The Spectator 1854-01-21: Vol 27 Iss 1334

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r ec FoR Prick NrverEencr THE WITH SUPPLEMENT, tator THE WEEK ENDING SATURDAY, JANUARY 21, 1854. China and the Chinese.—No. III... 62 News or THE Werx— Lerrers TO Tar Eprror— Political Summary ......+++++ee0e% 49 The Court. ......--0eeeeeeeeteeeee 50 The Queen, the Wife, and the Na- The Metropolis.....-++-+++++++0+ = PE RRR Cet Seger 5 BRP SYSTEMS, oes ccccocrccsrenes 54 University Reform : the Dissenters. 6 ot apouanee ses sseeencoesenss 54 Literary Gleanings, ........+2++++0++ 64 Sete enkteth.....c2.0.ce+s 55 Births, Marriages, and Deaths....... 65 Miscellaneous .......+-++2-+00000s 56 Military Gazette ..........eeeeeeeee 65 PosrscrirT TO THE Weerx’s News— 58 Naval Gazette .........ccceeesseeees 65 Money Market .....+-++-++esesees 58 Commercial Gazette............00005 65 59 Prices Current. ....0...0..s0eeeeese 66 THE THEATRES, ..++++seeeeeeerereres Advertisements.............++8. 67—72 MUSIC ...ccccccccceccereceecercsecs 59 —_—_—_- SuPPLEMENT : Tortcs or THE Day— =. Booxs— . The Real Guarantees in Foreign Lord Holland’s Memoirs of the Statesmanship .........-..0.-005 59 Whig Party—Lloyd’s Scandina- Reorganizing of the Public Depart- vian Adventnres—Rudall’s Me- SEDs coccccecccccccecess -coces 60 moir of James Crabb—The Life The Emigration for the Year...... 60 and Remains of John Roby— The First Gold-Finder in Australia, 61 Hester and Elinor 73 Russian Material Guarantees...... 61 Publications Received Cure of Drunkenness.............. 62 Advertisements............ NEWS OF THE WEEK. Norutye has yet been received from St. Petersburg to terminate the suspense in which we are kept until we know the Emperor's decision, for acquiescence in political necessity, or for defiance of the Western Powers. While we write, the latest account does not come down beyond the 12th instant. Nicholas had then all the necessary information before him, and the formal notification that the French and English fleets now occupy the Black Sea. He is described as being in a state of great mental excitement; and there, as well as here, the thing expected was a declaration of war. The one important fact announced from the East, is the actual occupation of the Black Sea by the combined fleet of England and France. In some respects this proceeding is a more decisive act than at first it was expected to be; for the fleet has not only taken possession of the Euxine in order “ to protect the Turkish terri- | tory from aggression,” but has, by a peculiar though perhaps justifiable construction of that phrase, permitted the passing of a Turkish convoy with reinforcements for the army in Asia. In fact, the squadron to enforce abstinence from hostilities acted as a cover for those hostile reinforcements. But this peculiar action is perhaps less remarkable than the terms in which the Ambassadors notify to the Governor of Sebastopol the marine occupation of the Black Sea. They express the pleasure they should feel in learning, that his Excellency, animated by the desire to prevent all collision tending “to disturb th ble | Pecisti eee eee 4’ thoee of the Am. | not comprise any such prohibition; and in the discussion of the relations” existing between his Government and those of the Am- bassadors, had given the requisite instructions to the Admiral | commanding the Russian forces in the Black Sea “so as to obviate | any occurrence calculated to endanger peace”! Down to the very moment of actually commencing war upon Russia—for such the | act is—the Ambassadors still preserve the most pacific language; | and by the divorce of their acts from their expressions, they prove how reluctant their Governments must be to abandon the hope that Russia may renew a genuine friendliness. Such, we suppose, is the motive of the note. But it reads like a satire. A has come over “ the Fusion” movement. Down toa certain point all was successful, and down to the same point all was published and clear. Suddenly, however, the movement is obscured in conflicting ramours, and its success is as doubtful as its acts. At Frohsdorf, the Duke de Nemours met the Count de Chambord ; succeeded in cultivating that Prince to a full reliance on his own Divine ascendancy in the family, and on the affection- ate fidelity of the Orleans branch; succeeded in making the Em- peror of Austria assist at the ceremony and provide a theatre for it: and down to this point all the details were published, evidently with a set gg in rendering the occurrence as generally noto- rious as possible. Subsequently, the Duke has had many inter- views with the Duchess of Orleans, and a meeting was announced as intended to take place at Claremont. Some uneasiness was ex- ssed in this country at the idea that a conspiracy against the rench throne should be carried on near the Britis capital and almost within the precincts of Windsor Castle. A Ministerial paper, however, not only recalled the intimation made by Lord Aberdeen to the Count de Chambord on his former visit to this country, that his coming to London simultaneously with the visit of the Duke and Duchess de Nemours “ would disagreeable to her Majesty,” but also the circular issued by the French Go- verament about the same time to its representatives in foreign courts, declaring its expectation that the attitude of such courts might prevent the inconveniences likely to result from the Count’s monstrations, or that otherwise the simultaneous presence of the representatives of King Louis Philippe would be rendered impos- sible. For “ King” read “ Emperor,” said the Globe, and you have “ the principles, observance of which may reasonably be ex- pee of all countries which happen to be Beerernes by visits rom pretenders to thrones already occupied by allied sovereigns” : an intimation which removed any reasonable anxiety either in England or France. This week, a letter purporting to be written by the Duchess of Orleans, disclosed the fact, that the Duke de Nemours had used urgent importunities for her to join the Fusion; but she declined to relinquish the special claims of her son to inherit the elective monarchy conferred upon his grandfather. This document has been denied by the Duke de Nemours—denounced as an entire forgery. Should it be so, the deception is the more remarkable since the letter was generally accepted by the best-informed of the Fusionist party in Paris, ron | had openly excited their anger. We have no evidence to gainsay the contradiction; but it is somewhat remark- able that the successful interviews with the Count de Chambord should be followed by the most minute publicity in regard to that personage, and that the interviews with the Duchess of Orleans should be succeeded only by this repudiated document. Neither is the meeting at Claremont to be held: an announcement has been published, with the date of Claremont, stating that “no such intended meeting is known to the persons most interested in such / a circumstance.” The Fusionist movement is suddenly lost in a | cloud of repudiation and mystery. Some excitement has been created in America by the publication | of the diplomatic correspondence between the English and the | American Governments on the subject of the protectorate which | the two Powers jointly exercise over the so-called state of Mos- quito in Central America, and on the relations of the two Powers in that region generally. The greater part of this correspondence consists in a controversy upon the technical right of Great Britain either to extend her settlements in Central America or to sustain her protégé the King of Mosquito by armed force. A treaty was ‘concluded between Sir Henry Bulwer and Mr. Clayton, which was | supposed to settle the terms on which Great Britain should con- tinue her protectorate: but it is evident that the two agents who arranged the treaty endeavoured to secure in its terms certain objects which perhaps they did not avow in words. England claimed such a protectorate of the Mosquito as should secure it ' against American encroachments; and Mr. Clayton, while not ' gainsaying that claim, procured such a wording of the treaty as he supposed would exclude England from enforcing her aes by arms. As it stands now, however, the text of the treaty does technical points of law, Sir John Harding, the Queen’s Advocate, evidently has the better of Mr. Reverdy Johnson, Attorney- General at the time of the treaty. The claim of America to restrict the extension of English settlement originates in the Monroe doc- trine, which claims America for the Americans, and denies the ‘right of any monarchical state to extend its territories on that | continent. Our Ministers have never accepted that doctrine; but by their assurances that they did not mean to occupy or colonize any part of Central America, they seemed tacitly to admit it. Upon the whole, by its shifty attempts to gain verbal advantages | diplomacy has sufficiently entangled our relations in Centr, | America. It is to be remembered, however, that the controversial art of the diplomatic correspondence now published does not date ater than last summer, some of the documents being considerably anterior; and that, in his message to Congress, President Pierce | announced that the negotiations between the two countries were | proceeding with every prospect of a fayourable conclusion. The question of Prince Albert's intervention in political affairs, | raised without the slightest evidence of his having intervened in | politics at all, has at last received something like official recogni- | tion, since Mr. Greville, the Clerk of the Privy Council, has come forward in the columns of the Zimes to explain the relation of | Prince Albert to that body. And although no specific contradic- tion of the accusatory statements has been made, since the accusa- tion has not yet assumed a form which admits of an authentic contradiction, statements have been put forth indignantly denyin, | that the Prinee has overstepped the bounds of decorum in the ad- vice and assistance which he may properly render to his Sovereign Consort. Some of these explanations revived facts well known, | and prove that if Prince Albert had taken some share in public af- fairs, his doing so would not have been without precedent or war- rant. He is a Privy Councillor; and, like any other subject, he is competent to advise his Sovereign, under responsibility for the ad- vice he may give. Even if he had been introduced into an exe- cutive office, such as that of Commander-in-chief, there would have been no want of precedents. A member of the Royal Family,

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50 THE SPECTATOR. (Saturday, Frederick Duke of York, was Commander-in-chief; a foreign Prince-Consort—George of Denmark—was Lord High Admiral ; so was William Duke of Clarence, when presumptive successor to the throne. Prince Albert would have been as responsible as any other subject—that is, technically ; though, of course, there is always a delicacy in dealing with royal persons as public functionaries. We are speaking strictly of technical right; for the policy of intrusting any high ministerial office to the Queen’s husband is altogether a separate question. It was asserted that Prince Albert had actually interfered in the Horse Guards, and had caused the resignation of a particular officer ; a statement satis- factorily denied. In short, while the discussion is now coming to tangible and authentic facts, the one fact, whether the Prince has exercised any interference at all, in the sense implied, remains without a shadow even of prima facie evidence—even of such evi- dence as would be implied in authoritative assertion. To a cer- tain degree, however, the promoters of these calumnies have suc- ceeded: they have occasioned a degree of public interest and cu- riosity which will render it necessary to come to some clear expla- nation at the meeting of Parliament. The Education movement, which has acquired so much strength in all parts of Great Britain, has received two conspicuous impulses this week,—from the meeting of the National Public School Asso- ciation at Manchester; and from the speech of Sir James Kay Shuttleworth at Padiham, on the occasion of opening a trade school. Sir James Shuttleworth has not only been for a long suc- cession of gs one of our most active promoters of public educa- tion, but his connexion with the Education Committee of the Privy Council enables him to speak with an unusual degree of authority. He put some well-known arguments with great force, and showed how education would improve the condition of the | humbler classes, and would promote public order, by preventing, more especially, such disturbances as that which now interrupts the industry of Lancashire. ciation appears to receive a new lease of activity ; and it comes forward, opportunely enough, at a time when Government is | to be wavering over some compromising measure, | supposed to stand up for the necessity of imparting secular educa- tion ag moran of sectarian limitations. It would appear, the vicious circle. instruction on matters of fact; everybody confesses that it would be impossible to agree upon the sort of religious instruction tobe given; yet the majority, at least in Parliament and in oftice, | with a great number out of both, continue to insist that secular instruction shall not be given without religious instruction—not the practicable without the impracticable. cation, therefore, this great state of England is literally in the at- titude of a spoilt child, who insists with equal obstinacy upon eat- ing his cake and having it. Cobden could conquer that perverse mood of the national mind—if | he could, by a course of special instruction, educate the nation up to the point of discerning that it cannot possibly keep two incom- patible conclusions—he would add a debt not less considerable than that which we incurred towards him for his share in procuring Corn-law Repeal. The retirement of Sir Robert Inglis from Parliament occasions a new election of a Member to represent Oxford University. Many will regret the departure of Sir Robert, for other reasons besides that of entailing the preliminaries of election on the Uni- versity in yacation-time. Although little supported, Sir Robert Inglis was liked; although his doctrines were very generally dis- tasteful, the man was always acceptable. The House of Commons | likes to have in it some person who can creditably utter the established ae and precepts which most parties have outgrown, but which still survive as the standards of something that is prescriptively respectable in Church and State relations. | Perhaps the House never will grow so Radical as not to employ that | species of good old Tory functionary, a kind of ex-officio Joseph Surface, to utter the professions which men think it right to have uttered on solemn occasions, although they have not the face toutter | them themselves. It is all the better if the functionary has some kind of heart in his business; and if to that he can add a respectable understanding, he isa rarity. Sir Robert Inglis presented the combi- nation. He stuck to a sort of High-Tory-Evangelical Conserva- tism, dressed up in the worldly fashion of the day, as if he were Mem- ber for Bishopdom. He had a good scholarly expression, a well-turned bald forehead, and moreover an agreeable heartiness of manner that became the good old English gentleman. Who his successor is to be is not yet determined. Several have been mentioned. The Ox- ford supporters of Mr. Gladstone, who succeeded in spite of so much difficulty, had fixed their eyes on Mr. Roundell Palmer; but a decided opposition would have been made to “a second Gladstone.” The London Liberals have pitched upon Sir William Heathcote, in the probable hope that the opposite party may accept him, although he was the Chairman of Mr. Giadstone’s Election Committee, as a respectable compromise. Che Cuntt. Ovt-poor exercise and in-door recreation form the simple records of the Court; the Queen driving with the children, or walking with the Coun- The National Public School Asso- | almost | owever, as if it were impossible to break through | Everybody admits that we ought to have | In the matter of edu- | If the “ unadorned eloquence ” of Mr. | farce of The Camp at Chobham were performed on Thursday before her Majesty and the Royal Family, and an illustrious circle of guests; in. cluding the French Ambassador, the Duke of Newcastle, the Marquis and Marchioness of Westminster, the Earl and Countess of Shaftesbury, Vis- count Canning, Mr. and Mrs. a Herbert, Mr. and Mrs. Spencer Walpole, and Major-General Wetherall. Che Artragalis. Mr. Merewether, Mr. E. Tyrell, Mr. Stuart Wortley, Mr. Charles Poarson, Sir John Key, and a number of other officers of the Corpora- tion, have given evidence this week before the City Commission. Mr. Merewether handed in an accurate list of the City charters, and of the sums paid for them from time to time; beginning with King Stephen in 1139, when 100 silver marks were paid for the privilege of choosing Sheriffs, down to Charles the First, when 4200/, was paid for the charter respecting porterage. Mr. Merewether avers that the Cor- poration are anxious to have but one franchise for all purposes within the City. With regard to the suit pending between the City and the Crown, as to the soil and bed of the Thames, Mr. Merewether explained, that the Corporation think the Crown should establish its right by writ of in- trusion, instead of assuming its right and calling on the Corporation to show their right. There is no trace whatever in any records of any right of the Crown to all the soil of all the rivers in the kingdom between high and low water mark, The Corporation are anxious to afford every facility for trying the question ; but they object to the mode of proceeding adopted by the Crown. Mr. Merewether admitted, however, that there is “no charter conveying the right to the soil and bed of the river to the Corporation.” Mr. E. Tyrrell, City Remembrancer, stated that he holds that office at a salary of 1000/., and about 250/. for office charges and expenses. Iis main duties are to act as Parliamentary solicitor to the Corporation, and to examine every bill brought into cither House and watch those affecting the City. Besides this, he attends to all matters of form, ceremony, and custom. He does not see the slightest objection to publishing the items of the Corporation bills for Parliamentary expenses, which are now lumped together as money paid to the Remembrancer for so and so. As a general principle, the Corporation insists on the exemption of the City from any measure which was thought to affect injuriously the rights and privileges of the citizens. The Corporation did not oppose the Charitable Trusts Act. The Lord Chancellor, from some view of his own, and without the slightest communication with the Corporation, did not apply the same process to the charities the income of which is under 30/., within the City, as to other charities of that amount elsewhere. Outside the City, small charities go to the Judge of the County Court; while in the City they go, not to the Judge of the County Court, but to the Court of Chancery in the ordinary way. That distinction was not introduced at the instance of the City, nor was it desired by them. Within ten years the Corporation has introduced clauses saving the rights and privileges of the City into five acts of Parliament,—the Small Debts Act, the Health of Towns Act, the Metropolitan Sewers Act, the Common Lodginghouse Act, and the Smoke Prevention Act. The two last were opposed because the powers they conferred were not so stringent as those already possessed by the Corporation under the local Sewers Act. ‘ There is no desire on the part of the City for separate or exceptional legislation. I assert that positively | from my knowledge of the Corporation.” Mr. Stuart Wortley, the City Recorder, stated that his salary is 30007, | ayear. Besides this he receives fees for meeting counsel not connected with the Corporation: in 1852 his fees were 150 guineas, but in 1851 and 1853 only 16 and 15 guineas respectively. He is the chief legal ad- viser of the Corporation, an attendant of the Lord Mayor on all state oc- casions, and reader of addresses to the Crown. Inthe Courts of Alder- men and Common Council he sits at the right of the Lord Mayor, and puts the question in form. He is the Chief Judge in the Central Criminal Court, excepting her Majesty’s Judges. But he has no control over the management of the legal business of the City. One of his duties is to certify the customs of the City, by word of mouth. That is done by as- certaining the custom, certifying it by word of mouth, and then handing in a parchment record for convenience. In reference to the suit regard- ing the right to the soil and bed of the Thames, Mr. Wortley also objected to the course pursued by the Crown. “If it was not an evasion of the proper and legal course, it was a choice of the most harsh, by far the most expensive, and the most cumbrous mode of proceeding. The Corporation have been most anxious to bring this suit to an amicable settlement; and I regret that Mr. Pemberton, in his evidence, did not allude to this, in- stead of representing the Corporation to be actuated by a contentious and litigious spirit.” Mr. Wortley subsequently added an opinion on the merits of the Aldermen as Magistrates. “So far as I have an oppor- tunity of forming an opinion, as the judge of a criminal court, from the depositions placed before me, the committals of the City Magistrates bear a most advantageous comparison with those of any other Magistrates who commit.” Mr. Charles Pearson, the Solicitor to the City, has a salary of 2000/, a year; but in consequence of deductions his net income is about 1700/. a year. His duties are— to advise the Corporation and all the Com- mittees and Commissions upon any question of law; to conduct all their suits and prosecutions, and generally to advise upon general matters when specially called upon to do so; to attend all committees whenever am called upon, and to give my best advice upon all matters on which my opinion may be asked.” The greater part of Mr. Pearson's evidence related to the past history of the suit against Combe, Delafield, and Com- pany, for corn-metage, now hung up on appeal in the House of Lords. He thinks the spirit of the Corporation would be opposed to enforcing the right against Combe and Company. [The right claimed by the Cor- poration is the metage of Combe and Company's own corn.] The Cor- poration care very little about the case, as it would only be a barren triumph for them. Sir John Key, the City Chamberlain, has a salary of 2500/7. a year. He says his office is no sinecure. He is responsible for the whole man- agement of the City funds, and is occupied daily from ten till five o'clock. During the last year the receipts for which he was answerable amounted to 1,219,5112, and the payments to 1,229,242/. He adjudi- cates differences between masters and apprentices, and has the power of tess Walewski and the Marchioness of Westminster; Prince Albert shooting with the Duke of Newcastle, Mr. Sidney Herbert, Viscount Jocelyn, or Sir George Bowles, The play of Zhe Honeymoon and the | sending the latter to Bridewell. His election cost him 5000/., not 7000/., | as had been stated. He scarcely knew how it went; but the sum ex-

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Ne nd S- er T- he | 4 — al 7 ee le i Ok _— = Sw FF January 21, 1854.] freshments to voters did not exceed 1007. He denied that pers $ been subscribed by any Aldermen towards paying the ex- penses of his election. of Common Council, on Thursday, a report was presented b a Coumitioe appointed to ascertain the state and durability of South- 7 Bridge. The Committee informed the Court, that the proprietors af the bridge adhere to the price already asked—300,000/. ; and that, as the bridge must be purchased for the public, they might probably demand a higher sum. On the motion of Mr. Alderman Salomons, the report was referred back to the Committee by a majority of 33 to 26, renewing the order to ascertain the strength and durability of the bridge by professional inquiry, and to report the upshot to the Court. a ‘At a meeting of the Court of Aldermen, on Tuesday, the Sheriffs pre- sented the report for 1853 from the Governor of the Debtors’ Gaol in Whitecross Street. There had been an increase of ten prisoners above the year 1852. They were ina good state of health. By the operation of the charities belonging to the prison, 250 had been discharged during the ear. The Governor regrets the abolition of the receiving letter-box, which had existed for twenty years at an annual cost of 10/. He had been in communication with the Government, and the question is still under consideration. Pending the inquiry, letters left at the entrance are delivered to the prisoners; and at five o'clock a collection of letters is made, and they are posted by an officer of the prison. A deputation from the Stock Exchange waited on Colonel Maberly, on Thursday, to point out that great inconvenience is caused by the delay of the French mails, which are frequently not delivered till three o'clock. Colonel Maberly admitted at once the grievance of which they complained : explained to them that this detention at the Post-office had arisen from the non-arrival of the mid-day country letters ; but informed them, that as the Treasury had lately added an increase to their numerical force, he fully expected the delay to be remedied. The City Police have resolved to present a piece of plate to their Com- - missioner, Mr. Daniel Whittle Harvey, as a token of their appreciation of his efforts to increase their pay, and his care of their interests generally, A deputation from the Incorporated Law Society had an interview with Lord Aberdeen on Monday, respecting the removal of the Law Courts from Westminster. The deputation consisted of Mr. Kinderley, President of the Society, Mr. Sudlow, Mr. Coverdale, Mr. Keith Barnes, and Mi Maugham. The proposal is, that the Courts should be removed from Westminster, where the accommodation is so insufficient and the distance from the “ law district ’’ productive of so much expense ; and that new Courts should be erected in the law district, atfording full accommodation, in one building, for all. “ The proposed site for the new courts is between the Temple and Lincoln's Inn, in the centre of the Metropolis and of the law district. It would con- sist of a ae, about 700 feet by 480, in the centre of which the new courts and offices would be erected. ‘The effect of clearing away the lanes and allies within that area would be to widen the Strand and Fleet Street by 100 fect, Carey Street by 60 feet, and to unite them with the new street into the City of London from the Record Office, now in course of erection on the Rolls’ estate in Chancery Lane. The estimated cost of the building and site is 1,197,074/.—viz., cost of the site (about eight acres), 675,074/. ; building for Common Law and Equity Courts, 390,000/.; approaches, foundations, sewerage, warming, ventilating, gas, furniture, fittings, decorations, Xc., 180,000/.; contingent and incidental charges, 42,000/. From this there is to be deducted 523,500/, for the value of ground-rent for chambers on the pro- sed site, for the sale of the various otlices of the Masters, Record, and Writ lerks, Registrars, Accountant-General, value of the present site at West- tainster, and of the Roll-oftices, Kc. ; leaving the ultimate cost of the site and building, 673,5742.” _ Lord Aberdeen said, he thought the proposal entitled to favourable con- sideration ; and it had met with the Lord Chancellor's sanction. The undertaking, however, is one of such magnitude and public importance that it would require much consideration, more particularly with respect to the means of defraying the necessary expenditure. The deputation explained to Lord Aberdeen, that it is proposed to raise the requisite funds by the accumulation of surplus interest arising from stock purchased with the suitors’ money, not directed to be invested, (and to which interest they have no legal claim,) amounting to 1,241,188/. stock ; the sum of 201,028/. stock ; the accumulated surplus of the suitors’ fee-fund since 1833, after paying all the charges thereon ; the surplus fees paid into the Treasury to the Consolidated Fund since the Ist January 1838. They submitted, that although out of these receipts the pensions and compensations allowed to the holders of abolished offices have been paid, the pensions or compensations granted on effecting alterations in the aw for the benefit of the community at large should be paid out of the Consolidated Fund, and not by the suitors of the Court. Lord Aberdeen observed, that the appropriation of the “ suitors’ sur- plus fund” would require mature consideration ; but he would have an early interview with the Chancellor of the Exchequer on the subject. _ The same deputation subsequently waited on Sir William Molesworth. Sir William said, it had long been his opinion that the Law Courts should be removed to the place proposed ; and he would give the proposal his favourable attention. At a meeting of the Marylebone Vestry, Mr. Grote took occasion to state the gratifying results already attendant on the opening of the Free Library, During the first five days, there had been 663 male and 14 fe- male readers ; a daily average of 135. They were real working people— _— im paper caps and flannel jackets ; and were quiet and orderly. The . Oks issued amounted to 689: general literature, poetry, drama, &c., 289 ; science and arts, 40; theology, 17; philosophy, 19; history, 312; laws, politics, and commerce, 12. ‘ ; The parochial authorities of St. Giles-in-the-Fields have defied Lord Palmerston’s order for the closing of the churchyard. Since the 15th August, when the order came into operation, ab »ve a hundred interments ave taken place. At the annual meeting of the Vestry, on Tuesday, the Churchwarden defended the continuance of the burials, on the ground that the order did not apply to a joint parish like that. A Vestryman said, the inhabitants were resolved to use all legitimate means to enforce obedience to the order. Pontes ter delivered a lecture, on Wednesday, at the London Me- - cs Anstitute, on “national, social, and domestic happiness, as in- Uenced by the progress of knowledge.”’ THE SPECTATOR. 51 A new road has been projected between Brompton and Kensington. A bill has been prepared to obtain powers from Parliament; and the pro- position is under the consideration of the Kensington Improvement Commissioners. At a meeting of the Middlesex Magistrates, on Thursday, Mr. E. An- trobus moved a set of resolutions, based upon the report of a Committee, declaring that an industrial school for the reception of juvenile offenders should be built and maintained at the expense of the county-rate; that Judges and Magistrates should be empowered to send children under fourteen years of age to the county industrial school, instead of to prison ; and that to effect these objec tsa bill should be introduced into Parlia- ment next session, The only opposition to the resolutions came from Mr. Witham; who said these institutions should be parochial, not na- tional, Ifan institution of this kind were established in Middlesex, an inducement would be given to every vagabond who wished to abandon his children to pour them into Middlesex, to get them into this proposed industrial school. Lord Robert Grosvenor tendered his services in Par- liament, and agreed to take charge of the proposed bill. ‘The resolutions were passed by acclamation, amid cheering and clapping of hands. — At the same mecting, a statement of the annual county expenditure was put in: it showed a total of 105,557/, 3s, 2d, Another commission has been issued from the Court of Queen's Bench to take the evidence of M. Wagner and his daughter, in the case of Lumley versus Gye. It is issued, not to the Royal Court of Berlin, but to the Judges of the Court. This will allow the evidence to be taken in the Prursian manner. Mr. Crouch, a carrier, brought an action in the Court of Common Pleas against the London and North-Western Railway Company, respecting the conveyance of packed parcels. In 1849, the Railway Company issued an order that packed parcels—that is, parcels containing several others for distribu- tion at a given place—should be invoiced only to the termini of their line, which ends at Rugby. The Midland ( mipany issu d asimilar order, Mr. Crouch, in October 1850, sent a pac ked I ircel destined for Sheffield. The agents of the Company wished to know its contents, and, not being infc rmed, refused to forward it farther than Rugby; at this station it was handed to the Midland Company, who conveyed it to Sheffield. Subsequently, the Company acted similarly with regard to a packed parcel addressed to Glas- gow. By these proceedings Crouch suffered injury in his business, and thereupon brought his action, The plaintiff affi and the defendants denied, that they were common carriers. In deciding for the plaintiff, the Court held that the defendants were placed by act of Parliament on the foot- ing of common carriers, and were bound to carry within reasonable limits all goods tendered to them to be carried, between the places to which they pro- fessed to be carriers; and that the defendants were not entitled to know the contents of parcels, Dr. Lushington, presiding over the Consistory Court, delivered an elabo- dzment, on Wednesday, in the case of Ciocei rersus Cio It will liected that Ciocci, an Italian, married a Miss Bacoa, of Brighton, a lady possessing a considerable fortune; and that she separated from him on the ground of cruelty and adultery. Hence this suit. Ciocci’s defence was, that he had been in frequent communication with prostitutes as an agent of the Female Aid Society, desirous of reclaiming them. But th» evidence overthrew that assertion. Dr. Lushington pronounced for separation on the ground of adultery, and condemned Ciocci in costs. At the Middlesex Sessions, on Monday, Francis Broom, a soldier in the Grenadier Guards, was convicted of stealing property belonging to his officers ; and Mary Anne Maffey of feloniously receiving it. Broom was em- ployed as a carpenter at the barracks at St. John’s Wood; and he took ad- vantage of the opportunities this afforded of stealing many articles from the store-room. He was sentenced to imprisonment for one year; Matfey for three months. On Tuesday, Simmons, the shopman who robbed Messrs. Lambert and Co. the silversmiths, pleaded “ guilty’; and Jones, who pawned some of th property, was convicted of feloniously receiving. The prosecutors recom- mended Simmons to merey. A technical point is reserved in Jones's case— the words “ the said’’ had been omitted in part of the indictment. Ellen Harley was convicted of obtaining money on false pretences: she pledged rings with pawnbrokers which she declared to be gold ; they were of platinum gilt, with a forged hall-mark : she generally raised 8s, on each, the real value being 3s. Sentence, nine months’ imprisonment. Mr. Wildbore, the innkeeper who was accused of the abduction of the boy Medhurst, whose body was found at East Acton, was reéxamined before the Clerkenwell Magistrate on Saturday. The case against him quite broke down. The boy Jackson, it was stated, had actually accused a tg who happened to be in plain clothes, before he said Mr. Wildbore was the culprit. Another boy, William Patten, came forward to give evidence about seeing the accused in Old Street at seven o'clock on the evening of the 3st ectober: the Magistrate entirely disbelieved this boy’s story, which was impugned by his own father, while he repeatedly contradicted himself, Witnesses were called to prove that Mr. Wildbore was not in London on the evening of the 3lst October with a chaise-cart: he came to London on that day by rail, and returned at twenty minutes to six: the alibi was complete. Mr. Corrie said he should have discharged Mr. Wildbore even if no excul- remy witnesses had been called, for there was really no evidence against iim. When liberated, Mr. Wildbore was loudly cheered by his friends. Mr. Broughton, the Marylebone Magistrate, has held to bail Thomas Slattery, a master builder, to keep the peace towards Richard May ; Slattery having committed a most ruffianly assault on May. The law would not allow Mr. Broughton to inflict a fit degree of punishment; so he passed no sentence, in order that May might have an opportunity to sue for damages in the County Court. Policeman Woods has been committed, by the Southwark Magistrate, for breaking into a house and setting fire to it. He seems to have forced open the door of a hairdresser’s shop, and set tire to a partition ; another officer found him in the shop ; Woods was on friendly terms with the hairdresser. The motive for the crime is not apparent, Boyd, Symes, and Floyd, the men charged with the robbery of jewellery, were reexamined by the Bow Street Magistrate on Saturday. Boyd declared that he had not made any admissions to his brother; but a woman who had been intimate with the prisoners, and who was arrested with Boyd, was called as a witness; and her evidence was strongly corroborative of that given by Boyd's brother. The accused were again remanded. Mr. Waters, a wine and vinegar merchant in White Cross Street, has discovered that he has been robbed of empty bottles to the value of 3004., and also of 1570 gallons of wine, during the last year. Richard Biggs and his wife, who were employed in the bottle-warehouse, are in custody ; the woman was seen repeatedly carrying bottles to a marine-store shop—six times in one day, Further inquiry is needed to explain the large deticieney in the wine.

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52 THE SPECTATOR. (Saturday, Daniel Lloyd, a Post-office letter-carrier at Holloway for nine years, has been committed by the Bow Street Magistrate for stealing letters containing money and other valuables. He had carried on his robberies by wholesale— no fewer than seventy letters which he had rifled were found in his pos- session. Dr. Dixon’s house, in Green Street, Grosvenor Square, has been robbed of some jewellery by means of this trick. On Sunday afternoon a well- dressed man knocked at the door, and requested the page who answered to get him his spectacle-case, which had accidentally fallen into the area. While the boy was absent, the man, it is supposed, admitted an accomplice, who carried off some property from an upper room. Marfy, a German, was charged before the Marlborough Street Magistrate with stealing two loaves. Marfy said, he and others had been shipped from Genoa to the United States by the Sardinian Government, for political rea- sons; stress of weather drove the ship into Plymouth ; the prisoners escaped, and got to London, destitute. Mr. Hardwick seemed to place little credence in this tale; and he sent Marfy to prison for a month. Two hours after, Luigi Beraski, an Italian, was charged with stealing a gold ring from a jeweller’s: he asked, by gestures, to look at some wedding-rings ; then inti- mated that ‘Madame’ would come to examine them. He managed to carry one off; but was followed, and detected in an attempt to sell the ring. Beraski told the same story as Marfy. Mr. Hardwick remarked, that if the rest of the political offenders resembled these two specimens, they were not desirable additions to our —: it would be well to ascertain how many are here. He remanded the prisoner. Mrs. Prinna, a widow, formerly well known as Miss Healey, actress and vocalist, has been sent to prison, by the Lambeth Magistrate, for twenty-one days, at her own request, for being drunk in the streets. The unfortunate woman has long been a grey to a morbid thirst for gin, to which she has sacrificed core. he is conscious in her sober moments that gin is her direst foe ; she has often promised to forsake it, but as often has again fallen under its power. Iler appearance at the Police Court was pitiable— eyes blackened, cheek swollen, and her scanty and threadbare garments covered with mud. A few weeks since, while the workmen were engaged in pulling down part of the old Excise-office in Broad street, some of the building fell ; several men were hurt, and one died in the hospital.’ On Monday afternoon there was a worse disaster: the floors in a part of the structure facing Broad Street suddenly fell in, burying about a dozen men in the ruins. Two were taken out rm five were conveyed to the hospital in a sad condition ; but the remainder escaped without serious hurts. The report caused by the fall was exceedingly loud, and for a time the atmosphere was completely ob- scured by the huge volumes of dust. At the Coroner’s inquest, on Wednesday, it appeared that the disaster oc- curred from the rotten state of a girder supporting the top floor, which was also too short, and split. The people who were superintending the work were not aware that the beam was rotten or split ; its insufficient length was the fault of the builders ninety years ago: the floor was not laden with much rubbish. Verdict, ‘* Accidental death.” A fire broke out on Tuesday night in a hatter’s shop in New Street, Covent Garden. In the upper part of the house were twenty-six people, mostly children ; fortunately all were saved: some escaped by the stairs, some were taken from the roof by means of a fire-escape, and Fireman Cooper rescued three children by running through the smoke to the upper part of the house, and carrying off one on his back and one in each hand. The shop and con- tents were destroyed. The Roman Catholic schools at Lower Tottenham were burnt down on Wednesday morning, from the overheating of a stove. The premises of Messrs. Figgins, the type-founders, in West Street, Smithfield, were partially destroyed by a fire on Thursday, discovered by one of the workmen on his sovival in the morning. Mr. Smith, the lessee of Drury Lane Theatre, has purchased the freehold estate on which old Shadwell Workhouse stands, with intent to erect a large theatre for the East-end of London. On Wednesday, large numbers of coal-ships had left the North-eastern ports for London. It was full time: in Wednesday’s market there were three ships for sale, and no house-coals had arrived since the 13th. Che Provinces. Sir Robert Harry Inglis, who for twenty-five years has represented the University of, Oxford in the House of Commons, announces his inten- tion of resigning his scat, in the usual way, as soon as Parliament meets. At a Convocation, held at Oxford on Monday, the Senior Proctor read the following letter addressed by Sir Robert to the Vice-Chancellor. “My dear Mr. Vice-Chancellor—It is my painful duty to request your permission to retire from the service of the University in the House of Com- mons; a service which I have found to be alike honourable and delightful, and in which I should have rejoiced to have been enabled to continue longer ; ‘but a warning in the state of my health, since my return from the Continent in October last, compels me, according to the judgment of my medical ad- viser, formally delivered to mea few days ago, to withdraw from the labour of the post in which the favour of Convocation has placed me in nine suc- cessive Parliaments. ; “‘T still enjoy, thank God, that measure of strength which may be equal to other duties in other stations. Ihave even well considered, before making this formal communication, whether I might not have lingered as one of your burgesses in my place in Parliament—withdrawing from every other work there except that which was directly connected with my immediate share in the representation of the University. But the distinction is often so fine “between the obligations which might devolve upon me in that character, and the obligations which must belong to me as one of the general body of the House, that, having undertaken the whole, I cannot now deceive myself with the belief that I could consistently retain the one portion and system- atically neglect the other. ; * Though a vacancy cannot literally take place till the House of Com- mons shall be reassembled, I feel it to be my duty to intimate thus early my respectful wishes and intentions. 2 “T will not affect to deny that I abandon the House of Commons with considerable reluctance. I have received a very large share of kindness on all sides—without, I hope, any sacrifice of my own opinions. But my chief feeling arises from the severance of my connexion with the University. While I live, I hope ever to remember with the deepest gratitude the unabated in- dulgence with which you and your predecessors, and the whole constituency, have accepted my endeavour to discharge the trust confided to me. To the fulfilment of that trust I claim to have brought nothing except watchfulness and labour; I may, perhaps, add, an adherence to those principles which, as already set forth by me in my previous course in Parliament, originally in- duced the University, a quarter of a century ago, to place me where I have since continued to sit. “The experience of this unexampled confidence, while it increases m gratitude to those who have conferred it, increases also my regret at my separation from them ; and if I could have hoped hereafter to serve them as in the long period of my ananee engagement, I should not now have felt it necessary to place at the disposal of Convocation the greatest honour and one of the greatest enjoyments of my life—my seat as one of their burgesses in the House of Commons. ‘“‘T have the honour to be, my dear Mr. Vice-Chancellor, with the greatest respect, your most obliged and most grateful servant, “7, Bedford Square, Jan. 13, 1854. Rosext Harry Ines.” As soon as the resignation was made public, the respective parties in the University went to work to find candidates. An old correspondent gives a faithful account of the subsequent proceedings of the Gladstone party from a local point of view. It will be seen that the candidateship y Sir William Heathcote is regarded as a compromise by the Oxford iberals, “Tt is now virtually settled that Sir W. Heathcote is to be the candidate of the Gladstonites. A meeting here on Saturday gave the preference to Roundell Palmer by 2 to 1: a somewhat thin one, of course, as it is vaca- tion-time, but respectable, (there were 21 present,) and representing, so far as one can judge, the feelings of Gladstone’s resident supporters. We found, however, that in London it had been ruled otherwise. Palmer, on being applied to, said that he could not come into competition with Heathcote, who had great claims on the party, and was thought the most desirable candidate by his London friends. One of these friends (Sir Stafford Northcote) came down to a second meeting here on Monday morning, to explain their view ;— which in effect was, that Heathcote, though not so alte as Palmer, was sufficiently good; that his services as Chairman of Gladstone’s London Committee on three occasions merited the acknowledgment; that he was likely to provoke no opposition, or if any, a less formidable one ; and that seeing he was the more desirable of the two as a colleague for Gladstone, who is looked on with distrust by the ‘moderate’ part of the House, as ‘too clever by half,’ and consequently wants to be balanced by one who has a character for ‘moderation,’ not by a double of himself. After much discus- sion, we resolved not to give up Palmer; though by a diminished majority, the result mainly of an influx of non-resident Heathcotites. But we felt that the game was up, and were not surprised when Palmer re- peated his decision on a second application. The only hope now is the forlorn one of putting before Heathcote the fact that the residents refer Palmer: but as he has already been written to by Sir Staf- ord Northeote, and expresses his willingness to come forward, much will not be done by that in the face of his London advisers. You will under- stand how mortified I feel at this result, at least if you take my view of the respective pretensions of the two men. Surely it is too much to reward Heathcote with a seat because he was of great use in procuring the return of the other Member—to make the constituency pay (as was said in the course of rather a sharp discussion this morning) the bills of the last election. After all the enthusiasm called out by Gladstone’s triumph, it is a little humbling to be shown the other side of the tapestry, and find that we must make a compromise with Derbyite or quasi-Derbyite High Churchmanship. For myself, I am glad that I can now call myself one of Gladstone’s sup- porters, especially having seen how uneasy his developments are making some of his friends; but I think you will see some justice in my objections to the tactics of his party. Whether they will secure their man is doubtful. The other side keep very quiet; but it is understood that they have applied to Lord Robert Cecil, whose election at All Souls was so much commented on last term.” A committee to forward the election of Sir William Heathcote is formed under the chairmanship of Dr. Williams, Warden of New College : it has issued an address describing Sir William as a faithful adherent of the principles of the constitution—willing to improve “our most valued in- stitutions,’ but ready to defend them against injurious attacks. Lord Robert Cecil has not, so far as we are aware, consented to stand. It is even said that an application has been made to Sir John Pakington. The National Public School Association held a conference at Manchester on Wednesday, which was well and influentially attended. Mr. Alex- ander Henry presided, and Mr. Milner Gibson and Mr. Cobden were present. The latter was the chief speaker, but there was no lack of ora- tors. Mr. Samuel Lucas congratulated the meeting on the position the uestion had gained; and he moved the first resolution, which declared e inadequacy of existing means of instruction, and that funds for schools should be raised by local rates and controlled by a local com- mittee. Mr. Cobden made his speech in seconding this resolution. People say the Association ignore the vast number of school-houses already built: but they never do that. Why, Government has paid a mil- lion sterling out of the taxes for building schools during the last twenty years—the schools have not been built by the voluntary system; and the Association always contemplated making use of them. It is said that the voluntary system has educated the people: ‘I will call it the émvoluntary system,” said Mr. Cobden. ‘The voluntary system has not educated the people ; and there is one bold staring fact which Mr. Lucas has mentioned— the fact that in 1850, 33 per cent of the men married in this country and 46 per cent of the women married in this country could not sign their names to the marriage-register, but were obliged to make their marks: there is that one fact in answer to the assertion that the voluntary system has educated the people. And when you hear these astounding statistics, bear in mind what they mean. They do not mean that any proportion of the higher and middle classes cannot write their names. The under-graduates of Oxford and Cambridge do not make their marks when they get married; your pro- fessional men and merchants, and the great bulk of the middle class and shopkeepers, who have dealings with trade, and have bills to sign, don’t make their marks because they are unable to write their names, and their sons are educated sufficiently to sign their names to the marriage-register : so that, when you say that 33 per cent of the young men who get mar- ried cannot write their names, it means that a great deal more than half of the labouring population of this country are unable to write their names. The labouring classes are, indeed, so utterly wanting in education, that the mechanics’ institutes are compelled to become schools of elementary instruc- tion. ‘ I want secular instruction to be separated from religious instruc- tion, because I want secular instruction to be improved. It is quite impos- sible for the schoolmaster to do justice to secular instruction if he is to give religious instruction as well. Secular instruction is quite enough for him, and you have no right to ask him to fulfil the duties of a religious teacher ; and it is idleness on the part of the teachers of religion to seek for such an evasion of their own duties. .... If you separate secular from religious education, you will do what you have done in every other pursuit of life— improve the quality Wy a division of labour. And where do I find my ex- ample to prove it? e have now a few secular schools; there have been @ few schools established owing to the munificence of an individual—Mr. Ellis; the schools called the Birkbeck Schools in London, and a school in Edinburgh also, the Williams’s School. Well, now, I have seen these schools: they don’t profess to give religious instruction ; they don’t profess

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ny tit ne st in nt ne ip [TN ews Ss EEE aw SS ae ee enw aS SS SS SC wwe Vv ee January 21, 1854.] THE SPECTATOR. 53 religious instruction ; but they say, we profess only to give secular eae on and you must get your "reli _ education elsewhere. Well, but there cannot be a doubt that the quality of the instruction given | in those schools is vastly superior to that ordinarily given in other schools for . le.”” — wl gentlemen addressed the Conference. The resolutions to declared that schools, to be permanently satisfactory, must not confer sectarian advantages ; that “industrial schools” must form part of a system of public instruction ; that a permissive bill should be introduced and pressed forward in Parliament; and that provision should be made in the bill to include existing schools. The public meeting in the evening, which, as is usual on these occa- sions, followed the Conference, was held at the Mechanics’ Institute ; Mr. Absolom Watkin in the chair. The principal speakers were the Borough Members and Mr. Cobden ; but the significant fact which makes the meeting memorable is the appearance of Mr. John Bright on the platform of the Public School Association. Hitherto Mr. Bright had stood between that body and the “ Voluntaries”’; but henceforth he will advocate secular education in accordance with the principles of the Asso- ciation. All the speakers seemed elate with their prospects, Mr. Bright, in explaining what induced him to join the Association, put in the van of his reasons the fact that there now seems a prospect of doing something. He combated with great vigour the arguments of Mr. Baines and Mr. Miall, who contend that State interference enfecbles a people, decreases | their freedom, and destroys the springs of voluntary exertions. He pointed to the example of the people of the United States, who certainly are not less free or less strong because they have a system of public education. Both Mr. Bright and Mr, Gibson strongly insisted on the material cle- ments of the scheme of the Association, local rates, local management, and liberty of conscience. “ Why,” said Mr. Gibson, “‘ were their municipalities to be deprived of the power of managing the schools, when the constitution vested in them so many important powers of governing in their different localities? Why was the Committee of the Council to direct all the important principles of man- agement of these schools, so that the local municipal bodies would become mere agencies for carrying out the routine of business pointed out by the Committee of Council in London? It could never be agreed to; and it was entirely at variance with the policy which had been pursued in this coun- try, upon which they were wont to pride themselves when they talked of the confusion and disorders of other states. If there was one thing more im- rtant than another to be kept in the hands of the people—if they were to rated for it—it was the ag ae of their schools ; that they might not, supported by public taxes, be made the instrument of circulating any particular views which the Government might desire, and so be open to the reproach which such schools were open to in foreign countries, where, al- though there was a public education, yet, being directed by and in the hands of the Government, it was very often moulded to purposes adverse to the true interests of the people.” Mr. Cobden endeavoured to show the error of Mr. Baines in regarding the question of education as one inseparably connected with the opera- tions of religious training. There are five millions of people in Great Britain who do not go either to church or chapel ; how can religious or- ganizations reach them? It is said that secular education will promote infidelity: no such thing—the first step to bring these people to the | churches and chapels will be to tempt their children to schools. Mr. Cobden declared his disbelief in the existence of active scepticism in the country: all the seeptics could be put into a drawingroom, and be as harmless a clique as any drawingroom ever contained. Dr. M‘Kerrow and Dr, Watts also addressed the meeting. It lasted till a late hour. At the annual meeting of the Manchester Commercial Association, the President, Mr. Aspinall Turner, opened the proceedings with a speech touching on two of the most interesting topics of the day—the strikes, and the coming war. Ie pointed out the importance of capital as an ele- ment in production; and combated the fallacy of the working-men, that the capitalist owes his fortune solely to his operatives, and shares unduly in the profits of trade. There is a contest for the market itself; and one effect of the attacks on capital, both by the workmen and by legislation, would be to drive capital from the country. He himself had been asked to commence works out of England, but he was not un-English enough todo so. If we do not fight the battle with energy, we shall lose it. | He had heard for some time ru- mours of war. It isa new cry in this country, and one which it is very much to be lamented we have heard raised amongst us. The Government of the country have shown wonderful forbearance in endeavouring to stave off any possibility of our being engaged in war. Some people think that they have been rather too cautious—too dilatory in their proceedings : but he was | willing to attribute only the best motives; for certainly war in any form is one of the most disastrous events both for the comfort of this country and that in which it may be carried on. We scarcely know what war is in this country, and long may it be before we have it located upon our shores. It will be disastrous whenever it takes place. He believed we little know, and he thought our opponents, if we are to have them, little know, the strength and power which could be put forth when England is really roused to the force she possesses. He hoped, if we were drawn into this position, that we should not use the power ineffectually; he hoped, in mercy, we should use it strongly; he hoped every effort would be made by Government to carry on the war with vigour, so that it might speedily end; and he hoped further, that the public would not begrudge the expense it may be necessary to incur in order that the dignity of the nation may be maintained. He Was speaking amongst radon om A and manufacturers likely to suffer by the destruction of trade that would oceur; but as this country has carried on Wars, perhaps less necessary or justifiable, on former occasions, without hin- nee, so he hoped the community the gentlemen he saw around him re- Presented would never embarrass the Government by unnecessary complaints of the expense incurred, and that their patriotism would lead them to endure whatever evils war thus originated may bring upon them. (Cheers.) Mr. Ross, vice-chairman of the meeting, mentioned that British capital is already finding investment in establishments on the banks of the | | e, A new “ trade school” has been recently established by the exertions | of Sir James Kay Shuttleworth, of Gawthorpe Hall, near Padiham: on the 11th instant it was inaugurated by a tea-party in the baronial hall at | wthorpe. About two hundred persons were present; scientific dia- grams adorned the. walls in the place of weapons of war; and the choirs of three neighbouring churches lent their aid. After the removal of the _ feast, Sir James Shuttleworth delivered a long speech, showing © mischief of strikes, and calling upon the manufacturers of the district to help in carrying on the school, by which the working men would be | disabused of the fallacious doctrines out of which strikes arise. Going very fully into the subject of the relation of capital and labour, and mi- nutely into a history of strikes, Sir James showed that there had been a great improvement in the character of these proceedings; opinion and | sympathy doing now what violence did in former times. He also stated, from personal knowledge, that the Germans look upon our strikes as the ulcer of our manufacturing system, which will enable them to obtain our commerce by expelling capital from the cotton-trade. With respect to the solution of the difficulty, Sir James said— ‘* The true solution of this great danger of trades unions appears to me to have a twofold relation. It is to be sought, first, by an increase of the in- telligence and knowledge of the entire operative population. It would be impossible to calculate the mere commercial gain of weaning the working men from gross living and from sottish habits; in causing earnings to be ex- pended in rent, furniture, food, and clothing, which are now wasted in drink —in unclouding the brains of our energetic Northern population of all the fumes of the alehouse, and to the improved health and vigour of a more re- gular life, adding the light of a well-ordered education. . . . . But we can only approach such a solution of our present difficulties by successive steps, We have to build better cottages, or improve those which exist; we have to provide for the sanitary condition of our streets and towns; we have steadily to create a system of national education, accessible to all; we have to lead the population forward in social and political knowledge, and to a | higher sense of religious duty. My second point, therefore, is, that these benefits should flow from the middle and higher classes. They should be- come the means of welding together the operative and the capitalist by a sense of benefits conferred. The workmen who are inaccessible to reasoning on abstract truths, and even slow to be taught by experience, may be more | open to kindly sympathies. They may be able to see when their masters strive to raise them in intelligence aud comfort, and to provide rewards for fidelity, skill, and capacity. ‘They are sooner to be won by the heart than by the head. A master who ceases to think that his workmen are a part of his machinery, and is impressed with the conviction that they are beings for whose destiny, morally and socially, he must give account when the secrets of all hearts are laid open, will have solved the mystery of trades unions.” Dr. Lyon Playfair also delivered an address, inculcating and illus- trating the necessity for a knowledge of “ common things.” The school thus founded offers the youth of the district, between the ages of seven and fifteen, a sound course of instruction at fifteen shillings a quarter; and additional instruction in the higher branches of science, such as algebra, surveying, mining, and chemistry, at an additional charge of ten shillings a quarter, or two shillings for each additional subject taught. Active steps for levying the Coast Volunteers are in progress, Captain Sheringham, commander of the Western division, extending from Gosport to Weston-super-Mare, and commissioned to raise 2000 men, addressed a number of seafaring men at Plymouth on Monday, He told them that we are on the eve of a very severe conflict, and it is the duty of every man to defend his own home and hearth. They would be drilled for twenty- | eight days at the utmost; they would be paid ten shillings on entering, | and one-and-sevenpence a day on drill, with a guinea at the end, Every twenty-fifth man would become a petty officer; aud when sick they would be taken to the Naval Hospital. Fifty men had already volunteered: should ten thousand, the whole number required, not volunteer, England would look contemptible in the eyes of Russia, and the Admiralty would bo compelled to go to Parliament and get power to ballot. They would never be taken more than one hundred leagues from shore: if an enemy came, they beat him back—if he did not come, they stay at home. Several men volunteered on the spot. In reply to a circular addressed by Lord Palmerston to the Mayors of all the towns on the Tyne and Wear, inquiring whether they were aware of any construction of vessels in those ports for the Russian Government, the Mayor of Sunderland states that there are no vessels of the kind building at that port ; but the Mayor of Tynemouth has ascertained that in the Tyne two iron vessels, 140 fect in the keel, are in construction, built ostensibly for a Russian mercantile house, but in reality, it is sur- mised, for the Russian Government. The funeral of Lord Beresford took place on Tuesday, in the district church of the parish of Goudhurst, in the presence of a numerous and distinguished company of mourners; among whom may be mentioned, Mr. Beresford Hope, chief mourner, and Lord Hardinge, Not the least interesting incident in the ceremony was performed by John Blunt, a veteran soldier, who lost a leg at Albuera. Le sprinkled the earth on the coffin containing the remains of his old commander, There was a great Protestant demonstration at Liverpool on Monday? against Popery, the “ deadly antagonist.” The mecting-place was de- corated with flags, evergreens, and a portrait of Lord Roden. The stewards wore scarfs, and the ladies rosettes of the orthodox orange hue. Mr, T. Ii. Liddell, one of the Members of the borough, was received with the Kentish fire. He made a moderate speech ; agreeing in the necessity of opposing Popery, but inculcating principles of toleration. The old freemen of Liverpool are known as one of the most corrupt bodies of the kingdom ; the Liberals have got up a petition to Parliament praying for inquiry with a view to their distranchisement. The peti- tion sets forth the report of a Committee of the House of Commons, showing that, in 1830, the Parliamentary election cost each candi- date 40,0007. and upwards, and that 2661 individual freemen were bribed. In consequence of that report, a bill passed the House of Com- mons disfranchising the Liverpool freemen, but it was thrown out by the House of Lords. The petition further shows, that both in 1852 and 1893 the vast majority of the freemen who voted polled on the winning side, while the votes of the burgesses were pretty equally divided. And, as | the prosecution of petitions is very costly to private individuals, the peti- tioners pray that a Special Commission may issue to investigate the case, with a view to disfranchising the freemen. The Cambridge Town-Council are about to petition the House of Commons to adopt stringent measures for the more effectual suppression of electoral corruption. Mr. Hadfield, one of the Members for Sheffield, met his constituents on Thursday morning, and rendered an account of his work during the last session. In the evening there was to be a banquet and political gather- ing. Mr. Roebuck had written to say that the state of his health would not permit him to attend, The Bishop of Manchester has presented the Free Library in his cathedral city with copies of the Scriptures in twenty different languages.

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54 THE SPECTATOR. (Saturday, Mr. Ogden, honorary secretary of the Manchester Atheneum, has been presented with a piece of plate and a valuable set of books, on his retire- ment from that post. A hint is expressed in some of the provincial papers that Archdeacon Denison is about to secede from the Anglican communion. Preparations are in progress at Liverpool to give the British Association a proper reception next summer, The committee appointed for that pur- pose has already collected 300/—about a third of the amount required. Some time since, the Corporation of Bridgewater petitioned the Privy Council against the removal of the Assizes of the county of Somerset from Bridgewater ; but a letter from the Privy Council in reply to the petition informs them that the Queen has been pleased to approve an order direet- | ing the Assizes to be held in future at ‘Taunton and Wells, A long-continued cessation of work and wages at Preston is telling severely on the operatives and the tradesmen: years will not efface the | traces of the disasters of this period. Meanwhile, the struggle goes on; | masters and men placard the walls with statements and counter-state- ments; and the unemployed receive their three thousand pounds a week in the shape of subscriptions. Several employers now assert that they | paid before the strike highcr wages than the vaunted “ Blackburn prices.” | The locked-out operatives of Bury make known that they are in a la- mentable condition from want, and they call upon the working classes to assist them. For a long time they have had but two meals a day, lying late abed in order to dispense with breakfast; but, sooner than give up | the 10 per cent which is in dispute, they will lie abed till four in the | afternoon, and exist on but one meal daily. At the present moment the manufacturers of Bury are at liberty to | make terms individually with their workmen; but the workmen have | generally refused the pay offered. Some of the locked-outs have been | arrested for intimidating a few weavers who had gone to work at Mr. Walker's ; but the proceedings have been adjourned, with a view to drope ping them if no further misbehaviour occurs. The colliers round Bradford demanded an advance of wages—the fourth within a brief period ; and some of the owners granted it; others resisted, and the men haye turned out. ‘There is also a strike of miners near Wakefield. The cloth-bleachers at Barnsley, at the end of the year, asked for an | increase of wages ard a diminution of the hours of labour. Last week, | the masters had a conference with delegates appointed by the men: the | employers offered to reduce the hours, and to increase wages for “ over | hours” : this did not satisfy the delegates and their clients, and notice | was given of a strike, | At Wigan, on Saturday, there were still 1000 hands out on strike, and 900 at Ilindley; one mill had been reopened at the latter place. The | Wigan Magistrates have resolved that the company of infantry stationed in their town can now be dispensed with, as there is no probability of any further serious disturbances, The worsted-weavers at Mr. Lund’s mill at Keighley, after a twenty- | weeks strike, have decided to return to work at the old wages. There is a new movement among the artisans of Portsmouth Dockyard for an increase of wages: they complain that high prices have reduced | them almost to the starving point. | The iron trade is reported to be in a very prosperous condition. The | orders for iron in South Staffordshire are large, and taken reluctantly at | present prices. In some cases there has been an advance, and it is ex- pected to become general. The Magistrates of Tiverton have made a decision of some interest to the | railway world. Clarke, a commercial traveller, took a ticket from Welling- ton to the Tiverton junction, but proceeded on to Exeter. At the Exeter | ticket-station, he tendered eighteenpence, the fare from Tiverton junction to Exeter, at the same time handing in his ticket. But as the through fare from Wellington to Exeter was one shilling more, the ticket-taker demanded half-a-crown, ‘This was refused; Clarke was summoned, and fined 2/. and costs. ‘The dodge adopted by Clarke is not uncommon. Jord Palmerston has written to the Mayor of Exeter, requesting that officer to transmit to the Home Otlice an accurate report of the outbreak, | known as the * bread riots’’; and also to Mr. Bere, the County Magistrate | who gave the troops authority to proceed beyond the boundaries of the city. | Both reports have been promptly furnished. After the Exeter Magistrates had committed thirty persons, last week, for having been engaged in the bread riot, thirteen others, male and female, were arrested, some of whom have since been sent to prison for trial. It appears that real want had little to do with these outrages; many who were the first to engage in them having been drunken women or young thieves of the other sex. The example set by the mob at Exeter has been followed at Newton Abbot and Bishop’s Morchard : the rioters at the latter place were railway navvies. Special constables soon quelled the disturbances. A number of lawless fellows have got up a “ food-riot ” at Taunton,— emptying sacks of corn, pelting the butchers, and compelling butter-dealors to lower their prices. After a time the authorities dispersed the mob. Isabella Crosier, a gipsy, has murdered an infant, in Bishop Auckland | Workhouse, by striking its head against the mantelpiece. It was at first | believed that it was her own child; but it turns cut that it belonged to a poor woman named Thompson, of Sunderland, who had hired the wretch to nurse it: Crosier stole it. | . | The inquest at Harling on three of the sufferers by the collision on the | Eastern Counties Railway terminated with a verdict of ‘* Manslaughter’”’ against Mr. Latham and Mr, Ashcroft, the officers of the railway who had charge of the train which proceeded on the up-liue from Harling in spite of express orders to the contrary. ‘There has been a sixth victim to this ‘accident’: Mr. Ellison, the ba- rometer-maker of Norwich, died on Saturday. ‘The inquest was begun, a Thetford, on Tuesday: there was nothing new in the evidence; and the in- quiry was adjourned. There was a collision on the Great Northern Railway, at Knaresborough junction, on Saturday evening. The Edinburgh express ran into a coal- train which was crossing the line; a first-class carriage was smashed, and four passengers were hurt. The disaster is ascribed to the want of a signal- man: coals had but recently been carried on the Knaresborough branch, and a signal-man had not been appointed at the junction for night duty. A drunken man, a labourer at the railway, has indulged in a perilous freak at Birkenhead ; he took possession of a locomotive with the steam up, | instant, in the Free Presbytery of Arbroath. A Chancery suitor has died of starvation at Bedminster. William Waters had amassed considerable property, and at his death he bequeathed the bulk of it to his niece, Elizabet. Water. Other relatives disputed the will, and the property got into Chancery. Elizabeth Waters retained ion of her uncle’s house ; in the course of years it became dreadfully dilapidated; Eli. zabeth sold nearly all the furniture to buy food ; she occasionally got em. ployment as a sempstress, but her poverty was very great. Recently, after she had not been seen for a week, she crawled to a neighbour’s—she wag dying of cold and hunger ; and the food and fuel which were immediately provided came too late to save her. At Luton, Bedfordshire, an old man named Adams, an itinerant preacher against drunkenness, was found in his room a few days ago in the last stage of starvation. He is supposed to have voluntarily shut himself up for the om pe of terminating his life ; and he very nearly succeeded in his attempt, fe is now under the care of his friends. A still was recently discovered in the church of Euxton, near Chorley, concealed under the pulpit. The minister of the parish ordered it to be removed to the vestry. When the excise-oflicers heard of it, they made a search and found a part of the still in the pantry, and another part in the coach-house of the parsonage. The remainder was discovered under a heap of other things in a vestry cupboard. Messrs. Thomson Brothers and Sons, calico-printers of Clitheroe, haye failed for a large amount—variously stated at from 60,000/. to 120,000/. The firm was one of the oldest in the trade. The lambing season in the Southern counties has commenced well. The lower parts of Doncaster have been visited by a flood, from the melt- ing of the snow, which greatly swelled the Don. Much damage has been done, but no lives have been sacrificed. Mr. Collinson, a farmer of Teesdale, has perished in the snow. His faith- ful dog remained by him, scraped the snow from his face, nestled on his breast, and never left his corpse till the searchers approached. A French vessel has been wrecked off Lyme Regis. A life-boat put out to aid ; some of the crew got on board the ship; a squall capsized her, and she fell on to the life-boat; one of the men in the boat was drowned, but the rest righted her, and, with the Frenchmen, got to land. A farmer's son has been drowned at Exeter by walking into the basin in the dark: a thin crust of ice had formed on the water, on to which he stepped, not perceiving that he was quitting the quay. Some portion of the East Cliff at Dover was removed last week by means of mines fired by electricity. The object was to prevent dangerous falls of the chalk, and to prepare for the formation of a new road to the South Foreland meadows. An old woman and a girl have been suffocated at Haygate, near Burnley, in consequence of the room in which they lived having a very smoky chim- ney. IRELAND. Although the commission for inquiry into the management and cco- nomy of the Irish General Post-office has not perfected its labours, re- ports have transpired which, if well founded, would show that the work of retrenchment in this department of the public service will be carried out on a scale of no mean magnitude. The Dead Letter office and the oflices of the Recciver and Accountant-General are to be swept away, or amalgamated with head-quarters at St. Martin’s-le-Grand. By these means, a large number of hands will be dispensed with, and a consider- able saving effected. The heads and clerks of the departments about to be abolished, if they have served ten years, will, it is said, receive a year’s salary as compensation for the loss of their places. If their ser- vices have extended to a longer period, pensions will be granted accord- ing to the length of such servitude. The office of ‘Secretary’ is to be done away with; and the management of the establishment is to be in- trusted to a “ Postmaster,” the same as in Liverpool, Cork, Belfast, or any other provincial town. It is also contemplated to abolish the mail- guards, and transfer the duties of those functionaries to the several rail- way companies who hold contracts for the conveyance of the mails, Al- together, it is caleulated that, by strict economy, and without in the least impairing the efficiency of the Irish branch of the Post-office, the Trea- | sury and the public will be gainers to the amount of at least 10,0002. per annum.— Zimes, Dublin Correspondent. The Victualling department of the Navy have issued a circular calling for tenders to furnish a supply of beef and pork supplementary to the annual supply contracted for. From the statements of the Southern papers, we gather that the labour- ing classes are subjected to great hardships and privations in consequence of the high prices of provisions; while numbers, without employment, are applying to the unions for relief. At Cork, on Saturday, white wheat was 44s. 3¢., which is considered “a famine price.” Mr. Metcalf, a farmer near Dunlavin, was robbed of 1057. by his daughter, a girl only fourteen years old, who fled with a young farm-labourer : they intended to go to America, but they were arrested at Maryborough. On the girl was 75/. of the money. ‘The labourer, and his mother, who had har- boured the pair of lovers, have been committed for trial. Extensive flour-mills at Bally clough, near Limerick, have been destroyed by fire. They had been insured for 2600/. only a fortnight before. A man has been found dead in the townland of Manug, suffocated in the snow. A companion was discovered earlier, and his life was saved, SCOTLAND. The educational controversy has given birth to a portentous resolution, technically termed an “ overture,”’ proposed by Mr. Hislop, on the 4th It was in the form of an address to the General Assembly of the Free Church, and was worded as follows— “* Whereas God has visibly a controversy with this nation,—and whereas there is reason to believe that, in addition to the many other heinous sins that have provoked His displeasure, one grand reason of that controversy 18 the flagrant breach and long-continued neglect of covenants solemnly en- tered into both by church and nation, and still binding upon posterity,—it 18 humbly overtured to the venerable the General busnily, to take the sub- ject of these solemn deeds into their earnest consideration; that, if they shall tind the principle of the permanent obligation of these covenants well founded, the great guilt both of the nation and the church may be peni- tently acknowledged, the wrath of God may be humbly deprecated, a clear drove up and down the line at great speed, and finished by driving his en- | and pointed testimony may be borne against all the breaches of these cove- gine into another that was stationary. The drunkard escaped unhurt. nants, especially as regards the national countenance and supports of the

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apt, ave elt- een th- his t to she rest 1 in s of the and ey, im- re- ork ied the ler- ter, the \ar- yed the on, 4th las reas sins en- it is hall vell ni- lear yve-

January 21, 1854.] THE SPECTATOR. 55

: >relacy, as Well as Popery and Erastianism ; and further, that such mpeg Ee as to the Assembly's wisdom may seem meet for bringing all ranks and classes back again to their allegiance to the Most High, that God being nationally honoured and acknowledged, may be pleased to return to us as in the days of old, and that glory may again dwell in our land. This extraordinary ‘‘overture”” was carried by ten to three! Sir Edward Bulwer Lytton delivered his inaugural speech, as President of the Associated Societies of Edinburgh, on Wednesday. Sir Edward is the first President : the office was created only last summer, and was offered to Mr. Disraeli, but declined by him. The ceremony on Wednes- day was performed in the Queen Street Hall, which was quite crowded by ladies and gentlemen. Lord Robertson, Lord Curriehill, Sir Archibald Alison, Mr. Stirling and Mr. Cowan, _Members of Parliament, were on the platform; and the Lord Advocate introduced Sir Edward Lytton to the meeting. ‘The address of the President opened with a eulogy of the at men of Scotland, and closed with a high estimate of the influence of e : ; Scotch mind over the domain of human thought, freedom, and progress. | of p | Maintain. «In the van of that progress no blazon can flaunt before that old Lion of Scotland,” he exclaimed, pointing to the banner suspended before him. « This is the empire that you will adorn in sama this is the empire that, if need be, you will defend in war. It is not here that 1 would provoke one difference in political opinion ; but surely you, the sons of Scotland, who hold both fame and power upon the same tenure as that which secures civi- lization from lawless foree—surely you are not the men who could eontem- late with folded arms the return of the dark ages, and quietly render up the boven that commands Asia on the one side and threatens Europe on the other, to the barbaric ambition of some Alaric of the North. (Loud applause.) But, whether in reluctant war or in happier peace, and in your various call- ings, continue to maintain for Scotland her sublime alliance with every power of mind that can defend or instruct, soothe or exalt humanity.” The new Reform Bill (for England) is now, we hear, ready and com- plete, with the cordial concurrence of the entire Government, Lord Pal- merston and Lord Lansdowne not in any sense or degree excepted. It is understood to embrace both a broad disfranchisement (perhaps between fifty and seventy small burghs), and a broad enfranchisement, but not a uniform five-pound qualification for burghs.—Scotsman. Scotland has to raise 1500 men for the Naval Coast Guard; anda frigate is to be provided for the protection of the shipping on the Scotch coast. The movement was begun in Scotland on Monday sennight, under the superintendence of Captaix Craigie. * In the far North snow has been falling for three weeks, with alternations of thaw and frost. The mails are carried on horseback, and communication by carriages is nearly at anend. Buta grand curling-match near Edin- burgh has been frustrated by a sudden and infelicitous thaw. r. Laing, a schoolmaster of Stracathro, has perished in the snow, near his | ¢ 3 : | wounded severely in one of these combats; that the Russians have re- own house, while on his return from a Presbytery meeting at Brechin. A slater has been killed in Giasgow by falling from the roof of a high house which he was clearing of snow: as he leaned over the edge to hand a spade to another man, a stone of the parapet which he was grasping gave way.

Farrigu aud Calanial, France.—The principal news from France is still of warlike pre- paration. The Minister of Marine has issued an order for arming twelve additional ships of the line; several on the stocks are hurried for- ward; and activity prevails in all the ports, An extraordinary levy of seamen has been ordered in the ports on the coasts of Britanny ; and more than one Chamber of Commerce has represented to the Ministry that the measure will be disastrous to the families of the cod-fishermen and boat- men. Nor is the preparation confined to the navy: each cavalry regi- ment will receive this year 400 horses per regiment, instead of 120, the number required in ordinary times; and the complements of the engineer regiments are in course of being filled up. some of the journals have been privately reprimanded, and told not to | continue the practice. The old story about a military expedition to Con- | } | fleets sailed out of the Straits, Russian ships were cruising off Trebizond, Batoum, and the Circassian coast; at least so says the telegraph. But the Commander of the flotilla in the Sea of Azof seems in a fright, for he has sent for protection to Sebastopol ; and the Governor of that strong- hold itself has reinforced his garrison from the Crimea and the Military Colonies. Batteries, we are also told, have been erected on the Circas- sian coast, and the direction of the fires and lighthouses has been changed. The message sent by the French and British Ministers, respectively, to the Governor of Sebastopol was couched in these terms, ** To the Governor of Sebastopol. “Conformably with the orders of my Government, the British (French) squadron, in concert with that of France (England), is on the point of ap- pearing in the Black Sea. The object of this movement is to protect the Ottoman territory from all aggression or hostile act. I apprize your Excel- lency thereof, with a view to prevent all collision tending to disturb the amicable relations existing between our Governments; which I am desirous of preserving, and which, no doubt, your Excellency is equally anxious to “To this end, I should feel happy to learn that your Excellency, ani- mated by these intentions,. had deemed it expedient te give the requisite in- structions to the Admiral commanding the Russian forces in the Black Sea, so as to obviate any occurrence calculated to endanger peace. * REDCLIFFE. * (BARAGUAY D’ HILirrrs,)” The report, last week, of engagements on the left bank of the Danube, in | which the Turks were victorious, is now confirmed; but the details are | koff to attack Kalafat with as little delay as possible. | orders to concentrate on the Turkish lines and storm Kalafat. still wanting, nor are the exact localities of the conflicts indicated with sufficient precision. It is known by letters from Schumla, dated Decem- ber 20, that Omer Pacha was aware of the intention of Prince Gortscha- English corre- spondents immediately started for the scene of hostilities; calculating that nine days at least must elapse before the hostile armies should en- gage. It would appear that the Russian commander sent about 25,000 men to reinforce the General, probably Dannenberg, at Krajowa, with It would also appear that a body of Russian troops got round on the left flank of the Turkish intrenchments, and at Citale threw up redoubts close to the Danube. These bands the Turks first engaged, storming their redoubts, on the 6th, and driving them off. It is probable that, with the view of frustrating the attack on Kalafat, Selim Pacha and Ismail Pacha sallied from their lines in strong force, and attacked the Russians before they reached the Turkish position. Where and by what relative numbers the battles of the 7th, Sth, and 9th were fought—whether all at or near Citale, or not—we are without information. Neither can we speak accu- | rately as to the loss on either side, having no reports on this head except : 2 “ | certain privileges from the Sultan. For mentioning these things, : stantinople is again revived ; and the African General Pelissier, now in | Paris and high in favour, is indifferently named as the probable com- mander of the expedition, or as Minister of War. It is stated that M. Thiers and M. Guizot concur in thinking that the | Emperor of Russia will not give way. Among the current gossip at Paris, is a story of an interview between the Princess Lieven and the Empress, | I : ; key hert | declined to promulgate the firmans of the Sultan abolishing the Czar’s in which the veteran Princess warmly urged the advantages of a Russo- French alliance in “the interests of peace.” The journals have been censured for indiscreetly alluding to some fancy-balls contemplated by the Court. The Empress, it was said, would appear as “La Figlia del Reggimento.” he funeral service over the body of M. Armand Bertin, in the Church of St. Thomas Aquinas, on the 13th instant, was attended by a great assemblage of eminent persons. Among them were the statesmen Guizot, Thiers, Dupin senior, Duchatel, De Salvandy ; the writers Cousin, Ville- main, St. Mare Girardin, Viénnet; the ministers, Rouher, Berger, General Rulhiere, De Royer, Petit, and the staff of the Journal des Debats. ‘The whole of these gentlemen, however, were not able to follow the corpse to | the grave in the cemetery of Mont Parnasse, but the followers were very | numerous. An oration over the grave was delivered by M. Saint,Marc de Girardin, broken by his tears. That the food pressure continues to be felt, is evidenced by a decree in the Monitewr of Thursday, prolonging to the 31st of July next the permis- sion granted to foreign vessels to carry on between France and England the transport of corn, flour, meal, and other alimentary commodities. | tively rejected the propositions of the Vienna Conference. those given last weck. It is admitted, however, that General Aurep was turned to their original positions about Krajowa, and the Turks to their intrenched lines at Kalafat. It is likely that some other movements, lower down the river, have been made by the Turks; but, at present, no authentic or even intelligible statements have reached England. A letter from Constantinople, dated the 2d January, gives some inte- resting details respecting the regiment of Cossacks organized to fight against Russia. “A regiment of Cossacks, originally from the neighbourhood of the White Sea, arrived here three days back. ‘They are the descendants of those men who, under the command of Henko Razine and Jhuat Nekrassa, fought against the Russians in the time of the Empress Catherine I., in defence of their own peculiar religious tenets of Old Believers, and of their independence, Obliged to yield to numerical force, they withdrew to the Kuban; where, under the Khans of the Crimea, they again fought against Russia, After the downfall of that part of the Turkish empire, they withdrew to Anapa, and took service under the Government of that province, then appertainin to Turkey. They afterwards settled in Turkey Proper ; where they obtained In every war of Turkey against Russia, and in the various revolts of Greece, they have always fought most faithfully and bravely for Turkey. They have now fitted out their present force at their own expense, and entered Constantinople with the old colours of Henko Razine displayed. Amongst these men are to be found the families of the Yessimoff, Orloff, Vlassoff, Boutouk, Hohol, and other old Russian families of the nobility of the Cossacks of the Don. They are to take their departure in a few days for the camp of Schumla, and will without doubt act as gal- lantly as they have done on all former occasions.” The Prince of Servia, although favourable to Turkey, has hitherto protectorate of Servia, and confirming all the privileges enjoyed by the Servians. A terrible fire at Constantinople, on the 1st of January, destroyed about 400 houses, among them those of the Greek Patriarch and the Patriarch of Jerusalem. Rvssi1a.—The note from England, announcing the intended entry of the fleets into the Black Sea, and their objects there, reached Sir Hamil- ton Seymour on the 9th; but as the French note to the same purport did not arrive until the 11th they were not presented to the Russian Govern- ment until the next day. This is the latest positive news from St. Peters- burg; but there have becn two private telegraphic despatches, one from Vienna, the other from Berlin, which assert that the Emperor has posi- This, how- | ever, it is admitted, is barely credible intelligence ; as the determination Tvrxry,—The entry of the combined fleets into the Black Sea, on the | 3d instant, not only quicted the restless spirits of Stamboul, but gave an | impetus to the military operations of the ‘furks, Itis now generally ad- mitted that in the Asian army, the right wing of the Turks has been driven < upon Kars, perhaps Erzeroum; and that the dashing gencral Selim Pacha is rather pressed by the Russians at Batoum. Taking advantage of the sailing of the fleets, the Turks embarked a large reinforcement, of the Czar must have been come to, and have oozed out, before he even saw the propositions officially. Yet the tenour of the intelligence from the North leaves no hope of the continuance of peace. Preliminary indications of a rupture show them- selves in extensive levies of conscripts—increasing desire for money— popular irritation against France and England. The St. Petersburg Court Gazette of the 9th published a most violent article against England, Great Britain, it is said, is the moving cause of all European commotions, | and the mischievous intermeddler who has filled the barren fancy of the variously stated at from 10,000 to 15,000 men, and sent them to Batoum, | will prove a seasonable assistance, and will enable the Turks to re- sume the offensive in conjunction with Schamyl. It appears that the whole French and British force, with the exception of two ships, has, under the command of Admiral Dundas, sailed into the Euxine, What plan of operations he is instructed to execute, the public have not yet been informed. But up to the eve of the day when the

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Turk with an absurd and whimsical notion of “ independence.” Decrees have been issued “ mobilizing” both the active army and the reserve battalions of Grenadiers and Guards. New contracts for supplying the Russian army in the Principalities with food and forage, from the mon’ of March next till the end of June, have just been made. ; A letter from Warsaw, dated the 7th instant, contains the following characteristic anecdote— ‘ “The director of the society of the Landed Property Bank of the kingdom of Poland was recently sent for by Marshal Paskiewitch. ‘We are in se-

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56 THE SPECTATOR. [Saturday, rious circumstances,’ said the Prince, ‘and I must request the society to perform an act of patriotism and fidelity to the Emperor. It must be pre- pared to advance the funds requisite for a loan, to assure the service of the army in the kingdom.’ ‘ But,’ replied the director, ‘ the society is not insti- tuted for that purpose; it can only advance money to landed proprietors, on a mortgage on their Property any other act is contrary to the statutes, which but recently received the renewed approbation of the Emperor.’ ‘ All that is well,’ replied the Prince, ‘in ordinary times; but we want money, and if an order from the Emperor is necessary, you shall have one.’ ” Grrmany.—A treaty has been concluded between Prussia and Olden- burg, by which the latter grants to Prussia the Bay of Jahde as a military port, at the price of half a million of dollars, Land sufficient for docks and forts is ceded with the port. The money was unhesitatingly voted by the Second Chamber. The new Prussian navy is to consist of twelve frigates of 60 guns; ten steam-corvettes of from 8 to 12 guns; fourteen despatch- steamers of 4 guns; five transports, thirty-six gun-boats, and six smaller graft; in all ninety-four vessels, at a cost of fourteen millions of dollars, Switzertanp.—The Federal Assembly was opened at Berne on the 9th instant. The President referred, but in vague terms, to the relations between Switzerland and Austria. “Tf we are asked for a solution,” he said, “I beg of you to take the de- mand into serious consideration; for if a solution is asked, it is not a com- mon solution, but a solution at all price. A people that has suffered for ten months with constancy and dignity will not lightly risk the loss of its noble devotion. An honourable solution ought to be possible now that all is cleared up, even the inutility of hostile measures adopted; but what is certainly possible is the fraternal word and vivifying action of this high Assembly speaking and acting in the name of the nation.” Iraty.—An important bill concerning the Jews has been presented to the Piedmontese Chambers by the Government. By this bill, the Israel- ite population of the kingdom, now divided into the Universitics of Pied- mont, Monferrato, Alessandria, and Nice, are authorized to exercise self- government in matters relating to their religion and worship. For this purpose, the Israelites of the kingdom are divided into twenty electoral circles, each of which is toelect a representative to a General Assembly, which is to meet at Turin every third year, ‘or whenever the Minister of the Interior shall conyoke it. The General Assembly fixes the duties of the rabbis, the taxes for the cost of public worship, the general budget, the stipend of Grand Rabbi, &c. One half of the General Assembly is renewed every three years. The General Assembly appoints a central direction of five members, whose duties con- sist in executing the deliberations of the Assembly, exercising vigilance over all the Hebrew communities of the kingdom, suspending rabbis, &c. Every University elects a council of administration, composed of five members, for the superintendence of local interests and worship. The Government is empowered to determine, by Royal decrees, the minor rules to be observed in the execution of the above measure. The usual complaint reaches us from the Romagna, that the inhabitants live in fear of robbers, not daring to leave their houses after nightfall. The theatre is deserted at Faenza. The exportation of wheat is probi- bited from that district, and the Romagnese are dependent on Forli and Ravenna for supplies. Unirep Stares.—The Pacific arrived at Liverpool on Wednesday with advices from New York to the 7th instant. In reply to a resolution of the Senate, adopted in December last, the President had communicated a set of documents relative to the con- struction placed upon the Bulwer and Clayton treaty touching the affairs of Central America. We are not in possession of all the documents, but three of them have been printed in the journals. In a despatch to Mr. Crampton, dated ‘May 27, 1853,” Lord Clarendon | desires to prevent misunderstanding, by placing the question on its right foot- ing. By the first article of the treaty between Great Britain and the United States it was declared, that neither the one nor the other would maintain exclusive control over the proposed ship-canal through the Isthmus of Pa- nama; ‘‘‘ Agreeing that neither will ever erect or maintain any fortifica- tions commanding the same, or in the vicinity thereof occupy, or fortify, or colonize, or assume or exercise any dominion over Nicaragua, Costa Rica, or the Mosquito coast, or any part of Central America: nor will either make use of any protection which either afford, or any alliance which either has or may have to or with any state or people, for the purpose of erecting or maintaining any such fortifications, or of occupying, or fortifying, or colonizing Nicaragua, Costa Rica, or the Mosquito coast, or any part of Central America, or of assuming or exercising dominion over the same.’ ”’ To those stipulations, continues Lord Clarendon, her Majesty’s Government will religiously adhere. But nowhere had Great Britain renounced her right to any of the posses- sions in Central America, or to the protectorate of the-Mosquito territory. Schemes of the fairest, most liberal, and practical character, have been pro- to the Government of the United States for the adjustment of the af- airs of Central America, and her Majesty’s Government were still ready and desirous to adjust those affuirs. But until they be adjusted, Great Britain cannot permit Honduras or Nicaragua to settle the question by force of arms. A second document is the opinion of Sir John Ilarding, the Queen’s Advo- cate, on the interpretation put by Mr. Clayton on the first article of the treaty, in a speech delivered in the Senate at Washington. Mr. Clayton argued that the first article prohibited Great Britain from protecting, by force of arms, any state in Central America, notwithstanding any alliance between her Majesty and either of those states. The Queen’s Advocate holds that this interpretation is incorrect: the treaty only forbids both Governments from making use of its alliances or protectorates to occupy, fortify, colonize, or exercise dominion, in Central America. Mr. Clayton was equally incorrect in stating that by the treaty Great Britain has abandoned all dominion in the whole of Central America ; and he instances Belize and its dependencies. The third document is one not handed in by the President, but communi- cated to the Senate by Mr. Clayton. It consists of aletter from Mr. Reverdy Johnson, Attorney-General when the treaty was negotiated. Mr. Johnson at great length contends, that by the treaty the British protectorate was “disarmed” ; and that it was not so disarmed in express words because such would not have been expedient. It was intended to prevent Great Britain from using any armed force within the prohibited region without the con- sent of the United States. With regard to the establishment of the colony of the Bay of Islands, Mr. Johnson says it depends on the facts as to whether the erection of that colony is a violation of the treaty. There are different opinions as to whom those islands belong, and he will not take upon himself to determine the point. Mr. Clayton, in the Senate, bitterly complained that his speech had been reviewed by the Queen’s Advocate: it was an outrage on his rights as a Senator. But Mr. Pratt, a Whig Senator, from Maryland, re- minded Mr. Clayton that he could scarcely complain of the British Go- vernment for selecting his speech as the ablest argument on the American | | | side of the question, On the motion of Mr, C the rs W ordered to be printed. oe ne It is announced that General Gadsden has succeeded in negotiating a treaty with Santa Anna, by which the latter cedes to the United States for fifty millions of dollars, such a boundary as will enable them to pro- tect Mexico from the incursions of the frontier Indians. Doubts are thrown on this report, because it is known that Santa Anna has declared that he will never unless by force part with an inch of territory. Inpv1a.—Some time ago it was stated that a great meeting would be held at Umritsir, in the Punjaub, to check infanticide. The following letter, written from that town by a —_ describes the meeting. “The Umritsir meeting was most splendid. Every civilian in the Pun- jaub was there. The street of the camp was nearly a quarter of a mile long, and composed entirely of civilians’ double-polled tents. It was calculat that more than 20,000 natives, independent of the usual inhabitants, were assembled at the holy city to listen to the Governor-General’s order on the subject of infanticide. On Monday the 14th November, all were invited to come to the Durbar at eleven o’clock. A smail apartment with a fine bam~ boo screen was provided for the few ladies who were present, that they might witness the scene. It was most magnificent. There were 3000 natives in- side the grand shemeana; 300 were of sufficient rank to have chairs allowed them, which were placed in a semicircle at the end of the tent; at the end of this semicircle stood all the assembled civilians. All the old Sikh generals and rulers were there, and among them many IIill chiefs who had never before been tempted out of their native mountains. All those who were not entitled to chairs were seated on the ground, and presented one large, compact mass of human heads, “There was the most profound silence in this brilliant assembly, when Mr. Edmunstone, on whom, in Mr. John Lawrence’s absence, devolved the duty of opening and explaining the object of this important meeting, rose to speak. He made an excellent Hindostanee address, denouncing female in- fanticide as barbarous, cruel, and unholy ; and so powerfully did that address influence his hearers, that every native present signed a solemn agreement on oath never again to allow female infanticide within the circle of his ac- quaintance without denouncing the perpetrators. * Hitherto the Hill chiefs, and many of the Sikh tribes, have adopted the cruel practice of murdering their faa children, rather than bear the great expense of their foolish marriage ceremonies. Government has now limited those expenses to certain sums proportioned to the rank of the parents, which just now is viewed as a blessing to all parties ; and all the chiefs expressed their satisfaction and delight at the new law. ‘** You cannot imagine a more splendid scene of Oriental magnificence than the breaking up and separation of this vast assemblage ; the chiefs mounted on their splendid elephants, attended by their numerous followers. In the evening, the whole city, together with the far-famed holy tank of Umritsir, was splendidly illuminated. At sunset, we all assembled in the camp-street, and formed so large a party that twelve elephants were borrowed from the chiefs for our accommodation ; they all stood ready, in a line, laden with scarlet and gold, their heads and trunks painted with different devices. The scene in every direction was strange and interesting. The city was as light as day, and, was literally crammed with people. As our twelve elephants, with their glittering trappings, followed each other in stately procession, it was curious to look back upon the long narrow streets and the tall and irregular houses, blazing with rows of lamps in long lines, until almost lost in the distance. At the entrance of the holy tank the crowd was so dense that they looked like one solid mass. We were conducted to a position from which we could see the whole square, and where carpets and seats were prepared for us. I cannot attempt to describe the magnificent spectacle that met us there. The golden temple, the steps round the tank, the very water itself seemed on fire: around the edge were packed 20,000 people, and the mur- mur of their voices came up like the roar of the sea in a storm. At the signal of a cannon, fireworks broke out on every side; fountains of fire fell from the roofs and rose from boats in the middle of the tank, rockets pierced the air and fell again in showers, and fire-balloons in great numbers had the appearance of so many new stars. “This period was chosen for the meeting because it is a great Hindoo festival, which always collects crowds at Umritsir, being connected with the worship of fire.” PMiscellanrans, A Tory morning print having put forth doubts as to the legal capacity of the Prince Consort to be a Privy Councillor, the Clerk of the Council has forwarded the following interesting information on the subject to the Times. ** Some member of the Carlton Club has put forth a laboured argument to — that his Royal Highness Prince Albert is legally incapable of being a *rivy Councillor, and he further seems to lay some stress on the fact that the Prince was never sworn. As I happen to know something of these mat- ters, I wish to prevent any misconception, on this point at least, from taking root in the pablic mind. An attentive examination of the quotations from different statutes brought forward by the Carltonian critic will satisfy any one that they prove the case against himself. I will endeavour, nevertheless, to make it still more clear. The acts for naturalizing Prince Albert were copied word for word from those for naturalizing Prince Leopold when he married the late Princess Charlotte ; in virtue of which he was made a Privy Councillor on the lst of July 1816, with the sanction of Lord Eldon, then Lord Chancellor. By the lst George I. it is directed that no person shall be naturalized unless in the bill for that purpose a clause is inserted declaring that such person shall not thereby be enabled to be of the Privy Council, &c. In the cases of Prince Leopold and Prince Albert, respectively, bills were first brought in, enacting that acts for their naturalization, without the clause or particular words directed by the statute of George I. to be inserted, might be exhibited and brought into Parliament. The way being thus clear- ed, subsequent acts were passed in the case of each Prince, enacting that he should * to all intents and purposes whatever be deemed, taken, and esteemed to be a natural-born subject of this kingdom, as if he had been born within the realm, any law, statute, matter, or thing to the contrary notwithstanding.’ The question, then, reduces itself to this— whether a person born out of the realm may be a Privy Councillor? In the case of Prince Leopold, Eldon was Chenociies, and Garrow and Shep- herd, Attorney and Solicitor-General ; in that of Prince Albert, Lord Cot- tenham was Uhancellor, Lord Campbell, Attorney, Lord Truro, Solicitor- General. The opinions of the whole Carlton Club would hardly prevail against such a legal array as I have quoted ; and those who might question the authority of the great Whig lawyers will hardly refuse to defer to that of Lord Eldon. With regard to Prince Albert not having been sworn, the — who made the remark is no doubt ignorant that members of the Royal ‘amily are introdueed into the Council, and are not sworn. Ihave some doubt whether such has been the usage with regard to every member of the Repel Family, but it certainly has been as to the sons of the Sovereign, and to her consort when a Queen has been on the throne. The precedents of Prince Leopold (though the Princess Charlotte was only presumptive heiress)

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January 21, 1854.] THE SPECTATOR. 57 —— ince George of Denmark were followed in the case of Prince Albert; red en me introduced, and took no oaths. The late Duke of Sussex, whom I consulted, (in reference to Prince Albert’s being made a Privy Councillor,) informed me that the usage was to consider the King’s sons as being Priv. Councillors from their birth, to be introduced into the Council when the Ring thought fit, and that they were never sworn; but that more remote relations were sworn like other Privy Councillors, and that he was himself introduced in his father’s lifetime, and took no oath 5 but sub- uently, on the accession of his brothers, George IV. and William IV. (when the whole Privy Council was “oye e had taken the usual oaths. I myself administered the oaths to him and the Duke of Cumberland on the accession of ey | Victoria; but I am not satisfied that I was right, i usage, in so doing. aceordin _ oe, yous obediently, C. C. Grevitie.” Mr. Greville, in reply toa letter from the Secretary of the Carlton Club, admits that he was mistaken in stating that a member of the Carlton Club had put forward laboured arguments to show that Prince Albert is legally incapable of being a Privy Councillor. It should have been some member of the “Conservative Club.” Mr. Greville further explains that he was not aware there is a Conservative Club distinct from the Carlton. «PD, F. C., Conservative Club,” forwards an extract from the journals of the House of Lords, bearing directly on the point. ** House of Lords, May 2, 1765. «“ Ordered—That the Judges do attend this House tomorrow to deliver their opinion upon the two following questions : «¢], Whether an alien married to a King of Great Britain is by operation of the common law naturalized to all intents and purposes ? “*2. Whether, if she be so naturalized by the common law, such person would be disabled by the act of the 12th of King William IIL, entitled * An act for the further imitation of the Crown and better securing the rights and liberties of the subject,’ or by any other act, from holding and enjoying any office or place of trust, or from having any grant of lands, tenements, or hereditaments from the Crown?’ ”’ “ May 3, 1765. “The Lord Chief Justice of the Court of Common Pleas delivered the unanimous opinion of the Judges in the following words; videlicit— “*We are all clearly of opinion, that an alien married to a King of Great Britain is, by operation of the law of the Crown, (which is part of the com- mon law,) to be deemed as a natural-born person from the time of such marriage, so as not to be disabled by the act of the 12th of King William IiL., entitled ‘An act for the further limitation of the Crown and better se- curing the rights and liberties of the subject,’ or by any other act from hold- ing and enjoying ~ office or place of trust, or from having any grant of lands, tenements, or hereditaments, from the Crown.’ ”’ The letter published last week with the signature of “Thomas Mu- lock,” accompanied by Prince Albert’s reply, turns out to be perfectly genuine. Mr. Mulock, in a second letter, expresses indignation that the authenticity of the co’ mdence should have been questioned. It ap- pears also that Mr. Mulock formerly distinguished himself by an address to Louis Napoleon, for which he received a boasted testimonial. The following letter, dated “Claremont, Jan. 18,” and signed “ Ed- ward Cust,” has appeared in consequence of statements chiefly in the Tory journals. “Asa rumour has obtained general circulatiou that the Princes of the house of Bourbon intend to have a meeting at this mansion in the month of March, I have authority to inform you that no such intended meeting is known to the persons most interested in such a circumstance.” The Bishop of Oxford and Lord Aberdeen have had a correspondence respecting the establishment of the Jerusalem Bishopric. Mr. Williams, the Warden of the College of St. Columba, had been led to undertake the office of Chaplain to the late Bishop Alexander, by a letter from the Bishop of Oxford, stating that no interference with the Eastern Church was con- templated or would be countenanced by the authorities at home. The Bishop of Oxford asks Lord Aberdeen if he can confirm that view? Lord Aberdeen replies, that Sir Stratford Canning had been authorized to re- move the opposition of the Porte, and to assure the Turkish Government that Bishop Alexander was under strict injunctions from his ecclesiastical superior in England not to meddle either with the religious concerns of the Mahometans or the Christian subjects of the Porte, and not to attempt to make proselytes to the Church of England. “From my intimacy with the late Archbishop,’’ adds Lord Aberdeen, ‘I had ay opportunities of conversing with him upon this subject, and of learning his wishes and opinions. I should say that, in a religious ons of view, he was opposed to all attempts at proselytizing from the Greek com- munion, and that he did not contemplate giving any sanction to secessions from it. He always spoke with great regard of the Eastern Church, and looked forward with hope to the possibility of some nearer connexion here- after between that communion and the Church of England.” The Gazette of Tuesday contained the following notices of appoint- ments for the colony of Van Diemen’s Land: Francis Smith, Esq., to be her Majesty’s Solicitor-General ; Edward M‘Dowell, Esq., to be Crown Solicitor and Clerk of the Peace ; Edward Johnstone Manley, Esq., to be Colonial Auditor; John Forster, Esq., to be Accountant of Stores. The formal announcement of Dr. Bowring’s appointment as Superin- tendent of Trade and Minister Plenipotentiary in China has also ap- peared in the Gazette. . By command of the Lords of the Admiralty, placards were circulated in London on Tuesday inviting landsmen to enter for the Royal Navy, with the following qualifications. “They must be between nineteen and twenty-four; active, stout, and ablebodied, 5 feet 6} inches in height ; and in all respects healthy and fit for the naval service, the preference being given to those young men who have been used to boats. In addition to the Royal naval rendezvous on Tower Hill and the Crocodile receiving-ship off the Tower, men will be received and entered by their making application on board the flag-ships at any of the naval ports, or at the rendezvous at Liverpool and Bristol, and to the agents for transport at Leith.” a Metropolis continues to suffer from the rigours of the season. he deaths last week were 1492, or 230 above the corrected average, 1147, There were only two deaths from cholera, and both the victims were infants, an: W. Il. Frederick Cavendish has been appointed a Groom-in-waitin the Queen, in the room of the Honourable h Boyle, who has succeed: Clarence Paget as Secretary to the Master-General of the Ordnance. _Lord John Russell has arrived in town from Richmond, for the season. He gives a Parliamentary dinner on the 30th. Mr. Cardwell has arrived in London, from a tour of visits. Sir Charles Napier had an interview with Lord Aberdeen, at Downing Street, on Wednesday. The Marquis of Londonderry is seriously ill with a neuralgic attack. The Earl and Countess of Derby are on a visit to the Marquis of Salisbury, at Hatfield House. A statue of Admiral Lord de Saumarez has been set up in the Painted Hall of Greenwich Hospital, opposite the statue of Lord Exmouth. It is the work of Mr. John Steele of Edinburgh. The Barnacre estate, late the property of the Duke of Hamilton, has been pea by Mr. Alderman Thompson, for 98,000/. The Duke of Hamilton as bought Lord Rossmore’s property in the isle of Arran, for 51,000/, Mr. Laslett, Member for Worcester, intends to devote 50/. weekly to the relief of the destitute poor of the city during the severe weather. In a lecture delivered at Dudley last week Mr. S. H. Blackwell, F.G.S., estimated the present annual production of iron in this country at 3,000,000 tons. The effects of foul air, so often fatal to medical men, have shown them- selves on Dr. Sutherland and Dr. Waller Lewis, who are both indisposed from inhaling the gases arising from decaying corpses in vaults visited in the execution of official duties. The Countess Radetzky, wife of the veteran Field Marshal, died at Verona on the 12th, of pulmonary paralysis. The Duchess d’ Aumale was confined last week with a second son, who is named the ‘* Due de Guise.” M. de Sacy is to be the new editor of the Journal des Débats ; but M. Edouard Bertin will supply articles of the nature of those contributed by his deceased brother. M. Thiers has notified that he expects to complete his History of the Consulate and Empire about the end of this year. Mr. Mason, the American Minister to France, has arrived in Paris. General Prim has arrived at Paris from Constantinople, en route for Madrid. A surgeon who wassummoned from Paris to attend the Marquis de Turgot, resolved to extract the ball from his wound: the patient has since been able to leave his bed. The Emperor Nicholas promoted the “kapitan”’ who brought the news of the massacre of Sinope to the rank of lieutenant-colonel, and kissed him on each cheek. A decree in the Madrid Gazette appoints a biennial exhibition of works of fine art. With characteristic exclusiveness, it is ordered that foreign artists shall only exhibit works actually produced in Spain. The late Mr. Peter Cooper, of New York, has left nearly half a million of dollars to found an institution for the diffusion of education. The Reverend Dr. Nott, for fifty years President of Union College in the State of New York, has made a donation cf 600,000 dollars to the institu- tion. The Frenchman Mariette has at last succeeded in discovering the long sought-for entrance into the Sphynx. The entrance leads into beautiful marble rooms, which are supposed to be connected by subterranean passages with similar chambers in the adjacent pyramid. The ane of war has called forth the patriotism of the sportsmen of England. Correspondents of the daily journals are suggesting the enrolment of volunteer regiments of horse, willing to serve anywhere, and to find their ~ own uniforms, arms, and horses; being allowed, however, the regulation- price for the horse. All the arms they would require would be a slung rifle, a brace of revolvers, a sword, and a pouch-box, It is suggested that 1000 of the best riders and deadliest shots in the world would make a most valuable irregular force, combining the excellences of the dragoon, the Scinde horse- man, the Arab, the Cossack, and the astute and dashing sportsman. A correspondent of the Zimes revives an old complaint respecting the utter want of ventilation in the reading-room at the British Museum. He gives a nauseous account of the state of the atmosphere in this “ most pesti- ferous apartment,”’ and asks if something cannot be done in the way of improvement. “*C.”” gives an instance of the use to which newspaper announcements are ut by an enterprising section of the public. Two years ago, a child was a unto him; two days after the birth, he received a letter from the daughter of a deceased field-officer enclosing a pair of socks, and a list show- ing that other happy fathers had paid from five shillings to five pounds for socks under similar circumstances. He left the letter and socks with his footman to be given to any one calling for them. Then he received another letter, saying that if he was too mean to pay for the socks, at leasthe might send back the subscription-list. He sent the whole back—without payin the postage. Not long ago his child died, and his ‘table was covered wit letters from sculptors and stone-cutting companies” asking for an order for a tablet. For these letters he had to pay postage. [He might have refused the letters. ] Both in London and the country the late severe weather and the present high price of necessaries have told seriously in swelling the number of appli- cants for poor-relief. Mr. Haviland, a Queen’s messenger who arrived at Berlin on the 14th from St. Petersburg, encountered on his journey snow six feet deep, while the temperature had been as low as 254° below zero of Fahrenheit. A man has been found frozen to death in a church at Grand Bigard, in Belgium, where he had been attending early mass. A woman perished from cold while travelling from Assche to Brussels in the imperial of a diligence. Since the 7th instant no cases of cholera have appeared in Paris, The deaths up to that date had been 440. The yellow fever has disappeared from Bermuda. The weather is fine and cold: a great deal of rain has fallen. Vegetables have suffered, but fruit is exceedingly abundant. There was an increase of 6318 butts in the export of sherry from Spain last year; the total was 53,357 butts. Last year the export of wine from Oporto amounted to 55,811 pipes—an increase over 1852 of 24,312 pipes. No fewer than 46,834 pipes were en to Great Britain; while 2521 were exported direct to Australia, and 1002 to Canada. The indirect taxes in France last year produced $46,804,000 francs; an increase of 42,470,000 francs oyer 1802,

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58 THE SPECTATOR. [Satarday, St. Etienne, the Coventry of France, was prosperous last year beyond all precedent, An immense railway club or hotel is proposed to be formed in Paris, where travellers will find everything they require. The freight of wheat at Odessa has fallen from 25s. a quarter to 12s. 6d. The Chilian Government has consented to grant a subsidy of 60,000 dol- lars for the establishment of a steam communication with Europe by the Straits of Magellan. The widow of a labourer died in Bermondsey Workhouse, last week, at the age of a hundred and three. Some shipmasters at Plymouth wanted to know if it were advisable to sail for the Elbe; they pa the cheng in operation, and in an hour’s time were informed that the Elbe was full of ice, and unnavigable; so they re- solyed to wait at Plymouth for some time longer. A flash of lightning is supposed to have lighted some gas which was escaping from a pipe in a street at Liverpool last week! A spurious “ gold-dust,” difficult of detection, is occasionally offered for sale to the London bullion-dealers. It consists of fragments of some hard kind of earth, covered with gold by the electrotype process. It is only de- tected by its friability and want of weight. The ship New England, which arrived at New Orleans from Bremerhaven, had seventy deaths on her voyage, out of 500 emigrants- A woman has been sent to prison at Metz for making a table “talk”’ scan- dal about young women. The libellous table maintained a discreet silence in court. Four persons have been killed by wolves in different parts of France. A driver who was attacked scared away the wolves by lighting a box of lucifers. A Black slave has been executed at Rio de Janeiro for murdering his mas- ter: the origin of the crime was a dispute about an assassination which the owner had directed his slave to perform! The execution was performed by a fellow-prisoner in fetters. Three workmen and their wives have been fined twenty-three crowns each at Manmoe, in Sweden, for having abjured the religion of the State and become Mormons. Tue Invex of the Spectator Volume for 1853 will accompany the Week's Paper next Saturday. SATURDAY. The “hopes of peace,” as the phrase is, are not strengthened by the morning’s intelligence. Accounts from St. Petersburg continue to con- firm those heretofore received, and represent the Emperor Nicholas as living in a state of “ religious exaltation,” and the people as worked up to the highest pitch of fanaticism; while the journals are full of denuncia- tions and expressions of rage at the intervention of the Western Powers between Turkey and her “ protector” the Czar. A telegraphic despatch from Vienna gives the “instructions” to the Admirals of the French and English yessels: it will be seen that they are politeness itself— “To salute Russian vessels ; to warn them to return to a Russian port ; to accompany Turkish vessels to different Turkish ports; to cruise off the Turkish coasts; to avoid all collision with Russian vessels, and to prevent the same between the belligerents ; not to approach the Russian coast ; and, if attacked by Russians, to act simply on the defensive.” A telegraphic despatch from Paris, dated yesterday, says that “on the 4th instant, the fleets having cleared the Straits of the Bosphorus and 120, carrying the flag of Admiral Dundas— “ ¢Our duty is to protect the ships and territory of the Ottomans against all aggression and in any part of the Black Sea.’ ”’ It is not at all certain that the Russian fleet was at this time safe under the guns of Sebastopol. From the Danube news arrives, per telegraph from Vienna, to the effect that ‘‘ advices from Bucharest of the 17th state that Matschin was attacked by the Russians at several points on the 13th. The report ofa heavy cannonade and musketry increased more and more when the post | left, at one p.m.” Another statement is, that General Liiders has actually crossed the Danube at Braila. Prince Gortschakoff had thought proper to proceed with reinforcements for Krajowa; and preparations were making for attacking Rutschuck. The Gazette of last night contains two formal announcements of great but distinct interest. ‘The first gives the names of the new Commission- ers on the Sale and Transfer of Land. The Queen has been pleased to appoint the Right Honourable Spencer Ho- ratio Walpole; the Right Honourable Joseph Napier; Sir Alexander James Edmund Cockburn, Knight, her Majesty's Attorney-General; Sir Richard Bethell, Knight, her Majesty's Solicitor-General ; Thomas Emerson Head- lam, Esq., one of her Majesty’s counsel ; Vincent Scully, Esq., one of her Majesty’s counsel; Robert Lowe, Esq., Barrister-at-law; William David Lewis, Esq., Barrister-at-law ; Henry Drummond, Esq. ; John Evelyn Deni- son, Esq. ; Robert Wilson, Esq. ; and William Strickland Cookson, Esq.—to be her vi jesty’s Commissioners for considering the subject of the Registra- tion of Title with reference to the Sale and Transfer of Land, The second gives notice, “that if intelligence be not received before the 31st of March next, of the officers and crews of her Majesty's ships Erebus and Terror being alive, the names of the officers will be removed from the Navy List, and they and the crews of those ships will be con- sidered as having died in her Majesty's service.” Their pay will cease on the day named ; and persons qualified to claim pay and wages are in- structed to apply to the Accountant-General of the Navy. Sir John Pakington has declined to become a candidate for the Uni- versity of Oxford. It is even said by the organs of “Mr. Perceval’s party,” that they have found the opinions of Sir William Heathcote less objectionable than they had supposed, both in religious and in political matters; and that, probably, there will be no contest for the coveted seat, Travers Twiss, which had not been replied to yesterday. Heathcote’s Committee continues to receive additions, But it would appear that some application has been made to Dr. Sir William The Reform “ banquet” at Sheffield, on Thursday evening, attracted more persons of both sexes than the Music Hall would hold. Tea, cof. fee, cakes, and fruit, constituted the substantial portion of the repast ; and these being disposed of, the chairman, Mr. Alderman Hoole, gaye the one single toast of the night—“The Queen; God bless her,” Richard Cobden, “the great apostle of Free-trade,” was then announced to make a speech. Instead of toasts, resolutions were proposed, seconded and carried: in this way, Mr. Cobden, Lord Goderich, Mr. John Cheet. ham, Mr. Barnes, Mr, Bright, Mr. Kershaw, Mr. Hadfield, Mr. F, Crossley, and Mr. Lawrence Heyworth, all Members of Parliament stated their opinions on electoral reform. They were not exactly agreed as to the extent of the required franchise reform, but none would be afraid of a very large extension of the list of yoters. Mr. Cobden mentioned a million, r. Bright added, why not two millions, when they were about it? Lord Goderich said he was looking over an analysis of the House of Commons the other day : some were described as lawyers, some as sons of Peers, some as country gentlemen: at the bottom of the list was the representatives of labour, and opposite to that stood an “0.” “The time is come,” he said, “‘ when it is our bounden duty to concede the rights which these classes want, which other classes have won.” (Continued cheering.) Neither was a redistribution of Members nor the Ballot for- gotten. Speaking of the latter, Mr. Cobden said, he had lately been to Oxford, and he found that, although the ballot was so often denounced as un-English, all their proceedings, except the election of Parliamentary representatives, were decided by it. “Oh !”’ exclaimed Mr. Cobden, “if I were about fifteen years younger, I would go through the country, and I would say, ‘ Let us vote as they vote at Oxford.’ (Cheers and laughter.) What I mean by vote by ballot is this —— shall be no record kept of how a person yotes: that is vote by allot. The resolutions agreed to declare the satisfaction of the meeting at the expressed intention of Government to bring forward a Reform Bill; that electoral power must be redistributed, corrupt boroughs abolished, and the number of representatives to the large towns and populous districts increased ; and that votes shall be taken by ballot. The Lords of the Treasury have signed a warrant of a grant for 3000/. for the additional pay of the lettercarriers at present in the London dis- trict of the Post-office, and for an increase in their numbers, MONEY MARKET. Srock Excuancr, Fripay AFTERNOON. After official hours on Saturday, Government Securities improved §, upon arise of nearly 2 per cent in French Stocks, and pacific impressions suggested by the cnivel in Paris of Count Creptowich, son-in-law of Count Nesselrode, and Russian Minister at Brussels ; and although the upward tendency on the Bourse was unexplained in the French accounts on Monday, Consols were then done as high as 933. They subsequently fell }, and from that time the Funds have presented daily a very unsettled appearance. On Tuesday they experienced a further depression of }, and Consols closed at 928 }. On Wed- nesday the settlement of the Account took place; it was also the first public transfer-day since the shutting of the Bank-books. Several dividends were reinvested, and the Funds rallied }; an abundance of Stock, delivered on be- half of some extensive firms, then caused a fall to 92%; from which there was a trifling reaction: lower prices from France, and unfavourable ac- counts that afternoon from Vienna regarding the rate of exchange and the chances of war, added to the gloom. Yesterday the Funds fell 1 per cent, through intelligence from Paris of a similar decline on the Bourse, and conveying the rumoured rejection by Russia of the Vienna propositions : ¢ , r I Consols, after being at 912, closed at 917 2. The South Sea Company gave entered the Black Sea, the following signal was made from the Britannia, ‘ 4 - Seen notice on Saturday, that advances will be made on their Stock at 3 per cent for a period not to extend over three months. The former notice caused dis- satisfaction, as the interest charged was 4 per cent, and the loans were limited to two months. On Monday it was intimated that the Company had instructed their brokers to purchase the Stock of any proprietor willing to realize, at 115, without waiting for the act of Parliament authorizing the division of the Funds. But the price offered is not approved of, because at the meeting on the 5th instant it was stated that the estimate formed from the amount of funds for division was 116/. 13s. 4d. At the meeting of the roprietors yesterday, it was resolved to permit the bill to be brought before *arliament as proposed by the Directors, who undertake to withdraw the clauses relating to the formation of a trust company, if they prevented the assing of the measure, which also — for winding up the concern. foney has been worth from 2} to 3 per cent this week on Government Securities. Accounts from Paris yesterday mentioned that the Bank of France had raised its rate of discount to 5 per cent. Today Consols opened at 92, and after some changes close at 914 2. India Stock is 3 lower this week ; and Exchequer Bills ls, Bank Stock has not altered. Foreign Stocks, influenced by Consols, have been heavy in several in- stances. A decline has taken place in the following—Austrian, Danish Three per Cents, and Venezuela, 2; Belgian and Dutch Two-and-a-half per Cents, 1; Dutch Four, Spanish Three per Cents, and Deferred, }; Mexican, t. The improvement has been—Peruvian Four-and-a-half per Cents, and Deferred, and Portuguese Four per Cents, 1; Granada Deferred, }. Railways were buoyant at the opening on Monday; the principal Shares rose from 10s, to 1/, Since Monday, great flatness has prevailed; the ad- verse state of the English market causing repeated sales. Yesterday, Lon- don and North-Western closed at 100} 1}, and Great Western at 80} 1. The decline in some of the leading lines compared with last Saturday’s was to the following extent—Lancashire and Yorkshire, 1/. 15s. ; Midland, North British, and South-Eastern, 1/. 10s.; Great Western, and London and North-Western, 1/. 5s.; Caledonian, Great Northern, Oxford, Worcester, and Wolverhampton, South Wales, and York and North Midland, 1/.; Chester and Holyhead, and York, Newcastle, and Berwick, 10s. London, Brighton, and South Coast, have improved 2/. 10s.; and Norfolk, 1/. In Foreign Shares, the depression has been—Luxembourg, and Paris and Stras- bourg, 12s. 6d.; Paris and Lyons, and Western of France, 10s.; Namur and Bern and Sambre and Meuse, 5s, Rouen and Havre have improved 10s. Today no alteration has taken place in the English lines; Foreign Shares are rather lower, SaturDAy, TWELVE 0’CLOCK. The English Funds have improved 3 this morning, although no foreign in- telligence of a favourable nature has arrived. Consols are now 91} 2 for Money and Account. Exchequer Bills 7 10. The bullion return by the Bank of England shows an increase of 238,060/. In Foreign Stocks no change has yet occurred. Railways are a little stronger, but little atten- tion has been paid to the market, Great Western mark 81, and London and North-western, 101}.

Page 11

January 21, 1854.] THE SPECTATOR("'! ty 59

3 per Cent Consols.....++++- lz 2 Danish 3 per Cents ........ 813 a 5 -~ = Ditto for Account, ....++++++ 917 2 Dutch 24 per Cemts.cccccces 61 2 | | () P I (' ~Y 7 I - . > 3 per Cent Reduced ....... - 925 3 Ditto 4 per Cents ..... coves 934 45 j Ss f. yw : Sf per Cents ...seeeeeerers - 935 2 Mexican 3 per Cents ....... 23 4 WA. "ee /y Long Annuities ........ 5 3-16 5-16 cee per Cents ..... 668 a oh vel ey pa~ ank Stock ....seeseeeeeees 217 18 itto Deferred 3 perCents.. 47 9 > pp <TAD TPP A 4 Eacheoanr Bills. ...-+e+see0 7 10 Portuguese 4 per Cents ..... 39 41 THE REAL Gl A RA N TEES IN Q” India Stock ......sesseeses . 287 40 | Russian 5 per Cents........ 108 10 STATESMANSHIP. Austrian 5 per Cents 86 8 Ditto 44 per Cents.......... 90 2 | Fo reek re » raiti -cisi m- Brazilian Bier Cents.. 96 8 | Spanish 3 per Cents ........ 41} 2 For some weeks we have been aw ating the decision of e Em Belgian 4} per Cents 913 | DittoDeferred ........ 19} 205 | peror” on the question of peace or war. Each hour has been ex- Chilian 6 per Cents . 1003 =| ~=Sardinian 5 per Cents....... 87 9 | pected to furnish a temporizing reply _— err 7. Danish 5 oer GHEE sc00c0ees 99 101 Swedish 4 per Cents..,..... 8590 | P . temporizing reply concealing the insidious ap

a va proaches of hostility under the mask of negotiation, or more pro- Che Cheatres — the direct and open declaration that Russia is at war with ° England. In either case, we are parting from the smooth waters The blank of this week is rendered more dreary by the intelligence | of peace and entering on the stormy waters of contest, and rules that Mr. Mitchell has retired from the management of the St. James's | that have hitherto saved us will no longer avail. Martinet pune- Theatre: for those who are aware how much the performances there de- | tilios, that have done well enough to keep up appearances in port pended on the personal character and influence of that gentleman, regard ‘or in holiday cruising, will become impediments, if not traps, the re eee as equivalent to saying that there will be no “French when we have to face the winds. A state of war, like a state of Plays” at all, | rough weather, should bring statesmen hard up to realities, and Panwun THEATRICAL. in nothing will genuine statesmanship be more tested than in the The French—that is to say, those of their number whose region of ac- | formation and conduct of international relations. We say the tion and enjoyment extends from the Porte St. Martin to the further ex- | formation, because from this point we are entering into a new tremity of the Boulevard du Temple—like Shakspere after a fashion. | state of relations with the whole world. The man who has sus- His works, by the side of their own classical drama, constitute in their | tained a great shock of adversity knows well enough that he can eyes a wealthy bank of horror, from which now and then a small loan | po longer claim to know all the friends who have shared his pros- may be effected with advantage. But while they rejoice in those terrible perity. The satirist used to bewail that incident of social life, but crimes and characters, which their forefathers regarded as so many indices | i¢ has now become a recognized rule: altered circumstances alter of English barbarism, they show, by improvements in construction, that Sin ental eatethetes of divid al adhe a ‘iene ahtiete the they are no blind idolators. Shakspere, to settle in Paris, must conform ki a ™ a ™ — ™ - SIGE, GRE RS Ge Cae Gas ae to the French rule of neatness, and must lay his old licentious exuberance | ™ ations between states. ‘ * : osiie. And fairly so. What claim had England upon the friendly Of this truth an instance has just been furnished by the Ambigu- disposition of half the states who professed friendliness, and sup- Comique. M. Ferdinand Dugué, the dramatist, has had his appetite | plied the material for the assurance in the Queen's annual y mee p roused by the pound of human flesh mentioned in The Merchant of Venice, | What have we done for those states—what opinions do we share in and he has been also struck with the notion that Shylock would make a | common with them; what have we done for mankind at large, fine part for M. Chilly. But then, Portia has been an old offence to which ought to claim their approval? According to our recent phi- Parisian judgment : she distracts the attention from the main action, and Josophy, the best things that we have done have been in pursuit of her appearance in male attire before the Doge gives an intrusive comic | se)f interest, and give us no right to claim a return in friendliness Shttens a tragical situation. Hence, when M. Ferdinand Dugué cooks | fom other states. Some that counted on our help we have de- Shakspere for the Ambigu-Comique, he leaves Portia out ; gives the mer- | | i twithstendi ver po “rtm $: some chant a new motive for borrowing Shylock’s money, and saves him from | “™ ived, notwithstanding professed sy mpat mee Gn Cle et; Clue the exacting knife by the discovery that he is the son of his vindictive that we have really served we have offended theoretically, and creditor. Le Juif de Venise is the title of this brilliant display of Boule- | have now offended perhaps in practical verity. By what rule can

yard genius. we discriminate the friendly disposition of any of them, or by what Ever since the immortal suecess of La Dame aux Cumélias, it seems to | pledge count upon their codperation in act ? have been laid down as an established principle, that a drama, to be in- We have, it is true, treaty compacts with several; but of what teresting at the Théatre du Vaudeville, must have a lady of damaged re- | ayail are treaties? ‘Lhe very dispute which is just rising with putation as the principal character. M. Léon Gozlan has supplied that | Russia proves that parchment is not worth what a law-stationer —— house yee Pree Louise de Nanteuil, inwhich Madame | would give for it, as soon as nations conceive objects or pretexts joche represents a mod el of female virtue w ho becomes a femme entre- incompatible with their own pledged declarations. If England tenue for the support of her mother. The difficulties in which this in- suamenes hevealf to be armed ter 0 mesdhanent mananie, these ts wet teresting creature is placed between the gentleman whom she loves, the | | Pr a deer iowa tl th id 2 My be : fle ‘. . opty» ange . ‘ gentleman who pays, and the father of the latter, make up the action of , 2 P¥gmy state in the world that cannot flesh its weapons on her. the piece. Instruments of law are only available while there is a tribunal to —_—_—— - enforce them; and in the case of international law the only tribunal to R! noir enforce any instrument on behalf of any particular state is that ‘ . state itself. If it has not the strength to take that which is se- plished the erection of a building which is in many respects the finest a - — pledge, the pledge - + a of any music-hall in London, seems now to be in the way of reaping the reward pretext which the stronger party can put in its place. : of his exertions, and at the same time giving the public the benefit of We are passing from the time when appearances would do in- them, by making the grandest musical performances accessible to the Stead of realities; and of all appearances, diplomatic alliances and great body of the people upon terms unprecedented even in these days of contracts are the most artificial and hollow. There are, indecd, comparative cheapness. On Wednesday evening The Creation was per- | natural alliances between peoples, and they do not consist solely formed at St. Martin's Hall, under Mr. Hullah’s own direction; the in that capacity for exchanging material benefits which trading price of admission, for the bulk of the audience, being only a shilling. philosophy has declared to be the only nexus between states. The a -_ — apes ——— ;, and not — was a hall true alliance consists in community of opinions, community of in- crowded, but numbers were unable to obtain entrance. ‘The performance - M was in every respect satisfactory. The three solo parts were sustained by Miss Birch, Mr. Lockey, and Mr. Weiss; and the choruses were sung Mr. Tullah, after having with such energy and perseverance accom- clination, community of broad manifest interests. Wedo not now speak of the professed opinions of the day or the professed interests by a body who may now challenge competition with any choristers in ofa season, There are potentates w hose real objects are inseru- London—the élite of the scholars of Mr. Hullah’s upper singing-schools, table, because the conversation of those potentates, the text which for many years instructed and trained under his own superintendence. Uluminates their acts, is in itself obscure or equivocal. It would No performance of Haydn’s beautiful work ever gave us more pleasure. not be always easy to determine by any means of utterance ata The airs and solo concerted pieces were finely sung, and the choral | particular monient, what are the interests and wishes of an entire and orchestral effects were developed with greater clearness and more | nation. How, for example, at the present moment, could we with real power than we have often heard displayed by much larger numerical | certainty learn what are the true desires in the heart of France strength. We observe that this fine performance is to be repeated next herself? The means do not exist. But we do know, that there week; and we trust that it is the commencement of a long scries, in- cluding the greatest choral works of the ancient and modern schools, both sacred and secular. are on the Continent states whose long career has been a struggle for their own independence and their own freedom; others, who a a have laboured to sustain commerce—the great material guarantee A concert was given on Thursday evening, at the Hanover Square | of peace; others, that have given, more recently perhaps, but in ooms, by a newly-formed society who call themselves “the London | high quantity and quality, hostages to Fortune in the shape of Orchestra.” The spirit of competition is strong at present among our | such sacrifices as to prove their sincerity and exemplify their ob- aa -— _—— eee, — ne is ay one oF | jects. Switzerland, for instance, has maintained her independ nce by the ela cdl rei 9 a Quartet though surrounded by tyrants ; Holland has been true to com- Association ; and now the Orchestral esos by Pe pete Orchestra, | Meree throughout ages of varying policy in other per meet Sar- e effect of all this is certainly to render musical performances less dinia has been thoroughgoing and consistent in labouring for costly than before; an object which, we trust, may be accomplished | constitutional freedom, in religious as well as civil matters. It is Without deterioration of their quality, as the demand for good music is | 12 such acts, not omitting the past as well as the present, that the evidently and greatly on the increase. “The London Orchestra,” though | true character and motives of a pe ople are to be understood; and composed of different individuals, entirely resembles the “ Orchestral | in all cases where law is for a time suspended, the true guarantee Union” in its nature and object. The two orchestras are similar in mag- | for a state consists in its ministers’ knowing the real motives of nitude and quality, each being about half the size of the Philharmonic or | those states that surround it. In such times, it is the business of Covent Garden band ; but both contain excellent players, and are compe- | statesmanship to use the motives which act in its favour, to avoid mt to a satisfactory execution of the works of the great symphonists, those which counteract it. endelssohn’ s wosken y in A minor (the Scottish symphony) was played gat ete : +43 : on Thursday evening a : Pete tpeawente oe acto, fw yo An illustration of this political truth, which we have not ante never heard the same composer’s pianoforte concerto in D to greater ad- | to remember so foreibly now for forty years, is afforded Y er Vantage : it was splendidly executed by Miss Arabella Goddard; and the great American Republic. There are many reasons to suppose that orchestral parts, which have the fulness and variety of a symphony, were the present Government of the Union is actuated by new ambitions, Perfectly well performed. These were the great features of the con- | discarding the passive limitation of American strength to the Ame- cert: au reste, it was a very agreeable selection of vocal and instru- | rican continent, and seeking wider relations. On the other hand, Mental pieces, and went off altogether with spirit and success, there is much reason to suppose that the American people, with —s

Page 12

60 THE SPECTATOR. [Satur¢ay, all their overweening self-esteem, have a growing sense of chival- rous feeling, not perhaps very different from that which moved Englishmen at an earlier period in our own history. There are questions between that country and our own, about joint fisheries, unsettled boundaries, joint protectorate in semi-barbarous or savage corners of the continent. Many circumstances threaten the good feeling between the two countries. An alienated race from the United Kingdom has in large numbers sought a refuge in the re- public; and its leaders, disappointed under the Monarchy, avowedly seek a vengeance under the Presidency. Our adversaries on the field of Europe compete for the alliance of the only power that could obstruct us on the sea. Individual intriguers, careless of sacrificing great national interests so that their own personal profits or crotchets be gratified, have fomented questions of ae in wretched swampy places inhabited by degenerate ndians with a Negro King. And there is a chance, if statesmen use their qeney for irritation, that England and America may quarrel about the Mosquito coast, or the catching of cod, or the definition of some indefinable line in the unsurveyed lands of the North-west. The things in dispute are totally worthless, and everybody, on both sides, knows them to be so. The whole question of continued harmony or the reverse is a question of manner, and of manner almost exclusively. Frankness and a proper respect for the representatives of a great power whose coéperation would enable us to secure a new measure of liberty for mankind are all that is needed to draw from America all that she ought to give. But the motives of peoples, we say, are the mate- rials of statesmanship; and statesmen will be judged hereafter, not by their being able to prove, on the text of some routine cor- respondence, that they were technically “in the right ”—not by their being able to show that, diplomatically, they vanquished— but by their being able to display before the sight of their country, arrayed on their side, and on the side of justice and freedom, the power that ought naturally to be with us. If they fail in that, they will fail in the duty of the day. If they succeed, Fortune has given them the opportunity of writing their names in one of the grandest pages of history. REORGANIZING OF THE PUBLIC DEPARTMENTS. THE OFFICIAL PROJECT. TuE project suggested by the gentlemen to whom the Treasury had intrusted an inquiry into the state of the public offices would supply many defects of the existing system, and would perhaps develop our public departments into a more perfect form of official machinery than that which is to be found in any country. In many respects the organization of France is superior to our own. The French have opportunities for a curriculum of expe- rimental study, it may be called, which very accidental cireum- stances alone can secure to individuals in our country. Many cir- cumstances contribute to show the great freedom which the Rus- sian Government exercises in using its public men according to their individual capacity; and the fusion of departments in that | country is still so considerable, that in some distinguished in- | stances high public officers have represented both branches of the armed seryice—the naval as well as the military. With us, di- vision of employment, although by no means carried out in a per- fect form, has gone so far that to each department is allotted its range of duties, to each man his own fragment of the range. Hopeless of stirring beyond his own department—almost of moving beyond the daily routine of his own desk, the public servant is content to get through the duties of the day in as easy a manner as possible; and, denied the natural ambition of rising by capa- bility and assiduity, he falls back upon the enjoyment of a listless routine, and discovers the way of giving as little as he can for his money. This division of employments, however, by no means economizes the work done; for it is so mechanical that in many cases it divides functions rather than work, and this occasions the same thing to be done many times over. It is needless, how- ever, in the present day, to recapitulate these defects and bad working in the public departments, which we have so recently anatomized and exposed.* These defects are now very generally admitted, and the proposed plan would not only supply them, but would check the evils incident to an appointment by patronage. It is proposed, as a general rule, that the age of admission to the civil service shall not be under seventeen or nineteen, nor above twenty-one or twenty-three ; some variety being anticipated in re- gard to different departments. The candidate to be subjected to | examination, on such subjects, for example, as history, jurispru- dence, political economy, modern languages, political and physical geography, the staple of the classics, mathematics, &c. These items, however, appear to be mentioned rather for the purpose of indicating the kind of examination, than as pledging the reporters to the exact form of the curriculum. After his first admission, the candidate would only become a “ probationer,” liable to dis- missal, if, upon removal to one or more departments, he should prove to be hopelessly unfitted for the service. The examinations would be open to public competition, but the competition would not be for a specific appointment. Examiners would only pronounce the fitness of the candidate ; his appointment would rest with the chiefs of the departments. It is proposed to reserve some appointments for the sons and relatives of deserving public officers, as an addi- tional reward to such persons; and it is also intimated that the minor appointments, such as tidewaiterships, or lettercarrierships, might be specially open to pupils in schools and colleges connected with the educational departments. At present there exists a * Vide Spectator, Nos. 1292, 1293, 1294, class of copying clerks, whose duties are generally on alevel, and who are transferred from department to Teutant, without loss to themselves or to the public. It is proposed to continue this class, and to encourage the distinction between the mechanical branch and the superior branch. Promotions would be made upon certificate of merit, by the immediate superior of the candidates ; the secretary of the department selecting out of a list kept for the purpose. Increase of salary would be allowed not simply as a routine but as due, upon certificate of punctual attendance and sa- tisfactory conduct. It is proposed that clerks should be trans- ferred from one department to another, and that the usage which at present excludes them from their higher appointments should be discontinued. Allusions to pensions and allowances suggest that some liberal concession on that score may be regarded as the equi- valent for the reform with which the public service is to be visited ; and another allusion to honorary distinctions seems to hint further inducements of that kind. The total effect of all these changes would appear to be, that merely mechanical clerkship would remain at the lowest level; above which would be a class of more educated servants holding departmental employment, but liable to removal from department to department; with promotion and increase of pay, open to merit, and the highest appointments no longer inac- cessible. The general character of the reform speaks for itself, as most desirable, if it should be effected; and from the manner in which it is advanced we presume that it would not have proceeded thus far if there had not been some intention of carrying it out. It may be that the promoters of the reform have laid too much stress upon some existing defects. It is argued, for example, that the present system does not attract the ablest men ; an assertion coming naively enough from men whose own names might almost be taken to refute the statement. The fact is, that the system does attract a great many able men; but, with a few exceptions, they have no opportunity of making their way: the system dead- ens the men. It may be doubted, also, whether somewhat too much is not made of the preliminary examination as a scholastic exhibition. That a central board of examiners would be a useful department there is no doubt ; but it should be remembered that the require- ments for different departments vary—that, while political economy may be specially necessary in one, political geography and modern languages in another, or accounts in a third and geometry in a fourth, it does not follow that all these attainments would be re- = in each, at least in the same degree. On the other hand, though brilliant exceptions to the rule can be pointed out, it is a rule, that those scholars who are able to make the most brilliant display in all the classes of learning do not necessarily turn out the ablest men in business or the most striking thinkers. Besides the remarkable instances of Milton, Dryden, and others, who have been regarded as not conspicuous for success in early career, there has been many a public man, and many a useful public servant, who would have been very “ shy ” under examination whether at school or elsewhere. The examination should be one to a certain extent, of course, for testing elementary knowledge ; but chiefly for ascertaining the ability of the candidate. Although it would be a desirable effect of an improved standard in the public service to promote school learning amongst the upper and middle classes, still it would hardly be a legitimate object of any improvement in the public service that it should be indirectly used as a means of encouraging particular schools or styles of education. There is another reason for not placing too high or precise a standard at the entrance ; and it is, that it‘would be a positive ad- vantage if the neophyte had mot completed his education before en- tering. There is no pedant more unmanageable than the prema- turely middle-aged man whose education is complete at all points. Much of the education which a public servant should receive for the upper grades would be suggested and guided by his experience in the subordinate grades; and it would be most desirable that the a and guardians of young men in the public service should ave a distinctly-understood motive for superintending the studies that should prepare the young men for their subsequent promo- tion. In this way the service would be partly self-trained, and its knowledge would be of a more poe ter} kind for its being con- ducted in connexion with practical work. That a service constructed on the proposed plan would be very superior to the present, constructed upon no plan at all, few would deny. And from the pains which have been bestowed upon the inquiry and the production of this report, it is fair to suppose that there is some settled purpose beyond that of proposing a “ reform,” and taking the credit for honest intentions. THE EMIGRATION FOR THE YEAR. Last year we had to notice an emigration in excess over any pre- vious experience and in its absolute proportions. Emigration had been going on at a surprising rate for six years. It had continued with considerable steadiness to the United States; to Canada it had somewhat fallen off; to Australia, after progressively rising to 21,000 in the year 1851, it stood at 87,000 in the year 1852; and the total—368,000 — immensely exceeded any previous amount. At that time, too, we took occasion to glance at the state of our trade with America, which was continually increasing; at the rapid growth of the trade with Australia, exemplified even by the emigration-figures themselves; and at the flourishing state of our own internal trade. Upon the whole, the prospect was, that although internal prosperity might to some extent counteract the emigration impulse, yet the continued prospects of material im- provement both to the East and the West would still keep up the

Page 13

XUM January 21, 1854.] THE SPECTATOR. 61 amount. The result has justified our calculations. The emigra- tion from the United Kingdom to the United States for 1853 stands at 225,258—about twelve hundred above the amount in 1852; the number to British North America is 30,563—about 3000 less; to Australia, 59,931—25,000 less than in 1852. The total is 318,680, against 368,764 in the previous year. Thus, a seventh year has been added to this surprising emigration—a seventh year, in itself the second in altitude from the highest int; and the question is, whether the emigration will still con- tinue, or whether the comparatively smaller numbers are really a “ falling-off” ? We do not think that they are. It is to be observed, that the staple, if we may so call it—the emigration to the United States— does not fall off, but slightly increases. There has been an un- usual amount of prosperity not only in the manufacturing districts but even in many of the agricultural districts ; there has been, for a season, less claim upon the poor-rates for ablebodied relief than in any year since the new Poor-law was established; there has been a reaction upon the prosperity, with great industrial disputes in the North, bread-riots here and there in the South; yet the emigration stream to the United States pours on steadily, as if it were uninfluenced by these partial and temporary influences, moved only by causes of its own. On the other hand, there have been disappointments in Austra- lia for numbers ; which of course checked individuals, and indivi- duals make up thousands. Then the Emigration Commissioners, under the pressure of 1852-’3, had worked so slowly from the feeble- ness of the office, that many were taught to find out the means of independent emigration; and some discontent in the Colonies at the course taken by the Commissioners—with propositions from New South Wales, in particular, to send out none but indentured labourers bound to work for a term of years or to repay their pas- money—with a simultaneous failure of the New South Wales fund—all contributed to cast a damp upon Australian “ assisted ” emigration; to say nothing of the great charges for freight and a. Nevertheless, more than 59,900 persons managed to get off. It would appear, therefore, that the Australian as well as the American emigration proceeded upon motives and causes of its own: and such is the fact. The gold-discovery continues, and must continue, to attract in- creasing numbers, until it be proved, which it is not yet, that the gold fails to yield a certain return in proportion to the labour bestowed upon it. Because, even if individuals get disappointed, still, while that gross produce is going on, the trade of Australia is continually extending ; its shipping and its agriculture are extend- ing; and the demand for labour, instead of growing less, is stimu- lated. There is not an Australian colony at the present moment that is not demanding labour; and if in Victoria they have a ple- thora of le—not always available for labour—in South Aus- tralia and { ew South Wales they still ery, Send us labourers. Attempts to supply the place with Chinese, in New South Wales, have failed ; and the Legislature, revising its indenture-regulations, renewing its fund, again urges the Commissioners to send supplies. Every increase to the population of Australia, however, while an adequate proportion of that population is applied to gold-digging or to the work of agricultural production, is an extension of settled Australia, and proportionately increases the field of employment, with an increase to the intelligent demand for labour. ae to Australia makes more emigration; and we may expect that the — will demand to be followed by perhaps a still higher num- It is the same with America. Her increase in segs is increase in production, incrense in employment; and besides these attractions, there is the political attraction. The English working classes who go to the United States emigrate to universal suffrage ; and if at home to the want of the franchise be added want of em- ployment, or the obstinate disputes with masters, the counter- attractions to stop at home are proportionately diminished. The latest return of the state of industry in the United States is not such as to render it probable that there will be any decline in the demand for labour or in the opportunity for the working man. When we see the general increase in every branch of trade—the —_ of dry goods, for example, advancing from 61,654,000 | do lars in 1852 to 93,700,000 dollars in 1853; the exports of fish, agricultural products, cotton goods, and other manufactures, ad- arg from 30,986,000 to 37,983,000; the shipping of New | a York, launched or on the stocks, suddenly starting from 75,000 or 80,000 aggregate tonnage, to more than 100,000, in the year 1853,—we see a continuous expansion, which must afford room, annually, for at least 284,639, which constitutes the total immigra- tion into the United States through the single port of New York. We are justified, therefore, in saying that the chief causes of emigration to the East and West are still steadily at work, and ive every reason to anticipate that the exode for the current year Will not essentially differ from that which has been proceeding now for several years. THE FIRST GOLD-FINDER IN AUSTRALIA. Few instances of scientific induction applied to fact are more distinct or instructive than the circumstances which attended the discovery of gold in Australia. Many persons are now contending for the ho- nour of first discovery ; but it appears to us that there is but one who can fairly claim ‘it, and he is a man who never set eyes upon the country. " There was a convict who saw something or other, and told Sir George Gipps, the Governor of New South Wales; but it is as likely that he saw a piece of common base yellow mineral as that he saw the precious ore; and Sir George Gipps’s determina- tion to keep silence lest a convict population should be corrupted by the too glittering discovery invests the rubbishing tale with a spurious importance and mystery. Count Stzrelecki is now set down as a discoverer, though in his account of the Australian rocks and minerals the very word “gold” is not mentioned. No doubt, Mr. Clarke observed auriferous signs, and we believe the metal is so obvious in Australia that numbers have seen it; but “ seein is not believing” to a mind insufficiently wrought up to the ful conception of the thing seen. The true discoverer of the gold is Sir Roderick Murchison. After Count Stzrelecki had published his work on the geological struc- ture of Australia, Sir Roderick compared the Count’s description with his own knowledge of the Ural Mountains, and declared his conviction that the Australian Cordillera which runs in a meridian direction would prove to be auriferous: and so it proved. We have already had occasion to attest Sir Roderick’s claim to the originality of this discovery; and it does not appear to us to be disturbed by the many who have “seen” gold here and there. If any one can claim a share of discovery under the first scientific indicator, it is Mr. Hargreaves, who first, with the deliberate pur- pose, went and got some gold, and showed others how to get it. If practical statesmanship had taken its cue from science, much of the embarrassment that has occurred in Australia in connexion with the gold-discovery would have been prevented. In 1848, Sir Roderick Murchison, having then received specimens of gold from the Blue Mountains, suggested to the Colonial Minister that there should be an extensive mineral survey: and there is no doubt that if Government had ascertained the fact, and been thoroughly pre- pared for the result, far better order might have been introduced into the system of gold-digging. Without less produce, there might have been less disappointment and confusion. But all that Lord Grey did in reply was to send to Sir Roderick, through Mr. B. Hawes, an acknowledgment of his letter, and an expression of “his Lordship’s thanks for the interesting communication which it conveyed with regard to the discovery of precious metals in Aus- tralia.” Science saw the facts, and suggested its own share of the steps to be taken in consequence: officialism dismissed the subject in a note of acknowledgment for the “ interesting” communication. Such was the relation which statesmanship bore in those days to scientific induction and practical knowledge. RUSSIAN MATERIAL GUARANTEES. THE method of Russia in extending her territory is, like the rules of art, to be gathered from her mom ng Two of the most strikin stratagems by which she accomplishes her ends are those which may be called the “ material guarantee” and the “no instruc- tions.” The plan is, to have a dispute, and advance claims to oo- cupy a territory as a “material guarantee” for the fulfilment of those claims; to proceed with negotiations on collateral points, while the agents are directed to plead “ no instructions” for yield- ing the claims demanded on the other side. The treatment of Turkey now is exactly like that of Turkey in times past—exactly like that of Persia, or, in fact, of any country upon which Russia has encroached ; but in some instances the very succession of acts, or even the very terms of the Russian proceedings, have been identical. Thus, about 1825, when Russia had a claim against Persia for certain lands of Kapan, the Russian army under General Yermo- loff seized a strip of land called Gokcheh, which had been in the undisputed possession of Persia; that land was seized as a - pledge,” and Russia offered to give it up if the lands of Kapan were immediately evacuated by Persia. The claim advanced was mainly on the strength of the treaty of Futteh Alee Khan, which the Shah of Persia had expressly refused to ratify. It will be re- membered that Russia’s great grievance in Turkey is, that Turkey refuses to carry out in letter and spirit certain treaties, such as the treaties of Kainardji, which Russia herself has broken; and yet here, more than a quarter of a century ago, we find her, who is so strict in exacting observance of treaty, advancing claims a Persia on the strength of an unratified treaty. Prince enschikoff, the same now distinguished in Turkey, went to the court of Persia to announce the accession of Nicholas, and to con- tinue the negotiations ; but when he was asked to give up the land of Gokcheh, he had “no instructions”; and Russia remained in permanent possession. The process was just the same with Sweden, in 1808, when that power, under English patronage, was endeavouring to resist the encroachments of Alexander; and the occurrence may be a useful reminiscence not only to Sweden but to our own Ministers. Ina last declaration transmitted to Stockholm, the Emperor Alexander required Sweden to abandon her neutrality and her English alli- ance. “ His Imperial Majesty,” says this document, “ finds that the interest of his empire would be ill secured, if, when the con- test should commence between England and Russia, the King of Sweden, so near a neighbour of his states, should in the meanwhile attempt to cover, by an appearance of feigned neutrality, his known sentiments of attachment for England.” “ His Imperial Majesty could not leave Sweden in that vague position with regard to Rus- sia; he cannot, therefore, admit her neutrality.” “ The dispositions of the King have been taken ; and it only remains for his Imperial Majesty to recur without delay to all the means which Providence has afforded him for securing the safety of his empire.” One of these means was for Sweden to join Russia and Denmark, inclosing the Baltic against England. Sweden, however, was not for complying ; and Alexander took possession of Finland. The plan of proceeding

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62 THE SPECTATOR. (Saturday, is a type of the true Russian manner. The general of the Russian army opened the campaign with a proclamation, declaring his Im- | | the most practical suggestion comes. rial Majesty intent on “ pacific efforts to reéstablish ——- in Europe”; denouncing Sweden as far from sharing in his and therefore, said the declaration to the Finlanders, “ his Imperial Majesty owes it to the safety of his own states to place your country under his protection, and to take possession of it, in order | to obtain by that means a sufficing guarantee in case his Swedish Majesty should persevere in refusing equitable conditions for ace.” Finland was taken as a “material guarantee” for the ulfilment of Russian dictates ; and that “ material guarantee” re- mains to this day in the possession of Russia. CURE OF DRUNKENNESS. Ir is impossible to mistake the character of the Temperance move- ment, which not only belongs to Great Britain, but appears in a much more energetic form in distant countries, particularly to the North. We see the Swedish people demanding of its Government rigorous statutory law to suppress the manufacture of spirituous esires ; | The oe | for this extreme evil would naturally arise in a country familiar with intoxication ; and it is from Sweden that Many remedies have been tried for that form of insanity which exhibits itself in the un- controllable appetite for alcoholic stimulants ; but we are not aware of any that has had general success, except the one alluded to ; and that, from its nature, has been capable of application only in | the military hospitals, where it originated, and perhaps in prisons and other places under an absolute control. The process may be easily described. We will suppose that the liquor which the pa- tient is addicted to drinking is the commonest in the country—say | gin. When he enters the hospital for treatment, he is supplied liquors from cereals, and the King responding in words which, | although they do not pledge the Legislature to the law demanded, attest the sympathy with the claim. The State of Maine in America has adopted a law which practically suppresses the sale of liquors except in the wholesale form; thus permitting the con- | sumption only in private families, the retail distribution being im- peded by the prohibition of purchase in small quantities. How the law works we do not know; it is impossible to suppose that it is not extensively evaded; but we do know that other States are | agitating for the enactment of a similar law. “The Maine Liquor Law ” is the cry of Teetotallers in various parts of the Union. In our own country, the Teetotaller and Temperance parties have not yet obtained anything like a state recognition; on the contrary, with individual exceptions, they are principally limited to the humbler section of the middle classes: but they are numerous, and it is probable that the virtue which those two sections of re- formers inculcate is also the object of assiduous labours in other quarters that do not formally join the association. not long since an advertisement in the papers offering a reward on statement of a remedy for drunkenness; a confession of the preva- lent evil, which also comes out in the complaint of the Australian We observed | colonists that so many ships are ill-managed or imperilled by the | vice amongst the masters and men. There is some reason to be- lieve that intoxication does not prevail so extensively in England as it did in generations not long since past; but it still prevails to far too great an extent; and its prevalence in the United States and in the extreme North of Europe is attested by the extensive and at the same time somewhat violent measures taken for its sup- pression. Now it is not easy to suppose that mankind at large can be weaned from the use of those exhilarating beverages which are in fact more habitually consumed in countries nearer the Equator, and the use of which does not produce the same habitual drunken- | ness in those more genial countries. It is not easy to imagine that the Italian peninsula or any other Mediterranean country can be | weaned from the use of wine, because the people of Munich abuse the native beer, or the people of Sweden cannot restrain themselves from corn-brandy. The use of various drinks appears to be more ex- tensive geographically than the abuse ; and the vice which is partial will seek its partial remedies. Perhaps the Maine Liquor Law may be necessary in Maine, and it may be sustained in that State as long as it is necessary. New England has distinguished itself by prohibitory laws; but we very much doubt whether the modern statute-book can show that those prohibitions have been immortal. Again, as a temporary law, a statutory check upon the conversion of grain into spirit may be useful to Sweden and its people: the people collectively demand it, and the demand must be instigated y some very urgent want which seeks its own direct and natural satisfaction; but it does not follow that the want of Sweden is the want of mankind. The grand object would appear to be, to dis- cover such a check upon intoxication as would correct it without imposing wanton restrictions upon those who are not inclined to the vice. In this country, however widely extended, drunkenness is the vice of individuals rather than classes. You can scarcely point to any one section of the population and say, that is a drunken class. The most you can say is, that drunken individuals are common in particular classes. With the far greater number the probability is, that the increase of education, and especially of practically applied knowledge, will be the wholesome check to the abuse. Few men with the average amount of natural sense would seek disease by putting the enemy into their mouths, if their education enabled | e m to associate the idea of disease with the act, which appears at present simply to be one of immediate gratification. There is a remarkable capacity in the human min where there is any very distinct moral reprobation ; a faculty ex- hibited in cases where such a thing as a distinct surfeit has re- sulted from the abuse of some particular viand, the viand being subsequently the object of absolute revulsion. There still would remain, perhaps, though diminished in number, cases of individual depravity which appear to defy correction : and this is the erying evil. The social abuse of exhilarating drinks has been very largel corrected since the time when it was the custom of society to finish the evening under the table; but there does not appear to be a cor- responding progress in checking that aberrant appetite for stimu- lants which has in it nothing convivial, but much that is miser- able, and which appears almost to transcend the will of the indi- vidual to control it. for conceiving dislike | with his favourite drink, and with no other; if anything else is given to him, or any other food, it is flavoured with gin. He is in heayen—the very atmosphere is redolent of his favourite perfume ! His room is scented with gin; his bed, his clothes, everything around him; every mouthful he eats or drinks, everything he touches ; every zephyr that steals into his room brings to him still gin. He begins to grow tired of it—begins rather to wish for something else—begins to find the oppression intolerable—hates it —cannot bear the sight or scent of it; longs for emancipation, and ts at last emancipated : he issues into the fresh air a cured man; dreading nothing so much as a return of that loathed persecutor which would not leave him an hour’s rest in his confinement. This remedy appears to have been thoroughly effectual——so effectual, that persons who deplored their uncontrollable propensity have petitioned for admission to the hospital in order to be cured ; and they have been cured. A question has been raised in this country in private practice, whether the same remedial treatment could not be resorted to. The case of Mr. Rochester in Jane Eyre is by no means solitary, although perhaps caricatured in some of its incidents, and although of course the domestic calamity which is exposed in that book is usually concealed. That trusty adviser the medical man is usually the person consulted ; and in some instances he has been asked to try the effect of the Swedish plan. Of course it has not been pos- sible to carry out such a method; nor, we suppose, would an medical man risk his reputation in commencing the trial of it. It is sometimes not diflicult to procure the consent of a patient to such a process, however appalling it may look; the desire for re- form frequently being a/most as strong as the propensity. But in such a process, the trial becomes intolerable, and the patient would inevitably “bolt” if the door were not closed upon him. But how can a private practitioner keep a patient in restraint? There is no doubt that in most cases the patient is as much the subject of an insane cerebral depravity as any other maniac, and is as properly a lunatic. But unless Lord St. Leonards’s new bills for the custody and treatment of lunatics were made to contain a clause authorizing the detention of monomaniacs of this class, no medical practitioner could carry out the process. Of course it would be impossible to authorize private practitioners to exercise such an authority. At best, the authority would be conferred under proper supervision and proper checks for securing the assent of the patient himself, in asylums under public authority. But perhaps scientific opinion will re- quire some further time to mature a distinct recognition of this malady as a form of insanity, before the lawyers can be called upon to arrange for the hospital treatment of the patient under the authority requisite for the development of the entire process. Meanwhile, it will be interesting for those who are at present somewhat blindly acting against the vice in question, to surve the operation of statutes like the Maine Liquor Law, or that whic the Swedish people are begging of their Government, in conjunc- tion with some more specific remedies, such as that which we understand to have been carried on successfully for some time in the military hospitals of Sweden. CHINA AND THE CIINESE,—No. III. Tr there is one feature more remarkable than another in the history of China, it is without doubt its early civilization. No one who has glanced for an instant at the most superficial of Chinese annals can refrain from regarding the phenomenon as one of the profoundest in the whole philo- sophy of history. Perhaps one of the most emphatic emblems of civilization is the pos- session of a systematic agriculture. ‘To reap from land which they had never tilled, to live on roots which they had never planted, is the cha- racteristic of savages. It was thus that the aborigines of the earth sus- tained themselves ; in this desultory manner to this day the Bosjesman of South Africa and the wild tribes beyond the Rocky Mountains live, This want of social economy has never, as far as it is possible to judge, distinguished the inhabitants of China. While Abraham was yet 4 nomad in the plains of the Jordan, the reputed ancestor of Tae-ping had inaugurated the goddess of the plough by the banks of the Yellow River. Nor were these agrarian laws the only trait of primitive civilization in the Celestial Empire. It should seem that so long ago as four thousand years, the natives of Keangnan and Hoopé had anticipated the factors of Man- chester and Liverpool. Young lads of Chékeang plied the loom, and brown-faced girls of Fokien plucked the full cocoon, while Jacob was a herdsman, and Rachel sat by Laban’s well, watching her drowsy flocks. And the historical wra presents to our minds even greater objects of wonder and admiration than the wra of poetic mythology. Confucius was engaged in founding a theology, instituting laws, and proposing ethics, while the village population of future Rome had left their huts by the yellow Tiber to do battle for their freedom on the slopes of the Sacred Hill. Nor does that social superiority which characterized China in times of patriarchal simplicity appear to how failed in the more ad- vanced gges of the world. Other nations were deep in the excesses of an extravagant barbarity while the Chinese were comparatively civilized. In the arts, as well as in the sciences, the same preéminence is observed.

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January 21, 1854.] THE SPECTATOR. 63 The arches Chinese gal founders hai that bore the Claudian aqueduct were yet unbuilt, while lies floated in the waters of canals the very name of whose d long before been lost in the depths of antiquity. Our an- cestors were engaged in gathering acorns in the forests of Hampshire and the Isle of Wight, while the husbandman of the Celestial Empire regaled himself and his children on bowls of home-grown rice, The manuscript on whose pages were engraved the Ethics and the Organon, lay buried in a meadow in Asia Minor, while illuminated copies of the Lun-ju were to be found on the stall of every bookseller in China, It would be useless to institute a further comparison between the civilization of China five hundred years before Christ and the civilization of Europe five hundred years after Christ. The latter was supremely behind the former. Tho former indeed was first, and the latter was nowhere. Spite of all the luxuries of imperial Rome, and spite of all the scientific glories of con- uered Greece, the kingdom of the despised barbarian on the other side of the Himalaya was itself less barbarian than half the -mpire of the mistress of the world. And though the phenomenon is a strange one, it is never- theless easy to be accounted for. From time immemorial the character of the Chinese has been preéminently pacific. They have never yet dis- played any other feeling than aversion for the pomp and circumstance of war. The chronicles of their nation tell of no victorious warriors, and have handed down for the emulation of future generations no tales of martial prowess. The hero who holds a place in the memory of posterity is the man who was foremost in the cultivation of the social arts, who had patronized astrology, founded some seminary, or dug out some canal, The name of the successful warrior indeed is always reverenced, but never adored. And to this day the same military phobia prevails. There is not a captain in the Chinese militia whose estimation of valour would admit him to the benches of the Junior United, and there is not a military mandarin that struts along the alleys of Canton who does not in bis heart indorse the sentiments of Sir John Falstaff. No soldier in the Tartar ranks owns a musket that the humblest squatter in the savannahs of the Mississippi would not scorn. And perhaps this distaste for war in the youths of the Celestial Empire ought not to be the source of any personal regret. A martial disposition, it is well known, finds little fa- your with the Imperial Government at Peking. A Napier or a Gough would long ago have been punished “as rash and arrogant men” had they fought in the ranks of China, while the cautious Wellington himself must have despaired of ever attaining the blue ball had he commanded in the service of the Celestial Empire. To gain honours at Nankin, it is necessary to eschew the attraction of arms. The aspirant to fame, if he would receive encouragement, must turn his back on the porticoes of the war-office. The youth in pursuit of substantial reward, who has written a new play, or discovered a new star, is sure to be more successful than the grey-beard who has vanquished a Koshing, or brought a Meaou-tse chief in chains to Peking. Liverary accomplishments and scientific re- searches are the only royal roads to favour with the Brother of the Moon. A single treatise is of greater value to the author than a national victory to the conqueror. The greatest warrior can never hope to rank above the poorest scholar, A successful general, in the estimation of the su- preme ruler, is an inferior being when compared to a successful master- potter. Lut of all the sciences the science of agriculture is at once the most pacific and the most honourable. Every countryman in China is his own husbandman, and occupies his own farm, So sacred is the pro- fession, that the Emperor himself annually presides over an agricultural meeting, and guides the plough with his own imperial hands, The largest peach or the finest lichi, not the most splendid victory, is sure of the greatest reward. The factor is above the soldier, but the agricultu- rist is above both. The interests of the agriculturist are the interests of the state. A Cobden or a Bright would be regarded in China as the divinities of trade, but the profoundest adoration they could receive would be subordinate to the adoration that would be paid at the shrine of a Derby or a Disracli. To this constitutional disposition to the cultivation of the gentle arts other natural stimulants are superadded. The soil of China is the most genial in the world. The most barren field requires no severer process of tillage than a simple rake can afford, and streams of water from the canals are within the reach of every farm-yard. The climate, sometimes fickle, is always salubrious. The sun that ripens the golden orange in the orchards of Kuangsy brings to perfection the produce of the rice-fields of Macao and the tea-plants of Fokien. On these natural advantages of cli- mate the geographical features of China favourably reacted. Protected on one side partly by vast mountain ridges and partly by an inaccessible wall, the waves of an ocean that brings to its harbours all the commerce of the New World break against its shores on the other. Art too has supplied what nature has refused. What the Nile is to Egypt the Great Canal is to China. By its means the productions of Europe are brought to the very doors of the merchants of the Celestial Empire, and through it is carried out at once a system of drainage and irrigation the most sim- ple and the most perfect that can be contrived. In the contemplation of these scientific machines it is impossible to overlook their moral effect upon the natives of the land. By the gifts of nature and the interference of art Chinese civilization has been rendered wholly indigenous. The in- habitants of China, possessing as they did all the elements of human ing dustry and all the material of human civilization, found it unnecessary to leave the land of their birth in quest of fresh stimulants to the one or fresh inducements to the other. What necessity did not require inclina- tion never prompted them to carry out. Commercial intercourse was never a sine qué non with them, and what they did not actually need they did not possess sufficient enterprise to pursue. Enclosed within elr own native hills, the world without was to them an unknown land, and its people barbarians. So long as the rice-plant was green in their fields and the silk-worm still clung to their mulberry-trees, they found no Teason to be discontented. A journey across the Himalaya came to be re- garded by the simple inhabitant of China as a voluntary banishment from home, and a voluntary exile was in his eyes a disgrace voluntarily in- curred. Thus every Chinaman was an esoteric from his birth. Finding himself thrown on his resources, he began to toil early, and his gratitude and his patriotism were the greater that his toil was repaid. He culti- Vated the same garden-plot that his father had tilled before him, and the only object of his ambition was that his last resting-place might be his ’s hearth, .It is easy to see how personal domesticity gradually de- Veloped itself in popular exclusiveness, and how popular exclusive- ness encouraged national civilization, Unwilling to suffer foreign in- » and unable to import foreign commodities from abroad, the whole mind of China was concentrated for efforts at home. No exter- nal interference was invi and no internal interruption was ex- — The policy which Lycurgus tried in vain to impose on the acedemonians was spontaneously adopted by the Chinese. Nature had enriched their land, and up to a certain point the gifts of nature were improved by the agency of art. While the gorgeous Senate of Rome were placing wreaths of laurel on the brows of her victorious sons, and the author of the “ Gallic War” was dictating to his secretaries on the banks of the Garonne, the illustrious descendants of Han were engaged in driving the plough, erecting factories, or distributing imperial prizes among the schoolmen of Nankin. And the result is plain. The policy of China has at last reaped its reward. The merchant-princes of the West now occupy its squares, and the fleets of the New World now float beside its wharves, while the owl builds her nest among the broken columns of the Quirinal, and the noise of the antiquary’s hammer is heard in the halls of the Caesars themselves. Exclusive, however, as was the policy of China, it is to be remembered that the influence of its early civilization was by no means as indigenous as its origin. The Celestial Empire first reformed itself, and then con- tributed to the reformation of the world. It would be impossible to illustrate fully the effect of Chinese civilization on the progress of man within the limits of a single paper. Pregnant examples cannot fail to recur to the most superficial observer. One thing is certain. It should seem that the commercial intercourse between outermost China and the border tribes is even antecedent to the date at which it is usually fixed, One instance. Mention of silk is made in ecclesiastical history as being used at the court of Pharaoh. Now silk is an article the manufacture of which was never peculiar to Egypt. Where, then, if not directly or in- directly from China, could silk have been obtained? It would be idle, however, to attempt an illustration of Chinese influence by examples drawn from the silk trade alone, Every tyro in history knows how it ministered to the delicacies of imperial Rome, fostered the emulation of republican Greece, and rendered the courts of Susa and Ecbatana syno- nymous for all that was elegant and luxurious on the earth. But though it is certain that the ancient world was indebted to China for half its civilization and almost ali its refinement, it is equally certain that the in- fluence of Chinese superiority is by no means to be confined to the known world of the ancients alone. One remarkable illustration of the truth of this proposition is to be found in the early history of Peru. No one can compare the monuments of Peruvian art with the monuments of Chinese progress, and agree for an instant with the assertion of the accomplished author of Zhe Conquest of Mexico that the civilization of the former country was as indigenous as the civilization of the latter. On the con- trary, there appears every reason for believing not only that the civi- lization of Peru was not original, but that it was derived from China itself. And by a comparison between the institutions of the two coun- tries this belief is confirmed almost to certainty. The government of Peru was exactly similar in all its fundamental features to the government of China. Both were patriarchal despotisms, founded on the same principle of paternal authority, and demanding the same filial subordination. The title which the ruler of China invariably arrogated to himself was, the Father of his People. The same title distinguished the rulers of Peru. The executive of the one govern- ment was invested in a Brother of the Moon; the executive of the other was held by a Child of the Sun. And the analogy that existed between their civil constitutions existed also between their religious rites, Similar fruit offerings were offered up to the moon and the stars from the shrines of Peking and Canton to those that guarded the altars of the golden tem- ples of Cusco and Quito, Sabeism characterized alike the theology of the Chinese Emperors and the idolatry of the Incas of Peru. In China agri- culture has always obtained the immediate patronage of the state. Chinese Emperors have made it a personal occupation, and grave manda- rins of China annually attend the pastoral festival of the empire in all the pomp of official parade. In Peru the same bucolic disposition was fostered and similar festivals observed. The architecture of both coun- tries was fundamentally similar. The same uniformity of style that per- vades the structures of Nankin is traced in the buildings of Peru. In one peculiarity, indeed, the identity is remarkable. The architects of both countries appear to have employed as a general rule masses of stone of a size that were never employed in the common architecture of any country in the world. Across the deep ravines of the Andes are suspended bridges made sometimes of rope, sometimes of the twisted osier. The same feature is visible in the mountain-landscapes of China and Thibet. From the wooded vales of Cusco rise the spires of convents where fair Pe- ruvian enthusiasts passed the livelong day in holy contemplation. The Nykoo of China are as famous as the novices of Seville and the nuns of Castile. If thee instances, which we have adduced out of others that may have been more and are certainly not less emphatic, do not establish the truth of our proposition, at least stronger arguments must be brought forward than a few discrepancies or a few unimportant deficiencies afford, before it can be successfully contradicted. There is one circumstance, however, which we think offers indisputable evidence that Peru, however favourable its opportunities from within, nevertheless received its civiliza- tion from without. The national annals of the Peruvians tell of two ex- traordinary visitors to their land, who brought with them all the ensigns of a celestial origin, and whom, in their poetic simplicity, they have christened the Children of the Sun. From Manco Capac and Mama Ocello, it is said, the holy Incas took their name ; and the story of their wealth, power, and beneficence, to this day the Peruvian mother tells her lisping child. Is it probable then, after this, that the whole legend is no- thing more from beginning to end than the outburst of a rich poetic ima- gination? If it is reasonable to disbelieve this, it seems to us to be just as reasonable to believe that the loves of Sylvia and of Mars, the cradle in the reeds of Tiber, the fig-tree, the she-wolf, and the cave in the Pala- tine hill, were meaningless emblems—that they did not refer to the rob- ber-origin of the lawless founders of Rome, and that the mythology which relates of them is entitled to no more consideration than the mere romances of Arthur and of Amadis de Gaul. Until further evidence can be found and more weighty arguments are advanced to the contrary, it appears certain, then, that the civilization of Peru was not an esoteric one, that it was exotic, and that its origin is to be traced to China and to Chinese influence alone. Its true, indeed, that the channels by which that in- fluence travelled are not to be pointed out with historical precision, Its geographical route, indeed, it is easy enough to conjecture. But the ob- scurity which pervades them ought not to be allowed to invalidate the position in which we stand.

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64 THE SPECTATOR. [Saturday, It is a fortunate circumstance, however, for China, that its more modern intercourse with the Old World is not involved in the same uncertainty as its earlier intercourse with the New. It is perhaps in the former instance that its great social bearing on the progress of mankind is the more to be remarked. Its effect on the generations of the middle ages is well nigh inappreciable. If the inhabitants of the Celestial Empire had fostered the luxurious inclinations of the inhabitants of Europe and Asia before, they encouraged their tastes for the useful and the profitable now. Across the ste of T. , through the deserts of Arabia, by the straits of Gibel Tarik, the tide of civilization advanced. The magnetic needle, the art of printing, the black powder which exploded at the approach of fire, were introduced among the descendants of Charlemagne and Constantine, at once to excite their astonishment and to test their ingenuity. Nor were these singular advantages of mere temporary importance; to this day their effect is visible. It is not too much to assert that all the influence of Byzantine wealth and of Roman power on the wild tribes that hunted the boar and the buffalo on the delta of the Danube and the Rhine was small in stability and extent when compared to the influence which China has exercised at one time and at another over the whole known world. It may be questioned, indeed, whether the refinements of philosophic Greece ever effected as much as the comparatively illiterate civilization of the Celestial Empire. The world, it must be confessed, is no better off now for all the ratiocination of the Academy and the Lyceum than it would have been had Plato never dreamed and Aristotle never lived. The De Republicd would, we imagine, be considered a very poor substitute for the Ordnance Office or the Arsenal at Woolwich. Unpalatable as may be the truth, it is neverthless certain, that the world would have submitted to the loss of Zhe Categories or The Auscultations, rather than that the Haarlem press should never have been introduced. It is an undeniable fact, that a single Lord of the Admiralty must ever be a more important rsonage in the eye of moderns than even the philosopher of Syracuse imself. It is to be doubted whether the famous black broth of Sparta ever excited the interest or guided the policy of its contemporaries in the same proportion as the smallest chest of bohea that was ever = from the wharves of Canton. But if it did, then its influence has long since disappeared, while the tea-trade of China is as active as ever. Nor as long as there are dowagers in the card-rooms of Bath, and Gamps and gossips in the world, is its activity at all likely to diminish. We are not going to discuss the social and political effects of congou or souchong. In a commercial point of view, their importance is immense. Nor do we think are those associations which naturally attach themselves to the cup that cheers and not inebriates likely to be overlooked by those who, sitting with Boswell at the tea-tables of Mrs. Williams and Mrs. Thrale, have hung over the accents of the author of “ Rasselas ’’ and the * Rambler.” In the foregoing paper we have endeavoured to give a short and necessarily incomplete view not only of the early progress of civilization in China itself, but also of the influence of Chinese civilization on the gradual progress of the world. It is probable that that influence for more than commercial purposes has ceased now and for ever. It is but reasonable to believe that the boasted superiority of China, formerly true, is now nothing more than a mere national superstition. The tide of civili- zation rising in the far East, set quickly towards the West. A reaction has taken place, and its course has been reversed. But though the sceptre has departed from the hand of the Chinese Emperor, as long as the funda- mental bulwarks of society, national security, national prosperity, and national intelligence, are known and —_——— so long will mankind continue to express their gratitude and their admiration for that people who gave to civilization gunpowder, the loadstone, and the art of printing. [The writer of these elaborate papers on China will guess, from the number of weeks that have elapsed since his manuscript reached us, how difficult it is to make room for so long a contribution at any time. The Session of Parliament is now at hand, and we cannot tell when it might be in our power to insert another.— Ep.) Letters to the Editor. THE QUEEN, THE WIFE, AND THE NATION. Srr—The English nation just at this time is placing itself between the horns of a dilemma. Religion teaches us that the relation between husband and wife should be that of mutual confidence, advice, and assistance to the best of their mutual abilities. Yet in the highest example of all, that of the occupants of the Throne, it is held to be a high crime and misdemeanour that this confidence should exist. It is gravely assumed that in this case the relation of husband and wife should cease to exist in the most important circumstances, and in which wise or unwise conduct may be pregnant with benefit or mischief to millions of human beings. It is quite true that the marriage injunction is, that the wife shall abandon father and mother and cleave only unto her husband, and, vice versi, the husband shall cleave only unto his wife; but, practically, mothers and fathers and friends are not abandoned, and it would be held as a reproach to children thus acting. The intimate domestic relations existing between the Queen and her husband have been one large source of their popularity in very contrast with former occupants of the eene; yet these in their highest confidence are required to be suspended at a moment’s notice, and a — of reserve set up, because it is supposed probable or ible that the business of the nation may be- come known to connected Continental families! A Christian duty is to be broken through in deference to a supposed evil. An impossibility is re- quired. It is demanded that the husband of the Queen shall be excluded trom the presence of his wife while she transacts public business with the Mi- nisters or Council, for fear lest he should communicate it to his foreign friends. Just as if he could be prevented from acquiring the information by other modes than listening to the speakers, if so disposed. In the first place, it is not to be supposed that a gentleman would betray a secret confided to him. In the next place, there ought to be no secrets to betray. But for this odious system of secret diplomacy, the reputation of princes could not be subject to attack either by malevolence or by mistake, and it would be impossible for them to be placed in a sinister position. Our Kings and Queens are prohibited from intermarrying with their own country- women and countrymen from a traditional allegation of its being a sovereign specific against civil war, and they are thereby subjected to the imputation of being affected by other than English interests. The policy of a nation is surely not a matter requiring secrecy. Rather should it be a matter of open discussion and proclamation. Only thus can the nation be united in its purposes. And it is only the policy of private council which can be the object of private information with a view to thwart it. A policy openly proclaimed by a government and sanctioned by a na- tion would cease to be a back-stairs affair, subject to all kinds of misinterpre- tation. It was the secrecy and treachery in the opening of important post- office letters that caused the scandal, not the fact; for assuredly it is compe- tent toa nation to take into custody an enemy’s letter, just as well as an enemy’s person, though the betrayal of unfortunate exiles to foreign despots by such means is abhorrent to English minds. A policy regulated by the laws of universal justice never needs concealment. The execution of that policy is another matter, and it may be convenient to conceal the time and manner till it is achieved. In our treatment of thieves we make no secret of our policy under the laws we have enacted—we mean definitely to punish the thief; but as a step to the execution, we do not tell the specific thief ex- actly when and where we mean to take him into custody. Potentates breaking the laws of nations are robbers, and no terms should be kept with them. If the great council of the nation (which should not be privy) determines that they are robbers, there can be no harm in the whole world knowing it; and from robbers the power of doing mischief should be taken. In the matter of Turkey the Emperor of Russia is a robber —raptor, a taker by violence of what is not his own ; and security should be taken against his repeating the violence. If his friends give him informa- tion of England’s policy and will, with a view to patch up a peace by the restitution of the spoil, while he keeps the exclusive possession of the Euxine as a scene for future violence, they are no friends to England. As we did by China, throwing it open to the commerce of the whole world as a compensation for much less wrong than has been perpetrated by Russia, so should we now do—throw open the Euxine to the commerce of the world, and make of the Danube a public highway, with no barrage of its mouth. Only thus will the Principalities be secure against the future attempts of Imperial Russia. It is to be hoped that when Parliament meets this question of secret diplomacy will be handled in debate with a view to its extinction, and the removal of all future temptation to thwart the national will, and the promul- gation of unfounded rumours. We are not Venetians, but Englishmen— singleminded, and not duplex; and we shall best baffle diplomatic despots, by outspoken truth, which they, cannot understand, though their peoples may. Cosmos. UNIVERSITY REFORM: THE DISSENTERS. Smr—Permit me to offer some observations respecting the policy which you attribute to the Dissenters, of opposing any measure of University Ke- form which falls short of Mr. George Wood's bill of 1834, viz. of throwing the Universities open to members of all religious persuasions alike. You approve the object, but you reprobate this mode of obtaining it. You think, if I understand you rightly, that if the Dissenters now aid the members of the Establishment to throw down the barriers which exclude them generally as well as the Dissenters from the more important advantages of the Uni- versities, they may rely upon their assistance hereafter in obtaining an ex- tension of the boon. As a Dissenter, I do most sincerely wish that I could participate in your belief. It is, I fear, a growing conviction among Dissenters, that the party commonly distinguished as Liberal Churchmen cannot be relied on in any matter in which there appears to be a prospect that Dissenters can obtain advantage. What now, for instance, constitutes the real difficulty in the way of throwing open the Universities, as you no less than we desire? The same votes which can open them to Churchmen can, if they please, open them to Dissenters. That they cannot alone do either I am aware ; but why is it that they prefer to ally themselves, on terms of mutual advantage be it noted, with the High Church interest? We are half the kingdom. We have on our side a principle, to which the House of Commons at least is pledged by the repeated triumphs of 1834; and we are asked to stand by . while the irretrievable damage is being done to our cause of ignoring that rinciple altogether, and accepting the basis, repudiated in 1834, that the Jniversities are Church institutions. In 1835, Sir Robert Peel, as the head of a reactionary Government, spe- cifically promised the Dissenters the things which they now find unattainable from an Administration of Liberal Churchmen and a House of Commons which considers itself in advance of the public sentiment. Up to this time, a Dissenting gentleman cannot place his son in the medical profession upon the same terms as a Churchman. Apart from the common sense of the case, I need not remind you, that throughout the debates of 1834 this was the right singled out for admission on all hands as indisputable. The present Home Secretary stands upon this point among the most prominently com- mitted members of the Government. Yet it required the most strenuous efforts, continued throughout the whole of last session, to prevent Lord Pal- merston from bringing in a measure which would have done more than any- thing else to render the future concession of the claim impossible. Without troubling you with a long letter, permit me to say respectfully, that there are too many circumstances, simply explainable, I dare say, which collectively have done much to produce the fear, among many who have not usually taken part in public affairs, that by acquiescing in the limited changes talked of, we shall be merely adding to the number of our enemies. Not the least is the dead silence of the party upon a principle which they fought almost a l’outrance twenty years ago. Iam, Sir, your obediently, A DIssenter. [We are not surprised at the indignant tone of “ A Dissenter.’’ The poli- tical injustice of the exclusion is elevated toa political absurdity by the reli- gious census lately published. Our position was taken on the supposition that the Dissenters could not by opposing a more limited measure of Univer sity Reform succeed in carrying their own point. If they can, our advice was to carry it. But it seems that our correspondent looks at the whole question with sole reference to this point; that he does not care for the im- rovement to be expected to national life and culture from University Re- gym, but simply asks what good the Dissenters will derive from it. How- ever natural this view may be, we of course cannot be expected to share it; and we may say that it is this tendency which raises so high a barrier be- tween Dissenters and Liberal Churchmen. But what good, to take our cor- respondent’s own ground, will the Dissenters derive from helping to obstruct any measure of University Reform the Government may bring in? If he can answer that question, we shall understand, though we shall regret, the course proposed to be taken. ‘Till then, we can see nothing but a * dog-in- the-manger”’ feeling at work.—Eb.] Literary Gleanings. Tue Prince oF Wars: Courtine By Depietion.—He was at that time deeply engaged with his passion for Lady Hertford, contracted during his negotiations with her family to have Miss Seymour, their niece, under the care of Mrs. Fitzherbert. His health was reported to be bad, and his appearance confirmed the report. ‘Those, however, who made a study of his gallantries, recognized his usual system of lovemaking in these symptoms. He generally, it seems, assailed the hearts which he wished to carry, by ex- citing their commiserations for his sufferings, and their apprehensions for his health. With this view, he actually submitted to be tied two or three times in the course of a night, when there was so little necessity for it that different surgeons were introduced for the purpose, unknown to each other,

Page 17

January 21, 1854.] THE SPECTATOR. 65 lest they should object to so unusual a loss of blood.—Lord Holland’s Me- moirs of the Whig Party. Lorp LiveRPooL’s VERSION OF THE Prince's Marrtace.—In 1820, on the eve of the proceedings against the Queen, Lord Liverpool gave me a different account of part of the transaction ; and he assured me that he had it directly from George the Third. He said that the Prince of Wales told his father very abruptly one day, on his return from hunting, that he wished to marry.“ Well,” said the King, “I will then, with your consent, send some confidential person to report on the Protestant Princesses of the stated age and character, but qualified for such analliance. Your wife must be a Protestant and a Princess ; in all other respects your choice is unfettered.” «It is made,” replied the Prince; ‘* the daughter of the Duke of Brunswick.” George the Third replied, that to his own niece he could take no exception ; but yet he recommended his son to make more circumstantial inquiries about nd manners, &c. The Prince pretended to have done so; r person @ - * et * : poll his brothers, or indeed every young English traveller in Germany, would, if asked, have told him, that even in that country, where they were not at that period very nice about female delicacy, the character of his in- tended bride was exceedingly loose. He persisted; and the marriage took Jace. Lord Liverpool was a man of correct memory and strict veracity. | he King, too, though narrowminded and in some senses deceitful, was not likely to invent and relate an unnecessary falsehood. Agen the two stories may be in some degree reconciled by supposing that the whole matter of the payment of the debts and the necessity of a marriage was arranged between the Prince and the Minister before the King was apprized of it; and that it was determined between them that the Prince, in the shape of asking his father’s consent, should be the first to announce the scheme to his | Majesty.—Idem. PervviaAN Estimation or EnGuiisu Beaury.—English ladies have but a small reputation for beauty in Lima, as those of our countrywomen who | have visited that capital have not generally been good specimens; and an | | | | English foot, ‘* un pie Ingles,”’ has quite passed into a proverb. Just before I went to Lima, an English clergyman had arrived there, and brought his wife and children with him. Her appearance was looked for with some anxiety on the part of the English merchants, in the hope that she might retrieve the lost credit of her countrywemen ; and with some curiosity on the part of the fair Limenians, for a clergyman having a wife at all was a thing they could not understand. But when the lady did arrive, her appearance was only calculated to prove more strongly than before that beauty did not exist in England. She had lost or left behind most of her luggage, in crossing the Isthmus of Panama; and several ladies would have lent her clothes, but no | Limenian wardrobe, it was found, could furnish garments that would fit her. | One day she wanted some shoes, and went to be measured for some; but Crispin, glancing at her foot as she thrust it out, crossed himself and said, | “No; it was quite useless to try and make a shoe for her, as Peru could not produce a last large enough for the purpose.”—.4 Shetcher’s Tour Round the World. A PARALLEL For Lorp Derpy’s CHAIRMEN oF QuUARTER-SEssIons.— His very mediocrity recommended him to those, and they are not a few, who dread and dislike all superiority of talent. There were more persons than one who felt what an acquaintance of mine expressed on Mr, Addington’s Ministry. ‘ Ile was glad,” he said, “that Mr. Pitt and Mr, Fox should know, that in spite of their speaking and fine talents, the busi- ness of the country could be conducted in a plain way by a man who had no pretensions to genius.” Of such men Lord Sidmouth has always been an idol. He was the fairest specimen, the truest type of the genus, * the knight of the shire, who represents them all.” There is greater community of feeling in narrowminded men than wiser ones are aware of. Like other classes or sects, they imagine when any one of the brotherhood is exalted, that some share of his lustre is shed upon them; the vanity of each con- | ceiving that the inferiority of which he is conscious has thereby ceased to be a disqualification.— Memoirs of the Whig Party. Mr. Percevat AND RonesvrerrRE: Extremes or FanaticisM.—Mr. Perceval, though no great lawyer, was, without much genius, a spirited, ready, and forcible speaker. Affectionate, frank, and generous in private, dangerous and formidable in public, he united to the most vulgar prejudices and virulent enmities in religion and politics, courage, integrity, and abili- | ties, that fortunately very rarely accompany them. It is singular that his | features, with the exception of a winning smile when he was pleased, so much resembled those of Robespierre, that the portraits of that bloody fanatic of Democracy might pass for those of our English champion of Mo- narchical and Ecclesiastical establishments.—Jdew. IraLy witnout A NatIonaL Arr.—.Alas, Italy! thou land of song! thou outcast of the nations of Europe! Ten thousand operas, and not three notes of a national hymn! Out of so many fathers of melody, not one who can find the motive that will sink to thy children’s heart and dwell there; France has her ca ira; the Alpine people their cow-gathering; England her loyal anthem; Germany her fatherland toasts. ‘In Italy alone, nationality is mute. The sorry ditty that popular outbreak calls forth today, dies tomorow amidst the yawns of thy listless populace. LD roscription itself cannot secure a patriotic air against the fickleness of fastidious fashion. Strange to say, our composers have, in several instances, supplied less gifted people with the music that never fails to send a thrill through their hearts, that leads them to battle, that serves them as a rallying-point against all chances of future dispersion; and not a miserable chorus, not a paltry march, for home consumption !—Castellamonte ; Italian Life during the Insurrection of 1831. Iuirative Powers or tur Cu1nrse.—It is generally supposed that the Chinese will not learn anything: but no people are more ready to learn if it is likely to be attended with advantage. ‘Ihey have lately been taught to make glass, and turn out bronze argand lamps and globes, emblazoned with the London maker’s name all complete; and actually export these lamps to, Batavia. They like putting an English name on their commodities, and are as free with the word “patent”? as any manufacturer in Germany. They | excel in the m: :ufacture of locks, particularly padlocks. One of my friends ave an order ‘o a tradesman to varnish a box, furnished with a Chubb’s lock, of which lie had two keys, and one of these he sent with the box, re- taining the other himself. When the box came back, he found that his key would not turn the lock, though the one he had given to the tradesman acted very well. Thinking some trick had been played, he accused the man of having changed the lock; and, after some evasion, he acknowledged the fact, stating that, on examination, he had found it such an excellent one, that he took it off and kept it, making another exactly like it, with maker's name, and everything complete, except that the original key would not open it. Their mechanical contrivances generally have some defect of this kind. They have never made a watch that will keep time: though they greatly prize watches, and usually carry two. If you ask the reason of this fashion, their reply is, *Spose one makee sick, other can walkee.”—A Shetcher’s Tour Round the World. —_— [For Books, &e., see the first six pages of the accompanying Supplement. | BIRTHS, On the 13th January, in Moray Place, Edinburgh, the Countess of Kintore, of a son. On the lith, at Croxton Park, Cambridgeshire, the Wife of George Onslow New- ton, Esq., of a daughter. On the 15th, at Aldermaston Court, Berks, Mrs. Higford Burr, of a son. On the 16th, in Upper Seymour Street, the Lady Caroline Lister-Kaye, of a son. On the 17th, at Fetcham Rectory, Leatherhead, the Wife of the Rev. Edward Gra- ham Moon, of a daughter. On the 17th, at Longford, Shropshire, the Lady Hester Leeke, of a son. On the 18th, in St. James's Square, Lady Lyttelton, of a son. On the 18th, at Buckhurst Park, Lady Elizabeth Russell, of a daughter. MARRIAGES. _ On the 7th January, at Trinity Church, Marylebone, Captain Claridge, of Nice, in Sardinia, to Eliza Ann, relict of the late George Gould Morgan, Esq., formerly of the Coldstream Guards, and M.P. for Brecknock. On the 12th, at St. James's Church, Dover, Andrew Gillon, Es West Lothian, to Anna Maria, only daughter of the late Captain and of Lady Maxwell, of Calderwood Castle, Lanarkshire. On the 12th, at Little Torrington Church, Pierce Wynne Yorke, Esq., of Dyffryn Aled, Denbighshire, to Lucy Penelope, eldest daughter of Sir Trevor Wheeler, Bart. On the 17th, at Butleigh, Somerset, the Rev. C. Arundell St. John Mildmay, Rec- tor of Lapworth, third son of the late Paulet St. John Mildmay, Esq., of Haslegrove House, Somerset, to Harriet Louisa, youngest daughter of the Hon. and Very Rev. the Dean of Windsor and Lady Charlotte Neville Grenville. DEATHS, On the 26h September, at St. Mary’s, South Creck, Penrith, New South Wales, Charles John Tindal, Esq., youngest son of the late Lord Chief Justice Tindal. On the 22d December, at Hamilton, Canada, William Roger Puleston, third son of Colonel Sir Richard Puleston, Bart., of Emral Park, Flintshire. On the 3d January, at Ballycastle, Antrim, Mary, relict of the late Alexander M‘Neile, Esq.; in her 90th year. On the 7th, at Featherstone Castle, the Hon. James Hope Wallace. On the 10th, at Great Bentley, Mr, James London; in his l0lst year. hair had hardly a tinge of grey. On the llth, at Maida Hill, Colonel George Muttlebury, C.B., and K.W., for niany years in command of the Sixty-ninth Regiment. On the llth, in Westbourne Terrace, Rear-Admiral Gordon T. Falcon. On the 12th, at Lucan House, county of Dublin, Emily, relict of the late Colonel Vesey, and daughter of the late Right Hon. David La Touche; in her 87th year. On the 13th, Lieutenant-Colonel George Woodroffe of Poyle Park, Surrey, and Nash Court, Kent, late of her Majesty’s Seventh Regiment of Dragoons, and of the H.E.1.C.S.; in his 78th year, On the lith, at Tunbridge Wells, Anthony George Wright Biddulph, Esq., of Bur- ton Park, Sussex; in his 69th year. On the lth, the Rev. William Heard Shelford, M.A., Rector of Preston, Suffolk, and formerly Fellow of Emanuel College, Cambridge ; in his 55th year. On the Mth, in the College Gardens, Gloucester, the Rev. Thomas Evans, D.D., for many years Head Master of the King’s School, Gloucester, Vicar of Sandhurst, near Gloucester, and Chaplain of the Gloucester Lunatic Asylum ; in his 52d year. On the Mth, at Mar sallion, Charles Rodney, eldest son of Sir Charles Morgan, Bart., of Tredegar Park, Monmouthshire; in his 25th year. On the 15th, James Miller, D.D., Vicar of Pittington, and one of the Minor Canons of Durham Cathedral. On the 16th, at the Lodge, Twickenham, Thomas Moxon, Esq.; in his 92d year. On the 17th, in Kentish Town, Mrs. Mary Grob; in her 95th year. On the 19th, at Stourton Hall, Lincolushire, Joseph Livesey, Esq., High Sheriff for the county; in his 41st year. 1; of Wallhouse, lenry Paget Gill His raven LJ As i MILITARY GAZETTE. Orrice or Orpnance, Jan. 14.—Royal Regt. of Artillery—Erratum in Gazette of Jan. 6.—For Gent. Cadet Benjamin Humphrey to be Second Lieut. read Gent. Cadet Benjamin Geale Humfrey to be Second Lieut. Wan-orrice, Jan, 20.—Royal Regt. of Horse Guards—W. D. Seymour, Gent. to be Cornet, by purchase, vice Lord Stanhope, promoted. 16th Light Drags.—A. P. St. Clair, Gent. to be Cornet, by purchase, vice Blair, appointed to the 9th Light Drags. 4th Foot—Assist.-Surg. J. Dunlop, M.D. from the 32d Foot, to be Assist.-Surg. vice Boyd, who exchanges. 20th Foot—Lieut. W. T. W. Wood to be Capt. by purchase, vice Poley, who retires; Ensign C. Lutyens to be Lieut. by purchase, vice Wood ; F. Parr, Gent. to be Ensign, by purchase, vice Lutyens. 26th Foot—Lieut. W. J. Nunn, from the 83d Foot, to be Lieut. vice Preston, appointed Paymaster of the 18th Foot. 29th Foot—W. Taylor, Gent. to be Ensign, by purchase, vice Carter, who retires. $2d Foot—Assist.-Surg. W. Boyd, from the 4th Foot, to be Assist.-Surg. vice Dunlop, who exchanges. 43d Foot—Capt. J. G. C. Disbrowe, from the 62d Foot, to be Capt. vice A. E. V. Ponsonby, appointed to62d Foot. 46th Foot —Lieut. J. G. Clarke to be Capt. by pur. vice Hayes, who retires; Ensign T. D. Forde to be Lieut. by pur. vice Clarke ; H. C, W. Hamond, Gent, to be Ensign, by pur. vice Forde. 52d Foot—Ensign A. Henley to be Lieut. without pur. vice Quill, dec.; Ensign G. H. W. Clive to be Lieut. by pur. vice Henley, whose promotion by pur. on the 6th January 1854, bas been cancelled. 58th Foot—Capt. H. = from half-pay Unatt. to be Capt. vice Hardy, promoted, without pur. to an Unatt. Majority. 62d Foot—Capt. A. E. V. Ponsonby, from the 43d Foot, to be Capt. vice Disbrowe, ap- pointed to the 43d Foot. 64th Foot—Lieut. C. Thompson to be Capt. without pur. vice Twining, dec. ; Ensign W. Sheehy to be Lieut. without pur. vice Thompson. 68th Foot—Lieut. E. D. Lyon to be Capt. by pur. vice Ramsay, who retires ; Ensign C. C, FitzRoy to be Lieut. by pur. vice Lyon; Sec. Lieut. A. H. Tucker, from the Ceylon Ritle Regt. to be Ensign, vice FitzRoy. 75th Foot—Ensign H. Hurford, from the 80th Foot, to be Ensign, vice Arundell, who exchanges. 76th Foot—Ensign W. M. Westropp to be Lieut. by pur. vice Fuller, who retires ; G. E. Corrance, Gent. to be Ensign, by pur. vice Westropp. 80th Foot—Ensign IT. Arundell, from the 75th Foot, to be Ensign, vice Hurford, who exchanges. ; ‘ Ist West India Regt.—Ensign J. R. Blacker to be Lieut. by pur. vice Allan, whose retirement was announced in the Gazette of the 18th March 1853; the Hon, C. M. Forbes to be Ensign by pur. vice Blacker, Jan. 20. : Ceylon Rifle Regt.—R. B, Henderson, Gent. to be Sec. Lieut. by pur. vice Tucker, appointed to the 68th Foot, Jan 20. Unattached.—To be Captains, without purchase—Lieut. R. N. Rogers, from half- pay Unatt. Staff Officer of Pensioners, Dee. 8; Lieut, T. Hodgetts, from half-pay 49th Foot, Staff Officer of Pensioners, Dec. 21, 1853; Lieut. J. Tongue, from the 30th Foot, Jan. 20. , A A > NAVAL GAZETTE. ApMIRALTY, Jan. 12.—The following promotions have this day taken place, con- sequent on the decease, on the 11th inst. of Rear-Admiral of the Red T. G, Falcon— Rear-Admiral of the White W. B. Mends to be Rear-Admiral of the Red; Rear- Admiral of the Blue W. Walpole to be Rear-Admiral of the White ; Capt. Right Hon, C. Philip, Earl of Hardwicke, to be Rear-Admiral on the Reserved half-pay list ; Capt. H. D. Chads, C.B, to be Rear-Admiral of the Blue, The following Cap- tains on the Retired List have also been promoted to be retired Rear-Admirals, on the terms proposed in t .e London Gazette of the Ist of September 1846, without in- crease of pay—Capt. J. Skekel; Capt. G. O. Lempriere. ~ MMERCIAL GAZETYE. Tuesday, January 17. C Parrxersuirs Disso.vep.—Ashdown and Oates, Piccadilly, gas-engineers —Ed- wards and Son, Sharp's Alley, St. Sepulchre’s, bow-string-makers—Sheppard and Co, Exeter, woollen-drapers; as far as regards J. Sheppard—Pearson and Co. Leeds, card-makers—Atkinson and Lee, Sheffield, drapers—Parker and Son, Manchester, perchers— Bovey and Matcham, Plymouth, marble-masons—T. and J. Boucher, Sutton Valence, Kent, millers— Poor jun. and Grant, Alverstoke, Hampshire, brick- burners—J. and J. J. Knowles, Sandwich, chemists—Harding and Standfast, Hat- ton Garden, artificial-florists—Miller and Co. Liverpool, and Mackay, Miller, and Co. Rio de Janeiro—Pawson and Taylor, Waterloo Street, Camberwell, cotton- wadding-manufacturers—Tyne and Co. Bradford, Yorkshire, carders and combers of wool by machinery—Greaves and Bowman, Manchester, cotton-spinners—Shaw and Sons, Fetter Lane, printers; as far as regards J. T. Shaw—J. and W. Roper, Keighley, worsted-spinners— Williams and Booker, Lantwitvardre; Glamorganshire, coal-owners—Bayne and Co, Mark Lane, merchauts—Gravener and Shoobridge, Dover, attornies—I. and H, Guttmann, Sheffield, watch-makers—D, B. and y. Green, Romney Marsh, farmers— Wilkinson and Stennett, Botolph Lane, whartingers —Il. and M. Ibbotson, Colne, milliners—Butterworth and Buckley, Oldham, linen- drapers.

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66 THE SPECTATOR. [Saturday,

Bankruptcies ANNULLED.— Tomas ARCHER, Braintree, woollen-draper—THomas Butt, Bristol, shipowner—Joun Ropertsuaw, Church, » ir Banxknvrrs. — FREDERICK _MaysTon, Great Yarmouth, grocer, to surrender Jan. 21, March 4: solicit Ch y Lane; official assignee, Pennell, Guild- hail Chambers—Henry Green, Stoke- ayland, Suffolk, baker, Jan. 27, March 3: solicitor, Stopher, Cheapside ; official assignee, Whitmore, Basinghall Street— Henry Hotman Woop, Bognor, victualler, Jan. 27, March 3: solicitor, mg “> , Gray's Inn; official assignee, Whitmore, Basinghall Street— James Lewis Lane, Norwood, brewer, Jan. 27, Te 28: solicitors, Corsellis and Hainber, Brabant Court, Philpot Lane ; official assignee, Groom, Abchurch Lane—Hesxry Grirrirns, Birmingham, tailor, Jan. 31, Feb. 28: solicitors, Ashurst and Son, Old Jewry; Mottram and Knight, Birmingham ; official assignee, Whitmore, Birmingham _ Josern Camm, Quorndon, Leicestershire, miller, Jan. 27, Feb. 17: solicitors, Huish, Castle Den- nington; Mottram and Knight, Birmingham ; official assignee, Harris, Nottingham —Epwarp Ross, Nottingham, lace-cap-manufacturer, Jan. 37, Feb. 17: solicitor,

Coope, Nottingham; official assignee, Harris, Nottingham—Corne.ivs Bowe Patmer, Newport, Monmouthshire, porter-merchant, Jan. 31, March 1: solicitors, Cathcart, Newport; Bevan and Girling, Bristol ; official assignee, Hutton, Bristol—

Tuomas Fre DD, Manchester, dealer, Jan. 30, Feb. 28: solic itors, Marshall, "Barnsley Bond and Barwick, Leeds; official assignee, Hope, Leeds—WintiaM Brus Bradford, Yorkshire, joiner, Feb. 3, 24: solicitor, Harle, Leeds ; — assignee, Young, Leeds—James Frame, Liverpool, stationer, Jan. 27, Feb. solic itor, Bremner, Liverpool; official assignee, Bird, Liverpool —Mackinsky * a ELL, Man- chester, publican, Jan. 28, Feb. 23: solicitors, Cobbett and Wheeler, Manchester; official assignee, Lee, Manchester. DivipENbs. — Feb. %, Rose, Manchester, brewer—Feb. 7, Webb, Leadenhall Stre et silversmith—Feb. 7, Holmes, Belgrave Street South, Pimlico, builder—Feb. 7, Gin- der, Fountain Gardens, Lambeth Walk, victualler—Feb. 8, Slater, Friday Street, warehouseman—Feb. 7, Cobbett, Bear Gardens, Surrey, plumber—Feb. 17, Harper, Stamford, draper—Feb. 9, Turfrey, Abergavenny, brewer—Feb. 10, Robson, Dur- ham, miller—Feb. 8, M‘Kerrow, Hull, draper. Centiricates.— 7b be granted, unless cause be shown to the contrary, on the day of meeting.—Feb. 9, Hunter, Hove, Sussex, cow-keeper—Feb. 9, Fox, Norwood, vic- tualler—Feb. 8, Davies, Royal Mint Street, cow-keeper—Feb. 8, White, East Cowes, ship-builder—Feb. 8, Cox, Great Queen Street, plane-manufacturer—Feb. 8, West- brook, Laurie Terrace, New Crogs, Deptford, hay-dealer—Feb. 10, Robson, Durham, miller— Feb. 9, Woods, Buckfastleigh, Devonshire, miller. DECLARATIONS OF DivipENDs.—Gibbons, Wood Street, straw-hat-warchouseman; first div. of 2s. 2d, Thursday next, and three subsequent Thursdays; Graham, Cole- man Street—Jacques, Tottenham Court Road, wax-chandler ; second div. of 1s. ld. Thursday next, and tliree subsequent Thursdays; Graham, Coleman Street --Davis jun. Lawrence Lane, w orsted- -spinner; sec. and final diy. of 4\d. Saturday next, and three subsequent Saturda ; Groom, Abchurch Lane—Hanson, Kensington, mason; first div. of 2s. 9d. Satur Ay next, and three subsequent Saturdays, Groom, Abchureh Lane—Cerrito, Mincing Lane, merchant ; first and final div. of 8d. Saturday next, and three subsequent Saturdays ; ; Groom, *Abchurch Lane— Parker, Oxford, brewer, second and final div. of 4s. 4d. Saturday next, and three subsequent Saturdays: Groom, Abchurch Lane—Pinhorn, Newport, Isle of Wight, tailor; second div. of 93d. Jan. 19, and three subsequent Thursdays; Stansfeld, Basinghall Street—Tate jun. Uxbridge Moore, Hillingdon, miller; first div. of 4s. San. 19, and three subse- quent Thursdays ; Stausteld, Basinghall Street—Dagnall and Co. Liverpool, comb-

manufacturers ; first div. of 4s. 6d. and on the separate estate of J. Fair- clough, first div. of 2s. 1ld. Jan. 25, or any subsequent Wednesday; Morgan, Liverpool—Wood jun. Birmingham, builder; first div. of 2d. Jan. 19, Feb. 2, and every alternate Thursday for the next six months; Bittleston, Birmingham—Under- hill and Co. Birmingham, merchants; final div. of 2jd. Jan. 19, Feb. 2, and every alternate Thursday for the next six months; Bittleston, Birmingham— Newbold, Barton-under-Needwood, Staffordshire, innkeeper ; first div. of 6s. 3d. Jan. 19, Feb. 2, and every alternate Thursday for the next six months; Bittleston, Birmingham— Danby, Wellington, Salop, grocer; first div. of 2s. 9d. Jan. 19, Feb. 2, and every alternate Thursday for the next six months; Bittleston, Birmingham—Brandon, Pensneth, Staffordshire, draper ; first div. of 4s. Jd. Jan. 19, Feb. 2, and every alter- nate Thursday for the next six months ; : Bittleston, Birmingham —Simmons, Leices- ter, innkeeper; first div. of 1s. 24d. Jan. 19, Feb. 2, and every alternate Thursday for the next six months; Bitt eston, Birmingham—Shelton, Wellington, Salop, saddler ; first div. of 6d. Jan. 19, Feb. 2, and every alternate Thursday for the next six months; Bittleston, Nottingham. Scorcu SkQuestRaTions.— Aitkin, Glasgow, spirit-dealer, Jan. 31l— Brown, Edin- burgh, merchant, Jan. 27—Grigor, Milncroft of Braelangwell, farmer, Jan, 26, Friday, Jan. 20. Parrnersuirs Disso_tven.—Briggs and Co, Nottingham, lace-manufacturers; as far‘as regards R. Young—Isherwood and Co. Liverpool, cotton-dealers; as far as regards . Isherwood—C, and H. Keet, Liverpool, stationers—Cass and Son, Barns- , frock- manufacturers —Shepherd and Cowles, Fenchurch Street, ship- -brokers— T orne and Co, Westminster Brewery—Shutt and Astley, Old Accrington, Lanca- shire, cotton-manufacturers— Walton and Co. Sowerby Bridge, farmers ; ‘as far as regards J. Holme and C. Hardy—Wild and Whitehead, Pastures-within-Saddle- worth, Yorkshire, cotton-spinners—Ridley and Dolphin, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, attornies— Campbell and Co, Rotterdam, merchants; as far as regards R. Smith— Peile and Co, Mansionhouse Place, attornies; as far as regards W. H. Murch—In- skip and Rose, Upper Sydenham, confectioners—De ane and Goodrich, Lincoln's Inn Fields, attornies— Walker and Brown, Manchester, Berlin-wool-de pale »rs—Burn- ley and Co, Little Gomersal, Yorkshire—Nation and Co. Orchard Street, Portman Square, attornies— Drewett and Co. Guildford, fancy-warehousekeepers—Croxall and Co, Bradford, Yorkshire, manufacturers—S. ‘and J. W ilde, Ilkley, Yorkshire, dra- rs—Lane and W alten, Liverpool, wine-merchants—Avins and Leak, Erdington, yarwickshire, brick-makers—Grigson and Dickson, Hanway Street, milliners— Sanderson and Linnard, Ecclestield, spindle-makers—Hutchinson and Co. Battle ge, New Road—Hoilt and W. atkins, Manchester, lead-merchants— Handley and Morrist, Halifax, carpenters. Banxrvrrs,—BenJjamin Mut. ER, Portsea, mercer, to surrender Jan. 31, March 2: solicitors, Sole and Co. Aldermanbury; official assignee, Johnson, Bs asinghall Street —Grorck Newman, Stratford Place, Camden Town, builder, Jan. 28, March 3: solicitors, Laurence and Co. Bread Street ; official assignee, W hitmore, Rye all Street—Joun Hates Sweer, Tunbridge Wells, seedsman, Jan. 27, Feb. 28: solicitor, Pawle, New Inn, Strand; official assignee, Edwards, Sambrook Court—Hanry Wix- Ton and Co. Birmingham, agricultural-implement-makers, Jan. 31, March 7: solicitors, Wrights, Birmingham ; official assignee, Christie, Birmingham—WI1t.1aM Tayior Warren and Co. Cardiff, contractors, Feb. 3, March 8; solicitors, Savery and Co. Bristol; official assignee, Acraman, Bristol—Gronoe Kituick Kent, Taun- ton, plumber, Jan. 26, Feb. 23: solicitors, Frenchard, Taunton; Stogdon, Exeter; official assignee, Hirtzel, Exeter—Cuarres Joun Poor k, Bridgewater, baker, Jan. 26, Feb. 23: solicitors, Smith jun. Bridgewater ; Stogdon, Exeter; official assignee, Hernaman, Exeter—WIL.iaM Hesketn, Blackburn, cotton-manufacturer, Jan, 31, Feb. 21: solicitors, Wilkinson, Blackburn; Sale and Co. Manchester ; offic ‘ial assig- nee, Fraser, Manchester—Joun Worstety, Macclesfield, cabinet-maker, Feb. 6, 28: solicitors, Taylor, Finsbury Square ; Taylor, Manchester ; official assignee, Pott, Manchester. Divipenvs.—Feb. 14, Hamilton, King Street, St. James’s, wine-merchant—Feb. 14, J. and D. Powell, Hare Street, W oolwich, linen-drapers—Feb. 15, Matthews, Great Waltham, Essex, grocer—Feb. 14, Coe, Oxford Street, shoe-maker—Feb. 14, Corpe, Limehouse, t tavern-keeper— Feb. 16, Dowle, Chepstow, wine-merchant—Feb. 23, Haining, Cheltenham, grocer—Feb. 13, Kershaw, Manchester, stone-quarry- worker—Feb, 11, Pass, Sheffield, butcher. Certiricares.— 7b be granted, unless cause be shown to the contrary, on the day of meeting.—Feb. 14, Creebo and Hay, Mount Street, Lambeth, tailors—Feb. 16, Mat- thews, Great Waitham, grocer—Feb. 13, Brown, Portsmouth, victualler—Feb. 14, Twigg, Cardiff, brick-maker—Feb. 23, Wills, Exeter, builder— Feb. 14, Alcock, Man- chester, draper—Feb. 13, Ward, Burnley, cotton-spinner—Feb. 10, Thomas junior, Haworth, Yorkshire, worsted-spinner—F eb. 15, Barrett senior and junior, hidder- minster, carpet-manufacturers—-Feb. 7, Alcock and Bell, Longton, Staffordshire, auctioneers. DecLaRATIONs or DivrpEnpDs.— Nutt, Stratford Green; first div. of 6@. any Monday; Cannan, Aldermanbury— Hadfield, Manchester, cotton-spinner ; first div. of ls. 34d. any Tuesday; Lee, Manchester—Bowker, Hyde, Cheshire, innkeeper ; first div. of 6d. Jan. 31, or any subsequent Tuesday ; Fraser, Manchester—Johnston, Macclesfield, silk-manufacturer ; first div. of 2s. 9} td. Jan. 31, or any subsequent Tuesday ; Fraser, Manchester—Flood and Lott, Honiton, bankers ; further div. of 6d. and ‘a further div. of 2s. on the separate estate of C. S. Flood, any Tuesday or Friday; Hirtzel, Exeter—Fidd Newark Trent, currier ; first div. of 6s. Jan. 28, and three following Saturdays; Harris, Nottingham— —Catlin, Leicester, grocer ; first div, of 5s. Jan. 21, and three following Saturdays; Harris, Nottingham. Scorcu SkaquesrRation.—King, Glenpatrick, Renfrewshire, distiller, Jan. 31,

PRICES CURRENT. BRITISH FUNDS. (Closing Prices.)

| Saturd. Monday. Tuesday. Wednes. 3 per Cent Consols..cececeresscerececese 1934 ex d. Ditto for Account 3 per Cents Reduced... 34 per Cents . Long Annuities ..... Bank Stock, 8 per Cent. India Stock, 10} per Cent. Exchequer Bius, 2d. per diem . India Bonds 3) per Cent. ...secececesece + jpexd.|

92 924 92 925 | 93h | 929 | O48 ow } 53 | — | 218 | 2174 } lo 10 par 4 pm. 3 Thurs. | Friday, ee fee } 92 } on } 216 | ong |} 92 | 99 938 93 } _ 58 | — | } 2165 7 | — 4

(Last Official Quotation during the Week ending Fri FOREIGN FUNDS.

5 p.Ct 97 | Mexican ... 234 44— | 92 | Mississippi. — — | New York.... —_ - 9s | Peruvian... 68 = | 61 | Portuguese <a _ — =| Diito, ... — — | —— | Kussian. lug _ 81 } Ditto. 90} — | 62} Sardinian 9 — | 934 Spanish ....++++ 41h - _ Ditto New Deferr 20g — ——_— | Ditl0 (Passive). .ccecececececeees +} 43 _ — | Vemecuela ...ccccccccsecsee 34 —_— SHARES. (Last Official Quotation during the Weck ending Friday Evening.) Rattways— Bankxs— Bristol and Exeter ...esseesseeee | _ Australasian.....cseecececeeees 73h Caledonian........+++ ee 51} British North Ameri +) G3exd Edinburgh and Glasgow . ‘| 62 | Gebhenlad .cccccececcccccce - Wexd Eastern Counties .. | 12} Commercial of London , ° — Great Northern , . 83 London and Westminste . —— Great South. and *e 100} | London Chartd. Bunk. of A a 15g Great Western ...... | 80} London Jvint Stock... e 27 Hull and Selby...... oo} 109) } National of Ireland. - —_ Lancashire and Yorksh ae 62 National Provincial. ee —_ Lancaster and Carlisle ........... } me Provincial of Lre land. ese) SOexd, London, Brighton, & South Coast. | 9s Union of Australia, ° v4 London and Blackwall..... ° 72 Union of London... 2ljexd London and North- western . lol | Mines— Midland 60} Brazilian Imperial .....+.+0+6+ 6h Midland Great Western (Lre _ Ditto (St. John del Rey) gue North British 30} } Cobre Copper ......... 45 Oxford, Wor.and Wolver 35 ' Colonial Gold .. ee 1 Scottish Central,...... Nouveau Monde, .osesseceeeeere 1 South-eastern and Dover 58} | MiscELLanrous— 764 Australian Agricultural . 4l York, Newcastle, and Berwick, ..| 62} Canada ....ceccccceees 77h York and North Midland ......../ Cry = 1 Palace 63 Docxs— | ' Gen Steau 273 East and West India.........00+.) Peel River L poe and Mineral . 5 LOGON ...ceeecereee «(1063 ex d. Peninsular and Oriental Steam . | 624 St. Katherine —_ Royal Mail Steam,......... Victoria.....- —_ South Australian .......... 375

BANK OF ENGLAND.

An Account, pursuant to the Act 7th and 8th Victoria, cap. 32, for the week ending on Saturday, the lith day of January 1554. ISSUE DEPARTMENT. Notes issued cocccsceesereeees £29,383, 540 Rest. Public ‘De posit Othe: r De posits . Gove Other Securities Gold Silve £29,383 ,540 BANKING DEPARTMENT.

Gove Othe rnment Debt Coin and Bullion PF Bulliod. coos veces rnment Securities cludu g Dead Weight Annuity r Securilics.

£11,015,100 2,954,900 we 15,383,840

£29,383,840 in- —— 1

* Including Exchequer, Savings- Desks, Commissionersof National Debt, & Dividend date, Foreign Gold in Bars, Standard ....

BULLI ON. Foreign Gold in Coin, Portugal Pieces 0 New Dollars Silverin Bars,Standard , Wheat, R.New ec.

Super. } ew. Per £3 17

Zz. METALS. 9 Copper, British C: akes£1 26 oo Iron, Welsh Bars, .... 10 4 11% | Lead, british Vig... ; 5 1 | Steel, Swedish heg... 1s lv Per ton. ) ov, 000 0 0,.10 Vv ©. 24 0 @ Oo. 0 00

a & 70 to80 so0—st o— 0 o— 0 o— 0 95— 100 GRAIN eer Lane, 8. RC wevrecee ie too Barley ..+++ Malting .. Malt, Ord... 68—70 ‘ine Peas, Hog . ee * 45—80 | Indian Corn, 47—50

AVERAGE PRICES OF CORN.

34—35 44—i6 J 0-74

HKoilers ... | Beans, Ticks Ol anuary 20, s. 46 — 50 WEEKLY

AVERAGE. Per Qr. (Imperial) of England and W ales. i a the Week ending January li. Wheat.... 73s. 5d. | Rye ....+.. 465 . Cat woe. 788 10d. | KyC..cccees - 478. Td. Barley 39 «10 Beans ....+. 45 rf Barley .. i2 0 Beans «eevee 48 9 Oate.e.. 25 5 | Peas ....... 50 9 | Oats ....... 26 4 | Peas...... ot oe FLOUR. PROVISIONS. Town-made ...........per sack 1. to 78s. Butter—Rest Fresh, l6». 0d. per doz, SECONAS ..ccccccccccececcsecess — 73 Carlow, 54. 28. t 6s. per cwt Essex and Suffolk, on board. ship v4 — 6s Bacon, Irish ...... per cwt, 62s, to 64s. Norfolk and Stockton .......... — 64 Cheese, Cheshire ...cccscceccees 56 — 70 American . per barrel 36 — 46 Derby Plain .... 60 — 66 Camadian ....secccceeeeeees 36 — 46 F k. 83 — ot Bread, 10}d. to 1s. the 4lb. loaf. Eggs, French, ‘per 12 i. “to. Os. Od,

BUTCHERS’ MEAT.

mere % AND LEADENHALL.* SMITHFIELD.” Heap or Carrie af s. &. , a4 644 SMITHFIELD Beef .. 3 0to3 Stod 6 eee 2 l0to 4 4to4 8 Friday. Mutton. 3 2—3 8—4 soee 3 8—410—5 4 Beasts, Veal .. 3 4—4 4—4 8 40—4 6—5 0} Sheep. Pork .. 3 4—44—4 8 . - 4—48-—5 0 Calves. Lamb... 0 0O—0 OU—0 0 © O| Pigsece ° To sink the offal, per 5 Ib. HOPS. WooL Kent Pockets....++++++++ cess 1808, to 2205. |Down and half-bred Hogs per Ib. 16d. to 174, Choice ditto .. 231 — 315 |Wetherand Ewe,.........ssseeee 1’ —1 Sussex ditto .. 168 — 200 | Leicester Hogget and Wether.,.. 13 — 13} Farnham ditto.. o— © (Skin Combing peeenene eecccocese - 1s — li HAY AND ‘STRAW. (Per Load of 36 Trusses. Hay, Good ...cccoccceceeslO3s. tO LISS. secececeeeee S45. to 1058 45 Inferior. Clover..... Wheat Straw

CUMBERLAND.

SMITHFIELS. 50 — 70 o— 0 75 —1l6 36 2

OILS, COALS, CANDLES. Rape Oil cosccseveseeees perewt, £2 6 Kefined .., Linseed Oil ......65 Linseed Oil-Cake ... Candles, per dozen . Moulds, erdozen . Coals, Hetton......

0 |rea, So | West Congou, fine ....... Pekoe, tlowery

WHittcusrtt. . tolls 0

GROCERIES uchong, fine, per lb.

* In Bond—Duty is. | Coffee, fine (in bond) per ewt. Good Ordinary . ee } Sugar, Muscov ado, Pp ° India Molasses ....-

er ¢

ls. Od. to ;o = 4-40 10d. per Ib. : G60. to 94s. Od, 49s. — Sls. Oa,

s. 434. 64, to 18s. 6d.

Page 19

eee wer te oe — ile etl

January 21, 1854.] THE SPECTATOR. 67

rn comaiins . a OYAL OLYMPIC THEATRE. d during the week, Thursday excepted— aoe wi te eo parfurmance, Mr. and Mre. Alfred When oer Robson, Mr. Leslie, Mr. Vincent, Mr. White, Mr. pay oe pe Miss Marston having the honour of appearing Windsor Castle on that evening — will be performed a at Wirama, called THE FIRST NIGHT. After which, Comic. inal Extravaganza and Dramatic Review, called THE CAMP AT THE OLYMPIC. To clude with THE WAN CARING MINSTREL. Jem Baggs, Mr. F. Robson, HGYPTIAN HALL—A GRAND E MOVING DIORAMA of CONSTANTINOPLE, in- » the Dardanelles and the Bosphorus, up to the Black LL OPEN, in the New Turkish Room, on Monpay Eveninxo Next, the 23d InsTaNT, at So'clock. The Diorama - P inted by Mr. ALLOM, from Sketches made by him on bey ot assisted by Mr. Desvignes and Mr. Gordon. The the spor jory Lecture has been written by Mr. ALBERT x TH and Mr SHIRLEY BROOKS, who are personally ont uainted with Cor tantinople, and will be delivered by Mr. CHARL S KENNE The concluding tableau, representing a fire at Constantinople, as seen from the Golden Horn, has teen painted by Mr. WILLIAM BEVERLEY. Full Pro umes and particulars may now be had at the Hall, and Reserved Seats taken. It is respectfully intimated that no charge is made for taking places, nur for Programmes, nor are the attendants permitted to receive any gratuity. Admissivn, Is. ; Reserved Seats, 2s es ; TESTMINSTER ABBEY OR VIC- TORY—NELSON atthe BATTLE of ST. VINCENT. LEGGATT, HAYWARD, and LEGGATT beg to inform their rpatrons and friends, that T. Jones Barker's last grand histo rical PICTURE of NELSON RECEIVING the SWORDS from the vanquished officers on the quarter-deck of the SAN 30s on the memorable ith of February 1797, at the bat tle of St. Vincent, is NOW ON VIEW at their Gallery, 79, Yornhill. “a Circular, Nov 24, 1853—Windsor—“‘ Messrs. Legg: had the honour of submitting to her Majesty and his Royal Highness Prince Albert, Barker's painting of Nelson receiving the swords of the officers on the quarter deck of the San Josef after the battle of St. Vincent. In consequence of the unfavourable state of the weather, the picture is exhibited by gas-light, and may be viewed from 10 till 6. pHoroe RAPHIC SOCIETY.—The Exhibition of Photographs and Daguerreotypes is NOW OPEN, at the Gallery of the Society of British Artists, Suf folk Street, Pall Mall, in the Morning from Ten a.m. to Half past Four, p.m.; and in the Evening from Seven to Ten, p.m Admission, ls. Catalogues, 6d, ( COWDEN CLARKE, Esq. will de- @ liver a Lecture on Shakspere's Plays of RICHARD IL, and The MERRY WIVES of WINDSORK, at the Whitting ton Club, on Tuvasvay Evento, Jancany 26th, to commence at Eight o'clock. Members free, with the usual privilege for their friends. Non-Members, ls. 37, Arundel Street, Strand. HENRY Y. BRAC ] EALTH.—G Y M N ASTICS.—Captain CHIOSSO [and SON), Professor of Gymnastics at Uni hool,

cluding Sea, W

grap

versity Colleg »ndon Private Academy for LA- DIEs, 38, Baker Street, Portman Squar Gymnastic Aca demy and Salle d’Armes for GENTLEMEN, 21, New Road, Corner of Gower Street. Private Lessons and Classes CSA“ PROGRAMME RAISONNE " in a few days AGDALEN COLLEGE — SCHOOL, OXPORD.—Head M r, Rey. J. E. MILLARD, M.A. Fellow of Magéalen College. Terms—Boarders, Sixty Guineas ; if brothers, Pity Guineas; Day boys, M4/. a year. Exhibi- tions—Four Sheppard Exhibitions, viz. one of 70l. a year, tenable in the University for four years, one of 107. and two of 5. competed for annually Boarders will Meet on Sarvapay, Pevacaayr 4, YRIGHTON COLLEGE.—Principal, Rev. H. Correniit, M.A. formerly Fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge Classical Lecturer, Groner Lone, Esq. M.A. formerly Fel low of Trinity College, Cambridge, and late Professor of Greek and of Latin at University College, London. NEW STUDENTS (in the Classical, Military, and General Departments) will be received on or after the 27th Instant Boys are admitted into the junior department on attaining their ninth year, into the upper when fifteen. All informa- tion respecting the College may be obtained on application t the Principal or the Seer@tar: es ‘ M. TURNER, Esq. at the College IRITANNIA

LIFE ASSURANCE COMPANY, No. 1, Princes Street, bank, London, Established Aug. 1, 1557 ¥y Special Act of Parliament, 4 Vic. cap. 9 vlicies issued free of Stamp Duty Directors Colonel Robert Alexander, Blackheath Park, Chairman, William Bardgett, Esq. 149, Fenchurch Street George Bevington, Esq. Neckinger Mills, Bermondsey. F. P. Cockerill, Esq. Shadwell and Twickenham. George Coben, Esq. Shacklewell. Millis Coventry, Esq. White Court, Lombard John Drewett, Esq. 50, Cornhill Street. Erasmus Robert Foster, Esq. 1, Princes Street, Bank, T.S Girdler, Esq. 7, Tokenhouse Yard H. L. Smale, Esq. Doctors’ Commons. Standing Counsel H. Bellenden Ker, Esq. 8, Old Square, Lincoln's Inn Solicitors—Messrs. M‘Leod and Stenning, 16, London Street, Fenchurch Street Bankers—Messrs. Dimsdale, Drewett, Fowlers, and Barnard, 50, Cornhill The marked testimony in favour of Life Assurance evinced by the Legislature in the exemption from income-tax of the Premiums paid for the benefit of a surviving family, is de Serving the most scrious attention of all classes ; not only on account of the actual saving, but also on account of the high estimation in which it proves that the system of Life Assu race generally is held by the Government of the country Increasing rates of premium especially useful to creditors for securing loans or debts. Half-premiums only required during first seven years. Assurances payable during life. Provision during minority for orphans BRITANNIA MUTUAL LIFE ASSOCIATION. Empowered by her Majesty's Royal Letters Patent. Profits divided annually (age. Premiums computed for every three months’ difference of Half-credit assurance on a new plan peculiarly advanta geous to policy -holders. At the last annual general mecting a reduction of 30 per cent was made in the current year’s premium on all partici- pating Policies.

Empowered b * Hart

PROYRIETARY.) MUTUAL Half Pre. an i aa 3) mium |Premium Annual . ood paces | &, First [Remain Age. *re- ene re. * Seven der of mium Exe- | Ees- Years. | Life. mium | mium £0.d.)£ 8. d.| YrsjMths| £5.d./£ 8. dj £54 wil 391236! 30! © (27 311 4 2lomsl @ 19 2);218 4% 3 27 6j1 4 4/0124; 2 26)4 5 0 | 6 |2710/1 4 6/0125) ie 3 6 8/613 4 i 9 28 2:1 4 810126] E. R. FOSTER, Resident Director. ANDREW FRANCIS, Secretary. i) ITRE LIFE OFFICE, 4 23, Pall Mall, London. Annuities and Assurances of all kinds granted.

Money received at 5 per cent Interest, payable Half-ycarly, in April and October. Tep pe Al M ETCALFE and C PERFUMERY 4 DEPARTMENT.—PROPRIETARY ARTICLES.— METCALFE’'S celebrated ALKALINE TOOTH-POWDER is acknowledged as the safest and most efficient now in use. Dupuytren’s Medicated Pomade, as prepared by M., B., Co. is the most certain remedy for preventing the hair prema- turely falling off, and for restoring it where baldness has al- ready commenced. Dupuytren’s Medicated Balm strength- ens, cleanses, and improves the growth, and is generally ac- knowledged as the best wash for the hair.—Manufacturers of iritish and Importers of Foreign Soaps, Perfumery, and J.M. Farina’s genuine Eau de Cologne,at Mercarre, Bixo rey, and Co.'s only Establishment, 130s and 131 Oxford Street, second and third doors West from Holles Street. ‘wa DIVL QVINE N Rk. HALSE’S FIVE-GUINEA APPA- RATUSES are now ready.—Invalids are solicited to Wm. H. Halse, 22, Brunswick Square, London,

send to Mr for his pamphict on MEDICAL GALVANISM, which will be forwarded free, on receipt of two postage-stamps. In it will be found particulars of cures of asthma, rheumatism, sciatica, tic doloureux, paralysis, spinal complaints, headache, defi- ciency of nervous energy, liver complaints, general debility, indigestion, stiff joints, nervous disorders, &c. Mr. Halse’s method of applying the galvanic fluid is quite free from all unpleasant sensation. Terms—One Guinea per week. The above pamphict contains his Letters on Medical Galvanism, ] OLLOWAY’S PILLS for the Cure of Kile, Giddiness, and determination of Blood to the Head.—These pills, so well known, supersede all other medi- cine for the suppression of an undue secretion of bile, they give relief to that sensation of fullness frequently felt after eating, cure headaches, prevent pains, giddiness, and determination of blood to the head, habitual costiveness is obviated by their use, and for dropsical complaints they stand preeminent for strengthening and cleansing the stomach Holloway's Pills are the very best remedy ever discovered ; they also increase the appetite and promote the digestion, giving an hilarity of feeling and buoyancy to the spirits. Sold by all Druggiste, and at Professor Hottowar’s Establishment, 244, Strand, London

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68 THE SPECTATOR. (Saturday, HE ELECTRIC GALOP, by Gott- mick. A Second Edition of this celebrated Galop is just published for the Pianoforte. Price 2s.; and for Orchestra, 5s. Boosry and Sons, 28, Holles Street. OHN BISHOP’S SUPEROR 8yo. EDITION of HAYDN’S CREATION, (Uniform with Messiah, price 6s. 6d.) Vocal Score, with Piano- forte or Organ accompaniment, 1 vol. white cloth boards, price 4s. 6d.; folio editions, 15s. each. “ This is the most elegantedition of Haydn’s greatest work that ever has appeared in England, setting en- tirely aside its marvellous cheapness,” &c.—Spectator, ec. 10, 1855. London: Rosertr Cocks and Co, Publishers to the Queen. MO ORGANISTS, Organ-Builders, and Amateurs.—The Messrs. ROBERT COCKS and Co. having at length effected an arrangement for the purchase of the copyright of the long-expected and elaborate WORK on the ORGAN, by E. J. Horkiys, Esq. and Dr. Rimpavnt, beg to announce that it is their intention to publish the work by subscription, and with the least possible delay, hand ly printed in 8vo. and illustrated by numerous Diagrams. Price to subscribers, 12. 1s.; to non-subscribers, 1/. lls. 6d. London: Rosert Cocks and Co. Publishers to the Queen, 6, New Burlington Street. On the 31st January, price 1s. a HE POLITICAL ANNUAL AND REFORMER’S HANDBOOK for 1854. By the Editor of the “* Reformer’s Almanack.” It will contain a mass of carefully condensed political information, and will be found to be avaluable aid to Politicians, Jour- nalists, and * who are interested in Public Affairs. London: A. and 8. Cocksuaw, Horseshoe Court, Ludgate Hill. = WORKS published under the title of “ Scott’s Poetical Works” are IMPERFECT and INCOMPLETE, unless they bear the name of Rosenr Cape.., or ApaAm and Cuaries Buiack, Edin- burgh. UTHOR’S EDITION OF SCOTT'S POETRY; including the Copy-right Poem of the ‘‘Lord of the Isles.” 6 Engravings, cloth, gilt edges, 5s. A. and C, Biackx, Edinburgh ; Hovtsron and Srone- MAN, London. MO CLERGYMEN, AUTHORS, “&e.— — PARKINS and GOTTO"! S NEW WRITING-PAPER, made from straw, is invaluable to rapid writers. It hasa hard and smooth surface, can be written upon on both sides, with either metal or quill pen, is much pleasanter to write — — any other paper, and nearly half the price, being y 3s. per ream. NO CH ARGE for STAMPING.—A single packet of Note Paper, or 100 Envelopes, stamped with Arms, Crest, or Initials free of charge, and every description of Stationery full 30 per cent cheaper than any other house, at Parkins and Gorro’s, Paper and Envelope Makers, 25, Oxford Street. Useful Cream-laid Note Paper, full size, 5 quires for 6d. superior thick ditto, 5 quires for 1s.; India Note, 5 quires ls.; Letter paper, 4s. per ream; Sermon paper, 4s. 6d.; Foolscap, 6s. 6d. ; and Draft, 7s. 6d. per ream ; good Cream-laid Cemented Enve- lopes, 4d. per 100; the Queen's-Head Envelopes, ls. per do- zen; Office Envelopes, 5s. per 1000; Black Bordered Cream- laid Note paper, (full size), 5 quires for ls. ; Bordered Enve lopes, 9d. per 100; best Wax, 3s. Gd. per Ib. ; 100 super Visit- ing Cards printed for 1s. 6d.; useful sample packets of Paper and Envelopes, by post, ls. each. List of prices sent post free. On orders over 208. carriage paid to any part of the country. Copy the address, Panxins and Gorro, Paper and Envelope Manufacturers, 25, Oxford Street. > . aia ; a? EA is GETTING DEARER; this is therefore the Time to Buy.—PHILLIPS and COMPANY are still SELLING at OLD PRICES, although the market value of Tea has risen 34, to 4d. per 1b. and will be still higher. The Teas worth purchasing are— The strong Congou Tea, at 3s. 4d. per Ib. The prime Souchong Tea, at 3s. 6d. 3s. 8d. and 4s. The prime Gunpowder Tea, at 4s. 4s, 8d. and 5s. The best Pearl Gunpowder, at 5s, 4d. All who purchase at these prices will save money, as Teas are getting dearer. Prime Coffee at ls. and 1s. 2d. per }b. ‘The best Mocha, Is. 4d. Teas, Coffees, and all other goods, sent carriage free own vans and carts, if within eight miles; and Teas, Cc and Spices, sent carriage free to any partof England, if to the value of 40s. or upwards, by PHILLIPS and COMPANY, F pant mi Colonial Merchants, 8, King William Street, City, mdon. Phillips and Co.'s Price List of RAISINS, CURRANTS, IMPERIAL PLUMS, FIGS, &c. is now ready, and is sent post-free, on application. y : NUMBER ONE ST. PAUL'S CHURCHYARD. THE BEST IS THE BEST, but few people get hold of the best, because many are deceived by an appearance of cheapness. Strength, quality, flavour, and moderation in price, unite to signalize the goods supplied at “‘ Number One,” and to dis- tinguish them as the best value, whatever may be the state of the markets. Per Pound, Congou Tea, the best that is sold, at........0-+eee00+ 3s, 2d, ee Strong and full feng the best that is BOND, AF. .rcccccescces covcccrcecsececrcccevecs Good Gunpowder, the be st that is sold, at..... Native Ceylon Coffee, the best that is sold, at, Fine Plantation, the best that is sold, at 1 32 All these are, as well as the best of all Teas and Coffees, es by DAKIN and COMPANY, TEA-MERCHANTS, and PATENTEES for ROASTING COFFEE in SILVER CY L INDERS, NUMBER ONE SAINT PAUL'S CHURC HYARD. EWING-MACHINES.—The LANCA- COMPANY are now SHIRE SEWING-MACHINE supplying Stitching-Machines, by means of which an entire Suit of Clothes (except buttons and button-holes) may be made in six hours, or a yard of Seaming done per minute. sry! applicable to Corsets, Sacks, Bags, Tents, Sail-cloths, I Shoes, Carpets, &e. The price of the Mae hine is 302, Depite 7 xe be seen in operation at either of the Company's No. 3 ‘CORPORATION STREET, MANCHESTER ; No. 2, LAW RENCE LANE, CHEAPSIDE, LONDOD 16, ROYAL EXCHANGE 8QU ye GLASGOW; , COLLEGE GREEN, DUBLI ‘Also at the Paletot Warerooms of! Messrs. H. J. and D. NI- COLL, Regent Street, London, who are authorized to supply the Machine upon the same terms as the Company. N.B.—W hereas several attempts have been made to evade or infringe upon the Company's Patents, which were granted to E. J. HUGHES, Esq. of Manchester, August 10, 1552, and are now the property of the “ Lancashire Sewing- -Macl hine Company,’ * the public is hereby cautioned against purchasing or using the said machines except from parties duly authorized to sell the same. CHARLES T. JUDKINS, Agent for the Company. UARTERLY REVIEW, No. CLXXXVII. is Published THIS DAY, ConTENTS : . Life and Works of Gray. - Humboldt’s Cosmos—Sidereal Astronomy. Missions in Polynesia. M. Guizot. . Religion of the Chinese Rebels. . Castren’s Travels among the Lapps. Memoirs of King Joseph. Turkey and Russia, Joun Murray, Albemarle Street. n 3lst Januar TORTH BRITISH REV IEW, XI. Fesrvary, price 6s. CONTENTS = - The Text of Shakspere. . Exegetical Study at the English Universities: Conybeare and Howson on St. Paul. III. National Music. 1V. University Representation. V. Herodotus. PS om go tome No. _— I i VI. Struggles and Tendencies of German Protestant- ism. VII. Arago; his Life and Discoveries. VILI. Botanical Geography. 1X. The War in the East and its Political Contin- gencies Edinburgh: W. P. Kenxepy. London: HamIroy, Dublin: J. M‘GLASHAN, Apams, and Co, ~~ Next week wi will be publis she d, in ‘Bvo. price “9s. HE STEAM-ENGINE FOR PRAC- TICAL MEN, Jointly written by James Hann, of King’s College, and Piaciwo and Justo GeNen, Civil Engineers. To be had of all Booksellers, and of the Authors, at their residence, No. 47, Mortimer Street, Cavendish — This day, in post 8vo. price 6s. 6d, cloth, ECTURES on the TRUE, the BEAU- 4 TIFUL, and the GOOD. By M. Vicror Covstry. Translated from the new and greatly improved French Edition, with the approbation of the Author, by O. W. Wiaut, Translator of Cousin’s ‘‘ Course of the History of Modern Philosophy.” Edinburgh: T. and T. Crarx. London: Apams, and Co. HAMILTON, Just anes = “= handsome verame, with Map, post, 4s. € ECTURES ON’ THE’ HISTORY OF THE TURKS IN ITS RELATION TO CHRIST- IANITY. By the Very Rev. Joun Henry Newman, D.D. Rector of the Catholic University of Ireland. Dublin: JAMES Durry,7, Wellington Quay. London: C. Dotmayn, 22, >aternoster Row, “and 61, New Bond Street. “Now ready, post 8vo. Fi price 7s. 6d. ultramarine cloth, ] LUE JACKETS; or Chips of the Old British Seamen, and of the Principal Events in the Naval Service during the reign of Queen Victoria. By W. H. G. Kinesrox, Esq. Author of “ Peter the Whaler,” &c. ** A proud memorial of naval gallantry; and a heart- cheering testimony that our sailors are indeed * true chips of the old block.’ ”——Morning Advertiser. Grant & Gairviru, Corner of St. Paul's Churehyard. New Edition for 1854, thoroughly revised, \ R. DOD'S PEER: AGE, 3ARONET- 4 AGE, and KNIGHTAGE, is the only record of the Birth-places, Education, and Public Services of Titled persons, and the only Peerage which notices fully every Bishop, every Lord of Session, every Privy Councillor, every Knight, every Kuight’s Widow, and every person who bears the prefix of Lord, Lady, or Honourable. Wuitraker and Co. Ave Maria Lane; and all ookse ‘lers. REFORM IN PARLIAMENT. New Work by Mr. Dop. Now ready, Second Edition, Ny LECTORAL FACTS, from 1832 to 4 1853, constituting aC omple te Political Gazetteer; with the Prevailing Influences, Political History of each place, Property and Taxation, Noted Members, Polls for the last Twenty Years, Population of every Constituency, &c. By Cuarres R. Dov, Esq. Wurrraker and Co. Ave Maria Lane; and all ooksellers. This day is published, price 4s. })LEMENTS OF PHYSICAL AND % CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY; comprising the Geography of the Ancient World, in ’so far as it is sub- servient to the understanding of ‘the Classics. With an introduction, containing—1l. A Popular Ac- count of the Solar System, and Su stions as to the best mode of teaching Geography. 2. An Outline of the Geological History of the Globe. 3. A Digest of all that is known of the Properties and Relations of the Heavenly Bodies, arranged in a Tabular Series. By Professor Pituans, of the University of Edinburgh. Ww ILLIAM Br. AcKwoop & Sons, Edinburgh and London. ] VERSAL REFERENCE. By Josern Haypn “A volume containing upwards of 15,000 articles, and perhaps more than 15 times 15,000 facts. What the London Directory is to the merchant, this Dictionary of Dates will be found to be to those who are searching after information, whether classical, poli- tical, domestic, or general.”— Zimes. Epwarp Moxon, Dover Street. th Edition, price 18s. clot ICTIONARY OF DATES, ‘AN D UNI- Sixth Edition, p pri ice 18s. cl ] ICTIONARY OF DATES, ‘AN D UNI- VERSAL REFERENCE, relating to + Ages and Nations ; comprehending every Remarkable Oc cur- rence, Ancient and Modern—the Found ition, Laws, and Governments of Countries —their Progress in C ivili- zation, Industry, and Science—their Achievements in Arms ; the Political and Social Transactions of the Bri- tish Empire—its Civil, Military, and Religious Institu- tions—the Origin and Advance of Human Arts and In- ventions, with copious details of England, Scotland, and Ireland. The whole comprehending a body of infor- mation, Classical, Political, and Domestic, from the earliest accounts to the present time. By Josrru Haypy. Epwarp Moxon, Dover Street. Block: a Narrative of the Gallant Exploits of | Ninth ‘Thousand, (revised,) price ls. HE RESULTS OF E CENSUS OF GREAT BRITAIN IN 1851; with a De. scription of the Machinery and Processes employed to obtain the Returns; also an Appendix of Tables of Re- ference. By Epwarp Cugsuire, F.S.S, London: Joun W. Panker and Sox, West Strand. *.* Sold by all Booksellers, and at ‘all the Railway Stations. ELEGANT ILLUSTRATED PRESENT. Now ready, royal 8vo. with 21 coloured Illustrations, from Origins il org ings by the Author, 21s. elegantly bound, gilt edge . A SKETCHER’ S TOUR ROUND THE WORLD. By Ropert Etwes, Esq. *“A superb New Year's gift.”— Critic. ** Combining in itself the best qualities of a library volume with that of a gift-book.”— Eraminer. Hvxsr and Biackerr, Publishers, Successors to Henry Con BuRN, 13, Great Marlborough Street. Now re ady at all the Libraries, in 2 vols. 2is. MR. BAILLIE COCHRANE’S NEW NOVEL, ai RENCE THE BEAUTIFUL, Also, now ready, in 3 vols. LICE WENTWORTH. i “ This iw says the Athenaum) reminds us of the tales by Lady Scott, which some twenty years ago had power and ‘pathos enough to get a hearing and keep a place, even though Lister, Ward, and Bulwer, then a youth,) were all in the field, with their manly experiences of modern life and society. Alice Went- worth is as gracious a heroine heiress as has for many a year past been introduced into the world of novel readers.” Hvxsr and Biackert, Publishers, Successors to Henry Cotuvurn, 13, Great Marlborough Street. Just " Qublishe d, Fourth E dition, p price 6d. or ina heaper Form for Distribution, 8s, per 100, “ ue STRIKE”; a Letter to the Work- ing Classes on their present Position and Move- ment, by a Lancashire Man. “The following excellent Letter” &c. see The Times, December 29th, 1853. “An excellent production of which our limits do not allow us to make further use: but we have less reason to regret this, since it has been republished entire in the “ Times.”— Economist, December 31st, 1853. London : Joun Cuapmayn, 142, Strand. Manchester: _Jonxson and Raw son, 89 89, , Mi arket Street. Vv ALP Y's COMPLETE HISTORY OF ENGLAND. In 21 vols. uniform with Scott, Byron, Xc. with Plates, HISTORY of E NGLAND, from the L Earliest Period to the Accession of Queen Vic- tovia; by Hume and SmMouier and the Continuation by the Rev. T. S. Hvuaues, late Canon of Peterborough. “To produce a work justly deserving the name of national, is a rare contribution to our literature: this Mr. Hus ghes has done in a conscientious and able man- ner.”’— Literary Gazette. London: Grorce Bext, 186, Fleet Street. Second Edition, (pp. 700,) this rikee RCE is. 6d. HISTORY OF GR By [ Tuomas SwInBuRNE Cakr, _— ** From its enlargement and improvement, I consider that it stands unrivalled as a judicious, compendious, and useful manual.” —Dr,. Major, Head Master of King’s College. CARR’S MANUAL OF CLASSICAL MYTHO- LOGY, or Companion to the Greek and Latin Poets. ds. Gd. | OME RI IL IAS; from a carefully cor- rected Text; with copious ENGLISH Nores, illustrating the Grammatical Construction, the Manners and Customs, the Mythology and Antiquities of the Heroic Ages. By the Rev. Wittiam Troiiore, M.A. of Pembroke College, Cambridge; and formerly one of the Masters of Christ’s Hospital. Rivingtons; Longman and Co.; Hamilton and Co.; Whittaker and Co.; Simpkin, Marshall, and Co.; B. Fellowes; and E. Williams. THROWER’S ARITHMETICAL QUESTIONS. Just published, Eighth Thousand, 12mo. 2s, cloth, ( UESTIONS IN ARITIMETIC. By Witcram Turower, Arithmetical Master in the English Department of the Free Grammar School of King Edward the Sixth, Birmingham. Also, by the same Author, ANSWERS to the QUESTIONS contained in the above Volume. 8vo. 3s. 6d. cloth. London: Simekin, Marsmann, and Co. J. H. Bertey. ROSE’S NEW GENERAL BIOGRAPHICAL DIC- TIONARY. In 12 vols. 8vo. price 5/. 8s. cloth, be NEW GENERAL BIOGRAPHI- : CAL DICTIONARY; Projected, and partly ar- ranged by the late Rev. Hveu James Rose, B.D. Prin- cipal of King’s College, London, The most “complete Biographical Dictionary in any language, and has been most carefully edited, and compiled by experienced writers, who have availed themselves of the vast body of materials which domes- tic and foreign literature has of late years supplied. London: B. Fellowes; Rivingtons; E. Hodgson; J. M. Richardson; J. Bain; G. Greenland ; Capes and Co.; T. Bosworth; H. Washbourne; H. G. Bohn; Sotheran and Co.; and G. Willis. Also, J. Deighton, Cambridge ; and J, UH. Parker, Oxford. L ondon : | Simr Kin, M MARSHALL, and Co. 1 8vo. "price he Feurth Edition of Birmingham : ow ready, in l2mo. price 3s. ‘be - IPHIGENIA in 'TAURIS of EU- RIP —, explained by F.G. Scnixe. Trans- lated from the German, by the Rev. Henry Browne, yt Canon of Chichester. (Forming a New Volume ARNOLD'S SCHOOL CLASSICS C ately published, in this Series, the following PLAYS of EURIPIDES, Edited, with ENGLISH NOTES, by the Rev. T. K. AnNoup, M.A, and the Rev, H. BrowXe, M.A. 1. MEDEA.—2. BACCH_©.—3. HIPPOLYTUS 4. HECUBA. Price 3s. each. Rivinerons, Waterloo Place.

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‘or @ oe ee os Se oS January 21, 1854 ] THE SPECTATOR. 69 Now ready, price 6d. INCE P = James Ripoway, —: "Price 6s. clot E’S AIDS’ TO REFLEC- (OLR oN. A New Edition. Epwarp Moxon, Dover Street. Price 5s. cloth 00D's WHIMS AND ODDITIES. il A New Edition. Epwarp Moxon, Dover Street. Just ready, Third Edition, 5s. Ss. By ALEXANDER Suitrn. In- -—- ok Life Drama,” “An Evening at Some," Davip Bosve, Fleet Street. This day is published, ep S FROM THE POETRY f HEINRICH HEINE. Translated by Jonn 10s. Post 8vo. paper cover, 1s. 7 London: Joun CHAPMAN, hn Strand. This day, price ¢ LETTER to LORD PALME RSTON on the MONITORIAL SYSTEM of HARROW SCHOOL. By Cuartes J. Vavoeuax, D.D. Head — Joun Murray, Albemarle Street. In 8vo0. cloth, price 7s. 6d. HOMPSON’S ESSAY ON THE DIS- TRIBUTION of WEALTH most CONDUCIVE to HUMAN HAPPINESS. A New Edition. By Wits Pane. London : Wa. S. Orr and Co. Paternoste r Row. “CANTERBURY ASSOCIATION. Nearly ready, 8v F HE ACCOUNTS OF THE CANTER- BURY ASSOCIATION: with Explanatory Re- marks, in a Letter to Lord Lyttelton. By H. 8. Setrr. London: Joun W. Parker and Sox, West Strand. Just published, in feap. 8vo. price 5s. 6d. OEMS. By Matrurw Arnoip, Au- thor of “Poems by A.” A New Edition, greatly altered : with a Preface. *,* More than one-third of the contents of this yolume consists of Poems now first published. London: LONGMAN, Brows, Green, and LoneMANs. ro ‘Now: ready , Cheap Edition, 2s. 6d. cloth, HE SUCCESSFUL MERCHANT: Sketches of the Life of Mr. Samue! Budgett, late of Kingswood Hill, Bristol. By the Rev. WituaM Anruvur, A.M. London: Hamiirox, Apams, and Co. & Jomn Mason. *,* The Crown 8vo, Edition, price 5s. is still on sale. ~ Just published, price 3s. RACTICAL REMARKS on the EFFI- CACY of TRACTION, for the Cure of Disease of the Chest, Apoplexy, Tic-Doloureux, Gout, Rhen- matism, &c. Confirmed by Cases. By Gustavus W. Brancu, M.R.C.S. Edin. London: E. T. W HITFIELD, 178, Strand. This day, in a> — with Vi is gnettes, 600° pp. neat) price 6d OME, REGAL AN D RE PUBL ICAN ; a History for Families. By Jane SrrickLanp. Edited by Aones Stricktanp, Author of “ Lives of the Queens of England,” &c. Arravr Hat, Vinrve, and Co. 25, Paternoster Row. ~Just os went prioe Is. in pay and 1s. 6d. in cloth, ORICAL NARRATIV E of the gto ES OF WAKEFIELD; with Antiqua- _ Topographical, and Local Remarks. By Grorcr YAS, London: A. Hatt and Co. 25, Paternoster Row. Wakefield: Groncr Tyas. This day pk ublished, price CHARGE DELIV ERED ‘to THE GRAND a OF HULL, by Samvrr War- nex, Esq. Q.C. D.C.L. Recorder, at the Epiphany Sessions 1854. Wx. Backwoop and Sons, Edinburgh and London; and R. T. Cussowns, Hull. FOURTH ANNUAL ISSUE, Nearly ready, price 6s. cloth, RSTER’S POCKET PEERAGE and BARONETAGE of GREAT BRITAIN and IRE- LAND for 1854, corrected to the present month. By ENRY Rumsry Forster, of the “* Morning Post.” Davin Bocve, Fleet Street. MR, BURNET’S NEW WORK a ART. ext week, post 8vo. 10s. HE PROGRESS OF A “PAINTER in the NINETEENTH CENTURY. Containing Conversations and Remarks upon Art. By Jonny Bur- wet, Author of “ Practical Hints on Painting,” &c. on Boevr, Fleet Street. ready, . 8vo. 6s. \ EMORABLE WOMEN : the Story of ; their Lives. By Mrs. Newron Crostanp. With Tagravings by Birket Foster. le he memens are admirably condensed, and yet ah little to be desired in the way of detail. "—Daily “ They are all very well done.”—Spectator. Davip Bocve, Fleet Street. — Edition, demy 4to. 1452 pp. 31s. 6d. cloth, W E BSTER’ S QUARTO ENGLISH DICTIONARY Unabridged, revised and greatly larged and improved by Professor Goopricu. (Th only Complete Edition.) 4 . aus “The most elaborate and successful undertaking of the kind which has ever appeared.” — Times. a Also, abridged from the above, J EBSTER’S ENGLISH DICTION- ARY. Octavo Edition, 7s. 6d. cloth. Davip Bocve, Fleet Street. ALBERT. f | Council of Trent.” In 8 DR. 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70 THE SPECTATOR. (Saturday, NEW GEOGRAPHICAL WORKS. By ALEX. KEITH JOHNSTON, F.R.S.E. F.R.G.8. F.G.S. Geographer in Ordinary to her Majesty for Scotland, Author of the “ Physical Atlas,” &c. SCHOOL ATLAS OF PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY, illustrating, in a Series of Original Designs, the Elementary Facts of GEOLOGY, HYDROLOGY, METEOROLOGY, and NATURAL HISTORY, and in which the subject is treated in a more simple and elementary manner than in the previous works of the Author. 18 Maps, imperial 4to. half-bound in 8vo. 12s. 6d. SCHOOL ATLAS OF CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY, comprising, in 20 Plates, Maps and Plans of all the important Countries and Localities referred to by Classical Authors, con- structed from the best materials, and embodying the Results of the most Recent Investigations Printed in Colours, uniform with the Author's General and Physical School Atlases, and accom- panied by a complete INDEX OF PLACES, in which the proper quantities of the Syllables are marked, by T. 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0- 10. Ue n- ce January 21, 1854.] THE SPECTATOR. 71 FRENCH SEOTAMEST. a Stereotype Edition, large print, or Se hools. E NOUVEAU TESTAMENT de NO- TRE SEIGNEUR JESUS CHRIST. Imprimé Edition de Paris de l’année 1805, revue et corrigée poco soin d’aprés le texte Gree. 12mo. 4s. roan, wi London: SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, and Co. ———~" THE GENUINE EDITION. | ae seventh Edition, with numerous Illustrations, Soreny-ers 18mo. price 5s. bound, LAIR’S UNIVERSAL PRECEPTOR; or General Grammar of Arts, Sciences, and Use- ful Knowledge. With 600 Questions. The QUESTIONS, separate. 18mo. ls. sewed. The KEY to the QUESTIONS. 18mo. 9d. sewed. The public are cautioned against spurious editions of this most popular work, none being genuine except the name of the publishers, Wuirraker and Co, appears on » titlepage. r a oe PY UITTAKER and Co. Ave Maria Lane. 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OLe OL- ind 8. VA 2s, DY vig- R- ON- ols. VD vols. )T- f the [N- 3 to Mr. AL Year ady. rY. Esq. of the Fine Bvo. ket. No. 1334. _—_— BOOKS. , LORD HOLLAND’S MEMOIRS OF THE WHIG PARTY." Tue public has a right to expect from the memoirs of men who have themselves played a great part in the history of the country, or who have been closely connected with distinguished statesmen, either important facts helping to clear up and fully explain politi- eal events over which personal regard has thrown a temporary mystery, or such observations of the characters of leading actors in at political events as the general public cannot by any possi- bility form for themselves from the guarded explanations pre- sented during the lives of those actors. We have already recorded our opinion, confirmed by a concurrent testimony of the press, that the late Lord Holland had very little to communicate on either of these points. However rich, according to the evidence of his friends, his social conversation may have been in personal reminis- cences, in anecdote and bon-mot, the fluency and productiveness of his mind seem to have been paralyzed when he took pen in hand to give to his knowledge of contemporary events and contemporary men a more permanent and serious form. The kindly countenance, the winning smile, the courteous and high-bred manner, the grace and splendour of Holland House, are not transferred, are not transfer- able, to the pages of the diary in which he records his impression of the political acts in which he took part, or of which he learns the de- tajls from those who did take part in them. And to his portrait- inting, besides the objection that it has no artistic force, we must object that it abounds in the application of general maxims about characters, that are ill-considered and often contradict each other. The whole value that can be attached to his Lordship’s memorials would arise from their informing us of facts of which we were be- fore ignorant. This, unfortunately, is a merit of which the late date of their publication to a great degree deprives them, and which could never have attached to them in any very high degree, from Lord Holland's indolence or his incapacity for minute observa- tion. The period mainly touched in the present volume is the few months during which the Grenville Ministry held oflice after the death of Mr. Fox. The volume indeed embraces in its remarks from September 1805 to the close of 1808, but it is principally occupied with the six months extending from the death of Charles Fox to the dismissal of the Grenville Government, in March 1807. The additional information supplied towards a full history of those six months is very scanty. Our compiled histories of the period would gain little in the way either of correction or of completion by Lord Holland’s revelations. Nor will our previous estimate of the principal actors during that period be appreciably altered. We make these remarks simply to characterize the book, and to distinguish it from works of a somewhat similar form, which have the merit of enabling us to understand history better, though their writers may have been no wiser nor abler men than Lord Holland. But Lord Holland does not record his impressions of events day by day ; he trasts to his memory, and reduces them into a regular narrative. We are spared much idle matter, much wearisome repetition, in this way ; but we lose the personal traits, the reilee- tions of the transient passions and opinions of the times, which give a sort of value to the journals of men whose gossip even, from their position, is of great historical events. Of the three military expeditions devised by the Grenville Cabi- net, we learn absolutely nothing that was not amply known be- fore from the explanations given in Parliament, unless it be the surmise of Lord Holland that Mr. Windham appointed General Whitelock to command the unfortunate South American force from adesire to get rid of him as Inspector-General at home, in which capacity he did not approve the War Minister’s new plans for en- listment. Nor is any explanation attempted of what was the | great error of the Grenville Government, the omission to support Russia in the spring of 1807 before the battle of Friedland,—an error which unquestionably led to the treaty of Tilsit, both by allowing Russia to be defeated and by exasperating the Emperor Alexander with England. The English Ambassador at St. Peters- burg —_ and emphatically warned his Government of what would be the consequence of this remissness, but without effect. Who mainly inspired the foreign councils of the Government with this cautious spirit? Was Lord Howick alone responsible, or con- jointly with Mr. Windham? Did the Cabinet ever once consider the question, or leave it to the special department? Surely a po- licy which led to Friedland, to Tilsit, to the Continental block- ade, and in fact to the whole after issue of that terrible struggle, deserved discussion in a book professing to be the me- moirs of the party which instituted the policy. Then again, after the Grenville Ministry were dismissed, and Mr. Canning found himself compelled to resort to that bold stroke of seizing the ® Memoirs of the Whig Party during My Time. By Henry Richard Lord Holland. Edited by his Son, Henry Edward Lord Holland, Volume II, Published by Long- man and Co. Supplement to the Spectator FOR THE WEEK ENDING SATURDAY, JANUARY 21, 1854. (Gratis with Tue Week's Spectator. Danish fleet, it is right and natural enough that Lord Holland should record the opinions of his party at the time, that no justi- fication existed for such a measure. Many of Mr. Canning’s own friends, no doubt, felt this as strongly as the party in opposition. But as Lord Holland has added notes to other parts of om work, dating in many cases later than 1830, he might, we think, have qualitied the opinion in the text to the effect that no secret articles injurious to England were added to the treaty of Tilsit, by a note acknowledging that the publication of Fouché’s Memoirs in 1824 had completely overthrown this supposition and as completely jus- tified Canning. We know now from Lord Malmesbury’s diaries, that the Prince Regent of Portugal furnished positive information to the Prince Regent of England, of the intention of Napoleon to use the Danish and Portuguese fleets to invade England, and that upon this information principally the bold resolution of the Duke ot Portland’s Ministry was taken. But the other fact furnished by Fouché must have been known to Lord Holland when revising these memoirs; yet the original Whig insinuations against Can- ning stand, as if nothing had been known about the matter. We do not attribute this to malevolence, but to simple careless indo- lence and a slight regard for historic accuracy. The matter most fully discussed by Lord Holland in this volume is the dismissal of the Grenville Ministry. His Lordship gives his narrative of the transaction in the text, and supplies in an ap- pendix of fifty pages the documents connected with it. The question was a proposal of the Government to extend to the Ro- man Catholics dedaee the kingdom the benefits of a measure = by the Irish Parliament in 1793, which allowed them to old all military commissions except staff appointments, Of course the original measure only conferred that right in Ireland. It is evident that in the first instance the Government had not con- sidered the exception, and that the King’s reluctant consent to the introduction of the measure was obtained solely by the repre- sentation that it was intended simply to extend to England the rights that the Catholics had obtained in Ireland. Now, Lord Howick did introduce into the House of Commons a bill which proposed to give Roman Catholics the power of holding any com- mission whatsoever in the army and navy of the United Kingdom. The only matter in dispute is, whether he was authorized by the King so todo. We have read Lord Holland's documents and his arguments with attention, and we derive from their perusal the impression that the point was never clearly brought to the King’s notice, though papers were placed before him which ought to have forced it upon his attention. We have to choose, so far as Lord Holland's papers give us any clue, between the alternative of attri- buting the King’s omission to notice the point either to his blindness, which placed him at this period entirely at the mercy of those about him, or to a cunning design of tripping up his Ministers by allowing them irretrievably to commit themselves, and then de- claring his resolute opposition to the scheme. Lord Holland inclines to the latter opinion ; nor does all we know of George the Third prevent us from acquiesciug in it. But there are other facts not mentioned by Lord Holland, which do entirely prevent us from this conclusion, and give to the whole transaction a different colour. From Lord Holland's account one would suppose that he was at the time, and remained all his life, ignorant of the con- duct pursued by his colleague Lord Sidmouth during the discus- sions on the question. On reference to Lord Sidmouth’s Life, we find that he throughout limited his acquiescence in the mea- sure to an extension of the Irish act, pertinaciously refusing to go astep further; that he insisted throughout that the King’s intention alsc was so limited; that he pressed upon the Cabinet the necessity of clearly ascertaining the King’s feelings before pro- ceeding, and on being outvoted took an early opportunity of speaking to the King on the subject; and that finally he sent in his resignation rather than consent to the measure as brought in by Lord Howick. All this seems to render it clear that the more liberal portion of the Cabinet either acted with great want of cau- tion, or desired to commit the Government and the King beyond power of retractation: and this they were enabled to do in con- sequence of the King’s blindness, without absolute concealment or treachery. They had only to abstain from forcing the point upon the King’s attention ; and this they did. However cunning may have been mixed with the King’s conduct, it is plain that the Ministry had themselves to blame for the dilemma in which they were ultimately placed. The exact balance between their want of caution and over-eagerness for their object, and the King’s duplicity, if such it was, it is now impossible to strike. The only man who could enlighten us was the King himself, by his papers; and that is not now probable. But whatever else is mysterious, the most mysterious part of the whole business, to us, is Lord Holland’s utter silence and evident ignorance of Lord Sidmouth’s conduct, which would appear to have been in nowise secret or underhand. It implies the strangest relations between the mem- bers of the same Cabinet. In illustration of this point, we will

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74 SUPPLEMENT TO [Saturday, quote some judicious remarks made by Lord Holland on the mode of conducting Cabinet business. “ When I came into office, I was curious to understand the course of pro- ceeding or interior constitution of our Government. It is vague in the ex- treme, and often irregular and inconvenient. The Cabinet, which is legally only a Committee of the Privy Council, appointed by the King on each dis- tinct occasion, has gradually assumed the character and in some measure the reality of a permanent council, through which advice on all matters of great importance 1s —— to the Crown. But though the necessity of a well- concerted or party Government, in a limited monarchy and popular consti- tution, has generally established the wholesome doctrine that each and every member of the Cabinet is in some degree responsible for the measures adopted by the Government, while he is a member of it, yet there are no precise laws nor rules, nor even any well-established or understood usages which mark what measures in each department are or are not to be commu- nicated to the Cabinet. Measures of foreign policy seem indeed more em- hatically designated by the history of the origin of this committee in Charles the Second’s time, by usage and by reason, as the objects of their deliberation. Yet there is nothing but private agreement or party feeling generally, or the directions of the King accidentally, which obliges even a Secretary for Foreign Affairs to consult his colleagues on any of the duties of his office before he takes the King’s pleasure upon them. In all Adminis- trations, I believe, and in ours f am sure, his despatches, his measures, and even his appointments, were more generally submitted to the judgment of the Cabinet than those in any other department. When a Cabinet is held at a public office, it is generally at the Foreign Office. The acts of that office, however, are not invariably nor necessarily laid before the Cabinet ; and the Secretary of State at his own discretion ad- vises and completes many without any such consultation. In the other branches of administration, such as the Treasury, the Home Secretaryship, the Chancery, the Admiralty, the discretion is yet larger as to the matters in their respective departments on which the Ministers take the King’s leasure directly, or previously consult their colleagues before they advise im. Nomination to places is, for obvious reasons, seldom* submitted to the consideration of a Cabinet. Yet by usage, arising out of the necessity of placing a large portion of that species of power in one department, the patronage does not always in practice or substance belong to those officers who are the legal channels, and consequently in a strict constitutional sense the sole legal and ostensible advisers, of the appointment. Thus, for instance, the First Lord of the Treasury actually and constantly takes the King’s pleasure on the appointment to many dignities and places, to the war- rant, patent, or instrument for which he neither affixes signature nor seal, but which are conferred by the Great Seal, the Privy Seal, and the Signet. Such an undefined distribution of authority, and the want of a distinct line between the jurisdiction of the Cabinet and of the individual Ministers who compose it, as well as between the jurisdiction of their respective offices, is sometimes convenient to the public service; inasmuch as the person whose abilities qualify him for the largest share of power may from other circumstances be incapacitated from holding the office which would technically render him responsible for the exercise of it. On the other hand, the looseness of the obligation of referring the measures of each department to the Cabinet, and the undefined limits of the authority of many of the high offices, afford great scope for intrigue and cabal with the Crown. A favourite might by these means contrive insensibly to separate his interests from those of his col- leagues, and at the secret suggestion of a King thwart the measures and defeat the views of a Council which, though not technically, is virtually responsible to the public for the whole conduct of affairs. These remarks are speculations resulting from reflection, not the fruit of experience. No such inconvenience was felt in Lord Grenville’s Administration. There did indeed occur one embarrassment from the irregular manner in which, accord- ing to long usage and practice, the correspondence with the Irish Govern- ment had been conducted. The wishes, and even commands of the Govern- ment, had for many years been communicated to the Government of Ireland by private letters from the Secretary of the Home Department to the Lord- Lieutenant or his secretary. We could not, in honour or duty, proceed in discussing our project of a limited Catholic Bill with the Irish Government, much less with the Catholics in Ireland, without bringing the subject in some way before his Majesty’s notice. The slovenly and irregular method of transacting business which I have described, prevented its coming, as a matter of course, before his eyes, and consequently compelled us to present it to him in the first instance as a measure of great importance connected with the subject on which his mind was morbidly predisposed to take alarm. I shall have occasion to mention the consequences when I come to relate the transactions which led to the dissolution of our Administration.” Here is one of the few historical pictures we can find in the volume. The occasion is a Cabinet meeting on the King’s first refusal to extend the Irish act of 1793. “Our Chancellor, Lord Erskine, shone least upon this trying occasion. He talked much nonsense and false religion, declaimed against Papists and Mahometans, and plumed himself on having never supported the pretensions of Roman Catholics. He betrayed ignorance as well as weakness, mistook the policy of the question, confounded the state of the law, and forgot every circumstance that had attended its enactment or its amendments. When the moment of decision approached, he played with pencils and pens, took up books, and pretended even to sleep, with the hope of not being committed in any resolution we might adopt. Lord Howick or myself jogged his elbow and drew his attention to the matter in discussion. He contessed afterwards, with a droll simplicity impossible to describe, that he had been strangely affected by the book he had looked into. It happened to be the Life of Eger- ton Lord Ellesmere, who had received the seals at the same age (tifty-seven) as himself, and had held them no less than twenty-seven years! The con- trast of his own prospects and the fate of his more fortunate predecessor had manifestly astonished and overwhelmed him; and no Papist ever called down the vengeance of Heaven ona heretic with more fervour or fury than Lord Erskine at that moment damned the Holy Catholic Church and all who maintained its tenets. Lord Howick was indignant at conduct so uncon- genial with his own generous temper and elevated mind. The chagrin which Lord Erskine would manifestly feel at the loss of office seemed to re- concile Lord Howick to the event; and every hint that dropped from the other on the propriety of a temporizing policy, made him spurn more contempt- uously at everything like compliance or submission.” Here is a strange anecdote of Mr. Pitt; of which we shall be curious to have corroboration, or the contrary. “ 8th March 1833. “Mr. Pitt was, according to all printed and many authentic private ac- counts, born at Hayes in Kent, in 1759. At that time, his father, the great Lord Chatham, was Minister of Foreign Affairs, and conducting a successful war against France. It is impossible that he should have been born in France, and quite notorious to his family, his friends, and many persons older than himself, yet surviving, that he was not. I cannot find and do “** It has been much oftener submitted, and hitherto with no bad effect, to Lord Melbourne’s Cabinet than to any other of which I have been a member. But I much question the prudence of such a practice.” 1 write in 1837. not believe that he was ever out of England before he was Chancellor of the Exchequer in the Ministry of Lord Shelburne ; whose peace, signed in 1783, he defended in the House of Commons; and with whom, in consequence of the vote against that peace, he resigned office soon afterwards. Upon the conclusion of that peace and his resignation of office, (and not, I have strong reason to believe, ¢él/ then,) he went to France, chiefly for the purpose of learning the language. ith that view, he went into pension, or took a lodging, at Rheims. The uncle to Prince Talleyrand was then Archbishop of Rheims, and living at the Abbaye St. Thierry, at no great distance from the town. Hearing that the son of the celebrated Chatham, and himself a young man of so much promise, and indeed performance, as to have filled the office of Chancellor of the Exchequer in England, was in the neighbourhood, he em him to take up his abode at St. Thierry; and directed his nephew, -rince Talleyrand, then Abbé de Perigord, to assist him in the study of the language, and to do the honours of the country to so distinguished a stranger. Talleyrand did so, Mr. Pitt staid, as far as he recollects, six weeks at St. Thierry. He was attentive to French literature, and ear- nest in his endeavours to return Talleyrand’s information or instruc- tions about it, by a corresponding account of the best English writers in prose and verse. He seemed to like literary conversation; but his progress in speaking French was not great, and his pronunciation of it was, as Talleyrand describes it, very guttural. They lived together for those six weeks; but, though without any estrangement, dispute, or cause of discontent, did not contract for one another that sort of liking or friendship which might have been expected from men so young, so nearly of an age, and so distinguished for their talents, attainments, and station in their respective countries. Mr. Pitt left Rheims for Paris, or rather for the Court, at the period of the year when the Royal Family were at Fontainebleau ; whither, as Talleyrand distinctly recollects, our Ambassador (he thinks the Duke of Dorset) had followed them : a circumstance which proves, as indeed many others do, that Mr. Pitt’s visit to France must have been after the eace, and not before. On his arrival at Fontainebleau, notwithstanding is name and extraordinary talents, he was not very successful, especially with the Queen; who, owing either to his awkward gait, his countenance, which she did not reckon handsome or even intelligent, or possibly to his bad accent in French, betrayed her want of discernment and levity by pro- nouncing him to be a man of no extraordinary talents or agrémens, and used some very disparaging phrases about him. M. De Chasteliux, afterwards Minister in America, on hearing of these foolish and frivolous remarks of her Majesty, expressed his disapprobation of them in a pun much relished ‘at the time—C’ est egal ; il ne s’en dépitera pas pour cela. All this was told me by Talleyrand last night, as indeed much of it had been on former occa- sions. He did not, however, repeat to me a circumstance which I have fre- quently heard him mention with some little asperity, and which, to say the truth, does not place Mr. Pitt’s taste and good breeding in the most favour- able light. When Talleyrand, then ex-Evéque d’Autun, came (I think in 1792 or late in 1791) with Chauvelin’s Embassy to England, and had official intercourse with Mr. Pitt as Prime Minister, Pitt never hinted or alluded to the civilities which he had received from him or his family, or even to the acquaintance they had formed nine or ten years before at Rheims. As it was the policy and fashion of that period to treat the Revolutionary Embassy of France with marked coldness and aversion, Talleyrand considered the omission of all such natural acknowledgments of past civility as an indica- tion, though perhaps an injudicious one, of political hostility to France, rather than of personal slight or affront to him. But when, in 1793 or 1794, in his private capacity as an exiled Frenchman, he sought and obtained an interview with Mr. Pitt to prevail on him to recal the harsh order for re- moving him under the provisions of the Alien Bill, and not only his request was rejected but the same marked silence on their early acquaintance was observed by Mr. Pitt, he inferred from it a want of feeling and gene- rosity; and he has, I suspect, retained a strong resentment in his mind for what he deems harshness amounting to cruelty, and neglect bordering on indignity. It has often perplexed me how to account for that behaviour of Mr. Pitt. Without any strong predilection in his favour, I must, even as a political em, own that I never heard of any other trait or anecdote which would affix on his character so much want of propriety, feeling, and almost of humanity, as this. It seems, when one considers Talleyrand’s name, condition in society, and even figure and lameness, almost impossible that Mr. Pitt should have forgotten him; yet I am inclined to think it less improbable than such unnecessary harshness and unfeeling behaviour in an English gentleman, of indisputable honour and humanity, and above all of such sense and sagacity, as Mr. Pitt. In corroboration of such a conjecture, which at first sight seems quite preposterous, it may be remarked, that in 1790 and 1792 the Evéque d’Autun or M. de Talleyrand were the constant and almost only designations of the person who in 1783 was generally called the Abbé de Perigord; and that Mr. Pitt, in some far more memorable transactions of his life, from the multiplicity and importance of the affairs in which he was so soon and so constantly engaged, has been known to have forgotten, to a very remarkable degree, circumstances which, on a mind less occupied with mighty matters, were calculated to make a very lasting im- pression; such, for instance, as the transactions of the Regency in 1788, and particularly the difference between the decisions of the English and Irish Parliaments on that occasion; a circumstance of which, till reminded by Mr. Elliot, he retained no recollection whatever in 1799. “T have written a volume. Read it and send it back; for it will do fora memorandum, and prevent my forgetting things, like Pitt.” SCANDINAVIAN ADVENTURES.* ears’ residence in Sweden LLOYD’S Tue result of Mr. Lloyd’s twenty is of a miscellaneous character, and partakes more of reading and observation than of adventures in a strict sense. There are passing sketches of landscape and society, accounts of his own sporting exploits and those of his friends, with many particulars of field-sports in the Scandinavian provinces generally, some of which consist of mere snaring or trapping. A large part of the volumes relates to natural history, as connected with birds, beasts, and fishes. So far as this is original it is well, though by being often introduced into a species of narrative, somewhat out of place. A great portion of it, however, is second-hand, compiled from other books, and often from older writers, whose quaint credulity is more conspicuous than their acumen. Nearly a quarter of a century has elapsed since Mr. Lloyd published his personal experiences of the North of Europe and its field-sports; for if not the first, he was one of the first who originated what may be called sporting literature in a high sense. Since the spring of 1830, however, the world has seen vast changes, and among the greatest, perhaps, is locomotion with its * Scandinavian Adventures, during a Residence of upwards of Twenty Years. Representing Sporting Incidents, and subjects of Natural History, and Devices for entrapping Wild Animals. With some Account of the Northern Fauna. By L. Lloyd, Author of “ Field-Sports of the North.” In two volumes, Published by Bentley.

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Se °° 8 eae a al a eS | January 21, 1854.] THE SPECTATOR. 75 a . . results. The full development of railroads, steam to India and ‘America, and perhaps as a consequence yacht voyages rather than trips, have all grown up since that date. Sweden is no longer the terra incognita it was to British sportsmen when Mr. Lloyd went there thirty years ago. On the contrary, the country is in some sense rather overdone. The rights of angling are rented by adventurous disciples of Izaac Walton, and the British follower of the gentle craft who in his innocence should take himself to Scan- dinavia would find he might as well have staid at home. Not only are the rivers preserved, but he would very likely find fishermen, boats, accommodation, all forestalled. Except bears, wolves, and similar beasts of prey, and foxes, which are ranked as vermin, game appears to be closely preserved ; an advantage, no doubt, for those who have secured manorial rights, or have liberal friends in that position, but not advantageous to the stranger. For the na- turalist, or indeed the lover of nature, a late law bids fair to pre- serve the elk, whose extinction would be to be regretted. « By the ancient West Gothland laws, the elk, together with the fox, the wolf, the lynx, the bear, &c., was classed as a Skade-djur, or noxious ani- mal; and a price was not only put on his head, but he was allowed to be killed even on another man’s property. The lucky hunter was moreover entitled to the carcass. When the number of elks was great, and the popu- jation scanty, they were no doubt inconvenient neighbours ; for it cannot be denied that they not only in some degree damage the copse-wood, but occa- sionally make free with the H6-hiissjor, or little stacks of hay, as also of those of moss, stored up by the peasants as a winter's supply, both of which one so frequently meets with in the Northern forests. These animals are besides accused of trampling down and feeding on grain, more especially in the so-called Svedje-fall, or clearings in the woods, of which mention was made in my former work. But now that their numbers are so greatly thinned down, the injury they commit is comparatively trivial ; and the Go- vernment has perhaps done well—though the squatters are not exactly of that opinion—in transferring the elk from the catalogue of Skade-djur, to that of game, and instead of paying premiums for his destruction, in pro- tecting him in every way. * * . “Formerly this animal was abundant throughout all the more wooded districts of the peninsula; but owing to constant persecution, the breed at no very remote period seemed likely to be exterminated. Of late years, however, elks have been protected by legislative enactments, and their num- bers are now rapidly on the increase. A quarter of a century ago, with the exception of every tenth year, it was altogether prohibited to kill them at any season; but in Sweden at the present time they may now be shot every year from the Ist of August to the Ist of December, and in Norway from the Ist of August to the Ist of November. “Tn no part of Scandinavia has the increase of the elk been more rapid than in the Wermeland and Dalecarlian forests. Twenty years ago, I might wander in those wastes for days or even weeks together, without seeing a single track of these animals ; whereas at the present day, their tracks—stale or fresh—are quite common.” The changes during the present generation have not been confined to locomotion, or to Swedish field-sports. The prairies of North America and the Rocky Mountains themselves, the Tropi- eal regions of Central America, Abyssinia, South Africa, India, and Ceylon, have witnessed the feats of British Nimrods, and in more exciting sport than that of Scandinavia. For the bear is of uncer- tain courage, the wolf is a coward, and the lynx, though brave enough, may be encountered without great danger, the but-end sufficing if the ball fails. Several of the writers on sporting in the countries just mentioned have also had greater literary skill than Mr. Lloyd. His style is not bad, but he wants the art of selec- tion, even in the account of his own exploits, and still more in | the matter which he draws from others. It requires both dexterity and taste to make a selection of fabulous matter attractive. It is questionable, however, whether the old writers were fabu- | lists in the sense of inventors; whether they did not truly + | what they heard, and whether the hearsay was not founded on | facts imperfectly observed, or inductions of the nature of guesses. | Swedish naturalists are of opinion, and Mr. Lloyd occasionally | agrees with them, that very strange stories are really true. This | one, from several other stories illustrating the craft of the fox— nicknamed in Sweden Michel, not Reynard—is specific though strange. Something similar, indeed, may have been observed in domestic animals, but they have had the advantage of education. “* A certain Jiigare,’ we are again told, ‘who was one morning keeping watch in the forest, saw a fox cautiously making his approach towards the stump of an old tree. When sufliciently near, he took a high and deter- mined jump on to the top of it, and after looking around a while, hopped to the ground again. After Reynard had repeated this knightly exercise seve- ral times he went his way ; but presently he returned to the spot bearing a pretty large and heavy piece of dry oak in his mouth; and thus burdened, and as it would seem for the purpose of testing his vaulting powers, he re- newed his leaps on to the stump. After a time, however, and when he found that, weighted as he was, he could make the ascent with facility, he desisted from further efforts, dropped the piece of wood from his mouth, and coiling himself upon the top of the stump, remained motionless as if dead. *** At the approach of evening, an old sow and her progeny, five or six in number, issued from a neighbouring thicket, and, pursuing their usual track, passed near to the stump in question. ‘T'wo of her sucklings followed some- what behind the rest, and just as they neared his ambush, Michel, with the rapidity of thought, darted down from his perch upon one of them, and in the twinkling of an eye bore it in triumph on to the fastness he had so pro- vidently prepared beforehand. *Confounded at the shrieks of her offspring, the old sow returned in fury to the spot, and until late in the night made repeated desperate attempts to storm the murderer’s stronghold; but the fox took the matter very coolly, and devoured the pig under the very nose of its mother; who at length, with © sreatest reluctance, and without being able to revenge herself on her rafty adversary, was forced to beat a retreat.’ ” Mr. Lloyd’s picture of Sweden is still that of a cheap place ; but re of his statistics of price refer to a former period, and nobody should g0 thither without later information. Rent may be nearly re his figure, if a age can pounce upon a house that may suit | im, but nobody else ; a piece of luck sometimes attainable at home. lety is probably as he depicts it. Here is the description of his e. “ It was very beautifully situated. In front the country was picturesque, whilst at some three hundred to four hundred paces in the rear flowed the river Gotha, here a wide stream, of which the house commanded a splendid view. The property was well wooded, and many fine oaks adorned the park- like grounds that surrounded the house. Take Ronnum altogether, there = = many more beautiful spots in the midland or Southern parts weden. ‘** The house contained fourteen or fifteen rooms, and might therefore be almost called a mansion. A tolerably large garden, and some considerable fishing rights, were attached to it; and for the whole, independently of taxes, &c., which only amounted to a few shillings, I paid little more ten pounds annually! This will give an idea of the very economical terms on which, as often happens when the proprietor of the estate is non-resident, one may rent an unfurnished house in the rural districts of Sweden. ** But furniture in that country—provided a man, as with myself, be sa- tisfied with that of a homely kind—is not a very expensive affair. It was not so to me at least ; for on taking possession I supplied myself with every- thing requisite at a most reasonable outlay. Chairs, for instance, cost me about three shillings the dozen; large folding dining-tables three or four shillings each ; a chest of drawers about the same sum; and everything else in proportion: but though well enough made, they were of simple deal, and purchased besides in Gothenburg, where such articles, manufactured by the neighbouring peasantry at their leisure hours, are much cheaper than in the rural districts. ° * al a “A very friendly feeling appeared to exist amongst the neighbourin gentry ; so that society was not, as is too often the case elsewhere, divid into sets, but we all met together on the most cordial and friendly footing. The intercourse between the several families was pretty frequent. Dinners were given occasionally, but small evening parties were of every-day occur- rence. ‘* These social meetings were almost invariably enlivened with music, in which the Swedes are generally proficients, and to which they are devoted! attached. They are justly proud of their great musical genius Jenny Lind, whose extraordinary vocal powers have been and still are the theme of ad- miration in Europe as well as America. ** And our little parties not unfrequently finished with a dance, of which, as well as of music, they are equally fond. The Swedish ladies are very ad- mirable dancers, and the gentlemen also; but according to our English no- tions exhibit rather too much action. ‘** But cards were the prevailing attraction of the evening—with the elder portion of the company at least; few of whom could resist the pleasure o | taking a part. Whist, boston, l"hombre, vira, (the last peculiar to Sweden, and said to be the most intricate of all games,) were those most in vogue ; but killé, or camphio, gropois, (the latter resembling the French game la bouillote,) and faro, were not unfrequently played. ** Speaking generally, card-playing is a perfect passion with a Swede ; and if he be an idle man the pack is seldom out of his hand, morning, noon, or night. To myself, who never shared in that amusement, this card-playing Was an excessive bore.” Here is a touch reminding us of our common origin, and going to very early if not to Saxon times. “« Few of the Swedish peasants have surnames, and in consequence their children simply take their father’s Christian name in addition to their own : for example, if the father’s name be Sven Larsson, his sons’, in consequence, would be Jan or Nils Svens-son; and his daughters’, Maria or Eliza Svens- daughter. The confusion that this system creates would be endless, were it not that in all matters of business the residence of the party is usually at- tached to his name. In the army, and to prevent the confusion that would otherwise arise, the common soldiers, therefore, are designated by fictitious (generally monosyllabic) names; as, for instance, names of birds, beasts, trees, &c.” Besides quotations from a variety of writers on natural history, and an account of the cholera in Sweden, which throws no new light upon the disease, Mr. Lloyd gives a long history of Gustayus Vasa. It is apparently derived from native authorities, and has a simple homeliness about it which imparts interest; but, like a good deal of the other matter, it rather overlays the main tapics of the volumes,—which should have been original observation and sporting adventures. RUDALL’S MEMOIR OF JAMES CRABB." Tuts volume belongs to a class of biographies well nigh extinct, from the passing away of the persons who alone could give rise to them. Although living till 1851, James Crabb was a Methodist of the last century, when the world’s deadness to evangelical religion and its cold or fierce opposition stimulated the ardent | into enthusiasm or fanaticism. The ignorance of the lower and of many of the middle classes, with the real separation between dif- ferent classes of society in all that concerned the taste or intellect, produced in many of the converts of Whitfield and Wesley an un- seemly familiarity with sacred things, and an unsophisticated ex- hibition of their own feelings, which rendered them the subjects of satire both with the pen and pencil, from Smollett and Hogarth down almost to our day. Indeed, the outpourings of the more un- educated converts cannot be perused without a smile, even with the greater toleration in matters of opinion which now exists, and the more philosophical appreciation of benefits which have result- ed to society from the stimulus applied to the Church and to Dissenters by the great Methodists of the last century. The propriety of publishing emanations such as appear in this volume may be questioned, although written sixty years ago by a youth in his teens; but being in print, we take them as examples of James Crabb and his early times. “ Sunday, 25th September.—This was a day of mixture. In the morning when I awoke, I found my mind very composed, and I went to our six o’clock prayer-meeting ; but I was tempted greatly against many people who were there, and troubled with wandering thoughts. After that I met my class, After I came out of class-meeting, I tied on a handkerchief round my neck, and I could not arrenge it to please me—and how the Devil did strive to make me angry in an unwatchtul moment! I could not help weeping. If any carnally-minded persons should read, or hear read this circumstance, they will think it is a mere fable : but the carnal mind cannot discern the things of the Spirit. They are foolishness to them,” And again. * All day I enjoyed continual peace with God. Before I got out of my bed the Lord broke in upon me, and I found Christ to be very precious to me: ® Memoir of the Reverend James Crabb, late of Southampton. By John Rudall, of Lincoln's Lan, Barrister-at-law. Published by Walton and Maberly.

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76 SUPPLEMENT TO [Saturday, but in the morning it was a miracle of mercy that I was not overcome in anger, for brother Carey [his pious fellow-apprentice] and I were like to have been stumblingblocks in each other’s way about a trifling thing; but through merey Lape | it was) it was not so. In the afternoon a Jew came into the shop, and a Baptist professor, and they got into talk with brother | “ Friday, 23d October.—This day, going from one place to another, I walked nearly twenty miles. This evening my missionary labours ended for a few days, and I returned home with a cheerful heart; for my days, espe- cially the week past, have been crowned with mercies, though I have not | been without my crosses. I have been wet through every day since I set off, Carey for an hour and a half: but I think he gained nothing by talking to | have not tasted a bit of meat since Tuesday, and sometimes hedge-fruit was ~ * * hem. “‘ This day I determined to set out afresh to take the kingdom by force and violence. In the afternoon, I felt that I did not enjoy so much of the ae of God as I might do, nor behave myself with becoming solemnity. a substitute for everything.” This is the stuff which overcomes difficulties. Not, indeed, that walking many miles a day in slush and bad weather, or dining off n the evening, I was at prayer in a by-place, where there was some silver | pennyworths of bread or hedge-fruit, is essential; but to fix the late, and the Enemy suggested to me how well I might take some of it. | mind unceasingly upon the end, to do all that can be done to Several times throughout the day he had been busy with me ; but God, whe | has promised never to leave me nor forsake me, was with me, and, glory be to Him, I enjoyed much of His presence.” There is a good deal too much of such matter as this, and often of matter which wants its raciness. James Crabb, however, was a remarkable man, and his life is a striking example of energy and perseverance; for, without any advantages of education, connexion, fortune, or position, he acquired a certain kind of dis- tinction, and accomplished greater things for philanthropy and religion than is done by thousands possessed of more than all he wanted. It is likely enough that the seed he scattered broadcast often fell in stony be or was swallowed up by tares; and as he had not the power or perhaps the ambition of founding a sect, the institutions he was the instrument of establishing are likely to pass away with him. Still, independently of religious results in his itinerant journies, and of several converts, amongst whom may be reckoned “the Dairyman’s Daughter,” (for it seems)she was origi- nally moved to seriousness by James Crabb,) he accomplished much with small means. His efforts established the female Penitentiary at Southampton ; he was the means of founding various schools in the same place; he threw himself among the very lowest classes of the town and neighbourhood,—sailors, prostitutes, fishermen, and navvies; and though we must take general accounts of reli- gious conversions with great aliowance, he brought many men and their familics to the outward Sabbath decorum which attendance on public worship implies; he created a society for the improve- ment or rather civilization of the gipsies; and besides various works of expense, in which he succeeded by drawing on what Huntington called the Bank of Faith, he obtained a subscription from George the Fourth towards building a chapel. That his per- severance was assisted by powers of personal persuasion is doubt- less true, though if we judge from his diaries and his portrait they must have verged upon the Mawworm or Dr. Cantwell style. Spite of such inward difficulties as bodily exhaustion, ill-health, de- pressed spirits,and more numerous external obstacles—as want of means, the sluggishness of friends, the opposition of enemies, and what touched him most, the lukewarmnessor backsliding of so-called brethren,—he persevered in what he undertook till he attained his end by dogged pertinacity. He began field-preaching in his teens, when apprenticed to a Socinian shoemaker at Salisbury. His master ischarged with “ persecuting” him, butit does not appear in what way; his father, a clothier at Wilton, adopted the more precise course of ceasing all intercourse with him, stopping his pocket- money, and threatening to discard him unless he desisted. How- ever, he continued to labour as a volunteer, and afterwards as a lay preacher for some years, through difficulties not altogether pe- culiar to him, for they more or less appertained to many of the early Methodists. This is an example of what Crabb went through “ in life’s morning march.” He was of age in April 1795. Friday, 19th June 1795.—I arose about four in the morning, after having had little rest during the night, intending to go to Godalming, a dis- tance of twenty-nine miles. As it was a most wet and cold morning, I wanted to go inside the coach ; but there being no room, my friends, as I was very poorly, would not let me go outside. This was the first time I ever disap- ointed a congregation through wet weather; and God grant it may be the ast, for I was not satisfied in my mind all the day. In the evening I was so very ill that I could scarcely walk. “ Saturday, 20th June.—Notwithstanding the weak state of my body, I set out between seven and eight in the morning, intending that day, if pos- sible, to walk near thirty miles. It was so cold a day, though the 20th of June, that I was obliged to put my hands into my bosom many times to get heat. That day, owing to the cold, scores of swallows were taken up dead, and hundreds of sheep that had been shorn died with the cold. The wind was so strong, though we had two days’ rain successively, that in about ten hours it caused the dust to fly. The wind blew right against me, and I being weak, could at times hardly creep along; once it was so powerful that it blew me against some rails, by which I was alone saved from falling. low good is the Lord still unto such a dust as I am !—Lord, help me to love thee more and serve thee better! The first mile I walked, I was very tired; but I soon got a little strength. When I had walked about twelve miles, I was so tired and faint that I hardly knew how I should get on. I seated myself under a hedge, and having put up my umbrella to keep off the wind, took out my bread and cheese, (having bought a penny loaf in Chichester,) and prayed God to bless it to the strengthening of my body, and to feed my soul with hidden manna. Oh, how greatly was my soul blessed! I was for a season as in heaven, though under a hedge. * * “ Tuesday, 23d June.—This day I had to go from Hammer Ponds to Portsmouth, which is thirty-four miles ; twelve I rode and twenty-two | walked. I filled my pockets with two penny loaves and two pennyworth of cheese, and with these I marched on. I can truly say I fed on Jesus all the way. My soul was enlarged with God, and I was enabled to rejoice : but I want to love the God of my strength more.” Sometimes even bread and cheese could not be had. “Towards the middle of the day I set out for Freshwater. It was very wet and dirty all the way, and I was soon wet through. My boots and um- brella being, almost worn out, made it disagreeable to flesh and blood. Though it was but a little way from Yarmouth to Freshwater, yet with the wind, rain, dirt, and want of food, I was so worn out with weakness, that I was obliged to take rest by leaning against a gate. I searched the almost barren hedges for provision, and when I could find any it was very accept- able. O Lord, may I gather fruit from thee continually! My soul at this time much rejoiced in God; and indeed, in winds and storms He is a sweet portion to my soul, O that I had more of His image! attain it, with the resolution to strive against all obstacles, and keep the body in subjection to the will, 7s essential. ** His course once chose, he forward thrust outright, | Nor turned aside for danger or delight,” | is the true heroic mood, be it engaged on what it may. And this mood, in a limited sphere, carried the preacher through many dif- ficulties, enabled him to bear much that was distasteful, and to achieve success in proportion to his field of labour. Although “to love and be wise is not given to man,” it would seem attainable by a Methodist. James Crabb’s “ proposal” to Miss Raddon, his future wife, was of a very definite Find, and by no means so enthusiastic as many of his other lucubrations. He was a lay preacher at the time, without any income but what he derived from his father, who had been reconciled to his pro- ceedings. “Whether in Mr. Crabb's then circumstances, being wholly dependent on his father for support, a union with her was prudent might reasonably have been questioned, and it isa matter of surprise that his father should have sanctioned it. Many were the trials to which it led, but they were far more than counterbalanced by the blessings he obtained from his union with her, Mr. Crabb dared not, however, take any step, much less one so serious as that which he now contemplated, without seeking Divine direction; and therefore, prior to any declaration of his intentions, he for many weeks com- mitted the matter in fervent prayer to the Lord, and did not open his mind to Miss Raddon until he had reason to believe that he was not acting in op- position to the will of God. In the letter which he wrote to her declaring his attachment, and which bears date January 1798, he told her that the qualities he sought fcrin a wife, were—‘ First, that she was born of God’s Spirit. Second, that she was in some measure gifted to speak for as well as to think of Jesus. Third, that she had a determination to visit the sick with him. Fourth, that she was willing to give away as much money to the poor and the cause of God as she could get; he having made a covenant with God to give the tenth of all he possessed for ever, and as much more as he could spare. Fifth, that she was plain in her dress, And sixth, that she was moderate in household furniture and housekeeping, that neither the poor nor the cause of God should be robbed of their due.’ He furtber requested, that before she gave him an answer she would take the matter into serious con- sideration, and for that purpose set —e the next Sabbath for fasting and prayer. He proposed to meet her at the throne of grace at seven until eight in the morning, at one until two in the afternoon, at five until six in the evening, and at nine until ten at night.” The life of James Crabb was struggling rather than eventful. He was born in 1774; received the common education of those days; and felt the influence of religion when very young, through the means of aclergyman of Wilton. The extracts quoted from his diary indicate his frame of mind during his apprenticeship, and his services as an itinerant or circuit lay preacher of the Wesleyans. A subsequent proposition on his part for Wesleyan or- dination was declined, Mr. Rudall thinks on account of his want of education. As he derived no emolument from lay preaching, and his father became unable to support him, he entered into the family trade, still continuing to preach. The commercial disturb- ances which followed the rupture of the peace of Amiens produced embarrassment and finally insolvency. James Crabb then turned commercial traveller, and afterwards opened a school at Rum- sey near Southampton; combining preaching with both vocations. The condition of the poorer classes in the last-named town forcibly attracted his sympathy. After much consideration, he determined to resign his school to his sons and go to Southampton. Again he offered his services to the Wesleyans for a very small stipend, and was again refused. He then started on his own account, address- ing himself solely to those who attended no place of worship. ‘* Having determined on the course he ought to pursue, Mr. Crabb relin- quished his school to his two sons, reserving the spiritual instruction of the pupils and the general oversight of the whole. Having engaged the old As- sembly-rooms at Southampton for two services on each Sabbath-day, he issued a handbill inviting persons of every Christian denomination to attend his first service, when he proposed to give them an account of what he aimed to accomplish. A large concourse of people was gathered together at this meeting, to whom he preached from the words ‘ The harvest truly is great, but the labourers are few.’ He appears to have preached with great power ; and perceiving that his address had made some impression upon his audience, he begged that none who were present and connected with other congregations would come there again, but use their influence with those of their neighbours who never went to the house of God, to attend his Sabbath- day’s services, In the course of a few weeks his congregations became nu- merous and regular in their attendance, and he had every reason to believe that he was not labouring in vain.” The impolitic exclusiveness of the Church of England, in either neglecting or expelling the enthusiasm which at times springs up among her sons, has often been remarked, especially in relation to the brothers Wesley and Whitfield. Crabb is another though an humbler example. In one sense he was of no particular church, being ready to worship or to preach with or to anybody. But so far as he belonged to any visible church, it was the Church of England. He explained the liturgy, and abridged it for use in his ministra- tions; when a clergyman was appointed to a field in which he was labouring, Crabb withdrew or took a subordinate post, and his whole title to minister was derived from his licence. Two circum- stances, however, must be borne in mind in criticizing the conduct of the Establishment. The English Church is rather national than catholic; it cannot get rid of troublesome or ignorant enthu- siasm by shipping it off to foreign parts. The other point is that

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~~ ren FSF Vwermrecrn eee HK Se eey te met tee owe — _ — = = January 21, 1854.] THE SPECTATOR. 77 the social and gentlemanly element predominates, probably, over the religious. It would not do to have a mendicant order; perhaps it would, scarcely look “ respectable” in the eyes of the world to introduce the extreme platform style of preaching in connexion with the Church. THE LIFE AND REMAINS OF JOHN ROBY.* Tue late Mr. Roby was a banker of Rochdale, who combined many tastes, acquirements, and accomplishments, not often found in one rson, and still less in the member of a calling where it is so dan- gerous to deviate from rigid routine or follow the promptings of imagination. He played, he sang, he even composed a little. He loved pictorial art, and followed it as an amateur. He wrote verses and published them. _He achieved Zhe Duke of Man- tua, a Tragedy; which on its first appearance, in 1823, ran through several editions, and, as his most uneqnivocally success- ful poetical attempt, is reprinted by his widow in this volume of | by presence of mind and quiet. “Everything comes to him who | knows how to wait.” “ The vessel was perceptibly going down in the fore-part, when the cap- tain jumped on the skylight, and assured the passengers that if they could remain in the vessel they would be saved, This seemed probable, as the shore- boats were seen in the twilight putting toward us; but, alas! we were now too rapidly sinking to allow of their near approach. The vessel lurched gradually towards the shore. We had placed ourselves on the part which, from the position of the ship, would be longest above water, with the foot resting on the ledge, where we had so happily stood in the afternoon, It enabled us to grasp a rope which came down from the mizen-mast to the edge of the vessel, and there awaited her going down, which | now saw was inevitable. * * * * “In a few minutes, a sudden hissing excited fears of an explosion, and we sank immediately, the hot water rushing up to us as we went down. Rising again, before my head was above water, I felt something at the back of my hand ; I instinctively grasped it—it was a rope. A moment after I was on the surface. I exchanged the rope for a spar, and turning round my head to ask for Lilla, found, to my inexpressible joy, she was close behind me, just as his Remains. Ile had also a taste for the beauties of nature, and a strong turn for archwology, whether connected with edifices or | traditions. To this last subject he was indebted for what is upon the whole his best and his best-known work, the “ Traditions of Lancashire”; into which he threw the knowledge he had acquired of the history or legends of his native county. The first series of this work was published in 1829, and, though expensive from its style of printing and illustration, shortly reached a second edition. A second series appeared in 1831, with equal success; and in 1837 Mr. Roby published an account of a Continental trip chiefl characterized by rapid locomotion. As he wrote fluently, he still continued to publish, but in a fugitive form. He also fell in with the practice of lecturing, now become a fashion, and, incessantly active, gave lectures on various topics at various places. He was contemplating further occupations when he was drowned, by the wreck of the Orion steamer, in 1850, in the fifty-eighth year of his *eThis book is rather a tribute of affection by his widow than the fulfilment of a public demand; but many worse books are published from far less praiseworthy motives. The poetry, although wanting force and originality, is pleasing; the three tales of county tradi- tions have a smack of Scott’s manner, the Waverley novels having perhaps unconsciously suggested Mr. Roby’s principal work; the memoir is agreeably and gracefully written, though of course with a leaning to the subject of it which confines the criticism to one side. Externally John Roby’s life flowed placidly enough, and on the whole internally also ; - an incident occurred to him in youth, which, strange as it is, has been so often made the staple turning- point of romance as to have become stale in fiction. “Tt will be readily supposed, that, with the impassioned temperament of genius, he gave himself up without reserve to the power of a first love; and, with the adhesiveness which phrenology so largely assigned to him, the ner- manence of his attachment promised to equal its intensity. Fora time, ‘ the course of true love’ did ‘run smooth’; but at length a coldness he could not account for, but which had for some time pained him, led on his part to re- monstrance. It was resented, and the interview ended in mutual displea- sure. Riding home, not in the happiest mood, his horse stumbled and threw him. For a few days he lay, unable to travel, in a house near the spot where he had been thrown. Humbler and wiser thoughts prevailed ; and the first use he made of his recovered power of moving was to return and seek another interview. Reconciliation followed, and he left happy and reassured. But, the evening after his arrival at home, a short, cold, and haughty epistle, brought him by private hand, forbade his future visits. Stung to the quick by what appeared heartlessness, if not duplicity, he re- solved to forget his idol for ever, and looked around for a worthier object in whose affection he might lose his sense of injury and regret. It was not till his faith was plighted to another that he discovered the undated note was written previously to his last visit, shortly after their angry parting, but owing to his absence from home not sooner delivered. Jonour forbade any allusion to this circumstance to the object of the second attachment, to whom he considered himself sacredly engaged , but the blow struck home. A severe illness, during which his life was despaired of, supervened; and, though an elastic nature recovered, it still retained traces of this ‘maddening misery.’ More than thirty years afterwards he could not refer to these passages of his history without a shudder, and intense though controlied feeling.” This bit of romance in a banker’s life is in seeming strong con- trast to a singular power of intuitive arithmetic. .““One remarkable endowment that must have contributed to his success in his own walk in life, was a power he possessed of determining the amount of any sum of figures that might be laid before him. The friend an extract from whose letter was given on p. 41, thus alludes to this faculty. ‘If a double column, twenty figures in each row, or a cube of six, arranged as be- low, were placed before him, he would tell the sum as soon as his eye could read the figures, 125491 563981 9 691229 783793 37478 4 361 3 He arrived at the result without going through the ordinary process ; he saw itata glance, If, as was rarely the case, owing to a passing fit of dulness, ora momentary distraction of thought, he failed to see the sum at once, he Was rather slow than otherwise in doing it by the ordinary mode. Mr. Koby himself told me, that Bidder, perhaps the most wonderful calculator this rg hae produced, though his superior in some points, could not approach ere, Mrs. Roby was with her husband in the Orion, accompanied by his daughter by his first wife. In the crowd and confusion she missed him, and, though herself apparently in the most dan- gerous part of the stern, wassaved. Independently of the reader’s interest in the feelings of a person so near death, the account is not without use, as showing how slight a thing may save, assisted * The Legendary and Poetical Remains of John Roby, Author of “ Traditions of Lancashire.” With a Sketch of his Life and Character. By his Widow. Pub- lished by Longman and Co, we had sunk. This cheered us both with hope of eventual safety. But where was one far dearer? I grasped with my left hand one of those fenders made of netted cords which are used to prevent ships coming into too close contact with each other or with the harbour ; but it was hard work to keep up. We encouraged each other, and, recollecting that the human body is lighter than the same bulk of water, we tried to float ; but this was no easy matter. The number of persons struggling in the water agitated it; and in the endeavour to keep it out of the ears by raising the head, the equilibrium was disturbed, and the feet sank, and with that the dread of going down again came. By the stopping of my watch at half-past one, it afterwards appeared that a quarter of an hour elapsed between the striking of the ves- sel and her going down, and probably nearly as long passed between our rising and our being picked up by the shore-boats. It was a work of some difficulty and time, when they came up, to extricate us from the ropes : our benumbed limbs and weakened frames rendered us incapable of making any effort ourselves. ‘ Never mind, you are come among Christian people,’ was the boatman’s exclamation, when he had taken me into the boat ; and never was truer word spoken. The heartfelt sympathy and substantial kindness we received from all classes could not have been exceeded, and can hardly be imagined.” HESTER AND ELINOR. Tur end proposed by the writer of this fiction is excellent, that of inculeating the social and domestic duties as the true moral sphere of woman. The mode of embodying the precept in examples is not so good. Hester, one of the heroines, writes books and illus- trates them; travels half over Europe in the disguise of a man; gambles freely—even takes a drop too much; and after these freaks dons her woman’s garb again. At Florence her literary and art- istie reputation excites much attention and gains many admirers, The passionate earnestness of an Italian lover induces Hester to listén to him, apparently to love him, but after a while she departs mysteriously, leaving her inamorato to cut his throat; while she herself, again disguised in man’s apparel, haunts a newly-married pair till she terrifies the bride and vexes the bridegroom, who un- knowt to himeelf was an object of H-cto-’- devotion. The sole reson, beyond a singular nature, for all this, is that Hester wasa natural child brought up as her father’s niece, and on the discovery she is “ upset,” as the saying is, by such a want of truth. The story of Elinor, though not so outré as that of Hester, is extreme. She, like Hester, is ambitious of great doings in the face of the world—authorship, art, music, the stage, anything to live intensely. With this ambition she neglects the duties immediately before her, slighting her family and friends, and as a consequence becoming isolated. Elinor, however, is tamed down by suflering. Her mother dies; the infant children committed to her care die, just as they entwine themselves around her heart- strings. Her cold father loses both his legs by a railway accident, and, after trying Elinor’s patience to the utmost by a long course of daily minute exaction, dies too. Her younger sister wins the man whom Elinor secretly loves; and her brother marries: so that in middle life she is left alone, disciplined by suffering, not exactly into happiness, as she tells her old friend and schoolfellow, but peace—perhaps the best haven of age. “*T have news for you, ladies,’ said Mr. Stirling, at the breakfast-table. ‘I met Frank Stuart just now, and he tells me his yacht is in capital trim, and that he will be charmed to take you out as often as you please.’ *** Do you remember my cousin, Elinor ?’ inquired Annie. a sa “* Yes,’ she answered, laughing, ‘he was too great a hero at Miss Gra- hame’s for me to forget him.’ «He is here w'th his bride,’ said Mr. Stirling. ‘I hope you are fond of boating.’ “**Oh yes; Annie and I boated together seven years ago.’ “*Well done! that is a long time. You will soon profess not to remember exactly how long it is, I suppose.’ “*Why so?’ “* Lest by confessing you should too nearly tell your own age.” “*T am not ashamed of it,’ she said, ‘ and I am sure Annie 1s not. “*No,’ said Annie, thoughtfully ; * but seven years have changed us both, Elinor. I remember you in those days well.’ - ***Yes, my head was full of wild vaguries, that seem now little part of my- self. I never dreamed how earnest a thing my own actual life would be- come. I meant to see and do so much.’ *** And so you have done much.’ “1 have felt more,’ she answered in a low voice. ‘I have watched one castle fall after another, till I have learned to pitch a tent, quietly and hope- fully, under the boundless canopy of heaven.’ ““* And you are happier?" asked Annie, hesitatingly. “‘Scarcely happier, dearest, but infinitely more peaceful. I have ceased to care about happiness. It is strange how growing older alters one—how many troubles cease to trouble us. 1 used to long so much for beauty, to feel my want of it depress me when I saw fresh people : now I seldom think of it. I used to long to be fully understood : now I would rather draw a veil over my deepest thoughts and feelings. I used to shrink from the cultiva- tion of my artistic powers, because they were not of the first order d “Yes,” said Mr. Stirling, laughing; ‘I remember you wanted to paint like Raphael, or compose music like Beethoven.’ * Hester and Elinor; or the Discipline of Suffering, Published by Chapman.

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78 SUPPLEMENT TO (Saturday, “She smiled. ‘Now I see that art is one great joy of our lives, and I am intensely thankful for it.’”’ There is much thought with some indication of ability in the book, but as a work of art or a didactic novel it is crude and imperfectly developed. Though formally brought together at the opening and the finis, the stories of Hester and Elinor have little more con- nexion than the copulative conjunction gives them. The “idea” of the writer is exhibited in examples so unusual as to impress the moral imperfectly, and but for the reflections, indeed, to lose sight of it altogether. What is more, the incidents are so chosen and conducted as to inspire little interest. Occasional scenes of power may occur—as the decline and death of Hester, and frequent bits of easy and natural dialogue may be met with; but, either as a mere novel, or a didactic fiction, “The Discipline of Suffering” is more remarkable for a struggling originality of thought than for any = quality. The writer wants discipline of some kind, if not of suffering. PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED. Booxs. The History of Yucatan, from its Discovery to the close of the Seven- teenth Century. by Charles St. John Fancourt, Esq., recently H. M. Superintendent of the British Settlements in the Bay of Honduras. With a Map. Florence, the Beautiful. By Alexander Baillie Cochrane, Esq., Author of ** Lucille Belmont,” &c. In two volumes. Memoirs of the Whig Party during My Time. Ty Henry Richard Lord _— Edited by his Son, Henry Edward Lord Holland. Volume The Legendary and Poetical Remains of John Roby, Author of “ Tradi- tions of Lancashire.” With a Sketch of his Literary Life and Charac- ter. By his Widow. By Emma Warburton. In three volumes. Ruth Earniey ; a Tale. By Mrs. Mackenzie Daniels, Author of “ My Sister Minnie,” &c. In three volumes. (Both these fictions belong to the order of circulating library novels, though they are of a superior class. Each hasa story of sufficient interest ; dramatis persone of a kind in which convention supersedes the freshness of nature ; with dialogue and description easy and readable, but somewhat slight. Originality is wanting in the class of life delineated, as well as in the per- | sons : all the more level incidents are common ; those which are to produce | the interest of the story are somewhat extreme. For mere library reading, | however, these deficiencies are preferable to greater originality, which shows | itself in imperfect efforts, and which it requires some critical practice to appreciate. th novels have a religious purpose. Mabel breaks with a lover to whom she is deeply attached, on account of his scepticism ; and goes through a variety of troubles before his conversion enables her to accept him. dn Ruth Earniey the religion is still more prominent. Born of pious parents, Ruth has a hard natural heart. Brought to a sense of religion, she, like Mabel, breaks with her lover; but is persuaded to renew the engagement on his show of repentance. Hence the troubles of her married life; most of which, however, arise fr¢, ort ee eh 1 - + ep The Confer sae @ yoreaT. Tie Times. Founded on fact. By be Author of * Michael Cassidy.”” With Preface by the Reverend C. B. Tayler, M.A. (Run and Read Library.) ; [We believe this eighteenpenny novel is a reprint. At all events, it is a strongly Protestant view of the power which the Jesuits may exercise, and the mischiefs which they may work in families, by means of the confessional, and the unscrupulous arts to which they have given a name.] The Gentile Nations: or the History and Religion of the Egyptians, Assyrians, Babylonians, Medes, Persians, Greeks, and Romans, col- lected from Ancient Authors and Iloly Scripture, and including the Recent Discoveries in Egyptian, Persian, and Assyrian Inscriptions : forming a complete Connexion of Sacred and Profane History, and showing the Fulfilment of Divine Prophecy. By George Smith, F.A.S., Member of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain, &e. (Sacred Annals: or Researches into the History and Religion of Man- kind. Volume II. The Gentile Nations.) : ; [The third and concluding part of a work on ancient history, whose object is to exhibit “ demonstrative evidence of the existence and operation of Di- Mabel ; a Novel. their Rise, Progress, and Results. By Major With Illustrations by or Practical Lessons drawn from the Lives By aLady. With | vine truth, and of Divine influence in ancient days,” and to préve * that antiquity) was not an accident, or an error, but a crime induced by Satanic agency.” The oracles may be adduced as a particular example of this. The present part contains a rapid summary of the ancient history of the of their religion. A similar but fuller review is taken of Greek and Roman | story ; the narrative being followed in like manner by an examination of } the religious systems of classical antiquity in reference to the author's object.] | the Author of ** Loss and Gain.” a The common facts of Turkish history exhibited and commented on by a + Had the advice of the Holy See been followed, there would have been no Turks in Europe for Russians to turn out of it.” And again—“* All that need be said in favour of the Czar is, that he is attacking an infamous power the History of the Crusades : : Proctor, Royal Military Academy, Sandhurst. Gilbert Sargent, Xe. fie Proctor ; reprinted from the Eneyclopedia Metropolitana, ‘The foot-notes have been extended, and the volume is illustrated by spirited wood-« uts.] of Good Men. A Sunday Book for Children, Illustrations. ; [The lite of Luther, told in a simple manner by a lady to her children and a rise to relief by the introduction of little incidents, It is primarily intended for Sunday reading.] Wanderings of an Antiquary ; chiefly upon the Traces of the Romans This well-looking volume contains the antiquarian papers which Mr. Vright contributed to the Gentleman’s Magazine under their present title, and torms as popular an antiquarian work as can be conceived. The object of the eoul-destroying and mind-debasing idolatry of those nations (of Pagan Egyptians, Assyrians, Medes, and Persians, in each case followed by a view Lectures on the History of the Turks in its relation to Christianity. By | Frontal priest, in the spirit of the middle or dark ages, Says the author— | enemy of God and man.’’] A judicious and animated sketch of the history of the Crusades by the late Sunlight through the Mist ; nephew. The framework not only produces pauses in the story, but gives in britain. By Thomas Wright, Esq., M.A., P.S.A., &e. the author and his friends was to seek out vestiges of the ancient britons and the Romans; but with antiquarian exploration, Mr. Wright com- bines sketches of scenery, rustic anecdote, and the various incidents that may occur to enthusiastic archeologists, now sticking in the mud of the Medway, anon half-buried in their own excavations. Some of the scenes which Mr. Wright explored are distant, but many are within a day’s excursion from London ; and if a party in summer fail to realize what requires the eye and the associations of an antiquary, they will still be rewarded by the air and the country, especially in the valley of the Medway, the sea-shore from Sandwich to Pevensey, or the castle of Richborough.]} Grammar-School Classics. PP, Ovidii Nasonis Fastorum, Libri Sex, With English Notes, by F. A. Paley. Nap oe the Fasti is altogether a book for schoolboys may be questioned. ‘he attention of youth is more attracted by anecdotes, characters, narra- tives, and story, or even maxims of prudence and morality, than by accounts of or perhaps allusions to festivals, antiquarian customs, and so forth, which require much classical knowledge and mature thought to realize, at least in their historical importance. However, if the Fasti are to be read at school, here is the edition. The text is chiefly from Merkel; the English notes are drawn from many sources, and are designed to explain the allusions as well as the construction to the pupil: the preface shows that the editor is not only possessed with the character of the work, but with a know- ledge of the people to whom it was addressed. ] Thom's Irish Almanack and Official Directory, with the Post-office Dublin City and County Directory, for the year 1854. Eleventh an- nual publication. [We do not perceive any new feature in this elaborate collection of general and statistical information about the United Kingdom and the Colonies in general, or the more specific matter as regards Ireland. The extent, the minuteness, and the completeness of everything connected with the Eme- rald Isle and its capital, are indeed remarkable ; and not less so is the cheap- ness of the volume. } Decimal Interest Tables: calculated at five per cent from one day to three hundred and sixty-five days; and from one month to twelve months, on from one pound to forty thousand pounds. To which are added, Tables of Commission, from one-eighth per cent to five per cent, advancing by eighths. By John Bewley, Public Account- ant, Liverpool. [A large volume of tables on the decimal plan, apparently intended to fore- stal the expected change in our mode of reckoning per act of Parliament. ] Far Off; or Africa and America Described, With Anecdotes and nu- nin. Part Il. By the Author of “The Peep of ay,” &e. (A juvenile deseription of the countries and peoples of Africa and America. t is written in a familiar style, religion and manners forming the predomi- nant subjects. } The Russians of the South. By Henry Shirley Brooks. (Traveller's Library.) Handbook: for Travellers in Greece ; describing the Ionian Islands, the Kingdom of Greece, the Islands of the Aigean Sea, with Albania, Thessaly, and Macedonia. New edition, for the most part rewritten. With a new Travelling Map of Greece, and Plans. Lectures on the True, the Beautiful, and the Good. By M. V. Cousin. Increased by an Appendix on French Art. ‘Translated, with the approbation of M. Cousin, by 0. W. Wight, Translator of Cousin’s “ Course of the History of Modern Philosophy,” &e. Third edition. ALMANACKS. Musical Directory, Register, and Almanack, and Royal Academy of Music Calendar, for the year 1854. [This publication contains a great variety of musical information; among which may be enumerated the musical events of the year, an account of various musical societies, a list of publications during 1803, an obituary, and a directory of professors and instrument-makers. ] The Sailors’ Homes and Associated Naval and Mercantile Societies’ Annual and Almanack, for 1854. Edited by R. H. O’ Byrne, Esq. [Nautical information, both mercantile and eonnected with the Royal Navy, is the leading feature of this almanack. It contains a good deal of matter, especially in relation to societies for the benetit of the sailor.] The Post Magazine Almanack, and Court and Parliamentary Register, for the year of Our Lord 1854. The Scottish Temperance League Register and Abstainer’s Almanack, for 1854. PAMPHLETS. Prince Alvert. A Charge delivered to the Clergy of the Diocese of Durham, at the Visitation in July and August 1853. By Edward Maltby, D.D., F.R.S., F.S.A., Bishop of Durham. Remarks on the Three Proposals for Reforming the Constitution of the University of Oxford. By Henry Boothby Barry, M.A., Michel Fellow of Queen’s College, Oxford, and Domestic Chaplain to the Earl of Yarborough. A Letter to the Viscount Palmerston, M.P., &c., on the Monitorial System of the Harrow School. By Charles Vaughan, D.D., Head Master. A Charge delivered to the Grand Jury, at the Epiphany Quarter-Ses- sions, 1854, for the Borough of Kingston-upon-Hull, by Samuel Warren, Esq., D.C.L., one of her Majesty’s Counsel, and Recorder of the said Borough. (Published by request of the Mayor and the Ma- gistrates.) Injustice to Scotland Exposed : in a Tetter to the Scottish Representa- tives in the Commons [louse of Parliament. By Robert Christie, Esq., Edinburgh, Fellow of the Institute of Actuaries. HEALTH OF LONDON DURING THE WEEK ENDING JANUARY 14. [From the Official Return.] Week of 1854 Ten Weeks of 1844-53, Dymatie WhssssG. ccvccccccscccccsccsccssoscvccccccoccscoscccces OS Dropsy, Cancer, and other dises Tubercular Diseases ..........+ A Diseases of the Brain, Spinal Marrow, Nerves, and Sense 1,271 Diseases of the Heart and Blood-vessels ......... eee 458 Diseases of the Lungs, and of the other Organs of Resp 2,693 Niiseases of the Stomach, Liver, and other Organs of Digestion... 628 OGROD GE Gt TAIN, Biv ccc .0c00cecentssesnoceocsssooceseane 28 Childbirth, diseases of the Uterus, &C.........cccceccceees ee 102 Rheumatism, diseases of the Bones, Joints, &C...ce.c.eeee 93 Diseases of the Skin, Cellular Tissue, &c. 21 Malformations. . 38 Premature birth 224 Atrophy...... 170 AC cc creeee 628 Budden, ....ccescccccsccccccccesececescsecs 69 Violence, Privation, Cold, and Intemperance......... ccccccccece 212 Total (including unspecified causes) .. teeeereeceveececes 11,465

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January, 21, 1854.] THE SPECTATOR. ~I ©

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