The Spectator 1848-05-13: Vol 21 Iss 1037

Page 1

Price THE NINEPENCE. tator, N° 1037. ~~" UM Spee FOR THE WEEK ENDING SATURDAY, MAY 13, 1848. News or THE WEEK— Topics oF THE Day— Political Summaries «.+-+-++eee+e+s 453 Ireland and the British Chief Proceedings in Parliament—Sana- FOVEINOL os eececcecccsercnecses * tory Reform —Removal of Aliens : Irish Regiments (of the New Zra). 464 Political Movement—Horsam : Centralization and Localization ... 465 Small Boroughs—Court Patron- How the Colonial Office Does It.... 466 age of Native Indastry—The Na- State Dressmaking.....-.++++++++ 466 tional ve cn md The SP —_ 454 Spectrator's LipRARY— Corresp John Stuart Mill’s Political Econo- e my—Lieutenant Barnard’s Three- Bie eencenersorenseeeneverson years Cruise in the Mozambique The eeitoen A TERR Se 457 Channel—The Mirror of a Bishop (pv eevlenreenamearanan 4580p The Artist's Married Life...» 467 Foreign and Colonial ...........++ 458 Publications Received ....-+++++++ 471 Miscellaneous .......eeeeeeeeeeeee 460 Fine Arts — Births, Marriages, and Deaths..... 461 Royal Academy Exhibition: His- torical Pictures...+...+.seeee++ POSTSCRIPT TO THE WEEK’s News— . 461 East India Shipping - Money Market «..-++-+eecesseess 461 Military Gazette .... Theatres and Music...--+-«.++++++ 462 Commercial Gazette . .. The Ancient Concerts....-++-+.+++ 463 Prices Current ........ Sccccccoccces 473 Colosseum: Panorama of Paris.... 463 Advertisements .......+++++++++ 474—476 NEWS OF THE WEEK. OFFIcE would go begging just now, or the new Ministerial em- barras would have ousted Lord John Russell’s Cabinet. The in- terest of the last Spanish correspondence has bven shifted to the position in which Ministers have placed themselves. It was a source of some scandal to find Lord Palmerston implicated so very ridiculously in a squabble with the Duke of Sotomayor— setting up for a teacher, and receiving such sharp raps on the knuckles, But what is the feeling provoked by the involuntary disclosures in Parliament? Last week, Lord John Russell tried to make it appear that Lord Palmerston had told Mr. Bulwer to take an “opportunity ” of making the proposed lecture to the — Minister; and the Marquis of Lansdowne “lamented” what appeared to be Mr. Bulwer’s “indiscretion” in sending Lord Palmerston’s own note inopportunely. It now comes out that Lord Palmerston’s direction respecting the communication to the Duke was absolute, and that the “opportunity” was to be selected for a corresponding communication to the Queen-Mother, with whom he had no business to communicate at all. So Lord Palmerston has dragged into the cabal Queen Christina—a councillor not likely to impart additional credit to his meddling. Our Foreign Secretary had therefore no right to the excuse vamped up for him by Lord John Russell: moreover, he has formally recorded his hearty approval of the exactness with which Mr. Bulwer fulfilled his mission, and which Lord Lansdowne “lamented” as an indiscretion. It seems not only that Lord John’s right hand, Lord Palmerston, doeth what his left hand, Lord Lansdowne, knoweth not, but that Lord John, the head, is equally ignorant. Lord Palmerston is left to his own discretion, if we may be allowed to use the term. For any- thing the public know, or his colleagues probably, he may be lecturing and insulting the Ministers of foreign countries all round—doing what Lord John feels bound to explain away if he could, and what Lord Lansdowne conscientiously “laments.” The members of the Cabinet know so little what their colleagues are about, that they positively place the responsibility for the acts of so important a member as Lord Palmerston upon a subordinate abroad; and they are so ill-disciplined and so reckless in their ~~ that they hazard censures which recoil upon them- selves. A fatal feebleness appears with growing frequency in all branches of their administration. Sanatory reform was one of their surest triumphs—opinion went with them, and it seemed difficult to manage the matter in a way to avoid credit: but they dare not succeed—their nerves will not sustain the shock of a complete victory; as the measure advances, they must make “concessions,” and now they have given up the special Board by which the measure was to be directed. There are to be no paid Commissioners, and the duties of chief are to be put upon that officer of the Government whose duties have most manifestly and mischievously outgrown the original powers of his department— the Chief Commissioner of Woods and Forests. The selection which Ministers make of the things to be conceded is remarkable : they yield, not those things which the country demands, but those things which themselves have undertaken to fulfil. Lord George Bentinck has detected Ministers in a rather odd peccadillo: the Lord Chamberlain had been advising the Queen to decree a highly “ protective” law respecting British manufac- tures to be worn at the drawingroom, and Lord George crows lustily at the reaction. Lord John Russell excuses himself with the craven plea, “Thou canst not say that J did it”: it is in the Lord Chamberlain's department, and the Lord Chamberlain is too much for the Premier! Ministers, indeed, stick to their resolve that Horsham shall not have its writ until there has been inquiry into the corrupt practices: but then, it is Sir John Hanmer that is doing the work of preparing the inquiry. And when Mr. Cobden talks of larger improvement in the state of the representation, of retrenchments in the public expen- diture, or of any other measure that is large, Lord John Russell cannot see a necessity forit. He disclaimed “finality” some time ago, and no doubt he ceases to hold the doctrine—officially : the finality, it is to be feared, isin his own mind. On the sub- ject of a few freemen here and there he is open to conviction ; but his understanding is closed and dark against any attempt to enlighten him on the expediency of making the House of Com- mons a better representative body. He considers that the people prize the poorest gewgaws of Royalty as “ pillars” of the state. Small improvements he can comprehend ; but as to any essential amendments, he thinks we are very well as we are. So no large measures while he is in power to stop them. That is the branch of politics in which he feels his true power: he can stand still— unless he be pushed back. Mr. Urquhart had aimed an attack at Lord Palmerston’s Por- tuguese diplomacy, for Tuesday ; but he was foiled by a “ count- ing-out ”—to the great relief of newspaper-reporters, newspaper- readers, and Members who had a pleasant evening in prospect elsewhere. There are occasions on which one is reminded that the counting-out is a privilege not without its value. Honest Mr. Hume was scandalized at the waste of an evening and of so many workable “ notices on the paper”: but, no doubt, “ it will be all the same a hundred years hence,” or even at the end of the session. The liability to be foiled in this way only shows the lack of a mutual understanding and of organization in the various sections of the House. The Irish news of the week records characteristic traits rather than stirring events. Lord Clarendon, whom the Dublin Corpo- ration had treated with an impertinent lecture on the expediency of being “constitutional,” has replied in a document remarkable for the adroitness with which severe and cutting reproof is con- veyed in a calm and decorous echo of the address. Mr. Ber- mingham, the priest who incited the people to bloodshed and re- volt, and refused to reca!! his words or confess his sin when called upon by the most sacred appeals, has been convinced of his error by actual deprivation, and recants with an effrontery equal to that which before braved censure. The Law Courts con- tinue to exhibit the impotency of the law, at least as it is judi- cially administered in Ireland, to enforce order by promptly ar- resting the overt conspiracies of professed traitors. But the most striking part of our present number relating to Ireland is Mr. Carlyle’s remonstrance with Lord John Russell. The historian of Cromwell places our “respectable Premier” in luckless juxtaposition with Oliver, the great man of action ; treats scornfully the poor instalment of “ remedial measures pro- pounded, or to be propounded, for Ireland, by the British chief governor ”; and earnestly, with picturesque imagery and burning words, contends for real government of the Irish, instead of shams and make-believes—for the “ regimenting” of their “ in- disputable talent for spade-work ”—that is, in a general sense, drawing out the industrial resources of the country, to the profit of all. Itis a sad thought, that Lord John Russell’s Government has not yet made so much as a beginning in that right direction: nothing has been done to free the land which is locked up by the insolvency of owners and the technical difficulties of conveyance ; nothing to make the broad lands of our Colonies available to the landless multitudes of Ireland by systematic colonization. Matters are going on untowardly at Rome. It appears that the Romans chose to assume the Pontiff to be under some kind of coercion. He had abstained from a formal declaration of war against Austria, through the fear of provoking a German schism in his church; this caused a practical evil, since it authorized Radetsky to treat the Romans in arms not as prisoners of war but as “marauders,” and a popular Liberal was hanged. The Romans set one kind of coercion against another, and tumultu- ously importuned the Pope to alter his policy. The result is not yet certain; but the Pope appears to remain under some kind of constraint. There is no evidence that the citizens contemplate his deposition ; and it is to be hoped that the political fanatics will not persuade them to take any step so unwise. Charles Albert continues to maintain his advantage over the Austrians; insomuch, we observe, that his continued success has thrown quite a new light into the views of leading English poli- ticians who were least trusting or hopeful. Some perplexity is felt at the conduct of the Neapolitan King,

Page 2

THE SPECTATOR. [Saturday, 454 in sending troops to fight against Austria, at the very time that | he is deposed in Sicily for his bad faith: it is remarked that he | seems to be acting for the subjects whom he hates against the | ally whom he esteems. That is true; but itis no novelty in the | history of Naples. Ferdinand the Second is the very counter- | part of his grandfather, Ferdinand the First; who slavishly obeyed the behests of his subjects when he was in their power— | sallied forth under pretence of vindicating their rights against foreign intervention—and brought home an Austrian army to coerce them into slavery: he shifted many times from abject obedience, in both Sicilies, to cowardly tyranny—made vaths and broke them—had tears for either sort of ceremony—and was, in short, just the compound of craven, buffoon, and rogue, that the present Ferdinand is. It is not Ferdinand, but the Neapolitans, Who are sending troops to aid in the war of independence: if ever the King acts for himself, it will be quite on the other side. “Non yolge l'anno in lui senti Palermo L’antica razza,” as Giusti writes—“ A year has not passed since Palermo had cause to know in him the old race”: and Naples knows it too, though she is more easy than Palermo. A week’s proceedings in the National Assembly of France is now before us; and upon the whole it may be said that orderly organization has advanced with reasonable smoothness. The As- sembly has received the government surrendered to it by the Provisional Ministers, with an account from each of the manner in which he had fulfilled his charge ; and it has reappointed five of those Ministers to be an Executive Council ad interim, until the Assembly shall have shaped the permanent constitution. M. Arago stands highest on the list; but M. de Lamartine will probably be the real head of the new Provisional Government. M. Ledru-Rollin is admitted ; his appointment apparently being intended as a concession to the moderately extravagant party. — An extreme section, headed by M. Barbés, have tried to intro- duce a violent policy, but without success. M. Barbés wished to make every Representative openly and individually amenable to some dangerous responsibility : for instance, he proposed that the Assembly should retain the Executive power and appoint the Ministers of the departments, and that all who voted on the question should do so separately and aloud ; his object evidently being, to force a vote in favour of his proposal by insinuating that every hostile voter would incur the vengeance of the clubs. But he was overwhelmingly outnumbered in the Assembly. In these preliminaries, therefore, the Assembly has firmly discoun- tenanced violence. The Germanic part of Europe continues to be in an unsettled state, especially in the mixed provinces that border it. In Posen, Prussians and Poles are waging what looks very like a war of mutual extermination. It is not easy to put implicit faith in the accounts, for they are partial in every sense: the Germans re- present the Poles as traitorously affecting to fraternize, and plan- ning wholesale assassination ; while the Poles complain that the Germans break faith, and make the consequent resentment a pre- text for reactionary rigours. Noris it easy to reject an impression that the Poles, in their barbaric enerzy, prove themselves wholly incapable of understanding the true patriotism which should induce them to seek to regenerate their nation by fuvour of Ger- many. At present they are fatally victorious over the only people by whose sanction they could be rcéstablished in the face of Russia, The German troops have pressed forward into Jutland; and the Hanse Towns are forced to take a part in the contest, by the hostile acts of Denmark. In the opposite quarter, Hungary is in general revolt against Austria; whose own capital, again, is still shaken by disturb- ances sufficient to compel changes of the Ministry. Debates and¥ Proceedings m Parliament. Tue Spanisu CORRESPONDENCE. In the House of Lords, on Monday, Lord SraNLey called attention to the Spanish correspondence now laid upon the table, and to the additions which had been made to it since the discussion on Friday last. Lord Stanley was now satisfied that the publication of these despatches had not occurred by the assistance or with the knowledge of Mr. Bulwer; and he thought the Duke of Sotomayor himself must have become satisfied on that point In the authentic shape lately given, Lord Palmerston’s despatch commenced thus —“Sir, I have to instruct you to recommend earnestly to the Spanish Govern- ment, and to the Queen-Mother if you have an opportunity of doing so, the adop- tion of a legal and constitutional course of government #h Spain.” Now, the “ op- portunity of doing so” clearly applied to the Queen-Mother; and Lord Palmer- ston’s instructions to Mr. Bulwer were to recommend a certain course to the Spanish Government, and to the Queen-Mother also if he had an opportunity of doing so. In transmitting a copy of the despatch to the Spanish Government, Mr. Bulwer appeared to have omitted the passage applying to the Queen-Mother, and had given to the Spanish Government, with or without opportunity, the views of the British Government. This, however, was a minor point, and he did not attach to it the importance that Lord Lansdowne had done. A far more important point was the agrcement of opinion between the British Minister and the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, on the one hand, and the wide and inexplicable difference of opinion which appeared to exist between the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs and his colleagues in the Government. Lord Lansdowne had treated the despatch as an indefensible one to a foreign power, and had deemed it a private letter not intended to be shown. “ Lamented” | was the word Lord Lansdowne had used in comment on Mr. Bulwer’s conduct. It now appeared that the conduct which Lord Lansdowne as a British Minister “lamented,” the Secretary for Foreign Affairs, on the face of the documents now ae, had formally and entirely approved, in the name of the Government. | r. Buiwer’s first despatch to the Duke de Sotomayor was dated on the 7th of { April, and on the 19th Lord Palmerston wrote to Mr. Bulwer—“ With reference to your despatch of the 10th instant, Ihave to inform you that her Majesty's | Government approve the language which you held to Queen Christina on the 4th instant, pointing out to her Majesty the importance of governing Spain by constitutional means; and that her Majesty’s Government likewise approve of the note which you addressed on the 7th instant tothe Spanish Minister for Foreign Affairs, offering similar counsel to the present Ministers of her Catholic Majesty.” Lord Stanley left it to the noble Marquis to explain the discrepancy which existed between the noble Viscount, who spoke in the name of his col- leagues in this despatch, and the noble Marquis, who appeared to speak in the name of his colleagues on the present occasion. But in addition to this, there was another letter of Lord Palmerston now published—the most extraordinary one it had ever been Lord Stanley’s fortune to read. It was written on receipt of the Duke of Sotomayor’s despatch of the 10th, and began thus— “ Foreign Office, April 20, 1848. “ Sir—I have received your despatch of the 11th instant, with its enclosures ; and I have to instruct you to state to the Duke of Sotomayor, that her Majesty’s Govern- ment entirely approve the step which you took in making your communication of the 7th instant, and likewise of your note of the 12th.” Lord Palmerston went on to say, that her Majesty’s Government were not all offended either at the return of Mr. Bulwer’s note or at the tone of the Duke of Sotomayor’s letter. The Christian forgiveness and meekness here exhibited might be very praiseworthy on the part of a private individual, but they were wholly un- worthy of the dignity of the great power of which Lord Palmerston was the Minister. Ike noble Viscount had in the most explicit manner conveyed his sanction of Mr. Bulwer’s proceedings; and yet, when their despatches were returned, the noble Lord wrote to tell Mr. Bulwer that he was “ not at all offended” at what the Spanish Government had done. This was the most absurd termination to the most in- conceivably imprudent step that he had ever heard of. The noble Viscount was not offended at his despatches being returned to him! In a space of twenty-nine lines the noble Viscount supposed cases which had not occurred between Spain and England; and, instead of taking the course which such an insulting return of his despatch demanded, the noble Viscount concluded by reminding the Spanish Minister for Foreign Affairs, that under certain circumstances, and unless Great Britain had interfered to maintain the present Queen of Spain upon the throne, the Minister of Foreign Affairs in that country might himself have been a pro- scribed exile in a foreign country. This stroke of generosity, he admitted, he had read with the greatest regret. He saw no prospect of a satisfactory issue on the part of the noble Viscount to a correspondonce so conducted. He believed it to be his duty to call their Lordships’ attention to the facts as they existed on the face of the documents laid before Parliament; and he thought their Lordships had a right to know whether the course and conduct of Mr. Bulwer in presenting this note, as it appeared by the statement of the noble Marquis the other night, was considered an imprudent course by her Majesty’s Government, or whether the noble Viscount was justified in stating that it had the entire and cordial approval of her Majesty’s Government. The Marquis of Lanspowne said that he had hardly been correctly construed on Friday night. Judging of the case in this country, he had certainly regretted the communi- cation; but he had particularly stated his confidence that Mr. Bulwer with his knowledge of the country in which he resided, and his talents for public business, had felt reasons which made the course he took imperative on him. Unless Mr. Bulwer had been afterwards instructed to state the approbation of his conduct by his chief, it would have been equal to an expression of disapprobation, and his re- call must have followed; a step which Ministers were not prepared to take, espe- cially considering the language of the Duke of Sotomayor's despatch. However, Lord Lansdowne was happy to say that an amicable spirit had since arisen be- tween the parties, from the conciliatory conduct which Mr. Bulwer bad pursued. His reeall was not demanded; and a renewal of the controversy among their Lordships would only end in unnecessary imputations. The Earl of ABERDEEN agreed that it would be most unjust to recall Mr. Bulwer; for he had undoubtedly acted according to the spirit of his instructions. It was said that approbation of Mr. Bulwer was necessarily conveyed to him in order that the Duke of Sotomayor should have no triumph. But the approbation ) had been already expressed before Lord Palmerston had received the Duke's des- patch; so the excuse has no application. Lord Aberdeen heard with peculiar satisfaction that amicable relations were re- newed ; but he concurred in Lord Stanley's censures. “ I was curious upon the point when I saw these papers; and, although I fully expected to hear that the renewal of friendly communications had been brought about, I certainly could not have anti- cipated that it would have taken place in the manner in which it appears by these papers it has done. For your Lordships are perhaps scarcely aware how perfectly unprecedented a proceeding this is that has taken place. 1 have had some expe- rience in these matters. I have had correspondence, occasionally more or less angry, with Foreign Governments, though not very often; but that a despatch of a British Secretary of State should be returned by the Minister of a Foreign Go- vernment as unfit to be retained or received, appears to me to be a thing utterly impossible. I never could have supposed that such a thing was possible. Not only in my experience have I never heard or seen such a thing, but I will venture to say that this is the first time a British Minister ever suffered such an indignity.” Lord Aberdeen condemned, as being indelicate and in bad taste, the allusion to the unfortunate King of the French and his family, within a fortnight after his ar- | rival in this country, and the holding him up as a warning to the Spanish Go- vernment. The course taken as regards the Spanish Prime Minister was most inopportune and unlikely to produce a good efiect. “ Unfortunately, in the case of Spain, ever since the correspondence took place which was produced some time ago, in which the Spanish Government was alluded to in no very measured terms, there has ex- isted a feeling of suspicion aud hostility on their part which prevented them from receiving any kind of advice from this country, however salutary, without a cer- tain degree of reluctance. The existence of this feeling wes well known; and this made it only the more necessary, if we wished to act with them in a friendly manner, to approach them with ail that care, delicacy, and preparation, which might render it possible to do away with that suspicion and hostility. But, made as that communication was, I confess it almost appears to me that, if not made purposely with the view of its not being accepted, I am quite sure it must have been made without the shadow of a hope that it would be accepted. To propose to such a Minister—who, whatever his merits may be, was known to possess a most imperious temper—to propose to him to transfer the government to persons whom he had at that moment actually under an accusation of attempting a revolution in the state—seems to me to be an act so ill advised that it could only be received as it has been.” No- | body would have dreamt some time ago that a successful opposition could have been made in Spain to revolutionary attempts; but such having been made, it was the interest as well as the duty of Great Britain to give the Government every support in its power, instead of getting up miserable quarrels on the little more or less infusion of Liberal persons into that Goverment. Lord BrouGuam closed the debate, by suggesting that amity between the nations would be more readily established if such discussions as these were less entertained. Sanatory REFORM. In the House of Commons, on Monday, the adjourned debate on the Health of Towns Bill was resumed; the question before the House being

Page 3

UM May 13, 1848.] THE SPECTATOR. 455 Mr. Urquhart’s smantnest to consider the bill in Committee on that day six months. Lord Joun Russet announced first, that Government intended making considerable alterations in their bill; they intended to propose that the Chief Commissioner of Woods and Forests should preside over the new Commission, assisted by two other unpaid Commissioners; the proposal to appoint paid ¢ ommissioners being abandoned. The opposition to the bill was maintained by Mr. Spooner; who admitted the necessity of a superintending sanatory body, but suggested ilar to the Enclosure Act, which should only give to a Lon- a measure simi don board an initiatory and supervising power. Mr. CuarRLEs PEARSON quoted statistics to show that England, and even London itself, was superior to the rest of Europe, in its sanatory condition, and had, in proportion to them, fewer illegitimate births. Mr. Joun SruarT was prepared to go into Committee only on conditions that the domineering powers proposed to be given to the Commission should be retrenched, and that the power taken to repeal by order in Council all private drainage acts should be yielded; Mr. Mixxs and Mr. Newprecare also opposer . the bill. On the other side, Mr. charges of itralization. Mr. the third reading, if the bill were Lord AstuLey supported the bill. The question was essentially a poor man’s que stion—or ve which touched the at second hand, through occasional large demands on their private cha- pressure on the public rates. The question was beset with diffi- iculties were only reasons for sincere and earnest exertions tl SLANEY vindicated the bill from the reiterated Muntz reserved liberty of voting against 10t changed to his liking in Committee. rich only rity or great culties; but those diff to overcome them. He was astonished at the assertion he had heard that the present law was adequate to the removal of all evils. Laws might be found, by industrious search of the statute-book, which at great cost could be set in motion against many existing evils; but to tell the poor man that such remedies were available to him, was like referring him for entertainment to the London Tavern, which, in the words of Horne Tool ike’ "s joke, was equally open to all. Lord Ashley, replying to an incredulous query of Mr. Hen ry Dr ummond—* What connexion is there between typhus and crime ?”—res ad extracts from the reports of Dr. Neil Arnott, Mr. Francis Cooper, and Dr. Southwood Smith, to prove that the sanz atory condition of some of the habitations of the poor was one that rendered it im- possible for the inmates to observe the lessons of decenc y and virtue which the y might be taught. The following is an extract from the evidence of Dr. Southwood Smith. * Do you think that neglect of decency and comfort is likely to render those persons reckless of consequences, and inclined to a mode of getting their living dishonestly ?° “ The neglect of the decencies of lite must have a debasing effect on the human mind ; and hopeless want naturally produces recklessness. There is a potnt of wretchedness which is incompatible with the existence of any respect for the peace or property ol Others; and to look in such a case for obedience to the laws when there is the slightest prospect of violating them with impunity, is to expect to reap where you have not sown.” “I have myself seen a young man, twenty years of age, sleeping in the same bed with his sister, a young women sixteen or seventeen years old. That incestuous in- tercourse takes place under these circumstances there is too much reason to believe ; and that when unmarried young men and women sleep t ther in the same room thé Women become common to the men, is stated in ev us a positive fact: but I re- gard another inevitable effect of this state of thing less pernicious; it is one of the influences which, for want of a better term, m » called wu it tends to weaken me destroy the feelings and affections which ar the human b uid ch raise him above the level of the brute I have some- times checked myself in th wish that men of high station and authority would visit these fellow creatures, and witness with their own eyes he scenes presented there: for I have thought that the same end might be answer reeable tothem. They have only to visit the Zoological Gardens, State of society in that large room which is appropriated to a parti- cular class of animals, where every want is relicved and every appetite and pas gratified in full view of the whole community. In the filthy and crowded streets in our large towns and cities you see human faces retrograding, sinking down to the level of these brute tribes ; and you find manners appropriate to the degradation, Can any or wonder that there is among these classes of the people so little intelligence —so slight an approach to humanity—so total an absence of domestic aficetion, and of moral and religious teeling 2? The experiment has been long tried on a large scale with a dreadiul success, affording the demonstration, that if from early infancy you allow human bein to live like brutes, you can degrade them down to their level, leaving to them scarcely more intellect, and n lings and affections proper to human minds and hearts.” “ Have vou ex tuning d frequently the houses of individuals among the poor in thes¢ neglected districts ?”—* Yes.” “ Have you noticed particularly the state of the air in their apartments ?”-—“ I have; and it sometimes happens to me in my visits to them, as pliysician to the Eastern Dispensary, that [ am unable to stay in the room even to write the prescription. Lam obliged, after staying the necessary time at the bedside of the patient, to go inte the air, or to stand at the door, and write the prescription ; for, such is the offensive and unwholesome state of the air, that I cannot breathe it even for that short time. What must it be to live in such an atmosphere, and to go through the process of disease in it ?” Lord Ashley had not the slightest doubt, from ali the examination he had made, and all the evidence he had collected, that "far more than one-half of the habits ot intoxication which beset and disgrace our large towns arise from the bad sanatory condition in which the people are left. It is quite impossible to go through the impure localities and see the pallid and sunken forms of the people without feel- ing compassion for, and almost extenuating, the excesses of those who, in order to ate up their sunken condition, resort to the stimulus of ardent spirits. He ad been grieved to find it matter of fact, that when fever raged it cut off in the far greatest proportion the heads of families and those in the prime of life. He did not know a single fact more painful than the circumstance that the people in those districts looked with terror to the approach of the fine weather of summer, That which was a blessing to other people was to them a positive curse, because, as they had told him, when the fine weather came they had a summer of stink whic h was altogether intolerable. Mr. Urquuart, seeing that Government had yielded in one or two im- portant points, withdrew his amendment; and the House went into Com- mittee. On the first clause Mr. Bankes moved an amendment, words which specify London and other localities as exempted from the bill. The present sanatory condition of the Metropolis and its vicinity, especially the neighbourhood of the House itself, is most objectionable. The trees in the Col- lege Gardens at Westminster are de caying under the influence of the noxious rapours emitted from the tall chimnies in the neighbourhood ; and the health ot the scholars in the Westminster School has been so serious sly and generally in- jured by the same cause, that on Saturday last it was found necessary to close that seat of learning. Lord Morrern admitted that the exemptions are defects. The multitude of local acts in one lump—upwards of a hundred—which exist in the London district, make the difficulty of dealing with that district, in this bill, almost insuperable. His time had been fully occ cupied with the present bill even in its present shape. He hoped soon to devote himself to the preparation of & separate bill for the Metropolis. After a short discussion, in which the Marquis of Granpy, Mr. Hopson, and Lerd Jonn Russett joined, the House divided on Mr. Bankes’s amendment, and rejected it by 240 to 71. Some verbal alterations were made in the clause, and it was agreed to. rogress was then reported, and leave obtained to sit again on Thursday ‘ becaus¢ vhumanizing, distinctive ot abodes of their less fortanate ' in a way less disaz and to observe the to omit those The discussion of the bill was continued in Committee on Thursday, with some sharpness. Lord Morpern stated certain amendments of which Mr. Henley had given notice, and which he, on the part of the Govern- ment, was willing to adopt. Instead of one-fiftieth, he was willing that one-tenth should be the number of inhabitants upon whose application the act should be put in force. Again, when it is proposed to bring any new district under the act, or when any local act is to be interfered with, the general Board shall frame a provisional order, which shall have effect when, and not before, a public act of Parliament shall have been pro- vided to meet the case. PouiticAL MoveMENt. the Aliens Removal Bill, on that the bill be read « or ALIENS: the third reading of amendment, REMOVAL On the motion for Thursday, Mr. Mowarr moved an third time that day six months. This led 3 a renewal of the turned aside by Mr. Copmpen— Whilst Government were passing Alien Bills, and bills for the better security of the Crown and Government, it was to him a proof that they were taking a direction totally contrary to that which was calculated to satisfy the country and secure our institutions. It seemed to him that Government had not profited by observing the course which things had taken on the Continent, where they saw that repression and coercion had fuiled of their purpose, and that governments had fallen for want of conciliation. The people of this country were waiting most earnestly, not for coercion, but for the announcement of remedial measures; they were waiting to hear that Government was prepared to put our representa- tive system more in harmony with the spirit of the age; they were not prepared to see their rulers standing still or taking a retrograde course, whilst other states were advancit They were also looking for retrenchment and economy. If they maintain the Monarchy i country against Republican institutions, they would do more by cutting” a\ way 1 a part of that barbarous splendour which prevailed in other times, and which was a cost to the people of this country, though a gain to the aristocracy—they would do more by removing these mis- chievous an ppendages, than by passing measures of this kis id. Lord Joun restraining measures of the session, by their success— r the operation of the act to prevent outrage in Ireland, the total number » has diminished from 2,109 in April 1847 to 1,146 in April diminished from 314 to %; the demand or seizure of crimes in proportion. The effect of the bill for , although passed 80 rec ntly, i 1s past debates. But the discussion was { useless ap R USSELL defende 1 the of crimes of violent 1848; the homicides have arms, from 67 to 12; and other tter security of the Crown and Government the loud tone of those who said that “ Lord Clarendon must be put y chang d: it is now most mitigated treason, most milk-and- be it to those whose appetites have been stimu- * previously. any particular government or country— 1 compliment. to M. de Lamartine’s en- the | the be already visible: " % Ggownh has ent gh diet furr bill is not aimed ¢ 1 John, in passing, p id a hig ned sense of peace: still, looking at wh it is passing abroad, it is desirable to take precautions, if not against propa; at least against schemes of plunder. As to other measures mentioned | oy yoden, Ministers world express their epinion upon them when they should come before the House. “ For my own part, I cannot ng myself to believe that the representation of the people of this s state as the honourable Member seems to imagine that it is. 10W | ; to discuss whether this louse be properly formed or not— whether there ought to be such a number of small boroughs, or whether all enjoy the franchise who ought to enjoy it,—questions which it will be well to consider on a fitting oceasion—I will say that it is my belief that this House, since it met in November, has pursued a course which commands the sympathy and approval! of the « t I believe that the votes of this House and the majorities by which they were carried have not been owing to any peculiar state of parties; nor do I think that they have unfaithfully represented the opinions of the majority of the people. Neither ean I think that the reduction of the Royal expenditure, the taki of what the honourable Member for the West Riding of Yorkshire ca irbarous pomp of the Crown be rto past times,’ and diminish- i pendages of Roy alty, are the methods whereby Government or this t weceed in conciliating the general feeling of the people of this coun- try. It nyself, that the people of this country are thoroughly and a att: l : institutions under which they live. I do not know that there strong evidence of devoted edie it to the Crown ¢ is country. I know that the conduct of the illustrious person who now occnpies that throne—that the example given by the Sover of this country in every and in the dischar constitutional duty, have met with that whic oh they ought to have received in the confidence and affection of her pe (Loud applause.) 1 do not believe that that which is necessary | enance of the Royal oflice—that which I admit or requirements of the ever Was ; » when I perceived such ze of ever domestic life, reward relation of is not necessary for the comfort Sovereign herself, but which is necessary for the due maintenance and dig- nity of the Royal office—is at all grudged by the people of this country. I believe that we should be acting in a manner contrary to the wishes of the people if we were to embark on a sea of speculation, setting everything ure constitution of England is ind order which has been recently m of this country. Whatever proper They are due to the state of our afloat, and making it doubtful what the to be. I believe that the example of peace afforded has not been lost on the populat trenchments we can make, let us make them finances; they are due to the state of suffering in which, unhappily, many of our people are placed. (Cheers.) Let every kind of economy that can be safely prac- tised be pract let every amendment of taxation that can be well carried into effect be carried into effect: but let us not imagine, that by shaking any of the | » state, or disturbing the which the constitution of try rests, we hall be doing goud to the e untry. — all, the immediate and vile purpose of winning a little applause at the ex- ( Cheers.) P Lord John that basis on let us not this cou: pense of our duty.” Mr. Brigur warned he was pursuing an infatuated the Crown, or of any expense y: what they did complain iture which did not add to the honour or dignity of the Crown, but which d 1 in u very large degree to hand over the revenues draw m the t taxes to the aristocratic hangers-on of the Court. He would take to ask the noble Lord, whether he thought it essential to the honour of t Crown, or to the preservation of the constitution, or to the upholding of public order, that there should be in connexion with the Court such an establishment as that of the Back-hounds, which cost the people of this country a lars sum annually than was paid by the Americans to the President of the United States ? Was it essential to the dignity of th Crowa that there should be a Grand Falconer, and other hereditary ofticers ot a mischie- vous and absurd description? Former Ministers had relied too much on “ ma- jorities” within that House—having a miserable minority outside. Mr. Bright would venture to predict, that if the noble Lord did not mind what he was about, his Government would ere long die of majorities. The noble Lord had no vision beyond that which was bounded by the two Lobbies of that House; and, inter- reting everything by majorities, could rec ognize no representation of public feel- ing except in the persons of Mr. Tufnell and Lord Marcus Hill. (Loud laughter.) id not complain of The people of this country the regal dignity necessary for the due maintenance of of was, that there was a large expel i

Page 4

XS 456 THE SPECTATOR. [Saturday,

The noble Lord had fraternized with his old enemies. He was pursuing a course | which, whatever effect it might have on his majorities, would estrange from him people, and end in the downfall, the unpitied Mr. Bright had hoped would have lasted for | the affection and confidence of the downfall, of a Government which many years. (Cheers.) The third reading of the bill was carried by 146 to 29, and the bill passed. Horsuam: SMALL BorouGus. On Thursday, Mr. GortnG moved the issue of a new writ for the bo- rough of Horsham; which occasioned a fresh debate on the corrupt prac- tices in that borough, and the question whether they were svflicient to warrant the further suspension of the writ. Lord Jonn Russet, Sir GEORGE Grey, and other Members on the Ministerial side, contended that the writ should be suspended at least until after the discussion on Sir John Hanmer’s Borough Elections Bill, authorizing an ambulatory Commission | to inquire into the practices of certain boroughs; as Horsham might be in- cluded in that inquiry. On the opposite side, several Members, including Sir Roserr Peer, said that they had consented to postpone the writ at the instance of Lord John Russell, in the expectation that he would pro- pose a special inquiry into the case of Horsham; but that it was a very dif ferent thing to suspend the functions of that borough during the debates, | perhaps the protracted debates, on a bill in charge of a private Member. | Sir Robert urged Lord John at once to undertake the charge of Sir John Hanmer's bill, instead of suffering his arguments and information to filter | through the honourable Member for Flint. On a division, Mr. Goring’s motion was negatived, by 167 to 73. Subsequently, Sir Joun Hanmer obtained the discharge of the order | for the second reading of his bill, and reintroduced it with amendments. It was read a first time in the new shape; to be read a second time on Thursday next. Court PatronaGe or Native InpustRyY. On Tuesday, Lord GrorGe Bentinck questioned Lord John Russell with respect to the Queen's commands to the ladies of England, that in attending Court they should appear attired in dresses exclusively the pro- duct of native industry. Lord George asked whether the commands lately announced had been given by her Majesty on her learning that foreign silk goods worth 400,0002., equal to the employment of 31,000 weavers here—lace, worth 20,000/—needlework, worth 20,0002, or enough to displace the produce of 4,000 home workwomen and semp- stresses—7,000 dozens of boot and shoe fronts, enough to employ 1,200 cord- wainers here—had been entered at the port of London within the first three months of the present year? jesty, from the promptings of her own heart, had ordered this important an- nouncement; or whether it had emanated from the noble Lord who originally ad- | vised Free-trade measures, but now finds them past endurance and proper to be put aside? He asked whether this announcement might not be taken as not only indicative, as they were all sure it was, of her Majesty’s will, who now stood forward as the first Protectionist in this country—(Cheers and laughter)—but as also indicative of a change of opinion on the part of her Majesty’s Ministry ? | and whether it was not an intimation that they were now going to retrace that course which had gone so far to bring the country into its present state of distress ? Lord Joun RussEu admitted that the announcement was authoritative: but it was no novelty—similar announcements had often been issued before. It had proceeded from her Majesty’s kindness, and from her wish to be of ser- vice to her subjects engaged in a depressed branch of trade. As to whether it indicated a change of policy on the subject of protection, Lord John would only say that it issued from the Chamberlain’s office, and that he had not advised the Crown in the matter. With regard to the measures which had been criticized, and the facts that had been cited, Lord John remarked that the quantities of silks now entered in the port of London were nominally in- creased by the regular entry of a vast bulk which under the old highly exclu- sive system were introduced irregularly by the smuggler. But if more goods are now entered, and thereby a particular class do suffer inconvenience or distress, yet those entries must stimulate the production and exportation of the classes of goods for which the imports are exchanged. Lastly, these imported goods im- prove our own manufuctures in point of design, colour, and taste, and in that way raise their character and profit. Considering, therefore, these three cir- cumstances, in connexion with the change of duties made of late years, Lord John thought he should be the last person to advise her Majesty to make an alteration of the policy pursued; and he very much doubted whether any such advice would be so acceptable to her Majesty as Lord George seemed to intimate. Mr. Jonn Bricut doubted whether the Queen’s name should have been introduced in the way it had; for the Lord Chamberlain was a po- litical officer, and his acts were done under the responsibility of the Minis- , { terial advisers. It especially behoved Government, and all persons in authority, to guard cau- tiously against seeming to favour the error that the interests of the working classes would be promoted by hostility to foreigners. Nothing could be less eal- culated to benefit the French workmen than the late expulsion of English work - men from France—not to mention the ill-feelings generated. There was no dif- ference between driving out workmen and keeping out their work: though no order had been issued to exclude foreign work, yet the effect of the order really given is, that French silks which would have been consumed will not be used, and English taken instead. It should be known, that from the late convulsions, the consequent depression of trade, and the low price of French silks in France, very large quantities of them have been purchased and brought to this country. The announcement in question might therefore entail great loss on large capi- talists, and ruin on many of smaller means. The kindness to the Spitalfields weavers would then be done only at a cost of loss and injury te other classes. Mr. Bright had no objection to a number of noble and titled but not very wise women asso- ciating among themselves against French silks; buf he protested against the Government's creating ill-will between this and other nations, and fostering im- ressions among the working classes which must end in disappointment. Colonel THompson considered that there were other parties interested in this matter besides those who had been referred to. His constituents at Bradford were great makers of waistcoat and pantaloon pieces for foreign consumption; and they said, and seriously believed, that those waistcoats and pantaloons were virtually trucked against the ladies’ petticoats from France. (Laughter.) If that were the case, he would ask whether there was any charity, any kumanity, any justice, any policy, any common sense, in representing hostility to one portion of the manufacturing classes of the country to come from a quarter of which he was sure no one in that House wished to | therwise than with feelings of the utmost affection and reverence. om | | ve been the doing of some Court Polonius; some man of the blac ite stick, of rare ingenuity.

5s = z

He asked whether, with this knowledge, her Ma- | Sir Witt1am MoLeswortu considered, that in spite of this explanation it was a silly and foolish order; and he was informed, on the best authority, , that there was not the slightest chance of its being obeyed. Many other speakers took a part in the discussion; which here dropped. | At its beginning Sir De Lacy Evans took the opportunity to refer to a petition lately presented by him from 102 engineer's men, who had been driven from France and despoiled of their furniture and wages. Lord Pat- MERSTON observed, that the case had been brought under the attention of | the Provisional Government of France; and nothing could be more fair, handsome, and liberal, than the manner in which they had received the ap- plication. The matter would not go out of sight. | Tue NationaL Dockyarps. On Tuesday, Mr. M‘Grecor moved for a Select Committee to in- quire into the management of the Naval Docks. There had been a great want of economy in the management of the dockyards of the country; though he admitted that improvements had been made in some of them, especially Woolwich, Portsmouth, and Sheerness. The system was still such as if practised in any private establishment would soon bring the owners to ruin. The sums spent on the late Surveyor’s ships amounted, or would amount, to 1,500,000. On the Union, 98 guns, 45,0001. for alterations and repairs had been laid out. Ships like the Sidon had turned out failures; andeven the Queen’s yacht, which should have been as perfect as art could make it, was one of the | most unmanageable of steamers. Messrs. Cunard’s boats did not turn out thus, or require repairs of such great cost. If a Committee were granted to inquire into | the whole expenditure of the dockyards from 1832 to the present time, it might | be shown that one third of the money spent could have been saved. Mr. Warp, in opposing the motion, said that he had never heard a weaker case. On the general question of wasteful expenditure, and the suggestion that a diminution might be possible—“ Why, it was not only possible, but pro- mised ; ony in the Estimates of next year, and to the extent of full 600,0000, As fast as the Admiralty could see the way clear, it was their anxious desire to extend still further those reductions, which he himself did | not wish made with any detriment to the service.” Mr. Ward disposed of Mr. | M‘Gregor’s statements with brief and effectual details. | Mr. Hume assured Mr. M‘Gregor that all the facts he had stated were | known to many Members of the Select Committee on the Estimates, who | would narrowly examine those points before closing their labours. He | dissuaded Mr. M‘Gregor from a division, lest it might be made to appear that Government were unwilling to carry out their reforms. | Lord INGestre thought nothing would go well with the Admiralty till they established a Board of Science to consider designs. Admiral Dunpas supported Mr. Ward. Captain Harris thought the motion quite uncalled | for. Captain PrcHEeLi expressed his confidence in the sincere reforming tendencies of the Board of Admiralty. | Mr. M‘Grecor withdrew his motion. Tue Jormr Srock Companies But was considered by the House of Com- mons, in Committee, on Wednesday. Mr. Joun Stuart suggested the introduc- tion of a clause giving the Lord Chancellor a discretionary power to appoint cases to be heard by local tribunals, instead of the tribunals in London only. After discussion, the suggestion was acceded to by the ATTORNEY-GENERAL. Lunatic AsyLums In Scortanp. On Thursday, Mr. Rurnerrurp, the | Lord Advocate, moved the second reading of his Lunatic Asylum (Scotland) Bill. | In twenty-four of the Scotch counties, including some of the most important, | there are absolutely no asylums for pauper lunatics. In fifteen counties there are | eight public and twenty-five private asylums; in those receptacles there are 2,417 | patients, of which number 1,619 are pauper patients. There are in Scotland 3,410 lunatic paupers, supported, wholly or in part, by parish relief; whereof 1,160 are in asylums, the others in charge of friends. The yearly maintenance | ofa pauper lunatic ranges, in public asylums, from 14. 14s. to 26l. 13s.; in pri- | vate asylums, from 17/. 2s. 6d. to 244; in charge of friends, from 14s. 3d. to 9l. 11s. The paupers in individual charge are kept in the most deplorable man- | ner—in dungeons, chained to beds of straw, and,fed on little better than garbage. | Dr. Browne, of the Dumfries Asylum, states that recovery is impossible under such treatment. Mr. Rutherfurd explained that his bill would authorize an as- sessment on the various counties; charitable funds to be credited in the amount | of the assessment. Persons not paupers would be admissible to the new asylums | on payment of fair remuneration. All asylums would be placed under the direc= | tion of a Board similar to that of England, only on a more economical scale. After | the second reading, the bill would be referred to a Committee up stairs, in order to a careful settlement of the details. After a few desultory remarks from seve ral Members connected with Scotland, mostly in approbation, the bill was read a second time. | SraTe oF THE Finances. On Thursday, replying to Colonel Sisrnorp, | who vainly inquired when a further financial statement would be made, Sir Cuares Woop said that the finances are improving: for the first time this | year, the receipts of the week exceed those of the corresponding week last year. Tur Count-ovt on Turespay. The House of Commons adjourned at half- | past seven on Tuesday evening. Shortly after Mr. Urquaarr had risen to de- | velop his reasons for an address to the Queen against British intervention in Portugal, notice was taken that forty Members were not present, and the Hous | Was counted out. Mr. Hupson made himself somewhat conspicuous on pegmy d night, in | speaking with great vehemence. In the discussion on the Health Bill, he attacked | Sir Roperr INGuIs; who retorted rather sharply,—saying that he always res | pected the aristocracy of birth, taleut, or worth, but not of money; and Mr. Fiudson was mistaken if he thought he was the person to teach when Members ought to speak or ought to be silent. Mr. Hupson was again loudly heard on the subject of Horsham: on which Mr. BrorHEerton complained of obstruction | to business, and advised Mr. Hudson to joina Temperance Society. Mr. Hupson | said it was most gratuitous to make such imputations. “I repel that levelled at me with all the scorn which one individual can fling upon another. (“ Oh, oh!” | and “ Order, order!”) 1 am ready to meet the imputation at any moment. (“ Order, order!”) What does the honourable gentleman mean? Are such imputations usual? I appeal to the Speaker. (“ Order!”) I could blacken any man’s character in a moment, but the honourable gentleman is as careless of cha- racter as he is of principle. (*‘ Order, order!”) I might charge him with being | a perfect drunkard, if I chose. (“ Order, order!”) I say, what does he mean ?"— | The scene was closed by a Member who caused the House to be “ counted out.” The Court. | Tue Queen held an investiture of the Order of the Bath, in Buckingham | Palace, on Saturday; the first which has occurred under the new censtitu-

m : LL explained— s =. . : < pe) e7 — ex il fi anal _». | tion of that order. Lord Fitzroy Somerset, Lieutenant-General Sir John i i a ees me phew a bay oe te many, wae seuelly Macdonald, and General Sir Colin Halket, were invested as Military ag ° had e in London or Paris, found that the milliners or tradesmen | **"* a, a 3 ‘eal Sir TL ‘hin tien, Te ae in & neig ing; village were distressed, and directed them to furnish the Knights Grand Crosses; Rear-Admiral Sir Thomas John ‘Pa ‘ek N 2) Z nob, any view of injuring either Paris or London, but as an act of jor-General John Rolt, and Major-General William Francis atrick Na- 4 ai persons in the immediate neighbourhood of her residence. pier, were invested as Military Knights Commanders; the Right Honour- a. Ko. Ne eo a i, ae $P\ 2 git ; NY —a *

Page 5

a ae UM May 13, 1848.) THE SPE CTATOR. 457 able Henry Ellis, the Right Honourable Richard Pakenham, Mr. Charles | Edward Trevelyan, Sir Randolph Isham Routh, Rear-Admiral Francis | Beaufort, the Right Honourable James Stephen, Major-General William | Morison, and Colonel Henry Montgomery Lawrence, received investment as the first Civil Knight Commanders. Those gentlemen who had not al- ready received the honour of knighthood, were knighted by her Majesty before being invested with the Bath Order. Yesterday, there was a similar ceremony for the Order of the Thistle: the Earl of Dalhousie and the Earl of Camperdown were elected Knights of the Thistle; and the latter was knighted. At the same time, the Queen held a Court, and received addresses of congratulation on the birth of a Princess from the Corporation of London, | and the Court of Lieutenancy of London. Sir George Grey, the Lord Steward, and Lord John Russell, had audiences. Her Majesty held a Court and Privy Council on Monday. Baron de Cetto had an audience to present his credentials as Minister Plenipotentiary | from the King of Bavaria; the Earl Granville kissed hands on his appoint- ment to be Vice-President of the Board of Trade; Lord John Russell and Lord Lansdowne had audiences. On Thursday, at St. James’s Palace, her Majesty held a Drawing- room, very numerously attended. Before the Drawingroom, the Queen received the annual deputation from Christ’s Hospital. The Queen and Prince Albert drove to Claremont, and visited the Count and Countess of Neuilly, on Wednesday. On Tuesday, her Majesty re- ceived visits from the Queen Dowager, with her guests, the Duke Bernhard and Dutchess Ida of Saxe-Weimar, Prince Edward, and the Princess of Saxe-Weimar; and on Wednesday, from the Dutchess of Cambridge, with her guests, Prince Frederick William of Hesse and Duke George of | Mechilenburg. The Queen and Prince Albert went to the exhibition of the Royal Aca- | demy on Saturday morning; to the gardens of the Royal Botanic Society in the Regent's Park on Wednesday morning. In the evening of Wednes- day, her Majesty went to the concert of Ancient Music at the Hanover Square Rooms; Prince Albert preceding her, and presiding as Director of the evening’s performance. Prince Frederick William of Hesse left town for the Continent on Monday. The Metropolis. The British and Foreign School Society held its meeting at Exeter Hall | on Monday; Lord Morpeth presiding. In the course of his opening speech, Lord Morpeth gave some explanation of Ministerial views. Much as he admired the principles of the Society, he thought every day's ex- perience taught that no general scheme of education could, with perfect justice to all parties, be universally enforced by legislative enactment. He corrected a mis- taken impression which had been created in the mind of ihe people, that Govern- ment intended to mould the education of the country and give it a special bent— to forge a groove, as it were, in which it should run—and bring the whole rising youth under one course of instruction, or into one cast of thought and feeling. On behalf of Government he stated, in the first place, that assistance would be given only to those who sought it; in the next place, that assistance would be given subordinately to the purposes of those asking for it, and with a recognition of their entire independence. No sort of control, but only a codperation, would | be exercised. The endeavour would be only to secure common sense, the ap- | pliances of competent instruction, and a teaching in conformity with the princi- ples and teaching of the Holy Scriptures. On this last point the most jealous susceptibilities would be respected: the character of the religious instruction would not, if objection were made, be inquired into by the State Inspector; though care would be taken not to aid men or systems which set the Bible at nought. The report touched upon some statistics of the Society. It alluded to the secession from the Society of some members, in consequence of its having resolved by a large majority, on the 1st of June last, to accept the aid of the Government under the terms of the minutes of Council. These seces- sions were deeply regretted, but it was consoling that they were but few. The financial condition of the Society was satisfactory. The income during the year amounted to 11,896/, and had been very slightly affected by the prevailing com- mercial distress. Of the above sum 7501. had been contributed by Government. After defraying the expenditure, there remained a balance in hand of 185/. The Society had built and opened 95 new schools in 90 different localities. The annual distribution of prizes to the medical students of University | College was made on Saturday; Lord Brougham presiding. Among the many points embraced in his rather discursive speech, was an allusion to | the Frenci. Bevolution, introduced by a compliment to the English students for their conduct on the 10th of April— _ He could not look across the Channel without feeling how very proud the Eng- lish people ought to be that their young men should have adopted the course they did, rather than the course taken by the scholars of some of the schools of Paris. If in the late deplorable events which overthrew a peaceable and free Go- vernment in France—( Cries of ‘ Hear, hear!” mingled with laughter and de- cided marks of disapproval)—and put in jeopardy the peace of Europe and the world, there was any one feature which he viewed with more sorrow and disgust than another, it was that grown-up men with arms in their hands, instead of risking their own worthless lives, should have set on the scholars—young men, stripling boys, and children of fourteen—of the schools of Paris to destroy the Government and upset the public peace. (Cheers, mingled with hisses.) He made no secret of his feelings on this matter. His fellow citizens in France— | (Loud laughter)—were pertectly well aware of his feelings. He had declared them as plainly as words could speak, and whether they were palatable or not was a matter of supreme indifference to him. He was not, however, without hope that when his fellow citizens—(Laughter)—came to reflect a little, their good sense would induce them to believe that his opinions ought to be palatable; and that if they were not so it was because they resembled medicine, which, | though not pleasant to the taste, was nevertheless very good for the patient. _ Lord Brougham contemned the idea that there had ever been any danger to the | institutions of this country, or any probability of a revolt or a republic. He cri- | ticized the objects of a revolt, and the fitness of a republic; and sent a random shaft at the distant person of Pope Pius IX. A revolt might be very good for those who lived under oppression—for those who enjoyed no liberty whatever, and had Nothing to lose by changing their situation. publics might be all very well for those who liked them; but the people of England were not Republicans. St. Peter was all very well at Rome, as Sancho Panza said in Don Quixote; and, by the | way, he might here take occasion to observe, that if some people, who professed to represent St. Peter, did not look sharp, they would not be long in Rome; but that was their own look -out. thease Lord Brougham concluded with an opposing allusion to the project of building a hospital as a memorial of the events of the 10th of April— Hospital establishments were already numerous enough in London; they were more numerous than the public bounty could well support. Ten thousand pounds @ year would be required to support the new establishment; and that sum would simply be withdrawn from the funds now given to the existing hospitals. Take their own hospital as an instance: in it there were 200 beds, 130 of which only could be kept, for want of funds; the walls were up, the rooms bare, 70 beds unoccupied, and funds were wanted from year to year to support it. Every | hospital in London could tell them the same story. The distributions of prizes to the medical department of King’s College were also made on Saturday. The Archbishop of Canterbury presided. The Committee appointed to act in the matter of the Public Order me- morial, held a private meeting under Lord Lansdowne at the British Hotel on Saturday last, and came to this resolution— “ That after mature consideration of the circumstances which have occurred since the objects of the Committee were first promulgated, it is expedient that no further effurts be made in furtherance of the objects proposed; and that the con- | tributions already received, of which her Majesty and the members of the Royal Family have subscribed 1,000/., be returned to the subscribers, the expenses in- curred having been discharged by the Committee.” The Chartist Convention continues to sit. It has resolved that the new Reform movement is not to be interfered with by the Chartist body. It has also resolved that Mr. O'Connor be instructed to bring a bill into Par- liament, embodying the principles of the Charter. A “liberty fund” of 10,0001. is to be raised. The Provinces. A meeting of electors of North Cheshire has resolved that Mr. Francis Dukenfield Palmer Astley is a fit person to succeed to the seat vacated by Mr. E. J. Stanley, on his elevation to the Peerage. The Manchester Guar- dian recalls the circumstances under which Mr. Astley retired from con- testing the representation of North Cheshire at the last general election. It was arranged that Mr. Stanley and Mr. Egerton should be unopposed, and that Mr. Astley should be returned if any vacancy occurred during this Parliament. The Guardian presumes that this understanding will be adhered to. The inhabitants of Hertford met on Monday last, on a requisition and under the chairmanship of their Mayor, and passed this along with other re- solutions— “ That this meeting cordially approves of the movement lately commenced for placing the Parliamentary suffrage on a more just and equal basis for reducing the public expenditure, and diminishing the t and lizing the pressure of taxation.” The meeting was very numerous, respectable, and unanimous. A frightful accident happened on the Great Western Railway on Wednesday | The mid-day express-train from Exeter proceeded on its way in safety til it approached the Shrivenham statiou, about seventy miles from London,—a place at which the train in question did not use to stop: the signal was given that the line was clear, and the engine dashed onward: there is a siding at the spot; a horse-box and a cattle-truck were standing on these rails; the former was on the main line; the locomotive struck it, and both the horse-box and the truck swung round, came in contact with the foremost second-class carriage of the train, and smashed it to pieces. The driver managed to stop the train in time to prevent any other carriage from going off the line. The passengers, however, were thrown in every direction. Three were found dead; another dieds hortly after; and many were seriously wounded; in fact, only one person in the carriage escaped unhurt. The persons killed were— the Reverend Mr. Phillips, of Penzance; the Reverend Mr. Sandys, of Woolwich; Wilsbere, valet to Sir Alexander Mackenzie; and a man unknown. Among the fifteen individuals hurt, these were the worst cases—Captain Blair, R.N., injury to the spine, likely to be fatal; Mr. Carlton, dislocated ankle; Mr. Lea, Wadham College, Oxford, leg broken and thigh fractured; Mr. Seymour, of Cork, fractured thigh; Mr. C. Pearse, whose arm has been amputated. The inquest was held on Thursday. A labourer on the railway described the disaster. Two porters and another man were moving a cattle-truck and a horse- | box when the express-train approached; the horse- box was partly on the main line; one of the porters perceived the danger, and held up his hands to stop the train, but there was not time. The porters were Weybury and Willoughby. The first made a statement to the Jury: he bad been off duty for an hour; on his return he assisted in moving the vehicles, no one having warned him that the express-train had not passed the station previously, as it should have done. Mr, Hudson, the station-clerk, said it was the policeman’s duty to exhibit the signal that the line was clear for the express-train: had the porters looked to the signal they would have seen that a train was expected. Roscoe, the driver of the train, stated that it started twenty-one minutes after time: orders had recently been issued not to attempt to make up lost time: the usual speed in passing the station was from fifty to sixty miles an hour. He had a heavy eight-wheeled engine: had it been a lighter one, he thought the whole train would have been crushed by the shock, but the weight of the locomotive made it keep the line. Pargetter, the policeman, said he exhibited the signal that the line was clear ; and as the train approached he held out his arm also to notify it—directly after, he saw the horse-box on the rails. The Jury returned a verdict of “ Manslaughter” against Weybury and Willoughby. The Warwick Magistrates were engaged for many hours on Saturday investi» gating what appear to have been most preposterous charges of murder against Lord Leigh, bis deceased mother, and persons employed by them. The accusa- tion seems to have originated from the attempt of certain parties to seize Stone- leigh Abbey on pretence that it rightfully belonged to them and not to Lord Leigh: in November 1844, a mob took possession of the place for one George Leigh; they were tried for the offence, and no fewer than twenty-eight were con- victed. Richard Barnett made the charge of murder: in 1814, he was employed under Lady Julia Leigh and her son at the Abbey; a number of workmen were engaged in making alterations; four of these men were murdered by large stones having been allowed to fall on them, and their bodies were placed within an abutment of a bridge, and then enclosed with masonry. Another man was mur- | dered by Hay, a keeper, who shot him. In cross-examination, this witness said he had kept silence on these atrocities for thirty years, because he feared Lord | Leigh, and because he did not expect to obtain anything by speaking: he first di- vulged the secret to those who were trying to get the estate; he thought it would help them to get it, for the murders were committed to keep out the proper own- ers. John Wilcox was required to repeat evidence which he had given before a Master in Chancery: but instead of doing so, the man said he was‘not sober when he signed the declaration. This man, however, repeated a story how some ser- vants of the Leigh family had burned pictures and bad been paid to keep “the secrets of the house.” Mr. Griffin, an attorney, deposed to taking down a depo- sition by one Shaw, since dead, in which the man had so far criminated himself that Mr. Griffin bad laid the matter before the Home Secretary. Some more wit- nesses having been examined, Mr. Jones addressed the Magistrates for Lord | Leigh; and, after a short consultation, the Bench dismissed the charge. Mr. Jones threatened proceedings against some of the witnesses for perjury. Two men have been murdered near Swansea. They had been drinking with a number of “navies” and others, in a cottage; on leaving it, a dispute took place; the two men were attacked near their houses, stabbed, and so killed. The mur- derers appear to have been Irishmen: they got away in the confusion and darkness.

Page 6

458 THE SPECTATOR. [ Saturday,

IRELAND. The Corporation of Dublin lately presented an address to the Lord- Lieutenant, intended by its tone to cou uterbs ilance the loyal declarations of the County Magistrates who assembled at Kilmainham. Lord Clarendon received the address on Mond: ay, from a deputation appointed to present it. He categorically answered each of its points, in a tone of dignified re- buke at the impudent falsehood with which the Corporation had insinuated arbitrary and unconstitutional conduct on his part, and plainly indicated that the depression of trade, &c. in Dublin, that they complained of, was ® consequence of the sedition which the Corporation did nut discourag The Lord Chancellor has called upon Mr. Smith O’Brien to explain his signature appended to the “counter-proclamation” which was issued by the Confederation last week: the signature having been avowed, Mr. O’Brien has been dismissed from the Commission of the Peace. The Court of Queen’s Bench, on Wednesday, gave unanimous judgment against Mr. Mitchel’s pleas in abatement. A plea to an information, thut an indictment was still pending on the same matter, they deemed to be bad. Independently of that consideration, the entry of the nolle prosequi was an answer to such a plea. As soon as the judgment was given, Mr. Mitchel was called upon to plead without delay. He rose and did so on the spot— * Not guilty.” The trials of Mr. Smith O'Brien and Mr, Meagher are postponed to Monday and Tuesday, that Sunday's observances might not perchance be | denied to a slow jury. Dr. Kennedy has brought Father Berming] gham on his knees. lowing letter appears in the Evening Pust, the Government organ. “ Bor “ Sir—I deeply regret having caused to be published in the . of the 22d of April a letter by which I have incurred, and doubtles displeasure and severe censure of my Bishop. 1 now fully and ent this letter; as appearing to others, aud to myself on more mature to have a tendency to incite to civil war with its deplorable consequenc The fol-

fay 7. ‘spaper sokane

minister of religion and a Christian, I deeply deph we that this wetter sh a meaning so much at variance with the teaching of our Divine Redeemer and his blessed Apostles; and I beg leave to express, through the medium of your respect- able journal, these my sentiments of regret and my retractation of the letter. “Tam, Sir, your obedient humble servant, JAMES Bernmincuam, PP.” Dr. Kennedy has also proceeded to extreme measures with the Reverend Mr. Nolan of Monsea, whom he lately suspended for altar denuuciatio The Warder states that Mr. Nolan was recently charged with writing in the Tipperary Vindicator certain articles derogatory to the character of his author; but the Dy. Kennedy

Bishop. le protested before God that he was not the editor exposed him, and exhibited them in his handwriting. has totally deprived Mr. Nolan of his paris h. Mr. Mitchel has published. a letter respecti ng his retirement from t [rish Confederation. ‘The were not connected with disasters at Limerick, but with “ ditierences on some important qui nation: al policy” which had long existed between Mr. Smith O'Brien and him “ All active measures of the Council of which I approve,” he adds, “ have my warmest support; tional Confederation, and the enrolment of a pcos tl Guard.” The Young Irelanders of Waterford gave a grand entertainment to leaders on Sunday last. Mr. Smith O'Brien was too ill te attend ; Mitchel was of course not present, since his secession; i¢ Jeaders w only Mr. Meagher and Mr. Dutly. Disturbance was apprehended. war-steamers Medusa and Merlin came into harbour and lay alongside of the quay, and other preparations were made. All, however, went off quietly. The leaders of the Old Ireland party and the Young Irelaud party have coalesced, on their individual responsibility; and have issued a fraternal address signed by Dr. Miley, Mr. Smith O’Brien, Mr. John O'Connell, Mr. Meagher, Mr. Gavan Dufly, and others. The Protestant Repeal Association held a meeting on Tuesday evenir and adopted resolutions in favour of Repeal. A letter was read from Mr. Sharman Crawford, advocating Repeal on English gi The United Irishman of last Saturday was only half its usual si Mitchel announces, that all the —— in Dublin, but one, were afi print his paper; and the faithful « had not a press large cnough to print the full sheet. In another week Mr. Mitchel will have a large own: meanwhile, anything is “ better than a lawyer's revision.” The St. Peter’s Parish Savings Bank Rea ed payment on W under pressure of the panic preac thed up | sy the Confederates. reasons tions of ‘hall

so unds. uid TO

press of his

1 mesaay, The Dublin Evening Mail states that evidences are rife of another ex tensive failure in the potato crop. ‘lhe misfortune is universally traceable, it is said, to areturn to the use of bad seed and bad methods of culture.

At Thurles Quarter-Sessions, lust week, Michael Guilfoyle was tried. by a jury half Protestant and half Catholic, and convicted of manufacturing war- _ sin the guise of three-bladed pitchtorks—after a pattern in the "nited Irishman. He received the mitigated puy of twelve mouths’ iengelocnmnent it. #foretan and ey olonial. France.—The National Assembly elected its officers on Friday. The state of the vote for the President's chair was as follows—M. Buchez, 383

M. Trélat, 234; M. Recurt, 91; M. Voirhaye,5; M, Cormenin, ( Limon : lost votes, 12. The required majority was 364, so M. Buchez was declared President. It had been already determined that the first election s only be for one month. M. Buchez is a highly 1: ‘ “ Moderate.” M. Trélat was the Roilin candidate. M. Recut is also a Moderate; and both he and M. Buchez are adjoints to the Mayor of Pari The six Vice-Presidents chosen were—-M. Reeurt, who obtained 63 votes; General Cavaignac, 575; M. Corbon, 397; M. Guinard, M. Cormenin, 319; and M. Senard, 318. The six Secretariese—MM. Peupin,

tah] Spectabie lian, ar

ods Robert, 333; Degeorges, 325; 365; Felix Pyat, 322; Lacrosse, 287; and Emile Pean, 252 The three Questors—M. Degousée, 439 votes; M. Bureaux de Pusy, 338; and General Negrier, 290. On Saturday, the Presidents of the various Committees appointed to verify the elections gave their reports in succession. ‘The Abbé Fayet, Bishop of Orleans, was reported against, on the ground that corruption, intimidation, and undue sacerdotal influence, had been used to procure his election for the department of the Lot. ‘The election of M. Schmit as 25th candidate for Paris, was specially reported on. ‘Two Schmits had | of action shine forth fully. c cre ite by | more especially the calling together of a Na- | Mr. |

fucto aud de jure q been candidates, and many of the votes intended for Schmit ouvrier had been placed to the poll of Schmit Governmental clerk, and author of a “ Catechism de 'Ouvrier”: the Committee determined that the return was void; and recommended that M. Moreau, who was the 35th candidate— the highest unsuccessful one—should be held as clected. But this was objected to, and a new election advocated: M. Moreau was a strong par~ tisan of the Moderate party. A division was taken,—twice by rising and sitting, which proved doubtful; and at last by ballot, when the new elec- tion was carried by 414 to 298. The members of the Provisional Government then in succession rendered account of their departments. A general preamble to the de- partmental reports was first to be read by the President of the Provisional Government. M. Dupont de 'Eure, however, on account of his weakness of voice, requested that M. de Lamartine should read it for him; and the Chainber assented with alacrity. The chief points of this document were the tollowing— ‘The Throne being overturned, and the Dynasty having departed in to exile, the Provisional Govern ent simply recorded that Republie which was proclaimed by the voice of the entire people. The first task of the Government was the resto- ration of order in Paris. ‘The cooperation of the citizens made this a task of less merit than otherwise it would have been: each citizen became at the same time the soldier of peace and the volunteer magistrate of order. The magnanimous aspect of the people, their heroism and generosity, inspired the idea of the first decree published in the name of the Re .public—th: it which abolished the punish- ment of death for politica! offences. Europe saw that the spirit of God was over the crowd, and learnt to hope that a revolution so magnanimous in its inaugura- tion would be pure and sacred in its success. Regards were turned in succession to the departments of France, the Army, the Colo nies, Algeria, and the nations of E urope. As to the lust, Europe waited undecided the first word of the Republic. “ That first word was the abolition, de of the reactionary treaties of 1815; liberty restored to our fo- the declaration of peace for territories—of sympathy for nations— and moderation for governments. Fra wee, by that mani- but did not disarm her ideas; she let her principle Her war went no farther. * spee ial report of the Foreign Affairs will show you what this system of open diplomaey and what it will in all likelihood still produce for respect ive

en policy; of justice, good faith, festo, disarmed her ambition,

Minister of has produce 1 for France, France The Minister of W ar energetically reéstablished the shaken discipline of the Army; ; a Council of Defence was formed; four armies of observation were Llished—in the North, on the Rhine, the Alps, and the Pyrenees; and the

vy Was G lespat ched to dis} »! ay the flag r of the Republic to our brethren on the Italian shores. ut in proclaimivg a Republic France proclaimed a principlo—-the principle of The revolution ought to be

€ by right, and frat ernity by institutions. ‘ 1 for the profit of the people. To suppress the servile name of “ pro- letai and elevate the working man; to elevate and enrich these without de-

‘*to preserve property, and render it more fruitfal, by multiplying it, and dividing it amongst a ter number; to distribute the taxes in such a way as to cause the heaviest weight to fall on the strongest; to e state the work which should happen to fail by the fact ot ¢: .pital ing intimidated, so that not a workman in France should remain without bread; in fine, to examine with the workmen themselves the practical and true pha- ena of association, and the theories, still problematical, of the various sys- in order to discover the true application” ;—such were the ideas of the sional Government in all its decrees. » momentary dismissal of immense numbers of artisans from factories, the imercial and 1 dustrial crisis on the Continent and in England, the disorder of ‘the national finances, which the fallen Government had brought about, caused specie to disappear, ; alled for provisional aid which it would have been falseness to the Re public to refuse: labour and credit were ass sisted; and the moment awaited which at length came round, when confidence returned to men’s minds, and restored capital to the employer and wages to the workman. The department of justice was purified; judicial situations were removed from everything p iliti- the Minister of Justice with grief, but with an inflexible han i, eifected the separation. Public Instruction and Worship were placed under one hand, and the intention shown that they should be made free before human conscience and the law. To agriculture and commerce the hand of the state was momentarily stretched out, till returned sec urity should bring its spontaneous relief. In France, then, that Republic had been est: ablished which the Governments of Europe declared c wuld 1 only be so on the conditions of foreign and civil war, anar- prisons, and the scaffold: it is shown to be compatible with peace to all rope and order at home, with individual liberty, and even with gentleness, mildness, and purity of morals, in a people to whom hatred is a tort ure and con- cord a national instinct. Forty-five days have been passed through, with no exe- cut ive authority over the pe ople but that moral one which the y themselves were pleased to acknowledge: the people consented to be governed by persu: asive words, by counsels, and by generous ins pirat ions. Throug bout time of crisis, cessa- tion of we rk, and misery—of political agitation and social anguis h—property was unviolated, and life unt nenat ed by the people: nor had a single proscription or imprisoum ent, or a single drop of bloodshed by the Government, cast a shade of past. The members of the Provisional Government might descend 1eSS ON the n their stations and remix with the people without any one being able to ask, grading or injuring others;

-

cal:

chy,

that

“ As citizens, what have been your deeds? ° Lhe National Assembly has been called, te National Gaard organized iround it for its protection. Every one now < is his right, and bis weapon to maintain it. Faction is no longer possible; for there are no longer divided classes —politieal and non-political, armed and unarmed citizens. Insurrection would no onger be extreme right arising against oppression: it would itself be oppressi ] I t F r t op} t ld itselt t ression and crime. With the closing labours of the Provisional Government commences the work of the Natioual Representatives. Let the latter lose not time—that prin- cipal element of human aff. irs. Let a Committee on the Constitution, emans ating

from the suffrages of the Assembly, introduce without delay y the simple mechan- ism, brief and democratic, of the con itution, the organic and secondary laws of which can afterwards be discussed at leisure. Meanwhile, the Provisional Gove t submitted its acts to judgment; ask- ing only that the difiiculties of their task might be taken into account, and de- ‘an amnesty for its involuntary dictatorship. In conclusion, M. de La-

n id—* Our ouly ambition is to reenter the ranks of rood citizens. May the history of our beloved country inseribe with in udulge: nee, below, far below, the eat deeds which France has accomplished, t the recital of the three past months, luring which we have crossed an abyss bets wes na crushed d Monarchy and a Re- public starting up in its place. And instead of the obscure and forgotten names of the men who have devoted themselves to the public welfare, ma 4y history in- scribe on her pages only two names—the name of the People who has preserved all, and the name of the great God who has poured his blessings on the founda- tions ef the Republie.” The Assembly manifest Lamartine withdrew to his place, he was wi and on his arriving close to M. Dupont de I’Eure, him with transport. M. Ledru-Rollin followed with au account of his Ministry of the Interior. His speech was moderate, and effective. ed extreme delight at the oration. As M. de rmly felicitated by his friends; the old man embraced

Page 7

'@Pfatleep’ UM May 13, 1848.] THE SPECTATOR. 459 The work of which he was proudest was the preparation and organization in three weeks of universal suffrage; a mode of election which three months before had been declared utterly impossible. Hitherto calumny had been unheeded and unanswered by him: he had not lost, in refuting odious falsehoods, the precious time which the service of the Republic demanded. Now, however, that the sovereignty of the Assembly discharged him from the burden of affairs, calumny would find him ever ready to confound it. M. Crémieux described the ameliorations he had accomplished or put in train, chiefly in connexion with the magistracy and the press. M. Louis Blane described the origin of his department, and the nature of the labours performed. “We have gathered on the question of labour a great deal of information, which will be communicated to you, and you will examine it in all its details. Sutflice it for me to say, tha’ the two fundamental ideas of our work—whether it concerns commerce or agriculture, or the banks or the establishments of customs—the two fundamental ideas are, association and disinterested intervention, the pacific and tutelary intervention of the Siate. We do not pretend that the State should be- come the only industriel of the kingdom; but we wish it to be understood that the State has a great duty to fulfil in what regards those who suffer. What we wish is, that the State should be the guardian of credit, giving credit not only to the rich, but to the poor.” Association is a noble and beautiful thing; not because it will displace riches, but because it will make them universal, by making them fruitful; and because it will raise the level of the people and of humanity. M. Garnier-Pagés did little more in his address than recapitulate the points of the financial statement which he published on entering his de- partment. He stated that the Provisional Government would leave at the disposal of the Assembly a reserve fund of 100,000,000 frances. M. Arago’s statements included the fact that 800,000 muskets had been delivered to the National Guards of France. M. Marie, in allusion to the Railway question, contented himself with recommending the Assembly to consider it most maturely. M. de Lamartine then spoke as Minister of Foreign Affairs. There were two parties in presence after the late Revolution —those who thought war needful and inevitable; those who desired peace with liberty. M. de Lamartine was of the latter. This policy was now comprised in two words— armed diplomacy. He reviewed the European events of the past few months, and concluded from the situation of each nation that uo one at present united the de- sire with the ability to attack France. Who were now her enemies? Formerly, with her thirty-six millions she was isolated: now she stands bound in the closest fraternity with the greatest part of the millions of Europe. Far from fearing war from them, she may look to them for aid. She may now remain at peace with all the world, though prepared fur every event; and may carry out those views of Democratic progress which ought t » be the characteristic of a Republic. M. Dornés proposed from the tribune a vote that the Provisional Go- vernment deserved well of their country; and a violent scene ensued. M. Barbés rushed to the tribune and inveighed against the Government as the authors of the Rouen massacres: he demanded an inquiry into the posi- tion of France before Europe. Ile was interrupted by prodigious uproar, but continued to scream his denunciations for some time. At last his voice was completely drowned. M. Sénard, the Commissioner at Rouen, replied energetically to M. Barbes; and M. Crémieux added some words of indignant eloquence. almost unanimously, that the Government “had well merited from the country.” M. Barbes and M. Durrieu were the only two persons who held up their hands in the negative. The President of the Assembly stated that he had received a note of resignation from M. Béranger. The Assembly became curiously excited, and it was actually put to the vote whether the poet's resignation should be accepted. It was at last decided to accept the resignation. On Monday evening, the members assembled in their Bureaux. The Assembly is divided into eighteen of these bureaux, or standing committees, which deliberate in separate chambers. The bureaux chose their officers— the far greater number of them from the Moderate party. A committee was then formed, by choosing one from each bureau, to deliberate on the best form of the Interim Government which should succeed ,the’Provisional Government: ten of the number were members of the old Chamber of Deputies. On the 9th, the order of the day in the Assembly was the consideration of the report of the Committee appointed to examine the various propo- sitions for constituting the Executive Government ad interim. M. Peupin, “ouvrier,” read the Committee's report. ‘Two proposals had been chiefly discussed,—oue that the Assembly should appoint in public sitting an Executive Council, which should name the nine Ministers; the second, that the Assembly itself should directly name the nine Ministers with portfolio, and one other without portfolio, to act as President. The Com- mittee had resolved, by 14 to 4, to support the latter scheme. M. Durrieu proposed that the Provisional Government should resume its functions till the constitution be determined. A debate of much length, but no interesting features, arose. The Abbé Lacordaire supported M. Durrieu’s proposition. M. Odilon Barrot was the chief speaker in favour of the scheme of direct choice; M. Jules Favre and M. de Lamartine the leading ones in support of the scheme of an interme- diate Commission du Gouvernement. The Assembly at last went to a division, with this result— For the Ministry to be appointed by an Executive Committee...... 411 For the Ministry to be appointed by the Chamber direct............ BSD NG sisciniiccscncunssnvnivcsninn iraireinertbiin onions 26 During Tuesday night some apprehensions of disturbance seem to have been felt; for notice was sent round to each National Guard to be on the alert and ready at the rappel. the Assembly, double guards were found on duty. It is stated also that 900 muskets were deposited for the arming of the Representatives in case of attack. The Assembly met at noon; but so few persons were present, tiat there was an adjournment till one o'clock. M. Scnard created some excitement by the mention of rumours that several members of the late Provisional (iovernment had declared they would not accept a renewal of office if certain of their colleagues were ex- cluded. He stated from personal inquiries that the rumours were un- founded. After a confused discussion amidst much uproar, no point being distinctly before the Assembly, the order of the day for balloting the five members of a Commission of Government came on. ‘The process was im- mensely operose, and occupied three hours: at its close, the five members whose names follow, with the votes for each, were declared to be duly elected—Arago, 725; Garnier-Pages, 715; Marie, 702; Lamartine, 683; Ledru-Rollin, 458. On Wednesday morning, at the meeting of The Chamber hastened to a vote; and resolved, ' M. Louis Blanc made a lengthened oration on the subject of the organi- zation of labour; advocating the appointment of a special Ministry of La- bour. He spoke much as if defending himself from attack, and was lis- tened to throughout with great impatience. A member rose and rebuked him for defending himself so much, when his principles only were attacked, M. Blanc declared he had no personal interest in the question; a remark which provoked incredulous laughter. He concluded by demanding the immediate organization of labour, that a revolution of hunger might be prevented. M. Peupin, “ ouvrier,” opposed the proposition of a Ministry of Labour; though he besought the Assembly to turn instant attention to the situation of that body of workmen of which he wasa member. M. Peupin defended the Commission which sat in the Luxembourg from the blame of doing wrong: it did not deserve blame on that score, for it had done no- thing at all—(Great applause and laughter)—its will and its ability were good, but its elements rendered it ineflicient. M. Peupin advocated a committee of inquiry from among the members of the Assembly: that would establish confidence, and confidence would restore all to safety. Other members supported the committee proposed by M. Peupin. The proposition of M. Louis Blane to establish a Ministry of Labour was unani- mously rejected; and that of M. Peupin was adopted. M. Thiers is about to stand for the department of the Seine, in place of Lamartine. Brigadier-General Tanpoure is appointed Commandant-in-chief of the Garde Mobile, in the room of General Duvivier; whose resignation has been accepted. The 5th of May being the anniversary of the death of Napoleon, a grand funeral service was celebrated in the Church of the Invalides. Several members of the Imperial family were present,—Jerome Bonaparte, and his two children; Napoleon Bonaparte, Deputy for Corsica; and Princess Mathilda Demidoff; Joachim Murat, Deputy to the National Assembly; and Pierre Bonaparte, son of Lucien, and Deputy of Corsica. Among the others present were— Marslial Molitor, Governor of the Invalides; General Petit, Deputy Governor; Generals Fabvier, Gourgaud Friant, Montholon, and Chatry-Lafosse. It appears that order has not been restored in the provinces. At Brive, the majority of the inhabitants not only refused to pay the 45 per cent additional! taxation imposed by the Provisional Government, but had threatened with violence any person who should pay it. At Montluel, near Lyons, the soldiers of a regiment of artillery quartered in that town revolted; and being joined by some of the people, broke open a prison in which one of their comrades was confined, delivered him, and paraded him in triumph through the streets by torchlight, singing the Marseillaise. It is stated that tranquillity has been purchased at Limoges by a sum of 300,000 frances, sent by Government for the maintenance of the operatives thrown out of work. In the district of St. Dizier, nearly all the furnaces have ceased working, because of the difliculty of obtaining coal and ore. DeNMARK.—The Prussians entered Jutland early on the morning of the 2d instant, at Konigsau, near to the town of Kolding. This over- running of Denmark Proper is at the orders of the German Diet; which resolved, on the 26th April, that the troops of the Confederation should enter Jutland, and keep possession of it till security were given by Denmark for the restitution of the captures made by her ships of war. On the other hand, the King of Denmark, on the 29th April, proclaimed an extension of the blockade operations of his fleet to all the ports of Oldenburg and Mecklenburg; and those of Lubeck, Hamburg, and Bre- men. Potanp.—Posen is universally in arms against Prussian rule; a state of things mainly brought about by the conflicting conduct ef Generals Willisen and Coulomb, the civil Commissary and the military Commander of the province. It is asserted that General Coulomb, impatient at the Polish sympathies of General Willisen, has disregarded his stipulations and attacked the Poles, and so raised the flame of insurrection throughout the country. There have been conflicts, actual battles, between the Prus- sians and Poles at Xionz, Miloslaw, and at Wreschen. At Xionz, on the 29th April, the Poles fought behind barricades, and were not subdued till the town had been bombarded and laid in ashes by fire. The Prussian report states the Polish losses at 835 killed in the fight, and 732 burnt in the flames of their burning town, after the fight. Five hundred prisoners were made. At other points the Poles have been successful. The Prus- siaus attacked Mieroslawski at Miloslaw, on the 29th, with a large force and twelve guns; but were beaten off, with immense loss. General Hirsch- feld has been attacked and defeated at Wreschen, and driven back to So- kolow. Captain Boenigk was attacked and driven out of the town of Buck, on the 4th instant. Major Breetz, at Griitz, hearing of this, marched to his aid; joined him, aud reéntered the town, meeting at first little re- sistance. A priest led a large body of scithemen against him; who slew him and sacked the town, before they were overcome by his troops. The Deutche Zeitung publishes the subjoined circular letter from the Polish Committee of Posen to that of Gotzyn, dated the 28th of March— “We must avoid alarming the Germans, in order not to provoke a reaction; but it is important to maintain our supremacy over them. We therefore recom- mend your treating the Germans to their faces in a candid, straighttor ward man- ner, so that they may confide in our attachment and fraternity. But behind their backs the pe ple are to be armed ; their minds are to be infl ul d with a hery zeal.” General Willisen has been recalled by the Court of Berlin; and Gene- ral Pfuel, a man of moderation and experience, commissioned to eudeayour to pacify the Polish insurgents. Austria.—Hungary is following the example of Posen. ‘The accounts are not detailed, but it is said that the whole kingdom is in rebellion. In Croatia, too, troubles are rising. Zara Georgiewick has been proclaimed King by some districts inhabited by Servians. Another prince has pro- claimed a counter-revolution ou //s account. ; In Vienna, there have been mob and student disturbances. The news is to the 5th. Count Fiquelmont has been beset in his palace, and forced to resign. Baron Lelzeltern succeeded him as Home and Foreign Minister ad interim. The Minister of War, Zanini, has also resigned, aud been re- placed by Count Baillet Latour. The sequestration laid on Prince Adam Czartorysky’s property was re- moved by a decree of the 3d instant. Iraty.—Rome has had its revolution. News not long since arrived in Rome of revolting cruelties practised to the Roman volunteers by the Austrians near Verona. Signor Cafli, an artist, a man much beloved in

Page 8

460 THE SPECTATOR. [Saturday,

Rome, was found hanging from a tree, with a written inscription—“ This is the way in which the Crusaders of Pius the Ninth are treated.” The populace of Rome, already impatient at the reluctance of the Pope, arose and with violence demanded a declaration of war. On the 29th April, the Pope still held out: he made a speech to his Cardinals in conclave against declaring war, and said that his troops had crossed the Po without his in- structions. took possession of the post-office, and inspected the correspondence of the Car- dinals. It was found that they meditated flight. The city-gates were gained. Deputations to the Pope from the people and the clubs pressed the Pope | to yield; and the Sardinian and Tuscan Ambassadors joined in urging him. On the Ist instant he yielded, at the persuasion chiefly of Senator Mamiani. The Ministry resigned. The Pope recalled his Ministers, all but Cardinal Antonelli; who was succeeded in the Foreign department by Mamiani. The Ministry, now completely secularized, resolved to push the war with vigour. The news from Lombardy now grows clearer. Charles Albert has pushed his troops over the Adige at Pontone, on the North of Verona; cutting off Radetsky from the valley of the Trent, and from the power of | a junction with Nugent’s troops, advancing fromthe North-east. There was much fighting in doing this; the Austrians losing many men killed and prisoners in each affair. Durando and Zucchi are said to have effected @ junction, and to be in front of Nugent with a superior body of men. SPiscellaneous. We understand that the Earl of Granville has been appointed Paymas- ter-General; the salary of which office will be reduced to 2,000/. per an- num. Lord Granville will fultil at the same time the duties of Vice-Pre- sident of the Board of Trade, without salary. It is probable that the Right Honourable E. J. Stanley will shortly be called up to the House of Lords; and in this case, as his removal will leave only one Under-Secre- tary of State in the House of Commons, Mr. G. C. Lewis will be appointed Under-Secretary for the Home Department, in the room of Sir Denis Le —" who will resume his former office of Secretary of the Board of rade. the Board of Control; which will probably be filled by Mr. J. Wilson, the Member for Westbury.— Times, May 8. Tuesday's Gazette announces the elevation of the Right Honourable

Edward John Stanley, eldest son of Lord Stanley of Alderley, to the dig- | nity of a Baron of the United Kingdom, by the title of Baron Eddisbury, of Winnington, in the county of Chester. Mr. Henry Southern, Secretary of Legation to the British Embassy at Lisbon, is appointed her Majesty's Minister to the Government of Buenos Ayres. have the vacant Judgeship in India. But on the 30th, Cicero Vechio, at the head of the populace, | The declaration of war was issued. | This arrangement will leave vacant one of the Secretaryships of | Mr. Arthur Buller, some time Queen’s Advocate in Ceylon, is to | | female line were preferred to the collateral male. The male line in Denmark is represented by the Duke of Augustenberg, now in arms against the Danish King. | Prince Frederick is at present in London; and the Times states that he has ac- | cepted an alternative put by the Chamber of Hesse Cassel—has chosen his German | lot, and resolved to renounce the claims of his family on the Danish crown. It is assumed by the Times that the way for a peaceable arrangement of the Danish and Prussian quarrel is thus opened. The votes given in favour of M. de Lamartine at the different electoral colleges amount, says the Patrie, together to 3,548,201. The Prince and Princess Metternich have removed from the Brunswick House Hotel to the Earl of Denbigh’s mansion, in Eaton Square. The Constitutionnel announces, that on the day the National Assembly met for - first time, M. Thiers mounted guard at the municipality of the second arron- issement. The Prussians in their march upon Jutland quartered one night at Christians- feld, a village of the sect of the Hernhutters. The 7imes correspondent says that the arrival “ astonished the prim and peaceful brotherhood not a little. But they made a virtue of necessity, and did their best to lodge the men of battle. General Wrangel and his staff took possession of the meeting-house, the ground-floor of which forms the only inn of the place: the houses of the ‘sisters,’ and the ‘ wi- dowed sisters,’ were appropriated to other departments of the military administra- tion. As the community is only 600 in number, on whom 1,400 men are billeted, both brothers and sisters were + tar into affliction and difficulties by the sudden pressure of numbers upon space.” The batteries at Newhaven, East Blatchington, and Seaford, on the Sussex The obituary announces the death of Mr. William Cripps, the Member | It twenty-seven years ago. for Cirencester; who has sunk under a sharp attack of brain fever. will be remembered that Mr. Cripps was the Member whose strictures in | the Chartist debates made Mr. Feargus O'Connor hint at “ satisfaction.” The National announces, on authority, that M. Guizot was married, in London, three years since, to the Princess Lieven. It was agreed, for politi- cal reasons, that the marriage should be kept secret as long as M. Guizot remained in office. :

Lord Stanley quoted a part of the subjoined despatch on Monday; but the context illustrates his comments, VISCOUNT PALMEKSTON TO MR. BULWER. “ Foreign Office, 20th April 1848. %« Sir—I have “received your despatch of the 11th instant, with its enclosures ; and I have to instruct you to state to the Duke of Sotomayor, that her Majesty’s Government entirely approve the step which you took in making your communication of the 7th instant, and likewise your note of the 12th. “ That her Majesty’s Government, however, are not at all offended, either by the sending back of your communication of the 7th of April or by the angry tone and language of the Duke of Sotomayor’s note of the 10th, however they may regret the existence of those feelings in the minds of the Spanish Government, of which the lan- guage of his Excellency's note and the return of yours were proofs. “Her Majesty’s Government, in making to the Government of Spain the representa- tions and in giving the advice which your communication conveyed, were inspired by no sentiment but that of sincere friendship for Spain, and of deep interest in the wel- fare of Queen Isabella. They felt that in making that communication they were performing a duty, and not taking any undue liberty ; and therefore, at all events, it is a satisfaction to her Majesty’s Government to reflect, that although their counsel has been rejected and their communication has been returned, the note has nevertheless been read, and the counsel has been tendered; and that whatever calamity may happen in Spain, her Majesty’s Government stand acquitted of not having done what they could to prevent it. “With regard to the contents of the Duke of Sotomayor’s note, her Majesty’s Go- vernment have only to observe, that if the right of her Britannic Majesty to the throne of the United Kingdom had been disputed by a pretending rival; if civil war had arisen out of such a conflict of claims; if the British Government had only a few years ago sent a special envoy to Madrid to solicit the assistance of Spain in order to

place her Majesty on the throne; if that assistance had been given, both morally by | treaty engagements and physically by military and naval forces; if the aid thus | afforded by Spain had contributed in so essential a degree to secure the Crown to her Majesty, that it might with truth be said, without such aid her Majesty would not | now have been Queen of England; if, moreover, there still remained a Pretender who asserted his right, and whose pretensions were backed by a large party in the | United Kingdom; and if upon every symptom of danger from that Pretender and | that party, the British Government was in the habit of remimding Spain of the treaty engagements which she had entered into, was also in the habit of asserting that those engagements were still in force, and was continually claiming the benefit of the alleged existence of those engagements ;—if all those things existed, and ifthe Government of Spain had, in a moment of general disturbance in Europe, warned the British Govern- ment of dangers by which, in their opinion, the security of her Majesty’s throne was menaced, I think I may confidently affirm, that under such circumstances, any states- men who might be Ministers of the British Crown, instead of sending back the note in which such representations were conveyed, and instead of replying to it in discourteous terms, would have accepted the communication in the same spirit of friendship in which it was made; and whether they adopted or not the advice which it contained, would at least have considered it as a proof of the continued existence of that friendship on the part of Spain, to which in such case would have been owing the circumstance that those British Ministers had the honour of being advisers of the Crown, instead of being proscribed exiles in a foreign land. “You will transmit to the Duke of Sotomayor a copy of this despatch. “Tam, &c, (Signed) PALMERSTON.” The Schleswig-Holstein dispute in a measure began with the attempt of the late King of Denmark to enforce the female order of succession in Schleswig as well as in Denmark, in default of direct male heirs, whilst Holstein still followed the collateral male line. The representative of this female line is Prince Frede- rick of Hesse, the son of the Landgrave William of Hesse Cassel by the Princess Charlotte of Denmark. Prince Frederick is heir to Hesse Cassel by right of his father, and to Denmark by right of his mother, if, in the latter case, the direct years. A man has been arrested near Avoca, in Wicklow, for a murder committed Sylvester, the manager of the Brigg branch of the Lincoln and Lindsay Bank- ing Company, has absconded, leaving a deficiency in his accounts, it is said, of 8,0002. It is reported that he had been dabbling in railway shares. Priscilla Fitzpatrick, who was accidently shot in the breast by her master’s son, Mr. Montague Richard Leverson, of 18 Queen’s Square, died on Tuesday, after many days of great suffering. Saxton, a lacemaker of Nottingham, has been killed by a very simple accident: as he stood talking in one of the streets at night, a man ran against him; Saxton fell, his head struck the ground, and the concussion proved fatal. Two Edinburgh youths seized a younger companion, and in joke bound him with cords and took him towards the Police-office on a pretended charge of steal- ing some trifle from his aunt. The poor boy became so agitated that a passenger interfered and set him at liberty: he went home, was put to bed, and in a iew days died of the fright. Last week, at Jersey, the lives of two children who had been surrounded by the tide, were saved by a little boy, son of Major Carlton, who, disgusted at the apathy of the spectators, rushed into the water at the risk of his life —Bristol Paper. te is reported that a large quantity of Income-tax returns, Commissioners’ as- sessments, and notes of appeal, has been sold as waste paper to Mr. Calcutt, a butcher of King’s Cross. The documents are those belonging to St. Mary's Is- lington, and St. Luke’s. News has arrived of the massacre of a numberof Englishmen at the New Caledonia Islands. The Vanguard sailed from Sydney to trade at the islands. The ship was anchored off one of them; a quantity of sandal-wood was taken on board; and then a chief induced the master to go up one of the bays to obtain wood alleged to have been collected there. Mr. Cunningham, the master, with ten seamen, went up a bay in two boats; five men were left with the ship. Pre- sently, some Natives boarded the vessel; one attempted to murder the mate; and on his repulse more of the savages tried to get on board, but were beaten off. Nothing was heard of the captain and his people, and next day forty or fifty canoes were seen bearing down on the ship: the mate slipped her anchor, ran be- fore the wind, and outdistanced the canoes. He afterwards cruised about the bay for three days, but saw nothing of the missing people: there is no doubt they were all massacred. On the arrival of the Vanguard at Sydney, the Governor | sent orders to the naval officer at New Zealand to proceed to the islands. It is surmised that two ships had previously been seized by the Natives, and the crews murdered. Results of the Registrar-General’s return of mortality in the Metropolis for the | week ending on Saturday last—

Number of Spring | deaths. average. | Zymotic Diseases. ....-..eeeee -0 aeecerecee tenes 27h eee «= | Dropsy, Cancer, and other diseases of uncertain or 41 . 50 | Tubercular Diseases. 192 - 203 | Diseases of the Krain, Spinal Marrow, Nerves, 127 - $22 Diseases of the Heart and Blood-vessels .....++++-+++ esses scare 19 ° 33 Diseases of the Lungs, and of the other Organs of Respiration. «. - 158 ° 129 } Diseases of the Stomach, Liver, and other Organs of Digestion . . 49 ° 62 | Diseases of the Kidneys, &C. ........-+00-00+ 00. 200000 -essevcces 14 ° 10 | Childbirth, diseases of the Uterus, &c. ...-..006- 6 secreeeereneeee » ° 12 | Rheumatism, diseases of the Bones, Joints, &c.. .... 9 ° 9 Diseases of the Skin, Cellular Tissue, &C.......60+-0eeseeceneceee 1 . 1 Malformations .......-.+++ ebcepocesoneoeresanesecsese*eccecooes 3 ° 2 Premature Birth ......0.cceceeceecene cone esereeeee eeeeseeeee it ° 20 Atrophy ....- se eeeeececes ° 25 ° 15 eccce A . 55 Sudden 8 . 12 Violence, Privation, Cold, and Intemperance... ly oe 29 Total (including unspecified causes) .....++eseseeeeeeee 1015 > : The temperature of the thermometer ranged from 99.0° in the sun to 29.0° in the shade; the mean temperature by day being warmer than the mean average The direction of the wind for the week was variable.

temperature by 2.1°.

Page 9

Fapi's a dl UM May 13, 1848.] THE SPECTATOR. 461 BIRTHS. On the 19th April, at Brussels, the Hon. Mrs. Edward Erskine, of a daughter. On the 2d May, at the Hirsel, N.B., the Sountess of Home, of a son. On the 4th, prematurely, at Castle Kelly, in the county of Galway, the Lady of Cap- tain J. P. Hawkins, Royal Engi , 0 duughter. On the 5th, at Hollybrook, County Sligo, the Lady of Sir Thomas Erskine, Bart., of Camb, Fifeshire, of a daughter. On the 5th, at Chillenden Rectory, Kent, the Lady of the Rev. Egerton Douglas Hammond, of a son. On the 6th, at Putney, the Lady of Colonel Knollys, Scots Fusilier Guards, of a daughter. Ou the 6th, at Blenheim Palace, the Dutchess of Marlborough, of a daughter. On the 6th, in Curzon Street, Mayfair, the Lady Elizabeth Lascelles, of a son. On the 7th, at Thirburn Castle, Oxon, the Lady Mary Parker, of a daughter. On the 7th, in Chester Square, the Lady of A. L. Goddard, Esq., M.P., of the Lawn, Swindon, of a son. On the 7th, at Westover, Isle of Wight, the Lady of the Hon. William A’Court Holmes, of a son. On the 7th, at Tresillian House, Cornwall, the Wife of Richard Gully Bennet, Esq., J.P., of a daughter. On the 10th, at Watford Court, Northamptonshire, the Lady Henley, of a daughter. On the 10th, in Berkeley Square, the Hon. Mrs. James Stuart Wortley, of a daughter. MARRIAGES. On the 3d May, at Plymouth, the Rev. Thomas Coulthard, M.A., Curate of High- worth, Wilts, second son of J. B. Coulthard, Esq, of Binstead Hill, Hants, to Eliza- beth, eldest daughter of the Rev. John Hatchard, Vicar of St. Andrew’s, Plymouth. Ou the 4th, at the Church of the Holy Trinity, Exeter, G. C. Tagwell, Esq., of Crowe Hall, near Bath, to Virginia Arnold, daughter of the late Major-General George Mackie, C.B. On the 4th, at Todmorden, Henry, second son of John Brocklehurst, Esq., M.P., of Hurdsfield House, Cheshire, to Ann, second daughter of John Fielden, Esq., of Centre Vale, and of Skeyne’s Park, Kent, late M.P. for Oldham. On the 4th, at Stoneleigh, the Hon. and Rev. Henry Pitt Cholmondeley, youngest son of Lord Delamere, to the Hon. Mary Leigh, daughter of Lord Leigh, of Stoneleigh Abbey. On the 8th, at St. George’s, Hanover Square, Robert eel Dawson, Esq., late Captain in the Grenadier Guards, eldest son of the Right Hon. George Robert Dawson, of Upper Grosvenor Street, and Castledawson, Ireland, to the Hon. Mary Elizabeth Brownlow, eldest daugliter of the late, and sister of the present, Lord Lurgan. On the 9th, at the Catholic Chapel, Spanish Place, and afterwards at St. John’s Church, Paddington, Edmund Sheridan Dillon Purcell, Esq., third son of the late Rich- ard Purcell, Esq , of Cranford, to Jane, youngest daughter of Sir Francis Des Anges. On the 9th, at Kingston Church, Hants, Commander Frederick Kemble, K.N., to Georgina Eliza, eldest daughter of Lieutenant-General Sir David Ximenes, K.C.H., of Bear Ash, Berks. On the 10th, at St.Mary’s, Islington, Bryan William Morris, Esq., son of Rear-Ad- miral Morris, of the Gores, to Mary Whitting Lever, niece of William Whitting, Esq., Thorney Abvey, Cambridgeshire. On the 10th, at St. Marylebone Church, Barff Tacker, Esq., of Percy Street, Bedford Square, to the Hon. Frances Elizabeth Henley Ongley, daughter of the Right Hon. the late Lord Ongley. On the Ilth, at St. George’s, Hanover Square, the Hon. John Arbuthnot Keane, Captain of the Refle Brigade, second son of the late Lieutenant-General the Right Hon. Lord Keane, G.C.8. and G.C.H., to Mary Jane, youngest daughter of the late, and sister of the present, Sir Hugh Palliser Palliser, Bart. On the I1th, at Newbold-upon-Avon, Charles Evelyn Rowley, Commander Royal Navy, eldest son of Sir Charles Rowley, Bart., to Grace Anna, daughter of J. W. Broughton Leigh, Esq., of Brownsover Hall, Warwickshire. On the ilth, at Boston, in the General Baptist Church, Mr. John Noble jun., only son of John Noble, Esq., Mayor of that Borough, to Harriet, second daughter of the late Mr. William Maltby, of Sutterton. DEATAS. On the 11th December, on his return voyage from India, Thomas Tickell Barclay, Esq., last surviving brother of the present Sir Robert Barclay, Bart., of Pierstoun, Ayrshire ; in his 26th year. On the 14th February, on the Mozambique coast, of fever, Commander James Rich- ard Dacres, of H.M.S. Nimrod ; in his 36th year. On the 8th April, at Montreal, Phipps John Hornby, Esq., Captain Royal Engineers, eldest son of Rear-Admiral Phipps Hornby, of Lituegreen, Sussex ; in his 27th year. On the Ist May, at Mount Shannon, near Sligo, David FitgGerald, E-q, Poor-law Inspector, eldest son of the Right Hon. Maurice FitzGerald, Knight of Kerry; in his 43d year. On the 6th, in Saffolk Place, Alexander Douglas Douglas, Esq., fourth son of the late | Lieutenant-General Sir Kenneth Douglas, Bart. On the 7th, in Camden Street, Camden Town, William Tunley, Esq.; in his 95th year. | Extreme pressure on our space has forced us to omit several papers; and among them, to defer the long Indian communication from R. D. M.; the Fifth Letter on the Obstruction to Public Business; and the letter of E. W. ¥. on Improved Representation. POSTSCRIPT. In the House of Lords, last night, Lord BrovcHam brought “the state of the law, judicially and legislatively,” under the consideration of the ouse. He divided the subject into these heads—first, as to the makers of the law; se- | condly, as to the making of the law; thirdly, as to the law made, or the fabric of the law; fourthly, as to the promulgation of the law; and lastly, as to the admi- nistration of the law. Much, he contended, must be done to remedy the constitution of the House of Commons, in regard to the representation of the people; and he admitted that much of the apprehension he had formerly entertained as to the fatal effects of throwing the elective franchise open to all mankind had, if not entirely dispelled, been greatly mitigated or modified by the extraordinary results of that most ex- tensive experiment which had been recently tried in France. Laws are required to put down bribery and corruption, and to exclude insolvents, as well as bank- | rupts, from the House—gentlemen and lords by courtesy, who squander the pro- perty of their just creditors upon minions or mistresses, at the gaming-table, or | on the turf, Lord Brougham referred at some length to the lax composition of statutes, their bad style and diction; their imperfect reference to other statutes, and conflict with ach other; the lax and sometimes corrupt use made of interpretation-clauses in Public and private bills. He proposed that a Board of learned and diligent men should be appointed, | officially connected with the Government, not to have seats in Parliament, but to be ancillary to both Houses; and he should take away, in private bills, from both Houses of Parliament, greatly as the Committees of both Houses had been im- proved by the orders which he had prevailed upon their Lordships to pass in 1837, all jurisdiction over matters of fact, leaving it to a professional judge to find a special verdict upon such matters, and that verdict to be conclusive, and that from that time Parliament should legislate. Lastly, he should propose that | all questions not wholly but only quasi of a judicial character, such as cases of divorce, should not be brought to that House, but should be sent to a better tri- | bunal, which had been reported in favour of by a Committee of their Lordships’ House—the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. Glancing at the matter of the statutes, Lord Brougham enumerated many im- ee which he would recommend, special and general,—mitigation of the | Malicious Trespass Act; more certain definition of the Scotch marriage-laws; improvements in the laws of bankruptcy and partnership, in the law of convey- ancing, of wills; he would introduce from Scotland “ declaratory actions”; better methods of — deeds, so as to simplify and shorten them, to save litigation and cost; he would appoint paid professional chairmen of create a public prosecutor; and he would effect divers improvements in the pro- cedure ot the Court of Chancery. In bis impressive peroration, Lord Brougham besought the House to assist in preserving the constitution under which they lived; praying that he might die before the day which should terminate that constitution—the glory of this coun- try, the greatest work of human wisdom! In the mean time, he moved the first reading of a bill, entitled “An Act to amend and consolidate the Criminal Law of England, so far as it refers to in- dictable offences, and che punishment thereof.” The Marquis of Lanspowne laid on the table a report of the Commis- sioners for revising the Criminal Law of the couatry. In the House of Commons, Mr. Hume gave the terms of the motiou which he intends to make on Tuesday the 23d instant, on the state of the representation— “ That this House, as at present constituted, does not fairly represent the popu- lation, the property, or the industry of the country; whence has arisen great and increasing discontent in the minds of a large portion of the people. That with a view to amend the national representation, leave be given to bring in bills for the | purpose of providing, that the elective franchise shall be so extended as to in- | clude householders, that votes shall be taken by ballot, that the duration of Par- liaments shall not exceed three years, and that the apportionment of Members to population shall be made more equal.” The greater part of the evening, however, was occupied in discussing a | motion by Mr. Pace Woop for a Select Committee on a petition from cer- | tain electors and inhabitants of Stamford borough, complaining of undue interference by the Marquis of Exeter in the elections of that borough. The petition traced the interference as far back as 1830. The effective consti- tuency of the borough at present is 575 voters, of whom 130 are tenants under the Marquis. In July last, there were three candidates,—the Marquis of Granby and Mr. Herries, supported by Lord Exeter; and Mr. Rolt, opposed to them. The allegation was, that 27 of the tenants voted for Mr. Rolt, and that 22 of them were ejected trom their tenements in consequence. Under the present law, gene- ral intimidation cannot be inquired into before an Election Committee, and there- fore a special inquiry is necessary. The allegations of the petition were controverted at much length by the Marquis of Gransy and Mr. Herries. Lord Granpy denied that the Marquis of Exeter had violated the law: he had only exercised the constitutional iufluence of his large property and high cha racter. His tenants were influenced by no promises or threats, And it was not true that twenty-two had been ejected: ouly fourteen were ejected—(/ronical cheers )—and of those two were sutlered to remain. Mr. Herries explained, that twenty-nine notices to quit were given to the tenants“ for various reasons”: of that number, twelve had voted tor Mr. Rolt; but the House bad no right to infer that those twelve had been discharged on account of their votes. Mr. Herries averred, on the authority of Lord Exeter's | managing solicitor, that the Mirquis wholly abstained from influencing the votes | of his tenants. Lord Joun Russect [who had been reminded by Mr. GRanTLEY Berke cey of his refusal to inquire into similar allegations against Earl | Fitzhardinge] confessed that he had some difficulty in making up his mind; but, considering that some of the disputed points were supported by re- | spectable authority on both sides, that it is desirable to secure freedom of ! election, and that the particular circumstances could not be disposed of | by an Election Committee, he should vote for the inquiry. Several other Members spoke; the motion being generally supported on the Ministerial side of the House, resisted on the opposite side; Sir RoBERT | PEEL objected to departing from the usual course. On a division, the mo- | tion was carried, by 178 to 177—majority, one. | The advices of yesterday morning from Paris state that General Ca- | yaignac had arrived in that capital from Algiers. The following are the Ministers officially appointed by the Executive Committee of the National Assembly — | _ Foreign Affairs, M. Bastide; War, M. Charras; Finance, M.Duclere; Justice, M. Crémieux; Public Instruction, M. Carnot; Commerce, M. Fiocon; Public Worship, M. Bethmont; Public Works, M. Trélat; Marine, M. Casy; Interior, | M. Recurt. A report received yesterday is confirmed today—that orders have been received at Boulogne to put the coast there in a complete state of defence —especially to arm the seaward forts. | Insurrection again broke out at Madrid, on the 7th instant, and was | quelled by Narvaez after several hours of bloody conflict. Captain-General | Fulgosio, brother-in-law to Queen Christina, was killed. Thirty-four pri- soners, civil and military men, had been tried by court-martial dnd sen- tenced to death, and were about to be shot when the post came away. | Madrid had been again declared in a state of siege, and General Pezuela | was appointed Captain-General. On the other hand, it is said that Es- partero has been sent for by the Queen, on the advice of the Moderados! From Rome, under date May 3, we learn that, contrary to the intelli gence given in the last accounts, the Pope persisted in his determination not to declare war against Austria. His Holiness was surrounded and threatened by the National Guards.—Daily News. There is a report from Berlin, that the body of Poles under Miero- slawski were defeated on the 7th, and have surrendered at discretion. The Irish Court of Queen's Bench has granted the Crown's special application to fix Mr. Mitchel’s trial for the 29th instant. [This indicates, we hope, that the | law authorities in Dublin have at last turned over a new leaf, and will heuceforth need no more spurring to their daty. } ; Mr. Heury Galgacus Redhead York, the Member for York city, died by his own hands yesterday. He took a dose of prussic acid while walking in Regent's Park near his own house, and fell lifeless on the spot. Tom Cribb, in past days the prize-fighting “Champion of England,” died yes- terday, at his house in Woolwich, of old age. His brethren of the ring have sup- | ported him by subscriptions for some years past. MONEY MARKET. Stock EXCHANGE, FRIDAY AFTERNOON. The scarcity of Stock upon the settlement of the Consol Account, on Tuesday | last, was such that the priceof Consols for Money was from 4 to 4 per cent higher | than for the June Account; the premium paid by the speculators to borrow Stock | from one account to the other ranging between the limits already given. This | difference has since diminished, and in the course of yesterday it had completel disappeared. Under these circumstances, the prices of the Government Fan experienced considerable improvement ; Consols for Money having yesterday reached 84§,—an advance of 1 per cent upon the closing prices of Saturday last, This improvement was not long supported; for the market gave way yesterday. Quarter-Sessions, and | and has since continued heavy, and, after being at 83}, the last price this after-

Page 10

[Saturday, 462 noon is 833 3. This change is ascribed to something less pacific in the supposed tendencies of French politics—the decline of Lamartine’s ascendancy in the Go- vernment, the rumoured fortification of Boulogne, and the like. Some pretty large amounts of Stock were today brought to market for Money: the speculators for the fall have gained courage, and by their operations at one period today de- pressed the market to the whole extent of the recent rise. Money is as abundant as ever; the rate of interest on loans for short periods being from 2 to 3 per cent. | In the Foreign Market, there is a decline in Russian Bonds ; | which are heavy at about 2 per cent below the recent quotations. The decree of the Government at Madrid for putting into circulation a large amount of Treasury bills has caused a decline in Spanish Stock; Active Bonds having fallen about 1, and the Three per Cents between 2 and 3 per cent. The latter are the most affected; as, from the great variation that has recently occurred in the exchange in Madrid, it is feared that the dividends due upon this Stock in July next will not be paid in London, but only in Madrid; the Government in that case copying the example of Aus- tria, and refusing to remit funds to London at the present ruinous exchange. The other European Stocks are all lower today. Mexican Bonds are without ma- terial variation. Peruvian have advanced considerably, and are nominally quoted at 37 to 40. This improvement is the consequence of the Peruvian Government having given indications of an intention to attend to the interest of its foreign cre- ditors. The Share Market has been ina state of great activity, and some very con- siderable bargains have been effected at the advanced rates. Up to yesterday, while the English Funds were improving, the advance upon almost every descrip- tion of Shares as compared with our last prices was from 1/. to dl. Today the markets are not quite so buoyant, and the upward tendency is reversed. There is no material change in the French Shares, The accounts of the Bank of England, for the week ending the 6th May, exhibit when compared with those of the preceding week the following results— Jnerease. Decrease. ” ROSt cece ecceccccecccccccccees . ceeeeerees SHG seeee ooo Public Deposits. .++.eeeeee eee 390 Other Deposits. ..c-seceeeeeees ee 798,946 Seven-day and other Bills....++++ 3,210 320,398 Government Securities, including D Other Securities. 129,519 Notes unissued.... e 104,305 Actual Circulation. . eceee —_— Issue DEPARTMENT. 7 Notes issucd.....cseccescess on8yetevaddeonses —— ° e 85,570 Bullion....... Svecsercoveoces cocvcescecosers ° — ° ‘ 62,558 Last week. 12,826, 108 12,878,666 e+ 18,621,800 18,603,065 SATURDAY, TWELVE O'CLOCK. This week. Total Bullion in both Departments .- Actual Circulation THE SPECTATOR. | certed pieces and orchestral A fall of 2 per cent in the French Funds yesterday caused the English Stock | Market to open heavily; Consols were done at 834, and afterwards at 834; the present price being 834 than yesterday, though as yet but little business has occurred in them. There is an evident disposition to sell Spanish Stock, occasioned by the intelligence from Madrid; the prices of both varieties are as yet only nominal, the Active being 11}, to 12)., and the Three per Cents 20} to 21}. The Railway Market is heavy; the few bargains recorded indicating a decline: North-western, Fifths, 83; Midland, 1043; North Staffordshire, 10}; South-eastern and Dover, 245; York and North Midland, 504 9 Uae 3 per Cent Consols ...+++ 834 3 | Danish 3 per Cents « — Ditto for Account ...-- + 833 ¢ Dutch 24 per Cents .- 413 3 per Cent Reduced + 82) Ditto 4 per Cents. ... ao Ve 3} per Cents...-++e $3} Mexican 5 per Cents 1846... 153 16 Long Annuities 8} | New Grenada .....seeceeee 1415 Bank Stock ....... Is9 191 | Portuguese N.4perCents1842 17 18 Exchequer Bills .....- 38 44prem. | Portuguese Old I824....-..- 67 71 India Stock........+++ ° | Russian 5 per Cents ...---- 846 Brazilian 5 per Cents. + 68 70 | Spanish (Active) 5 per Cents 114 124 Belgian 4} per Cents ... 58 63 | Ditto 3 per Cents Is42 ..--- 24 1 Buenos Ayres «..eeeeeeeee - 203 a See are +. 18 22 Chilian 6 per Cents .....++. 82 5 | THEATRES AND MUSIC. The debit of Madame Pauline Viardot Garcia, at the Royal Italian Opera, on ‘Tuesday, took place under very unfavourable circumstances, and was not attended with the success due to the high reputation of the débu- tante. ‘The part she performed was Amine in La Sunnambula, in which Jenny Lind had made her first appearance this season only a few nights before; and the “sudden indisposition” of Mario on the day of performance rendered it necessary to put into the part of //vino, without rehearsal, a Signor Flavio, who had only arrived that morning from Naples. This was an untoward event which could not be foreseen or avoided; but in bringing out the débutante in Amina—contrary, we have heard, to her Own earnest wish—the management of the theatre did her a great in- justice; in the first place, because Amina is not one of the parts in which she has gained her greatest triumphs, and moreover because they must have been (as she herself was) well aware of Mademoiselle Lind’s unap- proachable excellence in it. ‘This was one of those acts of purblind oppo- sition which we had occasion to notice in several instances last season. Jenny Lind had appeared at the one house, and Madame Viardot Garcia was brouglit forward against her, in ostentatious rivalry, at the other. To no other motive can a proceeding at once so ungracious and so unwise be as- cribed. It ought to have been the policy of the management of the new thea- tre—as, indeed, it was their professed intention at the outset—to take differ- ent ground from the old, and to be guided in the formation of their réper- toire, not by the fashion of the day, but by the intrinsic quality of its con- tents. Thie public were led to expect the revival of many great works of the older masters, and the production in an Italian dress of some of the masterpieces of the German school. Last season this expectation was dis- appointed: the operas performed at the two theatres were with only one or two exceptions the same, including at both houses the most hackneyed pieces of the day. Tor the present season the same expectations have been held out: we have been told of Fidelio, of Iphigenia in Touris, of the Huguenots; in all of which Madame Viardot Garcia has her greatest parts. But, though the season is half over, their production is deferred sine die; while she is, against her will, thrust into a character unsuited to her, in order that she may sustain an unequal conflict with Jenny Lind. The question whether London can sustain two great Italian theatres, is not yet decided by the experiment now going on: but we are very certain that, if two such theatres can permanently coexist, it must be by their following distinct objects, each having its own special purpose, calculated to meet a particular want. Madame Viardot Garcia’s unfavourable position, of which she evidently Was most painfully conscious, greatly injured her performance on Tues- day evening, and indeed for a time almost paralyzed her faculties. Such being the case, her representation of Amina is hardly a subject for critical examination. This heroine of a hundred battles, who has gained laurels in All the Foreign Bonds are nomivally quoted lower | | every part of Europe, was as frightened and flurried as a recruit under fire | for the first time. Her nervous breathlessness made her unable to produce a sustained tone; and her first air, a long and difficult one, was a series of almost convulsive efforts, and of imperfect attempts to introduce some of those uncommon embellishments for which she, like her sister Malibran, is famous. In the scenes with £ivino her acting cannot be criticized, for its total want of ease and abandon; qualities it could not possibly possess when her fellow actor was a total stranger. It was probably on this account that the pretty scene of the quarrel and reconciliation between the lovers was omitted; for, though this scene is frequently and most improper!y left out, it could not have been omitted in a theatre which claims and generally deserves credit for the care and completeness of its performances, without some special and suflicient reason. When left to herself, the débutante was more successful. When Amina, in sleep, enters the Count’s cham- ber, Madame Garcia did not represent the phenomena of somnam- bulism with Mademoiselle Lind’s singular truth and discrimination; but when, springing from her couch, she gazed, bewildered, on the crowd around her, the rush of overwhelming feelings was painted with real tragic genius. In the last scene she seemed to have re- covered all her powers; and in the final air, whether regarded as a vocal performance or as a burst of the most impassioned joy and love, she was equal to any prima donna we have heard. We shall not deduce from this performance any general estimate of Madame Viardot Garcia's qualifi | cations for the lyrical drama, but wait for some fitter opportunity; though we may say, that under no circumstances, however favourable, could her Amina have that exquisite and indescribable charm which Jenny Lind alone throws over the character. Signor Flavio is a singer of the old florid school, making almost constant use of the falsetto. He sometimes sang very well, but his slowness and formality must have been a great impediment to Madame Viardot Garcia in the principal scenes. Tamburini acted the Count pleasantly. ‘The cho- ruses were correctly and beautifully sung. Le Nozze di Figaro was performed with great excellence and complete- ness, on Thursday, by the Covent Garden troupe. The caste was the same as last year—every part being ably and effectively sustained. ‘The con- accompaniments were executed with that which result from Costa’s admirable disci- clearness, force, and delicacy, pline. At Her Majesty’s Theatre, Jenny Lind, having repeated Amina on Sa- turday, in some respects with increased power, appeared on Thursday in her very popular part of Maria in La Figlia del Reggimento; which proved as captivating, and was received with the same demonstrations of delight, as last year. The character is a trifle in itself, but Jenny makes it charm- ing by her engaging naiveté and buoyancy of spirit; and her exquisite singing really creates the music of the part. The new contralto, Mademoiselle Schwartz, was heard to greater advan- tage on Tuesday, when Lucrezia Borgia was repeated, than at any of her previous appearances in England. Her rich full veice had recovered from a nervous tremulousness that affected it before; and she promises to become & permanent favourite. Perrot has returned from his Italian wars, not only unscathed and vic- torious, but with a new lease of ballet immortality: his quaint pantomime full of amusing point, his clastic lightness mocking the common laws of gravitation. Two translations, both obviously from the French, have been produced | this week at the Princess's. One, called A Dey at Dover—a paltry mea- gre affair, in which a grisette is made to pass off for Catherine of Braganza — is just relieved by Madame Thillon prettily singing two or three mediocre songs. The other, called A Fairy Tale, is an ingenious rendering of the idea set forth in the fairy story told by Chaucer’s “ Wife of Bath.” A young Italian lady of quality amuses herself by teazing a rakish chevalier: under the disguise of an old woman, she compels him to marry her, and afterwards finds fresh means of torment by casting the disguise aside, and pretending that she has recovered her youth by supernatural means. The simple idea is worked out with French ingenuity, and the incidents through which the fable is conducted are both various and striking. Moreover, it is well played by Mrs. Stirling, Mr. J. Vining, and Miss E. Stanley; and might form a fair source of attraction in a theatre which was doing a steady business. 3ut it is the misfortune of the Princess's that it has no distinctive cha- racter. The establishment started as asort of Italian operahouse, and in that capacity gained considerable credit. ‘The operas were well done up to a certain mark: there was generally a good burlesque by Mr. a Beckett, and the important point was gained that something was done at this par- ticular theatre which could not be seen elsewhere. The house has besides this peculiar advantage, that it is placed in a grand thoroughfare, com- mands both the North and the West ends of the town, and is at the same time out of the immediate vicinity of the Westminster theatres; so that it can have a special audience of its own, without being too remote for the general body of amusement-seekers. As an operahouse, it was exceedingly well managed; but an unhappy predilection for the star system caused it to lose the ground which it occupied on its opening. At first the “stars” were merely vocal, but soon they became tragic; sometimes they were of the first magnitude, really eminent—sometimes so small that they were mere semblances of “ stars.” We could give an accurate history of a period when all America seemed to be exhausting her histrionic stores to furnish this house with successive sup- plies. But whether the “ stars ” were large or small, British or foreign, they all had the effect of turning the attention from the proper organization of a company. A working company is the substance of a theatrical establish- ment, and can alone give it permanence. If an attractive actor is to be had, in addition to the regular corps, we do not say that a manager is obstinately to close his doors ‘or forego the advantages of a temporary engagement. For instance, the engagement of Mr. and Mrs. Charles Kean was a judicious speculation on the part of the manager of the Haymarket, and was very properly without effect on the general company. Mr. Webster's company, though certainly not indicative of a high state of the drama, is the best that he can get; and it is just the same as it would have been if the Keans had remained on the other side of the Atlantic. At the Prin- cess’s, on the contrary, we have seen a disposition to regard the “ star” only, while the poor “ utilities” were forced to jump about from oue line of business to another, and thus never learned the art of working steadily. Not only actors but even authors have felt the influence of this “ star”

Page 11

ace int UM May 13, 1848. ] } system. W hen the one actor is everything, the drama is nothing. Often | have we seen a French piece, merely ‘translated, without any point or dis- | cretion, put up just to change the bill, and withdrawn after a short and obscure “run.” We are not fanatical against the adaptation of the plays of one country to the stage of another: the very highest dramatists ie ave borrowed their plots somewhere, and if the article is good the origin is of | little moment. But mere literal translation is sure to result in fiat dialogue; and unless the plot be good to an extraordinary degree, the deficiency will not be overlooked. ‘The plot, we have always maintained, is the essential of the drama; but it mostly requires some appurtenance to give it vitality. The skeleton isthe foundation of the human body, but a living skeleton is nevertheless a rs wity. There are indeed plots so striking, that they will almost act thems selves without further decoration; but these are prizes too great for a manager to reckon upon. Of the two pieces pro- duced this week, one was stupid, the other was amusing; just because the plot of the one was poor, and that of the other ingenious. ‘The dialogue of both was about on a par. But the successful play is not striking enough to turn a thin audience into a closer one; it isa pleasant affair, and that is all. The other should never have been acted; nor can we conceive on what principle a manager could hope to amuse an audience with such a character as that played by Mr. Conway. It seems to us, that with a theatre so excellently situated, the manager has success in his own hands, if he knows how to go to work. If he ad- heres to his “stars,” let him at any rate rally round him a working com- pany, with defined lines of business, that will serve his turn during the occultation of his luminaries. Let him exercise judgment in the choice of his pieces; not think that everything French will answer its purpose, just because it is not condemned. Audiences are very tolerant now-a-days; they do not hiss much. But a series of obscure successes is even more mischievous than a succession of nois y condemnations, for it impereeptibly makes a theatre cease to be an object of public attention. ‘The great point at the Princess's is to regain the ground lost some years back; and for this object, some definite class of drama should be fixed upon as the staple article of entertainment. Whether this be tragedy, or opera, or vaude- ville, or melodrama, is a matter for special consideration, but at all events let it be good tragedy, good om, good vaudeville, or good melodrama. M. Achard has reappeared at the St. James's as Christophe le Cordier; a character which he makes more probable, and less comical, than Buckstone’s version. Ile is supported by Mademoiselle Desirée, a pleasant actress; who in her turn is less comic than Mrs. Fitzwilliam. ‘The singing of Achard is capital; he gives the vaudeville melodies a point which they rarely have on the French stage. While talking about Buckstone and Mrs. Fitz- william, we have assumed a recollection that The Scarecr.w is an adap- tation of Chrisioph THE ANCIENT CONCERTS. When we find in the programme of an Ancient concert the name ¢ Prince Albert as the acting Director of the night, we know that the oflice is to be, for that night, not merely nominal. ‘The Prince's concerts have a distinct and individual character, and, though not always unexception- able in plan and selection, bear marks of knowledge and taste. The coucert of Wednesday last was of this description. ‘The first part consisted 0 Beethoven's Jf unt of Olives, given entire in an Italian version, for the sake of being performed by the Italian siz gers. Nothing could be better than the choice of this work to form a part of an Ancient concert; though it is difficult to find a reason for having it performed in Italian. It is unknown in Italy, and is in a style for which the Italian singers are not prepared either by education or habits; whereas it has been known in England for nearly half a century, and has been well studied and frequently sung by the best of our present vocalists. It happened that this Italiaa experiment was not fully tried; for Mario, who was to have sus taine 1 the principal ort notice, sang | i a a part, was unable to appear, or Mr. Lockey, called upon at s it in English !—with thorough knowledge of the music, and great truth and force of expression. ‘The principal female part was sung by Madame Castel- Jan, (not an Italian,) with perfect purity and very considerable vocal power. Tamburini gave the solos for the bass with sufficient simplicity,—probably not knowing the music well enough to throw - of his usual sealade s into it; but he had neither the weight of Phillips’s voice nor the firmness and certainty of his cxecution. Gardoni, who had very little to do, pleasingly. Miss Birch had only a short recitative, and a part ia duet. ‘The concerted pieces would have been much better sung by pe who had studied d them. In the second part o tthe concert, which wasan admirable selection from old operas, the Italian singers were employed to greater advautage. The famous “ Paga fui” from Winter's Pr koni; and the beautit ul ballad from Gretry’s Azacreon, sung by Tamburini, was probably new to almost every person inthe room. Equally fresh was the fine sestet from La Cusa Rara of Martini, the opera to which Storace was indebted for the greatest part of his Sica of Belgrade. The only thing out of keeping in the selection was a Welsh song with chorus; very good in its way, but strange and uncouth among the polished strains of the Italian stage. erpina was deliciously sung by Al- COLOSSEUM: PANORAMA OF PARIS. ma of London is now The large circle formerly occupied by the panor: filled with a 1a of Paris, seen by moonlight. The cffect is vi vy beautiful: the buildings—the abundant foliage that surrounds Paris—th gas-lights that adorn the streets, and as it were gild their fretwork with beads of light in lengthened rows—form a picture magnificent and fai iry- like. So fur as we can judge in the artificial light, the painting is we executed. lights are v y ingeniously managed: the er ssing moonlight wit yell and the redder glow from some of t! houses is contrived with n 1. be understood wt ti light is « i for a ver} stin \ f the scene, so that t spectator s a more complete viev rp aris fie n the imaginary balloon of the Colosseum suspended over the "Tuilerie s, than has evei bees n vouch safed to any but actual ai ronauts. The theatre of the three great Revolu- tions, the spot from which Europe has been stirred thrice wit the life of man, lies at your feet—a great living map for the elucidation of the news- papers of the day. The only difficulty is, that you cannot very well refer to the key in the cats alogue: a glance at that before you leave the light r parts of the building will supply you with a clue to your position when you have ascended. THE SPECTATOR. 463 TOPICS OF THE DAY. IRELAND AND THE BRITISH CHIEF GOVERNOR, BY THOMAS CARLYLE. Tur Easter recess having ended, and Parliament happily got to- gether again, Loot John Russell comes forward with his remedial measures for Ireland. A most proper duty surely. He has put down pike-rioting, open and advised incendiary eloquence, and signified to Ireland that her wrongs are not to be redressed by street-barricades just at present; an act for which all sane men, Irish and English, applaud him. But this act done, the question rises, more naked and irrepressible than ever: By what means, then, are Irish wrongs to be redressed? Fifty thousand armed soldiers,—in red coais or in green, there are said to be about so many,—lhere is prohibition otf Repeal treason, but here is no cure of the disease which produces Repeal treason, and other madnesses and treasons among us. Here is still no indication how the Irish population is to begin endeavouring to live on just terms with one another and with us,—or, alas, even how it is to continue living at all. Ot a truth, remedial measures are very needful: for Ireland’s sake, and indeed for Britain’s, which is indissolubly chained to her, and is drifting along with her and by reason of her, close in the rear of her, towards unspeakable destinies otherwise. Our copartnery being indissoluble, and the “ Warner operation ” lately spoken of* impossible, it is to ourselves also of the last importance that the depths of Irish wretchedness be actu- ally sounded ; that we get to the real bottom of that unspeakable cloaca, and endeavour, by Heaven’s blessing, with all the strength that is in us, to commence operations upon it. Purified that hideous mass must be, or we ourselves cannot live! More strin- gent than O'Connell eloquence, or O’Brien pike-manufacture, the law of Nature itself makes us now, in every fibre, participant of Ireland’s wretchedness. Steam-passage froin Ireland is occasion- ally as low as fourpence a head. Not aw andering Irish lackall that comes over to us, to parade his rags and hunger, and sin and misery, but comes in all senses as an irrepress sible missionary of the like to our own people; an inarticulate prophet of God's justice to Nations; heralding to us also a doom like his own. Of our miseries and fearful entanglements here in Britain, he, the Irish lackall, is by far the heaviest; and we cannot shake him off, No, we have deserved him: by our incompetence and unveracity— by our cowardly, false, and altogether criminal neglect of [reland— by our government of make-believe and not of trath and reality, so long continued there, we have deserved him; and suddenly, by the aid of steam and wodern progress of the sciences, we ‘have got him. Tle irrepressible missionary and God’s messenger to us, I si iy, is this one, he! A strange sight, and one that gives rise to thoughts—* the fathers have eaten sou " grapes, and the children’s teeth are set on edge.” He comes to us to revenge his country ; and he does revenge it. The mad cry of Repeal you can put down, —change into another as mad, or less, or still more mad; but him you cannot put down. For Britain’s sake itself, if Britain is to continue habitable much longer, Ireland must actually attain remedial measures,— and of a kind we have not been much used to, for two centuries ick, in this country. We have been a little idle, in respect of Irish remedial measures, for two centuries back! In fact, ever since Oliver Cromwell's time, we have done little but grimace and make-believe, and sham a kind of governing there; attaching our- selves to uny entity or sham that would help us along from year to year; imagining (miserable criminals that we have been !) that falsities and injustices, well varnished, would do instead of facts and continuous performance according to the eternal laws, —as if not aGed had made Ireland and us, but a Devil, who could quote Scripture on occasion! And now it has all come down upon us; and we welter among it, on the edge of huge perils: and we must alter it, or prepare to perish. Surely, if ever for any country in the world, remedial measures are needed for ’ Ireland now! The remedial measures propounded, or to be propounded, for Ireland, by the British chief governor, in this crisis, are—what does the reader think /—/irst, a bill for is nproved Registration of Irish County Voters ; sccond/y, a bill for improved ditto in Irish Municipalities ; and—and nothing else at all for the present: these for the present are the remedial measures contemplated by the British chief governor, on behalf of Ireland. How it may pass in Parli: iment, this first attempt at discharge of governor's duty and debt towards : subjects dying for want ‘of governing, we do not know ; but certainly out of Parliamer it, the empt does seem almost surprising. Rather a lean instalment, you would say, of the big debt due; probably among the leanest instal- ments towards so enormous & liquidation ever offered by any son of Adam 2 Exte nsion of the electoral suffrage,—good Heavens What will that do for a country which _ ours under the frightful- timmediate want of potatoes? Potatoes, possibility of work that will procure potatues, or a substitute for that sad root, and enable the electors to sustain themselves alive: there lies the ‘awful prime y for Ireland just now. ‘Towards that goal first of all, and * «© Could any bre cting Warner of the long range be found who would under- the Island of Ireland, and sail fi iirly away with it, and with all its | sessions to the Jast torn hat that stops a window-pane, and auchor them safe again at a distance, say, of 3,000 miles from us,—funds to any jount would be subscribed here for putting in immediate activity such Warner | of the long rauge.”"—Lzaminer, April 29. pt Ma > ana _¥

Page 12

464 THE SPECTATOR. (Saturday, not as yet towards any other, does Ireland, from the depths of its- being, struggle and endeavour. Extension of the suffrage? Could the chief governor, in his beneficence, extend the suffrage through municipalities and counties, through villages and parishes, so that not only all the men of Ireland, but all the women and children, and even all the oxen and asses and dogs of Ireland, should be asked their vote, and taught to give it with the exactest authenticity, and the last finish of constitutional perfection,—of what avail would all that be? Not that course, I shouid say, leads towards work and potatoes; but rather it leads directly away from it. Not by extending the electoral or other suffrage, but by immensely curtailing it (were the good method once found), could a contitutional benefit be done, there or here! Not who votes, but who or what is voted for, what is decided on: that is the important question! Constitutional men are by no means aware of it yet; but the real truth, in a private way, is, that no fool’s vote, no knave’s, no Jiar’s, no gluttonous greedy-minded cowardly person’s (rich or poor), in a word, no slave's vote, is other than a nuisance, and even the chief of nusiances in its kind, be given where, when, or in what manner it like! That is the everlasting fact of the matter; true today as it was at the begin- ning of the world,—and only overlooked (for reasons) in certain confused heavy-laden periods, which by their nature are either fatal or else transitory. Constitutional men, I believe, will gra- dually become aware of this; and once well discerning it, will find a whole unelaborated world of practical reform, on that unexpected side, of curtailing the suffrage again ! In brief, his Lordship’s bill for improved Registration of Irish County Voters, which is said to be good of its sort, and bill for improved ditto in Irish Municipalities, which has not yet come into the light, do, to impartial extra-parliamentary persons, seem as strange a pair of bills as ever were propounded on such an oc- casion. Our impious Irish Tower of Babel, built high for cen- turies now against God’s commandment, having at last, with fateful shudder through every stone of it, cracked from top to base; and bending now visibly to every eye, and hanging in momentary peril of tumbling wholly, and of carrying our own dwelling-place along with it,—will his Lordship, with these two | which is already looming vaguely in the general eye ; and which I think, the helinsman everywhere will have to take note of and intently steer towards, before long! A small fraction of that huge business called “ Organization of Labour,” which is of jing. nite concernment and of vital necessity to all of us,—though ny. merous Louis-Blancs, Owen-Fouriers, Luxembourg Commissions and I know not what sad set of soothsayers, with their dreams of Fraternity, Equality, and universal Paradise-made-easy, throw jt into some discredit for the moment. Let us look steadily, ang see whether the thing is not now partly visible even to the naked eye? The unemployed vagrant miscellaneous Irish, once dressed jp proper red coats, and put under proper drill-sergeants, with strict military law above them, can be trained into soldiers; and wil] march to any quarter of the globe and fight fiercely, and wil] keep step and pas-de-charge, and subdue the enemy for you, like real soldiers,—none better, | understand, or few, in this world, Here is a thing worth noting. The Irish had always, from the first creation of them, a talent for individual fighting: but jt took several thousand years of effort, before, on hest and pres. sure of clearest Necessity, the indispensable organic concert got introduced into the business, and they could be taught to fight in this profitable military manner. Several thousand years of faction-fights, pike-skirmishes, combustions, private ‘duels by shillelagh, by dirk and fist, and still feller methods; and in. deed it was only comparatively in the late centuries, long pos. terior to King Rufus and William of Ipres, that the Irish fighting talent was got regimented, and these inestimable advantages (main- tenance of public order and government authority, no less) could be educed from it. And what taming and manipulation it took; how many agonistic struggles on the part of sergeant, conqueror, _ legislator, paciticator, wolf-subduer, howsoever the Organizing Man was named,—long generations of multiform agonistic strug. gle, managed in a more or less heroic, and at last in a successful /manner,—the gods and the forgotten Williams-of-Ipres alone exquisite Whitechapel needles, biing the imminent bulging ma- | sonries, the big beams and deranged boulders, into square again? These, it appears, are his first crowbars ; with these he means to begin and try ! Is his Lordship not aware, then, that the Irish potato has, prac- | tically speaking, fallen extinct; that the hideous form of Irish | so-called “social existence,” sustained thereby, has henceforth become impossible? That some new existence, deserving a little more to be called “social,” will have to introduce itself there ; | or worse, and ever worse, down to some nameless worst of all, will have to follow ? from where it can, is indispensable for the human beings that in- habit Ireland? That on the whole, real government, effective guidance and constraint of human folly by human wisdom, is very desirable for all manner of human beings! That, in fine, the King of the French drove lately through the Barrier of Passy in a one-horse chaise ! done with sham-government, and have either true government or else none at all?) These are grave facts; and indicate to all creatures that a new and very ominous wera, for Ireland and for us, has arrived. ' Ireland, which was never yet organic with other than make- believe arrangement, now writhes in bitter agony, plainly dis- organic from shore to shore; its perennial hunger grown too sharp even for Irish nerves. England has her Chartisms, her r ; | rather notable, and such as invites meditation. That accordingly a real government, come | And furthermore that Europe at large | has risen behind him, to testify that it also will, at least, have } justly discontented workpeople countable by the million; re- | pressed for the moment, not at all either remedied or extin- guished by the glorious 10th of April, for which a monument is to be built. No; and Europe, we say, from Cadiz to Copenhagen, has crashed together suddenly into the bottomless deeps, the thin earthrind, wholly artificial, giving way beneath it; and welters now one huge Democracy, one huge Anarchy or Ainglessness ; its “kings” all flying like a set of mere play-actor kings, and none now even pretending to rule, and heroically, at his life’s peril, command and constrain. Dves our chief governor calculate that England, with such a Chartism under deck, and such a fire-ship of an Ireland indissolubly chained to her, beaten on continually by an anarchic Europe and its all-permeating influences and im- pulses, can keep the waters on those terms? By her old constitu- tional methods, of producing small registration bills, much Parlia- mentary eloquence, and getting the supplies voted,—in which latter point, it would seem now, owing to increase of Parlia- mentary eloquence, the chief governor finds difficulties! Is it by such alchemy that he will front the crisis ’—A chief governor of that humour, at the present juncture, is surely rather an alarm- ing plienomenon ! Cc IRISHT REGIMENTS (OF THE NEW RA). BY THE SAME. Wixt his Lordship go along with us in the following practical know. But it was done, accomplished ; and we see it now before us, and bless the unknown heroes and forgotten benefactors for it. Is organization to fight, the only organization achievable by Irishmen under proper sergeants? There is the question! For example, the Irish have in all times shown, and do now show, an indisputable talent for spade-work, which, under slight moditica- tion, means all kinds of husbandry work. Men skilled in the busi- ness testify that, with the spade, there is no defter or tougher worker than the common Irishman at present. None who will live on humbler rations, and bring a greater quantity of efficient spade-work out of him, than the vagrant, unemployed, and in fact quite chaotic Irishman of this hour. Here is a fact; really For, like the old fighting talent, this new delving talent, being as yet quite chaotic, brings no advantage whatever to the poor Irishman pos- sessor of it. Here he is, willing and able to dig, as ever his an- cestor was to do faction-fighting or irregular multiform duel : but him, alas, no William of Ipres, or other sternly benign drill-ser- geant, has yet ranked into regiment; clothed in effectual woollen russet, or drab cotton moleskin; and bidden wisely : “‘ Go thither, that way not this, and dig swiftly (pay and rations await thee) for that object not for this. This will protit thee and me; that will not: dig there and thus!” Alas, no; he wanders inorganic; and his fate at present, with nothing but “ supply and demand ” buzzing round him, and in his ear the inexorable doom-summons, “ Thou shalt die starved for all thy digging talent,” is the hardest of any creature’s,—and I should say, the unjustest. Is there seen on this earth at present other such fatal sight?) A whole world, or nearly so, undug; a man with the skilfullest, eagerest digging- talent, condemned to die Lecause none will show him where to dig. There are many that have leisure, money, sense; but it is impossible, they all ery! Alas, the thrice-beneticial Wil- liam of Ipres that will take up this wandering spademan and turn him to account, has not yet presented himeelf among Us. Nay, I hear it said every where that he is flatly an inconceivability ; that the old fighting drill-sergeant, sternly benign, did indeed prove successful and unspeakably advantageous; but that the new pacitic one, prayed for by some, is mere madness,—nay that there is a kind of sin, allied to blasphemy and the other unforgivable treasons against the Universe, in so much as thinking of him, or at least publicly speaking of him. Which opinion I must here take the liberty, in my own name and that of as many as will follow me, of mildly but peremp- torily and for evermore denying. Not so, my friends; I take the gods to witness that it is not so. In the name of human | nature, I protest that fighting is mvt the only talent which can be regulated, regimented, and by organization and human ar- rangement be made, instead of hideous, beautiful, beneficent, and of indispensable advantage to us. Not the only arrangeable, com- mandable, captainable talent, that of fighting; I say, that of dig- ging is another, and a still better. Nay, there is no human talent | whatever but is capable of the like beneticent process, and calcu- reflection, and anticipation of what can be from what is; which | ought to prove consolatory to governors of men, in such univer- sal downbreak as now threatens in Ireland and elsewhere? Much is possible for the governor of men; much has been possible, when lated to profit infinitely by it. As shall be seen yet, gradually, in happier days, if it please Heaven: for the future work of hu- man wisdom and human heroism is discernible to be even this, Not of fighting with, and beating to death one’s poor fellow crea- tures in other countries, but of regimenting into blessed activity | more and more one’s poor fellow creatures in one’s own country, for he tried it with a true dead-lift effort, feeling that he must do | it !—Here, visible far off on the edge of ovr horizon, seems to be | untilled enough, God knows; and in which, I should say, human some actual peak or headland of the country of the Future ; | heroism, and all the divine wisdom that is among us, could not their and all people’s profit more and more. A field wide enough,

Page 13

ich, and that infi. Ons, $s of V it and ked ig er ill = SOS a ee CU SCO aveataa May 13, 1848.] too soon, ears, an } either deliverance or destruction! — Yes, much is yet unready, put off till the morrow ; but this, of ’ ing to find s tish © ademan, cannot be delayed much longer. tield-labour, as well as colonels of field-tighting, doubt it not, can be found, if you will search for them with diligence; nay, I myself with one accord, begin! For the time presses; the | d the days, at this epoch, are precious; teeming with | THE SPECTATOR. | ome spade-work for the disorganic Irish and Bri- | Colonels of | 465 under one power; and then alone did government again dawn upon the world. Ever since that time, central authority and local authority have been waging an idle controversy as to their re- spective rights and merits : but they cannot do without each other. Our readers will bear in mind two fundamental facts which are not to be omitted from any theory of political organization. | One is, that no nation can be governed by itself as a whole till have seen some such : colonels, captains, lieutenants, down to the | very sergeants and fifers of tield-labour, can be got, if you will honestly want them,—ob, in what abundance, and with what thrice-blessed results, could they be “supplied” if you did indeed with due intensity continue to “ demand” them! And, I think, one regiment, ten regiments, of diggers, on the Bog of Allen, would look as wel! almost as ten regiments of shooters on the field of Waterloo ; and probably ten times as well as ten war-ships riding in the Tagus, for body-guard to Donna Maria da Gloria, at this epoch of the world! Some incipiency of a real effective regimenting of spademen is actually a possibility fur human creatures at this time. Possible, I say, and even easier than Williaw of Ipres found his work; and it is pressingly needful withal, and indeed prac- tically indispensable before long. Nevercan the mad cry of Re- peal, or some cry, equally mad, cease in Ireland; never can the world cease writhing and moaning, in dull agony, in dark stifled rage, till the disorganic perishing spademan begin to get fairly in contact with his spade-work : he cannot, and he even should not, know a moment’s loyal peace till then. Some regimenting of spade-work can, by honest life-and-death effort long continued on the part of governing men, be done; and even must be done. All Nations, and I think our own foremost, will either get a be- ginning made towards doing it, or die in nameless anarchies before long ! : Do the governing persons of this country, dces our present respectable Premier, consider that all this lies quite beyond his province; belongs to the field of private benevolence, field of pri- vate enterprise ; and that he and the British Government have for theirshare, nothing to do with it?) Him also I must humbly but positively answer, No! It is in his province withal; and, if it be essential to the ends of British society, surely it is more in his province than in any other man’s. Alas, I know, or can figure in some measure, the shoreless imbroglio of red-tape and parliamentary eloquence in which he lives and has his sorrowful being ;—tape-thrums heaped high above him as the Heaven, and deep below him as the Abyss; and loud inane eloquence (public-speaking transacted in the hearing of twenty- seven millions, many of whom are fools!) beating on him likewise, as a mad ocean, and every single billow and every sepa- rate tape-thrum singing merely, “ Impossible, impossible to do any real business here! Nothing but parliamentary eloquence possible here!” All this I know, or can fancy in some mea- sure, and sorrow over. Nevertheless, all this will not excuse an unfortunate British Premier. He stands at the summit of our society ; has, with his eyes open, and what real or imaginary views he knows best, taken his station there ; and to him inevitably do perishing British subjects cry,—if not for help, yet for some signal that somebody, somewhere, in some manner should at least begin to try to help them! Decidedly they do; and will, so long as there is anything called by the name of Government among us. To say, “Impossible! Good citizens, be obliging enough to perish in peace: you see | have no help! ”—alas, can that answer ever, in the profoundest imbroglio of tape-thrums, and loudest nee eloquence of the British Constitution, continue to available? The perishing British subjects do not think so, nor do I. Let the British chief governor cry earnestly from the abysses and the red-tape imbroglios, whatever they may be: a Jonah was heard from the whale’s belly ;—-and he too, unless ~ Heavens help him to some scheme or counsel, he and we are ost ! C. CENTRALIZATION AND LOCALIZATION. CERTAIN ingenious and philosophical politicians wish to reduce the management of sanatory affairs to the condition of being “everybody’s business”: they call any attempt to make it the business of an efficient and competent authority “ centralization ” ; the said centralization being the béle noire of your true John Bull, as something Frenchified and Oriental. Jolin deems centraliza- tion bad in itself; and although he is content to enjoy its fruits, he would abolish the thing wherever he could. On “ constitu- tional” and theoretical grounds, he would decidedly object to the centralized arrangement of the Solar system: he would like the Earth to set up “on her own hook ”; would apply the sound prin- ciple of Laisser-faire to the views and intentions of Saturn or oe and would protest against lunar intervention in the rise and fall of the tide at London Bridge—within the local authority of Lord Mayor and City Corporation. If we did not go in fear of shocking our stout friend, we should make bold to tell him that centralization is in itself not bad, but good ; that it is an essential in every process of governing; that it is the correlative and comp!ement of localization. Locatized go- vernment cannot exist without ceutralized government. ‘The at- tempt to establish it is anarchy. It was witnessed on a grand scale when the Roman empire was broken up—when a common language was lost among the comminuted débris, and when, vil- lage isolated from village, the functions of what ought to have been “ self-government ” were reduced to self-defence. By a pro- | scale of possibility is low. all men are equal in faculties,—a date we should decline to fix even by approximation, Astuteness will always overrule stu- pidity, strength overrule weakness, to the degree in which the active powers of the race exceed its inertia. On the other hand, dulness will always be a drag upon wisdom, inertness upon ac- tivity. The result will be, that the nation will be governed by the sui cf those positive ideas and faculties for action which we have formerly, in the aggregate, termed “the dominant power” of the state. In a very low condition of humanity, the ideas heing few and contracted, the dominant power will be small, feeble, and precarious ; it will have no extended or vigorous action, and such government as exists will be left to a highly localized form ; as we see in the Negro regions of Africa. There is no formidable amount of centralization there, but a good deal of local “ independence,” also a good deal of individual slavery, a singularly bad state of sanatory affairs, and other incidents of feeble administrative powers. The powers being so feeble, the The inhabitant of the banks of the Niger has no Somerset House tyranny to deplore; yet somehow he can neither secure “a fair day’s wages for a fair day’s work,” nor breathe a good air, nor enjoy the free use of his limbs, half so well as if he had a little centralization to protect and develop his faculties. The other fact is, that “ the dominant power” will always grow with the development of the faculties of those who com pose the nation, so that the government will be most powerful in the most highly civilized and enlightened nation; although it does not follow that its power will be proportionately felt in the form of “restriction.” Quite the reverse: compare the public administration of any countries, from the beginning of history, and you will see that the growth of real power is accompanied by animmense development of the powers of all citizens to pro- mote their own comfort and interests. What is often condemned as “ centralized” power, is “ in- dividualized ” power,—a very different thing. Power is highly | individualized in despotical countries—as in Russia; but its } centralization is very imperfect, and the _——- which is central- ized is feeble. Russia, with all its natura resources and faculties, | is not by many degrees so much held “ in hand” by its Govern- ment as England is : although the one indivividual who is Em- peror is free to indulge personal caprices which our constitutional Monarch cannot, yet the whole Government of Russia is utterly incapable of many things that are matters of course with us. The faculties and resources of the English are more highly developed ; by various means of intercourse they are more brought together, and all the governing influences of the country are more com- pletely “ centralized.” Thus, the power and influence of all England are available for the protection and assistance of every part ; which is so little the case in Russia that every part is at the mercy of one individual. The power of the English Govern- ment is too gigantic for the grasp of any individual. Perhaps the happy working of “ our glorious constitution” has been less owing to the political compromise which it involves than to its combining in a singular degree popular sanction and cooperation with centralized power. We have distinguished between the power and the machinery by which it is applied. Those who object to centralization of power often mean no more than to say that an inappropriate machinery is employed. That machinery is the best which pos- sesses the largest amount of real power for its object. Where the motives to activity are very widely and equably diffused, a highly localized machinery will be the best for giving the direct- est effects to those motives. Where the motives belong rather to the azgregated sense of the community, a highly centralized machinery is the best. The same distinction applies to different parts of the same process: general objects and principles are settled at the centre, details are worked in each part of the circle : Parliament determines the principles of the poor-assessment; the parish assesses the rates according to the local knowledge re- specting individual property ; and so on. In rude communities the authority is of necessity more cen- trical ; and likewise in matters respecting which the general knowledge is rude the authority is necessarily centrical, the full motive power residing in the comparatively few. Such is the case of sanatory reform ; although the general purpose obtains general sanction, and would obtain general coUperation, the spe- citic knowledge, and the cogency of motive which results from specitic knowledge, are confined to few. Chemistry is daily ma- king discoveries that attest the infancy of the science ; electrical chemistry has but been opened to the gaze of that astonishment which is “the effect of novelty upon ignorance”; and it is an idea which obtains among the most accomplished and philo- sophical students, that we are on the eve of great cardinal dis- coveries. In pursuits guided by sciences so new, the motive and directing authority must be centrical, in order to give the direct- est effect to the purpose and bring to bear upon it the greatest efficiency : the machinery must be one of a centralized form. It does not follow that the details might not be administered cess of military conquest, larger tracts of country were brought | under a localized machinery. The general purpose, however, 1s

Page 14

Ee 466 anterior to the details ; and nothing can be more idle than to ar- rest the measure which is to secure the main object until all those ulterior details be settled. No error of detail can be fatal or irre- mediable—none so bad as that really fatal error under which we now labour, the total want of any efficient system to guard the public health by means within the public control. HOW THE COLONIAL OFFICE DOES IT. From being burdens our Colonies might be converted into sup- ports for the Mother-country ; but the great obstacle to such a truly “blessed change” is the Colonial Office: we have under- taken to show how the Colonial Office effects this obstruction. Every process which would aid the beneficent conversion pre- sents to the Colonial Office, as it is at present constituted, a sub- stantial reason for hostility. We appeal to known facts. The Colo- nia] Office will not permit the Colonies to be self-supporting. New Zealand would have been so; but the Colonial Office interfered. South Australia started with a plan of self-support; but the Co- lonial Office interposed, compelled alterations of the plan, ap- pointed its own Governors, and when the colony was oppressed with the consequences of official mismanagement, the Office tried to make out that the original plan had failed. Something of this animated the British Government in the affairs of the “ planta- tions” before the Colonial Office existed, even so far back as the origin of the early American Colonies: the Office may plead that it inherited the Anti-Colonial spirit from previous Govern- ments ; but in the special Department the animus has become in- veterate, and is now maintained by vested interests. Were the THE SPECTATOR. Office now to permit the Colonies to be self-supporting, it must | admit all its past conduct to be wrong, and the views of its most able antagonists in all parts of the globe to be right. The Office will not permit the Colonies to govern themselves, [ Saturday, formation on certain subjects: information is arrested at partion lar individuals ; and the model statesmen of our Colonial Office subserve to the interests of the department as faithfully as mem. bers of the “ Holy Office” or of the Jesuits’ association, This plan of bureaucratic monopoly is helped by the political muta. tions at the head of the Department. Grant the process of converting the Colonies from encum. brances into supports, and the Culouial Office would cease to pos. sess even an apparent value. A new office would indeed be pe. cessary, to manage the relation between the Mother-country apg the Colonies; but its duties would be so different from those of the present Office, that the experience of the members would untit them rather than qualify them for employment under the ney system. In order, therefore, to keep up the Colonial Office, jt js necessary to keep up the system of starving the Colonies, upholding incapable or oppressive Governors, and fencing with just claims. Both Colonies and Mother-country pay dearly for the main. tenance of the Downing Street Office. Among the most obviogs and notorious consequences are such things as long Caffre wars: Canadian rebellions; aboriginal wars in New Zealand; ruin and discontents in young settlements, like South Australia before she outgrew the overlaying of the Colonial Office ; incessant disputes: incessant shifting of Governors; endless expenses for staffs of officers, for inquiries, for compensations, loans, &c., &c. ; immense expenditure for troops to keep down the Colonies lest they rebel, and to keep up the Colonies against foreign aggression,—to resist which, no one would trust the loyalty or spirit of the Colonies as they are now governed, thwarted, and stunted. All these conse. quences, and many more, have to be endured in order that the Colonial Office may be kept up; and it is a feeling of self-defence | that makes the Office resist any innovation, such a3 would result because that would supersede the Department; which makes a | world of business for itself by trying to carry on, in Downing Street, the detailed management of the Colonies in both hemi- spheres. To leave the Colonies themselves the power of self-go- vernment, would take from the Department in Downing Street njne-tenths of its work, and by superseding its functions would break up the establishment. The Office will not permit colonization to be that continued — on which the true colonial relation depends; a fact undantly proved in the debates of last session on colonization. | The pretext, repeated as a cuckoo cry, is, that there is no exten- sive “ demand for labour” in existing settlements: but coloniza- | tion creates new settlements, and with them employment for la- bour. All our new colonies attest that fact. invites an indefinite multiplication of fresh set‘lements; but the Colonial Office is as deaf as the adder. nization is a process which has never entered into the routine of the Colonial Office; it has always been forced upon it from with- out, and as a national operation it would constitute a troublesome novelty. The Colonial Office has not permitted, until considerably after the eleventh hour, and to a very limited extent, the immigration of efficient Jabour into the West Indies. interests of the Office lie at home—it is a branch of the Home Government : it fell in readily with the project of slave-eman- Cipation and the project. of free trade in sugar, when they became essential to the smooth working of politics at home. But the im- The connexions and | New Brunswick | The reason is, that colo- | in converting our Colonial encumbrances to be stays and supports, STATE DRESSMAKING., “To make a dike is a great plot of state,” in Holland; butin this country, it seems, the great officers of state turn their atten. tion to the making of dresses; and Parliament is constitutionally called upon to discuss “the fashions for May.” The Lord Chamberlain has been detected in a manceuvre for the encourage- ment of British manufactures; unmindful that we have entered a Free-trade wera. He issued an order expressing the wish of the Queen, that all the ladies who present themselves at the Drawingroom should appear in dresses of British manufacture; and Lord George Bentinck hails Queen Victoria as taking the lead in a Protectionist reaction. Lord John Russell sees nothing in the order—nothing incompatible in this exclusive encourage- ment of native industry with his own abolition of protection; a blindness which only proves the remarkable independence of Lord Jobn’s mind from logical compulsion. But who will rescue our gracious Sovereign from her uneasy and not dignitied position in the midst of these distracted councils! Formerly it was the set duty of the Crown to protect native indus- try ; and one can imagine the sacrifices that were made to that end. | Next, the Royal conscience was instructed to abhor protection and be solicitous about free trade: the affections were to be trans- ferred, at the order of a Cabinet Council, from Derby silk to Ly- ons, from Nottingham lace to Valenciennes—perhaps nota v odious transfer. The régime of free trade is established, the | importation of foreign dresses is decreed, the plans of royal dress- migration of labour into the West Indies is a thing that imme- | diately concerns those colonies alone, and therefore it has had small interest for the Office. The clerks in Downing Street do not see what they can get by Negro immigration ; but the heads of the Office do see that it may involve the disagreeable necessity | of asking Parliament for some money. The Colonial Office made no difficulty in continuing the emi- gration of convicts to the Australian Colonies, and would have continued it to this day but for the stir raised out of doors. It has also permitted the emigration of paupers to North America ; &@ migration of poverty and disease which has operated as a perfect nuisance in Canada, Natural complaints on that score have been used as if they constituted proof that the Colonies do not like colonization. They do not like to be dust-holes for English refuse and rubbish. Besides these special reasons and modes of administering its own branch of affairs, the Colonial Office, as a large branch of the general administration of the empire, shares in the interests and views common to all the departments. It implicitly obeys the chief canons of official custom. It will not select men according to ability or fitness, either for clerk- ships at home or governorships in the Colonies: the Office and the Colonies are preserves of patronage for political use ; political partisans have a claim to a certain share of that patronage ; other portions are used for the benefit of the Office itself, by bestowing place on men who are pliant, astute, and able to dress up a ease adroitly. To admit a different order of men, would not only be a waste of patronage, but would introduce traitors into the camp. The functions of the Office | are performed, not for the good of the Colonies—that is only the pretext—but for the good of the Office: they are mere suit and service for the tenure of place and patronage. No case, there- | | making are laid out over the whole face of Europe: but suddenly they are arrested by that hereditary Minister and Protectionist Lord Willoughby de Eresby ; who advises her Majesty, that in the department over which he presides protection still prevails; and the Royal dressmaking is again sent to Bethnal Green. This is very distracting ; and we do think her Majesty’s servants are bound to arrange once for all what are to be the Royal convictions and gracious wishes upon the matter. At present there is danger that the Sovereign will continue to be graciously pleased to wish what Lord John and his Free-trade colleagues pronounce to be destructive of this great commercial country, and at the same time graciously te commend what Lord Willoughby regards as equivalent to wholesale murder. If the Court is to be British, let it be so altogether. If the object of court pageants is to set the unemployed to work—if “drawingrooms” are auxiliary to the parish workhouse—ket them perform that office effectually. There is no plea for Derby which may not be urged for Birmingham; British lace does not yield employment more than “ British plate”: the gentlemen should forthwith have sword-hilts and buckles “ [equal to] silver”; the ladies should blaze as bright as they might with Bristol die- monds ; the regal and loyal cellars should be redolent of none but British wines, none but British brandies be known to British but- lers. Every article may be found in its “ British ” equivalent ; for which see the newspaper advertisements, passim. The Court has long been an old-curiosity-shop of antiquated British customs: the * Champion” of its Coronation is a jiving relic, of which other museums contain only the dead bodies; the Beefeaters are the remnant of the good old days “ when migi roast beef was an Englishman’s food ” ; and every state ceremomy revives some habit of the past: let the Court now collect and im- mortalize specimens of the fading Protection, and be the repository , is judged.on its merits: it must be compressed, if not sup- | of all those products of “ native industry ” and “ native talens which are “ British.” Splendour, luxury, and enjoyment m suffer ; but to satisfy one’s conscience is always pleasure, and we know that the sole object which the votaries of Court gayetes the poor. pressed, should it tell against the Office; developed, should it tell for the Office. By dividing the labours of mastering these ” @ very useful arrangement is effected: certain 8 are or kept wp, which consist in possessing a never et ma ly of in- | have in view is the welfare of

Page 15

May 13, 1848. ] THE SPECTATOR. 467 SPECTATOR’S LIBRARY. AL Economy ” ene or ? : hr of Political Economy. With some of their Applications to Social Philoso- phy. By John Stuart Mill. In two volumes.....+seeeeeeeeeees beseonee rarker. Voyacrs AND TRAVELS, A Three- Years Cruise in the Mozambique Channel, for the Suppression of the Slave- | trade. By Lieutenant Barnard, R.N. «00+ aeeceee ceeeees Cevcecccvccces Bentley. PCCLESIASTICAL POLITY, : ; ; i we pecalams Episcopi. The Mirror of a Bishop...+-+++++++++++ Edwards and Hughes. 10N, - . > . - - Artist’s Married Life ; being that of Albert Durer. Translated from the German of Leopold Schefer. By Mrs. J. R. Stodart..+++-seeeeeeececeeeeeeeens Chapman. JOHN STUART MILL’S POLITICAL ECONOMY. Wuoever has studied Mr. Mill’s profound and comprehensive work, System of Logie, Rativcinative and Inductive, will expect from the same hand an exposition of political economy of no ordinary excellence, The present treatise will be found to come up fully to such expectations ; though the subject is one which does not, like the former, embrace the whole field of science, nor afford the same scope for originality, nor inter- e those long-standing ditficulties which it was Mr. Mill’s honour to have cleared up for the first time in the province of logic. The volumes now published contain a complete and sition of the theory of political economy, in its various general depart- ments of production, distribution, and exchange ; and an elaborate de- velopment of those complications which present themselves especially in the last of the three. Each of these subjects occupies a separate book in the author’s arrangement; after which comes a fourth book, explaining the “ Influence of the Progress of Society on Production and Distribu- tion”; and lastly, a fifth book, surveying ‘he whole matter of interference by Government, economically considered—more particularly, the inci- dence, varieties, and comparative mischiefs, of taxes imposed by its authority. Mr. Mill’s scheme thus embraces all which is properly comprehended under the denomination of political economy, as it stands after the ample discussions and the several recent publications on different parts of the subject. But he proposes to himse!f this, and something more besides. “The design of this book,” he tells us in his Preface, “is different from that of any treatise on political economy which has been produced in England, since the work of Adam Smith. The most characteristic quality of that work, and the one in which it most differs from some others which have equalled or even sur- it as mere expositions of the general principles of the subject, is, that it invariably associates the principles with their applications. This of itself im- plies a much wider range of ideas and of topics than is included in political economy considered as a branch of abstract speculation. For practical purposes, political economy is inseparably intertwined with many other branches of social philosophy. Except on matters of mere detail, there are perhaps no practical ques- tions, even among those which approach nearest to the character of purely economi- cal questions, which admit of being decided on economical premises alone. And it is because Adam Smith never loses sight of this truth—because in his applica- tions of political economy he perpetually appeals to oiher and often far larger considerations than pure political economy affords—that he gives that well- grounded feeling of command over the principles of the subject for purposes of practice, owing to which the Wealth of Nations, alone among treatises on political economy, has not only been popular with general readers, but has impressed it- self strongly on the minds of men of the world and legislators. It appears to the present writer that a work similar in its object and general conception to that of Adam Smith, but adapted to the more extended knowledge and improved ideas of the present age, is the kind of contribution which political economy now requires. To the peculiar characteristic here announced by Mr. Mill himself in the Preface, we may add another, which will be found realized through- out the work. It is not, like most of the works written by English au- thors to explain the production and distribution of wealth, confined ex- clusively to production and distribution as exhibited in England. It keeps in perpetual comparative view the analogous phenomena of other countries ; and the theory of distribution in particular, which is the de- partment most variable in different countries according to diversities of character or legislation, acquires in the work before us an expansion and a social value not paralleled among his predecessors. Lastly, there is a third characteristic in Mr. Mill's work which we re- gret to be obliged to call peculiar—a profound conviction of the para- | mount obligations of science, and of political economy especially, towards the great mass of the community, in respect to their comforts as well as to their character ; a frank recoguition of existing evils, a conscientious employment of science to trace the causes upon which they depend, and a strenuous enforcement of remedies which, because they may happen to be unpopular, are not the less the only remedies in the case. We are far indeed from saying that previous political economists have been deficient in benevolent feeling towards the operative classes: such an assertion would be alike untrue and unbecoming. But we do say, that the science, a8 they state it, is one in which the bulk of the community have little or no interest. Most philosophers accept the low wages and condition of the Working masses asa fact unavoidable in human society, just as it was as- | sumed in the time of Plato and Aristotle that the labouring classes must of necessity be slaves. Discussing, indeed, often what is best to be done | when individual labourers fall beneath this low common condition, (the | question of Poor-laws,) they touch lightly the causes upon which the com- | mon condition itself depends, or the possibility of raising it into a high one. Their reasonings turn almost entirely on sums-total and aggregate results, apart from the constituent individuals—the ouly recipients of hap- Piness and misery: as if the main object were to stimulate production to maximum, and to point out how the country might be made “to in- | Crease most rapidly in wealth and population,”—two words which stand Constantly coupled together in treatises on political economy, though the | im¢rease of population always tends to neutralize, and generally altogether neutralizes, the increase of wealth as an accession to individual happiness | and comfort. To know the laws of aggregate production is indeed in- | sable, and they are nowhere better unfolded than in Mr. Mill's | + bus they are there continually presented in conjunetion with the lawa of distribution, and the reader is never allowed to forget the joins scientific expo- | gether from the point of view of the labouring masses. be distributed by authority into various coiperative partaerships for | effect of both on the comfort of that mass of individual existences which composes the people. How very different his ideas are respeeting the duties of political eeonomy towards this numerous mass, may be judged | from a striking passage at the commencement of the thirteenth chapter of the second book—one of the most valuable chapters of the whole work. After having examined various popular remedies for low wages, and | shown them to be either pernicious or ineffective, he proceeds— “By what means, then, is poverty to be contended against? How is the evil of low wages to be remedied? Is the problem incapable of solution? Can political economy do nothing, but only object to everything, and demonstrate that nothing can be done ? ; “If this were so, political economy might have a needful, but would have a melancholy and a thankless task. If the bulk of the human race are always to remain as at pres~nt, slaves to toil in which they have no interest, and therefore Jeel no interest—dradging from early morning till late at night for bare i and with all the moral and intellectual deticiencies which that implies—without resources either in mind or feelings—untaught, for they cannot be better taught than fed—selfish, for all their thoughts are required for themselves—without interests or sentiments as citizens or members of society and with a sense of injustice rankling in their minds equally for what they have not and for what others have—I know not what there is which should make a person with any capacity of reason concern himself about the destinies of the human race. There would be no wisdom except in extracting from life with Epicurean indifference as much personal satisfaction for himself and those with whom he sympathizes as it can yield without injury to any one, and letting the unmeaning bustle ot so-called civilized existence pass by unbeeded. But there is no ground for such a view of human affairs. Poverty, like most social evils, exists because men follow their brute instincts without due consideration. But society is possibie, precisely because man is not necessarily a brute. Civilization in every one of its aspects is a struggle against these animal instincts. Over some even of the strongest of them it has shown itself capable of acquiring abundant control. It it has not brought the instinct of population under as much restraint as is need- ful, we must remember that it has never seriously tried.” We shall advert again to the opinions of Mr. Mill on the momentous subject of population : at present we transcribe the above passage to show | that the ideal present to his mind, which kindles his seientific zeal and dictates his practical suggestions, is something almost new in treatises of political economy—not a community richest in the aggregate, nor the maximum of wealth and population attained in the shortest space of time; but a community wherein each individual of the great numerical ma- jority shall possess comfort, morality, instruction, and developed sensi- bilities, with opportunity to the better-endowed or fortunate few, of ac- quiring as much more for themselves separately as is consistent with this paramount object. It is indeed high time that political economists applied themselves to this larger and more benevolent ideal; without at all relaxing the striet- ness of scientific method as to the means of attaining it. The science has hitherto been chiefly looked at from the point of view of the capitalist, not from that of the labourer. Now these two poiuts of view do not always coincide even in regard to the efficiency of production, while in respeet to distribution they are altogether opposite and hostile. But the Hu- manitarian school of preachers among ourselves, and still more the grave manifestations of Communism which have recently appeared on the Continent, show us that a different faith is not only naseent but widely spread, wherein production and distribution are looked at alto- Far indeed are we from saying that the recommendations of this school would really prove effectual to the removal of that suffering which they so justly de- plore : but it is not the less true that the overwhelming conception of such suffering is the real stimulant which sets. their invention at work, and which at the same time creates an antipathy against scientific po- litical econemy as the interpreter and champion of capital against labour. How strong such antipathy sometimes becomes, may be seen by the fact, that the French Republican Government has suppressed the chair of Po- litical Economy iu the College de France, recently filled by M. Mi- chel Chevalier. It is wonderful to observe what a storm of enlightened indignation was provoked in this country by such an ill-advised proceed+ ing on the part of Republican France: even writers who had been always in the habit of sneering at political economy, and who in writé against the new Poor-law or in support of the Ten Hours Bill w have thought no term too sharp to denounce the professors of that scienee, now affected a persuasion that it was to be numbered among the most essential items of the currieulum of instruction. We held the suppression to be a serious admonitory event, which the teachers of political economy ought to lay to heart for the future. They who elucidate the production and distribution of wealth, ought to regard it as the most urgent of all problems in their science, to explain how it happens that the mass of the people are poorly off, in the midst of an aggregate production increasing everywhere more rapidly than ever. M. Louis Blanc, in his book on the Organization of Labour—a book which even those whe dissent from his recommendations as widely as we do are not entitled to despise-— imputes this misfortune as a necessary consequence to the system competition, and proposes that all the labourers of the country Pees purpese of produetion, with equality of individual remaneration and out any competition. M. Chevalier, and others who have-replied to Blane, have demonstrated the fallacy of his positive recommendations ; when this has been done, the case made out by M. Blane against the pre- sent system remains still untouched and unimpaired. For aught that his opponents have yet shown, the prineiple of competition is really chargeable with and inseparable from the poverty and lew condition of the labouring population throughout even the richest countries of Europe. M. Blane, keenly sensible of the evil, tries to suggest a remedy, but fails: his oppe- nents, having exposed the futility of his propositions, ase forced either to dwell upon some resources, equally illusory, derivable from private charity or poor-laws, or (as is more frequently the case) to acquiesee reluctantly in the evil as a datum of humanity—perhaps even to wership it as a dis- pensation of Providence,,and to console their readers: by dwelling wpon immensities of aggregate production and miracles of industrial skill. If this were the best whieh political econemy could do in repby to.M. Ex

Page 16

468 THE SPECTATOR. (Saturday, Louis Blane and the Communists, we confess that we should be compara- tively indifferent about the restoration of M. Chevalier and the professor- ship. But the work of Mr. Mill shows, if proof were wanting, that it is not the best which political economy can do. By accepting the con- dition of the labouring classes of society as the first of all problems for | the political economist, he vindicates the science from the imputation cast upon it of being a mere systema‘‘zed view of the caplvitation of the workman by the capitalist. By placing the great and serious prin- ciple of population in the predominant attitude which really belongs to it, instead of evading or slurring it over as others have done before him, he shows that the evils dwelt upon by M. Blanc arise not from the competi- | tive principle, but from an increase of population not restrained by mo- rality, or prudence, or reason ; and that they would arise still more for- | midabiy under ihe coiperative principle, assuming the increase of popula- | tion to continue equally unrestrained : while a due restraint on the latter, even with less hard work than at present, would insure to the labourer comfort under the system of competition, whatever might be the case under that of codperatioa. It is only thus that the principle of c»mpeti- tion—that constant primary force of which the political economist traces out the multiform ramifications—can be vindicated against bad tendencies erroneously represented as inseparable from it. Mr. Mill's first book, divided into thirteen chapters, comprises an analy - sis and explanation of Production, and its three agents, labour, capital, and land; with the laws which determine both the increase of the two | Of these chapters, | first and the degree of productiveness of all three. the fifth and sixth will be found particularly instructive—* Fundamental Propositions conceruing Capital,” and “ Of Circulating and Fixed Capi- tal.” Mr. Mill takes particular pains, and emp'oys the greatest ampli- tude and variety of illustration, to clear up the elementary notions of the science, in the misconception of which for the most part the erroneous applications have their root. The first of his fundamental propositions concerning capital is, that industry is limited by capital. “* There can be no more industry than is supplied with materials to work up, and food to eat. Self-evident as the thing is, it is often forgotten that the people of a country are maintained and have their wants supplied, not by the produce of present labour, but of past. produced, not what is about to be produced.” “ Yet, in disregard of a fact so evident, it long continued to be believed that laws and go- vernments could, without creating capital, create industry.” (P. 79.) We apprehend that it is so believed still, by that large number of persons who so emphatically urge the obligation of Govern- ment, or the parish, or the great proprietors, to “ find work” for everybody. Mr. Mill remarks, however, that though industry is limited by capital, it does not always or necessarily reach that limit: there may | be some capital unemployed for want of labourers. And farther, that every increase of capital is capable of giving additional employment to industry, without any assignable limit—“ If there are human_ beings capable of work and food to feed them, they may always be employed in producing something.” (Page 82.) This proposition might perhaps, when generally stated, receive ready assent; yet it stands opposed to | many current opinions, as well as to the doctrine of Mr. Malthus, Dr. Chalmers, and M. Sismondi, that the unproductive expenditure of the rich is necessary to the employment of the poor, and that the latter would be partially deprived of employment if saving on the part of the rich were carried beyond a certain point. Mr. Mill justly treats this as a serious fallacy, and the truth to which it stands opposed as of cardinal importance in economical science: he reverts to it again in his third | book, on Exchange, and in both places he refutes the error in a masterly | manner. (Vol. If. book iii. p. 90.) Other fundamental theorems which he states respecting capital, are— that it is all derived from saving ; but that although saved, yet when em- ployed as capital, it is nevertheless all consumed. “That which is saved (for capital) is consumed just as much as that which is spent.” shows the prevalent errors afloat on the subject. Lastly, he points out another important theorem respecting capital—that “ demand for commo- dities is not demand for labour. What supports and employs productive labour, is the capital expended in setting it to work, not the demand of purchasers fur the produce of the labour when completed.” (P. 97.) “A demand for commodities does not in any manner constitute a demand for labour, but only determines into a particular channel a portion, more or less considerable, of the demand already existing. It determines that a part of the labour and capital of the community shall be employed in producing certain things instead of other things. The demand for labour is constituted solely by the funds set apart for the use of labourers.” (P. 99.) We wish we had room to transcribe the excellent illustration given by Mr. Mill of this truth; though there are one or two sentences (the commencement of the paragraph “It must not be,” p. 101) which, if they be not contradictory, are at least wanting in the perspicuity cha- racteristic of the whole work. Chapter the seventh, on the Degrees of Productiveness of Natural Agents, presents among other things a comparison of the different in- dustrial ‘energy which marks the labour of different nations. superiority of the English labourer in productive efficiency, over the la- bourers of other countries, is well set forth, as standing foremost among | the various causes of English accumulation. Unfortunately, he is, or has hitherto been at least, not less improvident than hard-working ; suit- able in both features to the interest of his employer rather than to his own. “Sic vos non vobis mellificatis apes.” So admirable an instru- ment for enriching others was never turned out elsewhere in the history of the world. We commend to the attention of the reader the testimony of Continental manufacturers respecting workmen of different nations, cited at page 129. Mr. Mill next expounds (chapters x. xi. xii.) the Law of the Increase | of Labour, the Law of the Increase of Capital, and the Law of the In- crease of Production from Land. In the first of these three, the principle They consume what has been | | landowner owns at the same time both capital and labour. He ex- | pands this proposition into many of its particular consequences, and | The great | —. of population is briefly but clearly set forth; while in the last, that great natural fact—the decreasing proportional productiveness, as well as the | limited quantity, of land—is traced to its consequences. In any given | state of agricultural skill, doubling the labour applied to land does not double the produce: every increase of produce is obtained by a more than proportional increase in the app'ication of labour to the land. Nor does this general fact cease to be true though new improvements in agri- culture antagonize it as far as they go, and might for a time even fully countervail it. These two cardinal principles of economical science—the constant tendency of population to increase, repressed as yet very imper- fectly, but capable of being fully repressed, by moral and prudential considerations—and the coastantly dimiuishing proportional return to the employment of labour on land, partially antagonized, but ireapable of being systematically and permanently counteracted, by improvements in human skill—are considere! farther in their joint action in chapter xiii. ; wherein the reader wil! fia] som: valuable applications to the sub- jects of Corn-laws and Emigration. The complete analysis which Mr. Miil has givea of the agents and phxuomena of production was esseutial as a preparation for his second book—on the Laws of Distvitution. This book contains the full theory of English distribution —Rent, Profit, aa! Wages—as it is to be found in | the best treatises ou political ecouomy since Mr. Ricardo, and with the corrections and additions subsequently introduced. But it also contains a great deal besides: the reader is familiarized with distribution as it is exhibited out of England; and the sulject is handled with a degree of novelty, amplitude, and practical regar.! for the happiness of the mass of mankind, unparalleled, so far as our Knowledge goes, in any previous author. Mr. Mill begins with an examination of the theory of individual pro- perty; which he contrasts with Communism, St. Simonianism, and the various Coiperative schemes started both here and on the Continent. Speculations on these subjects have acquired great additional importance since his work was written, (of course, before the recent French Revolu- tion,) through the mutiny of so cousiderable a proportion of the Conti- nental workmen against the existing mechanism of production and dis- tribution. His two chapters on these subjects contain a refutation at once searching and dispassivuate of these various schemes,—a_ refutation wherein (as we have before noted) the remark stands promiuently for- ward, that under all of them securities against an over-increase of popu- lation would be at least as indispensable as they are at present. * Private property, and the three separate requisites of production— labour, capital, and land—being assumed, it remains to be seen how the produce distributes itself.” In Englaud, for the most part, each of the three has its separate representative, aud the distribution between them adjusts itself by bargain and competition: but there are other societies in which this does not hold: sometimes, as in North America and in a large portion of the European Contineat, the labourer is himself the pro- prietor both of the land and the capital; while in slave countries the Sometimes the same person owns the capital and the land, but not the labour, as in the metayer system of France and Italy. Lastly, in Ireland as well as | in India, the labourer owns all the little stock employed on the land ; while the Irish landlord and the Injian Government are proprietors of the soil. In these two last-mentioned cases there is a double and not a triple division of the produce; and both the one and the other may be governed either by competition or by some peculiar custom. In Eng- land we are so much used to consider competition only, that the reader will probably be surprised to find the cullection of instances in Mr. Mill's fourth chapter wherein its effects are plainly overruled by some custom- ary practice. Ile first examines the cases of the slave-owner and the peasant- proprietor, in both of which there is no distribution—the whole pro- duce belongs to one and the same person. Next, he takes the metayer tenure of land, where there are two partners to share, but the share of each is determined by the custom of the country, and does not vary either from year to year or from farm to farm—a third, a half, or two- thirds, of the gross produce, as the case may be. He then reviews the cottier tenancy of Ireland, where the division, being regulated by com- petition, depends upon the relation between the demand for land and the supply of it. Lastly, he treats of hired labour and wages, where the distribution is also determined (saving a few special exceptions) by com- petition, and by the number of persons bidding for employment as com- pared with the aggregate wages-fuud available to employ them. On slavery little new remains to be said: the unanimity of sentiment now existing upon that subject, contrasted with the very different cast of opinion which reigned a few years ago, is one of the few consoling evidences which raise hopes of other amendments in the national mind upon social and economical subjects. But on the subject of peasant-pro- prietors almost everything is new to an English reader; who cannot conceive land being cultivated except under the trinity of landlord, te- nant, and labourer,—a great landlord to keep up the buildings, to re- ceive rent, and to dictate votes ; a farmer to find capital, personal super- intendence, and knowledge ; and a body of labourers working for wages. Though the class of small proprietors, whom Mr. Mill supposes to have been once common in England, has been nearly rooted out of the Eng- lish soil, and completely rooted out of the English mind, we rejoice to think that neither on the Continent, nor in the United States, nor even in our own Colonies, is such an example likely to be followed. The facts which he produces on this subject are numerous and striking. (Chapter vii.) The chapter which immediately follows presents the Irish cottier te- nants; a melancholy contrast to those small Continental cultivators in whom the “magic of property” (to use Arthur Young's expression) | Operates to generate an industry which is often almost superhuman, | amidst a population not hard-working by instinct. In the two chapters x. and xi. Mr. Mill exposes the incurable defects of this Irish cottier-te- a S tsoeoe ES SBS sa Se wes oo a o>Swms3 & eS 2.8

Page 17

1M May 13, 1848.] nancy 3 considers the various plans for improving it; and suggests some | ideas for employing the waste lands in Ireland to transform the cottiers | ually into peasant- proprietors. Chapters xi. Xii. xili. and xiv. the | Wages—the remuneration of the labourer by the capitalist. In the first of these four chapters, Mr. Mill lays down the law by which that remu- neration is determined. In the second, he examines and exposes the | most current popular remedies for low Wages, or propositions for better- ing the condition of the labouring classes in spite of the inherent law by which wages are determined. In the third, he states, illustrates, and vindicates, the remedy by which alone this object can really be attained, —namely, an increased moral and prudential control on the part of the labourers themselves over their own multiplication of numbers. These three chapters are in our judgment the most valuable and im- pressive of the whole work : not so much from originality of exposition, in which other parts of it fully equal them, as from the transcendant im- portance of the ideas which they embody, the clearness with which these ideas are set forth, and the earnest pleading of the author on behalf of a trath which so many others only look for an excuse to set aside. He shows that the rate of wages depends upon the competition between the number of persons seeking employment on the one side and the aggre- gate capital (or rather wages-fund ) seeking labour on the other; and that unless the first number be diminished, or the last aggregate increased, there is no possibility of raising the rate of wages. To leave the two un- altered, and to double the rate of wages either by law or by opinion, would simply end (supposing the thing could be carried into effect) by throwing so many labourers out of employment. You may increase the wages-fund forcibly, by imposing taxes, and using the proceeds in direct payment of labour. Mr. Mill discusses this proposition carefully ; granting that “if all that were required was, to provide permanent employment at ample wages for the existing numbers of the people,” he should strenuously advocate it. But he shows that the effect of doing this would only be to make the people multiply still THE SPECTATOR. are devoted to the consideration of 469 abusive expansion of credit : but this is a question of degree, and we do not put it in the front of the argument. The fourth book of Mr. Mill’s work, “ Influence of the Progress of Society on Production and Distribution,” follows the thread of economi- cal speculation to many consequences alike novel and important. The last book, going as it does over the whole range of the interference of Government, is the most miscellaneous of all. We recommend to the attention of the reader chapter ix., wherein Mr. Mill compares the va- rious laws of different countries respecting inheritance: though, while we agree with him in disapproving primogeniture and entails, we think much more favourably than he does respecting the principle and work- ing of the French law of succession, He examines at considerable length all the principal diversities of taxation; a subject wherein it is above all things difficult to arrive at any conclusion certain or satis- factory, since every tax is an undeniable evil, and the evil produced by one is often of a nature generically different from and hardly commen- surable with that caused by another, while all classes of society seem alike selfish in trying to shift the burden from themselves upon others. The last chapter of all, “ On the Limits of the Province of Government,” is one of large seope and very peculiar value: not unworthy to close a work which places its author in the highest rank of political eeonomists— which sets forth the truths already ascertained in a manner more perspi- cuous and systematic, and with greater fulness of illustration, than they will be found in any other work known to us—and which possesses the farther merit of having enlarged the range, improved the ideal, and en- nobled the aspirations, of economical science. THREE-YEARS CRUISE IN CHANNEL, BARNARD'S MOZAMBIQUE LIEUTENANT THE ' LieurenaAntT BARNARD was employed during the years 1844, '45, and faster than they do now, and to remove what little there is at present | effective of moral and prudential restraint : the labourers, having no mo- tive to bestow any diligence on work merely found for them, would pro- duce less, while the taxation fur support of the poor would continually increase, until it engrossed the whole income of the country, and until “payers and receivers were melted down into one mass.” There remains then only the possibility of diminishing the rate of in- crease of population—of erecting iato an active and paramount sentiment the duty of not bringing offspring into the world until a man has the means of maintaining it in decent comfort, or not in greater numbers than he can so maintain. Mr. Mill both enforces the necessity and vin- dicates the possibility of inculeating such morality, throughout his very emphatic thirteenth chapter; wherein are produced some striking extracts from M. Sismondi respecting the exemplary prudence and ordinary pre- valence of small families among the little landed proprietors in various parts of the Continent. To treat those who would inculcate such moral and prudential restraint as the enemies of the labourer, is the most mon- strous of all misrepresentations: to pronounce the lesson unteachable, is out of all reason, seeing that as yet not even the superior minds of society *46, on the Eastern coast of Africa between the Cape of Good Hope and Zanzibar. The principal object of the service was the suppression of the slave-trade ; but the Lieutenant was also employed in carrying troops and stores from the Cape to different scenes of action during the Caffre war. in the course of his cruises he visited the Mauritius, the different ports within the colony of Southern Africa, parts of the island of Madagascar, and the adjacent islets or groups. The principal station, however, was | the Portuguese district of Mozambique, especially the town Quillimane, have ever tried to teach it, while great efforts have been made to incul- | cate the direct contrary: to talk of it as difficult, unless you can show that the same inestimable end can be accomplished by some other means less difficult, is only to spur on the benevolent mind to increased effort. “Tncusare Deos atque homines,” may serve as an evasion so long as the talk is confined to the capitalists; but it will not do when the labourer himself is taught to canvass the subject, and to ask whether you really mean to tell him that the general condition of his class admits of no amendment: who can wonder that he turns aside from a future not only loomy, but hopeless, to listen to the eloquence of M. Louis Blane ? Surely, under these circumstances, the only proceeding either rational or humane is, while impressing upon the labourer such measure of self- denial as is absolutely essential to his own welfare, to seek out every means whereby that self-denial may be rendered least painful and oppres- sive. Mr. Mill recommends, as aucillary to the formation of improved national morality on the subject of population, large measures both for popular education and for colonization on a large scale. At present it seems to us that the morality, even of the superior portion of society, upon this all-important subject, has yet to be formed; and it perhaps is only destined to be formed through a course of painful alternation be- tween increasing misery and delusive palliatives. Mr. Mill’s third book is devoted to Exchange, the Theory of Value, Prices, Money, Credit, &c. It is in this part of the subject that the great- est complications reside which the political economist is called upon to explain; and Mr. Miil has fully shown his power of grappling with them. The most difficult part of all, the theory of international trade and value —difficult in consequence mainly of the fiudamental fact that capital is not transferred from nation to nation in the same manner as from one part of the same country to another—receives from him in two chapters (xvii. and xviii.) an elaborate and finished exposition, There is, however, one chapter in this book, (chapter xxiv.) “ On the Regulation of the Currency,” fiom the conclusions of which we dissent. Mr. Mill agrees in the main with Messrs. Tooke and Fullarton respecting the act of 1844; though he recognizes certain advantages in it which they dispute, he yet thinks that these are purchased by more than corre- sponding disadvantages. We hold the opposite opinion, and continue to hold it even after reading his chapter. We have no space here to set forth what we think might be offered in reply to several points of his rea- soning. The act of 1844 seems to us essential to insure what simple convertibility promises, but does not insure—constant conformity in value of bank-notes to gold ; constant conformity in quantity being, in our judgment, the inseparable condition and correlative of constant con- formity in value. We think also that the act is calculated to work well, the head-quarters of the trade of the country and particularly of the slave- trade. It was here that Mr. Barnard was continually employed, some- times in getting ship-stores, sometimes in excursions and pleasure-parties, but always in picking up information touching slave cargoes and expected slavers: in the course of which service, “ bribery and corruption,” fibs and stratagems, with all the other arts that “ are fair in war,” appear to have been exercised—necessarily, no doubt, butsti ll not quite looked for in expeditions undertaken with moral and religious objects. “ The next morning, soon after daylight, I visited Said Hamza, and paid him thirty sovereigns for his information. What a fright he was in! and how I laughed at his ludicrous speeches, such as, ‘ Now, Mr. Barnard, you make your face white, all the same as if you hear nothing; and s'pose anybody ask you if Said Hamza tell you anything; you say, He, poor fellow! what he know? I not ask him.’ “In the evening he was sitting in the porch at Senhor Isidore’s when i paoet upon him unexpectedly, and his confusion was beyond all description. He changed colour like a chameleon, and looked black, blue, yellow, and green by turns; which highly amused me after his morning lecture. “In the course of the day, I as usual wandered about, whilst the Portuguese were taking their siesta, fishing for information; and in the course of conversa- tion with the person from whom I had been in the habit of purchasing stock, I | found that she had been accused of telling me about the brig; and I immediately — out to her how much better it would be if she — would give me in- ‘ormation, and pocket a good round sum of money, instead of bearing all the | odium without the reward: and I promised to call again in the evening after she had had time to consider and consult with her friend, whom I had kept a look-out on for some time, knowing he was rather a loose fish. Accordingly, I found them, when I called, in deep consultation; and after a little beating about the bush, they consented to inform me from time to time of the movements of the slaves, who are constantly kept in readiness in the neighbourhood of Quillimane, to march to any point where a vessel might appear. This would give a cruiser ample time, as they could not get off under several days.” The substance of the book is founded on the letters written by Mr. Bar- nard to his friends at home; or it is the letters themselves, with formal alterations sufficient to throw them into a connected shape. This gives an air of truth and reality to the narrative, but occasionally flattens it by personal or commonplace matters. Lieutenant Barnard is a good- tempered, active, enterprising sailor; a diplomatist in his way, as we have seen; zealous on duty; and with a constitution able to stand the ex- posure, night dews, and duckings of a harassing service in a pestiferous climate, though not without undergoing an attack of fever. His turn, how- ever, is not to literature or to those scientific studies which give subjects to observe and precision in observing them. Hence the book is hardly equal to the writer's opportunities. Variety and interest is imparted to the volume by the freshness of the field, the novelty of the scenery and the people, the continual shifting of the scene, and the frequent introduction of remarkable if not always very respectable characters, with whom Lieutenant Barnard makes his readers as well acquainted as he is him- self. There is also a good deal of incident; pursuits of slavers, hair- breadth escapes, interviews with barbarian potentates, an attack by savages on boats, and finally the destruction of his last ship, the war- steamer Thunderbolt, by going ashore, and the indefatigable efforts made to save her. The following example of working with a will took place at Mozambique during the time Mr. Barnard was in the steamer. “On the 14th, finding that the wood and water did not come off fast enough for our English ideas of doing work, I was sent on shore to endeavour to purchase any old wrecks or wood on the beach ; and I succeeded in getting a large dow apparently about 100 tons, built of very hard wood and strongly fastened with iron. The breaking her up seemed at first rather an arduous task, and every- asked told me I should take two days and a half, the Portuguese said a bod I me. however, we set to work with a will about eleven a. m., and by two p.m., and has already worked better than Mr. Mill admits, in restraining | the beams being a!) sawn through, we got two ropes on her; got all our hands

Page 18

470 THE SPECTATOR. [Saturday, azid about three p.m. she was demolished, and two-thirds of her on board the ship. “ The scene on the beach during this operation was one of the most exciting and amusing I have ever witnessed, and will long be remembered at Mozambique as'an astonishing proof of English strength and perseverance. Our large power- fal stokers, with arms like legs, making enormous sledge-hammers fly round their heads like paddle-wheels, rending large masses of timber at every blow, ap- peared like giants to the poor half-starved lovking devils who are obliged to have a slave to open their eyes of a morning. were —— knocking out the nails with stones; and for every nail they had to carry a down to the boat; for which purpose [ kept a quartermuster con- stantly loading them, so that the dow appeared to be actually walking into the sea. Poor Darkie entered into the spirit of the thing, and when jarge masses came down with a crash they yelled with delight.” Of the probability of suppressing the slave-trade off the Mozambique | | feel themselves to be inferior clergy: const, Mr. Barnard speaks thus discouragingly—“ There are so many rivers and inlets on this coast which a man-otf-war cannot approach, that we might as well try to alter the currents in the Mozambique Channel as step the slave-trade with sailing-vessels.” lis facts seem to us more in equilibrium than this opinion would imply. From the nature of the surf-beaten shores, and the bars that obstruct the mouths of the rivers, the embarkation of the slaves appears a more difficult task thau on the ‘Western coast of Africa. If we put aside all idea of expense, and the loss of English life, it would seem that the difficulties of carrying on the slave-trade from Mozambique might be rendered so great by nume- Boas and active cruisers, that it might possibly be stopped. On the other hand, the profits are so large to all concerned, (a Governor of Quillimanc made 60,000 dollars in a month, by peculation and slave-fees or bribes,) and the whole community is so demoralized, that it is very probable addi- tional squadrons would merely add to the miseries and mortality of the slaves. Their price in Africa would fall; a still greater risk would be run on the more valueless cargo, and still larger numbers packed on board the slavers, if that be possible. THE MIRROR OF A BISHOP Is an able work; extensive in its knowledge, full in its matter, close though sometimes rather heavy in its style, with touches of a sardonic humour, and much rationality of judgment in its criticism of what is and what ought to be. At the same time, there is rather too much of | abstract theory in the writer's views ef what Bishops should be in sidering men and things (as they have a right to be considered) by the Ccireumstanees of the age and the character of the laity. Professing to attribute the evil to the system and nothing to the men, the writer does indeed attribute much to them, representing them as animated by the spirit which Sydney Smith ascribed to ecclesiastics, when dilating on the vantage of prizes in the lottery of the Church. however, wants the animation and even the good-nature of the wit; and, whereas Sydney Smith seemed to look upon the ‘parts of the Church as a recommendation, this writer bitterly @ensures them as-spiritual evils of no light kind. huridred Biaeks on'them, and roused her broadside out. By five Hundreds of men, women, and children, | | charities, and for what is expected from a bishop. | plaint even whispered against the Ecclesiastical Commission upon this head; nor | its judgment questioned, nor its discretion arraigned. The author before | The author of Zhe Mirror of a Bishop is a Churchman opposed to | Rome, opposed to sectarianism, avd looking upon the Tractarians with a contemptuous pity; while he attributes their backsliding, the strength of Dissent, and the feeling against an Establishment, to the misconduct of the Bishops. As the title implies, a great. portion of the book is devoted to displaying the Bishops, and men's ideas of them. The author begius with sketching a Bishop as he appears in the imagination and judgment of the mechanic, the rustic, and the small narrowminded tradesman : ail which portraits are clever, and true enough in a sort of mechanical truth, but the style of delineation is operose, and the picture not effective in pro- portion to the labour. The official and country gentleman’s notious of | beyond the horizon of human probability. oe and moderately learned, aristocratic in demeanour, refined in lameless in morals, he enters upon a rich family living, with infinitesimal don which for the most part he delegates to a respectable curate, and figures j clergy list as a rector, tied by conscientious obligation to the delivery of a Sen morning sermon, until a vacant deanery transports him toa cathedral tox, where, as the “ Honourable and Very Reverend the Dean,” he imparts onal! ventitious grace to county society, and lives in easy familiarity with his felj ‘ dignitaries the Canons. In the course of time, by the coutinual pressure of re family and connexions upon the Government, in consideration of Parliame support, cheerfully and consistently rendered in sunshine and foul weather he conged élired into a bishopric. He felicitates himself and is felicitated ‘by his noble relatives upon the advantages he has obtained; a high station, an ample in come, and a peerage, which, under other circamstances—as a younger SO0—wag Into his diocese he carries the habits of the rector and the polished urbanity of the dean. His clergy know aad y: that is not his intention, his good-breed} and courtesy would revolt from the idea; but his birth and “ manner of life from his youth” dissolve the common tie of priesthood, which should bind together in a cord of mystical sympathy bishop, priest, and deacon; and erect an artificial barrier, cold and unyielding upon the one side, bashfal and school-boyish on the other, in their official intercourse. He performs his functions with exemplary and scrupulous exactness; ordaj confirms, visits triennially, consecrates churches, and preaches occasional charity sermons in the plenitude of lawn sleeves; he is punctual in his attendance at the House of Lords, and at the committee meetings of the great Church Societies, He stands out before the worid an Episcopal statae, chiselled, as it were, by the very hands of Sir James Grahain, a model and faultless specimen of an Anglican Bishop. CHARITIES OF THE BENCH. His Lordship’s revenue, under existing and proposed arrangements, is SUppos to be commensurate with the exigencies of his diocese; and, as the Bishops them. selves counselled and matured the plan, we may reasonably infer that these items {sabscriptions ] were not omitted in the calculation. So much to maintain the state and dignity of a bishop; so much to enable him to live in London dari the session, for the discharge of his Parliamentary duties; so much for public We have never heard a com- The general mass of Episcopal revenue was to be measured out and leveiled, as men in barns use what is called a strike to level the surface of the corn, thrown at random into a bushel or other measure. By the operation of the strike the superfluous quantity falls upon the threshing-floor, and serves to supply the deficiency in other bushels, There can be no unfairness, because the capacity of the measure is determined before the strike is applied; and thus the Ecelesiastieal Commission acted ag strike, justly and impartially, to the Episcopal revenues of Eagland and Wales, these days, and something of exaction in his demands upon them, con- | We conclude, then, that a Bishop's public charities, such as are extorted, we had almost said—but that is not the word, because the Bishop thinks it becoming his station and imperative upon his conscience to assist in carrying forward those great objects to which Societies dedicate their fands; but the word is, draw trom lim by public opinion,—we conclade, therefore, that these charities are pre- vided for in the computation of revenue to be appropriated for the necessitiesef his diocese. THE ARTIST'S MARRIED LIFE. From some letters of Albert Durer himself, it is inferred that his mar- ried life was not a happy one: it is pretty well proved from an epistle of Pirkheimer, his friend and patron, that the Frau Durer was a selfish and ill-tempered woman, incapable of entering into her husband's views or appreciating his genius, except in a marketable point of view. It would seem that she worried him to work to make money as a fortune for here self after his death; and that her temper probably embittered the closing years of Albert’s mother. Upon these hints, a journal kept by the | painter giving some account of his travels, and the biography and general episcopal employments and duties are then illustrated, from one of Sir James | Graham's speeches, opposing an addition to the number of Bishops: and very cleverly illustrated too. After a few more hits of this kind, the author takes the Episcopal Bench in hand himself; and arranges its occupants in three classes,—the Prelate of family, of high university reputation or professional Prelate, and the party Bishop, sometimes promoted from the public school. He then proceeds to try these several classes of the Episcopacy ; testing them by the Canons, and the character of many of their predecessors in the times preceding the house of Brunswick, as well as exhibiting them on various occasions as they are, with intimations of what they ought to be according to the foregoing tests. After painting “ the palaces,” the ministering officials, the “ exemplary” conduct of the Bishops on all occasions, with the feelings of their clergy, and indicating many abuses inthe Chureh which a different “ overlooking” would remedy, he closes with his proposals of reform. Two or three of these are tangible. To increase the numbers and reduce the income of the Bishops, giving the Church fifty overlookers without additional cost; and to relieve them from attendance in London, so that they might reside in their diocese. To deprive the Ministry of the Episcopal patronage, since the Cabinet may now be of any religion or no religion; and to vest the nomination in the Crown as the head of the’Chureh, assisted by a council of lay aud Spiritual men. The other suggestions are the most difficult matter to aceomplish :* they consist of hortatives to Apostolical conduct. ~ The value comprised in such an outline as this must depend on the | filling up—the execution. Bating the faults of occasional ponderousness and overdoing, already alluded to, this filling up is clever, and something more. The writer is familiar with the biography of the olden Bishops and the requirements of the Church: what is of more consequence as re- gards the vital character of his book, he seems to be acquainted with the actual practice of Episcopacy aad the feelings of Churchmen. The sort of ‘Anti-Prelatic animus, and the presence of the writer's arts, are not altogether critical faults, at least of a kind to detract from the read- ableness of the book. We subjoin a couple of specimens. THE BISHOP OF FAMILY. ‘His education eofthy and character of Albert Durer, Leopold Schefer has founded his novel of The Artist's Married Life. The subject, treated by an Englishman on a similar notion, would have given rise to a metaphysical fiction. The more childlike simplicity of the German mind, with its etherial aspirations and profounder gropiugs, has produced a species of novel-essay. Assuming the facts as they stand in Dr. Friedrich Campe's “ Relies of Albert Durer,” Leopold Schefer uuder takes to account fur them, less in a philosophical than a speculative way. As is the case in most other explauatory or didactic tales, Scheler hardly succeeds in his self-imposed vocation. Le expressly repudiates the idea that the “ artist” is not fit for “ the married life” ; on the contrary, he considers it necessary to him both as an artist and a man: yet much of Albert’s misery, if not exactly traceable to marriage itself, arises from his habits as a genius and an artist being counter to the ideas of an unenthusiastic woman, though with sense and character far beyoud the average. At first the moral pointed would seem to be a warning against parental interference in marriage,—for the match is made up by the fathers, without the young people’s knowledge or consent: but this scarcely reaches the root of the evil. Attached as both become to each other—excellent, simple, and pure-minded as Albert is painted—daily habit and knowledge of one another's love would soon have got over the surprise of Albert and the little pique of Agnes at being given away 80 summarily, That it was an ill-assorted match, is doubtless the true con- clusion to be drawn from Schefer’s premises: but how to avoid such is the question, unless the artist wait till his reputation be established and his peculiarities are looked upon with reverence. As is the custom in didactic novels of every kind, accidents and extremes are pressed into the service of the writer to produce his foregone conclusions; but perhaps & weak submission would be necessary to make an average woman salis- fied with the following “ goings on,” especially when the family means were narrow and they were in debt. 5 “ Labour was life and delight to the master; for any one can make mention of his own industry as he would of a duty, and of the want of it as a sin 0 omission. But the artist is no machine, no mill-wheel that turns round and round day and night; his work is meutal, and his works are mind, produced by mind. Thougbts and images slumber within him like bees inahive. * * * “ Master Albert now often dreamed and delayed whole days; sat down, rose up, spoke to himself, drew with bis stick on the sand, or began to make an eye or a nose with black chalk; and then Agnes called him a child, or thought that, dissatisfied with her, he held converse with his own soul. Or he walked up and down in the garden, stood for a quarter of an hour at.a time before the trunk of poovided in the lapof opulence and | a tree, and studied its wonderfully-bursting bark; looked up to the heavens, and . tenderly ; luxury ; his associations have been amiformly with high-born connexious: amiable, | imprinted on his memory the forms of the clouds; or he sat before the door, SSEBSLTESE. . LEE FEE, ter, ing BOSrss ees — 2° oG&eeohtaror—- BS RPESZ — ia scopy cence rYy se yy fey sor “cer

Page 19

ore 2 aed ~— ? — Senay a” uw ae

pe eaed THE SPECTATOR. 471

—aeieh ildren, placed one quite in the shade of the roof, another called tithe oe — mn the full sunshine, that he might adjust for oaly the colours of the dresses in light and shade; or he accosted old men and hime who came to him just as if they had been sent by God. Then Agnes talled to hima, and said peevishly, My God! why not rather work? thou knowest Oe ae said Albert. My picture is ready. b & God grant it! sighed she, as if he were lazy, or incapable. But if the exact moral of : ag ay a an almost charming book. There is no action in The Artist's Married Life. The incidents are few in number, and of an every-day haracter; deriving their interest from their connexion with Albert Durer, and their influence upon his happiness, or from their exhibition of German life. In these two points, indeed, and the minute fivish of the painting, the attraction of the book consists, Perhaps the spirit of the age is too much substituted for that of the fifteenth and sixteenth ceedingly truthful; the character of Albert, his love for his little daugh- ter, and his grief at her loss, are touching ; and the whole, notwithstand- its sad and unsatisfactory character, is yet attractive, from the re- signed subinission of Albert Durer, and the manner in which the author stops short of the painful. PUBLICATIONS Books. The Artists Married Life; being that of Albert Diirer. the German of Leopold Schefer, by Mrs. J. R. Stodart. seing a Description of By George ing RECEIVED. Translated from South Australia, its Advantages and its Resources. that Colony, and a Manual of Information tor Emigrants. Blakiston Wilkinson. Account of Skerryvore Lighthouse; with Notes on the Hlumination of Lighthouses. By Allan Stevenson, LL.B., F.RS.E., &c., Engineer to the Northern Lighthouse Board. Tlustrations of the Literary History of the Eighteenth Century. Con- sisting of Authentic Memoirs aud Original Letters of Emineut Persons; and intended as a Sequel to the Literary Anecdotes. By John Bowyer Nichols, F.S.A. Volume VIL. My Sister Minnie; a Novel. In three volumes. , Author of “ The Poor Cousin,” &c. By Mrs. Mackenzie Mean ani kis Motives. By George Moore, M.D., Member of the Royal Col- lege of Physicians, London, &c. [ Dr. Moore is known by two publications, in which he combined, as it were, metaphysics with physiology; attempting to show the intlaence of the mind over the body, the consequent reciprocal connexion of one with the other, and the necessity of attending to both. Man end his Motives the author considers in some sense a completion of his previous works; but it scarcely strikes us in that light. It seems little more than a series of religious essays on a variety of sub- jects; among which are Innmortality, Man in relation to his Maker, the Soul, and analogous tepics; treated in a manner which is more sermonizing than scientific. } vorth d; the Friend. hij of a Jesuit.

; (The Jesuit in Nerthacoed is such a one as figured in the older novels, drawn rather from and the regions of stage melodrame than from life. From re- veuge, ‘the Jesuitexcites a husband against a wife, and gets her turned out of doors; he 2 gang of robbers to commit burglary, to plunder title-deeds; and is such a character as the reader of Mrs. Rudeliife’s successors was familiar with, many years ago. not very’ remarkable. The writer seems equal to tle tale of every day life, but Dotto the novel, expecially the novel of incident or passion. | Practical Sermons. By the Reverend W. Gresley, M.A., Prebendary of Lichfield. [This volume contains a selection from the productions of the author of such sermons as seemed “ most suitable to the particular times in which we live ”; Mr. Gresley thinking, and with truth, thata succession of discourses are required to ex hort todaties in a manner adapted to the age, or to point out the temporary fashion which its sins take. The nature of the volume is influenced by its objects. There is little absolutely new in its subjects or its matter; some freshuess im the mode of urging them, which mode is often drawn from the conversational style of the day. Hence, the manner of the /’ractical Sermons is living; and some of the discourses, as that on “ Indifferentism,” are devoted to what the prexche i sins more strongly characteristic of the present age. | Matutina; Morning Readings, selected and original, chiefly practical, and adapted to the use of the younger members of the Church of England. By the Reverend George Renaud, M.A., late Fellow of C.C.C., Oxtord. LA series of very short sermons—a sermon in a paragraph—designed for morning perusal on every day in the year. The selected Readings are chiefly from modern authors ; Mr. Renaud thinking, rightly, that it is best to come * as closely as possible to the manners and habits of the present day.” ‘The topics are various, practical, and often pithily urged; while the brevity renders weariess impossible ~~ ree inexcusable. A/atutina is a desiravle companion to the dressing- r cousiders Letters from the Highlands; or the Famine of 1847. By Robert Somers. [Theqreamer portion of these letters are reprinted from the North British Daily nil, where they appeared during the time of the author's tour. They are plainly written; and ribe the appearance of the Highlands, tle condition of the people, the character and conduct of the proprictors as landlords, and any occurrences of the journey, with truthfulness: but they would be improved by the infusion ef mere spirit and force. ] On the Cure of Cataract; with a Practical Summary of the best Modes of Operating, Continental and British, By Hugh Neill, Surgeon to the Liverpool Eye and Ear Infirmary. [A professional view of the causes and treatment of cataract, with the best modes of operating according to circumstances, derived from observation and nwriters. In aclosing chapter Mr. Neill puts forward a claim as one of the originators of the use of chloroform and ether as means of performing pain- less Operations. ] History of the Bank of England, its Times and Traditions. Francis. In; two volumes. Third edition. [There seems to be nothing new in this edition; but the rapidity with which a on such a subject has reached a third edition, is a proof of the popular man- ner of Mr. Francis, and of the public interest felt on the subject of “ the Bank.” ] The National Cyclopedia of Useful Knowledye. Volume 1V. Ozesar— Cotes <du-Nord. [Be fourth volume of this work nearly completes the letter C; which seems to ana pmpon the previous volumes as regards approach to completion in the.aasigned limits. We de not, however, trace any loss of fulness or information. The artucies on geography and biography are especially useful. } By John | Scheter is not very clear, he has written | The more level parts of the book are better, but j | | animating souls, present ° . , F centuries: but the family pictures of the German middle class are ex- | A Catalogue of Works in all Departments of English Literature, Clami- fied, with an Alphabetical Index. Second edition, corrected to the ist January 1848. [A volume of the volumes not merely published bat sold by the great house of ongman and Co.; which appears to us to embrace almost all books of mark er respectability in present demand. The arrangement is by classification of sub- jects; but there is also an alphabetical index. PReRIopica.s. The Voice of the People. A Supplement to all Newspapers. Published Weekly. Price 3d. Nos. L. IL. thi. Politics for the People. Weekly. Price 1d. Nos. I. IT. [ The spirit of change that is abroad has produced various addresses to “ the Peo- ple,” with a view to influence them either on one side or the ether. The two pe- riodicals before us challenge attention as much for intrinsic merit as for the quarters whence they emanate. The Votce of the People appears under the auspices of Mr. Charles Knight; and really represents the spirit of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, of which Mr. Knight himself was one of the Politics for the People is published by Mr. Parker; who was the medium of communication between the world and the conductors.of the Satur- day Magazine, as he still is between the public and many persons connected with the learned professions, especially divinity. The plan of both pubheations is somewhat similar. Each deals with eur- rent events and the principles of present politics, but less as matter of nar- rative than of discussion—rather as supplements, and in some cases it may be as correctives to newspapers, than as a newspaper or a substitute for a newspaper. The object of both is “ progress with order,” and a firm opposition to schemes which may lead to social disorganization and political anarchy. In spirit they are not opposite, but different; and we think there is most geniality in the Polities Sor the People. \t shows, perbaps, a little awkwardness; but it has warmth, unction, and a real human sympathy; the politics are not those of party, but catholic in spirit, and Liberal, if not at present very definite beyond an extension of the suffrage. The Voice has a touch of the old tone. itis a voice of wisdom. It does not, ike old Whiggery, look down upon “ the People,” as people very well in their way; nor does it advocate government for the People not by the People. But the People are looked upon as persons to be taught, especially political economy; and the Voice is their teacher. Sonnd, well-informed, full of matter, and not unac- quainted with the facts of actual life especially among the werking classes—bat rather dogmatic in tone, somewhat encyclopmdic in manner, and perhaps with @ shade too much of the political economst engrafted upon the commissioner of in- guiry. Both, however, are able and informing werks, at a price that, we imagine, can only pay for material expenses; and both great and refreshing contrasts to the twaddle of excellent Mrs. Hannah More, the foolish though often malicious hume bug of the “ Tracts for Distribution,” or the impudent semi-ofticial misrepreseata- tion and ecajolery of the Anti-Cobbett class, by which a wish for progress was formerly met. Both, however, might be better for a little more variety in sub- jects, and a more popular mode of treatment. } A ‘yp ara FINE ARTS. ROYAL ACADEMY EXHIBITION: THE HISTORICAL PICTURES. Tne “ progress of British art ” must not be sought in the historical branch of painting; for with the cultivation of taste, and with the real advance displayed in the general character of the collections annually formed by the Royal Academy, the historical section appears to slirink ig the number of the pictures, and to be undergeing a metamorphosis into ‘a glass of paintings which may be called story pictares, rather than histori¢aligj tures,—that is, pictures which tell a specilic story, but do not ii the history of mankind or of mations. The historical picture properly ap called puts before you in visible action some great event, that has marked iznal working the great the progress of mankind, or has displayed in essential elements of Luman nature; or it represents in a similar way a scene characteristic of some great epoch. A minor kind, but still histori- cal, records some event purely casual, or an incident in the career of some historical personage. The subject also may be drawn from classic fiction. But in any case, the event is the main action of the picture, and all the composition must centre in that: the great passions evoked into expression by the event must display the relations which the personages of the picture bear to its action; mere trivialities being omitted. What we call the elemental passions are those without nature could not be what it is, and which mortal ev are ¢ hich human ‘rtain to call forth; trivialities are those traits belonging to iudiv lity, or to merely conventional manners, which are caswal—with or without which human nature isthe same. ‘This distinction does not forbid the introduction of little traits of casual action which help to impart to the i character of what is fortuitous and “ natural”; but they must be of a kind accordant with the main subject and helping to illustrate the main eveat; they must aris: from the working or circumstances of human nature, and not of mere artificial habits; otherwise they distract attention from the more exalted subject to pettier accidents. We have spoken only of the composition; the execution of the picture ! the subject are must those parts in which the esseutia!s of displayed must be completely made with sutlicient mastery; the accessories aud unessential parts may be slighted in pro- portion to their remoteness from the main idea, so long as they do not for their ve ry imperfectic n and roughness obtrude themselves on the notice, Applying these which will be found to hold good of all historical painting, we might say that there are but two historical pictures in the exhibition this year.—Mr. Herbert's “ St. John the Baptist reproving He- rod,” and Mr. W. H. Farse’s “St. John and the Madonna.” Mr. Herbert's picture is simply designed. St. John comes before Herod clothed in skins —an inspired man, endowed with no visible authority but his inspired as- pect—a mere “ vessel of the Lord” conveying a mission. But so much as he is, he is perfectly made out in the picture: the figure is fivished with conscientious painstaking and workmanlike skill. You may say that it is wanting in grandeur of form, in weight, in the freedom of demeanour which would convey the expression of a large idea. ‘The action is less disen- gauged than that of the principal figure in Mr. Herbert's picture last year. But still the expression is just; the man is such a one as he that cried in the wilderness; the expression is that of a divine reprobation. Hered, sitting in kingly guise, betrays in his downcast but not humbled counte- nance a conscience vacillating between right and wrong, The mistress whem he should repudiate is bursting with the proud anger of a violent nature, and looks at the denonncer with kindling hate. The dancing-girl beside her, a mere creature of the senses, views the scene with a blank countenance, incapable of apprehending it; but she too looks towards the strauge intruder. Every part of the picture is carefully finished, yet none obtrudes itself on the notice. The eye first rests on the denizen of the wilderness, in whom the action originates and centres; from him it is carried to. Herod, whose-incliuing figure passes it to the women by his side; correspond ; ut and executed rules, -

Page 20

472 THE SPECTATOR. , Saturday,

and their look again carries it back to the St. John. pose and expression contribute to the unity. An intense and solemn im- pression is produced: the painter has done his work, and possessed the mind of the spectator. Other great masters of the art have done so more powerfully; but Mr. Herbert Aas done it, and by similar means. In Mr. Furse’s picture the Beloved Disciple is leading the sainted mother to the sepulchre. He is a beautiful young man, she an aged matron; he looks to her with a compassionate regard, she bends her head in pious sub- mission: but their steps scarcely pause to indulge the weariness of sorrow; they accomplish without repining their awful fate. In the distance is Cal- vary, with its three crosses. COMMERCIAL GAZETTE. Tuesday, May 9. PARTNERSHIPS DISSOLVED. Whitty and Ellis, Liverpool, printers -Mackern and Fitzpatrick, Bootle, Lan -ashire surgeons—Noble and Co, Liverpool, shipwrights—W. and J. G. Parker, Shemeg— Worrall and Co. Manchester, small-ware manufacturers -Langhorn and Scott, Kendal coopers— M‘Gill and Eastman, Windmill Street, dyers —Pooley and Taylor, Manches. ter, engineers—Feilden and Sons, Blackburn, cotton-spinners ; as far as regards J, [, Feilden—Gregson and Tiplady, Durham, attornies—Morley and Speakman, Parr, Lan. eashire, chemists —Cooper and Co, Owston, Lincolnshire, manufacturers of sacking— Hanbury and Wright, Angel Court, Throgmorton Street—Smith and Dutton, Warring. ton, maltsters—Shuttleworth and Laycock, Sheffield, brush-makers—H. and J. Nock Birmingham, watch-glass manufacturers —W. and E. Urch, Nettlebridge, Somerset. shire, hosiers—C. and G. Hawkins, Leighton Buzzard, grocers—Segar and Houlding, Liverpool, corn-merchants--Livermore and Franah, Tottenham Court Road, pawnbro. kers —Bower and Co, Kippax, Yorkshire, coalmasters; as far as regards H. Wood— Ayrshire Lron Company, Glasgow.

—= BANKRUPTS. Bayiy, Samvuet, Folkestone, grocer, to surrender May 16, June 22: solicitor, Mr, Dods, St. Martin’s Lane ; official assignee, Mr. Turquand, Guildhall Chambers, LRADING, Henry, Shepherd and Shepherdess Walk, victualler, May 16, June 93: solicitor, Mr. Ashley, High Street, Shoreditch ; official assignee, Mr. Stansfeld, King’s Arms Yard. Cauan, Epwarp, Strand, tailor, May 18, Jane 23: solicitor, Mr. Sidney, Finsbury Circus ; official assignee, Mr. Turquand, Guildhall Chambers. 7 Coorer, Tuomas, Tottenham Court Road. baker, May 19, June 17: Garry, Chancery Lane ; official assignee, Mr. Green, Aldermanbury. Deevey, Joun, West Bromwich, Staffordshire, iron-founder, May 23, June 20 : solj- citor, Mr. Hodgson, Birmingham ; official assignee, Mr. Whitmore, Basinghall Street. FiLercwer, Ropert, Great Winchester street, steel- manufacturer, May 16, June 2; solicitors, Messrs. Lawrance and lews, Old Jewry Chambers ; official assignee, Mr. Whitmore, Basinghall Street. Graimaiy, Ricuargp, Banbury, wine-merchant, May 19, June 23: solicitors, Mr. Saxter, Lincoln’s Inn Fields ; Messrs. Tims and Co. Banbury ; official assignee, Mr. Stansfeld, King’s Arms Yard. Hint, Joseru, Birmingham, jeweller, May 20, June 17 : mingham ; official assignee, Mr. Christie, Birmingham. ton, WiLtiaM, Pudding Lane, bricklayer, May 18, June 21 : solicitor, Mr. Stratt, Buckingham Street, Strand ; official assignee, Mr. Johnson, Basinghall Street. lveneson, Joseru, and MACKAY, ALEXANDER, East Indies, merchants, May 16, June 20: solicitors, Messrs. Fyson aud Co. Old Jewry ; official assignee, Mr. Whitmore, Basinghall Street. Jounson, Joun, Great Winchester Street, merchant, May 17, June 15 : solicitor, Mr, Cotterill, Throgmorton Street ; official assignee, Mr. Bell, Coleman Street Buildings, Lippitt, Josern, Selsley Place, Whitehead’s Grove, Chelsea, builder, May 19, June 17 : solicitor, Mr. Smith, Barnard’s Inn ; official assignee, Mr. Follett, Basinghall St. MIcKLaM, WILLIAM PLUCKNET®, Fleet Street, tobacconist, May 16, June 20: soli- citor, Mr. Gidley, Earl Street, Blackfriars ; official assignee, Mr. Cannan, Birchin Lane. Murpay, GeorGe, Church Street, Camberweli, plumber, May 23, June 20: solicitors, Messrs. Hooke and Co. Brabant Court, Philpot Lane ; official assignee, Mr. Edwards, Old Jewry. Rusu, JAMEs BLOOMFIELD, Mylne Street, Claremont Square, cattle-dealer, May 19, June 20: solicitors, Messrs. Waugh and Mitchell, Great James Street, Bedford Row; official assignee, Mr. Whitmore, Basinghall Street. Simmons, Henry, Ramsgate, grocer, May 23, June 20: solicitors, Messrs. Hall and Co. Verulam Place, Gray’s Inn ; official assignee, Mr. Groom, Abchurch Lane. TOMKINSON, JouN, Liverpool, stone-mason, May 23, June 9: solicitors, Messrs, Sharpe and Co. ; Messrs. Lowndes and Co. Liverpool ; official assignee, Mr. Morgan, Liverpool. TREGERTHEN, ANTHONY, Llanelly, Breconshire, grocer, May 22, June 22 : solicitors, Messrs. blower and Co. Lincoln’s Inn Fields ; Mr. Leman, Bristol ; official assignee, Mr. Acraman, Bristol. Wesser, WILLIAM, Cheltenham, grocer, May 23, Jane 22: solicitors, Messrs. Jones and Co. Crosby Square ; Mr. Smallridge, Gloucester ; official assignee, Mr. Acraman, sristol. WILtraMs junior, WILLIAM, and Tuomas, Cheltenham, auctioneers, May 22, June 22: solicitors, Messrs. Bromley and Co. Gray’s lun; Mr. Chesshire, Cheltenham ; official assignee, Mr. Miller, Bristol. solicitor, Mr. solicitor, Mr. Suckling, Bir-

DIVIDENDS. May 30, Wright, Oxford Street, druggist —May 30, Miller, Ipswich, victualler—June 1, Stocken, Walham Green, brewer—May 30, Stephenson, Southwick Street, Hyde Park, apothecary—May 30, Jones, Notting Hill, draper—May 30, Bentley, St. John’s y 30, Gooding, Old Brentford, glass-cutter May 30, Lett, Apsley Guise, Bedfordshire, builder—May 31, Slade and Co. Poole, merchants—June 1, R. and S. Ashby, Upper Thames Street, meaimen—May 3», Rougemont, Broad Street Buildings, merchant— May 30, Clarke, Burton Latimer, Northamptonshire, carpet-manufacturer —June 1, Furby and Stockton, Sack ville Street, Piccadilly, tailors—June 1, Clark, Aldermanbury, warchouseman—June I, Pithey, Philpot Lane, Fenchurch Street, merchant—June 6, Bevan, Brecon, corn-dealer— June 1, Uglow, St. Thomas the Apostle, Cornwall, corn-factor —June 1, Cosway, Tiverton, Devonshire, woolstapler—June 1, Tuckett, Exeter, herbalist—June 1, Pearce, Kenton, -June 1, Synnot, Liver; merchant—June 1, Roberts, Liand- Dobson, Tunstall, Staffordshire, draper—June 5, Gales, Ford, Durham, ship-builder—June 3, Martin, Darlington, Durham, plumber— June 7, Brown, Hull, bookseller—May 23, Bewley, Leamington Priors, grocer. CERTIFICATES. To be granted, unless cause be shown to the contrary, on the day of meeting. May 30,8 L. L. Lazarus, (known as 8. L. Lawrence,) Oxford Street, horse-dealer— May 30, Bullmore, Clerkenwell Close, gold-wire-drawer—May 30, Fuller, Hoxton Old Town, carman—May 31, Baker, George Street, Hanover Square, tailor —June 1, Scott, Tunbridge Wells, innkeeper—June 1, Wood, Drury Lane, victualler—May 31, Master- son, Lansdowne Terrace, South Lambeth, warehouseman— May 30, Francis, Folkestone, ironmonger—-June 2, Chapman, Cambrilge, livery-stable-keeper—June 1, Allen, Sey- mour Place, Bryanston Square, riding-master— May 30, Dubberley, Monmouth, watch- maker—June 5, Hastings, Cheltenham, butcher—June 2, Hornsby, Darlington, Durham, miller —May 30, Gill, Black Banks, Darlington, Durham, brick-manufacturer June }, Hope, Tunbridge Wells, grocer—June 1, Morrish, Leicester Square, draper—June 1, Shaw, Mortimer Street, Cavendish Square, upholsterer—June 2, Rontree, Hylton Ferry, Durham, grocer—June 5, Gales, Ford, Durham, ship-builder—June 1, Frampton, Seaminster, Dorsetshire, butcher—June 1, Braddick, Silverton, Devonshire, brick- maker—May 31, Lewis, Plymouth, grocer—June 1, Galpin, Broadwindsor, Dorsetshire,

| innkeeper—June 5, Hannay, Birkenhead, stock-broker—June 5, Nickson, Ruabon, Den- bighshire, publican—May 30, Owen, Ruthin, Denbighshire, auctioneer—May 30, Buck- master, Liverpool, wine-merchant—May 30, George, Broseley, Shropshire, grocet— May 31, Goodwin, Birmingham, newspaper-proprietor. To be confirmed unless cause be shown to the contrary on or before May 30. Kromly, Great Bromley, Essex, dealer in cattlhe—Langwith, Lidlington Place, Oakley Square, builder—Harvey, Stock Exchange, stock-dealer—Speller, Berkeley Street West, builder—Teversham junior, Cornhill, stock-broker—Farmer, Great Sutton Street, Clerkenwell, engineer—Ham, otherwise Baker, Wells, Somersetshire, milliner— Morris, Liverpool, victualler—Woolf, Penzance, brewer —Broad, Bristol, timber-merchant— Wallace, Liverpool, corn-merchant—Gundry, Bridport, banker.

AUM

a _— ~roee ae eee

Page 21

e. be -?

May 13, 1848.] THE SPECTATOR.

473

DECLARATIONS OF DIVIDENDS. P ong Lane, Bermondsey, leather-manufacturers ; div. of 1s. 2d. i” and Ian owing Thursday ; Mr. Stansfeld, King’s Arms Yard—Mawson, —y ggist ; first and final div. of 10s, 2¢. May 9, and ev following Tuesday ; ag drutianchester _Clayton and Wilson, Preston, bankers ; first div. of 3s. 4d. My. wen following Tuesday ; Mr. Hobson, Manchester—Douglas, Bury, dra- May 9. 3s. Lid. May 9, or any su®sequent Tuesday ; Mr. Pott, Manchester—Hind pers first ae 1 iverpool, curriers ; first div. of ls. May 11, or any subsequent Thursday ; ee, Liverpool—Reed, Marlborough, brewer; further div. of 2s. 6d. May 10, = apa td Wednesday ; Mr. Hutton, bristol —Curme, Hilperton, Wiltshire, brew- or any — 6d. May 10, or any subsequent Wedne-day ; Mr. Hutton, Bristol—New- vee ee t Retford, draper ; first div. of 15s. May 13, or any subsequent Saturday ; Mr. bout ae sheffield —Astill, Lenton, Nottinghamshire, ironmonger ; first div. of 5s. May _ any subsequent Saturday ; Mr ; first div. of Is. 6d. May 11, or any su dde de Mr. Freeman,! Le 15, and two subsequent Monday

; Mr. Freeman, Shettield —Cooper, York, stock-broker ; equent Thursday; Mr. Freeman, Leeds —Robin-

is—Woore, Staines, vietualler; tirst div. of 2s. 4d. May Mr. Cannan, Birchin Lane. SCOTCH SEQUESTRATIONS, simpson and Son, Greenock, upholsterers, May 13, June 8—Vhilp, Kirkealdy, dis- tiller, May 12, June 2 Russell, Glasgow, tea-merchant, May 11, June 1—Hadden and Sons, Aberdeen, wool-spinners, May 16, June 6—M iss0ni and Cv. Grandholm Mulls, ‘Aberdeen, flax-spinners, May 15, June 5—W ebst West Mains of Gardyne, Forfar- shire, farmer, May 17, June 7—M'‘Kechnie, Glasgow, mien hant, May 12, June 2—-E. and J. Walker, Edinburgh, woollen-drapers, May 15, June 5—Baird and Co, Tarbolton, ‘Ayrshire, [timber-merchants, May 13, June 3—Ronakl and Co. Glasgow, merchants, May 16, June 6.

Friday, May 12. PARTNERSHIPS DISSOLVED. Engel, Hamburgh, and Engel and Co. Leeds, wool staplers—Stone and Gunter, Bush W. and S. Parsons junior, Nottingham, attornies—Johnson and Gough, Bradley, Staffordshire, boiler-makers —Hayles and Co. Oxford, warehousemen —Wallis and Brown, High st » Whitechapel, woollen-dr: s—Livermore and Tra- nah, Tottenham Court Road, pawnhrokers— Marshall and Co. Knightsbridge, glovers ; as far as regards G. A. Marshall —Booth and Cotton, Crewe, Cheshire, mercers—Booth and Co. Birmingham, factors; as far as regards E. M. Kichards —Vidduck and Farnell, Shrewsbury, mercers— Jones and Morris, Neath, lime-burners - Jones and Smith, Li- verpool, brewers—Pewters and Co. Bristol, stationers —Rooks and Jowett, Birstal, card- makers—Chadwic k and Booker, SheMield, quarrymen—The Banking Company in Aber- deen, Aberdeen Steam Navigation Company, Aberdeen Gas Light Company, Aberdeen Commercial Company, and Edinburgh Lite Assurance Company; as far as regards A. Crombie.

Lane, merchants

BANKKUPTS. Acome, Gzonce, Robert Street, Hanover Square, tailor, to surrender May 18, June 26: solicitor, Mr. Ambrose, Manchester Square ; official assignee, Mr. Graham, Cole- man Street. Asutos, WituiaM, Barton, Coventry, surgeon, May 20, June 15: solicitors, Mr. Davis, Coventry ; Mr. Smith, Birmingham ; official assignee, M Valpy, Birmingham. Baxter, Ricuarp, Hertford, innkeeper, May 2: 3: solicitor, Mr. Weymouth, James Street, Buckingham Gate ; official assignee, Mr. Edwards, Old Jewry. Boorse, Joun, Audlem, Cheshire, maltster, June 6, 20: solicitors, Messrs. Keightley and Co. Chancery Lane; Mr. Etches, Whitchurch; Mr. Tyrer, Liverpool ; official as- signee, Mr. Turner, Liverpool. Finney, Freperick, Tottenham, Gregson and Co. Angel Court, Thr Birchin Lane. Hirst, Joseru, Halifax, wire-drawer, May ‘ 29; solicitors, Messrs. Jones and Co. John Street, Bedford Row; Mesors. Harle and Clarke, Leeds; official assignee, Mr. Young, Leeds. MAYER, SAMUEL, Burslem, earthen ware-manufacturer, May 23, July 4: solicitors, Mr. Wolston, Furnival’s Inn; Messrs. Bishop and Twigg, Burslem; official assignee, Mr. Christie, Birmingham. Owens, Marky Any, Toxteth Park, Liverpool, victualler, May 23, June 13: solicitors, Messrs. Cornthwaite and Adams, Old Jewry Chambers ; Mr. Pemberton, Liverpool ; Official assignee, Mr. Cazenove, Liverpool Preston, Moses, Wakefield, surgeon, May 23, June 29: solicitors, Messrs. Gregory and Co. Bedford Row ; Messrs. Westmoreland and Taylor, Wakefich! ; official assignee, Mr. Young, Leeds. RADENNURST, “HARLES, Birmingham, ¢ Mr. Smith, Birmingham ; official ass , Mr. Christie Seagce, HENRY SMITH, Queen's Place naton, May 20, June 17: sulicitor, Mr. Meymott, Blackfriars Road; Follett, Sambrook Court. SELF, WARD, Bath, cheesemonger, May 25, June 23: Bath; official assignee, Mr. Acraman, lristol. Unmpuray, Georce, Liverpool, merchant, Juve 6, 20: solicitors, Messrs. Sharpe aud Co. Bedford Row ; Messrs. Miller aud Peel, Liverpool ; official assignee, Mr. Turner, Liverpool.

astryeouk, May 19, June 23: solicitors, Messrs. morton Street; official assignee, Mr. Cannan,

r, May 23, July 4: solicitor, Birmingham. idler in surgical instruments, official assignee, Mr.

OUSER EE

solicitor, Mr. Cruttwell,

DIVIDENDS ment-manufatucrer—June 5, Harvey, Stock wv, Dlackfriars Road, victualler—June 2, Bain- er—June 2, llayward and Adam, Paternoster r grocer--June 7, Waddell, Liverpool, tallow-chandler—June 6, Healey, Liver- 4, commission-merchant —June 6, Wood junior, on, Vickering, spirit-merchant—June 6, Senior, 5, Holdsworth, Bradford, York- June 2, Apsdin, Northfleet, Exchange, stock-dealer— June bridge, Corrie Place, Old Kent Row, booksellers —June 20, Bagn: wine-merchant— June 6, Banks, pool, merchant— June 6, Lake, Livery Leeds, wine-merchant—June 12, A Lascelles Hall, Yorkshire, cloth-manufacturer— Jt shire, worsted-spinner—June 5, Watts, Doncaster, millwright-—June 12, M*Kay, Man- ningham, Yorkshire, stut¥-manutacturer CeRTIFICATES To be granted, unless cause be shown to the coutrary, on the day of meeting. June 5, Pratt, Qucen’s Road, Netting Hill, bailder—June 5, Olive, West Street, Finsbury Circus, merchant—Jue 2, G. and E.K. Marsh, Hanomersmith, drapers June 2, Williams, Hamstead milder—June %, olditch and Co. Bankside, cider- merchant —Jane 2%, Bb ock e@ .urst, High Holborn, lamp-manufactarer —June 2, Thomp- son, Henry Street, Pentonville, printer —June 2 h, Berners Street, wine- merchant—June 2, Davies, Merthyr Tydfil, grocer—June 2, Chandler, Brimscombe, Gloucestershire, innkeeper—June 6, Pope, Newport, Monmouthshire, ship-broker- - June 2, Roderts, Liverpool, ironmenger—June 2, Raw!l, Preston, provision-dealer June 2, Webster, Preston, linen-draper— June 16, Fisher and Brown, Newark-upon Trent, builders—June 16, Hobson, Leicester, builder— June 23, Bureh, Nottingham, grocer—June 13, Lench, Worcester, tobacconist—June 19, Ireland, Wem, wine-mer chant.

Stanbrou

To be confirmed unless cause be shorn to the contrary on or before June 2. Mockett, New Shoreham, merchant Layfield, Burnley, boiler-maker— Moore anc Baylis, Norwich, warchousemen—Hannah, Liverpool, apothecary —Oldtield, Liverpool, commission-merchant-—W. and J. Batson, Handsworth, fron-masters— Wood, Corbet Court, Gracechurch Street, atiorncy—Shardlow and Bradshaw, Stone, shoe-manutfac- turers—Coe, Sise La 1, Money scrivener—Cartwright, Warrington, grocer—R. T. and Dailey, Long Lane, Bermondsey, leather-ma- J. E. Smith, Cheapside, warchousemen ! Trizg, Inverness Road, Savage, Chesterfield, nufacturer— Elmes, Queen Street, Cheapside, bricklayer Paddington, builder — Burr, Hillingdon, Middlesex, miller builder — Lawton, Liverpool, hotel-keeper Langdale senior, Stockton-upon-Tees and Yarm, corn-dealer Lawrence, Liverpool, bootmaker Fallows, Middles- borough, Yorkshire, coal-fitter— Biddle, Brighton, grocer — Andrews, Brighton, fruiterer —Kingsford and Baruwell, Seaton, Kent, millers-—-Hoole, High Street, Southwark, grocer—Lee, Cornhill, underwriter. z DECLARATIONS OF DIVIDENDS. Shenton, St. James’s Terrace, Camden Town, engraver, first div. of 2s May 15, and two subsequent Mondays; Mr. Cannan, Birchin Lanc— James, River Street, Myddle- ton Square, builder ; sec. div. of 3¢. May 15, and two subsequent Mondays; Mr. Can- nan, Birchin Lane—M‘Tear and Co. Live rpool, merchants; first div, of 2s. 7d. on the Separate estate of T. M*Tear, May 17, or any subsequent Wednesday; Mr. Morg Liverpool Chorley, Liverpool, merchant ; eleventh div. of Jd. any Monday , Mr. Bird, Liverpool—Sandeman, York Street, Southwark, ironmonger ; tirst div. of 3s. 4d. any Wednesday, Mr. Whitmore, Basinghall Street—Jackson, Halifax, worsted-spinner ; first and sec. div. of 5s. and Is. Id. May 14, or any subsequent Tuesday; Mr. Hope, Leeds Jerrems, jun. Gainsborough, grocer; first and final div. of ls. 2d. May 16, or any subsequent Tuesday ; Mr. fMlope, Leeds—Denner, Nottingham, pawnbreker ; div. of 6s. May 13, orany subsequent alternate Saturday ; Mr. Bittleston, Noitingham—Guest, Mancheste r, cotton-spinner: first div. of ls. Gd. May 16, and every following Tuesday ; Mr. Hobson, Manchester—Kay and Co. Bury, brassfounders ; first div. of 10s. 6d. on the separate estate of W. Kay, May 16, and every following Tuesday ; Mr. Hobson, Man- chester—Blake jun. Norwich, soap-maker ; first div. of 3s. May 13, and two subsequent Saturdays; Mr. Edwards, Jewry—Yardley, Nelson Terrace, Stoke Newington, at-

' | | rsfield, fancy-cloth-manufacturer ; tirst div. of 6d. May 11, or any subsequent | torney ; sec. div. of 3s. May 13, and two subsequent Saturdays; Mr. Edwards, Old Jewry—Nicholson, Leeds, innkeeper ; first and final div. of 5s. 2d. May 16, or any sub- ; Sequent Tuesday ; Mr. Stansfeld, Leeds— Taylor, Bradtord, Yorkshire, grocer; first div. of ls. 1d. May 16, or any subsequent Tuesday ; Mr. Stanfeld, Leeds. SCOTCH SEQUESTRATIONS. Low, Muirs of Kinross, saddler, May 20, June 10—Wood, Edinburgh, patent wood carver, May 16, June 8.

PRICES CURKEN BRITISH FUNDS. (Closing Prices.) Saturd. |) Vonday.| Tuesday. Welnes ; Thurs.) Friday.

8 per Cent Consols.... ..... — a 833 | BR Big | 84k 833 Ditto for Account.. . esos, 838 | 839 | 839 4 Cr . 3 per Cents Reduced . eveol 82h | Bh 823 62g | 82 A 3% per Cents........ ; eos 83 | 835 834 S33 | 834 eat Long Annuities ....... .. | “b ss ss a s cry Rank Stock,9 per Cent . ........+ } 189 190 1914 | 19 | 190 India Stock, 10$....... PAIRED | 229 == 2294 230 | 2319 Exchequer Bills, 24d. and 3d. perdiem...{ 42 pm 3y 9 6 | «641-43 | 38-4 - +» | 24pm 26 — ai —_—_i— India Bonds, 49 per Cent ....... FOREIGN FUNDS. (Last Official Quotatio n during the Week ending Friday Evening.)

Austrian . -5p.ct — Massachusetts (Sterling)...5 p.Ct. v6 Belgian —_ 60 | BOOREGOD wcoc cee. cvece a 155 Ditto | — Michigan . os -t— —. Brazilian . 70 Mississippi (sterli t— a buenos Ayres New York (1558 t= —_ Chiliam ......... sO Ohio... « eeeeecseeses ‘= Dinish . ce .e-esee © -- Pennsylvania 5=— D steh (Ex. 12 Guilders 424 Peruvian © eeese t— Ditto <vaey | Gag Portugucse 56 - Freach i7f. 62g ¢ DIMLO .. cee reeeee id Ditto .. oe. sone —_ Russian . . .. «++ 6 = | Indiana (Sterling 238 Spanish ... -t=- Tilinois. ....... eevee al Ditto © eevee ceccee s=— Keutucky .... ....+. eceete —_— Ditto | Passive : Louisiana (sterling 76 Ditto (Deferred ° cee _ Maryland (Sterling —_ Venezuela Active © es ceccee oe 204 SHARES. (Last Official Quotation during the Week ending Friday Evening.) Raitwars— ANKS— Caledonian...... © saecee cos 318 «| «= «Australasian ... ........seseee 16 Edinburgh and Glasgow...... | 47 | British North American ...... —_— Eastern Counties... «+..eseeee | 15 Colonial .... eeereeresecee @ —_ Great Northern .... 0 « sseeeees Commercial of London ...... .- —_— Great North of England .. .... 4 230 London and Westminster ..... | 2 Great Western .. 6 445.68 96en 95 London Joint Stock ....46+ «+ } Mu Hull and Selby..... 26.6 seeeeee ' —_ National of Ireland .... «..++ _ Lancashire and Yorkshire National Provincial... .... —_ Lancaster and Carlisle 5 6uer Provincial of Lreland. ....... 384 London Brighton and Seuth Coast} Union of Australia . a London and Blackwall. ......++ 5 Union of London 10 London and North-western .....! 135 Min es— Midland. .. . «... orsese 1054 Bolanos .. pecesee+ovcees ° -—— North British . oe ececcece 23 Mrazilian Imperial . ° _—- Northern and Eastern ..... 0 ....+! bu Ditto (St. John Del Key) .. 7 South-eastern and Dover ...... zu Cobre Copper aseese 7 South-westerm .....66605 66 47 MisceLLantots— York, Newcastle, and Berwick . 33 Australian Agricultural .. ... —_ York and North Midland ...... 6 Camada ....6 seeeceee + 0 see 7 Docks— General Steam cesceces-c0 2 East and West In 1134 Peninsular and Orieatal Steam sa London | — Royal Mail steam e+ eevee 45

St. Ratherine.. 77 South Australian . HANK UF ENGLANI An Account, pursuant to the Act 7th and Sth Victoria, cap. 32, for the week ending on Saturday, the 6th day of May Isis ISSUE DEPARTMENT.

Notesiseued ....... cececceees £26,)76.255 Government Debt £11 i5,h0 Other Securities ..... 2,954 wou Gold Coin and Bullion 10,612,421 Silver Mullion .......<.66+ ° 1,563,834 £26,176 355

BANKING DEPARTMENT Proprietors’ Capital ....++.+- £14,554,000 Government) Securities, Rest ee eoeese 3,435, cluding Dead WeightAnnuity 411,715 630 fublic Deposits® ....... Other Securities .. eeeree 11,535,962

Mher Deposits ....... oe Notes .. + see eesevesee 7,554,455 Seven Day and other Bills ... Gold and Silver Coin ..... 049,555 j £31 753 900 * Including Exchequer, Savings Banks, Commissioners of National Debt & Dividend Accts BULLION. Per vz METALS Per wa.

fereign Gold in Bars, Standard .. £317 9 | Cupper, british Cakes 488 lv 0 .. 0 0 6 Foreign Goldin Coin, Portugal Pieces 0 0 0 Iron, livitish Bars 7@6@2. 736 PE ERE cccoecnkecoe Enarcate 48j | Lead, Mritish Pig ... 17 © O..17 5 @ Silver in Bara, Standard .. . «- « O 4 119] Steel, English ...... oeoe.. @vwe GRAIN, Mark Lane, May 12 2 & » @ | . @ Wheat,R.Newd2 todt | Rye. oft do Maple 38wi0 | Vata, Feed. 20 « Fine. ..... 46—48 | Barley. - 4-27 White..... 37 —35 Pine. 21— C8 2000 46-48 | Malting... 33-39 Boilers ... 34—40 Poland 3 White ..... 46-48 | Malt, Ord.... 58— 60 | Beans,Ticks. 34 — 36 Fine. 25 Fine. -- 50-52 Fine...... 6)—62} Old. w-42 | Potato 26 Super. New. 52-55 | Peas, Hog... —33 | Harrow ga 42 Fine. 27

AVERAGE PRICES OF CORN. DUTY ON FORKIGN CURN Per Qr. (Imperial) of England and Wales " , bor the present Week

Wheat.....50s. 3d.] Rye ... ... 298 9d. | Wheat -» Tete. Rye .. 2s. Od, Barley -. 2 0 Beans .... .. 35 4 Harley .. 2 0 tieans. » 3 ®@ Oats... «. iy 9 | Peas 37 3 | Uats -- & 9 | Mees... 2 4 Weekly Averages for the Weck endiug May & Wheat, 50s Id. —Barley 326. 4d.—Oats, 19s. 84.—Rye, Sls. Ld. —leans, 355. 7d. —Peas, 365 3d.

PROVISIONS,

FLOUR T .wn-made ** per sack 448. to 49% | Butter—iiest Fresh, 15s. 04. per doz Seconds .....464 wes soseeee 43 = 45 Carlow, 0.. 0». to Of, Os. per owt Eseex and Suffolk.on board ship 41 — 43 Bacon, Irish .. percwt. 70s, — Tis Norfolk and Stockton ........ . % — 4l Jacese, Cheshire cece ‘a 76 Bran -+- oe « Perquarter 0 — W Derby Piain sseeeees w — Pollard, fine o-—- eo Hams, York . ...--005 eeeceeees 60 — 7

Bread, «pd. to 8d. the 41b. le | Bays, French, per 120, 4s. 34 to 6, Od. HUTCHEKS’ MEAT.

Newoars ano LeapEenmatt.* Swirurieco.’ Heap or Carries st sad s. d. sd sad sd aa Sei Turiero. Heef.. 3 4to 3 Blot O .... 2 BtOT Swod 4 Friday. Monday. Muttua 3 5-4 @—4 8B ..n.. © OM 4 B— 5S F | ifeasts 746. o- 3,778 Veal... 3 4—4 O—4 8 1... @ O—4 4—5 2] Sheep 5 sees 21,090 York . 40—-4 6—5 U 2.4446 4 Om 4 C—5 YY | Calves is Lamb. 5 8-6 8 00 .....60—6W—4 UO] Pigs ee 290 * To sink the offal, per 8 lo Hors. POTATOES. Kent Pockets. eeeres 60s.to 78s. York Reds . per ton... Os. to 16's

Choice ditto. Sussex Pockets ... ° ° Fine ditto ........-. co.cee O = @ su = 10) Scotch Keds .. 56 = 72 Devons . eos coves u Kent and Essex Whites «

HAY AND STRAW. (Per Load of 36 Trusses.) CUMBERLAND. SMiTHriELD. Warrecnater. rs Py

Hay, Good ....... ++ 72s. to 7Hs.. 76s. WO TRE. « weveee - Us Inferior... .... - 546 — 65 60 — 65. oe 8 = 0 NOW... cece me Oo © s— 0 o=— 72 Clover. ccs.ccres.ce oo SO == BS w-— 97 o 732 = 8 Wheat Straw..... “= «82 zs vl w= UILS, COAL: ANDLES. GROCEKIES Rape Oil 6... «+++ . «per cwt. 41 15s. Od.| Tea, Bohea, fine, ....per ib. Os, 1d. to Op. ad. Kefined ° eoosece 8 GC Congou, tine ° is=— s Linseed Oi! .. 13 6 Souchong, fine -. 13 —3 6

‘ld. per tb.

* In Bbond—Duty Coffee, fine (in bond) per cwt. 63s. to 1106 Good Ordinary ... ««+.«.. 298, to dds, | Sugar, Muscovado, percwt.. 24s. lu@¢ West India Molasses ....16s. Od. to 20s. 04, Linseed Oil-Cake . .-. perl000 06 0 0 Candies. per doen, 5s. 3d. wo 5s. 64. Moulds (6d. per doz. discount) 7s. Od. Coals, Hetton.. socesees OO, OE TOS. 60-00 ercceeeee 168, OF,

Page 22

474 THE SPECTATOR. [ Saturday, ER MAJESTY’S THEATRE— The Nobility, Subscribers to the Opera, and the Public, are respectfully informed, that a GRAND EXTRA NIGHT will take place on Tucrspay Next, May iSth 1848; on which occasion Madlle. JENNY LIN!) will appear in one of her fa- vourite ch To be fol d by various Entertainments in the Ballet Department, combining the talents of Mdlle. Rosati, Mdile. Marie Taglioni, and Mdile Cerito, M. Perrot,and M. St. Leon. The free list is suspended, the public press excepted. *.* Pit Tickets may be obtained as usual at the Box-office of the Theatre, price 10s 6d. each. Applications for Boxes, Pit Stas, and Tickets, are to be made at the Box office, at the Theatre. Mademoiselle JENNY LIND will appear on Tuesday next, May \6th, as Amimt, in LA SONNAMBULA. ademoiselle TADOLINI will make her first appearance in this country on Saturday May 20th, in Donizetti's Op: ra of LINDA DI CHAMOUNT. It is respectfully announced, that an Engagement for a limited number of nights has been effected with the eminent Tenor Mr. REEVES. OBERT-HOUDIN.—ST. JAMES’S THEATRE, Tvesoay, Tuurspay, and Sarurpay.—The surprising and interesting performances of ROBERT-HOU- DIN continue to excite wonder, astonishment, and the most enthusiastic admiration. He will have the honour of repeat- ing his extraordinary SOTREES FANTASTIQUES, at the James's Theatre, every Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday Evenings, commencing at Half-past Eight and terminating before Eleven. The Programme will be varied for each re- presentation, comprising Au ates, Prestidigitation, Magic, and original Experiments i ed by Robert Houdin ; also, Seconde Vue Escamotage de Robert-Houdin Fils, and Sus pension Ethéréenne. Lox nd Stalls may be secured at Mr. Mrrewet's Royal Library , Old Bond Street , > Eb a . 5 TP 1a? AYMARKET THEATREW—TIWO AMATEUR PERFORMANCES by Gentlemen con- nected with Literature and Art in aid of the FUND for the ENDOWMENT of a PERPETUAL CURATORSHIP of SHAKSPERE’S HOUSE, to be always held by some one | distinguished in Literature, and more especially in Dramatic | Literature.—The First of these Performances will take place | on MONDAY the 15th instant; when will be presented Shak spere’s Comedy of THE MERRY WIVES OF WINDSOR, | and Mrs. Inchbald’s Farce of ANIMAL MAGNETISM.—The | Second will take place on WEDNESDAY the 17th instant; | when will be performed Ben Jonson's Comedy of EVERY | MAN IN HIS HUMOUR, and Mr. Kenney’s Farce of LOVE LAW, avd PHYSIC.—Applications for tickets to be made at | the Box office of the Haymarket Theatre. The tickets admit | to both nights of performance t these prices: Pit (the stalls | removed for the occasion, and the seats numbered), One | Guinea each person; First an’ Second Tiers of Boxes, One Guinea each person; Amphitheatre and First and Sccond Rows of Slips, Ten Shillings each person. Both nights in- | cluded in each of these cha *s. Private Boxes, (also admit- ting to both nights of performance,) frpm 3/. to 102. each box. Directors of General Arrangements, Mr. J. Payne Collier, Mr. Charles Knight, Mr. Peter Cunningham.—Stage Manager, Mr. Charles Dickens. EIPPERT’S SOIREES DANSANTES, PRINCESS'S CONCERT ROOMS.—Last Night.— Monpav May 15, being the close of the season and termina tion of the present subscriptions. Tickets, 7s. each. Weip pert’s Palace Band as usual, conducted by himself. M. C. Mr Corrie. The Refreshments and Supper by Mr. Payne. Com mence at 11. Conciude at 3. Tickets and Programmes at 21, Soho Square. On Monpay Jcne 5, Mr. WEIPPERT’S AN NUAL BENEFIT BALL TILSON’S RETURN TO THE MUSIC- HALL, Store Street, Bedford Square.—On Monpar Eventine, Lith May, at Eight o'Clock, WILSON will ive a Selected Entertainment on the Songs of Scotland; in whieh he will sing Young Lochinvar—Love wakes and weeps —Caller herring—Lord Ullin’s Daughter—The Flower of the Forest ; besides other characteristic and humorous ballads. | Programmes may be had ar all the Music Shops; and places for the B :xes and Reserved Seats may be secured at the Music Hall. The Entertainment will terminate about Ten —Piano | forte, Mr. Jolley. } ‘any . . XETER HALL—* JEPHTHA ”— May l7th—HANDEL’'S SACRED ORATORIO, | “ JEPHTHA,” will be performed, (for the second and last time,) on Wednesday Evening Next, May !7th, under the di rection of Mr. Joun Hurtan. Principal Vocal Performers Miss A. Williams, Miss Stewart, Miss Duval, Miss M. Wil liams, Mr. Sims Reeves, and Mr H. Phillips. The Cho us | will consist of the Members of Mr. Hullah’s First Upper School. The Orchestra will consist of upwards of Fifty Per formers. Leader, Mr. Willy. Conductor, Mr. John Hulla» Tickets, 1s., 2s. 6d., and 5s. each respectively, may be had of Mr. Paaker, 445, West Strand ; of the principal Music-sellers, and at Exeter Hall HILHARMONIC SOCIETY.— The Subscribers and the Public are respectfully in formed, the FIFTH CONCERT will take place at the Hanover Square Rooms, on Monday Evening, 15t Programme : Sinfonia in B flat, No. 4, Haydn—Romanz Mario, Mer- cadante—Concerto in D Minor, Pianofort W. 8S. Ben- vena, “Atv perfi¢o,” Madame Castellan, —Overture, (MS.) “ Titania,” J. H. Grieshach— | Sinfonia, No. 8, Bee hov Come scoglio,”” Midame Castellan. Mozart—Duo, Madame Cas Conductor, Mr. Costa. Single Ticket, U's ; Double | Ticket, |/. 10s. ; Triple T cket, 21. 5s. To be obtained of Messrs. Appison, 210, Regent Street r , .pD > ROVIDENT LIFE OFFICE, 50, Regent Street, and 2, Roval Exchange Buildings | London. Estab! shed 1806. Invested Capital, 1,230,007 Annual Income, 140,000/. Bonuses declared, 743 avvul. Claims paid since the establishment of the Oftice, 1,678 ,000l. President—The Right Hon. Ear! Grey. The Hon. Arthur Kinnair , Chairman The Rev. James Sherman, Deputy Chairman The rates of Premiums are those adopted by the principal life-offices ; the rate without bonus is lower than that of most other ¢ ftices The bonuses are added to the policies, or applied to the | reduction of the premiums. Policies issued by this Office are purchased at their full value ; or Loans y be obtained upon them after they have been in existence for five years } If a party neglect to pay for the rene al of his policy, he may repair the omission any time within twelve months, upon proof of good health. The whole of the profits (subject to a trifling deduction) a given to the Insured. Bonuses paid upon policies which have become claims Sum Life insured. | | £ rrr. John Wharton, Esq., Skelton Castle) 5000 | 7706 6 wo] | vir John Saunders Sebright, Bart...) 5000 | 7652 Sir William Wake, Bart........... 5000 | Earl Strathmore ..... .......+. 50.0 Rev. H. W Champneys, Canterbury | 3000 The Marquis of Wellesley .. 2000, Earl Catheart..... eens 6 © toon Prospectuses and full particulars may be obtained apon ap- Plication to the Agents of the Office in all the principal towns of the United Kingdom, and at the Hea! Office, 50, Regent treet. Joun A. Bsaumont, Managing Director. GAME LIST. — LONDON » MIDDLESEX, AND WESTMINSTER. LIST OF PERSONS who have taken out GENERAL GAME CERTIFICATES at 43.0. 104, including the Additional Duty at 10 per Cent under the Act of 3 Vie. cap. 17. Ashby, William, Staines. Ashburnham, Hn. Chas. Maton Place. Atkins, Albert, Clifford Street. Aliridge, Rt. 1, Upper Woburn Place. Alwyn, J. J. F. New Bond Street. Attwood, John, Esq. Park Lane. Austin, George, New Bond Street. Ball, Bart. Sir Wm. Keith, 40, Upper Seymour Street. Bishop, Henry, Gray’s Inn. Buckland, Charles, Northolt. Backster, Christopher, Norwood. Buckle, C. R. 7, Tavistock Place. Bourne, F. Ed. 53, Albany Street. Best, Thos. Fairfax, Paddington. Bradshaw, Frank, Paddington. Baker, William, 7, Friday Street. Baker, John House, 48, Gt. Tower St. Bracher, 29, Newgate Market. Brodrick, Begbie, David, 27, Mark Lane. Bell, T. J. Parson’: reen, Fulham. ad ! | (Second Publication.) Fitzroy, G. Esq. New Bond Street. Farley, Hy. Tomsett, 5, Little Tower Street. Grant, F. Sussex Villa, Sussex Place. Grant, William, Bedford Row. Grove, Christr. New Bond Street. Guthrie, G. J. Esq. Berkeley Street. Hunter, Edward, Moorgate Street. Harter, G. Gardner, St. James's Pl. Hull, William, Uxbridge. | Harris, South, Staines. eo. 9, Bow Church Yard. | Brown, William, 62, Poultry Market, | Newgate Market. Clayworth, Joseph, 1, Ship Tavern Passage. Caldwell, Capt. James. (R.N.) Audley Square. Caldwell, Lieut. Henry (R.N.) Audley Square. Cane, Edward, 1. Piecadilly. Clarke, John, Eccleston Place. Cole, H. W. Esq. Chester Square. Cumming, H. W. Up. Grosvenor St. Charleton, John, 28, St. Mary at Hill. Coles, George. 29, Austin Friars. | Coath, Thomas, Bread Street. Christian, Jn. Scales, !1, Wigmore St. Copeland, William F. M. Lincoln's Inn Fields. Coward, Thomas Lane, 11, Adam Street, Adelphi. Clayton, William, Twickenham. Clarke, Giles, Hampstead, | Johnson, Lt. C« | ! | | Cox, Chas. Esq. 19, Lowndes Square. | Cunliffe, Elis Watkin, 106, Fenchurch Street. Dimond, Chas. Jno. 10, Henrietta St. Dyke, R. H. Esq Upper Ebury St. Dearsley, Henry R. Middle Temple. Dare, Francis, Martendale Hail, Paddington. Edwards, Ed. King Street, Holborn. Ellis, William, Ashtord. Earle, Henry, Hampton. Evans, F. Howett, 89, Gloucester Pl. Ellis, John, Kingsbury. Edmonds, Leonard, . Grafton St. Filkins, Charles, Harefield. Field, John, Littleton. Farquhar Sir Walter R. James’s Street. Franklin, Chas. A. Albemarle Street. Forester, John, Paddington. Fane, Cecil, Esq. Upper Brook Street. Sart. St. LIST OF PERSONS LICENCED to DEAL Angel, William, 35, Compton Street. Allwright, William, 56, Rathbone PI. Artis, Henry Dillon, Motcomb Street. Biddlecomb, John, Princes Street. Bedsor, Wm. High St. Kensington. Burrough, John, 61, North Street. Bastalle, Alexr. Commercial Place. Beard, W 145, High St. Camden Tn. Cooper, William, St. Ann’s, Soho. Charlotte, Chamberlain, 3, City Road, Islington Clark, M. Robert, Paddington. Chipperton, F. Wm. Paddington. Chittock, Frederick, 58, High Street, Portland Town. Caister, Francis, 201, Sloane Street. Clark, Jno. Matthews, High Street, Highgate. Daniell, Benjamin, 107, High Street, Camden Town. Donovan, G. 72, Tottenham Court Rd, Donald, W. 8, Seymour Street. Evans, Edward, Hammersmith. Evans, Wm. High St. Notting Hill. Gill, William, Poultry Market, Leadenhall Street. Jarvis, W. Horsburgh, Andrew, 62, Great Mary- lebone Street. Hastie, Archibald, 2, West Street, Finsbury Circus. Hill, Wm. Jhn. New Bank Buildings. Harwood, Joseph, Percy Street. Hoare, Fras. Hampstead. Abraham, Shadwell. ames Glover, Morley’s Hotel, Trafalgar Square. Ingram, Hughes F. Grosvenor Square. Frederick, Albany. Jones, John, Allhallow Court. Jerningham, Hon. Edward, Audley Street. Kindersley, E. Cockburn, 35, Harley Street. Kitule, John L. R. Bedford Row. Kirkman, Joseph, Soho Square. Lewis, C. Esq, Belgrave St. South. Lyall, Robert, 6, St. Helen’s Place. Lowndes, Jolin J. Inner Temple. Lucan, Ear! of, Laleham. Lonsdale, Richard, Hammersmith. Lewis, John, lowland Street. Light, Arthur, Oriental Club. Lyons, George Joseph, Regent Street. Maliphant, Hen. 6, Nottingham St. Middiemas, R. Hume, 4, St. Andrew’s Place. Mankowski, Theodore, Wilmot St. Morgan, Cadogan, Middle Temple. Morley, John, Uxbridge. Mackeard, William, Maddox Street. Melville, Philip, Paddington. Maitland, Chas. L.B. New Bond St. Marshall, Henry P. Queen Street. Maude, Lion. Cornwallis, New Bond Street. Methuen, Hon. St. John, Park Street. Mildmay, Hen. Esq. New Bond St. Mundell, Jno. Josh. 16, Great Knight Rider Street. Maxwell, John, East Smithfield. Meader, Thomas Burridge Chitty, Hammersmith. Nicholl, Donald, Acton Vale. Nichol, James, 89, Wood Street. Newark, Hen. Esq. Berkeley Square. Nicholay, J. Augustus, 82, Oxfora St. Painter, James, 4i, Berners Street. Ponsouby, Lion. Frederick, 3, Caven- dish Square. Mount Hotel, South Haywood, Thomas, Upper Clapton. Hatsell, John, 95, Crawford Street. Hill, James, Grosvenor Street. Hughes, Charles, 68, Portland Town. High Street, Haines, Geo. Hampstead. Hollingdale, George, Red Lion Street. Haynes, William, and Peake, Tho- mas, Poultry Muorket, Newgate Market. 11, Leigh Street, Bar- ton Crescent. Jolly, William, 7, Charing Cross. Johnson, William, 148, Sloane Street. Lack, W. 215, Holywell St Shoreditch. Moger, Thomas, Holborn. Mould, Charles, Store Street. Mokler, Charles, 202, lolywell Street, Shoreditch. Maisey, T. 6, Lower Porchester St. Martin, A. High Street, Kensington. Martin, Samuel, Brompton. 5 Mortimer, Samuel, 5, Grove Terrace, Brompton. Hail, Hungerford Market. } | | each, Phinn, Thomas, Inner Temple, Pym, Charles, Montague Place. Pollock, Sir George, Bedfont, Parsons, James, Lampton Wick, = Parkinson, Jn. Herring, Sackville gp. Powys, Philip L. Paddington, Padget, Lord Alfred, New Powell, Arthur, Temple st; Rodney, Hon. Lore, 3, oan ¢ Keynardson, Hen. B. Inner Tem Robarts, F. A. Esq. Hill Street, Romilly, Charles, Esq. Stratton Rickards, Samuel, Piccadilly, tidgway, James, Piccadilly, Rowan, Charles, Whitehall Place, Ryford, Thos. 121, Camden Villas, Camden Town. Rope , John Moore, Hampstead, Robinson, Aunty. Geo. George Yang, Simpson, John, Esq. Piccadilly, Sterling, Josh. Fras. New Bond gt, Stephens, William, Bcdtord Row, Sherwood, Frederick, Clifford's inn. Seymour, Colonel T. Ashford, Scott, James, Shepperton. Spencer, Osborn, Starrow, Smith, Wm. J. B. Middle Temple. Sheppard, Wm. 19, Skinner Street, Shore, John, 11, Barkham Terrace, Skingley, George Deeks, Jermyn gt, Turner, George R. 6, Harley Street, Tomes, John, 41, Mortimer Street, Tymson, Thos. Esq. Thomas Street, Tudor, Henry, Hatton Court, Thomas Hamilton Graves, Esq. of Hercules Chambers, Threadneedle Street—tor George Carter, Royalty of Amwell, Bary, County of Hertg Wells, Henry Charles, Falcon Square; Wilkinson, Richard Septimus, 8, St. Mildred’s Court. Wingrove, Richard Fownes, Wood St, Woodley, John, Crutched Friars, Wormald, John, Fleet Street. Wood, Josph. Carter, Artillery Plage Tramper, John, Norwood, Tayler, Richard, Bedfont. Weekly, Henry, Harmondsworth, Wilshin, D. Hayes. Wakley, Thomas, Greenford. Wood, Colonel Thomas, Littleton, Webber, John, Davies Street. | Wellesley, Lord Charles, Piccadilly, Mazoyer, Joseph, 15 and 16, Great | Winterbourne, Thomas, Street, Leicester Square. Woodland, Michael, 55, Whiteomb Street, Pall Mall. Wakefield, Gilbert, 1, Lansdowne Pl. Wotten, Henry R. 32, Fitzroy Square, Walsh, Arth. Regent’s Park Barracks, Wimble, Chas. Lincoln’s Inn Fields, Welch, Robert Porter, Paddington. Webster, George, Starrow. Wiggins, Edward, Starrow. Wright, William, Starrow. IN GAME, Ord, John, 81, Gracechurch Street. Pocklington, Joseph Pain, 19, New- gate Strect Samuel, 22, Newgate Market. Penny, George, Brentford. linder, John, Paddington. Sheppard, T. High St. Notting Hil. Swann, Hen. Thos. 1, Portman St. Sellwood, Aun Phillips, 1, Paved Al ley, Newgate Market. Snelling, Joseph, 18 and 19, Great Hall, Hungerford Market. Speed, James, 13, New Street, Covent Garden, Taylor, John, Tyler’s Court. 33, Castle Treadaway, Richard, 12, Portman Market. Todd, Thos. Queen’s Row. Wating, Philip, 105, High Street, Camden Town, Wilce, James, Vigo Street. Wiggins, John, Clapton. Woodard, Thomas, Paddington. Wallis, Mary, Swallow Place. Weatherley, Henry, Stafford Row. LIST of PERSONS being ASSESSED SERVANTS for whom GAME CERTIFICATES are taken out at Il. 7s. 6d. each, including the Additionai Duty of 10 per Cent under the Act 3 Vic. 17. Halsey, Joseph, by Robert Evans, Esq. for East Acton. William Hunter, Esq. Alderman, 10, Finsbury Circus, on behalf of William Savill, for Manor of Little Chesterford Park, Essex Samuel Thorrowgood, Esq. of the Stock Exchange, and of Smaley Lodge, Herts, on behalf of John Chapman, Manor of Smaley Lodge, Herts. Archibald Ha-tie, Esq. M.P. West Street, Finsbury Circus, on behalf of William M‘Farlane, Manor of Lesmahage, Scotland. Made up to April 5, 1848. Stamps and Taxes. By order of the Board, PENALTIES. C. Pressty, Secretary. The Commissioners of Stamps and Taxes hereby give Notice, that every person taking, killing, or pursuing game, without first obtaining a certificate, incurs a penalty of 20/. and is also liable to be surcharged in double the amount of the certificate duty. Any person in pursuit of game r efusing ae on being duly required, to produce his certificate, or to permit the same to be read, or a copy thereof to be taken, or refusing to declare his true name and place of residence, also incurs a penalty of 204. Gamekeepers are desired to take notice that a certificate at the rate of 1/. 7s. 6d. will not authorize any person to kill game beyond the limits of the manor for which he is deputed ; and, in order that a certificate ut such a rate of duty may protect a gamekeeper, it is requisite, not only that he should be deputed by some lord or lady of a manor or reputed manor, but also that such deputation should be registered with the Clerk of the Peace, or the gamekeeper will be liable to be surcharged in double the duty of 4/. Os. 10d. and also te be prosecuted by any common in ormer for the penalty of 20. N.B.—It is the intention of the Commissioners of Stamps and Taxes to publish in a separate list the names and residences of all persons surcharged in double duties for sporting withont certificates. to ann estadli ‘H tion of open, from $ L Pp s y e t P _»..2. on

Page 23

anit May 13, 1848.] THE SPECTATOR. 475 Cee nce apnea , HE MARBLE GROUP OF “INO Ellustrated by the Etching Club. oo .H. Forey, Esq. is on view, b 9 . = ag . ond BACCHUS eon, Lid, New peak Street. ° In 1 vol. square crown 8vo. 21s. cloth; or 36s. bound ia Morocco, by Hayday, cards, at Mesars. ©" ce that th } tomplishment, 114. New Bond Street. e ALCUTTA and its ENVIRONS, by the late | GOLDSMITH’S POETICAL WORKS. "Bir Cuanurs DOvEt Mace are ON VIEW, at their | Edited by Bouroy Convey. st With Engravings on Wood, from Designs by Members of the Etching Club. = b NEW SOCIETY OF PAINTERS IN o That edition of the ‘ Poetical Works’ which had the benefit of Mr. Bolton Corney’s care and judgment im ite HE shop \OLOURS.—The Fourteenth Annual Exhibi preparation ; and which, apart from the grace and beauty of the illustrations contributed te it by the Etching Club, ——— Society of Painters in Water-Colours is now | #8 by far the most correct and careful of the existing editions of Goldsmith’s poetry.” —Forster's Life of G : = of toineir Gallery "93, Pall Pall, near St. James's Palice, | Page 699. London: LonGMaN, Brows, GREEN, and Lonemans, a, ! i ’ > ocean a . °¢ . : fom 9 o'clock tiidusk. Admission, Is. Caralogue, 64 Of whom may be had, uniform with the above in size and price, James Faney, See SS _- : se THOMSON’S SEASONS. Edited by Bouron Conney. With Wood Engravings TESTMINSTER SC HOOL ans POSTI ( NE- by Members of the Etching Club. SC SS ninemsn) Meee anaounced for Tuesday May 1 “ho ce This day is published, in imperial folio, half-bound Russia or Morocco, price 10/. 10s. E 1 further notice = avoidably POSTPONED unti > S 1 ry S ) ny T my sar 7A4AT AW LIFE ASSURANCE OFFICE, Feet PHYSICAL ATLAS OF NATURAL PHENOMENA. L Street, next St. Dunstan’s Church, 8th April 154°.—No $y ALEXANDER Kerri Jounsron, F.R.G.S. » js hereby given, that the DIVIDENDS on the Capital pact of this Society for the year 1847 are in the course of a PAYMENT, and can be received any day (Tuesday excepted, By the same Author, uniform with the above, price 82. &s. between the hoursof Ten and Phree o'Clock Bg Spear em THE NATIONAL ATLAS OLITICAL ECONOMY —In the abeence of | OF HISTORICAL AND POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY. » Met is, Mr. BANFIELD will open an educational | } ataile » va 7) > ont f rs av » he , " ° ta 3 in the Metrope®®’ LECTURES, on Faivse 1%h Mar. at his A detailed Prospectus, with Contents of both Works, may be had of all Booksellers; and is inserted at the house, No. |, Upper Gower Street, to be continued on Turs end of this Month’s “ Blackwood” and the other Magazines. parand Fripay Eventxas, at Eight o'clock. The first lecture Wittiam BLackwoop and Sons, Edinburgh and London. will explain the plan of the course. Tickets for the Course, | 2%, 6d.; for a Single Lecture, 5s. cach ; to be had of Messrs Seow H . g } age Remixoton, Regent Street ; Errincuam Wiis New Burlington Street, May 13th, 1848. Royal Exchange; and of Mr Panken, 42, Keppel Streer, Y Ly ‘ Russell Square. MR. B K EY HURCH of ENGLAND SELF-SUPPORT- | WILL PUBLISH DURING TBE PRESENT MONTH NG VILLAGE SOCIETY, for Promoting the Relig ~ 7 -, » an * > =. [a - - enh se Secial Improvement of the Working Classes, by T i E FO L L 0 W I NG I M P 0 R T AN 2 N E w Ww 0 R K Ss. forming Establisments of 300 families on the land, and com Dining Agricultural with Manufacturing Employment for their own benefit. A PUBLIC MEETING will be held on Monday Afternoon, '5th May, at the Hanover Square Rooms, in furtherance of the above object. Several Clergymen and In 2 vols. demy 8vo. with numerous Portraits from Original Paintings. Gentlemen will address the Meeting. The coors will be open at Half-past One, and the Chair taken at Twoo'Clock precisely THE FAIRFAX CORRESPONDENCE: MEMOIRS OF THE Tickets to be had of Messrs. Baisler, Oxford Street ; Messrs Nisbet and Co. Berners Street: Messrs. Hatchard and Son, R KI G N O I C H A R L iD S T H E F I R ST. Piccadilly ; Mr. Suter, Cheapside ; and at the Record Office, | = z 7 ery = $j Edited by Grorce W. Jounson, Esq. Barrister-at-law. WWATER-CURE ESTABLISHMENT — Me ; W ATEE-Cl Ll de La dota sENT, In 2 vols. demy &vo. with Portraits of Anne Countess of Upper Ossory, and of Mary Baroness Holland (wife le and of Stephen, second Lord Holland.) 1. Che Fairfay Correspondence. This noble Ma sion, formerly the residence of the Ar Bucclengh families, has recently unc re considerable . ios etanaaaes aaa omcinienanies . alterations and improvements. The accommodations are both CHARACTERISTIC SKETCHES OF ample and agreeable, an suited to those who are seeking to ONG ~ ‘ IPTV ) en 7 ™ y recruit their health by change of air and scene, retirement, or ENGLISH SOL IETY, | OLI | If S, AND LITERATL RE, cheerful society, and requiring at the same time a partial or complete Water Treatment. The grounds are extensive and Srasrate have therpriilege of a private’ cutranee to itiche | LETTERS TO THE COUNTESS OF OSSORY. mond Park. Dr. Ectis hopes that the success he has met with = ‘ : ; rs F aye 43 By Horace WALro.e, Earl of Orford. Now First Printed from the Original MSS. COMPRISED IN A SERIES OF in the cure of Patients of all ages may help to remove the pre | judice which has more or less existed against the treatment of as . ’ eg 3 y disease by means of water (not necessarily cold water It is Edited by the Right Hon. R. Vernon Surru, M.P. [Now ready. now, however, well known to be the safest as well as the most | ul speedy and effectual cure for many disorders ; amongst these | may be mentioned Aphonia, or a loss of ve from public | speaking and otherwise, Gout, Rheumatism, Contracted or | fh r ns bl ‘ ‘ a Swelled Limbs, Nervous Detility, &c. Dr. Evcis may be con- | A H IS I ORY ( yk l H it Tk SUI | S 4 sulted at Sudbrook Park daily; and at 2s, Sackville Street, | - . a - s Piccadilly, from ten to three o'clock every Friday. The Man. | FROM THE FOUNDATION OF THEIR SOCIETY sion, Park, and Grounds may be seen on Wednesdays only) | : “3 “ S x = by cards, which may be obtained at 28, Sackville Siveet; or | BY POPE PAUL IIL TO ITS SUPPRESSION BY POPE CLEMENT; THEIR MISSIONS THROUGHOUT In 2 vols. demy 8vo. with Portraits and numerous other Illustrations. Watis’s Library, Richmond. THE WORLD; WITH THEIR REVIVAL AND PRESENT STATE. TEAM TO INDIA AND CHINA, By Anprew Sremmerz, Author of “ The Novitiate,” “The Jesuit in the Family.” vid EGYPT.—Regalar Monthly Mail Steam Con Iv. pep oe eongae same AND LIGHT GOODS, Under the Sanction of the Colonial Office and the Admiralty, and De dicated, by permission, to Ceylon, Madras, Calcutta, Penang, Singapore, and . . “T eat “ii 4 Hong-kong.—The Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navi- to his Royal Highne ss Prince Albert. gation Company book passengers ard receive goods and par- eg emv Rv t » 5 ik cels for the above ports by their steamer-, starting from In 2 vols. demy 8vo. with numerous Illustrations, Southampton the 20th, and from 8 of every month.—For rates of passaze-moncy, plans of the | NARRATIVE OF THE EXPEDITION SENT BY HER MAJESTY’S GOVERNMENT TO Ne nnn set tn" ME THE RIVER NIGER, Offices, No. 122, Leadenhall Street, London FAMILIES about to VISIT ITALY.— In the Years 1841—42, with an Account of Fernando Po and STEAM direct from SOUTHAMPTON, to GENOA, the other Islands in the Bight of Biafra. ST tr che ema, Sta nent dopavense forthe shove By Captain Wintiam ALLEN, RN. F.RS. &e. late Commander of H.M.S. Wilberforce ; and Ship “Pacha,” Captain John Olive, on Monday, tue 29th of . T. R. H. Tuomson, M.D. &c. Surgeon, R.N. One of the Officers of the Expedition. May,at2p.m. This vessel has been fitted expressly for first clas passengers and their servants. Horses and carriages . . bis . . fr taken on deck. Private cabins can be secured by early a> In 1 vol. small Svo. with Illustration, neatly bound, price 5s. Plication. Rates of passage and plans of the vessel may bi obtained at the Company's offices, 122, Leadenhall Street | G A T H EK R | N kK DE M kK DI C I S ; London —Penin-ular and Oriental Steam Navigation Com pany 9Gtions, Ooh May 1848 Or THE QUEEN-MOTHER. YOYAL NURSERY.—* DELCROINX’S sy Miss CosTELLo. MACASSS * imported under the sanction oF 1e » . > oom , rie M M "titre tances eS Forming the 112th Volume of THE STANDARD NOVELS AND ROMANCES. Royal Nursery, is protected by two elegantly exceuted cor . wep pw , . . . * H » ieaty Rect likenesses, an te et 4 medallions, of her Majesty and RICHARD BENTLEY, New Burlington Street, Publisher in Ordinary to her Majesty. 's Royal Highness Prince Aibert. It p oduces beautifully flowing curls, and by the transcendant lustre it arts renders » a . , . , rary - ith 80 Engravings, royal 16mo. he ha raj eachating No merry where feral aie | (PIE AUTOBIOGRAPHY of a WORKING | Just puttsned, with 0 fnstatings royal tom th vantages are considered ‘mportant, should be without it. To MAN. By “ One who has Whistled at the Plough.” . J . tr. ant, i i MAN. By i vEN "Ta obtain the genuine, all orders should be sent to Messrs. 1D This Work contains the “ Barrack Life of a Dragoon”; ’ HE I IC TORIAL FRENC i GRAMMAR, psa anon New Bond Street, who will forward ene 7s. or | what the author did to save Britain from Revolution ; for the use of Children. By Marin DE La Vors, ore bottles to any part of the Kingdom, free of carriage, > . 4 “ : “ Member of the Grammatical Society, Paris. 48 Hairdressers (not being appointed ag nts). for the sake of his Court-martial and Punishment at Birmingham ; the Member o eG y, c re > 7 Conspiracy of the Secret Committee of the Trade Unions LES JEUNES NARKATEURS; or Moral Tales in y ened most spurious trash as the genuine in saen to “ Assassinate the Cabinet Ministers, and French. With a Key to the difficult words and phrasea. } ARV EY’S FISH SAUCE.—E. LAZENBY | Capture the Palace, Royal Family, and Bank of Eng- By M. DE LA Vove. Smo. 2s. cloth. , : and Sox, having numerouscomplaints from Families who | land”; how planned and how prevented.“ The French ROWBOTHAM'S NEW and EASY METHOD of are imposed upon by spurious imitations of their Harvey's | Revolution of 1848"; and the several atte mpts at Bri- LEARNING the FRENCH GENDERS. Price ls. Fish Sauce, request purchasers to observe that each bottle ot | tish Revolutions during the last fourteen years examined, | GRANT and Gairrrra, Corner of St. Paul's Churchyard. the genuine article bears the name of “ Wittiam Lazenny"’ a net f , , \ curious particulars of the English Physical Forcists. 20OP rw cs 4 JRIE om the back, in addition to the front label used so many years, | Wit! Curious particulars of the English Physical Forcis HOM@OPATHY WORKS, BY DR. LAURIE, and signed “Blizabeth Lazenby Post 8vo. cloth lettered, price 7s. Just out, E. L zexey and Sox's ESSENCE of ANCHOVIES continucs | THE GAME-LAWS: Speech of Joun Brront, Esq Ek LEMENTS of HOM@OPATHIC PRAC- to be prepared w ‘ starege chest h h ' > . . wmmons ) or k 0 . Pp: ith that peculiar care which has rendered it | M.P. in the House of Commons, in moving for leave t 4 TICE of PHYSIC. Svo, bound, price 16s. © justly admired as sauce for salmon, turbot, cod, soles, ecls " . re jame- s Oo. d > -» and is r Poona sar ae md seg a eatilahed 9 bring in a Bill to Repeal the Gan e-laws, Sv wed, ls. HOMCZOPATHIC DOMESTIC MEDICINE, for the Sauce Warehouse 6, Edwards Strect, Portman Square ELECTORAL DISTRICTS, or the Apportionment of | se of Clergymen and Private Families; giving full "rb Tp ——— : oo — the Representation of the Country on the basis of its Directions for the Administration and Repetition of Me- ILVER TEA-SERVICES OF NEW PAT- Population ; being an Inquiry into the Working of the | gicines, Rules for Diet, &e. Svo. price 12s. b. TERNS—A B. SAVORY and SONS, Working Silver Reform Bill, and into the merits of the representative EPITOME of HOMCEOPATHIC DOMESTIC MEDI- miths, 14, Cornhill, London, opposite the Bank, respectfully | schem« by which it is proposed to separate it. By AL&x- CINE; intended to serve as a Guide for those who are . mew deuigns“qrtomers th “ bert _. term Sones ly ANDER Mackay, Esq. Barrister-at-law. Svo. sewed, 1s desirous of commencing Homeopathic treatment in fa- and that they are sold at reduced prices from those customary REPEAL of the NAVIGATION-LAWS: The Ana- mily prictice. Ismo. price 5s in the trade “ | tomy of the Navigation-laws. By Joun L. Ricarpo, Esq Also, just published, price 2d. or 14s. per 100, ona PATTERN. ] Twat Parrens MP. A CONVEKSATION on HOMCEOPATHY. By Two Ditto, 8 er Teapot £10 18 0) S rong Silver Teapot ..£13 0 “A most masterly work—a perfect text book of in- | Laptes. : Ditto, Cream-Jug r a f “tg oe oa 4 11 | formation and argument.”—Chronrele N.B. Medicine-cases, and all Homeopathic prepara- Ditto, Coffeepot . 14 10 0} Ditto, Coffeepot ....... 16 17 | 8vo. cloth, price 7s. 6d. tions, forwarded by post. Catalogue of Homeopathic _ London: Cuarces Giirrn, 5, Bishopsgate Street | works gratis. Complete. . . .36 12 6 Complete 42 10 Without. | J. Leata 5, St. Paul's Churchyard,

Page 24

476 THE SPECTATOB. URRAY’S HANDBOOKS for TRAVEL- LERS.—ADVERTISEMENTS for insertion in the present Year's (ssue of the HANDBOOK ADVER- TISER must be forwarded to the Publisher by the 3lst instant.—Joun Murpgay, Albemarle Street, London. This day is published, with a Map, post 8vo. 10s. 6d. OUTH AUSTRALIA, its Advantages and its Resources ; a Description of that Colony, and a Manual of Information for Emigrants about to settle there. By Grornce WILKINSON. Joun Mupsray, Albemarle Street. This day is published, 2 vols. 8vo. 21s. ey ON ANY OF THE LEADING DOCTRINES and DUTIES taught by the CHURCH of ENGLAND. Preached in Ca- thedral Churches. By the Hon. and Very Rev. Georce PELLEW, D.D. Dean of Norwich. Joun Murray, Albemarle Street. Next week will be published, in small 8vo., a New Edition, ERMONS ON PRACTICAL SUBJECIS. By the Rev. Samvuet WarkEN, LL.D. Incumbent of All Souls’ Manchester. | | Edition. WILLIAM BLackwoop and Sons, Edinburgh and London. | ‘This day is published, in octavo, price One Guinea, NHE PLANTER’S GUIDE. A Practical Essay on the best method of giving immediate ef- | fect to wood by transplanting of large trees and under- wood. By Sir HENRY STEUART, Bart. of Allanton, LL.D. F.R.S.E. &e. graving fir Henry Raeburn. WILi1aM BLAcKWwoop and Sons, Edinburgh and London. Published this day, in 1 thick volume 8vo. illustrated with many Engravings both plain and coloured, cloth, price WV. Is. ess AND SPECULATIONS ON THE ORIGIN and HISTORY of PLAYING-CARDS. By WiLuiaM ANDREW CHATTO. J. R. Smirn, 4, Old Compton Street, Soho. 8vo. ls. 6d. NHE PRISON AND THE SCHOOL: A LETTER TO LORD JOHN RUSSELL, M.P. By Jonun Dvurton, M.A. Rector of Warehorne, Kent. Also by the same Author, 8vo. 2s. 6d. NATIONAL EDUCATION: WHAT IT IS, AND WHAT IT SHOULD BE. London: Joun W. Parker, West Strand. HE BOY'S SPRING BOOK. By Tuomas MiLuter. Descriptive of the Season, Scenery, Ru- ral Life, and Country Amusements. With nearly forty beautiful Engravings. Price 2s. in ornamental stiff cover, or 3s. cloth, gilt. Also, THE BOY’S SUMMER. AUTUMN, and WIN- TER BOOKS, uniform with the above. CuapMAN and HALL, 186, Strand. This day is published, in Quarto, price 3/. 3s. With One With numerous Illustrations, and En- | from a very tine Portrait of the Author, by | Hundred and Seventeen Wood-cuts, and Thirty-three | Engravings on Steel. N ACCOUNT OF THE SKERRYVORE LIGHTHOUSE ; with Notes on the Ilumination of Lighthouses. by ALAN StTevenson. LLB. F.RLS.E. M.LC.E. Engineer to the Northern Lighthouse Board. Edinburgh: A. & ©. Brack, London: Loseman & Co. Uniform with * Miller's Gallery of Nature.” Now ready, Part 2, price 2s. Plates plain, 3s. coloured. UVIER’S ANIMAL KINGDOM. ) Translated by Messrs. BLyra, Westwoop, Mupie, and Jounson. New Edition, with numerous Engravings and forty additional Ilustrations on Sicel. To be com- pleted in Ten Monthly Parts. London : W. S. Onn & Co. Amen Corner, & 147, Strand. Now ready, a New Edition, thoroughly revised and reprinted from the first article to the last, MUHE PEERAGE, BARONETAGE, AND KNIGHTAGE, of GREAT BRITAIN and IRE- LAND, for 1848, (Eighth Year.) By Cuarves R. Dop, Esq., Author of “ The Parliamentary Companion,” &c. The New Edition includes numerous improvements, and has been printed in a perfectly new type, cast express- ly tor this work. Foolscap Svo. cloth gilt, price 10s. 6d. Warrraker and Co. Ave Maria Lane. Now ready, price 6s. cloth. THE MARRIAGE LOOKING-GLASS: written as a Manual for the Married, and a Beacon to the Single. By the Rev. T. Cuanctes Boone, of St. Peter's College, Cambridge, and Vicar of Kensworth, Merts; Author of * Outlines of Man’s True Interest.” “* Between Us Two let there be peace.”—J’aradise Lost. D. Bocve, 86, Fleet Street. COMPLETE IN ONE VOLUME. Now ready, illustrated by GEOAGE CRUIKSHANK, 7s cloth, ait TO MARRY, and HOW TO GET MARRIED. By One who has refused twenty “excellent offers” at least. Edited by the Broruens MAYHEW. Also, by the same Author, “THE GREATEST PLAGUE OF LIFE”; or the Adventures of a Lady in search of a Good Servant. By One who has been “ almost worried to death.” With 12 Plates by G. CRurksHANK. 7s. cloth. D. Boeur, 86, Fleet Street. Now ready, crown 8vo. price 6s. cloth, W ANDERINGS AND ADVENTURES OF ¥ SOME GERMAN EMIGRANTS. By F. Ger- STCECKER. Translated by Davip Back. * This entertaining book is evidently no fiction. It is impossible to read many pages without perceiving that the author is telling what he must himself have seen, and known, and suflered—so minute and circumstantial is the narrative; and as he is gifted with considerable powers of observing and describing, the reality of his work renders it extremely life-like and engaging.”— Atheneum. D. Boovus, Fleet Street. This day is published, 8vo. price 18s. i ORGAN ON DISEASES OF THE EYE. Second Edition. Containing the Author's latest corrections, carefully revised and enlarged. With Notes by Joun F. France, Surgeon to the Eye Infirmary, and Lecturer on Ophthalmic Surgery at Guy’s Hospital. With Fifty coloured Diagrams, and other Plates, illustra- tive of Ophthalmic Diseases and Operations. 8. HIGHLEY, 32, Fleet Street, London. | of ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY, | IIL. 8ro. 7 NEW WORKS. 1. EGYPT’S PLACE in UNIVERSAL HISTORY. By the Chevalier Bunsen. Translated by C. H. Corrreny, Esq. Vol. 1. 8vo. /ilustrations, 28s. I. Dr. TRAVERS TWISS On the RE- LATIONS of the DUTCHIES of SCHLESWIG and HOLSTEIN to the CROWN of DENMARK and the GERMANIC CONFEDERATION. § 8vro. (Nearly ready. 1. Mr. 7. C. BANFIELDS LEC- TURES on the ORGANIZATION of INDUSTRY. 2d 8ro. {Nearly ready. Iv. and his MOTIVES. Post 8vo. &s. MAN GEORGE MookE. V MORNING READ- By the Rev. G. Renaup, M.A. MATUTINA: INGS, chiefly Practical. Feap. 8vo. 53, VI. The BUSINESS CATHERINE SincLAIR. 2 vols. foap. 8ro. of LIFE. By {In the press. vil. The CLOSING SCENE. By the Author of “ The Bishop's Daughter,” and “ Self-Sacri- fice.” F'eap, 8vo. [Nearly ready. vill. SHARON TURNER'S SACRED HIs- TORY of the WORLD. Edited by the Rev. SipNey Tesxer. Vols. 1. and Il. ost Svo. 21s. (Vol. 112. 10s. Gd. nearly ready. Ix. The SANONS in Jonn M. Kembte, M.A. F.C.P.S. ENGLAND. By 2 vols. 8vo. {Nearly ready. x. The LATIN CHURCH DURING ANGLO-SAXON TIMES. By the Rev. HENRY SOAMEs, M.A. 8ro. (Nearly ready. xt. The VOYAGE and SHIPWRECK of St. PAUL. By James Suitu, Esq. F.R.SS.L. and E. Sro. Views, Charts, &e. (Nearly ready. XI. Mrs. SLATER’S SCHOOL CH RONO- LOGY - SENTENTLE CHRONOLOGIC.®, New Edi- tion. l2we. 3s. Gd. (Ready. XI. Mrs. JAMESON’S WorkonSACRED and LEGENDARY with Etchings, by the Author, and Wood-cuts. [Nearly ready. xv. The DOCTOR, Sc. Complete in One Volume. Edited by the Key. J. W. Waxter. Square crowa 8vo. Portraét, &c. 21s. [Nearly ready. XV. The HISTORY of the CHEVALIER | DE BAYARD. LEY. Square past 8co. Frontispiece, &c. 9s. Gd xvi. SKETCH of the HISTORY of the | | graphic: the trials of LAST NAVAL WAR. Translated from the French by the Hon. Capt. PLUNKETT, R.N. 2 cols. post 8ro. (Nearly ready. XVII. Mr. FREDERIC ROWTON'’S SPECI- MENS of the FEMALE BRITISH POETS. Square crown 8vo. As. XVIII. ADOLPH ERMAN’S’ TRAVELS THROUGH SIBERIA. Translated by W. D. Coorey, Esq. 2 rols. Sro. Map, 31s 6d. XIX. Lieut.-Col. Sir T. L. AUSTRALIAN EXPLORING Maps, Views, Wood-cuts, 21s. MITCHELL’S EXPEDITION. — 8¢0. XX. Dr. R. B. TODD'S CYCLOPLEDIA Vols. I. IL. and . 71.3 and Part XXX. 5s. London: Longman, Brows, Green, and Lon@Mans. By Dr. | [May 13, 1848. Published this day, iti 8vo. price 5s. cloth, MULE INFLUENCE OF ENGLISH RAIL WAY LEGISLATION on TRADE ang INDUS. TRY. With e~ Appendix of Facts and Documents _ JaMEs Morrison, Esq. » By London: LoneMaN, Brown, GREEN, and L ata LONGMAN, Just published, in 8vo. price 1s. stitched. = N INAUGURAL ADDRESS delivered f the Opening of the Mechanics’ Lnstitute at Gat head, on Monday April 10, 1848. By George Ww on DINGTON, D.D. Dean of Durham. > London: LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, and Loncmans MERLE D'AUBIGNE’S CROMWELL—Tungy F A Third Edition is now ready of Eprr, Tt. PROTECTOR: A VINDIcATiog By J. HW. Merve D’Avsiene, D.D. In one volume 8vo. price 9s.—Edinburgh : OLIVER and Boyp, Londen: SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, and Co. 4 Third Edition, in 7 vols. 8vo. price 3/. 13s. 6d, boands 1] TORY OF ENGLAND, from ‘the A>. cession of George the Third to the Accession 7 Queen Victoria, 1760 to 1837. By the Rev. T, s, Hocus, B.D. Canon of Peterborough. Uniform with the Various Editions of Hume and Smoliett; to which jt forms g Continuation to the Present Time. London: GEORGE BELL, 186, Fleet Street, This day is published, | ON QUIXOTE; in the SELRE? LIBRARY SERIES, Second Edition, With nine Engravings. An admirable work for the Young, *»* A Catalogue of Standard Books prepared eg. pressly fur Family Reading, by the omission of every o§, jectionable word, may be had on application. The series includes: Arabian Nights, Gulliver, Crusoe, Platareh, Esop’s Fables, Old English Ballad«, &c. &e. ‘ London: JAMEs Burns, 17, Portman Street, Just published, 8vo. price 2s. 6d. : GREAT CONTINENTAL REYVOLU-. TION MARKING the EXPIRATION of the TIMES of the GENTILES, A.D. 1847-8. To which jg added, a Reprint of a Letter, dated July 15, 1845, ag. dressed to the Rev. Dr. Wolff, on the Expiration of “ The Times of the Gentiles,” ap. 1847, and of other Oe. casional Papers Mlustrative of the Present Period, By | James HATLEY Frere, Esq. ART. 2 vols. square crown S8vo, | Loudon : J. Haren arp and Son, 187, Piccadilly ; SEELEY, Fleet Street ; NisBet, Berners Street Nearly ready, in 4to. price 21s. coloured, | LACK’s COUNTY ATLAS OF Scot. LAND; containing Maps of all the Counties in their parochial and district divisions, with all the railways places of historical and legendary note, memoranda of battles and former boundaries, and general map of §eot- land, and a series of eight historical maps, exhibiting the geography of the country frou: the Ist to the 19th cea. tury. Towhich are added, Descripticns of Scotland, each of the counties and historical maps. and a complete in dex to all the parishes, showing respectively their popa- lation as in 1841, the county, presbytery, and syaod in which each is situated, and the post-town. Edinburgh: Apam and Cuaries Brack. Just published, in post 8vo. with 2 Maps, price 1s. a. IN CEYLON and CONTINENTAL INDIA; including Nepal and other Parts of the Himalayas, to the Borders of Thi- bet ; with some Notices of the Overland Route, and Ap- pendixes. Ky Dr. W. Horrmetster, Travelling Phy- sician to his Royal Highness Prince Waldemar of Prae sia. Translated trom the German. “ A spirited translation of one of the best accounts of India which we have had from a foreigner’s pen. Toe all we can promise no ordinary entertainment "—Aflas. * We know few books on Continental India to be com- pared to this work. It throws a flood of light op the historical, geographieal, political, and botanical regions to which it reters.”—Glasgouw Examiner. “ This is a volume of sterling value, the production of a highly cultivated and scientific mind. As a record @ trave! it is full of incident, such as could ouly present it- self to a mind of the first order; while the other parts | of the work may be regarded as an important addition | Set forth in English by E, C. Kinpers- | to our scientific knowledge of Eastern climes.”—Zrar- gelical Magazine. Edinburgh : Witttam P. KENNEDY. Ilamicron, ADAMs, and Co. London: MR. G. H. LEWES’S NEW NOVEL. in 3 vols. post Sv¥o. R OSE, BLANCHE, AND VIOLET. By G. I. Lewes, Esq. Author of “ Ranthorpe,” * \ Biographical History of Philosophy,” &e. “ It dues not often fall to the lot of novel readers t meet with so clever a work as the one before us; and it is as instructive as it is amusing.’—Jerrold’s Newspaper “The sketches of contemporary life are lively and Blanche and the infatuation of Cecil are depicted with much vividness and natural pathos.” — Atheneum. “ Thoroughly English in its delineations of society. Mr. Lewes discovers no inconsiderable knowledge of the heart.” —Allas. “ Mr. Lewes is a teacher as well as a narrator. There is no book in our recollection where infirmity of purpose is more keenly anatumized or more successfully demon- strated.” — Bvaminer. “ This novel shows the working of the motives and weakuesses of humanity as they are in real life: its men | and woman have their counterparts in the living world. | The book has its moral; the reader will draw it from the incidents, as from life itself.”"— Morning Chronicle . “Replete with acute observation and skilful analysis of motive and character: always lively, often witty, a! of a sound moral tendency.”— British Quarterly Reciew. * Deeply interesting in story, original in the delinea- racter, and written with remarkable force and —Sunday limes. “ Volumes of great power and interest.” Observer. * Full of talent, brilliant and sparkling.”— Critic The author is ‘ asubtie-souled psychologist’ and a keen appreciator of character.”—Weekly Chronicle. London : Smrru, Evper, and Ce. 65, Cornhill. London: Printed by Joserm Crayton, of 320, Strand, im the County of Middlesex, Dinter, at the ofice of Rosset Pat urn and Josyra Cuayrox, No. 10, Crane Court, in the Parish of St. Dunstan's in the test, in the City of London; and Published by the aforesaid Josern CLavroy, at 9, Wel- lingtou Street, in the Precinct of the Savoy, Strand, iv the Ceuuty of Middlesex.—Sarcavar, 13th Mar 1348.