Scientific American 1908-10-03: Vol 99 Iss 14

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NEW YORK. OCTOBER Of the total excavation of 1134 million cubic yards to be removed, 58 million will be taken out by drec One of the Powerful Hydraulic Dredges in Operation. Total length of canal, 442 miles. Total cost, $101,000,000, Under contract, 15214 miles, Ready for contract, 98% tiles, Laying the Concrete Floor of Lock No. 2 at Waterford, Dimensions: 45 Feet Wide, 12 Feet Deep, 310 Feet Long, CONSTRUCTION OF THE NEW YORK STATE BARGE CANAL.—[See page 220./| 10 CENTS A cory $3.00 A TEAR. # 7 XN rs ya A aA AAC te NA SR I ND NN fk AT RY RY AY OE A OS oN CT I AT SN a Ms OI —— SRSA TTR f red ng ere ee he ee es

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218 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN ESTABLISHED 1845 MUNN & CO. - E-ditor. and Proprietors Published Weekly at No. 361 Broadway, New Yor' CHARLES ALLEN MUNN, President 361 Broadway, New York FREDERICK CONVERSE BEACH, Sec'y and Treas. 361 Broadway, New York TERM TO SUBSCRIBI ’ { Sta M $3.14 age pr 1 oO THE SCIEN ( IMERICAN PUBLICATI 4 7 I “ ' heck M & CO I Ww York NEW YORK, SATURDAY, OCTOBER 3, 1908 Phe madit s alwa mination illustrated articles ol of nely t ographs are sharp, the articles sheor?t, and facts authenti contributions will receive special at lon \ epted ar sw paid for at reguiar space rates THE NAVAL AEROPLANE. In spite of the final wrecking of his machine, the results achieved by Wright in the army tests at Fort Myer have proved so convincing, that one of the bureaus is seriously avy WVepartment investigating the question of their usefulness for scouting on the high seas. At the first blush, the proposal to trans- fer the aeroplane from the land to the sea will seem mere multiplication of the the operations of How wiil the oe te many people to be a many and serious risks attending machine start “And how supported whcn it the aeroplane on land it will be asked How make a landing?” ili its half ton of weight be considering the problem a little more sely. however, it begins to be evident that so far ete., are ingenuity and proper oat On the difficulties of starting and landing, concerned, they can, with a little design, be so far overcome, that the aeroplane may be, at least in the present stage of the art, handled more and with less peril to the navigator, than it is eastiy under present conditions The navy is so far of this belief, that Lieut. George @. Sweet, of the Bureau of Equipment, is, we under- stand, working on the plans of a naval aeroplane, de- signed to be carried by our warships and co-operate with them in naval maneuvers. The changes which would be necessary to transform a military into a neval aeroplane are not by any means radical, and invelve merely the substitution, for the present skids Wright Farman er runners of the machine, or the bicycle wheeis used by the some form of type, of boat-like structure, possessing sufficient displacement Although the making public his plans to carry the weight of the aeroplane Lieutenant naturally is not at.this time, it is fairly certain that a pair of long narrow, and finely-modeled hulls, attached below the machine, will be substituted for the present wheels or runners These must necessarily weigh more than the Wright brothers’ skids; but they need not be so ery much heavier than the cumbersome wheels and framing of the French machines When we remem- her that although the racing skiff used in sculling s weighs only 25 to 27 pounds, it is capable of rrying an oarsman weighing 200 pounds, it would m ta be quite practicable to build two shells weigh- g I l le r than |t ca equipment of a d aeroplane, each capable of rrying half the ght of the machine o sa ) pound Com- pared with the difficulties of s nd the naval aeroplane would be at a t lvantage Our battleships are capable of ma m 18 to 20 miles, and our cruisers from 23 to 30 miles hou This last is the speed of our fast scout cruise of the “Salem” class: and it would be more than nt to enable the Wright machine to rise into tl snd commence its flight In practice, the aer furnished with its pair of shells, would be d upon the fore deck, and the ship turned head to wind When the speed of the ship through the r approached the proper velocity, the aeroplane en ould be started, and the machine would leave the vessel at a height of from 20 to 30 feet above the sea The aerial scout, risin igh into the air, would command a vast fleid of observation, and pos- sessing a speed near double that of the warship, it eould, upon discovering the enemy, qu y pass ove! ning to the him for purposes of observatior On retur perent ship, the machine would swing round into the Scientific American ind and come down gradually until it rested on its when it could be towed alongside and taken shells, on board by a boat crane It is not denied that in carrying out these opera- tions, serious difficulties might be encountered For the present, at least, and until the aeroplane has been greatly improved in stability, power, and ease of would be impossible to make any such weather; but in handling, it flight s above described in rough calm weather, and even in moderate breezes with an easy sea, we can see no reason why it should not be accomplished We are moving fast in these days, and the wonderful flights of the Wright brothers have so far established confidence in aeroplane flight, that the attempt to produce a naval aeroplane will be watched with the greatest interest, and no small degree of optimism. — ee - YACHT RACING IN 1908. for many years has there been so little inter- est in yachting as we have witnessed in this coun- try during the season which has now drawn to a close. been due general financial This has partly to the depression of the earlier months of the year, and little to the growing popularity of the motor Britain, not a boat and the gas-driven cruiser. In Great on the other hand, the season has been marked by some very fine racing, particularly in what is known as the 23-meter class, made up of four fine boats of about 70-foot waterline measurement, designed under the new rule which aims to produce a yacht free from the exaggerations of form and sail plan which charac- terized the racing yachts built under the old rule. The first of this water- line length and sail area quartette was the “Nyria,” which made her 1906, and by her good that it is possible to combine high speed with good seagoing qualities. In 1907 two yachts, the “White Heather” and “Brynhild,” built to meet the “Nyria;” and in a season's racing the “White Heather,” a Fife boat, had no difficulty in beating the previous year’s marked by the entrance of Sir Thomas Lipton into the class built by Fife. consistent performer thirty-five appear- ance in performance proved were champion. The present season was with a new boat, “Shamrock,” also She has proved to be a most throughout the season, winning, out of starts, nineteen first and two second prizes. In light weather the “Shamrock” proved to be unbeatable; and in moderate to strong breezes she was about able to hold her own with the other yachts. Naturally the question of another race for the the success of the “Shamrock” has raised America” cup, and it is not unlikely that a challenge will be sent race under the new York Yacht similar to that over this autumn, asking for a rule adopted a few years ago by the New Club. under which the This rule is approximately tritish 70-footers have been racing view to elimi- nating the broad and shallow body, deep keel, and enormous sail spread, which characterized the later boats built as challengers and defenders of the much- coveted trophy; and there is a strong feeling in the New York Yacht Club that future races should be held under this rule. The latest announcement by the Cup Committee, however, was in favor of holding fu- ture races under the old rule, on the ground that it this year. It was drawn up with a produced a faster, if less serviceable, vessel; the com- mittee holding that the intention of the donor of the cup was to have it raced for by the fastest ves- sel that could be built, irrespective of the question of seaworthiness Interest in the 70-foot class in tritish waters next year has been stimulated by the reported placing of an order by an American yachts- man with Herreshoff for the construction of a 70- foot yacht, under the British rule, which will be sent British quartette. If this boat is built, it will afford an excellent oppor- over to try conclusions with the tunity to prove whether Herreshoff can show the same superiority under the new as he has invariably done under the old rule. WATER STORAGE DESTROYS THE TYPHOID BACILLUS. It has been known for some years that the storage of water, undisturbed, has a beneficial effect in reduc- ing the number of bacteria with whicn it may be nfected. The question has recently been made the ubject of extensive laboratory tests by Dr. A. C. Houston, Director of Water Examination, Metropoli- tan Water Board, London. Eighteen separate portions vate! vere infected with from forty to eight million typhoid bacilli, and bacterial counts were made, every week, until the typhoid germs had en- tirely disappeared In one of the series of tests, ten of the portions of water failed to show any bacteria at the end of three sixteen. at the end of time the whole of the signs of the weeks four weeks, and in five weeks’ eighteen portions failed to show any deadly germ. The bearing of these laboratory tests upon the ques- tion of city water supply is evident: for where it is possible to store the water in suitable reservoirs, and maintain it in an undisturbed condition for a few Ocroser 2. 1908, weeks before drawing off, the city using that water ig provided with an against the greatly-dreaded hand, Dr, undisturbed stcrage “f filtration additional safeguard disease. On the other Houston does not consider that should be allowed to take the place The latter has proved to be a most effective safeguard against typhoid, and storage should be Iccked upon rather as an additional protection, not as excluding the necessity for sand-bed filters. It is suggested that the time and expense of purifying a city’s water sup- ply might be reduced by using special storage reser- voirs in combination with mechanical filtration at a specially rapid rate; and Dr. Houston expresses him- self as being satisfied with a well-stored rapidly-fil- tered water, rather than an unstored slowly-filtered water. The difficulty of maintaining a sufficiently large quantity of water in an undisturbed condition for the necessary four or five weeks might be overcome by building such reservoirs in duplicate, the water being drawn off in one while the other was undergoing itg Though the cost of such a plant, especially in the case of the larger cities, would be period of rest. heavy, it would be offset by the shorter time required to purify the water in the filtration beds, and the greater purity obtained by the tvofold treatment. 8 SS PROGRESS ON PANAMA AND ERIE CANALS COMPARED. Public attention has been so strongly centered upon the progress of the Panama Canal, that the people of this State, and particularly of New York city, have failed to realize either the magnitude of the work involved in the reconstruction of the Erie Canal, or the extensive scale work is now A comparison of the total quanti- ties taken out on the two canals, during the years they have been in course of construction, shows that the State enterprise is quite comparable, in the magni- tude of its operations, with that now being carried on by the authorities. Active construction -anama Canal in 1904 and on the Erie barge canal in 1905. During the first year of work at Panama, 243,472 cub‘ec yards were taken out; while 716,676 cubic yards were excavated during the During the 1,799,227 cubic yards were taken upon which the being prosecuted. Federal commenced on the first year of work on the barge canal. second year’s work, out at Panama, and 1,460,705 cubic yards from the barge canal. During the third year of work, the totals. were.-respeectively 4,948,497 cubic yards and 4,500,459 cubic yards. In the fourth year, 15,764,098 cubic yards were removed at Panama As 1908 was the fourth year of work on the Erie barge canal, the totals, of course, cannot as yet be given; but in July yards, or 99 Panama for the total excavation was 1,067,111 cubic per cent of the amount taken out at July, 1907, which was 1,076,767 cubic yards In Au this year the total excavation was 1,091,891 .271,966 cubic yards gust of cubic yards, as compared with taken out at Panama during August of last year. In this comparison the important point should not be overlooked that the New York State enterprise con- tains in its 442 miles of length a much larger num- ber of structures compared to the amount of excava- tion than does the Panama Canal, the excavation of the Erie barge canal representing only forty per cent of the total cost of the work. In both of these enterprises the seeming delay in work of active construction was due to the enormous amount starting the of preparatory work in the prosecution of surveys, preparation of plans and estimates, and the purchase and placing on the ground of the enormous plant and supplies. — + - 8-2 Attempts recently made to map out weather charts of the high sea between Europe and the United States are said to have proved entirely successful. Some pre liminary experiments commenced last year, not special- ly prepared, had led to some practical results in so far as the weather bulletins received from passing steam- ers allowed weather charts and weather prognoses to ba The more systematic expert Dr. Polis, director of the Aix-la-Chapelle metereological observatory, in con junction Line on their steamship “Kaiserin Auguste Victoria,” have been pre pared carefully, telegrams relating to the weather col dition on the coast of Europe being transmitted daily from the above mentioned to the steamship on its way to New York If the American and European governments and other authorities lend sufficient aid, established on the ocean. ments undertaken this year by with the Hamburg-American by wireless telegraphy observatory throughout its voyage. the missing link between the weather records of the two continents, viz., those of the Atlantic Ocean, will be completed in the near future, allowing the weather United be sur- conditions from the western boundary of the States to the eastern boundary of Europe t veyed daily. This would doubtless mean an extraor dinary advance in connection with weather prediction (which in the interests of agriculture has lately beet promoted most actively by. the German government), while yielding a most welcome aid to navigation. The progress of those experiments is accordingly watched with the keenest interest in German naval circles.

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r ig the rage uard pon ding that sup- eser- LED. |pon e of lave ork or now inti- pars that gni- ried tion the of ut; the the ken the the and 098 was the uly ites Te- ial- far im- » ba of on- eir yre- on- ily yve ork an id, the vill eT ted or- ion en t), ‘he ed Octo! 1908 THE HEAVENS IN OCTOBER, HENRY NORRIS RUSSELL, PH.D. A brie escopic comet, with a long tail, was discover #tographically by Prof. Morehouse on the eveni September 1. Its orbit has now been ileulated, and it appears that at the approxin ery it was rapidly approaching both time of the earth the sun, and consequently increasing in t On September 15 it was about half way prightness ssiopeia and the Pole Star, and was dis- between : tinctly visible with a field glass. [It is moving west- ward, almost parallel to the Milky Way, and on Oc- tober 1 will be a little north of the star 8 Cephei, after which it will continue to move in the same di rection, nearly toward Vega. Its orbit is such that it will not come within 100 es of the sun, or much nearer to us, but tless be visible with a field glass, and per- eye throughout October, though it million n it will doul haps to the naked eannot be alled conspicuous, as was Daniel’s comet é of last yeal It is unusual for a comet at such a distance from the sun to have so conspicuous a tail. Perhaps this the comet contains more than usual of the yery fine particl which are repelled by the presence ef the sun's light, and form the tail (as explaimed here some months ‘ago). means that But this is rather a mat- ter of speculation. If the comet came near the sun, it would probably be a fine object; but unless the ap- proximate orbit deduced from the first three ob- servations is very far wrong, this will not be the case: and if we wish to see a strikingly conspicu- ous one, we will probably have to wait till Halley’s comet comes round in the spring of 1910 THE WEAVENS. We may begin our iden- tification of the constella- tions this month with the great square of Pegasus, which is high up in the im southeast It is so large, % and the four stars at its 3 corners are so bright and On so nearly equal (all being of about the second mag- nitude), that it is one of the easiest figures in the sky to recognize. Though called the great Square of Pegasus, one of its corners is really in Andromeda, as our map shows. The ownership of this star (if we may so speak) was once some- what in doubt, for some authorities formerly called it Delta Pegasi, thus de- priving Andromeda of her brightest jewel Now the question in favor all star Alpherat 1as been settled At il o'clock: Sept. 6. f the lady, and atalogues refer to s Alpha Andro- mede. Evidence of the At 10 o'clock: Sept. 21. dispute remains, however, for the next brightest star belonging to Pegasus (which lies half way between the lower edge of the Square and Altair) is not lettered Delta, but Epsilon, as if it was the fifth star in order of brightness in the constellation, and the fainter stars follow down the Greek alphabet after this, leaving Delta out alto- gether. Before we leave the subject, it may be remarked that @ Andromede is shown by the spectroscope to have a dark companion, revolving about it in a high- ly eccentric orbit, in a period of about 100 days. The eastern edge of the great square, carried far fouthward, comes upon an isolated bright star. This is Fomalhaut, in the constellation of the Southern Fish—one of the most isolated stars in the heavens. Below this is the southern constellation Grus (the Crane), which though containing some bright stars, never rises high enough above our horizon to be con- Spicuous In the southeast is another lonely star, almost as bright as Fomalhaut. This is Beta Ceti, which al- though it bears the second letter of the alphabet, is the brightest star of its constellation. Cetus is one of the few cases where the Greek letters seem to have been scattered over a constellation almost regardless of the brightness of the stars. The other prominent stars of Cetus are shown on At 101, o’clock: Sept. 14. Scientific American the map. The remarkable variable Mira, which bears the letter o, is now near its maximum brightness, and visible to the naked eye. Two years ago it was of the second magnitude, and for a few days the brightest star in the constellation. Last year it was hardly more than one-quarter as bright. It will be of in- terest to see how it behaves this time. In the intervals between the maximum it sinks be- low the ninth magnitude, that is, to only 1/1000 of its greatest brightness. Of the zodiacal constellations which lie above those just described, only Sagittarius, setting in the south- west, and Taurus, just rising, are conspicuous, though Aries contains one star of the second magnitude, and Pisces is now enlivened by the presence of the planet Saturn. Along the Milky Way is the familiar se- quence of fine groups: Auriga low in the northeast, then Perseus, Cassiopeia, Cepheus, Cygnus, and Aquila, with Lyra below Cygnus in the northwest. Hercules and Corona, with parts of Ophiuchus and Boites, fill the western sky. The Great Bear is below the pole, and the Little Bear and the Dragon are above it. THE PLANETS. Mercury is evening star until the 28th, when he passes through inferior conjunction, and becomes a At 914, o'clock: September 29. morning star. On the 4th he is at his greatest elonga- tion, 25 deg. from the sun, but, being far south, is not well visible in our latitude Venus is morning star, rising about 2:30 A. M. on the ist and 3:10 on the 3ist, and is exceedingly con- spicuous. Mars is also morning star, but is still pretty near the sun. Toward the end of the month he rises about 4:30 A. M. Jupiter” is also a morning star. Early on the morning of the 13th he is in conjunction with Venus, the two planets being less than a de- gree apart. This gives the amateur who is enter- prising enough to get up early an opportunity to see the two planets in one telescopic field, and compare their apparent size and brightness. Saturn has just passed opposition, and is observ- able all night. Uranus is in quadrature on the 6th, and comes to the meridian at 6 P. M. Neptune is al- most exactly opposite him, and when he is in quad- rature on the 10th, he is due south at 6 A. M. THE MOON, First quarter occurs at 1 A. M. on the 3d, full moon at 4 P. M. on the 9th, last quarter at 10 P. M. on the 16th, and new moon at 2 A, M. on the 25th. The moon is nearest us on the 7th, and farthest off on the 19th. 219 As he! closest approach, or perigee, is near the time of ful! moon, we may expect unusually high spring tides, 1s was the case last month for the same reason The ‘moon is in conjunction with Uranus on the 3d, Saturn on the 8th, Neptune on the 16th, Jupiter on the 20th, Venus on the 21st, Mars on the 23d, Mercury on the 25th, and Uranus again on the 50th Princeton University Observatory. a+ — a ie THE LINER “CLEVELAND” LAUNCHED. At the shipyard of Blohm & Vess, Hamburg, Ger many, there was launched on September 22 the steam ship “Cleveland,” the latest ocean leviathan of the Hambvurg-American Line, The “Cleveland” is a sister ship to the “Cincinnati,” which was launched in July These vessels of about 18,000 tons are destined for the service between New York, England, and the Continent, which they will enter in the spring of 1909 In t:'pe they are similar to the well-known “Ameri- ka” and “Kaiserin Auguste Victoria,” although not quite «s large. In the first cabin, accommodating not over 300 passengers, a notable feature is the large num ber of staterooms for the sole use of one passenger as well as the splendid suites. The dining room on the upper deck will be equipped with small tables seating two, four, and six persons a recent innovation which has become immensely popular, Other public rooms are the spacious lounge, music room, writing room, smok- ing room, as well as the gymnasium with electri- Sheltered corners, making it agree- cal apparatus able to be out of doors during all weathers, have been provided on both the spacious promenade decks In addition to the above- named feature there will be an electric elevator electric-light bath, a dark room for photographers, a bookstall, library, informa- tion bureau, ete Hort The second cabin accom- modates 350 passengers sfern and will contain the finest accommodations and con i veniences ever offered in a transatlantic passenger steamer; the same applies to the third-clase and steerage passengers The following are the principal dimensions of the vessels: Their length is 600 feet, beam 65 feet and height from waterline to upper deck 55 feet. They are built of steel, pro- vided with five decks and a double bottom extending the entire length of the At 3 o'clock: Oct. 7. ship divided into nemer At 3% o'clock: Oct. 15, ous water-tight compart Ati o'clock: Oct, 22, ments As these ships will also carry large car goes of freight, they have NICHT SKY: SEPTEMBER AND OCTOBER aS al bin ties which will enable them to load and disc} the freight very expeditiously. The ships have four masts with twenty-four derrick booms For the safety of the vessel all the latest appliances have beet provideid: An automatic hydraulic system for closing the water-tight doors separating the eleven water-tight compartments into which the hull is sundivided, auto matic fire extinguishers, intercommunicating tel phones, submarine signal system, wireless telegraphy The speed will be about 16 knots. > +0 A MOTOR-CAR LOCK IS WANTED. A thojor-car lock which will be simple and thief-prooi would }be an invention which would appeal to 1 } ists just now, and the wonder is that some suc i vice has not already been included in the regular equipment of some make of car It may be true that in some cities the removal of the starting crank or a spark plug or some other part of the mechanism is a guaré against theft, but thieves are too often gradu ates of factories and carry a few handy tools along with them. Several instances have occurred of late n which the thief has supplied the spark plug him- self. Ini one day the Detroit police received news of six thefts of motor cars. Three of the cars were dig- covered that evening.—-Motor Age. haley a Xen ilciad Batt et aoa se vse ac

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THE NEW YORK STATE BARGE CANAL Scientific American this amount was quite inadequate to enable work to In 1903 it was decided to put the question of reconstruction to be undertaken on a scale of any magnitude. the vote of the people, who by a large majority author- ized the expenditure of $101,000,000 in the enlarge- ment of the canal. The new plans called for a least depth of 12 feet and a least bottom width of 75 feet, dimensions which will accommodate barges of 1,000 tons capacity. The locks were to be 28 feet in width, vith a depth of 11 feet on the sill. Subsequently, and OctToBER 3, 1908, of location much as 29 carrying the new canal as 2 miles to the north of the old work. The Clyde River is followed to the Seneca River, which, in its turn, will be utilized as far as Three Rivers, where the Seneca and Oneida unite to form the Oswego River. At this point, a new stretch of canal will be formed in the bed of the Oswego River, north to Lake Ontario, the depth of the river being increased by the use of fixed dams. From Oswego River the canal continues easterly, following the Oneida River, to Oneida Lake, through which it passes, leaving the iture has provided two natural outlets from the Great Lakes to the Atlantic, one by way of the St. Lawrence River. and the other through the Mohawk ind Hudson valleys rhe presents the great nat ira! obstruction of the wzara Falls; the second is ntercepted by a range of ! ls and mountains, broken y low depression at the junction of the Mohawk th the Hudso 4s far back as the days of the idiar patio the Mohawk and Hudson valleys ormed the main line of communica various tribes, and, with ng f the white races, the port f this route was empha tl tide of pioneer advance ead up the Hudson and Viohawh illeys to spread out ulti mat on the prairies of the then i West As this route of travel gre in importance, it was utilized by « means of conveyance known to those early days, from the canoe ind the packhorse to the lumbering Stage coach Ultimately, and inev tably, the government found itself onfronted ith the demand for im proved means of transit; and as far back as 1793 the improvement of faciiities for transit by water were begun by the construction at Little Falls of a canal about 3% feet in depth by three-quarters of a mile in length containing five locks, which served to carry the water-borne traf- ile around the rapids. Shortly after- ward similar improvements were undertaken at Rome and other places, easterly end of the lake through the valley of Wood Creek, through which it is located to the city of Rome. At Rome the canal is carried by locks and across the divide, and enters the valley of the Mohawk River. In the valley of the Mohawk be- tween Utica Schenectady, the canal will be provided with nine movable and two fixed dams. Eight of the movable dams will be of the bridge-and-gate type. They will have a maximum lift of 15 feet, maximum depth the sills of 20 feet. By the use of these dams it will be possible to control the high floods to which the Mohawk is sub- jected, and operate the canal with as little inconvenience to the thickly- settled valley as possible. In order to avoid the big drop in elevation, which occurs at the discharge of the Mohawk into the Hudson River, the location of the new canal has been changed so as to enter the Hudson and and a on ind finally, in response to the rapidly traffic, the Canal, increasing demands of the gxovernment undertook Erie construc- tion of the extending from the Hudson River near Albany to Buffalo—a really stupendous work for that early day The canal was opened in the year 1825. It was 4 feet deep, its least width on the bottom was 28 feet, and its total length was 363 miles It contained 83 locks and 18 aqueducts, the total cost of the work being about £7,000 00. Between the years 1836 and 1862 the canal was enlarged to a depth of 7 feet, and a least width on the bottom ef 52 feet. The total number of locks was reduced from 83 to 72 and their size was increased from 15 feet by 90 feet to 18 feet by 110 feet. The total cost of the work was $32,000,000, Meanwhile the railroad system of the country was developing by leaps and bounds, and entering into keen crease in railroad competition with the waterway. The steady de- coupled with the shorter time tell heavily in thetr favor; was a steady transfer of traffic from the old rates, of transit, and there was bound to to the new system of transportation Practically no offort was made by the State auchorities to meet this ompetition, and there was a constant heavy fall in the total amount of traffic, which decreaged from a maximum 4,600,000 tons in 1880 to 2,000,000 tons in 1904 The only serious effort to alter conditions was the abolishing in 1882 of the tolls on the canal, which had amounted in the sixty years from 1820 to 1882, to a total of $120,700,000 afforded by from In spite of the encouragement failed to the traffic L895 inadequate this step, it win back the railroads In an attempt fortunes of the canal by but was made to rehabilitate the an appropriation of $9,000,000 for reconstruction; rhe successive openings will contain the machinery for opening and shutting the gate ; the gate anchorage ; the machinery for filling and emptying valves ; and the capstan machinery, Upper End of Dock Wail. very wiseiy, the locks, in anticipation of a future widening of the canal prism, were increased to 45 feet width and 12 feet depth over the sill. With a view to this possible enlargement, the present embank- ments built so make widen the canal with as little expense 110 feet; and in are being as to it possible to as possible to rivers, the channels a width of 200 feet. leaving Lake Erie at Buffalo at feet above sea level, follows the Niagara River to Tonawanda Creek, and thence runs in an easterly direction, and generally parallel with the shore line of Lake Ontario, until the Oswego River is entered, from which point it continues in a gen- erally easterly direction to a junction with the Hudson River at Waterford. After entering Tonawanda Creek, it follows the course of this stream until, at Lockport, it deseends by a flight of two locks whose lift will vary from 49 to 54 feet, the lift being dependent upon the level of Lake Erie. From Lockport to Rochester the canal extends for a distance of 60 miles in a single level, crossing the Genesee River before reaching the canalizing the are being dredged to The elevation of 565.6 new canal, on an city At the Genesee River, harbor accommodation will be afforded by means of a pool formed in the river. Beyond Rochester the new canal coincides with the old canal until it enters the River Clyde near Lyons Up to this point, the location of the old and new canals is practically identical; but be- yond Lyons the old canal route is abandoned, and the new location has been laid so as to take advantage of the various river channels encountered, the change at Waterford by a series of five locks, in which the canal is brought down from an elevation of plus 151 feet to tide level. At Waterford the im- portant branch known as the Cham- plain Canal starts north to its connection with the lake. From Waterford to Fort Edward the location will lie in the Hudson River, and the new route will take the place of the old land line located along the base of the foothills. Beyond Fort Edward, also, the line will be on a new location, and its final entry into Lake Champlain will be through Wood Creek, which will be canalized by the use of fixed dams. In this connection it is interesting to nete that theCantadian government has prepared plans for the construction of a 12-foot depth of water along the present route, from the mouth of the new canal through Lake Cham- plain to Montreal. An important feature, which should be remembered in judging of the magnitude of the work being done, is that the mere excavation represents but forty per cent of the total cost of the canal; the other sixty per cent covers the unusually large amount of com structional work, in the way of fixed and movable dams, locks, bridges, and other masonry and steel work. Thus, there will be a total number of no less than fifty-four locks, whose lift will vary from 6 feet to a maximum of 40% feet; and of these, thirty-four will be built along the line of the Erie Canal proper. As showing the improved character of the new canal, it should be mentioned that on the present Erie Canal there are no less than seventy-two locks. All of the locks will be 45 feet in width, with a workable length of from 300 to 310 feet, according to the character of the boats. Throughout the canal the masonry will be of concrete, composed of 1 part of Portland cement This Cantilever Excavating Machine Spans the Entire Width of the Canal. THE NEW YORE STATE BARGE CANAL The Backet Grab of Machine Shown in Adjoining Cut.

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08. as 20 River turn, the tiver. ed in tario, se of inues Lake, g the h the vhich At locks S the x be. the nine light f the have nd a f 20 is it high sub- h as ckly- rder tion, r the . the been dson »cks, lown et to im- ham- the ition will the the into hich this dian tion ute, lam- ered one, ixty eon- able iteel less feet four per. nal, inal the gth r of | be ent St ame WOE parE es ae OR TESS. pee cance Se MMT Ox 1908. and 9 pa stoné All lox gates will be t ol steel; al! they will be operated by electri mo tors, the powel being generally developed by tur bogenerator plants located at the locks For the control of rivers and streams and the impounding of water for summit supply, thirty-five dams wil! be re quired, of both the fixed and movable types The statement of the total amount of excavation and construction to be executed gives an impres sive idea of the magnitude of the work. Scientific American ‘ORT TowaRD waren roeo QUANTITIES OF EXCAVATION AND CONSTRUCTION YORK Dredging Earth excavation Rock excavation Embankment and back filling. Concrete STATE BARGE CANAI 57,676,700 cubic yards. 54,989,000 10,806,000 132,927,000 bree 4,243,105 9,454,300 “ Iron and steel Sawed timber Piling and round timber Rip-rap ....... eet ieee Number of locks........ Number of dams. Total length of canal Total estimated cost 82,500 tons. 93,756,000 feet B.M 4,230,000 lineal feet 1,628,967 cubic yards. at Panama for July, 1907 54 —— —-- & +a 35 Air-pump displacement should of ‘the low-pressure piston displacement cn a com- 442 miles. $101,000,000 pound engine. 221 Active construc tion of the canal was commenced over three years ago, but on ac count of the ex tended surveys comparative studies, aud prep aration of con tract drawings, the work could not be attacked on any ‘onsider able sceaie until! the present year On the first of August contracts had been made ' — . Eu 514.9 _ tl ro — 4. EL.369.89 to ae total ; 8 a oe EL. 574.0 eneree 1an8 amount of $26, H . r ee iy I svdacuse — : 5 265,158. covering 152%, miles of «1608 66s GENERAL PROFILE OF NEW CANAL : . ons Seewen : : canal and on — = — & - ome N — > EARTH SECTION : the same date : WA ’ 4 423-0" » | ¢ 4 " “az ar PLAN OF LOCK plans had been mivem Sec THON yer et ‘ cnilinhe completed cover- _ . 75-0 . ee = ae ie ay . — = “- " earaveme \ ; 2.0 |. ea - & 410° 0s i. ing an additional acl eaartac ’ Barer ae amount of 88% * o ° - 7 aes miles of canal and a large stor- Plan, Profile, and Sections of the New York State Barge Canal. age reser voir, which represent- FOR NEW ey er eee 9,787 cubic yards. ed an estimated cost of $11,760,612. Work on th« canal is now in full swing; the total excavation on all contracts during July amounting to 1,067,111 cubic yards, which is 99 per cent of the amount taken out be one-seventy-fifth + Section vi Canal Excavated in Soft Material. ‘ Farth Excavation Amount to on the Whole Canal 112,665,700 Yards. The Material Dredged Out and the Lubecker Excavator. The Material is Dug from the Lett-Hand sice of Machine, Emptied onto a Conveyer, and Deposited in Dump at Right. Leenitz Rock Breaker. Operated by Lifting and Letting Fall the 15°Ton Iron Hammer Seen Below the Derrick. THE NEW YORE STATE BARGE CANAL, of Five Locks. Constructing the Concrete Walls of No. 2 Lock at Wateriord, This Will be One of a Series AO A A AY A Nt OE IY Oe OTE AO RE I OO : c ; i 1 ' g a4 4 ] ‘ . A: i | ; 4 H Z 4 ; g 5 f

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The Sixth there be any gatherings of more merit and endow- Tuberculosi«a Congress, ed with more beneficent influence in shaping the future of our race than even peace congresses, they are the series of congresses on hygiene and demography, and principally those on tuberculosis, which have met during the last two decades The present Congress on Tubercul s now which may exist under funda States rights, cit While States matter of illustrations the fact that prevented legislation for national ing a period of about a century, no strong objections laws relating to pure food, packing house products, etc. The ques- States is easily thrust aside when it problems—an- alike, in the ing as rights quarantine cover- made to the passage of national were tion of rights commercial illustration of the greater value of the dollar Congress has reserved interferes with interstate ther than of human life This very a whole section to the consideration of State and mu control of tuberculosis, and of laws and ordi- ni nal nicipal nances relating to it The time is approaching when having their health safe country a the peopie will insist upon this special members for law, for war, for the nav for political and department for guarded We have in cabinet th internal econom have a special agriculture, which supplies the people with rare and foreign politics, for improvements. We common seeds, and prevents and cures the diseases of to make an end to our dereliction in allowing our forests to be burned or stolen. We however, no central representation of the forées that make for the physical welfare of the people, and no United States board of health. Above ali, the poorer classes should be enlightened on the dangers of a subject which Sherman C Kingsley brought to the attention of the He showed that the necessities of life exhaust the rnings of @ man earning from nine to eighteen dol- their cattle We even begin have consumption Congress Scientific American eek, leaving no margin for emergencies 4 call from the doctor means the price of a day's wages from the rent or the savings for shoes and For this and many similar reasons tubercu- these and a cut clothing losis is far advanced when discovered among The only hope of recovery depends upon early favorable parts of people diagnosis. They live in the least the city, in tenement houses, in neighborhoods where milk and food supplies are inferior. In a recent ex- amination of 150 families by Dr. Theodore B. Sachs, cent of all the children in these families The disease forces children 25 to 30 per showed signs of infection out of school at the earliest possible age, exhausts family resources and vitality and fastens itself on the weakened members. The obvious needs suggested are more hospitals for advanced cases—hospitals that will gain the confidence of the people themselves and also the community We need more sanatoria for incipient cases, more funds to save fathers and mothers still in incipient stages, a wide increase of tuberculosis clinics, day camps, and church classes as adjuncts to the home care of patients. The present movement is guided by the endeavor to satisfy the conscience of put every personal consideration aside, and to bring before the Congress the newer and more recent means of grappling with the tuberculosis question. It would be impossible not to express gratification that the Con- gress has brought to our shores many who are of inter- reputation. — — ee Encke’s Comet, was reported from the Cape Town Observatory on May 28 month later than the time calculated by Prof. Backlynd. The dis- crepancy is easily accounted for by the perturbations naturally travels among the planets, Next to Halley’s comet, which will probably be photographically picked up in a month, and which will reach perihelion in 1910, Encke’s comet is the most famous body of its kind. In the first place, it is periodical, and therefore belongs to a class num- In the second place national Encke’s comet last, about one which the body undergoes as it bering comparatively few comets. it has been made the subject of as much mathematical calculation as Halley's comet itself. As it now appears, Encke’s comet seems dismembered, the tail being sep- arated from the nucleus, It is rarely that any comet presents the same aspect twice in succession, for which reason this mutilation is not extraordinary. On some of its previous visits it has appeared almost tailless; on others it was a perfect comet of its kind. Unfor- tunately, the comet is south of the equator, for which it cannot be very well observed by many ob- servatories of the world. reason

— +--+ a Funeral of Lieut, Selfridge. Lieut. Thomas E. Selfridge, the promising young army officer who fell to his death with Orville Wright in the latter’s aeroplane on September 17, was buried with military honors in the Arlington National Ceme- Myer, on the 25th ultimo. be keenly felt, tery, which adjoins Fort The loss of this brilliant officer will particularly in aeronautic circles, for he was thorough- ly informed in the new science, and, as the secretary of the Aerial Experiment Association, he had had much to do with the development of aeronautics in America. The various aeroplanes built by this asso- ciation, all of which flew successfully, were designed and the third of these, the “June Bug,” on July 4 last won for the first time the ScienTiric American Trophy. Lieut. Selfridge is the first martyr to flight by a self-propelled heavier-than-air flying ma- chine, and it seems but fitting that a suitable monu- ment should be erected on the spot where he fell. Mr. Orville Wright is slowly recovering from the injuries he sustained in the fall of the aeroplane. His broken thigh is slowly knitting, and his ultimate re- covery is only a matter of time. ——_—_—_——__—--9+@re ——— Melting Silica, A German firm has brought out a new process for melting silica and for molding it in various forms, using the principle of the electric furnace. The silica (quartz, etc.) is fused in a special type of furnace, and to this end it is placed im a carbon tube which is mounted horizontally or vertically as desired. This tube forms one of the electrodes of the furnace, and it is inserted in a larger tube which is used as the electrode, In the space between the tubes is placed carbon powder or other conducting substance. One end of the inner tube is closed by a removable The outside of the large tube is closed by a cover which has such shape that it can be inserted more or less in the melted matter of the inner tube. A suitable housing of firebrick incloses the whole. The current is passed between the two carbon pieces and the heat causes the melting of the silica in the best manner. When the silica is entirely fused it can be taken from the mold in the form of a solid block. On the other hand it can be molded by using an inner core which is placed inside the above-mentioned tube, so as to compress the silica within the latter. Steam or compressed air can be used to give the needed by him, second stopper Octoser 3, 1908. At the conclusion of the process the end of the mold is removed and the silica is driven out by means of the movable piece. pressure for the molding process, - — + 0 + - Wilbur Wright's Latest Aeroplane Records in France, On September 21, only four days after the accident to Orville Wright's aeroplane at Fort Myer, his Wilbur Wright, surpassed all previous rec- ords by remaining in the air 1 hour, 31 minutes, and 20 seconds, during which he flew 98 kilometers (60.85 miles) in a circular course above the military field at Auvours. The average height of the aeroplane above the ground during this flight was about 25 feet, though at times Mr. Wright sent it up to an elevation three or four times as great. The machine flew with great steadiness, and only alighted at the starting point when it became too dark for the aviator to see. The start of this record-breaking flight (which sur- passed that made by Orville Wright by 16 minutes and 56 seconds) was delayed until afternoon on account of a brisk breeze. At 4 P. M. three unsuccessful at- tempts to launch the machine were made. The trouble that rollers of the car which carries the aeroplane on the starting rail was damaged. This was repaired, and at the next at- tempt the machine was started readily. A large and enthusiastic crowd witnessed this flight, which dis- pelled all doubts abroad as to the complete practica- bility of the Wright aeroplane and the possibility of making extended flights with it. A few days later, on September 24, Mr. Wright demonstrated that he could fly in an 18-mile wind. He remained aloft 54 minutes and 35 seconds, and flew a distance of 39 kilometers (24.21 miles) in a circular course. When the aeroplane’ turned into the wind it slowed down

brother, was found to be one of the perceptibly, while when it flew with the wind it traveled very fast. The following morning a flight of 36 minutes and 14 seconds duration was accom- plished. After fitting division partitions in the new large gasoline tank in order to check the movement of the fuel from one end of the tank to the other (which tended to affect the equilibrium), Mr. Wright made a 5-minute test flight. This was followed by a 9-minute 1-second flight with M. Paul Zens as passen- ger, which was but 5 seconds shorter than the record one made by Orville Wright at Fort Myer when he carried Major Squier as passenger. The Current Supplement, The current SuprLementT, No. 1709, opens with an article by our English correspondent on some highly in- teresting discoveries which afford conclusive evidence of a connecting link between the Greek art and the art of the Far East. Dr. Francis Darwin’s striking paper on the movement of plants is continued. Prof. Harold Jacoby explains popularly the meaning of gravitation. Armor-bearing animals are described and illustrated. Inventors will read with interest some striking statistics on occupational mortality, which tend to show how much the inventor can do to ame- liorate conditions in the factory and workshop. Dr. W. Donsell contributes an article on the preparation, of tobacco. Very few people have ever heard of Count Francisco Zambeccari, yet he was the Zeppelin of his day. In the Screntiric AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT will be found a description of his dirigible airship which sailed the air in the early part of the nineteenth century. A new gas locomotive embodying some novel features in its construction is described and illustrated. One of the latest developments in the application of ar- mored concrete is the construction of poles and masts for the support of telephone and telegraph lines. An excellent article describes their manufacture. Wilson E. Symons writes on the future of the electric locomo- tive. The measurement of ocean waves is the subject of an article by J. B. Van Brussel, in which he de- scribes a method of measuring waves, a method based on comparative measurements of spectroscopic photo- graphs. A primer of wood preservation is presented by W. F. Sherfesee. The usual electrical notes and trade notes and formule will be found in their accus- tomed places. Visitors to California will have access to a third forest of giant redwoods when the counties of Tulare and Fresno complete construction of twenty-five miles of highway between Visalia and Redwood Canyon, ir the Kings River country, where there is a grove of over fifteen thousand magnificent specimens of the Sequoia gigantea, many of which are said to compare in size and beauty with the trees of the Mariposa and Caiaveras groups. It is probable that the property, which is as yet untouched by lumbermen, will be recommended to Congress for purchase as a national park. One tree in the redwood grove, recently meas- ured by a government ranger, is 110 feet in circum- ference and is estimated to contain 800,000 feet of lumber. A claim is made that a fallen giant in the region is the largest in the country. Located at an altitude of less than six thousand feet, the canyon would be accessible for a longer period than the other giant groves in the State.

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OcToBER 3, 1908. Correspondence, Prevention of Street Noises, To the Editor of the ScrentTiric AMERICAN: Your article in this week’s issue on “The Street Noise Crusade and the Rail Joint” is very good on this cause of unnecessary stréet noises. By far the most noise is produced, to my mind, by the wheels on the cobble stones, If flat rails about five inches wide to admit of the different width axles were laid, making two tracks in every stone-paved street, the loads would be drawn much easier and faster by the horses. The noise would be greatly lessened, and the nervous sys- tem of mankind thereby incalculably benefited. The animals’ endurance would be enhanced and business much more quickly handled. The expense would be more than compensated in various ways. Frep. BRADLEE ABBOT. Sharon, Mass., September 4, 1908, ———__—_—__ > -+o>+ a ——————_— Wreck of the White Mountain Express, To the Editor of the Screntiric AMERICAN: I read the above-named article in a recent issue of your valuable paper with much interest. As you state, the train was hauled by a double- header. You give as a cause of the wreck the heavy lateral swaying motion of the electric locomotives that were hauling the train. 1 am of the same opinion so far, but furthermore believe that the main cause was the double-header. If a single engine had been used I don’t think it would have occurred; and if it had been as heavy as both of those together, for a simple reason. If the forward engine of a double-header strikes a depression, say in the left-hand rail, it will be thrown to the left, and after passing the place will sway to the right just in time to meet the second engine sway- ing to the left for the above reason. This will cause a heavy twisting motion upon the engine trucks, and tends to spread the rails, which it doubtless does when the locomotives weigh 95 tons and run nearly 60 miles W. MITTEeNDORF. an hour. New Braunfels, Tex. ‘ ee Absorption of Amido Bodies from the Soil, To the Editor of the Screntiric AMERICAN: I notice in the issue of Screntiric American of August 15, 1908, page 111, an article in regard to the absorption of carbon from the soil, and especially the utilization of amido bodies. In this connection permit me to call your attention to the fact that in 1897 I published an article referring to the same subject. This article was pubiished in Die Landwirtschaft- lichen Versuchs-Stationen, vol. xlix, 1897, page 193, and in the Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. xix, No. 8, August, 1897, page 605. The complete data show that oats grown in soils rich in humus contain about 25 per cent more nitro- gen than those which are grown upon ordinary agri- cultural soils, and that this increase in nitrogen is due directly to the absorption of amido bodies from the soil. Naturally, the whole of the amido body would be more or less completely utilized, and thus carbon as well as nitrogen would be assimilated by the plant therefrom. J. W. WIey. Washington, D. C., September 10, 1908. me 0 Science, Enunciation, and the Schoolboy Mind, To the Editor of the Screntiric AMERICAN: In your issue of August 22 the article entitled “Sci- ence and the Schoolboy Mind” calls attention to the tendency of trusting to oral instruction in schools and the risks thereto. I would state that a great deal of the fault is not in oral instruction itself, but in the manner in which it is given. The tendency of the average teacher is to talk rapidly in explaining a lesson and, if I may say it, carelessly. This does not mean the use of improper grammatical English, but the improper enunciation thereof. If, to quote the article, a pupil had heard the teacher say in a purely syllabic way the definition of the equator, the ridiculous interpretation of it as “a men- agerie lion” would not and could not result. In speaking syllabically the syllables are fully sounded, and a sufficient pause made between each, so as to prevent a blending together of the final and initial sounds. The length of this pause need not necessarily be more than a fraction of a second. Too much stress cannot be laid upon the matter of correct speech, the lack of which is the cause of the errors stated. Teachers should be instructed especially in the great importance of correct speech, and especially in the classroom. In fact, proper enunciation of speech should be a sine qua non in the examination of teachers, In syllabic speech a misconception of a word is im- possible to the pupil’s mind, because each sound is clearly enunciated and time givem for it to make the desired impression on the pupil’s mind. In rapid un- Syllabic speech, the words are transmitted from the teacher to the pupil in such a way that there is a Scientific American confusion of sound, and a false impression is made upon the pupil’s mind that can be removed only after a great deal of trouble, One can easily prove it by reading both the statement that “the equator is an imaginary line” and that “the equator is a menagerie lion” in a pure syllabic style; or better, read the state- ment both syllabically and unsyllabically. The differ- ence will be such that no further proof is necessary. In fact, too great a stress cannot be laid upon this matter, which is so important and yet so utterly neg- lected. GeraLp ELLiIs Cronin. Brooklyn, N. Y., August 30, 1908. —_ oo Alr Scouts and Artificial Fog, To the Editor of the Screntiric AMERICAN: A great deal is being said and written of late con- cerning the influence the airship will exercise on modern warfare. Heretofore strategy, the doing of things not expected by the enemy, the execution of secret movements for which he is not prepared, has been the very soul of military science. But with the advent of the “air scout,” we are told, all this will be changed; every general will know just what his op- ponent is up to, the man with the big army will win. It seems to me that this view of the matter over- looks some important possibilities. When the “air scout” becomes an accomplished fact, will not some inventive person devise an artificial fogmaker, a kind of bomb that will, in exploding, fill the air with smoke, so that the aerial spy will be foiled? Some- thing of the sort will surely happen. A general about to execute a flank movement, or a concentration on some given point in the enemy’s line, could make his preparations over night, and then, after having filled the upper air with smoke by means of balloons loaded with the smoke-producing mixture, deliver the blow as he designed it. And his foe would have no other way of ascertaining his intention than the good old method of observation and deduction. Inarecent story H. G. Wells depicts a fancied battle between a fleet of American battleships and a German air fleet, in which the Germans get the best of the fight by dropping bombs on top of the unlucky vessels. Now, the latest type of British cruiser, the “Indomi- table,” I understand, is without rigging. Why could a ship of war not be equipped with a bomb-proof, or at least a bomb-shedding, roof? This device would ex- plode the deadly missile in the air, away from the vitals of the ship, and thus save her from destruction. Or perhaps the roof could assume the form of a net- work, which would be lighter, and would not catch the wind. In fine, although the introduction of air scouts and bomb-dropping aeroplanes will complicate matters, I do not believe they will revolutionize warfare, as has been alleged. Possibility has always a few trumps up her capacious sleeve, which she can produce when needed. Sypney C. HALry. Eustis, Fla., September 12, 1908. The Value of Inclined Propellers for Helicopters, To the Editor of the Screnriric AMERICAN: I desire through your columns to bring to the atten- tion of aeronauts an experiment which may possibly throw a little light on the problem of aerial navigation by means of the helicopter type of machine. Experiment shows that the simplest form of heli- copter, the propeller with flat inclined planes, cannot exert sufficient lifting force to raise the weight of the engine with any additional weight. Although the effi- ciency of the helicopter can be very much increased by varying the shape of the planes, so far no form has been devised which gives any great promise of success. The failure of the helicopter is due to the fact that a large proportion of the power of the engine is wasted in creating lateral air currents, which have no effect in raising the machine. That an engine can exert more than power enough to raise itself, if the power were effectively applied, has been demonstrated by Prof. Langley’s inclined plane experiment, and Nature itself affords a demonstration in the flight of the bird, which, weight for weight, possesses only a small frac- tion of the energy of a well-constructed engine. The problem of flight by means of the helicopter is there- fore as much a question of properly utilizing the power of the engine as of combining the greatest power with the smallest weight. The experiment referred to, although performed with crude apparatus, illustrates this truth in a significant manner. Two propellers of equal size with flat in- clined planes were revolved horizontally at the same rate of speed and their lifting force measured by a spring scale. The speed was then doubled and the lifting force again measured. It was found that the lifting force had only been increased by half. As the speed was still further increased, the proportionate inerease in lifting power diminished, which indicated that as the speed increased the energy wasted in creat- ing lateral currents increased. This is the secret of the failure of this form of helicopter. The propellers were now inclined toward each other 223 at an angle of about 35 deg. and revolved at the same rate of speed. It was found that at lower speeds the lifting power was about the same as in the horizontal position, but at higher speeds it was very much greater. The significant fact of the experiment is that, with the propellers inclined, the lifting force increased at a greater rate than the speed, while the reverse was the case with the propellers in a horizontal! position. The reason for this is that the air currents created by each propeller impinge upon the blades of the other and thus, by mutually increasing the resist- ance they encounter, enable them to exert a greater lifting foree. The angle at which the propellers should be inclined for the greatest efficiency would of eourse be the angle that gives the greatest upward component of force. If the principle illustrated in the above experiment were more fully recognized in the construction of the helicopter type of machine, better results might be attained. H, T. Keating Columbus, Ohio, September 9, 1908. The New Cailifornia Rifled Ol Pipe, The $4,500,000 rifled pipe line spanning the 282 miles from Bakersfield to Port Costa with tts relay pumping station ever? twenty-three miles, its sixty men on duty along the route and its flow ‘of between 17,000 and 20,000 barrels of thick, heavy oil past a given point every twenty-four hours, is now in opera- tion. The construction of the pipe line was started just a year ago. The idea was the joint invention of John D. Isaacs, consulting engineer at Chicago of the South ern Pacific Company, and Buckner Speed The rifled pipe is a new scheme. It has been de- scribed at some lengih in the Screnrivie AMERICAN. Into the interior surface of the pipe are cut cerruga- tions about an eighth of an inch deep, and these ruy spirally round and round, making a complete circuit every ten feet. Into this rifled pipe from two separate engines are pumped nine parts of the heavy oil and one part of water. The water following the rified indentures takes a swirling movement and forms a very thin sheet of lubricant about the oil, and the two move along together, the oil forming a dark cen- tral core that does not come into direct contact with the pipe. This avoids friction, which, with such oli, would prevent progress. It also saves the life of the pipe. At each pumping station on this rifled-pipe line there are two 55,000-barrel oil tanks and one 16,006- barrel water tank. The flowing oil and its surroun!- ing sheet of water are received into one of the big duplicate tanks and then the water is drained off from the bottom and again taken up by a duplicate water pump and shot into the big pipe into which oj! Is being sent from a duplicate oil pumping engine. i A Am — — Smokeless Fuel, According to the Mechanical Engineer a London man has recently patented the following process for the manufacture of smokeless fuel: About one-third part by weight of wet peat and two-thirds part by weight of bituminous coal, which may be in a finely divided state, are taken and placed in a retort and heated to a temperature sufficiently high (about 850 deg. Fah.) to drive off those hydrocarbons that produce smoke. the generation of the steam from the peat assisting in this operation. It will be understood that the tem- perature is not raised materially higher than is neces- sary to drive off the hydrocarbons a& stated. The heat is applied for about five hours. The bituminous coal binds the peat together to a coherent mass and forms a fuel of high calorific value, which is readily ignited in a grate in the ordinary way and burns economically and without smoke. In practice the retort may be provided with relief vaives and arranged so as to maintain a pressure of 10 pounds per square ineh. The retort may be heated in any convenient way, such as by heat externaily ap- plied or by burning some of the gases generated after partial purification. The watery extract, containing tar of complex con- stitution, pyroligneous acid, and other products de- rived from the carbonization of peat, in addition te the gases referred to, is advantageously condensed anti utilized for the production of a pitch of superior qual- ity. and the usual condensable products obtained from the bituminous coal in the retort may be collected and used for any desired purpose. In some cases the con- tents of the retort after the process has been compieted may, while still hot or after they have cooled, be dis- charged into a solution of caleium chloride. By this meins the smokeless fuel is rendered slightly deli- quescent and always retains a certain quantity of moisture. The coal or the peat or both may be moist- ene with a solution of calcium chloride before being placed in the retort. Surface condensers require 11% to 2 square fest of cooling surface per engine horse-power,

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224 THE PRICE OF WATER. While we fully recognize the importance of water as an indispensable realize condition of life, we seldom food, or what the market what quantities of it exist in our daily high prices we have to pay for it in ordinary ourse of our purchases in shop or Take, for Scientific American extraordinary fact that milk which we It is quite water in any which we have to pay for it, without careful analysis Guessing usually is valueless, for appearances a cucumber—an which a fairly effective blow might be dealt—has from 7 to 9 per cent more water in its composition than the drink out of a glass! impossible to determine the amount objeet are more with of substance, and thus arrive at the price than deceptive in this particular branch of chemi- OCTOBER 3, 1Q¢ 8. from 46 to 60. This increase of moisture has brought about important chemical changes, which have con- verted the dry and uninviting flour into a pleasant and easily digested food. At the same time, it is occasionally possible, after adding water to food in the cooking process, finally to evaporate it again with excellent results. This we ao in the case of biscuits, which seldom contain more than 8 per cent of water when they come from the oven—that is, some four per cent instance, the butcher's bill, which is usually the most serious item of domestic expenditure. It is a trifle disconcerting to be told that when the thrifty house- wife expends money upon the best cuts of beef, no less than three-quarters of the sum is water Yet the paid for such is un question ably case vouched for by the highest analytical authorities mutton cent ior beef or Uncooked contains exactly three-fourths of its per whole bulk) of water Other kinds of meat are less fluid in their nature Lamb for example, contains only 64 per cent of water Pork has still tess, the amount varying from 50 to #0 per cent But those who buy smoked bacon reaily purchase the greatest amount of solid satisfaction for their money, for this meat sel- dom contains more than 22 per cent of water In the fatty parts of food, hydrogen and oxygen do not exist in the chemical propor- less than the original flour. From these facts we begin to realize that Nature does not really cheat us when she makes us pay a premium on water when we think we are buying food. A large quantity of water is necessary not-only to render food palatable, but also to make it at all edible. Speak- ing »roadly, all dry food is in- digestible food; and thus water is seen to play a part in our dietary far more _ important than is at first evident. Chemi- eal change under an absolutely dry condition .is impossible; and with equal certainty it may be said that if the stomach is deprived of its due allowance of water necessary for the diges- tion of any particular food, it fails in its work. ——1e0e—__— tions necessary for the forma tion of water Therefore, it may be laid down as a general rule that the more fat or oily the meat This fact, the increases, is well exempli The water, that of fowls and while a fat have as little as 38 ent of water in its composition The flesh of different fish varies the quantity of water which it figures ranging between the the less water will it contain diminution of fied in the water as fat case of poultry flesh of pigeons con tains 75 per cent of ducks 70 per cent, goose may per consider contains, the Most of sorts of ably in 40 and 80 per cent the fish dealer's slab Thus, the flesh of that of salmon and about 77 per cent; while turbots, kinds commonly seen the eels contains 75 per cent of water; other red-fleshed fish, upon approximate to higher rate. varieties, white such as soles and reach still must be one per higher Milk food cent regarded as the type of a Yet milk, fresh from the cow, and before it complete has paid a visit to the nearest pump or tap, contains be and 8% This fact significant of the importance which Nature attaches to diluent of her But solid water tween 8&6 per cent of water is ex- ceedingly water as a food substances. ‘ertain so-called foods contain the statement, yet it even more than same weight of milk. This seems a is perfectly true. Ex- amples of the kind are especially common among our kitchen paradoxical! vegetables the the ex- of nearly 90 per cent, while very nearly the same the of a cabbage. But it is a still greater surprise to learn that cucumbers, vegetable For instance, turnip contains water to tent proportion goes to ‘make-up” marrows, and pumpkins are only itself 5 per cent removed from water chemically speaking Nineteen-twentieths of this substance is water, sus- pended. as it were, in a rrail network of solid matter This brings to light the Wheaten Flour Contains About 12 Per Cent of Water. cal study. This fact fruit solid-looking strawberry 90 per cent, the most luscious grapes yield only 80 per cent of water when subjected to the analytical process. Foods which contain water are usually unfit for human consumption until they have been cooked. its simplest terms, ner. and dry article of on the other hand, In this, satisfactory its changed addition of only consists food the by TABLE-TOP PHOTOGRAPHY. Strawberries Contain 90 Per Cent BY PERCY COLLINS is well shown Whereas the hard, dense-fleshed apple contains from 80 to 82 per cent of water, and the comparatively a small mainly Bread is a capital case in point. flour contains, as a rule, about 12 per in the flour water until the percentage has risen has received of Water. percentage of The culinary art, reduced to innumerable devices for putting water to food in an attractive man- wheaten cent of water; Dry wheaten flour would be voted anything but a the majority. is the acknowledged staff of life. form, = Re lane 5 a PU LAE td Ate Ei A Lamb Chop May Be Consid- In a Cucumber 5 Per Cent of Solid Matter Contains 95 Per Cent ered Fairly Solid Meat. Contains 64 Per Cent of Water. The Solid Appie Contains 80 Per Cent of Water. Pure Milk Contains 86 Per Cent of Water. It In Converting Flour to Bread the Percent- age of Water Is Inereased to 45 or 50. of Water. case of Bread, an to The well-known saying that the “camera never lies” has nowa- days become somewhat limited in its possible applica- tion—to say the least photography, In the early days of dry-plate the phrase was no sense. But nowadays, as everyone knows, the camera can and does perpetrate on occa- the most flagrant falsehoods. Of course this is true, to an extent, in the case of ordinary photog- doubt strictly true in its widest sion raphy, when the artist is perfectly straightforward in his intentions, and merely desires to select the best point of view for his picture. In this way it may be said that almost any back yard or piece of waste land will yield a pretty but absolutely untruth- ful “peep,” if only the right spot for setting up the camera be chosen. All around may be grim and ugly, but by dint of a little judicious selection, a little clever “touching,” and possibly with the aid of a “cloud negative,” the photographer turns out a picture of real beauty. But in this article it is the writer’s intention to deal briefly with a more obvious phase of deceptive photography. Everyone knows something about “faked” photographs, and is aware that the deprav- ity of the camera may often be turned to good ac- count, and made to supply a number of pictures, both curious and beautifui, for the photographer’s album. Table-top photography, however, is quite a novel craze, to which few people as yet have paid much attention. Indeed, it is quite on the cards that many of my readers may have heard nothing about it whatever. A few words by way of introduction will therefore be desirable. Table-top photography may be justly an art; genuity described as for no inconsiderable amount of skill and in- must be called forth if the results are to repay the trouble which must be taken. Briefly, the E 4 4 Potatoes Are Among the Vegeta- bles Containing the Least Water. Various Articles of Food, and the Percentage of Water Contained in Them. THE PRICE OF WATER.

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Scientific American “A Scene in Switzerland.” A Winter Scene. “Sunrise on the Mountains.” Powdered Alum Arranged for the Sunrise : The Mountain Top. The Clouds Are of Cotton Scene. Tennis Ball Arranged for the “ Young Moon” Batting Hung Out of Focus. Photograph Below. Photograph of the Young Moon. An Alpine Peak Made of Coal Lumps Dusted Lumps of Wax and a Paper Ship on a Looking with Alum to Prodnee Snow Effects. “A Mountain Lake.” Note the Cloud Effect. Glass Make an Excellent Ieeberg Scene. The Lake Is a Plate of Glass. Smoked Glass Supported by Boxes to Produce a “ Faked ” A “Fake” Lightning How the Camera and Settings Are Arranged for Table lop Photography. Lightning Flash Photo, Flash. Ny TABLE-TOP PHOTOGRAPHY. rs

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idea {is to obtain negatives of mimic scenery, etc., which has been previously built up from any ma- terials that may suggest themselves as suitable. The annexed photograph will give the reader some idea of the necessary preparations. At A we have a mov- able background, upon which paper of different colors may be pinned at will, or masses of cotton wool, ac- cording to the nature of the “sky effect” that may be required he stage marked B may be a table or up- turned box—anything, in fact, that will provide a good eady platform upon which the scene may be arranged rhe camera is set up opposite to the stage, as shown; and it should be furnished with a lens of fairiy wide angle In addition to the above apparatus, it will be found desirable to have at one’s disposal a Scientific American shape the powdered quired between hands, forms the basis. Upon it alum is sprinkled liberally. To supply the necessary effect of vastness a little black figure is added, his footsteps being traced in the snow by means of a pin point. a window the means The light streaming from near at hand casts a strong shadow under mountain brow. The cloud effect is rendered by of pieces of batting, pinned upon the background, which has been specially moved “out of in order to secure the softness of the mimic mists. some focus,” necessary When one once takes up table-top photography as a serious hobby, it is surprising how many little orna- mental objects (such as are be found in every house) may pressed into temporary service. In the annexed photograph of a Swiss scene, the little chalet is a model that was purchased in Switzerland. to be

OcrToser 3, 1908, HINDU MAGIC. BY HEREWARD CARRINGTON. Doubtless we have all heard of the tricks or featg of the Indian Hindu fakir; we have been accustomed to regard his powers as marvelous beyond compaze— as performing marvels that no mere Occidental can equal. He can, we are told, make trees grow from the ground or the deck of a boat; he can throw a rope into the air and, causing it to be suspended with. out visible support, have his assistant climb up that rope, and his head and arms and legs falling to the ground, join themselves together, and finally form the original body and come up whole as at first! He can cause a stone to sink or swim at will, a boy to vanish from a basket, and a hundred other things, too mar- velous to conceive. Let us examine some of these powers of the Indian fakir, and see how far they are genuine, and how far they are the result of

couple of screens, which may be fixed up on one side or on both sides of the stage, for the purpose of shut- ting out the light—a strong top light often being more effective than any other kind of illumina- tion Any odd pieces of stout card or board of’ the necessary size will be suitable for thes screens A great advantage possessed by table-top photography is that it may be undertaken at any time in dull, wet weather just as much as when the outdoor world is bright and smiling A fairly long exposure is always necessary; and a3 one can safeguard one’s mimic landscape from the slightest movement, there is virtually no limit to the time during which the lens may

trickery. We will first consider the famous mango tree trick. This has been the marvel of ail oriental travelers from time immemorial, and the correct explanation of this trick has never been made public, to my knowledge. The performer comes forward and proceeds to make a little mound of earth out of the soil and some water. This can be done anywhere, on the earth, on the deck of a ship, etc. The fakir usually wears next to no clothes, appar- ently making this trick—if it is a trick—all the more difficult. When the mound of earth is complete, the fakir inserts his seed of the mango

be kept open. Certain kinds of table-top photo- graphs may also be taken at night, by means of magnesium wire. A good “fake” of this kind is “The Young Moon,” shown in the ac- companying picture. Costly apparatus and a vast ex- perience of matters celestial would be required to get a genuine picture of this kind. But by means of a black cloth, a white tennis ball, and an inch or two of magnesium wire, a striking result may be ob- tained. The deed should be accomplished at night in a quite dark room. Use the black cloth for back- ground, and drape it over a small box, upon which the tennis ball is to be placed. While focusing, get a friend to hold a candle close to the ball. This will enable you to get the rim of the “moon” quite sharp. When all the light, take the cap the lens, and burn your strip of wire, holding it in such a position that the is ready, blow out on strong light falls full upon one side of the ball rhe resulting picture will be very puzzling to all who are not in the secret of its manufacture, Quite a number of effects may be obtained in a similar manner. this kind of table-top photography being epecially applicable as a winter evening pastime. Pile up ridges a quantity of salt or alum to form peaks and drape a cloth to the part and then your gray play of a make magnesium Sunrise on the Mountains,” “fake” photography may be with surprising success “cloudy” background, exposure as before by means of wire A very will result, earried to A few manipulated and arranged pretty picture, This kind of almost any extent blobs of candle wax, deftly upon a sheet of looking glass, supplies a realistic ice floe I while a vessel, cut out in dead bjack paper, and aunched so that she rides above the reflection The Indian Basket Trick. It rested upon a shelf for a number of years, and then suddenly found itself among its native snows once more, owing to the craze for table-top photography which had invaded the house! Only the “snow” proved to be powdered alum, while the rock upon which its foundations rested was a lump of coal! Still, the model chAlet added much to the effective- ness of the picture. In “A Winter Scene” also there is a little china statuette which has been promoted in imagination until it plays the part of a full-sized garden statue, half covered with a drift of snow. The leafless tree is just a moss-covered twig. In fhis way, by per- mitting one’s imagination to rove, and by adapting anything and everything that seems at all likely to prove effective, an almost endless number of pretty and interesting table-top photographs may be estab- lished. The tain accompanying Lake” taken, was enlarged to cover an area of 7 by 10 and this without of effectiveness. Indeed, the resulting picture framed and hung upon a wall would probably to whom it was shown, unless it were subjected to an unusually close scrutiny. Yet the mountain and its lake are “arranged” exactly after the manner described above. photograph entitled “A Moun- is of especial interest because, after being the print inches; loss deceive everyone The clouds are just cotton, the mountain and its neighboring rocks and hills are so many pieces of coal, while the “snow” is so much sprinkled alum tree, and waters it to make it grow. He then covers it with a-cloth, and, placing his hands beneath the cloth, proceeds to manipulate the seed for some time. In a few moments he withdraws his hands, and makes passes over the cloth, outside it. A wait; then the conjurer removes the cloth, and the seed is seen to have sprouted. Two tiny shoots appear above the surface of the ground. More passes are made, and when the cloth is removed for the sec- ond time a tall mango tree is seen sprouting above the earth. This trick has probably mystified more people than any one that the Hindu fakir performs, It is accomplished in the following manner: The seed that is placed in the earth is hollow, and within it is placed a branch of the mango tree, pre viously prepared and folded up. The leaves of the plant are specially adapted for the trick, and they are compressed into a small compass. The seed containing the mango shoot is placed beneath the earth, and when the conjurer places his hands under- neath the cloth he works out a part of this folded-up branch, and leaves it sticking out above the surface of the mold. This is repeated several times, until all the branch is showing above the mold, when ‘quite a respectable sized tree is seen to be sprouting. If the seed is examined before the trick is exhibited, the con- jurer has previously exchanged the one examined for the trick seed at some convenient moment before placing it in the ground, Sometimes, the seed is seen to grow into gigantic proportions—into a regular tree, bearing fruit, in fact! Tt is probable that much of this is exaggeration pure end simple; but there is a manner of working the trick, or rather extending it, so that a very easily

of a towering berg, adds vastly to the effect hints. The imagination of the him to striking These are a few reader will enable produce a score of varied and equally results To make an imitation lightning of the photograph, This may of oil the glass Then, the surface first densely a sheet glass be lamp smoke done most flam< hold flame as to crack it rapidly over an being taken not to to the eare with of using B80 close the point of a sharp pencil, mark track the “lightning” upon the smoked as a copy, if you like, a genuine photograph of Now up the glass so that a light behind it the lightning by means of some boxes, prop will shine through transparent scratches \ nd the candle placed beh

glass enables one to focus,

large tree can be produced at the conclusion. It is this: The conjurer has the large tree con- cealed beneath a thick cloth—a duplicate of the cloth he uses to cover the seed at first. After uncovering the seed several times, and showing it grown more and more, he uncovers it for the last time, and, while the audience is gazing at the plant wonderingly, the conjurer takes occa- sion to exchange the cloth for the one contain- ing the big tree underneath it. Now, he quickly covers over the plant with this cloth, and when it is removed, there is the tree, full grown. It may be several feet in height. It was com- pressed beneath the covering cloth. People do not think of asking to look under the cloth the

last time, because they have often seen beneath

and then the by setting the made burning a By angles to, another good reflection, as though in the waters of th« a lake exposure is atrip of magnesium wire glass upon, and at right sheet, a sea or is obtained Perhaps, however, the most fascinating kind of table top photography is that which done daylight As a typical example of how to set to work, the companying photograph of a “Scene in the Alps” may be of coal is by ac taken. The mountains are specially selected pieces The sky is a rather dark piece of blue paper, produce a contrast with the snow-capped top. To increase the effect of height and the tiny figure, cut out of black paper, was set up upon the “snow” in the foreground. Result, a picture scarcely distinguishable at first glance from some which men have risked their lives to obtain. ven the eternal snow, the brow of the lofty moun- tain summit, may be photographed in the study or sitting room. Some cotton batting, pressed to the re- The snow is finely powdered alum. or background chosen to mountain vastness The Diving Duck Trick. HINDU MAGIC, with a little white sand added to form the “shore” of the “lake.” The lake is a sheet of glass having a strip of black cloth spread beneath it—a dodge, by the way, which is a decided improvement upon a looking glass, as a less brilliant and more natural reflection is obtainable by this means. In conclusion, the writer commends the amplifica- tion table-top photography to the reader, if per- chance he is minded to try his hand at the pastime. The brief description which has been penned, together with the photographs which illustrate this article, should enable any amateur photographer soon to be- come proficient in the art. The railways of Peru are run according to Ameri- can ideas, and the rolling stock is according to Ameri- can standard patterns, both as regards passenger coaches, freight cars, and locoimotives, of

it, and know it contains nothing They there fore assume that it contained nothing the last time the mold was covered over. Now we come to the famous basket trick, which has also mystified thousands, and yet is simplicity itself. A large oval basket is shown, something the same shape as an egg, laid on its side, and an opening cut in the upper surface or top. It is first shown empty. Then a small boy is shown, wearing a jacket and turban. He is placed in the basket, and the opening is covered over with a blanket. The basket is so small.that the boy apparently fills the whole of the basket. What is the surprise of the spectators, then, to see the fakir suddenly leap into the opel ing of the basket, and proceed to stamp about a8 vigorously as he can—treading on the ground, and ap parently showing that the boy has disappeared, and is no longer in the basket! To make assurance double sure, however, he snatches up a sword, and proceeds to run the basket through and through im all directions, No sound issues from the basket.

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08, feats tomed pace— il can from row a with- » that to the m the le can fanish ) Mar- these y are lt of mous vel of 1, and never ceeds e soil yhere, The ppar- ll the th is 1ango then lands 2 the lraws itside , and hoots asses 2 sec- ibove more rms. , and pre- the y are the nder- od-up rface il all ite a f the con- | for efore antic fact! pure the very sion. con- ’ the \fter wing hich city the 1ing own cket the sket e of and nee and ket.

OcTOBER 3, 1908. There is an ominous silence. Mvidently the boy has disappeared But the conjurer turns around and shouts, and the boy, wearing the same jacket and tur- pan, is seen in a neighboring tree. He descends. A tom-tom is beaten, and after a few incantations, the basket is seen to stir, and soon the blanket heaves up, and is thrown aside, and the boy is seen standing before us, as sound as ever. This trick, like the last, can be performed in any locality, oh the deck of a ship, etc., thus showing that trap-doors have nothing to do with the result. How is it done? First, as to the basket. It will be seen, when we think it ower, that the peculiar shape of the basket renders it capable of being employed in the follow- ing manner: The small boy, as soon as he is placed in the basket, curls up, and wriggles his body, eel- wise, around the edges of the basket. That is, he coils around the inner surface, just as a snake might coil up within it. Now it will be seen that it is possible for the conjurer to leap into the opening, stamp on the ground, etc., since the open space in which he treads is unoccupied by the boy’s body. He steps in the middle of the circle of flesh. And when he runs the sword through the basket, he only runs it through those places where the boy’s body is not concealed. So much of the trick is plain: how about the dis- appearance and reappearance in the tree? There are two boys, dressed exactly alike. The first one never leaves the basket. He simply remains quiet until he receives the signal to show signs of life again. The second boy climbs up a neighboring tree at some con- venient moment, and shouts when he sees it is the proper time to make his presence known. So much for the famous basket trick! A very clever trick often seen is the following: It is known as the “dry sand trick.” The fakir brings forward a pail which he proceeds to fill with water. He then shows some ordinary sand, quite dry. To prove its dryness, he takes up a handful, and blow- ing sharply upon it, scatters it in all directions. He then takes up another handful and drops it into the water. We can all see it lying in the bottom of the pail, under the water. Next, showing his hands empty, he places one in the pail, and brings out a handful of the sand. Blowing upon it, it still scat- ters in all directions—showing it to be as dry as ever. This is repeated several times, until all the sand is again extracted. This is a very clever trick, and would never be discovered, unless its secret were told. It is per- formed in the following manner: Fine, clean sand is selected, washed carefully in hot water several times, and dried in the sun. Some of this sand is then placed in a frying pan with a lump of fresh lard and is cooked until all the lard is burned away. The result is that every particle of sand is covered with a thin coating of grease, so that when this sand is dropped into the water the sand is impervious to the water (owing to its coat), and so remains as dry as ever. Another trick that Indian fakirs perform is known as the “colored sands trick.” The conjurer eats sev- eral colored sands or sugars—blue, red, yellow, etc.— and swallows them. Nevertheless he can, at the re- quest of any of the spectators, immediately blow out of his mouth any one of the colored sugars desired or called for. This is repeated until all the colors are blown out in turn. The conjurer really swallows the sugars, in the first case—to his detriment, be it said. But he has, concealed in his mouth, several little capsules, each containing one of the sugars of the same color as that eaten. These are concealed within the mouth, between the teeth and the cheek, in various positions around the mouth—in a cer- tain order, which the conjurer knows, Now, when any color is called for, the conjurer sim- ply works the capsule containing this color to the front of his mouth, breaks it with his teeth, and immediately blows out the sand. This is repeated until all the capsules are broken in turn. A little trick sometimes shown is known as the “diving duck.” A bowl is shown empty, and then filled with water. In the water is how placed a small artificial duck. Upon com- mand of the fakir, it dives quite naturally of its own accord; then it rises to the surface, and this is repeated several times. At the Conclusion of the performance, the duck is taken out and handed to the spectators, who can examine it. No amount of examination will reveal the secret, however. It is this: A fine silk thread passes up through a small hole in the bottom of the bowl, and when the conjurer places the duck in the water, he man- ages to slip this thread around the duck. Now, he has only to pull this thread, when bow! is filled, and the duck dives. At the end of the berformance, the thread is broken, and the duck may be examined as much as desired.

WVHA

Scientific American alr ' <ee

ee Department Se

MACHINE FOR SLICING BREAD. Although the machine which is here illustrated has been specially designed for slicing bread, it may be used with equally good results for slicing vegetables

A BREAD-SLICING MACHINE, ~ or any other articles capable of being cut with a knife The special advantages of this machine are that it is light-running, compact, and of simple construction, and that a draw-cutting action is continuously im- parted to the knife while the machine is in operation The action of the knife and the feed of the material to the knife is automatic, and capable of adjustment for cutting thick, medium, or thin slices. In the accompanying engraving the knife is indi- cated at A, It is attached to a block B, mounted to slide on a bar which normally holds the knife in its upper position under tension of a spring. This bar is connected to a cam roller C, which engages a cam rib D formed on the face of a gear wheel. Meshing with this gear wheel is a pinion HF, to which is affixed a crank. A rod F connects this crank with the carrier B. When the gears are turned, the crank causes the knife A to be drawn back and forth, while at the same time the cam D alternately depresses and releases the knife. The bread to be sliced is supported on a carriage, which is automatically fed under the knife after each stroke. The feed mechanism is operated by means of a connecting rod G, attached to the lever H, which rises and falls with the bar on which the carrier B is mounted, When the rod G is raised, the bar J is lowered, and coming in contact with a pawl on the latch K, serves to swing the latter out of engagement with the ratchet teeth L formed on a bar under the bread carriage. The latter is then drawn forward by a coil spring O, operating a drum on which is wound

SOME RECENT TOYS AND TRICKS. 227 a cord that connects with the rear end of the bread carriage. As soon as the latch K disengages the rack, the bar J slipping past the pawl releases the latch, and permits it to return under action of the spring M and engege the next tooth L, There aré three sets of bars formed with ratchet teeth and the teeth are of different lengths on the several bars so that by adjust- ing the latch to engage one or another set ef teeth the slites will be cut correspondingly thick or thin. ‘The bread is held in the carriage by means of prongs formed on the rear wall, as indicated at NY. The for- ward end of the carrriage is supported on a roller P, While the bread is being sliced, the operator mav hold it down on the carriage by pressing down on the spring plate R. The inventor of this slicing machine is Mr. Edward A. Seaburg, of Seattle, Wash — + SOME RECENT TOYS AND TRICKS. He learns best who is taught unawares, and hence when a toy illustrates a scientific principle, or serves as a means of instruction, its value is more than doubled. Most of the toys in the following collection are of the educational class. ‘The boy who owns a geographical globe, such as illustrated in Fig. 1, wit) doubtless develop a great interest in geography and navigation. The globe is partly filled with water or oil, which supports a float. The latter carries a magnet with the poles touching the inner surface of the globe. On the face of the globe a smail ship with an iron keel is placed. As the globe is turned about, the magnet is moved to different positions, and the ship, owing to magretic attraction, is made to sail to different ports, The principal lines of navigation are marked on the globe, and the game is to move the globe so that the ship will sail along these lines. The device shown in Fig. 2 is called a “sound mo- tor.” It is adapted to be placed on the sounding board of a piano or other musical instrument, and when the instrument is played, the dial of the motor slowly rotates. The secret is shown in the cross-sectional view. The dial is pivoted on a central pin, and its periphery is supported by a series of bristles. The sound serves to vibrate the dial, and the intermittent flexing of the bristles causes the dial to turp on its axis. In Fig. 3 we have a trick pipe, based on a well- known scientific principle. The exhibitor produces a pipe, places a paper disk over the bowl, and putting the stem in his mouth, blows the disk off with a sud- den puff. Then he hands the pipe to a friend, ask- ing him to do likewise. Strange to say, the latter is unable to blow off the disk, and even when the pipe is turned over while he is blowing, the disk hugs the mouth of the bowl, The reason is that the air which is blown through the pipe, on reaching the disk spreads out in all directions in a thin sheet, and pro- duces a partial vacuum under the disk, so that the latter is held to the pipe by the pressure on its outer surface. The opening in the bowl is of much smaller diameter than usual, and a central pin on the disk serves to hold the latter in proper position on the pipe. The pipe is provided with a secret passage in the wall of the bowl, and there is a hole in the stem, which may be turned to register with this passage. The exhibitor turns the stem so that when he biows, the air passes partly through the bow! and partly through this passage. Hence the disk is tipped up on one side, so that the partial vacuum is not formed, and the paper may readily be blown off. As a pre- caution, the secret passage is provided with a valve connected to a flexible sleeve placed on the outside of the bowl. The exhibitor, by flexing this sleeve, opens the valve. The advantage of this is that in case he should forget to turn the stem when handing the pipe to his friend, the valve will still prevent the latter from perform ing the trick. Few people realize that a steel bali will freely roll around the end of a magnet pole, from which it may be pulled off only with the greatest difficulty. The property is utilized in Fig. 4. It consists of a blowpipe fit- ted with a magnetic needle at one end A light top provided with a steel stem is sus- pended from the needle by magnetic attrac- tion. On blowing through the pipe, the tep is spun by the stream of air issuing from the pipe, but the rotation of the top does not cause the spindle to fall off the needle The trick cigar illustrated in File. 5 can hardly be classed as an educational toy. How- ever, it is such a vast improvement upon the ordinary trick cigars, which explode when they are partly consumed, that we have included it in this list. Its operation hardly needs any explanation. A stiff wire spring with the ends tied together under tension ‘s placed in the cigar. As the cigar is smoked the string is burned, and the spring flies open, much to the astonishment of the smoker, and yet with- out endangering his eyesight.

| } ! t

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TIRE FOR AUTOMOBILE WHEELS. illustrates a novel take commonly employed. The accompanying engraving double-cushioned tire construction, adapted to the place of pneumat tires n¢ One of the special advantages of this construction is nts the wheel from skidding. Im addition and not liable to that it prev to this, the tire is strong and elastic TIRE FOR AUTOMOBILE WHEELS, injury The cross-sectional view illustrates the details of the invention At A is a steel band about \4 inch thick and 3 inches wide, which is bolted to the wooden lly of the wheel Mounted on this band is a rubber cushion B, an inch thick, which runs around the wheel Over this cushion is a pair of bands C, which are sep- arated from each other by a space of about % of an inch The rubber cushion is clamped between the upper and lower bands by means of bolts, as indicated n the drawing. These bolts are free to slide through cushion oning effect, the extend throughout its length the lower band when the is compressed, To rubber is formed The provided with half-round shoes riveted increase the cush vith holes which upper bands are Fitted over these bands is held outer cushion of thereto, as indicated at D. the outer cushion #, of rubber, which is firmly in place by means of wires F. The rubber is provided with a series of ridges G, which These serve the purpose The ad- instead are preferably of V shape. of cleats to afford a greater tractive effect vantage of forming these ridges of a V shape ing them diagonally across the face of the tire, V counteract of rurn ie that the two branches of the each other, and prevent any tendency toward a lateral With this chains are un- skidding of the wheel. that the ridges, the wheel does movement tires of type necessary, as the V's prevent The inventor informs us that owing to the fact air can circulate between not produce as much dust as the ordinary automobile wheel For this reason he believes that the tire would be of value for use in parks or parkways, where there against the dust raised by rapidly-moving The inventor of this auto- is Mr. Irving Snell, Little Falls, N. Y + AN AUTOMATIC GAS LIGHTER. engraving is a gas is vonsiderable agitation vehicles mobile wheel Pictured In the accompanying lighter.of pertable type, in which a flame is created at will by directing alcoholic vapors to a catalytic igni ter This is done in such a manner as to effectually prevent the possi- bility of an explo- sion or ignition of the vapor in the reservolr of the lighter. One of the figures shows a sec- tional view of the device It consists of a tube A, pro- vided at its lower end with an air bulb B, while at the upper end is a cap C, in which the catalytic igniter is suspended. The tube A consists of two members, which are connect- coupling lower end ed by a B. The of the losed by a plug 2&. At each side of the coupling D the tube is stored with tube is AN AUTOMATIC GAS LIGHTER, Scientific American absorbent material, saturated with alcohol The bulb B when compressed forces air into the tube and material, and the air becomes saturated with alcoholic vapor. The upper end of the tube A is closed by a valve G, which opens against the through the absorbent tension of a spring when the alcoholic vapor is forced upward by bulb. The passing through the valve D, comes into contact with a bunch operating the vapor, of fine platinum wire, which possesses the property of Thus, the gas is ignited and issues from the openings J in becoming highly heated when exposed to gas. the form of a flame. The valve G closes as soon as the air and gas are forced past it, so that when the bulb B expands, it is impossible to draw the flame down into the reservoir of alcohol, and thus an explo- ignition in the reservoir is avoided. The in- Prahar, 124 Pearl sion or ventor of this lighter is Lewis B Street, Brooklyn, N. Y. ODDITIES IN INVENTION. A CONVENIENT Maton Sart The match safe illus- designed to deliver or discharge time into the hand of the operator. opened at the top introducing matches into an interior re- trated herewith is one match at a It consists of a box which may be to permit of ceptacle The bottom of the box is open, but is formed with cleats on which the receptacle rests. The latter is closed on each side and at the rear, The front wall of the outer casing of the box proper is formed with a groove or recess of such size as to contain but one match. In operation the receptacle is moved upward, leaving one match, which rests in the recess, and the and also has a slanting bottom wall. latter, as soon as it clears the bottom wall of the re- ceptacle, falls into the operator’s hand. On releasing the receptacle the latter falls to ifs normal position, A CONVENIENT MATCH SAFE, and permits another match to enter the recess, whence it is discharged when the receptacle is next operated. ATTACHMENT FOR Beps.—A resident of Alle- has invented an attachment for supporting A vertical which is preferably hollow, is rotatably se- BRACKET gheny, Pa., 1 crib or tray in close proximity to a bed. standard cured to the bed in a sleeve and a socket piece clamped to one of the head posts. An arm mounted on the standard carries a U-shaped frame, the side-arms of which are grooved. In these grooves a tray cr slide may be fitted or a crib or bassinet may be supported BRACKET ATTACHMENT FOR BEDS. in the manner illustrated Fitted into the hollow standard is a rod which may be secured thereto by a set-screw and which projects over the crib. This may serve to support a curtain. The advantage of this ar- rangement is that the crib may be drawn close to the bed whenever the baby requires attention without re- quiring the occupant of the bed to arise. igo, COCTOBER 3, RvusBer-Trrep Rocking CHarrn.—A Western inventor has devised a pneumatic shoe or tread, which may be applied to the rockers of a chair, so as to render the motion of the chair easy and noiseless, and prevent creeping and damage to the floor and walls of the apartment, or to the furniture with which the rocker may come in contact. The shoes may be applied to the rockers irrespective of their width or form, and each shoe is formed with a bumper at the rear end, which excessive backward movement of the chair floor, and thus prevent over- during will engage the A RUBBER-TIRED ROCKING CHAIR. turning. Would that all apartment houses were sup- plied with quiet rockers! A Hanpy Wrencu.—The wrench illustrated herewith is particularly adapted for removing nuts from axles, and is fitted with means for holding the nut to the wrench, so that it will not fall to the ground when unscrewed. The socket, which is adapted to receive the nut, is formed with a plate of resilient metal, which pressed against the nut to clamp it in the socket. The upper end of the plate is connected to a thumb screw that is screwed into a lug on the handle of the wrench. By turning this screw the plate is moved to the clamping position. SF) may be A HANDY WRENCH. To facilitate operating the wrench, the opposite end thereof is provided with a knob, swiveled to the handle of the wrench, and after the nut has been clamped in the socket, the wrench may be turned by grasping the knob in the fingers and revolving the wrench so as to unscrew the nut. The entire opera- tion of removing the nut or applying it to the axle may thus be done without soiling the fingers, as it is unnecessary to touch the nut, CoMBINED DISH-PAN AND DRAINER.—A useful house- hold article has recently been invented which will facil- itate the washing and draining of dishes. It consists of a dish-pan of greater length than its width and pre- ferably formed with a rounded inclined wall at one end. Set into this pan, at the opposite end, is a dish- drainer formed with sheet metal walls and having a skeleton bottom. The drainer is arranged to fit snugly into the dish-pan so that it will be held therein by frictional engagement. The bottom of the drainer consists of a series of rods and cross-bars terminating COMBINED DISH-PAN AND DRAINER. at one end in a dish-support or bail. The dishes as they are washed in the forward end of the dish-pan are supported on edge on the rods, the first dish being leaned against the bail. Being supported in upright position the dishes will drain readily and while in the drainer boiling water may be poured upon them to rinse them. Since the drainer and dish-pan are com- bined in a single article the dish washer will be saved many unnecessary steps.

Page 13

OcroBER 3, 1908. Scientific American RECENTLY PATENTED INVENTIONS, The patents described in this department have been secured through the Scientific American Patent Agency, 361 Broadway, New York, N. Y. Electrical Devices, ELECTRICAL HOIST.—G. Rasmus, New York, N. ¥ The object is this case is to pro- vide ar ctric hoist having an electric mo tor pl ided with a revoluble armature and a revoluble field, the latter being driven from the armature and forming the _ hoist- ing drum, so that the apparatus takes up very little room, requires no brake mechanism and js exceedingly serviceable for use in overhead traveling cranes TELEPHONE-RECEIVER SUPPORT.—M. M Kaun, Louisville, Ky This invention illus trates a very simple and serviceable device for use in supporting a telephone receiver in proper position near the transmitter so as to leave the hand of the user free The device comprises an ingenious series of connected members, the inner end being attachable to the arm of an ordinary telephone transmitter and at the outer end a standard is provided the top of which forms a seat for the receiver and the foot of which is adapted to rest on a desk or other convenient support RAILROAD-SIGNAL.—T. C, and F. A. Bowpb Le, ELECTRIC Focarty, F. W Brock, Chatham, Ill The improvement is in the na ture of a novel construction and arrangement of block signal systems and relates especial- ly to that form of s al systems adapted for electric railroads which a continu- ous feed wire carrying an operating circuit of 650 volts is employed The invention con- sists in the construction and arrangement of the switch and switch operating devices con- trolled by the passage of the car. Of Iuterest to Farmers, SEED-CLEANER.—J. H. Hempen, Alexan- dria, La. ‘This invention is particularly useful in connection with apparatus for cleaning and freeing from foreign substances, cotton-seed, rice, wheat, corn, and other grain The cleanser frees the seed from chaff and trash, as well as from particles of foreign matter or other im- purities of higher specific gravity than the seed It is automatic in action, and adjustable for use ih’ cleansing seeds or granular material, and in which impurities capable of magnetic attraction are removed from the material by means of an electric magnet DRAFT DEVICE FOR PLOWS.—A J Minor, Canton, 8. D. The invention relates to draft devices, and especially to such devices More specifically, hanism kind which is con as to the animals to hitched to the plow out of alinement with the plowshare, a construction being provided which prevent draft Thus, the plow will continue fn a straight although the pulling force is applied at a laterally displaced The facilitates adjustment device to suit the pulling force, when used for drawing plows to draft of this structed so enable me be tends to side line point construction of the Of General Interest, BOTTLE-NECK AND CLOSURE THERE- FOR.—A. McCampripgr, Williamstown, N. J. The purpose in this case is to provide details of construction for a bottle neck and closure which are very simple, and that when assem bled after the bottle has been filled, will per mit the free out-pouring of the liquid contents of the bottle but prevent refilling of the bottle. CARD-HOLDER.—P. M MATHESON, San Juan, Porto Rico. The holder is used in af- fixing price marks to clothing and articles in show windows, etc. The device is constructed of a single piece of wire by bending it to a point intermediate its length to provide a head, with the free ends of the wire brought together and arranged side by side, one of which is formed with a pointed extremity to provide a pin, and the other bent upon itself in a plane at right-angies to the plane of the head to produce a hook for engaging and hold- ing the card. SHAVING-MUG.—T. D. McKown, Pittsburg, Ga, of the the to provide a simple and inexpensive mug, in which a soap holder is provided with a water-jacket serving to keep the soap suds from drying out One objects of invention is when the mug is being used, and so constructed that the and thor- oughly entire device can be easily cleaned. RECEPTACLE-HOLDER.—C. C. Littie, San Jose, Cal. The holder is for use in holding cups, glasses and other like receptacles more the of water sketching, and is constructed for use outdoor especially color painters in adapted to be applied to the cross bar of an easel or other support in a manner to carry the glass in an upright position. There is a seat provided for the glass, and means for em- bracing the body thereof when placed on the seat, and for attaching the holder to a sup- port Hardware, WINDOW-LOCK.—L. G. Minumr, New York, N. ¥ The invention relates more particularly to that type of lock which includes a locking member secured to one sash, and a keeper or the other sash, adapted to engage casing on the two sashes in engagement with each other and prevent the window from being opened. Heating and Lighting. GAS-MANTLE SUPPORT.—C. J. Barron, Big Rapids, Mich. The gas mantles attached to gas burners for intensifying the brilliancy of the flame, are very brittle and liable to be cracked or broken off when jarred otherwise suddenly in vibration. To avoid this result, and thus prolong the “life” of such mantles, the inventor has devised an means for supporting them from a so-called or Set improved burner, Household Utilities, WRINGER.—D, A. Sawyers, Unionville, lowa. The invention is particularly useful in connection with devices used for wringing out mops, wash-rags, and the like. An object is to provide a wringer arranged to be moved from to place, having a frame adapted to support a receptacle such as a pail, and pro- vided with means for wringing out mops, wash- rags, and the like. TABLE.—A. B. Puenan, Alliance, Neb. This invention relates more particularly to improve ments in that type of table in which there is provided a compartment beneath the top thereof which may uncovered by moving said top The compartment may be employed for the storage of kitchen or table articles, or may, if desired, be employed as a sink. WASTE-PIPE Longbeach, Cal. piace be CLEANER.—W. T. Lisensy, The invention is an improve- ment in waste pipe cleaners, having among other objects, the provision of an effective means for instantly unchoking and cleansing waste pipes which become clogged with grease, or other foreign substance. paper, Means are provided whereby as the piston is reciprocated any material which might the pipes is positively forced out. become lodged in COMBINED CLOTHES AND CLOTHES-PIN RECEPTACLE.—-W. H. Carpenter, Lehr, N. D. The receptacle is adapted to be upon the for in hanging clothes upon or them from a line. The in- to provide an inexpensive and receptacle of separate compartments, adapted to hung by of straps from the shoulders of the user. carried person use removing ventor’s aim is simple suitable be means Machines and Mechanical Devices, SELF-LUBRICATING SHAFT. E. L. There is diffi- Woon, Long Island City, N. Y. culty in lubricating shafting revolving at high velocities, because centrifugal force repels the oil. Mr. Wood puts the oil inside. This has been before proposed but he has made im provements which are radical and important. He provides convenient and reliable means of insuring a slow discharge under all condi- tions, with an increased rate of discharge when the shaft is revolved. HYDRAULIC PRESS.—T. E. Houmes, 8 Oakdale Road, Nether Edge, Sheffield, England. This invention to hydraulic presses and the like worked by means of steam hydraulic intensifier and the valves for controlling admission and exhaust of steam to the intensifier and lifting cylinders controlling the connections the and the high pressure hydraulic all con- trolled by a single handing lever. FRICTION-CLUTCH. pendence, Mo. The object provide a clutch effective and prac- tically noiseless, and arranged to automatic- ally the driving member with the member to be driven, long the driving member rotates in a forward direction, and to immediately automatically release the driven as the forward motion of the the driving member AIR-LOCK FOR H, Durack, El invention two pertains forging apparatus, wherein the from for air system and and between vessel are H. N, Davis, Inde of the invention is to very connect as as and member as soon driving member runs in a reverse direction. MINES AND TUNNELS.— Tex. ceases or P. the Paso, In carrying out locks are provided, being located near mouth of the mine shaft or tunnel, another being placed contiguous to the heading or foot of the shaft or tunnel; and two pipes are arranged in the shaft or tunnel, for fresh air into the same and the other for removing foul air and water therefrom. air one the and one conducting MACHINE. — J. The machine is con- SOUND - REPRODUCING Scuwan, New York, N. Y. structed as a permanent part of a support havy- ing a flat top and in the nature of a table, and the machine casing is movably supported below the top. The support is provided with a num- ber of horns radiating to its border and connect ing with the horn of the machine, which serve to uniformly distribute the sound waves throughout the room. ‘Thus the ordinary use of the support as a table is not impaired, and the machine, which is to many an unsightly ob- ject, is concealed and protected from dust, SELF-CONTROLLING DEVICE FOR NOTE- increase in peripheral the increasing thickness of the note sheet roll on the winding speed by with one end of the locking member to retain be furnished by Munn & Co Please state the name of the patentee, title of | PNEUMATIC ACTION.—H. Meyer, New York, N. Y. The invention relates to self-play self-playing pianos, and like musical struments, and its object is to provide a pneu ers, to get out of order, and arranged to from the outside, to render the action exceed ingly sensitive, DOOR GALARNEAU and W. 8. Newron, East St. Louis Ill. attached directly to the door and the passing to the door lock and connected there with in such a manner that when the pulled the door if locked and closed will be un locked and then opened, or if the door opened, a pull on the line will close it. Prime Movers and Their Accessories, VALVE MECHANISM L. WAYRYNEN, Dolph, 8, D. piston is completing its exhaust stroke. GAS-ENGINE IGNITER. Flores, Lower California, Mexico. H. A, Lees, and C. W. Grise, San Diego, Cal. The invention fluid turbines, the more particular object being to produce a refers to elastic the present patent the object of the invention moved forward until the flanges of the wheels engage the inclined faces of the integral flanges. Continued movement of the car forces the wheels toward the rails, and as the flanges engage the friction rollers, they trip the wh>els, dropping them onto the rails with proper position, The plates are laid flat upon the ties, and engagement of the groove of one of two plates with the rail retains the other in place, and the latter is retained in place by weight of derailed car, the flange of the first mentioned plate receiving the greater stress. flanges in Pertaining to KRecreation, TOY.—A. E. Wootnoven, New York, N. Y The invention relates to dolls, bears, and similar figure toys, having movable members such as or arms, and its object is to provide a toy arranged to allow of turning any one of the movable members independent of the others, and to hold the movable members firmly in any adjusted position, and to produce sounds within the body of the toy on turning any one of the movable members. FISHING-FLOAT.—W. Von Rosenperc, Jr., Austin, Tex. The inventor for his the construction of a float, the attachment and effected with great improve the float, to the that undue strain, legs has object detachment of which may be facility; and further to rather its attaching means, when the line is subjected to as when the hook sinker is snagged, that the line will not be subjected to a breaking strain end at the float, in response to its tendency to assume a straight direction under the tension | exerted on the line. PUZZLE.—G. Carman, Arlington, N. J. The object in this instance is the provision of movable body and a certain defined course or path over which the is to be moved, the body screened from the direct view of the operator who observes them only through the reflection of a mirror, whereby the natural order of things is reversed. a puzzle embodying a body and path being ——— Pertaining to Vehicles, ROLLER.—J. M. Bray, Villapark, N. J. invention is particularly useful in with road and lawn rollers as well for other purposes, One object Is The connection as rollers to provide SHEETS.—H. Meyer, New York, N. . a em ‘feeapencive Willer faving = emecth and object of the invention is to provide pP _ hard rolling surface, and so constructed that more especially designed for causing the note the height of the roller is suitably propor- sheet to travel at a uniform speed by rotating tioned to the weight thereof, to render the de- =“ spee creasing the winding up roller at a speed decreasing iat ial adiintonS: in proportion as the sheet winds up on the winding up roller, thus compensating for the Nore.—Copies of any of these patents will for ten cents each. up roller. the invention, and date of this paper. in- matic action which is very compact, not liable allow convenient and minute adjustment of the valve OPENER AND CLOSER.—P. _D. The construction of this device embodies a line having two branches, one of which is other line is be FOR ENGINES. W. One of the objects | W. C. Pianx, Las This inven- Notes Seat — * and Queries 3 HINTS TO CORRESPONDENTS. Full hints to correspondents were printed at the head of this column in the issue of August Sth, or will be sent by mail on request ’ (10863) P., -| school M. says: I am a boy, and a friend of mine | to construct. a wireless telegraph. Our homes -|are about mile apart and we want to know if it would be possible to construct one jat a reasonable cost 1. Would storms any trouble; L e., if: lightning | struck the pole what would happen? 2. About | how high would the poles have to be? 3 | there in the Suprriemerr telling how to construct a simple wireless tele high- and I want one thunder cause Have been any articles in this invention is the provision of means | graph? 4. Could you refer us to a few good whereby the exhaust valve is automatically | hooks on the subject obtainable at a public opened at the end of the exhaust stroke and /}jbrary? A. We can furnish you SupPLemMent held open by the escaping gas while the) No, 1363, price ten cents, which contains a full description of a set of wireless telegraph apparatus for sending one mile, A larger set ; is @escribed in SuprLeMENT No. 1605, with full tion relates to improvements in ignition de-| instructions for setting up and tuning a sta vices for use in internal combustion engines,| tion, in SuprpLementr Nos. 1622, 1624, 1625 and more particularly to that type of ignition at ten cents each, These will give you the device in which a smal! portion of the ex- | principal points which you will require toe plosive charge is compressed ir the ignition| know. Of course a thunder-storm, or light- cylinder to such a pressure that it spontan-' ning, will do to the aerial for the wireless tele eously ignites and serves for igniting the main | graph just what it will do to any other tall charge in the main engine cylinder. | object which it strikes. The apparatus must ELASTIC-FLUID BURNER.—W. F Les, | be provided with a reliable lightning arrester |The aerial is with a good ground, Perhaps an aeria! 18 feet above the house top will answer for a always provided It is indispensable. turbine operated by the expansive force of | Mile transmission. We would name good books gases, such as are produced by the explosion | fF your study, Collins's “Wireless Telegraphy,” of heavy or light crude oil, petroleum refuse, | price $3.00; Maver’s “Wireless Telegraphy anthracite, and bituminous gases, water and price $3.00; Collins’s “Manual for Operators.” coal gases, benzine, gasolene, ethylene, marsh | Price $1.50. We shall be glad to furnish any gas, natural gas, acetylene gas, semi-water gas, | °* all of these books upon order. producer gas, various hydrocarbon gases, and; (10864) H.H. F. says: Having stud- alcohol. fed the question from all sides, I should Iike _— to know what reason there is for not using a Railways and Their Accessories, vertical open front engine on sidewhee! steam- ADJUSTABLE EXHAUST FOR LOCOMO.-| ers. According to several engineers on side- TIVES.—H, H. Mackey, Durand, Mich. In| wheel vessels, this type of engine could be used to good advantage by simply plecing the is the provision of a new and improved ad-| machine across the beam of the ship instead justable exhaust for locomotives, arranged to of fore and aft, swinging the shaft a little control the draft of the boiler, according to lower and placing the cylinders well up in the work done at the time by the engine, so the housing. It is a well-known fact that as to save fuel. inclined engines wear on the underside of ali CAR-REPLACER.—W. M. Kircuun, Ha- ‘"® Parts of cylinders, slides, piston, making vana, Fla. In operation the derailed car is it hard to keep them tn good shape. In using a vertical engine, all with, and Economy of space, compactness, even running and wear ing of parts, accessibility of parts, could be placed in engine room, less vibration A. We are doubtful if the of vertical gines with cylinders above the shaft would effect either of the first two or the last of advantages claim for it In sidewhee! steamers (economy of space, compactness, of reduced vibration). There might be j}economy of hold space by having the cylinders | vertical instead of inclined, but this would at the expense of deck or cabin space. The |larger the diameter of the paddle wheel th | greater its leverage, and the greater the height of the shaft above water line, and lowering of the shaft would redone: this leverage. The principal objection te super imposed vertical cylinders, hewever, the raising of the of gravity boat higher above the center of buoyancy this would be dene away these advantages gained: dynamon use em) the you some fee consequently would he of tne tend center ing to topheaviness, and the use of horizontal is with a the center of gravity of the low possible give increased stability For if vertical cylinders were used it to them Another objection or inclined engines view to keeping boat ar as to this ld the cylinders reason be better shaft. in a wo than above vertical the due have below to increased to vertical thrust of the pistons on opposite ends of the shaft, whereas the alternate thrust in a fore-and-aft direction has no such dency and only causes an uncomfortable vibre- tion in over-engined boats, (10865) E. B. M. says: I, as well as | several friends, am obliged by our business to go into out-of-the-way regions where the need may to revolver a “heathen.” Perhaps your valuable columns may settle a discussion which 1. Which the greater muzzle velocity—one of the less-powder automatic revolvers Mauser the Colt 32- of auto matic, heavy “frontier” 44- or 45-caliber revolver black The small pistols high-explosive beautiful pieces of undoubtedly both higher penetration and muzzle velocity than the older and using black but in emergency com mend the latter, for the following wish to see how far into a boiler plate how far up 1) grain of a log of wood you shoot, the small-bore, high-explosive weapon ts preferable ; if, again, you are sitting in a fort cover and you have no but a piste with which to pick off as large a number as sidewheel steamer is ten dency to roll in a beam sea the alter nate ten- possibly arise use a against has arisen has penetration and sinoke modern suck as or SS8-caliber or a using powder * A bore automatic using smokeless powder are mechanism and have larger-bore weapons for seif-preservation by all to reasons : you powder, us means If or can or other weapon

Page 14

230 Scientific American OcroBErR 3, 1908.

—_—— = : = a —" — ! possible of mer aval gs to attacl (10868) P. Y. asks Suppose record | point will have the temperature of that place;| that is intended to make 36 knots per hour, half a mi ‘ mas ind minimum pressure gage is| im al place above the freezing point it will] A. The “Dreadnought” was illustrated and de- Ma use re | red below t disturbing influence of the| »ave the temperature of the freezing point.| scribed in the issue of the ScrenTIFIC AMERI- > , . ; ne sea. during a calm. what] [ce does not retain its temperature below the| can of August 25, 1906. We have no data aby! k a y ind flow of the waves have| freezing point It cannot be heated above the] respecting the other vessels mentioned. ange gages during a storm, we will say at crecsing ae unde! ordinary circumstances. (10877) E. R. asks: Will you please wren the difference is 10 feet from| ike any other solid, ice is cooled in the rere ais a ae ~ poe winter to the temperature of the air, be it al mn your query column how many revo- } 4 Ay 1 gage r water will ro or below, and becomes warmer as the og ae see - - sore? - ™ offi how the hange of pressure due to change of | temperature rises till its melting point is — we age sovetutions a = -_ 5 t . depth of water It can make no difference] ™®@ hed Then it cannot be made hotter. It — emer cove. One rotation of the cart® to have| ehethe: lepth changes because of a wave| Changes Its condition to the Nquid form 7” its axis is completed when a star which i aeetese ol = ceeds ak ten 4 reeds, 2: Ol eden Slee s take was due south ‘ast night is to-night in the ' site | ae ten enots mci Ns ge Pheccte ake « oe a a } . . bey nt S & : same position. Since the earth is also moving — ; : aaa oan seeps age na gob — a Notes and Queries column earlier each night than it did the previous - . ident | my Preven ab eae “i 6 ante whethe r the Sewing statements which ap-| night. The earth mnst turn on its axis, about : reaped p red S aieiebaihcdiaamamed tom 5 16-cendlo-gew a pear in the Enc yclopwedia Britannica (vol. xi,} four minutes of time more to bring the sun to oping tt ‘ k he| incandescent lamp consumes % ampere cur | Pages OG and ot) = correct. Under the head-| the same place day by day. ‘This extra time ; “9 Sait tes pe rate ; at 110 ae ae athe ae £ “Gravitation, paragraph 2, it says:! constitutes the difference in length between the es Mesa ge teow, “ me enentiing on Giteinatinn exetent! Movement of a} alling Body. Our knowledge | solar and the sidereal day, and in a year _ eRe a ce abbas gens eee a, = the force of gravitation being ultimately| causes that there shall be one sidereal day a: a : dl - - ae saiinas founded on ‘observation and experiment, it will| more than there are solar days. There are . ' ' , . — h are| U& Convenient at this point to describe the ex-| 365 solar days and 366 sidereal days in each ee ; . . igpe periments by which a knowledge of the laws] year. The sidereal day is the true measure na : : ‘ , , ; . , 5 A 7 + thes f motion of a falling body may be ascer-| of the rotation of the earth on its axis with er - : : cesaggye tained, We shall first describe these experi-| reference to a star or to a fixed point in abso- ’ ous aes 1 , and then we shall discuss the laws to] lute space, : : 7 os h we are conducted by their aid A be- (10878 HBC =e in ae On Sp Metford ome ' 4 : Wires | Sinner is apt to be surprised when he is told - ) . B. C. asks: 1. Why is it op ; : - Sentai A that a heavy and a light body will fall to the that a light, when put into a 110-volt circuit, — i Ne aeeteien GSeete mars , | Stour d in the same time if let drop from the will not short cireuit the current, while a piece naan . agp ore : Shami 4 Bae Pagers nd ¢ je the | S2me height. Yet nothing can be easier than| of small copper wire of about the same length see a liPag. tee al rhage ysl wnat ts aveteh ito this important fact experimentally.| #8 the filament of the lamp, when placed in ' , | a vous and| any arrangement of the wires. It ix the price| E88 ® Plece of cork in one hand and a bullet] the same position, will immediately short- wi a OO J i a bs me D ’|in the other, and drop these two objects at} Circuit? I have found it to be a fact that ar \ Snider 0 en-j|in ca which mu pald to get @ CU! +46 same moment from the same height. They| When an incandescent light’s globe breaks, the tir high power | rent :' will reach the ground together. Nor will the| filament does the same as the piece of copper ; : or , — a p (10870) P. H. K. writes Is ice] results be different if we try a stone and a] Wire, provided, of course, that the current is re wr : whe ec 7 “ a | formed fro + water salt or fresh? A|Plece of wood.” On page 67 it says “The | on. Do I not, therefore, have reason for ah dey we ; aah = sete 4 it is im-| ¥ irious experiments to which we have re- thinking that the air has something to do with m sos “es oe ‘ salted ice. as ‘ process | ferred suffi to establish the very important| this? A. When the globe of an incandescent ~s - + Bowe party Be os eceailines. 4 ; eliminated. Who is| result that the time occupied by a body in|!amp breaks, the hot filament Is instantly - : = — wa | rie . ' . ¥ ” ions | fa ing to tl surface of the earth, if dropped burned by the oxygen of the air just as any > + a agenggre : 5 frome | ot } 1 t i separat j fr m al int above it, is independent of the other piece of carbon would be. The curtemy t! I Mala (for from tf r, and tl formed is| mass @ the body as well as of the materials} 'S not ‘short circuited by the filament rhe nnd oe Be Rog Mb 4 ergy es ; e easy to| of which tt dy is composed.” I always un- flash of light which is seen is due to the raized . , heat! “er on, | fot k of rt ilted This| derstood it to be a well-known fact that the chemical action of burning the filament, and . ; ee, ae "| is fi ieee we an: Gast. ioe r| velocity of falling bodies depends upon the| ot to any electrical action. W hen the circuit : gg ange Z ft} which . pom t} Spec ¢ gravity and the density of the modtem } IS bridged by a short coppe r wire, the resist re . Pty A Me ; ae Vitek | thr igh which they pass, and I am therefors penny of the copper wire is small and a large hee ; o kept ~pothons : eer ,j) at a loss to understand the meaning of the| flow of amperes takes place, which heats and ae St Pog te 7 ' sepa from ttn aolves |! iragraph referred to. That the above para melts and also burns the copper. This is : ! dogl cated et = e+) ine i aa possibly refer to bodies falling| What is meant by a “short circuit.” 2. How ; — | | the Fire Underwr ers’ Association for wiring | ! Had you done so. you could hardly have writ-| building with 110-volt current? I have been LT in mecha we ha nev ! ' tri i bods f water wher a — en the letter to us The expe sieneest is aad using what is known as No. 14 rubber-covered @ see the real ad — as : ere f it strikes within] 11. go are others given by Prof. Ball. Try| for my outside, and No. 14 weather-proof for t i a} milar 4d nd_dja hundred yard r A. We do not "| them till you are convinced that it is the mat-| my inside wiring. In this am I meeting ‘the onventer whe t pract Wh ny reason why a person sl d be affected by]... oe sna be “ io ; quirements ? <A. No. 14 wire is al- oa =e se » Ra capt <n iad saan tn ek a cee the earth which draws bodies down to] requirements nog not P A 0. a , _| its surface, and that the rate of fall is not| lowed by the Underwriters to carry 12 amperes eartrid y \ t have time to d vimming rhe earth at fam poter tial al dependent upon the weight or the density of| in rubber insulation, and 16 amperes in other “T yh v nom . juich r aw mat - he nfinite — from which - mage ivy falling. This was demonstrated by| insulations 4. Do wires necessarily need to and ; ’ with : » amount y¥ can Feme Ci calll at the Leaning Tower of Pisa before| be soldered in joining them to make them a) d ¢ ibout 7 i ft t! » that a man could] oe 4 on rati »| more electrically and mechanically perfect? A. ne ° tee ae : aaite ak te yor nage i eateiaiieats.. + | the imm rtal de monstration of the law of ss hh as a | gravitation by Newton. he paragraphs you| In good work wires are always soldered at rey r with a ; ! ld rhe ca t ime as that , ~ in bur ~ refer to have no dependence upon the other| junctions to other wires. No other connection (10866) D Kk. W says Will you ~ the ¢ . atom oS. . nade “A ~ q | fact that the lightest and heaviest bodies fall | is allowed. ; nt . } ‘ m tf 1 ' eit er of : , ‘ tha [hs tt *, os x é < Res = es | alike in a vacuum They refer to the fact | (10879) J. C. B. says: 1. In what t s and tine abhor —_ watol k but | *28* all moderately heavy bodies fall prac | probable way does Edison expect to utilize + da Ss t 1 lu alik ; +e + : , cada 1 illy alike through the air Very light thir ®5/ cobalt? Can he use the chlorine gas from it rin ay “l of 18 111 1-3 da i ie d : , d feet long | = retarded enough by the alr to have bermed a motive power? If not, how to use it in lt 10 1-3 da On tes f it has the same| T#te of fall changed by the resistance 0! the! stora batteries? A. We regret to say that happen to ha ! f ur t! “a ia end the cam eeen hrough which they are fallin we are not able to answer your inquiry, “In period No knows when tl fact wa antic. tes ; A. If two rop one B | (10876) H. M. asks 1. Why are the] what probable way does Mr. Edison expect to i red t ta it tl re i ia aan und the other 100 feet long, are] guns on battleships not larger than 45 caliber,| utilize cobalt?” ete. It would be a hazardous ns eee : _ ine | pulled equa the roy being supported at| 12-inch? Is it because they are strong] thing to attempt to tell what Mr. Edison will a the ends on the longer rope will break| enough, or because an ordinary ship is unabie | probably do, or may be expected to do. We incor } ; : a | ir - ie rst ts weight is greater than that of| to carry larger guns? A. 45 calibers is found | doubt if he tells any one, even if he knows bs tesa mre ' ‘ , , - the the hort rope, and ; added to the pull| to be the maximum length which can be used} himself, what he expects to do. We may say : . upor f If the ropes were lying on the} to advantage for the 12-inch gun. The greater| that there is no chlorine in cobalt, and no mo v ‘ a “ier : ve so F ‘ ‘ther support, we do not think the/ length would prove cumbersome, and necessi | tive power in chlorine. We are sure that Mr. * ! i 41 - 10 ~~ r, | aitte e In length would make any difference | tate larger turrets to accommodate the greater| Edison does not expect to find either of these ' i ' “eye kit trength, although we are aware| weight back of the trannions. 2. By what] results in his investigations. 2. In ante- ota that 1 hold the opposite opinior }formula is the displacement of ships known| bellum days here in North Carolina, by rub- ( R67) ! I sks Wil do the 6108 “ ' ten Is ther any before they ire launched? A. The displace-| bing a pocket knife blade across the points of ' and t occu \ P ‘ nana an ment of ships is found by calculating the the old flat strap iron on the railroad track, roms equator I | : ih ecre i ubical bulk of the ship below the waterline.| the blades of the knife so rubbed became highly in one alt ’ ited for ititud wd : ; : 3. Would it be possible to build torpedo boats] magnetic, capable of lifting iron or steel ob- N. on March 21 last the sun entered A a) ns . aoa “_: ages Be lof say 400 tons with a speed of 45 knots? A,| jects of considerable weight, a fourpenny nail pring bear but the nearest equal d ; ee hosted a St-Ghdh eine tol In the pre sent stat of the art it would be im-| or larger perhaps. I have so done often my- curred on March 18, three da f \ : ah dieimain < Mes he gia ee | possible to build a hull of 400 tons displace self, but after some forty years cannot say September tl earest equal d ‘ my) : r as seers is | ment which would float horse-power necessary positively I raised anything heavier than a September 27, four days after \. Equal da - . afte h . al is | give a speed of 45 knots The “Viper,” a fourpenny nail. Have tried the present T-iron hte d r every time tl 8 ata — - wii aaeaan ° on | torp do boat of slightly over 400 tons, holds| rail repe atedly, with no magnetism resulting the equator. The day is just twelve hours and| |. oii. force can pass through the core of an he record for speed of slightly over 36 knots} at all. Why is this? -The magnetic proper- the night tw hours long But because of otenteeennamel scenabtionn! 4p . the eectienall hour. The horse-power increases as more tles were then well known, but do not know b juat f time tl lock time of sunrise eat gah id get For tl ; Rape than the cube of the speed, and hence the|if I can now establish the fact by another wit- a -” fron ix rhe true sun is coma app odor yan dieses aitiedee habe ight of the engines to give a propeller thrust ness than myself A. Any magnetizing of a east of e mea r clock sun by about seven) i. iin, a me led a a i ca suitable for a speed of 45 knots would be knife by stroking it on a rail was due to the minute Ml h and a little more than seven ih mations ween ¢ aera houtg | 2!together prohibitive 4. a. A description of | fact that the rail was a magnet. If the old minw ! , " September See any Elites 20le: ade iiag abe eaites mop | the 21-inch torpedo in use in the United States| experiment cannot riow be repeated, it is be rood te ©0 ronomy f » full ex oo nendtee the core-atter the wind ' navy \. The United States 21-inch torpedo} cause the present rail is not a magnet. 3. oe 7 read ' e $1.75, or eae h better to wind the coils on s] = » | was described In the Scienriric American of| From what source does the ocean derive its Young's “General A adie price $3, are ee Beet acon one January 6, 1906. b. A description of the 45-| intense saltiness, and how retain same in unl- mmended and ca ‘ ipplied | 18 =I niece after the core has been be : ; ee entimeter torpedo in use in the German navy.| forni strength? A. The salt now in the ocean What causes the ynod ! it “ thet. 4 ‘ ‘ ~ | A. We are not aware that any data regarding| has been in the past ages washed out of the ule f the moon, and wl doe e of final shape German 45-centimeter torpedo have been| land or dissolved from beds of salt in the apsid hange? A. The s A tions of (10874) N. R. R. asks: Will you}, ade public. 5. Is there any work giving com-| earth to which the water gained access. The the moor line of apsides and ¢ ression| please let me know whether natural is| plete statistics of all rapid-fire guns in use in| saltness remains, since all the water which of the nod f the moon's are sused | colder than manufactured ice or not? The lat he large navies? A. Brassey's Naval Annual| evaporates from the ocean is fresh water. by the disturbing action of 1! un upon the| ter is made at a temperature of 20 degrees| gives full statistics. 6. Please put an article} The original water was fresh. It became salt moon The discussion of th: ffects conati-| above zer wd natural ice undergoes a tem-/in your paper that treats of the new ships} by dissolving salt from the earth. 4. Why are tutes the problem of the thre: dd 4 good] perature metimes many degrees colder, Does} now building in England, I. e., “Dreadnought,”| the conventional number of guns (21) fired in elementary presentation of the problem may be] it retain this greater cold? A. All ice, natural] armored cruiser “Orion,” TT. B. destroyer] honor of the President of the United States? found in Young's “General Astronomy.” or artificial, in any place below the freezing'“Afridi,’ and the special type torpedo boat, Is it by Congressional enactment? Why 21

wecate

Page 15

if ur, de- RI- ita in th he ng to us to

( BER 3, 1908. Scientific American 231

Belt or Foot Power Peer CAD be used with equ wl re- ” rated Star” Serew-Cut- ting Engine Lathes. Every individual part ot them is built iw

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ROTARY PUMPS AND ENGINES Their Originand Development.—An important series of papers giving a bistorical resume of the rotary pump and engine from 1588 and illustrated with clear draw- ings showing the construction of various forms of pumps and engines. 38 illustrations. Contained in SUPPLEMENTS 1109, 1110, 1111. Price 10 cents each. For sale by Munn & Co. and all newsdealers. The Perfection Wrench Newest wrench on the market. Best “all- round’ tool ever made all steel—great strength. Instantly adjusted Easily and quickly operated. Immense time, temper and trouble saver. bilists. After using the “ Perfection” once, ou will never buy any other make wrench, Vrite for circular to THE PERFECTION WRENCH CO. Box 426, Port Chester, N. Y. FOR GUNSMITHS, TOOL MAKERS, EXPERI- MENTAL & REPAIR WORK, ETC. From 9-in. to 13-in. swing. Arranged for Steam or Foot Power, Velocipede or Stand-up Treadle. Send for Lathe Catalog. W.F. &3NO. BARNES CO. Established 7872. 1999 Ruby St., Rockrore, In.

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| ceptionally so, and not 13 for original in thirteen States? A. The firing of 21 guns as a salute for the na- tional flag, the President of this or other countries, or the sovereigns of foreign states, international custom, (10880) M. W. and C. P. write: We would like to know, through the columns of paper, how a boiler of 15 horse- is an your valuabk power, that is only in use about three months during a year, should be left. Should it be filled with water or empty, and should the smokestack be protected? <A. A boiler to be laid up for a should be thoroughly cleaned on the inside, filled with water with steam on, so as to be full of hot water that has been boiled, up to the safety valve. The flues and fire surface of the boiler should then be cleaned ; ashes and soot removed from every part where such lodge. Then close fire doors, ash pit, and put a cap on the smokestack. | With this treatment laid-up boilers do not rust inside or outside. It is the moist air drawn through a laid-up boiler that does damage by rust. (10881) C. F.C. asks: (which are season 1. Are lantern contact) more sensitive to the light than carbon velox? For that printed a good clear picture on carbon velox in 15 seconds, being held 12 inches from a would a lantern slide time to print it? A. slides printed by instance, a plate large size house lamp, take longer or shorter Lantern slide plates are always slow plates, much less sensitive than ordinary plates. A longer exposure is re quired, 2. Have you a Suprp.Lement telling how to make lantern slides? *A. We can send you “Photo-Miniature Lantern Slides,’ price twenty-five cents, and Elmendorf's “How to Make and Color Lantern Slides,” price $1 by mail. We can send you SuprPpLEMENT 483, 517, 724, 1062, 1082, on slide making, for ten cents lantern slide camera for making slides from 4x5 negatives? A. SUPPLEMENT 625 to make a bel lows for a camera to take 4x5 negatives, and in Elmendorf'’s book each. 3. Also, how to make a tells how there is a chapter on working with a camera in slide making 4. Is there a magic lantern made which takes slides and burns oil for the light? Is this done, and are the pictures clear when thrown on the sereen? <A. Yes. The pictures cannot be enlarged more than four feet in di- ameter with oil lamps since the light becomes so faint by diffusing it over so large a screen. (10882) E.E.S.asks: 1. What is the best way to mount a map on a muslin backing, and would a Moisten the muslin, stretch and tack it down on a table. Then wet the map thoroughly and apply the over the entire back careful to bring it to the edges of the paper. Now lay -the sheet on the cloth and smooth it out and rub it down upon the cloth so as to remove air bubbles and into contact with the cloth. A roller or squeegee such as is used for mounting photo window shade be suitable? A. paste ¢ venly of the map, being very bring it graphs will enable you to do the job much bet ter, 2. How can I produce on brass the bronze like finish instruments of sur veyors and Bronzing of brass is effected by dipping in a solution of 5 drachms of perchloride of iron to 1 pint of water, until the desired color is obtained ; then wash in hot water, dry, and lacquer with a thin shellac and alcohol varnish. used on the engineers? A.

NEW BOOKS, ETC. BUILDING Mecuantics’ Reapy RereEr- ENCE. Cement Workers’ and Plaster- ers’ Edition. By H. G. Richey, Sup- erintendent of Construction of U. 8S. Public Buildings. New York: John Wiley & Sons. 16mo.; 458 pages, 193 illustrations. Price, $1.50. Of the making of handbooks there is no THE

end, but their multiplication is hardly rapid than that of highly specialized branches of engineering construction; and, if we may judge from the number of inquiries received, not only from builders’ mechanics but from | architects and engineers, information on the lines of reinforced and other concrete work is less completely supplied than in other This want Mr, Richey’s latest work seems to very adequately supply; the mensura- tion and miscellaneous tables are as complete as in the earlier editions for other builders’ mechanics, those for transmutation from one system of measurement to another being ex- The various hints and recipes and the rules for superintendence are most practical; and as regards tests, analyses, and specifications for cements, we cannot think of any practical detail upon which we desire in- formation which we cannot find in these pages. That most essential feature of a useful hand more branches. book, the index, has received proper attention and the illustrations coated paper having been used where required for the reproduction of photographic half-tones, the remainder of the book being printed on thin paper to reduce bulk and keep it within dimen- sions convenient for the pocket. NOTES ON HyYpROELECTRIC DEVELOPMENTS, By Preston Player. New York: Me- Graw Publishing Company, 1908. 16mo.; pp. 68. Price, $1. The present book deals with the commercial aspect of an industry in which investors, capi- talists, and bankers are much interested, as schemes for the utilization of water power are constantly coming to the fore. It is the are excellent,

object of this short discussion to indicate as

American Telephone & Telegraph Co. The Associated Beli Companies ONE PoL'cCy-UNIVERSAL SERVICE-One system

N controversies as to rates, the policy of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company and its Associate Bell Companies has been to make a-complete and absolute showing of the condition, cost and value of plant, cost and value of service, cost and necessity of proper main- tenance, and the broad position is taken that neither this company nor its asso- ciated Bell companies have anything to conceal or anything to apologise for. The capitalization of all the com- panies is conservative, far within justi- fiable limits, and in the relation be- tween the replacement value of the properties and the capitalization of the companies, unique. Fair rates, therefore, should be au- thorized or acquiesced in, for it is only by fair rates that good service to the public and permanent, healthy condi- tions can be created or maintained. With a full knowledge of all surround- ing circumstances and conditions, it is believed that this will be fully acqui- esced in by the public. Fair rates should and do insure high- class plant and equipment maintained at a high state of efficiency, and provide fair wages to employes—the highest paid for similar class of employment. Both of these are necessary to good service, Fair rates should give fair return on the investment, and promise fair return on new money needed. This is nec- essary to maintain the interest of the existing shareholders in the proper ad- ministration of the business, as well as Fair Rates to provide for the continually increas- ing public demand. Any revenue produced over and above such requirements and the proper reserve to provide for contingencies can be used for the benefit of the public, allowing the company to retain a part sufficient to stimulate the most efficient and economical management. It would be difficult, if not impossi- ble, to get effective and economical management, such as would produce the best results for both the public and the shareholders, without recognizing this principle. It does not seem possible that there can be any question of the justice of this position. That being granted, the facts to be settled are:— Is the management honest and com- petent? What is the investment? Is the property represented by that in- vesiment maintained ata high standard? What percentage of return does it show? Is that a fair return? Js it obtained by a reasonable distri- bution of gross charges? If these questions are answered sat- isfactorily—and they are in the pub- lished reports of the offices of this corapany—there can be no basis for conflict between the company and the pulic, and the less the working con- ditions are made inflexible by legisia- tive proscription, the better will be the solution of the constantly changing problems incident to maintaining the universal telephone service wisely de- ménded by the public. American Telephone & Telegraph Company

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ELECTRO MOTOR, SIMPLE, HOW TO make,— By G. M. Hopkins. Description of a smal! elec- tric motor devised and constructed with a view to asrist- ing amateurs to make a motor which might be driven with advantage by a current derived from a battery, and which would have sufficient power to operate a foot lathe or any machive requiring not over one man pov- er. With ures. Contained in SCIENTIFIC AMER- ICAN SUPPLEMENT, No. 641. Price 10 cents. To be had at this office and from ail newsdealers.

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Page 16

222 Scientific American OcrToser 3, 1908.

i is possible the information which should a * raphy and telephony is made clear by showing tained in order to afford a definite basis its analogy to the action of waves in water, " , . for forming a decision as to the merits of any Home-Made The commoner forms of apparatus are de- proposed undertaking scribed in a practical way The book closes ‘ ; ri t Ss cle ‘ticle Nic i Tesls Tue AvuTomonsiLe Roure Book. Compiled Ex erimental A aratus bee i ag ar : le by pene parte 7 the by D. H. Lewis. Automobile Rout p pp pe sage . a — ess art, which might better ’ : 907 ‘ . lave bee . Book Company, 1907 12mo.; pp a ae 192. Price, $1.50 THE PLANE TABLE AND ITs Use IN Sur- rhe present volume deals with routes which In addition to the following articles, the VEYING. By W. H. Lovell. New start from Buffalo, N. Y., and is therefore par a le paper ee ———e York: McGraw Publishing Com- rable papers of immense practica F », ¢ , ‘ > > ° a rip ticularly valuable for automobile enthusiasts of hict y a 000 are listed in a carefully pany, 1908. 18mo.; pp. 49. F rice, $1. that live in the western part of the State of prepared « tale ue, which will be sent free of The plane table, one of the oldest of sur- New York rm" maps are excellent rhere to any address. Copies of the Scientific veying instruments, is in its simplest form > ts also & ,utomobile owners in Buffalo American Supplement cost 10 cents each. merely a board for holding paper or other und nearby place If there is any seientific, mechanical, or en- material upon which a map is drawn with the ONE RESPONSIBILITY a gineering subject on which special information 7} aiq of a rule or straight edge. Although a CYANIDE PRoOcESSES By E. B Wilson is desired, some papers will be found in this . > ; : nt , lol Wiley &|f Catalogue, in which it is fully discussed by useful and serviceable instrument for railroad ENGINE AND DYNAMO BOTH BM. New _— “ee taal Mmpetent authority and land surveyors, it has never come into ' , ‘ Sons. 1908 2mo.; pp. 24! rice, ? rener: se i » ited States. This y BUILT IN ONE FACTORY $1.50 A few of the many valuable articles on the §| Sera! use in the United States. This may ° naking of experimental apparatus at home are be explaine d, however, by lack of know ledge 10 K.W. TO 500 K.W. DIRECT CURRENT Owing to the recent improvements in « ya-11 given in the following list of the instrument, and its methods, as little 15 TO 1500 H.P ide practice, especially in the treatment of ELECTRIC LIGHTING FOR AMATEURS. has been written upon the subject. Of late slime, the author adds a chapter giving the The article telis h » small and simple ex years it has gradually become better known, Ask for Bulletin 19 latest treatment, thus ag « ee amt perimental installation cam be, 651. or and the present little treatise will tend to Pany 4 “dition up to date. Since th Eet =Caltios assist in the diffusion of knowledge relative RIDOWAY DYNAMO & ENCINE COM - Seleaa of ‘Weekieee oh. Ge cabin: af AN ELECTRIC CHIME AND HOW IT MAY : Ridgway, Pa. . ™ ' ite _, |) BE CONSTRUCTED AT HOME, is described in §| tO the plane table. iniding has increased twelve-fold (one-fold Scientific American Supplement 1566.

, Tue Ratroap Sienat Dictionary. An

ne for each ir), and wh nany theories have THE CONSTRUCTION OF AN ELECTRIC rate Tore ary ' proved and disapproved, there remains] THERMOSTAT is explained in Scientific Ameri- [illustrated Vocabulary of Terms Wea seeding tet: he amianes " can Supplement 1566. Which Designate American Railroad + ie ‘ tj © iy De oe tablished metailurgical one. With the main HOW TO MAKE A 100-MILE WIRELESS Signals, Their Parts, Attachments, OA CeO Pia ee | ; Perish aie deat Aeneas sill TELEGRAPH OUTFIT is told by A. Frederick and Details of Construction. With A 0 = 1 . gorge a Mes Collins in Scientific American Supplement 1605. Descriptions of Methods vf Opera- . 7 gested the m ! irg! need 0 ork lap - . ECONOMICALLY USE ce h. aaaitinad aan oad ch a TRANSFORMER FoR aus tion and Some Illustrations of Brit- Bitumi » Anth ite, Lige asard, of a eee wees is so plainly described in Scien- i 3j -ractic yj Ndi- _ — eet es mS -_ 3 investor must see an element of success in tific American Supplement 1572 that anyone can ish Signals and Practice. First Edi néte, Pont Charesatl or Coke, | is ce tetas ilen deka make it. tion. Compiled for the Railway Sig- mil , ‘ . this as it ul her unde i ig e detains - att “ 40 to 700 Ht unite, for Mill, ae eine densimelion emp pampeate eae A \%-H.-P. ALTERNATING CURRENT DY- nal Association. By Braman B. . Mine or Electric Plants. | ie 3 + each mill and must be} “AMO. Scientific American Supplement 1558. Adams and Rodney Hitt, Associate } Since it va i ear { ‘ s “ ee 4 Satisfactory plants in all parts of worked out by the engineer and performed by TOd ASE TRUCTION OF & SIMPLE PHO. Editors of the Railroad Gazette. North America. Catalog No. 22 gives masons, carpenters, and millwrights The de APPARATUS is simply explained in Scientific t —e the Supervistes of the Follow- facte; ask for it. Horizontal Gasoline coiled emeatienten @f madi tal ame American Supplement 1574. ing ommittee: Mr. C. C. Anthony, Engines; sizes, 3 to 30 H. P. Bu ratus is likewise omitted, as they are purchased|] A SIMPLE CAMERA-SHUTTER MADE our Assistant Signal Engineer, Pennsyl- right; run right. Buy from the builders directand | ¢-om mill supply houses ready made and fron OF A PASTEBOARD BOX, PINS. AND yania Railroad; Mr. Azel Ames, Jr., RUBBER BAND is the subject of an article - save money. 25 years of success in every Engine. | 4, signs that have been tested. By dealing with |] Scientific American Supplement 1578, Signal Engineer, Electric Zone, New

Poon ft a . ; : are , York Central and Hudson River Weber Gas Engine Company, the subject in this manner a large mass of HOW TO MAKE AN AEROPLANE OR GLID- Railroad; Mr. J. C. Mock, Electrical Bow 123 KANSAS CITY, MO. generalities is eliminated from the text, to ING MACHINE is explained in Scientific Ameri- See. oe. oe Mise » & ¢ - “ine mated ~|the advantage of those seeking facts about} °2 Supplement 1582, with working drawings Engineer, Detroit River Tunnel Com- pene Oe . ated pe eeye ” any. New York and Chicago: TS itlauata 7 2 71/K | the process rather than mechanical details EXPERIMENTS WITH A LAMP CHIMNEY. Dé — - rs SENSITIVE LABORA r RY BALAN( E pr , —_ In this article it is shown how a lamp chimney Railroad Age Gazette, 1908. Quarto: By N. Monroe Hopkins. This “bullt-ap” laboratory " . may serve to indicate the pressure in the in 219973 : - baiance will weigh up to one pound and will turn witha| House Parintine, GLAzInG, Paper HANG cares ef a aulds te oe sae an ait Al 3,127 illustrations; pp. 514. pence Dag TN o> the use of es = mass ING, AND Witt WASHING. © By Alvah capillary elevation and depression; to serve as a The publishers of the present volume have work as well as a $125 bal The article is accom Horton Sabin. MS New York der gy beg g -— SS ane f liquide | previously issued a Car Builder's Dictionary nied by detaile ms ow “ - “ " “ , ° nt siphon o demo ate e ascent o quids ‘ ee : onmes Tike a hd hg drawings showing War 4 John W iley & Sons, 1908. 12mo in exhaustive tubes: to illustrate the phenomena and a Locomotive Dictionary of great value, Tivic AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT, No. 1184, Prive 10 | » 121 Price, $1. of the bursting bladder and of the expansive t —_ refore e ~auipne _ vi cents vor sale by MUNN & Co., 1 Broadway, New | PI : ' , force of gases. Scientific American Supplement and were ‘therefor well iin d for under York City, or any bookseiler or newsdealer | For every man, woman, and child in this 1583, taking the present work, which is the result a — country more than a gallon of paint is used HOW A TANGENT GALVANOMETER CAN of a discussion by the Railway Signal Associa = Sat every year: and the relative amount is in BE USED FOR MAKING ELECTRICAL MEAS- tion, the publication having been authorized First and Original Motor Buggy @ creasing. Paint is a necessity; it is an econ-|f UREMENTS is described in Golentite American || hy the Aswociation, | ‘The precent dictionary Py nIreREC ; , ened : upplemen . : $250 “SUCCESS” AUTOMOBILE omy: it is a means of sanitation: it helps us to oneerauars constitutes a complete encyclopedia of the sig- onl eatioal, Garahte, esoncemes } to keep clear it keeps us warm in winter and DENT INTERRUPTER. ON ( oy - a a nal systems, the apparatus and devices in use strong. steei-tired Auto-Buggy ldrvy in summer it brings light into dark cor actual dimensi published Scientific in the United States, and affords a very de- eae ene mines en bane ners; it beautifies our homes; it increases our American Supplement. 1618, tailed explanation and covers the complete Our 1008 Model on oxtr credit: it raises our assessments; the most aa weeny BAe. meee FeeewEwcs OP AP- || field in a most satisfactory manner. While “ 1 engine, 5 t ball-bear- : ’ ‘ : Fae wheeta| brice, " . Also 10 h. > . one _eneee Fires. ignorant enjoy its benefits; and the most TAIN EITHER D’'ARSONVAL OR OUDIN ox primarily intended for signal engineers and 25.00 extrs jor descriptive litersture. Adk highly developed minds, whose culture is so R TS is described in Scientific American other railroad men directly connected with SUCCESS iro: BUGaY MFG. CO.. lnc.. St. Louis, Mo. f 1 that they have forgotten all they Supplement 1618. A plunge battery of six cells, signaling, the volume should be welcomed by profound tna 7 . Sgr a two-inch spark induction coil, a pair of one- ene , ‘ ’ ever learned at college, retain its apprecia pint Leyden jars, and an inductance coil, and all patent experts and draftsmen and_ technical tion \ subject so various in its uses, so uni a required, most of which can be writers. The illustrations and descriptions versal in its appreciation, deserves attention - s : cover manual block signaling apparatus, auto- ae ; an teal hens shat The book SIMPLE WIRELESS TELEGRAPH SYSTEMS > Shade an is with their various senate indeed, merits intelligent tudy re described in Scientific American Supple- mati lock signals with their various appur tells simply and plainly the use of preservative meats 1363 and 1381, tenances, and electric and electro-pneumatic coatings of one sort and another for the pro THE LOCATION AND ERECTION OF A 100- and electro-gas apparatus for semaphore sig- tection and ornament of common houses, as MILE WIRELESS TELEGRAPH STATION is nals. The different track circuits are’ very . hould be, to every one of {ff Clearly explained, with the help of diagrams, J} ‘learly explained with diagrams of the tracks they are known, or shou e, in Scientific American Supplement 1622. clearly plain &g .

the author's fellow-countrymen An expert THE INSTA and the wiring: block signals for electric trol- z LLATI A KeABE HW Frise UE SS TAN IMIS ence of many years in the manufacture and OF 0- r ow AND DIVSTMENT leys are given, and the standard manual inter- I 3 A 100-MILE WIRELESS TELEGRAPH OUT . . use of paints and varnishes is the foundation Set, Seustonted with diagrams, Scientific Ameri- locking machines and power interlocking ma- HOW TO MAKE AN ELECTRICAL! of the author's knowledge, and while on many|{ ~¢ ement 1633. chines. The various signals employed are ex- Furnace for Amateurs U se.—The utilization of 110 volt! ,,, s even experts sagree, the intention Is THI MAKING AND THE USING OF A vlained i “ cti ith diagrams of tracks electric cir uits for small furnace work. By N. Monree ! = ” - ners Geogr . mga ; WIRELESS TELEGRAPH TUNING DEVICE. pas a = a ern oe Z 7 Hopkine. This valuable article is accompanied by de- to set forth fairly sound and safe practice illustrated with diagrams, Scientific American indicating the practice at yards, junctions, epee ante eve reine £6, w- By N. & Devi, AM terminals, and other situations. Different re can be by amateur who is versec 1| Cowes . , ‘ avis, A.M., . . : : use of tools. This article is contained in ScieNTIFic | CONSUMI —_— Me Pevie HOW TO MAKE A MAGIC LANTERN, Scien- }| ways of working the block system are shown AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT, No. 1182. Price 10 cents M.D Philadelphia F. A. avis tific American Supplement 1546. > Mle nactianiateds Ine of the authors. Mr jams For sale by MUKW & Co.. Mi Broadway, Now York Cite - : 908 i2 4 m 172 by diagrams. One of the authors, Mr. Adams, or by any bookseller or newsdealer. =" ae a 1908. -m0o.; pp. _ THE CONSTRUCTION OF AN EDDY KITE. is especially well informed on all subjects re- —-— Price, $1. Scientific American Supplement 1555. lating to railway signaling from its beginning, ; Although this book has been reprinted many THE DEMAGNETIZATION OF A WATCH is ile itt is »xperienced technical Convert Your Bicycle Into t first issued, it has not been thoroughly described in Scientific American Sup- walt Mr. Hitt is an experimen a a Motor Cycle neon sagnees: oe 2" os plement 1561. lexicographer, so that the work not only eluci- with one of our Attachable af evised until the present time When ac was HOW A CALORIC oR HOT AIR ENGINE || dates the mechanical construction and actual line of Finished Motors: also rough east-/ Written the education of the public in regard|]) Gay pe maDE AT ME is well explained, || operation of railway signaling, but affords an ing for Bleyele, Auta, “Marine or to the nature of pulmonary tuberculosis, its with the help of iiluste ations, in Scientific f) exceedingly desirable and authoritative termi- Stationary, Send I ata prevention and management was just begun American Supplement 1573, nelogy of the subject. a. €O., oe West Girard Ave. y Philadelphia, Me. To-day everyone knows much of these subjects THE MAKING OF A RHEOSTAT is outlined , . . Sees ER | However, the need of an explanation of the] ‘ Scientific American Supplement 1594, a ——— > lig r of dwel : “ae P elegre ay be with a history i 562, Annealing and tempe vim metals, process an¢ E ings rhe moter will drive a 16-inch brass fan, a t ‘legraphy, is that the; gin ~ mas American Supplement 1 ; apparatus for, H. Krautschneider....... 899.452 smatt iathe, or a so-watt dynamo for generating of the situation, including in the subject vari Each number of the Scientific American Sup- || Raby walker, M.S ; direct current for charging storage batteries, and in ous forms of induction methods of communicat- plement costs 10 cents by mail. Bag cnoning machine, ‘ : rill " . - - y se " aling mechine, 0. 8. fact will do almost any kind of work thatcan be ing through space, which are apt to cor-fuse th« Order from your newsdealer or from aabtvesiing maakine. J. done by one-man power. Order from your news- reader. This form of introduction is avoided Beating out machine, J. dealer or from in the present work, The subject is dealt with|{| MUNN & CO., ~ 361 Broadway, New York }! Bed canopy, ventilating, IN Bed clothes retainer, infant’s, M MUNN & CO., 3561 Broadway, New York very simply, and the principle of wireless teleg-* a Bed protector, J. J. Wassam..

Page 17

OcrTosER 3, 1908. Scientific American

mattress, Bedstead and combination, J. Stephenson .

Bedstead fastening, L B. Sny« der.... Bedstead, sheet metal, Linden & gee Bilge water ejector L. Bbbe...cccccces ; See Bridle bit. extension, F. E. Carlson.....+.-.++-+-s¢- nket holding attachment, M. Roe kstroh. molding machine,

Bevan

Block signal apparatus A ecke os Block signaling system, alternating ‘current, J. B. Struble. eveccoeccoese wpipe, A. G. Le ¢ hatelier eee . Ra rotate ule

1t releasing device, W. bbin driving means for P. BE. McCullough. viler, W. S. Hawley toiler, C. R. J ere r attachment, C. cleaner, C. H., ilers, ete., automat vice for, C, Kausen.. letter, R. A. Dunn ee —— paper, music, et

J. Sheahan Prescott electric

* pinder

Honor. re le ggings etc., o Cochrane Gafney.. ‘ tottle, J. MeGill.. Bottle-cap pad, C. N 8.. tottle rack, R. B. Colter.. Bottle soaking machine, G. J towling alley, parlor, C. 4 LA Box blank, W ‘i Box fastener, Thoits & Bracket, C. L. Day Brake mechanism, Planta & Adam Brake shoe, Lockwood & Whyte Brakes, automatic sanding apparatus for fluid pressure, E. G. Desoe.. Brick machine, rotary, J. alk icoene Brick machines, brick handling device for, J. Walker. osecee sridle bit, J. Ww. overdraw Bookcase, F. J.

Arnold...... mgwell ee Gronbe rg

"Gree nwood check loop for, M. E. MP cccccceces Brooder, H, J. Mulder Brush, fountain, H. Kadushin tuckle, C. Meinhardt Buckle, M. Barabasz, reissue Buckle, cross line, R. B. Benford... Buckle, harness, L. L. Rounds Buckle, rein, M. E. Zeller.. tuckle shield, J, Graf tuilt-up post, C. F, Steiber Rutter packing machine, J Button making and like — J. G. Breitenstein abinet, Wegener & Hanson Mattson press for,

abinet, kitche n supply, Cc. A. Hornig ° abinet, store, . B. Weston ° ace ar coupling, H. M. Rosenberg .....--- Cooke Etiman railway, ( I Hansen ar door, W. J ar door, J. M ar draft gear, ar, dump, : ar for observation wheels A. F Westlake.

"* 999/248 J. JA@ROT...-eeeeeee SOE eo ey & stretcher or . 899,087

899,208

9,049

899,069 899,454 899,246 899,086 899,298 899,281

La ((s SEAL - O,.,0% a yom experts battling against the smoke nuisance all over this country of ours have set the seal of approval upon the Underfeed method of stoking. Such action is in effect a widespread OF FICIAL indorsement of the system which has made the Underfeed Furnace the greatest furnace factor for health and cleanliness ever dedicated to the cause of yn and economy. Thousands have solved the smoke-problem in their own omes and places of business, and at the same time learned by profit-sharing experience that the Peck-Williamson UNDERFEED Furnace

Saves 14 to 24 of Coal Bills

Jllustration shows JSurnace without casing, cut away to show how coal is forced up under fire, which burns on top |

into heat units. The Underfeed is the only furnace which acts as smoke consumer, as well as hof-air heater. ae much clean, even heat as the highest priced anthracite. Fed from below, all the fireis on topand smoke and gases must pass thru the flames and are thus consumed and turned Ashes are few andare removed by shaking Cheapest siack yielde the grate bar as in ordinary furnaces. Dr. E, L. Moodie, of Chatham, O., in declaring that the Underfeed is a step toward better health and hygiene, writes: “The Underfeed is the ideal furnace; the only furnace that should be allowed to use coal for a heating sub- stance where the smoke may be a nuisance or menace to health. If this point were properly presented to Boards of Health, I see no reason why on that score alone it should not replace all other furnaces, not to mention its heating capacity, economy and superior durability.” Let us send you a lot of letters telling of money saved— fac-simile testimonials in our Illustrated Underfeed Booklet. Heating plans and services of our Engineering Depart- ment are yours—ALL FREE. Write to-day, giving name of local dealer with whom you prefer to deal. THE PECK-WILLIAMSON CO. 351 West Fifth Street, CINCINNATI, O. Dealers Should Write for Our Fall Proposition.

j i i ‘Garment creaser, G. L.

| Hair retaining | Harvester, | Harvester,

Edgerton Morris Niemann MelIntyre. Garment suyporter, . Gas cut-off, automatic, H Gas lighter, electric, J. D

Gas machines, air pump for, F. M, Cam, bell . : : . 8 producer, W. B. Hughes ss in air, apparatus for detecting in ~ lam nable Philip & Steele te See Car safety gate a r motor vehicles, transmission, E. A Nelson Gearing, C Glass fire ‘Wiebke lishing process and apparatus

8. O Richardson, Jr Glass holder, J. W. Bricker Gold saving apparatus, R. G. Steele 1 Graphophone sound box, H. Nies

apple fork, M. Kidney ate, J. Barker ate, fire, J Williamson inding machine, C. Mills Bassell & Blenkner.. Da wae n sight, n sighting apparatus,

& Buckbam Guns, brake mechanism for recoiling, Daw son & Buckham Hair drying comb, T. H. Furman comb, W. RB. Fisk J Stone Preble & Payne corn, tilting sidehill Hasp lock, C. T. Sleeper Hat block, C, B. Stevens Hat or cap, 1. Seitzman Hay Miller and cattle rack, A Heating furnace, W. N Heating system, H

t ost Salmon Hog grapple and conveyer, W, D, Farrell Holder, BE. L. Lieyd Hook and eye, W. Wolf . Horse detacher, M. J ie Brake Horseshoe, C. 'W. Lal Hose and garment cugmertes, KE. 8. Dorman Hose rack, C fuhring Hose, woven ©. Alvord Hub attaching device, C Soper Hulling and eaning device, combined, @ A. Huber Hydraulle elevator Ice walker, W. 8. Implement, combination, O, Kampfe Implement, pocket, O. Kampfe Incubator heater, M Spicer insulator for armature conductors, A. R Locke Tr. Larsson Paulson

Internal combustion engine, C. EF. Shadall Internal combustion engine, W. Raballber Internal combustion engine, T. W. Hendry and steel therefrom treating fet ruginous ore for the manufacture of Moore & Heskett, reissue Ironing board, Wonsmos & Schonbor Jar and cover holder, I. N. Davis Keg form and table, rotary setting up, F ©. Sehulte .... Kitehen utensil, A. B Knitted web, ribbed, Knob for pot covers, Lacing hook setting machine, J. EF j Simpeon & Iron Westrup | R. W. Ser cold, UU. ¢ yn oT) it *erra

sie 1A 808,181 S08. 481 8YD Ott &H8,068

RUD. 4eh4 SU, HIS 800, S72 Sut.442

ROY 206 ROO ,.0ta aby, 142

0,078 gun tut SOB 211

Parity 20 22 ROO, OAM mi, 408 ave 405 800, 447

899.1 SOO J 809, 186 800,216

( ( ( 4 ( ( ‘ ( | “Biav ati. -ing yk » , ‘ . Car safety apparatus, A P . 4 - 1 By Pe So Car safety gate, railway, T. J ‘Jr 899. > | Littin . Po : . ! «x jack, } E ‘Farnham Car seat cushion J. Downey Poy a | Listing machine, J. F. Mays reed — ‘aut matic WE AGSIS Loading and unloading appara BE. B. Bar a stop oma tic v7} é 8 re Ov wil Car wheel, ‘ Crepar 899, 483 R. | Lock, 8. H. Shank BOD. 256 Carbureter, F. H. Heitger . 899,109 | | The Latest and Best A Ww FA B E DRAWING! |Log loading machine, J. R. | MeGiffert 908, 189 Carpet fastener, C. E, Billings ............ 899, yd | | . ae : iling Loom, hand school, B. EB. Lindberg arrier’s draft rigging, E Ring aiai 8 EI) CASTELL” PENCILS Toate’ let-elt machaniom. 3. Wasntise ement or concrete mixer, ¢ andall.... Lubricating cup, C. Stewart Cheese cover and show case, 8. Ditson. take | > . na te: 1 @ . ) o Snest int obtainable of Lunch heater, C. C. Buren che hurn, 1. ¢ jVankirk dad Made Se ene pared Farhie in 16 de- any Toad pea Cant Hanie to wear, || Mail bag deliverer and catcher, W. 8 d oss ree wird > 5° 0. Therien the a delicacy any “others. Rogers . sees eee “s AP O74 ; ‘ ‘. Pe Boag a ton manency aur. Sold by all stationers ere artiste’ materials, Sample sent to Mall chute, J, W. Cutler... 809.156 to 800 168 . e+ . . Sa Si ability a and intensity o Pa oes 10 cents in postage stamps. Mail sack catcher, R. H. Millen an), 456 ( lamp wert Lee e for joining web ving, » color. + + 49 Dickerson Street, Newark, New Jersey a, -—> exchange mechanism for railways trickso: cone t. Kersey .... . 890,170 , yer ron _ ~ et a » Malt drying apparatus, green, Elsner & othes line holder, J. ! sesese’s ao ickeer . _——s ~~ re truttwein ° 5 830.087 Clutch mechanism, reversing, F. E, Harthan | Massaging instrume nt, J. B. Wants NOM, 2 . offee wr ke ~ Buckner Vesoess er 4 | Measuring apparatus, automatic electrical, § » Isham 899, 167 D. J. Shine ( Hair drying comb Th | Metal part, struc tural, E. I. Dodds.. ( itr R Hi a. Ree 899,312 e | Metal patterns from corrosion, treating and c rete mixer, I A Kor hring 414 preserving, C. K. Milne ROR ORG Concrete mixing drum, I Koe bring ’ 99,415_ Oil Metals from thelr ores, extraction of, 4 Concrete work, socket r use in : be Turton . 800,146 Purdy es nesekeee ‘ 899,185 “ fetals fro their ore separating > yy Condenser, counter current, O. H. Mueller... 899,063 The W bh with You + ‘Wolf. tis note orem, sapasating, 3:° SRO. 478 Cooker, combination, L. Chase...... 890,244 ne rench with a Grip Metals from their ores, sepé nr aoiy } mi ores, separation of, J, P Cooling box, F Nopenz o4 Can ol 896,149 ( 7 = apparatus, green sand HE ROTHWEILER “eT guitable apparr tus for concentrat nid de f eseece - . ng ane washing, J aylor we | Cork extractor, 8. E. Braddock WRENCH is dif- Feel at Molding machine, J. A. Rhoult $9, 0733 ‘ vee a = Rabe’ rs ferent. Mop head, F Rivers oes 800, 4207 orse ’. B. Howe . : Mower, F. C. Horak , SO) dio Corset. E. G. Hintz : It is lighter, more powerful, The Crank Music sheet, H. Pierce KaiV 470 } wee Riggs ~% "be A. Perry has fewer parts and will last Music strip punching apparatus J ‘ or 3. ne "41! - * : “ ‘ ‘ an On Crane, charging, ( I Taylor 899,083 | longer than any other pipe wrench The slightest feel of the crank | stusie tinese sheet, J. ¢ Myers on roy ( ———. -— a Saoe gage and we on the market. proves the perfection of MOBILOIL. Musical instrument or player, automatic, H older for, yrd 4 nderson 899,202 pan ; on. 92 P | k. Bdgecomb 899, 205 Crushing mill, W. M. Mueller Made of the best selected There is no possibility of anything but | Musical ‘Tastremente action for keyboard oe en eral We ¥ cen tool steel. perfect lubrication in any gasoline en- | stringed, P. Bissing ROO 008 urtain pole, rady . 1 ‘ * = m | Nut, J. R. & BE. C. Winter 810, GON Dental casting machine, H. G. Maize... f a jaw, shank and handle gine, regardless of type. For different Nut lock, ©. W. Stark 0K esulfurizing furnace, R. Hubner or in one piece. : y: ’ o . +. Robe 1 Dilator and applicatcer, W. E Ww 8 P . machines there are different grades of Nut lock, axle, B. G. Roberts ; Gee. 188 Dispos r. apt - y Peanut sheller gE. M Raby nO nigh tension overhead, L. N «+ +++ 899,127 Perambulator, W nith m0, ! Electric machine, dynamo A. B ‘ Field eee £00 447 1203 Railroad St, aoncaines Pa. VACUUM OmL COMPANY, Photoy rh ting mac wll Gotan fluid con ae mas ry! ,# the inclosed type, dy- —-——- Rochester, N. Y. trolled variable time exposure valve namo, / outers > . 899.370 —-—- = - mechanism for, Ware & Rundle 236, Electric separator, H. A. Wentworth ‘ 899.364 Piano flange W. W. MeCall OW Electric switch, C 4. Clark F RE 05 nr —— ——iPiune, player, G A. Baker Ji O18 Electrical distribution system, W 4. Tur ad Mad Piano players, et« expression and feed cop . bayne ‘ LI ri trol for, R. F. Bancroft $09 004 Elk ctroplating apparatus, G. A. Latz | Pick head usable with cemovable points, J > ofA eg 99°24 SUPERIOR TO | TWOCENTS Pickax guard, ‘TW. Gord S00. aN? y > g rake 899,247 a at a a ckax guard, 2 Gordon aon 4 Engine speed regulator. gas, J. B. Schmidt. 899/265 EL ECTRICITY jae A WEEK This motor uses kerosene, vaporizing it by an | Picture frame or protective casing, D. W ixhaust regulator, O, K. Rauk 7 i Fratcher tenees REG 305 Extension pan, EB. L. Carter | | entirely new method from heat of exhaust pipe, Pin box and fastener, H. R. Kimider RO0.411 Eyeglasses, 0.’ Kampfe and does not draw charge into base of engine. | Pipe fitting, F. Kimche ... 8H), 29 3 TY gg Sian Uses 20 per cent. Less Fuel than on Gasoline, | es, or Ties. apparntis for ‘acsurting . ° or, sraybroo Or teresevese . : ;’ , a © ots B98, £56 Feed mechanism roller. W. A. Leonard..... 899.492 and gives 10 per cent. More Power, Planing and other machines, sectional feed ‘eeding trough rack, W. A. McCollough.... 899,125 tricity 1 makes and burns its own ignition, roll for, L. B. Whippl 9.4 Fence, P. Howard .. 2 _ 899112 gen he Stato. It's the “BEST.” It's Be — yup spark h Planter and fertilizer dropper, J. Towel " Fence machine, C. ‘BE. Merchen..... 1.1.2”. 899.419 mach cheaper than kerosene. It's made in over ‘rite for catalog. A motor that Planter, seed, W Gibbs SOR Ae gnultiple mold, C. Kubach 899.416 Me penne oy styles. Que ae yp ~ y; will save you money. Spe- ew, w ¢ pay ‘one Nu),921 or, L. Coate nm arrent . ‘owder ar or a ypers wi the Rertilizer distributer, s P .. Hehe 800.165 postal today an 7 ant ged ont quake Vag or oe cially adapted to work ! same, den i for ait dine L. K " ast Fiber cleaning me > a ea verywhere. money . Filter, F Tinmane wins, A. Pon x for you te either use or sell our pe. ge — oF — huge tankenminahn device s 4 Asq h Fire escapes, support for flexible, UL. Ardengo 8¢ THE BEST LICHT CO., agents. ien _ ’ Power transmisslor mechani j o Fire ee attachment for valves, J. D 87 €. Sth St., Canton, O. — > cylinders, 2 2 to si Mick aud ; 2 " rn 96, 420 ; . . eclous stones, mounting , Fire resisting curtain, E. H. Mec loud. 899.464 cal P 6 HP. Elliot ROO, 200 Fireproof metal window ; DuBRIE MOTOR CO. Pressure governor, automatic, G, ch I 1 frame, F. Lyster... 899. 227 $12 gQ g 1 {. Ries Fish during long periods of transport or in 481 Guoin Stress, Detrolt, Mich, Ss. ards 899.2 - “tor gy Bae F. Kleinschmidt.. 899,057 | ——__ eiiimiaaads coniialiahiaati Ba are mentor ane regulator, R. Faries or ‘is org i : 899.457 inting nine j « . . si. Flat iron, F. A. Bonroe s Leading Law School In Printing machines, ribbon mechaniar f Fleshing mac hine, L. Rup a 800,233 | TU DY ee vera Don't Throw it Aw Y t . ty pe A. B. Dick ‘ f ap NGO. 140 Flower stake, W. Henshaw ................ Ran 046 | me aatehe: » Printing plates, apparatus for the produ A a eeeeseceoos 99.046 4 . § Fly, hook, and leader box, trout, T. O’Leary | Prepares for the bar. USE | tion of process, Bertholomew & Bus Flying machine. di a - we ite Three Courses: College, ) Voc “M EN DETS: | Propulsion, marine, Y. Wadagak Foot Be 3 3 ° a B. E, Ste pana ) | Post-Graduate and Busi- +t Drofestion eumarates arra sev ood of, H. 1 Foree feed lubricator, Bird & Akins =, nae See Sees ee & FASeEs PASCe Van Valkenburg S00, 855 ee . i! t Akins........ struction combines theory thet mendes ll leaks in all atensile—tin > 2 M r Forceps, obstetrical, H. E. Koch : , tan he cd . hot —' Pump controller, pneumatic, BE. W. Conkell., 890,101 Prams I Sborigi » FE. B. ROCK. cccccceses 9.2 by the bench an pri e pprov 7 2 copper, graniteware ot water bags, Pump hydraulic Lw N OO 4 Fr, -L. § £ . son 9 y mch and bar. a, ete. 0 solder, cement or rivet. Any one > e a . HAD, 46. Ameena A. Jay . : 899.05 Classes begin each month. Send for catalog ving can use them; fit any surface; two million Pump valve, P. J 800.210 urnaces, alr regulator for, A. Cotton 800.102 rules for admission to the bar of the severs! in use. Send for sample pka, 10 Pumping apparatus, a. k -.» 509-458 Furnaces, gas panned attachment for, G. Chicago Correspondence Schoo! of Law _ assorted sizes post paid. Punch presses, clearance device for, R. H. G. Weinman .... baaans 899,275 | 506 Reaper Block, Chicago Collette Mig. Co., Bos err SSE. 9 SES 2 Gillie cc... .ccae Seeans

Page 18

34 Scientific American OcroserR 3, 1908.

Inquiry Ne. S74. anu facturers of alcobol | K ( Mead sements s and stoves Ita W. H. Huffmar a Rail chair, G.’W. Sutherland Inaqair No. S7S6.-For parties t manufacture Rail fastening, H. K. Myers Acvertiaing In this coiumr we ‘ t i neh in diameter with ag | Rail joint Hi. ¢ Sandusky f than four for more tha te uh the center, should hold about rt Rall fastener, J. M. Fa ' 899 300 saven words t he jit ‘ juare inch of steam pressure Rails, device f eventing spreading of, ¢ i le y emittance I I Mec\ SUD, 426 panied hy « , i siry No. S7S7.-—For parties wt manufacture | pail on the ft. E. L. Ba 1 890.373 | request , aaied - , Railw ele i ignaling systet A. | 5 7 Li I > oT anes ‘ ‘ Inquiry Ne. S790. For the manafacturer of Rickr ¢ 890.134 n rie rta ‘ , " ved hand pum R way sils eans f eting parallel naecu . \ 1. W 809 366 writs a at Inquiry No, S72. Fora that manufactures | R eeper e for \ ad : lers mace tf gines Ila ma 800, 107 is 20 chars In every Bee 5S 58 uiry No. $794.—For manufacturers of the | ®#!!wa s me ther devices ar necessary te cive the namber of the inquiry. Dust Pa De in . ‘ ‘ ! the | . V here : | No. 8795.—For a mechanical vice for | Ra ‘ K nqairy may ' r at r flies, mosquitos, etc.; also t “ tailw i MUNN & CO. 4 oe Geet 0 “s e a raf - ny tle Pe , i ties for, W. B Inaviry No. 8796.--For concerns manufacturing Westh . 899.089 idapted to the manufacture of denstured aicohol. | , . in Aah oO. RB. Grant 899-041 USINESS OPPORTUNITI ; : : 3. Grant BUSINES RTUNITIES Inquiry No, 8797.— For manufacturers of fiber Railways and ec plants, electromot 5 CONE ; - ' . . g contr d yperating system fo well « an ize No, S798. —| manufacturers of mi tric, J. Sahulka 809.189 —_- . . ‘ ark small articles such as pencils. charms, et . be Inquiry Ne, 8$799.— Wanted to buy new or second- | ,, vated, Conover & coh pondence . - . 7 hand box nailing machine for small packing cases, ww - ea jaget Hefe . teceptacle G ields , Suquiry No. *6tt.—Wanted - s : Tnqairy No. SSOO.— Wanted complete data in re- | Recording instrument, J. Harris light o or pur men moid t 4 y i ‘ pegamoik ehinery for making bungs for barre Fischer ‘ 899,392 apply m. 1. Chadwick st ark St ntrea nada Sewing machine needle G. Bradley 809,381 Inquiry No. SS810.--For makers or importers of ‘ > ro . . faquiry Ne. S6S5.- Wanted t buy |! t Pineh | x 8 water bottles or jars | ol drinking water by . a i tos ver ae a od N 1b ten red #1 ng om evaporation need! “ ‘ t i wn i ward 899,479 FOR «Al Pa t No. ists’ workholde Inquiry No. S811. “Wa ted to buy ctrie tattoo se thread and sewing silk New, ad) * ral’ ar t's ap es and materials needle s and ste M. K pp 800,451 Make over. J ana, Big Timt t > F. Sole 899,268 Inquiry Ne. SS1t2.- Wanted | 1y outfits for | s} ndow, R. ¢ Loughner 899,116 Inquiry Yo. SGN7.- Wanted to buy motor plows nanufacturing fuel briquettes from sawdust X extensible to sg} FOR SAT Sarent et af easiest draft manure Inquiry No. SS13.— For nufacturer of the | 809,082 spread=r Ww " hout an apt \ddress A teele ’ mixer for mixing food pr cts, et J. Fitzgerald 899,213 Fokken, Rayna uth Dakota . pene hears, BE. Tl, Spafford 899,140 . Inquiry No. SS814.--Wanted to buy hand lever air | Sheet feed nec ism tanz 899,132 | Ine airs Ne. §-600. Wanted to buy two-strand pumps, 100 Ibs. pressure Sheet metal ne onstructio EK Ohn } saldere re for idles , at ROD 2 . Inquiry Ne. SSI Wanted u arriage and | « = P ; — U. 8. PATENT, 887.54 and Canadian Patent, 11°.90) for | wagon hardware coal, iron and ste« | y y - . P Autc.matic Sash Fastener. Have model ready to manu | Shirt, I I Bowen, Jt 899,154 | factu dress 5. KE. Sterrett, Paterson, N. J | Jaquiry ee SS17.—For a firm that forms small | Shoe kK, Gard & Higgins 899,249 | i ‘ re, also a firm to make wooden rings about | Shoes irch supy ter fe J. I’. Naughton. 899,182 yor 4 in bes ts diameter |} Show case for d iying pickles ds the . lik DW. I R99 058 HELP WANTED. Inquiry No. SS18S.—Wanted to buy specialties in | « i syste S$. Cabot 899.229 to | large quantities is s sep Hi. ¢ Nichols Ay ANT HED.—Man, must be willing to learn and capa - : | od : ve of a g an cur al representative. No canvas Tr ry Ne. SS819,—-For manufacturers of Excel- | °! = ma = © H. Dy vit earl u U urticulars address National Co- | sior Welding Compound “ — 3 J x J DP erative Lenity ( Dept. J. B. Z.. Washington, D. ( P Speedome te \W . 890,065 2 . Inquiry Ne. S820.—Wanted to buy pressed tiber | Spittoo m, O. A. Ottosa £09,130 Inquiry Ne. S701. Wanted to buy solar engines boards | foot wide and from 1-15 te 44 in« thick poke, metal et 1 Rk. Wel 809,476 | | = ona’ am | Inqairy Ne, SS821.—Wanted to buy machinery for | > nk) ~. - - , Petz a ane — making a rough composition board, something like a i hier hea . a8 1,20 TYPEWRITERS. ¢traw board ple making d driving machine, 0 or SEOs JUST A PEW LEP Last chance to secure a type Inquiry No. SS22.-—For manufacturers of dredg Ste si ! ie Xx 800,151 writer at ts en Re netor Klick ng machinery to be operated by gas engine plate isting apparatus eonaderter stal, Hammond, #10. Best bargains lowest prices, Standard Typewriter Ex..23 Park Row,N.\ Inqairy Ne. 23.--For manufacturers of crep ‘ is ed. & the paper and paper novelties » T ; k fr ‘ lf In wiry Ne. 87°21.— Wanted unwelded tubing that | Stop ns, k I gua le wand tor ckractural work ° | Inquiry No. SS'24.--For a tirm to design and build | Ikins ‘ | an automatic machine for making finger shields Miller e | Sha | Inquiry Ne. 8825.—For manufacturers of a new E L. C. Seot "vice t spill “a » REAL ESTATE. oe ’ | * t W ils & M i l - . Inquiry No. 8826. — Wanted to buy small fuel com- | Sugar bow!l, spoon hold W. Utig LAND for factory sites for sale free peendl n machines both manual and engine power af perbeate J. H. Meissne Stamford, Lincolnshire, England. | Superphe . ipl ntus f Great Northern Kailw Inquiry No, S8'27.—For manufacturers of annealed up, F ; sidtug and electric power aviilable ASS Su ring gate. J. BL. R Apely “hur abley state Office, Stamford, England, ging gate, ~ : Inquiry Ne. SS28.—Wanted to buy thin, bighly | > ders inquiry Ne. 8735.—For parties making a still for | tempered steel for safety razors. the purpose of extracting alcoho! from saw-dust | | tnauiry Ne. S829,—Wanted to buy machinery for making pins, hair pins, hooks and eves BE. H. M PHOTOGRAPHY. ry Ne. SSS Wanted to buy machinery for is for dete brushes anc kets Is &t AN PROTOGRA PHY A monthly maga P ! ; “m up information abouf phovo Inquiry Neo. S831.—Wanted to buy knitting ma- I Kib ~ peg OE tor las a hew apparatu Ka - hines I B, Delany fied with 1 tustratee f recer S. Cabot a ‘ e to the professional ar d Inquiry Ne. SS3:2.—-Wanted addresses of high- ard. C. E. Wilsor j othiy $1.40 per yea " grade label weavers, preferabiy in New \ ork I t. Hart 890.044 for Am. Photographic Pub . « ie ‘ " , ks, vats, or lishing @o.. Neo. @ Be n Street, Roston, Mas x Tnquirs No. SS333.—Warted to buy a peanut snell- leviee Ger attaching. HW. bk 899,313 | F em Ticket or ¢ holder, J. Hetherir 899,217 | . "> For n if t “ hin ‘ tuguir: Ne + 8G. - .- : : . - : . juiry Ne. SS334.—Wanted to buy a horse- | Tiling, I M. Kilbride pos My Ten oe -_ . ARIS | in gasoline engine for spray wagon working on | Tilling fields, means for, B. J. Godles purses at : - hilly aeound | Tire, « n, J. G. Smith ’ — Tire tf * re I > Me n Inquiry No. SS35.—Wanted to buy toothpick ma rire vehicl oR M Rs BF nace ges hit | C ‘ t . F MOTION PICTURE: | Toba pipe leaner, D. Lossius 899.418 | Inquiry Ne. S836.—Wanted t iy decorticating I tion, O. B . 899,287 10VING PICTURR WORLD. weekly u“ f aA ! ‘ particularly } r copy eariy subseription, $2 Ihe y pap i d for A. | - : 899,304 ~ moving pieture tHustra n ‘ Inquiry Ne. SS37. anted buy folding am Towel and T. Deselms. 899.387 ture feld Moving Picture Worl Box 4), N.\ r i — 4 899,448 ingutrs Re. 87: 37.—For manufacturers of machir Inquiry No. SS3S8.- Wanted to bu netaihe tar roy oF | e, R D Howell 890.402 ‘ : tooth-brushes, shaving brushes, gal-| gets ar to clay birds used ¢-aum shooting Track ‘ S. Hackne 899 252 var »cketa, locks, nibs and holders | Traction w G, tohlencamp 899,047 | Inauiry No. SS39.—Wanted to buy cheap auto-| Trap door o g mechanism, I J. Berg. 899,443 nobiles I lley vheel J W Seibert 800.474 iT h ar Hioward & Pflager 800.401 . ' Inquiry No. S840... Wanted to buy portable hydro- | ; ‘3 . ° LISTS OF MANUFACTURERS. arbon pressure lamps + AP hag pe By Peper = st : | su . t 1rds r 7 COMPLE rE LI¢TS of manufacturers in all lines sup Inquiry Ne. SS841.—Wanted to buy lunch counter | ‘ H. D. Snell 899 puters 1 at t tice at moderate rates. Small and | and restaurant fixtures Valve, W. H. Kline elssue * compiled to order at various prices Valve sutomatie sir G D Hoffmar ould be tained in advance Address Inquiry No. SS42,.—Wanted to buy annealed glass 899.110, 899.111 . Ltet Department, Bux TT, New York » flus 8 ) > Glidden. 899. 3 . | Inquiry No. S843. Wanted to buy cigarette mak . —— a ~ *. _ » Supply, a ' ——— > Oe, ae inquiry No. %742.—For manufacturers of water | ing machine a a Sov a elson & - still. also of thar mter tubing | | , Mat ers “i .- 899,462 Inquiry No. SS814.—Wanted to buy inkstand ive handle, *. Marble 899,117, 899,118 A LIST OF 1.40 mining and consulting engineers a . . — Valve position controlling and indicator de cards A very valuable list for cireularizing, et I ne ogete . b a . . mench makers « tr sig ‘ “ vevcle tie ehrma Epautvy Ne. Sr se. : a of very al Vending machine, coin controlled, J E teams te _ so oy » aehor ’ . * neneat: ¥ nie 770. ' arte who make short Inquiry No. SS52.—Wanted to have made a con- | Washing sheet material, machine for, C. B. ; . me Sree a cave brass oF copper reflector with focus of four or five MOBS oo eee ence see cree sennceenceeens 899.424 inanirs Ne, 8771 Wanted to buy tune sheets | feet Water cooler, 8. Holub eerecccees 899.048 for Criterton mus rea Water current motor, A A. PevteP.ccccses 899,320 Inquiry Ne. 8853.—Wanted to buy wafer safety | Water heater, Divekey & Genthner...... 899.388 , Inquiry No. S774.—For machinery for making | razor blades. ” | Water motor, L. C. Lewis viscok 899,058 ue from sisal hemp } Water Inquiry Ne, 8854.—Wanted to buy air compressor itering troughs, guard and nee y at- ee . » SSO4. t : »D com presso t v« 8 899,129 inquiry No. 8775.—Wanted to buy stock novelty | pressure up to 1,500 Ibs., the capacity ranging 500 to 3,000 Ww ta hmen t for stock, B. EB. Norquist..... r jeweiry catalogues. | cuble feet Weather strip, F. A. = COPE coccsese . Ww nd burner, A. Ite Suents y Ne. “?77%.—For manufacturers of reapers,| Taquiry Ne, 8854.—Wanted machine to punch | \Y strainer, E. b Johnson. 899,054 ere end mowers olen feed and set automatically solid copper rivets | See Car wheel | nd washers and rivet together barness done with one | W! s of vehicles, non-skidding device for, inquiry Ne. S779 —For parties manuf acturing | 3 robe . ‘ H. Kenshole “ 899,056 cas, “ » Seam engines and boilers; also okt - wi " ' 899.422 and mineral wool, steam ay } . > . 4 aw ” i z machine, Morrow & ’ Foste r se 99,425 | power tranamisaston machinerd ant ‘ron ate > ni ool inqsiry No. S856. poy ny fine d —aeed grinder | Wood bx wing machine guard, E. R. ams- 899,412 | eam er . r reducing soft wood refuse to a fine dust W pre serving, W. Buehler....... R99, 237 | Tneniry No. 87S@.—For parties who make gus ry No. 8857.— Wanted addresses of shoe | . rving, C. Howard 899,400 overs anufacturers. W ood serving, W. Buehler ... 899.480 Inent No. S783.— Fi | Woed splitting machine, H. G. Saecker 899,328 neniry Ne. Of manufacturers of smal! fnantry Neo, SS5S.—Wanted to buy comb cleaning , Woodworking machinery, feeding device f drummer's trape as whisties, rattles, rooster crows. et« | machin

Thomas & Meyers 899,143

EVERY ROOM WARM An even, healthful temperature inevery room in your home, no matter how cold outside, nor which way the wicd blows. A wholesome, sum- mery atmosphere. A warm house; warm all over—not too warm in mild weather—when your home is heatc.d by DILERS nis a 4 Hot Water or Low Pressure

1 2 Steam iconomical in fuel: so simple a child can operate, give long years of service, witb complete heating efficiency. A book giving the experience of many people with different methods of heating mailed free. Send forit to avoid mistakes when yon Ln” t your home. Address ee L. itol Poilers_and jiaters are a y valuable for Chure hes. Schools, Hotels and Office Buildings. United States Healer Company. DETROIT, MICH. Brench Offices and Agencies in all Principal Cities

fa MILLS FORALL MATERIALS. OUR BUSINESS IS TO MAKE MACHINERY FOR GRINDING GRAIN, CRUSHING ROCKS AND PULVERIZING ALL HARD SUB- STANCES. WE HANDLE ALL KINOS OF MATERIALS FROM COT- TON-SEED TO ROOTS AND HERBS BY AN UNEXCELLED PRO- CESS. IF YOU WANT ANY KIND OF A LAMILL OR GRINDING MACHINE, COME TO US AND YOU WILL GET THE BEST AND AONEY. WITH VAS) Tg MON DEALY CE AND You wor CHANGE SPROUT, WALDRON & CO. END 1G N24) MUNCY, Pa We Start You in the Jewelry rere me today. Let me explain how you can become an expert watch repsirer in_ three months—making $25 to $15 eek—anc own yourown aetey business. Don’t leave home or guit your work, ’ay me nothing for my instruction or a > ice. Send me no money. Get ahea Write right now. CHARLES F. ELMORE, Principal Correspondence College of Watch Making Rogers, Thurwan & Uo,, Props., 2s Michigan Ave., Uhicago

Bier ry Ye “6, y

The surest way to avoid getting an old-fashioned or experimental typewriter is to get an Underwood Visible Typewriter— the accepted standard Write for Literature describing regular and special billing models. UNDERW 00D TYPEWRITER CO. 1 Broadway New York e Underwood Standard Visible Typewriter “The machine you will eventually buy.’

ALL TYPEWRITERS \<x;s . Vi: ible Writers « otherwise a OF ths, efes rT Shipped ANYWHERE for Free Trial, or RENTED, allowing RENT to APPLY. . Up First class Machines fresh fromthe Manufa:turer® Write for Illustrated Catalog 10, Your opportunity, TYPEWRITER EMPORIUM, (Est. 1692) 92 & 94 Lake St., Ghicage ~~ co 4 es

ALL MAKFS ‘RFBUILT Tat manufacturers prices. antad anywhere or so'd k guarantee; also talogue and Special Price List. ROCKWELL-BARNE ry ©O,, 316 Baldwin Big , Chicago, Ll,

Page 19

lied eee NIE T. « etal Ocroser 3, 1908. Scientific American 235

Wool, apparatus for extracting grease and

| potash salts from, F. & C, Shuman - 899,440 Wool, extracting grease and " potash salts from, F. & C. Shuman......... eeseeee 890,339 Wrench, H. W. OE cag RNR oe BS Se: 899,197 | Woeeneh, A, Tr, BROW cocccccceececcceccesces 899, strates ively > . this ‘ ; 7 Ado peed by prine ipal Sieveb a ain Ren w York & Boston celea. S. Hur ntley a - hee 14,371 | which demonstrates conclusively the debt whi h agricui - ‘ . *“Frutil.”’ fo bonated yple juice, Klam . . . Manfd. by VOLNEY W. pea ASON & CO. Ines | “Frutil.”” fi 4 ToS Sa I mY 14,267 ture owes to modern science and the painstaking govern- _——$$ $$ $ oe . me Easy terms, Send for catalog. of any patent in the foregoing |! or any patent trations, W ill be ne on éz pplication. in print issued since 1863, will be furnished from Loc Is WATC HMAKING ac PHOOL, &t. t. Louta, Mo. | l thie office for 10 cents, provided the name and| number of the patent desired and the date be Duryea’ S ; Buggyaut. o Address Munn & Co., 361 Broadway, New Canadian patents may now be obtained by the in- F Ri 48 = | ventors for any of the inventions named in the fore- as going list. For terms and further particulars CHAS. S. DURYEA, Reading, Pa.. address Munn & Co., 361 Broadway, New York. MUNN & CO., sccniiic Serica.” 361 Broadway, New York

Page 20

236 Scientific American Ocroser 3, 1908: If you haven’t read our page “‘ads”’ in current magazines, send for cat- alogofthe self-starting, six-cylinder WINTON SIX VOPTOEEOC LIN 84 _ 7 >: r a 48 H. P. $3000 f ‘ 60H.P.$4500 Goes the route like coasting down hill The Winton Motor Carriage Co. 1080 BEREA ROAD, CLEVELAND, OHIO af , ’ (rush AAAs ) pia A MMNU AH MME Style of Twelve- esate Passenger ¥ a. MANUFACTURE MOULDED AND RAPID # SPECIAL RUBBER GOODS OF EVERY Pullman me DESCRIPTION AND CAN FURNISH Passenger 8 ANY SPECIAL. RUBBER ARTICLE Car TO YOUR SATISFACTION ower, ‘Up, Cash LAND OPENING! Kansas City, Mexico & Orient Railway IRRIGABLE LANDS IN THE FAMOUS PECOS - | VALLEY—PECOS COUNTY, TEXAS. a e No Homestead or Residence Requirements These lands may be entered in tracts of ten acres or multiples It would be hard to find an all rae thereof at $40 per acre on terms of $16 down and $8 per month round money-making business ths —no interest —no taxes for Sve year, includia @ tual water- pays such remarkable profits for the inves ment as Rapid Passenger Cars—for sightseeing, city or suburban transportation, hotel or depot uses, CENTER-FIRE etc., etc Let me tell you some of the experiences of keen business men who have invested in such enterprises. Or write will soon in operation SPARK PLUCS me your requirements as a Manufacturer or Merchant for Pay oe ote 4 will then F ‘ . heavy or light trucking, or for Merchant's delivery, etc. For full information regarding The Racing Machine Plug. Guar We make Rapids for every commercial purpose —built of most dependable road enclose four cents in stamps to the anteed to quality, in power and durability and finish. We can most promptly meet your BOARD OF LAND COMMISSIONERS needs and I will write you fully as to whether, in your case, the use of Rapids will City, Mo. q ansas . make or save you money. Our long experience and the experience of our customers 751 Victor Bldg. K ve has demonstrated that there are Splendid Possibilities for Making or Saving Money By Using Rapid Commercial Cars No Rapid is ever an experiment. Every car is built according to specifications which have long been tested at our factory—and by practical use proved the most efficient. And I am in a position where I can show you, according to your needs if you will write me fully, what a practical improvement the use of Rapids will be to you~if you are using horses and trucks or wagons I prefer to communicate direct from the factory with prospective purchasers of Rapids in order to see that full information is supplied promptly in every case. However, we have representative agents in many leading centers, to whom I will refer you for prompt and satisfactory demonstrations cenntiteaiiattnladan eal 8 + ace seated of Rapids. | shall also be glad to hear from agents who own a garage and are prepared to properly 10 Per Cent Power to engine. Fire charge in center of compression, causing fect com- bustion. Soot proof. Samples $1.00, or six for $5.00. Regular price $1.75 Guaranteed, Give name of car and year. Agents wanted. Write GENERAL ACCUMULATOR & BATTERY CO. 128 Second St, Milwaukee, Wis. GAS ENGIN ED “DE TALL iF ALU A- demonstrate Rapids Robert Pocket Severs Ti 1 2 » t t th restig j 0 ; « ral battery testin. bd am Sobee ENT quartile on ‘hie ogpsect te For saveaiigate Sy welting Sor Sull infucmation to Dend- gust kerumnte, Be Durable, Guaranteed Send for Catalogue Vote- Armmeters 0-3 Volts, 0-30 amperes, $6, fucl. leather case 046 Volts, 0-30 amperes, §», * Ko ~ f 60-12 Volts, 0-30 amperes, $6, “ sale by Mewe & Co. and all newsdealers. H. G. HAMILTON, Treas. RAPID MOTOR VEHICLE CQ. 507 Rapid Street, Pontiac, Mich. eae ee ee ee Projection in | ree os ] } we 0-30 amperes, , incl. leather case ATU RAL COLORS ngcy Meters The Reflecting Lantern for 03 Volts, e leather case showing on the sereen ilius- || 04 Volts, - % . oe trations, engravings, post 6-12 Volts, . . a “ “ ecards and natural speci ROBERT INSTRI — co. mens, brilliantly illuminated in natural colors. Made in two styles The College Projector, a jarge powerful instrument. in use at Harvard, Cornel), Univ. of Pa., Letand-Stan ford and U. 8. Government The Post Card Projecter, on the same order burt inex pensive, for showing post cards and other i\lustrations “end for tist of Projectors Ftereopticons, Moving Pie- ture Machines and Films. WILLAANS, BROWN & EARLE i Dept. 6, 915 Chestnut St., Phila., Pa B u SS i ni ess 68 Bhciby Bt, Detroit, Mich. ee Chances a» Bu USE GRINDSTONES £ p {if so we can suppiy sou. Ali sizes Mounted and unmeunted, always kept in stock. Rememoe™ we make a speciaityof selecting stones tor ali spe. cial purposes. Send for cataiogue “1” @) n g t e The CLEVELAND STONE CO, 2d Floor. Wilshire. Cleveland, 0. New Line | JUBRICAT ES 5x0 P oe | — ANYTHING ini —. bi all | HBEStYA.CO RNESFLUSA ff [Cant Fill It | LEARN ro BE A WATCHMAKER 7 Bradiey Polytechnic Institute , Pe or Tilnots ” Larges: and Rees w atch Seheoo! in Amertea new towns, Mu hw w Jeweir bd Engraving, Clock, Work, Opu the exceptional Tuit reasonable Board an ' » near schoo! at moderate rates feud tor Catalog of Information opportunities offered JF 2 e00d posi ; tion were of- in them, and the open- fered you today, would you have to “turn it down" because you lack the necessary qualifications? A Home-lade 100-Mile Wireless Telegraph Set Read SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT 1006 for a ing up of a new country ? If so, it will be worth hecomiractioa of a mo-alle wireless tolograph «tlt your while to send for ie Sour ca Numerous, adequate diagrams accompany the text the pesi- Price Weonts by mail, Order from your newsdealer or pa m ph ] ets an d folders + agg Be Spee rom : . hold it ld MUNA & CO, 361 Broadway, New York descripti ve of the new a ing compel you CRUDE ASB ESTOS Pacific Coast extension of the to step out in favor of a better trained man? f How can you expect a succesful can career unless you Shs build it ood foundation? Utiliz DIRECT FROM MIN wg } & Chicago moments "study at home- roars properly to meet opportunity —t eed he Amen- PREPARED R. H. MARTIN, can School of Correspondence will tell you how if you'll ASBESTOS FIBRE | orrice, st.paut BUILDING — vaya better for Manufacturers use | 220 B’way, New York. positions. It bdr ok eueaten eee the : country which makes a spectatty of engineering instruc - . ti ts instruct JAGER Marine years of ectual expecince in ther special Bee” — . a Consult these ed 4-Cycle Engines Railway hc year bard sapenece La the ely ou 3 their years of hard experience. Let them help you | Skillfully destaned and weil | n a paylag career. Remember, sending the coupon bmit. Single lever control, com- ces you under no tions. bining automatic “arburettor , eC emetic « Gordie | It is now in course of construction through the Dakotas, Mon- We employ no agents. We talk to you by mail only wide speed range and reitabiiity | tana, Idaho and Washington, to Seattle and Tacoma. This American School ot Corres ondence ode 08 ~~ ow } Sizes $to60 b. p. Send for catalog. extension passes through an unusually rich diversified farming, peneene CHAS. J. JAGER CO. stock-raising and dairying country, COUPON Cl as . ut 281 Wupabiia..oo. Subtorymerch St and will develop rapidly. ° necine “4 * 10-3-08. ton, Ma ; ‘ . “ 4 A ( oon « >)RRES ( osto ss : Exceptional opportunities are offered merchants and investors ‘Hen ont Pe ee ok PLE NTY OF RUNNING WATER ¢ in the new towns now being opened. oor. Fe information. 1 am interested in the course OO mh ® 2 = Meer lawns and ga Mechanical D: 1 — ™ Wer Uf ine howe and at ey ~ Maps and descriptt Ve bookle "ts regarding Li Bleeteteal nohoaation one ek ta A wing 9 | this new country are fr te J ki aos eauanaes Saghanertng +++ Shop Practice 5 IC ) are r +.» Mationar i i] -++- Heating, Niagara Hydraulic Ram | ve tor the asking “cchtracterd| Ragisceriog —~""*and'phomuint™™® Pumps tay and ahght on any strea Requires. j F. A. MILLER w. s. HOWELL hoo ’ ngineering -««- College Prep. Course repairs Wit fr Tiontrated book ot AA ped gus General Passenger Agent “eneral Eastern Agent OIGE sn consccsiseesetosvonsessooness ic no sddetadias nish Caldw and OU ask ids Deih aeteccsns stein Towers. SIAGARA HYDRAULIC RNGINE Co CHICAGO tn aertednndn ints eocnenen ns vounsatiagharnedosgenare 200 Macaw %., B. ¥. Factory, Chester, Pa. ' OCCUPATION «0. seveceeeeeee cc. anne