Scientific American 1922-06: Vol 126 Iss 6

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: a AY % OC | . a Poges {384 fav, 1900 | ay 428-430 P-load of jm. : j | | ~ ‘and mall i | N A a ral public) | | Speeches by ing an inter : the develop . r their ngs about the “Sal The Monthly Journal of Practical Information together by be Sent over The U.§ tly that on i ahd JUNE 1922 7000 miles be a new on betwee hone whieh om and was the confer ier hospital 8 method of d Hospital, undred com by reading smitter, A ted to the broadcasted lis manner, small elips igs and put receiver t tt entifie for lustrial de e countries dl is avail- ad that in ested when wm onerations. easons for ess by the it the pre far below Hee Uy mm never & wood ia to believe et ul il Mm: Wit ll UT Nini Hitt qe ee fe inl BY LAND AND WATER WITH THE AMPHIBIOUS TRAINS OF BELGIAN CONGO.—{See page 374) i ui ’ Sasol *neenee Scientific American Publishing Co, Munn & Co, New York 9 Li py.

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> Sty te, & \ + ‘ %eg'®, ae “eatee Sate % \ | 2 4 % % @ % % % J ¢ w’Y* * 3%, %, \ ee ORACOUODGGAULEGAROARAEDCRRRAERLARAAGCAR ERA ReR eee tenasceeaasacccaiets s “ce aan neerterenenecenenenncececesssetenesscesepscse seeveesscssssansseqsessseceseeeieeesen. 7 r aN » 7 ae es : : t Py (Publeahs ith full knowledge and approval NE preparation for real business that seems generally neglected today is getting ready to sell and produce at lower costs” states Mr. Vauclain in April 8th issue of Col- lier’s. He continues: “There is not going to be any real business had under old methods or old costs—everything is of tomorrow! We spend for new machinery whatever amount seems justified.” “Take an employee receiving, say, $600 a year; his (or her) wages are the interest on $10,000 We can make a profit and lower costs by in- stalling a device which saves the wages of one $600 a year man—even though the device costs $5,000!” WHY BALDWIN LOCOMOTIVE USES AD- DRESSOGRAPH— For these reasons Mr. Vauclain’s Company, the Baldwin Locomotive Works, has replaced slow, tiring hands in its payroll department with a high speed Addressograph! For the same reason the New York Consolidated Gas Company is saving 253 clerks in its billing work with Addressographs which are entirely automatic and 100% accurate. WINS BUSINESS—CUTS COSTS— Not only famous cerporations, but small retail- ers and distributors are profiting from Ad- S\ [FREE #2"! bulletins on— %& “ta de ‘ **Mailing lists that Pay."’ ~~ & **Payroll short-cuts.” SN “> ~ **Quicker Collections.’ % ee % % NX **Better cost % * aay" % 4) \ records” + 0% Go ly ae \ SOS se WO \ Just mail PR ESSOG ,, C7 % Sek RR UTATOCSUSTAEEETTnGUUAOOHOUOOUONENUEnEOTOGEEBUEEEEOTEOI g Samuel M. Vauclain, [’resident, = Baldwin Locomotive Works, Phila- J delphia, and the Addréasograph his = Company uses = : — A OM : rec = altoget = respon = Alfred 4 letter = that he = us bett = that he = B sui | = seripts. = trepida = write i = taken U = seldom 2 ample = we wer = course | eo = text he = did it v = letter ¢ = the Brit all. We j what it itl: ie affairs i 4 corres languag’ am inte aly na speakin; when w always change, think yi eseollan of Mr. Vauctlain) NE | lressograph advantages. The same $57.50 CHEM our ELL! CHE “— Addressograph used in 60 branches of the In- THE GRASS order th ternational Harvester enables F. H. Dun- shee so oS Stories t] statter, Richmond Hill, L. I., (retailer), to en- _ eee That thi joy 400% more sales this Spring than last 3 a pie is eriden year. Note how thousands of offices in 500 dif- ite ferent lines use their Addressographs. _ the MARKETING— ete. (quickly embossed wueh sm filling in sales letters, ad- with Graphotype) we dressing citeulars, price COLLECTIONS— news pl a pee organs, sales heading and dating state- tackgrou ments, trial balances, col- included RECORDING— lection letters, install- the phot office and shop orders, ment, rental, and pre- schedules, inventory, re mium notices and re- a oll ca cords, etc ceipts, etc. the eatin SHIPPING DISBURSEMEN TS— other pie tags, labels, waybills, in- dividend and payroll oiled Vi voices checks, time cards and “ate / vouchers, pay envelopes cam, and STRAIGHT ADDRESSING and receipts, listing pay- ident mailer strips and wrap- rolls and dividend check po pers for publications, en- recaps. chinery 8 | ds, e ee see oe ROUTING— Hand, Foot or Mi Beees a, ~ glee factory or house orders, M. M. a Weless tr N TAGS— wagon drivers’ § sheets, ne heed for shrubs, machinery, publications, ete. otor achi s | ote ex FREE TRIAL PROVES SAVING— a 5 0 man, the Savings you never realized possible will be = made of found by the Addressograph Systems Man Magee near you. Let him at least try? Free trial @ Can, Wi ’ ‘ - ‘ ndu e le Ve of Addressograph will convince you! Coupon P» F O. B. a What it is below brings interesting proof. No obligation. CHICAGO . * > 7 Phone, Wire or Write Here. Pe General Offices: 912 W. Van Buren Street, Chicage Factories: Chicago, Brooklyn, London s Allentown, Pa. Detroit, Mich. Philadelphia, Pa. Albany, N. Y. Duluth, Minn. Pittsburgh, Pa. Atlanta, Ga. El Paso, Texas Portland, Ore. ‘Ne Useles Birmingham, Ala Grand Rapids, Mich. Salt Lake City, Utah Baltimore, Md Houston, Texas San Antonio, Texas iad §0 on Boston, Mass Indianapolis, Ind. San Francisco, Calif. Buffalo, N. Y. Kansas City, Mo. Seattle, Wash. Butte, Mont Los Angeles, Calif. Spokane, Wash. Chicago, Il. Minneapolis, a. in St. Louis, Mo. Cincinnati, Ohio Newark, N. St. Paul, Minn. Cleveland, Ohio New mo ‘La. Syracuse, N. Y. Dallas, Texas New York, N. Y. Toledo, Ohio Denver, Colo Omaha, Nebr. Washington, D. C. Des Moines, lowa Peoria, Ill. Canada: 60 W. Front St., TORONTO—Vascouver—Montreal— Winnipeg —London TRACE MARK PRINTS FROM TYPE

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SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN With the Editors _ AQME years ago we were in the habit of S receiving eontributions from Germany altogether in German ; and among the cor- respondents who thus served us was Dr. Alfred Gradenwitz. One day we got a etter from him, the gist of which was that he had concluded that he would serve ys better if he sent his stories in English ; that he was studying the language, and yould shortly begin using it in his manu- gripts. We awaited the event with some trepidation ; the efforts of a Teuton to write in a foreign tongue which he has taken up for the first time as an adult are gidom very graceful. When the first ex- ample of the new order of things arrived, we were agreeably surprised; we were of eurse able to touch up Dr. Gradenwitz’s text here and there. but on the whole he did it very well. And he has been doing it better ever since, barring a period when the British Navy wouldn't let him do it at a, We hope that our readers appreciate what it means to us and to them to have Jatin in Germany covered in this way by acorrespondent who writes in their own language, and not through the medium of m interpreter. Dr. Gradenwitz is our aly native correspondent in a foreign- geaking land who writes English; and rs when we tell you that his product almost iways goes before you without any cunge, without any editing whatever, we think you will agree that he makes an eellent job of it. NE of our trying tasks is keeping all our stories down to the essentials, in der that we may have space for all the series that it is necessary for us to cover. That this involves much skilful rewriting evident. Less evident is the fact that itinvelves giving thought to other things than the text alone. It is surprising how mieh space is wasted in commercial and tews photography — how much _ useless lackground and foreground and sides are iuded in a given photograph. Thus, if te photographer is making a picture of Moil can, he is as apt as not to include te entire automobile engine or lathe or wher piece of machinery that may be tiled. Yet the whole story is in the oil {, and just so long as there is a suf- fident portion of the engine, lathe, or ma- linery shown to carry out the idea, it is Wit Reeessary to show very much 6f the weless trimmings, so to speak. A whole ti Reed not be shown, for that is useless ithe extreme. If we show the entire mit, the eut or printing plate must be mide of a very large size in order that the “meat” of the picture—namely, the dil can, will be sufficiently large to show mat it is. And if we give so much space A mere of] can, how can we ever cover Wt wide editorial scope? So it comes to a matter of trimming photo- ping them, as the parlance of i naentine shop and engraving shop has = al ® trim off the useless foreground, Weless background, the useless sides, Md 80 on, leaving the very heart of the te | If artistic merit is sought, fme of these otherwise useless trim- ied May be left on. Often that dainty @ which you see on our inventions tat of € a new dish mop, may be =) 4 beautiful girl, and much as we mld Ike to include all of the beautiful — 8x10-inch print, we feel com- Joee to a. all a her hand—a : two-inch uare, ther times, how- ; er It may Not be the hand of a beauti- Pay the loss is trifling. But in : this business of cropping is a gue | CONTENTS JUNE, 1922 LEADING ARTICLES The World’s Wages—A Statistical Anomaly........... By the Staff 369 The North Atlantic Fy | Pe eer ete ah By the Staff 370-371 Beyond the Microscope. ...........sscssee0e. By S. Dushman, Ph.D. 372-373 By Ball SOG By WG aos ooo iss secin ns set nceeebe ema By the Staff 374 eine SR BOG . 6450 « ose ana ad es bce ee By G. H. Dacy 875 The Gentle Art of Radio Broadcasting. ...By Austin C. Lescarboura 376-377 Our PORE G0 VIGW soo. 5.002 ccc sass civapetewedes Editorial Comment 378-379 Forecasting Earthquakes. ............seccesseses By H. D. Benton 381-382 Utilizing All but the Squeal............... By Charles Alma Byers 383-384 Every Lamp-Socket a Radio-Phone............... By S. R. Winters 384 Stop! Look! Listen!.......ceccscccscsveses By John T. Bramhall 385-386 Planning Big Crimes................. eo hkl Gan .. By Roy A. Giles 388 Diesel Engine Wins Its Way..............0+seeeseees By the Staff 390 Reducing Dreadnoughts to Scrap Metal...... By Hector C. Bywater 392-893 Building a Road with a Dredge..............+.... By L. J. Jellison 894 Why Did the Hermit Crab Become a Hermit?..By William Crowder 395-396 oe A) |, eee er Peers eee, By Francis P. Mann 397 Lumber from Sugar Cane. ......0.cccstecvcs By Charles R. Ferrall 398 The Comodoro Rivadavia Oil Fields. By our Argentine Correspondent 398 Evolution in Museum Technique; an Interview. . With Dr. F. A. Lucas 399 The Problem of Mooring Airships...................-. By the Staff 400-401 Plants as Inventors.............. ov tene By Dr. Alfred Gradenwitz 402-403 Tne Gromt Wall Of Chinn. oo o0ssscsnecscss cde ncenipa By the Staff 404-405 Li lll ee ee re By Hereward Carrington 406 The Treatment of Fuels by Direct Flame............. By F. Frank 408 The Inside of the Question......... By Dean Ellery of Union College 410 SHORTER ARTICLES New Studies of Caries in Teeth 373 Improvement in Thermocouples. .... 891 Railway Motor Car of Special Design 380 New Telephone Invention........... 391 Unusual Foundation Test at Chicago 380 Salvarsan and Neosalvarsan........ 393 Fast Cotton Dyeing........... 382 Sensitizing Solutions ...... 5 pukesatete 8393 Two-Cent Gasoline—A Pitfall... 386 The Light of the Night Sky....... 394 The Sex Detector Exposed.......... 386 Ashes and Sawdust the Basis of a Relief Map that Fills Two Acres. . 387 Beer DE a cands idcounsade 396 Moving a House of Glass.... 387 The Formation of Spiral Nebulae... 399 Photography of Stars in Full Day- Relation Between Body Size and Or- eer ey st ee ar 387 gan Size of Plants............. 401 Outdoor Auditoriums of Novel Design 389 Gravitation Absorption ............ 403 Don’t Paint Your Oil Tank Red.. 389 Ecological Relations of the Eskimo. . 403 Glass Opaque to the Ultra-Violet. 390 Vitamine Food Tablets............. 405 Windproof Plate Glass Windows... . 391 Iron for Car Wheels.............000. 405 Logs of Plaster for the Motion Pic- Stretching the Five-Foot Shelf.... 407 tures RR $6nnacueas 391 BOD GS Ge Bs Lecbabscsevesces 410 DEPARTMENTS The Heavens in June : 409 Mechanical Engineering Notes...... 425 Inventions New and Interesting. 411-414 Patent and Trade-Mark Notes...... 426-427 The Service of the Chemist. 415 Radio Notes and List of Broadcast- Correspondence Page .......... 416 eos Ca cniesadedeuss . 428-430 Recently Patented Inventions....... 417-420 Civil Engineering Notes............ 431 Miscellaneous Notes .. e'etamaces Soe Science Notes ............. . 432-433 Electrical Notes ‘ 423-424 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN PUBLISHING COMPANY Munn & Company, 233 Broadway, New York CHARLES ALLEN MUNN, President Founded 1845 ORSON D. MUNN, Treasurer ALLAN C. HOFFMAN, Secretary EDITORIAL STAFF J. BERNARD WALKER AUSTIN C. LESCARBOURA J. MALCOLM BIRD DEPARTMENT EDITORS Apert A. HopkKINs, Notes and Queries IsMAR GINSBERG, Chemical Engineer. Victor W. Pace, Automotive Engineer. Henry Norris Russevy., Prof. of Astronomy, Princeton University. CORRESPONDENTS C. H. CLtaupy, Washington, D. C. ALFRED GRADENWITZ, Berlin, Germany Hector C. Bywater, London, England Leonard W. Marrers, Buenos Aires, Argentine Rep. CORRESPONDING EDITORS H. Drepertcus, Prof. of Experimental Engi- W. A. Mure, Ph.D., New York Botanical neering, Cornell University. Garden. Sau. DusHMAN, Ph.D., G. E. Research Lab- w, C, PecxHaM, Prof. of Physics, Adelphi orat College. ory. Epwarp E.tery, Consulting Chemist, Union H. C. Ramsower, Director of Agricul. Ext. College. ee Bie Mt Ratpu J. Fooc, Prof. of Civil Engineering, Service, Ohio State University. Lehigh University. Samue.t J. Recorp, Prof. of Forest Products, Leon A. HAusMAN, Ph.D., Instr. in Proto- Yale University. zoology and General Biology, Cornell Univ. Harry S. Hower, Prof. of Physics, Carnegie Institute of Technology. M. Luckresn, Dir. of Applied Science, Research Laboratories. Roy W. Miner, American Museum of Natural History. H. F. Moore, Research Prof. of Eng. Materials, Univ. of Illinois. Joun Ruitcnie, Massachusetts Inst. of Tech- nology. J. Hammonp Situ, Prof. of Civil Engineer- ing, Univ. of Pittsburgh. Epwarp G. Spavutpinc, Ph.D., LL.D., Prof. of Philosophy, Princeton University. G. A. Younc, Head, Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University. Nela Vol. 126, No. 6. Published monthly. Entered as second class matter, June 18, 1879, at the post office at New York, N. Y., under the Act of March 3, 1879. Price, 35 cents a copy. postage prepaid. Copyright, 1922, by Scientific American Publishing Company. ¢ Illustrated articles must not be reproduced without written permission. $4.00 a year. and Mexico, Cuba and Panama; $4.50 a year for Canada. Postage prepaid in United States and possessions, Foreign subscriptions, $5.00 a year, Great Britain rights reserved. Furthermore, the use of Scientific American articles or quotations from them for advertising and stock-selling enter- “Scientific American,” Reg. U. S. Patent Office. prises is never authorized. very necessary one in gaining brevity, con- densed pictorial treatment, and the great- est possible diversity in our columns. VOR a long while back we have been fully cognizant of the many advantages of the motion picture technique over the written or spoken word, by way of re- porting a given happening or explaining some new or old phase of science, The motion picture appeals to the mind di- rectly through the eye. For that matter, so does the written word, which makes it superior to that extent over the spoken word. In addition, the motion picture creates the images; it speaks in pictures; it leaves nothing to the mind to create, Its explanations take the form of a sue- cession of animated pictures or cartoons or models. The human eye those successive images, notes the changes or development or process, and the mind im- mediately grasps the full meaning of all these things with the least amount of effort. To explain the operation of a radio receiving set, step by step, by means of the written word, aided with photographs and drawings, is no simple matter, and it may be considerably more difficult for the lay reader to follow and grasp the full meaning of what is written and illus- trated. Yet the same story, when told on the screen, is so much simpler. Anima- tion is supplied to the drawings and pho- tographs, and such titles are inserted as aid in explaining certain parts of the story. Sees ANY Screntiric AMERICAN stories can a well be re-told in motion picture form, for the reason that they require animation for a more ready understand. ing by the laity. To this end we have entered the motion picture field, as pro- ducers of Screntrric AMeERIcAN films, in collaboration with the Coronet Films Cor- poration of Providence, R. I. The films, which will appear once a month, will be released through the Education Film Ex- changes, and will be. shown in the better- class theaters throughout the country. Such subjects as can be treated to the best advantage in motion picture form will be taken from our columns and transplanted to the screen. The complete details will be covered in these columns; the thing itself will be featured on the screen, under the Screntiric AMERICAN title. NOTHER piece of news! We have 4 inaugurated a special radio-phone broudeasting talk of our own in order that we might report and comment on the scientific news of the day for the benefit of the radio audience. For the present, our activities are centered in the Middle Atlantic States, but in the very near fu- ture we shall make arrangements to cover more or less the entire country with our radio talks. We are using the WJZ sta- tion of the Radio Corporation-Westing- house organizations, located at Newark, N. J., for our present broadcasting, thus covering a range of several hundred miles. If you are within reasonable range of WJZ, you can tune in to 360-meter wave length and listen in to the Screnrrie AMERICAN radio-phone talks between 9 and 10:15 on Friday, May 19th, Tuesday, the 23rd, Wednesday, the 31st, and every Wednesday thereafter, Let us hear from you if you receive our radio-phone talks, whether you are far or near. Also send us suggestions as to what you would be interested in, and we shall endeavor to mold our radio talks accordingly. } |

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SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN perears mittens The photograph is of the new Statler Hotel at Buffalo, N. Y. Type‘‘T” panels WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC will be used throughout this hotel These panel boards are adapted for use in large residences, hotels, factories, stores, office and apartment buildings, etc., etc. The essential operating parts are made at the Brooklyn works. This insures the highest grade of product, as well as low cost because of quantity production methods. The parts are then shipped to the various Service Stations of the Com- pany, which are located in principal cities allover the United States. Local ordersare referred to these Stations, and are there made up from stock parts, without delay. Type “T”’ panels are absolutely safe for the operator. Everything reachable is dead, so that shock is impossible. They have been approved by the National Board of Fire Underwriters. Their material and workmanship are of Westinghouse high quality; they are good-looking; suitable for all panel uses; and their price is as favorable as the prices of panels possessing fewer advantages. Leaflet and specifications on request. WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC & MANUFACTURING CO. - Offices in all Principal Cities - Representatives Everywhere ESUMES! Westinghouse Type T"(Tum- |/— bler) Safety Pan- el Boards meet lighting require- ments of all kinds of buildings + * Parts stocked throughout the country * +« As- sembled with- out delay to meet all requirements || >: Inexpensive |} sx but of the highest || 5» quality * *** || se OW E AND M 0., 19% | Westinghou } JUNE, 19% only thi Governt promise ‘It I I would out wha side of ticular finding China, But mat funda of Labo —e

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Se 1 CO., 1922 MMA SEVENT Y- EIGHTH YEAR’ \OUAERAAR AEA ATRAMDARA DEAE MANION MMM | AATHVTOUVTVNUEOUOH VOTO ATS PHAAUIUANSAAAUATTNORY A PORSELO LAOS ATER F— Nhre= HG THE MONTHLY JOURNAL OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION NEW YORK, JUNE, 1922 “ARRERAAL United States Great Britain France Belgium Germany China Japan Italy Spain How the wages of the building trades in the several countries compare, when reduced to gold. The number of “coins” in each man’s stack is directly proportional to his daily wage, the exact amount of which will be found in the text TATISTICS sometimes are of the most absurdly misleading nature. We thought it would be interesting to make afcomparison showing how much labor an omee of gold would buy in the various q@untries. It looked simple: the compari- visualized itself and the article fairly ran out of the typewriter. It was only necessary to order up a @uple of hundred pounds of Government documents, digest them, and the figures would marshal themselves it orderly rows and columns. But when we did it the results were so extraordinary that we thought our sta- tistical hand had lost its cunning. We are never too proud to seek advice when puzzled, but expert advice aly thickened the fog. An appeal was taken to a great Government authority. We omit his name because we Promised to, but we quote his reply in extenso. “If I were not a superman (which, of course, I am), I would be glad to know that somebody else has found out What a delightful thing it is to handle the statistical ‘de of international economic questions at this par- Hewlar time. I fully understand your amazement at Py y- Wages of painters less in Germany than in - Apparently you do not believe it; neither do I. But mathematically and statistically it is correct if the fundamental basis is correct. The first Commissioner of Labor, Carroll‘D. Wright, undertook an investigation The World’s Wages—a Statistical - Anomaly of criminality of cities by nationality. The final returns showed the Chinese in the District of Columbia to be 300 per cent criminal! Naturally, Colonel Wright wanted to know what idiotic clerk had worked out such a proposition as that. He was told by his chief statistician that the statement was statistically correct ; that there was one Chinese in the district and that he had been arrested three times. “If we apply the price that New York is willing to pay in American gold for the German mark, your figures are correct. The basic fallacy lies in trying to express wages and prices in a country undergoing a financial upheaval like that in Germany today, in terms of the money of another country. I think it true that in Germany today, on the basis of the American dollar, a painter is working for 25 cents a day; but in Germany today they are not buying or using gold—so why measure their prices in gold? To do so manifestly dis- torts the situation. With existing conditions in Ger- many, Italy, even Belgium, I think this explanation holds; that to express conditions there in terms of our money, which they are not using, is essen- tially misleading. But after all I may be wrong—you asked me for my opinion and here it is: personally, not officially.” Notwithstanding this criticism, we shall go right ahead and present the informa- tion we acquired so painfully. Our foreign exchange quotations are those of February 25. On that date the British pound was worth $4.41 in gold; the French france, 9.08 cents; the Belgian franc, 8.64 cents; the Italian lire, 5.17 cents; the German mark, 4.5 mils. The less said about the Russian ruble the better; its value depends on that of paper and ink. In the Far East we have the Japanese yen, which is fairly stable, 2 or 3 cents below its par value of 49.8 cents, In some of the figures there are raps, probably be- cause the trade is so lightly represented that nobody has ever troubled to compile statistics. For farm la- borers the figures are necessarily more of a guess than for better organized and better standardized trades. With these safeguards we present the figures for five ordinary vocations. The question at once suggests itself: what is a “day?” Ilere again we strike a snag, and can only say that the hours vary from eight to ten, depending on the usages and on the strength of the unions, if these exist. (Continued on page 436) Spain wage having been taken as the unit in each case, Italy Japan Germany Belgium United States A similar comparison for the agricultural laborer. The stacks here are to be compared only with one another, and not with those of the upper strip, the German's France * Great Britain and being different in the two branches

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370 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN JUNE, 19% The North Atlantic Ice Patrol How the Coast Guard Cutters Broadcast the Position of Icebergs to Shipping ee eae to the ceaseless the United States Coast Guard, the recurrence of such stupendous disuster as the loss of the Titanic through collision with an iceberg, is a very remote possibility It could only happen, indeed, through failure to pay close attention to the warnings of the ice patrol and practice quick compliance with its sug- gestions The loss of the ritani was bound to result in efforts to provide against any similar disaster, and the many investigations which followed were directed to two separate fields of inquiry. which lay in the faults of construction of the ship itself, faults which were common in all shipping of that day; and secondly there was the peril of the uncharted iceberg, floating down from the north across the lines of steamship travel. organization of the International Bulkhead Commission, vigilance of the cutters of First, there was the peril The first peril was met by the its long history and its honorable traditions. It was established by an Act of Congress, approved August 4, 1790, and ten vessels were built and placed in com- mission by November 1, 1791. It is a curious fact that this constituted the only armed force of the United States afloat, thereafter, for a period of more than six years, or until the commissioning of certain The Coast Guard vessels of our newly organized navy is organized as a military service. It has an academy at New London, Conn., for training and instruction of cadets; and warrant officers are drawn from the en- listed force, by selection for fitness and general quali- The equipment consists of thirty-one cruising cutters, including five “Eagle Boats” of doubtful value, twenty-five harbor cutters, twenty-two launches, and fications. two hundred and seventy-three Coastal and Great Lakes Stations. Also, the Service owns eighty-five self- bailing, self-righting life boats, driven by gas and sail; rescued, and 13,796 persons on board vessels were @ sisted; 11 derelicts were removed or destroyed, and th} value of the vessels assisted, including Cargoes, Wy $14,960,910.00. It should be mentioned that in the @ item alone of marine property saved, the Service » turned in that year $2.38 for every dollar expended ) its maintenance. We question if in any service is to be found high quality, whether above or below decks, on the bridp or in the engine room, than for many years has Tarky the Revenue-Cutter or Coast Guard Service, The pe. sonnel, because of the frequent life-saving and ship salvaging work which it has to do, is marked by th careful selection of the enlisted men, of whom it, required that they shall be of good physique, and thy they shall be every inch “sailormen.” It is probalk that in no service is there to be found, today, so mua of the real old seamanship, particularly in the handliy = ee, ( fd ] A. a BG Wt 1, Ma” I —_— 0) Sewers aes were TRB» Upper left: Coast Guard Cutter towing a sailing ship out of a sea of dangerous ice. Coast Guard cutter from whose deck these photographs were taken. The “Androscoggin,” northern coast to drill and stretch their legs. whose findings resulted in a closer spacing of bulkheads and various improvements aimed to protect the sta bility of ships by limiting the inflow of water in case of under-water damage. Something was gained in this direction, but we could wish that the structural safety provisions had been carried further in the direction of raising the height of the bulkhead deck, and the in- sistence that it should be made watertight. The recognition of the peril from floating icebergs led to a request by the maritime nations that the United States undertake the patrol of the ice-infested regions during the three months of the year—April, May, and June—which covers’ the southward passage of the ice. No time was lost in instituting this patrol, and the work was relegated to the Revenue-Cutter Service, now known as the Coast Guard, the other nations agreeing to pay a pro rata share of the cost of the service. The Revenue-Cutter (Coast Guard) is very proud of Lower right: three hundred and eighty self-bailing surf boats, driven by gas and oars; and five hundred and thirty boats of other types. The duties of the service are many, including assist- ing vessels in distress; destruction or removal of dere- licts; protection of customs revenue; regulating the anchorage of vessels in navigable waters ; enforcing quar- antine and neutrality; suppression of mutinies; enforc- ing navigation laws covering merchant vessels and motor boats; protection of the seal fisheries; patrol of western rivers for rescue of life and property during floods; and finally the patrol of the Grand Banks off Newfoundland for the protection of shipping from ice fields and bergs. It is a very active service, as may be seen from the report for the year ended June 30, 1917, covering the last of the pre-war activities, and the months of the war between April 6th and June 30th of that year. During that time 2153 lives were saved, or persons Upper right: A berg melting and breaking up off the Grand Banks. Bleak Lower left: Now and then the crew of the cutters land on some A berg with cutter “Maine” keeping in touch and broadcasting its position to Atlantic shipping Center: of boats in heavy weather, and in landing, whethe alongside a disabled vessel or on a storm-beaten po The Coast Guard fleet has recently been improved increased by the addition of four fine vessels, the cutters “Tampa,” “Haida,” “Mojave,” and “Modoe ;” and on from our illustration of the “Tampa,” the first of to go into commission, they are all very shapely with a handsome sheer, good freeboard, and a designed midship deckhouse and bridge structure, hat with its tumblehome (if we may use the term), monizes agreeably with the general ship’s st The most novel feature of this — pao equipped with the electric drive. e the “Tampa” are length overall 240 ft., breadth 39 ft and mean draft 14 ft. 3 in. She is driven by @ This is direct-comnect Electric, Curtis-type turbine. t to a main generator of the alternating pests The main motor, of the synchronous type, d of le valle thick until float: may expo of th the onc float o eee egasi hess etd

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Sels were @ oyed, and & Cargoes, Wy at in the @ e€ service » ' expended § found high m the bride s has marke ce. The pe ng and ship arked by th whom it j jue, and thy t is probabk day, so mod the handlix

June, 1922 thirteen-foot propeller. The speed of the “Tampa” when ed is sixteen knots; and since maneuvering ability ing the load js of prime importance in a Coast Guard cutter, it should be noted that by the reversal of her motor che can be brought to a dead stop within her own jength, or within less than two hundred and fifty feet. The west coast of Greenland is the birth- place of the justly dreaded icebergs. This great peninsula is almost completely cov- ered with a heavy ice-cap, and, bearing in mind that there is little or no melting from the snows in the high latitudes, the accumulation from the annual show fall is very large. This mass, compacted to the consistency of ice and following the lines of east resistance, flows steadily down the Here the glacier, fre- valleys to the sew. quently many hundreds of feet in vertical thickness, protrudes out into the waters until it breaks off by its own weight, and foats wherever the currents and the winds For one-ninth exposed, eight-ninths lie below the surface of the water. Ultimately these bergs reach the great Labrador current, movement is as shown in our illustrations. They travel at a rate which varies from 03 knot per hour, in the early spring, to 07 knot per hour later in the season. To anyone blessed with imagination, this may carry it. of its bulk SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN chart published by the Hydrographic office show- and by actual course taken by a large berg sighted by the ice patrol four different times during the single month of April, 1921. The office states that this berg was unmistakably identified by photographs taken from the Coast Guard patrol ships,

and their } ‘ Ff

Cutter “Androscoggin” found this schooner fast in the ice grand procession of icebergs, through a dis- tance of over two thousand miles, from the region of Smith Sound, in latitude 78° north, to the Southerly Tail of the Great Bank of New- foundiand, in latitude 48° north, presents a most majes- tie and wonderful phenom- enon. Were it not for the exist- ence and persistence of the warm waters of the Gulf Stream, the peril of ice in the late spring and early simmer would be much greater than it is. This stream passes out of the Gulf chiefly by way of the Straits of Florida, and flows in a N.N.E. course to Cape Hatteras, which it passes at a distance of about twenty miles. Thence its general corse is E.N.E., and it widens out, passing to the suth of the Great Bank of Newfoundland, where it meets the cold waters of the laborador current above mentioned. From the Great 371 other means, and its track accurately com- puted and plotted. The Bureau requests that navigators make a careful study of this chart, since the drift is typical of the majority of icebergs in the North Atlantic, near the steamship tracks. The oval track drawn to the left of the second sketch of the berg, shows the route of another berg to the southwest- ward of the Great Bank, in the period of May 20 to June 4, 1921. Its track measured 150 miles across its greatest dimension, and the drift indicates the existence at that time of one of the typical ocean eddies which are to be found in that locality, and which never maintain the same size, boundaries, or positions. The co-operation of the patrol vessels of the Coast Guard and the Hydrographic Office during the eight years of the Ice Patrol has resulted in the accumulation of a large amount of data respecting the course followed by the icebergs, and the limits of their southerly drift across the steamship lines. As the information is re- ceived it is made public in the weekly Hydrographic Bulletin and in the monthly Pilot Charts. Also, the ice conditions are regularly broadcasted by wireless, both from shore stations and from the ships on patrol in the ice-infested waters. The boundary line between the Labrador cur- rent and the Gulf Stream is very variable, and on May 15, 1920, it was

found to be 70 miles south of the position of the boundary line on May 5, 1914, and over 150 miles south of its position at about the sume time in 1918. The thrusting of the Gulf Stream to the south- ward involves, of course, a more southerly course of the icebergs, and with a view to

at 60 i > ;|60 a wa * ‘ “3 * , art at y a a / {a|* wild ~ \a sy 60 Lily i d «| = Be ™ Care] FAREWELL 4% \ * ~- \ sa ~«C aNr¢ A » a -s ase, & Apa An } ay |+ 7 |

o® = . 4 TITANIC Sumn Sreamen Track ~

minimizing the risk to Trans- Atlantic shipping, the Hydro- graphic office has made ar- rangements with the steam- ship companies by which, upon notification from the office, the headquarters of the companies in New York immediately notify the ship captains to follow a steam- ship track during the ice season of April, May, and June, 150 miles to the south of the normal tracks. se The records of the Hydro-

60 40

id m

graphic office show that dur-

Chart showing icebergs carried by Labrador current into steamship tracks Banks it broadens out to lose itself finally m the northwestern coast whose climate it very materially affects. By a study of the accompanying map, it will be seen that, after passing down the ast of Labredor, the icebergs flected by the great shoal known as the Newfoundland Bank, and pass in a general wutherly direction along its easterly con- tour. Not all of them, however ; sound upon the Laborador coast, and others upon the northern slopes of the Great Bank. Those which are not caught and anchored in this way continue down to the Tail of the Bank, and it is these bergs that constitute the grave peril to shipping; for once they have passed the Bank, they float out into the steamship lanes, where, iM waters that are most of the time covered with more or less dense fog, they “nstitute a terrible and ever Menace, The movement of the icebergs after Maching the Tail of the Bank, is, generally They are carried south until they encounter the warm Water of the Guif Stream, when they are mpidly turned back to the northeast. They my return in a back eddy later in the Season, or they may be carried north, and with the salt water ice, to go “uth again 4s early arrivals the following year, As a general rule they “cave” and lit into smalier bergs, and melt rapidly We present a peaking, as follows: the Gulf Stream waters. for some This iceberg was sighted April 11 and its course plotted until May 12, when it disappeared

Europe, are de- present

The “Tampa,” one of four Coast Guard cutters of a new type, equipped with the electric drive. Length is 240 feet; speed 16 knots. She is now engaged on the Ice Patrol off the Grand Banks

ing 1921 there were at times as many as ten bergs scat- tered along the line divid- ing the cold waters of the Labrador current from the warm waters of the Gulf Stream. Sometimes freak bergs, or “sailors,” acted upon by the pre- vailing winds from the north, wil! drift down across the Gulf Stream. As a matter of fact it is recorded that ice- bergs have been sighted as far south as the Azores and the Chesapeake Capes. This, however, is a rare occurrence, In the majority of cases, when a berg enters the Gulf Stream it rapidly breaks up and disappears. During the present season of 1922 the patrol is being carried on by two of the new electrically driven coast guard cutters, the “Tampa” and the “Modoc,” which relieve each other at fortnightly intervals. The temporary home port is Halifax, and each ship spends seven days on patrol, and seven days on the journey in and out to this station and in that port, refueling and taking on new supplies, We have before us extracts from the logs of some of the patrol vessels, which show that this service is no summer plenic. Much of the time is passed in dense fog and fierce gales, which frequently necessi- tate heaving to. Here are some notes from the log of the “Tallapoosa,” as written - down during her cruise May 15 to 30, 1919, and embodied in the report of the com- manding officer :— “Ice warnings were broadcasted daily at specific times, beginning May 15th, with a (Continued on page 436) or eet <p eye ARSE

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BE Aen SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN JUNE, 192 1. If we could magnify the point of a pin a billion-fold, we should find that a billion billion molecules can rest comfortably on this small area. 2. A hydrogen atom consists of an electron rotating is formed by the combination of two atoms. The electrons rotate about an axis joining the nuclei, and are shown in perspective about a positive charge (the nucleus) A hydrogen molecule How the simplest molecule is formed, something about its size, and the structure of the atoms of which it is built Beyond the Microscope A Scientific Motion Picture Film That Depicts the Structure of the Atom By 5. Dushman, Ph.D., Research Laboratory, General Electric Co. We intend to discuss in this article some of the interesting features of the new views regarding atoms and to illustrate the discussion with still pictures taken from the film referred to in the Editor's note. Of course, as most people know, we cannot see an ator With even an extremely powerful microscope the small est particles we cun see are at least one thousand times larger in diameter than even the largest of molecules Yet we are just as certain of the existence of mole cuies and the atoms, of which molecules are made up, Contributing Editor, ScreNtrFic AMERICAN from one kind of atom to hydrogen has the simplest structure of all. As shown in Fig. 2, it consists of a single negative charge, or electron, as it is designated, which rotates around the positive charge or nucleus. The electron itself is prob ably about a thousand times smaller in diameter than the aton Its mass is about 2,000 times smaller than that of the atom. Since a billion billion atoms of hydrogen more or less would hardly be noticed on the most sensitive balance, this means that the mass of the electron is indeed very small. It follows that practically the whole mass of the itom is concentrated at the nucleus. Yet this nucleus another The atom of two atoms of hydrogen combine very readily to form the hydrogen molecule, shown in Fig. 3. The electrons now rotate around an axis formed by the line joining the two nuclei. Hydrogen is the lightest of all elements. As we pass to the other elements, we find that the number of posi tive charges on the nucleus, and consequently the number of electrons around the nucleus, increase regu larly. Each element can be thought of as being built up from the element just below it by the addition of one electron and one positive charge on the nucleus. Thus helium consists of two electrons and a nucleus of two unit charges; lithium has three electrons and a nucleus of three unit charges, and so forth. The heaviest atom known, that of uranium, has 92 electrons and a positive charge on the nucleus of @ as we are of the existence in each of our bodies of certain organs, although we have never seen them In both cases, the evidence is what is known in law as circumstantial ind, for lack of space, we shall take for granted that ill matter consists of molecules and toms We know a great deal about these atoms ind molecules Thus the smallest drop of water (about 1/20 cubie centimeter) con tains so many molecules that if these were each enlarged to the size of grains of sand capable of passing through a 100-mesh sieve, they would form a roadway from New York to San Francisco approximately half a mile in width and one foot in height. The molecules are so small that as shown in Fig 1, one billion billion could rest comfortably on the point of a pin, 1 mil in diameter. Or perhaps the best figure is that em ployed by Aston in his recent popular lec tures. Suppose we had means of separat- ing out the individual molecules in a glass of water and labeling them so that we might recognize them again. Suppose then we emptied the glass into the oceans; after millions of years had elapsed to mix the water from our tumbler thoroughly and uniformly with that of the seven seas, sup- pose we came back and took at random a fresh glass of water from the ocean—we would find in it no less than 1,000 of our the scientist. OR vears those elusive and little-understood particles of matter- molecule, the atom and the electron—have existed practical purposes only in research laboratories, surrounded by test tubes, vacuum bottles, and the mathematical formulae of the When now and again their names have been mentioned in the news dispatches that go before the great public, it has been indicated that they play a large role in the every-day affairs of mankind; but just what this role was, or just what the molecule, the atom and the electron them- selves were, has not been made clear to the uninitiated. The need of a wider appreciation of the laws governing the behavior of these infinitesi- mal realities has increased in proportion to the knowledge which the scientific workers have piled up about them. about this wider appreciation, the molecule, the atom and the electron have gone into the movies, under the personal conduct of the heads of the General Electric Research Laboratories at Schenectady. the Microscope” is the title of a film prepared by C. F. Bateholts of this company, which is the first attempt to portray in a vivid manner some of the prevalent concepts regarding the structure of matter. of this film and of the scientific facts and researches behind it is told on these pages by Dr. Dushman, one of those most involved in the lab- oratory work which preceded its production—THE Epiror. to all As a means of bringing form. **Beyond The story units. The most recent theory regarding the arrangement of these electrons around the nucleus in the different atoms, is that suggested by Dr. Langmuir. This theory, which is a development of some earlier speculations of Prof. G. N. Lewis of the University of Berkeley, California, postt lates that the electrons are arranged ii shells with the nucleus as center and that urrangements of two and eight electrons are extremely stable. In the simplest atoms, those of the hydrogen and helium, there is only one shell. With the additia of a third electron, a new shell begins @ This shell is completed when tt contains eight electrons, which may becom sidered as located at the corners of a cube The atom thus obtained is that of neon, # gas which has properties quite similar @ those of helium. Both are absolutely inert chemically, gases at ordinary tem and very difficult to liquefy, whieh accord with the theory thata or one of two electrons is a very rangement. On the other hand, @ containing less than eight electron® second shell is quite active labeled molecules. That is to say, the glass of water is to the individual molecule as the combined oceans of a thousand globes like the earth would be to the glass of water. It is difficult to imagine that such a small particle can have a structure of its own. In fact, the word “ateam” is derived from a Greek word signifying “in- divisible,” but while we still adhere to the term atom, we must, In the light of present knowledge, forget about the indivisibility. But we have all kinds of evidence that the atom is made up of still smaller particles which are nothing else than positive and negative electric charges Since matter, under ordi- nary conditions, is electrically neutral, the numbers of positive and negative charges in any one atom are equal, but the actual number of each kind of charge differs is at least 100,000 times smaller in diameter than the atom The electron constitutes the ultimate unit of electric charge. Electrons streaming through a eonductor con- stitute what we measure as electric current. Prof. R. A. Millikan has measured accurately the charge earried by an electron; when, for instance, a 40-watt lamp is run on a 120-watt circuit, there are 2 billion billion electrons passing into the filament, per second, at one lead and the same number leaving it, per second, at the other lead. The hydrogen atom consisting of a single electron rotating around a positive nucleus of unit charge has a fairly large stray field of force around it. Consequently Thus lithium, with only one @ outer shell, is.extremely electro-positive, since it give up this extra electron. This leaves only the t shell of two electrons and a nucleus of three units. The arrangement of electrons is thus to that obtained in the helium atom. The only ence is that the latter is electrically neutral, lithium atom which has one electron removed has residual positive charge of one unit. It is known 4 a lithium ion, and is present in aqueous solutions lithium salts, thus accounting for the electrical col ductivity of such solutions. On the other hand the fluorine atom has one electro® and one positive charge less than neon. When eo is combined with lithium it completes the external £E"f* Ss * atk Eh". that neon consi: total Fig to ill in an lighte iature to a: the r red li on th sharp It ¥ oat plex ¢ the ac lamps avera: ronst. by wl choser oxyge oxyge We gen m The ¢ inner electre electre deseri! and tl It is e order requir that i: enter | the hy cally tractiy are pu form s two hy om the Dresun axes (

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UNE, 192) erspective y to form electrons 1e joining S we pass r of posi- ently the ase regu- g built up om of one us. Thus is of two a nucleus jest atom electrons leus of 92 regarding is around s, is that is theory, e earlier is of the la, postu- anged in and that electrons simplest 1 helium, addition begins to when it ry be con: if a cube. f neon, 4 imilar te ee Jone, 1922 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN 373 of eight electrons by taking the extra gectron from the lithium atom. Fluorine jg therefore said to be electro-negative, and the fluorine ion has the same arrange- gent of electrons as neon, but since it has a nucleus with only seven positive charges, the resultant charge on the ion is negative. fifa solution of LiF (lithium fluoride) jp @lectrolyzed, the positively charged jithium ion goes to the cathode (negative electrode) and the negatively charged fyorine ion goes to the anode. When one electron is added to the atom of neon, a third shell begins to form. The atom of sodium contains 11 electrons, and, ike lithium, is electropositive. As more gecirons are added, we obtain less strong- ly @lectropositive elements and with 7 dettrons in this shell, we obtain the atom ofehlorine, which resembles that of fluor- ine On the addition of one more electron, we again obtain a stable, chemically inert atom, that of argon. The fourth and fifth shells contain 18 electrons each. In each case the atom corresponding to the completed shell is that of an inert resembling helium, neon and argon. Thus the atom of krypton consists of five shells or layers, and has a total of 24+-8+-8+ 18+ 18—/4 electrons. Fig. 4 shows a model which may be used to illustrate the arrangement of electrons in any of the atoms of the first (that is lightest) 54 elements. It consists of min- jature lamps, each of which is connected toa switch shown on the switchboard at gas Bat Guano in Austria UCH interest has been aroused in Austrian agricultural circles by the discovery that many of the hundreds of caverns found in the Austrian Alps con- tain valuable deposits of bat guano and other phosphates of animal origin. The government has passed a law retaining these under the control of the state and has been having official analyses of the deposits made and experiments 4s to the best method of preparing them for use as fertilizers. It has already been officially estimated that the Cave of the Dragon in Styria is capable of yielding 50,000 tons of granular phosphate of very homogeneous character; this contains 41 per cent of phosphate of lime, 25 per cent of carbonate of lime, and 34 per cent of readily attack- able silicates. These fertilizers are now being systematically distributed in the dif ferent parts of Austria, to be used in re- placing bone dust, ete. New Studies of Caries in Teeth HE alarming prevalence of caries in the teeth of civilized nations is a matter of universal concern. Some new and rather surprising light is thrown upon this subject by recent investigations conducted in the laboratory of the hygienic institute of the University of Leipzig. Perfectly sound teeth taken from various indi- viduals between the ages of 18 and 55 years were employed in the experiments. Not the slightest flaw was to be found In the right. The nucleus is indicated by a red light at the center, and different colors on the lamps are used to bring out more sharply the different layers of electrons. It was obviously impossible to represent on a film the motions of the electrons in these more com- plex atoms. Moreover we do not know very much about the actual motions of the electrons. The positions of the lamps in the model are to be taken more as indicating average locations than as fixed positions of the elec- rst. In order to illustrate in the film the mechanism by which compounds are formed, a simpler case was chosen, that of the combination between hydrogen and oxygen to form water. In this reaction an atom of oxygen combines with a molecule of hydrogen. We have already discussed the structure of the hydro- gen molecule. The oxygen atom is illustrated in Fig. 5. The electrons here are arranged in two shells. The inner shell has the structure of helium, that is two electrons near the nucleus. The outer shell has six electrons arranged at the corners of the imaginary cube described already. Altogether there are eight electrons and the nucleus has a positive charge of eight units. It is evident from what has been stated above, that in order to complete the outer shell, two electrons are required. These are furnished by two hydrogen atoms, that is, one molecule of hydrogen. As these electrons {ier into the vacant corners of the cube, the nuclei of the hydrogen atoms tend to place themselves symmetri- tally with respect to two corners. Owing to the at- tractive forces exerted, the electrons at these corners are pulled in and the cube becomes distorted into the form shown in Fig. 6. In this figure, the nuclei of the wo hydrogen atoms and that of the oxygen atoms lie on the axis shown by the dotted line, while the electrons presumably revolve about this axis and also two other ixes (indicated by dotted lines) at right angles to that Fig. 4. The atomic model which, by lighting any desired combination of its 54 surrounding lights together with the central lamp representing the nucleus, may be made to serve as a model of any of the 54 simplest atoms joining the nuclei. Of course, this particular kind of motion of the electrons is hypothetical, but it is quite probable that the electrons are not absolutely stationary. The transition from this representation of the mole- cule of water to the more conventional formula Fig. 7 is evident. In electrolysis, one of the hydrogen nuclei tears itself away from the molecule and as hydrogen ion (with unit positive charge) travels toward the cathode, while ‘the residual part of the molecule, as negatively charged —OH ion, travels toward the anode. When water is evaporated, we obtain steam. The molecules which were quite crowded together in the former case are now separated by fairly large distances, and their continual impacts on the walls of the vessel produce the effect of pressure. In water itself, the molecules are quite mobile, but when water freezes to form ice or snow, we find these molecules assume regular erystalline arrange- ments and the most beautiful creations in nature are those which are exhibited by snow flakes. It is unfortunate that we cannot reproduce on the printed page the actual motion of the film. We believe that we have made as advantageous as possible a selection of our stills: but no set of stills ever does full justice to a film. The film, made on the animated eartoon principle, gives a startlingly vivid representa- tion of the behavior and the constitution of two of the simplest atoms. To attempt to represent in a similar manner the motions of electrons in some of the more complex atoms and the manner in which these atoms combine to form compounds would, indeed, be quite a task for even the motion-picture artist. any of these, not even with a magnifying glass. For the purpose of the experiment each tooth was covered with a layer of wax, in which apertures were then made at one point or another, after which the tooth was immersed in a mixture of bread and saliva, at a temperature of 37 degrees Centigrade. At the end of a week half of this mixture was removed and replaced by a fresh mixture of the same sort, in order that the conditions usually present in the mouth, of a mixture of fresh food and saliva, together with decomposition products of former mixtures, might be reproduced as closely as possible. The first traces of earies became manifest in a deeply grooved incisor; softening and discoloration was shown in this tooth even after the lapse of 33 days. At the end of 56 days all the other teeth exhibited signs of softening, while completely developed caries was exhibited in all at the end of 124 days. The caries was produved at the selected points, whether these were covered with enamel or were at the “neck” of the tooth. According to Professor A. Seitz, who discusses the matter in the Miinchener mediziniachen Wochenschrift, the caries pro- duced in this artificial manner is precisely like natural caries, showing all the stages thereof. Strange to say, however, the common belief that marmalades and sim- responsible for the spread of caries was not confirmed: “While mixtures of bread, saliva and marmalade produced caries in about the same length of time as the first mixture (of bread and saliva alone), teeth placed in mixtures consisting only of marmalade and saliva showed no alteration even at the end of 61 days. It appears, therefore, that both the preformed acids and the traces of natural fruit acids of the marmalade are without effect in the pro- duction of caries.”—Abstracted from Die Umschau, ilar sweets are largely ha oxygen atom, with its eight electrons. Two of these are quite close to the central nucleus, while the other six are at corners of an imaginary cube. Two of these corners are blank, and atom enters into chemical combination with other atoms by allowing electrons of these atoms to fit into the empty places. 6. Formation of water from two hydrogen and one oxygen atoms, as in detail in the text. 7. The conventional symbol for the molecule of water, indicating its structure of hydrogen and oxygen atoms. 8. A typical snowflake, showing how the beautiful crystal structure is pieced together by appropriate arrangement of molecules Further stills selected from the motion-picture story of the atom

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SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN water. By Rail and By Water Three views of the Goldschmidt amphibious train as it appears in the water and on rails. The left-hand view shows the train on the inclined rail, entering the The center and the right-hand views show the train on the monorail The Combination Train and Tow Barges Invented by a Belgian Engineer for Use in the Congo consideration for commerce. find tremendous stores of inac- TATURE has little 4 VN Thus, as often as not, we natural tucked away in remote and cessibie corner of the world, where they lie until a more fortunate day, when the problem of transporta- wealth some must tion is solved, or again until other stores of similar materials nearer to the markets are exhausted A most striking case in point is the Belgian Congo, in darkest Africa Here are to be found rubber, rare fruits, metals, nuts, and so on, all of which have a ready sale in the markets of the world But these stores of natural wealth are located far up the Congo River which, although navigable in stretches, has many rapids and other barriers to navigation on any- railroads as exist not only serve but thing like a commercial scale. Such in this far off land are of little consequence as regards the territories they particularly in their mechanical limitations which more In sparsely settled regions such as the Belgian Congo there is no doubt but that water transportation must always be cheaper and better than the railroad; but how can we navigate a river that is broken up into separate navigable stretches of water, with rapids, swamps, flats, and rocks intervening? Two methods of solving the Congo transportation problem and releasing the natural wealth for the benefit of the entire world have presented themselves in the past. The first is to undertake the gigantic engineering task of making the river navigable from the Atlantic Ocean to the regions containing the natural wealth in question. Boats of at least 600 tons would have to be accommodated by the river in order to make commercial transportation profitable. An English has carried out large engineer, Wall, who numerous engineering undertakings in South Africa, has sug gested a plan for rendering the river continuously This plan certain navigable between Matadi and Leopoldville. ealls for the cutting of a number of canals at points, these canals being provided with View aboard the Goldschmidt amphibious train, showing one of the holds and the center connecting structure which carries the wheels Mr. Goldschmidt has succeeded in constructing a veri- table train, which is as much at home in the water as it is on land, and which passes from the water stage to the railroad stage with no other change than the shift ing of the gears of the power plant. The first unit serves as the tractor, while the other units are trailers. So much for the Each unit of this amphibious train consists of two boats or boat-like bodies, connected together in the manner indicated in the accompanying illustrations. The four members con- necting the twin boats together also carry the wheels general details. which engage with the monorail track when the am phibious train is traveling over land. Each boat & about 38 feet long and about 6 feet wide, and can cary 11 tons, while the shallow draft permits of navigatia in shoal waters. Now the tractor unit of this unusual train is equippel with a 300-horsepower plant, capable of hauling 5 to 0 trailers, with a total carrying capacity of 220 tons # a speed of 6 miles per hour. The construction of twin boats is such that they have remarkable stability in water. The unequal loading of the two boats of a given unit is said ® make very little difference; indeed, one boat can kh loaded to its full capacity while the other may hk empty, without serious results. When the train come to the land stage of its travel, it simply straddles the monorail that comes down into the water, and thea, under its own power, climbs out of the water, as dt matically shown in our cover illustration. The mone rail extending down into the water has a very easy grade, not more than 3 per cent; so that the amphibious train can readily negotiate it with a heavy load. The same power plant is used for marine and land transportation. The two gasoline engines, of 150 horse power each, are readily shifted over to the four motor wheels which ride on the monorail. At this phase of the journey the problem of equilibrium between the two boats of a unit assumes greater importance. 1 the end of securing the utmost stability, the wheels have been placed well above the bottoms of the boats as will be noted. Thus, if one boat is loaded with 0 tons and the other with 9 tons, or a difference of 1 toa, the unit will lean to the heavier side to the extent of? degrees from the horizontal. The extreme limit of it clination is 13 degrees, at which point the boats ar apt to come in contact with the rail supports, especially on curves. However, tanks are provided at the front and rear ends of each boat, in order that water ballast may be employed to balance the boats of a unit. The usual speed on rails is these inclined railways for raising the boats out of the water, carrying them over the land, and lowering into the water again on the farther side. Another feature of the enterprise would be certain changes in the river bottom, involving among other things the removal of over 1,300,000 cubic All in all, the proportion unnavi them back yards of rock of navigable gable sections is nine to one, and the cost of bringing continuous navigation is well out of the question at this time. The second that has presented itself is to leave the river as it is and to develop some form of combination water- and-land transport. To make this scheme practical, it is necessary, of course, to load interior point and sections as against about method the carriers at some then carry the cargoes all the way to the point of reshipment for Europe. And thus we arrive at the ingenious sys- tem of combination water-and-rail trans- portation developed by Robert B. Gold three miles an hour, although hight speeds can be realized with a consi loss of stability of the train. The construction of the monorail for the land sections of the amphibious route is simple. It is best, of course, to prepare a roadbed, so to speak, some 12 feet wide finished off with broken rock or gravel it order to prevent the encroachment of tht dense tropical vegetation. In the center of this roadbed or right-of-way are a long row of upright posts which sup port the stringer with its monorail. The construction can be carried out with heavy timber. The beginning and the end of land section, where the trains pass in out of the water, are formed by re clined monorail which goes down into water. Guides are provided on either side of the monorail, so as to bring the into the proper position for the engage ment of the wheels with the monorail. - train is provided with brakes, which schmidt of the University of Brussels, in Belgium. In collaboration with another engineer by the name of Vanderhaegen Stern view of the tractor unit of the amphibious train. The rudders and the propellers are in evidence used when going down an incline and inte the water. Z3 828625282 —. EZe¢2 Bae 2 2 FFF 5 =z gee Bizseiiiz

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UNE, 192 ering the en the am ich boat i d can carry navigatia is equipped ling 5 to 0 220 tons at such that ‘he unequal is said oat can be er may le rain comes raddles the and thea, er, as dra The mono- very easy amphibious load. >» and land 150 horse four motor s phase of tween the tance. To he wheels the boats, d with 10 e of 1 tm, xtent of 7 mit of in- boats are especially the front rer ballast the boats » rails is rh higher nsiderable yorail for jous route 0 prepare feet wide, gravel in nt of the he center re placed hich sup rail. The ith heavy d of each ss in and . into the ither side the trail > engage yrail. The yhich are _ and into June, 1922 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Uncle Sam and Radio 375 Further Developments in the Deliberations of the National Radio Conference and Future Probabilities RECONVENTION of the National Radio Conference is being held at this writing and will continue until all the matters pertaining to radio regulation are reduced fo a workable and satisfactory basis. The indications gre that the second official meeting of the conference representatives will not last longer than a week or ten The recommendations of the original meeting pave been discussed extensively and argued pro and gato the point where the chaff has been eliminated and only sound, logical subject matter remains to be fered to the Congressmen who will have charge of framing a proposed new radio law which will be pre- sented to Congress. If the recommendations of the Conference are legal- ized, Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover will be the director of the ether so far as radio telephony is encerned. The American urchin and the amateur class which is interested keenly in wireless will be adequately protected and served. The demands of the rapidly developing radio art also will be protected in the modern regulations. The new legislation will be extremely flexible, in order, as the occasion for so doing arises, that it may be changed to accord with the rapidly developing radio industry. It is quite prob- able that, henceforward, the granting of radio licenses will be wholly within the discretion of Secretary Hoover, and that he will also be empowered with the right of revocation in order to eliminate unnecessary stations that are duplicating certain lines of service or in other ways unduly in- By George H. Dacy tions, 250 miles; private and toll broadcasting stations, 50 miles. In this connection it was recommended that the Bureau of Standards should make a scientific study of the relation between the normal reliable range of a station and the antenna power on the basis of the use of good available receiving apparatus. It is anticipated that this relation will change with the development of the radio art. Another recommendation was that the same wave (or overlapping bands) be not assigned to stations within the following distances from one another, except that these distances may be lowered if the normal ranges of the stations are correspondingly lowered: for Government broadcasting stations, 1500 miles; for public broadcasting stations, 750 miles; and for private and toll broadcasting stations, 150 miles. It was also suggested that the Bureau of Standards should make a study of the width of wave band required for satis- factory radio telephony. It is generally recognized that this width depends on the methods of transmission and reception employed. As a result of the intermingling of expert radio opin- ions at the Washington conference, an immediate study will be made by the Department of Commerce of the best geographical distribution of broadcasting stations, with a view to attaining the best service with the minimum of interference. A chart has already been prepared by the national radio experts showing an ideal distribution of broadcasting stations under vari- in each community for the minimizing of interference between the various groups of the public interested in radio. These Amateur Deputy Radio Inspectors are to be vested with whatever authority may be necessary in the opinion of the District Radio Inspector. Another commendable suggestion of the conference was that the Secretary of Commerce at his discretion at any time the use of existing radio transmitting apparatus and methods which result in unnecessary interference, provided that such action should not be taken unless more satisfactory apparatus and methods are commercially available at reasonable prices and until an adequate time interval is allowed for the substitution of the more satisfactory apparatus, Subject to public interest and the reasonable require ments of each type of service, the sentiments of the conference were that the order of priority of the service should be Government, public, private and toll. The consensus of opinion was that the priority in the grant- ing of a license, the assignment of waves and permis- sible power to a private or toll broadcasting service should depend on the amount of public interest asso- ciated with such service. It was suggested that toll broadcasting service be permitted to develop naturally under close observation, with the understanding that its character, quality and value to the public should be considered in determining its privileges under future regulations. Furthermore, it was recommended that direct advertising in radio broadcasting service be for- bidden and that indirect ad- may prohibit vertising be limited to a terfering. Potentially, the Secretary of Commerce will have ample power so that he ean classify radiophone broadeasting stations, assign bands of wave lengths, and generally eliminate interfer- ence of stations of the same dass of service with each other and among stations of various classes of service in # far as is possible. During the interim be- tween the two main sessions of the National Radio Con- ference, the experts in charge of the radio work in the various Government bu- reaus including the Depart- ments of Agriculture, Com- merce, War, Navy, Post Office, Treasury and State have met together and form- ated Government policies. statement of the call letters of the station and of the name of the concern respon- sible for the matter broad- casted. In instances where all the available wave bands in any geographical district are as- signed, the feeling among the radio specialists was that no further licenses for radio broadcasting in that section be granted until for some reason or other some of the existing licenses are revoked. The pelicy of the private or toll broadcasting of any but official time sig- nals authorized and ap- proved by the Secretary of Commerce was also deemed objectionable. Another sug- gestion was that the license requirements for the opera- Their cooperative plans and arrangements will receive special official consideration ih any new radio regula- tions which are passed by Congress. Representative Wallace H. White, Jr., of Maine, who has charge of the Preparation of the new radio regulations and who will introduce them into Congress, is opposed to any mo- hopolistie radio service which might possibly develop in the future. Recently he said: “We hope that the bill when passed will include a provision that no in- dividual or corporation shall get the vested right in ay wave length assigned to that particular class of individual or corporation.” The sentiment of the radio experts who attended Seeretary Hoover's initial radio convention was that the radio laws should be amended so as to give the tary of Commerce adequate legal authority for the effective control of the establishment of all radio transmitting stations, except amateur, experimental and Governmental Stations, and of the operation of non- mental radio transmitting stations. The general inion was that radio communication is a _ public Utility and as such should be regulated and controlled the Federal Government in the public interest. It "as also apparent that the conferees believed that the types of radio apparatus most effective in reducing anrence should he made freely available to the pub- 1out restriction. of e sense of the conference was that the Secretary Commerce should assign to each radio telephone deasting station a permissible power based on the Dermal range of the station, such as Government broad- Stations, 600 miles; public broadcasting sta- Typical broadcasting studio, showing the microphone on the adjustable and portable stand, which serves tor of a to transmit a single voice or a chorus, a single musical instrument or an entire orchestra ous assumed conditions as to number of available wave bands and ratio of distance between stations having the same wave length to the normal range of the sta- tions. It was also recommended that in cases where congestion of radio telephone broadcasting traffic exists, or may exist potentially, that the Secretary of Com- merce assign suitable hours of operation to existing or proposed private and toll broadcasting projects. The Amateur Committee of the Radio Conference suggested the following recommendations: (1) That the status of the amateur be established by law, (2) That the limit of wave length band allocated to the amateur be specified in the law, (3) That the wave length band allocated to the amateur be from 150 meters to 275 meters, (4) That the Secretary of Commerce subdivide the amateur allocation into small or wave length bands for the various classes of amateur transmitting appa- ratus, at his discretion but in the following order of wave lengths starting at the shortest wave: spark, in- terrupted or modulated continuous wave telegraphy, telephony, continuous wave telegraphy, (5) That the amateur continue to be under the jurisdiction of the Department of Commerce, and (6) That for the pur- poses of self-policing among amateurs, Amateur Deputy Radio Inspectors be created, selected from the ama- teurs in each locality. The duties of such amateur inspectors will be to cooperate with the District Radio Inspector in the observance of radio communication laws and regulations of the United States and the observance of such local cooperative measures as are decided upon radio telephone transmitting station include a knowledge of the Interna- tional Morse Code sufficient to receive at the rate of not less than ten words a minute. Among the other outstanding recommendations made by the experts who composed the Radio Conference was the suggestion that the Bureau of Standards make a study of the technical methods for the reduction of interference, giving special attention to: (1) The re- duction of the rate of building up of oscillations in radiating systems; (2) The reduction of harmonies in continuous wave transmitters and of irregularities of oscillation; (3) The comparison of the variable ampli- tude method with the variable frequency method of continuous wave telegraphy; (4) The preferable meth- ods of telephone modulation to avoid changes in the frequency of oscillation; (5) The proper circuit ar- rangement of regenerative receivers to avoid radiation of energy; (6) The use of highly selective receiy- ing apparatus, including a list of approved forms; (7) The use of receiving coil aerials instead of an- tenn, with special reference to high selectivity ; (8) The reduction of interference with radio communication of other electrical processes, such as the operation of X-ray apparatus and electrical precipitation, and (9) The study and standardization of wave meters. The developments of radio telephony are being care- fully followed and the reader may rest assured that we shall report all happenings of importauce, just as rapidly as we can get them into print. The next issue will probably contain the final decisions of the National Radio Conference.

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cen wr 5 rere 376 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN The Gentle Art of Radio Broadcasting With the Speakers and Artists Who Are Heard But Not Seen Over the Radio-phone By ™ © you prefer to stand when you speak, or do you D wish to sit down? You prefer to sit. Fine! Now iet us get the scenery together. We will use this little table with the lamp, so that you can read your notes. Now for the transmitter. Is it about right at this height? Yes, that’s about right. Don't forget, talk directly into that little hole, good and loud, and keep About three inches All set? up your voice throughout the talk away from the transmitter is a good distance. Let's go! The announcer is speaking to you at the radio-phone broadcasting station, You are a speaker on this eve- ning’s program; your name is among the several names featured on the printed program for the week, as well as reproduced in many newspapers throughout the broadcasting area If it is your first try at radio-phone broadcasting, you will experience all sorts of queer sensations; for this, in truth, is no ordinary task. The studio in which you are to speak is small and home-like enough, and there are just a few persons present There is barely room for an excuse to be shy. Yet it is the very weird- ness of the whole business that makes you uneasy— the thought of speaking through a little hole in a cyl- inder hanging in front of you, to an audience that mounts up into the hundreds of thousands. If you have your speech carefully written, there need be no undue stage fright. After all, it is not so awe- inspiring. The first few words, addressed at the little eylinder dangling from the adjustable stand in front of you, are soon put over, and then you settle down to reading your speech with less and less thought given to the intricacies of radio, and to the other persons in the room and c sting art of today. (bis the bill? speakers who volunteer their services? how long is this going to last 2 article is the result of the various impressions gained in studying the expansive field of radio broadcasting, and in visiting several of the broadcasting stations. Sufficient material has been obtained for several articles. A list of radio-phone broadcasting stations appears on page $28.—THE Epitor. the huge radio audience whom you are ad- dressing. In fact, you soon become so absorbed in your speech and in pronounc- ing each word clearly and carefully, with a pause at irregular but well-planned in- tervals, to lend weight and forcefulness to your message, that you are unaware of the hundreds of thousands of listeners. The end of the speech is soon reached, as it must when you are so absorbed in a given task. The announcer, who all the {ustin C. Lescarboura stations themselves are in a transient stage and re- semble nothing more than the usual motion-picture studio, in which everything is done for the gaze of the camera rather than for the comfort and convenience of the performers. Indeed, the more we learn of the gentle art of broadcasting, the more we notice a strik- ing parallel between it and the motion picture. In their general characteristics they are much alike, these two young arts. One deals with pictures, animated pictures which tell stories; the other deals with sounds speeches, songs, news, weather forecasts, children’s bed-time stories, financial reports, business statistics, marine news, time signals, and whatnot. Having grown up over night to gigantic proportions, the broadcasting art is unwieldy in the extreme—not so much in a technical sense, because the broadcasted talks und music are quite excellent, as anyone with a re- ceiving set will gladly aftirm. From a business stand- point, however, the art is truly anomalous. Here are over one-hundred stations providing speeches, news, music and so on for hundreds of thousands of listeners, yet deriving no direct financial returns. Granted, these same broadcasting organizations are for the large part engaged in the manufacture of radio ap- paratus and are reaping an astounding harvest of business, the fact remains that there are many other radio manufacturers harvesting just as rich a crop. without broadcasting station is an improvised af- fair. How could it be oth- erwise? It was inaugurated over night to take advantage of the technical advances in radio tee phony. Since then, it has never had the necessary tim to spare in order to build a real broadcasting studi with every comfort for the talent and with some em, sideration for the visitors. A typical radio-phone broadcasting station may described as follows: A long, Narrow room, formerly used as a cloakroom for the office employes, has been appropriated for the broadcasting activities of the com pany. At one end stands a beautiful piano of the m producing variety, with its long bench. This piano may be played by a flesh-and-blood pianist, or by Grainger Godowsky, Rachmaninoff or Hoffman, not in person, ¢ course, but in the form of a perforated paper roll. Tha there are several phonographs of various makes, fo the broadcasting studio does not play favorites, Along one of the long sides of the room is a small table, with a silk-shaded lamp to add a touch of home atmosphere and to reassure the performers, followed by an aute matic organ, several desks, and plenty of chairs, If is just a plain room, with very little ew But what about the broadcasting end? Why? Who are the artists and ADIO today is a continuous performance. You purchase your ticket in the form of a receiving set, such as the little one shown in the accompanying illustration, and then listen in day in and day out, whenever and wherever you please, been artistically arranged, while a few to the music of today, the classics of yesterday, the leaders of the nation, the scientists, the news of the minute, stock quotations, and so on, without further charge of any kind. For such is the radio broad- bellishment except some draperies whid can be placed over the bare walls whe ever it is necessary to hide them with al their ugliness. In fact, most of the phote graphs taken in the radio-phone studi are flashed only after the draperies haw flowers or plants bought or borrowed from the nearby florist help matters ever 9 much. The last pieces of furniture—and h the most important, perhaps—are the cab Who inet containing little lamps and plenty of switches, wiring, and 80 0, In_ brief, The accompanying while was sitting in a corner of the room, notices that your speech has been drawing to a conclusion. He steps over to a cabinet on which a switch is mounted, and as you pronounce your last word, pulls the switch. And much to your surprise, absolutely nothing hap- pens. Of course, nothing should happen in this case; but somehow or other you are not accustomed to ad- dressing a mute and invisible audience. There is a dead silence. No applause of any kind. No comment. Perhaps something went wrong. It is hardly be- lievable that the speech got beyond the four walls of the room, Still, the man in charge of the program thanks you and leads you out of the room, as the an- nouncer steps up to the transmitter and states once more that “This is station XYZ. Madam Soprano of the Metropolitan Opera Company will now sing for you. The first song is , The next morning, coming down to the office, two friends inform you that they heard your speech. Sev- eral telephone calls come in during the day, informing A num- ber of letters, post cards and even telegrams dribble in for the next few days, depending on the interest created by the speech For several weeks you are re- minded at odd intervals of that speech which you made at XYZ, by friends, relatives, acquaintances and strang- ers, until you wonder if people ever do much else than you of the successful reception of the speech listen in to radio-phone broadcasting. But it got across, and that is the main thing! Broadcasting is a new art. It ts little more than a year old, and like any young art it is full of that rare interest which must exist in any art until it has sim- mered down to an established basis. There are no set rules in broadcasting procedure. Much of the work is still on an experimental plane. Even the broadcasting spending a single cent or devoting a single moment to the sowing of that radio crop. It is highly unfair, to be sure. Then again, the audience, after purchas- ing the original receiving set, never con- tributes a single cent toward the mainte- nance of the broadcasting stations. Ocea- comprising what is called the modulating equipment, as well as the little tran mitter mounted on a ports ble stand. The cabinet is4 wooden framework covered with copper sereening, not for the purpose of keeping out flies or mosquitoes please be sure to note, but to prevent the delicate ap paratus from being ds turbed by electrical and magnetic influences within the room itself, For that matter, the various eondue tors connecting up the cab inet and the transmitter are sheathed in beautiful, bright and neat woven copper sionally a vacuum tube must be purchased, as well as a “B” battery, galena crystal, pair of receivers, and so on; but as likely as not this busi- ness ay go to a concern not engaged in broadcasting. Such a situation is identical to that which would exist if phonograph companies sold their machines and then supplied the.records free of charge for all time. Obviously, such a business is not founded on logic. While the radio boom persists, a few companies canwell afford to maintain the radio-phone broadcasting sta- tions; but sooner or later other arrangements will have to be made. Whether a charge will be necessary for broadeasting reception, or whether a charge will be made for the privilege of speaking or singing via radio, the author does not profess to know or even dare to guess. Still, the present situation is constructed on unstable lines and must sooner or later give way to something more substantial. So we come to the question of talent—the singers and the speakers and others who entertain us night after night. To them we owe much, because so far their services have been offered withoct charge of any kind. Even so, the leading musicians of the world have sung and played for the radio audience, and many more are scheduled to go before the little cylinder or the “dish pan” before long. At this stage of the art, the average radio-phone sleeves or tubes, not for the artistic but for the electrical reason mentioned. The radio-phone transmitter proper is located m# small room near the roof of the building, and is attended by one or two operators. This is the actual radio-phone station, for it contains all the elements of transmissia When the studio is to broadcast, it is connected with the radio station upstairs by means of the switeh # ready referred to. A system of wire telephones assures instant communication between the studio and the station. The radio-telephone transmitter consists of @ cabinet closed in by iron grill work, so as to preclude damage f the delicate vacuum tubes. Five tubes are em for normal operation. The transmitter is at the ex treme end of a long operating desk or table, om are placed ordinary telephone instruments, radio ar paratus, a receiving set with amplifiers, telephone i sets, and a loud-speaking device. While the studio in operation downstairs, the operators hear the or music by means of the loud-speaking device, actuated by the long-distance receiving set at the end or table. The receiving set is connected to a antenna, and serves principally to pick up the Arlingto time signals which are amplified and then impressed on the radio telephone transmitter so as to be retran® onl om 5 ~PSEeete. FSEEsE .

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‘ing studio some eon m may bk , formerly . has been »f the com of the m piano may Grainger, person, af roll. The nakes, for es. Along table, with itmosphere y an aute hairs. It little em ries whid alls when m with all the photo me studio eries have ile a few owed from 'S ever 90 iture—and "e the cab plenty of ind so 0m, is called ~quipment, ttle trans 1 a porte binet is 4 k covered ning, not f keeping Losquitoes, note, but licate ap eing dis- cal and »s within For that is conduc » the cab mitter are ful, bright 1 copper ot for the § ated in 8 : attended dio-phone r»smission. cted with switch a >s assures and the a cabinet lamage to employed t the er on which radio ar one heat: studio is he speec! actuated d of the ngle wire Arlingto? mp! > retrant June, 1922 mitted to the radio-phone audience on 360 meters. The aerial is a large affair, as all aerials for wireless telephony must be for good results. It comprises eight wires supported on wide spreaders and tall steel masts, high above the roof. Below it is another aerial, about eight feet above the roof, known as the counterpoise. This secondary aerial serves as the ground and gives hetter results for radio-phone transmission. Always has radio been a temperamental thing, if inanimate things can be temperamental. It has worked jest when nobody was around to appreciate the fact, and worse when if has been on parade, so to speak. Today the same holds true. The radio-phone, with its delicate tubes and controls, sometimes lies down on the job at the wrong moment. And on this fact hangs many gn interesting tale. Not so many weeks ago a large band composed of the musical employes of a leading manufacturing company were featured on the evening program. They came to the broadcasting studio and they played—played as they had never played before, fully realizing that they were playing for hundreds of thousands of listeners. The radio-phone devotees, scattered over a wide area, were delighted as they are always delighted when listening to a good number on the radio-phone program. Then things began to happen. First one _ tube, then another tube blew out, up in the radio station. These tubes, or vacuum tubes to be more specific, are made up in the company’s factory in small lots, and there is seldom a real reserve supply on hand. Finally, all the tubes were blown out, and the station was simply through. The announcer in the studio below was in- formed of the fact; but, taking account of the enthu- siasm of said band which had come from some distance away to entertain the radio audience, he did not have the heart to tell the musicians what had happened. Instead, he simply went right on, announcing the vari- ous selections in turn and letting the band play to their heart’s content, even though the sounds never got be- yond the four walls of the studio. Then there is the other side of the same picture. The radio-phone devotees were listening to the wonder- ful band concert when suddenly, without notice, al- though the band music had been getting weaker, there was a total silence. What could the trouble be? Every radio-phone receiver right then and there was over- hauled by as many greatly agitated radio-phone en- thusiasts, in search of trouble. And this story explains fo many of them what happened on that particular evening, when the radio-phone suddenly went dead. Please remember that there is a switch in the radio- phone studio that stands between the studio and the outside world. A number of stories could be told about that little switch, although just one story will suffiee. Every so often an artist, a talker, or an orchestra is Scheduled to appear before the radio audience, be- cause they are willing to do so in the first place, and they have been passed upon as worthwhile entertainers by the radio-phone management. It is virtually impos- sible to have tryouts, as can well be appreciated be- cause all the talent is purely voluntary and there are iaiy drawbacks when dealing with anything that is free of charge, as you may well know from practical experience. At any rate, the performers or entertainers ate passed upon solely on their past record. If they lave played in public, if they hold a diploma from some school of music, if they are well known in their re- spective fields, if they occupy an important position— SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Numerous cabinet receiving sets are now making their appearance for home use. This one is a com- bination radio and phonograph entertainment device, which can be operated by anyone been made. Then the little switch comes into play. The announcer maneuvers about until the switch is reached, and then, without formality of any kind, the switch is pulled, disconnecting the studio from the out- side world. The orchestra, meantime, plays blissfully on, not aware that its audience is encompassed in the four walls of the studio. Meanwhile the operators in the radio station, realizing what has taken place, take hold of the radio-phone program and bring a phono- graph, kept in their room for that very purpose, into action. They continue to operate the phonograph until some happier moment, when the announcer downstairs can introduce the next number on the program. Sometimes a speaker does not confine himself to his subject, but wanders into the publicity field, soon wax- ing eloquently with praises of ABC automobiles or PDQ shoes or XYZ bread, and so on. He can rest assured, whether he realizes it or not, that rank pub- licity will not be sanctioned in the usual well-managed broadcasting station. There may be public radio-phone broadeasting stations in the near future, where the publicity hunter can exercise himself to his heart's content; but for the time being he is not allowed to burden the radio-phone audience with his talks while some legitimate entertainers are crowded out. Temperament—of course there is temperament in the radio-phone studio, just as there is in the motion-pic- ture studio. Often this temperament results in queer incidents. A case in point runs as follows: Early in the history of radio-phone broadcasting, all stations were required to “stand by” or remain inac- tive for a period of three minutes, every fifteen minutes, in order to listen for distress signals from ships at sea. A prima donna from some well-known opera company had just rendered an aria from “Aida,” if my recol- lection serves me correctly. The announcer, going about his work in the business-like way that comes through doing the same thing day in and day out, stepped up 377 to the small transmitter, and said: “We will now stand by for three minutes, to hear distress calls.” Imagine a high-strung, temperamental, famous prima donna, not previously informed of this very necessary bit of busi- ness, listening to this remark at the end of her song! What she said to the announcer cannot be printed here, but suffice it to say that she used up all her choice adjectives, and gasped for more, Another time a Russian singer worked himself up to a high pitch while singing a very difficult operatic air. The broadcasting studio is a very small room, you will remember from my previous description. At any rate, the singer tore off his coat, followed shortly after by his collar and tie and then his shirt, singing al! the while before the dish-basin transmitter then in use. Needless to say, the announcer had to act quickly for there were ladies in the room. He signaled to several of the men present to help him move some draperies in front of the rapidly disrobing Russian singer, who, when he had finished his song, asked what was the idea of wrapping him up in draperies. He had not realized what he was doing, so we are assured by the broadcasting station announcer. Another time two Italian singers were rendering a duet before the “phonetron,” as the “dish-basin” trans- mitter is called. One singer was the possessor of a good, rich voice. The other’s voice was impossible, The man with the good voice could stand it no longer, and he began nudging his partner and swearing at him in Italian. This continued all through the duet, despite the admonitions of the announcer. There was no little switch in those days to cut off the unruly performers from the outside world. In fact, such instances as this caused the switch to be introduced. There followed a flood of inquiries, asking why the monologue ac- companied the various selections. It was a new idea, but why? asked the inquisitive radio audience. Another instance, prior to the installing of the switch, took place when another prima donna came to the studio to render a few selections. This lady decided to accompany herself at the piano. The announcer, having become aware of the profane ways of the lady,. decided to take no chances. So, taking the transmitter off the stand, he climbed up on the grand piano and pointed the transmitter toward the lady. All during her various selections she is reported to have cussed pretty much everything’ about the place, and the announcer busied himself “shorting” the microphone tr#hsmitter at such moments as a volley of profanity was directed at him. Then the performers have their pets, which must come in for some share of the evening’s program. One singer brought her Airedale with her. A pampered dog, that Airedale, who could not understand why his mis- tress was talking and singing into a wash basin dangling from a portable stand. The announcer made several attempts to amuse the dog, fondle it, and in every other way keep it quiet, but to no avail. Between bits of her songs the singer called to her dog, said kind words to him, and kept on talking about Larrie, much to the bewilderment of the radio audience. The next few days several telephone calls and letters were received, inquiring as to who “Larrie”’ might be. Was it her manager, husband or friend, who was so impatient? The radio-phone audience watches the radio programs with keen interest. Indeed, one almost begins te wonder if the radio-phone audience is paying for the service, so severe are the criticisms at times. Following an un- usual amount of phonogra- all these factors count for their face value in consider- mg the suitability of a Speaker or musician aspiring © an “appearance”—an un- fortinate word, but there is M0 word yet coined to meet the circumstance—before the tadio audience, As a mat- ler of fact, the various radio- phone broadcasting stations, ‘pecially those in the large Metropolitan districts. have wore applications for space ® their programs than they a2 possibly catch up with for a long time to come. Anyway, the evidence in fase is not always a Bud guide, Dvery so often Small orchestra makes its ea bow before the trans- r of the studio and it Rot take much more phic and automatic piano music, referred to as “can- ned stuff’ by the _ radio audience, there is certain to be a large volume of com- plaints. The radio-phone audience is certainly highly critical, just as it is highly appreciative when the pro- gram is good. One thing is certain, and that is the permanency of radio-phone broadcasting. No doubt the present arrange- ment is not permanent be- cause it is not altogether a fair one. tut broadcasting has become so popular and its possibilities are so great that it can never become obsolete, as many would have us believe. Like any new art it has its imper- fections, which must be cor- the first few bars of tO convince the an- and the station man- t that a mistake has The radio room of a typical radio-phone broadcasting station. Note the phonograph in the background, the radio telephone transmitter, the loud-speaking device, and the long-distance receiving set, on the table rected and altered and re- fined until the art becomes stable, as it must in time,

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» . 378 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN JUNE, 19% Wrecking the United States Navy HE efliciency of a navy depends upon its ships these the men are by far The and its men, and of the more important. most magnificent as semblage of fighting ships conceivable, if manned by insufficient crews of poor training and low morale could be readily overcome by a smaller and less up was fully manned by officers and men skill, and of did a noble to-date fleet that of the highest morale. The treaty threat of naval war, and getting the three leading naval absolutely unshakable work in abolishing the powers to agree to a ratio of 5—5—3, in the total dis- placement of their fleets. The question of the person these several she is cutting down nel was left to the decision of powers. Great Britain has announced that her personnel to 104,000 officers and men; Japan pro- strength to 68,000; the reduce her enlisted (nited States Navy, in the endeavor to meet the demand poses to of the country for extreme economy, has asked, through the Secretary of the Navy, for only 96,000, as the very lowest minimum with which the Navy can be maintained with any approach to efficiency. In spite of this moderation on the part of the Navy, the House Naval down the enlisted strength to 67,000 men, and a vigorous and Committee endeavored to cut strong fight was made in the House of Representatives to turn this suicidal proposition into law. We do not hesitate to say—first, that the 104,000 men allotted for the Critish Navy is a reasonable amount, justified by long experience ; that the 96,000 men asked for by our Navy Department represents a smaller force than is necessary to maintain our fleet at all times in a condition of efficiency ; thirdly, that to reduce the number to 67,000 would be, in effect, to destroy absolutely the efficiency of the fleet, by causing our ships to be greatly dis- secondly, under-manned, and thereby producing a sense of couragement and neglect in the officers and men. If the question be asked—Why did our Navy Depart- ment ask for only 96,000 men, when the British Ad- miralty, in manning a fleet of the same size, determined upon 104,000 men, we reply that the 96,000 was arrived at by a of naval were asked to determine the absolute that necessary to maintain our ships in a condition of fair war-time efficiency—‘“fair,” you, not maximum efficiency. In arriving at their estimate they made the following important reductions. 1. The war proved that there must be sufficient men aboard to man both anti-torpedo broadside batteries; the estimate calls for manning only one broadside on one side of the ship. 2. The number of men in the ammunition handling rooms reduced that which is necessary for the highest speed of firing. 3. The number of men for bringing the shells from the magazines to the loading trays was reduced to a point which would slow down the speed of delivery. 4. The number of men in the engineers’ department was cut down to a point which would make it possible to main- tain full for no longer than two watches. 5. Target practice rules modified so as not to require replacement ammunition, thereby cutting down the number of rounds per minute. 6. The amount of target practice throughout the year was reduced, and the speed of the battleships was lowered from twenty to ten knots, and of thirty-five to fifteen knots. 7. The “junketing” minimum—that is to say, the use of the National and discouraged. 8. Finally, the Board greatly for the periodical reconditioning of the ships in harbor. The strength of 96,000 men, as requested by Secretary board officers, who minimum of men was mark was below speed were destroyers from was reduced to a ships at celebrations was reduced the requisitions holiday Denby, was no mere guess, but was decided upon in an honest endeavor to meet the demand for economy up to a point, beyond which the effectiveness of the Navy would be most seriously imperilled. Hence, we do not hesitate to pronounce the recent attempt to cut our personnel down to 67,000 men as being nothing more or less than a movement, conscious or unconscious as the case may be, to wreck the Navy. In a spirit of compromise, the President asked for 86,000 men, and this the House has granted. It is not enough. The Senate should stand out for the 96,000 men, which the seagoing officers of absolute minimum the Navy have found to be the compatible with the efficiency of the fleet. To Save an Infant Industry HE war served to develop several new industries in the United States, notable among which were the manufacture of optical and instru- precision and the production of potash for fertilizers. Although the armistice found such indus- tries in good working order, they were not sufficiently established to be able to hold their own against foreign competition, and the Government was asked to protect them to an extent that prevent their being swamped by foreign importations, and to continue this protection until they were strong enough to stand upon glass ments of would their own feet and meet outside competition success- fully. When the question of assisting the optical glass manufacturers before Congress, we urged that help should be granted; and we consider was Government that the arguments which were valid then are equally valid today. Potash is the most important ingredient of agricul- tural fertilizers, and normally the United States con- sumes 250,000 tons of it per year. Before the war this country produced practically no potash salts, and our importation from Germany When the war cut us off from Germany, the Government sent out everywhere an urgent request that everything pos- sible should be done to discover deposits, and push for- ward the production of potash. Natural deposits were found in the brines of Utah, Nebraska, and California, and costly plants were built to recover potassium from these salts, and also from the dust of cement kilns and blast furnaces, from the waste liquors from distilleries and from beet-sugar factories, from the greensand of New Jersey, and from many other sources. The result was that by 1918 one hundred and twenty-three differ- ent plants were producing annually some 54,000 tons of potash. Naturally, in new industries involving the lavish expenditure of capital and operated under costly war conditions, the price of the product was high; but the coming of peace, and the experience which was being gained, both in the laboratory and in the factories themselves, was gradually reducing the price, and gave promise that, ultimately, it’ would be brought down to a figure which would render possible successful com- petition with the great German potash trust. The German potash is mined, much after the fashion of from 204 mines, of which 17 are in Alsace and now belong to France. These mines formerly consti- tuted a monopoly backed by the German Government. They have a selling corporation known as the Kalisyn- dikat. After the war a representative of this corpora- tion made a contract with 34 American fertilizing manufacturers to purchase 75 per cent of their require- ments from the German Syndicate, and a fixed tonnage from the French Alsatian Syndicate, at one and the was 270,720 tons. same price. Now the response of the citizens of the United States to the call of the Government resulted in the erection of over one hundred potash plants, at a cost of over $40,000,000; and the effect of the post-war re-invasion of the United States by the German potash monopoly has been to close down every one of these plants, which at the present stage of their development are abso- lutely unable to meet the low price, due to the abnormal exchange, at which German potash is being offered in our American market. In their extremity potash manufacturers are asking Congress to extend a gradually diminishing amount of support to their industry, extending over a period of five years. This protection would consist for the first two years of a duty of 214 cents per pound; 2 cents per pound for the third year, 1%4 cents for the fourth, and 1 cent for the fifth year. The manufacturers are satis fied the improvements which they have made and will continue to make in their processes will enable them at the close of this period to stand upon their own fey Our present production is about 54,000 tons; but » enormous are the natural deposits in California and elsewhere, that if we can but save the infant industry, its growth will be so large that we shall be in a position not only completely to satisfy our own demand, bg to enter successfully the markets of the world, Highways and Politics HEN a great engineering undertaking is being put through under government auspices, the necessity of separating the political and th engineering sides is ordinarily recognized by the most dyed-in-the-wool politician. The engineer may be inter fered with, grafted upon, forced to play polities; but the most uninformed ward-boss will understand that after all, an Ashokan Dam, a San Francisco Bay Bridge or a Panama Canal requires continuity of engineering policy and engineering control. In the small-time engineering work done for local or state governments it is otherwise. An engine ca quite well be ordered from a catalog by a Republican, installed by a Socialist, and put into operation bya Democrat elected on a fusion ticket. A street-grading project does not suffer if modified and carried out another administration. It is unfortunate that the pro fessional man must become the shuttlécock of politt cians, but when he engages in this class of work he does so with his eyes open, with full knowledge that politics will determine his tenure. The engineering of our state highway systems & usually treated as just such a job of routine, whid can be batted about from one administration to another without prejudice. In 34 states, whose highway com missions have had an aggregate life of 296 vears, there have been, by actual count, 127 changes of executive= an average for each department of one new head every 28 months. Whether the chief officer be State Engineer and Surveyor or Highway Engineer or Superintendent of Roads or Chief of Public Works or Commissioner of Highways, whether he be elected with the rest of the state ticket and hence automatically changed when the administration changes or whether he be appointed iy the incoming Governor as a reward. for deserving Democracy or rock-ribbed Republicanism, it is the mt versal American practice to regard his job as an adjune to the regime in power and a part of the spoils of war. But the bald fact is that under present conditions highway engineering is just as much in need of a ci tinuity of policy and a long tenure of office as is the construction of a single specific work of magnitude like a big bridge or a dam. Roads must be built that will outlast the bonds that pay for them; that may be kept in good shape at proper cost; that shall serve the adjacent territory and the distant; that shall link @ with one another properly; that shall @ the traffic of today and be capable of a to that of tomorrow; that shall be safe where they meet, where they cross streams and railroads, where they wind, where they climb. A new commissioner 18 not chosen for his prior fitness; he must make himself fit after he gets in. He cannot visualize all these needs or learn how he may plan to meet them, until he has been in office for two years at least. But he is the ripe for eviction in favor of an inexpert successor who must begin all over again. Our state highway commissions are today @ training school for highway engineers—and a source of tribe lation to those that are trained. Every policy and every procedure that experience has shown to be good must be sold afresh to each new highway executive; and always the sale is complicated by the fact that the en up with the idea, and certainly # hostile outgoing faction had tak which is therefore probably crooked object of deep suspicion. Jv \\

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es, S are Satis de and wil ble them at r Own feet, ns; but » fornia and 1t industry, 1 a position mand, but rid, ing is being spices, the al and the y the most y be inter lities ; but stand that say Bridge ngineering - for local ngine can .epublican, ition by a et-grading ed out by it the pro of politi- ’ work he ledge that ystems. is ne, which 0 another way Col ars, there ecutive ead every Engineer -intendent ssioner of ast of the when the ointed by deserving ; the unl n adjunct is of war. conditions of a co as is the tude like that will y be kept erve the | link up SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Our Point of View | ___————— With the Federal aid now under way, we shall spend something like $700,000,000 per year on what is in- ended to be a permanent national system of highways. pederal supervision to some extent goes with Federal aid—but this is not enough. Any private enterprise on which one tenth this sum was to be expended would be started by getting together the most competent engineer- ing staff obtainable, and the members of this staff would know that their jobs were as permanent as their ability to handle them. Would it not be well to carry the same idea of a continuous executive policy into the greatest constructive public undertaking ever launched? let’s all get together and take our highways out of polities ! Giant Trees in the Olden Days F these lines should meet the eye of the owner of an automobile, who happens also, to be a tree lover, we suggest to him that he take a run out to the little village of Basking Ridge, N. J. As he tops the hill he will come rather suddenly upon a fine old chureh, set in a_ typical of revolutionary days, where in rather close contiguity both to the high- way and the church, he will see an oak tree of surpass- ing size and of striking symmetry in its branching and general contour. The villagers will tell him that Gen- eral Washington, with a section of his army, halted oe extremely hot summer day at Basking Ridge, and that he and his staff grouped themselves for lunch around the trunk of the tree, which even in his day was noted for its unusual size. The story may well be true, for this specimen, recently measured by the writer with a steel tape, was found to have a girth of 17 feet 6inches; and further taping showed that the extreme gread of its branches, out to out, was 120 feet. There were giants on the earth in those days, and there is every reason to believe that this splendid fellow is merely a survivor among many such trees that had grown unmolested, century after century, in the quiet of the primeval forests. The other day we came across a description of the fecent repairs of the great oaken roof of Westminster Hall, London. The roof is a typical medieval struc- ture, and is remarkable for its great span of 70 feet. It was found that some of the timbers were of such feat diameter, and maintained their dimensions through so great a length, that the English forests of medieval times must have abounded with trees that Were even larger than this solitary survivor among the Jersey hills, Westminster Hall was roofed in 1399. In the intervening centuries the death-watch beetle has extavated hollows in the great timbers in which, says the Builder, a “full-grown man could lie completely hidden.” Only heart oak was used, and since the hammer posts measure 2’ 5” in thickness and 22 feet ‘n length, the trees from which they were cut must lave been some five feet thick at the butt and over three feet at 20 feet above the butt. Again, the collar beams, 2 feet in depth, are 40 feet long. The trees from which they were cut must have been 3 feet in diameter 4) feet from the butt and 2 feet diameter 40 feet up. There must have been many such giant oaks. Only in mire Cases, as at Basking Ridge, do we see a solitary re- minder that the lofty trees of Yosemite formerly found their counterpart in the hardwood forests of Eastern America and the Old World. graveyard The Patent Situation as Viewed by a Federal Judge ECENTLY in Washington, the American Pat- ent Law Association gave a banquet in honor of Chief Justice Taft and, except for the Chief tice, the principal address of the evening was de- te oe Julius M. Mayer of the United States urt of Appeals. Judge Mayer has presided vd many important patent trials, notably the vacuum- and the wireless cases, and what he says about patents and patent litigation is of especial interest. We quote portions of his remarks. “No man can do a particular class of work at his best unless he learns to love that work. Imagination and sentiment beget enthusiasm and enthusiasm helps lighten any labor. Unusual as it may sound, a patent case may often be fascinating. Within the four corners of a record may be a story of a struggle against odds which rivals many a romantic tale. Within that same record may be the history of a minor art or of a great art and the picture of slow steps or sudden leaps in contributions to the world’s progress. The inventor in the minor art may have made within its narrow limits a contribution relatively as valuable as the ingenious or far-sighted scientist may have made in a greater art. “A busy court thus comes in contact with commercial and scientific progress from every angle and from every side. Within the limits of his own court room he learns what is being done in the world, here and abroad, in respect of every activity in which the human mind is engaged. “Tf he boards a steamer for an ocean voyage, he car- ries a patented wardrobe trunk, he finds a patented electric light in his stateroom, he notes for his mental comfort that there is a radio apparatus, which he knows is patented in all or some of its features. As he sits down to his meal, he remembers that his pota- toes have been peeled by a patented potato peeler and his lemon meringue prepared by a patented mixing machine. If he prefers a land trip to a sea voyage, he remembers that there is a patented lighting system on the train, that there are patented airbrakes and an infinity of other patented devices for his safety and comfort. If he goes no further than to take a ride on one of the transit lines in his own city, he need but glance at the advertisement above him, to recognize displayed in one color or another, with attractive catch- words, certain familiar friends, from the vacuum- cleaner to the washing machine, the fate of many of whom he has adjudicated. “It is then a privilege and not a burden to have the opportunity to study and to pass on these steps of human ingenuity which are a part and parcel of modern civilization. In this study the judge is fortunately helped by a well equipped bar. No branch of any pro- fession calls for more thorough study and research, or for a greater faculty for simple and clear exposition. No man can be successful at the patent bar unless he brings to it endless industry and high ability in ex- plaining and clarifying the subject matter of the con- troversy in such manner that the lay mind, in other words the judge, may grasp the essentials, understand the technique and not be confused or misled by irrele- vant or unimportant details. . .. . “When men are dealing with a branch of law which so intimately touches the safety, the comfort and the happiness of the people, they must be constantly alert for improvements in the administration of the law. The first step, of course, is in the Patent Office and it has often amazed me that so many able and faithful employes, greatly underpaid, have remained in the ser- vice. My knowledge of the actual workings of the Patent Office is too barren of practical experience for me to give any practical suggestions. I can only speak in general terms. My feeling has been that the pre- sumption of validity should be stronger than it is; but that presumption can only be made stronger when the equipment of the office is such that the prior art can be completely ransacked and that service in the office may be sufficiently attractive to hold, in this branch of the Government, competent and fuliy equipped experts. If, when the case comes to court, it appears that there were several references of importance passing from the file wrapper, the presumption of validity amounts to merely a phrase; and thus it is that the courts with reluctance declare void a patent, which may have represented long and expensive effort on the part of the applicant. Beyond the decree which destroys the patent is doubtless many a heart-burning because of money and ambition thwarted. In the long run it may well be that the greatest economy will be exercised by the Government in building up and re- taining a staff of experts of the highest efficiency. Obviously such a staff cannot be obtained or retained without sufficient, at least, to enable such men to live in modest comfort and make some provision for those dependent on them,” lost compensation In Justice to Australia E have received a letter from far-off Aus- tralia, written on the stationery of the For- est Commission of Victoria by an American citizen who is a dry-kiln expert in the United States Forest Service, calling our attention to the extent and importance of the Australian Railway system. Our correspondent was disturbed, and very properly so, to note that in an article published in our December issue, on the railway systems of the world, that of Australia was omitted. He tells us that he went to the trouble of obtaining authentic information from the head of the railway commission in Meibourne, and that he sub- mits it with the hope that we will present it for our readers’ attention. We gladly do so—first, because the data is the latest obtainable, covering the year ended June 30, 1921, and also because it enables us to com- plete our survey of the leading railroads and make good an omission which we greatly regretted at the time it was made, and which was forced upon us by the fact that we were unable to obtain this data at the time the article was written. Our comparison was based upon statistics drawn from several sources, and chiefly from the Bureau of Railway Economics, and the Bureau of Railway News and Statistics, which furnished us with the latest official information received in this country. Australia, as we all know, is a country of vast dis- tances, and its further development is largely a question of the development of its railway system. Speaking generally, its natural wealth lies in a broad belt of land reaching from the sea coast to varying distances inland. Here lie the gold fields which have yielded such a huge quota to the world’s total supplies of this metal, and here also are to be found the grazing lands whose sheep farms have made of Australia one ofthe great sources of the world’s wool supply. Considering the population of Australia, that country has shown an activity in the construction of its railroads which testifies to the energy and far-sightedness of its citizens. Doubtless it will be a surprise to many of our readers to learn from our correspondent that a single suburban railway station in Melbourne, Victoria, handles as many passengers as any other single station of the world and that he has reason to believe that at the present time there are 1500 trains, and, at least 200,000 passengers that arrive or depart each working day of the year. A general sur- vey of the various systems, as furnished by the Aus- tralian Government, shows that in all Australia the total number of railroad employes is 109,768; that there are 6044 passenger cars which carried last year a total of 313,579,440 passengers, and that the number of freight cars is 76,322. The total capital invested is £244,625,456 and the total amount of track is 23,2638 miles. Our correspondent writes that, in his opinion, Aus- tralia is too little known to America, and that being a United States citizen, and sojourning for a while in Australia, he wished to see that country accorded fair play in our own magazines and scientific journals. We are inclined to think that the degree of knowledge of Australia, possessed in the United States, is greater than our correspondent supposes, Regarding American interest in that great country, it is sufficient to say that the great record which its citizen soldiers made for themselves on the fields of France, has left a permanent impression of the sterling qualities of the Australian people.

Page 16

SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN JUNE, 19% 380 Railway Motor Car of Special Design vonage we have illustrated in these pages gas-driven railway cars designed for branch lines whose traffi was too light for profitable operation by steam locomotives. These have met with Of late years much attention has been directed to the problem more or less SUCCESS of using the regular automobile truck for railway service, and we present with this article a photograph of a railway motor ear, designed by H. P. Edwards, which was developed in South Carolina, and has been giving very satisfactory results particularly in regard to reliability and economy in service. Special interest attaches to this car, due condition that it was estimated to kare an additional life of 180,000 miles, thy depreciation charge was put down at 24 cents per mile. This service was instituted to meet the competition of bus lines and jitneys 4 soon as a frequent and dependable mj service by motor car was introduced, the above-mentioned competition ceased to be of importance, and passenger revenye showed a proportionate increase, Unusual Foundation Test at Chicago 7 oo question of the cost of erecting tall buildings is influenced to no little degree by the character of the ground upon which they are built. If the ge logical formation is such that good tok to the fact that it was developed by steam railroad men, and the novelties, as com pared with other rail motor trucks, are due to certain requirements, well known to practical railway operators, which, it was realized, met, if the equipment of the highway motor car was to be satisfactorily applied on steam railroad lines That they have succeeded is shown by the fact that one of these cars, placed in service on the Atlantic and Western Railroad, ran 120,000 miles for an entire labor and material of $1,603.40, at an main tenance cost of 1.34 cents per mile. Early in the investigation it was found that you can not get good results if you merely put a railroad car body, and a of flanged motor truck for that does not make a serviceable steam railway car cost average set wheels, on a Standard construction that is well adapted for the highway, was found not to be adapted for railway service We are informed by the builders that one unlooked for result was that the standard motor car construction will not stand up to the service require ments. It was found, for instance, that a single pair of rear wheels do not provide sufficient traction, for in a snowstorm, or with ice on the rails, the converted truck proved to be helpless. The car as developed in the railway shops, and shown four-wheeled in our illustration, is carried on two trucks; of which the front truck underneath the en gine is of the swiveling type. The rear truck is fixed, and both pairs of wheels are available for traction. The ear is driven by a four-cylinder engine, with cylinders 4% inches in diameter by 6% inches stroke, capable of developing 50 horsepower Its weight is 12,000 pounds. The car has a seating capacity of 50 passen gers, and a baggage space of 70 square feet. The engine propeller shaft and the transmission are of the stand ard motor truck type, and the differential and drive shaft are located in front of the rear truck, with chain and sprocket drive to the front axle of the truck and a third chain, which is inclosed, for driving the rear axle of the truck The clutches are arranged to give four speeds forward and reverse The car can be geared for speeds up to 45 miles an hour, and on excessive grades, such as those of 4 per cent, as high as 30 miles an hour The figures showing the comparative economy of steam and motor service, under the same conditions, took the place of a regu- trips The car consisted of two round are of great interest lar railway service, which must be New type of motor car for use on steam railroads. The total cost of operation for 43,800 miles was 8.18 cents per car mile » fs yi : Wak Chassis of the railroad gas-driven car illustrated above, showing arrangement of engine, transmission and chain drive is found near the surface, the cost of the foundations is very materially lower tha it is in locations where the solid rock, hardpan, is overlaid by material of a loose and yielding character. The worst case is that in which the ove wv laying strata of poor bearing quality is so deep that th Léf foundations have to be laid upon undesirable materisl and special precautions have to be taken that the foot ings of the columns are of sufficient area, and the m terial upon which they are laid is so securely held i place, that no movement of its mass can take place. Chicago is unfortunately placed for foundation work, and before the problem had been thoroughly understog und mastered some important buildings had been put up, which subsequently, due to foundation settlement, were badly cracked and called for heavy expenditurs to prevent any further extension of the damage, 4s a result of such experience, future footings were @ N larged by the use of deep and broad foundations ¢ steel I-beams embedded in concrete, the mass being accur stepped out from the footing of the steel column mill Calif a sufficient area was provided to give a safe and stable — by D foundation. opera One of the largest and most important buildings it ous pi Chicago will be the new Union Station, the engineers It of which have made some exhaustive experiments @ seism: a large scale to determine the maximum safe load pe it wil square foot that can be imposed on the underlying hart telling pan at the site, which is found at a depth of a litte in th over 70 feet below the surface. By the city ordinane prevel the maximum allowable load on hardpan is six toms The per square foot. The engineers and architects of the quake Union Station believe that this load can be doubled or thi with perfect safety on the foundation piers of ther and is new structure. the vs It was to settle this question that the important tests The n which are herewith illustrated were carried out. The the m engineers decided to impose on the test pier three times as “er the allowable load which the city permits to be imposed well a upon foundations. To dé this they built up a great of the pile of the heaviest steel rails, weighing 130 pound’ § afew to the yard. The total weight of this mass was be hag tween 90 and 100 tons. The rails were laid upon 4 immed grillage of heavy timbers, one on each side of a test may b pier, which had been carried 70 feet down to hardpat. directi For the purpose of putting the desired load upon the earth's pier, a large hydraulic jack of 1000 tons lifting & pacity was built and placed between the top of the pier One of our illustrations daily over a 25-mile run, at a total cost of operation for 12 months of $15,405.90, or 3.08 cents per train mile In this cost estimate were included train crew wages, fuel, locomotive and car maintenance, oll, waste, et and depreciation of engine and car was estimated at 4 cents per mile Tiie motor car costs, under the same conditions for one year, were $3.580.48 the total distance run was 438,800 miles, and the cost per car mile worked out, 8.18 cents, including wages, fuel, oil, maintenance, and an esti mated depreciation of 24 cents per mile. This esti mated depreciation was based on the above-men tioned fact that one of the cars ran 120,000 miles at an a and the load of rails above. gives a close-up view of this fact th jack. Its height over all is is to s¢ three feet one inch, and the of abor diameter of the steel lifting the ear ram is 21 inches. To get the Itis a desired effect it was nect sary to raise the pressure the hydraulic oil with whieh the cylinder by means of 4 thick half-inch pipe. ™® enormous pressure 1s de livered from the pase of the cylinder to a heavy casting resting on the top the pier. , The result of these inve® tigations has shown sively that W Station is located a average maintenance cost of 1.34 cents per mile, and that since the car was in such This pile of rails was used as an abutment for the 1000-ton hydraulic jack shown on the right. jack rests on top of a test pier, which extends 70 feet down to hardpan. : of the new Union Station proved that a load of 12 tons per foot may be used wi‘™ safety By these means ihe engineers 12 tons to the square can be employed, lea ample margin of safety. The gi 35424 ge giz the cylinder was filled to the tion of high figure of 6000 pounds ® smal per square inch. This is of the done by means of @ hy- infinite. draulic pump, from which © set ¢ the oil is led to the base ef! — tm ¢ Ee

Page 17

UNE, 192 ted to have miles, tip jown at 2y to meet the jitneys, & ndable raj roduced, the "eased to be er revenue se, Test at of erecting to no litth the ground If the ge. t good rock cost of the lower than lid rock, or ind yielding ‘h the over ep that the le material at the foot ind the ma ely held ia ke place. ation work, understood d been put settlement, xpenditures amage, As ‘Ss were @ idations ef mass being ylumn until and stable uildings in e engineers riments @ fe load per lying hard of a little ordinance is six toms ects of the be doubled ‘s of thelr rtant tests out. The three times be imposed Ip a great 30 pounds ss was be ‘id upon a » of a test o hardpan. 1 upon the lifting ¢& of the pier lustrations lew of this over all is h, and the reel lifting To get the was neces ressure of vith whieh led to the 00 pounds This is of a ly om which ne base of eans of § ipe. The “ is de pase of eavy steel the top of ese inves mn conelir the Unioa a load uare eaving @ afety. SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN 381] Left: Fence parted and moved eight feet without being broken or thrown down by the creep of-the earth’s crust in California. Right: An ancient ridge left by an earth movement of the past in the Mojave Desert region Some of the works of the earthquakes by means of which it is proposed to learn their schedule Forecasting Earthquakes How It Is Hoped to Make the Destructive Quake as Amenable to Prediction as the Daily Weather NNOUNCEMENT that it soon will be possible to forecast earthquakes with the same regularity and accuracy as storms, is made from the University of California, at Berkeley, where the discovery was made by Dr. Andrew C. Lawson, professor of geology, co- operating with astronomers and meteorologists in vari- ous parts of the world. It is hoped that when the system of forecasting sismic disturbances has been put on an accurate basis, it will result in the saving of many lives by the fore- telling of the more serious or “heaviest” quakes, and in the preservation of movable property, as well as prevention of ensuing fires. The discovery, which consists in making the earth- quake itself warn the world of its coming, follows two or three other discoveries regarding earth movements, and is based on the results of long and close study of the vagaries of strain creep on the crust of the world. The most important of these basic discoveries is that the movements of the earth’s surface technically known as “creep of the earth’s crust,” are antecedents to as well as consequences of earthquakes. That is, the crust of the globe on which we live, to a depth varying from i few feet to scores of miles, is constantly on the move, ha generally northward direction, though, during and immediately following earthquakes, such a movement may be in two or more directions, usually in a different direction on each side of the rift or fault, where the tarth’s crust breaks under the strain, causing the earthquake, The “creep” of the earth’s crust, to explain it briefly iid in non-technical language, is due indirectly to the fet that the poles of the earth do not run true, That sto say, the North Pole, for example, describes a circle of about 60 feet every time By H. D. Benton The result is a tearing open of the earth’s crust, and a backward or a sideways motion—which Dr. Lawson calls “the elastic rebound”—and the visible, tangible phenomenon known as an earthquake occurs. As soon as Dr. Lawson had definitely established the “creep” of the earth’s surface, and its rebound under the strain of its own tremendous weight, the mind of the trained investigator asserted itself, and he said: “If we find the rate of creep and the length of time of creep necessary to produce the limit of tension in the earth’s crust, we shall know when and where there is to be the next earthquake, merely by watching closely the increase in tension.” It is necessary, however, tliat constant, accurate observations of the rate of the “creep” of the earth’s crust be made at frequent intervals. With the known factors of the time and rate of creep necessary to create the limit of tension in the earth’s crust, the observer, whether he be in the heart of Africa, on the summit of Mt. Hamilton, or below sea level in the Valley of the Dead Sea, knows all the time whether or not there is to be an earthquake in his section of the world, and, by the rate of creep, within a few hours of the time the “elastic rebound” will take place. “This gives to the forecasting of earthquakes,” says the Uni- versity of California, in its bulletin announcing Dr. Lawson's double discovery, “the same precision as that with which weather forecasts are made.” consistent, During past seismic disturbances entire mountains have been moved as much as five or six feet; other areas have been moved even further, buildings, fences, monuments, trees and similar ordinary fixed objects having been carried ten or twelve feet, without being damaged, by a movement of the entire crust of the earth for a considerable distance around the object moved. The segment of the earth’s crust which moved prior to the Pacific Coast earthquake of April, 1906, is estimated to have been approximately 15,000 square miles in area, and about 65 miles in depth—that is to say, 975,000 cubic miles of earth shifted distances vary- ing from one foot to ten or twelve feet, depending on its distance from the main center of disturbance, the so-called “San Andreas Fault,” running roughly, south- east to northwest, and disappearing in the Pacific Ocean. With these conditions, it is obvious that the only manner in which the position of any point on the earth's surface can be fixed is by accurate astronomical obser- vation at regular intervals. Even by this method a cer- tain amount of error creeps in, but much of this error will be eliminated by the use of the Ross photographic latitude telescope, which surpasses the international latitude instrument (visual) in accuracy as regards accidental errors. It records on the photographie plate, automatically, and so removes the human element in recording its own observations. The Ross instrument has the further immense advantage of eliminating es- sentially the whole of the troublesome systematic errors to which instruments have been and still are liable. Some of the figures obtained by Dr. Lawson in his investigations of the “creep” of the earth’s crust are of surprising interest, as denoting the movements which supposedly “immovable” mountains and hills have made prior to, during and after earthquakes. From 1854 te 1906, for example, Mt. Tamalpais, a peak rather more than 2000 feet in height, on the Marin Peninsula, north of the Golden entrance to San Francisco Bay, moved 3.04 meters, in a visual Gate the earth revolves on its axis. Itis as if the earth were a lobe revolving on a shaft Was not true in its tearings, While this devia- fn of the 60-foot circle is ® all, in view of the size of the earth, as to be almost infinitesimal, it is sufficient st the soil and the rocks, "i the mountains and the Taleys, in a slow but steady motion, usually to the north- ward, like 9 liquid tide setting Oe direction, this CUrrent of earth creates a dous strain in its own is pull is so great & distinctly measurable fnsues in all the Wer of earth-erust which is north-northwesterly direction through the action of strain creep. In 1906 it moved 1.97 meters back, by elastic rebound, in a south-south- easterly direction, not along the line of the previous move- ment, Chaparral, Cal., moved 2.61 meters, almost due north, by strain creep, from 1856 to 1906, and in a few seconds in 1906, moved backward, in a southeasterly direction, 2.06 meters, almost as much as it had moved in 50 years, by elastic rebound. Farallon Lighthouse, located on an is- land off the Golden Gate moved 2.06 meters, in a northwesterly direction, by strain creep, in the 46 years between 1860 and 1906, and im » When this ten- Teaches a certain point, has to give way. A good example of earth flow. The soft earth formerly filling the cavity in the center of the view could in not sustain the tension of the “strain creep” and flowed like a river into the valley below the short duration of the earthquake of 1906, moved

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382 1.29 meters, al —$$_—__— most due west. Other places und groups of places moved similarly, but in varying di rections. Yet out of all these movements, closely recorded studied, compared and tabu lated worked and the rate of creep, as well ascertained by rebound, order can be as of rebound Differences of soll character ind of have to be struc into some subsoil taken since forms of soil and rock will endure more strain than others before the _ tension reaches the breaking point Another interesting feature of these that no elevation istics, ture consideration studies is general change of of any of the points has been found of sufficient magnitude tu be detected with certainty The practical study of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN JUNE, 19% ous coloring matters, It # tracts some dyes, while jt) incapable of being Colored jy other dyestuffs which my ily color both wool and silk One method of dyeing cotty goods is by steeping them i a hot solution of the Coloring matter, which is done by us ing what is known QS the simple, direct, aniline dye, Other dyes, such ag thow known as the basic ploy for which cotton has Drae tically little or no attractiq, must be deposited ip the form of a lake after the goods have first been impreg. nated or prepared with , metallic salt or some othe agent. This agent is capabp of combining with the eole. ing matter and precipitating im it the colored compom) more or less upon the gp face of the fibers, of the due to possible movements crust of the strain creep, is now going on by means of monuments es tablished at Olema, Marin Lake, San Mateo county about 40 miles apart on the rift. consists of four concrete piers, two on each side of the earth, ounty and Crystal Springs California Each set of “points” These points are fault trace of the 1906 seismic disturbance. These piers are sunk about six feet, and founded on the rock “back- of the country. The piers rise two or three feet above the surface, those at Olema inches square, and those at Crystal Springs 18 inches square firmly on the top of pier, bone” being 13 A bronze plate is set each with appliances for holding the instruments always in with to the pier 10-inch alt- identically the same position respect itself. The instrument consists of a Fauth azimuth, spindles and sockets for accurate observations, the pier, the keys the department of the whole locked in a cap fastened to for which are in the possession of geology of the University of California, which is con ducting the observations From the observations so far recorded, in addition to the datd already described, it has been learned that the speed of the earth waves generated at the fault during an earthquake is from two to three kilometers per one and one second. Two kilometers is approximately quarter miles, and three kilometers about one and seven-eighths miles. These earth waves pass through the earth's crust too rapidly to be observed, though they may, and frequently do, hurl to the ground persons and animals. These extremely fast waves, however, generate other and slower waves, which are visible to the eve. and thus are recorded frequently by observers of earthquake phenomena who are not equipped with instruments for their detection been ascertained that the length, width It also has or depth of fissures earthquakes, are not the seismic disturbance, since ; nnn D « different formations of the earth's crust react differently forces applied by The old and story of the in the earth’s surface, caused by true indicators of the intensity of to the earthquakes. well-beloved stopping of clocks also is an uncertain indicator, either of the time, or the duration, or the intensity of the shock From hundreds of reports it established indication of has been well that the first an earthquake apprehended is the putting into liquid at rest by man motion of a This usually is noticed before the physiological sensing of the actual quake by man Now, however, through the work of the observers at the international lati-stations all around the world; of the men of the United States Coast and Geodetic and of the members of the geological and astronomical departments of the Univer sity of California, the world Survey Lake, without an outlet, formed in the California hills by subsidence of land near an earthquake fault. The water is not from rain, but was forced up from below by the pressure that created the bowl ly the earth will wrinkle its face to such an extent that it has to yawn—in the shape of an earthquake. Testing Scales ECHNOLOGIC Paper of the Bureau of Standards, No, 199, “Method for Precision Test of Large Capa- city Scales,” outlines a scientific and systematic method used by the Bureau of Standards for testing railroad master and grain hopper scales. A pointer and scale are arranged for reading the position of the beam; and the errors of the scale are determined from observa- tions made upon the freely swinging beam. The pro- cedure of the test is explained with the aid of a record form and computation sheet which was developed in connection with the successful application of the method in the field. In the interest of a uniform and efficient method the scheme outlined is recommended for adop- tion by those who have occasion to carry out tests on large scales where accuracy of a high order is required This publication is now ready for distribution, and any- addressing a re- one interested may obtain a copy by quest to this Bureau until the free stock is exhausted. Fast Cotton Dyeing discoveries of Mr. John Macadam, a ee to the £ Scotch chemist in America for nearly 30 years, scientists and dye experts believe the who has been age-old search for actually fast colors as applied to cotton goods is at an end It is generally known that wool has the greatest attraction for coloring matter and is, therefore, more readily permanently dyed. Silk is intermediate and cotton has the least affinity for dyestuffs and is, there- fore, the most difficult to dye with fast colors. More- over, cotton behaves differently in dyeing toward vari- However, to obtain actual. fast colors, a still mp complicated physical @ chemical process must be used, whereby the Specia! coloring material is impregnated uniformly throughost the fibers of the cloth and then developed and fastend by a method of “reduction or deoxidizing.” This proces » difficult to control in the dyeing of piece goals that even though the best dyers of Europe and Ameria have given years to experimenting to discover a prac tical method of application, it has only been compan: tively recently that this thing has been actually acom plished in a commercial way in England. Howem the English method was not suitable for the large pr duction and type of fabrics needed in the United State and after many months of expensive research expat mentation, an American concern improved the Engi process and put it on a practical basis to meet domestic requirements. Cotton suitings colored by this process are lila finished, all-cotton materials, somewhat like Ba@ cloths, but piece-dyed by a new process, which forte first time assures a permanent color. This proc does not injure or adulterate the cloth, and the ig of the cloth as well as the colors remain the gam after repeated washings. The dyes used are froma anthracene group of vat colors and include such Shae as pongee, heliotrope, brown and various shades off as well as blue, green, yellow, gold, corn, light mi dark pink and lavender. These colors are actually i to all modern They have been exposed for 168 hours and moret direct sunlight under glass, which intensified the sus rays so that ordinary fabrics would bleach gray 98 hours. The samples were covered with tron plate cut with holes and serewed down over the cloth, aller ing the sun to shine through on the fabric, At thee of the test there was no perceptible difference im got between the protected aé is 8s uses, exposed parts of the samples These same goods wert thrown into a boiling soit tion of soapy water i stronger than any N home or laundry, and finally submitted to treatment wil : acids. The colors were only affected by such chemicals destroyed or damaged the cloth itself. These suitings have exposed to sun, wind, rat and salt air for weeks @ one of the bleakest spots @ the Atlantic seaboard, out any appreciable fading Lye soap and numerous pr prietary washing and b ing agents do not affect i dye. Perspiration and uric acid are equally harmless. fact, so confident are makers that these dyes are absolutely fast that they a wholesaling to tailors unde? a guarantee which covers merely the value of the ric, but also the cost of ing it up into the will know without waiting for these physical phenom ena, just when and where A striking example of the fault-scarp or shoulder left in the earth’s surface by the earthquake rift garment. JU source It is tives j Velopn try ha: tlands Rery, 7 OF eve of whe ably ny Seons, lomest From differey

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JUNE, 192) atters, It» *8, While jt} ing colored }y Which rey vool and silk dyeing cotty ping them jp f the Coloring S done by us NOWN as thy iniline dyes such as thoe basie colo on has prac nO attractig sited in th ce after th been impreg ared with » r some othe nt is capabe ith the colo precipitating ed compouni pon the su 8. btain actual. a still mor physical ai ' the speci y throughout and fastens This procs piece gools and Amerie over a pre en compan: ually accom |. However ne large pr nited States arch exper the English eet domestic ; are line like dened hich for the This process nd the body n the same re from the such shades ades of tan. , light and ctually fast nd more to »d the sun's gray in 8 iron plates ‘loth, allow- At the en nee in color ‘tected and he samples roods were oiling solt- water far ble fadint nerous pr and pleael affect the 1 and une armless. 2 t are te » dyes a at they a lors unde! covers 20! of the fib st of mal e junB, 1922 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN 383 Utilizing All But the Squeal A Survey of the By-Products Produced by Our Leading Meat-Packing Plants y-PRODUCT development has doubtless received ee attention and been brought nearer the ul- timate maximum in the meat-packing industry than in any other line of business. Waste, in the word's literal or actual meaning, is, at ali meat-packing plants which are in any sense progressively conducted, an absolute yet from such concerns undoubtedly comes misnomer ; 7 f so-called waste-products, in value, a greater output ¢ quantity and variety, than from any other one field of industrial enterprise. This has been apparent for with perhaps the result that the idea had many years, : «me to prevail, with the public, that materially fur- ther progress in the direction was not to be expected. Nevertheless, new discoveries and new markets in fur- By Charles Alma Byers in nearly 250 finished forms, employed somehow in medical practice, Glands and glandular material quite naturally con- stitute the branch which the broadest and most varied possibilities, both in the matter of sources open to selection and in respect to their uses. In fact, practically every known gland in the animal body- lymphatic, thymus, thyroid, spleen, pancreas, and so on is selected and, after proper preparation, somehow employed in the modern treatment of human ills. And usually the kind or kinds of glands or glandular ma- terial selected and prescribed and the nature of the illness or physical trouble for which it is to be pre- scribed and used are of more or less like character or possesses It is not to be inferred, of course, that these de- rivatives for medical use are obtained from all or any considerable proportion of the animals killed at the packing plants, nor are they selected promiscuously. Instead, they come only from very carefully chosen specimens, and the treatment of them following selec- tion is, of necessity, a matter requiring the utmost study and skill of trained experts. Some of them are obtained from the beef animal, some from hogs, and others from sheep and, occasionally, other animals, In fact, as is thus seen, from ont of recent advances or developments in medical science has risen about the packing industry a side-line business that is not only of unique interest but of unusual importance in the mone- 1: Desiceated blood and tankage being mixed for use as fertilizer, with two desiccators in the background. 2: Bins of carefully cleaned and assorted bones, used in various by-products. 3: Cattle hoofs waiting to go into the glue-pot i: Fertilizer and hog-food in 100-pound sacks, ready for market. 5: Baled hog-hair which, after proper treatment, will probably find its way into automobile cushions. Some of the scenes that mark the effort to use the products of the slaughter-house to the last penny’s worth therance of the development of by-products from such saree are constantly materializing. rue in respect to the use of animal deriva- stint as to ence et ee ee ee wg ty hes — to by products in the meat-packing indus- slunds a — Place in recent years. rhe use of animal Sry, nor a eeutics is by no means limited to sur pa ieee She restricted to the use of monkey glands of Whatever od eoitaation ta the raw wore if = guns ably ore c. kind. In truth, gland usage is immeasur- . Common a — and it is, on animals that their supplies are derived. differen: . ais slaughtered for food two Mt animal parts and substances are recovered and. nong physicians than among sur- moreover, almost exclusively from the some dozen source, Desiccated blood, or red blood cells, consti- tutes another much-used animal derivative in medicine, being, because of its percentage of hemoglobin, regarded as especially beneficial in cases of anemia or similar disorders traceable to blood. Various derivatives also come from the brain und spinal cord, the liver, the gall bladder, and any number of other parts or organs of the meat animal. Then, too, there is, of course, pepsin, which is a proteolythic extract from the glandular membrane of the stomach of hogs. Likewise in this connection it is appropriate to mention benzoated lard, great output. It is quite the same as ordinary lard, or rendered hog per cent of impoverished which comprises a very however, is added about 1 largely used as a base for ointments. fat, to which, henzoin, It is very tary with the result that medical laboratories have come to be regarded as a quite legitimate adjunct of the meat-packing plant. The by-products originating from the animals primarily for food purposes, to revert to the subject in its comprehensive sense, are perhaps almost true when It is sense, slaughter of innumerable. This becomes espécially recognized that different packing companies avail them selves of somewhat different ways of disposing of or their waste, The field ranges all the way from leather for shoes and a multiplicity of other purposes to a very popularly used ingredient of ice-cream and certain kinds of candy, with glue, house hold hair for and automobile eushions, fertilizer, stock foods and various other out utilizing so-called cleansers, mattresses

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384 ibout these ex- truthfully, that, puts s« ittered somewhere between or been said nd probably tremes It is by giving a little special attention to the matter in a specific case, the by-products possible of production from i given animal in be mad exceed considerably in retail value tha nimal vhole vield of meat That, natural! erely illustrative of a possibility, and not 1 feasible plan for et 1 adoption It is leather from hides, of course, which constitutes the he by-produc f the industr with which we are most Tiamili ecuiuse if is the oldest ind doubtless the most generally used. To undertake even to enumer- ate the ses to which the leather made from the hides of meat animals is put would be an almost endless task From the hides of such animals, however, come several things besides leather—hair, gelatine, and, in- directly, lanolin, for instance As to hair, the industry's principal output comes, of course, from hogs Every large meat-packing plant has a by-product of hog hair bulking into hundreds or thousands of tons annually remporary disposal of it consists In its being dried and put into bales, of about 300 pounds each. Eventually, however, it is thoroughly cleaned, and then “roped,” the latter treatment being for the purpose of giving it curl It is then disposed of for use in stuffing automobile cushions and for other The hair from beef animals naturally mainty by similar purposes reaches the market way of the tanneries, and is in demand for various kinds of padding, stuffing for and The so forth cheap cushions, for plaster bonding tail switches of such animals, however, comprise a direct and quite important output of the packing plants They accumulate to the amount of tons and are dis high-grade curled-hair product of mowed of for the manufacture of Wool is the nair muttresses sheep, of course, but it can hardly be regarded as having connec- tion with meat packing, for the animals are ordinarily, if not always, sheared before being slaughtered. From this wool, both that which is sheared and that which remains on the skin, is obtained the valuable fatty mixture called lanolin, used in pharmacy as a base for unguents—face creams and such preparations Gelatine its a particularly important and valuable by-product of meat-packing plants It is obtained not only from beef hides, but also from the bones and a number of other minor parts of the animal It is in extensive demand, as is generally known, for the manu SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN other desserts brands of jelly powders and gelatine preparations used in the making of and other edibles; but, as constituting a fact perhaps not so well known by the general public, it is also very extensively used in and marshmal lows, for binding and stabilizing purposes, and by bak- ers and biscuit-makers for icings. Large candy factories in fact, frequently order gelatine from the packing houses in hundred-barrel gelatine and no legitimate reason for one to develop any In its manufacture it is facture of many making ice-cream and ice-cream makers lots. because comes from hides bones is, however squeamishness over eating it. purified and rendered absolutely clean. The first step is to thoroughly cleanse the bones and hides by the application of hot water and steam. This is followed by the process of crushing and boiling out the gelatine, which is held in small cells. The product, at this stage, is in liquid form. It is next distributed to a broad running belt and there maintained at a temperature of Fahrenheit It is thus congealed and form, after which it is thoroughly to the granular state but of a about 40 degrees brought to dried and crushed, to sheet reduce it when, being in a form somewhat like sugar, light buff color, it is ready for the market. About six different grades are mede; the stronger the jelly sur face which it will vield, the better the grade and the higher the price, The bones which naturally accumulate about meat- packing plants in very large quantities also have by- product value in a number of different ways aside from their utilization in making gelatine. Hence, they are always saved; and, moreover, quite regardless of the purpose for which they are to be used, they are invariably thoroughly cleansed and carefully graded They are extensively used in fertilizers and in stock and fowl foods, in each case to add phosphate value The manufacture of these two by-products comprises a very important side-line business of the meat indus try, nearly all large packing plants maintaining special departments to carry on this work Other waste than bones enters, of course, into the manufacture both of fertilizers and of stock foods These consist of what is broadly termed “tankage” miscellaneous scraps, refuse from entrails, blood, and so forth. Blood, which naturally is a very considerable wuste output of the packing plant, is a particularly prominent ingredient of these by-products. First, it is JUNE, 19% drained to a large tank or vat, and there, when the tan is fairly well filled, quite thoroughly cooked, by Means of steam pipes; next, it goes into great desiceg where it is dried by a method of steam heating, ang finally, it is ground and screened—whereupon it is tm duced to the form of very fine powder, of a dark re color. The meat scraps and entrail refuse are handled jy very much the same manner, The bones which ar be used in these by-products are also ground to neg. powder condition. Different feeds, as well as the for. tilizers, naturally contain different proportions Of the elements, and the mixing of the ingredients, which jg usually done just before marketing and to meet Specific requirements, is therefore done on a basis of selentify analysis. The desiccated blood, however, often finds a market without admixtures, either for use in its pure state or for use by outside fertilizer manufacturers, It is a true saying that nothing goes to waste abog an up-to-date packing plant. Here, therefore, must mentioned another form of fertilizer product—namel, what is called “stick.” It consists of a liquid or sem} liquid waste, produced in the washing and Cleansing not only of the meat and other animal parts, but of the floors and rooms generally. This “stick” igs rid in ammonia, of which it ordinarily contains about ij per cent, and in other refuse elements useful in manp facturing fertilizers. Hoofs and horns also bulk to a great quantity aroun the meat-packing plant. They are used, as perhap nearly everyone knows, in the manufacture of gi doubtless producing hundreds of barrels yearly. Ne even the teeth of the slaughtered animals represent literal waste. They—like bones to some extent also-- are used in manufacturing certain kinds of householl cleansers, and in other ways common to the usage d bones. The intestines of the various animals are also & sponsible for at least two by-products of considerable importance. The most of them, of course, are thor oughly cleaned and used for casings—for sausage and similar ground or chopped food. From sheep intestine, however, comes practically all the catgut used in sur gery. The demands made upon surgery catgut ar naturally very exacting, and the manufacturing proces, besides necessitating care and skill, is a somewhat com plicated and tedious one. Every Lamp Socket a Radio-Phone General Squier’s Latest Application of Wired Wireless and What It Means in Radio-Phone Broadcasting ry VERY electric lamp in the millions of American E, homes is a potential radio-receiving station Dis place one of the bulbs (or probably one of the sockets ix already unoccupied) and insert the receiving plug at the end of the extension cord in the sume fashion as an electric sweeper, flatiron, or other electrical ap pliance of the household Forthwith, music or vocal speech is garnered out of space Thus every city, with electric transmission lines, ma negotiate its own broadcasting service and escape the babble of confusion the distribution through from the amazing growth of lectures, and conversations broadecnst imminent of musk space The use of the common office or home electric lamp as a source of supplying the mysterious wave energy for the reception of radio-telephone communications is or “line radio,” dozen a fresh application of “wired wireless” a discovery of Major General George O The applications of this principle of radio high-frequency telephone or Squier a years ago telephony and radio-telegraphy, whereby eurrents are guided along established telegraph wires instead of circulating unaided through ether, unfold with surprising swiftness. l[lardly is the bulletin board of the Signal Corps, United States Army, scientific contribution before another is Only unnouncement cleared of one crowding for recognition recently the development of a “superphone,” telephone could heralded of communications over ordinary was whereby be clothed in The demonstration to determine the electric lamp as a source of power for the interception secrecy the efficacy of of news, music, lectures, and speech was recently given in the office of the Chief Signal Officer of the United States Army. The performance was witnessed Dr. Louis H. Cohen, Signal Corps; R. D. by Major General George O. Squier a noted electrical engineer of the Duncan, Jr., chief radio engineer, and 8S. Isler, assistant radio engineer, of the radio research laboratory of the Signai the Bureau of Standards. Corps, located at By S. R. Winters marveled at the terms of a con convenience wher- are in- othe who radio-telephony in There simplification of were spectators household illumination ventional electric lamp, a the electrical trenched The group of listeners do not employ head-telephones over the electric light These dispensed with in this instance. Likewise, antennz are not needed The instruments consist of a radio-telephone receiver of with loud-speaking horn, which is suspended on the wall immediately above the re ceiving set proper. May it be said that any standard radio receiving outfit will readily lend itself to effective tapping transmission lines in ever services ofl for the reception of music or speech line. are easily towering a well-known type, application for electric this fashion. This particular demonstration was conducted over a circuit one mile in length, with the radio transmitter at one end of the line and the receiving and amplifying equipment at the other, the latter being in the office of the Chief Signal Officer of the United States Army. with an established transmission system may be made in one of The trans- mitting station can be connected between the two light ing mains of a the alternate of connecting the two mains to a condenser and employing them in paral- lel may be adopted. The latter procedure, according to Dr. Louis H. Cohen, an electrical engineer of the Signal Corps, probably offers superior advantages. The radio the preliminary tests was of standard design as in use by the United States Army. The outfit was vested with five watts of power. The range of such a broadeasting service, quite naturally, is dependent upon the quantity of power employed at the transmitting station. The receiving apparatus is provided with a detector tube, another unit for amplifying the music or speech admitted. A high-frequency current, the back- “wired or “line radio,” is introduced electric ways. Contact two city or transmitter employed in being bone of wireless” and modulated in the same fashion that speech over @ conventional telephone line is negotiated. These mod lated electric waves are propagated along the lighting circuit and tapped off at any desired point, A radio receiving outfit is readily connected thereto, It should be stated that the transmitting outfit is connected f one point of the lighting main and one point at the vround. The use of an antenna is altogether dispensed with. ¢ The simplicity of this latest invention makes it @ strong bidder for widespread popularity in the millions of homes lighted by electricity. The housewife, tired of hearing the buzzing noise of the electric sweeper # having grown weary of applying heat to the flatira may substitute these household conveniences alter- nately with soothing music or knowledge on current subjects by merely plugging-in the extension cord which connects to the simple radio-receiving instruments. 4 broadcasting service in every city where @ network lighting system permits is the ambitious program out- lined by the inventor for “line radio.” = General Squier is quoted as _ saying: Wi wireless’ or “line radio” will probably do more than other thing to solve the problems o® fronting Secretary Hoover's radio conference. congestion which has recently come about by the it: crease in the number of broadcasting stations promises to be relieved by this new use of “guided radio.” ‘The advantage of broadcasting over electric light wires is that it permits of a local service without exacting space from the common for debate as to the any penalty of broadcasting in antenna, which is now a subject confusion that is likely to result. For the benefit of the absolute tyro it may be specified that the new system does not enable one to listen in @ the broadcasting that is now being done. The I system takes the wireless impulses in tow only whe it is properly in the broadcasting circuit to begin und this is not the case at present. JUN \ 8 pany, “The towal at on and | to, el sines: In point been stopp said: matic that velope In the I or sto wut a shoule high s occur propel obser sary, t The States 1919, ' block able.” Last definit the av their In ¢ severa and te these the fo! "Yel The ing to post ji city n grade, of two The Was hy

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JUNE, 19% yhen the tank ed, by meap; desiccator heating, and Ipon it is m f a dark ny e handled jp which are ty und to negp. 1 as the for tions Of the 1tS, which jg meet Specific of scientiti often finds e in its pur acturers, waste about re, must be 1ct—namely, uid or semi 1d cleansing arts, but of ick” is rich ns about 1 ul in mane itity around as perhaps ire of glue early. Not S represent ctent also-- f household 1e usage of ire also re onsiderable , are thor ausage and ) intestines, sed in sur catgut are ing process, ewhat com ech over a lese modu- ie lighting A radio It should inected te nt at the dispensed akes it a e millions rife, tired weeper or » flatiron, “es alter n current yrd which nents. A otwork of ram out: Major “ Wired do more ams col ce. y the it promises , “atch out, and if the

22 june, 19 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Stop! Look! Listen ! Automatic Device Slows the Train at the “Distant” and Stops It at the “Home” Signal § long ago as 1879, Charles Francis Adams, Jr., A while president of the Union Pacific Railroad Com- pany, said, in his book, “Notes on Railroad Accidents,” “The effort jn America been directed ward the invention of an automatic system, which x * * has at one and the same time should cover all the dangers and provide for all the needs which have been referred io, eliminating the risks of human forgetfulness, drow- <ness and weakness of nerves.” In 1907 the Interstate Commerce pointed a& board to carry out an inquiry which had hon called for by Congress regarding automatic train- stopping devices. The report of the board (1911-12) aid; “The information obtained from tests (of auto- matic train-control devices) leads the board to conclude that there are several types of apparatus and meth- ds of application which, if put into use by the rail- roads, would quickly develop to a degree of efficiency * * * In Commission ap- adequate to meet all reasonable demands. many situations, under existing conditions in this coun- try, the board is convinced that the use of automatic train stops is necessary to the safe operation of trains. The development of the automatic train stop has proceeded far enough to warrant the expectation that by its use greater safety can be secured in the operation of trains. Railroads should be given to un- lerstand that the train must be de- veloped by them as rapidly as possible.” In April, 1916, following the Amherst, Ohio, wreck, the I. C. C. board of inquiry declared: “During foggy or stormy weather, when signal indications can be seen ut a short distance, positive and definite instructions should be given prohibiting the running of trains at high speed. Accidents such as this may be expected to «cur unless those in charge of the operation of this automatic stop property at once take steps to see to it, by such check, bservations, and other means as may be found neces- wiry, that speed is materially reduced in foggy weather.” The automatic train control committee of the United States Railroad Administration reported, December 31, $19, “that on lines of heavy traffic, fully equipped with lock signals, the use of train-control devices is desir- ible.” lastly, the Interstate lefinitely ordered 49 of the leading railroads to install densest points of traffic on Commerce Commission has ihe automatic stop at the their systems. In anticipation of such a ruling of the commission, several automatic-stop have been developed md tested. It was during an inspection of one of these by the writer, who rode on the locomotive, that the following episode occurred: “Yellow !” The fireman, from his box on the left, called a warn- ig to the engineer, as he had taken it from the signal st just coming into view. We were running into a tly not a hundred miles from Chicago, on a down mde, A mile, or less, ahead, was the joint crossing of two busy passenger roads like our own, The engineer, with hand on the lever, paid no heed. Was he asleep, or ill? “Watch the air,” he said, with eyes afront. idieator suddenly dropped to 40. ‘I struck the ramp at 50 miles,” he said. “It was ‘saist the rules, and my air was cut off. If it hadn't hen for the control, I systems The By John T, Bramhall

Enaineers Air rake Valve

ee a Tee

Contro! instrument as applied to Engineer's Air Brake

The engineer’s brake valve (in dark tone), with automatic control mechanism shown attached on right hand side stopped,” replied the engineer, patiently, as the home target showed clear, “that is, if the brakes are set by the valve outside there, why, I have to climb down and release, and it’s me on the carpet next day. But if I get stopped, I don’t run into anything. You get me?” “And if it hadn't been for the ramp?’ “Heaven knows,” replied the engineer. to see it work in a fog, or storm, when it’s all we have to depend on. Here we are—so long.” The above was an exhibition of the working of the Regan automatic train-control device at the request of the writer, who, having been told that the thing was impractical, wanted to be shown. The results were fully convincing. The signals, clear, caution, or stop, are transmitted to the target, or semaphore, and are read and under- stood ir the usual manner. The connection with the locomotive is made through a ramp, a single length of light rail beside the track, 150 or 200 feet in front of the target. The signal is seen by the engineer half a mile, in clear weather, before the ramp is reached, A contact shoe, some- “You ought which gives time to slow down. what similar to that used on the electric roads, trans- mits the current from the ramp to the speed controller, which opens and closes electric circuits, depending on the speed of the train. This speed control may be set at any maximum desired. The centrifugal member of the apparatus is a centri- fugal governor, similar in principle to the centrifugal governor on a steam engine or phonograph. It is me- chanically connected, for example, to one of the front wheels of the locomotive and revolves, therefore, at the same speed. This governor moves a pair of elec- trical contacts, opening them when the engine (and governor) speed exceeds a predetermined maximum, the “proceed with caution” speed for which the governor has been adjusted... These contacts, in turn, under cer- tain conditions, control the air-brakes through an elec- tro-pneumatic valve as follows: When operating on track between ramps, or when a “full proceed” indication is picked up through a ramp contact (or its equivalent, absence of cautionary sig- nal), the electro-pneumatie valve controlling the air- brakes is energized by a storage battery carried on the tender, and the governor is not involved in the control. This is the condition when the train is running in a clear block. When a train passes a signal in the caution position, the combined action of the control current received from the roadside apparatus and the change of elec- trical connections on the locomotive effected by the contact of ramp and shoe, inserts the centrifugal gov- ernor contacts in the circuit and thereby puts the air- brakes under its control. If the engine’s speed exceeds the predetermined “caution speed” for which the cen- trifugal governor contacts are adjusted, the speed-gov- ernor contacts are separated, the electro-pneumatic - valve is de-energized, brake-pipe vent opened and the brakes applied; at the same time the electro-pneumatic valve closes the reservoir supply to prevent the engine- man from releasing the brakes manually. When the speed of the centrifugal governor has been reduced to the point for which it is set, its contacts close once more and release the brakes by a reverse procedure. If the engineman allows the train to speed up once more while the caution indication is being re- ceived through the ramp, the centrifugal governor once more opens the circuit which controls the electro-pneu- matic valve, which in turn controls the brakes, and the brakes are applied until the speed is reduced to the predetermined maximum, and then it once more re- leases them. When a stop indication is received through the ramp, the electro-pneumatic valve-circuit is opened, external to the governor, and the brakes applied, irrespective of governor position, It is important to note that the initiative with the engineer, and only when he fails to respond to a signal indication does the speed controller, obeying orders received through the ramp, do the work for him. ‘The engineer cannot increase speed while the locomotive is in the low-speed area, nor, if brought to a stop by the ramp, can he proceed without descending and releasing the valve. If, on passing over the home ramp the stop signal is not given, he may proceed at No unnecessary stops are caused, and it is claimed that better time is made in bad weather with the aid of this device than without it. In answer to an objection that so delicate a mechanism as the speed controller attached to a locomotive journal would be liable to get out of order, it was said that one had been in service for about 75,000 miles, and another for 50,000 miles, without repairs. The entire cost of main- tenance of the automatic control on this division in the initial operation of last year, I understood, was about half that of the interlocking signal and crossing pro- tection, which it supplements and strengthens, Examples of practical remains schedule speed.

would have gone on at *#or maybe better, and likely eno ugh have ‘tuck something worse than the ramp.” “But the ramp stopped you?” inquired the teadhead” passenger. “No, it didn’t stop me, tet me down to 30 tiles an hour. Now ‘fossing signal is pepe me and I don’t on Why, I get stopped, ~. all,” explained be oe, with eyes ._& Toad ahead.

operation might be mul- tiplied. The history of automatic train control is 20 years old. Among various forms of auto- matic train control men- tion may be made of that on the Chicago & Eastern Illinois (107 miles double track since 1912); Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific (21 miles double track since 1919); Chesapeake & Ohio (19 miles single track, with announced intention of extending installation eventually over the entire system) ; Western Pacific in Cali- fornia, and the Inter-

sped ” if you get . 5 ursue ietdheng Tsued the Why, it 1 get This view shows the location of the separate parts of the complete automatic apparatus on the locomotive borough electric lines in

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386 New York. As a result of recent hearings before the Public Service Commission at Albany and the recent action by the Interstate Commerce Commission, it may be stated that the New York Central has undertaken a service test of a train-control device of the induction type on the Mohawk division, a test which is expected to zation and general adoption set the pace for a standardi of automatic train control on trunk line railroads It is quite unnecessary, I sure, to bring for ward any arguments, or to marshal statistics to show the urgent necessity of the adoption of some sort of automatic train control That has been done n fre quent occasions in the ce umns of this journal. There fore, TI shall not call the ev dence of the all-too-numet ous collisions and = other forms of train wrecks and the thousands of lives an nually sacrificed (and many) thousands more maimed for life), of passengers and et ployes alike The facts are admitted The need of re lief is recognized by the rail road executives but the between the devil and the deep sen On the one hand ure pressing demands for maintenance improvements SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN board test of a fuel actually produced at excessive cost “cheap are usually temperamental folk, who have to be left alone for a while at the critical point of the opera- be revealed” prematurely, or for some other entirely good (?) reason. from water, ete. “Inventors” of these fuels” peat, tion, in order that “the secret shall not It has been found that gasoline or tar oils of some kind are quickly substituted when no one is looking. One inventor had a still which he led his dupes to believe was producing gasoline out of a mixture of water and a white powder. As a matter of soline in a placed g fact, he tunk outside of the building where JUNE, 19% and at the present time there are mixtures of Alcoh) and tar oils which although more expensive than gas. line have many good qualities. It should be borne in mind that all the large petn, leum refining companies are spending many t of dollars in research work in order to fing lowe priced gasoline or motor fuels. Any inventor, for ip. stance, could interest the large corporations and p. haps reap a rich reward in royalties if he could Convine them that his process would make gasoline at eightes cents a gallon. The idea of manufacturing thig fluid x: cents a gallon is a preposterous one, and the realm of COMMON gens: two Any person who is congide. ing the purchase of the pat: ent rights of a process fm, miuking cheap Zasoline woul do well to consult @ petn. leum chemist, for past e. perience has shown thy there are many pitfalls fy the unwary into which thoe who are not familiar wit chemistry are likely ty tumble, The Sex Detector Exposed ? UMEROUS so-called “wr i detectors” have beep brought out during the past few months, in behalf ¢ which the most extravagant claims have been made These instruments have i ulmost every instance bea rolling stock, motive powet! and labor, which now claii first consideration instead of last Om the other hand, are the difficulties of raising money in the face of dimin ished earnings Railroads are obliged to have money t operate, and they must op erate profitably in orde to get ome The munage- ment dreads collisions kvent | we look for a rapid and widespread adoptiot f the fol tic stop Two-Cent Gasoline—A Pitfall for the Unwary Investor The ramps, one on each side of the single track. Is necessary his experiments were conducted, and this fluid passed rougl e still from a hidden pipe. What was ac- t obtained was a good quantity of real gasoline which the promoter put in the tank of an automobile. Naturally, fhe mileage made by his mysterious fluid was about the same as that which could be obtained from any good quality of gasoline Another inventor told those whom he wished to in- terest that he could run an automobile with a mixture composed half of sea-water and half of a mysterious preparation of his own. He first put the sea-water into the tank of the automobile and put in an equal amount of his own fluid fuel rhe car ran very well, for what For one-way traffic only one of these 40-foot rails plummets or balls of sone sort suspended at the end a string. One was of nickel- plated iron filled with nish mixture of caleiu carbonate and an aluminum salt. Another was a small wooden ball, gilded and filled with red lead. A thin was a slightly soft, slightly gummy composition of some unknown identity—solid or hollow we do net know, since the one we saw wus not ours to cut opa. All of these devices “work” in the same manner. They are held at the length of their suspension cords above the object to be tested If the verdict is “male” the bob is supposed to swing back and forth like a pendulum; if “female,” to describe little cireles at the end of its cord; if “neutral,” like an infertile egg, the motionless. There is no claim that is not made for the ser detector; it is alleged to i- bob is supposed to stand TEXHE elements of comedy and tragedy were curiously | combined in a Mineola, N. Y., court-room recently, when one of the most persistent of tl “inventors” of synthetic gasoline had his d n court This was the man whose mysterious green fluid, introduced int I mixture of water and yx Ss med f result in the distillation of a motor fuel at cost of two cents per gallon; and he has had au great deal of attention in New York papers and those of other cities as well. Sued for obtaining money under false pretenses, he arranged for a court-room demonstra tion, with the understanding that the case against him was to stand or fall in re verse ratio with his success or failure to make good on his claims Needless to say, his “demonstration” was a complete failure, and the court refused to grant him another chance. Whether or not this “inventor” was a self-deluded visionary does not enter into the discus sion of the many schemes which for the past eight years have been stimulated by the quest for cheaper gasoline. Dr. Raymond } Bacon formerly head of the Mellon dicate without possibility of failure the sex of an m@ hatched of oysters, of butterflies, of beetles, caterpillars, of worms, evel of the animal from whieh products like leather @ cheese come—though @ ver dict of “male” in the latter case would have its bewir dering features. Even fhe sex of the person who had shed dried blood found @ weapons or clothing wi claimed to be instantly @ terminable. It should hardly be nece* sary to say that there’ absolutely nothing at all this business. the manipulator of the devie knows the verdiet should be rendered, he ew sciously or wun / ” gives a muscular reflex ‘ba! directs the bob in thea Wisi Cle, Institute, has devoted a large part of his professional activity for several years to the investigation of such claims. His experience is that the majority of the claimants are deliberate frauds and, within their abili- ties, tricksters as well An oil which can be used as a motor fuel, he points out, can by well-known means but at a cost of seweral dollars peculiarly be distilled from peat This lends prospective investor can the performance of the alleged cheap fuel more readily than he can verify the statements made to him about its low cost of prepara- tion. In spite of this, however, most of those who have played this variation of the get-rich-quick game have done so on a trifling scale, which involves actual sleight a gallon. test of hand in the performance test, rather than an above- to fraw®-Since the . Left: The centrifugal control attached te leading wheel of locomotive. Right: Close-up view of shoe which makes contact with the ramp inventor put in pure wood alcohol, and the resulting mixture, being 50 per cent alcohol, burned fairly well. In a similar case, but for the interference of a strong-arm man, who found that the inventor had under his waistcoat two rubber hot-water bottles filled with alcohol, the deception might have worked. Some of the inventors of gasoline processes foist upon the public a mixture of kerosene to which is added a little ether. The effect of the ether is to give a quicker ignition, but as this fluid is very costly the motor fuel of this kif@ really costs more than the gasoline for which it is supposed to be a cheap substitute. Undoubtedly cheaper substitutes for gasoline will be made eventually the was propriate path. When he i ignorant of the #* to determined or of the which the bob is supposed to yield under known oi cumstances, either the detector stands motionless achieves the 50 per cent of correct guesses t0 is entitled. Nor is the “detector” in the least degre consistent. Tests by different persons on the sam group of eggs or other objects are widely In the absence of any scientific explanation of th alleged working of the apparatus no such if * bat as this should be necessary to set the issue at rest; query and credulity have been so persistent United States Postal authorities and the editorial of the Screntiric AMERICAN have both been make the tests outlined. pr lo gle to ne wit COD the tior oth ove mor inte mac four or

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ss] oe ~1 UNE, ip] JUNE, 1922 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN PS Of aloohy) = e than gay, large petn. “ ly thousang ; ) find lowe ntor, for jp. me and per. Uld Conying > at eightes this fluid au and beyoni MMON sense is consider. 4 of the pat process for isoline woul Copprgnt Hamilton Wright sult a petr for past «- Guatemala’s relief map, two acres in extent, that shows every topographical and cultural feature of the country Shown that A Relief Map That Fills Two Acres the huge affair had to be placed within a fraction of an rollers on the track. In other words, the combination piteais fe HE republic of Guatemala, in its endeavor to' make ‘"¢h of the desired spot. of leverages was worked out so that it took the place of which thoe it easy for visiting capitalists to see what they are —_ oe “ae hartie preg ti: oe rege eng flanges on. wheets. , ; : umiliar wit 12x12 timbers. Undermining the building, the timbers This done, the studio was let down on to rollers . investing in and to decide on the merits of proposed likely 1 investments, has built and set up what seems by all odds the most extraordinary relief map in the world. This map is two acres in extent, and shows every con- tour, every town and every stream or lake in Guatemala and the neighboring territory of British Honduras. It s surrounded by water representing the Atlantic and Pacifie Oceans. The giant topographical map is of concrete, assembled in sections. Almost two years were spent in making the molds, and in checking them up. The ultimate cost of the map was $100,000, and another like sum was spent in gathering the topographical data on which it is based. The big map is located in the hippodrome or race track at Guatemala City, and its substantial character is indicated by the fact that it has passed through two earthquakes without harm, were run under the structure while the structure was which were placed on the track. All was then ready still on its foundation. Jacks were then inserted under for the actual moving. the long timbers at frequent intervals and a man as- One team of horses, with a windlass, was stationed signed to each one. Slowly and carefully turning in at the point the foreman calculated was the proper place to give the right leverage for his tracking system. The horses were then started and the studio rode in perfect fashion to the exact spot calculated. A structural steel section was then inserted between the two studios and the one that had been moved was lowered into place and the two riveted together. Not a single pane of glass was broken in the studio und not for a moment was the work of production of pictures halted. The resultant studio is 100x150 feet—one of the larg est glass stages in existence. It will give a floor space of 15,000 square feet, unrestricted by beams or other hindrances. Thus the largest street scenes can be built indoors under the glass. The ingenuity of the moving con etector sed 30-called “ser have been ‘ing the past n behalf of extravagut been made, nts have i stance ben ills of some it the end of ras of nicke - of calciw was @ Sia id. 4 third Moving a House of Glass cern accomplished in two months of leisurely work what nposition By F. G. J would have required at least six months to do had the we do bot ooo oe tearing-down and rebuilding been undertaken. to cut opal op two months recently one of the most delicate Le é : me manner. jobs of structural moving ever recorded was in : gre Pe Tek capes Ie ; its Photography of Stars in Full Daylight ension cords progress at one of the big motion-picture studios in i wr ’ ot nee a, 2. See N L’Astronomie for October, 1921, is a short article *t is “male,” Los Angeles. It consisted of moving one of the huge / 4 by M. Maurice Hamy on this. Experiments were forth like » glass stages—a shed-like structure, 50x150 feet, and A sharp turn in the track, showing the slant by — cuccessfully made by Messrs. A. F. and F. A. Linder ircles at the containing 3384 panes of glass—across rough ground ™eans of which the rollers were constrained to follow iiann. in England, in 1916. They succeeded in photo tile egy, the to the side of another similar stage the desired course graphing stars down to the third magnitude near mid » is no claim In addition to the moving operation, it was also ynison. these men lifted the building about three feet day and indicated their belief that fainter stars might > for the sex necessary to put the fragile structure in exact register apove the ground. Meanwhile the picture companies be photographed quite near the sun in a fine climate lleged to it with the other stage, in order to make the two into one were hard at work overhead in the studio. e.g., in Kashmir or on Mount Wilson. wossibility complete studio. Lifted clear, the next step was to construct a special M. Hamy has performed numerous experiments with of an wh It was first intended to demolish the stage; move track, the idea of the foreman. He arranged this in 4 Stall apparatus designed for testing the purity of the ours, © the material ; and rebuild the structure at the new loca such a way that the studio would, in its travel, follow atmosphere at various localities. He concludes that with beetles, « tim, About this time a local moving firm successfully tp intended course. through the natural “roll” of the Objectives of moderate aperture (as for example 13 worms, evel transferred a complete hospital from one site to an inches) it should be possible to obtain clear images of from which other without disturbing the patients, and the idea stars down to magnitude 6, with an exposure of a half leather oeeurred to the motion-picture men to undertake the ) hour. Special plates, sensitive to the infra-red rays of ough a ver moving of this delicate glass affair, with no supporting light, and deep red filters to cut out all other colors, in the latter interior walls, intact. ure required for this work and the atmosphere should e its bewir Because of the nature of the building, the task was be as free as possible from haze. Even the made doubly hard. A glass studio consists simply of The particular problem to which this method may on who had four walls and a roof. There are no interior partitions find immediate application is the testing of the Einstein d found @ supports to give it rigidity. When it is remem hypothesis, that light rays are subject to deflection in othing was tered that this huge building is 50x150 feet in size, it passing through a gravitational field. The apparent nstantly de tan be readily seen that the job of moving it was an direction of a star whose light just grazes the surface iMertaking of great delicacy, especially so in view of of the sun should be changed by nearly 2”. If this ily be neces the fact that the four walls are entirely glass, pane method becomes successful for the fainter stars, it will at there ° after pane leaded together. A slight strain and hun- not be necessary to rely on the few minutes of total ng at all dreds of panes would be shattered. And, in addition, solar eclipses for testing the Einstein theory. When th the deviet dict whiet red, he ei neonstiov: r reflex that in the a When he + » ger to Iw : ae 4% > sais tahdadd Os Saat e the motio® ra e =, yell a known it : . i'¢ = | | s otionless t at rm Be m {IB rowed 5 to whieh i! n the sau : | —— ms Wine ~ ny FF discordaa! a arated tion of : se . Right: The two studios joined into one J . > . . i . n drives Left: Ready to start moving the huge studio building containing 3384 panes of glass. Center: Putting in the connecting link. Moving a film studio across rough ground and joining it to another, one of the most delicate jobs of structural moving on record

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O38 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Planning Big Crimes JUNE, 1922 Some of the Details that Precede the Actual Commission of a Notable Robbery peer commission that plans a city beautiful, the engineer who gives reality to a sky-scraper, and the inventor who evolves a wonderful new mechanism, plan no more carefully than does the “highmobsman”™ or master mind of a “gun mob” or gang of crooks. The recent $1,500,000 matil-truck robbery in New York, where had definite information about the registered mails than Postmaster General himself, ind other crimes of an outstanding nature, would com- the crooks more the pletely mystify one unfamiliar with crooks and their ways. However, here and in all other cases, there are certain marks which reveal to the skilled detective or criminologist just how the thieves set about their plans. Once one knows the cunning little ways of the brainier crooks it is plain that they do not go about a job without a very clear idea of what they may hope to get, and how they may expect to get it. Planning a big robbery sometimes begins with a of soup—of which more later. Sometimes it with a pretty girl.. Soap is put to many uses by the more accomplished crook ; so are pretty girls—and girls Sugar is often added and served the pretty girl, to corrupt someone from whom information is needed. “Sugar” in this instance not mean something sweet; it is just one of many crook words for coin of the realm. An outsider corrupted by thieves who need the in- formation he can furnish, is an old, old story. Such a one is seldom if ever a real member of the band. He is the “sucker,” the “simp,” the “boob,” the “hick”—or something equally uncomplimentary and less printable. bar begins who are not so pretty. with does He is milked of all needed “dope” and then he is often murdered. An instance of recent record is Benjamin Binkowitz, youthful bank-runner of New York, who was used as a tool by an Italian “mob” in the robbing of Wall Street brokerage houses of large By Roy A. Giles item in American crime annals is the story of one of cur large northwestern cities, which for some time was administered by and for the crooks. It wasn't Duluth and it wasn't St. Paul; so we may refer to it time before the commission form of government begame prevalent, certain crook mobs were “making” the cities between the Lakes and the Coast, under such official protection as was available. These gentry decided that they ought to have a real base, where protection would be surer and official graft not so profiteering as it is apt to be when it crops out spontaneously. In the conspiracy which was cooked up there were a gang of strong-arm workers, one of pickpockets, one of second-story workers, one of shop- lifters, one of “fences,” a gambling ring, an army of women directed by a competent “mouthpiece” or lawyer, a group of badger workers—and others too numerous to catalog. They were all spenders and they all made friends around Dupaul. They finally succeeded in electing their mayor, whose life in and out of jail is now a matter of court and police record. Strong for lewd women and graft money, he was a near-crook, a crook sympathizer and a crook protector. As mayor he saw to it that the chief of police was the “right” person. The force itself was made up of low charac- ters, grafters and riff-raff generally. A white girl or a white 50-cent piece was as safe in the hands of that would be in the claws of a as Dupaul. Some on rd police force as a mouse starving cat. In those haleyon days for the crook mobs of Dupaul the police used to seek out the places to be robbed and stand “stall” or look-out during the commission of the crime. If no truck was handy they would call out a patrol wagon to take the loot away. Safes were car- ried off bodily and blown open in the railroad yards. chief by 15 years, during which he maintained an ex- terior of the utmost piety and honor while hirir eracksmen to rob the school treasury in his interes He was prominent in the church and the Sunday scho and director in a couple of banks. The banks blew yu; when he blew. One city which we may fairly name here is Peori: Because of its strategical position between Chicago ani St. Louis, it is the handiest place in the world for big-town crook to be able to lay up in, and the crooks of Missouri and Illinois are always casting hungr eyes upon the city government. Peoria in fact has had its ups and downs in dealing with this situation; but finally, in Mayor Woodruff and Police Chief Rhodes they found the proper combination to deal with the menace. They reelected this pair for a succession of terms over a period of 18 years, with the ultimate re- sult that Peoria had to close its workhouse for lack of patronage; and the town is now as clean as a pearl. One bright afternoon a tall, handsome fellow walked into police headquarters in Denver. He was from the Coast, and had a line of talk which supported his claim of intimacy with many detectives and patrolmen in San Francisco and Los Angeles. He made himself liked, and after he had got a good job he continued to put in his spare time around the police stations. This fine chap’s name was Hastings, and he had just finished a sentence at San Quentin for bank-robbery. He was not of the safecracking type, but depended on his brains to get the money, and he possessed in- genuity and persistence worthy of a better cause. All by himself he reconnoitered the Denver banks. He finally selected Elwell’s private bank as his victim. He laid swift court to a young widow employed here, married her after a few weeks, and then for a couple of months was with her about the bank as much as possible, while keeping the sums in negotiable securities His body was found, terribly mutilated, where it had been thrown against a wire fence from an automobile on a lonely Connecti- eut road. Binkowitz got the bonds, got the information as and where other runners might be intercepted with valua- ble loads: he had met his “pals” in a road house near they had given him one grand orgy, after the manner of the Camorra (Ttallan to when tridwe rt . I ‘ - issue. erook mob), with girls, music and “booze”; then they had taken him to his doom. Girls are often used by crooks without their knowledge. I call to mind three our readers.- F we were asked whether the subject of this article is in our field, the answer would doubtless have to be “No.” story “Science in Safe-Breaking’ in our December issue; or Dr. Simon's article ““From Opium to Hash Eesh,”’ in the November number; or our account of “Stamp Frauds and Their Detection,”’ in the January But all of these articles aroused wide interest and evoked a good deal of comment; and, in a way, it is appropriate for us to tell how science and scientific methods are used in the commission of misdeeds. So we have had no hesitation in putting the present interesting story before THE Eprror. Neither was Mr. Giles’ marriage secret so that his wife might re- tain her place. Sometimes in his capacity of his wife's gentleman friend Hastings actually waited on customers of the bank. Learning that there were two keys to each safe-deposit box, one held by the bank and one by the box-owner, and that both were necessary to gain entrance to the boxes, he made a bar of soap a permanent part of his equip- ment. He took soap impressions of all the bank’s keys; and when patrons came in he would ask to see their keys for a moment for verification and thus have opportunity to get impressions of them, who married handsome and refined men, to learn later that they Many have been needed information about wealthy men or big business These girls “vamp” their victim until he “falls” for them: then they work the information out of him in one way or another. Such information may be for a crime that is being planned, or it may be for show-girls seemingly used to get were crooks. others houses, use in blackmail. Some of the girls have no idea, at the time, of the purpose for which the gossip that they If the girl is actually corrupted and becomes a “stall,” or tool for the crooks, either for the sake of a man or for money, that is an- other matter. Then she becomes a “gold-digger” and often becomes a bit of a crook on her own. Sometimes she succeeds in keeping within the law; again slips all the way down to the bottom rung of the social finally fills the grave of a drug-crazed pass along is wanted. decoy, she ladder and suicide. There is the notion that the girl crook is peculiarly her liable to turn state’s evidence on the arrest of male pal. And there is the idea that the girl in the case would rather die than aid justice. toth ideas are right—and both are wrong: it all depends upon the girl. There are all kinds of and all are peculiar; Adam was probably the first man to observe this. The only way to tell how the girl in any case will behave is to try her, and see, Some of the crime cases which I can call to mind are so intricate, so weird and so startling that I know how to account for the use of superlatives in the news- However, the papers seldom print all the emo- girls, papers. tional and psychological facts back of a crime, unless it be a murder with sex interest; from day to day they pass from crime to crime, and space is too valuable to tell any of the stories in detail. Probably the most carefully planned and unusual If a citizen happened along and tried to interfere, some near-crook picked a fight with him, and after he had been well beaten up he was jailed for creating a dis- turbance. Nearby thrifty towns were raided and money rolled around the underworld of the metropolis of crime like hailstones during a storm. Occasionally, by way of diversion, a train robbery was indulged in. One Great Northern express hold-up netted more than a million dollars in gold bullion. The stuff was carted into saloons and hidden behind bars. Bartenders had hack-saws handy, and when a crook needed funds they would saw off a chunk of gold about as a housewife would slice a loaf of bread for little Johnny and sister Sue. Finally the Federal Government went into the crook- ridden city and, with the aid of the honest element, there was one grand round-up. A choice assortment of city officials was included in the group that went to the penitentiary. Those who escaped fled to Denver and tried to get control there, but were not able to make it One of them served a life term for the murder of a Denver policeman, another “got his” for a 10-year stretch in Canada, and the crowd was finally thoroughly broken up. One little incident in the crook administration of another town is worth telling. One night they wanted to rob a bank. To attract the townspeople from the section where the bank was located they got the fire chief to start a nice large blaze in another part of town. The fire chief out-Neroed Nero. He couldn't play the violin, but he came pretty close to burning up the city. With some of his followers he later took up residence in another part of the State, where the styles run to horizontal stripes. The school director, however, was a luckier or a better man; he outlasted the fire ro BO. too. With a “pal” who had shown up from “back home” and who posed as the son of a prom- inent family in Southern California, he fashioned du- plicate keys and planned the robbery. The “son” of the prominent family called on Elwell when he was alone in the bank, “to rent a safe-deposit box.” Hastings was waiting just out of sight with his bunch of keys. When Elwell turned his back to his prospective patron for a moment, he received a clout back of the ear with a blackjack. But an accident saved the day for law and order; the blackjack broke and spilled shot all over the place, the blow failing to do more than arouse Elwell’s fighting blood. The banker weighed nearly twice as much as the crook, and when detectives arrived in response to a burglar alarm the Californian was thoroughly subdued, with Elwell sitting on his chest. A confession was fol- lowed by the arrest of Hastings and his conviction. Soap, used more or less as Hastings used it, is one of the crooks’ stand-bys. A few underworld characters once robbed the New York sub-treasury of somewhere between two and five hundred thousand dollars, in gold bullion, by using only what brains they had, plus 2 eake of soap. “Red” Dugan planned this robbery, which was a gem. He located a place where sub-treasur) employes ate and drank; and here, with a small bar of soap concealed in his palm, he stumbled against one of these workers. Apologies were offered and ac cepted; but in the meantime, during the collision Dugan had pressed his soap against the other’s badge and got an impression thereof. From this he had beau tiful sub-treasury badges made for all his band, includ ing a well-known forwer whose services were necessary By corrupting a waiter in the restaurant he succeeded in buying advance information as to when a shipment (Continued on page 434) sea sa Stag te ee Sakce Sey tenner, a] meme ope Per ee Jt the doo ima boa ina glass shov ers 1 Italy surf inter whic the ¢ proce unne man wall: piled glass struc the over mem Th page terio This that ire |] there ind mati place mour mia Do

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&roo?} 1 in- All He He ere, uple yank the vell YSit his his out ent oke - to rhe ok lar ith fol ye ers ere TENE MN RD ee TEE, ata This is a genuine open-air proposition, in JUNE, 1922 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN 389 Outdoor Auditoriums of Novel Design ry. HOSE of us who have ever spent a | summer or a part thereof at Chautau- qua, N. Y., or at any of the little Chautau- 1as in other parts of the country, are suf- iently aware of the fact that an audi- rium does not necessarily have to pos ss a full complement of four walls and roof. Performances are being given, and chibitions held, more than ever in struc- res to which the adjective open-air may f fairly be applied. And the architecture of these buildings displays a. surprising possibility of variation. holding a desired To Tokio, for instance, has been Peace Exhibition; and it have an open-air auditorium for concerts d similar performances. Provision is in this instance made for sheltering only wis this wastage at 122,100,000 gallons a year, which, computed in terms of 22 cents a, gallon, has a valuation of $26,880,000 This loss represents 3 per cent of the entire gasoline production of the United States from all oil fields and other seurces. Ob- servations have shown that a 250-barrel tank, maintained for five days in the sum- mer, will be robbed of 2.8 per cent in vol- ume by evaporation. The loss in winter, of course, is not so heavy, being not quite 2 per cent of the volume in storage. Rec- ords kept of the losses sustained by eight 55,000- and 37,000-barrel tanks in Texas approximated 5 per cent during the first two years after storage. Various methods have been devised eurtailing this drain in notable among the discoveries being that an all-steel tank of gas-tight construction is the most efficient container for oil. That steel for years recent the performers; if it rains, the audience must get wet or go home. The stage structure is of concrete, laid on bamboo forms in the shape of a multiple-arched vault closed at the back and sides save for a single entrance-and-exit door at one side. It is wide open in front, and one can imagine that it acts as a remarkably efficient sounding- board, making the performance audible to an extraord- inarily large audience. Another interesting construction is the bamboo-and- Vaulted stage and sounding-board of concrete in which open-air concerts are given at Tokio in the oil fields has added zest to the building of fortunes from gasoline, but the practice has proved to costly one. White paint as a covering for oil tanks is less ornate and not as stimulating to the eye but it reduces the losses of the crude oil from evapora- tion, if we are to accept the word of no less an authority that the Bureau of Mines, United States Department be a the color of the paint used in eovering these tanks is an influential factor in in- creasing or diminishing the toll paid to vapor is one of the recent findings that will ultimately contribute to the efficiency of preservation of our gaso line supply. Tests by the Bureau of Mines have dem- onstrated that oil containers painted white average from 1 to 1% per cent less loss from evaporation than tanks decorated with red paint. Black paint is even more costly as a contributing factor to wastage, taking a toll A Paris theater with a pneumatic roof that is put in glass shed in which was housed China's first automobile show, recently held at Shanghai. Motor-car manufactur- ers from America, Great Britain, France, Germany and Italy were among the exhibitors; but to an automobile- surfeited public like that of America, by far the most interesting feature of the exhibit is the building in hich it was held. This was apparently put up for the oceasion ; our photograph shows it in place and inflated when it rains. of Interior. This government bureau recently conducted au series of tests which developed this interesting con- clusion. Evaporation—to fly off into vapor after the oil has been taken from the ground—is the biggest loss sus- tained by prospectors once they have robbed a gusher of the valuable liquid. A government estimate places The two photographs show this novel roof from within and from without of 2% per cent more than white paint. The explana tion for this difference is that dark-colored paints absorb heat to a large degree. Small tanks containing benzine were decorated in varying colors (gloss finish) and subjected to the influ ence of a powerful are light for a period of fifteen min- utes. The rise in temperatures at the expiration of this time showed the following results with process of erection, and makes it almost for us to comment upon the manner of its construction. The roof and are in part of the matting shown piled up on the floor, but in large part of The notable feature of this con- struction would the size of innecessary walls glass. appear to be the building which can be put together over a framework of such small-caliber members. The most surprising of the views on this page, however, are the exterior and in- terior shots of the Oasis Theater in Paris. that the performers and the audience alike re located out of doors. In fine weather there is nothing to the theater but a floor nd seats. When it rains, a huge pneu- matie hollow rubber roof is rolled into lace over a light framework that sur iounts the floor, and blown up just like n automobile tire. Don’t Paint Your Oil Tank Red I geen the town red,” is an imagin- ary condition of fascinating appeal spirit. Similarly, o the adventuresome 2 Y/ Fe CL ETL // \) Bera Sse, "Fig ra WiBesail' 3, gee Be Had | eZ = MR ee RAL a cae eae fae ee, on a Von ae 8 KY nh | wan *f i i \=. 5 Py a”. 2B AS rhe LY : a “i ws ‘N b 22.5 degrees ; respect to the color of paint or covering: Tin plate, Fahrenheit: alu minum paint, 20.5 degrees; white paint, light-cream paint, 23 degrees ; paint, 23.7 light-blue light gray paint, 26.3 paint, 26.6 degrees ; 19.8 degrees _—_ a oe light-pink degrees ; paint, 24.3 light-green degrees ; degrees ; red iron oxide paint, 29.7 degrees; dark prussian blue paint, 36.7 degrees; dark chrome green paint, 39.9 degrees; black paint, 44 degrees Fahrenheit. The conelusions of these experiments in dicate that tin plating and aluminum paint were the most efficient in withstanding the aspirations of the thermometer. These products, however, are not adapted to use as outside covering. Iron coated with tin yields readily to corroding influences, and aluminum paint very robbed of its gloss becomes flaky. The results of these tests indicate that the rise in temperature of the benzine in the tank painted black was 31.5 degrees Fahrenheit greater than the rise indicated in the container having a white covering. Allowances should be made for laboratory experiments when the results are taken and applied to the con- soon ising a brilliant color to decorate tanks nd reservoirs for storing oil from gushers Shanghai’s bamboo shed of automobile-show proportions ditions of the oil fields, but the advantage of painting oil tanks white is obvious.

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390 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN JUNE, 192 Diesel Engine Wins Its Way Substitution of Heavy Oil Engine for Steam Engine in Harbor Lighter \ NEW type of harbor freighting equipment which 4 will have an important bearing upon cargo han- dling, and will ultimately effect a considerable reduc- tion in the cost of freight transferred by water, has recently been put into service. We refer to the derrick lighter “Worthington,” which is propelled by a Diesel | engine, and is the first of its type ever built. It unique among harbor freight-handling craft for the eason, also, that the power for propelling the boat, operating the freight-handling derrick, lighting the ves sel, etc., is also ob l Diesel « engines. For ny years the co n rte which the bo is named, has operated in this harbor nd tributary waters a rege stea derrick lighter. This service is of such character as to involve large standby fuel losses, for tl reason that the bout has to be alongside docks or ships for a large part of the time, during which time fuel must be burned constantly to keep steam in the boilers. In designing the new vessel, it was de cided to take advantage of the economies made possible by the heavy-oil engine, provided it were designed in i. qualified form adapted to this particular service; the designers realized that not only would a Diesel lighter have no standby losses, but it would produce much more power per pound of fuel used than is possible with the steam engine. The steam lighter must keep ing equipment, with its winding drums, brakes, and friction clutches. The control is from a glass-inclosed operating room, placed at a good elevation in the for- ward end of the deckhouse, immediately below the pilot house. The hoisting drums are operated by an electric motor, and therefore the starting and stopping are effected by a controller, similar to the ordinary street ear controller, located in the operating room. The use of oil results in a degree of cleanliness and comfort in both the engine room and living quarters, that is unusual on harbor lighters. Furthermore, the consumption is so moderate that the boat has a larger radius of action without re-fueling, than is possible with the steam lighter. Fuel may be taken on at the most convenient time or place. Since boats engaged in freight lightering are essentially they are liable to find themselves successively at many different adjacent waters. If a Diesel rovers, points in the harbor or engine lighter is in the vicinity of an oiling station, fuel tanks can be quickly filled, and since fuel con- sumption is so small it is rarely, if ever, necessary, as in the case of steam vessels, to interrupt a job to go after fuel. The steam lighter possessed by the same size as the new Diesel derrick is only about one-half the capacity. the company is of lighter, although its Hence, it eye is sensitive. Indeed, the ultra-violet and in |:-s degree the infra-red waves partake of most: of the cli: acteristics of light, and are distinguished from it properly at all, by the mere accidental fact that eyes are so built as to receive sensible impressions « from a short region toward the middle of the spect: from red to violet. Photographs can be taken with ultra-violet the light of the mercury-vapor | is extremely rich in them, and they have a powe effect upon living cells. Certain animalcule which survive exposure to violet light for four or five hy are killed by the ultra-violet within fifteen The effect of these rays on the human skin, eye, is different only in degree and in no sense in kind. It therefore becomes an object to screen off these 1 from ordinary light, if this can be done. The fami fact that glass of appropriate color can be found screen off any desired portion of the visible spect: lends hope that substances may exist transparent { the visible wave-lengths but opaque to the ultra-violet rays, seconius This hope is realized in a substance which is now being marketed in England after extensive tests by numer prominent scientists. It is anticipated that this sub stance will play a very important part in the development of the optical industry and particula fut e of cinematography, as by its use the ultra-violet rays Left: New lighter “Worthington first to be driven and operated by Diesel engines. Horsepower, 300. Center: Electric motor-operated hoisting engine which controls all derrick operations. Right: Starboard side of engine, showing control assembly. All operations controlled from this point A lighter that is driven by a Diesel engine its furnaces going day and night; the Diesel lighter is possible to get a direct comparison of fuel costs for. are absorbed and at the same time there is no inter- consumes not an ounce of fuel while it is lying idle. the two boats. Taking an average month, during which ference with the natural and useful light rays. It is The “Worthington” is a wooden vessel, 138 feet long, the boats were under way 59 hours and tied up to a well known fact that in cinematography the light 35 feet wide, and of 10 feet draft. It is built very the docks the remainder of the time, the coal bill for employed either in taking the film or its subsequent heavy, to withstand the hard usage incident to ser- the steam lighter was $410.00; whereas the new lighter display, contains an abnormal amount of ultra-violet vice around the crowded docks of New York harbor. will give the same amount of service on a fuel bill of | light, and both for the artist and the spectator a good Her outstanding feature is the steel derrick of 20 tons $250.00. This means a saving of 39 per cent of the deal of injurious mischief is caused to the eyes. IB ifting capacity, whose boom, 90 feet long, is stepped fuel bill, to say nothing of the reduced wages due to actual tests that have already been made and demon on a tripod 7 feet above the deck The great length the elimination of the firemen. strated in studios and in cinema theaters, with the ne of the boom permits the boat to lie alongside high-sided handle to and from without the ship's own freight directly ealling ocean ships, and the ship's decks, upon cargo-handling equipment. The main for driving t-cylinder, reversing Diesel built by the company from direct-connected to the propeller the vessel is a 2-cycle, of own designs. shaft. \ 3S-kilowatt engine engine S00 horsepower, It 2-cylinder, generator, the derrick, all For light- is its drives a to “-horsepower engine current from which serves operate the auxiliary pumps, the electric lights, etc ing the vessel when the larger auxiliary is not in op- eration, a small Diesel engine operating a 6-kilowatt yenerator is provided. The hoisting equipment is lo- cated in the hold just forward of the engine room, and the wire cable from drum led by means of pulleys up through the deck to its proper connection on the derrick. We present an illustration of this hoist- each is The engines of the vessels are of a new and simplified design. In starting, by a simple movement of a hand lever, the engine is turned by the automobile engine is turned by until self-ignition begins in the cylinders. noted that the boat brought from compressed air, just as its electric starter, It should be was the builder's yard to deep water in Delaware Bay, through the shal- low and tortuous channels of Missapillion Creek, under own power—a trip which called for six days of almost constant maneuvering with the main engine. Reaching the open sea, the vessel was navigated satis- factorily in mid-winter on a continuous trip from the Delaware Capes to Sandy Hook. Glass That Is Opaque to the Ultra-Violet ECOGNITION is being given these days to the in- visible portion of the spectrum, which is known to its exceed greatly in range the section to which the human glass, it has immediately been noticed that through tly absorption of the ultra-violet rays the eye strain an fatigue has been considerably lessened, and, in man instances, a complete restful effect has been noticed As indicating the performance of this glass, the rest of a specific test given. A sheet of the glass 2.- millimeters in thickness was employed, and in the terval between 0.000,036 and 0.000,03875 meter, 28 det« minations were at approximately equal length intervals. This section of the spectrum sponds roughly with the dividing line between visil) and invisible, though of course no exact line of demar: tion can be drawn, since individual capacity for p ceiving the extreme violet end varies. For the shortest waves in this interval transmission was about 3 per eent; for the longest, about 88 per cent; and the vari tion between the two readings cited was approximately uniform. is made, wal cort See pas tam sreargs nae oe cee Fea al cl Sebo ea ore ae indi ait en pa an pr ha in of ch Tie lo; ex iol pa co W th un ni of pr QO1 ha th un th fo ch ve

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in e ( at : | | JUNE, 1922 Windproof Plate Glass Windows EW YORK and other large cities have had abundant 1 experience going to show that the force of the wind is extraordinarily increased as it swirls about sharp corners and through narrow streets, and that no ordinary plate-glass window is safe against breakage in heavy storm. The trouble with the modern shop window lies in its size. A bridge of glass 12 feet or more in height and 20 or 30 feet between moorings has io support as a bridge the actual pressure of the wind; ind, in addition, it has to withstand the shattering tendency of the vibration which the erratic gusts set up in the sheet itself. To the latter condition, which is regarded as the more serious of the two causes of breakage, is the object of the simple little meet ittachment which we illustrate. This consists merely if several arms of metal which project down from ibove, curl forward toward the window, and bear upon it with surfaces of felt fastened over their metal This effectually checks vibration and greatly re- the probability of the window’s finding the weather too severe for: it. ends. duces Logs of Plaster for the Motion Pictures By Frank B. Howe HE seemingly paradoxical industry of making logs out of plaster is the latest innovation in commercial enterprises. Undertaken because a motion picture com- pany required a quantity of logs for use in a picture, and conditions of distance and rough freight handling SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN The little protector, in place, that prevents vibration and resultant shattering of plate glass in high winds two tests thermocouples were made were obtained from sources, one American and one British. The showed that the former satisfactorily met all industrial requirements as to constancy and reliability if properly protected by well-known methods of insulation. The British refined metals and alloys were found to be sub- ject to large changes in their indications because of exposure to high temperatures. Chemical and spectro- scopic tests revealed the fact that the trouble was due to the presence of several tenths of a percent of iron 391 A New Telephone Invention DEMONSTRATION was given recently in the office of the Chief Signal Officer of the United States Army of a new telephone invention, the “Superphone,” which has been developed under the direction of R. D. Duncan, Jr., chief engineer of the Signal Corps Research Lab- oratory, at the Bureau of Standards, assisted by S. Isler, assistant radio engineer. The new device is based on the original invention, about 10 years ago, by Major General George O. Squier, Chief Signal Officer of the Army, of “wired wireless” or “line radio.” It consists of a small portable set of instruments which may be installed in any office or residence in a few minutes and connected directly to ex- isting telephone lines, and conversations carried on in the usual way. It will be necessary only for the sub- scribers to close a switch or press a button to connect in the superphone in place of the ordinary phone. This superphone means for secrecy of communication without any chance of the conversation being overheard, interrupted or broken into on the line by any one else. It is obvious that this invention will prove of value for military purposes in case of war, where secrecy in communication is absolutely necessary. It may also prove of utility for ordinary commercial purposes where important such as banks, brokers, etc., may desire to have private chan- nels for confidential communication with their branch offices or with any business establishment, and insure secrecy of the conversations carried on. The principles involved in this invention are those provides a business houses, Three stages in the manufacture of plaster logs, a trade to which the motion picture studio has given birth. Logs of plaster are cheaper than the real thing prevented the use of the reality, a complete success has been made of the plaster-log industry, which was invented to fit the occasion. The making of logs from of the Louis B. Mayer studios in Los Angeles. A rough chicken-wire frame is first constructed and coarse mortar worked around this in the general shape of the log. When this is dry, a fine plaster is applied to the exterior by hand, the final shape of the log being fash- ioned at the time. When this is dry, a special paint is applied over the whole thing. A second darker coat is applied where the supposed bark is to come. This done, the intricate part of the work is reached. With a sharp knife the cracks of the log are cut into the soft plaster exterior by hand. The log is then given a final coat of paint, and it is impossible to tell the plaster log from a real one by observation. The unique industry has attracted much attention und interest in southern California, and the require- ments of the various motion picture producers for logs of one sort or another insures a steady market for the product. Instead of having to import his logs from Oregon—a thousand miles away—with extreme care in handling so that the delicate bark will not be marred, the director can phone today for so many plaster logs und have them delivered the second day after. plaster is the invention same Improvement in Quality of Rare Metal Thermocouples ESTS made by the pyrometry laboratory of the Bureau of Standards early in 1921 revealed the fact that many of the platinum-rhodium thermocouples found .on the American market were subject to large changes in indication after long-continued exposure to very high temperatures. The wires from which these brought a thousand miles from Oregon in the platinum-rhodium alloy wire. The platinum wires, on the other hand, were found to be of high and satisfactory degree of purity. The facts developed by these tests were immediately communicated to the firms engaged in refining the metals used for thermocouples as well as to manufacturers of pyrometers who were employing them in their pyrometric installations. As a result of these tests, the British firm has located the seat of the difficulty, and is now marketing thermo- couples that are satisfactory in all respects. es y aad The superphone for wired wireless conversation of “wired wireless” by which high-frequency alternat- ing currents are employed which are modulated at the transmitting end by speaking into an ordinary micro- phone and detected at the other end by the usual radio instrumentalities which finally pass on to an ordinary telephone receiver. The speaker, however, or the listener-in, is not concerned with any of the additional instruments; they are installed and properly adjusted once for all, and the people carrying on the conver- sation have no more bother than in the use of the usual telephone system. Another advantage of this method of telephone com- munication is that it makes multiplex telephony possi- ble. A number of secret telephone conversations may be carried on simultaneously over the same line without interfering with each other. The transmission of speech by the utilization of this invention is even clearer than ordinary telephonic speech, The power required for carrying on conversations over even considerable distances is of the order of one-tenth of a watt, which is about 1/500th of the power required to light an ordinary electric lamp. Severn Tunnel Ventilation EW ventilating plant is being provided by the Great N Western Railway for the Severn Tunnel, England, the increase of traffic necessitating an installation of greater power. The new fan will be 27 feet in diameter and 9 feet wide, and working normally at 100 r.p.m. will supply about 800,000 cubic feet of air per minute. It will be driven by a horizontal tandem compound condensing engine of about 800 indicated horsepower, having cylinders 21 inches and 42 inches in diameter with a stroke of 39 inches.

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SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN JUNE, 1922 ee, oo a | Stern view of 2 Left; cruiser, “Inflexible” 23-knot armored cruiser “Lancaster” of 9800 tons. Right; Part of the double bottom (all that is left) of the 25'2-knot, 17,250-ton, battle Reducing Dreadnoughts to Scrap Metal What the British Have Done By Way of Disposing of Their Obsolete or Discarded Fighting Ships NE of the most difficult problems confronting the British Admiralty at the end of the war was how to dispose of the many hundreds of fighting ships that were no longer -needed With the dispersion of the Grand Fleet and the calling home of numerous squad- rons which had been guarding the sea routes all over the world, every naval port became congested with re dundant hundreds of destroyers and smaller fry, were left to Some had a few men on board ships. Scores of battleships and cruisers, rust at their moorings. to keep essential fittings in good condition, but the majority were deserted. These long lines of unwanted a melancholy spectacle. Comparatively few Manv had been launched ships made were obsolete in point of age. during the war period, and had thus been in service only three or four years, but as they were in the official phrase, “surplus to post-war requirements,” they simply had to be s« rapped, Since they could not be left in- definitely at the naval dockyards, taking up valuable room and impeding traffic, there was nothing for it but to sell them as junk Shipbreaking is quite an old established industry in Great Britain, dating from the line-of-battlesh ps and wall” era, when old demolished for the sake of their timlx “wooden frigates were and metal fastenings, for which there was a good mar ket: New methods had to be adopted when the wooden ships gave place to ironelads, the first of which came into the shipbreaker’s hends during the ‘eighties of last century Business in this line was particularly brisk after 1905 effective material from the Navy. such dimensions as in the three Some idea of the following Lord Fisher's clean sweep of in- But never before had scrapping assumed years subsequent to the armistice, magnitude of the process was conveyed by By Hector C. Bywater awaiting disposal. Most probably, how- will merely be disarmed tonnage now ever, the ships in question and otherwise dismantled in accordance with the rules laid down in the Treaty, and then put aside for break- ing up at a more convenient time. So far as the British shipbreaking industry cerned, the methods in vogue are comparatively simple, and much hand is the wrecking of a dreadnought or a destroyer. Briefly, the procedure is as follows: As a general rule the naval authorities remove all guns, mountings, and ordnance equipment, together with confidential instruments and fittings, before the ship is handed over, though in some cases only the light equipment is taken out, the arma- The vessel is then towed is con- the same whether the job in ment itself being left in place. iway to the shipbreaking vard. This is a somewhat hazardous operation in the case of a battleship or other heavy vessel, for the removal of so much weight has greatly reduced her draught, and in this light condition she is apt to become unmanageable if heavy weather is encountered, It is quite a common occurrence to hear that a vessel has foundered or gone ashore while roken up. Nowadays, practically britain is done on an open on the w iv to be | shipbreaking in Great foreshore, docks being but seldom taken for the pur- pose, as their use entails heavy expense and much in- convenience, The arrival of a doomed ship is timed to coincide with a high tide, on the crest of which she is floated as far in as possible, to be left stranded well up the beach as the waters recede. She is then invaded by an army of wreckers, who strip the decks clear of all obstructions, Masts, funnels, bridges, deckhouse, su- perstructure, and gun turrets are the first to go, and in a surprisingly brief space of time there remains only the bare hull. Years ago it was customary to use ex plosives for breaking up the decks and wrenching apart the stout seantlings, but this method is no longer in favor. Dynamite has been superseded by the all-con- quering oxy-acetylene torch, which cuts through stout plating like a knife through cheese. Gaags of torc! operators swarm over the hull, cutting it down deck by deck until they reach the boilers and machinery In small vessels these are lifted out intact; in the larger types the engines have to be broken or taken apart in the ship before they can be lifted out. When the hull has been razed as far as the double bottom it is hauled up on to a framework known as a “grid,” in which position the keel plating can be attacked and the job finally completed. When a ship is fitted with side armor the plates are unbolted and lifted out bodily, to be dealt with on the wharf or in the wrecking shed nearby. Ordinary deck and shell plating is burned out in sections just small enough to be handled by the crane. These are then deposited on the wharf, to be cut up into portable sizes by the torch or mechanical shears. In some Continen tal shipbreaking yards the entire hull of the ship is cut up into small sections in the first instance, so that the junk can be loaded direct from the ship into railroad trucks or barges, as the case may be, for conveyance to the furnaces. This method is probably more eco- nomical in the long run than removing large sections which have to be cut up a second time before they can be transported in pieces small enough to pass through the furnace door, but. of course, it lengthens the wreck- ing process very considerably. Massive machinery and heavy castings removed from the ship are an Admiralty announcement in May of last year, that 113 warships—including 5 battleships, 12 cruisers, and 75 destroyers had been sold in one block to a single firm, Thos. W. Ward, Ltd., of Sheffield. Of late, however, there has been a distinct falling off in the demand for obsolete ships. Not only have British shipbreaking firms bought all that they can deal with for some years to come, but the depressed state of the iron and steel trade has re- acted on the scrap-metal market, making it difficult for these firms to continue their profitable breaking-up operations on basis In miralty has had to sell Many have gone to Germany, where scrap steel is badly wanted, and down to the end of January nearly 200,000 tons of ob- circumstances the Ad- abroad. these ships solete Tiritish war vessels had been pur- German firms. Thus, by the irony of fate, the British Navy is con- tributing directly to the German trade. With the entry into force of the Washington naval agreement, which chased by restoration of broken up ashore by the so-called “putt” or “skull-cracker.” This is a_ primitive but effective device, consisting of an iron ball, weighing anything up to two tons which is hoisted aloft by the crane to a height of 60 or 70 feet, and then released by a trip eatch. Crashing down with tremendous force, it splinters the hard est metal like glass, and a few blows of this Cyclopean hammer will pulverize the stoutest casting. Few can watch the skull-cracker doing its worst on a mag- nificent set of marine engines, which but a few years since represented the high est example of engineering art, without meditating on the impermanence of hu- man achievement: but it is consoling to reflect that all this fine material is not to be wasted. Smelted down and eas! into new shapes it may serve some pur pose even more immediately useful t mankind. Through the combined efforts of the skull-cracker, the oxygen toreh, and the shearing machine practically the whol of the material from a demolished ship is ealls for the immediate scrapping of 20 tritish capital ships, a considerable addi- tion will be made to the surplus naval Shell of the 2700-ton, 25-knot cruiser “Adventure.” German flotilla leader, “Kaemperfelt,” ready to be broken up Beyond is the big ex- speedily reduced to mountains of scrap metal. To the uninitiated it may seem ee Homage sree acer EPI eee eae pe reer ara TKN pee ee: Cop bares kee en

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r le JUNE, 1922 wanton extravagance to break up the boilers and ma- chinery of a battleship, a cruiser, or a destroyer instead of converting it to some other use; but the truth is, of course, that naval propelling plant differs radically from that of merchant ships. Designed for high pres- sures and a correspondingly heavy fuel consumption, it would have to undergo considerable modification before it could be operated on an economical basis, and the cost of such alterations would be prohibitive. Thus a discarded set of man-of-war’s engines is a white elephant, valueless except as junk. On the other hand, many articles of ship’s gear and parts of the auxiliary machinery are taken out, furbished up, and sold as they stand. These include dynamos and motors, pumps of every description, boiler fittings, auxiliary steam, oil, and hydraulic engines, winches, ash hoists, con- densers, distilling apparatus, refrigerators, tanks, ven- tilators, and a hundred and one items of marine equip- ment. Furniture and panelling, especially that from the officers’ cabins and wardrooms, is also carefully Pipes and cables are either sold as they are or reduced to junk. Previous to the introduction of the oxygen torch the destruction of big guns and armor plate was a tedious business, but now it presents no difficulty. Light and medium armor plate, i. e., less than nine inches thick, can be cut up by a torch operator working on one surface only, but thicker plates have to be cut from both flame of the torch generally used in shipbreaking work will not penetrate deeper than nine inches. Guns of the heaviest caliber are easily cut up into sections. In pre-war times, when obsolete war craft were put up for sale only at infrequent intervals, shipbreaking was a less specialized trade than it has since become. With so much work in hand the firms concerned have found it expedient to employ new labor-saving devices, upon which, be it added, their workmen do not always look removed and kept for sale. sides as the with favor. A few words may be said about the purely com- mercial side of the undertaking. The service displace- ment of a warship must not be assumed as representing the weight of junk will yield when broken up. When the naval authorities have taken out the guns, stores, ammunition, fuel, ete., the displacement is re- duced by at least 25 per cent, so that a vessel nominally of 16,000 tons would be brought down to 12,000 tons being handed over for demolition. Of this weight, steel would account for about 70 per cent, brass, copper, lead, and other metals for 15 to 20 per cent, leaving a 10 or 15 per cent residue of unmarket- able waste. The value of metal junk is governed chiefly by the distance it has to be conveyed to the furnaces. Obviously it would not pay to break up a ship at some remote point on the coast, hundreds of niles removed from a smelting works, as the freight charges on the junk would absorb all the profits. In this respect British shipbuilders are fortunately situ- she hefore ated, their yards being within easy distance of the great steel and iron manufacturing centers. There is, for example, a big yard at Briton Ferry, South Wales, hand are some of the largest steel works in the country. Here, therefore, the cost of transport is a more or less negligible factor. It will be seen from the map that all the shipbreaking ports are conveniently near to important manufacturing districts. But, as before mentioned, business in the iron and steel trades is exceedingly slack just now, and for the time being shipbreaking has ceased to be a particularly lucrative proposition in Great Britain, even for those firms whose experience enables them to conduct it on the most eco- nomical lines. and close at Salvarsan and Neosalvarsan T is well known that arsenic is a very deadly poison. Less generally known is the fact that it can be taken in certain quantities without any bad effects at all, and if these quantities are increased slowly, finally a dose of arsenic, sufficient to kill the ordinary individual, ean be safely administered. In certain sections, moun- taineers are accustomed to take arsenic regularly in large doses, for it enables them to climb steep hills rapidly without loss of breath. The unfortunate part about this practice is that, like the use of narcotic drugs, once it is started, it is very difficult to get rid of the habit. sut arsenic besides being a poison is also a drug, for it has very destructive action on certain disease germs. This fact known to the Chinese ages ago and is mentioned in the writings of Pliny. The difficulty with the use of arsenic was the very fact of its great toxicity; and until the beginning of the study of physiological chemistry and the application of chemistry to the cure of disease, the drug was used but very little. What had to be done was to combine arsenic in such a manner with other elements that was while the effect of the drug on the human organism was reduced to the lowest possible limit, the toxie action SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN DISTRICT, GLASGOW “/ NORTHUMBERLAND DURHAM AND YORKSHIRE STEEL,AND IRON DISTRICT TYNEMOUTH ARTEPOOL MORECAM Eve PRESTON LIVERPOOL, AULL SHEFFIELD STEEL AND IRON DISTRICT VELSH STEEL AND IRON DiS BIRMINGHAM AND STAFFORDSHIRE STEEL AND IRON DISTRICT BRISTOL Map showing location on coast of ship-breaking yards and their distances from the various steel and iron districts of England of the drug on disease germs was still strong enough to destroy them effectively. It was seen early that the thing to do was to combine the metal with organic com- pounds, and Ehrlich, who is renowned as the discoverer of 606 (salvarsan) and 914 (neosalvarsan), worked along these lines until he had obtained the proper com- bination to give the wished-for results. These products are very complicated organic com- pounds containing arsenic, and belong to the same class of substances as the azo dyes. The method of manu- facture is very complex and difficult. Originally they were made only in Germany, but ever since the German supply was cut off, a few years ago, they have been manufactured successfully in this country as well as in England and France. A very good description of the standard way of manufacturing both salvarsan and neosalvarsan is given in the French journal Chimie et Industrie, 1921, 296. The hull plating is cut away by torch in large sections, which are afterwards cut up to furnace size by shears. This crane is lifting ashore a section of the British destroyer “Ribble” 393 Theoretically salvarsan can be made from seven dif- ferent raw materials, but the process which has re ceived the most extensive commercial application starts with aniline. The process is essentially one of synthesis. building up a complex substance from a very simple beginning. As aliline is made from benzol, which is one of the simpie substances derived from the distillation of coal tar, salvarsan is what is generally known as a coal tar drug. In the manufacturing process, there is produced an intermediate substance known as atoxyl. This product is of interest in that it was used with success in coun- teracting the germ causing sleeping sickness. Original- ly, an arsenic compound was used for this purpose, which was known as an arsenilide, and very often, when this drug was administered, it not only killed the disease germ but the patient as well. Atoxy!l was found to be just as effective in destroying the germ as the arsenilide, but its toxicity was only one-fortieth of that of the latter. To obtain 606, atoxyl is treated further. in this stage becomes exceedingly difficult to carry out and only the very greatest care will yield the proper quality of salvarsan. The principal thing that must be avoided is the oxidation of the product, as then there is produced a substance which is extremely poisonous and the drug must not contain more than a few hun dredths of a percent of this product. Salvarsan is a yellow erystalline powder, and, due to its property of oxidizing in the air and forming the above-mentioned toxie derivative, it has to be packed with very great care, and the package in which it comes must not be opened except at the moment of The powder is placed in glass ampules or vials from which the air is carefully exhausted. Then the vials are sealed by melting the glass, and the tubes are examined by plac ing them in water. If there is any pinhole opening in the seal, water will be sucked into the vial. Every vial must be perfect. The uses of salvarsan are in the treatment of certain microbic such as recurrent fever, syphilis, sleeping Recently, it been used in the treatment of tuberculosis. The method of administering is by intramuscular injections, which are very painful. The solution of salvarsan is made in distilled water, which must be freshly prepared. The average dose is about 0.3 of a gram in 100 cubie centimeters of water In the early use of salvarsan, there were reported many cases of poisoning of the patients, due to the fact that in spite of all the care that was taken in its manu- facture, the drug oxidized and formed the extremely toxic arsenious products. To avoid such happenings experiments were undertaken to see whether it was possible to produce a substance which would not have this dangerous property. The result was neosalvarsan or 914. This is made from salvarsan. The product is bright yellow and contains about 20 per cent of arsenic. It is packed in the same way as salvarsan, but it will not oxidize and can be administered without endanger ing the life of the patient. In addition to these products there is another preparation known as 1495, which re- sembles salvarsan very much and which is used to some extent. It is claimed that the injection of this drug does not give the intense pain caused by salvarsan or neosalvarsan injections. Some idea of the industry necessary for investigations of this character may be gleaned from the fact that the numbers attached to the three marketable commodities obtained represent their positions in the series of compounds with which Ehrlich has experimented, and presumably with which he is still experimenting, in his search for the perfect arsenic drug. The process use, diseases, sickness. has Sensitizing Solutions HE dyes which are used in color sensitizing ordinary (blue sensitive) plates by bathing, require different methods for their application. Pina verdol, pinachrome, orthochrome T and homocol may be used in water solutions, with or without ammonia, and are very little sensitive to electrolytes, Pinacyanol may be used in a water solution provided the plates are first thoroughly washed, but gives greater sensitizing action with more fog and poorer keeping quality when used with water, alcohol and ammonia, Dicyanin gives comparatively little sensitizing except when used with water and alcohol and a fairly large per cent of am monia. Commercial panchromatic plates have their color sensitiveness increased by washing in water, without having the increase in fog which occurs when they are treated with ammonia, Scientific Papers of the Bureau of Standards, No. 422, entitled, “Cotor Sen- sitive Photographic Plates and Methods of Sensitizing by Bathing” covers this ground and is now ready for distribution. Anyone interested may obtain a copy by addressing a request to the Bureau until the free stock is exhausted. most successful

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SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN JUNE, 1922 _— eT swe Left Willow mat awaitir the placing of rock to sink it. Right _ eae ~— Putting down the pine cradle to prevent erosion of soil How rock and timber were combined with sand to build a road through the bed of a lake Building a Road With a Dredge Sand, Pumped from the Mississippi River, Carries the Highway Across a Wisconsin Lake By L. J. Jellison UNIQUE feat—that of £\% constructing a sand road through a lake—has_ been completed by Wisconsin State Highway engineers at Sunfish Lake, through Grant county in Wisconsin. The lake road, 32 feet above high- prevent water stage, to spring Mississippi river floods from interfering with traffic between Iowa and Wisconsin, was built on a relocation to obviate two bad curves that have taken toll of many lives. The road is a mile and a quarter in length. The principal feature of the construction is the fact “= that over 100,000 cubic yards of sand were necessary to fill the lake and give a 30-foot wide road, with 150-foot base. Rock was secured from a quarry at the end of the fill, while willows used to riprap the sides were secured from an area of half a mile from the work. Water, sand, willow and rock entered into the con- struction of the spillway as the road is called. A broad expanse of boitom land with a 50-acre lake confronted engineers when they arrived on the scene. Dredges anchored in the river sloughs off the main channel of the Mississippi river, began pumping as soon as the road location through the lake was determined upon. Eight weeks of pumping continuously through 24 hour shifts was necessary for the sand fill, Working from the river, lengths of pipe were added from time to time to the discharge lines as the level of the sand being pumped from the river sloughs reached the height desired, until, stretching away in the distance, a sea of sand, the lake road Pumping sand from the river channel to form a fill across the lake ployed to protect the roadway from the water’s action. Mats are made. Several dozen willows are bound together and other similar bunches connected until a broad blanket of willow bound together is secured. These are placed at the water’s edge and for a distance of approximately 24 feet toward the peak of the fill and beyond the estimated water stage reached. Where there is an undertow and in order to prevent a cave-in the procedure to protect that portion of the work is slightly different. A broad mat of one-inch boards is made. It is floated to the edge of the fill and anchored. Willow bunches similar in size to mats made are affixed with thickness varying according to the character of the work to the mat. A covering of rock sufficient to sink the mat and hold it is placed. Where wind currents are expected to lash high seas willow mats in place are covered with a coating of ——+ rock. The majority of these rocks weigh 10 pounds or more. Willows in mats are always placed with the thicker end facing into the current. The back wash binds sediment into the tops and brush of the lighter ends and furnishes in time a_ solid wall of mud and sediment making the riprapping in- destructible. i} surfacing the sand core, a preliminary coat of earth mixed with rock is used Gravel and asphalt, or cement, depending on surfacing plans, is used for a finishing coat. Roads of this char acter are usually equipped with guard rails, cedar posts imbedded along the edge of the fill, and showing the danger line beyond which it is unsafe for vehicles to venture. The Light of the Night Sky ROF. CHARLES FABRY, in a recent issue of Scientia, discusses the luminosity of the night sky. He asks whether or not this luminosity can be attrib- uted to an unresolved background of faint stars. In this connection he insists on the importance of concen- trating attention on some small selected area and deter- mining how many stars of each magnitude are present. with a view of extrapolation to stars below the 20th magnitude, which cannot be detected by existing tele- scopes. The luminosity of the _ = z The road at the point €? 3 a where the sand fill was made y \ consists of a sand core with blanketed sides of willow Se and rock depending on the — = Ww amount of water wash. For was completed. Unless means were taken to check erosion, the sand road as pumped from the dredges would be _ swept away during the first Mis- sissippi river flood, when the stage reaches 21 feet from a normal 6-foot level. Rock and willow entered as fac- tors in the making of the road. Save where certain portions are to bear the brunt of high water, only willows are used to check washes in the sand, due to rains and high water. Where water pounding is antici- pated, or current swings, general background of this area should be observed con- currently. If, as appears probable, we cannot plausibly attribute the general illumin ation to unresolved stars, it would be natural to fall back on the hypothesis of scat tered light. That the light ean be due to scattering by gaseous matter appears im- probable in view of Lord Rayleigh’s recent observa tions on the color and state of polarization of the light of the night = sky. The article concludes by reference to the aurora as contributing in some cases to the light of the night riprapping, using willows covered with rock, is em- The completed fill, ready for rock and willow riprapping sky.

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Md JUNE, 1922 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Why Did the Hermit-Crab Become a Hermit? A Chapter from the Story of the Struggle for Existence That Accounts for This Curious Creature Male and female hermit-crabs. The little female, perched on the shell of the larger male, is his con- stant companion during the mating season 4 know the hermit crabs is to know the really en- gaging animals of our shores. Their comical antics, their brawls and everlasting search for trouble, would ark them at once as creatures of no mean individ- iality. And how carefree an existence they lead! It s true they have some enemies which occasionally dis- turb the happy tenor of their lives; but for the most part their time is given over to a riotous round of »pleasure—and pleasure to a hermit crab means feast- ing, lovemaking, and above all, fighting. Yet they are deserving of sympathy. They have other distinctions besides the foregoing which claim cur consideration. For in the story of their lives is entailed one of the most extraordinary revelations to he found in nature. The tragic details will never fully be known, but from the few fragments that are now lecipherable there is indicated a history of an ancient struggle for existence, than which that of the rise and fall of an empire is not more impressive. I will incidentally observe in passing that the present vriting owes its inspiration to Pagurus longicarpus, What is true of the little hermit of our own coasts may, in a larger sense, be taken as typical of the entire sroup. The most outstanding feature of the hermit crabs is undoubtedly their curious habit of living in the shells of dead mollusks. This habit has been confirmed for a very good reason. If we remove from its shell a full vrown individual—the male, by the way, is larger than the female, and is about two inches long and of the thickness of a lead pencil—we find that, unlike the fore- parts, which are armed with a thick, horny crust, the By William Crowder abdomen is very soft and invested with a delicate mem- brane. The slightest rupture or abrasion to this abdom- inal covering is almost certain to be fatal. This region is unsegmented, differing from the ringed belly of the lobster and other higher crustacea, and tapers spirally toward the tail, which latter is an aborted caudal fan. It is here that the digestive tract ends. Two other appendages are on the left side; a glance at their location and malformed appearance leaves no doubt as to their origin. They are the ves- tiges of what, in the ancestral form of the animal, were once highly specialized locomotor organs. These feeble bristle-fringed outgrowths, however, now serve an entirely different purpose than formerly; on the male their chief use is for sweeping forward the ster- coracious matter deposited in the shell; on the female they have an additional function as anchorages for her eggs. Briefly, the belly functions mainly as an organ of prehension wherewith the animal maintains a hold on its portable home. It is apparent that the hermit crab is obliged not only to utilize a defensive covering, but when exchanging shells it must act with the utmost caution and dispatch lest it be harmed by some .enemy who may be lurking near. This exchange is often made at the mere whim of the animal, but there are several periods in its life when a new home becomes absolutely necessary. This is after each molt, the consequent increase in size forcing him into larger quarters. The hermit crabs are notorious fighters. Yet in the hundred encounters I have witnessed between them, in not one have I ever seen a serious bodily injury result- ing therefrom. But curiously enough, the inevitable result of every combat is the loss of a shell by one of the antagonists. I can not visualize this better for the reader than by abstracting from my notes my first ob- servation of this interesting sight. Although this record was made some time ago, I could not add to it if I would. So I transcribe it here without change, just as it was written at that beautiful tide-pool not far removed from the present writing in Glen Cove. I had just been watching a large male busily devouring a portion of dead fish, which he ate by pulling off small pieces with his great claw and bringing them to his mouth. While he was thus engaged a strange hermit crab, evidently attracted by the feast, appeared on the scene. The newcomer, also a male, was of an unusual size; his shell was covered with a downy growth—a colony of zoophytes—which made him look like a giant elad in furs. . Then: “Each catches sight of the othe: at the same instant. A momentary pause ensues. Then with their great claws extended each rushes for the other furiously. — : —— ll Hermit-crab removed from its shell, showing the soft and vulnerable hind-body which requires a borrowed armor for its protection The clash and rattle of their shells can be heard dis- tinctly through the shallow waters as they come to a close, wildly seeking an advantageous hold. Jabbing, cuffing, wrestling, they display an astonishing agility, encumbered as they are with their heavy shells; the rapidity of their movements seems almost incredible. One is now uppermost; now the other. Suddenly they part and encircle one another with a sidewise move ment. Again they come together. But something hap- pens. ... The newcomer, betraying a craven spirit. wrests himself away and precipitately leaves the field by a backward run. His retreat, however, is obstructed by a small rock, and the impact sends him topsy turvy, causing him quickly to withdraw completely into his shell and block the opening with his claws. In a trice the other is upon him. Seizing one of the exposed hands he attempts to dislodge the coward by tugging so violently that the collision of their shells beats a tattoo. The persistent attack apparently arouses a spark of resentment in the larger, for he emerges suffi ciently to flourish a threatening pincer. This is bis undoing. He is immediately grasped by a leg, jerked clear of his shell, and tossed over the victor’s shoulder. The latter, then grasping the rim of the empty shell. vaults over into it and leisurely crawls away... .” The number of eggs in the spawning of a female hermit crab rarely exceeds 300—indeed, the number is often far less. They are deep cherry-red and no larger than the period which ends this sentence. Each one is suspended in a membraneous sack which in turn is attached by a short thread-like tissue to a bristle on one of the forementioned appendages. They are car- eit a. Ef. ; 4 hee : : ) oO 7 i" a _ pe Left: Male hermit-crabs fighting; the aggressor is attempting to drive the other from his shell. Righf: The victor moves into the shell from which he has driven the other crab; the defeated hermit hovers just out of reach of his conqueror’s claws, waiting an opportunity to seek his own safety in the abandoned shell of the other A battle of hermit-crabs, and the curious outcome

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396 gives other ried thus by the mother—who them no attention than an ocecxsional brushing to keep them free from particles of dirt—for a fortnight, when they are ready to hatch, In the meantime, however, some remarkable changes have been taking place. If under the dissecting micro scope we tear open an egg which is but a day old the organization can be seen making That transformation, unfathomed differentiation of its mysterious which arrangement, its first appearance the cells has just one due to those forces cause their predetermined Neurly a of the spherical units will show half bulk, content reveals the fo assume taken place week later examination of that the yolk comprises remainder of the egg the nascent nearly the while the dim outlines of larva marked by a gradual the tiny inimal ae large tail fin ind a offspring Each succeeding day the embryo is definite change Finally hindbody, a pair of eyes A the crawling adul ringed but very quires « segmented unstalked more dissimilar could hardly be imagined; for und broad tail roving life at any from the muscular belly singularly ndapt it at this stuge to a depth. The Hours moment for hatching is always signalized some restless activity on the part of the before by a larvae, and by their apparent eff s to burst the de envelopes which confine them Suddenly the walls of n ege will split lengthwise and a wriggling youngster through the rent It has no time to linger, as ht in the respiratory currents of the mother ind sent hustling aways A common impulse then seems to animate the brood, and within a few hours the re SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Nevertheless, some reliance may be placed in the data afforded by comparative anatomy when attempting to reconstruct the phylogeny of a species, and from these data it may reasonably be assumed that the ancient forbears of the hermit crab possessed a segmented ab- domen equipped with specialized appendages for swim- From this it follows as a corollary that it was That it later frequented the The present habits the lobster and ming. a rover of the open sea. floor of the ocean is very probable. crustaceans—such as of other higher kindred types—point unerringly to this conclusion. But why did the primitive non-shell-bearing hermit crab forsake the open reaches to become a dweller of The answer to this question admits was forced to seek this safety. I the shore waters? only two possible inferences. It habitat for reasons either of hunger or of think the first mentioned safely wanting in plausibility believe that material did not always thrive in as be dismissed as reason to animals the Thhity There is no good suitable for these abundance in food great outer regions as well as contiguous to the shores. In regurd to the remaining factor, I will say at once that this latter seems to be the true and only cause. It as because of the appearance on the scene of a new nd powerful enemy. This enemy was the first verte- brite the mailed fish. For it must be remembered that until that time the erustaceans alone held dominion ver the floor of the sea, and the greatest enemy of the crustaceans were themselves—the larger preying upon the smaller. But with the advent of these new marine terrors came a change. The extinction of the hermit JUNE, 1922 and experiment, covering a period of ten years, he has at last discovered a process which has opened up a new industry. When we consider that there are approx mately ten thousand wood and cardboard box manu facturers in the United States, and that the annual ou put of the box trade runs into the millions, we mus realize how important is this new composition, whic! is used largely in the production of boxes. It is an interesting experience to watch the produ tion of these boxes, really beautiful in design and fin ish, from the mixing room to the painting room, wh« the finishing touches are applied by skilled hands. © course, the mixing room holds the secrets of the pro We know that ashes and sawdust—the ashes «/ any substance and the sawdust from any wood—ij) the two main ingredients of the composition. To the two constituents chemicals are added; the whole mi ture is worked together thoroughly and rubbed by han through a large sieve; and the resulting rather coars dry powder is then ready for the presses. ‘Lne operation of the presses is an important fact in the cheapness of the whole process. There are fo presses in Dr. Jaeger’s factory. Two of them are fi the making of the bottom parts of the boxes; and ty of them, by means of elaborately designed bronze dix impress upon the covers of the boxes designs ancic eSs. or modern, Roman, Greek, Egyptian, Gothic, Moresq: the Renaissance period. The powder from ft! room is inserted in little under the presses are lowered for a period of aly the powder bakes like bread, turns or of mixing presses ; minutes ; boxes three

Copyright, Keystone View Co Left The finished box being taken out of the press. Center: All manner of fancy designs can be achieved in these boxes.

Right: A row of finished boxes being sprayed Making boxes from a chemical composition obtained from ashes and sawdust mainder of the children abandon forever the precincts of the maternal shell. The mother then detaches the swaddling clothes still adhering to her appendages, and soon following the departure of her young she sends bag and baggage flying after. Thenceforth each little hermit crab pursues its uncer tain fortunes alone. After a lapse of nearly two months during which it molts not less than four times, each time increasing in size and acquiring a more adult-like form—it settles to the bottom and finds a tiny shell Such is the manner in which the hermit crab is future ushered into the world. <A rapid survey of its shows that before the winter gules have forced it into the deeper waters to pass a semi-dormant existence it has molted once more and has now attained the length of a quarter of an inch The following summer will find it considerably larger, provided it will have had plenty of food, and by the end of the third year it will have arrived at sexual maturity: whereupon it will hein to take notice of its fellows, both male and female. From this time onward its brawlings and lovemakings will continue until the end of five years, when, realizing that the business of life is done, it crawls under some sheltering frond of senweed and dies, Now, if one accepts the evolutionists’ theory that the an animal tend to recapitulate there is then, than foregoing that the hermit did shell for its protection As the crustaceans meager forms of the the embryological the evolution of hint in not always require a species, more, a mere crab fossil remains of have been so there is now, of course, no certain means of determining the true appearince of the hermit crab’s ancestor crab was threatened In fact, the actual disappear- ance of hundreds of groups, now long lost, was caused by their ruthless appetites. The case then clears itself. menace hovering over it for after tions, the hermit the waters and into any place which afforded a shelter. In the greut abundance of shells in this neighborhood it found an admirable haven of refuge. Later it found it quite convenient to carry the shell with it, instead of venturing forth unprotected in search of food. And it until the disappearance of monstrous enemies that certain of its shell-bearing kin wandered back into the deeper waters, But this fugitive life change in its diet, and ages of an abnormal With generations driven to the ever constant genera- shallower crab was these was not brought a adaptation change to a also have changed the structure and functions of its body. From the predatory life of a rover and a freebooter it has descended to the life of a scavenger. His belly, once an entity of strength, is now a feeble mass of pulp. In a word, the hermit crab is a degenerate. Ashes and Sawdust the Basis of a New Industry By C. M. Lewis y these days of large-scale production and large- scale waste in American industries, it has remained for Dr. Christian Jaeger to utilize two of our most easily und ashes, in a re- which is a substitute long and patient study obtained waste materials, sawdust markable for cardboard chemical composition and wood. After delectable, creamy brown, gives off a pungent odor; tli presses are lifted; and out come the boxes, complete in shape and design from a single operation. One ot a close-up of a tray of boxes The rough edges are smoothed then our photographs shows fresh from the presses. off on rotary emery painting room. The discovery of a paint which could be applied this composition was not made until after a good man fruitless experiments on the part of Dr. Jaeger. A first, the paint refused to stick to the surface; it curl up and flaked off. At last, after about two years, I Jaeger produced a paint that could be applied smooth and would give an even, glossy finish. The first coat of paint hand. One of the virtues of ID Jaeger’s paint is its drying quality. No drying rooms wheels: the boxes go to the is applied by are necessary; almost as soon as the first coat is a plied the boxes are passed on to the workmen wi handle the air brushes and finish them with delicat: tints or with ivory, ebony, bronze, silver or gold effects The finished light in weight, washalhl sanitary and non-poisonous. They are as fire-proof is asbestos, waterproof, and can be made of any degre: of texture or flexibility, either as pliable as cardboar as oak, or as tough as metal. They are ve! cheap; a pound of the substance, from which three boxes can be made, costs not more than five cen! boxes are as hard abo Climatie changes will not affect them; they neith« shrink nor expand. They ean be plated in genuin Lronze, silver or gold, or finished in the process with surface of chemically prepared silk or satin, real or imitation plush or velvet.

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SIN diffi disk nece men ser the uSU: tele styl It still wor lisk tran epr but wha erat oper Or Lrou emp n @ spee only taki vrit that whe

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2h ney rox ani | ou mu v hic ns JUNE, 1922 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Left: General view of the recording room in a French high-power radio station. In the foreground the operators are engaged in recording an incoming message by means of a disk phonograph. Behind these operators may be seen a special wire cage, which contains the receiving equipment and protects it against local parasitic disturbances. To the left may be seen two operators adjusting the photographie recorder and reading the photographic record tape. Right: Three operators transcribing the dots and dashes from the phonograph records. Each operator attends to one phono- graph, and uses a noiseless typewriter Capturing the elusive dots and dashes of radio on phonograph records and photograpic tape for subsequent transcription Speeding Up Radio New Methods Employed for the Automatic Reception of Radio Telegraph Dots and Dashes By Francis P. Mann { pw eapacity of (== radio telegraph stations is to be in creased to a consid- erable extent in the adapted to swing under the action of the radio impulses forming the signals, the current at the receiving end being near future by the ise of rapid meth- ods for receiving the Inessages, The ef- forts in this direc- ' it | c EE El A fe Sak Tabet 3 a] K| iN} G o| Fl F T| HIE amplified to the proper the use of the usual amplifying devices. degree by tion which have been made by one of the Largest French radio companies are now meeting with great success. This firm has been very active in the con- struction of wireless stations, one of the most recent heing the great station of La Doua, at Lyons, which is now working with the United States. This station is already been described in our columns, so that we ill contine our present efforts to a brief account of the methods and apparatus which are employed for recording the messages at high speeds. Lhe phonograph method is employed for taking down essuges at speeds which are considerably above the isual rates, this speed being in all cases above 25 words per minute and may reach as high as 100 to 150 words. But it is evident that messages with the dot and dash system cannot be read at such high speeds on the tele- phone by the operators of the station. The phonograph in, however, be called upon to take down the messages t these rates, and by means of the new apparatus the signals are now recorded upon the phonograph without difficulty. A phonograph of the customary Piece of photographic recorder tape containing part of a message received at the rate of 200 words per minute, with the transcribed message below each dot-dash character for receiving the messages, the radio receiving appa- ratus is regulated, in case the system of continuous Wives is employed, in such manner as to provide a high pitch for the original message, so that the pitch can afterwards be reduced without being too slow to curry out the receiving operations to good advantage. A still higher speed for recording wireless messages can be reached by making use of the photographic method, and by the use of improved apparatus recently brought out by the French firm it is possible to operate at speeds which can handle up to 500 words per minute. This makes it a more rapid means for receiving mes- suges than the phonograph system, and the new photo- graphic apparatus is not of an unduly complicated nature. Indeed, it is so designed that all the operations ean be carried out in a very simple manner and by persons having no very special skill. The photographie recorder is based on the use of a galvanometer containing a small mirror which is The duration and amount of the swing of the mirror will correspond to the dot and dash signals, while the mirror reflects a beam of light on to a strip of sensitive paper tape which is caused to unroll at a greater or less speed, according to circumstances. The beam of light thus traces the message on the strip. The result is that the message will appear in the form of dots and dashes, as shown in one of our illustrations, when the strip is developed by the usual photographie process. No difliculty is experienced in taking down messages at the rate of 500 words per minute. It should be re marked that such messages could not be read by a. station which is not provided with the photographic receiving devices. The new system will be valuable as affording a method of considerably increasing the capacity of radio stations, and the method is, in fact, comparable fo automatic telegraphy. The developing, fixing, washing and drying of the photographic strip are carried out automatically by means of an improved device which performs all these operations within a very disk type is employed for this purpose, making necessary certain slight changes in the equip- ment, such as are required to adapt it to radio service, all that is necessary being to mount he receiving telephone in the place of the isual phonograph recording diaphragm, the telephone diaphragm being provided with a stylus for producing the record on the disk. It is found that the phonograph record is still quite satisfactory when the apparatus is orking at 150 words per minute. When the isk has received the telegraph message, it is ransferred to a second device which serves to eproduce the sounds in the usual manner, sut the record type of phonograph is of a some- vhat different design, and is designed to op- erate at slower speed in order to enable the perator to read the messages. One of our illustrations shows in the fore- cround the high-speed phonographs which are employed to take down the messages, while 1 another view will be observed the slow- peed apparatus used for reproducing purposes only, with an operator for each phonograph iking down the messages on a noiseless type- short time. It is now found possible to use the same photographic strip to receive mes- sages sent out by two different stations at the same time, or by the same station sending two simultaneous messages (in fact, several mes- sages can be sent) on the new multiplex sys- tem. In the present devices, two messages ean be taken down at the same time and upon the same photographie strip. When the latter is completely finished, it can be read in the sume way as an ordinary telegraph recorder tape. The dot and dash signals are very sharp and clear, allowing the mess..ges to be rapid ly read off. It should be remarked that the dots and dashes being received can even be heard in the telephene receivers, even though they are too rapid to be read, but this at least affords a good tneans for adjusting the recording apparatus. The new devices have all the sensitiveness of laboratory instruments and at the same time are very simple and strong, being adapted for actual use in radiv stations, The photographie recording apparatus will riter as fast as he is able to write. In order that the sound shall not be of too low a pitch vhen running the phonograph at reduced speed Photographic recorder working at a speed of 200 words per minute. The operator, wearing the ’phones, hears the signals and can adjust the recorder accordingly be observed in the background of one of our illustrations, which shows the various devices in a French radio station.

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SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Lumber from Sugar-Cane Waste Bagasse the Raw Material for a Product Designed Largely to Replace Wood and Relieve Our Forests scientists have been NOR working on the problem of finding some practical twenty-five years many usage for bagasse, the cane fiber as it comes from the sugar mills after the juice has been extracted. It is in enormous quantities in the sugar-making sections. Professor C. E. Monroe, inventor of smoke- less powder, Washington, D. C., has finally discovered a for after spending a con- siderable period of Dr. Monroe’s invention contemplates the use of this formerly waste material in the manufacture of a build- ing board. When question of the location of a manufacturing plant was given consideration it became that New Orleans was the logical place. It is that there is fiber avail- a radius’ of fifty or sixty miles of the plant new product an- long by 125 feet produced this material time in experimentation. practical use the obvious estimated enough sugar cane able within 200,000,000 nually The new plant is wide comprising a manufacturing building, power plant, to make square feet of Link) feet engine room, boiler house, a dryer building over 800 feet long, and a finishing building with necessary equipment such as storage and water tanks... From time to time additional units will be added as needed. Some of the machinery in use in the new mill had to be invented especially for the particular purpose for which it is used in producing the product, as there was no machinery that could be used for the purpose in existence. The plant began operation in a small way in August, 1921. Small quantities of “celotex” were produced during the first days of operation in order to perfect the manufacture, to get the board uniform in thickness and of proper texture. However, the experi- mental stage is past and the board which is being turned out at the time is of high grade and uniform quality. The sugar cane fiber comes to the mill in 200-pound present By Charles R. Ferrall bales. These bales are opened and started through the process of manufacturing, eventually coming out in the form of a great board of insulating lumber. This board, after it is properly cured, is sawed into proper dimen- sions by automatic The product is water- proofed and boxes made of it have been known to con- tain water for a great many days without leaking. When the raw material is unloaded from the cars and started on its journey through the factory it is not touched by hand until it is delivered to the finishing room ready to be bundled and shipped. Sugar cane is practically the sole material used, the other materials required being merely the chemicals used in the mill In the process of manufacture the cane fiber is carried successively through breakers, soaking tanks, steam cookers, which thoroughly sterilize it, washers and on to the manufacturing machinery through the dryers and into the cutting-up saws by automatic ma- chinery and devices. Celotex is made in thicknesses of one-half inch and one-quarter inch, and is cut into boards four feet wide by eight to twelve feet in length. The board is homoge- neous—that is, it is not built up in layers but the cane fibers are so interlaced that they form a uniform stock throughout. It is unique in this respect. Other build- ing boards are built up of layers of paper cemented or glued together. The new product gets its perfect in- sulating qualities from the fact that it is filled with minute air cells formed by the interlacing of the fibers, together with the cells in the fiber and pith of the cane. One of the peculiarities of bagasse or sugar cane fiber is its indestructible quality. It resists decay to such an extent that after lying in the fields for a long period of time it seems to be in as perfect condition as the day it was milled as far as any indications of decay are saws, process, concerned. This is a very strong point in comparison with ordinary lumber. Due to its high insulating qualities there is no dou} but that the new lumber will be largely used in ¢ manufacture of refrigerators, fireless cookers and t! walls of storage plants, and many other places whe: perfect insulation is required. It is designed to take the place of lumber in ever particular, such as for sheathing on the inside and ou side of hhouses and paneling and for practically all oth« purposes for which lumber is used in building. It cx be stuccoed and plaster will adhere perfectly to it. | is a good deadener in walls or under floors. It can | used under linoleum or oileloth for flooring. Celotex will stand the weather. In fact, it is ex pected that it will be used extensively for weather- boarding and outside finishing in a great many build- ings. Practical uses are being found for it every day in industry and no doubt it will be extensively employed in manufacturing merchandise. Furniture manufactur are already buying it in quantities to be used veneer work, drawer bottoms and for many other us: in the furniture industry. Even boat builders ironing board manufacturers are investigating its use and are experimenting with it at the present time. It weighs but six-tenths of a pound per square f in one-half inch thickness, which makes it much lighter than any wood lumber. It can be handled and sawed just like ordinary lumber. Its color is a pleasing shade of tan and the surface is rough like burlap, although it is contemplated to sand or plane one side of it so th it will have a perfectly smooth finish. It has been shown as a result of tests, that build ing with this lumber will result in a saving of at least one-third of the fuel ordinarily used, due to its insulat ing qualities which prevent the passage of heat or cold. The Comodoro Rivadavia Oil Fields Argentina’s Prospects of Entering the Group of Petroleum-Producing Nations RGENTINA, an agricultural and pastoral country 4 par excellence, richly endowed by nature with an enormous wealth of raw materials capable of being manufactured into the finished goods demanded by its growing population, has been in the past and still remains, industrially speaking, little more than a vassal of the manufacturing nations of the world. Each pass- ing year finds her busily engaged in tilling her soil and tending her herds in an effort to find the necessary funds for paying her annual tribute whose principal item is represented by the huge sums expended for fuel, both coal and oil. Coal in commercial quantities, though probably exist- ing within her vast territory, has not as yet been dis- covered and worked. Neither has the search for it ever been systematically and persistently made. The burning of valuable hardwoods in the furnaces of the Republic on the prodigious scale practiced up to date is suicidal. Therefore her visions of a gradual industrial emancipation in the near future depend upon the development of her latent oil resources. Without this her hopes are doomed; but given this development the preamble of her declaration of industrial independence will have been written. The apathy regarding the Argentine oil fields at Comodoro Rivadavia which has existed since their discovery in 1907 up to the past two years is greatly to be lamented. In part this indifference may be ascribed to a lack of adequate mining laws; the scarcity of funds for development purposes, and the dearth of technical experience on the part of the Argentine peo- ple. But the want of real interest shown by the gen- eral public looms larger than any of these. The Argentine people, accustomed for generations to con- sidering farming, livestock grazing, commerce, politics and the practice of the professions as their major occu- pations, were not quickly interested in the oil business. Moreover, capital, where lands, cattle, town and city property were not concerned, has been timid about in- vestment in new enterprises. The wrecks of so many Argentine mining and industrial stock companies may be pointed out as the causes of this diffidence. Happily a nationwide awakening to the possibilities for the development of a domestic fuel supply has taken place; hereafter each year ought to see more progress than was witnessed during the entire decade between 1907 and 1917, for, Argentina, in the opinion of oil experts, is on the eve of a remarkable expansion in oil production. The discovery of oil in Comodoro Rivadavia did not come as a result of geological surveys which usually guide the drillers’ efforts. To the lack of water in this village, founded in 1901 on the barren, wind-swept coast of the Territory of Chubut, Argentina is indebted for the discovery of what today constitutes its principal mineral wealth. In 1903 the Department of Mines began drilling for water at this point with a rotary outfit. An accident occurring at a depth of 500 feet made it necessary to abandon the enterprize before finding water. It was only after four years had elapsed that the drilling of another well was undertaken. In 1907 an outfit capable of sinking a well 1700 feet began to bore the well known as “Chubut No. 2,” about one mile north of Comodoro Rivadavia. When a depth of 1600 feet had been reached on December 13, 1907, a stratum of oil-bearing sand was encountered. This unexpected discovery called forth the decree of Decem- ber 14, 1907, whereby the Argentine Government re- served as a fiscal zone all territory comprised within a radius of four miles around the town of Comodoro Rivadavia. During the next three years five wells were sunk, all of which encountered either petroleum or gas. Dur- ing the same period many concessions were obtained by private companies outside of the zone reserved by the Government. However, one dry well of 2000 feet, sunk on the beach of Bahia Solana by the Gulf of San Jorge Petroleum Company, represents the entire efforts made by private capital during this period. In 1910 and 1911 Congress voted further funds for develop- ment, and made further reservations of land. In 1913 it became evident that the economic handling of the oil produced made the construction of storage tanks and the purchase of tank steamers imperative. For this purpose a total of 15,000,000 pesos was voted. Since that time the Government oil works in Rivadavia have called for an annual outlay of 1,500,000 pesos in addition to the funds resulting from the sale of the entire production, which varies in accordance with current market prices and the amount of petroleum extracted. Among the serious problems engineers in charge of these fields have been forced to solve is the question of water, which has to be transported in pipe lines from a considerable distance. Moreover, this water must be obtained from limited natural sources scattered at random in the vicinity of Comodoro Rivadavia. At the same time no port exists in the neighborhood of the field, and vessels have to lie at anchor when load- ing petroleum from the pipe lines. Due to the frequent storms to which tankers are exposed, a great deal of time is often lost in their loading and discharging. Up to date approximately 140 wells have been sunk, the larger portion of which are located on the Govern- ment reserve. However, a number of private companies have producing wells on concessions immediately ad- jacent to the territory reserved by the Government. Storage tanks sufficient in capacity to handle a pro- duction considerably in excess of the oil actually ex- tracted have been erected in Comodoro Rivadavia and additional tanks are being constructed in practically all of the larger cities of the Republic. It may be stated without fear of contradiction that the oil fields of Comodoro Rivadavia have an assured future in supplying the domestic market with fuel. Their only rival, Mexico, with its enormous production of petroleum, is too far away to continue competing in the Argentine market once Argentina's oil is pro- duced and marketed on a large scale. At present the Argentine Government, as well as private companies, are giving especial attention to the possibilities of refining crude petroleum. This will undoubtedly give a decided impulse to production. Other known Argentine oil fields are faced with transportation problems which cannot be solved unti! such time as the demand for petroleum has reached a point where capitalists will feel justified in the con struction of pipe lines or railways necessary for bring- ing the oil to consuming centers. In the meantime Comodoro Rivadavia, with cheap ocean transportation, will be called upon to supply the country with oil. ; t E ¥ v ¢ Re ~ % |

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riso dou d w hie By SR Se RENEE te. i # ? F & pte te 3 { ‘ JUNE, 1922 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Evolution in Museum Technique How the Lifelike Animal Groups of Today Are Executed An Interview with Dr. F. A. Lucas of the American Museum of Natural History, by A. A. Hopkins HERE have been changes, even fashions, in the form of presentation of groups for public observa- tion in my time. Twenty-five years ago there was scarcely a group of animals worthy of the name, in the United States or in Europe, indeed, for that matter. Of course the idea had been crystallized in an early group of large African mammals in Bullock’s Museum, in 1815, the panorama, then at its apogee, being employed with the accessories of plants, rocks, etce.; but the result was far from realistic, and the product was not very scientific or very accurate. Museums with rare exceptions were buried away, and in many cases the reluctant bolt was only drawn back after repeated pulls on the bell which echoed through the cold and cheerless halls. Material was mainly for the use of students who did not need to be entertained or specially educated. A white paper background was considered good museum practice, and as long as the specimens were in a condition to be studied and com- pared the ends of museum economy were satisfied. I remember that in 1874 Dr. Coues, one of our first naturalists and writers on natural history, said: “Spread-eagle style of mounting, artificial rocks, flowers, ete., are entirely out of place in a collection of any scientific pretensions, or designed for popular instruction. Besides, they take up too much room. Artistic grouping of an extensive collection is usually out of the question; and when this is unattainable, halfway efforts in that direction should be abandoned in favor of severe simplicity. Birds look best, on the whole, in uniform rows, assorted according to size, as far as a natural classification allows.” I wonder what Dr. Coues would say now if he saw the beautiful collections of bird habitat groups on our third floor? Groups we sometimes found in glass cases in private houses, but they were assembled for their beauty rather than their scientific ac- aday shaped up a manikin of the aid of twine, to hold terial in place, and then clay wrinkles when Dr. Horn- excelsior with the elastic ma- was added so that the might be preserved as in life. ve) 3 nr The great African elephant group in the American Museum of Natural History By far the most notable advance in taxidermy is the method devised by Mr. Akeley of model- ing an animal in clay, copying all the folds and wrinkles of life, the molding of this in plaster and in this mold making a light and durable form, or manikin, in constructing this production. unique If I digress from great animal groups and describe the methods of dealing with fishes and lower inverte- brate life I should provide the material for more than one article, so I will only refer in greater detail to the new Akeley system, the latest invention of Mr. Carl B. Akeley, who is now in Africa getting specimens for the contribution great African Hall, which will contain the Roosevelt and other trophies. Now, the Akeley system sounds complicated, but it is simple when you understand the sequence of opera- tions. Of course, you first “catch your hare,” or have your specimen and the hide tanned with vegetable material, so that it is soft as possible. You then pre- pare, with the aid of a carpenter and a blacksmith, the necessary armature. You then apply modeling clay, which is, of course, kept wet all the time, as it crumbles if it loses its moisture, and model the general form of the animal that is to be reproduced. The next step is to apply the soft hide to the carcass in as large The sculptor then models all the through the hide; I italicize the word “through,” as this is the heart of the Akeley The third apply plaster-of-Paris to the outside of the hide, so as to make a hard coat- ing or jacket which will hold the hide in place with its manifold wrinkles and lines. The sections of skin with their jackets are now taken off, the clay removed, and the inside of the skin treated to a coating of papier- mache and wire cloth, which adheres to the inside, preserving the wrinkles, ete., as did the plaster-of Paris on the outside. ; We now have the skin safely disposed between the two coatings—the plaster on the outside, and the papier mache on the inside. Naturally, the plaster coating is the one to get rid of, so that it is very carefully chipped away and the great sections as possible. lines and wrinkles system. step is to section curacy. But it was from the private col- lection of Mr. E. T. Booth of Brighton, England, that the groups per- meated to the public museum, and Mr. Booth’s collection can still be seen in England’s “Atlantic City,’ for he be queathed the collection to the town in 1890. Great names now crowd in on us—R. Bowlder Sharpe, who installed the first “habitat” group in the British Museum before the natural history collections were transferred to South Kensington where Sir William Henry Flower carried on the good work. In this country the new idea was brought forward by that prince of museum curators, Dr. G. Brown Goode. The old idea of a pedantic naturalist was idea of of hide is ready for joining to the rest. A “manhole” is left for it is little fun doing anchoring in the artificial interior of an elephant. Indeed, we can understand now how the soldiers in the horse of Troy must have felt, for the case is about the same, After every joint is closed with the skill of a furrier, the “manhole” is replaced and the whole animal is waxed and presented to the publie. There is no reason why a hide prepared by this system should not last for all time, for the animal, or group, can be cleaned like a marble statue, and has the advan- tage of not turning yellow. Such is, in brief, the last word in mu- seum technique applied to large animal groups, and while we never know what the future may have in store for us, still somewhere, gradually crumbling to pieces, and we were emerging from an atmosphere of dust and darkness. Now, here I might refer to a pioneer group which was ex- hibited across the Park in the old Arsenal building in 1869. An Arab courier, attacked by lions, was theatrical and bloody, but drew the crowd and in- structed, even if it did freeze the spines of the children. Strange to say this group, which was the first group owned by this Institution, is now in the possession of the Carnegie Museum of Pittsburgh. Putting the plaster on the hide to hold the shape while preparing the internal lining upon which the skin is deftly placed, a method now in general use. All the resources of the carpenter, sculp- tor, and modeller are employed in the fabrication of such accessories as rocks, canes, trees, foliage, flowers, etc., and textiles, celluloid and wax were all laid under it would really seem that we had reached the goal. The Formation of Spiral Nebulz N an article on this subject contributed to the Comptes Rendus of the Paris Academy of. Sciences, M. Alex. Véronnet examines the effect that would re- sult from the impact of the two components of a binary system. He shows that the energy »ro- This group was prepared by Jules Ver- reaux, a French naturalist, to whose influence we owe the great private natural history establishment at Roches- ter, from which incubating ground we have such graduates as Hornaday and Akeley. The primitive group was fol- lowed in 1880 by a group of Orangs mounted by Dr. Hornaday. The tech- nique of animal mounting was on the way, and we have a gradual evolution which may be briefly summarized as fol- lows: The old method was to shape the legs, then reverse the animal, stuff with straw—stretching the hide to capacity, then put all tegether and fasten on a pedestal. Of course there was an outward resemblance to the animal when the wooden-like product was ready for the duced by the friction at their surfaces is the most important factor, and that a mass equal to that of Jupiter might prod- uce by impact with the sun a temporary increase of light amounting to twelve mag- nitudes. Radiation-pressure wouid then expel the heated particles with high speeds, and the revolutionary movement of the stars would give a spiral formation to the scattered The author seeks thus to explain the phenomena both of nove and of spiral nebule. He con- cludes that the latter would wndergo a rapid evolutionary transformation (in the course of a few centuries). It would seem, however, that the larger spiral nebulz# are on too grand a scale to be the product of the impact of a mere pair of stars. The hypothesis is, however, worth considering in relation to such nebule as particles, ease. A built-up manikin followed, and there was more respect for the animal’s anatomy. A great forward step was made Getting a section of the hide ready for assembling by the Akeley method, the last word in taxidermy that revealed round Nova Persei and Hubble’s variable nebula in Monoceros.

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400 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN It consists plays the part built A landing platform which permits a dirigible to land head to the wind the tlized Np oa who has followed 4 lighter-than-air ships must have re that a development of large too sudden contact with a pier or any solid and immovable object would arrest the great momentum in the moving proportion of the accidents which have befallen the ship. with disastrous results. has eccurred when these great structures were in prox When a ship of the sea is not tied up to a dock, she is imity to the ground. Sometimes as the ship was emerging moored by the head, in water of sufficient depth to float from the shelter of its shed, and before it was completely her at all times, and with a sufficiently large unobstructed clear, u side wind would curry it against aurea of water around her mooring to the side of the shed and cause a rupture permit the vessel to swing head to wind, of some of its members. To guard or head to tide. Under these conditions, ugainst this liability, lofty windshields the primary pressure upon the ship is of boarding were erected, in the lee of only a fraction of what it would be were which the airship found quiet, or com either the tide or wind, or both together, paratively quiet air, and was able to moving athwart the vessel's position. leave and return to the hangar without The above conditions, as they effect the risk of collision with the shed. the ship of the sea, apply pari passu to The difficulties involved in entering a the ship of the air. She should as far shed, when a side wind is blowing, is as possible float in her native element, similar to that experienced by the big und be sent into drydock (in her case Trans-Atlantic liners if they attempt to the airshed) only when it is absolutely warp inside the Hudson . River piers necessary. It is desirable, when she when a heavy current is setting up or goes into port, to prevent, if it be pos- down the North River. In such cases sible, any direct contact between her it may take as many as a dozen power delicate hull and the solid mother earth. ful tugs to hold the big ship athwart Moreover, in starting on a trip, or in the current, as she moves cautiously to returning, or while she is in port, it is her pier. The large liners, on this ac desirable that she should move up the count, prefer to come up to their docks wind to her mooring, and as far as pos- during slack water, at the turn of the sible be free to swing head to wind while tide. Similarly, the captain of an air- GROSS SECTION OF HOOD unchored. ship would prefer to make for the pro With a view to meeting these require- tection of the shed in still air, or when Section through hood ments the Vickers Company developed the wind was blowing along the lengt! the lofty mooring mast, as first sug- of the shed and parallel with the ship Not many people vested Iuny years ago by the Screntir1c AMERICAN. This appreciate the magnitude of the total side pressure upon inaust is a stout latticed steel strueture, to the top of which an airship, due to its great length of six or seven hundred the air ship is moored by a cable which extends from the feet, and its diameter of seventy to eighty feet The mast to the nose of the ship. The sheave at the top of the total area exposed is so great that, even in a moderate mooring mast, through which the mooring cable passes, summer breeze, the total pull which the crew on the is urranged to swing in a horizontal cirele, and the moored ground have to resist in a cross wind may readily exceed ship is free to swing at all an score of ton parallelism between the airship and the significant There is a bearing upon the prob- fluid steamship, which has a sustained in a medium lem of landing Both are which is their natural home, and which they should never leave except when constrained to do so by sheer neces- sitv-—that is to say, neither the steamship, nor the airship, should touch solid ground, except under special conditions, and when every precaution has been taken to avoid dam age or disablement. The steamship’s hull is not designed, primarily, for contact with the land, but rather to rest on a yielding fluid. And of all the dangers of the sea, there is none which the ship's captain avoids so carefully as that of bringing the comparatively frail hull of his ship in contact with the ground, whether it be a rocky shoal, or the smooth flat surface of a sandy shore When the ship does have to rest upon the lund, she is taken into an expensive and specially designed drydock, where, as the water is pumped out, she comes to a bearing, very slowly, upon a bed of timber blocks, which have been so distributed over the floor of the dock as to avoid any excessive pressure being brought to bear upon any par ticular part of the vessel. If the reader has ever witnessed the docking of a big ship, or any ship for that matter, he must have been im pressed with the extreme care with which the operation is carried through Very slowly does the vessel come up the channel and enter the yard where she is to be docked. and even more slowly does she creep up to the dock en- trance under the watchful eves of the officer on the bridge. and of the docking master ashore. Now all of this caution is based upon the fact that the ship is a huge and heavy structure, with a comparatively light and fragile shell, which would be heavily strained, if not broken. when a times head to wind. Experi- pilot radio by a through pilot of the approaching airship, and controls the which the mooring platform is moved. It explained just here that in the exact center of the ci forward portion of the platform is a large vertical pin, which engages a bearing set solidly in this pin the whole structure rotates. by About A very repair shops, and a as shown in the illustration. ward end of the dirigible. machine-shops shield is lighted by port holes, and it is surn nte house, JUNE, 1922 The Problem of Proposed Method for the Safe Them H form for dirigibles, combined with a supply itio lee tie-up in all bad weathe essentially of a platform of sutliciey length and width to carry the largest dirigibjes. its forward end the platform widens out int. 4 ¢ cular head, which is about 200 feet in diame | is supported at intervals along its length by Serie of flat cars which run upon concentric railway (rack At the forward end , the platform is built a semi-conical structure, whic of shed and windshield for 1 fo On either side of ir and store-sheds, The ne the dock in touch from which telephone, ste keeps Wi th otor should by cula holley the groun nice point to cided how to hold be de- was sere 6 whose body was exposed to the weather, _—— a dirigible, f = three - quar ——- , — a ae C LANDING EQUIPMEN my, 4 >— WELL -- el ee oe ELECTRIC} MOTORS; _ 1 ' + rt Jt il of I ind \ princi me | la le mice righit- same WUse ¢ es of ot sl pnsists r ones le req ill be s are w. TI jwhe be lo r upel ve of t r spar p and parr) Tere with a min imum dan ger of se- vere straining « rv shock. Longitudinal section thre The method adopted was t carry the ship in a series of broad flat, flexible slings o reinforced fabric, passing under the hull of the and made fast at the down as will be seen ranged each slings, side of the platform. dirigible top of a series of carrying posts ar Some of thes from our drawings, extend under the hull from post to opposite post, so that they lie in a plan normal to the longitudinal axis of the ship, and other extend diagonally between the posts. The dirigible held down against the slings and clear of the platfor by means of vertical cables reaching from the hull dow to the mooring rings along each side of the deck. I arrangement the ship without coming into platform or its gear. the slings and cables contact is held firmly, but flexibly, in place with any rigid the supporting contacts wit! distributed to parts of And are sufficiently uny tendency to break the ship in two, ence has shown that, because of the streamlining of the dirigible, the stresses upon the mooring cable. and upon the nose of the airship, are and it has proved for a crew of three or four men to maintain the ship on a level moderate: to be an easy matter keel Vessels have been moored in the open in this way for several weeks on end, during which they have ridden out some severe gales without damage. We present on these pages illustrations of two different types of airship mooring: one for use on shore, and the other on the water, which the designer, Mr. John Mason of Cape May City, N. J., has developed with the idea of combining the of cer- head-to-wind advantage the mooring with tain of the facilities which attach to the fixed airship shed. In the the top mast design shown, in left-hand picture, strat es are t ft ne of gest st ne dr yner el ve dth 1] be is made-for an all the year-round landing plat provision A proposed airship carrier, desi compa!

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22 JUNE, 1922 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN

e a . m ofpring Airships e Safe fof Dirigibles, and Mooring ‘hem Hgvind ply 0 \ Mooring Barge for Dirigibles id Weathegi~ principles of construction used for the radial f sulliciey—img platform on land, are used also in the ‘igibles, slije mooring barge, which is represented in the int cia right-hand illustration on this page. There “ane Mm sane hood, or windshield, surmounted by its by erieamouse ; the same series of posts ranging down Wi wkides Of the hull of the pontoon, and the same ard end of supporting the slings is employed. The Pure cHgensists of one large pontoon, with as many or 1 er ones attached behind it as the length of the eo he requires, The ndpyill be seen at once that the head-to-wind con- url nte@s are insured by mooring the pontoon from k steqiaw. The mooring ground would, of course, be wi thd where there is no strong tide or current, and the tora be located, preferably, in the back waters of har- should b upon lakes that were conveniently available. In he « lafitse of the mooring pontoon, the machine shops, stor- cal llowir spare parts, accessories, fuel and other facilities 1@ ground™p and shed are provided for in the forward portion

ontoon below the windshield A Sea-going a Dirigible Transport = The most P e normal and IN x daring pro x » 2 posal of Mr. + ay * - leis Mason is to

i — ’ build the ieee Ge + i. a ; ane smal @NERATOR | Room . ‘ Be vreat dirigi- Room —4__—--4-4-~--1--/ ble mother — . . a ‘ ship which

is shown in ng airship carrier gf the adjoin- 1 w stration When we remember that the largest sling es are about 700 feet in length, it will be under- dirig the proposed ocean-going ship to house and posts ne of these dirigibles must itself approach in size of gest steamship dimensions. The wash drawing and ne w drawings of this vessel will make clear what n a] signer is attempting to do. The mother ship would Med cothe eel vessel about SOO feet in length by 90 to 95 feet rigil Ith. Forward and 40 or 50 feet from the stem- pl be a three-deck bridge structure, containing ul \ dations for the captain and officers on the lower It e chart room and the captain’s staterooms on in ermediate deck, and the pilet-house and bridge on ts « deck. Abaft this structure, one on each side of cts idshield, will be two elliptical funnels, with uptakes te ¢ from the boiler room, which is located in the forth ent aft from the bow. Abaft of the boiler roon Landing pontoon, in sections, which carries the airship in broad fle. is the generator room, with the firemen’s mess located on the deck above. Aft of the generator room are the blower room, and a compartment in which is housed a powerful gyro stabilizer. Further aft are machine shops, store rooms, ete. Electric cables lead from the generator room to the electric motor room, which is located in the last compartment but one toward the ble slings In the animal kingdom, particularly among its highly specialized members where the primitive condition of infinite multiplication of smaller organs has eiven wy to a high degree of differentiation, there is necessurily a close correlation between the size of a given orgun and the size of the organism of which it forms a part. <A particu- larly large individual will tend to have nore

stern, Down the sides of the ship will be noticed a tripod masts, from which the various belts of the carrying crate pass below the hull of the airship. series of The use of the electric drive insures that there will be ample electric power for the manipulation of the many winches, to which the landing ropes of the dirigible are led, when she is leav- proportionately large bodily structures, and vice versa. In the case of the hi plants, however, with their multiplica- tion of similar organs and their notably lower degree of organization and indi viduation, an interdependence between her body size and organ size is certainly much less obvious. We need only to call to mind the general similarity be- tween leaves or fruits from small and

ing, or returning to the mother ship. In mmaking a landing the mother ship will

large trees to realize that in these larger, woody plants, at least, there is no very

steam head-to-wind, and the dirigible striking correlation between the size of will do the same, coming up over the the body and the size of its parts. In ship until it is possible to drop the moor- certain herbaceous forms, however, evi- ing cable on deck. Here it is fastened CROSS SECTION OF HULL dence has from time to time been to a cable which leads forward into the brought forward that such a correlation nose of the windshield, where turn is does in fact exist and that the largest

taken around a powerful electric winch. Section showing well and plants (whether measured by dry weight, As the airship descends closer to the cradle height, number of stalks or yield) are mother ship, other landing ropes are those which bear the largest fruits and dropped and carried to electric winches; the result being seeds. The author’s paper is the result of a study of a group that the dirigible, in spite of its great size, is gradually pulled down, against its positive buoyancy, into the carry- ing slings, and there made fast. We have spoken of this mother ship as a daring pro- posal, and such it is; but the designer is taking a long look ahead, and he believes that if two of these ships were built, and given sufficient speed to accompany the main fleet, they could provide four large dirigibles for such operations, no matter how far afield the fleet might ven- ture in search of the enemy. Mr. Mason believes that two

such ships could maintain four dirigibles, for the rea- son that while two were in the air, the other two could be refueling and undergoing such overhauling as was necessary. The question of stability, of course, would have to be carefully watched at all times, but the fuel supplies, and the free use of in the double bottom, should take care of that problem. These three are presented as being a thoughtful study of one of the biggest, if not the great- est problem—namely, that of landing and housing, which confronts the large airships of today. The Relation Between Body Size and Organ Size of Plants N the American Naturalist for October, 1921, Dr. Edmund W. Sinnott of the Conn. Agricultural College presents a paper on the re- water desirns

r, desigtccompany a battleship fleet

lation between Body Size and Organ Size in Plants. of 562 bean plants growing during the summer of '9°S as u part of a larger investigation. The beans were Red Kid- neys, and although they were not members of a pure line, they were so similar in all characters studied as to indi- cate that no wide genetic differences existed among them. Seeds of uniform size were selected and were planted June first. The soil of the plot varied decidedly in fer tility, with the result that some of the plants grew lux- uriantly, many of them reaching a total dry weight of 150 grams, whereas others were much dwarfed, reachin’ «nly for 5 grams at maturity. The bulk of the population was intermediate in size. Over two hundred of the plants were harvested from time to time during the summer, representatives of all stages from the young seedling to the flowers being obtained. The rest, 344 in number, to maturity and were harvested then. The number of . leaves, pods and seeds were counted and dry weight deter- minations made of the total bulk of the the stem system and of ihe yield of fruit, deter- minations being recorded for total pods (without seeds) appearance of grew leaves, of separate and total seeds. From these data, the dry weight of the entire plant, of the vegetative shoot and of the _ re- productive structures could easily be determined. a+ wll as the average weight of leaf, pod and seed for each plant. Correlations were then made between the average weight f each of these organs, respectively, and the si ih plant. The latter was represented either by the weight of the shoot (stem plus leaves), the weight of the fruit (yield), the number of leaves, the number of pods or the number of seeds. The author presents a number of correlation § tables, study of which leads him to conclude that the size of. the plant body is not the direct causative factor in determining the size of the leaves, fruits or seeds which it produces, as has been suggested or implied by many investi rs, but that the size of any given organ depends rather upon the size of the growing point out of which it has been developed. Any factor, be it age, moisture or food supply, which alters the size of the meristem, will thus alter the size of the organs produced by this meristem. There seems to be nothing in these higher plants closely corresponding to the definite organization in the animal individual, where size of body is definitely related to size of organs.

Page 38

402 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Plants as Inventors JUNE, 1922 Sound Engineering Principles Practiced by Members of the Vegetable Kingdom By Dr. Alfred Gradenwitz THEN, about 30 years ago, the W validity of _statical and me- chanical relations was first discov- ered in the realm of botany, experi- menters, truth to say, marvelled at the unexpected agreement between of human engineer- employed by vegetable as well as by animal or- ganisms; but they dared not face the conclusion that the same invari- able law manifests itself in the structure of living beings as well as in the man. A more plausible hypothesis was found in the inventions ing and the devices creations of obtained by assuming form, i.é., rest is most suitable tioning in a and a more simple ess corresponds a given technical shape.” The correctness of this sition can be confirmed already in connection with the cell, the funda- mental element of all organisms: seing liquid and plastic, the proto- plasm possesses the faculty of assum- ing any shape corresponding to the the belief that the products of Na- ture are rough approaches to human the perfection of from causing us to achievements, which, so far regard Nature as a superior teacher admiration. of man was the subject of universal In a book both attractive and instructive [“Die Pflanze als Erfinder,” Franckhsche Buchhandlung, contrary, any- Franecé, on the Stuttgart], Professor R. H. never could do suggests that human engineering thing bevond obeying the law of cosmic structure as well as of living plasma, that the inventions of Nature far outdo, from the point of view of many-sidedness, perfection and efficiency, those of the human mind, and that no more fertile task Could be imagined than de- riving knowledge and suggestion from the infinite series of natural models. The seven constructive plane, staff, band, screw and cone on which human engineering is based, are found again To her, as well as to man, elements — sphere, crystal, the same elements in Nature’s own creations. they are the indispensable funda- The seed caster of the poppy, and an adaptation to household and medical function of the cell. When- the cell remains at actual ever, however, purposes rest, as soon as all processes within it have come to a temporary stand- still, it necessarily reverts to “the duction of its permanent state of its its funce- mathematical sense.” The same fact could be expressed in commonplace way by saying that “to every proc- propo- forms, though there is nothing beyond the holy seven, Nature has produced nothing else, and the hunian mind will create whatever it may, without ever resh- ing anything but combinations and variations of these seven fundamental fornis.” In fact, “the laws of minimum resistance and of economy will cause ‘he same activities always to result in the same forms, so that throughout the whole universe all processes wj|] always have to occur within the compass of the seven forms of all being.” In the further course of his treatise, Francé (is. cusses a number of typical vegetable organisms, first of all, the flagellates or mastigopods, which according to the law of minimum resistance, always assume the form of a narrow hull adapted for dividing the wat r. Floating as they all do below the surface of the water, they constitute the prototype of submarine. In tiie place of the keel otherwise provided, many such organ- isms (which are known to be at the boundary between the vegetable and animal kingdoms) comprise an atta: ment serving as rudder as well :s prototype of all shapes, the sphere.” Generally speaking, shape enables function, the cause of shape, to be ascertained. The various crystalline forms, accordingly, are the expres- sion of given conditions of and pleasure, which under otherwise equal circumstances always obtain in the same manner. Everything in- tended to exert a pull must be band- stress for increasing stability, of which modern shipbuilding has not yet made use, but which is to be found with airships. When being shown by Francé the design of a ship imi- tating the shape of such a mastigo- pod, one shipbuilding engineer w:is most surprised at noticing a type of vessel so far unknown, but which with equal coal consumption, would shaped, muscular fibres as well as driving belts. In fact, bands are the most advantageous technical realiza- tion of pulling organs. Staves will alone serve as supports: The same as the old man leans on his staff, the mental elements, and neither Nature nor human art or engineering knows of any form that could not be re- duced to them. “On my writing desk,” Francé, “there is a bunch of fresh wild flowers looking at me. Every they are different, ... each time a handful at random taken from the midst of Nature's life. With a marveling mind, I am an- alyzing their forms: Leaves and petals are planimetric surfaces, the crowns of campanulas show the rounding of spheres, the forms of says week same as a temple roof rests on staff- shaped columns, palms grow col- umn-like trunks to rest their crowns balance its ears on upon, corn will stalks that are hollow staves, and the most minute mono-cellular organisms will put forth staves, “whenever supporting functions be- long to their habits of life.” The helical shape, in its turn, is the only possible in the case of drill- whenever there is any- thing to be pierced. “The tiny mi- crobe will thus screw its way through the world of the water drop, the dreadful spirochaeta is by its ing effects, cones are combined with plane sur- The rococo the conchoid both derived from the spiral are reverted to, time and again; the stems are rods—all fundamental though bearing the stamp of reasoned life, are devel- oped and complicated to the highest possible degree, but after a quarter of an hour's searching and think- ing I have failed to detect anything but the seven fundamental forms of the universe, and I give up any further attempt in dispair.” same as in a and helical faces. ornament, surface, elements, led to Francé was in a most remarkable manner these considerations. Being in need of a shaker for the sake of a biological experiment, and having in vain tried to obtain it in trade, he was eventually struck by the idea that Nature, for the spreading of spores and seeds, ought to have created something suit- able. In fact, the capsule of poppy turned out to con- tain what he was looking for; the holes arranged below the lid of the capsule actually constitute a solution of the problem superior in efficiency to all human con- structions previously put forward. Francé was the first to find this by actual experience, and a patent applied for to protect a caster accurately imi- tating the natural product was readily granted. “This is,” says Francé, “how a new science sprung up, the science of Biotechnics,” task it is to investigate the mechanical attachments of Nature and to derive therefrom suggestions for human engineering. A fact which, according to him, can be stated quite generally, is that every process in Nature occurs in the most advantageous manner, that is to say, with the maximum possible efficiency: “The shortest way in which a process reaches its end is its natural law: the smallest resistance offered by an object to the pro- whose One of nature’s characteristic forms which is in fact a marvel of sta-_ all bility and economical construction helical shape enabled to penetrate tissues, to get between all the cells of its victim, the light, helical form of the winglets of maple fruits serves for aerial propulsion just in A vegetable power-plant from the moss Marchanita, in which the sun- light is made to give up its energy be able to obtain higher speeds. “The solution of the problem of shi; motion by the whip-shaped screw of flagellates,” says Francé, “is an ideal case of economic achievement. While, in order to obtain a speed of, say, 23 knots per hour, engines of 40,000 to 70,000 h.p. with an enormous consumption of coal, must be resorted to, a tiny monad, according to my calculations, in proportion to its size (the monad being assumed to be 1/100 millimeter, the rapid steamer 200 meters in length), will obtain, not a speed of 4.2 millimeters per hour, as corresponding to the best of our rapid steamers, but effects 80,000 times better! In fact, the monad, with the aid of its whip screw, is able to hurry through 20 millimeters per second. So very much superior are organic structures to those of human engineering, and such possibilities are opened up by the way entered on with the foundation of biotechniecs!” Natural models of the most diverse turbine types are offered by the sea in these minute plants by millions floating at its surface and at most measuring a frac- tion of a millimeter, which are termed Peridinea and which, out of cellulose, build for themselves an armor, some sort of controlling apparatus by which the motion of the surrounding water is forced into given paths, thus causing the whole the same way as airplane propellers and just the same as the enormous propeller screw of ocean steamers serves for ‘screwing’ through water.” “In fact, it is not we who, after all, have invented screws, drills, pro- pellers, neither is it the microbes and mastigopods and plants, nor finally the air, which, of course, moves quickest in helical whirlpools, —but above all facts of Nature there is ever towering a law inti- mately based on the structure of the world, that movements occurring in spiral lines will overcome resist- ances more readily than movements in straight lines, and that, accord- ingly, movements will take place much more frequently when adapt- ing themselves to the form of a spiral than in the opposite case.” “Crystalline forms, sphere, plane, staff and band, screw and cone, these are fundamental eng'‘neering ele- ments of the whole universe. They are sufficient for all processes of the whole of cosmic life, controlling body to rotate like a turbine rotor. Each of the 160 species of Peridinea known to botanists constitutes a modification of its own of the tur- bine principle, whereas engineers at most know of a dozen turbine types The design of turbines thus might, in its turn, derive ample suggestion from biotechnic studies. Nor should it fail to take into account the Dia tomacee, constituting ingeniously designed minute turbine ships. Francé further draws attention to the fact that the membranes of vegetable cells normally will stand a pressure of 5 to 10 atmospheres, that is, the same as the walls of a small steam boiler. Nay, in the cells of sugar beets a membrane 1/1000 millimeter in thickness stands a pressure of 21 atmospheres, and whereas a steam boiler requires walls of a thickness about 1/20 of the boiler diameter, those of the vegetable boiler are barely thicker than 1/500 of the diameter. To this point is Nature’s own engineering them in the best possible manner. Whatever there is, is some combina- tion of these seven fundamental The urn-shaped leaves of Dischidia, which constitute an ideal refriger- ating machine superior to that of man. A simple vegetable leaf further combines in itself the installations

Page 39

» 1922 r seven, hunian ’ Peach- f tl se AWS of Ise the rms, so ~ orgin- tween ittac ell as which it vet foun shown pir stig ro wis ype of Which would beeds, f ship Pw of Ss ment S per mous pna | size , the hot iding D000 f its pters ranic such with ypes lions frac- ined } an hich into hole ytor. nea Ss a tur- S at pes ght tion uld Dia isly 1 to of da res, fa PlIs 000 ind res of the cer his ng ler ns JUNE, 1922 of a large modern industrial plant. Im it, there is a complicated ventilator at work, further a drying ap- paratus, an infinite number of admirable “light en- gines,” a refrigerating machine and an hydraulic press. Most remarkable among these are the “light engines,” having no equivalent in human engineering, viz., attach- ments by means of which the chlorophyll will catch the carbonic acid and with water convert it into starch, in which connection the beams of light play the same part as the steam in a steam engine. The vegetable leaf thus works with the cheapest, most ubiquitous source of power, the energy of sunbeams, and likewise with the least expensive of raw materials, air and water, which are found everywhere. Moreover, vege- table refrigerating machines have been shown by Francé to embody the principle of the Linde ice machine; if deprived of their refrigerating mixture, they would constitute excellent condensers. Franecé draws attention to the “waterworks” of trees, which, in spite of all attempts so far made, have remained unexplained, installations by means of which, e.g., the mammoth trees of California will raise the life-giving water to a height of 142 meters, the eucalyp- tus of Australia even to 152 meters, an achievement not even approximately equalled by human waterworks. The most hopeful conclusion derived from Francé’s considerations is that human engineering could keep itself busy for centuries to come, creating an infinite wealth of new and ever more improved machines, if only the more important vegetable inventions so far known were to be assimilated. It is not the plant that creates its technical appara- tus nor the human mind that produces marvels of engineering, but in both of them*unconsciously to them- selves there is the same principle at work. Gravitational Absorption AJORANA, in an interesting series of contributions Mi: itti della Reale Accademia dei Lincei, abstracted in Philosophical Magazine, 39. 488, 1920, has proposed a new theory of gravitation, in support of which he offers experimental evidence adduced from certain delicate pendulum demonstrations. He assumes that matter is not completely permeable to the gravitational force, but that the latter is to some degree weakened in transit through all material bodies. Where, under the Newtonian law, the attraction between two particles is equal to the product of k, the ordinary gravitational constant; M, and M,, the respective masses; and the inverse square of the distance r: Majorana attaches a further factor, in the form of the natural logarithmic base, e, carrying a negative exponent that is numerically represented as the definite integral of hédr over the entire line r: h being a second universal constant of gravitational absorption, and g the density of the inter- vening matter, numerically or as a function of fr, as the case may be. In consequence of this absorption, the attraction of any large body upon objects outside it would be di- minished, and its “apparent mass,” measured by means of this attraction, would be less than its true mass. Dr. Russell, familiar to the readers of our astronomy page, investigates some of the astronomical consequences of Majorana’s theory in a recent issue of the Astro- Physical Journal. He finds that, on the hypothesis that there will occur no change in the inertial masses, the value of h determined by Majorana (6.73x10-" in c-g-s units) would, under the most favorable conditions, re- sult in a displacement of Jupiter from his position as ordinarily calculated more than 500 times the lower limit of observation, while the whole lunar theory would be wrecked by a similar effect of 10,000 times greater than the smallest we could hope to note. Mo vover, if we assume that, with this value of h, the apparent mass takes the place of the inertial mass for gravita- tional purposes, the tidal phenomenon on the earth’s surface would vary, as between the time when both sun and moon are below and when they are both above the horizon, by an amount exceeding the observed dif- ference by more than 5000 times the observational limit. With these results he couples the very obvious state- ment that, dealing as he does with an apparent change in weight amounting to one part in 12000 millions, Marjorana cannot possibly hope to cut down the effect in question by 5000 or 10,000 and keep it above the threshold of observation so far as laboratory deter- minations are concerned. His whole theory must there- fore fall, not merely the volume of h which he proposes. But what then becomes of Marjorana’s long and care- ful series of experiments? If their result is accepted, it seems necessary to interpret it as showing that the mass of one body (his suspended sphere of lead) was diminished by the presence of another large mass (the surrounding mercury); that the effect was a true change in the mass (since inertial mass and gravita- SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Peridineae of the sea, natural turbine models to which Prof. France attributes an efficiency greatly in excess of any man-made turbines tional mass are all the kinds of mass that we know of) ; and that it depended on the proximity of the larger mass, and not upon any screening action upon the earth’s gravitation. Strange as this notion may seem, it is not inherently absurd. Indeed, if the phenomena of gravitation and inertia may be accounted for by assuming that the four- dimensional “world” possesses certain non-Euclidean properties, or “curvature,” both in the presence of mat- ter and remote from it, it is not very surprising if the curvature induced by one mass of matter should be modified to some degree by the superstition of the curva- ture dué to another, so that the effects were not exactly additive. A great variety of assumptions may be made regard- ing such an influence, and many of these might have the advantage of giving a conservative field of force, which Majorana’s did not. Complications are still likely to arise. For example, consider a large spherical mass, alone in space and gradually contracting upon itself while it moves forward in a straight line. Its mass will presumably diminish as its various parts come closer together; but what will happen to its velocity? Presumably this would increase, but it seems obvious that either the conservation of momentum or the con- servation of energy would have to be abandoned, if not both. Come next to a planet revolving in an ec- centric orbit about the sun. Its mass will diminish at perihelion, and this will probably lead to changes in its orbital velocity. The resulting alterations in the orbit will depend on the law of change of velocity, and A collection of flagellates embodying the prototype of the submarine, together with numerous helical shapes admirably suited for locomotion 403 it might be possible to invent a law which would lead to conclusions consistent with observation. Further speculation on such matters seems, however, to be premature, when it is considered that the whole structure would rest upon the observation of a change in weight amounting to one part in 12000 millions. Discussion of the possibility that some undetected sys- tematic error has crept into the results, in spite of the great care taken to eliminate such errors, or to correct them, must be left open. It is to be hoped that the further experiments which Majorana contemplates will provide the data regarding the actuality, the magnitude and the laws of variation of the suspected influence, which now are so evidently desirable. Ecological Relations of the Eskimo N Ecology for April, 1921, Dr. W. E. Ekblaw, Geol- ogist and Botanist of the Crocker Land Expedition, offers a most interesting article on the ecological rela- tions of the Polar Eskimo. The author says, in part: The Polar Eskimo, who inhabit the northwest por- tion of Greenland contiguous to the waters of Smith Sound, are the northernmost people in the world. Along $00 miles of desolate shore, from Cape Seddon in lati- tude 76 to the Humboldt Glacier in latitude 79 degrees north, they have persisted for centuries as a unique little social group of about 250 individuals, quite suc- cessful in their hard struggle for existence by an almost perfect adaptation to the rigorous conditions of their far northern homeland. Their number, determined by the years of minimum food supply, has probably never been much greater or much smaller than now. Their homeland, though extensive, is small in area because the Greenland ice-cap, which covers practically all the high plateau of Greenland, restricts all life to a narrow belt along* the shore, free of and snow during the short summer. Their climate, though Arctic, is essentially oceanic. The periods of continuous day and continuous night are longer than those with any other people. The Eskimo are a distinct race with distinct char- acter, language and culture. Small of stature but of powerful physique, the Eskimo compare favorably in physical development with the most splendid races in the world. They possess some characteristics of the North American Indian in form and figure. Some char- acteristics link them with the Mongolian. Nevertheless they are a distinct race, with their own distinctive lan- guage and their own peculiar culture. The total num- ber of Eskimo probably does not exceed 40,000. The Polar Eskimo constitute a relic of the last wave of migrants which swept down the west Greenland coast subsequent to 1000 A.D., displacing the Norse Settlements then established there, and 1 later element introduced in the middle of the nineteenth century by an immigration of several families from Baffin Land, who introduced new elements into the culture of the natives, and profoundly modified their mode of lite. As a consequence of these two elements in the group the Polar Eskimo exhibit two distinct types. One of these, represented by the descendants of the earlier settlement, is characteristically Eskimo—short and stocky of stature, round and flat of face, flat of nose, stolid of countenance, and with a tendency to piblokto, a form of Arctic hysteria. The other type, represented by the descendants of the later immigration from Baffin Land, is suggestive of the Indian—taller, lither body, higher cheekbones, longer face, almost aquiline nose, alert countenance, and absence of piblokto. Various factors, climatic, biotic, ete., are then dis- cussed, and the conclusion is reached that to the en- vironment in which the Polar Eskimo live, their every thought, their every activity, is adapted. Their char- acter, their culture, their industry, are determined by their habitat. However, recent contact with the white race is chang- ing the Eskimo’s mode of life, his culture, his character, so that they are no longer solely the effect of his en- vironment. The introduction of lumber and iron has improved his sledge so that he can travel farther. . The primus stove and Standard Oil Company kerosene have further extended his activities and his range of travel. Rifles and ammunition have transformed his hunting methods and increased his stores of food, clothing and fuel, and made hunting and living easier. Needles, and thread, and cloth, and cooking implements have immeasurably aided the Eskimo women. Tea, coffee and tobacco are insidiously weakening the Eskimo physique. By contact with foreigners the Eskimo is losing his native honesty, independence and _ sterling character. He is changing so fast that in another decade or two he will be quite another person. His direct relationship to his homeland will be lost and his dependence upon the exterior world finally estab- lished. The demoralization of the Polar Eskimo as a distinct social unit is imminent and inevitable, ice

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404 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN The Great Wall of China JUNE, 1922 A Geologist’s Examination of the Oldest Artificial Structure in the World HROUGH the courtesy of Mr. Frederick C. Clapp, a well known petroleum engineer who has carried on some interesting explorations on the Great Wall of China, we are enabled to reproduce these splendid photographs; and the text, too, is abstracted from Mr. Clapp’s paper in the Geographical Review. That the wall is actually the oldest extant artificial structure is of course not the case; that it must, in the eyes of anyone who gets a comprehensive view of it, stand us the most impressive landmark on the face of the earth, is evident. Not in its height and breadth alone does it appeal, but in its length and continuity, and in the magnitude of the task which was accomplished in its building twenty centuries ago. Starting at Shanhaikwan on the Gulf of Liaotung, the massive masonry and brick wall runs far into the interior of the country. It maintains a uniform direc- tion for hardly a single mile. It climbs mountains and crosses valleys, and is so crooked that to reach the east ern bifurcation near Sihai, an air-line distance of 125 miles, it takes a course of about 300 miles An adjunct to the wall, known as the Palisades, be- gan on the Yalu River and connected with the wall proper on the Manchuria border north of Shanhaikwan. This line is given on many maps as that of a ruined wall; but Mr without finding any trace of it, so it is evidently not everywhere preserved. Clapp crossed it There is historical record that it extended for at least 400 miles into Manchuria. At Sihai, about 40 miles north of Pekin, at an altitude of 3300 feet, the wall branches, the inner loop trending southwest while the more northerly branch continues its mountainous way across western Chihli and the whole breadth of Shansi province to the Hwang Ho, where it rejoins the other loop. This distance in an air line is 8380 miles, but the northern wall uses up 500 miles in covering this ground, while the southern loop, with a branch that runs off to the south, is some 630 miles long ——— ~—e This double wall marks the region of greatest nmienace from the Mongols. Along the northern course, brick watch- towers and signal stations mark all the prominent hill- tops; and from these, we may conclude flashed whenever the invad ing horde had succeeded in breaking through the outer barrier. Without going into too great detail as to the further course and the branches of the wall, we can state that Mr. Clapp traces the main course of the barricade for 1350 miles further, far into Chinese Turkestan, with 750 signals were Three views of the Great Wall of China. at widely scattered pomts finds for the main wall a length of 2150 miles, and for its branches a total of 1780 miles—3930 miles of con- struction altogether. This is comfortably in excess of the length attributed to the wall by Chinese legend, and more than double the most conservative estimates of previous explorers. The highest figure ever before stated, including branches, appears to have been 2500 miles, Little has been written on the Great Wall in a com- prehensive way, says Mr. Clapp, and for that reason many misapprehensions exist as to its position, extent, preservation, history, etc. In the first place, one must not suppose that it is a structural unit, or that it was constructed all at one time. walls, dating back several centuries, had been con- structed bordering on the domains of the Hsiung-nu before the reign of the so-called “First Emperor,” Hwang-ti, who buried alive hundreds of scholars and burned nearly all the books of the Empire. One of the separate walls, for instance, was built as early as the year 469 B. C. by Prince Chung-shan. The “First Emperor” (246-210 B.C.) in reality united and strengthened existing walls, and there is no doubt that during the past 2200 years the Chinese have built various Great Walls of as many varieties of construc- tion. Some repairs were made as late as the beginning of the Ching (Manchu) Dynasty, since when no attempt has been made to keep the wall in repair. The height of the Great Wall averages 22 feet, but varies from 20 to 50 feet; the base is 15 to 25 feet thick, and the top 12 feet or more; in places the wall is solid and level enough to support an automobile; but in others it consists of massive flights of steps. The entire eastern section and that at Nankow Pass are built of masonry and bricks and are mostly well preserved ; but farther west the wall is much less sub- stantial, has fallen in many places into decay, and in Kansu Province resembles a large mud bank. Certain indications found in the brick work, in legends and in tablets, are that in some parts the towers were built first and then the walls constructed between them. In many parts of Shensi and Shansi provinces the character of the loess formation is such that it could be cut out into the form of a wall—which plan in real- ity was very effective. The material was simply split down vertically and then faced with stone. In other places the wall had to be built up of loess, above the plain. A wooden framework was constructed; the loess was thrown in, watered, and rammed; then the frame- work was removed, leaving the wall fully constructed. Even where built of loess the wall, in spite of long neg- a. lect, is generally distinctly traceable between the towers. The Great Wall at its best ean be judged from the sec- tion at Nankow Pass, which is in an excellent state of preservation, and is typical of the entire eastern arm. At Nankow Pass, and gener- ally in the mountains, the wall is composed of granite blocks for a height of 20 feet above its base, the blocks being five feet long and one foot square, set in two parallel furrows cut 25 feet apart in the solid rock. The blocks, some as much as 14 feet long by 3 or 4 feet thick, were evidently hauled miles of branch wall.in Tibet and other regions So he long distances from the quar- Towers of the “First Frontier Wall” being gradually buried by the sands of the Ordos Desert ries. The upper part of the A number of separate Savage lo or

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iy : : t . 24 ie f ' ae ne i JUNE, 1922 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN 405 wall is composed of bricks, some as much as 22 inches hydrogenated fats are about the most stable of the fats, There are many families who do not, under the pres- long, others 14 inches square and 31% inches thick and and yet their vitamine content is zero. It is, therefore, ent system, receive sufficient vitamines in their food. of better quality than most brick made at the present highly desirable to have vitamine preparations to add Therefore some addition s@¢ems necessary, but this is day. The mortar that holds the bricks together is better to such preserved foods as these, to complete the diet. clearly considered as an addition and not as a substi- than the Chinese can make at the present time. At intervals of a few hun- dred feet are doorways lead- ing to the inner (Chinese) side and steps leading to the top, so that soldiers could easily ascend to defend it against invasion. Every few hundred feet are watch- towers, formerly used as sen- try stations, 30 to 40 feet square and 40 feet or so in height. The top of the wall in the Nankow section is a rondway 14 feet wide. At in- tervals of 5O to 100 feet are stone drains to allow rain water to run off the roadway, and the foresight thus shown has helped its preservation. The engineers who laid out the wall seem to have gen- ‘rally selected strong lines of defense, such as mountain erests and narrow gorges Huge permanent garrisons were quartered in fortified camps behind the wall The Great Wall is no longer needed: it has served its purpose. The protection it afforded against Mongol and Hun consisted not only in its substantial masonry or piled loess, but in its won- derful continuity, in the alertness of its defenders, in its system of watchtowers and signals and above all in its expression, concrete and symbolic, as a barrier bound ary beyond which no invader could come without incurring the wrath and vengeance of an infuriated people. One foe alone has not been stopped by the Great Wall. This is the sand of the Desert of Gobi that is driven by wind and climatie conditions south- ward mile after mile, year after year. Owing to the winds and the deforestation of the country, which may he called China’s most seri- ous mistake, the desert will continue to move southward and in a few thousand years render even larger portions of Shensi uninhabitable. Is there no remedy for this con- dition? Mr. Clapp believes there is. A new Great Wall should be constructed, not of brick or stone or earth guarded by soldiers, but a forest barrier guarded by ex- pert foresters. A forest one mile wide along the northern border of the country would probably suffice; in Shensi, at any rate, the project ap- pears to be feasible. Irriga- tion, too, would reclaim por- tions of the desert. Vitamine Food Tablets N the conservation of food | it is necessary to remove the vitamines from certain staple products. Wheat flour cannot be conserved for a long period unless it is bolt- ed, thereby removing all of the vitamines. Cane sugar is perfectly stable, but this sta- bility is due to the fact that any protein or vitamine that may have been in the cane juice has been removed. The Na tute foranything. These ad- ditions may _be in the form of dehydrated produets. Many of the vegetables-.and fruits may be dehydrated and ¢@n- sumed in a form which will S.DAK. ee MINN. ~—> furnish the consumer with considerable vitamine, and yet not necessitate a change in the methods of prepara- tion of foods by the family. Those dehydrated vegetables may contain vitamines A and B, and dehydrated fruits may, under certain eircum- stances, contain in addition STOUR PALE Ty some vitamine (, The die- tary habits of various per- sons, however, form-an ob- NEBR. stacle to the consumption of sufficient vitamines. There are also many persons who i om odd wonns ean relish fresh foods (spin- ach, for instance) when they cannot stomach the same —. MO. | sedhorero npiannPou's| foods dried. The peel of KANS. oa \ \ citrus fruits, and some other a ppanens ¢ fruits, is very rich in vita F mines, yet no one eats them lor those persons who do not relish certain vitamine- The Great Wall projected on a map of the United States paar eg sper gente prod ucts, the use of tablets com taining these products, which The Great Wall showing methods of construction at Nankow Pass “ may be swallowed whole. furrets seems desirable. Orange peel- ings ground in a meat chop per, dried and ground in a coffee mill, may be made into tablets by the addition of dehydrated orange juice acting as a binder. Such tablets contain vitamines A, B and C. Ground spinach may be similarly made into concentrated vitamine tab- lets with orange juice. — Notes from an article by Dr J. F. MeClendon in Science for October 28, 1921. ner nine Side viewof inner (Chinese)side Side view of outer ‘ (Mongol) side , Iron for Use in the Man- BSE HR ufacture of Car Wheels HE investigation which ——$_$_—____—__—___- — has been conducted at the Bureau of Standards for some time past on the stresses in iron and steel car wheels resulting from heating the rim of the wheel has led to some important results. Among other things, it is be lieved that the performance of these wheels may be fur- ther improved by studying thoroughly the metal out of which the wheel is made. In line with this policy, an in- vestigation has been inau- gurated to study the relation between the mechanical com- posi’ion and the physical properties of cast iron of the type used in manufacturing chilled iron wheels. In the preliminary work particular attention is to be paid to the sulfur and phosphorus con- tent of the iron. It is planned to make the iron in a high frequency electric furnace which will permit a very close regulation to any de- sired composition. It is then expected to conduct the fol- lowing tests on the cast ma- terial: Transverse, tensile, impact, hardness, and wear. The depth of the chill of the chilled specimens will also be The inner branch of the Great Wall at Nankow Pass noted.

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406 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN When Tables Tip JUNE, 1922 The Latest Investigations Into the Externalization of the Psychic Power be defined as the scientific mass of apparent phenomena of the orthodox sciences, a rea research investigation of a which do not fail under any These phenomena many of us believe to exist, and hence to form the basis of a new science. In any event, science be applied to their investigation, may and its methods may of any other phenomena. a word of caution is necessary. just as to that Before going further, tecause certain facts may be proved, it does not follow that any particular interpretation of these facts is verified. Many European savants are convinced of the reality of so-called phenomena, yet they be ‘spiritualistic” are in no sense spiritualists. The phenomena may due to unknown powers of the most material sort within our minds and bodies. Let us establish the facts first of all, and apply theories afterwards. The Editor has already outlined in a signed article the theary, which we must all in some that there is a continuous waking self in all of us, ca- pable of manifesting independently of the normal con- sciousness. And where there at first appears to be no particular relationship between telepathy, apparitions, dreams, crystal-gazing, warnings, touches, table-tippings, hysteria, genius, unaccounted emotional etc., yet this theory measure accept, mysterious depressions, automatic writing, etc., shows that a connection does exist between them. They are all expressions of the activity of the subconscious mind—the “subliminal consciousness.” Any message arising from the subconscious mind is expressed in symbolic form through some By Hereward Carrington, Ph.D. the dying person, and then externalized as a hallucina- tion. In addition to apparitions of the dying, there are rarer cases of apparitions of the living or of the dead. These latter occur some days, weeks, or even years after the death of the person they represent, and, if they are attached to a certain house or locality, con- stitute phenomena typical of so-called “haunted houses.” theories been advanced to account for these on a subjective basis; and it may even be said that there is a considerable mass of respectable testi- mony in favor of the view that in certain instances there are involved physical, outstanding entities, more or less corresponding to the popular conception of a ghost, since these phantom forms have apparently moved objects, closed and opened doors, snuffed candles, ete.—and hallucinations cannot do that! But, of course, the vast majority of cases of this character represent mere hallucinations—perhaps entirely subjective, per- haps telepathically induced. It is impossible to particularize further here in this direction. We must turn our attention now to the physical phenomena of psychic origin—those which affect the material world in which we live, and which may seem to the reader more nearly tangible and in- telligible. When we deal with a new force, it is more readily understood than a purely mental phenomenon, since it is more nearly in line with every-day experi- brief of these psychic manifesta- Severul have ence. A summary tation, it was found that the medium increased in weight by 10 pounds—that is, the precise weight of the table. This would, of course, have occurred had she lifted it with her hands, in the usual manner, but it was completely demonstrated that no physical connec tion of any sort existed, connecting the medium’s body and the table. Yet the medium increased by the weight of the table’ And the table crashed if anyone walked between her and it! Dr. Crawford argued—very rightly, I think- that this shows some sort of invisible connection be tween the two. What was the nature of this connec tion, and how was it applied? Dr. Crawford provided himself with a spring bal- ance. When the table was in the air he placed this in turn under all four legs of the table. No pressure was recorded. He then placed it on the floor under the center of the table. No pressure was recorded. When, however, the platform attached to the scale was raised several inches from the floor a sudden pressure was exerted upon it. That is to say, although nothing visible could be detected between the top of the balance platform and the under surface of the table, never- theless some invisible something now resting upon the balance was supporting the table. And this beam or column was also somehow connected with the body of the medium. To make a long story short, Dr. Crawford worked out—and conducted a number of ingenious tests which seem to prove—his “cantilever theory” of levitation. It is that there issues from these messages sensory channel. Usually take the form of mere recollection; but poet, why if one be imaginative, hysterical, a a genius, a medium, or unbalanced then such a message would probably as- psychic phe- may be proportions of a visual; it sume the nomenon. It auditory; it may express itself in motor form, in which event the subject is un- accountably impelled to seme certain ac- may be tion. All these are but expressions of the subconscious message. We do not in these cases assume that a spirit has pointed out the hiding place of the missing pa- pers, or has whispered this knowledge in our ears or engineered the vision of it in the dream or in the crystal ball. We merely assume that the subconscious mind has expressed its hidden knowledge through one or another sensory channel. When the information conveyed cannot reasonably be supposed to have originated within the subject’s own subconsciousness we must seek elsewhere for explanation. If a medium tells you: “Your cousin has just been run over and suffered a broken W HETHER the skeptic likes it or not, we seem to have pretty definite evidence that the psychic force, whatever its nature, is on occasiom able to step out of the subjective realm of hal- lucinations, mediumistic trances, automatic writing and the like, and actually create material effects in the material world about us. do move; sounds are produced; something which can be felt and pho- tographed and whose continuity can be broken by passing through it is extruded from the medium’s person. subjective and mental phenomena of the psychic which one of the editors discussed in our April issue, Dr. Carrington in the present article takes up these external, objective manifestations. them briefly, tells what has been done in the way of scientific investiga- the tion, indicates just what progress we have made in the direction of proving their nature and their cause, and puts forward some interesting suggestions for further procedure in this direction. is made,.we shall of course return to the subject of psychic science; but the present article completes the series of which it is a part, and which has been running through our issues of the past six months. believe we have formulated the present state of this science as well as it can at this time be formulated.—THE Epitor. Tables Leaving behind him the purely He catalogs As further progress the medium’s body a column of energy. which extends outward, under the table, and then rises until it comes into con- tact with and grips the center of the un- der surface of the table. It is this which lifts the table. When the platform of the balance is so placed that the lowest point of this invisible column rests upon it, the reaction of the table is naturally supported by the balance, and the weight of the table thus registered. When this is not the case, the weight of the table reacts directly upon the body of the me- dium, as shown by the scales upon which medium is seated. This “psychic arm,” for years quite in- visible, was finally brought into visibility. in a red light, so that it could be seen, and was even photographed. Crawford goes further. He describes the gradual evolution of a semi-solid substance, from complete invisibility, going on before his eyes—a substance cold, slimy, protoplas- mic, and reptilian to the touch. It was undoubtedly physiological in nature, but We leg; he is now in Flower Hospital,” the question is, assuming this information to be correct, how did the medium’s mind come in pos- session of it? In a great number of cases, information apparently has been given, either with or without a medium, which could not possibly have got into the mind of the medium or into the subconscious mind of the re- cipient in any normal manner. In the vast majority of cases there is no doubt that it was acquired through telepathy—the transmission of thought direct from one mind to another, without the aid of the senses. As to the precise nature of telepathy there is as yet no cer- tainty. It may or may not be waves that travel from brain to brain. Whatever its ultimate explanation, it is certain that some form of telepathy must exist, and that it is an explanatory hypothesis of great value, enabling us to account for many phenomena for which we should otherwise have no rational explanation. Thus, when the Sociegy for Psychical Research began its investigations, it was observed that the large ma- jority of apparitions, so-called, coincided with the death of the person represented by the phantasmal figure. Many thousands of eases of this character are recor- ded. Need we suppose that the “spirit” of the dead man was actually present and manifesting itself at such a time? By no means: the modern theory of telepathy enables us to account for such manifestations in a rational manner, and in conformity with the traditions of science—once the reality of telepathy be granted. For we need only suppose that a telepathic impulse was conveyed to the recipient's mind from the mind of tions will accordingly be attempted in what follows. First of all it must be remembered, as before, that when Ouija moves, or tables tip, there can be no doubt at all that in a vast majority of cases the sitters un- consciously push them. So far there is nothing mys- terious at all; everything is explained on purely physio- logical grounds. But that is not the whole story. In many cases an actual force seems to be generated—a force or energy which seems to emanate from the fingers of the sitters, and particularly the medium, and “charge” the table or instrument being employed. Wher this has taken place the table rises completely from tne floor—all four legs—and we witness a complete “levitation.” What is the nature of this energy; whence comes it, and how is it applied in order to lift the table in question? A good deal of study has been devoted to this prob- lem by various psychic students. For our present pur- poses I shall summarize the investigations and con- clusions of W. J. Crawford, a lecturer on mechanical engineering in Belfast, who has had the good fortune to encounter a young, non-professional medium, appar- ently possessing great power, and to study the phe- nomena over a number of years by mechanical methods of investigation. This is what he found: The medium weighed normally about 130 pounds. The table to be lifted weighed about 10 pounds. The medium, chair and all, was placed upon the platform of a weigh- ing machine. Her weight was noted. The seance then began and the table was “levitated.” During the levi- apparently possessed of attributes differ- ing from any normal physiological activi- ties, tissues or organs of the body. Fortunately, this process of the exudation of a form of “plasma” has been observed in the cases of several other mediums, for a number of years past, and there ean hardly remain any doubt that some such extraord- inary phenomenon takes place. Dr. von Schrenck- Nétzing, Mme. Bisson and Dr. Geley, particularly, have studied a certain young woman, Eva Carriére, who extrudes or “materializes” this plasmic substance from various parts of her body; and in her case this has not only been seen, touched and photographed, but motion pictures have been taken of the entire process, and a microscopic analysis has been made of certain small portions of the substances which remained behind, after it had receded into the body of the medium! These micro-photographs show us that we are beholding a curious hodge-podge of apparently living matter, thrown together helter-skeiter, and more or less resembling a tumor-growth in its peculiarities. All this in itself is curious enough. But more strange things are to follow! This living substance, which has been seen to issue, visibly, from the medium’s body. then begins to take shape, and rapidly forms itself, or is molded, into hands, faces and bits of bodies which last a few moments in vivid life-like reality, and then instantaneously vanish back into the medium’s body! These hands have been touched, and it is said that the faces, while they last, are extremely life-like. These are, I frankly admit, perfectly incredible mani- (Continued on page 434) eres onl and ot i hal \ whi extl min the lon} lens ten ent nie the alor fore acts T the capi of I fror fror acte whi due The typ evel to | and nom Rea A effec youl thus lette acte mag the The mak remi fron ing the thro toil is of mae WwW devi the | tates char pape can the 1 hoth light The stru: elabe TI he sing! wore strat

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be 1ec al- his ure der ied vas ure ing ance the or of ed ich of le, m- In- ch of st on ly ht lis le al m Is is ut ee ee a hile te JUNE, 1922 Stretching the Five-Foot Shelf An Invention That May Reduce the Size of Our Books to a Fraction of Their Present Bulk By S. R. Winters TOLUMINOUS periodicals, involving the expenditure \ of billions of dollars annually in printing and acres and acres of space in which to store, as embodied in the present art of printing may be revolutionized SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN rate of 239 words a minute. giving the machine a trial silence, 287 words a minute by actual count. —10,000 on each side, to be exact. an ordinary book or magazine. The writer, in turn, in demonstration read, in The strip of paper containing the lettering is chockful of words Thus, five sucli strips, with characters on both sides, would contain 100,000 words, in excess of the number possessed by More graphically ex- pressed, perhaps, is the comparison between a package 407 of being read. The “Fiske Reading Machine” would cut the mounting costs of paper and printing involved in this task of magnitude. Similarly, millions of dol- lars are spent by the Federal government in the pub- lication of bulletins that are never read, and their storage exacts a further toll in the form of valuable space. The invention being described would authorize drastic economies in these instances. Other possibili ties outlined in behalf of the “Fiske Reading Machine” were sketched for the writer of this by an invention of Rear Admiral Bradley A. Fiske of Washington, D.C. Labeled as the “Fiske Reading Machine,” a patent s been granted the inventor. The device is simplicity and compactness per- nified, lending itself to easy carriage in one’s coat pocket. Che instrument, consisting of a tiny lens d a small roller for operating this eye- ce up and down a vertical column of ‘ending-matter, is a means by which linary typewritten when photo- iphically reduced to one-hundredth of the space originally occupied, can be read th quite the facility that the impression of conventional printing type is now re- iled to the unaided eye. The device is nly six and one-quarter inches long, one £ copy, -« und seven-eighths inches wide, one-quarter of an inch thick, and weighs five and one- half ounces. More about the details of the machine, which consists of four parts: There is an extremely light frame, composed of alu- minum. A strip of paper is a carriage for the photographed lettering, which lies in a longitudinal groove in the frame. A tiny lens, capable of magnifying the characters ten times, brings the lettering into promin- ent review. A roller, really the only mechanical part of the contrivance, serves the purpose of moving the strip of paper along a groove in front of the lens. The forefinger of the hand holding the frame ts in this capacity. The lettering, reduced ten times just as the lens has a magnification of equal capacity, is imprinted on a narrow strip of paper which may be moved at will in front of the lens at a fixed distance there- from. These tiny representations or char- acters are printed from a copper block on which have been photo-engraved, on a re- duced scale, common typewritten matter. The process operates in the absence of type and involves no typesetting. How- ever, this novel system renders it possible to photo-engrave books already printed and likewise publish reduced copies at a nominal expense for use in the “Fiske Reading Machine.” Answering frequent inquiries to the effect, “Does the use of this machine tire your eyes,” Admiral Fiske likens the effect thus expended to that of reading ordinary lettering with the unaided eye. The char- acters appear plainly by reason of the lens magnifying them to the same extent that the photographic process reduces them. The structural features of the instrument make it imperative that the characters remain at a uniformly correct distance from the eye. Admiral Fiske, in answer- ing the suggestions of the possibility of the instrument causing jaded _ eyes, throws out the reminder that engravers toil incessantly at their occupations which is of striking similarity to reading by this machine. When reading the operator holds the levice in front of either eye, propelling the paper in such a manner that it facili- GENIUS — PAGE 1 article by the inventor as follows: 1. The cost of manufacturing books, magazines, weeklies and perhaps news- papers will be so reduved that 10,000 copies of one of average size, containing about 100,000 words, can be manufactured and sold to a publisher, for four cents each. If 100,000 copies are issued, they can be sold, of course, at a price much less, 2. Since the best quality of paper must be used, books, magazines and newspapers used in reading machines will last indefi- nitely. At present, they begin to get dis- colored and to crumble in a few 3. The amount of paper needed for printing any number of words will be diminished to about one-sixtieth of what is needed now. 4, An ordinary book, magazine or weekly as reduced can be sent by mail for one cent, singly. 5. The work of mailing zines and weeklies will be enormously re- duced, and the transmission of mail by airplane much facilitated. 6. The space needed for keeping books, years, books, maga- magazines and documents will be enor- mously diminished. 7. The cost of manufacturing maga- zines, weeklies and newspapers will be so greatly reduced that, in all probability they can be given away; assuming that advertisers will continue to pay as at present. 8. Smaller will suffice, and therefore less capital will be required. 9. Books of reference, such as encyclo pedias and dictionaries; standard like the Bible and the works of Shakes- peare and other pre-eminent authors, can be sold for prices much than their present prices. 10. Eye-glasses and spectacles will not be required for reading. 11. The diffusion of knowledge will be greatly facilitated ; because even the poor- est people will be able to buy the most in- structive and entertaining works. The “Fiske Reading Machine” is the product of two years of creative effort of the inventor. His original attempt to devise a machine for easy reading is ap- parently fruitful of achievement. Some- what of a coincidence, may it not be cuon- sidered, that this invention of revolution- ary possibilities has been introduced at a time when a scientific world is discussing a book, “Invention the Master-Key to Progress,” also a product of Rear Admiral Bradley A. Fiske? His creative genius, so wonderfully productive while in the ser- vice of the Navy, is not inactive, now that his retirement is a fact. presses books less Aluminum in German Cars NE of the most remarkable features recent Berlin Show was the rapidly increasing use of aluminium and aluminium alloys, not only for cylinder pistons and crank cases but for other parts as well, the manufacture of which tates reading of the representations as is haracteristic of reading a book or news- paper. A blinder, attached to the machine, an be operated in obstructing the view of he unused eye. The strain of employing oth eyes is thus obviated. Unless the ight is dim, one eye is adequate to the needs of reading. Che use of both eyes will doubtless involve the con- struction of a unit of the reading machine more ‘laborate than the present design. The dispatch with which one can read when using he “Fiske Reading Machine” is remarkable. At a ingle glance through the lens one hundred and twenty vords are revealed to view. Admiral Fiske, in demon- Above: ‘trating his invention to the writer, read aloud at a one eye is being used. Below: Rear Admiral Fiske demonstrating his reading machine ; the blinder is seen, since only A close view of the reading machine, with strip of reading matter in position. Right: A sample page of reading matter, reproduced in its actual size. This page contains 10,000 words, more than 25 times as many as are found on the average book-page The new technique of reading suggested by Rear Admiral Fiske of these strips and the cumbersomeness of a standard dictionary. The latter contains approximately 2,850 pages, weighing about 20 pounds; while 475 strips, two inches wide and nine inches long, could incorporate the contents of a bulky dictionary. The weight of these strips of paper would be only two and a half-pounds or about one-eighth of that of a standard dictionary. Literally, tons of books are annually published in the United States as reference guides with no object has become an engineering branch of its own in which some of the late aircraft makers, the Zeppelin works at Staaken among the rest, are taking a leading part. The possibility of using aluminium even for the manufacture of parts submitted to heavy strain mainly depends on the use of an alloy with silicon, raising the coefficient of expansion to a figure close to that of steel and iron. Similarly to the use of armored concrete, some sort of “armored” alu- minium, a most resisting and remarkably light mate- rial, is now obtained by embedding in the aluminium mass thin steel portions intended to transmit any tea- sile stresses, whereas the surrounding aluminium is re lied upon to deal with compressive stresses,

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408 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN JUNE, 1922 The Treatment of Fuels by Direct Flame Coking Coal and Gasifying Liquid Fuels Right in the Fire, Without Danger of Burning Them principal source of The development NOMBUSTION of fuel is the C energy in almost every industry. of this energy is the special task of modern chemistry, the foundation of which laid the un- derstanding of the phenomenon of combustion. was by correct Any process of combustion requires two substances: one which burns, and one which supports combustion. The latter substance ordinarily is oxygen from the air —- ee Fig. 1: Diagrammatic scheme of the conventional re- tort, in which heat is applied to the outside of the retort walls, and comes to the charge only by pene- trating these walls there is contained ap- which is readily material ordinary used in Mm feet of proximately one cubic foot of oxygen, available for combustion. Without oxygen cannot burn. Unless air is supplied to an furnace the fire will The term fire, as every five cubic air go out the industries, describes the burning of fuel under evolution of light and heat. The zone in which this evolution of light and heat takes place is commonly called a flame. In a retort heated externally in the old-fashioned way (Fig. 1), fuel is burned in the fire-box under the retort in order to heat the material within the retort. The smokestack removes the products of combustion evolved in the fire-box, and draws a continuous supply of fresh air through the fuel bed. The products of combustion carry away through the stack a great deal of heat which must be con sidered as lost, for it is not employed in heating the material in the retort. The greater this loss, the lower the efficiency of the furnace. The fire heats first the material of which the retort is made, which then transmits part of the heat which it receives from the fire-box to its con tained material. Part of the heat evolved in the fire-box is lost through radiation from that por tion of the retort not inclosed in the fire-box, and wnother part is lost through radiation from the walls or brick work of the furnace. Supposing now that the material contained in the retort is coal and that it is desired to coke this coal by heating it to the temperature neces to drive off all of its moisture and volatile Sury matter. First, a fire is started under the retort by igniting some fuel and the coal is gradually heated through the walls of the retort. In other words, the walls of the retort form a barrier hetween the coal and the fire. If this barrier were removed, or even only broken, the coal itself would fall into the flames or be set afire by them The walls of the retort transmit most of their heat to the nearest layer of coal, and throughout the entire operation this layer of material nearest to the walls will attain a higher temperature than the part of the charge further away from the walls Long after the nearest layer has been converted from coal into coke the more distant will still be coal, and relatively cold. Coke 4tthat is to say, it is not layers is an insulating material conductor of heat. After the first layer of has been formed, a condition been reached where the remaining coal is heated from the outside of the retort through the walls of the an insulating layer of coke. a good coke has retort and through By F. Frank The highest efficiency of heat transfer and the great- est utilization of the physico-chemical properties of a flame can be reached only by bringing the material to be heated into direct, actual, intimate contact with the flame. Where the heating of non-burnable ma- terials is involved, the direct application of a flame The process of heating combusti- ble and highly inflammable substances, such coal, etroleum, alcohol, ete., with direct live flames, with- out setting them afire and burning them, necessitated for solution of work. After many difficult experiments it has been solved-in an extremely simple and practical manner. offers no difficulties, as its years research Fig. 2 illustrates its application to coal contained in in iron retort similar to Fig. 1. The interior firing makes both stack and furnace unnecessary. In order to minimize losses by radiation, the outside of the retort is covered with an insulating material such as sbestos, and the inside is lined with a refractory ma- terial, fire-brick. The flame in this produced by burning fuel gas and air which have been such as ease is premixed in such proportions that there is present in the mixture just sufficient oxygen to burn the fuel gas. This result is obtained by very simple mechanical mixing devices. The combustible mixture of gas and air is delivered to the burner at such a high velocity that the flame cannot burn back into the delivery pipe As there is just sufficient oxygen present in the gaseous to support the combustion of the fuel gas, the the retort cannot burn; without oxygen a ma- cannot burn regardless of the temperature to subjected, even though this temperature be produced by the application of a live flame The flame temperature can predetermined and regulated according to the chemical composition of the The char- mixture eoul nm terial which it is direct be mixture from which the flame is produced. acter of the flame may be neutral, oxidizing, or reduc- ing, depending upon the desired result. The flame comes into direct, intimate contact with the material, and it can be said that the material itself acts like a breaker in the path of the flame. The flame penetrates, and burns within, the voids of the entire mass of coal, without igniting or burning the coal itself, and without burning the gases and vapors given off by the coal dur- ing the heating operation. The flame and the products of combustion fill the voids of the charge and surround individual chunk of coal from all sides and com- The coal is decomposed by the heat each pletely envelop it. Stationary gasification furnace of the internal type for liquid fuels int lea o coke and fixed fuel gases and from the advantages already stated, important sq; tional savings are obtained nee in cutting down the ie “led for the heating operation. When it is desired to gasify completely all volatii ma is tter of the coal as well as all fixed carbon, a furn::. used, into which steam may be introduced, w Prater a! tobe Treetod Fig. 2: Diagrammatic representation of retort of the new style, in which flame actually comes in contact wit h the charge, even though this without burning it is decomposed into hydrogen and oxygen, and the fixes carbon is converted by the liberated oxygen into carl» monoxide. Ash remains as a sole residue. This paratus can also be used for the complete = gasiti tion of solid and liquid fuels at the same time. ( or ¢ “oke and oil or tar are fed in continuously, togethe with steam, and are subjected to the direct action live resi and flames at their highest calorific intensity. Tl ilting gas will be a mixture of coal gas, oil gus water gas, depending on the relative quantities of solid and liquid fuels used. T in he stationary gasification furnace for liquid fuels spite of its small size, has delivered in actu operation in the plant at Oakland, Calif., the rate of over 200,000 cubie feet of fuel gas per hour made from ordinary fuel oil and stea! Live flames play directly upon a refractory bed of broken fire-brick and form flame through which atomized oil and steam are drawn The atomized oil in practice is completely vapor ized before it reaches the flame zone, and composed therein into fixed fuel gases and resi dual carbon, which in turn is subjected to vigorous water-gas reaction with the steam. Tlie labor cost in connection with this furnace is negligible. Gas has been made by this new process from about the same amount of oil as is required by many eastern plants for the mere purpose of carburetting or enriching the coal gas This gas is suitable for city distribution, possesses all properties required for heating and illuminating purposes. It has the added advan tage that it does not contain naphthalene or su! The sulfur in the oil is converted into sulfur dioxide, which is by the water in the scrubber. The chemical analysis of the gas shows a nitrogen content which in certain cases may be as high as 50 per cent, wit however, lowering fuel value of tli screens is ce coal-gas as fur compounds. absorbed out, the gus, The reactions, which are set up between ste: and oil vapors at the high temperatures preva ing in the flame screens are not yet definitely w derstood; and adequate means for the chemical identification and analysis of the co ponents of gas made at these high temperatures have not been developed to establish a basis fe! the comparison of the fuel gases made by this an: other processes. For practical purposes the che ical analysis of a fixed gas is immaterial as lonz as the is of the desired heat value. It foreseen that a considerable discussion amonz chemists will arise over this question. corre: fas vapors, which, afte; ving the retort, are condensed into coal tar. Acide be combustible, Se eal —_ a == ME aS ers ihe en UNE i aie ous a PAROS TS an a ai Ea 5 ¢ aca the an eire wil sec poi ney fro siti is, wh con cha the pro hal mo eall nat to con ren ter fro tha mel nec spe A foré on tior wit to ¢ of eas! at Am tha ing hen Ss pos: gre: par add Uki of of per tior and

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1922 f the ntact tible, en JUNE, 1922 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN The Heavens in June, 1922 The Recent Reports of Shifting Latitudes, and What the Astronomer Makes of Them NE of the most interesting of recent astronomical investigations—told at the meeting of the Amer- ican Astronomical Society last December, but not yet published in full—deals with the apparently unattrac- tive topic of measurement of latitude. Everyone knows that the latitude of an observer— whether on a ship at sea or at a fixed observatory—is determined by observations of stars. If we could find a star which passed directly overhead (through our zenith), onr latitude—or roughly, our distance from the equator on the earth—would be equal to this star’s declination, or distance in degrees from equator in the heavens. Any other star will do if we can find how far it is from the zenith when it crosses the meridian, and if we know how far it is from the celestial equator. Until about 30 years ago it was believed that the latitude of any point of observation, fixed on the earth’s surface, was always the same. But as observa- tions became more precise, it was found that there was actually a slight variation in latitude—amounting to but a few tenths of a second in all, but unquestion- ably real. This was first noticed in Germany, and confirmed shortly afterwards by observations in Hawaii by an expedition sent for the purpose. These showed that when the latitude of the European station that of the Hawaiian post decreased, and hence that the earth’s pole was moving, rather than either station. Before long the problem was fully solved, mainly by the labors of the American Chandler, who found that the motion of the pole could be repre- sented as follows: increased How the Pole Behaves Starting with the average position of the pole—a fixed point—we may imagine another point moving about this in a feet, and while a circle, at a distance of about 15 with a period of 14 second point moves about the first moving months, point in an elongated ellipse once a year, feet UsIISe7 never getting more than about 12 from it. This second point gives the po- = sition of the “instantaneous pole’—that x is, the spot on the earth’s surface about 3 which it turns on any given day. The combination of these two influences may change the distance of an observer from the pole by as much as 25 feet each way, producing a variation in latitude of about half a of are. Both terms in the motion were promptly explained theoreti- cally--the 14-month term arising from a natural tendency of the spheroidal planet little, and the annual term coming from changes in the ocean cur- rents, ete., with the The latter term, in particular, is not quite the same from year to year; and it became evident At that. if the full value of modern instru- ments was to be realized, it would be necessary to keep track of its amount by second to wobble a seusons At 11 o’clock: special observations. An international arrangement was there- fore made, by which five observatories were set up on the parallel of 39° 8’ north latitude, and observa- tions of the latitude were made on every clear night with zenith telescopes—instruments especially designed to give results of the highest attainable accuracy. One of these stations was in Sardinia, the next, counting eastward, in Turkestan, the third in Japan, the fourth at Ukiah, Calif., and the fifth at Gaithersburg, Md. Among them they encircle the pole on all sides, so that it cannot move in any direction without approach- ing at least one of them, and receding from some other ; hence its drift is doubly checked. Some 20 years’ work at these stations has made it possible to follow the periodic motions of the pole with great accuracy. But all this is an old story: the new part follows. It was noted a few years ago that, in addition to the periodic fluctuations, the latitude of Ukiah showed a steady tendency to increase. A plot of the average values derived from the observations of one year after. another (when corrected for the periodic changes) showed that the effect was unques- tionably real—a steady shift of about 0.01” per year, and corresponding to an approach to the pole at the June 7. At 10% o'clock: June 14. 10 o'clock: June 22, By Prof. Henry Norris Russell, Ph.D. rate of one foot annually. Certain geologists suggested that this might mean that this part of California was really moving northward—perhaps as a part of one of those great movements of the earth’s crust which end in slipping along lines of fracture. and thus cause great earthquakes like that of 1906. Ukiah is many miles from the particular fault-line along which the motion then occurred; but the suggestion was of great interest. It has been carefully tested by Dr. Lambert of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, whose con- clusions are those referred to at the beginning of the present paper. Dr. Lambert confirms the increase in the latitude of Ukiah, but finds that a similar increase, at an almost equal rate, appears in Maryland—where it certainly cannot be attributed to the California earthquake! Moreover, a similar northward drift is found in Europe and in Turkestan, while the Japanese station shows no change at all. The Latest Puzzle This looks queer at first sight. On the average, all the stations seem to be moving northward! The north pole cannot be moving toward them all at once. Is it pos- vozsOH | Ys2yj704%, Southern 200 _— At Hort At 9% o’clock: June 30. The hours given are in Standard Time. must be made one hour later: 12 o'clock on June 7, etc. NIGHT SKY: JUNE AND JULY sible that the earth is bulging out in the north, and its whole surface moving slowly in that direction? By no means, the physicist would answer—at least, by no means at present known to science. Fortunately, we do not have to invoke any such wild explanation. The observed facts, reduced to their simplest terms, mean that, whereas the stars which are observed for latitude used to pass through certain definite points near the zenith, as seen from these stations 20 years ago, they now pass slightly but perceptibly to the south of these positions, This means either that the zenith (from which the positions are measured) has moved north- ward—or that the stars have moved southward. Now the stars on the observing list are actually in slow motion in the heavens, like all the other stars; but these “proper motions” have been allowed for in work- ing out the observations. Before we can allow for them, however, we must measure them; and this can be done only by comparing modern observations with observations made many years ago (often a century). These older observations were not as accurate as can be made nowadays, and it may be that they were all, on the average, a little wrong. In this case the calcula- XL 38 At 9 o’clock: July 7. vs At 8% o'clock: July 14. When local summer time is in effect, they for tions based on them will the slow southward average motion of the Stars.in the heavens; they will gradually shift to the southward of their calculated positions and the calculated latitudes will come out too far to the north. We may therefore substitute for the improbable hy pothesis of the bulging of the earth the very one that the old observations of the stars were slightly in error. The correction to the proper would remove the discrepancy is only about 0,005” year, and for the most other purposes could be forgotten entirely. But when this correction has been made, small shifts in the latitude of the various main, The EKuropean observatories practically no change; but the American stations indicate a north- ward drift though at only one-half the rate previously suspected, while the Japanese station is moving south- ward at about the same rate. This set of changes can be explained by a real mo- tion of the north pole in the direction of the American continent, which would take it away from Japan, and hardly change its distance from Europe at all. From a careful discussion of the observations Dr. Lambert finds that the pole, during the last 20 years, has been moving toward 77° west longitude at the rate of 0.005” per annum, or six inches a year on the earth’s surface. This motion is, of course, in addition to the periodic changes de- seribed earlier. The 20 years of vation make its reality very probable, though not yet certain; but another decade or two will settle the question. If this motion of the pole continued in- definitely, it would amount to about eight miles in a million we have no way at all of telling whether it has been uniform in the past, or will be in the future, or whether it alters its rate and direction from century to century. It is perhaps worth pointing out ex- plicitly that the motion indicated by ob servation will not do anything to explain’ the great North America. This was probably in full swing fail to allow sufficiently probable motions which per certain stations re show obser- years. Of course, Pleistocene glaciation of far less than a million years ago, when the pole, if moving in the manner indi- eated, was only a couple of miles from its present location. The Planets Mercury is in conjunction with the sun on the 18th, and is visible only at the be- ginning of the month, just after or at its close, in the dawn, Venus is an evening star in Gemini and Cancer, very far north, and sunset, correspond- ingly conspicuous. Though not yet at her 8 o'clock: July 22. greatest elongation, she remains in prom inent sight until 9:30 P. M. or later. Mars is in opposition on the 10th, and is nearer and brighter than for a dozen His closest approach to the earth comes on the 18th, at a distance of a little over 42 million miles. Unfortunately for northern ob servers, he is in declination 26 south, and reaches an altitude of only 24 degrees on the meridian of New York. This necessitates one’s looking through twice as much air as would be in the way if the planet were higher in the sky. Even with a small telescope, however, the principal surface markings may be seen if the air is steady. Jupiter and Saturn are in Virgo, about 7 degrees apart, and are conspicuous from the twilight hours well on in the night. Uranus is in quadrature on the 4th. west of the sun in Aquarius, and observable in the morning. Neptune is in Cancer and is observable until about 10 P. M. in the middle of the month. The moon is in her first quarter at 1 P. M. on 2nd, full at 11 A. M. on the 9th, in 7 A. M. on the 17th, and new at 11 She is nearest the earth on the 3rd, farthest off on the 16th, and in perigee again on the 28th. During the month she passes near Saturn on the 8rd. Jupiter on the 4th, Mars on the 9th, Uranus on the 16th, Mercury on the 24th, Venus and Neptune on the 27th, and Saturn again on the morning of July 1. years. degrees the her last quarter at P. M. on the 24th.

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110 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN JUNE, 1922 The Inside of the Question * What Is the Matter with Our Colleges, and What Are They Going to Do About It?” ‘RANT, for the sake of argument, that Mr. Edison's X criticisms of the American college undergraduate und of the American college, as reported in this journal issue, are based on fact. They are will assume for the moment how in the ot based on November fact, but we even For example, he te young men with a grade of world youngsters who and he then, it is easy 10 show complains that that they are; for injustified they are. when the colleges gradu: io, they are sending out into the right only 60 per cent of the time, industry that kind of a man— only 60 per cent of the time. The answer to The college undergraduate during all of his years is constantly breaking intellectual ground: he is meeting new subjects of hought; he is new mental concepts; he is exercising a new set of mental “muscles.” Under those conditions mistakes are inevitable. We do not remem- ber how many tumbles we got when we first attempted t» walk; without help we should have tumbled more, The finished pianist and violinist probably do not recall with how great they ran their first scale and how many errors they made have been that no right that is easy. wants states one who is four new forming labor By Dean Ellery of Union College in college. What A and B and C and D, or 60 and 70 and 80 and 90 mean in a college life is nothing dif- ferent from what $1000 a year or $2000 a year or $5000 a year or $10,000 a year mean in a life outside of college. Yet, there is a need to answer directly the questions at the head of this paper, which are taken from the reported interview with Mr. Edison in the November SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. There are certain faults in the process of college training which, if corrected, would enable the colleges to do even better work than they are doing now. When the question, “What Are the Colleges Going to Do About It?” is aimed at these faults, every college officer is thoughtful, for he knows that criticisms based upon actual fact must be met seriously. The process of training which the college affords is now handicapped by two things: large num- bers of students, and small numbers of experienced teachers. The first means large classes of instruction, so large that individual contact of mind with mind is almost impossible; the other means that when these large classes are divided into small instructional sec- tions, there are not enough experienced in the performance of their first piece. Mr. Edison him- self was probably right a good deal less than 60 per cent of the time when he tirst began work upon an electric light. were true that grades given incandescent So, even if it the numerical to the college undergraduate represent the percentage of time that he is right; since he is constantly at work in fields which for him are new fields, if he is right 60 per cent of the time, he is a pretty worker. There is no basis of com- between the under- graduate and men in professional or business life The man who is right all the time in life is likely to be the one who is doing one single thing in an office or a factory, who is meeting one set of conditions to which experience has accus tomed him. He may be the man who is turning out day after day one small part of a complicated machine; he may be a clerk who gathers gt wd parison most teachers to go round. The large class is a menace to the output of a very fine product. That is universally true where anything other than a mechanical proc- ess is involved. A good cook may make a de- licious pie. Delicacy may still be present if he makes two pies. At some point delicacy is inversely proportional to the number made at one time. Mark Hop- kins and one student is advanced students only and to be released from | monotony of teaching freshmen does not appreciate t fine opportunity that is his. I cannot say what the c. leges are going to do about it, but I can say that wh. the college can have small iMmstructional sections, an when it will bring its freshmen into immediate cont: with its best, strongest and finest men, there will an improvement in its products. The good men w are products of the present process will be better mx and there will be more of them. The Age of the Earth T the meeting of the British Association in Edi: burgh in September last a joint discussion on t! age of the earth took place under the auspices of ft! sections for Mathematics, Geology, Zoology and Botan The inadequacy of Lord Kelvin’s original estimate « twenty or thirty million years has long been admitte: The more recent estimates are for a much greater ag: Lord Rayleigh considered that the‘most accurate est mate of the age of the earth can be derived from t! rate of radio-active disintegration. Uranium passes through a series of successive stages during its disin tegration which terminate in an isotope of lead, havin: an atomic weight less than that of “ordinary” lea: but chemically indistinguishable from it. The order and rate of this disintegration through successive stages ar known with a high degree of accuracy, so that a dete: mination of the amount of the isotope of lead present i: minerals containing uranium enables the time wher disintegration commenced to be assigned without ver great uncertainty. In this way an age of about 1,000 million years is derived from pre-Cambrian rocks. Professor Gregory dealt with the geological estimat: of the age of the earth, based upon the salinity of th: Estimates obtained in this way varied from 7) sea. to 150 million years. He pointed out that the argument suffered from three fundamental objections. It was assumed that the sea was originally fresh, although the oldest fauna, the Cambrian, had marine characteristic- and the contrast between the fresh water and marin¢ fauna in Palaeozoic times was as sharp as it is toda) R. EDISON has had his say, and of what he has said has been sufficiently uncomplimentary to our colleges and the men whom they are turning out. correspondents have written at considerable length in reply to his remarks that appeared in our November issue; but most of them were too busy attacking his theory that a memory test will result in the selection of men of executive ability to pay any attention to There was also no allow ance for the large supplies sodium chloride raised from beneath the earth's surface by magmatic waters Further, a uniform rate of denudation was postulated whereas there have alternating periods of quic! and slow crustal movements the earth is now under th: influence of a time of quick movement, with consequent Several been and distributes stereotyped what he said about the colleges. Dean Ellery, ly, denudation faster than business information he however, whose portrait is shown, from long the average. Taking these may be a so-called official who makes quotations upon worked-out scheme of costs: or he may still higher executive who is “directing” the activities of men in set and definite channels. The number of men at the top of industrial organizations who successful conduct of work under new and always changing con- ditions is just as small, relatively, as the number of college boys who rank high in their classes, and the reason is the same in both cases. We could safely leave the argument here, but it was grade of 60 in the work of a college course fact that that individual was right 60 per cent of the time. It represents nothing of the sort, or, rather, it represents a good deal more. These arithmetical grades given throughout the educational while apparently representing either the percentage of correct informa- tion which the student possesses or the number of times he has succeeded in the total number of efforts show where that individual stands in It is a comparative figure; it undergraduates. It who are a carefully even be a the basis of are responsible for the all made on an assumption: that the represents the system, made, actually the seale of intelligence. the relative position of means that there are undergraduates highly intelligent, quick to learn, exact in their work, correct in their conclusions, indefatigable in their labor. There are others who are not so gifted. If there were no colleges at all, there would still be the same grades among individuals. Any circles of life will show the same relative conditions in men who have never been show Ss some experience with the colleges and their problems naturally was more interested in this side of the inventor's views as reported by a member of our editorial staff. We think he makes a very good case, and are glad indeed to give him the space in which to make it.—THE Eprror. three causes separately, Pro fessor Gregory estimated that, to allow for them, the age of the earth deduce: from the salinity argument should be multiplied two still the ideal college; Mark Hopkins and ten students might produce good results; but Mark Hopkins and fifty students would result in poorer product. There is a limit to the extent to which a man’s personality and mentality can reach under a single set of conditions. We may hope for a day when there will be no classes in our larger than ten or a dozen students. If the colleges are fortunate enough to be able to divide large classes into small sections, the quality of colleges the work done will be improved in all those sections when each is in charge of experienced and successful teachers. The freshman year and the senior year are relatively important than the sophomore and junior year, and of these two, the freshman year is more important than the senior. In that period the boy must get accustomed to the larger freedom that comes when the restrictions of homé are released. He begins to be controlled from within rather than from without. He learns to assume the responsibility of making his own choices. It is the period when the boy needs the strongest, the most intelligent and the finest pedagogy. The full professor of the colleges who asks to be given more fold, three or four-fold and five-fold respectively. He concluded by stating that the best known geological estimates of the age of the earth requires to be multi plied ten or twenty-fold in order to agree with thé physical estimates, and that this increase is consistent with the geological evidence. Dr. Jeffreys stated that, from considerations of the temperature distribution downwards in the earth’s crust, allowing for the radio-active content, and also from the tidal theory of the origin of the solar system he had separately devised concordant estimates of about 2,000 million years since the solidification of the earth’s crust. Thus with revised data, two of Lord Kelvin’s methods of reasoning have been brought into agreement with the results derived from other physical methods. Lord Kelvin’s third method—the contraction hypothesis—is not valid on account of the existence of other sources of stellar energy. It will have been gathered that, on the whole, there is now a satisfactory agreement between the results of arguments based upon astronomical, physical and geological considerations. These indicate an age of the earth, since solidification, of 1,000 million years. ees, us pli we

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JUNE, 1922 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN 411 Inventions New A Department Devoted to Pioneer Work and Interesting in the Various Arts and to Patent News A brush for every customer, thrown away after use, is made possible by this arrangement The Sanitary Shaving Brush NANITARY requirements enforced up- Ss on barber shops and similar estab- lishments these days are pretty severe, and it is not always a simple matter to know just how to proceed with the busi- ness of shaving, manicuring, massaging, etc., in accordance with the demands of the public health authorities. One of the problems revolves about the shaving brush. We all know the extent to which the deadly anthrax germ lurks in this, and anthrax is only one of its possibili- ties. Sterilization of the brush after each usage is easy to say; but it is less easy to do, less easy still to keep an eye on the individual barbers and see that they do it—and it costs money. Nor is it of much avail to sterilize brushes in a puddle of dirty water, such as is some- times seen in use for washing glasses at au carelessly conducted soda fountain. The inventor has come to the rescue of the barber in this predicament, and has provided a brush that is used only once, and then thrown away. A little tuft of sisal fiber constitutes the busi- ness end of the brush, and it is clipped into the handle and used. Then it is released and a fresh tuft substituted; and instead of being more or less cleaned for reuse, the used brush-end is thrown out. The principle of the safety razor, in other words, is applied to the brush. One handle, many blades, has been a familiar situation for some years; and now we shall have one handle for many brushes. Simplicity in Hose Clamps ADIATOR hose clamps are one of R the banes of automobiling. Most of us have struggled with screw-driver and pliers, trying to hold the one end while we turned the other, to loosen a recalci- The shell of the hammer-blow timer, with one post broken away to show the mechanism trant clamp: and most of us have been stranded with an old clamp that has just been removed, that is hardly fit for service again, and for which we have no substitute. A clamp that works without a screw sounds good, at first thought, until the awful thought comes that if it has no screw it certainly must have a spring. But we illustrate a clamp that has neither screw nor spring—un- less one insists upon the technicality that the clamp itself is a spring. It works by means of little “adjustment slots,” the edges of which are raised sufficiently to catch and hold the pawl, against the spring-action of the clamp itself, when ohe pawl is pressed into engagement. It has five of these slots, giving a range of three eight-inch sizes. The lever that works the pawl is operated with one finger, and the clamp can be attached in a fraction of the time ordinarily re- quired, The hose clamp that works without screw or spring The Hammer-Blow Timer VERYBODY who has ever driven the _4 universal popular-priced car for any distance knows that its weak spot is the timer. Every garage mechanic has his favorite replacement timer, which he ad- vocates and puts on if permitted, and which usually does give better service than the one that came with the car. Of these replacement timers, some give their better service through the use of better materials. These are nice enough to have on your flivver, but they do not make an interesting story. Occasionally we find one that bases its claim to superiority on a different mode of opera- tion; and then we have a story to tell. One of this kind is illustrated herewith. The trouble with the standard timer for the flivver is that the brush and the contact posts make a wiping contact while the brush is in rapid rotation. After a few million turns it is self- evident that the contact surfaces are going to get worn, that contact will be less clean, and that the spark will ac- cordingly be less efficient—if, indeed, it is not now and again jumped entirely. The timer we illustrate differs from the usual type in that there is no current at the point of wiping contact. The roller acts not as an electrical member at all, but simply as a cam. It strikes one post after the other as it rotates, and drives each down, against the pressure of a spring, to make a hammer-blow con- tact at the gap shown in the illustration. It is clear enough that the roller itself, and the post against which it delivers its pressure, may become so seriously worn that they would utterly fail to function electrically, and yet the shock of contact would remain sufficient to drive the floating hammer home and make the necessary electrical connection at the cap. A Screw-Driver for an Emergency 8 pe of New York’s prominent citi- zens Was recently locked, with his wife and eight servants, in his air-tight Some details of the arrangement by which the live axle may be removed through the hub wine cellar, which has a combination lock. In the pitch darkness he managed to break off the blade of his pocket knife and, using the stub as a screw-driver, to remove the combination plate of the lock from the inside of the vault door, re- leasing the party just about in time to avoid serious respiration difficulty. The tale is told merely to demonstrate that one never knows when one may need a screw-driver. A thin-edged washer, car- ried in the vest pocket, is the latest idea for an emergency screw-driver, and will usually do the work unless the screw is too firmly set. A Double-Duty Table-Tool DOUBLE advantage is to be gained by using this device, invented for the purpose of mixing salads. In the A pocket screw-driver for use in a hurry first place, the housewife always has the necessary fork and spoon united. so that the spoon can be used for measur ing, the fork for stirring, and the com- bination for lifting the lettuce up and down in the bowl. Another advantage is that they are made of horn, doing away with rust and corrosion of metal from the vinegar and salt used in the salads, An Innovation in Axles LIVE axle that can be removed through the hub-hole of the wheel, without removing the wheel or even jacking up the car, is claimed in U. S patent No. 1,274,559, issued to Mr. J. B. Ketchum of Hampshire, Ill. Mr. Ket- chum supplies us with a photograph of an axle constructed according to this idea, showing the essential features by means of which it may be removed by simply removing the hub cap. The latter is bolted to the wheel hub by the same six bolts that hold the spokes in place. This hub can be fitted with any style bearings. Weight of Steel Rails and Their Life HAT the weight of a steel rail is an important factor in the life of the rail but in an entirely different way than might be expected has been established by the experience of one large Eastern railroad. In the last few years the road referred to has gradually replaced Knife and fork in one for mixing salads

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A muffler for the radiator—combined with a humidifier its 80-Ib. 105-Ib. rails. <A careful record of the life of the heavier rails with rails compared with that of the lighter ones has brought out the rather astonish ing fact that the 105-lb. rail lasted in the regular road hed 2.7 than the S5-Ib. rail did with very little change times longer in chemical composition. In other words the addition of 25 pounds to the yard has increased the life of the rail 270 per cent. But the ratio of increased life is not these figures It has been found that the 130-lb. rail lasts only 40 per cent longer than a 100-Ib rail while a rail of the 80-Ib. class lasts only long as the GO-1b, rail. In 1910, the was 12.18 per cent ot the total finished steel output; in 1913 it was 14.12 per cent. But in 1919 and duction was 8.77 per cent and 8.05 per the sume above or below about twice as country’s rail production 0 rai pro cent respectively of that of finished steel. This wide difference, it is claimed, is not due altogether to railroad control nor to lack of funds or similar causes It is the conclusion of the railroad referred to my that the extensive adoption by the lead ing large railroads of 105-Ib. rail, has been a strong determining factor he country of e with its much longer life, Beating Eggs by Faucet Power N the top of this mason jar cover is | i When the slightly the small water motor. turned on very within the jar witer Is beating device starts uction.¢ Motor and top of jar are made in unit, to fit any standard glass jar. An adapter is provided for the faucet that does not have threads. Egg-beating

device screws on much as does the gar den hose

Simple water-motor for beating eggs SCIENTIFIC Noiseless Steam Radiators fp device combines a ator valve silencer and a humidifier. steam radi- rhe long tube is screwed over the valve in place of the regular cap, and when properly adjusted takes the noise away. rhe pan of water needs replenishing every three days. Any leaking runs into the pan and prevents water from run ning on the floors Cutting Fluids have long recognized \ ACHINISTS 4 lard oil as well nigh indispensable in certain cutting operations, though for Yr jority of machine-shop work much used to advantage of lard been clearly understood, but er oils 1 y be Phe reasons for the superiority have net they turn out to be closely related to the general theory of lubrication; and with the development of fast-moving machines this theory is of vast economic import- ince The purposes of eutting fluids are to work, lubricate, lessen wear, eool the insure a good finish with accurate dimen- sions, Wash away chips and prevent the formation of dust. The materials used may be classified as oils, air, water and wqueous solutions, and emulsions. For mere cooling water, with its high specific heat, is ideal. But it tends to rust the machines: so, while used to some extent, has added to it soda, sodium other alka- difficult chip is apt to it usually sodium resinate, or Moreover, in silicate, line substances, eutting operations the AMERICAN heating minimized, found to run more increased, machine duction and the steadily. It appears that whenever two clean surfaces of metal are brought together they tend to Many examples prove that a quite invisible layer of im purity will prevent seizure. The clean metal of the chip moving over the face of the tool under great pressure affords a difficult problem in lubrica seize, peculiarly tion. Lard oil has a much _ higher adhesion for metal than do the pure mineral oils, It is drawn in between the chip and the tool and forms a strong film which prevents the chip from ad hering to the tool and forming containing fatty with “residual a “bead.” acids, or aftini- Other oils groups of atoms ties,” such as sperm oil, castor oil, rape oil, ete., have in large measure the ad- vantage of lard oil. The whole length in Technologic Paper No. 204 of the Bureau of Standards, prepared by Eugene CC. Bingham, It seems readily possible to improve mineral oils as cut- ting fluids and as lubricants by adding liquids of high adhesion such as oleic acid, pine oils and fixed oils. Methods are suggested for the measurement of adhesion. The Deeley friction testing machine and the Lanchester worm-gear machine, developed in Great Britain re cently, demonstrate the superiority of the fixed oils as lubricants, and the ad- vantage of adding them, or their acids, to mineral oils intended for lubrication. subject is discussed at

All-metal plane of “seize” the tool, causing dullness of the tool, roughness of the work, ete. Hence it is inferred that in such cases water is out of place, and some actual lubricant is required Oils may be of animal, fish, vegetable, or mineral origin, or compounded of two or more of these. The edible animal oils ire too expensive for use as lubricants; hence only the inferior grades are thus utilized Fish oils are objectionable unless deodorized: vegetable oils tend to mineral oils are low in ad- poor lubricants. gum; and hesion and therefore (Compound oils are largely used, contain- ing a large percentage of mineral oil with a smaller percentage of vegetable or animal oil, or of both. Air is used merely to remove chips. The experiments of Tower led many to the erroneous belief that two oils of the would have the Consequently the same viscosity same lubricating value. cheaper mineral oils have in many cases been looked upon as equivalent in every fatty There are, ome rations in the respect to the oils, however, certain machine shop, such as the threading of micrometer screws, threading and tap- ping wrought iron, parting off mild steel, boring gun barrels, ete., in which no mineral oil, will produce the excellent tained with lard and other fixed oils. With lard oil the surface obtained is smoother, the chip less serrated and longer, the tool of longer life, the pro- regardless of its viscosity, results ob- French design, with detachable wings Emulsions have the advantage of cheapness while possessing much better lubricating properties than the aqueous Mineral oil compounded with neutralized sulfonated oil will form a permanent emulsion when mixed with various proportions of water. Mineral oils are compounded with an alcoholic solutions, solution of soap. <A third variant is marketed as a paste, it being a thick soap solution, plus mineral oil. The second type is the most desirable and the third is the least so. As to the choice of a cutting fluid for a given operation, the character of the operation performed has more to do with the choice of cutting fluid than the char- acter of the metal. For drilling, ream- ing, milling, planing and sawing emul- sions are generally satisfactory. For tapping and threading and parting off, compound oils and lard oil are often resorted to. Compound oils are used with automatic screw-cutting machines. The material .cut is, however, not without some bearing upon the problem. There is a general consensus of opinion that soft steel and wrought iron are diffi- cult metals on which to get a good sur- face without lard or sperm oils. They are called “draggy” metals. Cast iron, on the other hand, being brittle, not adhere to the tool and no lubricant is required. Contrariwise, on a _ hard, brittle steel, lard oil merely produces a “vlaze,” and turpentine is used with success. ‘ does JUNE, 1922

The wire grid cuts the slab of butter into 48 pieces at one operation A Rapid Butter-Server POUND of butter placed in this a; 4 paratus may be cut into forty-eigh segments at one stroke Press down 01 the brick of butter with one hand an operate the metal handle with the other Crosswise wires divide the mass into its many parts, while the cutter underneat), determipes the thickness. The Vest-Pocket Airplane EVELOPMENT of the all-metal! plane is taking a curious direction in France; and we may shortly expect to have announcements of the plane that can be carried under the arm. We illus trate a step toward this goal—a meta plane with detachable wings, which it is taken off or put on again in two minutes. The tested speed of the machine is 120 kilometers—about 70 miles—per hour. claimed can be Something Different from the Jack Ww* illustrate a simple little contriy ance, invented by Mr. Lynn Beadl of Detroit, which is intended to do away) with the automobile jack. It is a light but strong bridge of cast steel, which is screwed into two holes bored for the purpose in the felloe of the wheel. The car is then driven ahead or back a few feet until the no-jack bridge comes dow! and the wheel rises on it. A tire may then be replaced, chains put on, ete. With this device the whee lifted into changing in seven seconds. removed and place for easy tire The attacl ment also serves as a spare-tire guard, und as a mud-hook or sand-hook fo driving over heavy roads. The difficult) of burrowing into a mess of mud that rises high about the tire to find a place of support for the jack is altogether a thing of the past with this handy little apparatus which problen automatically. ean be solves this

The substitute for the jack that uses the car’s own power to raise it

yen 5: ax Ce ee

pee Kat ana, at Ol ae eas Sate

Page 49

4 = feast _ * La f Lf ¥ f JUNE, 1922 ae : - =i | WW Wn Storage battery recharger which may be used with the usual alternating current lighting circuit A Storage-Battery Recharger for the Home or Garage VERY so often it becomes necessary to recharge the automobile storage battery by some external means. This is pa~ticularly true when the automobile has been standing idle for a long period und the battery is discharged to a point where it will not start up the engine. Again, since the widespread introduc- tion of radio receiving sets, especially of the vacuum tube type, which requires a storage battery, a recharger is vir- tually indispensable unless one is will- ing to send the storage battery to a recharging station every ten days or two weeks, with the trouble and great ex- pense which such procedure involves. The present storage battery recharger, shown in the accompanying drawing, is of the vibrating type for use on alter- nating current circuits. Its vibrating member, supported between the pole pieces of powerful electro-magnets, rec- tifies each half of the alternating current eycle so that direct current is obtained, after the transformer member of the recharger has already stepped down the alternating current voltage to the low potential required for recharging pur- The ammeter indicates the out- put of rectified current which is avail- able for the storage battery to the recharger by means of the flexible poses, connected leads and the clips. The recharger in question can be used unywhere. Indeed, it is provided with au handle so that it can readily be car- ried about from place to place, and con- nected with any alternating current source by means of the attachment plug and cord. For radio purposes the little recharger is ideal. The author of these lines has employed one of these rechargers with satisfactory results. The 6-volt 6-ampere- hour storage battery delivers current for approximately 20 operating hours to a vacuum tube detector and two-stage am- plifier, after which it must be recharged. The recharging station fee is generally $1.00. By means of the little recharger, hdwever, the same battery can be re- charged in about 18 to 20 hours at a SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN cost of 12 to 15 cents, according to the writer’s experience. This cost is based on current at 15 cents per kilowatt hour. The recharging rate for such a battery with this recharger is 5 to 6 amperes. Motive Power from Sewerage Gas by a Unique Method MONG the many suggestions for de- veloping motive power, probably none is more unusual nor unique than that of using sewerage gas. A British engineer, however, now seriously advo- eates this. After recalling that the project was by no means new, having been used more than 25 years ago, with.a septic tank for lighting sewerage works, the lecturer proceeded to relate some of his own ex- periences and investigations. He had visited the Matunga Leper Asylum at Bombay early in 1920, and had seen there a small engine which had been driven on this medium as far back as 1907. This in itself indicated the prac- ticability of the scheme; but more recent work carried out at Parramatta, Aus- tralia, under “aerobic” conditions had finally decided him to try the poten- tialities of sewerage gas in a colder and more changeable climate. An opportunity had been found at Cole Hall Sewerage Farm, Birmingham, where a_ suction-gas plant had _ been adapted at slight expense. The plant consisted of a 34 h.p. horizontal engine, a 5-in. centrifugal sludge pump, a small well, a sludge-digestion tank, and a gas- holder. Previously the obtainable sludge had been very watery, and contained no more than 3 per cent of solid matter; but a denser material, containing about 413 Tank wagon with swinging spout that solved the ticklish problem of irrigating the young shade-trees along a California highway Irrigating the Row of Trees Along a Road ITIZENS of Glendale, California, re- cently undertook the beautifying of a five-mile stretch of motor highway be- tween that city and Eagle Rock. A part of this plan called for the cultivation of rows of live oak trees along the sides of the highway. In a region where rain- fall is abundant all the year, producing such an avenue of trees would be very simple, but in southern California we have a long arid when young trees will die if not carefully watered. season, After the live oaks have attained suffi- cient growth to acquire deep rooting they will take care of themselves and thrive through the dry summer. Irrigating the five-mile lines of young This soldering iron contains an alcohol blow torch in the handle 10 per cent, would shortly be conveyed by a new main. Even with the more volatile liquid, however, considerable success had been achieved in deriving sufficient power to work the pump. At Cole Hall most of the sludge was bought by farmers for manure, and only the amount necessary for the power plant would be subjected to fermentation. There remained the question of econ- omy to be considered, and evidence on this subject pointed to the value of sewerage-gas operation over a suction- gas plant. It had already been deter- mined that a gas-production of 25,000 cubic feet from four tons of solid matter was obtainable at the Cole Hall Farm, and this amounted to a gasification of 18 per cent, An inside micrometer set that is unusually easy to use trees on either side of the highway pre- sented a problem seldom encountered in irrigation, but not to be defeated in its purpose, the city caused to be built a rather novel tank wagon with a swing- ing water spout. With this wagon, shown in the accompanying photograph, the gardener drives along the avenue. After filling the tank wagon he drives from tree to tree, watering each one, and carefully cultivating the soil about the tiny trunks. This method of watering the trees has not only been found thor- oughly successful, but the work is accom- plished with a minimum of labor. An Improved Inside Micrometer HE inside micrometer calipers is a tool to which attention has not been given in proportion to its intrinsic im- portance. We illustrate a newly mar- keted and greatly improved outfit which is intended to remedy this lack. In the construction of barrel, spindle and thim- ble the regulation diameter of these parts as found in the usual outside micrometer is used, affording a much sturdier tool and one more suited for use in garages and repair shops, and permitting larger figures on the scale. The handle is de- tachable, and in such a way that the tool can be instantly changed from right- hand to left-hand use, so as always to present the scale for easiest reading. Interchangeability of the various rods is promoted; it is necessary only to un- screw the rod from the threaded stud at the end of the barrel. These rods are interchanged by simply unscrewing from the threaded stud at the end of the barrel. Each is internally threaded and ground square at the hardened end, which sets squarely against the barrel shoulder, while the rod at point of meas- urement is fitted with a hardened tool steel anvil which can be adjusted to lengthen the rod and compensate for any anvil wear resulting from constant use. The anvil faces are ground on a comparatively small radius, making the micrometer especially adaptable for measuring parallel or curved surfaces. A Soldering Iron That Contains Its Own Blow Torch Y having a blow torch form part of a soldering iron there has recently been developed a soldering iron that may be used anywhere with all the conven- ience that has heretofore been powerful argument in favor of the elec tric soldering iron. such a The new soldering iron, which is shown in the accompanying illustration, contains an alcohol blow torch. The reservoir of the blow torch is inelosed by the handie; a brass filling cap, which is reached by removing the end cap of the handle, gives access to the reservoir for refilling. The blow torch by pouring alcohol or cup member about the base of the solder- ing iron stem. When this primary charge is ignited it heats and vaporizes the alcohol, and gives a hot blow torch flame which is directed against the base of the soldering copper. A needle valve controls the flame. The soldering cop- per may be removed so that the blow torch may be used alone, is started gasoline into the The Tube That Repairs Its Own Punctures \ E illustrate about as ingenious an , attack as we have yet seen upon the eternal problem of the puncture- Yl Gn, YL RAW WNDwWWWwDs Cross section of the compression inner tube, showing it uninflated. When filled with air, the wall is under severe compression and tends to close a puncture at once

Page 50

414 Ul The safety chuck for drills—the drill cannot break when overloaded because the soft pin shears off first proof tule The inventor tells us that rubber will flow, if we give it half a chance, and fill puncture He rd imgty A kes his tule with ecireumtiet! ence considerably greater than the inner surface of the « ne for Ww t R designed The extra rubber is taken re of, and it made possible t nsert the uninflated tube inside the shoe, | deep corrugations thut re rmoldes around the tube, as indicated In our diagram, which shows the uninflated tube in position in the casing When it is now inflated, and forced by ts con tained air to conform to the shape of the casing, a pressure is set up along its outer wall which is claimed ft I sufficient to close the hole vie by any ordinary puncture, and kee t closed rhe compression tube” is made in Tulsa, Okla and has beet! nt he extensive use im the southwest with very good results Removes Skins and Seeds Quickly \ SCIENTIFIC fruit ind vegetable A press hus been designed which shortens work, saves food and improves the flavor Apple sauce is made with the skins on, then removed with this rotary press It improves the flavor, so wooden roller The can be given a good scrubbing after use. authorities tell us skins on vegeta- much irri- By the removal of all bles, stomach doctors tell us, this reduced tation to organ is High-Speed Drilling Without Breakage chucks for ( UICK-CHANGE drill a, drills with taper shanks are noth ing new, but the makers of the one illus- trated herewith believe they have in it something that is new. This chuck has a safety device which prevents drills, A press for seeding and paring fruit and vegetables SCIENTIFIC taps, reamers, counterbores, ete. from breaking and burning. »The device in question consists of a -soft steel pin which drives the collet without a hitch ordinarily, but which shears off when the cutting tool is overloaded. The sheared pin is then removed by simply loosening a screw, and a new pin in- serted in its place. Soft pins are alto- gether cheaper than hard, shaped and edged or pointed cutting’ tools, And aside from this direct economy, it is med that steel can be drilled at a te of 5 to 7 inches per minute when the operator knows that he cannot harm t ton and cast iron at 10 to 14 inches per minute In drilling at this rate two strong chips develop and force them- selves out of the hole, carrying with them much of the heat generated A German “Stunt” for Saving Gas ( NE of our German correspondents ) shows us a rather clever use of an erdinat I eutil collin conjunction with 1 gas stove Two holes, one bove the her re pierced in the outer member of a double boiler or similar vessel; the vo ¢ = tive il I inserted, and e coil elf arranged so t when it is ‘ ( er ti fas bu el t takes an ad- ntageous positiol wit! reterence to he Gann rhe « s filled with water AMERICAN electricity is to be transmitted by a submarine cable from Norway imme- diately to Jutland. Any difficulties at first encountered in this connection have been overcome by using direct in the place of alternating current. The cost of the scheme is estimated at 40 million kroner, covering the laid through the Skagerrak, the erection of two large receiver stations at Vendyssel and Kolding respectively, and the in- stallation of high tension lines destined electricity to Jutland, as far cable to be to carry southward as the German frontier. Zealand and Funen, on the other hand, will by means of the cable already in- stalled in the Sund be supplied with Swedish electricity, which even at pres- to northern Zealand. ent is transmitted An Electro-Magnetically Operated Violin kK NDEAVORS have long been made to 4 set up permanent vibrations in the strings of musical instruments by electro- magnetical means, While an electro- magnet arranged close to a string will attract this on receiving a current im- pulse, in order again to release it as the current? ceases, this process only results in harping of the string, equivalent of striking thus being a r pulling it mere with the finger An efficient heating coil for use with a gas-stove at the outset, and as much water put in the double-boiler base as is considered desirable; the natural circulation of the water which takes place with heating, ind which makes the ordinary kitchen boiler and the thermo-siphon system of iutomobile cooling effective, at once gets in its work, and that is all there is to it. Che single gas flame can in this manner be made to serve three purposes—it will cook something set immediately over it, cook the contents of the vessel to which and heat the water in this for any use which make of it after the coil leads, vessel and in the coil it may be possible to the cooking is done, Transmission of Electricity from Norway to Denmark gps question of transmitting elec- tricity from the Norwegian water falls to Denmark is now well under way, a committee of official representa- Denmark, Norway and Sweden at present engaged in establishing fact, inasmuch tives for being a definite scheme In as the possibility of carrying electric power from Norway across Western Sweden as far as Gothenburg, and thence by submarine cable to Denmark, had for some time been under discussion, Sweden obviously is likewise interested in the However, the Danish representative, Prof. Wm. Rung, has worked out a new plan by which scheme, just According to German press notices, Dr. Otto Schaefer, of Hamburg, has, for the first time, succeeded in designing an attachment which receives a number of current impulses corresponding to a number of vibrations of the string. The sound produced by pressing down a key is said to have a surprising effect, being soft and full, from any secondary noises and comparable with the softest string registers of an organ. Some diffi- culties experienced in carrying out his idea, Dr. Schaefer only overcame after inauny years’ assiduous work. free A point of especial importance and which shows the great superiority of the new instrument as compared with organs, is the fact that in addition to a pedal, alternating the intensity of all the sounds struck at a time, the strength with which each key is depressed will control the strength of the corresponding sound. Im fact, the sound is said to obey the slightest pressure of the finger even to the point of allowing a vibrato to be produced. The melody can, ac- cordingly, not only be set off from the accompanying voices, but can be brought out with the whole charm of swelling and waning seunds. The inventor has so far been able to demonstrate the principle of his inven- tion only on individual sounds and bar- looks forward to the con- entire instrument. monies, but struction of an JUNE, 19% A quick-and-easy broiler for the modern kitchenette A New Way to Cook jury are placed on this vertieal 4 grid and shut up inside the broiler, placed over a fire and in a very shor time chicken, fish, can be broiled on both without turning A pan in the bottom catches the juice. steak, ete., side S Shingles of Copper YHINGLES of copper is one of th S products being specialized in sine the war. A American company has put on the market copper shingles ia three sizes: 6 by 18 inches, 8 by 8 inches and S by 60 inches, all weighing approximately S84 pounds to the square of 100 feet. The roof of a large chureh in Brooklyn, N. Y., is to be covered with such shingles which regarded as probably the lightest substantial roofing material. The weight of shingles con- pares with 200 pounds to a square of 10 feet for the wooden shingles, 400 to pounds for asbestos, 750 to 1200 pounds and 1000 to 2000 pounds for large ure copper for slate tile. Rotary Pump of Extreme Simplicity ROTARY pump with but three mor- vi ing parts, no valves and no packing, is the claim made for the apparatus of which a sectional view is given herewith. It comes to our attention as the result of a recent test at Houston, Texas, dur three-inch model lifted and pumped at 1 pounds pressure, in both cases beilg driven by a motor of only one-half horse power. In addition to its availability ® a pump, the device also ran as a steal turbine at 6600 revolutions per minute The pump, which is the invention of L F. Smith of Houston, is claimed to suitable for pumping anything fr® water to the thickest of Mexican crude ——— ing which a water 291, feet Valveless rotary pump with three moving parts SPSPRBEEFES Me. SETFSA2SESE

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UNE, 192 r for the le ook his vertical - the broiler, | very shor ‘tc., can be yut turning the juice. er one of the pd in sine in company r shingles in s, 8 by 18 ill weighing the square arge chureh overed with ‘egarded as tial roofing ingles com- juare of 100 , 400 to 1200 pounds pounds for ‘treme - three mor- no packing, pparatus of n herewith. ; the result Texas, dur- odel lifted ved at -ases bei -half horse rilability as as a steal per minute. sntion of L. imed to le hing from can crude’ JUNE, 1922 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN 415 . ° The Service of the Chemist A Department Devoted to Progress and Achievement in the Field of Applied Chemistry Conducted by ISMAR GINSBERG, Chemical Engineer Pigments in Australia N investigation of the geological for- A mations in Queensland has shown that large deposits of valuable oxides and ochers exist near Sooktown, espe- dally in the vicinity of Cape Flattery. A sample of Indian red, obtained from that region was analyzed and found to contain almost 50 per cent more iron exide than the ordinary pigment; one- third as much alumina and no carbonate of lime. It is stated in the official re- port that if the latter constituent is re- quired, it can easily be supplied from neighboring coral reefs. Wax from Sugar Cane CCORDING to the Oil, Paint and fi Drug Reporter, January 16, 1922, a wax is obtained from sugar cane, which resembles carnauba wax very much. The cane itself contains about 1 per cent of this wax, which is found principally in the rind. In the sugar refining removed in the filter cakes, and the latter have been known to contain as much as 10 per cent of this substance. It is pos- sible to extract the wax by means of benzine, and there are certain isolated plants which are today carrying out this process. The crude wax is hard and like beeswax, product is process this wax is brown, and looks much but when it is purified, a secured which not only resembles carna- uba wax closely, but which can be used te good advantage as a substitute there- for. Gasification of Coal Dust \ HAT to do with coal dust has been a difficult question which has re- ceived much attention from chemists and technologists. Burning it in the furnace, briquetting it in admixture with tarry products have been suggested and proc- esses and apparatus have been devised and are now in use for carrying out these suggestions. Recently, the gas manufacturers in Germany have been ex- perimenting with coal dust in the manu- facture of gas. In Chemiker Zeitung, 1921, pages 789 to 790, there appeared a article on this subject, in which de- tails of the operating method and of the apparatus used are given. Briefly, the process consists in atomizing the coal dust with superheated steam and then passing the mixture over highly heated bodies. In this way the coal dust is sub- jected to a distillation process, and there are recovered the various products usu- ally obtained in the destructive distilla- tion of coal. Coke dust is formed as well ind this reacts with the superheated steam to form water gas. The process is C@ntinuous and possesses the advantage total consumption of all the ingredi- (tS of the coul, as the coke that might We Teeovered in sugh a process would possess but little or no value, due to its faMular condition. New Fertilizer and Insecticide CCORDING to the French publica- tion, La Revue des Produits Chimi- es (reprint in the American Gas Jour- Mal, January 14, 1922), the spent purify- ing mixture, recovered from gas works and Originally containing slacked lime i ferrous sulfate, can be used to good tage as a fertilizer and insecticide. Purpose of this purifying mass is to Temove ammoniacal and cyanogen com- Pounds from illuminating gas, and when the potency of this material for this pur- pose is exhausted, the mass contains about 7 per cent nitrogen. As there is contained in this spent material a certain amount of sulfo- eyanides and ferrocyanides it may be used advantageously as an insecticide and weed killer. In this fresh condition it must not be used after the plants have commenced to grow, as it will destroy all vegetation, but if it is strewn over the ground before the plants come up, it will positively kill all growths of weeds and injurious insects, and by the time that the plants have come up out of the ground its poisonous character will have disappeared and its properties changed into that of a fertilizer. In order to be able to use it first hand as a fertilizer, it is necessary to age it. The aging serves to convert the sulfo- and ferrocyanides into am- Careful tests made process cyanides moniacal products. with the material have corroborated the claims made for it. Rubber Latex in Paper Making HE rubber latex, in the condition in which it is tapped from the tree, that is, in the non-coagulated form, is used in admixture with paper pulp in the beater to form a rubber-paper, which is suid to possess remarkable properties. While the process may not be practical, it is very interesting and has been pat- ented in England, and is a reflection of the strenuous efforts that are being made aut the present time to find new outlets for the superabundance of rubber in the world. The process consists in adding the latex to the extent of 0.5 to 5 per cent of the paper stock to the pulp beater. After a thorough mixture has been obtained, a coagulating agent is udded, such as acetic acid or mineral salts, which converts the latex mixed with the paper fiber into a gel. The paper-making process is then carried out in the ordinary manner, and the dried paper can be vulcanized by the cold vul- canization process. The product is a paper of high strength and considerable resistance to shearing. It is claimed that a very good grade of paper can be made in this manner from very poor quality pulp. For further details the reader is referred to British Patent No. 167,935. Ammonia from Sugar Refinery Refuse CCORDING to the French magazine, i L’Engrais, November 15, 1921, a sugar refinery in France has undertaken to manufacture ammonia from the nitro- gen found in molasses and _ vinasse, which are recovered in the process of refining sugar. It is estimated that if all the molasses produced in France were treated by this process about 17,000 tons of ammonium sulfate would be pro- duced yearly. Viscose Silk with Artificial Resins RTIFICIAL silk is made from vis- i cose, or rather one type of artificial silk is known as viscose silk. In dyeing this sort of material, it has always been difficult to obtain fine dark shades. An- other difficulty has been the tendency of the silk to be affected by water. Accord- ing to a recent discovery made by E. Bronner of Mulhouse, France (see Brit- ish Patent No. 171,125), the artificial resin that is obtained in treating phenol with formaldehyde is added to the vis- cose before spinning and preferably be- fore ripening. The addition of the arti- ficial resin has the effect of making the silk threads take darker shades in the dye bath. It also enables them to resist more effectively the action of water. Borax in Photography HE action of borax in photography is very paradoxical, as in certain cases when added to the developer it serves to accelerate its action, and in other cases it has a retarding effect. This is explained by the fact that while borax will give a decided alkaline re- auction when dissolved in water alone, still when added to a caustic soda solu- tion it will decrease the alkalinity of the same. Hence, when it is added to such a developer as hydroquinone, con- taining caustic soda, the alkalinity is reduced and the developing action of the reagent is retarded. Other substances such as bicarbonate of soda and sodium phosphate will do the same thing. Borax has been recommended as an addition to developers in order to produce a di- minished grain in the picture. (See De- cember 31st number of Chemical Trade Journal.) Fertilizer from Blast-Furnace Gas LANTS need carbon dioxide to grow. The air contains this gas to the ex- tent of about 0.083 per cent. When this proportion is increased as in the air in green-houses, the plants were found to grow much more rapidly, but the cost of producing the additional carbon dioxide gas is out of proportion with the re- sults obtained. According to Canadian Chemistry and Metallurgy, January, 1922, experiments have been made in Germany in using the waste gas of blast furnaces for this purpose. The success obtained therewith special nurseries have been established in connection with the plants of the Deutsch-Luxembourg Company and the carbon dioxide gas is pumped directly from the steel plant to the green-houses and sown fields of the nursery. The re- sult has been an increase in plant sub- stance amounting to from 50 to 300 per cent, according to the nature of the plant treated. It is estimated that the gases obtained from the consumption of 1100 tons of coke in the smelting of 1000 tons of pig iron are sufficient to produce 4000 extra tons of edible plant material. If all the gases were used in this manner from an average yearly production of 15 million tons of pig iron in Germany, then the extra yield of food materials would far exceed the present crops. Aluminum Varnish T is well known that a coating of aluminum will protect iron against the action of high temperatures. Many processes have been devised for applying this coating, but they all require the use of special apparatus and exact tech- nical knowledge for their application. During the course of an investigation into the distillation of coal for by-prod- uct yield, it occurred to the investiga- tors, according to Brennstoff Chemie, 1921, page 343, to attempt to obtain such a coating by using aluminum powder mixed with ordinary rosin varnish. The varnish was made by dissolving one part of rosin in five parts of benzol, and enough commercial aluminum powder was added to give a mass of the proper was so great that consistency. The iron parts that were to be coated with this preparation were first carefully cleaned and filed smooth, painted with varnish and then subjected to a temperature of about 750 degrees Centigrade. The organic matter burnt off and the aluminum remained behind on the iron in the form of an absolntely homogeneous, uniform coating, which af- forded ample protection against high temperatures. This process can be used by anyone and does not require any technical skill to obtain the correct re- sults. It is not advisable to use pure aluminum powder, but the commercial product, as that contains a little zine which has a very beneficial effect. Utilization of Cotton Stalks E VERY year there are vast quantities 4 of cotton stalks, burnt up or dis- posed of in other fashion, in this country and other cotton-growing lands. The utilization of these stalks has been dis- cussed in an article, appearing in the Bulletin of the Imperial Institute. The investigation has shown that the stalks form a promising material for paper making, and that they might be used as well for obtaining acetic acid, tar and charcoal by a process of dry distillation, New Petroleum Products ETROLEUM has been occupying the public eye recently in view of official governmental reports regarding the de- pletion of supply, which, it is claimed, is now in sight. J. H. James, in Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, 1922, 209, does not appear perturbed by this an- nouncement, but has gone ahead and de- veloped some new uses for petroleum by modification of the distillates, obtained therefrom, to yield oxidation products of particular value. The oxidation is brought about by the proper choice of temperature and with the assistance of catalysts. The products represent all stages of oxidation fsom alcohols to oxy- genated acids. The acidic portion of the oxidation product was separated and treated with caustic soda. The result was a hard resinous mass. The sugges tion is made that these resinows sub- stances may be used as cheap varnish gum and paint film substitutes. The possibility of developing a new fuel from the cheaper fractions of pe- troleum is also presented by carrying out the oxidation at higher tempera- tures. Gas oil or residues from cracking stills can be oxidized in this manner. and because of the tendency of the oxi- dized products to decompose thermally and yield substances having a lower molecular weight, which are therefore more volatile, low boiling point mixtures can be obtained which lie within the gasoline range. It is also hinted that the heavier fractions of these oxidized oils may perhaps find use in the lubrica- tion of internal combustion engines. The oxidized oil can also find application in the field of oil flotation, Radium in Czecho-Slovakia So to the Commerce Re- ports the uranium ores, which are found at Jachymov in Bohemia, contain large quantities of radium. The known supply will last 20 years at the present rate of production. About two grams of radium are produced each year. Steps have been taken to modernize the present plant and increase the output of the mines.

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116 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Our Readers’ Point of View The editors are not re spon ible for statements A Protest from New Bedford To the Editor of the Sclenriric AMERICAN In your January issue of the ScIENTIFIC AMERICAN, on page 39, appears the following sentences “The chief difficulty with incineration is that the fumes from the burning garbage are likely to create a public nuisance. The City of New Bedford, Mass., recently had un experience of this sort. New Bedford, until recently, disposed of its garbage by reduction, but when the plant began losing large sums of money, an attempt was made to economize by installing a dryer so that garbage could be burned under the digester tank boilers. The fumes inspired such a protest from citizens that the plan was quickly abandoned.’ This statement is incorrect, inasmuch that dryer has been installed no odors have emanated from the We have been using the chlorine process of since the garbage plant. Sil -cti ° : disinfection Very truly yours, CuargLes 8S. AsHiey, Mayor. New Bedford, Mass Our Vanishing Forests To the Editor of the ScienTIFIC AMERICAN: Your editorial entitled “Every Man for Himself,” pub- lished in your August 6th, 1921, relating to reforestation, was interesting reading to all lovers of the woods and especially to those of us who spend our vaca- tions in a forested State of our Union, the Maine woods. My observation of the timber in this land is that the destructive man with his axe For instance, within issue and trees reforest themselves if and torch gives them half a chance u mile of this resort (Kineo) there is a lumber camp which is operated primarily for the purpose of getting out white birch for spool wood, but the cutters also take all stand- ing timber that is worth while which comes in their path. wanted for pulp, the pine and hem- and railroad ties, furniture and The spruce and fir are lock for lumber, the cedar for shingles the black and yellow birch and maple for Now, when this section of land has been stripped forest growth there springs up at once a thick The cherry, say the lumber men, does not grow to any Northern Maine, but seems to act as a cover growth of timber which follows— forest of spruce, fir, pine, cedar, veneers of its noble underbrush of mainly cherry size in the usual Maine woods hemlock—and the birches Nature in its own way has started a forest be of value in 100 years, and it is stated that on this very tract of land which is now being scalped of its marketable timber, the present fine stand of white birch is due to the fact that about 100 years ago a devastating fire swept over this region destroying everything burnable in its path. So apparently the Maine woods will reforest themselves— if, as suid, man will give them a chance. tut there lies the danger—will they get a chance with inroads that are being made from modern demands? It is certainly pathetic to see splendid spruces of over 100 years of age stricken to be ground into wood pulp newsprint. Splendid forests are papers that the world some maple and beech. which may by the saw and axe, only for the consumption of turned into yellow journals or would be better off if never printed. Therefore one of the blessings that could come to forest preservation base for paper and stop utilizing The ScienTIFIC articles on other ereatest would be to find a new noble forest trees for such a base purpose. AMERIOAN has published a number of means of supplying paper and pulp, but in the meantime spruce and fir is the paper base with all the laborious operations and destructive Maine, which was once a great lumber State, is now, I believe, primarily a pulp State. Can't the inventive minds of the country discover a more suitable paper base? Another appalling enemy of the forests hereabouts, and, in fact, all forests, is fire. I have heard it stated that this season, owing to the dry weather, there have been something like 200 forest fires in the Maine woods—and within a month two forest fires have been witnessed right from the shores of Moosehead Lake. The fire-fighting ser- vice was promptly in action, but before the fire could be put out with the aid of nature (rain) a considerable area of valuable timber had been burned. Ask the fire wardens and lumbermen the cause of the fires and they invariably reply, carelessness with campfires or in smoking tobacco and cigarettes. The cigarette is generally credited with being the best starter of forest fires. Still another recent enemy of timber has made its ap- pearance in this region. A visitor notices whole mountain- sides of dead spruce and upon inquiring the reason is told that the last few years “spruce worm” has settled down in certain sections of this country, eating up the leaves of the spruce and thereby ending the life of the trees. So in addition to man with his axe and torch our forests have to stard the various insect and fungus blights of nature, both domestic and imported, which have about extermin- ated the chestnut and are now threatening the spruce consequences, made in the correspondence column. correspondents will be withheld when so desired. Anonymous communications cannot be considered, but the names of and pine. So replanting are es- and desirable, is it not necessary to spend every effort to check the waste and destruction of timber which is going on all over the land, for what is taking place in the Maine woods is going on in other States in different ways? In the Catskill Mountains, State of New York, fine hardwood forests are being cut down to manu- facture acid. Therefore, as well as regulation and control of Nature's eventually to become the “barren Persia mentioned in your editorial. Kineo, Maine. PALMER H. LANGDON. while reforestation and sential also reforestation we need intelligent if we are not hills” of woods sun-baken Photographing Sound Waves To the Editor of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN: There have been many newspaper and scientific articles published recently concerning the work of foreign inventors in the field of photographing sound waves which do not give proper credit to the several brilliant American in- ventors in this field, some of whom have recently made additional discoveries which promise much for a great improvement in the reproduction of sound waves recorded or stored on sensitive film by light rays on which the sound waves have been imposed. The method of recording sound waves by photography has been well understood for many years. Among the foremost workers in this field was Prof. C. E. Miller at the head of the Physics Department in the Case School of Applied Sciences in Cleveland. He first recorded sound waves by means of an open light focused on a sensi- tized photographie film in 1903, since which time he has made a careful study of the processes and has contributed a great deal to our knowledge of sound waves through the authorship of several standard works, among them “Sound Waves and Their Relation to Music.” Mr. H. L. Falk, then an unknown New Orleans, La., first recorded sound waves on sensitized glass plates in 1898, and has since and more recently perfected inventor in in apparatus for their reproduction. Mr. Lewis A. Brinkman, then of the Chicago Scientific Institute, succeeded not only in photographing sound waves upon film but reproduced them by means of a selenium cell in 1915 or 1916. Mr. N. Tenaka, formerly a citizen of the Flowery King- dom, who for many years past has been a resident of Medford, Mass., has devoted much time to the solution of these problems and has designed a sensitive light cell which is said to be very satisfactory in its operation, although its composition has not been disclosed. He is endeavoring now to apply it to an improvement in phono- graphs, and those acquainted with his work seem to think that it will be successful. The difficulty in the work has until recently been due to the slowness in action of the sensitive light cells produced to date. These were largely composed of selenium and their action or reaction to lights and shadows was not suffi- ciently fast to carry the rapid vibrations of most sound waves, which vary in the human voice from 1400 to 2900 vibrations per second. Mr. Theodore W. Case of the Case Research Laboratories of Auburn, N. Y., about three years ago succeeded in making a sensitive light cell by the use of thalium, which has since become well known through its adoption by the U. S. Naval Department for signalling purposes. About thirty of the naval ships were equipped by Mr. Case with signalling devices which employed these cells, and the results of which in actual use have proved very satisfac- tory. He has more recently still further improved these cells by the use of barium instead of thalium, and is still engaged in experimenting along these lines. He has con- structed several of these new cells for use in agricultural stations, experimental departments of scientific laboratories, and they are now employed in measuring daylight for lighting companies and other purposes. A recent official bulletin just published by the University of Illinois announces the perfection of a new sensitive light cell, and says it seems possible that this discovery will make the movies of the future talk, so that there will no longer be the silent drama. The announcement continues: “The scientific discovery is that of an extremely sensitive and reliable photoelectric cell made in the physical labora- tories of the University by Prof. Jakob Kunz. The photo- electric cell is a device for turning flashes of light into electric pulses, and is so sensitive that it reacts to light from stars which cannot be seen with the unaided eye.” More recently Mr. Falk of New Orleans, referred to above, and who has become well known through his inven- tion of a liquid glass diaphragm used in reproducers on phonographs, has produced an extremely sensitive and in- expensive light cell by the use of barium. It has been found that these cells are impervious to atmospheric ehanges and apparently their life is permanent. Tests of these cells show that their response to the action of light is instantaneous. He is now engaged in the work of perfecting instruments and machines for utilizing them, both in phonographs and in moving pictures. These inventions by Americans, which apparently ante. date by several years the work of foreigners, whose work along these lines is just being announced, promise, when properly applied, to solve the problem of the Speaking movies and greatly improve, if not entirely revolutionize the phonograph. xX. ¥.zZ Tractor Fuels To the Editor of the ScIENTIFIC AMERICAN: Our attention is called to a paragraph headed “Kerosene Not Always the Most Economical Fuel,” which occurred on page 463 of your issue for June 11th, 1921. In this connection I should like to quote the results of our tractor tests for the summer of 1920. Under the rules of these tests, tractors are given credit only for the power delivered to the dynamometer, in brake-horsepower tests. The fue economy of the 65 tractors tested, when loaded approxi- mately to the rating given by the manufacturers, may be summarized as follows: Of 53 kerosene tractors tested, the lowest showing in horsepower-hours per gallon was 4.85; the highest, 10,82; the average, 7.658. Of twelve gasoline machines, low, high and average figures were, respectively, 5.43, 8.52, and 6.976. Ten kerosene tractors had a better performance than the best record made by a gasoline tractor, and that their advantage was so pronounced that the average of the first thirty kerosene machines beat the best individual gasoline tractor record. With our reports going out broadcast, it seems surprising that a contributor to the ScrEentiric AMERICAN should present results so widely variant. The figures given in your article approximate in some respects those of our draw-bar tests; but if this be the source of the error, draw-bar records have been compared direetly with brake records. It seems incredible that a reliable contrib utor would make such a comparison. It may be of interest to note that 1921 tests show four gasoline tractors better than 1920's best. The high figure is 9.81 horsepower-hours per gallon, no allowance being made for belt loss or for loss between engine and pulley. E. E. BRAcKETT. University of Nebraska. Loading Stations No Novelty in Illinois To the Editor of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN: I note in your November number an article on page 47 about “A Farmers’ Loading Station.” The description treats this as a new or unique establishment. Perhaps it is in California, but here in Illinois we would no more think of taking grain to market in sacks or bags than we would of cutting wheat with a cradle, and loading stations, or elevators, as we call them, are as common as stores; there are thousands of them in this state. Of course, they are of all sizes and kinds. Some of them are novel. For instance, at Sibley, Illinois, there is a cornerib, or rather corn warehouse and elevator, that has room for the storage of 130,000 bushels of ear corn. There may be other plant of this kind in the country, though I have never heard of any that were equipped in anything like the manner this one is. But loading stations are no novelty, and grail sacks are used only for clover and timothy seed or other grains sold in small quantities. L. S. ASHLEY. Paxton, Il. The Psychology of Reading To the Editor of the Sclentiric AMERICAN: A few months ago I read an interesting article concert ing correct reading. The author pointed out the fact that most people limit their rapidity of reading by mentally repeating each word, instead of grasping the thought each word structure at a glance. Is it not possible that # lack of standard printing practice has prevented most of us from developing the proper coordination of sight and necessary to make this kind of reading possible? To illustrate, the text books supplied for our schools show a variety of type size, spacing, and column widths. It is not surprising that students who are taught from such literature seldom become really adept in the art reading. Imagine trying to learn to operate a typewriter if one was forced to practice on several different keyboards. Our newspapers have developed a fairly uniform style of printing, and from my own observations, I believe that most people can read newspapers more rapidly than other literature. Some one could certainly do the people a service by determining, through psychological research, the most vantageous kind of printing and then forcing publishers to accept it as a standard. Pau D. FLeHB Ironton, Ohio. oS oe ae. eh ee ee & . par stot ada 0 It j dep tray G SON, this the | the dletae Supp with ap thres the adap Box |

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SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN s of the work izing them, ently ante- rhose work nise, when » speaking yolutionize X. Y. Z “Kerosene h occurred l. In this yur tractor s of these r delivered The fuel d approxi- rs, may be showing in est, 10.82; , low, high and 6.976. e than the that their of the first il gasoline ‘oadeast, it SCIENTIFIC riant. The ne respects urce of the rectly with yle contrib show four high figure ance being pulley. RACKETT. linois on page 47 description Perhaps it d no more gs than we ig stations, as stores; ourse, they novel. For , or rather the storage ther plants or heard of ranner this and grain .d or other ASHLEY. le concert e fact that y mentally thought ible that # most of us t and yur schools mn widths vught from the art typewriter keyboards. m style of elieve that than other service bY e most publishers _ Puen. Recently Patented Inventions Brief Descriptions of Newly Invented Mechanical and Electrical Devices, Tools, Farm Implements, Etc. ——————_ a , = Pertaining to Aeronautics “SHEATHING FOR AIRPLANE PRO- PELLERS.—T. F. Hamirron, Hamilton Aviation Field, Milwaukee, Wis. An object gaging the top button-hole of the fly or front portion so as to prevent sagging of trousers as well as the belt at this point. The buckle is provided with a hook or like of the invention is to provide a construction device adapted to suppors the trousers, but in airplane propellers whereby the metal | Will — e wae sntersere with the buttoning sheathing is prevented from buckling, due to} °T unbuttoning of the trousers or usual work- the flexing of the propeller blade when driven |i"& of the belt. at a high speed, and also whereby the ac- GARMENT.— B. LUSTGARTEN, cumulation of water, especially at the outer| 80th Street, Brooklyn, N. Y. The invention extremity of each blade tip, is prevented. relates to garments of a bifurcated type. One PLANE FOR AIRCRAFT.—J. F. Brice, | °f the objects to provide a combination clos- 6) Wall St.. New York City, N. Y. The/| Ure for the lower end of the leg members, invention aims to provide improvements in by means of which the open end may be used ireraft, utilizing lifting surfaces commonly |!" 1s full ee posuere oF may be drawn by termed “aerofoils.” An object is to provide| ™eans of a drawstring to provide a closure a construction which will be capable of aj °f the bloomer type. 9729 —— far greater amount of speed with the same} GARMENT FASTENER.—A. Rocke, engine power without in the slightest effect-| 859 Beck Street, Bronx, N. Y. An object of ing its lifting qualities. A further object is| this invention is to provide a garment the construction of a device in which a given | fastener more especially designed for use on area will exert a far greater amount of “lift” | corsets and similar garments and arranged than has hitherto been possible. to permit the wearer to readily close or open FLYING MACHINE.—F. G. Haney,| the corset and without danger of the corset #5 W. 8th St., East Liverpool, Ohio. The | becoming accidentally open after it is closed. primary object of this invention is to provide A further object is to permit of applying the a flying machine which is capable of rising | fastener to various types of corsets without and descending in a vertical line. A further | Teauiring essential changes in the construe object is the construction of a machine which } tion thereof. . will incorporate certain mechanism permit TIE HOLDER AND RETAINER.—M. ting it to move at a tangent to both the hori-| W. Reesr, 3216 Myrtle Ave... Omaha, Neb. mntal and vertical, horizontal, | The invention has particular reference to a and in which the course of the machine may } necktie holder and retaining device for use in he readily guided through the air. connection with soft collars. The principal FLYING MACHINE. or * object is to provide a tie former and holder General Delivery. Narrows Park, | | | | as well as the MARPLE, Cumber- | Which will closely stimulate a hand-tied tie, land, Md. The invention is particularly de including means for fastening the same to ay the wings of the collar, which means may signed as a land and air vehicle for earrying simulate any one of a number of fastening passengers through the streets of a city, or s d to distant points through the air. The con- devices in general use. struction is such as to permit of its being : = partially folded when in the streets or in Chemical Processes storage, and when traversing the air is PROCESS OF THE PRODUCTION OF AROMATIC ALDEHYDES AND THEIR ; ; ISUBSTITUTION DERIVATIVES.—C. 0. It is constructed also for safe landing and|)eVeperrt and A. P. and W. VANSELOw, wparture from water, and permits of safe! .. o Chocolate Products Co.. Pratt and Con- traveling through the water as a hydroplane. | .74 Sts, Baltimore, Md. The invention re ~ |lates to a process and apparatus for the pro- adapted to be extended to its full capacity ® as to properly function as an airplane. Pertaining to A pparel eaten —j|duetion of aldehydes and their derivatives, GARMENT SUPPORTER.—J. P. Wir-| and has reference more particularly to the SN, 1125 Francisco Ave., Francisco Apt.|monohalogen derivative of the corresponding No. 4, San Francisco, Calif. An object of|aromatie hydrocarbon or its substitution de- this invention is to provide means whereby | rivative which is hydrolyzed by an aqueous- the tab carrying the button cooperating with | alkali solution to the corresponding primary the clasp will not become quickly worn or | aleohol, and this aleohol is then oxidized to (etached from the supporting means. The| the aldehyde by means of a hypochlorite solu- support includes a tape and clasp provided | tion. with a hinged tongue, said clasp presenting PROCESS OF PRODUCING TITAN- 4 plurality of openings, the tape being| 1M NITROGEN COMPOUNDS.—F. Von threaded through the openings and around) RicHowsky and J. HartHaN, 1412 San| the point of the hinged connection, and a Fernando Blvd., Glendale, Calif. The in- button secured to the outer end of the tape vention relates to a process of producing adapted to cooperate with the tongue of the ad titanium nitrogen and the like compounds _ from such minerals as ilmenite, and one of BUCKLE—A. J. Woop, R. F. D. No. 3,/ the important features resides in the re- Doe me si . ms. 2 A . > Box 53, Birmingham, Mich. This invention! covery or production of such compounds by relates to trouser supporting means, for en- the heating ilmenite with an agent such as car- bon and in the presence of an agent such as nitrogen, at a temperature of about 1100° C. Electrical Devices ELECTRICALLY-HEATED PRESSER- FOOT. — Herrie E. Rupoipen, Box 3484, Lowell, Ariz. The object of the invention is to provide on the presser-foot of a sewing machine an electric heating attachment so that the presser-foot serves, in addition to its ordinary function, the function of an iron to press seams, hems, pleats, tucks, ete., as they are being stitched on the machine. (See Fig. 1.) SHAVING BRUSH.—J. C. Pace, 1105 Mission St., San Francisco, Calif. Among the objects of the invention is to provide a self-feeding and electrically-heated shaving brush that is convenient to handle, ready for use almost instantaneously after turning on the heat, can be regulated as to the amount! of soap to be fed into the brush, and ean be conveniently carried along in a suitease. ELECTRIC FIXTURE FITTING AND METHOD OF MAKING SAME.—D. GOLDICH, ¢/o Arrow Tool Mfg. Co., Bridge- port, Conn. The invention has particular reference to a form of “hickey.” An ob- ject is to provide means by which the fitting is simply and efficiently formed from a single piece of sheet metal, and which in its com- pleted state presents a finished appearance, whereby smooth edges and surfaces are pre- that the insulation is not worn out by contact with rough fittings. LOCK.—D. HorrMan and F. Easton, address D. H. F. Dubbon, 193 Third Ave., New York, N. Y. The aim of this invention i provide a device more particularly adapted for use in connection with an elee- sented, so is to trical circuit of an automotive vehicle, but not necessarily limited to this adaptation, and by means of which it will not be neces- sary for an operator to utilize a key to complete closing and opening of the circuit. A further object is to construct a lock in which an alarm will be given upon an un- authorized person endeavoring to manipulate the same. Of General Interest WASTE FUEL OIL SALVAGING BARGE.—H. M. Fackert, 400 W. 23rd St., New York, N. Y. An object of this inven- tion is to provide a means for expeditiously separating fuel oil from water as the same is discharged from the tanks of oil-burning A further object is to provide an apparatus which automatically operates to receive the mixed oil and water, separate the same, discharge the water and retain the oil. The apparatus is inexpensive to operate, and highly efficient in its purpose. (See Fig. 2.) | vessels. KITCHEN CABINET.— W. M. GAtra-| GHER, 215 State St., Litchfield, Il. The in- vention has for its object to provide a device which has a relatively great capacity, being adapted to hold a large number of utensils, which permits of access to any particular article without the necessity of removing or displacing any of the other articles contained in the cabinet, which is convenient, simple and durable, attractive in appearance, sani- tary in use, and inexpensive to manufacture ATTACHMENT FOR COLLAPSIBLE TUBES.—J. S. Turner, address Turner White Metal Co., 218 Raritan Ave., New Brunswick, N. J. This device is designed to produce a closure and spreader for use with collapsible tubes, more especially those con- taining glue. The glue of collapsible tubes tends to harden at the neck, making an irreg- ular seat for the closure, whereby leakage is liable to result as well as hardening of the tube contents. The device includes a threaded zone on the shank of the spreader, the ar- rangement being such that a tight closure is effected and no mutilation of the threads in the neck or disruption resulting from the re- peated insertion and removal of the spreader, (See Fig. 3.) HAND BAG.—A. Kutick, c/o Elk Lea- ther Goods Co., 130 W. 29th St.. New York City, N. Y. This invention relates to hand bags having an interior main pocket and in- terior side pockets on opposite sides of the main pocket. The object is to provide a hand bag which is exceedingly simple to manufac- | ture, and without seams in the body, and to render the bag very durable and neat in ap- pearance. RAT TRAP.—J. F. Kerrier, Box 233, Ot- toville, Ohio. An object of the invention is to provide a trap in which the bait is positioned upon a hinged platform equipped with a novel form of trigger mechanism which will quickly operate the trap door after the rat has entered. A further object is to provide a trap which may be easily kept clean, which is strong, simple, and efficient in use, and which will be comparatively inexpensive to manufacture. (See Fig. 4.) FINDER.—F. A. WENMAN, 348 Ist St. Brooklyn, N. Y. This invention has refer- ence to such finders as are used in connection with photographic instruments. The primary object of the invention is to provide a finder which may be accurately adjusted for both horizontal and vertical planes, and which is so arranged that camera fens may be moved to register into a position which will permit of a reproduction of an image within the camera corresponding to the area included within the field of the finder. METHOD FOR PRODUCING WooD FLOUR.— J. J. Cunntnenam, 5 Horicon Ave., Glens Falls, N. Y. The invention re lates to a wood flour such as is used in the manufacture of phonograph records and other articles. The object is to provide a method for producing wood flour from raw sawdust, the method consisting essentially of screening the sawdust, grinding the screened sawdust under development of heat to vapor- Pig. L HL EB. Radolph’s electrically heated presser Fig. 2. Barge for foot for sewing machines ented a salvaging waste fuel oil, pat- by H. M. Fackert Fig. 4. Fig. 3. Attachment for collapsing tubes, developed b y J. S. Turner a "ae — | or ts ; } J. F. Keller’s rat trap with novel means. of springing the trigger

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1138 ize the moisture, and bolting the sawdust to separate the coarse from the wood flour SWING.—W. E. Braymer, Box 444, Kie fer, Okla. The object is to provide a foot rest for so-called porch” swings, the rest being so constructed that it may be readily at tached to a standard type of swing. A fur ther object is to provide spring means in connection with the rest which will permit the same to lower when the user places his feet thereon preparatory to entering the swing DISPLAY CARD.—J. Domper, 98 Frank lin St., New York, N. Y. This invention has for its object to provide a display card which may be utilized by dealers or in window display, and by means of which a piece of cloth may be presented in such manner as to more nearly conform to the appearance of completed garment, although the card may readily be utilized as a cover plate for the folder receiving a number of pieces of cloth, one of the pieces being shown in the manner described DISPENSING DEVICE L. W. Tr FANY, Winsted, Conn The invention aims to provide a device of this character more particularly adapted for use in connection with pins, paper clips, et \ further object is the econstructio of a device by means of which the pins or clips may be readily with drawn and which shall also present an ex tremely neat appearance EGG BEATER I G. Teersecs, 45 John St.. Tarrytown N y The primary object of the invention is to provide i form of handle for egg will thus do away with the disadvantages devices of this nature beaters which is offset and commonly found in iumong them the scratching of the operator's knuckles on the gear wheel and the inability to see just when the material has been stirred in cases where small quantities of material are used REPOURING ATTACHMENT a 2 QuINN, 157 St. Ann's Ave., New York, N. Y The invention aims to provide an attachment for use in connection with percolators which ire utilized for the pereolating and dispens ing of beverages in restaurants and like places. ‘The object is to provide an attach vent by means of which the operator may readily effeet a withdrawal of fluid from the base of the receptacle, and a reintroduction of the same at the ipper end of the recep tael without splashing or wu ry to him elf FLEXIBLE BRACELET.—W. Macutrr ul A SAUSCH widress A. Bausch, S22 Flatbush Ave Brooklyn, N. ¥ The invetr tion has for an object to provice box amd connecting means wherein the va ous boxes or part f the bracelet ire irtic ulated slightly in a simple and effective man ner, and in which pstanding, bendable lugs ire presented for receiving coupli rings so that when encirelit two lugs a pivotal hinge connection will be pro ided ADVERTISING DEVICE H. K. Mac DovweGans, c/o Y. M. ¢ \ rientsin, China The general object of the invention is to pro vide a mount for the advertisements disposed longitudinally of a ear beneath the ro i the customary position of such advertise ments and having means to intermittently turn the advertising int about its own ax through the medium idapted to be turned by wind pressure due to of the car the motion REFRIGERATOR W I lluMMETI 2911 N. Richmond St Chicago, Ill An obiect of this invent is to provide i re frigerator having 1 plurality of compart ments and provided with means operable to permit air to circulate freely from one com partment to another w hen the compartments are closed and to prevent the passage of air from any compartment to the adjacent com partment when the door of that particular compartment is opened COMPENSATING DEVICE G 0 Gray, Box 234, Butte, Mont. The invention has for its object to provide a device of the character specified especially adapted for use with chart display apparatus, for compensat ing for difference in speed due to the unequal size of the rollers while the chart is winding from one, and winding on to the other PAVING BLOCK AND PROCESS OF MAKING THE SAME T. S. DowNarp, 1615 American Exchange Bank Bldg., Dallas, Texas. The invention relates to paving blocks used as a wearing surface upon a suitable base or as a pavement without a base other than the block itself. of‘ mixing particles of natural asphalt rock with a mastic consisting of rock asphalt powder, pure asphalt, and a substance hav- The process’ consists SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN ng a high melting point, introducing the mixture into a mold to form blocks, and sub- sequently cooled with water. CATAPULT AND PROJECTILE THEREFOR.—C. E. TrepeMan, 25 W. Ful- ton St., Gloversville, N. Y. The purpose of this invention is to provide a catapult of ex tremely simple construction, which is manu ally operable to impel a ring-like projectile in different velocities and in such manner as to maintain the projectile in upright position during flight A further purpose is to pro vide a projectile constructed to permit of its looping a target and causing its adherence thereto so that the accuracy of the shot may be determined. BEDSTEAD AND OTHER FURNI TURE.—S. B. Gamerte, West Perth, West Australia, Australia. The invention relates to a dovetail fitting formed of sheet metal, which may be used in the joints of bedsteads ind other articles of furniture, an object is to provide a fitting of this kind particularly applicable for connecting the frame of : spring mattress with the usual wooden bed posts SOUNDING DEVICE V. H. Contey, 5615 Bernard St., Chicago, Ill The object of this invention is to provide a sounding device to take the place of what is commonly known as a lead line, such device being ad istable to the work to which it is to be sub jected. The device includes a blade, pins s¢ cured to and extending outwardly from the blade 1 be adapted to lie at an angle to the direction of travel By this device it s not necessary to slow the speed of the METHOD OF FIXING COLOR MARK INGS ON THERMOMETER STEMS H T. Kricer, ¢/o Verstendig, 766 Grote St Bronx, N. Y. The invention relates to the manufacture of high-class clinical thermom eters and includes means for fixing the mark ings on the stem by firing, the marking being first applied through the medium of a vitri fiable color which will fuse when subjected to the heat of the firing kiln. Means are provided for keeping the mercury bulb suf ficiently cool to prevent such expansion as will cause fracture of the instrument. AUTOMATIC FIRE ALARM Cc. A ANDERSON, 808 Coalmont St., North Brad wk, Pa. The object is to provide a device ke adapted to be moved around from place to place at various loedtions within a residence, factory, or mereantile establishment wherever there seems to be a special source of danger. The initiating cause of the alarm is a form if thermostat, and consists of metal plates ipted to be warped from a normal arrange ment DY a rise in temperature MONOLITHIC WALL M. J. GRAHAM, 1927 Calder Ave Among of this invention is to provide a Le iumont, T's xis, monolithic wall of simple inexpensive con structiol connection with which both the inside and outside surfaces may be similarly formed and ornamented s desired, as well s e which will be strong and durable and is capable of easy and quick formation HAME AND TRACE CONNECTER F. H. Harcoop, Box 156, Stevenson, Wash. The purpose of this invention is the provision of a device for connecting a hame and trace which eliminates the neces formed of rope, sity plicing the trace, and permits of the longit il adjustment of the trace while it the me time securely maintaining it in ulin el position without subjecting it to ul ppreciable degree of wear PRINTER'S SLUG AND RULE w. E Taytor, 202 W. 20th St... New York, N. Y The invention relates to slugs and rules and mollis therefor to produce slugs and rules in strip form The slug as invented by this patent includes a solid body portion having a plurality of parallel openings extending from one end to the other, and the material between said openings forming a longitudi nally extending strengthening web. ROAD CONSTRUCTION.—G. H. Pap- ceTT, 716 N. A St., Edwards, N. Y. The primary object of this invention is to pro- vide a track or wearing rail in roadways on which vehicles may be driven, and to so construct the track that it may serve as sg means for draining the road, thus helping to maintain the road in good repair. COMPUTING DEVICE.—G. D. Jonn- son, address Mrs. G. ID. Johnson, Adminis- tratrix, 3709 3d Ave., Bronx, N. Y. The in- vention relates to a device for computing weight per square foot of leather betting. An object is to provide a mechanical device comprising parts bearing scales having cer- tain relations so that by setting certain parts at certain relative positions the weight in decimal ounces, the total weight of the roll being known, is indicated upon the device without the necessity of the use of additional calculating instruments. SPRING PAD.—S. S. Marcus and S. KRAKAUER, 1780 Morrison St., Bronx, N. Y. This invention has for its object to provide a spring or cushion pad which is simple in construction, cheap to manufacture, and ar- ranged for convenient insertion in a easing in any desired number of units. Another object is to permit of conveniently forming the pockets in pairs for corresponding pairs of springs. WALL CONSTRUCTION.—D. J. Frynn, 222 Elm Court, Elizabeth, N. J. The object of the invention is to provide a wall con- struction formed of hollow building blocks arranged to compensate for any irregularities in the blocks when building the inner and outer wall sections and tying the same to- gether. Another object is to provide a block capable of use as a whole, or to be split by the mason as desired. METHOD AND MEANS FOR PRINT- ING L. E. Woopwarp, 6300 Montgomery Road, Cincinnati, Ohio. This invention is particularly intended for the printing of the ater tickets, by means of a cylindrical print ing place composed of half sections produced by setting up the type in separate chases with parallel lines, the matter in the lines of one chase running continuously with the corresponding lines in the other chase, and forming semi-circular matrices, the plate formed from which will present the printing elements in a continuous spiral. TRAP.—T. R. ScnvurrMann, The Rexall Store, 209 Green St., Chenoa, Ill. The in- vention relates to traps for catching rats, mice and other rodents. An object is to provide a sheet-metal trap construction, in cluding two compartments for retaining the rodents, until it is desired to empty the trap or immerse the same, the trap being pro vided with a removable bait-holding device which will attract the rodents, but will pre- vent their access thereto for eating the same. LEG BLOCK.—S. Barracria, 52 Beaver St., Brooklyn, N. Y. The primary object of the invention is to provide a leg block for use in connection with furniture construction, which will serve to firmly retain the leg in its proper position. A further object is to provide a leg block which may be applied in a minimum of time, and in which any play which may come into being may be readily compensated for so as to again firmly affix the leg. HOLDER FOR GROWING PLANTS.— kk. Kvuererter and O. NIEDERBERGER, 1024 Dryant Ave., New York, N. Y. The inven- tion relates to plant holders and more par- ticularly to a receptacle for growing plants, which is especially designed for indoor use The device is so constructed that air is per- mitted to enter the soil contained in the re ceptacle, which is formed with slats, which at the lower portion form Crainage space when the plant is watered, the unabsorbed water being caught by a drain pan WRISTLET.—J. P. Ketry, 207 Eighth Ave., New York, N. Y. The primary object f the invention is to provide means adapted to be worn upon the arm of the operator to eatch the drip from a sponge, cloth or other washing implement, in washing painted sur faces, windows and the like. The device is so formed that it may be readily attached to or detached from the operator’s arm TRIPOD FOR MACHINE GUNS.—J. F O'MALLEY. Box 323, Mount Vernon, N. Y. This invention has for its object to provide a tripod for machine guns arranged to en- able the gunner to sight the gun quickly and accurately and to hold the same securely in adjusted position during the firing. An- other object is to permit of firmly setting up the tripod on soft or rocky ground. ARTIFICIAL HAND.—R. F. Arm- STRONG, La Cygne, Kansas. The object of the invention is to provide an artificial hand which is capable of readily and easily per- forming «dll of the important functions of the human hand, and which is of extremely simple and durable construction, reliable in operation and easy and inexpensive to manu- facture. TICKET CARRIER.—H. Rvuscuer and ». S. Payzant, c/o O. S. Payzant, 70 East {ith St., New York, N. Y. The invention has for an object to provide a_ carrier wherein the tickets are not only held at a proper angle for dispensing, but are pre- vented any appreciable reverse movement when pressure is brought to bear thereon preparatory to their removal. A removable JUNE, 192 spring is arranged at the discharge end 4 resiliently resist removal of the tickets, DEVICE FOR HOLDING MATRICES IN STEREOPLATE CASTING BOXES —C, WINKLER, Berne, Switzerland. Ty purpose of this invention is a device for hold. ing matrices which is opened, for the pur. pose of putting in the matrix, and the closed, for holding the matrix by means of a worm gear, the device holding the matrix will remain in position when opened, thys enabling both hands to be used for manipn- lating the matrix. COIN STACKER.—P. F. Friesen, Pipgt National Bank, Hillsboro, Kans. An object of the invention is to provide an inexpensiy device into which coins can be readily placed and which will by gravity stack the coins and indicate the number or value of th stack. A further object is to provide y stacker which may be used for Stacking coins of different sizes by substituting dif. ferent inner tubes. REPRODUCER. —V. C. Hotranp, a¢ dress W. H. Watson, Keene, N. H. Ay object of this invention is to provide aq me producer having a diaphragm of cotton fiber suitably treated with chemicals and vulegp. ized to give it the necessary reproducing qualities, and which will enable a larger diaphragm to be employed than with me terials commonly used, and will operate net only to more perfectly reproduce sound, but dispense with the defects in the sound dy to engagement of the needle or stylus with the record. SHOE.—L. C. Kenton, 622 Market St, Chattanooga, Tenn. This invention relates more particularly to the making of shoes of the blucher type, for children’s use, haying a double tip and vamp portion to provide a smooth interior surface such as to obviate the necessity of a lining for the shoe at th forward part, so that the lining may only be disposed in the top part of the shoe and thus have the appearance of a drill-lined shoe. STRIPPING COMB.—M. J. Gonzmys, 1125 Park Ave., New York, N. Y. The ob ject of the invention is to provide a stripping comb, such as is used in the grooming of rough-coated terriers, in preparing the dogs for exhibition, by means of which an oper ator will at all times have an instrament available which will be in perfect condition for use, in that the eutting edge may bk readily sharpened, and the comb readily and quickly cleansed. SCALE.—J. E. Burton, 149-A Hamilton St., Cambridge, Mass. An object of the it vention is to provide a seale which may ® installed in the ice-box of a refrigerator, and which will oceupy a comparatively small space. A further object is to provide a seale which will automatically register the amount of ice deposited, and enable a housewife see just how much ice there is in the borat any time. DECORATED ARTICLE.—A, N. Et STEIN, 23 Judge St., Brooklyn, N. ¥. This invention relates to articles of wood, metal, vitrice, ceramic, fibrous or textile fabrics, and its object is to provide an article having 4 highly ornamental and effective glass beail or erystal decoration. Another object is permit of producing a surface ornamentatie which is not effected by changes in temper ature or by moisture, and is not Hable to pee! off, eraek or become injured. DETERGENT.—O. M. WEIGIB, 609 Jef ferson St., Fulton, Mo. Among the object of the invention is to provide a detergett for cleaning the hands or body whieh have a high efficieney, will be cheap to mali facture, and will leave the skin soft and® good condition: it is especially useful as # cleansing agent for the hands when they’ come very dirty. The composition consis® of: cornmeal, 85 per cent; powdered soa? 14 per cent, and boracie acid, 1 per cent PENCIL CLIP.—J. R. Frrton, ¢/0 CE Morse, 511 West 60th Street, Chicago, I Among the objects is to provide a simple eli that is adapted to be applied to a pencil 4 pen casing and which has means for gaging with the fabric of a garment, whereb! the pencil is effectively held against mom ment relative to the garment. A fa object is to provide a pencil clip that 18 pe tical commercially and inexpensive to asi facture. HATPIN.—A. C. CLavs, ¢/0 Bdgar Freeh Mohawk Bldg., Portland, Ore. The purest of this invention is to arte vaaie aol adies’ hats ich is extremely ladi hats, which is extrem v hich emt be and hat for ® he hair, and ® of inexpensive construction, readily applied to the hair curely retaining the hat to t i a aa |

Page 55

JUNE, 192 charge end ty ® tickets, MATRICES NG BOXER zerland. The evice for hold. for the pur. ix, and they by means of ng the matriy opened, thns d for manipp. ‘RIESEN, First S. An object in inexpensive readily placed ack the coing value of the to provide for stacking Stituting dif. TOLLAND, ai- N. H. Ap provide a re f cotton fiber 3 and vulea- ' reproducing ible a larger an with me ll operate not ce sound, but he sound due r stylus with » Market St. sntion relates g of shoes of s use, having n to provide as to obviate e shoe at the ng may only the shoe and a drill-lined J. Corrs, Y. The ob le a stripping grooming of ring the dogs lich an oper n instrument ect condition ~lge may be b readily and -A Hamilton set of the in hich may be igerator, and itively small ‘ovide a seale r the amount housewife to in the box at A. N. Er N. Y. This wood, metal, . fabries, and ele having 4 » glass beal object is -namentation s in temper liable to pee! up, 609 Jef: r the objects a detergent _ which W 2ap to mani soft and useful as ® hen they be tion consist vdered soap, per cent. n, c/o CEB Chicago, Il. » simple clip a peneil ans for & ont, whereb! rainst move A further that is prae ve to mant sdgar Freed The purpet hatpia, simple ich can hat for * hair, and a JUNE, 1922 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Fig. 6. Finger ring that does not have to go past the knuckle, invented by D. P. Fontana W. J. Snively’s system of drainage and disposal of offensive wastes Fig. 5. | | | | of several tools, patented by G. Cousins | Fig. 7. Micrometer calipers that takes the place Fig. 8. Quick-operating cable coupling put eut by J. W. H. Blee and A. P. Powell has in view is to provide a gripping struc- for vises and other mechanism which will grip articles of different sizes and shapes and will at the same time accommodate itself to the particular shape of the article to be gripped. Another object is to provide a gripping jaw formed with a number of nested parts which will automatically assume a straight line or an irregular line as pressure is brought to bear thereon. HACK SAW.—J. Simppon, 110 Melchon Place, Joliet, Ill. An object of the invention is to provide a hack saw in which the use of adjusting screws to hold the saw blades the same time permitting the ready with- drawal thereof when removing the hat. DRAINAGE SYSTEM.—W. J. SNIveEty, address W. J. Hunter, Main St., Greensburg, Pa. The invention particularly relates to a drainage system whereby sulphur water and all objectionable waters that flow from coal mines into creeks and streams, can be gotten rid of, the same system may also be applied to dry up swamps and marshes. The object is to drain the water to a sedimentation chamber, and from there carry it by pipe drilled into the ground to a depth of the third water level, thus preventing the pollution of ture the upper water stratas. (See Fig. 5.) is obviated. A further object is to provide FINGER RING.—D. P. Fontana, 314! 2 device that has means for holding a saw Ww 19th Street : ~ i York. N ‘Y. ‘ Among blade in either vertical or horizontal posi- tion, and to provide means for holding saw blades of various sizes. GUIDE OR GAGE FOR RECIPROCAT- {NG HAND TOOLS.—H. Brices, Has- brouck Heights, N. J. Among the objects is to provide means whereby the operation of the tool is rendered more positive, to pro- vide means whereby the handle may be locked the objects of this invention is to provide a finger ring construction in which the ring body is formed of hingedly connected sections which permit of the opening of the ring dur- ing its application or removal. By this method it is not necessary, as in a solid con- struction, to make the internal diameter of sufficient size to readily slip over the knuckle, which so often results in a loose fit. (See|to the tool to prevent its accidental discon- Fig. 6.) nection, and to provide a handle which may —— be adjusted to the plane of the tool forming Hardware and. Tools }2a convenient hand-hold at the forward end MICROMETER CALIPERS.—G. Covus- of the tons and aatioting in ~ manipulation. Ins, c/o C. W. Dings, 173 W. 1st St., Os-| DRAWING INSTRUMENT.— 8. Horr- MAN, J. Schwartz and I. HoLpeNn, address M. Lavitt, 256 Broadway, New York, N. Y. This invention relates to what is known as an ellipsograph, and has for an object to provide a construction wherein by a quick calipers; the length of the regularly serrated | adjustment different forms of ellipses may be bar limiting the extent of its application. Its | drawn. A more specific object is the provi- simple construction for rapid adjustment, and| Sion of an ellipsograph formed on the gen- absence of delicate parts, render the caliper | ¢Tal principles of a compass with an adjust- wego, N. Y. The chief object of this inven-}| tion is to provide a readily adjustable and easy reading device, which will obviate the hecessity of possessing 2-inch, 3-inch, 4-inch, ete, of the ordinary forms of micrometer | 4 most desirable addition to unskilled, or ex-|#ble guide arranged to guide the — pert machinists’ kits. member for producing ellipses of different (See Fig. 7.) _VISE.—J. R. Martin, 132 W. 16th St., New York, N. Y. The invention relates to work-holders used on planers, shapers, mill- ing machines and other metal-working tools. The object is to provide a vise or work- holder arranged to accurately seat the work | on the base of the vise without requiring hammering the work down by the operator. Another object is to permit of applying the device to vises as now generally construed. CABLE COUPLING.—J. W. H. BLEE ad A. P. Powrett, Box 426, Harrison, Idaho, The purpose of the invention is to| Provide means by which a rapid coupling and uncoupling of two lengths of cable can effected without the possibility of the coupling being accidentally uncoupled. The vice comprises companion coupling mem- rs, each comprising a connecting link and * coupling link permanently and _ slidably connected, each of the coupling links being sizes and shapes. VISE.—T. SzyLprerowicz, 832 E. Rau St., Shamokin, Pa. An object of this invention is to provide a vise, and to provide the jaws of the vise with conical extensions, said ex- tensions curved in cross-section and tapering to their outer ends that wire or other | device can be conveniently bent around either or both of the extensions and the bend be given the desired are, coil or curvature by reason of its location between the extensions. WRENCH—B. G. Partrerson, 403 Tradesmen’s Bank Bldg., Oklahoma City, Okla. The invention has for its object to provide a wrench which may be quickly and easily adjusted to operate upon various ob- jects, which is automatically locked in ad- justed position, which may be readily re- leased, and which is of simple and durable construction, reliable in operation and easy and inexpensive to manufacture. so ietachably associated with the connecting COMBINATION LOCK.—R. ELcock, Tie a) the other coupling member. (See! Victoria Mansions, Eloff St., Johannesburg, Transvaal, South Africa. The invention re- lates to locks in which movement of the bolt is dependent upon a prescribed positioning ‘vention has particular reference to metallic | of rotatable letter rings or movable numbers. other inserts used in connection with con-| An object is to ensure that no opening move- crete or cementitious body portions. An ob-| ment of the bolt can occur until all the gates ket is to provide a simple, economically | of all the movements are alined, thus pre- manufactured, compact insert which when| venting the position of the gates being felt aeed within a mold to be embedded in a| individually. eee, bey portion aligns itself properly; SUPPORTING HOOK.—T. H. Ryan, 116 ains its alignment thereafter. Peshine Ave., Newark, N. J. The invention yeeLF-ALIGNED INSERT.—W. W. HITE, 93 Halsey St., Brooklyn, N. Y. The VISE.—L. Poscu, 201 Odgen St., Jersey; aims to provide a device commonly known J. The object which this invention | City, NN, as a “pot hook.” ‘The primary object is to! provide a supporting hook adapted for use | by painters or other mechanics, and by means of which the bail may be readily attached and detached therefrom, and the device read- ily attached to the supporting member, such as a ladder, from which it is to be suspended, yet when attached will reduce the liability of its accidentally becoming detached. SURVEYOR’S INSTRUMENT AND RANGE FINDER.—J. CaAsERAnr, 2200 Leatherwood St., Butte, Mont. An object of the invention is to provide an apparatus) which is extremely simple in construction, and easy to operate without the employment | of complex mathematical rules. object is to provide a plum level attachment | which serves to determine easily and ac- curately the amount of elevation or depres- sion from the horizontal of any stateu point. TWIST DRILL.—F. A. Josern, Princes Bldg., Hong Kong, China. The invention has reference more particularly to twist drills whose eutting edges are irregular in scribed outline so that the cutting edge of one flute of the drill leaves zones of metal | in the hole which are cut by the cutting edges of the other flutes of the drill. An object is to provide a drill from which the | swarf or chips will be easily cleared. POCKETKNIFE. — P. W. HALLVARSON, Black Diamond, Alberta, Canada. The main object of the invention is to reduce the cost of producing a knife of this character by constructing the handle from a single sheet of material which is stamped to provide the blade-receiving compartment, which will be | extremely rugged, whereby the same will withstand hard usage. COMBINATION TOOL.—M. R. Kron- ERT, 443 W. Chicago Ave., Chicago, Ill. The invention relates to a combination square, level, and device for indicating the position of a piece of work having a circular wall relative to a milling cutter or the like in or- der to properly mill a key-seat or the like in the work, and to insure the proper engage- ment of the cutting tool with the work to mill a slot or the like of a given size. WRENCH.—J. J. Tuomas, Box 153, Bal- four, N. D. An object of this invention is to provide a wrench with means operable to releasably and firmly maintain the grip- ping parts in adjusted position, and means for gripping non-circular articles, and also objects circular in section, when the handle is swung in one direction, and to release the object when swung in the opposite di- rection. CHAIN TONGS.—C. Asumusen, 3 Ful-| ton Street, Albany, N. Y. The object of the invention is to provide pipe tongs having gripping means which conform to the shape of the pipe pivoted to the lever arm and supplying in conjunction with the gripping means, means for connecting the free end of the gripping means to the lever arm and for locking the conneeting means in engage- ment with the lever arm. HINGE ANCHOR FOR TOILET SEATS.—G. C. Dopson, 4547 Park Ave., New York, N. Y. The object of the invention is to provide a hinge anchor for toilet seats arranged to securely and firmly connect the | seat with the hinge to allow proper up and | down swinging of the seat without danger of injuring the seat or the hinge post. The | hinge is simple, durable, and not liable to get | easily out of order. A further} cially jin the fire box. LOCK.—B. GREENISON, 171 W. Tist Street, New York, N. Y. The invention re- lates to » lock construction which will serve | to reduce the risk of an unauthorized person | opening the closure, to a minimum. An ob- | ject is to provide a lock, the appearance of which is no different from that of a conven- tional lock, which an unauthorized person would be led to believe that a skeleton or master key would open, but which cannot be opened without a special form of key. WRENCH.—J. C. Manan, 2304 Wash- ington St., Lincoln, Neb. This invention | has for its object to provide a wrench espe- adapted for twisting together wire eables in woven wire fences, and drawn cables around the end and corner posts. The head consists of sections detachably con- nected and adapted to embrace the wires, together with pivotally connected members having jaws for rotatably engaging the head, said head and jaws having interengaging means for constraining the head to turn in one direction when the jaws are vibrated. SAW RELIEVING DEVICE.—M. H. McCormick, Benford, Texas. The invention relates to a device by means of which the corners of the gullet between the teeth of a saw are operated on. The device may be conveniently associated with a sharpening machine. A further object is the eonstruc tion of a device which shall operate upon each side of the saw upon the corners of the gullets, as the saw is moved through the device. COMBINATION CURTAIN AND SHADE HOLDER.—I. W. Morr, 800 N. llth Street, Springfield, Tl. An object of the invention is to provide a light metal com bination curtain and shade holder for win dows, having adjustable shade brackets adapted for operative engagement with window shades of various lengths, said holder being quickly and easily adjusted to accom modate shades of various sizes and curtains of various widths. Heating and Lighting FIREPLACE.—J. E. LANerorp, Kin Kin, Cooran, Queensland, Australia. The inven- tion relates to a form of fireplace devised for the purpose of heating two rooms with one fire, and has for its object the attainment of economy in fuel, economy in construction, economy in labor of attendance, safety in use, and also the convenience of permitting the fire to be left burning when it is so desired. BURNER.—E. FE. Cornwetr and J. H. McCreapy, 622 E. 6th St., Okmulgee, Okla. The inventors have been granted two patents on gas burners of a similar nature. The in ventions relate more particularly to gas burn ers adapted for return tubular boilers and stills. The object is to provide a burner which is of simple and durable construction, reliable in operation and inexpensive to man ufacture and apply, and which provides for a thorough uniform mixture whereby the fuel is completely consumed and a maximum amount of heat evolved. WATER HEATING ATTACHMENT M. Srarr, 516 West Third St., Plainfield, N. J. This invention is especially designed as a water heating attachment for coal ranges provided with water backs arranged One of the objects is to

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120 provide a simple and inexpensive attachment which may be positioned in the fire box adja cent the water back to serve as a medium for heating whe the coal range is not in use, the device m il be ed for cooking pur poses by shifti ts sition directly beneath the lids of the stove RADIATOR A. V. Known, 1525 College Awe i} nport, lowa Among the objects to provice ric tor having tubes which are of varying thicknesses along the width of the tube the eross section of the tubs present a fluted or corrugated contour, whereby the expansion of the tube can occur as when the water freezes in the tube, with out injury to the latter \ further object is to provide lock seam joints, thereby pre venting leakir GAS REGULATING VALVE.—L. E Trosciarrn, 5924 Magazine Street, New Orleans, La. The invention relates generally to valves which are automatically operable by the pressure of one fluid to control the flow of another fluid, and more particularly to a valve which is operable by the pressure of steam within a boiler to control and regu late burners used in heating the boiler HEATER W. R the supply of gas to Jones, Summitville, Ind. The object of the invention is to pro vide a heater which will efficiently radiate the heat generated by the combustion of solid, liquid or gaseous fuel, which is easily controlled, and which is of simple and dura ble construction, reliable in operation, and easy and inexpensive to manufacture. Fea tures of the device are the air-feeding and heat-distributing means arranged between the firebox and the casing LIQUID FUEL FURNACE.—I. Prissre, TOO Topeka Ave Tope ka, Kan The inven tion relates more particularly to coal oil burners of the type wherein air and steam vapor is mixed with the oil vapor, a purpose which the insures the fluids to being to provide burner proper and uniform mixing otf prevent the formation of earbon \ further at simple means for con sbiect is to provice trolling the supply of the fluid to the burners. Machines and Mechanical Devices ATTACHMENT FOR PIPE MACHINES. L, P. Hvrsrepier, General Delivery, Tulsa, Okla The invention has for its ob ject to provide an attachment adapted to be arranged between the dies and the chuck of a pipe machine, for cutting the pipe at such point, wherein a ring is provided for attach ment to the die frame, said ring having means for carrying a cutter, and having means for adjusting the cutter toward and from the axis of the pipe. PICKER STICK VW F. Davirr, ¢/o Messrs. Laggart, Tuttle, Wyman & Starr Merchants Bank Bldg., Manchester, N. H The invention relates to a picker stick mech inism or motion for looms, its object is to provide a device which eliminates all straps except the lug strap, which operates in such a manner as to throw the shutth straight across the loom and on the race board, which precludes all possibility of the picker stick jumping out of its holder with resulting damage to the cloth or shuttle or both, and which is simple and durable. TEARING MACHINE.—C. H. Culrt, 54 Brookside Ave., Nyack, N. Y. This in vention refers-to a machine for mechanically tearing material fed therethrough, and aims to provide means for stretching the material transversely to smooth it of wrinkles where- by it will with the tear ing machine adjustable to accurately register the device being effect a tearing of the material into strips of various widths and lengths. J. ©. AKER Srd_ St... WASHING MACHINE and M. C. Wuirwttams, 531 East Duluth, Minn An object of the inv to provide a operable ‘ntion 1s manually device in which a pair of dashers are simultaneously reciprocated in opposite directions \ fur ther object is to provide a machine which will be simple, durable, efficient in use, and comparatively inexpensive to manufacture FILM-DRYING NOZZLE R. C. Hue narp, 208 West 146th St... New York, N y This invention relates to the drying of mo tion-picture films, and has for its general object to provide nozzles adapted to deliver iets of air against the film with equal pres sure at opposite sides, to disk water therefrom. by blowing the water from the film immediately before entering the dryer operation FOR MOTIQN-PIC WoopLAND, 4842 a, ah. ong oe me the drying DEVICE to complete SAFETY TURE MACHINE.—J. E. Ashland Ave., Richmond SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN The object of the invention is to provide a simple and compact apparatus which can be applied to any type of moving-picture machine, and which operates a shield to cut off the light from the celluloid film when ever tf film breaks or becomes disarranged, independent of the speed of the power mech ism operating the film The device can be readily reset upon the repair of the film. SPINNING ROLL FOR SPINNING MILLS.—E. H. WILson and W. C. Euren FELD, c/o Dural Rubber Co., Flemington, N. J An object of the invention is the pro whereby rollers in used for drawing the vision of means spinning mills, especially those simply and easily re paired and replaced in the mill without re that they be back to the manu The device comprises a removable thread, can be very julring sent tacturer sleeve which can be placed on and removed from the roll by any workman of average skill STOP MOTION.—H. Berurn, 57 W. Houston Street, New York, N. Y¥Y. The in ventiqn relates more particularly to knitting machines. The primary object is to provide a mechanism in which if one of the threads of the machine breaks, the machine will automatically stop in order that the article made by the machine will be free of im perfections owing to a continuation of the knitting operation when one of the threads has been broken. SELF-PROPELLING TRAVELING CRANE.—G. Brun, No. 1 Rue Jules Le febvre, Paris, France. The invention has for its object to provide a crane capable of as suming all the positions that are required for the handling of loads, with a motor mounted on the platform of the crane and serving for lifting the load, also to drive the wheels of the platform and to turn the crane around its vertical axis, and the arrangement of the that the crane is capable of simultaneously _ lifting, and the load. CHECK FOR address A. M. Surprenant, Oak Hill Bldg., Pawtucket, R. I. Among the objects of the is to provide a for permitting the comparatively easy mechanism is such swinging, transporting SWELL LAVALLEER, LOOMS E 200 invention cevice entrance of the shuttle into the shuttle box, but for preventing rebound and to lock the shuttle in the box until the next stroke of the picker, wherein the pressure of the check is yieldable, and wherein the extent of the breaking action may be varied. WELL MEASURING DEVICE.—R. C Mason, 1419 Quaker Street, Tulsa, Okla An important object of this invention is to provide a measuring device which may be conveniently mounted on the upper end of the well easing and engaged with the cable of the drill or the sand line for indicating to the attendant distance which the cable ex tends into the well OIL CUP.—L. C. Durro, 1235 Elm Ave Long Beach, Calif. The inventor been granted two patents of a similar re- lating to oil cups having an automatic feed has nature of oil controlled by the temperature of the bearing. An object is to provide a device which will feed oil to cool the bearing as the bearing increases in temperature and which will automatically cease feeding as the tem perature of the bearing falls. The cup being airtight the flow of oil will cease under nor mal conditions. MACHINE FOR GEAR WHEELS WITH STRAIGHT TEETH.—V. G. Darrots, 4 Boulevard Malesherbes, Paris, France. The machine invented by this patentee is capable of use for cutting either bevel gear wheels with helical teeth or bevel gear wheels with CUTTING BEVEL HELICAL OR straight teeth, and is distinguished by a novel means for regulating and producing with precision the different motions of the eutting tool and overcomes defects in the operation of eutting the teeth of bevel gears by the usual methods SEWING MACHINE ATTACHMENT. O. H. Genrry, 796 Garson Ave., Rochester, N Y This invention for its object to provide a spring balance device that may be has attached sewing machine and so ad justed as to assist the operator, which danger of running the machine to any and eliminates the backw irds when the ope rator ceases to apply the driving force, the machine will be brought to rest by springs, without making a revolution either backward or forward. TALKING MACHINE STOP.—H. E. DAKIN, 31 High Holborn, London, W. C., England. The invention relates to devices and for automatically stopping a talking machine | when the stylus reaches the end of the rec ord. The object is to facilitate the setting or adjustment of the automatic stopping de- vice prior to each operation, so that the turn- table will be arrested immediately the record has been played, irrespective of the length of the record DISTRIBUTOR CHINES.—C. FE. P. Juiten, 41 Boulevard Haussmann, Paris, France. The invention is particularly characterized by a distribut- ing plate, having a frustro-conical aperture controlled by a frame sliding between two other fixed plates, in order to bring succes sively the aperture of the sliding plate in alinement with those of the fixed plates, and thus effect the distributing of seed. in quan- tity determined by the capacity of the aper- ture of the sliding plate. DISHWASHING MACHINE.—H. Vaupe VERE PurMAN, 802 Campbell St., Schenee- tady, N. Y. An object of the invention is to provide a machine in which the dishes are constantly under water and wherein the cleaning is effected by ereating a circulation of water so as to cause the latter to impinge upon the dishes at the most advantageous angle A further purpose is to provide a machine in which the parts are removable to facilitate cleaning. COMBINATION CRUSHER AND MILL.— H. Lorven, 860 16th St., Douglas, Ariz. One of the principal objects is to pro- vide a mill having means for crushing, mill- ing, classifying and screening, either wet or dry, ore or rock in one continuous operation. The mill rotatable drum, a screen surrounding the drum, in spaced re- lation thereto, and means connected with the drum and adapted to be actuated by the movement of the material within the drum for vibrating the screen. PRINTING PRESS. FOR SOWING MA comprises a LA QUINNO Ruoaves, 621 Bush St., Freemont, Ohio. The invention relates in general to inking mechanism for printing presses, and more particularly to a track and adjusting mech- anism especially adapted for use with print- ing presses of the platen type. One of the principal objects is to provide tracks for the trucks or rolls of the inking rollers which re readily adjustable to compensate for wear or to adapt the inking mechanism to various sizes of forms. PISTON FOR CONTROLLING FLU- IDS UNDER PRESSURE.—A. P. Le Bron, 38 Rue de Berri, Paris, France. The relates to a fluid-tight movable partition or piston intended to separate two under pressure without permitting fluids to mix or lose in pressure. The result is obtained by interposed plastie pack ing between the members, the packing being engaged by portions of the piston members rea than the area exposed to external invention fluids these f less a pressure. ROTARY PUMP.—F. N. Imuorr, J. IiUTCHINSON and C. C. HAMILTON, address Hutchinson, Gull Lake, Saskatchewan, Canada. This invention has for its object to provide a pump of the rotary type, compris- ing a rotor and a stator casing in which the rotor is mounted, the casing having inlet and discharge pipes for the fluid to be pumped. While the device is a rotary pump, it is also 1 motor, working with equal efficiency in either direction, as a pump or as a motor. CLEANING DEVICE.—J. D1 Pt1azza, 213 E. 107th St., New York, N. Y. The invention relates to a mechanical device par- ticularly adapted to clean brushes. An ob- ject is the provision of an element of this nature in which all foreign matter will be effectively removed from the bristles of a brush. The device is simple in construction and requires but little force to thoroughly clean the bristles of a hairbrush. AUTOMATIC STOP FOR TALKING MACHINES.— A. C. Ivirre, Haileybury, Ontario, Canada. A purpose of the inven- tion is to provide an electrically controlled which is adjustable to Jos stopping apparatus effect the automatic stopping of a talking machine when the stylus has reached the inner end of the sound groove of the record, irrespective of the diameter of the record. The apparatus may be operated manually should it be desired to temporarily dispense with the automatic feature. Medical Devices AND APPARATUS FOR DRYING MEDICATING AIR.—C. Dopss and A. E. PAINTER, address Albert E. Painter, Wa shoe County Bank Bldg., Reno, Nevada. This invention relates to an apparatus for dehydrating air and for adding to the same |eertain medicaments, disinfectants or the like. An object is to provide an apparatus JUNE, 192 wherein the air forced through said ap. paratus is treated to remove the moj and other noxious ingredients, and to intro. duce certain curative and other beneficia] and desirable properties for the treatment gf diseases of the respiratory organs, Musical Devices | PHONOGRAPH REPRODUCER. WF WHITTEN, 4 Grosvenor Square, Schenectady, N. Y. One of the objects of the inventig is to provide a phonograph reproducer for reproducing the mechanically recorded sound with a minimum of movable parts. A fy. ther object is to provide a reproducer whieh may be used for reproducing the sound both from dise and cylinder records. RECORD LIFTER.—J. A. Crark, 2p Main St., Vincennes, Ind. An_ importan object of the invention is to provide a recon} lifter which is associated with the control of the phonograph whereby when the contr is exercised to stop the rotation of the tum table the record lifter will be actuated tp raise the record away from the turn-tabe and permit of the ready grasping and me moval of the record. SOUND POST.—J. W. McGrartna, Brook haven, Miss. The aim of the invention ig provide a sound post for violins which wil enhance the resonancy of the tone of the ip- strument in that the vibration of the bas bar wil! be continued by means of the sane for a much longer period. The device wil serve to permit of more vibration being in- parted to the essential parts of the juste ment. BANJO UKULELE.—R. A. Carrvee 128 13th St., West New York, N. Y. Th this invention is to provide a instrument of the banjo-ukulele type ar ranged to give the desired tension to th skin or parchment head and to insure proper sounding when played, also to permit of em veniently replacing an injured skin by 4 new one. RECORD DISK FOR GRA PHOPHONES AND METHOD OF FORMING SAME— H. PAKEMAN, 108 S. Fourth St., Vineland N. J. The invention relates generally t record disks for graphophones, the purpose being to provide a construction whereby much greater effectiveness in sound is pre duced. The method consists of stamping a record disk as usual with a rim band around groove, permitting the disk t harden, then eutting the rim -away sul ciently to relieve pressure caused by its contraction during cooling. object of the sound Prime Movers and Their Accessories INDICATOR. —H. 6 Weiss and B. E. Braun, ¢/ Thumb Accessory Co., Sebewaing, Mi Among the objects of the invention is ® provide means whereby the oil level cock an internal combustion engine may be zeat ily opened from the dashboard of the vehidle, and to provide an attachment capable being applied during the course of manufat ture or at any time thereafter without alter ing the construction of the vehicle. FLYWHEEL.—V. W. Pace, 309 Lafay ette Street, New York, N. Y. One of te primary objects of this invention is to @ fly wheel that the same may be made of relatively non-resistant and soft material, and, at the same time, piv vide means for keying the fly wheel to the erank shaft of an internal combustion mot? with a member of greater strength than the OIL LEVEL MUELLER construct a fly wheel material. CONNECTING ROD GAUGE AND STRAIGHTENER.—F. W. NUERWELL, ? W. 1st Street, Tulsa, Okla. The invent relates to gauges and straighteners es adapted for use in connection with the eo necting rods of internal combustion engin® An important object is to provide a gaug having means whereby it may be asee if the longitudinal axis of the wrist pin bear ing or bushing is parallel to the longitag@ axis of the sectional bearing which receives the crank of the crank shaft, and where it may be readily ascertained if the rod is twisted or bent. VALVE LIFTER GUIDE.—C. L. Mae 32 Husson Ave., Hollis, L. 1, ™% esigned for uw in connection with the tapped valves of # internal A specie « ject is to provide in combination with lifter guide of a valve, means which silences and prevents rattling, and means which matically compensates for wear on reciprocating member and the guide, ~- permit of replacement or repair when LAND, The invention is especially d combustion engine. ZS maaenssaieetwsees «= «- eo

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JUNE, 192) ugh said ap the moisture and to intr. her beneficigi » treatment of rans, ————— /UCER, —¥ . Schenectady, the inventign eproducer for ecorded sound parts. A fy. roducer whieh he sound both . CLARK, 20 An important ovide a recon h the contr en the contr n of the tum. > actuated tp the turn-table sping and re -RATH, Brook- nvention is to ns which wil one of the in- 2 of the bas s of the sane 1e device will ion being im of the instr A. CARLUOG, N.Y 0 provide an lele type ar nsion to the insure proper vermit of cor- d skin by a HOPHONES NG SAME— St., Vineland, generally to , the purpose tion whereby sound is pre f stamping a band around the disk t . away sufl- aused by its ne L ccessories R.—H. 6 SRAUN, ¢/0 vaing, Mich vention is & level cock 0 may be read: »f the vehicle, t capable of of manufac vithout alter ‘icle. , 309 Lafay- One of the ion is to ® e same may esistant and 1e time, pr wheel to the yustion motor th than the UGE AND TERWELL, ai ‘he invention ers especi vith the com tion engines vide a gauge e ascertal rist pin bear , longitadinal hich receives and whereby if the rod ® June, 1922 Miscellaneous Notes The Largest Oil Pipe Line in the world, the only one to connect two oceans, will be laid by the Mexican government across the Isthmus of Techauntepec. The New York Curb Market, the sec- has transacts its It has just brought of its stock market in America, now ond largest deserted the 1 business under a roof. out an illustrated book functions, membership, and operations. Servants Introduce New Problems. eurb and descriptive machine and vacuum cleaner they must have. Is the electrically-equipped kitchen to prove more of a boomerang than a blessing? The Problem of the Spaniard’s Foot.— Tradition has it that the first Spaniards to land on Hawaii were wrecked on the south- east coast in 1575; but the clear imprint of a Spanish shoe has been discovered in the surface of an ancient lava flow on the west coast near Honaunau, the “City of Refuge.” Since the lava flow must antedate the build- ing of the city in 1100, how the footprint got there is a mystery that will probably never be solved. John Bull Loses.—A British Houdini offered $250 to the producer of any strait- jacket from which he could not release him- self. A certain John Bull invented a jacket and took up the challenge; but the per- former, after successfully freeing himself, cut up the jacket and distributed pieces to the audience. Sull sued for $50 damages; the court, however, held ti in a test of this kind the plaintiff must risk » damaged jacket, so John lost not only the jrcket but the suit. Legai Help in Foreign Trade.—The Di- vision of Commercial Law of the Department of Commerce is compiling names of well- recommended foreign attorneys who are in & position to care properly for American interests. These names will not be pub- lished, but American firms in need of aa attorney in any particular foreign locality may apply for and receive the necessary in- formation. No responsibility is assumed either by the Bureau or by the sponsors for these attorneys. Civics Without Texthooks.—Our larger tities have lately instituted a departure in the teaching of civics in elementary schools; textbooks are discarded and the outcome of several months’ test is most New York has instructed the children in 21 subjects, from the food of the city and the dispensation of public charities to the part of the citizen in government and the man- agement of the schools. First-hand demon- strations have been given of the work of the fire department, and the “project method” sets the children to cleaning up and beauti- fying the school grounds. The benefits have already extended to entire communities. Newsprint and Pulpwood.—It takes 40 years to grow pulpwood spruce, and our wewspapers are using 3,000,000 cords of wood a year. The American Forestry Asso- flation suggests a plan by which 30,000 Square miles of our cut-over lands, now un- productive, might be planted to 40 successive crops of timber ; this would mean a perpetual supply of newsprint. With sound national forestry laws, the cooperation of the States, and active participation by the pulp and paper interests, our staggering fire loss would be held within reasonable limits, and the needful supply assured. Our yearly *,000,000 tons of newsprint, in a ribbon the width of the daily paper, would extend 40,000,000 miles into space; only broad vis- toning and prompt action can save this sigantic industry from further disaster. Advertising in the Far East.—The Jap- anese are irresistibly drawn to the artistic, and they are above all desirous of being thought alert and progressive. These ap- parently unrelated traits have influenced the tend of our advertising in Japan with bene- The beautiful portrayal of a ficial results, product by pictures touches fhe Japanese wtistie sense, while continued repetition es- blishes the desirability of the product in — In an appeal to Canadian manu- ned to “go and do likewise,” the Trade hed at Yokohama admits that Ngee manufacturers understand my aig psychology better than almost : €r country in the world, and pays tribute to our success in Japan. By Meing our present high standards we may confidently hope that results will con- In advertising for positions servants are now specifying the particular make of washing encouraging. | SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN 421 gi yy arrett Tools. The World’ s Greaten Toolmaters Manufacturers of Hactsaws Unexcelled ATHOL, MASS, ools that with- Stand hard knocks Men who work metal within close limits need precision tools that hold their accuracy through years of service. That’s why so many such men prefer Starrett Tools. They know that Starrett Tools are built to retain dependable accuracy through long service and hard knocks. Write for the Starrett Catalog No. 22 Bwith special Soman illustrating and describ- ing new St THE L. S. STARRETT COMPANY C pols .. “ns ———ew NEW STARRETT TOOLS New Starrett Beveled Edge Squares: The line contact made by the beveled edge of these squares in contact with the work on which they are used is a feature that The L. S. Starrett Com- pany believes will be much appreciated by many mechanics. With the excep- tion of having beveled edges on both sides of the blades these No. 55 squares are similar to the well-known Starrett No. 20 Solid Steel Squares. A further recent addition to the Starrett line of squares is the new No. 140 Double Steel Square. This square has a 4-inch sliding block gradu- ated to 32nds and 64ths on one side and nue to justify the expense. 8ths and 16ths on the other. Similar ' to the No. 14 Starrett Square but has larger beam. Starrett T-Handle Tap Wrench: The handy tool for general use. Recom- mended for general use by tool makers, machinists and other mechanics. Es- pecially designed for — to be turned by hand, but can be used to equal advantage for holding drills, reamers, and other small tools. Jaws are designed to retain firm hold on tools and are heat-treated, insuring durability. ; ‘ Another Starrett Vernier Height Gage is the new No. 454. 18-inch size with heavy base. Made in three types respectively graduated in English Meas- ure, Metric Measure and both English and Metric Measures. Starrett Protractor and Depth Gage No. 493: 6-inch sliding scale on pro- tractor is graduated to 64ths and may be adjusted to gage any depth within capacity; it also may be swung on the protractor, enabling the user to con- veniently lay off any angle within 180°. The L. S. Starrett Company believes this tool will become especially popular with draftsmen, machinists and shop foremen because of the convenience its use affords in laying out work. At Last!—A Real Bench Block: At last mechanics are provided in the Starrett No. 129 Bench Block with a really suitable tool for facilitating the work of driving pins in round or flat work. The blade is a 3-inch disk, 1% inches high, and has 9 holes varying from %th inch to %ths inch in size; also a V groove for holding round work.

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Can’t Your Machine Economize? It's partly a question of mechanical capacity, but also a problem of how to bring out the operator’s capacity. Putting a counter on your machine puts new energy into its operation—new economy in its output. The operator sees the necessity to score, when all he achieves is indicated on a RAT COUNTER

eae avevevere

This small Rotary This large Set-Back Rotary Ratchet Counter Ratchet Counter (No records the output of punch presses, metal-stamp- 6) counts reciprocating ing machines and others where a_ reciprocating movements of the lever, as required movement indicates an operahon Registers one in recording the operations of many small for each throw of the lever, and sets back to zero machines. When the lever is moved from any figure by turning knob once round. through an angle of 40 to 60 degrees, the counter segiters cae. A complete revo Provided with from four to ten figure-wheels, as lution of the lever ae This required. Price with four figures, as illustrated, counter is adaptable to no end of counting $11.50 (List ) Equipped with lock end heys to requirements, simply by regulating the “ ) dhoow of tho ever, Pelee 02.00 prevent tampering with the record, $2.00 extra. (Cut nearly full-sise (Cut less than half size) The Veeder booklet shows the popular, practical instruments for counting purposes. Whether you immediately want a counter you do want the booklet—sent free with the hope of its helping you. The Veeder Mfg. Co., Hatt ton

Sectional view Fig. 370 Jenkins Standard Brass Gate Valve.

ff at ‘ti a il “re STRENGTH —found in Jenkins Gate Valves ACTUAL service has proved the Jenkins Jenkins Valves are widely recognized as globe shaped body the best in gate valve the standard of perfection and depend- design. This shape permits a thorough ability—areputation earned, among users, even distribution of metal and insures valves _ by their long years of faithful service. . , ort akage > that resist, without distortion and leakage, Identify the genuine by the Jenkins » severe stresses of working pressure and , a the severe stresses of wo — ‘Diamond Mark” and signature. Supply expansion and contraction of piping ; houses every where.

Jenkins design provides for use of fewer ro parts, each of which is strong, and heavily JENKINS BROS. constructed. Standardization of manu New York Chicago Philadelphia facture insures interchangeability of parts. Boston Montreal Londoa eee

122 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Miscellaneous Notes Negro Farmers.—There were 926,257 negro farmers in the United States January 1, 1920, according to the Bureau of the Cen- sus. In 1910 the number was 893,370. Vesuvius Wakes Up.—The volcano cel- ebrated last summer by displays of enormous smoke clouds. The demonstration is not thought to presage any serious eruption. The Bones of Dante.—At the close of the Dante celebrations at Ravenna, frag- ments of the bones of the poet, stolen in 1865 but later recovered, were reunited to the skeleton. Rescue Party Fails.—The party sent to find Knudsen and Tessen, who became sep- arated from their comrades in the last Amundsen polar expedition, returned only to report failure Back to the Days of Barter.—A type- writer manufacturing company of Hartford, Conn., has sold a consignment of typewriters to the Russian Government, receiving pay- ment in the form of sealskins and sables. Automobile Aid for Mothers.—Ten towns near Cleveland, Ohio, had the benefit this summer of a baby clinic on wheels. A completely fitted truck in’ charge of physi- cians and trained nurses furnished this free service. Flowers in a Block of Ice.—A wreath of Australian flowers, placed on the Ceno- taph in Whitehall, London, by the Australian prime minister, made the long journey in a block of ice, and were quite fresh for the ceremony. Human Hair as a Commodity.—Forty bales of human hair is one item of a cargo reaching Seattle from China. Each 133- pound bale is worth more than $400 here; our annual imports exceed $500,000, and most of the hair goes into hair nets. National Parks and the Automobile.— Motor cars carried 600,000 persons through the Denver mountain park system in 1921. Motor visitors to Rocky Mountain National Park numbered 273,737, or 100,000 more than those attracted to the Yellowstone and Yosemite Parks put together. Motor Fuel from Weeds.—Prof. Mailhe Toulouse believes that thousands of common weeds can be made to yield petrol containing large percentages of benzine and toluene. His process also produces a gas said to have | developed 20,000 heat calories, which alone would pay for the necessary plant installa- | tion. Heat Waves and Crime.—Apropos of the combined heat and crime wave in Paris, French psychologists are reviving the old theory that high temperature and crime go hand in hand. They instance the violence and cruelty of the Spaniard, ignoring facts that do not fit their theory. Why not look upon the tyrants and torturers of Siberia as natural products of the frigid air? The Motorboat Garage.—Taking a hint from the automobile garage, floating garages for motor boats now sport sundry “free” signs, among them “Free electric bilge} pump,” “Free docking and rest rooms” and/ “Free use of hoist for residents.” To Sheepshead Bay, Brooklyn, goes the credit for initiating these free services, which will doubtless prove not only popular but re- munerative. The Rubber Sponge and the High Flier. | —The rubber sponge, now so commonly used in the bath, has been successfully adapted to other uses; it fills life preservers in place of the elusive air, and it provides soundproof telephone booths. Aviators are now defying the cold of high altitudes with rubber gar-| ments, among them a vest made from sponge | rubber. Anyone who has worn a rubber coat on a warm day can testify that it retains the heat of the body while preventing any}

| cool air from reaching it, and sponge rubber, | with its air-filled interstices, combines warmth with lightness. The Alps Yield Up the Dead.—The gla- ciers and snow fields melted so much during the long hot summer of 1921 that many long-lost bodies were found. One was that |of a guide lost 18 years ago; another, a Swiss school teacher who disappeared in 1914; and inasmuch as the winter just past has been mild, it seems that many more bodies will be recovered this summer. It is hoped that the remains of Lord Frederick Douglas, killed during Whymper’s ascent of the Matterhorn in 1865, may be found. Ice surpasses embalming, and if we could get to the bottom of the Arctic ice we might learn what men were like 50,000 years ago. | JUNE, 192

It Will Pay You to Own A MONARCH JUNIOR Lathe **The Biggest Little Lathe Built’’ There are hundreds of things made of metal or wood, for the shop, automobile and home, that you can make with g MONARCH JUNIOR lathe. This sturdy dependable small engine lathe, guaranteed to do work with 1/1000 of an inch accuracy, was especially designed for inventors, experimenters and small shop owners who need a lathe of their own. The Greatest Achievement in Lathe Building MONARCH — Wi : Beat ys Engine La ‘225 a» It is easy to learn to operate the MON. ARCH JUNIOR and even beginners can't jam it. It is equipped in every detail same as the big MONARCH and is guaranteed to do all small work that any other lathe will do. You can find room for a MONARCH JUNIOR practically anywhere in a small shop or work-room in your home. Write te day for catalog and full information about this remarkable—low priced engine lathe THE MONARCH MACHINE TOOL C0. 430 Oak Street Sidney, O,

LEARN WATCHWORK JEWELRY, WORK A Gine trade commanding a good salary and your services always in demand or you cam start in business for yourself. At BRADLEY INSTITUTE The greatest 1 school for qetshanpece dress eee ies heal Bradley Po iytechoek ll., for our lates’

INVENT IONS Perfected and Models Made. Can develop inventions make dies, tools, jigs, fixtures, manufacture and act # your factory. MOORE & COMPANY, 301 W. Grand Ave., Chicags, il <@| [D0 rs, sizes in our a factory. BCVA to Cash or easy monte. De vial. ‘No Ten oes ad {7<i¢ Company Coneege CORONA CAR Oo, Luxe

ites to Ride fora ait the price ote iter! s003 2 ph Tc cmeane

—=S= Catalogue THs. FREE catalogue tells you the kind og a Wireless Telephone to own, 80 that ¥ receive inyour own home al! the latest eee music, church services, lectures—©® broadcasted throughout the United pee Every home will soon have a wire! phone outfit. We now offer complete testa from $15 up. Everyone interested in radioshould see ourlow pris on parts and accessories. Write f or this book. Leare toin about the miracle invention of the age. Easy stall, as simple to operate as a regular phos One copy of this booklet is yours, fret Write for your copy- Address: Dept. R4. Montgomery Ward & ©% caeeutie Catoadl St. Paul

ses eone see’ ae etek os aos = -— ee BEBAaABSBSHE BEB Bweatez2eesz PRES" SFSSZES FSSSSSFSSSSEAESSETAPEe SES SSSR ASCE ease ee ES SPei ress? Fez77

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JUNE, 1929 to Own OR Lathe he Built’’

ngs made of p, automobile make with a engine lathe, 1/1000 of an designed for 1 small shop their own, -athe Building y With Bench Legs

te the MON- ‘ginners can't y detail same guaranteed to - lathe will do. MONARCH e in a small me. Write to mation about engine lathe. E TOOL CO. Sidney, O, de a voltage coil is not a serious draw-

Steel-Aluminum Conductors.—In a re-| tent issue of Electrical World it is shown Properly dimensioned steel-aluminum condietors—that is, stranded steel cable ‘irtounded by one or more layers of alu- nitum wires—are mechanically superior and tleetrieally equal to copper conductors, a fet Was recognized some time ago 1 america but was doubted in Germany. t is essential to use very pure aluminum, tot less than 90 per cent, as otherwise heavy ng will take place. The strength of tluminum cable should be at least 85 9 per cent of the strength of the indi-| ial strands. The chief objections raised ainst 9 composition steel and aluminum Were the electrolytic action between tWo metals and the difference in the ex- coefficients. Practical experience showed that both objections were unfounded. vase wires having a tensile strength ‘ograms per square millimeter are lpemended for the steel core, and a double of aluminum wires should be used. The

Tatio of steel to aluminum should be for very ierant trunk lines 1 to 4, for secondary HE DU PONT COMPANY leads the way in the produc- tion of more efficient and more economical explosives. its latest achievement, it has made possible a great step in the re- duction of explosive morite, Dumorite is a new money-saving dynamite which gives you over 'g more work for your dollar— a guncotton-nitroglycerin dyna- mite without a headache—a non- freezing dynamite which can be used successfully at any tem- perature. Birmingham, Ala. Boston, Mass. Buffalo, N. Y NON-HEADACHE U D

= SNOVION = SPAISOISKA Yow

Dumorite has approximately the same strength as 40% dyna- mite and does the same work, stick for stick. And you can buy 135 to 140 sticks of Dumorite at the same price as 100 sticks of 40%. In Du- Ask the Du Pont Explosives Service Department through our nearest branch office how Du- morite can be used in your work. Ask that question in a _ letter outlining your requirements. Find out how this new devel- opment in explosives manufac- ture can cut your blasting costs for 1922. costs. E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc. Explosives Department, Sales Division Wilmington, Delaware Branch Offices : Pittsburgh, Pa. Spokane, Wash. San Francisco, Calif Springfield, Il. Scranton, Pa. Seattle, Wash, Huntington, W. Va. Kansas City, Mo. Portland, Ore. New York, N. Y. St. Louis, Mo. Du Pont Products Exhibit: Atlantic City, N. J. Chicago, Ill. Denver, Colo. Duluth, Minn.

NON-FREEZING SJRITE

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424 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Rated '4 h.p. but tested at the factory for 50°, overload. Motor weighs 24 lbs. bare—nota toy, but a sturdy, high- power,.electric mo- tor, suitable for operating bench lathes, and drill presses, grinders, radio sets, washing machines, churns, cream separators, within one year. Motor Bargain * ‘4 hp. A. C., Fan-Cooled Split phase, 110 volt, 60 cycle in. Buff, ‘25m 132 f.o.b. Chicago 20 Either re versible type with binding post termi- nal, like cut, big ventilating fans and the like. Operates at 1740 r.p.m. Guaranteed for one year Every motor shipped has wired to it the manufacturer’s GUARANTEE SERVICE TAG, which entitles the purchaser to a new motor should any defects develop Also to expert advice at any time during the life of the motor. Same motor, with Grinder and Buff, 6-inch abrasive wheel, and 7 complete with cord and plug, NORTHWESTERN ELECTRIC COMPANY 418 South Hoyne Avenue, Chicago ; WORMOPEEEIOD.. Gmcoat exteriors Cemcoat costs less in the long run because it lasts longer, i. e., not crack, peel or blister, even when subjected to constant washing, or steam or heat and cold. SONNEBORN PRODUCTS SONNEBORN PRODUCTS) mee Compare the Cost and the Quality of Cemcoat, the industrial Enamel-Paint with the cost and quality of ordinary mill white paints, and you will buy The cost of Cemcoat is lower at the start because it goes farther. It goes farther because it has the body, brush. Thus two coats will do the work of three coats of ordinary paint. and yet flows freely under the will Cemcoat multiplies the light in workrooms and stays white longer than any other paint whatever. Gloss, Flat and Eggshell Cemcoat for interiors, Gloss and Flat for White and colors. LAP the liquid chemical hardener and dustproofer of concrete floors has become such a national necessity that over 250,000,000 square feet of Write for literature and color card. IDOLITH TRADE MARK concrete floors have been treated with it. These floors send up of worn or new roofs. £/GNOPHO em FLOORS the modern weod preservative gives new life to old or new wooden floors Stormtight the protective roof coating for all kinds Saves labor and material cost of new roofs no concrete dust to ruin bear- ings and merchandise. They will need no costly repairs or replacements. Write and we will refer you to a lapidol- ized floor near you, and send you litera- ture and sample hardened concrete block L. SONNEBORN SONS, Inc. DEPT. 1 116 FIFTH AVE., NEW YORK we ag NEM INN SONNEBORN a. ae | Electrical Notes Electrically-Operated Silver Reclaim- ing Plants.—Owing to the high cost of chemicals in general and acids in particular throughout Europe, it has been found cheaper to reclaim silver out of the dust of jewelers’ refuse, and so on by the process rather than by purely Using nitrate of silver as an electrolyte, a potential of one volt per cell and a current density 250 amperes per square meter will give best results. Four cells are used in series, each containing six eathodes and fifteen To prevent the growth of silver devosit from the negative mints, electrolytic chemical methods. of anodes. plates on the anodes, which wotld short- circuit the cell, the catltodes are enclosed in muslin bags and are, in addition, moved slowly backward and forward during the process. Specifications for Lamps.—New speci- fications for large ineandescent' electric lamps have been issued by the Bureau of Standards. There have been some changes, an important one being the abandonment of the long-established provision that the light test of lamps shall be considered as ended when the candlepower has fallen to 80 per cent of the initial value. Because means have been found to prevent excessive black- ening of tungsten lamp bulbs, the new tests are based on the total life of the time of burn-out. The standardization of lamps is a smaller number of gradings, the tung- on sten schedule recognizing only the 5-volt steps in the 110-120 range, and the 10-volt steps in the 220-250-volt range. The pub- lication of these specifications is now ready and may be obtained from the Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C. Safety Rule for Electric Welding.— Some simple rules are given in a recent issue of Electrical World, with regard to electric welding, as follows: 1. Goggles. —When more than one person is working in a booth, each must wear amber or blue to | protect his eyes from accidental flashes from adjacent ares when his hood is off. 2. Hood.— Always wear a hood or use a shield with amber or blue-glass window for protection of the eyes and face against harmful ultra-violet and infra-red rays from the are. 3. Clothing. For protecting against burns from ineandes- eent particles expelled from the are, closely | woven clothing, gauntlets and leather shoes having bellows tongues should be worn. 4. Cable.—Always have cable above the ground so that it will not be On scaffold or platform work run the cable under the platform so that it will not be tripped over. 5. Ground.—Be sure the ma- terial to be welded is properly grounded be- fore starting to weld. 6.—Scaffold Work.— When working on a scaffold be sure that hot electrode stubs or drops of hot metal will not fall on persons below the seaffold. 7. Foot- ing.—Be sure you have a substantial footing before starting the weld. 8. Ventilation.— There must always be sufficient ventilation in the booth to keep it clear of fumes. 9. Welding Booths.—Welding must be done in a booth inclosed on three sides to prevent injury to persons working in the vicinity. | Supersensitive Electrical Instruments. —At the Annual Exhibition of the Physical Society of London a number of interesting electrical instruments were shown, not the least interesting being a string electrometer. goggles As is well known, the string electrometer originally suggested by Professor Einthoven | is an instrument in which the moving system is a silvered quartz fiber tightly stretched between, and parallel to, fixed metal plates. The special feature of a recent model is its and the ease with which it can any other apparatus. In this model may be used without further fit- compactness be assembled with particular, being flat, on a microscope stage |tings. The instrument consists of a silvered quartz fiber, each end of which is carried by a flag, which is anchored to an amber block by means of a brass clip. One flag is held in a slot in each clip by a screw. This enables the interchange of fibers to be done simply, as fibers can be supplied ready mounted on flags, and can be transferred by means of a fiber manipulator. The ends of the fiber are mounted on an invar steel | rod, so that variations of temperature have only a small effect on the tension of the | quartz fiber. Observation of the fiber is made through a microscope, with a finely} adjustable forward and lateral movement.| The instrument is extremely rapid in action, | the free period being small. If desired, it| jean be employed as an oscillograph elec-| trometer. It is sensitive, with a very small | capacity, and the sensitiveness can be seed varied. stepped on.} i— The Ideal Mending Tape YY V Stop that leak this new way To mend leaky hose; the neck of a water bottle; broken crockery; torn sheet music; to wrap a golf club; to insulate } a wires; to seal preserving jars—use Tirro, the new waterproofed mending tape. tl & Black—special- ists in tapes for 28 years —make it. Extra strong, extra sticky. Clings to glass, metal, rubber, paper, china. Mends some things tem- porarily, others perma- nently. The Handy Andy of the home and garage. You can color it to match the article mended. Try it. “Won- derful!” you'll say. Three Sizes: Small, 15¢; Me dium, 25c; Large, 60e We can solve your technical probleme, All branches of Engineering; Research, Analysis Reports and Data of all kinds. Ex rt on for are in charge of all our departments. information, stating your particular Di TECHNICAL SERVICE BUREAU 143 West Broadway York City anna nteat i 2 @eeeees Gs Gee on Jfwesxeesee252>

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REE Trial strip of Tirro, Mail con. on below, ak y way ky hose; ter bottle; ery; torn O wrap a insulate reserving », the new mending —special- r 28 years ra strong, Clings to rubber, lings tem- ‘$ perma- Handy 1ome and can color he article it. “Won- say. Il, 15¢; Me- i tii scozety } FRasgee Suet JUNE, 1922 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN NACO Radio Receiving Sets $20.00 If you wish to hear the human voice clearly and distinctly get a NACO SET. The wonderful sat- isfaction obtained surely is pleas- ing. A sick person, lying in bed, can listen to the music and be happy, making the hours fly by. Send your order at once with check. DEALERS WANTED EVERYWHERE Knock down sets, radio parts and phones at reasonable prices “Our motto is to please always” National Motor Accessories Corporation 1446-1448 Woolworth Building New York City AT LAST! A really popular explanation . . * of the EINSTEIN THEORY in non-technical and lucid language which you cannot fail to grasp. Others have made laudable attempts to make this subject clear to the ordinary reader, but Prof. Hudgings really does the trick in his INTRODUCTION TO EINSTEIN andRELATIVITY Just published. Critically revised by Profs. Bailey and Birkhoff of Harvard Observatory and Prof. Kasner of Columbia. Cloth, illustrated. Postpaid $1. from publishers. ARROW PUB. CO., m Street, Brooklyn, N. Y. INVESTMM@ENT VALUE | | STEEL SHELVING Tool Stands, Tool Cabinets, Pressed Steel Bench Legs, etc. Ask for Catalogue C | DAVID LUPTON’S SONS CO. Clearfield and Weikel Sts. Philadelphia The G inema Handbook By AUSTIN C. LESCARBOURA uthor of “Behind the Motion Picture Screen,” etc. 517 Pages, 221 illustrations, many tables Bound in full blue fabrikoid pocket-book style, blue | under gold edges and round corners. Price $3.00. By mail insured $3.10 A Practical Guide to motion picture of the ton-theatrical order, particularly as applied feporting of news, to industrial and = ional purposes, to advertising, selling of general publicity and to the production photo-plays by amateurs and to entertain- mentsofall kinds. Full details of projection ® well as film making. A I J 3 WM 8 Co MERICAN PUBLISHING CO Mechanical Engineering Notes Hexagon Nuts.—A new machine fo producing these with a mere 10 per cen fore lost, is announced. This result i | thus eliminating side-scrap. or analogous methods. | the entire operation conducted | and work are submerged in the fluid. | are specific advantages here: higher | ciency and less grinding, chips are effi kep | would be worthy of a trial. Improving the of splash-cireulation of oil rod and the erank-shaft throw its fair share of oil. judicious application of faulty lubrication—always this with due practice. on machine and tool work has emphasized the fact that the blind operator is in con- siderably more danger of inadvertently en- gaging his free hand with the machine than the seeing worker. The difficulty has been met in ingenious fashion—by robbing him of the free hand. Machines for operation by the blind men are now designed espe- cially for this purpose, and in such a fashion that the operator is forced to exercise a two- handed control. Both his hands are con- tinually on the handles and levers—and he is therefore in no danger of getting one of them in the path of a tool. Care of Punches.—The breakage of punches is not infrequently caused by their being adjusted so that the finer ones, pro- jecting further than the heavier ones, make contact with the metal first. The setter, who is often made responsible for the ad- justment of punches, should be sure and see that the heavier ones project further than the finer ones, in order that by entering the metal first they may take the brunt of the shock. Distortion of punches liable to oecur when particles of dirt or small cuttings are allowed to get in among the pieces to be punched. Such foreign matter prevents the metal from lying flat on the die, resulting in the punches descending on an inelined instead of perpendicular face. Punches re- quire grinding when stampings begin to show rough or jagged edges. Sometimes the same fault is due to bad setting of the tools, the punch gradually shearing away the die until it becomes a loose fit, and thereby fails to} stampings.—Practical Engi- 18 produce good necr. Chain-Driven Machine Tools.—The chain drive so largely used in the automobile} world possesses advantages over the belt drive which engineers are bound to admit, says H. Bentley in Engineering and Indus trial Management. It is positive—that is, there is no slip. A belt must be continu- ally attended to, to keep a high efficiency. The correct range and graduation of speeds is obtaine? (not 2 or 3 per cent of slip), so that the maximum output possible. Shafts may be driven at short centers more effectively by chain than by belting. Some- times a crossed belt is employed to get a larger angle of lap and to surmount the} short-center difficulty, but this requires con- stant attention, and is not so efficient as the chain. Frequently a motor is mounted on a foundation plate on the floor in order to ob- tain sufficient length of belt drive to the line shaft, where, if a chain is used, the motor may be carried on brackets close to the line shaft and the floor space saved. On account of the strength of the chain drive it is pos- sible to get the whole arrangement in very little space. As no initial tension is required with a chain, the chain can run slacker than a belt, and journal friction is reduced to a minimum. The flexibility and silence when! running are other useful features. It is pos- sible to run at very high speed when the} is . 233 Broadway, NEW YORK, N. Y. chain is enclosed in an oil bath. | waste, in place of the 50-60 per cent hereto- | achieved by the use of indenters which in- Doubleday, Page &F Co. a) dent the bar between each pair of nuts-to-be, | Submerged Drilling.—One way to ap- | ply the coolant in drilling is by spray, drip, | Another is to have while tool There from sticking to the drill and stock by the continuous circulation of the lubricant, ete. In many cases it seems as though this idea Lubrication. — We |} watched a garage mechanic the other day | drill a hole of one-eighth or three-sixteenths inch diameter through the hnk of each con- necting rod, clear through from outside to inside, in order to improve upon the results that the actual bearing surface between the should get It seems as though a remedy for con- sideration whether it would lead to struc- tural weakness of the part in question— might be profitable in ordinary machine Machines for Blind Operators.—Ger- man practice in breaking in blinded soldiers 425 t New Radio Magazine— t > and make sure June Number Do you want to know— —What happens to radio waves when they pass through a tennis backstop P —How to begin enjoying radio P —How the Stars and Stripes are being kept in the ether P —What mistakes to avoid in erecting antennae P —What sort of a receiving set you shou! J buy? —Whata pioneer newspaper did in broadcasting? —Who’s Who in radio? —How Gen. Squier utilizes the electric lamp socket in Radio? — What one radio fan’s laboratory has in it ? —How to operate and care for a crystal receiv- ing set ? —What is new in equipment and accessories ? All this and a great deal more is told with abundant illustrations in this June issue. Methods and apparatus tnat are new today will be out of date tomorrow. Keep up with this precocious child of Science through RADIO BROADCAST. On the news stands now —25c or, make sure of it by using coupon below, today A publication of DOUBLEDAY, PAGE @& CO., Garden City, N. Y. WORLD'S WORK COUNTRY LIFE GARDEN MAGAZINE EDUCATIONAL REVIEW SHORT STORIES DOUBLEDAY, PAGE @& CO., Garden City, N. Y. Send me RADIO BROADCAST for four months, for which I enclose one dollar. ($3. for a year—send either dollar bill or check at our risk). Name Address_ si F.A. 622 ee ey ell

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426 SCIENTIFIC

Tracks of Wire Rope Two parallel wire cables supported at intervals by skeleton-like towers. These are the ‘‘tracks’’ of a modern Aerial Wire Rope Tramway upon which the conveyors glide between loading and un- loading points. Wire rope also supplies the ‘‘pull’’ where mud and snow and sleet can’t interfere with steady that moves the conveyors far Over-head, Ope¢ration Being designers and builders of Aerial knows the peculiar requirements of track and pulling cables. as it always performs, wherever logging——every where this company Here there's Tramways, Yellow Strend performs, heavy work to do in mine, upkeep costs by putting off renewals The strand that's painted yellow is your guide to wire rope quality and economy. Follow the Yellow Strand. We also manufacture all standard grades of wire rope for all pur- There is an authorized dealer in quarry, lowering poses and have been since 1875. every locality. Write us for the name of the one nearest BRODERICK & BASCOM ROPE CO., ST. LOUIS Branches: New York and Seattle Factories: St. Louis and Seattle you Basline Autowline and Powerstee! Autowlock, two indispensable auto- mobile accessories made of Yellow Strand Wire Rope, have strongly entrenched themselves in the hearts of motorists the nation over YELLOW STRAND WIRE ROPE €2048

rm GEARS| All Kinds-Small The most accur easonable. W

wears in shipment : an aiso quote on specia gears of all kinds. Send us your in quiries Write for Catalogue 20 CHICAGO STOCK GEAR WORKS 105 South Jefferson Street Chicago

THE MODERN W.Ottway& Co.Ltd. POWER PLANT © Bessemer Oil Engine is a stronger, heavier, more reliable Onon Works, EALING, LONDON, W. 5. an’ dependable of] engine. Itis built « 1 the two-stroke cycle prin- ESTABLISHED 1640 ciple, making a steadily operating engine and one with ability to handle heavy duty without trouble. Itisthe M f t engine of continuous operation. It anuracturers Sete oa tee Theodolites, Tacheometers, ‘ : - "Mike Iheace mer Oil Engine operates Levels, Miners’ Dials, Prismatic Compasses, successfully on crude or fuel oil, the cheapest of fuels. The Bessemer is an oil engine without spark-plugs, batteries, or magnetos. It is easy to Start. Itis the modern power plant Heliographs, Equatorials, socamee Le is absolutely reliable . . . ° ane ! eR 1 CchHes7 eR ‘ oO Driving Clocks, Micrometers, power ne own with the rr ~ Ceolostats, Transits, ~ a F P es THE BESSEMER GAS ENGINE CO. 14 York St. BESSEMER OIL ENGINES 15 TO 180 ten, Mirrors, Flats, Naval, Military and Astronomical Telescopes, Prismatic Binoculars, Etc., Etc Sole Agents for U. S. A. The Production Equipment Co, Ltd. 5-9 Union Square, New York City | Grove City, Pa., U.S.A. , HOI WER Tilustrated leaflets of the above instruments free 1ORSEP« ER on application

AMERICAN Patent and Trade-Mark Notes | Apparatus and Method Claims.—In ex parte Sweetland (297 O.G., 397), the Com- | missioner of Patents has made. the following rulings: Where a patent with apparatus | claims drawn in generic terms has been granted, method claims which are substan tially co-extensive with the apparatus claims of. the patent should not be allowed to the same party in an application filed sub sequently to the issue of the patent. If the steps of the method are such that the ap paratus or its equivalent recited in claims of present in order to carry the patent must be latter is but the out the alleged method, the function of the apparatus. Trademarks in Uruguay.—According | to the trademark law of Uruguay the regis tration of a trademark creates proprietorship in and constitutes the title deed of a given mark, but without prejudice to the above, persons who may have in the country a trade mark in use which is not registered, or the registration of which has lapsed, may chal lenge the registration of the same mark by a third party. If the third party has effected the registration and obtained legal protec- tion, the other party may apply to the Gov- ernment to have the registration detrimental to his previous right of use annulled. This within two years from the date While trade-

may be done of the inscription challenged. mark piracy is not so common as in those countries where registration constitutes un- disputable ownership, it is recommended that application for registration be made before shipping branded articles to Uruguay. Commercial Success as Indicative of Invention.—While it is true that marked commercial public approbation of a patented invention are sometimes of im- success and SONU NN UU LUTLULUAULSOEUA UATE AU —_eaiS

JUNE, 19% LEGAL NOTICES PATENTS Trade-marks Copyrights Designs 76 Years’ Practice Before the Patent Office If you have an invention which you eon. template patenting, or a trade-mark which you desire to have registered, we shall be pleased to have you consult us. We have thor. oughly experienced attorneys in our New York, Washington, Cleveland, Chicago and San Francisco offices, with long experience in preparing and prosecuting both patent and trade-mark applications. Prompt, Conscientious and Efficient Service The SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN contains Patent Office Notes, Decisions and other matter of interest to inventors—and particu- lars of recently patented inventions. We shall be pleased to send, without charge, our Handbooks on United States and Foreign Patents, Trade-marks and Copyrights. MUNN & COMPANY PATENT ATTORNEYS

Woolworth Building, NEW YORK Scientific American Building, WASHINGTON, D.C. Hanna Building, CLEVELAND, OHIO Tower Building, CHICAGO, ILL. Hobart Building, SAN FRANCISCO, CAL TUUGLUUUULU0,0 00

in determining the question of in- portance doctrine involved is subject to vention, the exceptions. The United States Cireuit Court As ; : of Appeals for the Second Circuit, in a Scientific American (established 1845) one recent decision (Boston Pencil Pointer Com- istesiane canes al Postage prepaid in United States aa posses pany vs. Automatie Pencil Sharpener Com- Foreign Postage. . Canadian Postage. Remit by Annual Subscription Rate Cuba and Panama .$1.00 per year addition $0.50 per year additional postal or express money order, bask draft or check. Mexico, sions,

pany, 276 F., 910), distinctly points out such an exception. The Court said, in effect, first, that commercial success is an unsafe guide to invention unless prior efforts to fill the want are shown, and, secondly, that articles may be new in a commercial sense, when they are not new in the sense of the patent law, and novelty, however great, can never be put in place of invention. The fact that a patented device has had enormous sales does not dispense with all other evidence of invention. Substitution —A manufacturer or deal- er cannot substitute the merchandise of one

Ice Making and Refrigerating Machinery < Corliss & Poppet Valve Engines Bulletins sent upon request THE VILTER —s co. 899 Clinton Street Milwaukee, Wis,

where the merchandise of another is ordered, without informing the purchaser of that fact. Brothers & Co. vs. Hostetter & Co., 118 F. 258, it was held sufficient to sup- port a finding that the defendant was en- | gaged in unfair competition, although there was no proof of any customer having actually been deceived, on the testimony of two wit- nesses employed by the complainant. These | witnesses testified that they had gone to the wholesale liquor store of the defendant, where there had been sold to them by a clerk what was represented to them to be com- plainant’s bitters, but whicl in fact, was a spurious article made to imitate that of com- plainant’s in appearance, taste and smell, | |and they were also furnished by the clerk | | with empty bottles having thereon complain- | ant’s label and trademark to be used in re- tailing the bitters to customers. United Shoe Machinery Corporation In Samuel

FIND THE SCHOOL Consult SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES AT NEWS-STANDS, 35c.

SCRIBNER’S MAGAZINE 594 Fifth Avenue, NEW YORK $4.00 PER ANNUM ————— eee RADIO RECEIVING SET Enjoy the concerts, market reports, latest news, it, # sent out by large broadcasting stations. right book “Z ficient Radio Sets’’ hone how to inexpensive set for receiving wireless Sent postpaid for 25c. Address J.C. Dorm, Pub., Dept. 103, Chicago.

S. Dearborn St.,

Patent Leases.—The Supreme Court of

the United States, on April 17, 1922, ren- dered its decision in reviewing a Decree of the Federal Court of the Eastern District of leases of the United Missouri, involving the | Shoe Machinery Corporation, under the lterms of which that company leased its | patented machines to users thereof. The | Decree of the Missouri Court was sustained by the Supreme Court. This Decree enjoined the use, first, of the restrictive clause which provided that the leased machine should not manufacture of shoes on had been carried those provided be used in the which certain operations out by machines other than by the corporation ; secondly, the clause, that lif the lessee failed to use certain kinds of machinery made by the corporation the latter had the right to cancel the lease of all machines; thirdly the clause which com- pelled the lessee to purchase all supplies from the corporation; fourthly, the clause which compelled the lessee to use the cor- poration’s machines on shoes worked on by other machines of the corporation; fifthly,

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turn to KEASBEY & MATTISON COMPANY Dept. S-1 ., U.S.A ota ets

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JUNE, 192 CES a ch you con- mark whieh we shall be Ve have thor- in our New Chicago and z experience both patent ‘ient Service \N contains s and other and particu- ions. thout charge, and Foreign ights. [PANY YS NEW YORK INGTON, D.C. /ELAND, OHIO CHICAGO, ILL. .NCISCO, CAL. mr n Rate 1845) one oo and posse -anama year additional - year additional ey order, bank es gerating e Engines est ers of Crude We produce ous BELL anada. We rns, weave full line of n Asbestos, COMPANY S.A estos Mines June, 1922 ENUS The largest selling Quality pencil in the world AS soft as you wish; as hard as you please; but always smoother than you had dreamed. Any VENUS PEN- CIL you select glides over the paper with a restful freedom from friction. 17 Black Degrees 3 Copying Ber bold heavy lines . « + GB-5R-4B-3R for writing, sketching. . . 28-8-1B-F-H For clean, fine lines. + «» 2H-SH-4H-5H-6l For delieate, thin lines. . . TH-SH-O Plain Ends, per doz. Rubber Ends, per doz $1.00 $1.20 At stationers and stores throughout the world American Lead Pencil Co. 217 Fifth Ave., N.Y. Ask us about our VENUS EVERPOINTED Mechanical Pencils from $1.00 “p U sing our New Method Patented Mechanical Dev rice —no stencils. Gave a business of your your own earning from $2,040 (to 000 a year let ‘ering she cards, barns, roofs, walls, fences, and b all kinds. Students can have established business dotng finest work in thirty days We ' gue ‘ou step by step. Absolute satis- faction guaranteed. Write to. tails free SERECAN SCHOOL OF LETTERING ot. E Omaha, Nebraska — Don’t Improvise— Pacentize S your radiophone receiver conven- ient to operate or do you have to fuss around with makeshifts? Have you seen the Pacent Universal Plug that can be attached to your ‘phone cord without solder or bother? The Pacent Twin-Adapter i is another Pacent Pro- duct. It will allow you to plug a loud- speaker and a pair of ‘phones in on a single jack. Surely you have heard of the Pacent Multi-jack? Three jacks are into a beautiful composition base. It will allow you to use three sets of without improvised connections. Ask your dealer to see these new Pacent Products Send for Bulletin N100 PACENT ELECTRIC CO., Inc. LOUIS GERARD PACENT, President 150 Nassau Street, New York, N. Y. — |} rulings which may follow, SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN | machinery from the corporation the latter would have the right to remove the machines already employed; sixthly, the provision for | a payment of royalty on shoes made on the corporation machines; and seventhly, a pref- | erential clause which specified lower royal- ties for lessees who agreed not to use certain machinery on shoes lasted on machines that were not corporation equipment. Brazilian Trade-Mark Registrations.— Although the United States is not a member of the Berne Trade-Mark Convention, never- theless our exporters will be interested in the recent decision handed down by the Supreme Court of Brazil, in which it was held that international registrations at Berne are not effective in Brazil. While Brazil is a mem- ber of the Berne Trade-Mark Convention, | it has been held that the failure to publish | the trade-mark in Brazil is fatal. This re- quirement with reference to publication ap- plies to all trade-marks, and all classes of registrations whether an independent Bra- zilian application is filed or whether an at- tempt is made to protect a_ trade-mark through a Berne Convention registration or a registration under the Pan-American Convention. No arrangements have been made for the publication of trade-mark appli- cations except in cases where independent Brazilian applications are filed, and in view of the ruling which has been made and other it is important that every trade-mark which is of value in the Brazilian market be protected by an in- dependent registration in that country. Corporate Names.—It is well settled that one corporation cannot adopt and use the name of another corporation in the same line of business. Furthermore, a corporation cannot use as part of its corporate title the trademark or trade name of another earlier in the field, nor can anyone use as a trade- mark for the same line of business the title or part thereof of a corporation or firm. In Rubber & Celluloid Harness & Trimming Company vs. The Rubberbound Brush Com- pany, 88 A. 210, it was held that the of the words “Rubber Bound” in defendant's corporate name was in contravention of plaintiff's rights in the term “Rubber Set,” as applied to its merchandise. In Martell vs. St. Francis Hotel Company, 98 P. 1116, it was held that the defendant would be en- joined from conducting its hotel under the same name as that of plaintiffs, in the same use |} more expensive, llaw a neighborhood, and _ previously established, such use resulting in confusion and injury to the hotels and the public; and _ this, though defendant’s hotel was larger and and catered more to a tran- Guardians of the Circuits The telephone at your elbow seems so simple an instrument, it does its work so quietly and quickly, that it is difficult to realize the vast and complex equipment, the deli- cate and manifold adjustments, the ceaseless human care “behind the scenes” in the central offices. Behind the scenes is the terminal of all the underground and over- head lines on the streets and high- ways. Here are the cable vaults; the great steel frames containing the thousands of separate wires and fuses for the subscribers’ lines; the dynamos and storage batteries ; the giant switchboards through which your telephone is connected with the other thirteen million tele- phones in the Bell System. sient trade, while that of plaintiffs, though patronizing transients, was more of a family hotel. The Stanley Bill—The Stanley Bill, which has been introduced in the Senate, and which contemplates the making of a very drastic change in our existing patent law, has aroused a great deal of interest, and much argument pro and con. Briefly, the effect of the Bill is to include in our patent provision whereby unless within a reasonable time a patent is “worked,” com- pulsory licenses thereunder may be granted. The law is advocated by the War Depart- ment, on military grounds, and in order to compel foreign nations and inventors to manufacture their inventions in this country, so that in case of war they would be at the service of this country. The Bil! is also favored by certain manufacturers. In the main, however, opposition to the Bill is strong. The Executive Committee of the American Patent Law Association has taken a very definite stand in opposition, saying: “It strikes at the very heart of our patent system, in that it would destroy the exclusive right of the patentee to his invention. This is the distinguishing feature of the patent law of this country, that makes it superior to the law of any other country. For this reason, it would be equally bad for the public, the inventor and the manufacturer.” Taxi Cabs of Distinctive Color.—Justice Newburger of the Supreme Court of the State of New York, in recently granting a temporary injunction in favor of the Ameri ean Yellow Taxi Operators, Inc., restrained the defendant “from using or employing, or operating for hire, taxi cabs designed or painted or colored in imitation or colorable simulation of plantiff’s taxi cabs.” And, also, “adopting, using or employing on taxi cabs any names, devices, finish, color or get-up, style or dress, calculated to be confused with or mistaken for taxi cabs of the plaintiff.” “I | know of no clearer case of attempting to mis- lead the public, as the defendant admits he has done,” said Justice Newburger. System. Celebrated climate. school with an ancient name, fame and history. |COL. PRESTON LEWIS GRAY, President, And here, in charge of this equipment, are the guardians of the circuits—the wire chief and his assistants—master electricians and experts in telephony. Their frst duty is the prevention of “trouble.” By day and by night they are con- stantly testing the central office equipment, the overhead and under- ground lines, the subscribers’ indi- And when, from some cause beyond control, ble” does occur, nine times out of ten it is repaired before the tele- phone subscriber suffers the slightest inconvenience. It is the skill of the men behind the scenes, together with scientific development and construction, effi- vidual wires. ia) trou- cient maintenance and operation, which make it possible for you to rely upon the telephone day and night. “BELL SYSTEM” Better Service AMERICAN TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH COMPANY AND ASSOCIATED COMPANIES One Policy, One System, Universal Service, and all directed toward Listening In?—— Fun and profit for you—if you can make things elec- trical. Radio outfits, reading lamps, electric clocks, toasters, and countless other useful appliances can be constructed by you from materials easily obtain- able and with no previous electrical knowledge. Clear directions, fully illustrated, are contained in this new handyman’s guidebook, HOW TO MAKE THINGS ELECTRICAL Over 400 pages; 414x 7, postpaid, $2.50 Your money back if you don’t peep the boo S. P.¢. Book Co., Inc. Dept. S 243 W. 39th St. New York ew Do you know the stars? It’s easy with the RADIUM STAR MAP It shines at night. 4 feet long, accurate, well mounted Stars and connecting lines marked withguaranteed Radium compound. Used and endorsed by leading colleges, uni- versities, high schools, scouts, and amateur star students. Price $8.50 postpaid. Sample Radium card of familiar stars free on request. E. W. SUNDELL, 225 N. Grove Ave., Dept. 10, Oak Park, Ill. BINGHAM SCHOOL, Tire Mileage Lowest Cost South Park ‘‘nested’’ Double Tread Tires resist punctures and stand u your tre st Reconstructed 6000 » or replace if your original purehase price. Match these prices if you can Tire New Tubs i n~ ee =—Serramaae ee , SSSSES SERSEKLSRERRERSS seanenea Oe 0 bt be be ee be De be eee ee ae z b ants 7 € 2 SSSssasessenszeu ANS ae eeee eee wwe Gross tor pared] post) ‘sabiews ts e (© moinatir and “pereral Bend per of 99,5) om cach Gre and 1.00 on tube South Park Tire House 2629 South Park Ave. Chicago _ MEBANE, N. C. ESTABLISHED 1793 AN IDEAL BOYS SCHOOL IN PIEDMONT ORTH CAROLINA ERE at Bingham, the spirit of old-time Southern hospitality makes each boy feel genuinely welcome. Military organization, began in 1861 igh moral tone. Outdoor classes. ovely lawns. Limited numbers. Send for catalogue Athletic park. Honor 340 acres. A modera Gymnasium Sports in variety. BOX 27, MEBANE, N. C.

Page 64

428 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN

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Type Type 1626 Charges Both 6 an e Charges, Or Order os t forward Y ox Order Now or Write Immediately for FR BOOSTES Bulletin High Voltage Wireless ROTARY Rectifier 22 5 @. CO., CLEVELAND, OHIO. U.S.A Battery Service & Sales Co., Hamilton, Ontarie, Canada Cane ia. Keo

Music and News Farmers, Merchants, Amateurs and Sports- VIRGINIA RADIO COMPANY RADIO men, write for Free Literature “THE BEST IN RADIO” WHOLESALE — RETAIL Charlottesville, Virginia

Elmco Senior Tuner Elmco Junior Tuner (For Crystal Detector and Vacuum Tubes) ELMCO DETECTOR AND TWO STAGE AMPLIFIER ELMCO TWO STAGE AMPLIFIER BELL ROTARY QUENCHED SPARK GAP Write for catalog “*S"’ THE ELECTRIC MACHINE CORP. INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA

O enjoy the full use of your receiving set, equip it with the Magnavox Radio—the ‘“‘reproducer with the movable coil.”’ Any dealer will demonstrate, or write us for booklet and name of nearest dealer. The Magnavox Co. Oakland, California New York Office: 370 Seventh Ave. Radio brings it | PAGNIAVOX | \ tells it

Kennedy Radio Receivers KENNEDY E UIPMENT Are recognized everywhere as the very finest made Bulletins sent on request The COLIN B. KENNEDY CO. Incorporated) Rialto Building San Francisco

WIZARD EVERY BATTERY GUARANTEED No Size Weitht Volts Price 1623—P lair 2x3,x2 1 Ib 2 $1.00 1623 Variable, 2x3i x2 1 Ib 22 1.20 1625—P lain, 4x6 x3 5 Ib 22 1.85 162 Variable, 4x6 x3 Ib 22 2.25 1626——Plai 8x6 x38 10 Ib 45 3.75 1626-—Variable, 3x6 x3 10 Ib 45 4.15 1630-—Variable, 3x6 x2 2/ Ib 27 1.80 16382—Variable, 5x6 x2! $i Ib 45 2.80 Get them at your dealer or write direct 173 Lafayette Street

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THE RADIO STORE 90 North Los Robles Ave. Pasadena, Calif. Altissimo Receiving and Loud Speaking es = 26 «4% $727.00 Altadena Receiving and Loud Speaking Outfit . . $540.00 Alta-Robles Receiving and Loud Speak- ing Outfit Resta gh Pasadena Receiving and Loud Speaking

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Radio Inventions E shall be pleased to have you consult us with regard to patent- ing any new radio equipment which you may develop. Two members of our staff of attorneys, formerly with the Western Electric Company, specialize in patents relating to the radio art. Office consultation particularly invited. MUNN & COMPANY PATENT ATTORNEYS Woolworth Bui'ding New York City Hanna Building Cleveland, Ohio Tower Building . e248 Chicago, Ill Scientific American Bidg., Washington, D. C Hobart Building San Francisco, Calif.

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LIMITED COMMERCIAL (BROADCASTING) STATIONS

S6 with regard to a list of radio-phone broadcasting stations that we have decided to publish a com- plete list of such stations, up to and including ipril 10th. As new stations are opened up for | radio-phone broadcasting service, we shall en- deavor to make mention of them in our future issues, thus keeping this list up to date.—THE Eprror. #2. ee ¢ = Call Station E x 3 é otal c¢ = =) a J Sas WSY Alabama Power Co., Brown- Marx Bidgs., Birmingham, Mic. 602500060085 eas a @ -- KHD Aldrich Marble & Granite Co., The C. F., 1704 Tejon St. N., Colorado Spgs., Col x KZM Allen, Preston D., 13th and Harrison, Oakland, Calif x KGO Altadena Radio Laboratory, 2490 Maiden Lane, Alta- dena, Calif. .... - WGI American Radio & Research Co., Medford Hillside, Mass KFI Anthony, Earl C., Ine., 10th and Hope Sts., Los An- geles, Calif. x WMA Arrow Radio Laboratories, 1127 Arrow Ave., Ander- son, Ind. x KZY Atlantic-Pacific Radio Sup- ply Co., 6003 Ocean View Drive, Oakland, Calif x WMB Auburn Electrical Co., Court St., Auburn, Me xX WOR Bamberger, L., Co., 131 Market St., Newark, N. J. X KNR_ Beacon Light Co., The, 636 South Hill St., Los An- geles, Calif. .... x WEB Benwood Co., Inc., The, 1110 Olive St., St. Louis, Mo KJS Bible Institute of Los An- geles, Inc., 536 S. Hope St., Los Angeles, Calif x KXS Braun Corp., The, 363 New High St., Los’ Angeles, Calif. on aes en Sere WOE Buckeye Radio Service Co., The, 569 S. Main St., Akron, O. xX WDZ Bush, James L., Star Store Bide., Tuscola, Ill. xX WPE Central Radio Co., Ine., 575 Grand Ave., Kansas City, Mo. x WDM Church of the Covenant, 18th and N Sts., N. W., Wash- ington, D. C ae ; x WBU City of Chicago, LaSalle and Washington St., Chicago, til Kaiba bala x WRR City of Dallas, Police and Fire Signal Dept., Dallas, Texas x c WCN Clark University, Worcester, Mass. . WMC Columbia Radio Co., South Ave. at Indianola, Youngs- town, O xX WAAH Commonwealth Electric Co., ne., 182-184 E. 6th St., St. Paul, Minn x WIL Continental Electric Supply Co., 808 9th St., N. W., Washington, D. C... x KZI Cooper, Irving S., 2041 Argyle Ave., Los Angeles, Calif x WEY Cosradio Co., The, 25 Fair- mount Ave., Wichita, Kan. X x WHK Cox, Warren R., 1965 E. 66th St., Cleveland, O x WLW Crosley Mfg. Co., 3820 Co- lerain Ave., Cincinnati, O x WWB Daily News Printing Co., The, 102 2d St., N. W., Can ton, O. ° ‘ x WJX DeForest Radio Telephone & Telegraph Co., 1391 Sedg- wick Ave., New York City. X —_ WWJ Detroit News, The, 615 La- fayette St., Detroit, Mich. X X X KOP Detroit Police Dept., Bethune Police in- and John R., Detroit, Mich. formation KFZ Doerr-Mitchell Electric Co., 118 Lineoln St., Spokane, Wash. ee eer x WRK Doron Bros. Electric Co., 329 No. “C,”’ Hamilton, O X KQV _ Doubleday-Hill Electric Co., 719 Liberty Ave., Pitts- I, RG ned ates ne ‘ x WMU Doubleday-Hill Electric Co., all, Frank M., 415 Ran- dolph St., N. W., Wash- ington, D. C... ‘ — WHU Duck, The Wm. B. Co., 224 Superior St., Toledo, O x KLB Dunn, J. J., & Co., 1295 E. Villa, Pasadena, Calif. xX WAAJ Eastern Radio Institute, 899 Boylston St., Boston, Mass. X WJT Electric Equipment Co., 703 State St., Erie, Pa... x KGC Electric Lighting Supply Co., 5118% Harold Way, Holly- wood, Calif. ney . . x KQT Electric Power & Appliance Co., Ine., 17 No. 2d St., Yakima, Wash. ....... x — WPI Electric Supply Co., 123 Mar- ket St., Clearfield, Pa x - KSL Emporium, The, Market St. San Francisco, Calif... x - WSX Erie Radio Co., 117 W. 9th ie G. Eibacketndcacase a - — KUO Examiner Printing Co., The, San Francisco, Calif...... X -_— WPR Federal Institute of Radio Telegraphy, 2d and Federal Sts., Camden, N. J..... ._ xe WGR Federal Telephone & Tele- graph Co., 1738 Elmwood Ave., Buffalo, N. Y...... =: zs WPL Fergus Electric Co., 524 Main St., Zanesville, O... X — —

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WE can develop that IDEA and build _that workig MODEL for you. Consult us—with our staff of experi gineers, and thoroughly equipped experimental machin shops, we can develop any invention into a commer proposition, whether mechanical, electrical or autem tive—simplify and perfect it, and MAKE IT WORK. Designing, building and testing gasoline motors a speci ¥ on automatic labor saving machinery. Mechanical drawings sketches or specifications. All business confidential and absoue crecy guaranteec ELK MFG. COoO., 1926RB Broadway . . Organizing a Company! Save the usual incorporating expenses and taxes, ml avoid personal liability by forming your organize on the regulation Common Law Plan under a mr Declaration of Trust. National Standard Forms iit work of recognized attorneys) furnish complete & quirements with which anyone in any state can org ize and begin doing business the same day. Pamphie A-23 free. C. S. Demaree, legal blank printer, ® Walnut St., Kansas City, Mo. Experimental and Model Work Fine Instruments and Fine Machinery, Inventions Developed. Special Tools, Dies, Gear Cutting, Ete HENRY ZUHR, 489-93 Broome St., New York Giy Inc. New Yoru

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A. M. Prentiss, Portiand, Ore. Multnomah Fails 756 Feet of Rainbow Spray Multnomah Falls, near Portland, is but one of a thousand wonders awaiting you on the magnificent Columbia River Highway. Near by are the famous cataracts of the Cascades, the wild Gorge of the Dalles, ‘and Table Mountain, | streaked with saffron. P ifi "2000 Miles of Startling Beauty” From Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis to Butte, Helena, Spokane, Portland, Tacoma, Seattle, Everett, Belling- ham, Victoria, Vancouver. This is the scenic way to the Great Pacific Northwest. It traverses the most picturesque spots of the Rocky and Cascade Mountains— Round Tri 18 6 — Chicago to North Pacific Coast Sold May 15 to Sept. 30 Make your vacation pay you divi- dends in health. Go where you can live outdoors. “Stop-over” at lakes | where the fishing is fine. Watch the sport of salmon spearing. Get | acquainted with the Big Pacific | Northwest. North Coast Limited | All-steel Through Train of the Northwest. Leaves Chicago 10:10 A. M. daily from Union Station, Burlington Route. Stop at Yellowstone Park Write for free books, describing the Pacific Northwest—as fascinat- | ing as fiction. AB. Smith, Passenger Traffic Mgr., St. Paul, Minn.

| Call Station WCE Findley Electric Co., Inc., 212-216 So. 5th St., Minne- ene Tlic. kaesscetes es WPA Fort Worth Record, Fort WONG, DENN ss 000000080: WWI Ford Motor Co., Michigan Ave., Dearborn, Mich.... | KFV_ Foster-Bradbury Radio Store, | Herald Block, Yakima, | WN Sobvsenbioestanses WGY General Electric Co., 1 River Road St., Schenectady, N.Y. WCJ Gilbert, The A. C. Co., 493 Blatchley Ave., New Haven, SS. donne ihn abmaaaaes WIP Gimbel Bros. Dept. Store, Market St., at 9th., Phila- Ga WO Nae duer te bnse KJQ Gould, C. O., 615 E. Main St., Stockton, Calif. .......... KGG Hallock & Watson Radio Ser- vice, 192 Park St., Port- ERD re | WLK Hamilton Mfg. Co., 2011 Ala- | rome, North, Indianapolis, lb. a0. 000506hheeeenee vas WOH Hatfield Electric Co., 531 N. - ee St., Indianapolis, | Wiis, Cemes sed oestsier ees si KYG Hawley, Willard P., Jr., 400 . 22d St., North, Port- Meme. GR. nssngeandarece KQW Herrold, Charles D., 467 Ist St., San Jose, Calif...... KVQ Hobrect, J. C., 915 7th St., Sacramento, Calif. ....... KON Holzwasser, Inc., 5th and Broadway, Los’ Angeles, Ce 6scuenaksedantsienes WJD —— Richard Harris, Gran- POP ere: WGL Howlett, Thomas F. J., 2303 N. Broad St., Philadel- Ss Ue athe nnbidigensss WSV Hunter, Dr. L. M., and Car- rington, G. L., 2420 Ixard St., Little Rock, Ark..... WEV Hurlburt-Still Electrical Co., McKinney Ave. and San Jacinto St., Houston, Texas. WGV Interstate Electric Co., and New Orleans Item, 357 ee St., New Orleans, WIK K. & L. Electric Co., 427 Olive St., McKeesport, Pa. WTG Kansas State Agriculture Col- lege, Manhattan, Kan... WOC Karlowa Radio Co., 606 Best Bidg., Rock Island, Ill... KLP Kennedy, Colin B., Co., Inc., O'Keefe Ave., Los Altos, Ee dhe w:t.tonb ting tein 6c ata KHJ Kierulff, C. R., & Co., 757 S. Los Angeles St., Los An- a KQL Kluge, Arno A., 1045 S. Bixel St., Los Angeles, Calif.. KJR Kraft, Vincent 1., 6838 19th Ave., N. E., Seattle, Wash. KMC Lindsay-Weatherill & Co., Reedley, Calif. .......... KGB Lorden, Edwin L., 602 Cali- fornia St., San Francisco, Gn Gics sananeueeasenas KMO Love Electric Co. (H. C. Reichert), 818 North L St., | po ae Eee | WWL Loyola University, 6363 St. Charles Ave., New Or- NE, OR: coccdnns eaanene WDZ Marshall-Gerkin Co., 27 On- tario St., Toledo, O....... KRE Maxwell Electric Co., Clare- mont Hotel, Berkeley, Calif. WBS May, D. W., Inc., 178 Central Ave., Newark, N. J....... WTP McBride, George M., 611 Mid- land St., Bay City, Mich. . WWT McCarthy Bros. & Ford, 75 W. Mohawk St., Buffalo, SS SR rere WOU Metropolitan Utilities Dis- trict, 1802 and 3405 Far- num St., Omaha, Neb... KYJ Meyberg, Leo J., Co., 8th and Broadway, Los Angeles, GE éices0asedeseennes® KDN Meyberg, Leo. J., Co., Fair- mont Hotel, San Francisco, Ch. as06 52046 qnsenoe ene WAH Midland Refining Co., 30 S. Main St., El Dorado, Kan. WEH Midland Refining Co., Tulsa, WT si s-0nntadeiee wil se. WOS Missouri State Marketing Bu- reau, Capitol Bldg., Jeffer- —s Pope WGH Montgomery Light & Water Power Co., Montgomery, Bille .«600:060.000ghebamerens KGU Mulrony, Marion A., Waikiki Beach, Honolulu, Hawaii. . WAAM Nelson Co., Bond St., Newark, N. J......2.---. KOB New Mexico College of Agri. and Mech. Arts, State Col- lege, New aye WPB Newspaper Printing Co., Ga- zette Sq., Pittsburgh, Pa. . KLN Noggle Electric Works, Alva- rado St., Monterey, Calif. KFC Northern Radio & Electric Co., 418 Union St., Seattle, Pre ere KGN Northwestern Radio Mfg. Co., 1556 E. Taylor S&t., Portland, Ore. .........+.. WAAL Minnesota Tribune Co., 54 S. 4th St., Minneapolis, Minn. WPG Nushawg Poultry Farm, R. D. No. 2, New Lebanon, O.. WSL O’Connor, Leon James, 26 Bank PIl., Utica, N. Y.... WKY Oklahoma Radio Shop, 1911 W. Ash St., Oklahoma GH, GER. ne ccoccescsess KGW Oregonian Publishing Co., 6th and Adler, Portland, Ore. WOZ Palladium Printing Co., Rich- mond, Ind. Enter- tainment A Market SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Weather x x x x! Call Station WTK Paris Radio Electric Co., 42 S. Main St., Paris, Texas. WOK Pine Bluff Co., The, Pine BR Bete cccvccavegevescs KGF Pomona Fixture & Wiring Co., 310 W. 2d St., Po- MGs Gs 6 cee okt oes ies KWG Portable Wireless Telephone Co., E. Market St., Stockton, Calif. ....... ip WMH Precision Equipment Co., 2437 Gilbert Ave., Cincinnati, O. KFU Precision Shop, The, Syca- more St., Gridley, Calif. . KSS Prest & Dean Radio Research Laboratory, 18 Elm Ave., Long Beach, Calif........ KSD Pulitzer Pub. Co. (The Post- Dispatch), 12th and Olive Sts., St. Louis, Mo........ WBAA Purdue University, West La- ee Ree WDW Radio Construction & Electric Co., 542 Irving St., Wash- Reatem, Di Gs indcccdscegss WDY Radio Corp. of America, Ro- selle Park, N. J.......... WAAO Radio Service Co., 1019 Quar- rier St., Charleston, W. Va. KJJ Radio Shop, The, 229 Sunny- vale Ave., Sunnyvale, Calif. KNV Radio Supply Co. of Cali- fornia, 815 S. Main St., Los Angeles, Calif........ KYY Radio Telephone Shop, The, 175 Steuart St., San Fran- ciseo, Calif. ..........+.-- WGF Register & Tribune, 715 Lo- cust St., Des Moines, Iowa. KLZ Reynolds Radio Co., Inc., 1124 University St., Denver, Col. WHN Ridgewood Times Printing & Pub. Co., Inc., Chamber of Commerce Blidg., Ridge- wood, S Depesegecvenss WKN Riechman Crosby Co., The, 223 S. Front St., Memphis, GR. sc ccnccsvcegoeceuses WFO Rike Kumler Co., The, Main and 2d Sts., Dayton, O... WHQ Rochester Times Union, Inc., 22 Exchange St., Rochester, Rh eee KNJ Roswell Public Service Co., The, 112 W. 3d St., Ros- WOM, Fhe Bice vc ccccccecsss KGY Ruth, Sebastion (St. Martin's College), Lacey, Washing- eee ee ee ee ee ee KJC Standard Radio Co., 724 S. Broadway, Los Angeles, GE. iia ap teedaerensoas WPJ St. Joseph College, 18th and Thompson, Philadelphia, Pa. WEW St. Louis University, 221 Grand and Pine Sts., St. Rattle, BER. <cccsesccssas - KMJ San Joaquin Light & Power Corp., Tulare and H Sts., Fresno, Calif. ......... WHW Seeley, Stuart W., Weather Bureau Bldg., E. Lansing, Bes secnesecdundins isis WJK Service Radio Equipment Co., he, 225 Superior St., Toledo, Olle. ..cccscecove WSN Ship Owners Radio Service, Ine., 519 Granby St., Nor- Oe; Wisin tanta sedan eaeee WDT Ship Owners Radio Service, 80 Washington St., New Werk CO cccccccsccscce WNJ Shotton Radio Mfg. Co., Inc., The, 8 Market St., Albany, KDPT Co., and E. Sts., San Diego, Cs xon-000s04006cben0s WBT Southern Radio Corp., 905 Realty Bldg., Charlotte, WCK Stix-Baer-Fuller, Washington St., St. Louis, Mo. ...... WFI Strawbridge & Clothier, 8th and Market, Philadelphia, Ms sawseisenceeeeteneeee KQY Stubbs Electric Co., 75 6th St., Portland, Ore. ....... WBL T & Radio Co., (P. G. Thurman), 401 S. Anthony St., Anthony, Kan. ....... WRW Tarrytown Radio Research Lab., 21-23 N. Broadway, Tarrytown, N. Y. ........ WGU The Fair, State, Adams and Dearborn Sts., Chicago, Ill. WRL Union Mate Schenectady, WAAF Unicn Stock Yard and Transit Co., Chicago, Ill. ......... WPO United Equipment Co., 600 Monroe St., Memphis, Tenn. WRM University of Illinois, Urbana, REGED cc ctcndoccaeersase WLB University of Minnesota, Min- neapolis, Minn. .........-. WCM University of Texas, Austin, TED bcc cdccccenseceses WHA University of Wisconsin, No. Charter, Madison, Wis- GUREER . vccvvcscesceoseces WOO Wanamaker, John, 13th and Market, Philadelphia, Pa. KLS Warner Bros., 2201 Telegraph Ave., Oakland, Calif. ..... KHQ Wasmer, Louis, 419 13th Ave., * N. Seattle, Wash. ....... WOQ Western Radio Co., Kansas City, BO. .cccccccccccsees KOG Western Radio Electric Co., 7th and Grand Sts., Los Angeles, Calif. .........- KYW Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. ‘o., 72 W. Adams S&t., CRORE, TE. cave cccesscns KDKA Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co., East Pittsburgh, Pa.. WJZ Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co., 95 Orange St., New- ark, Enter- tainment a OM 4 MM MM ~ Market Weather

} 3% \ I az SAAS SSAA GRAS WEN

O you want one book that you can keep as a storehouse of Radio informa- tion? Then send for Modern Radio! Modern Radio is unlike any radio catalogue published before. If you are looking for simple, complete, ready-to-operate sets to receive the wireless telephone broadcasting, you will find them in Modern Radio. If you are looking for a clearly written, comprehensive up-to-the- minute explanation of the theory and practice of wireless you will find it in Modern Radio. If you want to know how to build a C. W. or I. C. W. Set, you will find the informa- tion in Modern Radio—written by an entirely unbiased expert. If you want the latest prices and descrip- tion of any set, instrument or part, used in radio to-day—there it is at your finger tips in Modern Radio. Modern Radio contains 196 pages, devoted entirely to wireless and covering every phase of the art. Handsomely illustrated throughout. Edition limited to 10,000 copies. The information apd experience of experts incorporated in this cata- logue is invaluable to every ~mateur. To prevent any copies from going to mere curiosity seekers, however, we are making a nominal charge of 35c which will be applied to receipt of your first order-of $5.00 or over. Modern Radio is the biggest 35 cents worth in radio to-day. It will Save you many times its price in time and trouble. Send for your copy now! The coupon below is for your convenience. CONTINENTAL DIO & ELEC. CORP WARREN ST., NEw YORK “NEW YORK'S LEADING WIRELESS HOUSE.”

CONTINENTAL RADIO & ELECTRICAL CORP. Dept. H7—-15 Warren Street, New York Gentlemen: Send me by return mail a copy of your new catalogue, Modern Radio. I enclose 35c to share the actual cost which will be applied to my first order of $5.00 or over. Name... - = sornttiche Address

City

Page 66

130 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN

advertising in this dis« nt for number Rate for eard giving

ADDING MACHINES ADDING or calculating machines Money back guarantee. Connell and 422 Fourth Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa. _ AGENTS WANTED 600% profit. Free sample. Lowest priced Gold and Silver Sign Letters for stores, offices, automobiles Large demand. No experi- ence necessary. $50 to $200 a week easy. Exclu- A Congress Free trial Shattuck, AGENTS, sive territory. Acme Letter Co., 2800 St., Chicago. i986 LETTER AUTO INITIALING OUTFIT $1.50 postpaid. Apply 25 each make $32.50. Samples free. Monogram Initial Co., D 10, West- weal N.J 50c block perfumes closets, lavatories, trunks, enclosed automobiles, etc Lasts months; 100 per cent profit: territory protection International Chemical Co., Box 174R, Cleveland, Ohio. BIG MONEY AND FAST SALES—Every owner buys Gold Initials for his auto. You charge $1.50: make $1.35. Ten orders daily easy. Write for particulars and free samples American Mono- gram Co., Dept. 197. East Orange, N. J GUARANTEED HOSIERY, lowest prices, man- ufacturer’s complete line direct to wearer. Sam- ples without charge. We deliver. Part time ac- ceptable. Joseph Bros., 337-J, Broadway, New York. AGENTS. Here's big money—and independence. $2.50 invested mets $28.25 profit ; $5.00 nets $83.00. Apply initials w side doors of autos. Every car owner a prospect. Transfer Monogram Co., Inc., Dept. A. 10 Orchard St., Newark, N. J. TEMPERED COPPER? 80% Copper Chisel. Cuts Steel. Unaffected by Heat. Big Seller. Send 25e for Agent's Sample and Full Particulars. Wm. J. Bherle, A. M. & M. Bank Bidg., Milwaukee, Wis. WANTED. Your spare or full time. Guaranteed line of soaps, toilet articles, household specialties. Repeat sales assured. 100% profit. 150 articles. Exclusive territory. Free sample case offer. Write one SELL Perfume Blocks, entire rooma, clothes | CLASSIFIED ADVERTISEMENTS The Market Place for the Small Advertiser insertion, payable in advance. Adver June 20th ‘ word, for each request. tisements for insertion in space acceptable, 20 words. Rate Minimum issue should be in our office by the August

at once. Ho-Ro-Co. Mfg. Co., 182 Locust St., St. Louis, Missouri. AMBITIOUS WRITERS MANUSCRIPTS WANTED: § stories, poems, Cash or royalty plays, ete Make money spare time Copyrighted. Instruction Book for Writers Free. Submit Mss. or write Literary Bureau, 526, Hannibal, Mo. AMERICAN MADE METAL TOYS AND NOVELTIES MANUFACTURERS WANTED on large or smal! scale, for production of metal toys and novelties. Toy soldiers, cannons, machine guns, cowboys, In- bird whistles, race dians, wild animals, whistles, | horses, baseball players, paper weights, match | automobile ornaments, souvenirs, adver- | holders, : tising specialties, and hundreds of other things. | No experience or tools necessary. Hundreds and | thousands made complete per hour. Bronze art | forms furnished to manuacturers complete wit outfit from $5.00 up. We buy these goods all year, | paying fixed prices. Contract orders placed with | manufacturers. An enormous business is offered to industrious men this year with an excellent oppor- to enter this open field. Write us only if tunity d ] you mean strictly business. Catalog and informa- tion free. Metal Cast Products Company, 1696 Boston Road. New York Bais é = AUTOMOBILE ACCESSORIES DRIVE 100 tacks and save $25. We tailor Auto Top Recoverings for all cars Ford $5.20 and up. Other cars $14 and $16 with Plate Glass Lights. Catalog, samples free. Equipment Co., 55 Canal, Cincinnati, Ohio AN old worn out Ford runs like a 12 Cylinder when fitted with Pecks Transformers and Testers. Rewular price $2 for 4. Special price to Scientific American readers, 50 cents for 4. Valve Timing Chart sent free with each set. Peck, 2154 N. Carlisle St.. Philadelphia AUTOMOBILE OWNERS FORD Car Repair Book sent free. This com- plete, well illustrated, valuable book explains in a simple way the Causes and Cures of Over-heating ; Repairing Ford Timer; Curing Piston Ring Trou- bles; Carburetor Adjustments and Repairs; Con- necting Rods; Transmission Troubles; Care and Repair of Rear Axle ; Stopping Axle Grease Leaks ; also covers practically every other phase of Ford Car Repairing. Send 25¢ coin for three months trial a tion and get the valuable repair book free. Fo Owner and Dealer Magazine, 302 Montgomery Bidg., Milwaukee, Wis. AUTOMOBILE OWNERS — Garagemen — Me- chanics—Repairmen—send for free copy of this month's issue. It contains helpful, instructive in- formation on overhauling, ignition troubles, wiring, carburetors, storage batteries, ete. Over 140 pages, illustrated. Send for free copy today. Automobile Digest, 542 Butler Bidg., Cincinnati. BUSINESS OPPORTUNITY | YOU CAN have a business profession of your own and earn big income in service fees. A new system of foot correction ; readily learned by any- one at home in a few weeks. Easy terms for train- ing; openings everywhere with all the trade you can attend to. No capital required or goods to buy ; no agency or soliciting. Address Stephenson Laboratories, 23 Back Bay, Boston, Mass. PROFITABLE sales by mail! Circularize newly compiled mailing lists 15,000,000 classified names. Example: 200,000 wealthy rural mail order buyers; 3.000.000 farmers (by states) $6.00 thousand. C. >

maible firm's offer. You'll want more. Martinek Co., Corona, New York. No duplicates. | “SCHEMER MAGAZINE,” Alliance, Ohio. 40-| page monthly, prints big profit schemes; one sub- rom three, another $10,000 your luck. Year, only $1.00; three one free. acriber making $25,000 from one. T months, 25c.

BUSINESS OPPORTUNITY BECOME MASTER DEALER Learn secrets | eal estate success. Amazing profits, independence Develop natural ability Operate on own hook Either sex Guaranteed Special offer free Ind. | RESPONSIBLE corporation wants general sales | managers to open branch office, manage salesmen. $500 to $5000 necessary ; expenses to Baltimore al- | lowed if you qualify. Address Manager, 603 Eutaw Street, Baltimore, Md. EXECUTIVES WANTED ACCOUNTANTS and other office men of proven ability seeking positions, find our service extremely | satisfactory. Our Mr. H. H. Harrison can con-| fidently negotiate for you suitable connections, as he has successfully done for thousands of others since 1909. Inquiries invited. The National Busi- ness Bourse, Inc., Association Bldg., Chicago. EXPERIMENTAL RUBBER WORK WE DO experimental compounding, vulcanizing, testing; chemical analyses; develop your rubber ideas, processes, inventions. Let us advise you. Consult us. Kent Rubber Laboratory, Consulting Engineering Chemists, Box 196, Kent, Ohio. FOR INVENTORS INVENTOR and Manufacturer: Let us be your machine shop. We make models, build special machinery tools, dies and manufacturing. We have a modern daylight factory with ery Send blue prints or sketches for estimate. | Victor Engineering & Mfg. Co., 2524 W. Chicago | Ave., Chicago, IIL. eee WE make working models for inventors and do experimental work and carry a complete stock of brass gears and model supplies. Send for cata-| logue. The Pierce Model Works, Tinley Park, IIl. Stephens Realtor System, Wysor Bldg., Muncie

“The fact that our advertisement has been in each consecutive issue of SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN’S classified column should be ample proof of the results that we have obtained. We consider this’ publication one of the best mediums for advertising our particular line and we must say candidly that we are very well pleased with the results obtained so far.” Quoted from a letter in our files which tells the whole story.

_FOR INVENTORS _ PATENTS. If you have an invention. which you wish to patent you can write fully and freely to Munn & Co. for advice in_ regard to the best way of obtaining protection. Please send sketches or a model of your invention and a description of the device, explaining its operation. AM communi- cations are strictly confidential. Our vast practice, | extending over a period of seventy years, enables us in many cases to advise in regard to patent- ability without expense to the client. Our Hand- Book on Patents is sent free on request. This ex- a weer our methods, terms, etc., in regard to ~atents, Trade Marks, Foreign Patents, ete. “Scientific American” contains Patent Office Notes. Decisions of interest to inventors, and particulars

of recently patented inventions. Munn & Co., Solicitors of Patents, 626 Woolworth Bldg., New York; Scientific American Bldg., Washington, D.C.; 801 Tower Bidg., Chicago, ITl.; Hanna Bldg., Cleveland; Hobart Bldg., 582 Market St, San Francisco, Calif. ad FOR SALE _ noteial MODEL Steam Engines, Boilers, Electric and Steam Bpats, Yachts, Model Ship’s Fittings and Model Makers’ supplies. Send 20c for new large illustrated catalogue and handbook. Bathe Mfg. Co., Dept. G, 6214 Woodland Ave., Philadelphia. DON'T buy a Bicycle Motor Attachment you get our catalogue and prices. Shaw Mfg. Dept. SA, Galesburg, Kans. HELP WANTED | RELIABLE HELP WANTED to learn “Tan- gography Art Painting,”’ and establish branch at your home. Genuine offer ; opportunity for perman- ent business. No experience necessary, learn quickly. until 0.,

Free booklet, act. quick. Tangley Company, 166 Main, Muscatine, Iowa. bri INSTRUCTION DOUBLE Entry Bookkeeping mastered in 60 hours with 8 keys; guaranteed ; diplomas. Beginner bookkeepers, attention! Trial balances and Finan- cial statements learned in one hour. International Bookkeeping Institute, Dept. 25, Springfield, Mo. OFFICE SUPPLIES _* YOU can make 50 to 100 copies of a letter, notice, ete.» on three cents worth of Heyer Quality com nd. Write for free catalog and amples, e Heyer Duplicator Co., 158 No. Wells St., Chicago. STAMPS" FREE! Sectional Loose Leaf Postage Stamp Album at the rate of 8 pages each month given with sibseription to our monthly Journal Send two-cent stamp for prospectus. United Stamp Co., 140 S. Dearborn St., Chicago, Ill., Dept. S. STAMPS — 50 varieties, Africa, Brazil, Peru, Cuba, Mexico, ete., 10c; 50 different U. S., 25¢;

| Lots of fun | tion of our exchange plan. | Street, Suite recision machin- | ~

1,000 hinges, 10c; 1,000 mixed, 40c. List free C. Stegman, 5952 Cote Brilliante, St. Louis, Mo. PERSONAL EXCHANGE cheery letters with new friends! ! Send stamped envelope for informa- Betty Lee, 28 East Bay Jacksonville, Florida. PRINTING 19, i Reams Full Size Letterheads, Howard Bond $10. 8 Reams—$16.50. White or colors, No. 20. Envelopes 6% match, same prices. Note, delivery atoms > Our great variety of type assures you of distinctive letterhead Letterhead Press, 1451 Broadway, New York. LANGUAGES WORLD-ROMIC SYSTEM, MASTERKEY to All Languages. Six Textbooks, $1.73. French Chart, sic Spanish Chart, 37c; Speech-Organs Chart, 37e. Pronunciation-Tables, 77 Languages, 30c each. Languages Publishing Co., 8 W. 40th St., New York. LETTER SPECIALIST

The better the letter—the greater the returns. I can improve any letter, folder, or sales literature that you send me. You the judge. To get maximum results submit your campaign for_im- provement to Wilson, 247 William St., East Orange, N. J. MAIL ORDER METHODS

$30 A WEEK, evenings home—I made it. Sam- ple article and plan 25c. Booklet for stamp tells how also you can earn $19 a hundred stamping names on key checks. Sample and instructions 25c. Alscts Scott, Cohoes, ° MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS VIOLINS.—Deep, Mellow, Soulful—on_ easy credit terms. High-grade, wonderful instruments of my own make. Development of many years’ expertness. Write for book. Gustav W. Henning, 2424 Gaylord Street, Denver, Colo. MISCELLANEOUS HY PNOTISM—Banishes disease ; controls others ; astounding exhibitions possible. 25 easy lessons $1.00. “Mind-reading” (any distance); simply

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THE HOME RADIO—How to make and use it. At last! A simple explanation of the making and use of a home radio outfit. Every step in con- struction is carefully directed and illustrated with numerous working diagrams. Bound in_ cloth. Postpaid for Tie. Radio Educational Service, 200s-5th Ave., R 416. N. Y.C. “RADIO FOR EVERYBODY”—352 pages pro- fusely illustrated with an accurate description of all types of receiving sets and wiring diagrams adaptable to your particular location, with instruc- tions of how to make them. Written by an authority on radio in plain understandable English. Gives the rudiments of radio for beginners and hook-ups for the advanced. Bound in cloth $1.60

postpard. Dept. C, Box 773 City Hall Station, New York City. BUILD your own Radio Receiver with blue prints which show full constructional data, wiring diagram, ete. Superior apparatus at less than half the cost of finished products. Ask for Bul- letin 449 Experimenters Information Service, 45 Pinehurst Ave., New York City. TELEGRAPHY both Morse and Wireless taught thoroughly. Big salaries. Tremendous demand for wireless operators. Oldest and largest school. All expenses low—can earn large part. Catalog free. Dodge’s Institute, Vail St., Valparaiso, Indiana. SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION SUCCESS or Failure? Which is your destiny? Scientific information. “Success” inters and Per- sonality sketch for 10¢ and birthdate. Thomson- Heywood, Dept. 85, Chronicle Bldg., San Fran- cisco, Cal.

TO PIPE SMOKERS I WANT to send Free to every chronic pipe smoker in the country a good, big, generous sample package of_my pure, sun-cured, nature- flavored Old Green River Pipe Tobacco. No money to pay. If you are a tobacco crank, all the better. Try the pure stuff. No syrup, flavoring or dope. After you try it free, I'll show you how to cut your smoke bill one-half and get more pipe joy. Just send name and address, and say whether you want mild, medium or strong. Pete Moberly, Box 897, Owensboro, Ky. AMBITIOUS MEN: $40.00, $150.00 weekly. Be come advertising writers. Students frequently earn $20.00, $40.00 weekly while learning. Pre- pare quickly at home spare time. We assist you to position. Write Applied Arts Institute, Dept. 298, Witherspoon Bldg., Philadelphia. MANUFACTURER to buy outright or on royalty basis, a patented baking device for gas or oil cook stoves. Bakes on one burner quicker than oven with less heat and won’t scorch food. C. C. Gross, Box 63, Langhorne, Bucks Co., Pa.

JUNE, Lg Call Station S& } ag $a WBZ Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co., 625 Page Bldg., Springfield, Mass. ....... -— . WHD Jest Virginia University, Morgantown, West Va. .. X = — WJH White & Boyer, 812 13th St., N. W., Washington, D. C. X = J WPM Williams, Inc., Thomas J., 1324 New York Ave., Washington, D. C. ....... & eum WNO Wireless Telephone Co. of Hudson County, 997 Ber- gen Ave., Jersey City,N.J. X = o KOA Y.M.C.A., 16th Ave. and Lin- coln St., Denver, Colo. .. —-y WKC Zamoiski, Jos. M., Co., 2527 Madison Ave., Baltimore, awed sccccccocce oe mn April 10, 1922 Radio Notes Radio Service for Fishing Fleet.—Worl comes from France to the effect that radip equipment ranging from 250 watts to 1,00) watts capacity is to be installed on more thay 200 French fishing schooners. In 1918 there were only 30 fishing boats thus equipped, Railroad Radio.—While there is noth. ing fundamentally new to the use of radio on board trains, the fact remains that with the present development of the art the applica- recently tion beedmes practical at last. Tests have been conducted by the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad. As this issne goe s to press we have just succeeded ip obtaining photographs and complete infor mation of the interesting installation aboard the train and the results obtained. The com- plete facts will appear in our July issue, Destruction of Princeton’s Radio Station.—A disastrous fire in one of the buildings of the Princeton. University recent ly destroyed a part of the radio equipment While the loss was amply covered by insur anee, it . . . was an unfortunate accident sine the matter of arranging for a broadeasting service was just about completed. of a bro: Gatter ( those in The idea uleasting originated with Mr. L. & 1912) and was taken up at once by charge of the station. The Uni versity of Wisconsin and the University of Minnesota already have established broad casting stations for general university news, as well as for results of athletie contests The set to be installed will having a sending range of 1,000 miles and will operate in 300 meter wave length. An Automatic S.0.S. Signal.—Interest- ing progress has been made in England in the way of developing an automatic device for sending out S.O.S. or distress signals at sea. key and Instead of using the usual telegraph sending out the S.O.S. call, the system is to send out by means of an auto matie device a dash of a certain length at regular intervals. Such signals serve operate an alarm bell on other ships within range, and the operator of the ship in distress ean then send specific instructions. The im- portant advantage of the new system is that its signals do not conflict with other radio signals, and that it rings an alarm bell @ ships in Ten ships the immediate vicinity. are already equipped with the new signaling device and 25 more are being so equi Satisfactory results have been obtained over a radius of 100 miles. A Filter for Radio.—Although much has been said and written about the remar filters employed by the telephone lines and by advanced radio workers for the separation of telephone and telegraph messages, it has remained for Dr. Frank B. Jewett, chief & gineer of the Western Electric Company, to demonstrate how the filter permits of tral® mitting radio telephone and telegraph me* sages simultaneously, and of separating messages at the receiving end, at a recent meeting of the American Institute of Ble trical Engineers. The present electrical filter is the invention of Dr. G. A. Cam telephone engineer, separate the various frequen¢ pbell, & and makes it possible ® sies at which the individual telephone and telegraph message are carried. The detected electrical ew in a radio receiving set is passed thro filter which separates the frequencies of telegraph message phone. from those of the re The filter differs materially from ordinary tuned circuits familiar to the enthusiast, since it separates not sl quencies but bands of frequencies of any pre determined width. The filter makes it p* sible to separate the band of frequencies om prising the telephone message from the comprising the telegraph message. also separate one telephone message another.

= . < HF FS PAPE FEE

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fg. a | ! i er- in- 27 re, Enter- tainment Market Weather ] ! Ll 167 Stations ‘leet.— Worl t that radio atts to 1,00 on in qt more than 1918 there lipped, 2re is noth- e of radio on hat with the tl 1e applica. Tests have e ad, Sl ip at Delaware, As this icceeded in lete infor ion aboanl The com- uly issue, on’s Radio one of the rsity recent » equipment, ed by insur- ‘cident since broadcasting l. h D The idea Mr. L. & at once by The Uni- iversity of shed broad- ersity news, tic contests. ig a sending Ti ate in 300- 1.—Interest- England in m 3S al Sg atic device signals at telegraph call, the of an auto in Is length at serve to ships within ip in distress 1S. . The im- stem is that other radio arm bell on Ten ships ow signaling :0 equipped. ntained over rh much has remarkable 1e lines e separation ages, it has t t, chief et Yompany, f its of trans graph mes rating these JuNE, 1922 1 Cars . likely five—a peculiar | turn in market conditions offers a most remarkable op- portunity for profit. Such development has al- | ready begun! Babson’s REPORTS | Speculative Bulletin just off the press, gives you the plain unbiased facts on the situation and outlines the peculiar opportunity afforded by this sudden change. REPORT ON REQUEST int from this Bulletin and Booklet “Getting the Most From Your Money” is available for distribution to interested in- vestors, gratis. Tear out the Memo—now—and hand it to your secretary when you dictate the morn- ing’s mail. | i en aA RT HUME r gamuungnnunnenagyauee antenna MEMO CT For Your Secretary Write W. Babson, president of Babson’s Organization, Welles! Hills. 82, Mass., as follows: Please = ——— send me reprint from BulletinFCO and book- let, “Getting the Most from The Exclusive Garter because it has exclusive features. For example—it is the only adjustable Wideweb garter without the Hook and Eye Cast-off on the face of the Pad. Also has the famous Oblong All-Rubber Button GEORGE FROST CO., BOSTON, Makers of Velvet Grip Hose Supporters for All the Family @e AUTOGLAS PATENTED MAY 2. 191! san Eye protector for Out-of-Doors people. | Made 80 that it gives full protection from wind, dust and flying particles without caus- og slightest discomfort or detracting the appearance of the wearer. Motorists, Golfers, Hunters, Trap-shooters, ‘wrists and Fishermen find it adds ma- to the pleasures of their outings. Obtainable from Opticians, Motor Supply and Sporting Goods Establishments. We will thily furnish the address of your nearest Attogias Dealer. Oe F. A. HARDY & COMPANY D Box 804, CHICAGO, ILL. SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Civil Engineering Notes _A Record Train? A train drawn by a els of grain over the Canadian Pacifie lines. The train was 0.9 mile long, consisting of 110 loaded cars, a water car, and a caboose. The gross weight was 686,000 tons. The Effect of Temperature on the Rate of Corrosion is practically an unknown quantity. But experiments have shown that at SO degrees Centigrade iron corrodes nearly ten times as rapidly as at 0 degrees. The effect of light is very remarkable. It has been shown to accelerate corrosion very markedly, even after the temperature effects | had been removed. Corrosion is clearly af-| fected by barometric variation. The subject} is very complex, and the results are not al-| ways the same, even when experiments are carried out under what appear to be exactly identical conditions. An International Water Dispute of some moment has been settled with the final award of the Joint Commission for the meas- urement and apportionment of the waters of the St. Mary and Milk Rivers between the United States and Canada. By giving Can- ada the preference in the waters of the former stream and the United States that |in the flow of the latter, but arranging for a minority interest of each nation in the! other’s stream, the Commission has reached | a decision mainly satisfactory to both parties. | Novel Lighthouse Construction.—A combined lighthouse, dwelling and fog-signal room for Fairport, Ohio, on Lake Erie, marks a new method of erecting for exposed locations. The shell of the building was| fabricated, riveted and bolted permanently together ashore; without interior mason work or lantern it was 28 feet square with a 3814-foot tower at one corner, and it weighed 65 tons. It was moved on the deck of a small steamer 147 miles up the lake to its| location, at a transportation cost of $1350. The plan is estimated to have saved about $10,000. A Heat-Treatment Problem.—In the course of a lecture before the Birmingham Metallurgical Society, Mr. E. R. Taylor, says Engineering, described an unusual form of trouble which was experienced in the | heat treatment of some small engine parts. The right degree of hardness failed to de- velop, although the composition was quite up to specification. The cause was discov- ered to be a current of air passing along the bed of the muffle, producing a film of oxida- tion on the surface of the steel. The matter | was remedied by scattering small fragments lof charcoal about the size of peas over the} bottom of the muffle, the engine parts being put into the muffle on a tray. The charcoal became oxidised instead of the steel, and the trouble was corrected. Creosoted Sleepers.—It is generally as- sumed that a bridge built of creosoted sleep- ers would burn more readily, in the event of its eatehing fire, than would a bridge of non- heated timber. An experience with an 108- foot 9-span creosoted timber ballasted deck trestle bridge on the Nashville, Chattanooga & St. Louis Railroad in May last disproves this assumption. Starting at one end of the trestle and fanned by a high wind, the fire spread over the structure rapidly and burned intensely for some time. Following the fire, an examination revealed the fact that with the exception of charring which the timbers suffered and the burning of a féw braces to which necessitated their renewal, was little the worse for its a degree the structure experience. A New Type of Track Torpedo has been officially adopted on all lines of the Canadian Pacific Railway. It appeals to all three senses, producing on detonation not only a loud report but simultaneously a brilliant flash and a pungent smell. It is called “me- teor” and is fastened to the tracks by means of two spring rail clips made of tempered steel or spring brass. In this way a firm gripping of the rail head is assured and at the same time a prompt application of the torpedo is made possible. renheit without deterioration, and has been | used where the temperature was many de-| grees below zero with complete success. Spe-| cial tests have been carried out to ascertain its holding power when placed in position on the rail, and for flying particles likely to cause injury to bystanders. These have all been carried out with satisfactory results.— Canadian Machinery. single engine recently brought 165,000 bush- | 4 Z SAN Y Y Zi WUULUUUNUNL, \ by Specially Chartered CUNARD LINE NEW STEAMSHIP “SAMARIA” A CRUISE DE LUXE Strictly Limited to 400 Guests Jan. 24th to May 31st, 1923. Sailing Eastward from NewYork TS magnificent Golden Jubilee Cruise will commemorate the 50th year since Thomas Cook, the founder of our organization, conducted his ms party around the world. For over four months our guests will travel amidst the wonderful sights and sites along the Seven Seas—a Cruise covering 30,000 miles. A superb itinerary embracing — Madeira, Gibraltar, Algiers, Naples, Port Said, Cairo and the Pyramids; Bombay, Ceylon, Calcutta, and other towns in India; Rangoon in Burma; Belawan in Sumatra; Batavia in Java; Singapore in the Straits; Saigon in French Indo-China; Manila, Hongkong, Canton, Macao, Senate Nagasaki, Kobe, Yokohama; Honolulu and Waikiki; San Francisco, Balboa, Panama Canal and Cristobal. Most attractive shore excursions and entertainment aboard. No crowding, no rushing, no confusion. This will truly be an epic holiday of luxury, wonder and leisure. Full Information and Literature on request THOS. COOK & SON 245 Broadway New York 561 Fifth Ave. BOSTON CHICAGO LOS ANGELES TORONTO PHILADELPHIA SAN FRANCISCO MONTREAL VANCOUVER a Aun na rossing the Atlantic “L ah Days he World’s Record Passage between Europe and this L counfry was made by the MAURETANIA — the holder of the Blue Ribbon of the Atlantic — in 4 days, 10 hours and 41 minutes. This truly grand ship is back in service, thoroughly over- hauled, and converted into an oil-burner. She and her gigantic sisters, the wonderful AQUITANIA and lux- urious BERENGARIA are making history in carrying on the fastest weekly Passenger Service-de-Luxe, the world has ever known. From NEW YORK every Tuesday to CHERBOURG and SOUTHAMPTON. ther services to Queenstown and LIVERPOOL, to Londonderry and GLASGOW, to Plymouth, Cher- bourg and HAMBURG —a little less speedy but no less com- fortable— by the beautiful, roomy, homey, oil-burning new ships such as the SCYTHIA, LACONIA, SAMARIA, CAM- ERONIA, in cooperation with the famed and popular CARONIA and her twin-sister—the CARMANIA. eC WUUUUUUUUU LUV UUUUU LUN ANURUU UU bUbU GUY UE UYU MUU UJUUuUUUUUNuUMU¥UUWuCUUUUUNMuZNNONUND It is completely | waterproof, will stand any atmospheric con- ditions of heat, moisture and frost. It has | been subjected to 100 hours’ immersion, and |one hour in moist steam at 120 degrees Fah- AND ANCHOR LINES 25 Broadway New York or Branches and Agencies 431 ».

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Some features which have made the Royal the foremost typewriter of the age The Adjustable Touch, an exclusive feature of the Royal, appeals particularly to the stenographer. One D simple set-screw enables her to adjust the tension of D} the entire keyboard action to her individual touch, * thus materially lightening ber work. 3 The touch of the new Light- ing demand of aggressive organ- x Running, Quiet-Running Royalis izations fora greater volume of ry remarkable, not only becauseitis typing with no increase in over- x adjustable,butprincipallybecause head. It makes this possible by D it can be adjusted to the entire providing a super-elastic, light- * range of stenographers’ touches, _ning-swift action and by reducing the noise and distraction that formerly accompanied sustained speed. CS from the lightest to the heaviest. This new Royal was designed to meet and does meet the increas- ROYAL TYPEWRITER COMPANY, Inc., New York Branches and Agencies the World Over “‘Compare the Work’”’ LIGHT-RUNNING QUIET~RUNNING SN temperature instruments Tycos Stand up under hard usage, at all times — giving that good service wanted. Keen judges of equipment therefore specify Tycos. Our Catalogues go into detail. Industrial Cotalog Treos 823 Taylor /nstrument Companies Rochester NY. USA eon pet ature etrument hor every purpose ont Ly Theres «Te | | hippopotamus SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Science Notes The Thickest Skin is found on the palm of the hand, where it is 20 times as thick as on the eyelid. The protection is proportion- ately greater in the palms of the working man. Rescuer of Livingstone Dies.—Sir John | Kirk, pioneer African explorer and the second white man to see Victoria Falls, died at Seven Oaks, Kent, on January 15th, aged 89. Onee, on the Zambesi River, Sir John saved the life of Livingstone by shooting a that was charging Living- stone’s craft. A Great Zoo Planned.—Mrs. Harold F. McCormick purposes to install in the forest reserve she recently donated to the county a zoological garden, modeled after the Hagen- | beck Gardens of Germany, that shall be the| | finest in the world. Dr. Josef Hartmann, who accompanied Mrs. McCormick from Europe, has been engaged to survey the loca- tion and draw up the plans. In Memory of John Burroughs.—Mar- shal Foch, after receiving an honorary de- gree from Columbia University, laid the cornerstone of a building on 155th Street, between Broadway and Riverside Drive; this was the culmination of a two-day program honoring John Burroughs, other features of which were a memorial meeting at the Ameri- ean Academy of Arts and Letters and an ex- hibition of artistic and literary memorabilia. The Municipal Observatory at Des Moines, Iowa, which is said to be the only municipal observatory in the world, was opened last August. The observatory build- ing is to be equipped by Drake University with an 8-inch equatorial telescope. It is to be under the control of the university and open to the public at least three times a week, and at any other time when occasion may warrant. |eause of this disease, and the means where- | | by it is transmitted, have long been the ' subject of study; it remains for the Tropical | Telepathy in Vienna.—The vogue of telepathic and hypnotic demonstrations sweeping Vienna has proved so demoralizing to both mediums and spectators that all such seances have been forbidden. It is said that actual crimes were attempted through hyp- notice influence and that many nervous per- were deranged. Physicians will be licensed to use such methods, but only in remedial treatments. Energy Expended in Marching may be measured by the volume of CO, expired over a 50-meter (54.58-yard) course. This is, roughly, .0061 cubic inches per 2.2046 pounds per horizontal meter (39.37 inches). A sol- dier weighing 160 pounds and carrying 60 pounds, marching 214 miles per “hour” of 50 minutes, will expend about 250 calories per “hour,” or 1000 calories in 4 “hours,” over a level course of 10 miles. New Vaccine in Pneumonia.—A harm- less vaccine treatment, requiring three injec- tions at intervals of four or five days, has proved its value in the epidemic of pneu-| monia that accompanied the wave of in-| fluenza sweeping New York. This vaccine, developed by Dr. Park, director of the Bureau of Laboratories, was distributed to publie dispensaries and private physicians as fast as the city laboratories could produce “i sons seriously It gives protection in a very large number of eases and, where an attack does follow its use, it is usually a mild one. Safety First Among Children.— The Sureau of Education points out that the time to begin inoculating the principles of safety is in the formative period of child life—specifically, in the kindergarten. It is more important to learn how to move than how to sit still and in teaching children to run about without bumping into each other and into the furniture we have a good be- ginning toward teaching them to take care of themselves on the streets. A traffic game, growing naturally out of these diversions, lays the basis of respect for law and order. A Tale of Wealth From a Tomb.— Mexican archaeologists are to investigate a strange story concerning the French arch- aeologist, Count Brisac de Saint Denis, who recently died in Paris. It is circumstantially asserted that while doing research work in Mexico, near Comala, he discovered the tomb of an ancient Toltec king, in which was a collection of pearls, opals and gold dust worth $10,000,000, and that he managed to smuggle this wealth out of the country. All that is absolutely certain is that the Count did investigate some old ruins near Comala, | about 1910. Sleeping Sickness to be Studied.—The | ROM the crude as- bestos to the finished material, each process in the manufacture of GARCO asbestos products is under our direct con- trol. Only in this way can 45 strict standards of excel- 3 lence be maintained. The rigid observance of qual has given toGARCO prod- ucts a reputation for de- pendable service. GARCO Asbestos Brake Lining is solidly woven, strong and sturdy, preferred by mo- torists who seek efficiency : at the brakes. Ask for itl GENERAL ASBESTOS & RUBBER COMPANY Main Offices and F actories Charleston, S. C. t : Branches ‘ye Pe New York Chicago : . — Pittsburgh Engines to suit your boat. Twe one and two cylinder, 2 to6hp cylinders, 2 to 75 h.p. Prices *75.00 to $3,600. a = yacht tenders. PALMER BROS. Box H Palmer Marine Motors cycle, one, two, three, four and a Four cycle, 2b. 8.00, suitable for row boats and Catalogue free. Cos Cob, Cons. THE SCHWERDTLE STAMP CO. C. JOHNSON & SON, Dept. S. A. 6, RACINE, WE- a fo. STEEL STAMPS fff Seiad METAL CHECKS Ul STENCILS SEALS SEND FOR CATALOG wo WU WY STEEL LETTERS \, AND FICURES - vag = This Book On Home Beau tifying Sent Free HINES Contains practical suggestions on se copie to make your artistic, cheery # inviting — explains how you can easily and economically refinish and keep woodwork, furniture and floors im per fect condition. —Building?? If 80, you a find this book particularly interest ing and useful, for it tells how to finish mexp : mF pen oy, they are as beautiful a artistic a8 vard wood. Tells just what materia's to to apply them—includes color card gives covering capacities, etc. will Our Individual Advice Department - give a prompt and expert answer to al] question interior wood finishing— without cost or obliga’ ~ We will gladly send this book free and postpaid the name of your best dealer in paints. As ‘of we will also send you postpaid a 2 02. Johnson’s Liquid Prepared Wax. propes + TREAT’ 25 FOR FLOOR wooowork ane FURNITURE yn SON | SA “The Wood Finishing Authorities” ea ae un, Zascnacwe Be naa Ae ENT d= dR eget a 2.2 swsa raga J gc uz

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JUNE, 192 ‘rude as- » finished rocess in ture of 3 products rect con- 3 way can of excel- ed. The of quality CO prod- n for de- GARCO Uining is ong and by mo- efficiency .sk for itl STOS & PANY ' actories icago 1e Motors — cum Te », four and sit p. Prices from our cycle, 2 hp. r row and atalogue free. _ BROS. arly interest ine ve .d artistic @ to use ves covering JUNE, 1922 HOMCHARGE YOUR BATTERY ~~ jor A Nickle A perfect rectifier at last, fully auto- matic and fool- proof in every re- spect. It can be operated by anyone. The Homcharger euccessfully meets all charging conditions, and is the only rectifier combining the fol- lowing essential Homcharging features. 1. Self polarizing. Connect battery either way and it will always charge. No danger of reverse charging, ruined battery, or burnt out Rectifier, an exclusive feature 2. No delicate bulbs to break or burn out. Only one moving and two wearing parts. These are replaceable as a unit, after thou- sands of hours use, for one dollar. Unaffected by temperature changes. Cannot be injured by rough handling 3. Operation stops and consumption of cur- rent ceases immediately upon disconnecting battery, another exclusive feature 4. The only charger costing less than $100.00 that will fully charge a battery over night. Gives battery a taper charge—exactly as recommended by battery manufacturers. Won't harm your battery even though left | connected indefinitely. 5. Highest efficiency of any three or six | cell charger made 6. No danger of fire. Underwriters Approved by the Attention Motorists Send for special Bulletin 58 showing easy it is to “' Homcharge’’ For sale by all radio, sory dealers or shipped express prep purchase price—S$I8.50. $20 west of Rockies. = AUTOMATIC ELECTRICAL DEVICES CO. how your battery. electrical and acces- aid for the 30 West Third Street Cincinnati, Ohio BRANCH OFFICE New York Chicago Pittsburgh Los Angeles New Orleans Detroit Toronto Diseases Prevention Association to send an expedition to Uganda to investigate its treat- ment. Four physicians and two veterinary scientists conduct the party, and for several years they will carry out this work in dif- ferent centers; it is hoped that a general system of vaccination may be developed that will confer immunity on those exposed to the disease. Facts and the Rain-Maker.—M. Angot, director of the French Meteorological Office, has demonstrated that even in the extreme ease of two equal masses of saturated air, one at O° C. and the other at 20° C., in order to produce a .04-inch fall of rain it would be necessary for the two masses to mix rapidly and thoroughly throughout an atmospheric layer of four miles in thickness; that dust particles and ions (the nuelei of raindrops) are not sufficient of themselves to cause precipitation without an accom- panying reduction of temperature. The chance of man-made explosions causing rain- fall is thus seen to be extremely small. The Ancient Order of Apothecaries.— Apotheecaries were accepted as constituting a distinct branch of the medical profession log before the time of Henry VIII, though legal recognition may have come somewhat later. The earliest-known mention of an apothecary dates back to 1273, ley, in his “English Surnames, Mayor of York was one aut Apotecarius.” This would indicate that the terms “spicer” and “apothecary” were then synonymous, but Chaucer knew them as distinct from another, the apothecaries confining themselves to drugs; they were originally assistants to physicians. Bottles and Forest Fires.—A certain “Henry” has been breaking into the news papers with the claim that bottles thrown away by drinkers are “responsible for start ing more forest fires than anything else.” These bottles, he says, act as burning glasses by focusing the rays of the sun on dry leaves. Now it happens that a burning glass is an accurately-ground convex lens; without com- mitting ourselves to the statement that never, under any conditions, can a bottle cause a forest fire, we should like to see Henry when Barids- ” writes, “The John Le Espicer, one Electrical pas. Forn HERES MORE MONEY ror YOU 150 Home-Study Books self help books is Each of these: eure ) Day raising tructic hey ver e, wa hine S entry, ring “lwenty Full cata) fom ovtiog ; goat card bri gs yours . Drake «& Co., Publishers anaes Avenue, Chicago - men with tr aining are in de- prethan a quarter entury, this schvol has been training men of ambition and limited time, for the dectrical industries. Condensed course in Electrical enables grad reap to se -u ood Engineering : Bey. Mathematics St Theoreticaland Prac tic al Elee- ppmematic s, Steam and Gas Engines and Me- Drawing. Students construct dynamos, install ering ond test electrical machinery. Course with di- ploma complete in One Year Over 3000 men trained. Thoroughly equipped fireproof dormitories, dining | hall, laboratories, shops. Free catalog. 30th year begins Sep. 27,1922 BLISS ELECTRICAL SCHOOL 405 Takoma Ave., Washington, D. C. eee — HOW TO PAINT SIGNS and SHO’ CARDS Qur book a a comp ~” course of instructions, en- ) paint good signs. vHY Nor i WAKE to learn = KE “YOu R OW N either for your business Cm Alphabets, Composition, Color Combina- pl Paints, Show Cards, Ww ndow Signs, bers, Board and Wall Signs, Ready Made Letters, vommercial Art and Tricks of the Trade aa 100 alphabets and designs. Cloth bound, size TSinches, Price $/ 00 postpaid, 15. Ogilvie Pub. Co., 213 Rose St., New York INFORMATION! Always at your fingers’ tips. Such is “D r. Chase's Recipes or Information for Everybody,” Which contains over 1,000 indexed recipes, for- and articles of general information ‘plying to every trade. Especially is this book ble to the electrician, mechanic, tinner, eentor. gunsmith, jeweler, barber, + Chemist, housewife, etc., etc. aa © book or enc yclopedia contains 600 pages, 2.50 ound a wonderful library—for only Wider that also remember that we do not con- it you have bought the book until you SEE AND EXAMINE IT ei ten the ap 88.50 50 es. de posit and if the book is unsatisfactory, ur money will be refunc ee los d other books on request. Woy KIRKSEY, ASSOCIATED WRITERS’ SERVICE Div. 4, Box 2185, Denver, Colo. | new specialties are the lorgnon—a lorgnette gelatinous substance, | continues marooned with a bottle, and to watch his efforts to ignite leaves by its means alone. It's a wonder travelers have not discovered this virtue in the bottle. Ancient Engineering Instruments. —! English historical research, as applied to science, brings to light some interesting de- scriptions of Greek and Roman engineering instruments. Vitruvius cites the use of the dioptra, chorabates, and water levels in sur- veying, up to 100 A.D., and gives sectional |drawings showing these instruments, of which no complete example remains. He also shows the groma, an arrangement of two crossed arms at right angles with suspended | plumb lines at the ends, used for setting out} straight lines and lines at right angles. The | dioptra reached an advanced stage of develop- | ment, and instruments and methods have | many striking points of similarity with those | of today. oui German Ambition in Optical laims at nothing less than dominating the| world market. Last year the School of} | Opties and Phototechnique was founded in Berlin so that manufacturers and venders of lenses and specialties might learn the Jast word concerning their products. Among the} with a single eyeglass, often worn fixed to a bracelet by a short chain; and a small opera glass weighing but six ounces, yet having a field of vision more than 25 yards in di- ameter. German optical exports are said to be almost up to pre-war figures and bring} returns that enable manufacturers to make exceptionally reasonable prices in the home market. Glass Kept Clear of Moisture. glass of windows, windshields, and goggles soon loses its transparency when moisture is condensed upon it. A recently patented process prevents this by coating the surface of the glass with a layer of: transparent, insoluble in water un- der ordinary conditions, which possesses the quality of absorbing and dissipating mois- ture. This coating may be toughened, soft- ened, or tinted by the addition of other sub- stances. Indoors, the use of the coating on walls hides the discoloration due to “sweat- ing,” and mirrors may also be kept clear by the same means. The water vapor has no appreciable effect on the substance, which automatically to exercise its al- ternative functions of absorption and release of moisture for an indefinite time. SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Save Young Teeth from Grit E most effective and trust- worthy method of keeping children’s teeth bright and smil- ing is the use of a gentle “wash- ing” non-gritty dental cream. COLGATE’S CLEANS TEETH THE RIGHT WAY “Washes” and Polishes—Doesn’t Scratch or Scour Sensible in Theory. Healthy saliva is practically neutral, sometimes slightly alkaline. Colgate’s Ribbon Dental Cream is practically neutral, mildly alkaline, and cleanses without disturbing the right mouth conditions. Avoid dentifrices that are strongly alkaline or appreciably acid. Correct in Practice. Today scientific dentists know that a dentifrice should do only one thing—clean teeth thoroughly. Colgate’s makes no false claims for any other virtue, but it does possess this one in a higher degree than any other kind of dentifrice. COLGATE & CO. Est.1806 NEW YORK 4 A LARGE tube costs 25¢. Sold everywhere. Truth in Advertising Implies Honesty in Manufacture W._L.DOUGLAS FOR —oses $7.00 6:58.20 SHOES SAVE MONEY BY WEARING W LDOUGLAS SHOES SOLD DIRECT FROM FACTORY |] W.L.DOUGLAS PRODUCT IS GUARANTEED BY MORE THAN FORTY YEARS EXPERIENCE IN MAKING FINE SHOES TO YOU AT ONE PROFIT They are made of the best and finest leathers, by skilled shoemakers, all working to make the best shoes for the price that money can buy. The quality is unsurpassed. Only by examining them can you appreciate their wonderful value. Shoes of equal quality cannot be bought elsewhere at anywhere near our prices. STAMPING va Ee | PRICE Fs AT THE Niki Our $7.00 and $8.00 shoes are exceptionally good values. W. L. Douglas shoes are put into all of our 108 stores at factory cost. We do not make one cent of profit until the shoes are sold to you. It is worth dollars for you to remember that Trade Mark in the world. It stands for THE STAMPED PRICE when you buy shoes at our stores | thehighest standaré IS YOUR PROTECTION YOU PAY ONLY ONE PROFIT. of quality at the low- AGAINST est possible cost. UNREASONABLE PROFITS The intrinsic value No matter where you live, shoe [| ofa Trade Mark ties In giving to the con- sumer the equiva: lent of the price for the goods. Catalog Free. dealers can supply you with W. L. Douglas shoes. They cost no more in San Francisco than they do in New York. Insist upon having W. L. Douglas shoes with the name and retail price stamped on the sole. Do not take a substitute and pay pt tm extra profits. Order direct from ‘ the factory and save money. 168 aan Se brockton, ta fase.

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SCIENTIFIC

The Ansonia SUN WATCH A Compass and Sun-Dial An accurate, reliable Compass and a Timepiece that does not need to be wound ap and will not get out of order. In a thin, satin-finished brass case. Carried like a watch. Tells correct time by the sun anywhere in the United States, and heads you in the right direction. For Hunters, Fishermen, Canoeists, Motorists, Campers, Guides, Boy and Girl Scouts. If you cannot get it from your dealer, we will send you one on receipt of one dollar. ANSONIA CLOCK COMPANY 99 John Street Dept. S New York Makers of Fine Clocks for Half a Century Name & No

St City

“RADIO FOR EVERYBODY” By AUSTIN C. LESCARBOURA Managing Editor SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN HIS three-word title tells the whole story of the book as regards its purpose and practical use. It has been written by the Managing Editor of SciENTIFIC AMERICAN, with the sole aim of putting radio on a working basis, easily grasped by amateurs. From the start of radio and radio-phone service to the final adjusting and listening-in, this book serves as a complete guide to everyone interested in the subject. Complete, accurate and authentic, as SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN itself; 352 pages and 176 working illustrations; bound in serviceable cloth; every description given in plain language free from technical difficulties. This large book, at small cost, gives you all the information you need to understand radio-telephony—what to buy, how to set-up, how to operate and listen in. You cannot afford to be without this daily handbook on Radio. Price $1.50, by mail $1.60 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN MUNN & CO. .«- 233 BROADWAY -- NEW YORK CITY

AMERICAN When Tables Tip (Continued from page 406) festations; nor do I expect my readers to ac- cept them off hand. Those who may be in- terested can find the whole story in Dr. von Schrenck-Nétzing’s book ‘““‘The Phenomena of Materialization,” and Dr. Geley’s “From the Uneonscious to the Conscious,” wherein the whole account is given, and a number of the photographs reproduced. These manifestations are, of course, the most incredible and the most perplexing with which psychical research deals; and they are led up to by a series of simple experiments, which have undertaken in the past, “telekinesis,” the alleged movements of objects without contact. For these, there is excellent evidence, which may be considered conclusive, indeed, so far as it Many of these phenomena depend, apparently, upon radiated from the body contact, moves objects environment. A me- fingers inch or and, holding been or goes, is Ww hich without an and within dium above a energy which, the immediate may place her metal-box, say; an so after them from that position for a few moments, | the sort make a sharp movement, and box will be moved. There is thus a of vital bridge or connection established between the tips of the fingers and the object in question, and this has been proved in several cases, in which a medium has succeeded in dis- charging an electroscope without contact, merely by holding the tips of her fingers an inch or so above it. There is here, it must be admitted, a fiel« for legitimate scientific research which bor- partly the physical and partly upon the biological realms. We seem to get ders upon very closely into toueh with the nature and | origin of life, and of its active manifestation, | well with the subtle forces which animate the living organism. There is every reason to believe that researches along these lines will eventually culminate in some of the greatest and most startling conclusions of modern science, and that these despised and ridiculed psychic phenomena may be the means, after all, by which we shall be en- abled to interpret the nature of life. I have said that manifestations such these lend themselves to scientific investiga- tion and solution; and attempts have been made, of late years, to investigate them by laboratory methods, just as any other phe- nomena of physical or biological science are investigated. Thus, we have a device which is intended to register the physical pressure of the human will. > Pepe e.

a

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UN NE ’ 1929 ousl nd y J of it here a ung, 1922 ps pre- - yehi ° l with hica] ms Lae h , su Other k of ‘ 1 sp: ogra = The and In ” m ie phy,” the en’ eer In kes i a a A w tr of @ it i | phi str: Mach y 380 De ver ir 1, oa al- py that it | = mpos ‘at te, the ae te it ate se —_ ld} to Bu P co we in ard e to gi ) tant aa ry - pe da o that legiti. ith — te A an cla ps ti. Fn ag y ¢ will bject ai pl ssed Yehi ADVE 1 gres M ata be f aoa plae aa RTI aang cocking ons ref ig @ § 8 Fa SIN te onnahe un id er S gl a a n G A ; vay 1g d i be e \ 1es m Off tha 3. a ia r in nec I y st ong AGR. set ta se | — Dai es, E : off ICU pr dv the ur re xe ugh or NT e It i orts ot PORE. ert an rp mg u t to 7 reco is m ae A RE ng lees urposes,” ee DE IF1C ‘ re ognina o ANT B Se 4 pave a he A. the ie r tha a gi xX A to 8 ga Cor guan 10”e pavement. r spe ntire . Proven ive M ii sol rde¢ C n, b bd GY 0 nt 6G I -cifi e : ns 6 sifi the sas E is u ve - _— hod A , PLAN ae a wi ich dis cati su refe O RIC 1icl nk he ow § pick 1s ust 7. Sor on y ~~ panes “y PDO — A ir now for tabl cer ria Ca nbi an or a any sed i F sed ce i N ™ po Fruit . le, he * Catapult - ai each The foams J ges speci m ne Lambe . r, me d ve 373 seen = ~~ jombir carri . Th — article. Fe itle an NV 3 . — Same char ntilat 7 Dirigible 1 turntab a e ante e, fou ‘rest P Any 1 SRR rga nutr 7m ice atio 179 f ga 4 stre 7 ~ jle gh er steri a nd e Tr a pl ) ore se ul n Hen, le stresse maki Rig | risk (* + Ty mw Bon ee. 2 iW P. hfor = soe! ee ar-cé *33 I elisonte 00 sses king | 184s (3) 4 ose & —_ icle. Eac Wal rice, 2 oe ass eo oO co ompric mes oe aye - ft tl Stree: Sensic ind o oo ge nt , ak ae sg pre . roller .. . cee wo 6 wee oy tion f ‘requently~ i befor sub Spine ing low pia 398 wi f FORTESS ee Sat 3 “2 i ntlyartiele ‘ ing - ow oO le mS | I c or er cone ¢ ° n wi . r Pee eat i cs | wil pies ras i i Ei a ae sie a art si stor : res fs nes. 201 ty Ws ae Sey i . a ti x ul c re £ D betw in ARR. peril ~ _. Be: “om = R of ing s. full sete may 1.263, ‘oe Seleni ng Spor » icle t — classi moe nely, oa a ass u tO YALS. 2s ier Aan —_— air. 93: 7 els ig ips, hes oss S Skule “cells ; oe ee ing. pon Poy pu ns “He xed at aa] ser bt > Ac he Ck +333 ae ee ' the pi seaee ‘08 | ee ee ervice.* | mi oe pla ; our- ost i SU ca cS. "#48 | Pte of tees at Pp "25 } T vit oe » el eather, #12. u 7 & eh t c Dug pal SS en an sna heed it’ me ange | aor Pere ai Pourin a bi AP heir specie 4 _ an s usev Ts + aoe ow. 57, 226 } ‘i ayi vi ea ans, legra gz ic 29 c seoes 205 } ee ng 4 re ich »pli ory ec ade nial ri pnd rn Rats = ransatl ee i317 we a n _ ‘1921... “alg ere ae “ ro | nantes sia titles bel 35 vie eres echr anti 127 — is fea see ns t nd elects eat ; i ein et Pd ~~ “ es cto mn ee: NTHROPO ee nnigt ntie 1 P | ing d _— FF ogee *101 E W ransmisi — ~ AT te oa _*132 ae ie onl el — th at ieved on 7 ax a ae ‘ = pa 128 BIC = arvey. a m the aes LEC faery wis a teleph ae + 205 Boiler, weather = = w nad "Mackin i 4k of w - We to kime H — . evol of B YC weyors . ‘a A erp Nort Cee 134 ae h ol Beings. bbe at thei toeag ea ill rm a ino a ak 4g ut 9 10G I ~~ ue air.. 9 dy Cc Ay rw : -ogtaa nee om ou JSEE . rd er.* Ay ndenvor t be to will wot » ec sl isl on iR JE > tines ite Flachii LIGH aeee Se 134 | P as ! se-h GiB. redg 25% gen for i M “th he aoll Gi dri iodern s olog oe wast en AP dri B ee 3 | Flashlight GH fabric te ° aos ra ay Sib e- 52 BB Bove —_— toatl am AR Our m sto ical _ 399 ARIES ve 8.. er 3 I igh ight rec fabrics .. » D ae oa8 nd fa my Boe *2 lh m i ine icle 3 gt em CHE com one ; re 251 Sande . ES rae | jem way ent G 43 nak pane Sola ator. hea an e a ee ‘aaae Gri on th 2 one tra hem A, rept "OGY. “age me TE a Selden, T. including e341 | E Lamps: n the ill vee ae nour sto en oe - phono} es Grinds ngs, 8 pools,” ante ok a ¥ = men. . Mt _ BIC Shackl Ge G ding ELEVAT - — illur 7 “329 | SEHOI ge ineless ve graph. “3 = ece pee po ry : c | qu estr He of : I e Peony Bs & eos NG ATO! a P min: a 29 I IL. ae 4 829 > roi e no bps oe Merie “ ands, t of ‘ "164 | Ductless Sir Ernes noses me ae og — | Broile + ape pene ; MA Sains inside. re it ad Vi we ts nd : lis n 4 axe es: in phe t. a = ot lel ge ks ac at #8 7 | 3u ler loc Cc . CH ra ng ng ta a . ° thie ; ine. Viking rahip me a oda ones | roa: cand photo “>, ie pe 29 se ae seas bi tion 29 265 Cateh- ES k, Ade oe i A 2 SES POR etachable : : eee . #276 y. ne z ned uee ete ies 3 | nt dit ; e ds hg 3274 1 ron a i peo fou: Sagi 41: aed stig rolin a Saas obi ret ol ty fins ee BC vi wins, bic lo ets ons war ory of sen Mt. etic, TION. F es a... ; 425, 285 Key, =o dees #21 2 | Sane ine Aye ne ach ee se vi oad on oe _ thos sh | ie ae ee | oe ae 1 P ial , short , NG G >s, se ¢ eff. an t .249 0 kle ‘est dly gape: F 20 A e ib nt fo Honan. M e m b mach ne vee 8 of y thei tag Se f P DGES + lige — ody. 5 D SIVE re rae .. po an ble a for + a AG Wood je achin achin Sais 35 y ir tings “a wi et onl et Ss. ee Dp - a a y. 51 yr Vv ons CC n ca ae | we t d xa st or Pye on N 1 ite hi m gegtest: 275 a an eos era “ e3S Howe tru PLANTS. i ike ol ree ae a8 | Mon tt Ra eve Fg “sigs | aha =e saz ern : ight : u t iv may ia ‘i t r ‘ n Pasa 8 8. er : a sip a ; rn ance ON. dye mini ne he 63 St. dsc russ er h 237 F di H he et ae | pm wri ae one. Hee 4 scale n y 8, erriers ‘a. ime or. chee se hr ran bot sion ei Soca et ae ree i i ) : ene it - rer ve e. . 882 Tak N oe ns , “ERs th p ving-r or... . 25% C INE t ne = + «96 th t be ven: at ‘ h *] UI Trolley ’s b: b r . 2 Bg if it #35 we ee n . ye aoe a3 a r 8 m . ad 6 4 . s oie ‘ 8 L lle bP ri Srids . k es iv #35 s d t le oreo yu r ri E nag ag ee 4 e-pri ossibl 7 I ne tot 8 **"58n9 Bri NG ‘CON: sur ae teens aa c AN! ail 39 sontifies oon a suite. . “203 | Doctors teet SU tized. ™ 1 — “sr Metorte sun yomonth, .*319 | ae 3° .*321 Sop D aot MA. a : 2198 ae poe uman . nova eM in.*245 , ravi 4 ight perihelic ith, i in Fi e e of... 99 Mer > MAI ee IN + me . w. “su ieee 3 Salva id ection 3, 123 ‘come Mash, th elton ‘—. “ae i "" ho CT10 bridg o|F Mena to goldfish, fro pong ye Serew-I sab: pres 2 | Salva > mesh areas. whe cht t diy oo a of. one cate bridge. *4 71 octitele ag -~ LiF of oil s pees dete igned dng ts | ME roel” © Ra age jin... ” at also + . y ¢ igh hree bh » 416 re) wai of atvaes ome-m 45 Arti a > fis rom E. » h tr or meres Say #133 RC sn and wm a, . in. .....8 7 r that 5 r | neb of = ~ y h 245 Concrete nie’ peesen es ° Artic of - ii et ..*109 Si reget ay tachable : work #970 CHANT —- ates ee vaaie St ? SI the ‘ a ears ‘ ars ae $17 Foundati Boh ¢ ao ade 829 y-pr eke ie 00 ahs te “ : Siphon t pas plus rs. o blad ~ Diesel en ‘. rati maive aulin 806 i an led. 10 a en ‘ - 14 I — & Ss om rh si - ro opis” “ ga ee 18 Ss. ns pee sian de 205 ry ese er in ons. ah te ny 5 s insi MI 8, aan rr d aaa Lumber n es pe rgen *11 h nt ct rde od oa 0 aon an pk ee nh K ney fo — ARIN] ' Et yh ; na de” Cc oon ee nat ay- 94 ibe em 0 ear a rat n 10 C ie 3 u leni er 395 } tin ee 14 cer te 5 INE. con 9 ang pe the Maton pie eee eee ct od ‘of aR ong of pora het ures - me Cocoa” siden? tliat a 012880 Tene and Nene ty poses eee a ree casine foo sees eepin “893 sir he izat pict TI re J @ 7 Pri ing ah eel decline nd. 35 Fish, end | fomais son taak 311 ur ball cer ush i Ho oe *8 Pr rth . er vins its ss sinha ad . a am ArToMoF ‘the ees of. aed 4 Shing. fro ouse 0: erase 64 hap Pani breaking ig Turkish « GS removes 2 *270 esid Atiant aa . 945 and rs. pe the of a of 858, 312 eo build ‘ ot at ae P eki New mes cao. ing sh me 181 Washbn ba AS Hh one pees ~~ ent wie dl ° a maki r ta TL. at SoBe os 346 Wael 8 Idi of pate ‘ 38 rod ng in ee sh ead w sh — eet Soda’ 2 N Stes shi Han ¥ d * ndi . Alti _— les mi poe Kes 346 . ashi; on ing chu as aseboeci 0 Sw uct in ME «ess. ells ; ~~ ru jee oata | 1ET —— ip arding +. e Chi é 89 mine _—. ag e forees 276 | BU ate ER ~ = inert See 5 of. 808 IN an S balsas: ee one y= mer ¢ we a o- is 4 ree indi ~~ Ss be one s ofan ow yn Ss ¢ ae ee vi en ial prs nd x See 8 I ntai geen — mtr ty: ch | lami oO anu ee and S65 “a if tress oe ed ORi 372 IN oe = pape karen 387 A er gen U i roved Stee £203 Bell de ith ee 41 | P. iso is eee str ul as scseoal Co od Lo use of e, rs 73 De ng s Me cele $228 g nde fie coatien tions 2 : mie 7 T ~via for eo te Hi heels ‘— chante a cae ial =enn of ait = Gash = Frain pp be eniveain Design of AND - cies. $300 = d — en ons. - 264 ° I Ti oile eli eias re ols 412 | ere ° Ss, D Ait Bt . ad aot eee » Ga bu urni iv: e.. owearre ging 9 nven pat pre P! vee . - *369 MIC aa ing ™ urin . cage » 55 a jo ure for. (2 Ramet scant *38 rd sa at ‘ anand J . e fi V buildin me bing o- r *64 Radionct esse co-tin ee ucti .327 — ner ng lavia co rade.. Inv s” cag orti TE .* Os nds forec spot storm fie ot. oe or 4070 baling form « the rs 384 Nelle cone om Pa nen r design oil fi je: “*108 I wention aa ne a ca a - wii —" . curb. "#270 Sows oe mine 83 Ce ts ‘a — ne aoe canes elds... rr saat, oand 8 tay 1 uman dey tee 4 Bae! hs ~ u and hat _ oon aes 333 eae 6 ae ae were, su I ift ew E in. e.. s.. OR ES Ls cation ge iza- 15 _Treatme 8, h- Sin oF “pe saab . 286, 3 r 8 Ai "AN the ye AR hey... ish rob- ner innova a0. «ge RE gebees Bons for . AC at ow —~ ngs... 9 AT orn 1 viewed 'b ° tad as Hot = ty a et wats be stbout Seer “sm os COR "SPON] at is ES a" nies t by di lance... 3. 284 Se in i te *, se MO pe a MINI en 1921 ai “18 nd cha erations ‘isi *4lt CRIMES. pee een Pi, pe - by direct Sante so | rEn-Fow iL. See wendane® ts TION leben vi the t o en, » C0 ‘something soo Ss 9) cE a N- 4 7AS H eS L vE 78 on e.37 o4 it ners treats ld ene Omhans. mpressi mething aa > DA ONDENC -. jew me - OLINE aioe “nee : 413 N cir R ea 79 ae rogen A cate gee 3 aoe Eien saint i Perse ment 27 " _ Pee 2 eel ie me, ee, Sem ee ae xis t be th aoas peat DRAPTI test eee fo tered 6 Contour? W aaa provem ote aN lie L : eee Noises a neeee - 6 edie Arion ab t jlesso a1... os 3S ING ee “ie WE ‘a eo Ww ois Sk — rt m- tin ~~ Si ~ —t, laste: ou ing mc se 6 See n wes 38 BS AND. SALY,. R E h i h oe G s t y. 6 lv r r t ot oo ce FNS ft met uta ed ae oot 3 Silver fr the 4 specifi Ls =. a . ota wAcrNé. AND =. ate. Oe y mnt c AND F nat 4 oes rs 278 New ¥ . — jock rae AND. marine ise ae Ui QU ail ae w ,e te in ene c we Ss. N ur rine % nk 3 Ss m ust E ks e 33 Yor lect ~ g a al Cleaning D e sa e ie es - 7] trin ca SIC c ove so 9 k’s Vga Serr hai — oan J tetalen y ae ag rria ALi aise States es ents @ 26 in- 8 sel CH 119 Vv a z' ti 2 dens + h - Cat w he f-1 H os .32 ioli nd le INST on 5 operation, th 39 u ati F, may igh IN 25 oo whe STi sl ion on e caiting in wo ti wee N , mag het R sign ot. 188 rawin: esis as = a | AVA reper ‘es we oe ** pi n ‘* . ** | ee ‘* saa D x deg oa vee ee Ma dg we 4329 riling | ahd ne, au —aes Annuals N lly oper come D = ot Chee hs aut 20 Ballon AI operat ie pri ‘re io | Battie Tons ssid. ill, portabh ut bres - 889, .339 — x. 1921 4l ce, able pgety Rl dt a | eee a 4 : bie stations ae, igi Nelson hips sera a po und ot ag igh 272 i Pil eon’ con ts roy COR arrie 7h BEY : Piloting matruct ping cree, -4007 ch. belt. ara by icto a the rs. 267 ae 269 Sub ilit of 80 ry” in the. |. 99 132 T m y je voye 1 185 = A Ton arin of y 3 ber Spb ie ..*89 or yea ea sh nite 892 Torpedo, I. ip. Peres 3228 eckin nava polacn ha si2 ing to pelece saeeae 101 the lida we ceceets 2 U ret za P+ : ri .* a $38 878

Page 72

436 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN JUNE, NOTES not separats exed Winter period stimulates Howe truss timber bridge.....*321 | Cutting and fitting beneath the THERMOMETERS, testing. Pe Ge nmental a ‘ growth *122 Lost in transit — 6 waves *302 TIME AND TIME-PIECES, M iscellane« "OTTERY See CERAMICS Motor car of special design. . .*380 Diving armor 62 Alarm clock, general w (21 YCHIC INVESTIGATIONS New York's proposed belt rail- Match that lights under water *3% Sundial watch Queric ; (21 Human atmosphere 2¢ way Pe Ship without a bottom 5 TOBACCO AND SMOKING Magnetism in humans 245 Noiseless elevated. eeeseee-*46 | SCALES, testing ET eS PARATUS Mechanism of the psychic 3 Observation cars, new #119 | SCIENC E. Pipe, breaking in a new. Subcons« is selves, r 323 -ekin-Suiyuan Railway in German scientific books an Pipe with a stem at top.. featherweight Tables tip, whe 06 ¥ *116 Laboratory dish ; .*206 | TOOLS (HAND). ARMOR PUMPS ump-power railroad 9241 Notes. ...74, 144, 212, 282, 352, 432 Files, sharpening by elect; Rotary u Rail-cutter, portable Sh Review of the year 1921....... ; Screw-driver for emerge Rails: Weight and lifé .-411 Toronto meeting eke eee TRAFFIC Review of the year 1921 . 20 | SEX detector exposed seneane Automatic regulator . RADIO Steel rails, latest in ...++ 44| SHAVING brush, sanitary. - Revising street interse ll ee Step lively”’ annunciator 32 | SHIPS. See MERCHANT MARINE; Right of way, the.......)) Stopping-place indicator : NAVAL AFFAIRS. Street signs in the curbi and tow barges, combinz | SNOW sweepers, trolley... ri. Traffic tangles, untangl on jawedoe 37 SPEECH (human) on dissecting EES. See FORESTS, ETC, rain control 164, 314, *385 | table , ....*100 NNEL ventilator, vehicular) ain lighting in France ~ STAMP frauds and their detection. *12 rPEWRITER for the blind, rolley wires, greasing 100 | STAMP moistener F 268 ’-PEWRITER, a og ; pay-as-you-enter *190 | STOVES. See HEATING. dresser of the.... an ottle milk car *202 4 . ame lidd out of ; aking th rg iron for.... .405 5 y PATENT Sanaa iin ail. on 932 | READING bs 2 Colorado project : Cucumber-flavored waters, PHOTOGRAPHY : Seana wn ond - Admiral Fiske’s invention *407 | TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH. WATER-POWER AND 8 Sta wenden 423 | ROADS AND STREE TS. See also American practice from British Tek wine te of e304 TR a point of view 93 |} : Uncle Sam ar dio . su iz a road with a dredge *394 Lincoln highway of the tele- Sone erebeie: race-course *48 *172 . ! ace-coursé phone aa Dam, concrete tower for. Hydraulic jump .... é Hydraulic laboratory. . 7 Bk e audience -_ . : : Highways and politics .378 Long-distance stenography W emet« RAILROAI Iiumir ated highway *97 ae een in telegraph office?119 264 Rev« ng "phor i tory .*135 7s $316 — — we ~ one Gress sees #905 Lining a creek with cone , 55 Telephone inve ntion, a new 391 Niagara development .., t ar vor ‘ maureen ~— North Platte project.... BIOLOGY t istice 1 3 . - j rr + TEXTILES. . . Water-level recorder ‘ ‘ ‘ ' ’ igre u s10 sbestos dus , anadsz 7 Am * oon ‘ ee Asbestos industry in Canada... 62 | WEATHER. See NETO 3 otton dyeing, fas ‘ VRITING ¢ its testing 4 LU Esthonian cotton-goods industry 6 v RITIN 3 and its detection, e : re they happen : Flax acreage in Ireland ROCK-CRUSHER, cornerles 202 Rope strength RUBBER good tests of i ope, tests of manila oofing by electricity Ss V eck. moth-proof 31¢ Outfit in a hand satchel. SALVAGING AND UNDER- THERMOCOUPLES, improvement Soft X-Rays... WATER WORK in 3s X-Ray photography

The North Atlantic Ice Patr eT iritain, whi ’ r, rhi the liquor of dissociation, the latter squeezed | it operates to break off the eleetrig f tl ul ut and the mineral washed, or else the| as long as it is in darkness; bug fabric may be dipped in the protein solu-} faint gleam of light causes the ew ite h tions, then treated with the hydrolyzing| on again. $9.00 agai wr France, | liquid, squeezed out and washed. The exact The apparatus is quite simple. I§ $1.67; for It 7, $1.34;| order of the steps in the process does not of a small, but highly sensitive $1.06 or China, $0.35; | effect the final results. cell, in a little box, about six in " The proteins that are used are casein, | The cell is inserted in an electric Gi gg albumen, serum albumen and gelatine. | is connected up with a special ing ar-| Various strong mineral acids, such as 65/ apparatus, known as the “call,” Great Britain, | to 80 per cent nitrie acid, 55 to 65 per cent! other apparatus which is usually both these} sulfuric acid, 25 to 37 per cent hydrochloric | in various mechanisms as the s bere ha t and Germany both acid. ete., are used in hydrolyzing agents) call operates with the flow of thea northerly curret i ul bro t > get $0.2 The elgian mason gets $1.82) either alone or in admixture. Time of im-| and starts the contact with the small leces ) t the 5 maralle de< 1 his brother of tl ish only $1.60; in| mersion and temperature are variable con-| gives the alarm This bell con Set course to 1. I n ipan t masor Tr i I ir advantage. ditions which must be regulated according installed in the room of a watechm the evenir f the 2 locate r ’ S15 iZ $1.36 n Chir 1e mason! to the nature of the fiber treated, the par-| eral alarms may be installed in vag Ran along the easter dige of eb : g ‘ “el and the painter three cents| ticular protein used and the acid that effects | of the house so that the alarm mayq ing th , and located ! rs The ! hydrolyzation. Variation in temperature | in more than one place. The ele weather : ! hick ‘ Stoo T) “arpenters seem to be pretty repre-| from 5 degrees C. below zero to 20 degrees | tance of the selenium cell in the into edge « and anchored it el ve of the building trades, beth as| C. above zero has no appreciable influence | erates to cut off the flow of the bergs i observing th ir iring | regard rk done and in point of pay re-| on the result obtained. The precipitation of | rent through the conductor so that the 23rd. On the 24th steamed to tl or ived: so we employ them in our graphic! the protein substance on the fiber is accom-| apparatus is put out of circuit unt - ward and eastward to observ ® reported | comparison of pi Sut A wholly different | plished by merely washing the treated ma-| of light falls on it. bergs ‘ound them j about suns n| situation exists among agricultural laborers, | terial in water. The process may be used This brings up the question . fog shut i ic ’ ett oT 50t! ~al for a new picture The figures on on all vegetable fibers, either in the form of | dinary daylight will not operate @% worked to . ! a “, riding hich this is based are as follows: the farm yarns or as fabrics, and it is also immaterial alarm. Of course, special care is) a northeast storn n 30th and 3ist orer in the United States gets $3.59: in| whether the fiber is mercerized or not. prevent this. So long as the room Fifty-six vessels co-operated with the “Talla gium, $1.46; in Great Britain, $1.32; in An example of how the process is actually by daylight or artificial light, poosa,” during the first and second ice patrol | France, $1.29; in Japan, 89 cents; in Italy,| carried out is given in the following: A cell is made light-tight by meamm cruises All these vessels crossed the Bank, | 67 cents: in Spain, 39 cents: in Germany,| slightly ammoniacal solution of casein is| When the room is vacated and is} or very close to the danger area, and re-| 16 cents; in China nobody knows how little! prepared, containing about 10 per cent of the electric eye again is insert spected the information received. It is! he does get. the protein. The fiber is dipped in this solu-| ¢leetrie current and the flap worthy to note that the steamship “Cassan Of course, the superficial sum of money) tion, dried and then exposed to the vapors | Jenium cell is lifted. Then, eC dra,” the only known vessel that failed to paid labor today is universally greater— | of formaldehyde for some time. It is then is dark, the apparatus is put out cooperate r to heed the warnings sent out) far greater—than 10 years ago. The French| treated for about two minutes with 75 per The device is also operative in @ relative to danger areas, met with an acci-| carpenter of 1911 got 9 frances a day, and | cent nitric acid at the ordinary temperature, | iS not in absolute darkness, for dent by striking a berg now he gets 28 franes. At par, in 1911, he | squeezed out or pressed out and washed. The bility to light of selenium can be Such is the work done di by day, and t $1.73: at 1922 exchange he gets $2.54.) yellow color of xantho-proteid which is de- For example, if light from a street easily | in a room, the electric eye cam | to that light so that the electri€ shut off. If additional light is the room, the dim light al The World’s Wages—a Statistical Wool from Cotton Light Gives the Alarm strengthened and the appara Anomaly m 3 , - . s eration. Experiments have shown ’ I is well known that cotton is used to F all the instruments designed to trap| the faintest of lights will op (Continued from page 369) adulterate wool. Many a woolen garment the elusive burglar, a German device,| the alarm. For this reason, te In Great Britain, even the agricultural la-| contains appreciable amounts of cotton. The| called “the electric eye,” is one of the most/ may be a protection against Ste} borers are strongly organized. and work but/| ordinary person is almost at a complete loss! ingenious. Most burglar alarms are caused burglary. 50 hours a week—an unheard of minimum| to tell whether a suit of clothes, a dress or| to operate by the action of some direct con-| ‘The box inclosing the seleniam® for farm help. | coat is made of pure wool or not, and it is| tact, such as pressure on a door or window. |small that it may be hidden in For farm help » have in this country} only by examination under the microscope | The electric eye operates quite independently | | inconspicuous places, where it two rates: “found” and “board out.” The} that the textile chemist can affirm conelu-| of any such contact, direct or indirect. The | observed and where it will worm} latter is used as it seems to be more com-| sively the absence or presence of other fibers | inventor of this alarm has taken advantage | q;¢ may be placed behind the ea parable with foreign practice. In the build-} besides cotton in the garment. Now, there! of the fact that a thief does not usually work | on a clock, behind a mirror, ¥ ing trades, averages are taken for New York| has appeared a patented process whereby‘ in the dark; though his step may be stealthy | tatiously on a pile of papers in City where the United States is concerned. | cotton is made to assume the properties of | and his touch light and skilled, he almost! wherever the imagination of Tj The figures would vary for other localities.| wool not only physically that is to feel, never fails to carry some kind of a lam?! may dictate. It may be pro usually being somewhat less the re is no| appearance and calorie qualities, but chemi- or flashlight to prevent him from stumbling, | protective devices which will ¢ uniform American rate eally as well in its affinity and absorbent | and to enable him to see just what is worth|jnstant the bell contact is With these explanations, we may say that| capacity toward coloring matters. Pretty “lifting.” And it is this light which is to be| There may be special pro’ in the United States carpenters get $9.00| soon the chemist himself will be unable to) his undoing. for safes. There may follow ® per day; in Great Britain, $3.26; in France, | tell the two fibers apart The operation of the electric eye is based| of all lights. Even after the $2.54; in Belgium $1.91 in Japan These properties are bestowed on cotton| on the action of selenium. Selenium is a] jmprovements may be added @ $1.37; in Italy, $1.44; i Spain (for) when the products of a slow decomposition remarkable chemical element, which is known} oye. And if the thief happens 1919: no later figur ilable), $0.87:\ of protein substances caused by strong min-| to be a non-conductor of and a resistant to] this particular method of in China. $0.80: ir lermany $0.24. | eral acids are fixed on the fiber. The results| electricity in the dark: but as soon as light tempts to disable it by cutt For plumbers there is no serious dis-| may be obtained in various ways Either | falls upon it, it becomes an electrical conduc-| his effort is fruitless; for the ' crepancy from the above figures, save for'the cotton may first be impregnated with! tor. If it is inserted in an electric circuit, | cutting the conduction will give r nig ‘ ssels of ‘ons juare = , . . , by night by the ve ls o { f ; Guard,.| put it is doubtful if his wages have kept ' veloped by a secondary reaction may Caring ew three menths © se peril of th< pace with prices—if he gets as much food or) be removed by treatment with a weak car- Grand Banks. if his wine is as good as ten years ago. bonate of soda solution.

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