and died at Lothian House, Edinburgh, July 28, 1767, and was buried at New- battle Abbey. Ilis second son, Lord Robert Kerr, was killed while still a youth in the battle of Culloden, in resisting a charge of the Chevalier’s men which had broken his regiment. His elder brother, William Henry, succeeded as fourth Marquis of Lothian, He had chosen the army as « profession, and rose ultimately to the rank of General. He was aide-de-camp to the Duke of Cumberland at the battle of Fontenoy, where he was severely wounded, commanded the cavalry on the left wing at the battle of Culloden, and after that battle had the command of all the forces at Aberdeen and on the east coast of Scotland till August, 1746. He then, in December, 1746, accompanied the Duke of Cumberland back to the Continent, and in 1758 served as Lieutenant-General to the Duke of Marlborough in his inglorious expedition to the coast of France. In 1747 he was elected member for Richmond in the English House of Commons, and sat for it till 1763, when the Earl of Holdernesse, whose pocket-borough it was, sold his estate there to Sir Lawrence Dundas, ancestor of the present Earl of Zetland. Guards, Life Guards, and other regiments. He was elected one of the representative peers for Scotland in 1778, and re-chosen, 1780 and 1784. On the Regency Bill in 1788 he took the Whig side in favour of full powers to the Prince Regent, and signed the protest to that effect in December. For this, on the King’s recovery, he was removed from his comman( in the Life Guards, which raised a discussion in the House of Commons, March 17, 1789. ILlowever, on October 23, 1798, he was appointed to the Coloneley of the 11th Dragoons (often held by mem- bers of his family), and ranked as general from May, 1796. He died in 1815. His third son, Lord Mark Robert Kerr, married Charlotte, daughter of the Marquis of Autrim, and subse- quently herself Countess of Antrim, and his second son by her, Mark, is the present Earl of Antrim. Lord Mark’s eldest brother, William, succeeled as sixth Marquis of Lothian, and died April 27, 1824. Ife was made a peer of the United Kingdom in 1821 as Baron Kerr of Kersheugh. Ilis second wife was a daughter of Henry, third Duke of Buccleuch, a renewal of the old connection with the Scotts, but she was not the mother of his eldest son and successor, John William Robert, seventh Marquis. ‘This latter nobleman joined the ‘Tory party as one of the majority who rejected the first Reform Bill in the House of Lords, and on the formation of Sir Robert Peel’s ministry in 1841 he was appointed Captain of the Yeomen of the Guard. He had not entered on his duties when he died, November 14 in that year. He married the only daughter of the late Earl Talbot, and his elder son and successor, William Schomberg Robert, eighth and present Marquis, has also married his cousin, the Lady Constance Talbot, daughter of the present Earl Shrewsbury and Talbot. The present Marquis, a Tory in politics, is a man of considerable literary acquirements, but is prevented by ill-health from taking an active part in political life. TORONTO AND WASHINGTON, [From our SreciAL CorresPonpENt. | New York, February 4, 1865. Nerrner Mr. Seward nor General Grant commanding my atten- tion this week, I am at liberty to bring to that of my readers a subject which grows out of my letter upon the release of the St. Alban’s robbers. As that letter has provoke 1 alverse comment in two prominent London papers besides the Spectator itself, and has also brought me during the past week a kind and candid remonstrance from a highly esteemed correspondent in the same quarter, I presume that I may make it the occasion of remark without fear that the topic at least will be uninteresting to my readers, And fitst let me say that one of my censors, while speak- ing of these letters in a tone of compliment which I acknowledge with pleasure, makes the great mistake of supposing that they are “intended to recommend the cause of the North to the sympa- thies of Englishmen,” and that my private correspondent falls into the same error. The honour of regularly addressing the readers of the Spectator came to me unsought, and is due to the merest accident ; and my letters have but one object—to tell that part of the British public which they reach something that Europe rarely hears about this country—the truth. If what they tell does recommend their cause to the sympathies of their readers, no one will be so well pleased as their writer ; but if not, he and those for whom he ventures to speak must even rest content, and do as well as they can without the favour which, if it were spontaneously given, they would be happy in receiving. As to the feelings and purposes of the pzople of this country in regard to such matters as the release of the St. Alban’s raiders and the building and sailing of the Alabama, concerning which I wrote so frankly, after recon- sidering the subject in the light of all that has been said upon it, I see no gool reason for pronouncing those feelings and purposes unjustifiable. All that I said is summed up in this sentence, which I quote from my letter :—‘‘ If other nations will not or cannot protect us against the people whom they harbour, they have no right to complain that we take thorough measures to protect our- selves,” and to this I will add, even if such protection involves a temporary trespass upon their sovereignty, like that which Sir Lord Jedburgh had married in 1735 the Lady Catherine D'Arcy, only daughter of the Earl of Holdernesse, and great-granddaughter of Frederick, Duke of Schomberg (William III.’s favourite, killed at the battle of the Boyne), and of Charles Louis, Elector Palatine. On | | enter upon a discussion of right and wrong too elementary to be J . . . 4 the occasion of this marriage he dropped the title of Lord Jedburgh, Walter Scott in Quentin Durward compares to the snatching of a shield for defence against sudden peril by a man who has no right to its bearings. With one who disputes the tenability of that posi- tion on the ground of essential injustice, I should be obliged to and assumed that of Earl of Ancrum. After succeeding his father | fit for the columns of the Spectator, though perhaps too profound a8 Marquis he was chosen in 1768 one of the representative peers for Scotland, and died April 12, 1775. He was succeeded by his only son, William John, fifth Marquis of Lothian. He also chose the | for my capacity. By two of my censors my letter is held up as a confirmation of that lack of deference to law with which ‘* Federal America” is army as a@ profession, and had several commissions in the Foot ; continually reproached by British journalists. No accusation could

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212 THE SPECTATOR. [February 25, 1865, show a more radical misconception of the character of the people of the Free States of this Republic. Among them the deference to law is universal and absolute. Even Fernando Wood, the worst, the boldest, and the most reckless demagogue which the demoraliz- ing influences of slavery and foreign immigration have bred among us, in his most desperate struggle for power, which he carried to the extent of resisting by violence the establishment of the metropolitan police, did it under pretence of law ; and when the Court decided against him he submitted at once, knowing that although 59,000 Irishmen would have sustained him, and that the whole Democratic party wished him well, his cause was hopeless, and that if he had persisted he would have been left alone with his foreign-born But it is international law which we are accused of disregarding. What is international law? By what authority is it imposed? What is the penalty of its violation? Fora law not emanating from a competent authority, and without a pre- scribed penalty, which there is a power able to exact, is, I take it, deficient in two most essential qualifications. But there is, fortu- nately for the world, a code, so called and not very clearly defined, of international comity, to which civilized nations have agreed to conform, and which is binding so long as its obligations are mu- tually observed. The letter, that is the limit, of this so-called law is, I venture to say, yet quite unsettled ; but its spirit is clearly dis- cernible. It is mutual respect for national rights and national sove- reiguty. Now the people of this country have, with reason or with- out (for remember I am but telling you the facts of the case), become thoroughly convinced that by two of the nations of Kurope, and most particularly by Great Britain, their nationality is treated with deliberate disrespect, in fact set at naught and derided, while they as a people are treated with studied contumely and contempt. They see certain men standing up for their right to be treated with ordinary consideration ; and the justice and boldness of these men command their admiration, and would, if they felt that they were receiving a favour, win their gratitude. But as yet they find that these enlightened and true-hearted men have made but little change in a policy which began at least two generations ago. ‘They feel, whether with reason or without, that they have receivel only wrong from the Government and insult from the larger and the more influential part of the people of the mother country; and that being themselves always willing to do more than justice, they obtained a grudging justice only when they were able to make Great Britain see that injustice would be imprudence. ‘They may be very wrong in feeling thus, but so they felt in the past generation, and the events of the last few years have revived that feeling with all its former bitterness. Iteis this state of the public mind here which produces what my private corres- pondent deplores as ‘‘ the defiant tone” toward Great Britain, in which the building and sailing of the Alabama and the St. Alban’s affair and kindred matters are spoken of by our members of Con- gress, our officers, our journalists, and, I admit, occasionally in these letters, which otherwise would not truthfully represent the feeling of the country. The material injury which we received from the Alabama and the St. Alban’s raiders was of course a matter of the gravest importance, and one against which it behoved us to protect ourselves by all means in our power. But the injury touched the hearts of the people not so much as the wrong. It was not merely because the 4labama was built in, and put to sea from, a British port that this country flamed with indignation ; it was because the people thought they had reason to believe that no earnest efforts were made to stop her. It was not because tlie St. Alban’s raiders came from Canada that Dix’s orders received such hearty approbation, but because the people thought that there was very good reason for believing that the raiders were harboured and encouraged there, and found coufirmation of that opinion in the judicial discharge of the robbers, and the restoration to them by a chief of police of the stolen money. They remembered that in like circumstances, and in former though not distant years, they had not stood upon questions of sovereignty and municipal law; that the plea of necessity for the prevention of a hostile descent had been admitted as a justification for the cutting- out of a steamer from one of our ports; and that, in the words of Mr. Macdonald a few days since in the Canadian Parliament, “finding at that time that the law of the United States was in- sufficient for checking inroads into Canada, Congress passed an exceptional Act to meet those circumstances, to exist for a period of two years.” Remembering this, they thought that they hada right not to a mere perfunctory performance of strict official duty, supporters. General but to such earnest and special measures as the Canadian Parlia- ment has at last taken. They thought that they saw no disposition to take such measures on the part of the British home Govern- ment, and therefore it was that their own Government, kuowing that it would be heartily sustained by them, directed its Minister to say that, whatever the laws of Great Britain might be, the departure of the rebel rains would be taken as a declaration of war. ‘They knew in all this—for they are neither uninstructed nor foolhardy—that they were risking a war with the most power- ful Government, and one of the bravest and most determined peoples in the worll—a war that might possibly result in their national destruction. But even that did not deter them, because they feel that life itself may be bought too dearly. They have | been brought to the conclusion that it is useless to reason, to argue, to expect friendliness, or even justice, from the British nation, but that their only way is to determine upon a just course, demand what they themselves are willing to give, and then announce their determination, act up to it, and take the conseyjuences. In this conclusion they may be wrong. I, for one, am most heartily , willing to believe that they are. But in julging their words and | their acts, and in dealing with them, the feeling and the belief | in question are essential to be taken into consideration. | And now why is it that these most deplorable relationsshould exist between two such nations? Why is it that, to use a homely simile, | other people can steal our sheep with more impunity than the British | people can look over our fence? It is constantly repeate] by some | of your writers that the cause is the want of sympathy in your governing classes with our Government in its present struggle; and even my private correspondent seems to think that that has some- | thing to do with the question of favour shown to the South, and | that the existence of what he calls a Northern party, most estim- able, highly cultivated, and of growing influence, ought to be received in mitigation. Another great mistake. ‘This is the present occasion of the manifestation of the feeling, but not its ultimate cause. ‘The people here recognize the right of private or of a public judgment in this matter, as in all others. If an indi- vidual, a party, or a nation, think that the slaveholders have the better cause, and choose to say so, and if they do not like a demo- cratic government, and choose to say so, the people here may be disappointed, and may be more disappointed in the case of some nations than in that of others, but they are not so foolish as to call individuals, much less governments, to account therefore. What causes them to be defiant in tone and ready to resent to the extreme the slightest infraction of their most technical right, is not the expression of an opinion in favour of the men who began this war because they feared that they would be denied the right to carry slavery into free territory, but what they regard as deliberate disrespect of their nationality and malicious mis- representation and abuse of the whole nation. ‘They know that the British Government is, no less than their own, a representa- tive and a responsible Government ; and it is to the British Par- liament, and yet more to the British people, that they look to dis- cover the real animus of the British nation. ‘Vhey believe that animus to have been for two generations one of enmity and want of respect. ‘They think that the Edinburgh Review was not with- out reason when it confessed in 1808 that ‘‘ No small part of the English nation looked with feelings of peculiar hostility towards the people to whom they bear the nearest resemblance, and will- ingly abet their rulers in treating them with less respect and less cordiality than any other nation. Neither the Government nor the people of this country,” the writer adds, “have forgiven America for having made herself independent, and the lowest calumnies and the grossest abuse are daily employed by a Court fac- tion to keep alive the most vulgar prejudices.” ‘They think that the attribution by the same review in 1812 of the war of that year to the “insolent, petulant, and preposterous tone” adopted towards this country was justified by the facts. In their julgment such passages as the following, written to please the cultivated society of Oxford, and published in The Gentleman's Magazine in 1815, and which is but a fair example (I speak with knowledge) of what may be found scattered broadcast upon the leaves of hundreds of books published between that date and this, is calumnious and abusive. ‘In that country, Astraea is not a virgin, but a virago; some- times, as report goes, she is a drunkard, sometimes even a thief. . . + Every man thinks what he pleases and does what he pleases. ‘The young men spurn the restraint of laws and of man- ners ; his own inclination is there every man’s sutlicient diploma. Bridewell and the stews supply them with senators, aud their respectable Chief Justice is a worthless scoundrel. . . . The highest praise of a merchant is his skillin lying. ‘Then their amuse- ments! ‘T'o gouge out the eye with the thumb, to skin the forehead, to bite off the nose, and to kill the man, is an admirable joke. . . | Let the ruined man, the impious wretch, the outlaw, praise America.” A British merchant, Mr. Hodgson, who wrote in 1824 one of the few candid and decorous books which have been written

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February 25, 1865.] THE SPE CTATOR. 213 upon this country, and yet far from being free from censure, records that he dined here at Niagara ‘‘ with some English gentle- men,” whose nationality he knew by “ their English prejudices,” adding, “their prejudices were evinced by the most pitiful, bigoted, and ill-natured remarks respecting their neighbours the Do you tell the people of this country that these Americans.” They will reply | calumnies and this disrespect are of the past ? that they remember hearing them in their own youth, and that now in their manhood popular London books and widely circulated and most influential London journals are filled with them ; and they remember that it was only yesterday that a leading London journal pronounced them ‘a nuisance among the nations,” and | | | that a member of Parliament publicly called them in the presence | of a Cabinet Minister “the scum of the earth,” and without | rebuke. But if ever the time comes, as come it will, that John Bull will hold out his hand to Brother Jonathan and say, ¢¢T have been mistaken, I am sorry. Let bygones be bygones ; and let our intercourse and bearing hereafter be marked by mutual respect,” Iam half ashamed, and yet I should be wholly proud, to confess that he will find us heartily willing to accept what he heartily offers. And here this subject passes for ever from this correspondence. A YANKEE, ARTISTIC CONSIDERATIONS ON THE NEW COURTS OF JUSTICE. {TuEsE observations we have received from one of our oldest cor- respondents—one whose duty for near half a century has been Law, and whose recreation Art—a witness on nearly all the committees and commissions which have sat on the subject of Court concen- tration since 1840.—Eb. Spectator] HE Times is desirous to divert the proposed Palace of Justice from its natural site,—which unquestionably is between Lincoln’s Inn and the Temples,—to some part of the Thames Em- bankment. On the esthetic side of the question Mr. Vincent Scully has thrown out this scheme in Parliament. On the 7th and 23rd inst. two letters, signed “ S.,” advocating the same view, ap- peared in our coutemporary’s columns. And on the philanthropic side of the question Mr. Walter has moved for returns of the num- ber of inhabitants who will, should the 300 requisite houses be taken down, be turned out of quarters,—we can hardly say out of house and home, if we consider the disreputable character of the houses in question. On the philanthropic view of the case we do not propose now to speak, but will confine ourselves to the observation that Mr. Walter had better ask for twenty-four returns, one for the number of inhabitants at each hour of the twenty-four. Such returns would give us a curious insight into the peripatetic cha- racter of the so-called inmates. On the artistic view of this sub- ject it is clearly of great interest that public discussion should take place. ‘There can be no doubt that the daily enjoyment and to some extent the character of men is affeeted by the scenery (using the word in its widest sense) among which they live. In cities it is impossible but that the tastes, characters, and pleasures of the inhabitants should be much influence by the character of their city—and the architectural character of a metropolis doubtless has its bearing on the whole nation. What, then, is the true artistic way in which to proceed in the construction of great publie works, as instance] in the new Court of Justice? Certainly, first, every artist will tell us, we should most carefully study those necessities and conveniences of the Law and its suitors which the building is to supply, and should make them paramount to all other considerations. ‘These maturely con- sidered and determined,-—next we should determine the right situa- tion in which best to supply those necessities and conveniences. Thirdly,—we should then procure to have designed for us (exclud- ing all external or decorative considerations) the internal arrange- ments most perfectly adapted to this supply. In the present case these arrangements will essentially be as complicated as the most | complicated machine: and yet they must work as truly and as smoothly as the most perfect machine. And next (and so far as the essence of the affair goes, and almost so far as the art also goes, and when all the foregoing is done, and not before,) we must procure to have designed for this machine a truly fitting dress—a dress fitting in every sense of the word. What! it will be exclaimed, and no ornament, no decoration, € } can he act, and move, and do his work. rigidly in the order and subordination above set forth ; will, without any effort for ornament, essentially produce a work of the very highest order of architectural artistic merit, and we invite those who join issue with us on this affirmation to debate the point. We affirm, and on this we have on our side the enthusiastic concurrence of all the painters and sculptors and the best of our architects, that our English artistic shortcomings in our modern structures have mainly arisen from the order of procedure above insisted on not having been followed, and from the first competitions asked for being those which should have been prohibited till the end, namely, competitions rather as to what should be the skin of the building than what should be the thing itself. Let us travel | cursorily over the present ground: not quite in the order indicated, because the question of site is better at once disposed of and put out of our way. As to the situation, the Royal Commissioners were unanimous, | . * . and (save two or three Lincoln's Inn benchers, if so many) the whole legal profession to a man agrees with them, that the building must be so placed as to abut at once on the two Temples and on Lincoln's Inn, The Chambers of the Bar must be the wings of the Courts, and with the readiest access between them. Mr. Rolt put this point well in the House of Commons on Thursday, and the suitors and public are much indebted to the Benchers of the Inner Temple for the very wise and far-seeing petition they have presented to Parliament pointing in the same direction. This necessity of unimpeded access, makes the Carey-Street site the only admissible one. Moreover, the suitors are to pay every shilling of the cost, the public not a farthing, and therefore even if the Carey- Street site were less artistic, it would be hard to injure as well as tax the suitors merely to ornament the metropolis. In our opinion the Times might just as well have let this question alone. ; The interior arrangements of the building come next, and pre- sent a most difficult problem. ‘These arrangements form the muscles, sinews, and joints of the man; through and by them only The exterior is but his skin, or rather but his clothes. The Prometheus therefore must come next into the field, and last the tailor. At the foot of an able pamphlet on the subject just issued by the Social Science Asso- ciation is the following note :— “Assuming that the Bills are to bo passed at the ensuing Session, the proper arrangement of the details of the plans for best accommodating the various Courts and offices will be a matter of much difficulty, and require great attention from persons practically acquainted with the whole machinery of the Law. Nothing could be more fatal to the scheme than té place this duty in the hands of an architect, or of the Board of Works. It is therefore very satisfactory to find in the Treasury minutes the following passage :—‘It will be a subject for con- sideration hereafter whether it may not be expedient to appoint a Royal Commission to consider and report on the plans to be adopted for the accommodation of the several Courts.’ ” The amendment now introduced in the Bill by the Govern- ment shows they have determined to act on this advice. Let us assume it acted on and the machine devised in all its com- plications. Given, then, the most perfectly convenient site ; the most perfectly convenient arrangement and collocation of Courts, offices, passages, accesses, and appendages; given large and lofty rooms, surrounded perhaps by small and compara- tively low ones; lofty floors mixed up with mezzanines, public and private staircases almost innumerable; and to each office (or rather department) given also the power of future enlarge- ment and development, and that without need and occasion for any great future displacement of neighbouring ollices or depart- ments; then call in the architect, first to determine and provide for the internal structural necessities involved ; and then, and not till then, to clothe the whole with a fitting dress appropriate to its internal wants: the architect not only never sacrificing one of these wants to his facades; but accommodating, with a master-hand, his exterior to all these wants, and so doing this as to indicate at once by the very outside walls, the leading internal requirements of the building, and how they have been satisfied; and thus letting these requirements give the character and emphasis to it, just as the prominent points of the skeleton give the character and emphasis to the human figure, even when it is draped. A true architect would not mould the wants of the Law to his lesign, but mould his design so as to satisfy and enshrine all these wants ; and will treat them all (down to the smallest) with a deference almost reverential ; and this spirit of his, according to its ntensity, will be so embodied in his work as to raise a perpetual no beauty! No. We do not prohibit ornament if it be the adorn- | echo of his reverence, in us who are to look on. ‘The building ment of the useful. cally, that a thorough observance of the foregoing conditions ; | o But we venture to affirm, speaking wstheti- | should, we submit, rather be treated as the temple and sanctuary f Justice than as its palace. Designed in that spirit, it will tend

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214 THE SPECTATOR. [February 25, 1865. to heighten the respect of the public for Justice; and perchance the great men who are to minister therein may be led more and more to look on themselves as the priests of Justice, and less and less as its monarchs. A vast good this would be, but pass it by. In a work recently published called Z’he Gentleman’s Touse, occurs an expression which struck us as equal to Mr. Ruskin’s happiest phrases and more true than many of them. In advocat- ing the above as the true order of architectural procedure, the author, as far as we remember the words, spoke of it as the only method by which to realize those most captivating of all archi- tectural results, viz., those which arise from ‘‘ the happy irregulari- ties of unrestrained convenience.” BOOKS. —»— MATTHEW ARNOLD'S ESSAYs:* Mr. ARNOLD has few equals amongst the living writers of English prose ;—perhaps but one, whose style he has himself taken occasion to appreciate with his usual delicate insight, and no doubt without any suspicion that in pronouncing his eulogy upon it he was in reality also pronouncing the eulogy of his own,—we mean Dr. Newman. Yet the likeness is too striking to be overlooked by any who feel keenly the impression which the form, apart from the substance, of thought makes upon the mind of a reader. It may be thought that the resemblance is only such as deep draughts of the culture of Oxford received into sensitive and poetical natures would be sure to produce. But there is more resemblance than this would explain. The light and flexible precision of thought, the luminous line which every sentence seems to present without any use of high colour, the dislike of eccentricity and, as Mr. Arnold well terms it in relation to Dr. Newman, the “ urbanity ” lenis minimeque pertinax of their most trenchant judgments, the happy power of striking a clear key-note for every separate essay or lecture in which there is neither obscurity nor exag- geration, the easy play of the preparing intelligence, the severe edge of imperturbable dogma beneath, all mark a closer ap- proach in the manner of presenting thought to the public than any community of culture could account for. ‘True, there is in Mr. Arnold a slight tinge of consciousness, a faint in- tellectual elation which is entirely absent from Dr. Newman, and this for the very good reason that Mr. Arnold’s dogmatic intellec- tualism is self-evolved, while Dr. Newman’s dogmatic theology is taken up in the humility of self-abnegation. The leader of the in- tellectual ranks against the Philistinism of our century, must feel, and does feel, a deeper self-reliance than the leader who goes back to the Past almost expressly to avoid the semblance of setting up for himself, and whose deepest current of thought is disgust with nineteenth-century enlightenment and religious ‘ progress.’ There is a deeper and wider nature—a more liberal nature—in spite of his reactionary creed, at the source of Dr. Newman's powers of ex- pression than of Mr. Arnold's equally beautiful, equally delicate, but much thinner genius; but the resemblance is not to be mis- taken fora moment. ‘Take, for example, the following sentence, which, till we disclose its predecessor, would be instantly identified by any critic familiar with modern literature as belonging to some one of Dr. Newman’s numerous comments on the victory of divine weakness over human strength. ‘‘ Of this quality the world is impatient; it chafes against it, rails at it, insults it, hates it ; it ends by receiving its influence and undergoing its law.” What is this quality ? When we come to understand the passage, we see at once what is the difference in root between Dr. Newman’s mind and Mr. Arnold’s, and why there is so much of resemblance between their styles with such a world of thought between their principles. ‘The passage from which we took the sentence is one of Mr. Arnold's key-note passages, describing the characteristic powers of the new double star which has been recently discovered i the sky of French literature, Maurice and Eugénie de Guérin :— “She was very different from her brother; but she too, like him, had that in her which preserves a reputation. Her soul has the same characteristic quality as his talent,—distinction. Of this quality the world is impatient; it chafes against it, rails at it, insults it, hates it; it ends by receiving its influence, and by undergoing its law. This quality at last inexorably corrects the world’s blunders, and fixes the world’s ideals. It procures that the popular poet shall not finally pass for a Pindar, nor the popular historian for a Tacitus, nor the popular preacher for a Bossuet, To the circle of spirits marked by this rare quality, Maurice and Eugénie de Guérin belong ; they will take their place in the sky which these inhabit, and shine close to one another, lucida sidera,” The last two words have more than critical felicity, they are the happy application of a poet to express the essence of such minds as By Matthew Arnold, Professor of-Poetry in the University Loudon: Macmillan. * Essays in Criticism. of Oxford. those of Maurice and Eugénie de Guérin. ‘“ Lucida sidera” describe them as nothing else would, and reiterate, too, without repeating Mr. Arnold’s key-note—the idea of ‘distinction.’ But that he should apply such language as this to purely intellectual ‘ distinction,’ is, to use another of Dr. Newman’s expressions, the characteristic ‘ note’ of his thought,—which aims consistently and permanently at establishing what we may call a school of intellectual conscience,— at answering the question “ what ought we to prefer in intellectual things ?”—and not only at answering this question, but almost at trying to show that the intellectual discriminations of high culture are more certain, more capable of demonstration, more worthy of dogmatic elaboration, than even the moral discriminations. ‘l'hus in one of his essays, where he is contrasting the French width with the English limitation of mind, he says :— “1789 asked of a thing, Is it rational? 1642 asked of a thing, Is it legal ? or, when it went furthest, Is it according to conscience? ‘This ig the English fashion ; a fashion to be treated, within its own sphere, with the highest respect ; for its success, within its own sphere, has been prodigious. But what is law in one place, is not law in another; what is law here to-day, is not law even here to-morrow; and as for conscience, what is binding on one man’s conscience is not binding on another's ; the old woman who threw her stool at the head of the surpliced minister in St. Giles’s Church at Edinburgh obeyed an impulse to which millions of the human race may be permitted to remain strangers. But the prescriptions of reason are absolute, unchang- ing, of universal validity.” If we were discussing Mr. Arnold's doctrine we might point out the unfairness of contrasting the dictate of an uncultivated conscience with the dictate of a cultivated reason,—but we are not discussing it, only trying to show the root of Mr. Arnold's dog- matism, and the point at which that finest expression of literary character, his prose style, diverges from the prose style of Dr. New- man. But there is another resemblance not quite so close as that of the Juminous, urbane, delicately expressed dogmatism, but still remarkable, in the style of Mr. Arnold’s and Dr. Newman’s irony, both of which tend to run into caricature. Mr, Arnold, laughing at spick and span “religions of the future,” says, not without rea} humour,— “These works often have much ability; they often spring out of sincere convictions, and a sincero wish to do good; and they sometimes, perhaps, do good. Their fault is (if I may be permitted to say so) one which they have in common with the British College of Health, in the New Road. Every one knows the British College of Health ; it is that building with the lion and the statue of the Goddess Hygeia before it ; at least, I am sure about the lion, though I am not absolutely certain about the Goddess Hygeia. This building does credit, perhaps, to the resources of Dr. Morrison and his disciples ; but it falls a good deal short of one’s idea of what a British College of Health ought to be. In England, where we hate public interference and love individual enter- prise, we have a whole crop of places like the British College of Health; the grand name without the grand thing. Unluckily, creditable to individual enterpriso as they are, they tend to impair our taste by muking us forget what more grandiose, noble, or beautiful character properly belongs to a public institution. The same may be said of the religions of the future of Miss Cobbe and others.” Which reminds one strongly of many of the ironical passages in Dr. Newman’s lectures to Anglicans ;—take this, for example, almost at random :— “The idea, then, of the so-called Anglo-Catholic divines was simply and absolutely submission to an external authority; to it they appealed, to it they betook themselves; there they found a haven of rest; thence they looked out upon the troubled surge of human opinion, and upon the crazy vessels which were labouring, without chart or compass, upon it. Judge, then, of their dismay when, according to the Arabian tale, on their striking their anchors into the supposed soil, lighting their fires on it, and fixing in it the poles of their tents, suddenly their island began to move, to heave, to splash, to frisk to and fro, to dive, and at last to swim away, spouting out inhospitable jets of water upon the credulous mariners who had made it their home.” And from both writers we could produce passages in which the reins, always kept upon their thought, are abandoned to their sense of the ludicrous, and the usual dignity of their style is lost in the extravagance of their caricature. Of such passages there are two or three not without some fun in the amusing preface to this little volume, as, for example, the following ironical criticism on the Philistines of the press :— “ Yes, the world will soon be the Philistines’; and then, with every voice not of thunder silenced, and the whole earth filled and ennobled every morning by the magnificent roaring of the young lions of the Daily Telegraph, we shall all yawn in one another's faces with the dis- mallest, the most unimpeachable gravity. No more vivacity then! my hexameters, and dogmatism, and scoffs at the Divorce Court, will all have been put down; I shall be quite crest-fallen. But does Mr. Wright imagine that there will be any more place, in that world, for his heroic blank-verse Homer than for my paradoxes? If he does, he deceives himself, and knows little of the Palatine Library of the future. A plain edifice, like the British College of Health enlarged: inside, a light, bleak room, with a few statues; Dagon in the centre, with our English Caabah, or Palladium of enlightenment, the hare’s stomach ; around, a few leading friends of humanity or fathers of British philo- sophy ;—Goliath, the great Bentham, Presbyter Anglicanas our

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February 25, 1865.] THE SPE CTATOR. 215 eE_— 5 jntellectual deliverer Mr. James Clay, and... yes! with the | seems to me that the right sphere for Shelley's genius was the sphere embarrassed air of a late convert, the editor of the Saturday Review. | of music, not of poetry; the medium of sounds he can master, but to Many a shre ; ; editor; many a bad half-hour has he made them pass; but in his old age he has mended his courses, and declares that his heart has always in the right place, and that he is at bottom, however appearances been 1 ; 2 : - may have been against him, staunch for Goliath and ‘the most logical wd nip has he in old days given to the Philistines, this | master the more difficult medium of words he has neither intellectual force enough nor sanity enough.” Here Mr. Arnold seems to us to have carefully prepared a general definition of poetical excellence expressly in order to exclude nation inthe whole world.’ Then, for the book-shelves. There will be | a particular poet to whom his own somewhat special intellectual found on them a monograph by Mr. Lowe on the literature of the ancient | Scythians, to revenge them for the iniquitous neglect with which the Greeks treated them; there will be Demosthenes, because he was like Mr. Spurgeon: but, else, from all the lumber of antiquity they will be free. Everything they contain will be modern, intelligible, improving ; Joyce's Scientific Dialogues, Old Humphrey, Rentham's Deontology, Little Dorrit, Mangnall’s Questions, The Wide Wide World, D' I ffunger’s Speeches, Beecher’s Sermons ;—a library, in short, the fruit of a happy marriage between the profound philosophic reflection of Mr. Clay, and the healthy natural taste of Inspector Tanner.” Is there not, as Mr. Arnold says of a great contemporary writer, just a grain of fatuity—* of that failure in good sense which comes from too warm a self-satisfaction,’—in this? It reminds us of some of the passages in Dr. Newman's lectures on Catholicism, where the great theologian’s contempt for the prejudices of the limited Protestant Philistine, bursts the bounds of irony and passes into broad farce. This tendency to lose hold of the reins where they are delineating not what they think worthy of answer, but what they think worthy only of scorn, is an incident of the dogmatic temper when it attempts to dramatize imbecility. As Mr. Arnold's dogmatism is based less on deep conviction and more upon taste and insight than Dr. Newman’s, the resulting style has in it more flavour of personalfty, more that is arbitrary and despotic, more that seems to rest on the mood, less that rests upon the unalterable conviction of the writer. Hence it chafes its victims more with a false semblance of superciliousness, though it isnot more caustic in itself. The point where Mr. Arnold’s prose style branches off from Dr. Newman's is the point where a purely intellectual imagination branches off from a moral and spiritual imagination. Mr. Arnold quotes from Goethe that to act is so easy, while it is so hard to think truly, and the whole colour of his style transmits, if we may so speak, the impulse or effort to think apart from the disturbing influence of action. ‘This thins the whole imaginative sphere of his mind, and even his poetry is written in the intellectual plane, and strives to crystallize its thought wholly in that plane, without permitting the perturbations of practical life to influence it there. This is manifest everywhere on the very surface of Mr. Arnold’s writings, both in prose and verse, and we take it to exercise, on the whole, whether it be due to original genius or to deliberate purpose, a clarifying, but not an enlarging influence on his criticism. What he does see is exquisitely distinctly defined, but he excludes so much of which he cannot clearly define the influence, that many of his criticisms are thin. Dr. Newman’s secret axiom that those thoughts must be true which are necessary for the highest actions, is the root no doubt of much that is strained in his dogma, but is also the incitement to a far broader imaginative school of thought. He tries to enter into the whole nature of man first, and to deduce thence the highest intellectual dogma that is adequate to guide him. Mr. Arnold stands apart observing serenely on the intellectual plane all that goes on outside it, and exaggerating rather than attempting to bridge over the chasm between life and thought. Hence his imagi- native criticism, always clear, almost always true, very generally striking, gives us too often the sense of something thin and super- ficial. His essay on Heine, for instance, almost limits itself to the relation between Heine and Philistinism,.—an important element no doubt in the life of the man, but by no means the key-note of the poet's greatness. Hence, too, Mr. Arnold's curious preference of the more perfect but shallow and slightly weak relaxed beauty of Maurice de Guérin to the deeper weight of poetic profundity and humour in his sister. Hence, again, his strong preference for the poetry of Keats, with its soft, wax-like impressibility to external nature, to the far more various and far stronger flight of Shelley's idealism. Mr. Arnold dilates on two kinds of poetry which he calls the poetry of ‘natural magic’ and the poetry of ‘moral pro- fundity,’ and says, with what seems to us a strangely narrow judgment :-- “In Shelley there is not a balance of the two gifts, nor even a co- existence of them, but there isa passionate straining after them both, and this is what makes Shelley as a man so interesting. I will not now inquire how much Shelley achieves as a poet, but whatever he achieves, he in general fails to achieve natural magic in his expression; in Mr. Palgrave’s charming Treasury may be seena gallery of his failures. Compare, for example, his ‘Lines written on the Euganean Hills’ with Keats's ‘ Ode | to Autumn.’ The latter piece renders nature, the former tries to render her. I will not deny, however, that Shelley has natural magic in his | rhythm ; what I deuy is that he has it in his language. It always | 5 tastes does not incline him to do justice. We should not claim for Shelley to excel either in ‘natural magic’ or in ‘ moral profundity,’ but we should claim for him to have given the most perfect poeti- cal expression to the yearnings of unsatisfied desire, to the sense of the “* vide et ncant” underlying all absorbing emotions, which has ever been given by an English poet. It seems to us simply false criticism to say that the lines on the Euganean hills “ try to render nature” at all. ‘The whole drift of the poem is missed in such an interpretation of it. Shelley endeavoured in that poem to give an expression to the transient relief which beauty of scenery and beauty of association will sometimes give to minds pierced, like his own, by an agony of thirst for beauty and truth. “ Many a green isle needs must be In the deep wide sea of misery,” are his first words, and that key-note is struck again and again throughout the poem. If by ‘ natural magic’ Mr. Arnold means magical power in delineating external nature, we think he is right in refusing to attribute it to Shelley. But if he means magic of expression for whatever essence of want, or yearning, or pain he sought to express, we doubt if any one ever possessed it in equal force. What does Mr. Arnold say of the lines concerning Venice in this very poem,—concerning Venice as Shelley then imagined her, desolate and a prey to the encroaching sea ?— * A less drear ruin then than now, With thy conquest-branded brow, Stooping to the slave of slaves From thy throne amongst the waves, Wilt thou be when the sea mow Flies, as once before he flew, O'er thine isles depopulate ; And all is in its ancient state Save where many a palace gate, With green sea flowers overgrown, Like a rock of Ocean's own Topples o'er the abandoned sea As the tides change sullenly.” Those last few lines do not show,—perhaps nothing that Shelley ever wrote did show,—what Mr. Arnold means by sanify,— the command of a clear intellect over its own thoughts. But the agony of desire and the rapture of emotion do not specially require ‘sanity’ for their most perfect expression, and Mr. Arnold's intel- lectual criticism ignores a large part of the most perfect lyrical poetry when it excludes such poetry as this from a rank far higher than that of Keats, though not so high as that of Words- worth. ‘The clear, intellectual medium by which, in Mr. Arnold's estimate, all poets should work, is in truth the medium of a few. We can feel what it is that Mr. Arnold is repelled by in Shelley. Everywhere he loves mecsure in literature. He cannot bear that rampancy of insatiable, uumeasured longing with which the in- tellect stands on no terms. Ile worships Gocthe for that steady and constant recognition of limitation which was the intellectual rather than the poetical side of his mind, He has no pity for that ‘true English narrowness of view’ (die dcht Britische Be- schrdénktheit) which arises from some arriére pensée of practical prejudice ; but he 7s a little inclined to a ‘ true French narrowness of view’ of his own,—the limitation which arises from no pre- judice, but from a deficiency in sympathies lying beyond the intellectual sphere. lis favourites in literature are men whose intellects or perceptive powers are fu'ly commensurable with their genius,—whose ** unction,” where they have it, is shed upon us through clear, bright understandings. What Goethe called the ‘demonic ’ in himself,—which was even deeper in Heine than in Goethe,—he prefers to ignore,—yet it is often (as in Shelley) the essence of poetry. Still these essays are full of brilliant and keen truth, like this, for instance, from the essay on Joubert in relation to the power poetry may have of exciting tears:—‘ ‘True tears are those which are called forth by the beauty of poetry ; they must have as much admiration in them as sorrow.” Of such exquisite criticisms as this there are not few in Mr. Arnold's essays. ‘They are the ex- pressions of a fine, if of a somewhat too fastidiously intellectual criticism. They ave essays that will live. LOVE’S CONFLICT.* Tus is, we believe, the second novel published by the daughter of Captain Marryatt. We have not read the first or seen it, but this liy tl neuce Marryat. * Love's Conflict, Loudon: Bentley.

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216 THE SPECTATOR. [February 25, 1865, one is by no means a failure. It is far above the average of those novels which are now turned out at an average of about twoa week, all readable, all ephemeral, and all defective in some one requisite of true art. Love's Conflict is not a pleasant story, but it leaves on the reader an impression that the author could write one if she chose, one that woul] charm all England, and might even live. Her forte is a hard, almost coarse, realism both of style and topic which suggests power in every paragraph, but power of which its possessor is in part unconscious, and therefore either struggles against or misuses. She can paint and paint strangely weil the ways and attitudes, and sometimes even the emotions, of thoroughly low natures,—the vulgar fishing-girl with spotted character raised sud- denly above her condition; the bad man of pedigree, who lets nothing stand in the way of gratifying his own hard selfishness ; the low, sottishly-inclined Kentish boor, with latent chivalry and a touch of mania ; and she does paint them, leaving out no wrinkles, adding the sweat, and the grime, and the rags, and the loutish gait with painful fidelity ; but then she is not contented to stop there. There must be a murder and an adultery —no, no¢ an adultery, only a situation in which adultery would be almost a relief—and a perfect lady, and a misinterpreted damsel, inheritances, and mess-rooms, ’ I ’ , and Indian scenes, and all the machinery with which subscribers to circulating libraries are becoming so wearisomely familiar. ‘The persons are all well described, but lost in a maze of incident not equally real till one feels as one does in gazing on a coloured photograph, that the only merit it has is its realistic outline, and that is lost in a splash of patchy, inartistic colour. The drawing is good, but the colouring has been arranged block by block, which unfortunately is not the way nature arranges her colouring. ‘The subject chosen this time brings all the merits and defects of a style like this into unnatural prominence. It is the history of two cousin Trehernes, men of an ancient Welsh family, each of whom is in his own way unfortunate in his marriage,—one through his own fault, one through the fault of his wife. The story opens with a scene in a viliage on the Kentish coast, and the following gives a good and fair idea of its true but coarse realism. Nell Willis, adopted child of a fisherman in the village, has left her mother slaving away at the ironing to see two strange gentlemen reported visible. It is a little long, but nothing else would give so thoroughly the impression of the book :— “Tf you could have read her thoughts then, you would have seen what an arrant coquette she was, for as she left the cottage behind her, she twitched off the handkerchief she wore about her neck and throat, leaving thom and part of her bosom—firm and plump, though tanned by exposure to the sun—bare. Then she took off her clumsy shoes, stockings she never wore, and left them where she knew they would be safe, untied the coarse black string which confined her thick hair in a rude knot at the back of her head, and shook it down luxuriantly over her shoulders. . . . William Treherne gazed at her fixedly as she passed, but he did not move; but when she had got a little way beyond them, her dark eyes turned back- ward upon him with a look that made him leap to his feet and pursue her. That was just what she wanted. ‘What pretty sea nymph have we hore ?’ he exclaimed. ‘Why, a lovely girl like you shouldn't take walks alone; you should get me to walk with you.’—‘ Stop your non- sense !’ she replied, archly; but it was an unpleasant archiness, too coarse to be unaffected. He saw through it, and laid his hand upon her arm. ‘What's your name, my sea beauty?’ he said.—* What’s that to you?’ was her answer. ‘Take your hands off me. I never speaks to gentle- men.’—‘ Don’t you? But I'm not a gentleman.’— Ain’t you, now ?’ her black eyes opening with surprise. ‘I should have took you for one.’—* That shows your want of discrimination. If I had known there was such a pretty girl down here, I should have come before. What beautiful eyes you have!’ he added, looking right under them.—‘ Well, if they are, they're not for you,’ she said, but she cast them round upon him as she spoke; ‘so you needn't think it.\—Cruel creature!’ he answered, with mock fervour; ‘what were your lips made for—those kissable lips ?’ ‘To keep to myself,’ she answered, pertly.—‘ You don’t mean that, though you say it,’ he said, in return, ‘they were made for something better..—‘ Mr. Treherne,’ here interposed the lawyer, who had risen from his reclining attitude, and advanced towards them, ‘I'm sorry to interfere with your flirtation, but the afternoon is getting on, and if we wish to get to Dover in time for dinner we must think of commencing our inquiries.’—*‘ All right !’ answered Treherne; ‘now, tell me your namo, pretty one.’—‘ Nell,’ she answered.—‘ Nell; ah! what a sweet name; [ shall always think of Nell to the last day of my life. Now, | won't you give me a kiss, Nell—not one ?’--‘I don’t give nothing for nothing,’ she replied.—‘ By Jove! didn’t think they knew so much down in the country ;’ and he took out his purse and gave her five shillings, but she looked at the coins rather contemptuously.—! That won't buy a gown,’ she said, presently.— A gown !’ he laughed, ‘I only wanted to buy a kiss with it, girl. How many will you give me if I double it, then ?—‘ As many as you like,’ she said, eagerly, and she looked greedily at the contents of his purse. She would have sold herself for money. He gave her the other tive shillings, and commenced taking his payment. Even then there was a great deal of shuffling, and struggling, and screaming, as is the wont of the lower classes; but at last Mr. William Treherne seemed to have hal enough even to satisfy him, and yielded to the often urged entreaties of the lawyer, that they should commence the business they found themselves in Chelton Marsh for.” E Granted the scene and the persons, that might have occurred just you're a sharp girl, he said; why, I | as described, and there is not that we know of much harm in it; ’ ‘but Nell is all this while “engaged” to John Read, a young | Hercules of a fisherman, who is watching this scene, whom she has | professed to love, with whom she has passel a night at sea in his | boat, and to whom—well, when she has become a great lady, and | he has killed her, and his tongue is unloosel by mviness, he tolls | his claim on her significantly enough. This girl, a few pages after | the scene we have quoted, is Héléne de Broissart, heiress of a great property, connected with great county families, and in a way heroine of this book. Her life at school, in her rich grandfather's | house, while savagely in love with her cousin, soldier, gentleman, and lover of another man’s wife, and savagely pursued by John Read, who at last murders her, is the most striking portion of the book, for though the author speaks rarely of feeling or any internal emotion, we see her subjects clearly. There is nothing bad in it except the facts, which might exist, nothing to induce ug to class it among French sensation novels, nothing evil in moral, or incident, or description, and yet there is a tone over the whole, ascent as of compost, a flavour as of garlic, which will annoy and dis- please those accustomed to scents and flavours more refined. There is no harm in garlic, much good in compost, but refinement shrinks from them nevertheless. It is all real, we feel that, and all healthy enough, but one does not enjoy standing in the stableyard quite so long. Heéléne might have acted, probably would have acted, precisely as described, John certainly would, but the boor and the village flirt are too painfully felt to be boor and village flirt, and nothing else. Johu Read's denforalization, not gradual but in fits and leaps, his swlden turn on the blind mother whom he had pro- tected all his life, his mad, devouring, almost physical love for Heéléne, his mania —mania as it appears in half-savage country folk— are described with sickening force and truth, but without the qualifying motives, the half-redeeming ignorance, the palliating temptations which might have softened the picture. We see even less than we might have seen had we been spectators of the tragedy, for we do not see the sky above an] the green earth uniler all, and turn away more revolted than we should if it were before our eyes. All the while this history is advancing so is another, the capture of Elfrida Salisbury, beautiful, heedless child, by William ‘Treherne, selfish, ill-reputed officer, of high descent and good means. He contrives under cover of an in-ident admirably devised, which must have occurred in real life a hundred times, to compromise the beauti- ful girl so seriously that she must accept him, marries her, and ill- treats her to blows. Nothing is spared us,—the utter selfishness of the husband, the details of the misery of the wife, every cowardly blow, every hard word; it is as truthful as if told before Sir James Wilde. It is not pleasant nevertheless, nor is Elfrida’s relation to her husband’s cousin, the husband of Héléne, whom she loves with all the craving passion common to women who have married men they hate,—a passion mixed of love for the individual and | the thirst for rest, —yet dismisses, remaining sinless as she thinks, | perhaps truly, for she has struggled and won. It is all natural, all thoroughly sound in motive, but all realistic with the realism of | Balzac, truthful because of a dreadful inability to skin over sores, | or paint out cicatrices, or conceal aught whether or no it ought to be concealed. We do not know that it ought, we are not prepared to say the fresh air is not best for all things, even ulcers, we do not | object to reports from the Divorce Court, but then they shoul: per- haps be labelled, should be left in the legal columns, not served up jin the feuilleton. ‘The power displayed in painting morbil anatomy |is not power with which we should quarrel on moral grounds, on the contrary, it is highly useful, and to some scientific minds highly | attractive, but then minds not scientific prefer its exercise else- | where than in paintings for the drawing room. | We hope we shall be understood. There is not in this novel one | sentence at which any sound moralist would tike offence, and the drift is as good as it is possible for moral to be, but we complain of a certain brutality alike of subject and of treatment which | offends, and we believe ought to offend, cultivated taste, ‘The real- ism in fact is the realism of ‘Teniers, and we incline to believe the author can with her great powers find a better model. No excellence of drawing can quite ennoble a series in which the great scenes are a girl selling kisses greedily for silver; a girl bargaining with one who has been lover and more, offering him ‘ money, love, any- thing” not to punish her; a murder by a maniac ; a conflict between that maniac and the husband of his victim, the struggle alternating with half-uttered revelations of a night passed in a boat, revelations shameful to the speaker, dishonouring to the hearer; an act of duli- berate roud trickery ; a marriage with the wife in hysterics of hate and fear; andan interviewin which the gentleman husband strikes the | lady wife. ‘The art which can make all those scenes seem real inci dents, so real and true that we read as we revd police-reports, with

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February 25, 1865.] THE SPECTATOR. 217 s that there is instruction here as well as horror, is great art, r eh wish it nevertheless a pleasanter if not a higher theme for er ch Who doubts that ‘Teniers was great, or wants more of those drunken boors? i ay It is in Miss Florence Marryatt to rise toa position as a novelist in which criticism will matter to her very little, and she has now ro choose which she will paint,—the real life God made, goo or bad as it may seem, Or the real life low natures have succeeded in producing. In either case her work will probably be very valuable, but valuable for very different reasons, and in the eyes of judges widely apart in grade. __ ee THE FORGOTTEN FACT OF CANADA.* A pLEASANT and timely book by a pleasant, keen-eyel traveller. Mr. Russell has, perhaps beyoud any writer alive, the power of using his knowledge like gold-leaf, spreading it out till a small stock covers and lights up spaces out of all apparent propor- tion to his material. Ile was not long in Canada, he did not visit a gréat deal of it, and he derives his information, like the rest of us, principally from books prepared by official Canadians; but he has supplied us nevertheless with a pleasant picture full of details of Canada and its resources, its dangers and its defences, its society and its recommendations to emigrants, its relation to the United States and the attitude its people assume towards the mother country. ‘The political portion has been perhaps super- seded by the resolve of the colonies to accept the Federation which it was Mr. Russell’s purpose to recommend, and the interest of the chapters on defence is diminished, though not destroyed, by Colonel Jervois’s report, but there remain many solid suggestions, useful hints, readable statements of little-known facts, and picturesque accounts of local society. ‘The general effect of the book will be to in- crease the [nglish sense of the value of our North American posses- sions, which, in Mr. Russell’s opinion, possess what so many travellers have denied—a future. People in England are so accustome | to think of the Five Colonies as comprising the whole of British America, that they forget the existence of the vast central region large as the better known ‘Far West,” and as yet almost unpeopled. “ In the valleys,” says Mr. Russell, ** of the Saskatchewan and Assini- boine, Canada possesses a vast north-west of her own, esjoying a mild climate, which contains, according to one of the witnesses whose opinion is cited by the Committee, 500,000 square miles of fertile land, capable of sustaining a population of nearly 30,000,000 of people. It has been ascertained beyond doubt that the tract between the North and South Saskatchewan on the east is exeeed- ingly fertile, and that no intense cold prevails throughout an enormous region of rich prairies on cretaceous and tertiary deposits. It is scarcely possible for us to conceive what an enormous expanse of fertile land lies to the east of the Rocky Mountains about the sources of those rivers, but there are too many witnesses of uumis- takeable veracity to render us sceptical concerning the beauty and capabilities of these regions. Could the poor emigrant be carried to these fertile districts, instead of sinking into the rowdyism of American cities, or beating down the rate of wages by competition, he would find at least a comfortable subsistence, even if he were unable at once to obtain a profitable market for his labours.” ‘From Lake Winnipeg to the highest navigable point of Red River, which flows into the lake with a course from north to south, there is a distance of 575 miles, only interrupted by some very insignificant shoals at the mouth of Goose River and the Shayenne. Red Lake River and the Assiniboina extend the area of ‘coast’ navigable by steamers in the Red River Valley to 900 miles—much more than is enjoyed internally by the United Kingdom and France together. Throughout the districts thus permeated by navigable rivers, rye, oats, barley, potatoes, grass, and wheat grow as well as they do in Minnesota, and to these wild regions must be added the country along the great north Saskatchewan, and even the region which lies between it and the Rocky Mountains in a northerly direction.” This testimony is entirely borne out by that of Americans them- selves, never too willing to praise Canada. ‘The New York Chamber of Commerce said in 1862 :— | “There is in the heart of North America a distinct subdivision, of waich Lake Winnipeg may be regarded as the centre. This subdivision, like the valley of the Mississippi, is distinguished for the fertility of its | soil, and for the extent and gentle slope of its great plains, watered by rivers of great length, and admirably adapted for steam navigation. It has a climate not exceeding in severity that of many portions of Canada and the ea It will, in all respects, compare favourably with some of the most d nsely-peopled portions of the continent of Europe. In other words, it is admirably fitted to become the seat of a numerous, hardy, and prosperous community. It has an area equal to eight or ten first-class American States. Its great river, the Saskatchewan, carries a navigable water-line to the very base of the Rocky Mountains. It is not at all improbable that the valley of this river my yet offer the best ae * Canada ; its Deh volume of “ My Diary, North a Bradbury and Evans stern States. sources. Being a th'rd and conelading n, and R By Howard Less-ll, LUD, London: d South. nees, Conditic | | route for a railroad to the Pacific. The navigable waters of this great subdivision interlock with those of the Mississippi. ‘he Red River of the north, in connection with Lake Winnipeg, into which it falls, forms a navigable water-line, extending directly north and south nearly eight hundred miles. The Red River is one of the best adapted to the use of steam in the world, and waters one of the finest regions on the continent. Between the highest point at which it is navigable and St. Paul, on the Mississippi, a railroad is in process of construction; and when this road is completed another grand division of the continent, comprising half a million square miles, will be open to settlement.” In other words, the centre of the British section of the American continent, instead of being the vast desert which that mischievous monopoly the Hudson's Bay Company has always assumed it to be, is a fertile region capable of bearing with ease a population larger than that of Great Britain, with perfect river communication, and needing only rowls and railways to link the Canadas to the settlements on the shores of the Pacific. Granted twenty years of peace, the extinction of the Hulson’s Bay Company, and one great railway, Acadia might be aa cimpire with thirty millions of people, a great government, and a vast trade on one side with Europe and America, and on the other with Australia, Asia, and the Archi- pelago. That empire would be filled with our children, might be in strict alliance with ourselves, and we are hesitating whether to secure it we will spend for a few years a sum such as the Admiralty will waste in a week, the cost of maintaining less than a single regiment ! This vast region is, as we have said, fertile as England and metalliferous as Wales, and its climate, so far from being unendur- able, is milder than that of the great grain-bearing territories of central Europe. ‘The testimony of Americans on this point, con- firmed by Mr. lowe, Mr Galt, and other Canadians, is explicit and decisive. One writer, whom Mr. Russell evidently trusts, says :— “*Tt is a great mistake to suppose that the temperature of the Atlantic coast is carried straight across the continent to the Pacific. The isother- mals deflect greatly to the north, and the temperatures of the Northern Pacific are paralleled in the high temperatures in high latitudes of Western and Central Europe. The latitudes which inclose the plateaus of the Missouri and Saskatchewan, in Europe inclose the rich central plains of the Continent. The great grain-growing districts of Russia lie between the 45th and 60th parallel, that is, north of the latitude of St, Paul, Minnesota, or Eastport, Maine. Indeed the temperature in some instances is higher for the same latitudes here than in Central Europe. The isothermal of 70 deg. for the summer, which on our plateau ranges from along latitude 50 deg. to 52 dey., in Europe skirts through Vienna and Odessa in about parallel 46 deg. The isothermal of 55 deg. for the year runs along the coast of British Columbia, and does not go far from New York London, and Sebastopol. Furthermore, dry areas are not found above 47 deg., and there are no barren tracts of consequence north of the Bad Lands and the Coteau of the Missouri; the land grows grain finely, and is well wooded, All the grains of the temperate districts are here produced abundantly, and Indian corn may be grown as high as the Saskatchewan. The buffalo winters as safely on the upper Athabasea as in the latitude of St. Paul, and the spring opens at nearly the same time along the immense line of plains from St. Paul to Mackenzie's River. To these facts, for which there is the authority of Blodgett’s Zreatise on the Climatology of the United States may be added this, that to the region bordering the Northern Pacitic the finest maritime positions belong throughout its entire extent, and no part of the west of Europe exceeds it in the advantages of equable climate, fertile soil, and commercial accessibility of coast. We have the same excellent authority for the statement that in every condition forming the basis of national wealth, (he continental mass lying westward and north- ward from Lake Superior is far more valuable than the interior in lower lutitudes, of which Salt Lake and Upper New Mexico are the prominent known districts. In short, its commercial and industrial capacity is gigantic. Its occupation was coeyal with the Spanish occu- pation of New Mexico and California, Intense cold when unaccompanied by a really bad climate does not render life unhappy. Many of our readers are aware of the sort of enjoyment with which Berliners regard their bitter winters, and Mr. Russell's deseription of life in Canada during the frost is The inhabitauts are as it were driven to sport er) most captivating. by the weather, and skating, sleighing, and sliding down montagues Russes are fair substitutes for fox-hunting and English country life. Ilere is a scene peculiar to Canala. ‘There is in Montreal a place called the ++ Rink,” a word adopted from the Seotch cur- lers, and is a covere | skating-place of great dimensions :— “ Anything but a Methodist-looking place inside. The was like a large publie bath-room, was crowded with women, young and old, skating or preparing to skate, for husbands, and spread in maiden rays over the glistening area of ice, gliding, swooping, revolving on legs of every description, which were generally revealed to mortal gaze in proportion to their goodness, and therefore were displayed on a principle o far unobjectionable. The room was lighted with ; which, with the heat of the crowd, made the ice rather sloppy; but the skating of the natives was admirable, and some hardened campaigners of foreign eraces and skill of sctators sat or 1 ledge round the ice parallelogram Ii vallows on and then dashed oif and wept away as if on the wing } executing quadrilles, mazurkas, »one conceive the laws of gravi- room, which origin had by long practice learned to emulate the It was a mighty pretty sight! The sp the inhabitants. . 1 stood on the rais cliff, and now thy li surface, in couples or s, and tums de force, Ciat sa over wal

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218 THE SPECTATOR. (February 25, 1865. tation must be suspended in the Rink, and that the outside edge is the most stable place for the human foot and figure. Mercy, what a crash ! There is a fine stout young lady sprawling on the ice, tripped up by Dontstop of the Guards, who is making a first attempt, to the detriment of the lieges. How delighted the ladies are, and pretend not to ne; for the fallen fair one is the best contortionist in the place. She is on her legs again,—has shaken the powdered ice and splash off her dandy jacket and neat little breeches,—yes, they wear breeches, a good many of them,—and is zigzagging about once more like a pretty, noiseless fire- work. The little children skate, so do most portentious mammas. A line of recently arrived officers, in fur caps and coats, look on, all suck- ing their canes, and resolving to take private lessons early in the morning. Some, in the goose-step stage, perform awful first lines with their skates, and leave me in doubt as to whether they will split up or dash out their brains. The young ladies pretend to avoid them with unanimity, but sail round them still as seagulls sweep by a drowning man.” That is not the account of a people to whom their climate is a misery. All that the vast districts of the interior need is roads, but while the Government of Washington granted four millions sterling in cash and some millions of acres to Minnesota to help her communications, that of Great Britain can hardly be induced to spend a shilling on the development of regions through which her vast commerce with further Asia may one day be compelled to pass. Acadia once formed will probably be able to perform our duty in this respect, but if we would retain even the sympathy of the popu- lation which will speedily flow into these regions our legislators must acquire a greater knowledge of their necessities and their hopes. As a first step, a provocative to real study—they cannot do better than read Mr. Russell’s volume. SIR KINGSTON JAMES’S TASSO.* MILTON was in temper a schoolmaster, in practice a Puritan poli- tician, in learning a divine, in imagination a poct. ‘Tasso, in imagi- nation a poet, was in temper a courtier and lover, in practical life a scholar and gentleman, in spirit a mystic. Pound Roger Ascham, Cromwell, Ken, Bunyan, and Dante together, and you have Milton. Strain Jacob Boehme through Shelley, throw in one or two Greek professors and an Admirable Crichton, and you have Tasso. Splendidly handsome, brave to a national proverb, an athlete in physical vigour, splendidly accomplished, learned among the most learned men of his time, dying for Court love, feigning madness, lecturing Italian students on Aristotle, Tasso could mould strains of fulsome adulation to a petty and stupid princeling, yet believe in the daily intercourse of a familiar and Socratic demon. We do not of course pretend that all the incidents here alluded to were coincident, but taken together they give in the main a rough picture of the man’s traditional life. When Shelley visited Tasso’s cell he was touched with the sight of ‘* Tasso’s own handwriting, moulding ex- pressions of adulation and entreaty toa deaf and stupid tyrant, in an age in which the most heroic virtue would have exposed its pos- sessor to hopeless persecution, and, such is the alliance between virtue and genius, which unoffending genius could not escape!” There was much in ‘Tasso which must have been inexpressibly congenial to Shelley's mind and temper, and no wonder if the effect of the associations awakened in him by such a_ visit were, as he says, ‘‘something irresistibly pathetic.” It does not require a visit to Tasso’s cell to enter in part at least into Shelley’s feelings. There is ‘something irresistibly pathetic” in the thought of genius like Tasso’s, adorned by every inward and outward grace of a noble character and manly beauty, condemned to smoulder beneath the leaden hand of a cold and petty mediocrity in return for the honour of his having bestowed his heart upon a girl who but for him would have been as completely forgotten as the hundred thousand and one other daughters of paltry Italian princes and noblemen, girls to rescue whose memory from its absolute nothingness not all the learning of all the antiquarians throughout the world would for the most part now avail. Tasso, tender and loving, manly, brave, destined to become a household word throughout the world, yet warped into gloom, and frenzy, and decay by those whom he alone preserved from oblivion, is only a type of one of the episodes in the growth of European civilization--one which has been reproduced in every conceivable shape and shade on every variety of scale and degree in every part of Europe. This much, and it is much, may be said on that side of the question. It is, however, only fair to remember on the other that those things which | aS thought and conversation breathe nothing but what is most refined, and chivalrous, and romantic, is singularly unamiable and impracticable as a companion and a friend. He is loyal, it might be said, to everything in the world except common flesh and blood. We remember the ejaculation many years ago of one of the first men of science of our day,—‘t Save us,” he said, “from an aristocracy of talent!” And we should add, as even worse, an aristocracy of poets. ‘Talent and imagination are in fact like the oxygen in the atmosphere, only wholesome when duly diluted, and inhaled in a far larger mixture of more harmless gas. If we had to choose between living in a world exclusively composed of Tassos, or in a world exclusively composed of Duke Alfonsos, we should choose the latter. It would not be heaven, the other might be, hell. ‘The world is not exclusively composed of Tassos, however, and his works remain the chosen companions of a small number of highly cultivated men, one of whom, Sir Kingston James, has given us a translation, the fruit of many years of warm love, and patient labour. ‘I began the task,” he says, ‘“ not ‘without a deep sense of its great difficulty, and have felt during its progress that however easy it may comparatively be to turn an ode or asonnet, it is a very different thing to render with spirit and fidelity a poem extending to nearly fifteen thousand lines.” And quoting Denham and Dryden on the difficulties of translation, he adds, ‘* These considerations might have deterred more experienced persons from attempting the task, but my singular admiration for Tasso’s sublime work, and hence a natural desire to extend his fame by clothing in my own tongue those exquisite ideas that took life in foreign attire, determined me to proceed.” German and French literature, especially the former, seems of late years to have thrown the study of Italian literature in this country a little in the shade, and we are grateful for any endea- vour to restore it to its proper place among us. ‘The Greeks, who were the first and unapproachable ancestors of our Western literature, do not seem to have been translators in any sense, but ever since the golden period of Roman literature, when Cicero cultivated his own style by the translation of greater models, almost every period of literary activity we can think of has been marked by a corresponding phase of translation, and the great popularity of translations at the present moment, and the weight of the men who enter the lists, appear to us, if any proof were wanting, evidence of the essential vitality and originality of the present literary phase. Sir Kingston James, remarking that, in order to avoid the mono- tonous tedium of the couplet, he has adopted the elegiac metre of alternate rhyme, defends his frequent recurrence to the anapest, and apologizes for the occasional use of ignoble terminations and imperfect rhymes. We cannot help regretting that he should not have taken more pains with the opening stanza, which we quote merely to say that it will give some readers an unfavourable im- pression not warranted by the other parts of his workmanship :— * The pious arms I sing, and Captain who The hallowed sepulchre of Jesus freed; Much did he both in field and council do, And much he suffered in the glorious deed ; And Hell in vain opposed him, and in vain Afric, allied with Asia, drew the sword ; Since Heaven its favour gave him, and again His errant comrades to the Cross restored.” It is not the ‘‘ignoble termination” so much that is here at fault as the immense and half-coimical emphasis thrown upon two words, ‘ who” and ‘+ do,” at the very outset of the poem, creating an effect which ill prepares the reader for the majesty of the sub- ject. The golden grace and modest grandeur of ‘lasso are scarcely represented. ** Canto l'armi pietose e ’l Capitano, Che ‘1 gran sepolero liberd di Cristo ; Molto egli oprd col senno e con la mano Molto soffri nel glorioso acquisto : E invan l’Inferno a lui s’oppose, e invano, S‘armé d’Asia e di Libia il popol misto ; Ché il Ciel gli ché favore, ¢ sotto ai santi Segni ridusse i suoi compagni erranti.” The force of the words “e ‘1 Capitano” and the antithesis of ‘* mano” are here admirable—the key to the poem, in fact. ‘The poet sings the pious hosts, but above all the Captain of those hosts, look best at a distance are not always pleasant to have close at | and he celebrates his right arm, as a Christian and a scholar indeed, hand. Many aman looks surprisingly well in history who might | but still more with the personal enthusiasm of a man drunk with be anything but loveable among his neighbours. Many a man, | the poetry of bravery himself, who of his own band defeated four too, of the sincerest aspirations in the abstract, whose whole swordsmen who set upon him at once, and was renowned through- | out the land for the deed. Fairfax has tolerably brought out the | first points, and half-missed the second :— * The Jerusalem Delivered of Torquato Tasso. Translated into English Verse by Johu Kingston James, Knt., M.A, London: Longman, i. i ek ie | ee ee

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February 25, 1865. | THE SPE CTATOR. ses « The sacred armies and the godly knight That the great sepulchre of Christ did free Ising; much wrought his valour and foresight, ~ “And in that glorious war much suffered he: In vain ‘gainst him did Hell oppose her might, In vain the Turks and Mori:zns armed be ; His soldiers wild, to brawls and mutines prest, Reduced he to peace ; so Heaven him blest.” More crisp is Hoole, but imitating Virgil, and too deft and smart,—a literary hack :— « Arms and the chief I sing whose righteous hands Redeem’d the tomb of Christ from impious bands ; Who much in council, much in field sustain’d, Till just success his glorious labours gain'd: In vain the powers of Hell opposed his course, ‘And Asia’s arms, and Libya’s mingled force ; Heaven bless‘d his standards, and beneath his care Redue’d his wandering partners of the war.” The beautiful description of Gabriel taking wings to bring God's message to Godfred is a imuch better instance of the present translator’s manner :— “ White wings, whose tips were fringed with gold, he wore, Unflagging, swift, and pliable: with these He cleaves the clouds and winds, and passes o'er In flight sublime the low-lying lands and seas. Thus clad, the heavenly messenger descending Down to the world the Father’s message brings, And first o’er Lebanon his course suspending, There poised himself upon his balanced wings.” Fairfax translates :— “ Of silver wings he took a shining pair, Fringed with gold, unwearied, nimble, swift ; With these he parts the winds, the clouds, the air, And over seas and earth himself doth lift ; Thus clad, he cut the spheres and circles fair, And the pure skies with sacred feathers clift, On Libanon at first his foot he set, And shook his wings, with rory May dews wet.” There is a peculiar teuderness of sheen, if we may coin the ex- pression, in Tasso’s description. Ile raises the feeling of child- hood, when a glistening and half-struggling white dove is pressed by childish hands :— “ Ali bianche vesti, chan d’ or le cime, Infaticabilinente agili e preste : Fende i venti e le nubi, e va sublime Sovra la terrae sovra il mar con queste. Cosi vestito indirizzossi all’ ime Parti del mondo il messaggier celeste : Pria sul Libano monte ei si ritenne, E si libro su l’ adeguate penne.” Fairfax has deliberately sacrificed the true and natural poetry of the two last lines, which Sir Kingston James has very well rendered, namely, the dovelike hovering. Gabriel taking foot and then shaking his wings has a touch of vulgarity in it not redeemed by the introduction of “ rory dews.” ‘ Himself doth lift ” is clumsy for the very beautiful ‘va sublime.” “In flight sublime ” is better, but not equal to the original. On the whole, we cannot invite Italian readers to a more agreeable task than to compare these two translations. It is no trivial compliment to Sir Kingston James to say that they will find him often equal, sometimes superior, and alinost always more faithful than the great Elizabethan poet and translator. r ’ CURRENT LITERATURE. a A Treatise on the Construction of Maps. By William Hughes, F.R.G.S. Third edition. (Longman and Co.)—This excellent treatise has now been before the public twenty years, and its value is no longer in ques- tion. Some further additions have been made to this edition, including some recent suggestions of Sir John Herschel and Sir Henry James for improving the processes in use among mapmakers. It has also been carefully revised, French Reader for the Use of Colleges and Schools By E. A, Oppen, Professor of Modern Languages at Haileybury College. (Macmillan and Co.)—The extracts are selected almost entirely from modern writers and the distinctive feature of this reader is its notes, which are almost exclusively etymological. Mr. Oppen complains of the extreme faulti- ness of even the larger French dictionaries in this respect. Handbook on Baptism, By R.Ingham. (Simpkin, Marshall, and Co.) —Upwards of 600 closely printed octavo pages, almost entirely devoted to the question of the lawfulness of sprinkling as distinguished from immersion. Allowing that Mr. Ingham and his persuasion are right as to the practice of John the Baptist and the Apostles in Palestine, surely there is good ground for holding that the Church has power to alter the practice when climate renders it unsuitable. The question really does not seem worth the learning and controversial acrimony which has been expended on it. The immersion theory is in our eyes simply narrow and crotchety, but we quite agree with Mr. Ingham that those who think thus—and no one will contend that baptism is invalidated by immersion —ought to be far more tolerant than they usually are. The really im- portant question of infant baptism is reserved for a second volume on The Subjects of Baptism, bat we trust that a handbook will not require prolixity of treatment in proportion to the importance of the subject it treats. There is a candour and an absence of asperity in the mode of handling the arguments of opponents in this book which is very pleasant. Tv-Day. ¥ssays and Miscellanies, By John Hollingshead. (Groom- bridge and Sons.)—These papers are reprinted from Good Words, All the Year Round, Ounce a Week, The Daily News, and “many other Lon- don magazines and journals,” and “the only pride” the author feels in collecting them is that though writing professionally in periodicals of very different views he has always maintained his Benthamite prin- ciples. Mr, Hollingshead is quite right,—as Christopher North said, “ the man who writes gratis is a fool.” It has been suggested to us, however, that the author probably means that all these essays advocate Bentha- mite principles. In that sense, too, he has a right to his pride, and we can add that they have also commonly a purpose which is in the best meaning of the term philanthropic. The variety of the subjects is re- markable, and the writing is clear, accurate, and easy. Lhe Standard Alphabet Problem. A Contribution to Phonetic Philo- logy. By Robert Moffat, jun. (Trubner and Co.)—The attempt to construct a universal alphabet, not, as heretofore, deductively from an examination of the physiology of the human voice, but inductively by observing the effects on the ear of the process of utterance and the various permutations in the elements of articulation, is at least ingenious. The attempt requires the study of unwritten tongues which alone possess the necessary phonic purity. Mr. Max Miiller extols the Vaidik Sanscrit for this purpose. Mr. Moffat has studied the Sechwana language spoken by numerous degraded tribes on the south-eastern borders of the South African desert. The result is unhappily only a fragment. It treats only of the Sechwana consonants. The vowels were to have been the subject of a second part, and a third part would have been confined to what Mr. Miiller names specific modifications. The author died without having corrected the proofs of the whole of this volume, Written amid the vicissitudes of colonial border life, the book is a remarkable instance of intellectual vigour. The scientific value of a mere torso can perhaps hardly be fairly estimated. Replies to the Third and Fourth Parts of the Bishop of Natals * Penta- teuch and Book of Joshua Critically Examined.” By the Rev. Franke Parker, M.A. (Bell and Daldy.)—These replies to Dr. Colenso are be- come so thoroughly tiresome that we think suflicient justice will be done to this gentleman by saying that he still maintains that there was a universal deluge, and that specimens of all the animals in the world entered the Ark; and though he holds by Dr, Buckland’s defence of the Mosaic cosmogony us a second string to his bow, he prefers Mr. Gosse’s funny theory that the world was created in strata and full of fossil animals—we suppose to defeat the pride of human learning. Mr. Par- ker also “ prays that the Ged of this world may not blind the Bishov's mind,” and mourns over his “spirit of unholy scoffing.” Eternal Punishment and Eternal Death, By James William Barlow, M.A., Fellow and Tutor of Trinity College, Dublin. (Longman and Co.) —The author, holding the doctrine of future punishment, contends that it must always be reformative, and that when there is no more chance of reformation the sinner incurs the penalty of eternal death or annihila- tion. He therefore denies, or at least does not aflirm, the theory of a final universal restoration of all men, and energetically denies the popular dogma that eternal death means endless life in intolerable tor- ment. These views are expressed with great clearness and force, the writer principally urging the inconsistency of the popular creed with “the rudimentary axioms of morality.” Poems. By Speranza (Lady Wilde). (James Duffy.) —There is some- thing very pleasant about a lady's poetical sedition. It is so very ram- pant. Of course Lady Wilde is a firm believer in the theory that Ireland would have been benefited by a prohibition of the export of grain in the famine year. “What see you in the ofling ? Stately ships to bear our food away amid the strangers’ scofling.” The “our food” is deticiously Irish, and so is the poetical idea that the seamen in the grain brig, who would probably be the only strangers there, were acting out of hate, and would jeer the Irishmen on the quay. The verses are, however, really rhythmical, and eloquent, and vigorous, and red-hot with partizanship. The political verses are much the best. The merely literary poems and translations would hardly have attracted attention. Sermons oa Moral Subjects. By His Eminence Cardinal Wiseman, (James Duffy.)—This volume should be read by rabid Protestants. The greater number of the discourses it contains might pass muster in a village church very well, except of course one or two like that on confession. But it is part of the Romish tactics to drop their ecclesi- astical system out of sight where the Church is really missionary. Perhaps also it is there really less mischievous, It may be questioned whether the power conceded to the clergy by the Christian congregations was not really salutary up to the date of the conversion of Constantine, and so much as they possessed then might still be salutary in the case of a voluntary church—where the clergy could not invoke the aid of the

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9) THE SPECTATOR. ~ [February 25, 1865, nee ee State to enforce their decreos in invitis, Of course the Roman Church claims now something infinitely more than this, and where she has the civil government at her disposal makes life intolerable to heretics. But you hear nothing of this in English Catholic palpits, nor in this volume of sermons, which is also unspoiled by the turgidity and want of taste which disfigure most of the Cardinal’s writing. The sermons would be very creditable to a parish priest. From a Cardinal Archbishop they are a little disappointing. The Englishwoman in India. By a Lady Resident. (Smith, Elder, and Co.)—A very well-written work, which makes no pretensions to be more than a useful handbook, giving full information to ladies proceeding to India as to their outfit, dress, housekeeping, nurseries, Indian servants, travelling, and cookery. This object it seems to attain, being very clear and concise, but it does not make the reader desire to live in India, but rather very much the contrary. Short Whist. By Major A. With an essay on the theory of the modern game by Professor P. (Longman and Co.)—The principal clubs have recently agreed to a code of laws of whist, and accordingly “ Major A.’s ” well-known book has been revised and brought into harmony with it. But who is Professor P.? A Fellow of the Royal Society and a master of the game is all the reply we can make. It would have been gratifying if we could assure our readers that his election into the Areopagus of Science was due to his proficiency in whist, but we have unhappily no authority to mike any such statement. But he has trium- phantly established two laws which put this tiny treatise on a level with the Principia. They ave,—1. “ That the hands of the two partners shall not be played singly and independently, but sha// be combined and treated as one. 2. And that in order to carry out most effectually this principle of combination, each partner shal/ adopt the long-suit system as the general basis of his play,” Science is after all only the dis- covery of the laws of nature, and nature must be obeyed. Woe to the whist-player who fails to acquaint himself with the truths of the long-suit system ! Military Sketches. By Sir ©. F. Lascelles Wraxall, Bart. (W. H. Allen and Co.)—Sir Lascelles offers this rather miscellaneous volume of revised contributions to “ various periodicals” as a supplement to a former work on The Armies of Europe. It consists of a careful historical account of the French army from Francis I. down to the present time, four entertaining papers on the Italian war, the Austrian army, the French and the British soldier, some biographical sketches of French Marshals, and a paper on the chances of invasion. The author by no means shares the favourable opinion which is commonly entertained of the Austrian army. He thinks that the last war his greatly weakened its esprit de corps, and that it is underpaid, over-drilled, and the officers ill educated, simply because it is governed by an aristocratic clique, which regards the drill-ground as the sole test of military value. The Emperor, too, is always making changes in the organization of the army, which seldom endure for more than a year or two. Still, great as is the author's admiration for the French soldier, he attributes the success of the French army in Italy mainly to the superiority of its commissariat and transport system and of its artillery, and in any future contest this last advantage will be gone. We have not space, however, to enter into the subject-matter of the work, but we rejoice to see that the condition of our own army is stated to be on the whole as good as that even of the French. Without writing an elegant or forcible style, the author arranges his matter well and says what he has to say clearly, and all readers interested in these subjects will find his book an instructive and amusing one. In the lives of Canrobert and Niel, and even of Pelissier, there is, however, a carping tone which sometimes degenerates into a sneer, and is not pleasant. Letters from Abroad. By Henry Alford, D.D., Dean of Canterbury. (Alexander Strahan.)—Whether these letters, which appeared in Good Words, were quite worth reprinting may be doubtful, but is hardly worth settling in days when so very much periodical writing is reprinted which bears no comparison with them either for thought or readableness. The book would have been more appropriately named * Letters from Italy,” and certainly, well-worn as is the subject of Italian travel, Dr. Alford has managed to produce a work of great freshness. He does not bore one with criticism of works of art, which from an amateur is seldom of much value, but, on the other hand, gives us his thoughts when any picture or statue, famous or not, really made him think; and, on the other hand, the aspect of Italian scenery, which so many travel- lers slur over, he brings into deserved prominence. In this he is aided by his really remarkable power of description, and his first letter de- scribing the famous coast road from Nice through Genoa to Pisa is a very charming specimén of easy, unaffected, yet picturesque writing. Of the present state of Rome and of religion there Dr. Alford gives a striking account, and not, as we believe, the least over-coloured. It is too much the fashion for English travellers to extenuate the shocking misgovern- ment of the Priest-King, and facts notorious in Rome are so impudently denied by the Catholic publications in this country that it is something to have thom from one who was mostly an eye-witness of what he states. The Dean is not sanguine that the Convention for the evacuation of Rome will be kept by the French, and thinks that Rome had better be left to the antiquarians and the malaria. So think all people who only reason, but the instinct of a whole people is seldom wrong, and even if the Italian people would compromise the quarrel the Papacy never will. Bible de? Humanité. Par J. Michelet. (Paris: Ehamerdd.) —This work still gives abundant proofs of M. Michelet’s wonted warmth of feeling brilliancy of style, and power of illustration. But we do not think it will carry along his readers with him, as did many of his former eloquent outpourings. In fact it was not possible to condense in one volume whatever deductions may be based on what M. Michelet calls the Bible of each people, and what, after all, is simply what was hitherto known under the name of Theogony. The nations of the world are divided into two great categories, and so is this book. First come the “nations of light,”—namely, India, Persia, and Greece. Then follow tho “nations of the twilight, of night, and of the clair-obscur,”—namely, Egypt, Syria, and the Jews. The Ramayana is the * Bible of goodness ;” the Persian Hema is the “tree of light and speech; but Egypt is “death ;” ang Syria is “enervation.” What the Bible of the Jews is, in M. Michelet's estimation, would sound more than profane to English ears. There js one splendid chapter of 100 pages in this rather discursive volume, it contains a really brilliant account of the religious and social ideas of ancient Greece, and M. Michelet has condensed wifh a masterly hand the works and discoveries of the most eminent Fix Mnglish scholars. It is hardly necessary to add, as we speak of a pro- duction of M. Michelet, that “woman” plays a prominent part in his Bibles of mankind. Wherever woman, as such, is tenderly spoken of M. Michelet gets in raptures, and sings a pean to the civilization of the “nation of light.” Three whole chapters are devoted to that favourite subject, and Salomo’s Sulamite is analyzed like the modern horoine of an equivocal novel. Indeed M. Michelet says in as many words that “Christianity has sprung from Mary.” The Jesuits have always tended to the same end, and we can well understand that they hate their eloquent and fervent antagonist with an almost theological hatred, They both uso what M. Michelet once called “that most frail and strongest of all instruments—woman.” Studies in Biography. By Lionel James Trotter. (Edward Moxon and Co.)—These essays are with three exceptions reprinted from the Dublin Oniversity Magazine, and are all reviews of books which have been published within the last six years. They scarcely therefore deserve the name of “ studies,” and the author should hardly have failed to inform his readers what are the sources from which his matter is We do not mean to charge him with anything German, and almost entirely derived, like concealment, for the essays commonly begin with allusions to “ these volumes,” as at page 323, which make it quite obvious that tho essays are reviews, and the relative pronoun is not always without a substantive to which it can refer. The “studies” are in fact easily-written narratives in which the facts of Robertson's Life of Becket, Lord Stanhope’s Life of Pitt, and such books are boiled down into a few pages and mixed up with acertain amount of criticism. Essays of this kind in the hands of Macaulay are among the most interesting of occasional papers, but Captain Trotter has neither the knowledge necessary to illustrate his subjects nor the originality which would give them pungency. He com- monly compares the book he is reviewing with the best known previous biography, and he is always sensible, clear, and fluent; but those readers who know very much about the subjects of these “studies” will not tind much in them to repay perusal. They would be a capital book to give an intelligent boy. Essays, Thoughts and Reflections, and Letters. ward, Rector of Fethard, Ireland. With a memoir by his of Down. (Macmillan and Co.)—We are not surprised to see that the essays of a clergyman of the Irish Establishment, who had the courage some half a century ago to write that he looked on Christianity rathe “as a life than acreed,” should have reached a fifth edition. At thes time Mr. Woodward takes a decidedly Evangelical, and ever view of many of the subjects he handles, but never an intolerant or im- His son has prefixed a very simple and pleasant account By the Rey. H. Wood- son, the Dean ime moderate one. of the author's pursuits and character, and the few necessary facts of an altogether uneventful life. The History of Harry. and Son.)—This is an “amusing comic fairy tale , mixture of morality in it. However, it is very creditably disguised in such a fog of unmeaningness that we are happy to believe that no child will even suspect it. The pictures are deliciously scarlet. Indeed Harry's red cap, jacket, and stockings are enough to make Dr. Manning's With sixteen humorous engravings. (Dean with a suspicious mouth water. BOOKS RECEIVED. Macmillan anil Co.—Banks and Bank- by Krederick Murtin; the Poetical Simpkin and Ma s'vll.—Grammatical Robert Burns, by A‘ xander Anulysis, by W. 8. Dalgleish ers, John Murray. —Physic Geography of Works of ; the Holy Laud, by bk. Robinson. Smith, 2 vols as Chapman and Hall—Tie Ouly Child Charles J Skeet.—F »r Love or Money, by Lady Seott; a Famous Forgery, the y 5. W. Fullom, 5 vo 3 ; Vie Story of Dr. Dold, by P. Fitzgerald; Miss H. J. Tresidk — \ Review of Li Vie Mackenzie, by Aut! ony Trol'ooe, 2 vols. ; | de Jésus of M. Renan, by J i Puior " Cul Maria yon Weber, by J. 2. Simpson, Longman anil ¢ —Sha'se peere 2 vois. Tragedy of Harlet, by the Bev J. ae Trubner and Co.—Zulu Land, by Lewis | ter; Abridged Text-Book of 1 tutsh = & Grout. graphy, by W. Hughes; Rulwvay A J. und C. Mozley.—Events of the | form, by W. Galt ; Jacob Ben Cnaj _ Month, 1864. 2 Introduction to the Rubbi rie Tinble »Y William P. Nimmo,—William Paterson, | C. D.Ginsburg; Leechidoms, v ‘ — by William Pagan. aid Stareraft of Marly Ensia. ot. “ sss , Metzler and Co.—Common Prayer, with | Sunday to Sunday, by Miehort “res Ensish Verse, by ©- G. Flowerets of Ritual Song ; Accompanying Harmonies ' Hamilton. to the Boos of Common Prayer.

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February 25, 1865.] THE SPECTATOR. 221

DEATH. 2p.—At Corby Castle, on Saturday, the llth — a Minto, the beloved wife of Philip Henry toward, Fsq.. eldest Canghter and coheir of the late _y Jobn Canning, o! Foxcote, Warwicksbire, aged years.

rre}IE REPORT of the ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING of the LIVERPOOL wad LONDONand GLOBE INSURANCE COMPANY ' SAUCE, *,* Sold Wholesale and for Export, by Cie Proprietora, Worcester; Messrs, CROSSE and BLACKWELL; Messrs. Banctay aud Sons, Loadoa, we, &e, aud by Grocers and Vilmeu UUniVersily. C T R Dy K I vl DIAMOND BLACK LEAD is now used in the Palaces of the Qiven au Waies, whicu 18 a further Coaticustuva of superiority. RECKITT and SONS, Satfolk lane, Loudon, E.C., and jiu

r’s 1 Prines of its great

Page 24

222 SPECTATOR. THE [February 25, 1865. y AREHOUSES and WHARVES, with RIVER FRONTAGE at BATTERSEA. Incorporated by Act of Parliament as the WEST LONDON DOCKS and WAREHOUSES COMPANY. Capital, £509,000, in 25,000 Shares of £20 each, Of which one third has heen already subseribed. Deposit, £1 on application, and £2 0. w#llotment. No subsequent call to exceed £2 10s. per Share, nor to be made until tlree culeudar months after the pre- vious call. The liability of Shareholders is limited to the amount of their Shares, Drrectons. George Frederic Hol oyd, E-q (Director of the London, Chatham, and D. ver Railway Company), 8 Sussex square, Hyde Park, Chairman, Sir T. Herbert Maddock (Director of the Scinde Railway Company), Park place vill s, Maida hill west, Deputy- Chairman. William Austin, Esq. (Director of the Me! ropolitan Rail- way Company), 17 Adelaide road, St. John s wood. Captain Bulkeley (Dre:tor of the Great Western Ra l- way Company), Clewer Lodge. Windsor. Richard R. Dew, Esq. (Director of the Lordon ant North-Western Railway Company), 97 Gloucester place, Portman square. George P. Kitson, Esq. (Chairman of the International Contract Company), 85 Cannon street West, F.C. Colonel the Hon. R. T. Rowley, M.P. (Director of the Mold and Denbigh Railway Company), 47 Berkeley square. Robert Simpson, Esq. (Messrs. Fredk. Levick and Co.), Ironmasters, Loudon, and Cwm Celyn [roa Works, Monmoutl.shire. N.B.—Captain Bulkeley has been elected a Director pro- visionally upon the Company's obtaining an Act tor which they are applying in the present Session to in- crease the number of the B» ad from seven to nine. BANKERS, Bank of London, Threa Ineedle street and Charing cro-s. SonicrroR Jobn R. L. Walmi-levy, E-q., 5 Victoria street, West- minster Abi ey. Enainters.—Sir Charles Fox and Son. SurRvVeyoRS AND ARCHITECTS. lrancis Vigers, 'sq.,3 Freder ch's piace, Old Jewry. Francis Whitaker, Esq., 3 Cannon row, Westminster. Brokers, J.8. and A. Scrimgeour an! Co., 10 Old Broad street. uDIToRS. Messrs. Coleman, Tuiquand, Youngs, and Co. (Public Accountan s), Li Tokenhouse yard, Lothbary. $ ‘dward James Randall, Esq. 3 Bridge street, Westminster, and 85 Cannon street West, E.C. This Company has becn fermed for the purpose of con- Structing a Caual Basin, with Wharves and Warehouses adjoining, in the immediate vicinity of the Victoria Rail- way Bridge at Battersea. The objects of the undertaking are two fold, firstly, to supp y good Wharf and Wa ehouse accommodation to the Soutl.-Wewtern District of the Thames, and secondly, to accommodate the ‘Traffic of the various Railways which converge to the point at which the Wharves will be situated, The want of good Wia f and Warehouse accommoda- tion has been long felt in this dis rict, and still more severely since the demolition of the Grosvenor Canal, by which a loug Ine of water frontage has been made to disappear. The construction of the Thames Embankment also will sweep away not less than two and a half miles of Whaives, and as a consequence #lmost entirely close up tLe water way to the several warehouses lying along its course. The Railway Companies which will have access to the Wharves ave the following:—The Great Western, the London and North-Western, the Great Northein, the South - Western, the London, Brighton, and South Coast, the London, Chathem, and Dover, and the Metro- politan. The site selected for the Wharves is the only spot in the metiopolis where a large area of land abutting on the Tl ames can Le obtained aca moderate cost. Nearly half the land required, viz., 26 acres, has already been purchased on favourable terms, and possession obtained, and it is proposed to commence the works imme- diately. The Canal Bisin, when completed, will present a Woter frontage of over 9,000 feet, and being formed so as to be made available twice in each day, Cousters, Barges, end Canal Boats will receive the greatest dis- patch in loading aud un‘oading, aud always be able to work afloat. The Tariffs of charges have been arranged upon a firm basis, and the direct sources of revenue to be derived from the estaLlishment of the proposed works will be— Canal and Dock Dues, Rental fom Wharves and Warehouses, Charges for I oading and Unloading, &c. From the most careful estimates of the results antici- pated no doubt evn be entertained that the Company's operations will p oduce a highly remunerative returo. The works have been let to responsible contractois, who have undertaken to complete them within two years from the date of commencement, and to pay 7 per cent. interest upon the paid-up capital during their construc- tion, and fer twelve mouths after their completion. Prospectuses and forms of application for shares may be obtained from the Bankers, Brokers, Solicitor, or Secretary to the Company, at tue Offices, 3 Bridge street, Westminster; and at the Offices of the Luter: ational Contract Company, 85 Cannon street West, K.C, Form or APPLICATION FOR SHARES. (When filled up by the Applicant, this to be lodged, with 1 per Share, with the Company's Bauker-.) To the Directois of “the West London Vocks and Warehouses Company.” Gentlemen,—Having paid into your Baukers the sum of , being £1 per Share on Shares in the above Company, I request you to allot me that number of Shareg, and I hereby agree to accept the same, or,any less number, which may be allotted to me, and to be regis- tered as a Shareholder in the Company in conformity with the Act of Incorporation. Usual Signature.....e..-ceecsee+s Name in full Kesidence .. Occupation .. Date..coe oe. THE RIO DE JANEIRO GAS COM- a PANY (Limited). Incorporated under “* The Comyanies’ Act, 1862.” To be constituted also a Société Anonyme, in accordance | with the laws of Brazil. | Share Capita’, £600,000, in 30,000 Shares of £20 each. Deposit £1 per share on application, and £4 further on allotment. The remainder in the following instalments, | viz. i— £5 en 28th April, 1865. £5 0n 30th May ,, £5 on 30th June ” Shareholders will have the option of postponing pay- | ment of the April and May instalments until 39th June | upon payment of interest at the rate of £5 per cent. per | anuuim., Directors. | Richard Carruthers, Esq., Eden Grove, near Car isle | (formerly of Rio de Janeiro). James Athe' ton, Isq.,Swiuton Park, Manchester. Alexander D. Macgregor, Esq. (Maud, Macgregor, and Co.), London. Mauger Smith Collins, Esq., Guernsey. Bartlett James, sq. (Carruthers, De Castro, and Co.), Manager of the Rio Gas Company from its commence- ment. Solicitors. —Messrs. Pircham, Dalrymp'e, Drake, aud Co., Parliament street, 5.W. Bankers.—The L ndon and Westminster Bank, Lothbury. Brokers.—Messrs. P. Cazenove and Co., Threadncedle Street, Secretary (pro tem.)—Mr. John du Boulay. Temporary Oftices—No. 1 Gresham House, Old Broad street. This Compiny has been formed for the purpose of acquiring two concessions granted by the Imperial Government of Brazil for lighting Rio de Janeiro with gas. The concessions, which are date respectively the | 11th of March, 1851, and the 13th October, 1854, grant | the monopoly of supplying the city with gas for a period | of 25 years from the 25th March, 1854. In consequence of a provision inserted in the former | conce-sion an ass'gument was prohibited, except with | the consent of the Imperial Government, and conse- |} quently it was net competent for the concessionaire to release himself from his individual obligations so as to | surrender the concessions absolutely to a Company, bnt a joint-s'ock undertaking, under the sanction of the Government of Brazil, was organizad for giving effect to the concession, the coucessiOuaire remaining liable to the Government. The result of the working from the commencement, in 1854, up to the present time has been highly satisfactory, and the proposal for a sale of the undertaking to an English company has ariseu solely from the necessity which a comparatively new country like Brazil is under of obtaining capital from the European money markets to aid in the development of industrial undertakings. An imperial decree having been obtained authorizing an absolute transfer to a company to be organized in Europe of the concessions, and all the rights, powers, privileges, and proti.s conferred thereby, all obstacles to the undertaking, being absolutely vested in a joint- stock company, aieat an end. Arrangements have accord- ingly been made with the concessionaire and the Brazilian Company for a trau:fer to the present Company of the concessions and the works and property of the existing undertaking, including contracts with the Government (the payments on which are guaranteed to be made in gold) and private individuals, and for maintaining those works, and constructing ani maintaining any other works that@may be authorized by any further or supple- mental concession. The concession confers the exclusive privilege of furnishing gas to the public authorities as well as to ; private individuals up to Mareh 25, 1879, at the price of 8,000 reis (17s. 9d.) per 1,000 cubic feet. There are at present in the City of Rio about 21,000 houses, of which only 6,900 are now furnished with gas-lights. The increase, however, of hou-es requiring to be so lighted may be taken at about 30 per month. ‘The public lamps exceed 5,000 in number. The following extracts from the published reports of the Brazilian Company show the progressive increase in the number of burners siuce the first introduction of gas into Rio:— Houses Supplied. Public Lamps. Jan. 1, 1855 950 .. 187 1856 TIIT glows 2815 The net profits for the year 1863 amounted to £64500, and for the year L864 to £65,000, or upwards of 10 per cent. on the proposed purchase-money, namely, £600,000. Under the terms of the concession the Company will be at liberty to introduce iuto Rio all machinery and -~ mutsrial necessary to the manufacture of gas free of duty. - The agreement for the purchase of the concessions and ofall the valuable gasworks, Cunnected buildings, and property in Rio, provides that the concessionaire shall bear the preliminary and all other expenses of the Company, up to the time of the undertaking being | handed over to them, and an imperial decree obtained, approving the transfer, aud recognizing the Company as a Sucié.é Anonyme in Brazil, ‘The purchase-money will be paid as follows:—£150,000 out of the deposits on allotment, and the balauce, £150,000, ou 30th June next, or so svon thereafter as the prop:rty is handed over to the Company, and the imperial decree obtained. . The Company has the option of paying one-half of the purchase-money in fully paid-up shares. The protits of the undertaking will accrue tothe share- Loiders as from Ist July next. Te subscribers will thus acquire a valuable property and an existing business, the net profits of which (without taking into consideration the progressive in- crease which past experience shows may be ceriainly expected) will yield them an immediate return on their capital exceeding 10 per cent. per annum. Copies of the concession und of the agreement of purchase, together with the articles of association, can be inspected at the offices of Messrs. Bircham, Dalrymple, Drake, and Co., 46 Parliament street, Westminster. | be o>tained of Messrs. Maua, Macgregor, and Co | Gresham House, Old Broad street and of Messrs. P. Prospectuses and forms of application for shares can ° Cazenove and Co., the brokers of the Cumpiny, Thread- needle street. Form OF APPLI ATION FOR SHARES. | To the Directo:s of the Rio de Janeiro Gas Company (Limited). Geutlemen,--Having paid to your bankers, the Lon- don and Westminster (Lothbury), the sum of £ being a deposit of £1 per share on Shares in the above Company, I hereby request that you will allot me that number, and I azree to accept such shares, or any Jess number you may allot to me,anil also agree to pay ou allotment the further sum of £4 per share allotted and I authorize and require you to insert® my name on the register of members for the number of shares allot- ted tu me. Usaal signature... sccsesscoses Name in fall. wagiele Residence ... Tae RIO DE JANEIRO GAS COM- PANY (Limited). NOTICE is HEREBY GIVEN that no farther APPLICATIONS for SHARKS in this Company wilt Le received from London applicants after SATURDAY next, the 25th inst., and from Couutry applicants after MONDAY, the 27th inst. By oider JOUN DU BOULAY, Secretary pro. tem Temporary offices, 1 Gresham House, Old Broad street, Feb. 23, 1865. PpEtica LIFE INSURANCE OFFICE. FE.STABLISHED IN 1797. 70 LOMBARD SIRT, E.c., and 57 CHARING- CROSS, S.W DixEctors. Octavius E. Coope, Esy. Henry Lancelot Holland, William Cotton, Ksq., hsq. D.C.L., F.RS. William James Lancaster, Thos. H. Farquhar, Esq. 23q. James A. Gordon, Esq., | John Lubbock, Esq.,F.R.S. M.D., F.RS. | Benjamin Shaw, Esq. Edward Hawkins, jun., Esq. | Matthew Whiting, Esq. Kirkman D, Hodgson, sq., | Marmaduke Wyvill, Jun., MP. | Esq., M.P. ROBERT TUCKER, Secretary aud Actuary. This Company grauts Assurances at Moderate Rates of Premium with Participation in Profits, and at Low Rates without Profits. Also—Loans, in sums of not less than £500, in con- nection with Life Assurance upon approved Security. At the last Divisiou of Protits the ovus varied from 23 to 6 per cent.on the Premiums paid. For particulars aud forms of proposal apply to the Secretary. GENTLEMAN, thoroughly acquainted. tL with the Trade in all its Departments, WANTED, to take the management of an extensive and old-estab- lished Stationery and Bookselling business. He must have a good address, and possess e .ergy to enable kim to extend the business in both braaches and uudertake its full coutrol. ‘The highest character for integrity anil ability required. Salary not an object. Apply, by lecter, addressed S8.B., care of DAVIES aud CO., Advertising Agents, Finch lane, Cornhill. o“= and COLONIAL ASSURANCE. COMPANY (Limited). FIRE, LIFE, and MARINE. Subscribed Capital, One Million.—Puid up, £100,000. Chief Oftices—69 Cornhill, London, &.C. Vire and Life Insurances at moderate rates and on liberal terms, THOMAS MILLER, Manager, Vire and Life Departments. | LERICAL and SCHOLASTIC C OFFICES, 78 Borough road, London, 8.E. The Nobility, Clergy, Gentry, Heads of Families, and Principals of Schools, are respectfully informed that they can always be provided free of charge and at a few hours’ notice with ‘Tutors, Curates, Secretaries, Gover- nesses, Companions, and Lady Housekeepers. Undeni- able references required before placing names upon the register, so that employers may accept an introduction from these offices as a guarautee of the respectability aud good faith of the applicant. Adyowsous aud Schools disposed of, Pupils introduced. Mr. E, HARRIS, Superintendent. RUPTURES.—BY ROYAL LETLERS PALEN?, THITE'’S MOC-MAIN LEVER \ TRUSS is allowed by upwards of 200 Medical gentlemen to be the Most effective imveutivu lu the curative treauaent of HERNIA. The use of the steel spring, so often hurtful in its eects, is here avoided, a sott bandage being worn round the body, while the re- quisite resisting power is supplied by the MUC-MAIN PAD aud FATENY LEVER, titing with sv much esse and closeness that it Caunot be detected, aud may be worn during sleep. A descripuve C.fcular may be nad, aud the Truss (wuich canuot tail to tity) forwarded by post, on the circumfereuce of the body two luches oelow the hips being sent to the Manufacturer, Mr. WHITE, 228 Piccadilly, London. Single Truss, lUs., 21s., 20s. 6d., and 31s. Gd.; postage, ls. Double ditto, 31s, td., 42s., aud 52s, G4.; postage, ls. Sd. Umbilical dittv, 428. aud 52s. 6d.; postage, ls.10d. Post ollice orders w be made payable lo Joby White, Post-otlice, Piccadilly. NEW PATENT si - 7 LASTIC STOCKINGS, KNEE-CAPS, &e., for VAKLCOSE VEINS, and all cases of WEAKNESS and SWELLING, vt the LEGS, SPRALNS, &e. ‘They are porous, light in texture, aud inexpeusive, aud are drawn op like an ordiuary stucking. Price 4s. Gd., 73. 6d., 10s., and 16s. euch; pustage, Ud. JCHN WHITE, Manufacturer, 228 Piccadilly, Londo i Oe a i ek i i a —.2 Sa A A A nm Ae, oe ~—- wre nem ao

Page 25

February 25, 1865.] THE SPECTATOR. 225 E , MERCANTILE CREDIT ASSOCIA. The IMP ITED) are AUTHORIZED to OFFER TION SHARES of the VARNA RAILWAY COM- PANY, on the TERMS of the FOLLOWING PRO. sPECTUS:— rpHE VARNA RAILWAY COMPANY (RUSTCHUK to VARNA). by Statutes under the law of Turkey with Constituted by Sta crited Liability. Concession, yt yee —_ cm ital, £900,000, in 45,000 Sharcs to bearer o i oe oie a minimum interest of 5 per cent. per annum guaranteed by the Turkish Government. 15,000 Shares have been taken, 9,00) of which are under offer in Turkey according to the terms of the concession. Price of issue of the Shares, £12. Deposit on application, £1; ditto on al otment, £2. Calls not to exceed £2 10s. per share, at intervals of not less than —— —, eae is price of issue shareholders will receive 8} per an os au, and interest will be allowed at the same rate on all payments. Shareholders may pay up in fal’. : The shares wi guaranteed by the ings, to commence line, viz. :-— S 12,500 shares durin the second 33 years. 1, 45,000. The holier of exch share drawn and paid off at £20 will receive a dividend warrant entitling him to partici- pate in all profits earned by the Railway in excess of the guaranteed interest during the remaining term of the To estimate the advautazes offered tothe shareholders, in addition to the minimum int -rcst of 5% per cent., and the profit derived fron the annial drawings at par, it is necessary to state that the Railway is es imate d to yiell fiom 10 to 12 per cent. per annum on the entire capital expended of £2,000,000 ; of this amount, £1,100,000 has been provided by means of obligations at the rate of 7} per cent. interest, and redeemable by the sinking fund, like - wise guaranteed by the Turkish Gover iment; the entire profits above the agyregate guarantee will in cons squence become divisible among the sharehollers, representing a capital of £900,000, and taking into account the price at which the shares are issued, etch 1 per cent. of sur- plus profit earned on the total cost would give the share holder an addition of nearly 4 per ceut. on the amount paid by him. Messrs. Peto, Betts, and Crampton have ¢ tracted to construct the Railway and works, and provide rolling stock, for a sum which will leave a sufficient margin in the hands of the Company to pay interest during construction and to meet all contingencies, thereby ensuring that unler no circumstances shall the expen- diture exceed £2,000,000. The Railway was commenced last June,and great pro- gress has been made in all branches of the works. Fifty miles of earthwork are ready for laying the rails, and the contractors have made angements to open the entire line in the antumn, 15! For this purpose all the rails will be delivered this year. Drrecrons. William G!alstone, Esq., Chairman. H. Wollaston Blake, Esq. Charles Kelson, Esq. Henry McChilery , Esq. Maurice J. Posno, Esq. Monsr. L. Fmerique. ) n F. Pauweis. » V. Tercelin-Monj \t j Consulting Engineer—G. P. Bidder, Fsq. Evgineer—Win. MecCandlish, Esq. Coutractors—Messrs. Peto, Betts, and Crampton. Solicitors—Messrs. Freshtields and Newman. Bankers—Messrs. Robarts, Lubbock, and Co. Secretary—J. F. Walsb, Esq. Brokers—Messrs. P. Cazenove and Co. Offices—15 Angel court, E.C. ll be redeemed at par by a sinking fund Turkish Government by annual draw- the year after the opening of the g thefirst 33 years, 20,000 during 12,500 during the third 33 years. London. Brussels. This Railway will connect Rustchuk, on the banks of the Danube, with Varna, the principal port in the Black Sea, and will traverse for the entire distance of about 13s English miles most populous districts in the province o! Bulgaria. Th's province remits yearly to the Turkish Government a net revenue of about one million sterling, and provides Constantinople with cattle, timber, grain, and other produce. The maps attached to the prospectus will show the route of the proposed Railway, and the great saving of time and distance, both by sea and land. It will form the shortest and most convenient route to aud from the Est, It will also provide the cheapest and m»st direct means of communication between the M.ldo-Walla- ehian Principalites and the countries of the Upper Danube and the Port of Varna. ‘Ihe journey trom Lon- don to Constantinople will be accomplished in four and a half days. x The Bay of Varna is one of the best natural harbours in the Black Sea, from whence there is a large exporta- tion of grain ani other merchandise at all seasons of the year. The Turkish Government are now negotiating with @ company for the construction of a breakwater and quays within the bay. When these are completed the harbour of Vurna will be one of the finest in Europe. Already a pier has been constructed extending into 18 feet depth of water, where vessels of large tonnage may doad and deliver in connection with the Ru Iway. _,.By means of the annual payments guaranteed by the Turkish Government the entire share and debenture capital will be redeemed within the term of the cou- cession. _ The Turkish Government bave the option of purchas- ing the Railway on terms favourable to the Company at the expiration of 50 years. For further details reference is made to the original firman, convention, cahier des charges, plan for re- demption, and other official documents, which, with — are open for inspection at the Company's Applications for shares in the annexed form t» be left With the bankers upon payment ot the depesit of £1 per share. A If no allotinent is made the deposit will be re- turned in full and if a less number of shares be ailoited than is applied for the deposit will,as far as required, be applied towards the payment due on allotment. b Prospectuses and forms of application for shares may e obtained of the Secretary of tie Imperial Mercantile Credit Association (Limited), 95 Bishopsgate street ; of the Brokers, at No. 52 Threadneedle street ; or at the offices of the Company, 15 Angel court. Fors OF APPLICATION FoR SHARES. To be retained by the Bankers. NoO..+- To the Directors of the Varna Railway Company. Gentlemen,—Having paid to your Bankers, Messrs. Robarts, Lubbock, and Co., the sum of £ , being a deposit of £1 per share 01 shares in the above Company, I hereby request that you will allot me that number, and I agree to accept such shares, or any less number you may allot to me, on the terms of the r ospectus, and I agree to pay the deposit due on allot- me. _. Usual signature .. 2. .0.. se cece a Date... oc rece ce cocccess THE VARNA RAILWAY COMPANY. —NOTICE is HEREBY GIVEN that the LISTS of APPLICATIONS for SHARES will be CLOSED on TUESDAY the 23th inst., but Applications from the Country will be received by post the following WED- NESDAY morning. By order, 15 Angel Court, F.C., 24th February, 1865 ue SCOTTISH ASSAM TEA COM- _ PANY (Limited). To be incorporated under the Companies’ Act, 1862, with limited liability. Capital, £100,000 in 10,000 Shares of £10 each. Deposit 10s. per Share on Application and £1 103. on Allotment. No Call will exceed £2 per Share. An interval of not less than Six Months to elapse between each Call. PROVISIONAL Directors. Robert Hunter, sq., 10 Ainslie place, Edinburgh. James Mackintosh, jun., Esq., Whim House, Leadburn, N.B., and of Caleutta (late Director ofthe Cachar Tea Company, Cachar, ani of the Tukvar Tea Company, Darjeeling). John A. Macrae, Esq., of Wellbank, W.S. William Forbes, Esq., of Medwyn. George Sinclair, Esq., 5 Buckingham terrace, Edin- burgh, H.E.LC.s. John Maxton, Esq., 11 Eton terrace, Edinburgh (for- merly Police Surgeon and Surgeon to the Police Hospital and Coroner, Calcutta). George Williamson, jun., Esq., Culter House, Aberdeen (formeily Chief Mauager to the Assam Company). BANKERS. Commercial Bank of Scotland and Branches. Jank of Hindustan, China, and Japan (Limited), 1 Bank Buildings, Lothbury, Loudon. Soricrrors.—Messrs. Gibson and Tait, W.S., Ediuburgh. Brokers. Messrs. Thomas Miller and Sons, 72 Princesa street, Edinburgh. Messrs. Kerr, Anderson, anl Brodie, 152 St. Vincent street, Glasgow. Messrs. C. and J. H. Macrae, 10 Tokeuhouse yard, Lon- don. Messrs. G. and T. Irvine, 7 India Buildings, Fenwick street, Liverpool. Secrerary.—Alexander T. Niven, Esq., C.A. OvFices.—13 Queen street, Edinburgh. ABRIDGED PROSPECTUS. The prosperity which has attendel, and! the large Dividends which have been returned by, the Assam, Jorehaut, and Bishuauth Companies, all situated in the vicinity of the Estates provisionally purchased by the Seottish Assam Tea Company (Limite!l), enable the Directors of the latter to submit the undertaking with much confidence to the public. The Estates comprise some 4,000 acres of the best Tea Land, of which about 500 acres have been planted out. Thes-lier guarantees a minimum dividend at the rate of 10 per cext. per an- num for three years, such guarantee to extend to the capital employed in extending the cultivation, at the rate of 300 acres annually, and in working the Company during that period, Full prospectuses and Forms of Application for Shares may be had from the Brokers or Secretary. T= SCOTTISH ASSAM TEA COM- : PANY (Limit 4). APPLICATIONS for Shares must be made before WEDNESDAY, the Ist MARCH, on which date the List will be Closed. By order of the Directors, ALEX. T. NIVEN, Secretary. Edinburgh, 13 Queen street, 2)th February, 1865. AeRsncias AGENCY of PERU, 574 Old Broad street-—COU PONS of ECUADOR and NEW GRANADA BONDS, Payable in New York, U.S.A. —DUE COUPONS of the above Bounds will be PAID, at the exchange of four shillings per dollar, on applica- tion to that effect to J. Thomson, I’. Bonar, and Co., 574 Old Broad street. The Coupons, with a list in numerical order, must be lef. for examination three days previously at the office of Lewis H. Haslewood, Founders’ court, Lothbury, tee PERUVIAN FIVE PER CENT. LUAN. £10,000,000 of Stock. Bearing Interest at the rate of Five per cent. per aunum, from the 1.t day of January, 1565, payable half-yearly in London and Paris. ; Detailed prospectuses and forms of application may be obtained of Messrs. J. Thomson, T. Bonar, and Co., 57} Old Broad street, London. Messrs. J. Homberg and Co., Paris. and of Messrs. Mullens, Marshall, aud Daniell, 3 Lombard street, London. Lewis H. Haslewood, Esq., Founders’ court, Lothbury, London. Powers may be seen at the offices of Measrs. W. and II. P. Sharp, 92 Gresham House, Old Broad street, F.C. No applications will be received after Two o'clock on Tuesday, the 23th February, 1305. ’ SIATIC BANKING CORPORATION, Incorporated by Royal Charter. Authorized capital, £2,000,000 ; paid-up capital, £500,000. Heal OfficeNo. 4 Lombard street. Boarp or Drrecrors. FRANCIS BOYKETT, Esq , Chairman. (Messrs. Timothy Wiggin and Co.) JONUN A. RUSSELL, Esq, Deputy-Chairman, (Messrs. Grey and Coles, and Grey and Co.) Thomas Cardwell, Esq. (Messrs. Thomas Cardwell and Co, and Cardwell, Parsons, and Co, Bombay.) Charles A. Fearon, Esq. (Messrs. Fearon and Co., late of Messrs. Augustine Heard and Co, China.) William Maitland. Esq (Messrs. M'Killop, Stewart, and Co., Calcutta.) COMMITTEE IN Bompay. *% Hon. Michael H. Scott (Messrs. Ritchie, Steuart, and € ») Robert Hannay, Fs4. (Messrs Grey and Co.) Cowasjee Jehanghier, Esq. Anthony Morrison, Esq. (late Agent at Bombay), General Manacer. F. W. Lawrence, E84, Acting Manager. Bankers--The Bank of England; the Loudon Joint-Siock Bauk. Agents in [relani—The National Bank. Agents in Scotland—The Brit's Linen Company. Brokers—Me-srs. Foster and Bra thwa te. Solicitors—Messrs, Freshtields aud Newman Auditors—Mess:s Coleman, Turquand, Youngs, and Co. Agencies and Branches are establisiel at Bombay, Calcutta, Singapore, Ceylon, Houg Koug, aud Shanghai. The Corporation grant drafts and negotiate bills of exchange payable at the above places, issue letters of credit, and conduct every description of banking business connected with the Kast. Theyeffect the purchase and sale of Indian securities, the receipt of dividends, &c., and undertake the safe custody of securities. They also receive deposits, bearing interest, for fixed periods, Rates of interest and exchange may be ascertaiued at the Head Office. C= MERCIAL BANK CORPORA- TION of INDIA and the EAST. Incorporated by Royal Charter. Paid-up Capital, £1,000,000 (One Million sterling), with power to increase to ‘I'wo Millions. Head Office—(4 Moorgate street, London, E.C. Branches and Agencies at Bombay, Calcutta, Foochow, H ankow, Hong Kong, 7, Singapore, and Yoko- pama. The Bank negotiates and collects bills and grants drafts Ou its branches and agencies as above. It acts as the agent of parties connected with the East in trans- mitting funds and in making investments in Indian and other public securities, effecting also the sale thereof, either at home or abroad, It undertakes their safe custody and the receipt of interest or dividends thereon, and receives pay, pensions, and other moueys for remit- tance through the Bank or otherwise. The Bank also receives money on deposit at rates of interest proportioned to the length of the notice of with- drawal agreed to be given, the terms of which may be ascertained on inquiry. Office hours, 10 to 4; Saturdays, 10 to 2. outa AUSTRALIAN BANKING COMPANY. Incorronatep BY Royal Cuarrer. Every description of Banking Business conducted with South Australia, New South Wales, Victoria, and also by Agency with New Zealand, upon current terms with the respective Colonies. WILLIAM PURDY, Manager. Lendon, 54 Old Broad street, 1.C. Pp” ‘ERBOROUGH, WISBEACH, and SUITON RAILWAY. The Directors of this Company are prepared to receive LOANS on SECURITY of DEBENTURES for three, five, or seven years, bearing Interest at the rate of 5 per cent. per annum, payabls ha!f-yearly im London. The INTEREST on the above Debentures will be paid by the Midland Railway Company in terms of the Act of Parliament, which makes the Debenture Lnterest the first charge on the GROSS RECEIPTS of the Line prior to deduction of working expenses. H. DUDLEY COOPER, Secretary. 41 Parliament street, Loudon. NIVERSAL LIFE ASSURANCE SOCIETY, 1 King William street, London, E.C. Established 1834, with branches at Calcutta, Madras, and Bombay.—Very economical h ome and colonial rates for civil and military lives. Division every year of one- fifth of protits. Premiums on all partic pating policies six years in force reduced one-half for the year enling May, 1865, so that £50 only of eich £190 of premium falling due is charged. ‘otal assurances issued exceed £7,000,000 sterling ; claims paid, 1{ million, cash bonuses to assured, £565,000, or an aversge annual return of 9s. im the pound at 25 divisions of profit. Advances made on Life Interests and on real anl other property in connection with assurauces. FREDERICK HENDRIKS, Actuary and Secretary. MPORTANT ANNOUNCEMENT.— JOSEPH GILLOTT, MELALLIC PEN MAKER to the QUEEN, begs to inform the commercial world, Scholastic institutions, and the public generally, that by a novel application of his unrivaliel Machinery for making Steel Pens he has introducela uew series of his useful productions, which for excelleuc> of temper, quality of material, and, above all, cheapness in price, must ensure universal approbation and defy competi- tion. Each pen bears the impress of his name as a guarantee of quality. They are put up in boxes con- taining one gtuss each, with label outside, anl the fae- simile of his siguature. At the request of numerous persons engaged in tuition J. G. hasintrolaced his Warranted School and Public Pens, which are especially adapted to their use, being of different degrees of flexi- bility, and with fine, medium, and broad points, suitable for the various kinds of writing tauglit in sciools.— Sold retail by all Stationers and Booksedlers. Merchants and Wholesale Dealers can be supplied at tie Works Graham street, Birmingham; at 9l Joho sve, New York ; and at 37 Gracechurch street, Loudon.

Page 26

224 THE SPECTATOR. [February 25, 1865.

P PROVIDING for the SPIR = TROPOLES and its SUBURI » Exeentive Committee earnestly request attention PISHOP of LONDON'’S FUND foi PIRI! d( ) IRITUAL WANTS of the RBs.

ments = the Sta Report showed that, on a moderate estinite, there w 2 s in the Diocese deficient in provision for religion ip and instruction. The Committee, by the work : they have been able to institute, have removed some of these from the category of deti- cient Parishes, but even in the Se cases much remains to be done. Fifty Parishes whose claims are now under con- sideration are amongst those in which nothing has been yet done, and in which large deficiencies exist. The available balance at the disposal of the Committee is iite:ly inadequate to deal with the great bulk of the work before them. The Committee are most desirous to press on public attention the urgent motive for the vigorous prosecution of this work supplied by the Nndowment Grants of the Keelesinstical Commission. The amount of permanent nid which may be obtained through these grants for the doecse depends cn the voluntary efforts which are made to secure them. To brexk up the large overgrown Parishes into manageable districts, and to provide these districts with immediate mission agencies, 80 disposed as to prepare for ultimate parochial organization, is the special and characteristic work of this Fund. As it helps to provide each new district parish with its per- manent Church and School, ant pluces it in a position to claim its Endowment Grant from the revenues of the Commission, the Fund retires and leaves each new Parish thus furnished to draw from its own population tlhe means necessary fur the maintenance of Christian worship and instruction, In the belief that this scheme of action is definite and eflicient, the Committee ask to be enabled to apply it to the large number of deficient Parishes which demand their aid. ‘They trust that the Fund will thus serve to spread new Christian influences amongst a vast populaiion around us, whose wants we dure not negiect, snd will alse, wh eu its office leave its mark in the Diovese, snd transmit its influence 2e to o.her generations. For the effectual proseeution of this work the effort required must be united. In a Dicces diffused wealth, and which, when ocevsion arises, does not fail to show a larce liberality, the Committee believe they will not ask in vain for a much wider support for this movement than it bas yet obtained. Urgent and especial as is the call on landowners and other pro- Prictors to Conseerate an acequate purtion of their wealth to Christian uses, and on tlose engaged in Commerce or ‘Trade to recollect the religiovs necessities of the multi- tudes who live by labour, this work has claims on all wh se residence in London draws tocether the poor to minister to their wants, To ali the Committee appeal for that hearty and general effort which is essential to success, Nor, as they co sider the mora«l influence which in various ways L: ndon exercises ou the whole country, and the large aunuel immigration from the rural districts, dv they hesitate to ask those in other parts of England, for whose own wants the zeal and seli-denial of former generations have already provided, to promote a werk which is one of national interest and colucern. Sulscriptions for ten or any number of years, or donations in one sim, will be appropriated according to the will of the doncor, either to the general fund or to any of its special objects; and further, if desired, to any particular locality. Subscriptions may be paid to Messrs Herries, Far- qu har, and Co., 16 St. James s street; Messrs Hoare and Fleet street; Sir Samuel Scott, Bart., and Co., 1 Cavendish square; Messrs Coutis and Co., 59 Sirand ; Messrs Barnett and Co., 62 Lombard street ; the Bank of England; or to Thomas Bodley, Esq, Secretary, at the office, 464 Pall Mall, S.W. Cheques sent to the office should be crossed Herries and Cv., and Post-oilice orders can be made payable to the Secretary. 46a Pall Mall, Feb. 4, 1805. " 1R YS'LA L 'p A L ACE. —GRE sAT J WRIENNIAL HANDEL FESTIVAL cf 1965 at the Crystal Palace about the end of June. Registers have been opened at the Crystal Palace, $ Syden ham, &.E., and at Exeter Hall, Strand, london, W.C., for entering the names of persons desirous of re- early copies of the progiamme of the Festival, the issue and prices of tickets, piaus and arrangemeuts of reserved seats, &e. Letters addressed to the undersigned will meet with due attention.

xed st ‘isti

GEORGE GROVE, Seeretary, Crystal Palace Company. THOMAS BREWER, Hon. Sec, Sacred Harmonie Sceiety. rPUEATRE R OY. AL, DRURY LANE.— Mauagers, Messrs. EpMUND FALCONER and F. B, Cuarrerron.—Special and Positively the Last Grand Morning peiformance cf the Pantomime to-morrow (Monday), February £7, at two o'clock. On Monday, and during the week, Sr EK. Lytton Bulwer’s Play of RICHELIEU. Coerdinal Kichelieu, Mr. P helps; other characters by Messrs. Walter Lacy, H. Seneen, I’. Phelps, '. Neville, Siuclair, Spencer, Meagreson, ‘f. Harris, Mrs. He 1 Vezin, aud Miss Helen Howard, &c, To conclude with the Grand Christmas Comic Pantomime, written by & i Biauchard, Esq., entitled HOP O° MY THUMB. The Scenery by Mr. William Beverley, Pantomimisis:—Harry Boleno and Mr. C. Lauri, Clowns, Mr. W. A. Barnes and Mr. J. Morris, Pauta- loons; Mr. Cormack and Mr, 8. Saville, Harlequins; Mudame Boleno and the Misses Gunness, Columbines. —On Ash Wednesday, Mr. Howard Glover's Grond Musical Festival.—Ou Mouday, March 6, Shakespere’s Play of CYM! ELINE, acho, Mr. James Ander: on : J.couatus Posthumus, Mr. Welter Montgomery; Bela- rious, Mr. Henry Marston; Cloten, Mr. Walter Laey; Pisanio, Mr. Ecmuud Phelj s: Queeu, Miss Atkingon ; and Imogen, Miss Helen Faucit. Doors open at half-past six, commence at seven. Box-oflice open from ten till tive daily,

VICTORIA MAGAZIN E. MARCH 1, 1865. Conrenrs. master. Evening Prayer. A Poem. By Hon. Rodeu Noel. TrRouBLE Av THORNHILL. Chapter : —Buik ling up the House. a Il.—** A Famiiy Lecture.” II1I.—The Telegram, and How a Damsel Ride over the Hill. 1, English and Scotch Verdicts in Criminal Cases. By Herbert Graham. 5. Tue WarDeEN or Sr. Briavew's. A Legend of Tintern Abbe y- Chapter Bt —The Warden. VII.—A Conspiracy. 2 VII1.—Miiller in a New Character. 6. Recollection. A Poem. By Agues Stonehewer. Among the Black Boys. By Lucy Anna Edgar. 8. Social Science.—Sche:we of EXamination for Girls, 9. Literature. London: Emmy Farraruut, Printer and Publisher in Ordinary to Her Majesty, Princes street, Hauover square, and 83, I’arringdon street. Sold by Warp and Lock, and by all Booksellers. HE ENGLISHMAN’S MAGAZINE of Literature, Religion, Science, and Art for MARCH, 1865, price 1s. CONTENTS, On Reading and Chaating. By the Dean of Ely. The Old Suasburg Ballids. By Catherine Wink- worth. 3. Madame Guyon.

? 3. ”

oS

4. Ancieut — ts of Our Lord. 5. A Sailor’s Yarn. By Langton Lockhart. 6. Readings on the Old Testament. II. The First and Second Chapters of Geuesis. The New Patent lire-proof Chest. A Village Inci- dent. . Sons of Consolation. % The Terrestrial Paradise. A Medieval Myth. 10. Domestie Philosophy. Our Parson, ll. The Ba'tle cf Varna. (A.D. 1444, 12. Some Account of the Founder of Georgia. 13. Clovelly. 14. Things New and Old. By the Editor. Tue Lord's Prayer. Part 1 RivinetTons, London, Oxford, and Cambridge. Now ready, One Siuilling (No, 63). ‘THE CORNHILL MAGAZINE | for MARCH. With Illustrations by Grorar HL, THomAs and Geornce Du Maurier. CONTENTS. Armadale. (With anu Illustration.) Book the Third. Chapter |.—Lurking Mischief. 1—Allan as a Landed Gentleman. The Present Position of Landscape Painting in Eng- laud Monsieur Babou. A Midsummer Ride in South China. Wives and Daughters. Aa Every-Day Story, (With anu Illustration.) Chapter wae —The Half-S'sters. ” X1L—The Old Squire’s Troubles. 89 SNIIL —Osboine Hamuley Reviews his Posi- tion. The Winds. Willie Baird: A Winter Idyll. Iseruia—L' Addio. Suire, Evver, and Co., 65 Cornhill.

This day is published. MACHMILLAN’S MAGAZINE, 4 No. LXV. (for MARCH, 1805). Price 1s. ConTENTs, 1. The Hillyars and the Burtons: A Story of Two Ivumailic 8. By teary Kingsley, Author of “ Austin Elliot,” * Raveushve,” de Ch inl LXNXIV.—The Midnight Meeting. LXNXV.—tThe long Courtship comes to an bind, IX XVL—lmma is detained, » LXXVIL—dames Burton's Story: Captain Aikwright goes back once nore. » LXXVUL—The Cyclone. 2. Early Yearsof Erasmus. By James Hamilton, D.D., F.LS. Extracts Kgyp 4. * Tne Rush Vow.” 5. Shadow of Death. By Frances Power Cobbe. 6. Sanremo Revisited. By the Author of ** Doctor Antonio.” 7. A Sou of the Seil, P.rt XVI. 8. ** Waiting.” 9 Essays at Odd Times:— Il]. —Of True Perspective in Art and Life. 10. The Proposed Co: stitution for British North Ame- rics. By Professor Guldwin Smith. MACMILLAN and Co., London and Cambridge. Swld by all Booksellers, Newsagents, and at all Ruail- Way Statious.

from Laty Duff-Gordou'’s Letters from

IL ACKWOOD'S MAGAZINE for D> MARCH, 1865. No. DNCUIL Price 2s. 6d. ONTENTS. The —— ae Wiliam Gladstone, MP.— Part William Blake. Miss Marjoribuuks.—Part IL Sir E, Bulwer Lytton’s Poems. Guy Neville’s Ghost. Etonians, Ancient aud Modein.—Part I. The Tutt-Huuter. Picéudilly; an Episode cf Contemporaneous hal through an and ag licatious for rev is I yaer m: Whitfield, Green, and Son, 178 Strand, W.C.; Williams and Noigate, 14 Heurietta street, Covent Gar- den, W.C.; and at 20 South Frederick street, Edinburgn, 'eipsic: Denicke. Manchester: Jounson and Kawson Murket street.

STARCH MANUFACTURERS TO H.|H. THE PRINCESS OF WALES. G LENFIELD STARCH. AWARDED THE PRIZE MEDAL, 1862. This unrivalled starch is USED IN THE ROYAL LAUNDRY, ind pronounced by Her Majesty's Laundress to be THE FINEST SiAKCH SUL EVER USED. lier Majesty's Lace Dresser declares it to be THE BEST SUE MAS TRIED; snd the above award by sole of the must emine selenlilic men of Lue ape CONFIRMS If3 SUPERIORITY, WOTHERSPOON and 00, Glasgow and Loudou, INNEFOLKD'S FLUID MAGNESIA. aes medical profession for thirty years Lave approved of this pure sulutivu of Maguesit as the best remedy for Gout and Stouachic disorders of every kind, and asa mild aperient it is especially adapted fur ladies and childven. Prepared solely by DIN Nis FORD und Co., Chemists, &c., et New Bond stu , Loudon and sold throughout tue worll by all res; mists. CAUTION.—See tat “ Vinuetorit and Co." is on each botde wud red label over the Gurk.

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February 25, 1865. ] THE SPECTATOR. 225

MUDIES | SELECT LIBRARY.

NI ——— BOOKS. All be ree the S-asom are in C.reulation or tne § pros - . aat 3 DIE: 3 SEL! ov LIBRARY. on Sal: 4y ¢ MI nti nw >be addeda demand in- ances ea lem ample supply is p wided of ajl the prin- cipal New Works as they appear a Yirst-( er r the Newest Books _— on } r Annum s3 3 Subseripu Ifa Guinea per Anuum, — comme? at any date. es, Town © ad Vi braries and Read- id Laterary Inst tutions, supp! Hied om liberal terms. shai age free, aie application, Prosp-ctuses, [ MUDIES SELECT LIBRARY.

FREE DELIVERY of BOOKS Madie’s Library Messengers ¢ loo appointed days to deliver Boo ks at the Re siden ao f Subscribers in every pest of Lon lon and imme liate Neigibourhood on a plan neral sutisfaction for many years. which has given ¢ said Prospectuses, postage free, on application. MUDIE’S SELECT LIBRARY: THE NEW CATALOGUE. A New Edition of MUDIFN'S LIBRARY CATA- LOGUE is now ready, price Que Shilling. A Revised List of the principal Books lately added to the Collection is also ready and will be forwarded, pos- tage free, on MUDIE’S SELECT LIBRARY. ipp! ication, CHEAP BOOKS. Purcliasers of Books for Public and Private Librarie:, Merchants, Svipping Agents, inten ling Evnigranis, and others are ited to apply for the REVISED LIST of 3 LIBRARY for SALE. Thousand Books of m MUDIK than One Books withdrawn fr This List contains more the Past and Previous S:asous, at the lowest current prices. MUDIE'’S SELECT LIGRARY, Limited, New Oxturd street, London; City Oniee, 4 King street, Che ipside. ONDON LIBRARY, 12 St. James's 4 juare, 5. W. A NEW EDITION of the CATALOGUE cf about 1,000 pages royal 8yo. s neariy ready. bn edeg ubers of the Li ay whose names are sent in before the day of publievtion, the Catalogue will be supplied at cost price After th at pe riod an extra charge will be made for storing, &e Members are jnvited to fur os the Seeretary with their correct addi winsorden in the Cat alogue Lately published, price Isa. of JOSEPH STURGE. With a Portrait. _pewees of his Labours in Connection

Containing an Ace ont with Pul and Philanthropic Movements for nearly Forty Years, and includes Letters from Lord Brougham, Thomas n, Sir T. FF. Buxton, Daniel O'Connell, Mr. Cob » Whittier the American Poet, &e. By Rey. Henny Ricuanrp. Extracts FkoM LirerRary Notices. “One cf the brightest examples in modern times of the ‘blessed life’ was the life ou: Joseph Sturge, and of the best pic of biography in modern times is ‘Memoirs of Joseph Sturge,’ by ienry Richard."—Primitive Church Magazine. “The life of such a man as Joseph Sturze is lke a breath of life from the eternal world, a ray that shoots across our path, bidding us step on in the hope of brighter hours.”"—TZhe J/ milist. “This is the record of a life ously spent in the service of mankind. faithfully and e¢ yurage- "“—Daily News. untain bre: ze,—a fine | |

“The book is hearty as a m tonic for the morel sense. —Liverpool Mercury. “It is an exquisite piece of Christian biography.”"— Nonconformist London : S. W. Parrrives, 9 Paternoster row. A. W. Bennetr, 5 Bishopsgate, Witho ut. In Two vols. der iy Svv. cloth, price 9s. ALF- HOURS with the BEST : AUTHORS. Selected d and Edited by Cuar.us | Ksigut. With short Biographical and — Critical Notice: 8 This work forms an encyclopedia of English lite- rature, comprising selectious in poetry and prose, whether essays, characters, stories; descriptive, narra- tive, or dramatic verse ; remarkable adventures, moral and religious exhortation, tukea from the best and ks in all liieratur’; gems from the rieh trea- ruction and amuse:nent, of which the master highest wi sury of inst minds of the world, aud especially of our own nation, } : > have heaped up an exhaustless and imperishable store. Rovrtencr, Warne, aid Rouriepes, Broadway, Ludgate bill. 1 eg DAY is PUBLISHED, and will be given on a written or personal application, the Thirty-tirst Annual Report, Cash Account, and Balance- Sheet of the MUTUAL LIFE ASSURANCE SOCIETY. CHARLES INGALL, Actuary. 39 _59 King street, C heaj side, Feb. 15, 1805. MAX’ HE STE R ASSIZE COURTS.— VERONA —The BUILDER of THIS DAY, price by post 5d., contains :—Kine Vi-ws ani P lans of the Menebe ter Assize Courts—Restorations in Northern Italy—Dr rwing for Artizans—Architectural Notes in France—General Exhibition of Water-Colour Drawings

The Manchester Art-Workman's Iudustrial Exhibition cont The Collectanea Antiqua,” Archeology of Horti- Culture, and Recent Antiquarian Discoveries—The Width of Streets under the Local Mana: gement Act— Ornamental and $ tained Glass—How Houses are Burnt ~The Building Trades—Provincial, &c. —Oflice, 1 York street, Covent Gard deu ; and all Booksellers,

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London: Just publi-hed, demy 8vo., price 10s. tid. A SEQUEL to SOME GLIMPSES into LIVE in the FAR KAST, containing further Iuteresting Information in Relation to Indian Manners, Customs, {e. By J. T. Tuomsox, F.R.GS,, Late Government Surveyor, Singapore, Also, by the same Author, demy 8vo., 10s. 6d, SOME GLIMPSES into LIFE in the FAR EAST. Graphic Sketches of the Mauners aud Customs of the European and Native Inhabitants of Malacca and ee om Islands. Jondon: Ricuarpson and Co, 23 Cornhill. S* WAGE of LONDON.—The Agricul- tural Value of the Sewage of Loudon Examined in Reference to the Principal Schemes Submitted to the Metropolitan Board of Works. With Exiracts from the Evidence of Chemists, Engineers, and Agriculturists. London: Epwakp Stanronrp, 6 Charing cross, 8.W,

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Page 28

ee

226 THE SPECTATOR.

[February 25, 1865,

Complete in 21 Volumes 4to., and Index, THE ENCYCLO. PAEDIA BRITANNICA. Eighth Edition. A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, graphy, Biography, and General Literature. Illustrated with upwards of Five Tuousanp Encravines on Woop AnD STEEL. Edinburgh: ADAM and CHARLES BLACK.

LENT LECTURES. In a few days, crown 8vo., 5s. The CHRISTIAN ASPECT and APPLICATION of the DECALOGUE. Being a Course of Eight Lectures, Preached at St. James's, Piccadilly, during Lent, 1864. By JOHN OAKLE Y, M.A., Curate of St. James’s, Piccadilly. SMITH, ELDER, and CO., 65 Cornhill.

A NEW AND CHEAPER EDITION OF MARKHAM'S ENGLAND. Now ready, with 100 Woodcuts, 12mo., 4s. strongly bound. MRS. MARKHAWM’S HISTORY OF ENGLAND, From the FIRST INVASION by the ROMANS to the CLOSE of the INDIAN MUTINY in 1858. JOHN MURRAY, Albemarle Street.

NEW WORK BY REV. DR. ROBINSON. Now ready, post 8vo., 10s. 6d. PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY of the HOLY LAND. By Rev EDWARD ROBINSO N, D.D., Author of “ Biblical Researches in Palestine.” JOHN MURRAY, Albemarle Street.

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Now ready, with Illustrations, 8vo., 12s, RESEARCHES INTO THE EARLY HISTORY OF MANKIND, And the DEVELOPMENT of CIVILIZATION. By E. B. TYLOR. JOHN MURRAY, Albemarle Street.

Next Week will be published, in 2 vols. 8vo., price 28s. THE GREAT GOVERNING FAMILIES of ENGLAND. By J. LANGTON SANFORD and MEREDITH TOWNSEND. Originally published in the Spectator. WILLIAM BLACKWOOD and SONS, Edinburgh and London.

A Vext Week will be + published, price 10s, 6d. The Second Series of CORNELIUS O’DOWD upon MEN and WOMEN and Other Things in General. In 1 vol. post 8vo., uniform with the First Series. WILLIAM BLACKWOOD and SONS, Edinburgh and London.

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This day is published, 8yvo. dat} price 3s. | JEWISH REPLY to Dr. COLENSO’S | | CRITICISM on the PENTATEUCH. — Issued by the Jewish Association for the Diffusion of Religious | Knowledye. London: ‘ TruBneR and Co., 60 Paternoster row. WHITraxern and Co. end ali Book- Just publi ished, price ls. | Gd. yen Sepsioeiasiaieisiiasbell IPLOMACY in JAPAN. * being Now ready, Second Edition. a Rhee yer» cudiee a _— presented to b th With numerous Beaut.ful Photographic Mlustrations. ouses « tliament respecting Japan, YE CHA > 1 SSEUR D°AFRIQUE Wititam Brackwoop and Sons, E linbt argh} and London, OrHER TALES. By Hucga M. Wat.mstry, Now ready, Second Edi ee wi a h cousi iderab le ‘additions, | |G onel Impe rial Otto uan Army, Author of * Sketqhes of Algeria. ALL MAR ks" ae Pp LATE, with * This volume cf tales, illustrated by some admirable Tables of Annual Marks wing the exact date | phot graph-, which we lately reviewed, has already of Ancient Plate. By W. Crarrers re ed a secon dedi tion. We need only now re-echo the Also by the same Author, pric “e ls | high opinion which we have already expressed of the MARKS anl MONOGRAMS on POTTERY and | merits both of the tales and the photographs, and predict PORCELAIN, with historical notices of each Manufac- | an e ually favourable reception for this new and revised tory, illustrated with 1,000 woodcuts. edition.”"—The British Journal of Photography. London : J, Davy and Sons, 157 Loug Acre ; and ell; London: Messrs. Cruarman and Hatt. Liverpool: booksellers. | Messrs. Webs and Hunt.

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LONGMAN, GREEN, and Co, Paternoster row: Just published, in 8vo., with Map, price 10s. 6d. ADAGASCAR and its PEOPLE. Lyons M'L.xzon, Esq.. F.R.GS., late British Con- Authorof “ Eastern Africa,” “ Notes » Delicated by permission to the By

Paternoster row,

M.A., Vicar of Crambe, near York. “In a literary point of } unprejuliced student. It view the work deserves | con'ains many exce'lent high praise."—Spretator. | tag eet Mud is written in “The author is a deep| that monly spirit of inde- and earnes: thiner."— | pendence wi hich enables @ Bell's Weekly Messenger. man to defend the truth, “We are quite sare that! and to reject the error of the ingenious and s Pir MAN, 20 Paternoster row, E.C A COMPLETE Iu feap. 8vo., clo

of JULIUS C-SAR. pric? 23. LIFE th, with [llustrations HE LIFE of JULIUS C-ESAR. By the Ven. Archdeacoa WiLLtams, Author of ** Alex- ander the Great.” Rovrirepce, Warne, and Rovrtepae, B-ovway, Ludgate hill,

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February 25, 1865.] THE SPECTATOR. 227 r, VALPY'S De. ¥A May now TIN GRAMMAR, IMP be hal, Delectus, pric? 4s, and Key, 2s. 61. REEK DELECTUS, cor- GREEK and LATIN DELECTUSES and ROVED EDITIONS, V py's G grated aud improved ; with new bedy of Notes on. d new Lexi MA. First Mas pital ; Joint ] . Latin-English Dictionary. In the present im} rov ed edition of “ Valpy’s Greek Delectus " the examy les of irregular and c ntracted verbs, which had become mixed with the verts Te- gular, hare been discrimi: pated and classed each in its proper division. By this means a fruitful somice of perplexity and confusion to the young Jew ner at the outset of hiS career has been remedied. A new body of Notes and a new Lexicon are also given. In Edited by the Kev. Joun T. Write, ter of the Latin School, Christ's ilos- t Author of White and Riddile’s new large the former, difficulties anl niceties of Constrac- tion are explained in the simp'cst terms of which the sulject almits; in the lat- ter, the full) st information will be fuunl in the place of the comparatively small amount of matter supplied in the old editions mewns itis hoped that this highly useful jittle book w:!! long maintain the high cha- racter and extensive circu- lution which it has hitherto enjoyed. VALPY'S LATIN GRAMMAR, with short English Notes. New and greatly improved Edition, price 2s. 6d. VALPY’S LATIN DELECTUS, improved by the Rev. J.T. Watrs, M.A. Price 2s. éd., aud Key, price 3s. 6d. London ; Loneman, GREEN, and Co., Paterno-ter row. Dr. ROGEUS ENGLISH THESAUKUS. A Revised Edition, in crown 8+o., price 1s. 6d. eloth. THESAURUS of ENGLISH WORDS and PHRASES, classified and arranged so as to facilitate the Expression of Ideas and Assist in Literary Composition. tion, with Corrections. “ Dr. Roget's object is not to explain, define, or dis- tinguish for the instruction | of the igi orant, but to sug- gest and afford an opper- tunity of selection to the well-informed and the dis- criminating. These will find his * Thesaurus’ a most useful manual: f reference, coming in aid of the By P. M. Rox of the Royal Cullege of Puys M.D., F.R.S., Fellow icians, &e. Fiftseuth Edi- ment of materials laid up in its treasury. A glance ata page of this ‘Theran- rus’ may often save much time and mental effort; an entre ta'n * the with all its tau. Lous being exhibited in com- plete and orderly survey; thereby not facilitating the labour of compos tion, but | A VILA HOP. B: adding greatly to its force Iiy this | men.ory, Which is not a’- ways ready to produce on the insiant the vast as3ort- London: Loneman, Green, and Co, Paternoster row. RIDDLE’S SCHOOL and COLLEGE LATIN DICTIONARIES. A Cheaper Edition, in square 12im>., price 10s ¢d. Tae YOUNG SCHOLAR’S LATIN- ENGLISH and FNGLISH-LAUIN DICTION- ARY, By Josera BF. Ruppre, M.A., of St. Edinund Hall, Oxford. New Edition. Separately— The LATIN-ENGLISH DICTIONARY, 6s The ENGLISH LATIN DICTIONARY, 5s. Also, in One Voluine 8vo., price 21s. cloth. RIDDLi’S COMPLETE LATIN-ENGLISH and ENGLISH-LATIN DICTLONARY. Cheaper Edition. Separately — The LATIN-ENGLISH DICTIONARY, 15s. The ENGLISH-LATIN DICTIONARY, 7s. Also, a Cheaper Edition, in royal 32mo., 2s. 6d. cloth, RIDDLE’S DIAMOND LATIN-ENGLISIL DIC- TIONARY, or Guide to the Meaning, Quality, and Ac- centuation of Latin Words. London: Loneman, Green, and Co., Paternoster row. GREEK and LATIN CLASSICAL SCHOOL-BOOKS by the HEAD MASTER of SHREWSBURY SCHOOL. In 12mo., pp. 22, price 3s. 6d., bound in eluth. Be LEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMAR A4 for the use of School-. By the Rev. B. H. Kennepy, D.D., Ileal Master of Shrewsbury School. Also, by the Rev. Dr. KENNEpy, Latest Editions. The CHILD'S LATIN PRIMER; First Tatin Lessons from the Author's Elemeutary Latin Grammar, 2s. LATIN VOCABULARY, arranged on Ety- nological Principles as an Exercise-Bovk and First Dictionary, 3s. FIRST LATIN READING-BOOK, or Tiro- cinium Latinum, adapted to the Author's Child’s Latin Primer, 2s. SECOND LATIN READING-BOOK, Palzs- and accuracy."—John Bull. | BAL LADS | | Messrs. TINSLEY BROTHERS’ NEW WORKS, Obtainable at all the Libraries. Mr. SALAS MY DIARY in WAR. By GEORGE AUGUSTUS SALA. * Now that we have teld Mr. Silt what we con eive to be the chief faults of his book, we are well please! to make acknowledgment of his vigour, hoiesty, and humour. Its truthfulness is discerned in the racy esotism that sets a-ide the fucts and pictures of all previous writers on Americ), aad entertains the reader with the experiences, impressions, fancies, aud Vagar es ot Mr. George Augustus Sala pure and unadulterated. Great as is the nun er of persons who real his letvers in the Daly Telegraph, there is an equal number who have not yet perused them, but are wishing to Lok at tne humorous letters of which they have heard s» much. Notice.—The Third Edition of 7 Y . . AMERICA in the MIDST of In 2 vols. 8vo. [ This Day. To them we commend‘ My Diary in America in the Midst of Wac’ as & book abounding in the materials of entertainment, and mehly suggestive of questions for dise issin. ‘The rare, good stories may be counted by hundre is. "—Athena im “Intwo lirge volumes Mr. Sala reproduces a portion of the er» resportence from America which he lately publisiel in a Lowlon duly payer. He has added, however, a good deal which did not appear in the columes of that jouraa', Mr, Sala's is d-cidedly a clever, auusng, aud often biilliaut bvook."—AMorning Star. “GEORGE GEITH of FEN COURT,” the Novel by F. G. TRAFFORD, Author of “City and Suburb,” “Too Much Alone,” &c., will be ready at all the Libraries on Wednesday next, in 3 vols. “This fine story, so rich in pathos, is not poor in humour. Its sadness does not tend to monotone, but is diversified by sketches of ‘ Fine City lidies,’ and notable of City sociabilities, which are keenly witty and genuin ly entertaining. Itis a rare pleasure to read such a novel a3 ‘ George Geith of Fen Couit'—a pl asure for whose recurrence it is vain to look, except towards its author.” —Morning Post. “We ike this novel better than any of the anth r's previous ones ; the story is more clearly toll, ani the interest sustained. .. . ‘George Geith' is an excellent novel, powerfully and carefully written.”— Athenwum. In 1 vol. MASANIELLO of NAPLES. “ Rarely have we seen an abler wrk than this, or one which more vigorously interests us in the principal characters of its mos fascinating story.”"—T7imes, Feb. 4. * Beryl Molozane, the witty, laughing girl of sense, who can mimic, and act, and jeer, and govern a family, and smash pretence, and love devotedly .... We do not know when we have been so charmed as with that strange figure, so composite, yet so real, or when we have read anything more touching thaa her relation to her husband, whom Mr. ‘'raifY>rd, true to his theory of life, makes iu his hour of victory a sick bankrupt.”— Spectator. By Mrs. Horace St. John. [This Day. The historic paralle! which some write:s detect in the i and were raised by the popular will from obscurity to -_ course of Masauicllo and the untinished career of aribaldi is far from complet+, and save on a few com- paratively trivial points it is by no meaus manifest. Of humble origin, the one a fisherman, the other a sailor, they both exclaimed against the misrule of Naples, FACES for FORTUNES. “How to Marry and Whom to Marry,” a Novel. History.” A at the Court of Dahomey. Country, including the Human Sacrifice, &e. By Augustus Mayhew, “The Greatest Plague in Life,” &c. In 2 vols. MISSION to DAHOMEY ; In which are described the Manners and Customs of the eminence. Throughout her bright and gracefally-writ- ten Volume M:s. St. John speaks of Masaniello's riot as a revolution, and requires for him, a8 a true, en- lightened, unfortunate patriot, our admiration aud pity.” —Athenaum. Author of [This Day. ( This Day. By Miss Amelia B. Edwards, Author of “Barbara's [This Day. being a Three Months’ Residence By Captain R. F. BURTON, late H.M. Commissioner to Dahomey, and the Author of * A Pilgrimage to El Medinah and Meccah.” In 2 vols. with Illustrations. “Tle witnessed the grand Customs and the yearly Customs of that grotesquely ceremo sious people, inelad- ing the evolutions of their army of *‘ Amazons,’ and tue traces of their cruel human sacritices, of which he him- self, with proper taste, declined to be an actuil specta- tor, and he brought away impressions of the Dahoman proclivities, which are really very curious aud instruc- [Second Edition, revised, this day. tive, though they were not very satisfactory to himself, nor ty be commentel to the imitation of the gentle philanthropists who patroniza the Dahomans or their eon yeuers under the fallacious impression that they can ever be elevate l up to the same level of being as them- selves. "—Times. The MARRIED LIFE of ANNE of AUSTRIA, Queen of France, Mother of Louis XLV. : and the HISTORY ‘of DON SEBASTIAN, King of Por- tugal. Historical Studies. From numerous Unpublished Sourees. By MARTHA WALKER FREER. In 2 vols. 8vo., with Portrait. “The married life of Anne of Aus‘rians the Queen of Louis XIII, and her subsequent lifs as his widow and Regent of France, constitute one of the most important phases in Freuch history, and certainly one of the best topics that a writer, up in the curious revelations of the [Second Ldition this day. French mom irs rela‘ing therto, could sele st to make an amusing ad even fascinating book. We have here a book entertainir ia high degree, and autheutio as far as it goes, discriminative even in special transactions, full of choice materials well ¢ pmbined."—T'imes, Oot. 25. MORNINGS of the RECESS in 1861-4; being a Series of Literary and Biographical Papers, reprinted and revised from the Times, by permission, by the Author. In 2 vols., uniform with Capt. Burton's “ Mission to Dahomey.” Contents of Vol. I.—The Life of Sir John Eliot—The Coins of the Ancient Britous—Mr. Forsyth’s Cieero— The Naturalist on the Amazons—The Eoglish Engi- neers—The Leechdoms, Wort Canning, Ge.—Spedding’s Life of Lord Bacon—Tte Journal Mdited by the Dean of Westminster— Remains of Mrs. Ricuard Trench, &e. TODLEBEN’S DEFENCE Review of General Todleben’s Narrative, 1854-5. By WILLIAM HOWARD RUSSELL, tra Latina, adapted to the Author's Elementary Latin | Grammar, 5s. PAL/ESTRA STILI LATINI, Materials for | Translation into La‘in Prose, progressively arranged, 6s. LATIN PROSE STYLE, Curriculum Stili kos, Examples from the bes: Authors, 4s. 64. #8, Od. GREEK GRAMMAR, the Eton Rudiments, = sain, with a few Corrections and a New Syntax, 2. 6d. PALESTRA MUSARUM, Materials for Eousatien into Greek Verse, progressively arranged, Ss. 6d. London: Lonaman, GREeey, and Co., Paternoster row. Just published, in feap. 8vo., price 2s. 6d. cloth. NE HUNDRED FLOWERETS of ENGLISH VERSE, culled and arranged with Short Notes for the use of Young Persons. By the Rev. c. Hamittrox, M.A., Head Master of Stockport Grammar School. Loudon: Lonoman, Grern, and Co. Paternoster row. Key, | | | | | LL.D., Special Correspondent of the Times during the Crimean War. [This day. Contents of Vol. 11.—~1.ord Lyndhu:s'—Diary of Lady Cowper— Captain Burton's M ssion to the King of Da- homey— ur Englivh Cathedrals—\ulobiography of Miss ia Knight —Tne Works of Alexander Neckam— Leadbeater Papers—The Napiers—Omitted Chapters of the History of tn sland, &e., &e., &e. of SEBASTOPOL ; being a 10s. Gd. [ Ready this day. *,* A portion of this Work appeared in the Times; it has since been greatly enlarged, and may be said to be an abridgment of General Todleben's great work. 7177. r > IWpPpa EVERY-DAY PAPERS. ANDREW HALLIDAY. In 2 vols. “ We do not remember to have met with any collection of sketches the perusal of which has given us more un- qualified pleasure than that which we have derived from these two volumes. The secret of their peculiar charm lis not so much in the topics selected for treat nent, From Year Round.” “ All the By though these are for the most port of the sort which p S88 8s @ universal interes*, as in the spirit of unaffected goud-willan | homan kin luess which pervades the whole.” | —Morning Str. NEW EDITION OF “ THE WORLD IN THE CHURCH.” Shortly will be published, in 1 vol., 62. The WORLD in the CHURCH. By the Author of “ George Geith of Fen Court,” ‘Too Much Alone,” &c. Also, by the same Author, uniform with the above, New E.itions of CITY AND SUBURB. (Cs. 1VO MUCH ALONE. 6s. And, uniform with the ubove, Maurice Dering. 6% Recommenled to Mercy. 6t-. Buckland’s Fish-Hatching. 58. Trevlyn Hold. 68. Guy Livingstone. 54, Arnold's Life of Macaulay. 7s. 61. Jon Marchmont's Legacy. 68. Barren Uonour. 6s. Duteh Pictures. By Sala. 5s. Eleanor's Victory. 62. Border and Bastile. 6s Two Prima Donnas, 45s, Seven Sons of Mammon. 6s. Sword aud Gown. 4s. 6. Bundle of Ballads. 6a. TINSLEY BROTHERS, 18 Catherine Street, Strand.

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228 THE SPECTATOR. [February 25, 1865. NEW WORKS. FRASER’S MAGAZINE, + No. 423, MARCH, 1865. 8yvo. Price 2s 6d. [On Tuesday next. Clerical Subscription Com- The Hierarchy of Art. Part mission. Speechofthe| If. By brances Power Dean of St. Paul's, Fri- Cobbe. day, April 22, 1504. | The Amulet: a Tale of Virginia, First and Last. | Spanish California. Chap- Gilbert Rugge: aTale. By ters VI.—IX. the Author of “A First | Merivale’s Sermons on the Friendship.” | Chapters Conversion of the Roman XXX.—XXNXIII Empire. How Irelaud was Governed | W: orking Men’s Clubs and in the Sixteenth Century. | Institutes. { The Law of Honour. Law Reporting. 3 2. 7" a An ESSAY on the HISTORY of the ENGLISH GOVERNMENT and CONSTILUTION, from the Reign of Henry VII. to the Present Time. By Joun, Earl Russecy, New Edicion, with Introduction. 8vo. 12s. HISTORICAL ‘STUDIES HERMAN MERIVALE. 12s. 6d. I, On Some of the Precursors of the French Revolu- tion. Scudies fro: the Iistory of the Sevente Hvurs of a Tour.st. By 8yvo. Il. euth Century. ill. Le‘sure 4 HISTORICAL and PHILOSO- PHICAL “ AYS. By W. Sesion. 2 vols. post 8 63. On R pepeeesrettys NASSAU GOVERNME «? By Joun Stuarr Minn. Third Editiou. 8vo. 6. ESSAYS on RELIGION and’ LITERATURE. By Various Writers. Edited by H. E. ManninG, D.D. 8yo. 10s. 6d. HISTORY of the ROMANS UNDER the EMPIRE. By the Rev. C. Mertvane, B.D. Vols. I. and Lf. of the Cabinet Edition, in 8 Monthly Volumes, crown 8vo. Price 6s. each. 8. The RISE and INFLUENCE the SPIRIT of RATIONALISM in EURUPE. E. H. Lecxy, M.A. 2 vols. 8vo. 25s. 9. The AUTUMN HOLIDAYS of | po hg ¥ PARSON, selected from the C of": . H. BL” to Fraser's Magazin Second Edition. Price rho ‘Gd. [On Friday next. 10. A POPULAR HISTORY of AMERICA, drawn from Original Sources, aud written especially for Schools, Colleges, and Mechanics’ Lnsti- tutes. By Wiizaperu Cooper. Crown 8yo, (On Monday next. S STORY; or, the of ELIHU J: AN’S Private Life of an Eastern Queen. By Wr LIAM KNIGHTON, _LL D., Assis mt-Commission¢ r in Oude, Post dve. 7s. bd, 12. HISTORICAL LECTURES on the LIFE of CHRIST. By C.J. Euuicorr, D.D., Lord Bishop of Gloucester and Bristol. Fourth Edition. Svo. 10s. 6. 13, The PENTATEUCH and BOOK of JOSHUA CRITICALLY EXAMINED. By the Right Rev. J. W. (oLenso, D.D., Lord Bishop of Natal. People’s dition, Ts in Five Parts, price 1s, each. From SUND AY to SUNDAY: an Attempt to consider familiarly the Weekday Life and L abours of a Country Clergyman. By the Rey. 2. Ger, M.A. Feap. 8yo. 4s. 15, The CHORALE-BOOK for ENG- LAND. By Miss C, Wixxworrna, Professor W. S. Bes.Nnert, and Urro GoLpscuMipr, [Fourth Edition, 1865.) Feap4to.,, 123, 64; Supplement, 33. 6d. ; or feap. Svo, 2s.; Supplement, 1s. 16. The WORKS of the late B. C. BRODIE, Bart., D.C.L.; with an Autobio graphy. Col- lected and arranged by Cuantes Hawktns, Fellowof the Royal College of Surgeons of England. 3 vols. 8vo., with Portrait aud Medallion, (On Monday next. 17. On DRILL and MANGUVRES CAVALRY combined with HORSE ARTILLERY. By Major-General Micuag. W. Surra, C.B. 8vo. [On Monday next. 18. A NEW LATIN-ENGLISH DICTIONARY, ee from the larger work of “*White and Riddle.’ Joun T. Wuire, M.A., of Corpus Christi Co.lege, Oxford. Medium 8vo., pp. 1,048, price 18s. of LONGMAN, GREEN, LONGMAN, ROBERT London: S, and GREEN By W, ntributions | WHIT2’S LATIN DICTIONARIES. in medium 8yo., 1,948, price 183. A NEW LATIN-ENGLISH DICTIONARY. Abridged from the larger work of White and Riddle. By JOHN T. WHITE, M A., of Corpus Christi College, Oxford. Now ready pp. From Dr. Leonuarp Scumitz, Edinburgh. “Tho introduction of proper names cannot fail to be extremely useful to young students, as they find in one book all they want in read- ing a Latin Author.” Dr. “Tam very much obliged to you for your kind and valuable present of Mr. White's smaller Latin dictionary. It appears to me so earefully prepared and accurately printed, and | also in so compendious and convenient a form, that I should augur that it will soon take pre- cedence of all others for ordinary use.” From Rey. Magsor, King’s College, London. From the Rev. E. St. Jon Parry, M.A., Leamington. * “T have to acknowledge with thanks the valuable dictionary which I have just received. I have a very high opinion of Mr. White's larger | work—from which this is abridged—and con- | sider it unrivalled in arrangement and execu- |tion. This smaller dictionary will be very | useful to the higher boys in schools, who require | something of philology and me sthodical classifi- eation of the meanings of words. } From Rey. Dr. | “T have to thank you for a very serviceable- | looking dictionary, abridged from the large ‘White and Riddle.’ The cost of the latter has | hitherto deterred me from introducing it here. I shall, however, /arge/y use the abridged one, | which is very capital in its typography as well | as the arrangement of its contents. The way in which the meanings are regularly deduce ed, and the excellence of the etymologies, render it superior to any Latin lexicon I have yet seen,” Cotus, Bromsgrove Mr. GILBERT'S NEW WORK. 2 vols. p» price 123. DE PROFUNDIS. A TALE OF THE SOCIAL DEPOSITS. By WILLIAM G(LBerr, st 8vo., Author of * — Hall Asylum,” &e. “One after another the have been saying that Mr. Gilbert is like Defoe. S$ perfectly true, and it indicates, though it does not detiie, the manner as a novelist. [t also indic manner, andin trath nothi than to come across | a writer wes D foe *De Profundis’ is a nov of dry, calm humour asa mere tale. As to chain is the stre rth ot Calendwr eapnot take you down to | lifferentia of hig r traci of that of very excepti ’ sides thoroughly inter 1er pum, Lue s y t parts wer levels than Mr, is w Gilbert takes you. Wo you to higher moods than you muy reac nder yourself to his simple teuth fulness. tthe pain and puzzle of life is in his books—tihe great rii@e is there, but he never for &@ moment insinuates that peraaps there is vo key, What could aiford finer chances of confusing the readers mind than an account of the szlf-examination of an ignorant washerwoian sbout t uit the workl? The manner in whi Mr. Gil t turns this wretched mind inside out, shows us the seams, Makes us smile all Ver, and then leaves us watching the poor soul up to heaven, is something far too good tor praise "—Zhe Pull Mall Gazelle. ‘Mr. Gilbert's novels do more to eularge the field of actual experience than those of any other writer of the day. It is not only that he, like all our abler novelista, is a rigid realis', noreven tuat his knowledge of el 1208 unknown to the O:dinery writers of English fietion is profound and minute, but it is that he gives the facts of the life he describes, not only without idealization, for Mr. Trollope and many ot hers do the same, but even without any of that half-artistic, half-uncouscious dis. tillation which Las sin View the clear reflection of chae racter, the production of an i Hevtaral picture Defoa and Mr. Gilbert aloue of Enylish novelists seem to give the ore of br sh tife, while Other novelis's of jal power give only the extracted’ meta! We think’ De Profandis’ ost poweiful of Mr. Gilbert's powerfal stories.” — 5; or. “We know few bo “Thongh abridged and, contre sens which drive published inasmaller orm, | many a tewildered = pro- this valuable dictionary | fessor almost to despair. | preserves al! the prominent | Etymological — researe!-es | features of the larger voea- | are nowadays greatly ia | bulary. In faet it ean] vogne, and philologists will | hardly be cnliel a me ve | be glad to find in this dic | voeabular ry for it is sume-| tionary the Latin words thing higher and more use- | accompanied by their equi- ful—a real ani true guide| Valens in Italian and | for mastering idiomatic dif- | French. The book is nearly ficulties aud interpreting} perfect in its kind, and } shows the master-hand of an accomplished scholar, who has learnt much by his long practice as a cou- scientious teacher. What Professor Max Muller said of the large dictionury is still absolutely true of the obscure passages which sorely puzzle many a stu- dent. ‘To each Latin word is annexed the enumeration of its different meanings, and every meaning is illus- trated by striking passages taken from the acknow- ledged classical writers. It} abridged one. ‘The meen- will thus become easy for | ings ofeach word ure arran- every thinking man or| ged and built up architec- even boy to avoid those turally, Storey On storey.’” ridiculous blunders in | —Spectator, Feb. 18, 18.5. trausiation, those absurd | A Junior Latin-English Dictionary, Abridged from the above, will be ready in the Spring. White and Riddle’s | Latin-English Dictionary (the Larger Work), imperial 8vo., price 42s. | “ A work which deserves the highest credit for the careful and thoughtful manner in which | the meanings of each word are arranged and built up architecturally, storey on storey.”— Professor Max Miiller’s Lectures on Language, Second Series, p. 220, Note (July, 1864). London: LONGMAN, GREEN, and Co., Pater- noster Row. ks which will give the reader so true an idea of the pvor of London as thistal» We know of none which convey that information in so pleasing a form. Lony acquaintance with the sama classes as those from which Mr. Gilbert has selected the characters who pu 1 b fore the reader in the pages of this novel enables us to guarantee the fidelity of his portraits and the reality of his deseription.”"— Churchman, “ This is a remarkably clever b wok. The vario1s cha- racters are true to Lue life.” —Af vum ‘We invite all w ul take ani tin an earnest and able bo De Profundis’ and judge for themselves. "—Hea ler ALexanver Srrauay, LS Strand IND EDITION This day is published, s: HESS AG: NES, ETC DUCGHES i o By Isa CRAIG © A book of verse wh linly ¢ Miss Craig a place among the sisterhood of living s See Liss Craig's pecms : fa th t nly ea such kindly quacit a carry to nay who do not live byt btion al t jute true feeling, however siy— y, ho pha — Athenaum ser ve fee D line f cor nis a sof n- tive temperame ii rend wax the living impressions male upon it”—9; ALEXANDER STRAHAN, 143 Strand. SECOND EDITION This day is pr LAZARUS, AND OTHER POEMS By E. H. Puomprre, M.A., Profes o I gy, Wing's College, Lond “Tn this volume 3 ed and oftan t vatifal yers2, which reminds us, elke in its pm i cuilwe ant ite tone, of the present Archbishop of D iblin’s volume cailed ‘Justin Martyr, and Other Poet Mi. Plumptre suvikes a line something between pure - | mal is feeling and diamatie insight into the sy ual soliloqui of other minds. ‘The poems are str a ' igs of the religion of the times clothed in ray iia ants ic of a poetical mind......Mr. Piumpt striking trans- lation of the triumphal ode of Deboral 18 so tails almost literal, as to be not Uaworchy of a plice Bible itself. Rhymed though it is, it has ail the ness and musical rhythm of our inimitable version out its cobscurity—th i exultation of together Ww ith ooxalte! t th w God I has justi Lseem ! ink aud i | upon the oe wit the f | deliverance, itis borne up on the wingof prwer than thai of man, and combines the passion cf a Wats with the rapture of a psalin.”"—ASpe ALEXANDER STRaMAN, 115 Strand. A SPLENDID FORTUNE may be had at EVERY LIBRARY. —The New is now A SPLENDID FORTUNE s Novel, by the Author of “Tne Geutle Lifes,’ ready, in 3 vols. post 8Vo., 243. London: Sampson Low, Son, aud Mansron, 14 Lud- gate hill.

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February 25, 1865. | THE SPECTATOR. 229 WILLIAM P. NIMMC’S NEW PUBLICATIONS. MOLIERE CHARACTERS. By Charles CowDEN CLARKE, Author of “Shakespeare Charac- ters. Chiefly Subordinate,” &ce. Post Svo. cloth, is. 6d. _ [Now ready. This is an admirable book, faithfully done, and fall of thorough app: eciation of the celebrated French author whom Mr. Clarke justly considers the greatest comic dramatist. after Shakespeare, that the world has yet nyoduced."—Literary Gazette. NOW COMPLETE, UNIFORM with LORD MACAU- 7 LAY'S , . S © ENGLAND. THE NEW and POPULAR EDITION of the HISTORY of SCOTLAND, from the Acces- sion of Alexander IIL. to the Union. By Parrick Fraser Tyti En, F.R.S.E. and F.A.S The New Edition of Mr. Tytler’s “History of Set land” is issued ina style un form with the People’s Elie tion of Lord Macaulwy's * 1 story of England” and Sir Archibald Alison's ‘* History of Furope. * [tis carefully printed on superior paper, and is com leted in 4 crown Syo. vols. bound in cloth, each 4s. Cd. NEW NOVEL. DINA; or, Familiar Faces. 3 vols. (Just reaty at all the Libraries, “A story which is cherming in many respects, aud in Some Te spects genuinely impressive and powerful, With the dramatis person® of this novel no one but a cynic could be unsatisied. The plot transacts itself in good society, and the autLor wisely has pourtrayed that society without introducing the murderer or torger who is so i.dispensable to most novel-writers of the present day, and who pleys as important a part in what such authors ‘vame of lite’ as the krave does in delight to cull the ‘ Cateh-the-ten.’"—Daily Review. MYSTERIOUS LEGENDS of EDIN- BURGH, now for the First Time Teli in Print. By ALEXANDER LE1GuTon, Author of * Curious Storied Traditions,” &c. [Now ready at all the Libraries. “ Some nine or ten, more or less, enthralling legeuds, with a few very spirited illustrations, ave contained in thisvolume, They wil! afford smple entertainment for many an idle half hour, and will long linger, we co: jee- ture, in the memory of some readers."—Sun, THE EARTH’S CRUST: a Handy Outline of Geology. By Davin Paor, F.RS.E., F.G.8.,, Author «f “Text-Books of Geology and Physical Geography,” &c. With numerous INustra- tions, cloth extra, 1s. 61. [Just ready “Any one who has not at all studied the subject of Geology will find here—.f he gives his carefal attention to what he reads—as much instruction in geological science as will give him a very fuir acquaintance with its leading facts and most interesting phenomena.”"—Daily Review. NEW NOVEL. NELLY DEANE. A Story of Every- Day Life. 2 vols. [Just ready at all the Libraries “This is a novel that most readers will be pleased with, and to many it will afford great delight. Itis a simple story of love in its many phases, false and true ; its hopes and fears, disappointments, obstructions, and final happiness, and itis told so winningly as to secure attention even when the writei’s power is least under the control of her julgment.”"—News of the World. REMARKABLE CONVICTIONS. By A WRITER TO THE SIGNET. [ Now ready at all the Libraries. “Few who will take up this volume will lay it down unfinished." —(lasgorw Citizen. * The book is undoubtedly entertaining. Many of the stories are extremely curious, aud both invite and detain the reader's attention.”"—London Revica, * Remarkable trials are always interesting to read, and the compiler of the records in the volume before us has collected fifteen cases of a Very @xtraordinary character, his object being to illustrate the effect of circumstantial evidence, and to show how often facts of an apparently trivial nature, and wholly unexpected, turn up, bringing home guilt to an accused party, even in the face of an ible and ingenious defence ‘It is a very readable and entertaining producii n."— Vagnet. The BIRTHPLACE andPARENTAGE f Witttam Parerson, Founder of the Bank of gland, aud Projector of the Darien Scheme; with Suggestions f.r improving the Scottish Registers. By WitLiam PaGan, F.S.A., Author of “ Road Re- form,” &c. Crown S8vo cloth, 3s. 61. [Now ready. W WORK by the AUTHOR of ‘ HEAVEN OUR HOME,” &e. TABOR’S TEACHINGS; or, the Veil Lifted, Crown 8vo. cloth, 5s. 6d. | Vow ready. *,* The former Works by this popular Author have already attained the large sale of One Hundred and Thirty-two Thousand Copies. In adJition to this, they have been reprinted and most exteusively circulated in America. The WITS and CELEBRITIES of the TIME of QUEEN ANNE ANNE. MEMOIRS of the LIFE and WRIT- INGS of Sir RICHARD STEELKE, Soldier, Drama- tist, Essayist, and Patriot, with his Correspondence and Notices of his Contemporaries. By HH. R. MonTGOMERY, Author of “ Lite of Isaac Bickerstaff,’ * Thomas Moore: his Life, W ngs, and Contem- poraties,’ &c. With Portrait on steel. 2 vols. demy svo. cloth. [ Shortly. The ARGUMENT, A PRIORI, for the MORAL ATTRIBUTES of GOD. By W. H. Gi LESPIE, Of ‘Torbanehill, Author of “The Necessary Existence oi God.” Crown 8vo., cloth antique, 3s. 6d. (Shortly. NE In crown &vo., cloth extra. PICTURES of the PERIODS : a Sketch- Book of Old English Life. By Wittram Francis CoLiien, LD, Author of “ History of English Lite- rature,” ** History of Englund,” &e., &e. (Shortly. Edinburgh: WILLIAM P. NIMMO. London: SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, and Co. > 3. MAURICK Dit GUERIN. 4. KUGENIF DE GUERIN, | & HtINRICH HEINE, 6. PAGAN and MEDIEVAL RELIGIOUS SENTI- MENT. 7. JOUBERT. & SPINOZA, - NEW BOOKS. This day, feap. Svo. cloth, 6s. ESSAYS in CRITICISM. By Matthew ArxNo.p, Profe:sor of Poetry in the Univers:ty of Oxford. CONTENTS. 1. The FUNCTIONS of CRITICISM at the PRESENT TIME IME. 2. The LITERARY INFLUENCE of ACADEMIES. MARCUS AURELIUS. “Essays clever, scholuly, good-humoured, and sug- gestive, with a preface, written in buoyant s»irits, with delightful good-humour, everywhere bright and effer- vescent, pleas mt and wholesome as aglass of champagne without a trace in it of acid.”"—Z£raminer. Tu a few days, a New and Revised dition, crown Sve. WORDS and PLACES; or, Etymo- logical Hlustrations of History, Ethnology, and Geography. With a Map showing the settlements of the Celts, Saxons, Danes, and Norwegiaus in the Briush Isies and Northera Franee. By the Rev. Isaac TayLor, M.A. This day is publisliel, price 1s. 6.1. SPRING SONGS. By a West High- lander. Printed on toned pap-r, with a Vignette I lustration by GourLay Sreece. “ The principal object proposed in these poems was to “choose incidents and situations from common life, and to relate and describe them throughout, as far as was possi ble, in @ selection of language really used by men, and at the same time to throw over them certain colouring of imagination whereby ordinary things should be presented tothe mind in aa unusual aspect. "—/reface to Lyrical Ballads by WiLL1AM Wonpsworri. This day is published, 18mo., price 3s. Gd, A BOOK of THOUGHTS. By ‘‘H. A.”’ Beautitully printed on toned paper, and elegantly bound in cloth gilt, amd dull gilt edg:s. This day, feap. 8vo., cloth, price 5s. DANTE’S COMEDY: The HELL. Translated into Literal Blank Verse. By W. M. Rosserti. With Iutroduction and Notes, This day, Second Edition, feap, 8vo. el sth. GOBLIN MARKET, and Other Poems. By Cunistina G. Rosserri, With Two Lilustratious from designs by G. D. Rosetti. “ The poetical art of Miss Rossetti is simple, firm, and deep. .... She can point to finished work—to wor’ which it would be difficult to mend.”—TZimes. Small ito. cloth, 12s. BALLADS and SONGS of BRITTANY. By Tom Tayior, Translated from the “ Darsaz- Breiz ” of Vicomte Hersart de la Villemarqué. With some of the original melodies harmonized by. Mrs “vom Taylor. With Illustrations by J. Tissot, J. Millais, R.A., J. Tenniel, C. Keene, . Corbould, and H. K, Browne. “A work which will be equally acceptable to the student and the general reader, which is brimful of good and suggestive things, and which will introduce many for the first time to a delightful region of romantic poetry. It is elegantly got up and copiously illustrated.” —Athenwum. —_—_— This day, feap. 8vo. cloth. STORIES of BANKS and BANKERS. By FRepERICK MaRrin. This day is published. The POETICAL WORKS of ROBERT BURNS. Edited, from the best printed and Manu; script Authorities, with copious Glossarial Index ania Biographical Memoir, By ALEXANDER SMITH. Two vols., handsomely bound in cloth, with Vignette and Design by J. B.; engravel by Shaw. Price 9a. *,* These form part of the Golden Treasury Series. — This day is published, the Second Edition of 20,000 cuples, price 3s. Gd. The GLOBE EDITION of SHAKES- PEARES COMPLETE WORKS, In oue compact volume, royal feap. S8vo., beautifully printed on toned paper, aud bound in extra cloth. “4 yolume handsome enough for the table or the book-case, small enough for the portmanteau or the pocket, and legible enou vh to be read with comfort under any cireumetances that allow of reading atall. To have produced the complete works of the world’s greatest poet in such a form, aud at a price within the reach of every one, is of itself almost sufficient to give the pub lishers a claim to be considered public beuefactors."— Pall Mall Gazette, MACMILLAN and CO., London and Cambridge. THE BROOKES 'CHAPMAN AND HALL’. NEW PUBLICATIONS. Mr. ANTHONY TROLLOPE’S NEW NOVEL. MISS MACKENZIE. In 2 vols. post Svo. ( This day. Mr. THOMAS CARLYLE S HISTORY OF FREDERICK THE GREAT. Vols. V. and VIL, completing the Work, with Portiaits and Maps, price 4s. ( Will be published the first week in March. Mr. CHARLES DICKENS'S OUR MUTUAL FRIEND. Vol. L, with 20 Mustrations, price 11s. (Zs now ready. MILES BULLER; THE LITTLE WORLD OF ONNLEGATE. 3 vols. post 8yo, Or, [ This day. Mr. CHARLES LEVERS NEW WORK. LUTTRELL OF ARRAN. By CHARLES LEVER. With 52 Mlustrations, demy svo., 1 - . [ This day. CARL MARIA VON WEBER. THE LIFE OF AN ARTIST. From the German of Baron Max Maria vou Weber. By J. PALGRAVE SIMPSON, 2 vols, post 8vo., 224. ( This day. _——-_ LIFE OF THORVALDSEN. Collated from the Danis’: of J. M. Thiele. By the Rev. M. R. BARNARD. Post 8vo., 9a. OF BRIDLEMERE. WHYTE MELVILLE Third Edicion, in 3 vols. [Now ready. By THROUGH MACEDONIA TO THE ALBANIAN LAKES. By MARY ADELAIDE WALKER. With Twelve beautiful Iilustrations, Demy 8vo., 20s. THE MUSCLES AND THEIR STORY. by JOHN BLUNDELL, MD. Crown 8vo., 9s. Mr. JAMES M. HUTCHING'S SCENES OF WONDER AND CURIOSITY inCALIFORNIA. With above On» Hundred Ilustrations. Demy 8vo.,, 12s. [ This day. A FAMOUS FORGERY, Being the STORY of the UNFORTUNATE Dr. DODD: By PERCY FITZGERALD In 1 vol., 8s. {Now ready, THE FARM HOMESTEADS OF ENGLAND. By BAILEY DENTON, In 1 handsome volume, price £5 3a. LUTHER'S LETTERS TO WOMEN. Translated by Mrs. MALCOLM. Post 8vo., 5s, SIGNES HISTORY. A NORWEGIAN TALE. By MAGDALENE THORESEN. Translated by the Rev. M. R. Barnary, 1 vol. post Svo. CHAPMAN and HALL, 193 Piccadilly.

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230 THE SPECTATOR. [February 25, 1865. NEW CHURCH OF ENGLAND MAGAZINE. Price One Shilling, Monthly. On March 29th will be published the First Number of a new Monthly Shilling Magazine, to be called THE WATCH-TOW ER. PROSPECTUS. As it is extremely rare to find the publishe! prospectus of a literary work which has not the fault either of | vaunting its own merits or depreciating thos» of i's | contemporaries, we purpose setting forth our plan with as little preliminary notice as is compatible with a clear | exposition of our intentions. Although the last few | years have witnessed the publication of several religious eriodicals, it appears to the projectors of the WATCH- | OWER that there is yet uncceupied groun?. Un- | biassed by national or sectarian prejudice, they desire to | appeal to that large body, the clerical and lay members of the Church of England. It is now a reproach and a byeword that a periodical professing the principles of | our Anglican Church must be so skilfally prepared, must avoid certain doctrines and gloss over others, so a8 not to render it objectionable to a large class of readers whose tenets are certainly widely different from those | which in our closets we privately, in our churches we | publicly profess. There shouli be no necessity for this. Throughout the length and breadth of this our country, | gathered together in large towns, scattered in rural par- | sonages and country homesteads, there must be thou- sands of English Churehmen, brought up in their fathers’ fwith, aud holding to it without variableness or THE WATCH-TOWER. OFFICE: shadow of turning, who would support a readable perio- | dical expressing their own views without c¢urting suc- cess by the smallest saeritice of priuciple. To those, and | no others, the WATCH-TOWER will appeal. pages they will be addressed by lay and clerical members In its | of their own Chureh, their own equals in station aud | education, men with feelings and opinions kindred with theirs on all puints Connected with the great doctrine of Salvation. In its pages the hard-worked town curate will narrate the story of his troubles and triu:nphs ; the country vicar, his day’s work done, will guaintly prose over many a topic for refl-ction; and both clerical and lay authors of high repute will chronicle their opinions on the great religious questions of the day. Although, considering the quantity and quality of the matter, and the number of illustrations provided, the | WATCH-TOWER wiil be a cheap periodical, yet its projectors do not propose to issue it at a lower price than One Sbilling. Tuey do not appeal to any class which cannot afford that amount of monthly expendi- ture, aud by this they will be saved from that use of | puerile language ant childish imagery which has hitherto appeared to be a necessity in addressing the poorer classes on religious subjects. The WALCH-TOWER is intended fur the educated; it will be handsomely priuted | No. 1 on March 29th. - Published Monthly. 158 FLEET STREET, on toned paper, and will, it is trusted, when bound up in its half-yea:ly volume, take its place on the family book- shelves, aud become a standard work for reference or amusement, The word “amusement” is advisedly used. The WATCII-TOWER, although its chief aim will be the inculeation and the exposition of religion, will beno grim visitor, but will strive to gain its professed ends by inyi- tation rather than remonstrauce, by soothing rather than terrifying. A portion of its pages will contain a secular clement: in them travellers will relate their adventu es and experience; men of science will point to the tinger of Providence, woikiug in its beneficent but so frequently to us inscrutable ways, aud the poet shall attune his harp to the glory of the Creator. With these intentions, to which tley will scrupulously adhere, and with these hopes, which they earnestly trust will be realize|, the projectors of the WATCH-TOWER confidently appeal to the support of the educated Churchmen and Churchwomen of England. Performance being better than any promise, they will say no more, save that their first number will be issued on the 29th of March, wheu the public will be able to judge how far their professions have been carried out. Frice One Shilling. London. NEW WORKS IN THE PRESS. NEW NOVEL BY LIEUT-COL. H. In 3 vols. BEHIND the CURTAIN. NEW WORK ON FRENOH LITERATURE LASCELLES WRAXALL, Tn 2 vols, The SECOND EMPIRE. of “Historic Byways,” ‘* Caroline Matilda,” &. NEW NOVEL BY THE AUTHOR OF “LOST LENORE,” ée. In 3 vols. LEFT to the WORLD. R. ADDISON. NEW [ Ready. BY SIR C. F. iT. By Author { Next week. r Picorr. (Jmmediately. “3 PUT to the TEST. A Novel. GRACE CLIFF NEW WORK BY EDMUND YATES. In 1 vol. PAGES in WAITING. By Author of “ Broken t» Harness,” &e. (Immediately. WORK ON SHAKSPERE. Tn 1 vol demy 8vo, with Original Portrait, engrave 1 on stee! by H. Adlard, after the Colossal Tercentenary Bust by Cuurles Buc om, price 24s. SHAKSPERE: His Inner Life, as Iutimated in His Works. By Joun A. HeERAvuD. C7his day. Tn 3 vols., price 31s. 6d. ({ Ready. In 3 vols., price 31s. 6d, ORD. By H.B ouverie (Jmmediately. NEW NOVEL BY SIR C. F. LASCELLES WRAXALL, BART. In 3 vols., price 31s. Gd. MERCEDES. By Author of ‘‘ Caro- line Matilda," &e. NEW NOVEL BY FOLKESTONE WILLIAMS. 8 vols., price 31s. 6d JACK SCUDAMORE’S A DOMESTIC STORY. NEW NOVEL BY HENRY J. BYRON. In 3 vols., price 31s. 6d. PAID in FULL. “The book is interesting from the first page to the last."—Morning Post, Jan. 26. JOHN MAXWELL and CO., Publishers, 122 Fleet Street, London. DAUGHTER. (This day. { Ready. [This day. NEW WORK BY AUTHOR OF “ETON SCHOOL-DAYS,” éc- In 1 vol., price 10s, 61. BUTLER BURKE at ETON. cinncdiacery. NEW NOVEL BY MISS ANNIE THOMAS. In 3 vols., price 31s, 6d. BARRY O’BYRNE. By the Author of “Sir Victor's Choice,” ‘* Denis Donne,” “ Bertie Bray,” &e. { Ready. NEW WEEKLY MAG AZIN E. THE DAY OF REST. CONDUCTED BY THE AUTHOR OF “THE GENTLE LIFE,” ASSISTED BY EMINENT WRITERS. Erc., Price One Penny.—No. 1 on Saturday, March 25th. PROSPECTUS, | When the course of action is plain few words are best. We may therefore state, without exaggeration, that we think there is a place still vacant in Periodical Litera- ture. To fill this 1t is proposed to publish a Magazine which shall be honest and seiious without being dog- matic ; which shall elevate while it entertains, and do Christian work without a vestige of wn-Christian cant or assumption. The tendency of the age is towards enduring Faith, — Inquiry, and practical Christianity; and it shall ye the purpose of the Conductor and Proprietor of THE DAY OF REST to develop this more and more, The Magazine seeks to be au exponent of those principles Order THE DAY OF REST, a New Weekly Magazine. London: WARD, LOCK, and TYLER, which all good men, whatever their shade of opinion, have in common. it will build up, not pull down; unite, not divide. All true thoughts may meet in its pages. Why, in aid of Truth, may not Fancy, Humour, Wit, and Imagination take their part? Many persons who now shun a sermon may be reached by a verse. Can we do better service than by attempting to spread peace, good- will, cheerfuiness, tenderness of heart, and love of truth among Mankind? In the endeavour to do this the con- tents of the Magazine shall be varied :—FicTion, as iu a f parable, will attract as well as teach ; Porrny, the sweet } beauties of the world; Science, the deep and hidden wisdom; History, God's patieuce and kindness; Putio- sopny, His indirect teachings; aud Sacnep Writ, His direct lessons to His creatures. Price One Penny, Weekly. Tn brief, to use Dr. Arnold's wise phrase, the Con- ductor will aim not so much at forcing religion upon people, as at teaching common things religiously. Of no party, neither arguing for St, Paul nor wrangling for Apollos, the new Magazine will work for both, A wide charity often proves the best theo'ogy. Praed was wiser than he imagined when he wrote, ‘1 think,— “ That there are fifty roads to town, And rather more to Heaven.” THE DAY OF REST will consist of 24 large royai 8vo. pages, set in double columns, and will be published every Saturday, price One Penny. No. I. on March 25, No. 1 on March 25th. 158 Fleet Street. Lonpon ; Printed by Joan Caupsect, of No. 1 Wellington Street, in the Precinct of the Savoy, Strand, iu the County of Middlesex, at No. 18 Exeter Street, Strand, and Published by him at the ‘‘Sracrarog” Office, No. 1 Wellington Street, Strand, aforesaid, Saturday, February 25, 1865.