QST 1917-06: Vol 2 Iss 7

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ADIO RELAY LEAGUE KWICK-I1ES

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Nuc Goth Fiom Mae DSalvialer f —_ ¢ 7 st SD homtts Lo Citic Ocange Bi March 20,1317. Mr. C. D. Tuske, E@itor, s Be” Hartford, Conn. Deer Sir:- 4th instant and « copy of the current issue of QS Tf , I was not aware o the Amerioan Radio Relay & eplendid magezine. I present number and find 1 I reveived , that It seeme to me Aucted aught to socomplish much ably con the advancement of the art in general, and I wish for ( S T @ successful fut It is very kind of you to place u eclumns open for suggestions which be desirable to bring before amateur #1 perators, and some day there may be re tage of this offer. re ve pe J Bha G et —

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Volume II JUNE, 1917 CONTENTS ) USRI 3. Lightning Phenomena Charles S. Ballantine 7. Rotten! ! The Old Man 11. A One Kilowatt Transformer 13. Long and Short Wave Audion Sets A. L. Groves 20. Editorials 24. Radio Communications 30. Pictorial Section 32. For Sale and Exchange Hiram Percy Maxim, President Clarence D. Tuska, Manager and Editor @ QST is published monthly by The QST Publishing Company, Incorporated at Hartford, Conn. Subscription price, $1.50 per year. Single copies, |5 cents. @ Entered as second-class matter March 7, 1916, at the Post Office at Hartford, Conn., under the act of Congress of March 3, 1879. @ Copyright, 1917, by the QST Pub- lishing Co., Inc. “ @ Title registered at United States Patent Office. THE QST PUBLISHING COMPANY, INC. HARTFORD, CONN. A) SJ RQ

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Pp and sure ay: ‘x. 89 is t be p in JUN 14 1917 @cip390829 A Magazine Devoted Exclusively “to the Radio Amateur have had no scientific idea of lightning. the subject.—Editor. N the December 1916 issue of this pub- lication, a letter written by Mr. C. A Service, calling the attention of the readers to the advisability of publish- ing an article on the subject of lightn- ing which would treat the subject in a more or less comprehensive manner. Certain as- pects of the subject have been treated in the semi-technical press but no scientific explanation of this wonderful electrical phenomena has been published to any great extent. The following paragraphs are an attempt to meet the suggestion and should be of interest to the radio field for the reasons mentioned in Mr. Service’s letter. The earliest history of the subject leads to the experiments of Benjamin Franklin made about the middle of the eighteenth century in an effort to prove the theory of the identity of lightning discharges and the electric machine sparks obtained in the laboratory. As a result of these experi- ments with the famous kite and _ key, Franklin pointed out the fact that in real- ity the natural phenomena was nothing more than a reproduction on an enormous scale of the static discharges obtained un- der artificial conditions and that on cursory observation, the two seénied'to be of the Lightning Phenomena ‘By Charles S. Ballantine Here is a timely article by Mr. Ballantine. of the ages, and something we all wish to keep away from our aerials. This is a chance to become acquainted with Lightning has always been a puzzle Many of us same nature. In modern times however, on a closer analysis of the subject several features of difference between the two have been discovered. In the case of light- ning the charge is more or less distributed throughout the volume of the cloud while the stationary or artificial discharge takes place from the surface of the electrode. In one particular the two are analagous. The fundamental requirement for diis- charge is a condition of ionic saturation between the charges in the path of the discharge. This is automatically taken care of when the potential has passed the critical point necessary for the formation of corona. The phenomena attending the formation of a discharge is very interest- ing and is somewhat as follows. For reasons which will not be given here, an electrical separation takes place in the cloud which results in a heavily charged positive layer on the lower surface of the cloud and an equally charged negative lay- er on the upper surface. This state of af- fairs is illustrated in Figure 1. ‘The var- ious discharge possibilities are indicated by the dotted lines and represent the pos- sibility of an internal discharge, a discharge to another cloud, or to the earth. It is well that when a difference of potential

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QsT en two electrodes, free ions tion in the space between on the assumption that the gradually and continuously the behavior of these ionic car- studied until the passage of As the potential increases, f the ions will become great- in a greater field intensity At a certain theoretically nt, the velocity over their path becomes sufficiently other ions by collision. n is dependent on the dielec- ff the air. This process pro- , state of ionic saturation is en the maximum number of s are formed. At this point ecomes partially conducting, hes, or a corona is formed. electric flux density exceeds 1e and the spark discharge If we are considering lab- s taking place between smooth e together, the discharge the potential is high enough er flux density at the surface rodes and the formation of spark-over are simultaneous. en the discharge is not con- the electrode surface and the reater, as in the case of actual » spark-over lags considerably preliminary establishment of lering the conditions illus- rure 1 and remembering that action in the atmosphere is ause many cross currents of circulate between the charged the cloud, it is evident that the radients of the electrodes may June, 1917 become very steep. Of course this is equivalent to an actual lengthening of the conductor and the longer the conductor the steeper the gradient becomes so that the process is automatic. In the language of Humphreys the following description cov- ers the formation of lightning discharges from this point on. “If these gradients are steep enough * * * * _ brush discharges takes place. Assume, then, that a brush discharge does take place and that there is a supply of electricity flowing in- to the conductor to make good the loss. The brush and the line of its most vigorous ionization necessarily will be directed along the potential gradient or towards the sur- face of opposite charge. But this very ionization automatically increases the length of the conductor, and as the length of the conductor grows, so too, does the steepness of its potential gradient at its forward or terminal end, and as the steep- ness of this gradient increases the more vigorous the discharges, always assuming an abundant electrical supply. Hence, an electric spark once started within a thun- derstorm cloud has a good chance of mak- ing its own conductor as it goes, of geo- metrically growing into a lightning flash of large dimensions.” This process is very interesting from a scientific standpoint and the explanation given has been verified by a study of the phenomena by means of the revolving camera. A very important feature in the differ- ence between laboratory sparks and light- ning is the character of the discharge cur- rent. In the case of laboratory spark pro- duction the discharge will be oscillatory, the free period of which wiil depend on the dimensions of the apparatus. It has been shown that in the case of lightning, how- ever, that there is no oscillation whatever, the discharge being unidirectional and pul- satory. This will be evident from a con- sideration of the mathematical conditions for the oscillatory current to take place. Some time ago Lord Kelvin in the so- lution of the differential equation for the potential of a system of inductance, capac- ity and resistance di 1 +— | idt at a RI + L

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is is the the the > of COvV- ges ents ush that chat Oss. ous ong ur- ery the gth the 3 its - re June, 1917 pointed out the interesting conclusion that when the resistance of a circuit is greater than V 4L c the discharge is unidirectional and no os- cilations can occur. This equation practi- cally defines the boundary conditions for the formation of oscillations in the case of lightning and a very interesting conclus- ion might be drawn from a substitution of the values of the inductions, capacity and resistance of a cloud in this equation. Such a calculation has been made and is very interesting. Let “a” equal the radius of the light- ning path, and “b” the equivalent radius of a cylinder concentric with this path in which the displacement current flows. The energy of the magnetic field W is then given by the equation W = 2.3 Sea + .5 a Letting b=2 kilometers and a=5 ems we have W = 2.3 log, 4x14* + .6 = 11 approx. The energy of one kilometer flash is then Wi10* = 11x10° and the self induction from this is .0022 Henry. With a uniform field between the cloud and the earth the capacity is C= = .00000025. Farad. 4-d Hence from the Kelvin equation R = 190 ohms per Km. about. The critical resistance is then about 200 y*hms per kilometer. This value will not vary with the height of the cloud because f the reciprocal relations of the induct- ance and capacity. Increasing the size of the cloud will increase the capagity di- rectly as the area of the cloud surface while the inductance increment will de- pend on the Naperian logarithm of the radius of the equivalent return circuit. For a cloud area of one square kilometer R= 850 ohms per Km. This will be less than any case occuring in practice. Now passing to the other ex- treme and assuming the large base area QSsST of 1,000 square kilometers R=35 ohms per Km. It is evident from the above that a re- sistance of the order of 200 ohms per kilo- meter of path would be sufficient to pre- vent the occurance of oscillations. There are also other more practical rea- sons for this conclusion. The phenomena often observed in power stations after a lightning storm that the polarity of the machines has been reversed could not oc- cur if the discharge current was other than unidirectional as the integrated ave- rage of the oscillatory current would be zero. It has also been reported by tele- graph operators on the land wires that the sounders have been observed to behave very strangely during such storms which would also seem to indicate that the above view is correct. An oscillographic study has been made with the same results. DeBlois reported an examination of lightning discharges made with the Braun tube which clearly showed a unidirectional discharge. Another point of interest in connection with lightning phenomena is the time of the duration of the flash or discharge. This has been determined by several observers by means of the rotating camera and the oscillograph. De Blois found this time to range from .0002 to .0016 second. Flashes that last longer than this are a composite result of multiple flashes. These some- times persist a full second. It must be remembered that the above figures repre- sent the actual time taken for the dis- charge irrespective of that required for the ionization and partial discharges which build up the path of the final discharge. The time spent in this manner of course will depend on the resistance of the inter- vening dielectric and the potentials invol- ved. The real signifigance of the enormity of the forces of nature responsible for the formation of lightning can hardly be ap- preciated. When it is remembered that in experimental work 30,000 volts are re- quired for a spark length of one inch, the magnitude of potentials that result in dis- charges kilometers in length can hardly be accounted for. It is interesting to con- sider the speculations of scientific men on this problem but as yet no satisfactory ex-

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QsT s to have been accepted in es. One way in which the ertain sections of a cloud may e union of several drops ne. In this case the poten- rtional to the radius of the The evaporation of moisture causes an increase in charge e diameter of the drop with- the discharge, thereby rais- al in inverse proportion to e drop. However, even on hese facts, it is practically neeive of the tremendous f the heterogeneous condi- nized atmosphere and the of air and moisture cur- of lightning takes of forms named after ‘ristic appearance. Some are streak lightning, rocket et and beaded lightning. ng is so named because of e to the path of a rocket s the result of a very slow *t vit the current thru the Sheet lightning is largely on and refraction of inter- in the cloud or to corona large erature of the lightning has il significance inasmuch as effects are largely caused emperatures established. The ude of this temperature is leterminable by theory but lerations indicate that it dingly high in order to have é effects which have been ob- flamable materials. In this t generated is not directly pro- the resistance of the path as f ordinary conductors but the zation and chemical decom- ich as to absorb energy and results of such assumptions. f this sudden and intense iir in the vicinity of the path ruptly causing a zone of com- be formed which of course is one of rarification as in the This ef- les very closely the explosion rdinary sound wave. June, 1917 of gunpowder and the noise produced in both cases is much the same. Perhaps to the radio man the most in- teresting part of lightning is the probabili- ty of discharge occurance. It is very as- suring to have the opinion of scientists expressed to the effect that the possibility of earth to cloud discharge is very slight compared to that of inter-cloudal discharge because of the greater potential gradients occuring in the clouds themselves. Most of the destruction in the path of lightning is caused by the rapid heat production. We frequently hear of cases where the bark has been stripped from trees, shing- les torn from roofs, holes melted in metal bells, ete. and a thousand other vagaries not to mention the most appaling of all,— the volatilization of radio antennae. As there is little connection between lightning phenomena and our ancient ene- my, “static,” and that the average amateur probably knows all he cares to about this high powered transmitting set of Nature, and also that Mr. Service’s letter made no reference to static, the writer will leave the explanation of this phenomena to the fertile imagination of the reader. It is interesting, however, to note that the nor- mal gradients of potential are greatest in winter, which would suggest that light- ning and the occurance of static would take place at this season. The fact that such is not the case would seem to indi- cate the independency of these phenomena. Another fact worthy of mention in this ynnection is that the gradients are great est in the lower atmosphere from 8 to i0 o’clock both A. M. and P. M. and from 3 to 4 A. M. and as far as has been observed no closely analogous relations hold for thunderstorms. “ce But perhaps the strangest feature of the entire subject is the fact that a flow of negative electricity is constantly taking place from the earth to the atmosphere above. This flow amounts on the whole to about 1000 amperes. This demands the supposition of a return current but nothing of the sort has ever been detected or a satisfactory explanation of the absence of these 1,000 amperes has been offered. Rain does not offer this compensation because (Continued on Page 10)

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t in- a bili- y as- itists vility light arge ients Most ning tion. the hing- netal aries 11,— ween ene- \teur this ture, e no eave . the It is nor- st in ight- ould that indi- ena. this reat 9 10 m 3 rved for ’ the vy of king here hole | the hing ra e of Rain ause miele At ahd at a ew eh a June, 1917 QsT 7 ROTTEN!! By The Old Man F any body wants to know the candid opinion of Yours Truly about this amateur closing up business, let him be advised right here and now, that he considers it ROTTEN. Nothing better. And if anybody else wants to know what is going to be done about it let him be advised that the Lord only knows and he won’t tell. I have lived a long and eventful life, Mr. Editor, and have seen many rotten things, but all the Rotten Fists, Rotten Sending, Rotten QRM and Rotten Luck fade away into the lead colored background, compared with this latest and Rottenest of all Rot- tens. I give up. In the privacy of my little old Den, I have searched my soul and my vocabulary for words with which to express the sentiments which oscillate within me over this closing up business, but I cannot find anything with enough bite in it, and which could be put into print. Mere words fail. It used to be that after coming home at six o’clock and getting outside of a good supper, hearing about all the things the boy had been told to do and didn’t do, and all the things the little girl had been told not to do and had done, I would light up the old pipe and take a slant at the paper or the last issue of QST, knowing that along about eight o’clock I would put the phones on. It seemed very ordi- nary. But now, how plain it was that I did not appreciate my good fortune Then I used to cuss the QRM and spit yn the cat when signals were not proper- y sent. Now, I would let the cat spit yn me if it would mean just five minutes f listening in. Instead of an occupied and evening at home with the good wife ait my elbow contentedly reading or sewing, now its fill up the old pipe again, stare at the remains of the good old set, contract a grouch, cause the little wife to get the fidgets, and finally storm down street to the movies. Say, do you suppose Mr. Wilson knew the awful results that would pleasant follow, when he proclamated that last one, closing us up? Ten to one he never thought of it, but just went and did what What harm would we perfectly good Americans do listening ? some sore head said he ought to do. n? Of course we could not expect to do any sending, but what earthly harm would we do listening? Might we It seems to me, stand- ing out here on the side lines, that this closing up business shuts off all us good law-abiding citizens, who wouldn’t listen not do some good? in even in secret because it was wrong to do so, whereas all those who are not law abiding simply hook into some kind of a hidden aerial and go ahead. It would take some smelling around to find every one of these, especially if the common garden variety of cop is the one selected to do the smelling. I will bet I could make any cop I ever saw believe any old clothes line was a secret aerial and could prove conclusively that a real working ae- rial was nothing but an old guy wire. There is one thing this closing business has done and that is to brace up attend- ance at the Radio Clubs, where the latter are the right kind You know there are two kinds of Radio Clubs. One kind chucks up the sponge and closes up with The other puts on more steam and holds meetings the receipt of the closing order. every week instead of once a month. Our Club is the latter kind, and it certainly does help let off pressure. We had a great meeting the other night Old Final Au- thority was around, the little chap with the radical ideas on ground leads and the pointed way of expressing himself, the poor old boob with the wart on his nose and who never yet has succeeded in learning the code or understanding why an oscillation transformer is necessary and the husky president with the strong right arm and the heavy gaval. I privately suspect the latter was once a_ blacksmith’s _ helper. But he is not afraid to wallop the desk until the most violent altercation is drown- ed out by the awful noise. He. sure

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QsT June, 1917 to preserve a dignified and »sphere, and beat the tar out eeting I refer to, the President war situation, told about the f not obeying the closing up read the official notice for the the small fry who had no li- who did not receive acopy. As oceasions of this sort, he Final Authority, to “state for of the members what he knew tuation.” up with ponderous dignity, | well his eminent position in , and stated that he had. been see certain secret papers Government Authorities were send to the Chiefs of Police yus towns and cities of the He could not tell many things new about (here he stared dark- ) enemy, the little chap with leas on ground leads) but he t the Government would pros- essly any one who might have ipparatus of any kind which * any circumstances whatsoever f to receive or transmit radio | that furthermore, Secret Ser- were known to have been in- bring to the bar of justice nst whom there was a breath ed pointedly at his opponent | ideas on ground leads as he The latter said nothing. He red and wriggled in his chair ed his time. it taking down masts?” asked ad built four and had busted trying to get them up. Final itter had been considered but Where the mast was on a which radio equipment might t was the policy to insist that lown. t me $375 to get up what I e way of a pole. It would cost take it down,” objected the Final shook his head sadly, Ideas wriggled some more in rstand that if you put a United r on your pole they cannot make you take it down.” This from the Boob with the wart on his nose, and who always understands with his feet instead of his brains. “IT have not heard of that being the case,” said Final Authority, “but I can readily understand that the National Em- blem may be considered as _ protecting everything to which it is attached”’. There was a pause here, while all hands thought how easy it would be to hoist the Flag over an enemy alien’s wireless set. Radical Ideas here cleared his throat, and everybody realized it was the same thing as clearing for action. “Is there some law which says that?” asked he, very pointed like, looking hard at Final. “T am not positive, but I believe there is something on the statute books to that general effect”, answered Final. “Can the pole have guy wires and still be protected by the Flag?”’ continued Rad- ical. “It would probably depend upon the nature of the guy wires’’, responded Final. “Wood guy wires with ten inch electrose insulators at each end and a lead wire connecting them be protected by the Flag?” asked Radical. The President here reached for the gavel. Five young men tried to answer this question and when one overheated young man made a pass at Warty, bang, bang, bang, went the gavel, and time was called. “T think there is no need carrying this discussion any further’, commanded the President. The Flag obviously cannot be used to protect any illegal wireless plant. “Mr. Jones, I am told you have had some experience with the Chief of Police. Will you tell us about it?” Mr. Jones got up and said he had taken: down his aerial when the order came to do so, but that as he thought it over, it seemed to him that it was a bad idea, because if everybody followed the order there would be no way to tell if enemy aliens were not using the air. He said he began thinking about it and it occured to him that his front door bell system was pretty well in- sulated and ran up pretty high in the air, and was long enough to have a pretty fair wave length. He coupled on to it one evening and found he was right. He could get signals fine. He enjoyed himself a-

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June, 1917 bout a week at it and one night he caught some signals which looked queer. He cop- ied them and the more he studied them, the more queer they looked. He finally talked them over with Mr. Smith who was also present, and the latter decided he would also try his hand. His door bell system, however, was not so good, so he used the electric light wiring of the house, opening the main switch down in the cellar and hooking on to a socket in his wireless room. Until it got dark enough to need the lights, this worked fine, and he copied the same suspicious stuff. When this had gone on another week, they decided to see the Chief of Police. The later had indicated considerable inter- est but seemed in a quandary as to what to do. One moment he seemed to think he ought to hang them both for operating a secret wireless station and the next he thought they were deserving of some kind of a medal. He seemed to be up a stump, in other words, and finally said he would report the matter, but they must stop op- erating their wireless instruments, and if they heard any more signals to please let him know! A laugh greeted this story, and each bug began mentally considering the suitabil- ity of his dor bell system and electric light wiring. Final knocked it all, however. He al- lowed as how it was plainly contrary to the Navy Department’s orders to operate any kind of an antenna. Radical, who had not had enough yet, came back and asked what constituted an antenna. Final was leary and hesitated, while the President reached for his war club again. i. 2 “An antenna is anything which may be used for the collection of radio signals,” finally decided Final. “All right! Is a coil of wire on a spool resting on my table an antenna?” came back instantly. “Why, no—that is—I should say—hardly —under ordinary circumstances”. “All right! Is a Paragon Regenerative Receiver standing on a table an antenna?” “T do not believe it is’’. “All right. Is a ground lead an an- tenna?” Here the hitched forward President QsT 9 ready for the trouble that was surely coming. Ground Leads is a delicate sub- ject in our club. ; “IT would rather not pass on that until I saw the ground lead”, parried Final. “Never mind the ground lead then. Isa Paragon Regenerative Receiver standing on a table and a pair of phones connected to it an antenna?” “T should say no.” “Well, then, I can go on listening to Tuckerton and Sayville, because I have no ground lead and no antenna and they both come in fine’’. Silence fell and darn near broke a hole in the floor. Everybody looked at every- one else and gasped. Radical had thrown another bomb. The whole blamed outfit started to ask him what sort of a bulb he used, how he tuned, etc. etc: etc., when the President again called a halt by whacking the desk. Final arose and said that the question was entirely beside the point, because he hap- pened to know positively that no radio signals must be received, no matter by what means, antenna or no antenna, and no radio apparatus must remain in such condition that it might be used for the re- ception of any electrical impulses. “Can’t I have my tuner on the table?” blurted out Radical. “I think it amounts to primafacie evidence if you do,” replied Final. “Can I put it on a chair?” “IT think it would be construed as an equivalent”’. “Well, how about the floor?” “The same thing applies”. “Well, for the love of Mike, where can I put the thing and not be liable?” asked Radical, getting mad. “Your case is peculiar”, answers Final, taking upon himself the whole responsi- bility for the United States of America. “I grant your set is disconnected as to ground and antenna, but the order states that you must not receive any signals with _¥ “Suppose I dig a hole out in the b--k yard and bury the thing? That wouk Ve safe, wouldn’t it?” “Yes, I imagine that would be conctrued as complying with the law,” smiles back Final.

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QsT hops back Radical. “Sup- t it from injury, I put it m Is that all right?” may rightfully take any y to protect one’s property returns Final, showing signs Now suppose I bury my am- battery and my loud speak- rn along with it. And sup- r posts accidentally touched the set amounted to being the same as it is on the table nd suppose the horn of the phone sticks out above the ground. Would everybody to hear a radio signal that it horn be hung?” yuble with his collar at this re-adjusting it and dusting reased trousers, he took a it Radical over the tops of Under the terms of the law, ) that the owner of the set - of the ground in which it 1 be liable.” Suppose both these crimi- June, 1917 nals happened to be out of town at the time. How about the neighbors?” “Accessories, and liable under the terms of the law,” announces the judicial Final. “All right. Then, the only way that anybody with normal hearing powers can escape being pinched in this here country, is to go around with their fingers in their ears, or else train a dog to learn the smell of an audion bulb. Me for the criminal classes under these conditions”, and Radi- cal tipped back in his chair with brush dis- charge leaping from every corner of him. The gang here took voice again and the President nearly split himself walloping the desk. After everybody stopped talk- ing and the President satisfied himself, he announced that it was time for adjournment and that it would be necessary to continue the discussion of this knotty legal problem at the next meeting. I have a hunch that there will be several interesting tests to be reported upon at the next meeting. I am glad the meetings come every week these days. Will tell you how things come out next QST, pro- vided I do not get landed in jail for living in the same town with Radical. GN GN. LIGHTNING PHENOMENA Continued From Page 6 sitive and the return must deal of it. r as is known, is compensa- means of lightning for of cases, this too is posi- | to earth. And so the puz- and a great e282 BIBLIOGRAPHY. hreys Journal of the Frank- 178, 6. r Physik u. Chemic, Liepsig, Paris, 1899, mptes Rendes, Nature, London, 1903-68, 559. Ciel et Terre, Bruxelles, 1910-31, 449. Comptes Rendes, Paris, 1901-132, 1537. Annalen der Physik, Leipsig, 1900-22, 623. Science, New York, 1899-10, 717. Astrophysical Journal, Chicago, 1903-18, 294. Proc. Am, Inst. Elec. Eng., New York, 1914-33, 563. Fleming’s Principles Or Electric Wave Telegraphy, 1910-228. Thompsons Conduction Thru Gases * * * Annales de Geographis, Paris, 1914-23, 109. of Electricity

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t the erms ‘inal. that } can ntrv, their smell ninal Radi- | dis- him. | the ping talk- f, he ment ‘inue blem reral n at ‘ings tell pro- ving 49. 537. 99 PT" -18, ork, ‘ave

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June, 1917

QsST

A One Kilowatt Transformer N response to many requests, we are giving data for the construction of a one kilowatt transformer. Many of the amateurs will find the task an enjoyable one, especially if they have the proper tools. A lathe is almost nec- essary in winding the secondary, but it is possible if you are ambitious, to construct a winding machine which will be a suc- cessful substitute. One of the first essentials is the core. Here it will be advisable to purchase silicon steel which is used in the commercial trans- formers. It is possible to get this all cut to size and the writer would not advise anyone to attempt cutting it by hand. The better grade of steel you can get, the high- er efficiency will your transformer de- Do not substitute some cheap iron which will have no permeability or de- sirable properties. Sometimes it is advis- able to shellac each separate sheet of the core but in many cases the steel has a layer of oxide which will act the same way. While it is not intended to develop the theoretical side of transformer design, it would not be out of place to say that the velop.

3 PIECES IN EACH SET, THEN ALTERNATING OVERLAPPINGS ee T ] [| ] aa on = <7 . | 3 Ties Way 1 | | 2, a —_— Fic. 1 core is laminated to avoid the serious heat or hysteresis loss. If the core were solid, the alternating current would heat it and losses would result. The laminated core allows the flux to change in direction with less heat effect. As to actual sizes, the core should be

seven inches wide by eleven inches long outside, and three inches by seven inches inside. It is built up of strips nine inches by two inches wide and five inches by two inches and of about twenty-eight gauge stock. The core is put together as shown in Figure 1 by laying the strips in alter- nate manner. After the core has been 22" SQUARE ANO TAPERED

built up, it is taped together and one side is removed to allow the primary and secon- dary coils to be put on. These coils will now be described. The primary coil is made up of 300 turns of No. 10 double cotton covered copper wire. The coil may be wound by hand on a form as shown in Figure 2. The center core of this form is made slightiy larger than the core of the transformer, and is tapered so that we may slip the wire off after it has been wound. No in- structions are given for the fastening of each end as every amateur has a method of his own. Let it be sufficient to say that the terminals should be of fairly long length—about twelve inches. After the primary has been removed from the wind- ing form, it must be carefully taped as shown in Figure 3. One of the legs of the core is now built up with Empire tape until the primary will just slip on. Now we come to the more difficult and sometimes less pleasant task of winding the secondary. First, a form must be made similar to Figure 4. In this form slots are cut in the sides as shown, and heavy cord slipped into them leaving length enough to pull it over the finished secon- dary winding, and tie it in order that the winding may be taken off the form. It is

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QsT June, 1917 ynstruct the winding form it is necessary to have all the turns in the be put in a lathe, but if no same direction when we connect the pies 1d, some fashion of belting of the secondary together The lower ter- nder will have to be devised. minal of each pie is connected to the upper the ingenuity of the reader. tions which might be adopted indeer the sewing machine ‘om a rotary gap either of belted to the winding gear. .ctual winding we use No. 32 covered which is fed into evenly as possible. Six pies h approximately 10,000 turns transformer is designed to volts, this gives a ratio of which will give a _ volt- TAPE FiG. o SLOTS FOR STRINGS a eeenereeneise— terminal of the next, leaving a lower and 7 ; = upper terminal as our secondary leads as shown in Figure 5. Care should be taken to insulate the core carefully before the secondary is slipped on. Between each of the pies of the secondary insert two or \PE ON OUTSIDE RUMIIAG three thicknesses of paraffine paper which ee act as insulators. Fie. 3. After the secondary has been connected together, slipped on the core and weil in- sulated, we are ready to put the core to- gether again and the transformer may now proximately 20,000. After been wound the four strings with a little care, the winding ff the form. It should then melted paraffine which is just h to stay in a liquid state. Af- bubbles have all escaped the it and pressed together with s it is cooling. When dry s ready to handle and then ise care. A slight break in the Fig 5 gh to ruin a winding. The vinding is taped in the same be mounted in any manner the reader the primary, each pie being wishes. This transformer will prove not parately, and be sure to mark only efficient, but big and husky and will- lirection of the winding, for ing to work hard. Ai PIES WOUND IA THE SAME DIRECTION SOUTHERN TIER RADIO ASSOCIATION vern Tier Radio Association, has The purpose of the Association is to work n Elmira, N. Y., with head- on the plan of the commercial station, i. e., ted at 717 W. Gray St. The each station has fixed time of at least the Association are: President, fifteen minutes a day, for listening in, thus ; Vice President and Treasurer, enabling a message to be sent to a place iff; Secretary, John McNevin. every day with certainty.

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oe “ O1A, — 6 dE er ot ll- ead a, June, 1917 INCE my letter appeared in the March number of QST mentioning certain long distance stations re- ceived by me, I have been in re- ceipt of numerous inquiries con- cerning what I use to get them, the wave lengths and working hours of these stations. I hope this description of my set will help many readers of QST. One of the mistakes made by many ama- teurs in receiving the long wave stations with the audion, is too close coupling, and one of the greatest problems is to get a transformer that will respond to the long waves, at a price within reach. Therefore, the first and most important thing I shall describe is a form of receiving transformer, which will practically eliminate the habit of using too close a coupling, and at the same time give louder response to signals and greater selectivity than the loose couplers sold on the open market. It is also easier to handle, can be used in either a vertical or a horizontal position and in comparison with other loose couplers of equal wave- length its cost is next to nothing. There is no such thing asa 10,000 or 15,000 meter transformer, strictly speaking and for best results these instruments must be designed to suit the particular station for which they are to be used at. For in- stance, a transformer designed to respond to waves of 15,000 meters on an aerial 150 feet long would be next to useless in a sta- tion with an aerial three or four times this length, as the undue size and unused turns in the primary would cause considerable loss. For best results for all around: work, at least three transformers should be used: one for short waves, 200-600 meters; one for waves up to about 3,000 meters, and an- other for the longest waves. With a small aerial it is best to have them arranged a- bout as follows: One for waves 200-600 meters without employing a loading coil. One for waves up to about 3,000 meters without e loading coil and the last for QsST Long and Short Wave Audion Sets By A. L. Groves waves up to about 6,000 meters without employing a loading coil in the primary circuit, and having a loading coil for waves over 6,000 meters. The loading coil should be capable of boosting the primary circuit up to about 12,000 meters, as this is about the longest wave used by any station in re- gular service at this time. The loading coil should not be over 6 in- ches in diameter and wound with not small- er than No. 24 copper wire, though if your aerial is small and space is at a premium No. 26 may be used. No. 20 or 22 wire is even better where the aerial and space a- vailable will allow it. Referring to Fig. 1, which represents these transformers, a cardboard cylinder of the required dimensions is obtained, 6 in- ches in diameter and 24 inches in length, and starting at point “A” the wire is made secure to the cylinder and wound in the us- ual manner until point “C” is reached. Here the wire is put through a small hole in the cylinder and run on the inside to the point “B” as shown by the spaced line. This end of the wire is connected to the ground when the instrument is in operation. This part of the winding is known as the primary and the inductance is varied by a slider as shown at “E”. The aerial is connected to the rod that controls the slider when the instrument is in operation. Next secure the wire at the point “D” which should be directly under the point “C” and leave a tap “X”’ at this point to be connected to switchpoint “Y” of switch “G”’ when the instrument is completed. Wind the coil in the usual manner, taking taps off every 1-4 inch for 1 inch; every 1-2 inch for the 2nd and 3rd inches and every 1 inch for the remainder of the distance, or after 6 inches the taps may be taken off every 1 1-2 or 2 inches. The winding is made fast at the point “F” and a tap left to be connected to switchpoint “Z” of switch “H”. This is known as the secondary coil.

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QsT off should be connected vitches “G” and “H” on Enough taps should be h “G” to include about ance of the secondary tietts mpd pepedtatteliitiiys. Wt o< - Ai] ~r | | . ‘ ¥ | ’ x 7 . . , the slide “E” is used to inductance as in the us- and the switch “H” is ndary inductance. The most novel part of the in- the effect of varying the on switchpoint “Y” the st and as it is placed on the -oupling is loosened as de- SIZE wire should be used | and while No. 24 copper e, No. 26 may be used with The maximum diameter of t be over 6 inches at the longest waves, and not r waves up to about 3,000 . the coil can only be deter- erial in use, but for the long- yndary portion may not be long, and for waves up to he secondary portion may 10 inches long. This small he lengths of the small and not seem right, but exper- n that it is not practicable yndary coil over 12 inches under 9 or 10 inches long for sufficient loose coupling With the circuits ng wave stations the major secondary inductance is ob- ondary loading coil, some- e “Grid’’ coil. of No. 24 SCC copper wire of No. 26 SCC wire is re- | a cylinder 5 1-4 inches in waves. June, 1917 diameter and 24 inches long, so you can calculate your requirements very close by this. Tubes up to 24 inches long and of any diameter can be obtained from Messrs. Ware & Company, New York, N. Y., vary- ing from about 15 to 25 cents per foot, ac- cording to diameter. Wire, if purchased in 5 pound lots or more can be obtained dir- ect from. Jno. A: Roebling, Trenton, N. J. at a considerable saving over the prices asked by retailers. About 25 switchpoints and two switch- blades are enough for the “G” and “H” switches of any coil, and the only other re- quirement is a rod and slider for the prim- ary coil. A coil 6 inches in diameter and 24 inches long wound with No. 24 or No. 26 SCC wire can be built for less than $5.00 at the present high cost of material, and you will undoubtedly have a more ef- ficient coil than those on the market selling for from $25.60 to $40.00 or more, and at the same time you have the privilege of placing it in any position. If you wish to make a cabinet for the coil, the woodwork can be obtained from Messrs. Bubeck & Guerin, New York, N. Y. at a price that will surprise you, and any thickness, widths or lengths desired, within reason, of course, all planed smooth and ready to work on. With most amateurs the financial prob- lem must be considered in the operation of a. wireless set, and in this connection most amateurs are mislead by thinking they must

pay a high price in order to get good re- sults from the instruments purchased. For sending sets where high frequency is used, the best of insulation and the best of ap- paratus should be used, but for receiving all the talk about high insulation is non-

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an by rs. 2 al, fF. ng nd of he m 4 Ly in id - pte ee , inc A tht ae 6, June, 1917 QST 15 sense, and plain seasoned wood will give just as good results as all the hard rubber, bakelite. etc., in the world,-and when a fel- low buys something all done up in bakelite, he is paying for something which is not ne- cessary. The next most important thing in the reception of long distance messages is an efficient aerial. The aerial, of course, should be as high and as long as it is reas- onably possible to have it, but with an aer- ial about 75 feet high and 250 feet long an amateur should be able to receive several thousand miles, even in broad daylight un- der favorable conditions, unless some un- usual local conditions prevent. For receiving, No. 14 aluminum wire has been found to work very well. Its con- ductivity is almost the same as copper wire, and it does not offer undue strain on the aerial masts and spreaders, and a greater number of strands can be used, which is of great. benefit in tuning to the long wave stations. Aluminum wire will stand up re- markably well if a little care is exercised in putting it in place. I have had a span of nearly 600 feet in service for about two yeers and in that time not one of the aluminum wires have broken. I use No. 12 copper wires for the lead-in, and al- ways use the same number of lead-in wires as there are wires in the aerial. As the aerial is exposed to all kinds of weather conditions, and is often used more in bad weather than in good weather be- cause we cannot get out to do much else, it should be well insulated, with nothing less than the ball type of electrose in- sul:.tors. The lightning switch should al- so be well insulated to prevent any possi- ble leakage in wet weather, and you should not rely upon its insulating base alone, but make other preparations that will make it almost, if not quite impossible for water to form an unbroken path from any part of the aerial system to the ground. The masts, if not of wood, should be thoroughly insulated from the ground, and the guy wires must not be directly ground- ed. Neither should any two guy wires be connected together, either on the mast or their supports. If it is impracticable to arrange this under ordinary conditions, insulators should be inserted in the guy wires about two feet from the mast and about five feet from the ground. If the mast is of wood, and wood posts are used to support the guy wires, the guys can be attached in such a manner that they may not touch each other without the use of insulators, however, one insulator insert- . . in) ¥ +h , bo 54 ¥ mr ed ‘n each guy wire at a point five or six feet from the ground is advisable, espec- ially in the guys that run to the top of the aerial pole. The ground is a most important con- sideration and this should have even more consideration than a thorough insulation of the aerial,—for without a good ground connection, the very best aerial is use- less, or almost so. A good rule to re- riember when planning your ground is that “Electricity takes the shortest course to the ground.” This is certainly true in wireless work, for if you have one of the best ground connections in the world, say 25 feet from your instruments, and a very poor ground connection 5 feet from your instruments the wireless waves will use the closest ground, in this case the poor connection, 5 feet from the instruments, and you will not get good results. As an instance of this kind, I will men- tion that when I first erected a wireless set I had an iron pipe driven in the ground some eight or ten feet from my instru- ments and intended to use this as a ground but realized this was not sufficient, and buried several copper plates in moist ground a little distance away. Well, I didn’t get any better results although I had a pretty good lot of copper plates bur- ied, so one day I happened to disconnett the wire from the iron pipe and the sig- nals came jumping in so much better that I could hardly believe I was awake. Since

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QsT .de numerous experiments they have always and poor connection cuts down re is is the closest to the in- is the furthest from the no change, as the takes care of the energy es the “poor” ground. e proven to my own sat- ground should be buried , circle or semi-circle and made to the center of the ‘ plates should be buried stood upon end or side. puzzles me, but plates bur- nd or side do not give as plates laid flat. This has experience. me to the expensive part y il 1d bury copper plates for ially at the present time sults can be obtained with tin, buried in place of the tin will last for years. upon the soil surrounding I have found that about will form the best ground. e required in some places. bury it in sets of about irst soldering the squares C aking the lead from the and after burying several ribed, a test should be made eak signals before connect- itly. That is, connect up listen for a signal, after h another plate (while still time r<¢ fer) te the increase in strength connect another and an- nue to do this until there increase in strength of n two plates are connect- This should be con- half of the ground re- wh material (tin or cop- should be purchased 1? same time if one plate is len the signals, instead of n, you can easily determine an easily be arranged by und it will abundantly re- time and trouble taken, remove, or replace it from s is hardly likely to occur June, 1917 if the plates are buried in a circle, and care taken that all leads are the same length. After being assured that your aerial and ground are in good shape the next thing to consider is the circuits which will bring best results. There are numerous hook-ups being circulated these days and practically all of them will give results, and if you have not had any experience with good circuits you may think that one of these inferior circuits is the real thing because you can get signals from quite a distance, but in reality you may not be getting half the results that could be had from the same aerial with a real good hook-up. It must be remembered that the three element valves operate on voltage, and any circuit which tends to lessen the in- ductances of the secondary circuit (or grid circuit) cannot possibly do full jus- tice to the valve under all conditions. A good idea of this can be had from the past season. This circuit takes full ad- vantage of the voltage principle of the valve. While it is impracticable for many amateurs to build variometers for the long wave circuits, as used in the Paragon short wave circuits, it is possible to take ad- vantage of the voltage of the valve to an even greater extent on the long waves than on the short ones, as much greater inductances can, and must, be used on the long waves. The greatest reason why variometers cannot successfully be used by amateur experimenters on the long waves as they can on the short waves, is that amateurs wish to operate over a wide range of wave lengths and it would be quite impracticable to do this with a non- dead-end circuit such as the Paragon. Tapped coils and variable condensers must be used on the long waves to give the flexibility necessary to tune to a wide range of wave lengths. Those who have never operated on the long waves have no idea of the ease and pleasure with which these stations can be heard. The operation on long waves is far different than on the short waves. There is nothing freakish about long ones and nine times out of ten what you hear today you can hear tomorrow and next week too. What you can hear at mid-

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_— SF ee Fr ee SS EE SS OT SellLDSeltlC Sltisé<] June, 1917 night you can also hear at noon, and the chances are ten to one that you can hear even more at noon than at midnight. Compare this to the uncertainty of short waves,—where a station will come howling in one minute and fade almost entirely out the next; where you can probably hear a thousand miles one night and only a hun- dred the next; where QRM is so great that it makes you *—?—-!—!.; where you can scarcely do any work in the day time at all; and where freak work is the rule rath- er than the exception. Which do you prefer? The worst enemy of the long wave is QRN, but the flute like tones of the arc stations, and the high pitched tones of the spark stations tend to overcome this to a great extent. You can read these sta- tions through QRN which would be al- most impossible on the short waves. Perhaps a finer point of explanation will not be amiss as to the operation on long waves, as that given above is not exactly correct when it comes to the fine points of operation. Long wave signals do fade, but their fading is nothing like the fading known on lower waves. It usually runs in periods of days or weeks at a time. in an hour or two you will note no appreci- able change in their strength. In a north and south direction in the U. S. you will not note any great change in strength of signals in the day or night. What little increase in night signals there is from these stations, is more than offset by the increas- ed QRN, and taking everything into con- sideration you will be able to copy these stations even better in the day time than at night. Stations to the east of you at a con- siderable distance will be at their best nine times out of ten from about 2 P. M. until about dark and stations to the west will be from daylight to 10 A. M. This is ac- counted for by the fact that it is dark at the sending station and light at your sta- tion, which gives the sending station the benefit of a good start and the receiving station has much less QRN to copy the signals through. As QRN is always much less in the early morning, you will have a better chance to copy practically all sta- tions at this time, especially those to the west. These conditions generally prevail. QsT 17 During July, August and the first part of September the worst conditions are en- countered, but you can operate your long wave set the whole summer. Only when an electrical storm is raging close to you, will your set be entirely out of commission. The formation of storms is such in the summer months that you will find, with the exception of the QRN from an ap- proaching electrical storm, the conditions will be very passable. Figure 2 shows one of the simplest ef- ficient forms of connection for long waves. The size of coils “E” and “I” de- pends upon the maximum wavelength you wish to copy from, and as practically all amateurs wish to copy over the entire scale of wavelengths in regular use, long coils should be made. It has been found best to have these coils at least 4% or 5 inches in diameter and 40 inches long, wound full of No. 30 SCC wire with taps taken off every 2 or three inches of winding. This will be suffi- cient for the coil “I”. A coil twice this length can be used to advantage on long waves for the coil “E’”’. As coils of these length are impracticable to the great ma- jority, coils 40 inches long may be used. This may be divided into two coils each 20 inches long and connected in series as shown in Figure 3 Three or four coils can be connected in series in this manner and if more coils are added to coil “E” better results will be obtained from the very long waves. The coil “I” need not be any larger than suggested above, for the longest waves. The coils “E” and “I” should not be placed in close inductive relation to each other, good practise is to stand them on end, keeping the coils of “E” and “I” sep- arated as far apart as convenient having them not less than 18 inches apart. If you cannot make coils as long as those described, you can build up the wave by placing a small variable condenser across the grid and plate of the valve as shown at “CN” Fig. 4. This condenser should be kept at its zero capacity when operating on waves where the inductances of the coils “E” and “I” are sufficient. This condenser should not be over .0005 or .0008 Mfd. capacity. The condensers “F” and “K” should be each of about .001 Mfd.

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QsT ible. The telephone con- fixed capacity. The Grid ild be of mica and tin- hes, or mica and copper. be a little larger than the to avoid short-circuit- slightly better arrange- as it includes an oscilla- “OT” and static shunt ndenser “SS”. ‘The OT rable in tuning-in arc static shunt helps con- e static from rendering ve. A variable static e best, can be purchased Apparatus Co., Philadel- all price. made most any size, and that the secondary slides A convenient ” primary. ment is Primary 5%’ yng wound with No. 28 lary 4%” diameter and th No. 30 SCC wire. No ’ except at the ends, and leads are connected to- vo outside connected as from each of the conden- ’ and one lead from the ted to the two “inside” een previously connected coils are of the same before. t shown in Fig. 5, it is | “out” of a bulb that is ed the coils are of suffi- the manner of connections I might mention that it essary to follow the dia- lo not reverse any of the it is, the positive end of June, 1917 the high voltage battery must be connected with the plate of the valve, the switch end of the coil “I”? must be connected away from the plate, the switch end of the coil “E” must be connected away from the grid. This is true to all the diagrams sub- mitted herewith. It is best to build your coils yourself, then you can make sure they are wound in the same direction. This is important. If one coil is wound in one direction and another in the opposite direction consider- able losses will occur due to their op- posing each other. If the coils are to be stood on end, it is well to use a little shellac to hold the winding in place. Do not use very much shellac, though a thin coat about one half inch wide run up four opposite sides of the coil will be sufficient to hold the winding in. place. Any of the above connections may be used to copy either damped or undamped waves with equal results, but it is best to have the “OT” coupling as loose as pos- sible when receiving from spark stations. When it comes to the actual operation of the instruments you must shift for your- self and learn how. One of the first things you will notice is that for a great many stations it will not make much difference where the primary slide is located, within certain limits of course, but you will soon learn that this is the fault of your tuning. Rest assured that you are not getting half the results possible. When you learn how to tune, one turn of wire in the primary circuit will often cut signals entirely out that were plainly audible before. This is a good way to learn to tune, as when you can move your primary slider without a great change occuring in the signals,

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June, 1917 you are not properly tuned to the station, and by manipulating the various instru- ments you will soon learn the best ad- justment. The main object is to keep the grid circuit at a slightly higher wave- length adjustment than the plate circuit. Practically constant values of capacity and inductances for a given wave is had in the grid circuit, but values in the plate circuit will vary according to the voltage used and the degree of brightness at which the filament is burned, and according to the coupling between the primary and secondary of the oscillation transformer, which also effects the adjustment of the grid circuit. Many amateurs may also want to build a short wave re-generative set. One that will meet requirements is shown in Fig. 6. Most any small loose coupler can be used and the coil “I’’ should be about 2% inches in diameter and 2% or three inches long wound full of No. 30 SCC wire with five or six taps taken off. This arrange- ment will give excellent results on waves between 180 and 600 meters and is very cheap as the only instruments required outside of the regular audion equipment are the coil “I’’ and condenser K. If the secondary of the transformer has not enough inductance for 600 meters a smail coil may be added at “X”’. Figure 7 shows the method of connect- ing up a short wave re-generative cir- cuit with Variometers. If both of these circuits are made properly I believe it is only a matter of per- sonal opinion which one will operate best. Some like the Variometer adjust- ment and some the condenser adjustment, but personally I do not think there is much if any to choose between the two, provided the operator understands both sets and that both sets are the best of their kind possible for him to make. In any of the above diagrams the point “J”? may be grounded if so desired. Some claim a slight advantage by doing so, es- pecially with a few bulbs, but with the general run this is not necessary, and in fact will decrease the sensitivity of some bulbs. Also in any of these diagrams the High Voltage batteries may be removed from the position shown and the coil “I’’ con- QsT 19 nected to the plate, and the negative side of the High Voltage battery connected to the Negative side of the filament battery and the positive side connected to the re- ceivers. With the circuits shown, in connection with an aerial with a flat top length of Y i Ais. 1 about 100 to 125 feet and 50 to 60 feet high, signals from Europe and like dis- tances can be copied with fair regularity by amateurs in the eastern part of the United States and stations within a radius of 2,000 miles should be heard with ease. Using no aerial at all I have often copied signals from a distance of over 400 miles, and distances of 250 miles can be covered easily with no aerial. The round Audion bulb is, from my ex- perience, the most economical and satis- factory valve on the market today. Some of the tubular bulbs have their advantages but they also have their disadvantages, and chief among these is their great cost of operation. I have found that 9 dry cells will operate the average round audion bulb from 6 to 8 months; while with the same or even less use, 12 dry cells will not ope- rate the average tubular bulb one month. This is something worth considering when buying valves. Used in the circuits describ- ed the round audion will give just as good results from the long wave are and spark stations as the tubular bulbs. A peculiar thing in this connection is that it seems that just so long as the bulb is oscillating good results can be obtained with any valve that employs the internal grid. There is doubt which of the valves real- ly gives the best results on the short waves. The tubular valve probably gets the lead here, though the difference seems to be in a slightly higher amplification and not in any actual distances.

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QsT June, 1917 HELP KEEP QST GOING me thing which we of the 1eed, it is that our QST be iring the war. It is the only 1ve which binds us together. nt these days and most of us ‘orgotten what a signal sounds had no means of communi- each other, it would be im- ld our organization together. like a chain of sand. means a lot to us all. We justified in saying that it is which forms the nucleus of and most influential organi- 1teur wireless station owners This organization has al- 1 a point where its strength Our Board of Direction is men whose influence carries there is every reason for be- mateur wireless will be re- neouraged by the Government var is over, we should not let ppen which will permit this to break down. QST can er and even strengthen it, if ed every month on the lines been established. We must, » everything in our power to moving. r is of military age, and to f his knowledge and belief, he flat feet nor a leaky heart. is liable to be plucked out of the editorial chair and deposited in the ’ unless he enrolls in the Naval Radio, which he would have done months ago had it not been for QST. He probably will be unable to hold on much longer and it will then become necessary for somebody with a more or less defective anatomy to edit and hustle out QST every month. While the work might be done better by the new than it has been done by the old, nevertheless the breaking in of the new will take time and cost money. Therefore, again, all the more reason why you fel- lows should HELP KEEP QST GOING. If you have not sent in your subscription or your annual dues to the A. R. R. L. for Heaven’s sake send them now. If you buy at the news-stand, for Heaven’s sake keep it up or send in your subscription for a whole year and your dues. If you know anybody who is interested in wireless, for Heaven’s sake call them on the phone and make them promise to subscribe for the sake of the future of amateur wireless. If you are thinking of any electrical ex- periments which can be conducted under the present conditions, for Heaven’s sake write to the manufacturers who advertise in QST about the apparatus you need and tell them to keep a stiff upper lip and also keep .up their advertising in QST. In short, do your bit and HELP KEEP QST GOING. trenches “some where in France’ Reserve,

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June, 1917 QsT ENROLL--ENROLL--ENROLL They still want us, fellows. Radio ope- rators who can take twenty words a min- ute and who understand station operation are wanted, whether they are men or wom- en. We had this straight from the top the other day. The way to answer the call is to ENROLL in the Naval Reserve. This puts you in for the duration of the war only, unless you want to stay in. It gives you good pay, good associations, an exceptional train- ing in electrical engineering and above all, the tremendously valuable military disci- pline. The latter will stand any young man in good stead all his life long. It will make him stand up straight in his shoes and look the other fellow in the eye and it will make him understand what is necessary in order to obtain success. He will be made to understand all that lies underneath the surface in that expression, “Carrying the message to Garcia.” If any fellow finds difficulty in getting himself started, simply as a result of his country’s call, he ought not to have any difficulty in getting himself started for his own personal good. The opportunity is simply without The Govern- ment actually is going to pay you for the privilege of teaching you one of the most valuable courses in electrical engineering, during the summer time when everything is pleasant and when the vacation season offers itself. You will be sorry to the last days of your life if you do not enroll parallel. before it is too late. SUBMARINE DETECTOR Not one of the hundred thousand of us amateur radio engineers would hesitate a moment if asked to produce something which would detect the presence of an electro-magnetic strain in the ether. Even if the spot from which this strain came from were a thousand miles away, and were incomprehensibly feeble, we would not hesitate. We would rig up an audion detector and we know just how we would make use of regenerative and amplifying arrangements so as to make this feeble little strain coming from a point a thous- ind miles away, easily detectable. Now, when we can do this, why cannot we detect the presence of a submarine ten miles away, when this submarine consists of several hundred tons of iron and also a few hundred volts of difference of po- tential? There is nothing we Allies need so much right now as a submarine detector. That person, be he man, woman or child, who can come forward at this time with an apparatus which can be placed upon the ordinary merchant ship, and will tell the Captain when he is within five miles of a submarine and where that submarine is located, would be hailed as the greatest benefactor the human race has produced. He would end this terrible war, where no one else has succeeded. We radio experimenters ought to think about this problem. We know more about detecting feeble magnetic and electrical values than any one else. That little glass bulb with the grid and the plate and the filament inside of it possesses all the ne- cessities for determining the presence of a continuous magnetic or electric influence, just exactly as well as an alternating or oscillating magnetic or electric influence. Taken with the dclicate magnetic needle of the compass, which will respond to the feeblest of feeble magnetic flux, and which will serve as a pointer for direction, we have two very important devices, about which every one of us amateur radio in- ventors should think.

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QsT June, 1917 OUR CONTENTS you have noticed how we several jars and how our een correspondingly reduced. also done some noticing as Notwithstanding have worked 1 variety. reduction, we lel scheme so that our con- ible the strain. a lot of get this quality and variety double distilled d number of pages we can At the risk lered chesty in the matter, Old “Rotten,” the ng Wave Audion Sets” and hese war days. Man’s ng Phenomena” articles are The “Rotten” is in a class of our “Old Man’s” stuff The wouff-hong seems to have for the moment, but there is the special variety of pep found so delightful in the ort and Long Wave Audion Sets” is a liberal education on a very time- Mr. A. L. experience. It’s constructional ly subject. It is written by Groves from actual semi-technical and its features make it especially suitable at this novice the These the days when we want to improve our time for both the and experienced amateur. are knowledge on the audion as a receiver and no matter how many times one reads over an article like this he can always come back to it and get something new. Backing up the above with Mr. Ballan- tine’s, “Lightning Phenomena,”’ makes this number good and hearty even though there is not much thickness to it. Fortunately, we have coming to QST, everything the world of wireless affords, and we hope to be able to show during the coming months first class stuff on every page of QST. In order to make it a certainty, all we need is for you fellows to back us up by sending in subscriptions and annual dues Every dollar helps. your THE IDEAL STATION put into effect a our member, Mr. er, better known in the air ve been turning it over in some months and it strikes now is the time to present llows who are thirsting for the way of a radio problem. time to ed by ifications in complete form for mateur radio station. number of QST, we shall Sommer’s idea of a perfect We will discuss its make- vor to show why it is the bably will get about as far 1 of soldering the joints in id when some of you spec- < and have a better method. issue of QST, we will give you your chance to show why Mr. Som- mer’s scheme is no good and yours the only proper will probably live the long life of just one month when somebody else will come along and show you where you get off and make way for something still better. way. Your’s We hope we can go all through a station in this manner and have a complete and thorough discussion of every detail by those who have actually done big things during the past season. We certainly have among us, the best amateur experience there is in the world, and if you fellows will only dip in and say what you think, we will all profit mightily. Every fellow is a vast master on some particular detail. What we want is the advice of all the different past masters. This ought to start some- thing.

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time- = * It’s ional table and are our - and over -ome llan this here tely, the e to nths In leed ling ues lune, 1917 QsT THE FUTURE LOOKS SAFE Provided we and our allied friends come ut on top in this big scrap, it seems likely that the future of amateur wireless will e safe, as far as legal matters go. We have heard several rumors during the past month about some _ sinister legislation which was nosing around down in Wash- ngton and which was going to put the amateur out of business for all time. — It vas even stated that a bill was pending before Congress. We took occasion to run these rumors to earth, going so far as to ave an investigation made in Washington the pending legislation on Radio mat- This investigation developed the fact that there was a bill pending, but when a copy of the bill was obtained, it also developed that absolutely nothing in it threatened the amateur. It is known as HOUSE BILL NO. 2573 and it has to do wholly with Commercial stations and specifically exempts amateur stations. At the hearing in Washington early in the winter on the old bill, the Navy De- partment made it very plain that they did not intend to kill amateur wireless. We were present at the hearing and heard the whole thing with our own ears. We al- ways have had the greatest confidence in the U. S. Navy Department and we think there is a square deal to be expected from them absolutely. When the war is over, it is our guess that we will be re-opened and that every encouragement will be held yut to us to improve the art of radio com- munication, insofar as is possible and not cause interference with the protection of life at sea. Those of us who are near the coasts must always be subjected to great- er limitations than those of us who are inland. All you fellows who have accu- mulated any new ideas in the last few months regarding better efficiency appara- tus, may go on with the geod work in the confidence that when the war clouds roll away, you will be able to build your appa- ratus and use it. RELAY, CONVERSATION, TESTING Every once in a while some anarchist radio bug gets up on a chair and waves a red flag and yells for his rights. It isually follows a night when some thought- less relayer spent four hours or more mo- ypolizing the air getting through relay traffic. Of course the chap who was QRMed cursed relay work and everybody connected with it and raised his voice in favor of consigning it to everlasting lim- bo. He hollers for the right to have a ittle friendly conversation. He - hollers so loud he wakes up the fellow who wants to test all the time and the two of them ioller in concert until you cannot hear yourself think. We cannot deny that each of these fel- ows has something on his side. Scarcely yne of us who has ever done any relaying but knows that he must have shut out a lot of those who wanted to indulge in some- thing else besides relaying. It is some- thing which we should think about when the happy days of re-opening come. We must somehow fix it so that we can relay, and converse and test. Each must allow the rights of the other and it seems that the only way to do this is on the time allotment method. Relaying should be done only between certain hours and it should have the right of way during these hours. Conversing should be given cer- tain hours and it should have the right of way during these hours. Testing should have its allotment and be protected there- in. When we are re-opened we certainly must take the matter up with the authori- ties and make it a question of law. Then somebody can control it and mete out punishment to those who will not observe the rules of the game.

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June, 1917 Radio Communications by the Amateurs Publisher’s of QST assume no responsibility for the statements made herein by correspondents. QST---QSL Who Can Answer These Questions ? trouble with QST is that it’s od that I can’t do anything until I’ve digested its entire tents and it’s getting so big I can’t spare the time to in- one sitting. So what am ! Just wanted to tell you end Bill of 9HS hits the gong for QST. O. M., we ve you; our magazine is great on: why don’t you send a pplication blanks to all the ar- rs who write in, and request f their boosting abilities be di- rd non-subscribers. I’m on my- yte you the other day to enter ibscription contest. Hartford lads didn’t know tarted, I guess you have learn- I've a couple of perplexers. , write at length, I’d be glad give me a brief answer in ns, or otherwise comment on can follow my wandering estifies”’ believe that the altitude above ffects the range of a wireless I’ve never been able to do ' fellows more advantageously with a set as good. I have to the conclusion that it’s the spite of theory that wire- follow the curvature of the 9FW we have a homemade * with secondary voltage about mmersed plate condenser, .01 giving frequency of 800; [; a well-insulated 5-wire aerial about 75 ft. high and 65 ft. long; a No. 4 lead-in; a ground much better than the average; and we show a radiation of 7.6 amps on a new Brandes’ HWA located in the aerial lead, on a wave length of approx- imately 275 meters. The coupling used is rather close, but we seem to get pretty good quenching from our gap as our wave is reported to be decently sharp. But with our 7.6 amperes we are unable to do consistently good work. I do not know how to uccount for it. I hold a “first com” license, have a hot-wire-ammeter and a wave meter, and know how to tune a set. The station is owned jointly and consequently I can’t tear it up and fix it altogther like I’d like to, and there are therefore some points that could be con- siderably bettered, but it is nevertheless a good station, works good some times, is heard well in some directions, puts 7.6 as I say, but is a great big disappointment. Mathews jerked me off of Trunk Line E because I couldn’t work 9GY. 9GY comes in like seven hundred dollars one minute and thirty seconds later can’t be read, but the trouble is he can’t hear me any better. 1 work 9ABD only with greatest difficulty. I’ve worked 8NH only once this season. We are directive due south, but I do not believe in the theory of directional effects except in cases where the flat-top length is about four or more times longer than the height above-ground. It is a fact that southward, however, we can work great. Mobile, Dallas, Franklinton, Shreveport, Birmingham, Houston, etc., are pie, and I can hear those stations better than most

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1917 June, 1917 ‘thers. I have also worked ships several hundred miles off WHK. We have, of ‘ourse, occasionally done excellent work in every direction, but not consistently sat- isfactory. It beats me; as I say I know the station can be improved, but isn’t the fact that we put out 7 amps enough to insure everything being OK here? Cairo is on the extreme southern point of Illi- nois, at the confluence of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers. It’s altitude in re- spect to sea-level is very low, remarkable for an inland town I believe. I have come to the conclusion that it is this low geo- graphical location which holds us down. Note that southward thru the Valiey, thru territory equally as low as this, we are able to work excellently, even out into the Gulf. Now 9NN is just 28 miles from here, but sits on a high hill in a town on bluffs high above the Mississippi River, so that his aerial is perhaps 100 to 150 feet higher (above sea-level) than mine. Last season he had a neat little % K. W. set, efficiently made and well tuned, but putting out not near what I do. Was it his geo- graphical location that made 9NN_ the most consistently heard 9th district sta- tion on the Atlantic Coast. Brother John Berchmans, of Christian Brothers College, has stated to me that at the old 5XC at Memphis, a town as low as Cairo, their average range was 500 miles on 5 K. W. as against 9XC, at St. Louis, quite high, with 1,000 miles average on 2% K. W. tesults at 9NN and 9FW are very similar. I started out the past radio season with an appointment on Trunk Line E, with with the expectation of working up my station to where it put out some juice on the aerial and making good. She puts out the juice but don’t make good. You understand that I have done just lots of good work, but generally in directions of no benefit from a relay standpoint, and a sad disappointment when compared with similarly-equipped stations elsewhere. Hence I ask you, do radio waves follow the curvature of the ground, and.do you or do you not consider the geography of this section responsible for 9FW’s poor show- ing? Do not amperes put on the aerial govern the range absolutely? I mean, does not any change that increases the reading also QsT 25 increase the range, barring limitations in broadness of wave and frequency of tone? I recollect reading an article, by whom I know not, to the effect that the indicated radiation was made up of the sum of in- dividual radiations on the different humps of an impure wave. For instance, consider a certain double-humped wave, which would have 2 amps in the little wave and 4 amps in the larger, so that the HWA would in- dicate 6 amps. Now a receiving set can receive but one wave at a time; conse- quently if transmitter is returned to one wave, perhaps the radiation is 5 amps, be- ing lower than before, but carrying fur- ther because there is more energy in the one hump than before. To what extent need I be concerned over this theory. In my case, with a reasonable coupling and reports of fairly sharp wave, can I not be positive that any change made which in- creases the indication will also increase the range? Now there are many unfavorable radio conditions which affect the transmitter more than the receptor, but my receiving has been equally unsatisfactory. We have two audions, several loose-couplers, and a Paragon RA-6, the latter lately acquired. I find by reference to my log that I have heard 340 different stations this season (since middle of October). But none of these are truly long-distance. I have never heard a 6th, 7th, or 3d district sta- tion in my life, and I’ll bet my neck my receiving set is first-class and that I know how to work it. I hear the rest of ’em by the hundreds. Last winter I copied 1ZL one night—the only ist district I’ve ever heard. Since getting th* Paragon I’ve heard 2AGJ once and 2PM once—a disappointment of course, as I’d hoped the Paragon would solve it, but apparently the difficulty lies not in our receiving ap- paratus. More geography? 9NN worked 2PM an hour the other night. Here is a loud scream about fading. Faint stations fade regularly here. I have established that the street cars of the elec- tric traction system are mainly responsi- ble. I know that sounds queer and per- haps there is the usual amount of fading from the better-know (or better-recogniz- ed) causes, but I have proven to my own satisfaction that fading of signals and

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QsT June, 1917 are caused by the cars. ling on which our aerial main street, with double Aerial is right angles pass at rate of about There is a certain position that street at which sig- ed at considerably more trength, and then as the the street, signals fade, out, and gradually I know it is the cars them coming at a certain eet, then signals increase, the car passes, and then ng back in. Last winter I n the other side of the zen blocks down, and noted his time on galena, prov- not some sort of induced put a finer adjustment of audion grid, ete., if such be admissable. These cir- extremely embarrassing. rd a strange station, called, and heard the response ng, and then realize that issing and that the only ird him at all was because condition originally caused then nullified as the car v, wattel? Is it re-radiat- from the trolley wire, of which is governed and circuit from trolley thru irth, producing alternately unfavorable change from yu ever struck any thing and can you explain it or ‘ra loud second to 8AEZ’s yption of Western Union the long-drawn out ones [ spend hours listening, e set forth, and countless rd stations become unread- fading or QRM, just as “To:” Exasperating, to d so easily bettered. Static is with us again. Had storm Sunday, with much erating has been generally early February. This very » wish there existed some ting a static eliminator. You no doubt realize, as is clearly appar- ent to me, than in the amateurs of the United States is the greatest body of experimenters in existence. Many have ability and ample means to go into a thing exhaustively. I feel that almost any prop- osition that the amateur body as a whole bucks down to, can be worked out. Let me ask if there is existant today, any theo- ry, system, or experimental apparatus hav- ing any hope of minimizing static? I rec- ollect reading, perhaps a couple years ago, of Professor Pupin’s experiments along that line, but the details escape me. Seems it was something in the way of choke coils or other windings, tunable more or less to a definite spark frequency and hence eliminating the low growl of static. Considering the oft-made remark that pro- gressive amateurs can solve anything they start after, can you not start something BIG by working up the dope, particularly on Prof. Pupin’s work if it holds any chance of success, and giving it to us to go ahead with? Why, O. M., if by yovr so doing, some of us could hit something that would reduce the ill effects of QRN just 10%, think what glory! And relay work would be just 10% more reliable. With reference your suggestion that en- ergy be directed toward perfecting a truly efficient transmitter, in line with recent development of the regenerative receiver. Impact excitation transmitters seem to of- fer the best field, if we are to branch away from standard spark systems, as few ama- teurs can afford high-frequency generators and undamped wave systems using arcs seem too complicated. Impact excitation has advantages of low voltage, extremely sharp tuning, and ability to radiate any wave length within reason without putting the two circuits in resonance. Can you give us anything to work on in the way of constructural details of gap, etc. Friend Editor, I imagine you should take some Sunday off to read this. This is what you get for suggesting that readers express themselves. This ought to be enough from Illinois for some time. Many tks OM for taking your time. You have my best wishes and 73’s. Sincerly, K. B. WARNER, Washington Ave., Cairo, II.

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ypar- ’ the of have hing rop- hole Let heo- lav- rec- ars nts me. oke or and tic. Tro- 1ey ing rly ny to ur ng LN ay June, 1917 MORE DEMAND FOR MATHEMATICS Mr Harmon B. Deal, Cape Girardeau, Mo., writes: “I can appreciate that the in- troduction of any extensive mathematical discussions into QST would ‘scare’ off quite a few of a class of amateurs, but for my part I should like to see more scientific and mathematical articles. Amateurs as a rule are unscientific. They are apt to think in a rut and when some seemingly unexplainable phenomena occurs they do not stop to analyze it. I have known where one very good amateur drew a gen- eral conclusion as to some phase of de- signing of a transmitter from ONE ex- periment upon his own set in absolute contradiction to a very common and well known formula that he did not know of. It is my idea that far more than the value of the messages that are sent over the A. R. R. L., the technical and scientific training the amateur gets and also the ability to work together and to organize is the real worth of the organization. I realize that it is difficult to make a scientific article popular, but I think that as a whole the “Game” would benefit more from more technical articles, besides my own selfishness would like to see them introduced. Whatever else may happen to QST how- ever, I hope that it will not lose that comraderie and spirit of fellowship that runs through all the articles and editorials That’s what makes the magazine. One feels that he knows the writer personally when he has finished reading some of them. This spring will be my last as far as amateur operating is concerned, but |! shall always be an amateur at heart and I shall be a constant supporter of amateur wireless. You have my best wishes for your con tinued and ever increasing success.’ eee RADIO CLUB OF UTICA, N. Y The Radio Club of Utica, N. Y., has elected the following officers: President, George M. Benas; Vice President, Dean Wallace; and Secretary-Treasurer, Charles Schrader. All communications should be addressed to the Secretary at 450 Colum- bia St., Utica, N. Y. The membership of the club at the pres- ent time is twenty-five. QsT ON DEPUTY INSPECTORS. Mr. K. R. Caldwell, 9NW, of Decatur, Ills., writes: “I want to express my ap- preciation of the greatest radio magazine in the world. QST certainly beats any I have ever seen. I have received more use- ful and practical information from it than from any other source, altho I have been with you for only a few months—but long enough to be convinced. The OLD MAN surely hits the nail on the head about QRM and other dope. Let us hear more from him. The articles by Dr. Radio are certainly fine, and the ones in regard to transmitters, make more than one of us stop, get out our pencils and begin to figure. I believe that plan for QRM control is a good one and hope that something of that sort will be carried out. It is mighty disheartening to have a bunch of messages to send or take, give the other fellow the K, and have some lacal “ham” with a nauseous spark and no oscillation transformer start calling and keep it up for ten to fifteen minutes straight with- out even listening-in. This thing occurs every night till about eleven P. M., and a fellow cannot stay up every morning till two or three A. M., and be OK the next day. Of course the most of these fellows who cause this unnecessary QRM are igno- rant of the fact, but I think that the idea of Deputy Inspectors with their reports would show them how much trouble they are causing. Using a regenerative set made from data given in the December QST the following stations were copied on the night of Feb- ruary 16th from 11 P. M. to 1:30 A. M.: AGJ, 4CL, 5DU, 5YG, SAEZ, 8AFW, 8AIR, 8AMG, SAMT, 8JG, 8JQ, 80T, 8NH, 8VP, 8YO, 8YL, )AAB, 9ABD, 9AMI, 9AMP, SBA, 9EP, 9RD, 9KD, QJ, 9VH, 9JW, 9QR, 9DK, 9WG, BCH, and quite 1 number of closer one. Also, 9XA, 9XN, 9XM, )ZI, 9ZN,, All QSA. Also the following during the past two weeks PM, 4AT, 4BY, 4DM, 5AB, 5BB, 5BT, 5BV, 5ZC, AEH, 8AIT, 8AAK, 8ARH, 8AOI, 5DC, 5ZD, 8NH, QB, SNN, 8JZ, 8VX, 8YI, 9AIH, 9AKP, 9ABM, 9AMY, 9AHO, 9AIH, 9AGE, 9ALM, 9AU, 9PJ, 9PF, 9HS, 9PI, 9PY, 9AIK, 9VP, 9LO, 9AIM, 9TR, 9NN, 9VG, 9DV, 9ZK, 9HQ, 9DM, 9RP, 9GJ, 9HU, 9JQ, 9RW, 9LR, this being a partial list. Well OM, sorry to take up so much of your time, but must get this out of my system. Hurry up next QST pse. Wait- ing patiently. 73”

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QsT GOOD SUGGESTIONS. ngenberg, 2ZM of Lakeview, ps < ‘Our friend, the March num- [, is with us again. Thanks and wish to congratulate you sled issue of the liveliest, te wireless magazine on the You are also to be congrat- efforts you have taken to have tance tion, us on time, so our anxiety e better of us. this relay game. In my ex- nly hinderance is the QRM stly the QRM. Without ng would be O. K. The we cannot control, but hould all work together and that can handle the work each vicinity, clear their time, at the most, would not inutes, and then the ether ers to do distance work. ; that the A. R. R. L. make members in all districts that irry on tests and chats, such ne was invented for, be in * course, but must stop not ) P. M. and from 9:30 on be set aside for relay work conversations. These » most amateurs are more them than relay work, and the relay work should be through. Why not let tions consist of relay mes- e long distance test to be en the relay work has all In most cases, the writ- that when a station raises this station generally vo vith a message; then, to my ng, the long distance becomes Ry ." nd should be governed phia, ac- rgestion to relay workers is 1 message out of its course. s heard messages starting going to Pittsburgh via stations. This method adds for stations in and rk City and vicinity, which large amount of business rk on, in the second district, New York City, I do not be- June, 1917 lieve that any other district has so much QRM as here and taking this as a whole, the business gets through. The results are the cooperation of all stations around here and in the near future, I believe that after 10:00 P. M. our relay branch in and around New York City will handle the work very satisfactorily. In my opinion, by no means discontinue the publishing of stations heard by other relay stations, as I, for one, am anxious to know who has heard my station. That is the only way we know that our signals are heard by other stations, as they are either too busy, or think it not necessary to drop us a card, telling us of our sig- nals. Please press this on the minds of the QST readers to do their best to let each other know of hearing their signals— this would be one way for us all to get acquainted. At the present time, I have twelve cards ready for mailing, telling others of their signals. The system of Mr. H. J. Murphy refers to keeping records of the stations heard. This is a very good way, as the writer has found a similar record of great help. As for giving all the stations heard, say over 200 miles away, it would take the best part of a page and as space is limited and as I have made a practice of inform- ing all stations by mail, I do not think it will be necessary for me to give the com- plete list. Would say that the stations heard are located in the ist, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 8th and 9th districts, and have tried to notify each by a card. The come-back has been very small, due, I suppose, to the fact that the ones interested are too busy to answer. In regard to my ability to handle the relay work at the key, will say that there are other relay stations in the second dis- trict that either by their location or ex- perience, mostly experience, can handle long distance better than I (although I can boast of eleven years in the wireless game, so our friend Mr. I. Vermilya has not got so much on RS now 2ZM). Late nights and early A. M’s. after all others have said GN or GM, you will find me 2ZM still trying to get a couple of long distance messages through for luck. My work is to gather up the local messages and start them on the right course.

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ww Fvwese & eG tf June, 1917 QsT 29 Please inform the members of the A. R. R. L., through the QST that my call (2IM) has been changed to 2ZM. With best wishes for the continued suc- cess of the QST, I remain.” eee HAS THE TRUE A. R. R. L. BROTHERLY SPIRIT. Gilbert E. Maul of Chatham, N. J., writes the following interesting letter: “Just a line or two in regard to QST. I note on Page 28 of your March issue (some issue, believe me!) that you want the opinions of your readers on the “calls heard” propo- sition. As for me, I think that the “100 mile or over” plan will be just great! I think that the calls under that radius are not absolutely necessary and as the space in QST is limited, the unnecessary ones have to be omitted. I am especially interested in your maga- zine from the point of view that when you see a fellow’s name in it, you feel “right off” that he is your friend. And talk about those articles by “Irv Vermilya” or V. N., Well! he has the experience of every “bug” in a nutshell! About the QRM question: I think that a little diplomacy will be more effective than antagonism. If we only make a trip to the “little boy with the spark coil around the corner” and tell him how to tune his set and present the proposition about working from 9 P. M. to 7 A. M., I think that he will have some respect for us and will take the “spite book off his key” when we want to do some L D working. How many “bugs” have read the radio laws and acts? Do you know that it is unlawful to repeat a call more than three times and it must not be transmitted more than three times at intervals of two min- utes and then not resumed for fifteen min- utes? If this rule could only be followed, it would save an awful waste of time in handling L D work. I myself have an awful lot of sympathy for the fellow with the spark coil and other cheap goods. He should be respect- ed and not looked down upon because he hasn’t the “mazuma” with which to get better apparatus. I think that a separate department for the “calls heard” would be a good idea. They might be listed in the following form: “1ZM heard on March 10th: 1ZL, 11Z, 2ARF, etc.” Who will kick about the price of our worthy magazine being raised to fifteen cents? Isn’t it worth it? Can any other magazine in the country begin to compare with it? NO! then say we, IT’S WORTH IT! Have you noticed the designs on the covers? Three cheers to old H. R. Hick! He’s got the right idea! Well, so long, I guess I have no more QRU for you now, but a big load is off my mind. If you are not QRW, would be glad to hear from U. QSA, QRX, I will have to QRT now.” *e#*8 GET ACQUAINTED Mr. W. J. Howell, 135 Edgecombe Ave., New York, writes: “Just finished the February issue, very good but the parts written by Members and Editorially re- garding the QRM as practised by some of the savage guys that don’t care a darn when told nicely to stand by, seems to me a subject that ought not to cause trouble if a systematic remedy could be applied. I am of the opinion that the majority of Amateurs are not at heart just the fel- lows they seem to be over the wire and that if Members of the Relay League would find the time, look up the QRMers and get acquainted with them and by gen- tle persuasion let them see that they are only hurting themselves by being stubborn and not giving the other fellow a chance, that much will be done toward keeping peace in the family. I realize that in the widely spearated districts that seeing and talking to the QRMmy is an impossible thing in most cases but there still remains the possibility of writing and let the other chap know you and your interests. Talking things over is the best little trouble and bad feel- ing killer known and I have yet to find a fellow bug who will close down for a time if his friend asked him to. Trusting that my idea may help a little, I remain.”

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June, 1917 PICTORIAL SECTION Station 8ADE usinesslike outfit belongs to Conway L. Todd of Rochester, N. Y. The photo of this extremely neat station needs no explanation.

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June, 1917 QsT 80T, Lansing, Michigan The station shown in the photographs herewith is owned and operated by R. D Wyckoff—9FJ, and M. N. Pancost—8OT. Their 40 feet high. aerial is 70 feet long but cnly They are, however able to work over 1,000 miles and have been heard 1,100 miles, using an input of 1 KW. The They report Tuckerton loud enough to be heard receiving set is universal. many feet from the phones. A Southern Station We print the accompanying illustrations knowing that all will be interested in see- ing the widely known station of 5ZC, Frank M. Corlett, Dallas Texas. The photo of the sending outfit is self-explanatory. It has been heard in Fargo, N. Dak., Buffalo, N. Y., Jacksonville, Fla., Puebla Mexico, Phoenix, Ariz., and Denver, Col. The interesting long wave arrangement has in KPH, KET, KIE, NPL, NBA, NAW, NAR, NAA, NAJ, WGG, WSL, OUI, Corlett himself says, “just about everything that makes a brought and as Mr. noise between these.”

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yR EXCHANGE: One auto spark coil r, fine for gasoline engine, $3.00; tor, 40 to 70 cycles, $3.00; Erec- $.75; Battery volt meter (new) volt and am. meter (new) $1.25; iSe. each; magneto generator, magnet, $3.00; Telephone $1.00; 1,000 ohm Ringer coils and : 75 ohm relays, brass, rubber, $3.00 each; (new) 75 ohm ers and cord. $.75; Banjo-man- sted, fine condition, $4.00; 21 rib- ade of black walnut, $12.00 Wilhagen, 444 40th St., Brook- three 2. Mesco audion intensifying new Blitzen, $7.50 wave meter, tron relay bulb (new) on panel, ton, Valdosta, Ga. t EXCHANGE: Cabinet receiving set Murdock, Blitzen and Duck instru- ndition. Reason for selling, go- Price $25., or exchange for et Send stamp for photo. All Write Howard Forlner, Wind- Monotone quenched gaps, $1.50 variable condenser No. 369, photo plates, 10¢., doz.; 200 plates, 15¢. doz.; Westinghouse mer steps 2400 v. down to 110 or 0 cycles, can be. used to step up »s No. 17 steel wire bare 25 ft. each, 000 ohm receiver with head band 1.00; drafteman folding table able to different heights, 45.00; .. S. course on show card and sign lete, $7.00; one-half Kw. closed er about 50 Ibs., home-made, $5.00; ndenser, forty-eight 8xI0 plates ns with rack $4.00; rotary gap ries or with resistance on A. C. ter Piper, 183 E. Antietam St., -hundred cycle generator, 2 Kw. s A. C. and D. C. current rheostat protective rods. 1% Kw., tarns- its, oscillation transformer, con- Just the outfit for the fellow who line near. All in fine shape and This is a snap for $75.00 Photo il in November QST. R. A. Miller, No. 47, Ione, Cal. | FOR SALE OR EXCHANGE: June, 1917 FOR SALE OR EXCHANGE: Want stranded aerial ve Rs Domash, 222 Cherry St, New ork, . . FOR SALE: One Mignon 9,000 meter R. L. C. 5 cabinet, $37.50; one R. B. D. S. Mignon detector, $30.00; one R. W. 2 undamped wave receiving cabinet, $87.50; one R. B. D. Mignon detector, five hours in electrical show. Any one who tukes two of these instruments, I will pay trans- portation charges. I also have the following ar- ticles, 250 ft. bronze aerial wire, $2.50; one 100 lightning switch, $1.50; four $.60; one six volt motor gap. described in Write for list of Roy Ward, ampere 250 v. Electrose insulators, suitable for running rotary February issue of QST, $3.00. other electrical and wireless goods. Bardstown Junction, Ky. EXCHANGE One 20 ohm telegraph sounder, a complete telephone, one E. IL. Co., 1,000 ohm re- ceiver, and a small telephone operation receiv- er, very sensitive; also an auto spark coil for variables or audion bulb. H. Presby, 7430 Sec- ond Ave., East Lake, Ala. FOR SALE: A one step audion amplifier, one fila- ment burned out, price $30.; this outfit contains a good set of high voltage, a Blitzen amplifying transformer and a 6 v. 20 A. H. storage battery. It is mounted on a bakelite front with enclosed rheostat, size 9 inches by 7 inches by 10 inches Seeo. Robert Hall, 23 Merriam Place, St. Paul, inn. 53 copies of Popular Mechanics, 3,000 ohm Mesco headset, one single 75 ohm headset, 2 Xmas tree outfits (no lamps) electric engines, ete. Send for list; all letters answered. H. B. Kahane, 136 E. 127th St., New York, N. Y. FOR SALE: One Multi-Audi-Fone and one pocket receiving set. R. B. Tenney, 1215 Franklin St., Waco, Texas. | FOR SALE: One Chaffee arc gap, aluminum type, $5.00. L. Andonegui, 27 Linnaean Street, Cam- bridge, Mass. FOR SALE: Home-made amateur coupler, $1.25, also an $18. Chamber undamped coupler and a $15. Murdock coupler. State your price, cash only. All perfect condition. L. D. Ziegler, 3rd, 1608 N. 16th Street, Philadelphia, Pa. AND EXCHANGE: Complete 9PZ. I mplete station to the first comer nable price or will sell sending te separate. % Kw. sending set; ing set 1800 miles. This set famous Washington Birthday re- Price complete, including 50 ft. bber eovered cable, ground con- ete., $60.00. Thos. Tallentine, Bellevue, Ky. nd Ultra audion, two filament b. Cost $10.00 with renewal. renewal. Excellent condition, an hour. City offers preferred. 219 East Tist St, New York, FOR SALE: One piece XX grade Bakelite-Dilecto, black, 40 in.x12 in.x% in., smooth edges. Ma- terial has very high insulating properties and is waterproof. Would make an excellent panel. $16.50 takes it. Charles Henry, Loras Hall, Du- buque, Ia. FOR SALE: One Kw. Thordarson $16.; one Arnold Navy coupler, $12.; one rotary gap, 8 in. disc, $16.: one key, $1.50; one pair Holtzer-Cabot 3,000 ohm phones, $4.00; one mineral detector, $.50; 800 ft. No. 14 antenna wire, $6.; 17 elec- trose insulators, $3.; 6 D. P. D. T. switches, $.25 each; 4 D. P. S. T. and 6 S. P. S. T. switches, $.10 each. R. C. Bender, 2642 Norwood St., S., Pittsburgh, Pa.

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June, 1917 FOR SALE: Wireless receiving outfit. Write for cut, description and price. Miles Bruning, Ham- ilton, Ohio. QsT 33 WANTED: An August issue of QST for the year of 1916. Willing to pay double the price for same. J. Ward Weaver, Pleasantville, N. J. FOR SALE: One short wave regenerative receiving set described in the December number of QST. The wood-work is walnut finished in dark ma- hogany. All parts are nickel plated and highly polished. Price complete, with high voltage bat- teries $34.00. Also many other receiving instru- ments for sale Monroe Bovard, 522 Stewart Ave., Grove City, Pa. CHEMICALS AND APPARATUS for the EXPERIMENTERS LABORATORY. We furnish the Experimenter with small quantities of Chemicals and Apparatus at a saving of 25 to 50%. Our Chemicals are absolutely pure. Honest weight and Service. Write your wants. Catalogue for stamp. ZENITH CHEMICAL LABORATORIES, Duluth, Minn. POCKET BOOK °/ ELECTRICITY Dutribured as a mm porary governmen ment wit THE ELECTROSET Om. THE NEWMAN.STERN COMPANY. Dept 5» Cleveland. Obie FOR SALE: A complete transmitting set, consist- ing of a $4.00 Step Down transformer, a $1.50 6 in. spark coil, a $.50 E. L. gap, a $.45 E. I. wireless key, a $.30 glass plate condenser and a new $1.50 pancake helix. The set cost $8.25. Will sell for $6.50. Will send postpaid upon the receipt of a money order for $6.50. Ralph H. Hoffman, 905 Clay St., La Porte, Ind. AMATEURS Now is the time during the lull to make your station what you would like it to be. Buy the apparatus you need, make repairs to the apparatus you have, or experiment making ap- paratus to your own design or along new lines. I have a surplus of wireless appar- atus to sell; No. 5 Model Loose Coup- ler, also the Parts, Plain and Wound tubes for Primary and Secondary Switch Points, Switches, Knobs, Polished Cabinets, Rubber Panels, etc. I am preparing a list of bargains which will be sure to interest you for the prices will be extremely at- tractive. Now is the time to give your initiative full rein and show the next awakening of the Wireless Art the forced vacation was a _ benefit. Send 2c stamp for list J. F. ARNOLD 2310 SECOND AVENUE NEW YORK CITY WAR DEMANDS 5000 WIRELESS OPERATORS within one year. grade commercial license. guidance. 15th. in Zenneck opens June. 100 students taught by mail. Cor. 14th and U Streets ° Men and Women wanted. Marconi Company accept our students. Send stamp for catalog of information. NATIONAL RADIO SCHOOL Applicants must have a first Prepare for Army, Navy or Trans-Atlantic Service under professional Correspondence courses, special 8 weeks (5 hours per day for instruc- tion and 3 hours of home study) residence course. Regular 6 months evening course, open year round. Enroll now. All residence students are under the direct instruction of former Chief Operator of Marconi Stations at Savannah, Ga., and Cape Hatteras. Our automatic sender is unsurpassed. Next class starts June Advance course Over Positions now open. WASHINGTON, D. C.

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CHOHOHOHOHOHOHSOHOHOHOHOHOHOHOHOHOHOHOHOHOHOHSHOHOHOHOHOHOH OHHH OHO OOH 8 CENTS IN STAMPS BRINCS YOU BIG 300 PAGE ELECTRICAL DUCK'S S —— AND WIRELESS CATALOG You then have everything in wireless and electrical supplies worth while at prices that mean a substantial saving to you. Our catalog is recognized by all experienced and advanced amateurs as \CON LIGHT on what to buy. Ask your wireless friends. Great cost of d low prices prohibit distribution unless upon receipt of 8c which you may first dollar purchased. SHORT WAVE REGENERATIVE SET Every worth-while feature is incorporated in this Regenerative Set. Initial tests in our lab- eratory and at the local Scott High School brought in with remarkable clearness amateur stations in Texas, Louisiana, Wisconsin and all eastern states. Amplification and selectivity surpassed several other sets tested in con- junction with it. We have no hesitancy in claiming for this instrument no superior, and in fact, we thus far know of none that equals it. It is designed for wave lengths from 189 to 475 meters Case 6 1-4 in. x 11 in. x 61-4 in.. hand rubbed mahogany finish. Panel, pol- ished formica. Set has variable coupling. This is essential for selectivity and the elimination of static, thereby insuring the greatest possible range. Primary circuit adjustable by single : * turns. Grid inductance adjustable by 12 point PREPAID TO ANY PART OF U. S. switch. Special variable condenser included in OR CANADA circuit for close tuning. TYPE “C” SAYVILLE GAP Electrodes, Rotary Wheel 14 inch bakelite 51% inch dia. les are of Yg in. round copper. Revolving electrodes Stationary electrodes % inch long. The use of electrodes and their unusual size makes this gap ient than any other gap of its type on the mar- pper conducts the heat away from the sparking advanced radio engineers concede that copper is or electrodes. Gap equipped with Universal motor. stations up to 3 K. W CHOHOHOHOHO UNDAMPED LOADING INDUCTANCE Hear the arc stations in Germany and elsewhere STARTLING REDUC.- No. 528 for secondary loading coil and for tuning the wing circuit --see § 7.75 TIONS FOUND IN CAT- No. 1526 for primary loading coil. 7.75 Two No. 528 and one No. 1526 : 22.00 ALOG NUMBER 11 None on the market equals these undamped 7 oaders at $10.00 each. No. 22 and No. 28 Silk Send 8c for this catalog Covered Wire is used on primary and secondary, respectively. Variation of inductance is by means ‘oday. You need it. of 20 point instrument type switch mounted on 1-4 inch bakelite. With an ordinary loose coupler wave length 15,000 meters. THE WM. B. DUCK C0. “roteco. ono” ALWAYS MENTION QST WHEN WRITING TO ADVERTISEFS a et RE Se EES arr + CHOON CHOHOHOHOHOHOH CHC * ry a & 46 2000000000000 00000000000 OHO CHOHOHOHCHOCHOHCHOHOHOHOHOHGHOHOOHOHCHOHOHOHOHOHOHOHOHOHOHONO OCHO OHOHOHOHOHOHOHOHOHOHOHOHOHOHOHOHOHOHOCHOHONOHOHONOHONOHOHOH

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: oO AACHOCHOHOHOHOHOHOHOHOHOHOHOHOHOHOHOHOHCHOHOHOHOHOHOHOHOE Es It Tells You How to Build Your Own Apparatus VERYDAY NGINEERING (Formerly Everyday Mechanic) is the first and only magazine in the world devoted ex- clusively to constructional “how-to-make and how-to- do” material. It is edited by Thomas Stanley Curtis, whose articles and work you have known since the old days of ELECTRICIAN AND MECHANIC. It contains no war pictures, free write-ups of new de- vices, general news features. It is solidly and con- sistently filled to the last of its ninety-six pages, with practical how-to-make and how-to-do articles. EVERY FEATURE article that appears in the maga- zine is prepared from the data obtained in the actual construction and operation of the apparatus described. For every article, a model is constructed in the Every- day Engineering Experiment Station, where it is given Fig. 19. A 15000 meter-coup- a practical working test. This means accurate and ler taking a square foot of table dependable data for you experimenters. space. THE NEW AUDION SERIES of articles on the use of the Audion for damped and undamped wave reception, undamped transmission, Oscillion telephone has infor- mation which YOU want. The series is written by M. B. Sleeper, whose experience in the DeForest laboratories makes the data unquestionably accurate. EVERYDAY ENGINEERING MAGAZINE, 848 Aeolian Hall, New York City Please book me for a subscription for EVERYDAY ENGINEERING for years, at $1.00 per year. I enclose $ to pay for same. My Name is My Address A_AWAYS MENTION QST WHEN WRITING TO ADVERTISERS 5 > Pi % +8 59 5 @ 0 0 0 o oO 5° 0 0 5° e3 © 5° e t a © 2 0 © $e; oO ° © © i 8 $8 ° o © ° 3 + 2 o ° i ei O .° oO + 2 °; + ° oO 0 3 8 * 8 i ° i O ° + a od a S

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— ae RADIO Learn under a United States Gov- WIRELESS ernment Inspector. "| nee Se eee A thorough and complete course pre- a U.S G g' d ’ paring for a U. S. Govt. Commercial First = N, - ovt nee 4 Grade Certificate is offered. ( a aval Reserve an Our graduates are now with the Marconi pe ‘ Wireless Telegraph Companies, United — a a Spec- Fruit Co., National Electric Signalling Co., pres , = ° Eth ore. Kilbourne and Clark, De Forest Co., Tele- Rarting cune . _ funken, Private Yachts and many others. you for either Gov't or The enormous demand for competent 1 — qn. mt Radio Men makes this a field of limitless , - opportunity. Day and Evening Classes. *~ . Expert instruction—Modernly equipped Laboratory, lowest tuition—Dormitories— Employment Burean. end for Special Literature TERN RADIO INSTITUTE Boylston St., B » Mass. t t oston ss Y. M. C. A. RADIO SCHOOL (Founded 1910) 153 East 86th St. New York, N. Y. Can the League Count on You? weather and static are coming and the League will have important It can always count on the man that owns a GREBE eee ee materials. Capacity, insulation and magnetic SHORT WAVE losses are reduced to a minimum by direct cop- per connections and a careful arrangement of the tuning units. Coupling coil has a wide Ri 4 NERATIVE RECEIVER range of adjustment and permits very select- ive tuning. A chart showing the wave length of incoming signals at a glance and a blueprint of connect- ions and instructions for efficient operation are furnished with each receiver. All orders bearing a May post-mark will be filled at an introductory price of $27. a A. H. GREBE & CO. YPE AGP 102, PRICE, $30. 10 Van Wyck Ave., Richmond Hill, N. Y. i Se ALWAYS MENTION QST WHEN WRITING TO ADVERTISEF®

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pre- First rconi nited Co., Tele- rs. etent itless pped ies— elected agnetic ct cop- ent of » wide select rooming mnect- on are will be , lo | f WIRELESS AMATEDR | HARRY R HICK

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War Results Q S T — Volume One This temporary closing up has given the Editor a chance to look around. Result—he has found enough copies of Volume I to have ten copies bound in first class tyle. You all know how scarce these copies are. In this volume will be found the audion articles by Paul F. Godley, four of the Old Man’s “Rotten Stuff”’, and no end of interesting material. Besides Volume One, we have 15 bound copies of Volume Two, First Half. This is an opportunity to complete your file of QST, and at the same time possess yourself of something worth while. Covers and all are bound, making the year com- plete. SOLD TO FIRST ORDERS 10 copies QST, Volume I, ......... $5.00 each 15 copies QST, Volume II, Ist Half.. 2.00 each The QST Publishing Company, Inc. Care of Editor HARTFORD, CONN.

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QS ’T Volume II JULY, 1917 CONTENTS eS 2 ee WANTED: 2,000 Amateur Wireless Operators 9 Rotten Resonance The “Old Man” 13. The Ideal Station James M. Sommer 16 Useful Ratios and Equations 17 Editorials 20 Reports of Division Managers 24 Baltimore Radio Association 27 For Sale and Exchange Hiram Percy Maxim, President Clarence D. Tuska, Manager and E ditor @ QST is published monthly by The QST Publishing Company, Incorporated at Hartford, Conn e e il | Subscription price, $1.50 per year. Single copies, 15 cents. @ Entered as second-class matter March 7, 1916, at the Post Office at Hartford, Conn., under the act of | | Congress of March 3, 1879 @ Copyright, 1917, by the QST Pub- lishing Co., In @ Title registered at United States Patent Office THE QST PUBLISHING COMPANY, INC. HARTFORD, CONN om SII -

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Commander Todd Has a Word For the Amateurs EPARTMENT NAVAL COMMUNICATION SERVICE WasrincTon

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JUL 2 1997 . — —_—— z es - : — — on A Magazine Devoted Exclusively to the Radio Amateur —— SS, nt Wanted: By Uncle Sam: 2,000 Amateur Wireless Operators HE demand for Radio Operators is daily becoming greater. The call from our Country is one which no patriotic reader should over- look. The purpose of this article is two fold; first, we are starting a cam- paign for 2,000 operators; second, we are going to point out the wonderful oppor- tunity which is offered to every amateur. Already large numbers of our members of the American Radio Relay League have answered the call. Many more will go into the service as a result of this article which is intended to make clear a few of the loubtful points. At the outset all will probably agree that this is a call of humanity and before it is over every one of us will have to play his part. To play your part and do your bit, does not mean you must shoulder a gun. Your part if you are a radio operator is to serve in that capacity. Your duty is to en- roll today. Uncle Sam must have wireless operators. You must not fail him in this hour of need. HOW TO SERVE YOUR COUNTRY A division in the Navy has been created which is known as the Naval Reserve. The lurpose is to provide a class which enables you to serve during times of national peril ind war. In the Reserve you are free to isk for your discharge during times of veace. The Naval Reserve offers special attractions to you as a radio operator. It gives you not only an opportunity to do your duty, but it also gives you one of the finest educational courses in the country. THE SCHOOLS Take a look at what is offered. In order that you should be informed, the Editor visited the proper authorities and came in contact with the actual conditions. The highest praise will only do justice. At Boston, Harvard University has turn- ed over to the Navy Department one whole building. This is Pierce Hall. In this school at the present time one hundred and fifty Radio Electricians are being trained before being given their assignments. In this building the men sleep, eat and train. Code speed is worked up to thirty words per minute. Lectures on theory and ap- paratus are given. A small amount of drill work is taken up each day as a Radio oper- ator is a Petty Officer and must know how to handle men. The operators are also put at secret code work as this plays an important part in Navy wireless. Nowhere will be found a better set of young men. They are a healthful, happy-looking lot pre- paring to take places on the mosquito boats, shore stations, and wherever needed. In the Brooklyn Navy Yard it is the same way. Only there the school is not as large. The outline of the Radio Course is the fin- est substitute we have ever seen for a col-

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engineering. Suppose you list to see what you are SUBJECT ench work)

FOR THE MOSQUITO BOATS sestion of the latest type of set be used on the boats Instruments tor Control ets and Routine 1 Measurements ns and Fleet Work Booth c<amination n itself is a wonderful thing, ire told of the apparatus and t becomes a thing to be s very day. The best part there for the asking only, NEED YOU. tion to all this you can hard- be paid. But that’s the way does things. He gives you dvantages and he pays you QsST

July, 1917 Rank Monthly Pax Chief Electricians $72 00 Electricians Radio, First Class 61.00 Electricians Radio, Second Class 52 00 Electricians Radio, Third Class 41.00 Electricians Radio, Landsman 32 60 Besides this you receive uniforms, sub- sistence, and retainer fees. It really a- mounts to paying you each month and also looking after your expenses ENROLLMENT An Enrollment Blank accompanies this article. Cut it out of QST. Fill it properly. Go with it to the nearest Navy Recruiting Office Have the Officer there certify as to your physical condition Re turn the blank to us with the statement of your physical condition. We will get it to the proper headquarters. They will notify you when and where to report APPOINTMENT TO NAVAL ACADEMY The law provides for the appointment each year of 100 enlisted men to the Naval Academy, the requirements being that the applicant must pass a competitive exami-

REVIEWING PARTY AT PIERCE HALL 1 Prof. Pierce B. J. Leonard, Chief 2 Capt. Robertson Electrician 3 Lieut. Emmons Capt. Rush 4 Pres. Lowell of Lieut. Blakeslee Harvard Gunner Dame 5 Lt. Col. Hall, U. S. H. D. Kent, Chief M. C. Electrician in Charge 11 Ch. Yeoman W. T. Coates a _ cocoon at a nation, must be under 20 years of age the time of appointment, and must have been in the Navy at least one year at date of entrance to the Naval Academy. Exam inations for entrance to the Naval Acad-

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00 00 OU 60 ib- lso July, 1917 emy are conducted on board all ships and stations wherever there are applicants. In order to give young men a chance to pre- pare for this examination, classes are form- with special instructors and the free ed at all the training stations (and on board use of the necessary text-books. The can- ships), - row yt Set, INSPECTING THE CLASS AT PIERCE HALL cidates who have the highest standing or: the examination, and have _ successfully passed the physical examination, enter the Naval Academy on August 15th, and are admitted on exactly the same terms as mid- shipmen who are nominated by Members of Congress. DOUBTFUL POINTS If you don’t wish to mutilate your QST, write us. We will send you another blank. If you don’t know the nearest Navy Re- cruiting Office we will give you the address. The desirable age for operators is seventeen rr over. If you have a question of any nd, ask us. Information will be sent romptly. EMINDERS ou may enroll in the Naval Reserve for the period of the war or enlist in the Navy for four years. Uncle Sam expects every mateur to do his duty. So does the A. R. R. L. Try to see if you can’t be number one or two of the two thousand operators who have been called for. e*eeae Personal Mention of Members in Service See the report of Central District. We are indeed proud of the showing. Jno. J. Fogarty—4DA, C. E. (R) U. S QsST N. R. F. of Tampa, Fla., writes us an inter- esting letter at 4AM on watch in one of Uncle Sam’s stations “Somewhere in Amer- ica.”’ H. E. placed his ranch in other hands and has come East to do his bit of war work with Rawson 7ZR of Kuna, Idaho, has the General Radio Mass. John C. Cooper Jr., Manager of the East- ern Gulf Division has been sworn into the service as Ensign in the Reserve. He has temporary duties at the Charleston Navy Yard, Charleston, S. C. Wm. D. Woodcock (formerly 8SK, then 8ZP) has been ordered to Cleveland. Robert Leary of Buffalo, 80Q is now an instructor at one of the Naval Radio Schools. M. H. Pancost, 8O0T has been stationed at Conneaut, Ohio in the U. S. Naval Re- serve Force, Radio. H. Peterson of Arlington Heights, Mass has enrolled in the U.S. N. R. F. He is at Harvard University. Company, Cambridge, The apparatus owned by Paul Bauer of 1EMA has been commandeered by order of Lieut. Gawler, U. S. N. (former Radio In- spector). It will be used in one of the new Navy Stations. of Fall River, Mass., is Harold Bowen Chief Electrician Radio on the U. S. S Drysout. Mr. Bowen is formerly of 1ZF. Lewis A. Gebhard, 8EA has received his assignment for Grand Haven. Earl Voegeli joined the Navy. John Garrett, 1SF Brooklyn. of Bozeman, Mont, has has been assigned to Owen Prothero, a Hartford amateur, is in the Radio School at Brooklyn. M. B. West, 8AEZ has been promoted from Radio Censor to Asst. District Super- intendent with Headquarters at Great Lakes. H. A. Jackson of Nadiapolis, Iowa has ‘ joined the Navy and is at Charleston, S. C. on the U. S. S. Hartford. Floyd L. Larson of Waterbury, Conn. is at the U. S. Radio Station in Porto Rico. O. A. Poole, formerly of Wallowa, Oreg- on is now with the Signal Corps at Fort Leavenworth.

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July, 1917

1 sHgasurny te -< | Pe : | see a ——————_____1 You can get an idea of the opportunities from the apparatus shown

EXPERIMENTAL ROOM

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APPLICATION FOR ENROLLMENT IN THE UNITED STATES NAVAL RESERVE FORCE (Chief Petty Officers and Lower Ratings) Name : Age last birthday Full name, surname to the left Trade or occupation ; Citizenship U. S. or N. U. S. State sea, small boat or any nautical experience; if any, to what extent State what work or trade you are or have been engaged in, giving time so engaged Place of birth - Date of birth City or Town, and State Home _ address r Town, and State Name and address of next of kin Street N« City o own, and State Locality in which duty is most desired Education Give any degrees held Have you ever served in the U. S. Navy, Marine Corps, Army, Naval Auxiliary or Coast Guard Service? Yes or No. If any, what branch I first enlisted in the : at Date - and was last discharged from the U. S. S. with discharge Station or Ship as - Total service Rate Are you now or have you been a member of the Nat. Guard or Naval Militia? Signature, name in full THIS PART TO BE FILLED IN BY THE ENROLLING OFFICER Rate assigned - Class Duty for which best qualified REMARKS Date S. Navy - ENROLLING OFFICER (Descriptive list, other side, to be filled in by Examining Surgeon)

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REPORT OF MEDICAL EXAMINATION To be filled in by the Examining Surgeon months; Height in inches - Weight. pounds ; Complexion ; Chest, mean circumference inches; Color perception TEETH Right Examining Surgeon

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July, 1917

Rotten Resonance By The Old Man ELL, we sure had a nutty ation” from two amperes to five by taking Radio Club meeting here to half the studs out of his rotary and speed night. I blamed near cracked ing the latter up to give the same spark condenser laughing over frequency. There was a lot about superior while I finish this pipe quenching and less decrement and all, and ‘ul preparatory to turning in for the night, going on right at the present time. I will jot down a few of the things which Final stared at all hands in a dazed way ippened until his eyes popped. You could see he You know the club meets once a week was having difficulty believing his ears now The nervous energy the members When the gink told about how he was get- <pended in the air QRMing each other be-__ ting ready to make his studs only one-thir- fore the war is now spent setting scientific ty second inch wide at the points and ex- traps and jawing each other about it after- pected to run a test before the next meet- ard We had to cut out the dope about ing, Final snorted, like a badly scared what was lawful and what was unlawful as_ horse regards a Wireless set because it threatened Radical was there. of course. He had » end In murder, not to mention ruining @ been quiet until he heard that snort and perfectly good desk. Our President's strong then I swear I believe he made up his mind right arm and husky gavel held out allright, ;, pp, e some fun with Final regardless of wt the northeast orner of his desk cot in it the northeast corn nS GCSE § , vhether the cause of science was advanced such bad shape that the whole business yr not threatened to come to pieces The subject ” ; = es. tadical usually waits until the end of b. scussion was changed by common cor very discussion when all the evidence has | Saath w or other we got going on the been put in, and then he proceeds to put ibject of phantom aerials and developing his unerring finger on the vital spot and P makes all other attempts partake of the ap pearance of thirty cents. This time he : , , , broke all precedents. He butted right in f experimenting which would take the ae : ; nie early in the game ace of receiving The phanton aerial j transmitting apparatus during the period f the war It seemed to offer an avenue Said he, “You say that last Tuesday you es not radiate, and as such was consid retting but two amperes into your aer- ‘ ered as being outside the scope of the Pres ——s : ‘ ent’s proclan ation regarding radio I do ial whereas tonight, just before coming to tt know what Mr. Wilson would think the meeting, you got five?” The whole out it himself if he happened to drop into question was a frame-up for Final’s benefit ne of our meetings out here. Sometimes 224 to emphasize the fact that the tests think he would order every radio bug in Were ging on right at the present time. the country electrocuted, or else have Con “Yes, an increase of just two hundred ress provide a bughouse for the accomoda and fifty per cent in myradiation,” prompt- ons of those whose reason had become un ly answered the young chap who had start- “ated by the closing up order. ed the trouble At tonight’s meeting, old Final Author- Final stared. He was speechless. The ty came in late. He had not heard any President, net noticing and probably giving ng about the phantom aerial business much thought to how much he could have he first thing he bumped into was hearing improved his distance last winter if he had ‘ ymebody telling about how, just before he thought of this, indicated much interest. ime to the meeting he had raised his “‘rad Radical, making believe to be considerably

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QsST this stupendous scientific fearing if he did not keep phantom business would e, returned with, interesting to know the your hat it might be inferred freed your open circuit led. Have you figured tions occuring in the new idea interest he had a- more than was he was s boots, or anyching He replied: ired it out, on the basis I am gure because the wave nged to Mr. Smith, and I than 25 per being 350 meters ‘ } ot. cioser Final, ears were on the bum and moment the of the law. blurted out now apparent It does seem pretty bad, it it was the best I could have any more of this in- s, with the chance of the f the bag, Radical, throw- ch of impatience into his 5 per cent. Maybe it is think. I dropped mine on 1 it was dead accurate af- ‘o on with the figures and point. What did you say ber of oscillations in your efore quenching occurred?” stupified. of 350 meters, it works out r of oscillations per second 1 905,550. The time that osed to each other works and a half hundred second. In this time there thing like thirteen oscilla- one exploded Final, scaring suddeness. responded the young scien- pretty sure I am right because ked my figures.” July, 1917 Radical was ready. Final had back- fired twice on him, so far, and it must not be permitted to happen again "Sure it’s thirteen,” he, and you could see he was making a guess at it. “All right. Now, the chances are your aerial, lead-in, oscillation transformer sec- ondary, and—ground lead—” here he flashed a glance at the President, “‘have a pretty high resistance, so your aerial prob ably has a chance to oscillate forty or fifty times instead of ten or twelve and conse- quently you get a pretty good reading in your hot-wire ammeter.” Here he paused He could not think of what to talk about next, and any minute Final was likely to butt in. The best he could do in the emer- gency was to jump on the gap, which he did by hurriedly asking, “How did you fig- ure the time the gap studs are opposed to other.” This created a_ splendid interest” and it held Final and It was a master stroke. said each “dramatic the whole gang. “IT took the width of the stud, about a sixteenth of an inch, and knowing the speed of my rotor I could figure how long the stud took to pass through a space equal to its width. I think this figured out some- thing like point, naught, naught, naught, naught, fifteen. That’s one and a half hun dred thousandths of a second.” “How much”, from Final, right on top of —‘Well, how do you know—” from Radi- They QRMed so that you had to guess who said what. The President hitched for- ward, his glittering eye fixed on Radical and his strong, right fist ready to grab the war club. Radical was the quicker and re- peated. “How do you know the spark played during that time? Does it jump to meet on your rotary?” He was excited and playing a fast game and his eyes snap- ped like the gap he was talking about. cal. “That’s where I am in doubt’, replied the young scientific gentleman. “I have watched my spark through smoked glasses, and I should say it jumped to meet only a trifle. The best judgment I could form was that the duration of the spark was a- bout the length of time necessary to pass through a sixteenth of an inch. Any way, the spark does not seem to be any wider than a sixteenth.” ““Well—” from Radical. He was stump-

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lot ou iz to lid nd July, 1917 ed. He could not think of another ques tion to save his life. He hesitated just a fraction of a second too long and Final got the floor. “That is extremely interesting and bears upon a matter to which I have given much thought” said he, evidently entirely side tracked He had his calm and final-auth ority manner all back in full working order. But you could see the fatal ending was not far off. “IT am certain” he continued, ““many am- ateurs would do well to carefully study this method of securing quenching because it is notorious that the back inductive effect of the secv" dary on the primary in the or- dinary amateur oscillation transformer and spark gap is very much greater than is gen- erally supposed and most serious losses must occur as a result”. Then he did even better than Radical could have done himself and yours truly had a terrible time with a fake cough. “Have you ever measured your decre- ment with a decremeter?” he askd. “Not yet. I expect to tomorrow night. Mr. Blank,” nodding toward Radical, “has borrowed the Radio Inspector’s decremeter and we expect to have some tests tomorrow night We shall try and have the figures to report at the next meeting’”’. This did the job. Final gazed long and hard at the speaker. He was marvelling that one so young and apparently sincere should in reality be so steeped in crime. The clever Radical saw that his victim had taken the bait, hook, sinker and some of the line, and he was smart enough to stand pat and let him hook himself good and plen- ty. Final did that same thing well and proper. “The Radio Inspector!” he gasped after he could command his speech. He had his wires so badly crossed he was wondering if the radio inspector was a party to the crime. “Sure, why not?” from Radical, who in- tended to superintend the hook setting busi- ness personally, if possible. “Why not! Do you mean to tell me Mr.— (deleted by censor) is co-operating———”’. He paused as a brand new idea broke through. “Does Mr.—— know what use you intend making of his decremeter?”’ QsT 11 “Mr.— thinks he knows,” and Radical so far unbent as to wink heavily at the membership in general. He had told the truth, but the wink put a bad kink in it. Final took the interpre- tation it was intended he should take. After staring at Radical for what seemed a full half hour, he hove a deep sigh and turning to the President he said, his voice vibrant with emotion, “Mr. Chairman, I protest against this dangerous and illicit business. This is supposed to be a club composed of law abiding and honorable citizens. One of the foundation stones in our organiza- tion is to encourage the observance of the radio laws, and to discourage their breach. In times of peace we have invariably gone out of our way to adhere to this policy. But we are no longer at Peace. We are at war with a powerful and thoroughly pre- pared enemy. If there ever was a time when good American citizenship demanded that we more than ever stick to this policy it is now But what do we find to be the case? Some of us are actually conducting tests with their transmitting apparatus. We are even so shameless as to promise at a future meeting to make known the results of these tests. Encouraging others to do likewise is unavoidable. And, as if to cap the climax, we are told here in open meet- ing of a damnable imposition which is being worked upon the Radio Inspector of this District.” Final had succeeded in working himself up into a fine frenzy. He never noticed the poorly concealed smiles of everybody in the room, including the President. And, Radical, the little fox, never turned a hair but looked the picture of unrelenting bel- ligerency. Final went on, “It is unthink- able. I cannot bring myself to believe the majority of this club approve such tactics. Why, Good Gawd, sir, they stand men up against stone walls and shoot them for less than this.” “For WHAT?” interrupted Radical, leaning forward and sitting on the edge of his chair. “For doing what you are doing.” “For doing what we are doing? Well, say, can’t I use juice in any way at all?” “You can use juice of course, but not—” “All right, interrupted Radical, begin-

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QsST cross questioning, the s painfully evident by irn it on and off with irse use a key for a I turn it on and off the or “ansformer? I let the secondary of a 9» condenser’? I permit that condenser the primary of an I pass the current in the scillation transformer consisting of certain pacity consisting of a ippen to closely res :m- in resistance and cap- itherwise known as a 1 can I measure the wire meter; and r of plugs and the speed and can I use the Radio to find out my de- big nal saw it all can I and it He acted as though his s fuses had gone out, July, 1917 his motor generator was running the wrong coming in on his signals. He went plumb ht he was going to take the the chap with the wart on 1 the hazy ideas regarding oscill- transformers, rush of caught on to the scheme of things and 1itted a hoarse gurgle, orig- laugh. This younger members and a general Every- would way and pictures were wire instead dumb. I thous full count, his nose an ation suffered a brains to the head, inally intended for a horse started tl giggle vw around the body probably room stunt Radical, who began to wonder what pulled off next. Final like a cat before she springs, asked, “CAN I OR CAN’T I?” Final took off his eve was still eyeing does a mouse just and for- the first com- glasses, getting his scientific elegance for time since the development of radiv munica lown to earth and ac- knowledged with a commonplace, y ” upon which the entirely victorious Radical pronounced the final ob- ‘YOU BETCHER LIFE I CAN.” President in spirits “] reckon you can, sequles, The whacked the desk a mighty wallop, and clos- ed the session by announcing that the last trolley to Sn left in ten minutes meeting was adjourned that little sheer high ithsburg and that the Say! But ain’t Radical cuss ' the cutey’ Well, OM CUL GN SK “ditorial in a Baltimore Paper Concerning Wireless zen has a rather vague essary outfit for sending But, all ire spotted about a good ess messages. not only possess some of the waysand methods, n the expert skill requis- d equipping a wireless wn that a good id been set up on house er Baltimore, long before raised concerning the pos- e of a concealed wireless the average citizen has many that a wireless is a free ranger. That once flash- ed out it may be picked up by a thousand n pole tops or mast tops or church been made aware of message listening spires That farm aero station that the STAR lo- cated over in Ann Arundel County yester- day may not have any connection with Ger- many’s espionage activities, butallthesame, the setting up of even a crude and effec- tive apparatus at a point not far from the has an impressive sug- National Capitol gestiveness about it.

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July, 1917 QsST

The Ideal Station By James M. Som mer, 9/1 N erecting a station. the nate en the power mains are run in, they llv locate n the ( ( ld be as near right angles to the aerial place about the house, se s possible, for if they are parallel or near- sidering the effici f su parallel they will absorb much of the tion The n r I I ed energy. This will not only cause tions on the second or rd fl St “ decrease in the transmitting range, tions placed ] this nner nave also cause a very serious kic back long ground lead, and for t reason \ If the mains cannot be run at right angles are often inefficient The gy eroul | e aerial, the situation can be improved causes a serious loss of radiation running them in conduit, under the The basement ha a | r place for a station n s ‘ 1e Wiring in the station, or in the vi- cient one, for the grou y of the station, should be done in B very short T) bass X cable, for it is im] ble to keep the the ich apparel! eff r ] Wiring from runn ng para to the indesirable feature; f n some places and, of l par- hus located. e le ' el house wiring would be the same as must come close to the re rallel power mains. All wit on the | _pparatus. It evide ( ry side of the transformer should be ue brush dis , st as big as the wire on the p I vould caus S*' : The Transformer ; ee that tl est place ; In choosing a transformer for your sta- be on a leve tne : yu must secure one with the correct 3 n such a k m WwW © I ir oltage for 200 me ers, and one ie undesirable feature é with a very high efficiency As far as 1 lo secure th =. cavio! ae now there is not a transformer of this kind 1 small houss a n the market, so it is plain that to secure feet § dpe? The | , the greatest efficiency you must construct through a Marconi d our vn transformer. To secure a de roof, to on¢ ie ; ; » 2 ~ | ipply for it is not made in vari oted weighs = pounds. , ' : : i ate Sees nat if Secondary:—The secondary is wound in - ws. Dees m ; two pies, each containing 8000 turns of r. ransformer furnishes the power, the out umber 32 DSC wire. They are wound in ’ ut to the aerial is somewhat increased layers, separated by onion skin paper.

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QsST primary contains 300 14 DCC wire, being tapped and 300 turns. These vely 700, 500, 350 and Choke Coils vn that a choke coil f the secondary of the condenser is a big prevent a backward flow condenser which is im- kward flow of energy the secondary to break great also prevent a 1e Condenser (although one of the most ents in the station) is ed by the amateur. To lenser should first be is to cause a minimum ond, it should be of the r the wave-length used. nt condenser, many am- ne of glass plates and tin- es are bound together and a tank of oil. A con- i involves the right idea ys carried out so that ev- fect In the first place, ilways be vertical, for if some air will always e plates, which will cause break down. The second s that when the plates er only a thin film of oil ich plate. This film is 1 by the small brush, occur. This builds up a brush which will contin- It is well known, that finally destroy the plate ble feature about strap- gether, is that they are cing down, owing to the strain caused by their hese difficulties, the tin- ick on both sides of every ix, after which the plates 1 in a little wooden rack be spaced at least 1-8 inch. found that a condenser of near amateur perfection. July, 1917 If the reader has a one-kilowatt trans- former, it will be necessary to use either 3-16 inch or 1-4 inch plate glass in the con- denser to avoid breakage. It has been found, however, that double strength AA selected window glass will hold anything under a one kilowatt transformer, and in some cases it has been known to be satis- factory on the larger power. The Rotary An efficient rotary must fulfill several conditions. In the first place, the rotary should make a very quick break, so that the damping in the closed circuit will be as great as possible. Another important item to consider is that the parts of the gap which carry current, should be as short and free from sharp angles as possible. A gap constructed after the following dimensions and description will fulfill the above con- ditions. The disc is eight inches in diameter and of 1-4 inch Bakelite. This disc is mounted on the shaft of a 3600 R. P. M. induction motor. On a circumference with a radius of 3 1-2 inch bore twelve equally spaced holes. A lug, made of aluminum ribbon, should then be clamped on each side of ev- ery hole by means of a heavy brass bolt. To make the lugs, take some aluminum rib- bon 1-2 inch wide by 1-32 inch thick, and cut 24 strips one inch long. Band these strips into small angle irons, making each shoulder 1-2 inch square. Bore a hole in the center of one shoulder of each lug, and fasten the lug to the disc through this hole. The stationary lugs, of which there are four, should be mounted on Bakelite stand- ards. These lugs should also be of alumi- num ribbon and should be mounted so that two lugs are on one side of the disc and two lugs are on the other side (see Figure 1 for hook-up). In this rotary it is seen that the break is very quick, owing to the thin- ness of the lugs and to the four gaps in series which reduces the drag. If the con- nections are taken off of the end of each stationary lug as they should be, the only sharp angles in the whole rotary are where the lugs go through this disc, which is not very serious. The leads are also very short, for they only have to go through the lugs and not clear around the disc, as in some rotaries.

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er July, 1917 QsT 15 The Oscillation Transformer In the transmitting apparetus, there is ist as much energy intended to go from he closed circuit to the aerial circuit, there- ‘ore it is seen that an oscillation trans- rmer which would offer the least resist- nee to this energy would be preferred. [he pancake type oscillation transformer fulfills this condition as well as any and it much more convenient than other types. The best kind of conductor to wind the Pancake type transformer with is copper trip, but as this strip is very expensive, it 3 seldom used. Brass ribbon is almost as ood and, of course, is not near as expen- ve. The brass ribbon for the primary hould not be smaller than one and one- lf inches and the secondary should not be ess than one inch. The thickness of the hon is not very important, for example, bbon 1-16 inch thick has only 1-16 inch ore surface per unit length than ribbon 32 inch thick The coils should not be ver 12 inches in diameter if the trans- rrmer is to be used on two hundred met- s. The primary should contain abou yur turns and the secondary eight. In ounting the transformer use a fibre rod ugh the center instead of brass for the ss rod would absorb much of the ener If the above details are carried out the construction of the oscillation trans rmer, the efficiency of the same will be ry high The Closed Circuit Leads rhe leads in the closed circuit should be heavy as possible so that they will poss- Savery small resistance. The best kind f connections are brass or copper ribbon ids of this kind have a very large sur- ce In some outfits it is not convenient use ribbons for leads. In these cases it necessary to use stranded cable. This ble should not contain less than 300 ) rands of No. 32 copper wire. The Aerial The aerial is one of the most important tors in making a long range station. To efficient, the aerial should be high ugh to clear all surrounding objects — | insulated and of low resistance. An ial constructed after the following de- s has been found successful. To clear all surrounding objects the aer- ial must usually be at least sixty feet high. Each wire in the aerial should have at least seven strands of number twenty-two copper wire in it and the lead-in should have as many stranded conductors as there are wires in the aerial. The number of wires can be varied at the will of the reader, but it is understood that the more wires the greater the capacity, thus the better. The spacing of the average antenna wires is at least four feet. Wide spacing also increas- es the capacity. Sufficient insulation may be acquired for the aerial by inserting a 1}0 1-2 inch insulator in each bridle and a ball insulator at the end of each wire. The lead-in should be bunched as soon as it leaves the aerial to avoid the absorbing of the current by tin-work, trees, wires, etc. As a final word I wish to caution the reader to insulate the lead-in very well where it Galley 12 enters the station as this is generally a weak place in amateur construction work. The Ground A good ground is just as important as a good aerial and for that reason just as much pains should be taken in its construc- tion I have found that many amateurs use nothing but a water pipe for ground. A water pipe will do for a receiving station, but in a transmitting outfit where a high capacity is desirable some other sort of a ground must be provided. The best ground which produces a high capacity is one con- sisting of a number of radial wires laid a- bout three inches under the ground. The conductors are brought together at the sta- tion, and they should be laid so that most of them are directly under the aerial. These wires may be of number 14 copper, but galvanized iron wire will do if copper is not available. A water pipe ground should be used in connection with this ground for it will add somewhat to the out- put of the station. The Aerial Switch The two things which tend to make a good aerial switch, are convenience and efficiency. A convenient switch would be one which you could change from trans- mitting to receiving by one quick and easy movement. To be efficient, the switch should have very good insulation and should

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QsST The aerial Clapp-Eastham conditions. It is easy to nexcelled in insulation. The like it from the catalog, if one cannot be onnection. ired by the truct one Receiving Outfit many good receiving out- it the present time, it is a choice and say that tely the best. I have nev personally to compare what experimenting ! sfled that the following umong the leaders if not onsists of the following Useful Ratios inversely number signals is of the he cube f in a station’s to the wave is owner’s know- muscular reaction Speed in meters per sec- V is the transformer speed of greased light- may varied as the distance spector. f a home trans- number of times of a factory made one. nal to the time of bad it drawn by a home r cannot be expressed in being dependant upon e local lighting plant. irrent drops as the wobble made its the bat- of the high-voltage audion nal to the number pictures down at the lighting battery will ordinary operation. A July, 1917 RJ-6 short wave re- Bulb connection cells and either Paragon Audio Tron with Ever-Ready flash-lig] a Willard or Prest-o-Light storage battery; Mica Diaphragm receivers. If to Mica-Dia- recommend pieces :—A ceiver, an in and a pair of the phragm re Brandes’ Superiors A Final Word to that the constructing a sta- reader does not wish get eivers, I would As word, I wish main point t a final say » observe in tion is to have every little detail perfect re of an ampere it much gardless of just how much boost your meter ust how the ir result of all these little details will louder it will make oming signals, for when the are added together, the sum makes us the ideal station. and Equations correction factor must be used if visitors and small brothers are encountered The follow a cumulative law, in¢ a transformer reasing rapidly Thus we have results secured from as the input is increased Domestic unrest Acute Civil hold Severance of the light Precipitation of general 200 watts 300 situation. Inter-house uncertain. with watts domest 500 watts warfare situation relations ng lines 1000 en gagement. Attack skirmishers opened by spark coil and telephone scouts gradually fall back on a strong line of light (company) infantry support- ed by insurance inspection artillery, and rapid fire navy Attack breaks these and erushed by a_ destructive of radio in spectors An advertisement then appears saying—‘For sale: Complete One kilowatt Cause—an : who yard guns. down before cross charge transmitter. leaving town.’ ’

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way eng a place than The July, 1917 DE AMERICAN RapbIo RELAY LEAGUE HURRY UP AND ENROLL Department sent a ‘ifty-four word telegram League on Naval Re- Radio ap and it is printed just ved It and the way the commas Relay the safe guess that Radio n enrolling in pretty wanted The telegram r page is a record is rect all spelled out is in itself a are iderable interest if cons have already referred to the advan the more we see of The unquestionably one of the yf enrolling and looks engineering better yurse given is u finest things offered in this country in the of neering a ‘tical training in electrical prac There are three schools vhere the training is done. One is no less the Engineering Laboratorv 1f Harvard University at Cambridge, Mass. others are the Electrical Schools at the Brooklyn Navy Yard, Brooklyn, N. Y. and the Mare Island Navy Yard, San Fran- cisco, Ca l. The first mentioned is famous over the world for its equipment and facilities The other two are a close second When it is considered that every young llow who enrolls gets a good course of r in these engineering schools, and ning month for his 9° “0 ‘ts paid from $30.00 to $50.00 a for taking it, and another $60.00 uniform and outfit, and still another $1 lay for his keep if no regular navy quar- are available, it is pretty fairly plain that any amateur radio operator who does not take advantage of it ought to have his nead examined. To all you fellows whose financial status such that you cannot hope to take a re- sular college course, this enrollment pro- position is nothing less than Heaven sent. Such a chance will never be offered again and any day you are likely to see it an- rounced that no more will be taken. The only thing the Navy asks is that you stay in for the duration of the war, and that if the war ends within four years you serve three weeks in each year for four years Think it over, you chaps who have not +t sent in make Ve Mother and Father read this editorial. You your applications and can enroll at any Naval station in the coun- try. Send your application to us if you want. We will help you get it properly located.

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QsT July, 1917 AMATEUR WIRELESS AFTER THE WAR retty husky optimism to ve are going to do AF- One sometimes wonders to be any such time as There will, however, and nion it will strike in very starts. At this writing, Liberty Loans and Se- at their top notes, and ng forward on a scale never dreamed of, the think of is But, should anything un- ir late friend Billy Hoh- our the list to ers unknown, it is would would surprise every- of the assert it- come crumbling ld horse sense ‘ ple would self and it would not be many days before somebody would get hit in the head with an idea that maybe we better call a halt and talk the The from the minute the fighters decide to talk matter over. war is over it over. When that glorious day arrives, amateur We will have the use of the air again, and old friendships We are not going to be kept shut up as some wireless will be unshackled. will be resumed and new ones formed. people think, but we will be encouraged to reopen and continue our experimenting. We have this in black and white from an authority in whom we all have the greatest confidence. It is a thing, and let everybody go ahead and plan accordingly and if you are thinking of buying any ap- You will sure paratus, go ahead and buy it use it all right SOMETHING TO DO NOW reasons most of us give isked why we don’t get the double figures, is me”. Well, why not nly there is plenty of vell spent. a phantom aerial which oscillating characteris- antenna, but which will is no reason why we i and try all the various transformer, condenser th and size, rotary gap, ids, width of studs, dia- nching effect, oscillation etc., etc. s not a single one of ould not make a great improvement in its antenna current if an attempt were made to do so. From our experience, we are not afraid to say that fully seventy-five per cent of the amateur transmitting stations could be improved a full one hundred percent, or their present antenna current doubled. It only needs the We know a certain station which started off arousing of the necessary interest. in November in 1916 radiating 2 3-4 am- peres. By February 1917, the same station was radiating 7 amperes, and less power was being drawn from the city mains. The improvement was the result of a lot of little things and they all were brought about by experimenting and study. Here is a fine field for those of us who cannot enroll. Let the stay-at-homes think about this.

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July, 1917 QsT LEND A HAND, FELLOWS Sometimes we think the interest in am new members who will pay their annual ir wireless has actually suffered a set 1es, and to talk up amateur wireless. We ick. Our subscriptions have fallen off, need this | ndividually and collectively. ir renewals of old subscriptions have and if anyone has not already done his lowed up and even our newstand sales_ share, le m begin right now yw the effect of something unfavorable lan has failed due to lack this was to be expected the first few that cannot be said of onths after war was declared, because vou to do today is: verybody was excited and upset thinking in vour town should ibout enlisting, enrolling, planting potatoes, o or three. then write getting drafted, buying Liberty Bonds, 4 ind address on a slip of paper, te., etc. But, after the first flush of ex- QST, Hartford, Conn. Could tement is over we ought to expect the rad- » bug to revert to his first and only real ve. We do not want to be mistaken and therefore, please let every fellow who reads 7* = = | in the name and ad- clearer! u forget Sit down these lines remember he must do every of a newstand in your town for thing he can to get new subscribers to QST, ARMSTRONG OF THE ARMSTRONG CIRCUIT A very pleasing bit of Radio History has_ co tion and it did more than any other een recently made which should not pass YY ng to make the season of 1916 and nnoticed by us amateurs. This is the a 1! the bar * year in amateur wireless. ird of the Medal of Honor of tl + he Inst erha] e should not overlook two t tute of Radio Engineers to Mr. Edwin ther es who followed where Mr. Arm- Armstrong, for his work in connection with strong led and gave us practical working ap- regenerative amplification and oscillatior parat th which to regenerate and am- means of the vacuum tube relay nals wv h would never have been take pleasure in recording it in QST and pected two years ago. Mr. Godley and aluting you, Mr. Armstrong r rebe, accept our felicitations on this The regenerative circuit was a brill THE IDEAL STATION Don’t overlook the article in this issu ( ervice, we especially want to n THE IDEAL STATION. And also r from, because they have the time to on’t overlook the fact that if you are : » t itter careful thought pecialist on any one thing that you are ex what we can accomplish if we imp into this problem vigorously. have every detail up for critical nd study from the standpoint ected to come forward and tell us about so that it will be a part of THE IDEAI TATION. Every fellow, whether enrolled in the onceivable angle of experience. javy or not, should feel at liberty to write would be something well worth this subject. The military censor would Pera peer yer robably not seriously object to an en lled man telling what kind of an oscilla n transformer he found gave the best re- @"d pick out something you know you can irers Come forward, fellows, ilts last winter. To those who are not in improve and write us about it. ©

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» Lee July, 1917 ~ Ei Reports of Division Managers Monthly Report of Central District R. H. G. Mathews, Radio Gunner U.S. N.R. F. Div. Manager es were cut rather short itry into the world war, on, there is very little r the amateur work done nth. However, the am- t been done at his own t he has been using his a- We he way our amateurs, » of his country. our have call went out. I 1 of my Western Trunk ery operator on all three he service, or has been re- The tried to help. Graf, of 9RP, and have been given ap- Gunners, and have val Radio Censors at var- t being at Buffalo, Mr , Wis., Haven League, 41 tne physical disability. all EZ, Mr ZN, ™ NAaAdIOoO have We and the writer in and Benton Har- friends are to be found as I will have enrolled in Reserve, and have been luty:- f 9ALM., Chicago, at Grand Haven - O9VY, Ft. Wayne, at Grand Haven. f 9BT, Dixon, IIL, at Grand Haven. of 8EG, Buffalo, at Grand Haven. various stations. ving who as- . L. Leary, of 8UQ, at Buffalo. ’ D. Woodcock, of 8ZP, at Buffalo. ’. C. Moore, of 8UG, at Buffalo. F. Miller, of 9KR, Chicago, at Benton Harbor . D. Stevers, of 9OX, Chicago, at Benton Harbor F. Laidlaw, of 9PR, Chicago, at Benton Harbor . B. Deal, of 9NN, Cape Girardeau, Mo., at Cleveland yon, Ill., at Detroit (WOK) of INW, Decatur, IIl., at Detroit, (WDR) Louis, at NAJ. 9ABD, Jefferson City, Mo., at NAJ » at Milwaukee W. Perry, of 9NU, Racine, at Milwaukee . J. Burhop, of 9JRW, Sheboygan, Wis., at Manistique, Mich. of 9XM, Madison, Wis., at Mackinac Island . Hansen, of 9XM, Madison, Wis., at Mackinac Island O’Niell, of 9DK, St. Louis, at Manitowoc, Wis Wm. E. Woods, of 9HS, St. Louis, at Manitowoc, Wis the following have joined other branches of the service: Ross Parnin, of 9TA, Ft. Wayne, Kentucky Cavalry. C. Cornish, of 9KG, Ft. Wayne, Kentucky Cavalry. » A. Kern, of 9GY, Matte .. Caldwell, >. Coultas, of 9LQ, St fo Corw n, of Bates, of 9ADL, Milwaukee . Lewis, D. In addition

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—_ . ee PD eevee 2am w July, 1917 QsST 21 Ericksen, of 9UM, Ft. Wayne, are 9ABD, 9JW, and 9EP, whose records Kentucky Cavalry are given elsewhere in the report of the Curtiss, of SAOI, Mich. Naval Militia Div. Supt. for that section addition, Prof. A. Hoyt Taylor, of Our new Div. Supts. are already planning XN, has been given the rank of Lieuten new and more extensive relay routes which and is located at Great Lakes, Ill., as ill become effective the moment we are on Supt. of the 9th, pened, and many new stations will be Districts juire: Owners of stations which might s sufficient to ve able to do relaying, but who have been that the wire backwaré ) offering their services are his worth in time urged to apply to the proper Div. Supt. for of these new routes, which o every important town in \pplications for Trunk Line operator | Ly ntments, or suggestions as to new ent to the Div. Mgr. at ‘t, but applications for appointments will be hand- during : I is Dist. Supts herew In closing, we wish to heartily thank all ots ha kindly cooperated with 9ALM, Chicago. their Div. Manager during the past season, 2PM, 2AGJ, 2AAZ, 800 and have helped make the Central Dis- 6SI, 2050 1 trict Routes such a success, and we wish jouth—5ED, 900 mile them all the good luck in the world when North—9XN, 750 mile they embark on the next radio season’s Farthest Farthest DISTRICT OF MISSOURI AND KANSAS Messages handled—425 A. I. Graham 9ZK, and G. E. Wilson 9EP 9GY, Mattoon, III. Superintendents North—8OI, 700 miles \s monthly reports from this district East—2PM. 2AGJ. 2AAZ. 800 mile 1ave not been made during the winter, this West—6SR, 1950 miles will state briefly what has been done South—5ED, 700 miles luring the past season. Some very good me have been made and a great deal 9ZN, Chicago, Ill. raffic handled as two of the transconti- North—9XN, 750 miles nental lines pass through this district West—6EA, 2000 miles For Trunk Line E, the Southern Route, South—5ED, 900 miles 9ABD acts as official station, connecting East—I1ZF, 1ZL, 900 miles Dallas and the Southwest with the various Northwest—-7EG, LaGrande, Oregon, Eastern Cities. Trunk Line G, the most 100 miles successful of the transcontinental lines, is Actual communication was carried on represented by three stations, 9ABD, 9EP, th 7EG. and 9ZK, who act as relay stations be- Farthest . distanc , TEG, 1900 tween Denver and the several points in IIl- les inois and Ohio. Stations 9LO and 9JW Farthest dist: ' 9EA, 2000 have also handled a large amount of the es, transcontinental traffic. All of the Den- Messages handled—650 ver traffic is handled by 9ZF and 9AMT [It will be seen that the three stations a while the Eastern end is taken care of by e have been able to work both coasts 9ZN, 9GY and 8NH. Denver works direct ‘ect, Others who have accomplished this with the Pacific Coast and the Illinois and

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« J) QsT Atlantic reiays necess direct to the three listance of 2 king 700 miles handled a tremendous a- class that So w hen to take it is beyond the itself messages and was in first the very minute rdered closed e urge everyone iine as has and proven relaying any of messages hand- n the the ve as of messages was when the Transconti nnounced, and ap lave passe l over l, during the wut 300 messages, an l 9LO 60 messages would indi * there who mon- It would be much better re a little more univer tations have made envi- BD, 9JW and 9EP having United others have nearly four sides of the f the heard on } iving been far West as this district Phoenix, who have DM (now 6ZQ )at Phoenix LQ, 9DM, 9QJ, 910, 9HX S. S. El Norte was off V. the th SABD, 1d with steamer suc- 9LO, 9JIW PC, the ff Key West and No difficulty nals were reported transmit if the best eral of the stations are AGJ, 2ABG, 3CV, 6UP, NV 2PM, July, 1917 9ZK:—2ALI, 3AFA, 3MR, 4AA iCL, 6ZQ, LDX, PC 9EP:—3RO, 4CL, 4DG, 4DM, 6ZQ NV, Schnectady Binghamtor For 1AW, For 6UP, N. Y. For and 9JW :—3CV, 6SR, 6TD, 6ZQ, NV. For 9PF:—2AGJ, 2PM, 4CY. For 9HX:—2AGJ, 2CE, 2FH, 2I1B, 2IT, 2PM, 3SV, 4AW, 6ZQ. For 9GJ:—2ABG, 2ZL, 2AGJ, 2PM, 4CL Some very good receiving has also been done Most of the stations have heard am ateurs on the Atlantic Coast, and on good the Pacific amateurs are occasion ally picked up. As we able to hear th: amateurs on both coasts and they are als able to believe it is only matter of we will be able t traffic with use of supersensitive re nights are hear us, we before transcontinental The ceiving and tuned transmitter: made many things possible that ws dared not even hope for in the early days We are anxiously awaiting the time wher we will be permitted to open again and co: good work. Following is : distant stations heard i: 8 and 9 stations being time handle only one relay well sets hav e tinue with the list of most this district, the 5, omitted as they are too numerous. Heard at 9GY:—1ZL, 1VN, 2QQ, 3Z5S, 3PC, 4AA, 4AC, 4AD, 4CY. At 9JW:—2AGJ, 2ZI, 3PC, 4AA, 4AC 1AM, 4CL, 6FD, 6ZQ, 6WZ, 7CE, 7MI. At 9ABD:—2ABG, 2AGJ, 2SZ, 2PM 2ZK, 3PC, 4AA, 4BD, 4BY, 4CK, 4CI ICY, 4KG, 4YV At 9UK:—1ZM, 2AGJ, 2ZL, iBE, 4BY, 4CL, 6ZQ. At 9PF:—2AGJ, 2PM, 4CY. At 9ZK:—2AGJ, 2PM, 2PC, 3PC, 6ZQ At 9HN 2AGJ, 2PM, 3PC, 4BY, 4Cl iCY At 9ABM LAG, 1ZM, 2ZL, 2PM, 2AG 2AAQ, 3PC, 4AA, 4BY, 4CL, 4CY At 9HX:—1ZL, 2AGJ, 2IT, 4AA, 4AT ACL. At 9HU the 2PM, 4AA 1ZL, 2AGJ, 7ZM. At 9EP:—2AGJ, 2PM, 2ZS, 3PC, 4BE iBY, 4CL, 4DG, 6EA, 6VK, 6ZQ, 6Z\ 7ZN, 7TZC, 7ZR.

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July, 1917 REPORT OF DISTRICT OF WISCONSIN AND MINNESOTA. H. J. Burhop, Dist. Supt. The following routes were in working or ler at the of the radio and will be maintained during the next season. 9ZN: 9NU: 9ADL: 9RW: HB: OKY: OWT: 9ZN 9NU—Racine, Wis 9A DL—Milwaukee, Wis ORV Sheboygan, Wis 9ADI Marinette, Wis It is of the Dist. Supt. to push these through to Duluth, and to Minneapolis and St. Paul, but the am ateurs in this territory do not seem to be far it has been impossible close season, Chicago, illinois. Racine, Wis. Milwaukee, Wis. Sheboygan, Wis Neenah, Wis. Waupaca, Wis Wausau, Wis. Chicago, Illinois the purpose routes awake, and so to reach either of these places. Amateurs who are located at points where they would be of assistance in reaching any of the im portant are asked to or Minnesota with the Dist towns of Wisconsin communicate QSsST 23 Supt. at 9RW, Sheboygan, Wis., at once as that these should be ready for operation when we are reopened. H. J. Burhop, Dist. Supt. desired routes it 1s +3448 DIST. OF ILLINOIS AND MICHIGAN L. E. Dutton, Asst. Dist. Mgr., Dist. Supt. It has been impossible to construct any branch lines under the existing conditions, as there is no telling just what stations will and the efficiency of those which In Michigan, branch lines will be con- taking in the important Detroit, Battle Arbor, Traverse City, Sagin- City. is, branch lines will be construct- the northern te, and from Mattoon, cover- » southern half reopen, I most such as Ann Lansing, ‘hicago, covering after the and wishing appointments on the var- requested to com- ‘ate with me, at 9ALM, Chicago. L. E. DUTTON, Asst. Dist. Mgr. 1340-N Homan Ave Chicago, Ill. ions intending to reopen lines, are In the Service ‘ At the time of writing, I am “on watch” at the and have just listened to, and copied most of the “Navy press” forn erly sent out by NAA at 8:30, sent at 10:00 after the customary time and weath- on now er reports You may be surprised to learn that at the present time there are very few radio messages sent, and these are entirely be- tween ship and shore. The land wires are used entirely for communication from land station to another, I understand. The signal, ship and shore station call lettersand the usual QRA to QTA are also different Practically everything is in code. one Ev- changed attention erything is now. I have sometimes listened for three hours vithout hearing anything to the absolute silence of the “ether”. Just think what a disturb blessing this would have been in normal times. The set on board is a 1-2 k. w. 500 cycle et, made by the Wireless Improvement Co. of New York, and is complete, in two pan- els, placed frame about 24 of the a “break in” system, together with a continuous wave changing the standard positions, together with a coupling scale are the refinements. The receiving the Wireless Specialty Co. “I. P. 76” the Mica Diaphragm receivers, 110 foot antenna, NAA comes much like it used to at home. hot ammeter, like the one I have, on the panel, and the anten- na switch is quite complicated. I mean to get one if I can when I quit the service. As it is nearly midnight and I have al- ready taken up considerable of your time, will QRT, trusting that you may find time to pardon this hasty letter. There is an Underwood Typewriter within easy reach, but I think it too noisy for this time of the night. ‘“P”’. together on a x 386 inches Automatic starting motor generator, and apparatus, which indicates some of set 1s and with and our In very wire There is a nice

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July, 1917 Baltimore Radio Association What It Has Done Since Closing Orders ore Radio Association | of considerable assist- Radio weeks e Government the past few ers were received from Inspector R. Y. of the work etic Radio oper- and punt f energ ernment may be inter- of QST. pers reported that the order all the States closed loubte lly he U1 itex of the Board of c illed vere passed by its mem- illed ocal Radio Inspector, Redfield and District Radio assistance of ediately and ry was c upon to eecretary il dlish, fering the clippings were sub- ers of the Board by Mr. Duvall, the Vice-Presi- 1est that some action be ation to contradict some tatements which they felt pression on the public. ed on the ed orders from Washing- the aerials and prepare idy for his seal. He ad- nbers would greatly as- Association reporting any station that receiving only, or had ap- licensed and not on his there over 235 newspapers stated yns in the city closed up to the present red few that are left are led up and this shows that elped to some extent. Sta- never known to exist were the quick and watchful bers. In many places ap- hat had not been used for years, and even where the aerials were found, and re instruments were and not in evidence, stored away in attics cellars ported by the members. As the inspectors were somewhat handicapped in covering the city quickly, the officers of the Asso cars and districts ciation came forward with motor their personal services and the that had been assigned to each party was soon gone over thoroughly. The President, Mr. Primrose, Vice-President, Mr. Duvall, Secretary, Mr. King with the Mr. Falconer and Mr. Smith, made the rounds with Chief Electrician Hubbard The work was carried on continuously, day assistance of and night and even on Sundays. As Mr Falconer Naval Reserves and left Baltimore on the “Fish Hawk”’, as Second Class Electrician, we were compell enrolled in the ed to get a car to take the place of his and Lieut. Wilson kindly loaned his for the work in the afternoons Considering the bad weather and the inability to secure cars at all times, we believe that the closing and sealing of the stations about such short time called a record Some days we could close as many as a jaltimore in could be dozen stations, while on others and espec ially at night only two or three could be sealed. In many instances, due to the ab sence of the owners, aerials had to be low ered, sets dismantled, boxed and sealed, and this kind of work took time, especially when the stations were in a scat considerable tered section of the city. Many humorous incidents were related by the members of the sealing parties atthe regular meeting of the Association on April 21, but of all the stations that were sealed, was there one that showed any opposition to the work. Almost all knew that it had to be done and almost all were ready forthein spector’s seal, those that had not dismant led their sets, had neglected it for lack of While this learned that time or absence from the city work was going on, it was stations in and near Philadelphia were stil!

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July, 1917 25 al operation and none of the Wash th American Radio Relay League, a great stations had been sealed It should ny promise join the League and sub- how that the Government officials scribe he magazi Application blanks been prepared to do this wor o the Leag ill be distributed among the y and an organization such as the one members at the next meeting timore seemed to be greatly needed in the other two cities The has received words of | l rood any f the members of the As- the Radio Inspectors office al ition nave ot been interested in for the work thi ie «6. actual _ Rad ‘laying in the past and who ‘rs had done and it a f the nenting type of ama- had been given he teur Nn } rz t } make to the edit- vernment ficials in other citie y > of QST t is believed that throughout ations or Clubs such as the one in Bal the riod iat » stations of the League the present war situa- no telling how long nteresting material, 1 before by the re- scarce and as a sug- ought that a new depart- be started in QST. The main new department is to have a ’s open to the readers of the they could use as an exper- ment By this it is not called “How to Make department, but sion, ideas and sug- Many of us have -d that o1 thoug! it i I nd r on paper some instrument or i e { 1d to in ‘ove on the various ould be discussed or nstruments | today, some perhaps, have : ng or interference maybe some have t in for transmitting un- ‘uments lamped waves, that seemed probable, but paper on’ they have never been thought seriously a- an therefore write his idea to irtment in QST and ask for im- r suggestions from other read- doubted suppose you had thought time ago that was a com- ‘mer, rotary gap and gen- closed and ‘ator You had worked it out yourself o operation, many of the 1 pe but had never had the time or permission to hold out ‘ actually carry out your scheme. be broug tain parts of their apparatus, such as lso not entirely sure of some sformers, which ll be used for ex things, as you had not studied generators ents in High Frequency work Tele and transformers. Suppose you described receivers, keys and buzzers for pract ; idea briefly to QST readers, and you his and that point and to learn that QST was to be pub u wondered if this and that would work, throughout the war and as a con etc. , those who read your idea or ition to the future of the magazine and scheme might have had some such idea Many of the members were de not of t

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QsST vuld suggest something here provements, or otherscould it would not work or just lone to make it work No be made to give any detail ins or would any of the pected to be actually worked e, unless they were remote After all discussions reless apparatus suggestions and shed in QST and operation ns is again resumed, we will ita, ideas and sugesticns j it will keep us busy for t What do you say? | or not? count of what happened at Buf- Orders were Received to Dis- Radio Apparatus and Dismantle Wires, and the Means Used to En- Urders. By 8SARB ynnect all radio apparatus West, radio censor for the vernment for this district, the sheriff of Erie Coun- the same date in a tele- ernor Whitman to dismantle ns in this county. He at ty deputies together and tten orders to search for all and report their findings a wireless station was in- Federal Building to be used of detecting amateurs who the Government’s orders to r stations. It’s installation by Radio Engineer Leary of e local commercial station taken over by the naval auth- pened for commercial ng operated as a naval sta- subject to censorship at all busi- that three hundred Buffalo and vicinity had from owed word 1 it was especially pleasing ner M. B. West. The Police ined forces with the sheriff department, and the reports ed since came July, 1917 from captains of several stations (police) showed that up to the morning of the 17t twenty-one additional outfits had been di mantled. Also one station in Williamsville, near Buffalo, Radio Gunner West has been meeting with success in his recruiting campaign. On the morning of the 18th, six Buffalo amateurs were sworn into the Federal service and sent to the nav- al training station at Great Lakes, Ill. As soon as they complete their course of train- was closed. ing they will be assigned to the radio sta tions in the Great Lakes region. The pow erful call of a British warship somewhere off the Atlantic Coast was heard on the fol- lowing night by Mr. West on the audion sounding code signals. This is the receiv- ing apparatus that has been installed for the main detecting wireless plants which have not complied with the order of the war department. Three oper- ators have been using their plants during this week, but as no questions were asked purpose of and no call signals given, it was impossib| to tell their location. The operators try various letters of the code each night and inquire as to their spark. It is expected they will be located soon, or either shut down their sets themselves. We are all anxiously awaiting the word that will give us to again re open our stations, and we hope that it will be soon. Meanwhile, let us fly old glory at the top of our masts in place of the aer- ial and patiently await the outcome of U1 cle Sam’s entry into this great war. permission see THIS MONTH’S COVER This month’s cover is extraordinary, and it is worth special mention. It shows poster effect one of the submarine chasers which we hear so much about, and wher many of us amateurs are to be detailed as radio operators. Unlike most magazine covers which are mainly ingenious, eye at tracting devices to sell the magazine, this cover shows the actual construction as far as details have been made public by th Navy Department. It is the real stuff, an many of you fellows take a good look be cause many of you are destined to live sev eral months aboard a boat that looks jus like this. The cover is by Mr. Hick 1ESS,

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~!For Sale and Exchange olice) FOR SALE: 9RW selling entire set—1 Kw. T-2 FOR SALE: Electro professional loose coupler, 17t ordarson, cost $25.; plate glass condenser; $5.00; will exchange Multi-Audi-Fone in Al con- ’ rotary; Murdock aerial switch, cost $3.; dition for a good three or four inch spark coil n di re base extra; three coils Clapp-Eastham and loading coil for a variable condenser. . ‘ gewise wound copper strip, heavy 7x% in. Smith, Box No. 431, Osborne, Kans. sville, umeter, excellent for O. T., one coil four turns, — — . ———---——— unner e five turns, one eleven turns, cost $.22% per FOR SALE: Multi-Audi-Fone single step three-year . rn; Blitzen 43 plate glass case variable, cost written guarantee, complete directions, blue in his othe 3 apparates, instruments sold ae print of connections new $15.00 prepaid. "LE. 7 together. communications answered. ree _ = - ig of Vrite H. J. Burhop, 1945 No. 7th St., Sheboy- ve, Se, in, Wis EXCHANGE: Have a quarter Kw.Gnome flexible . nav- . . , , rn = « , transformer to exchange for an audion detector ot FOR — . —_~— Ji =n a ge -— set of reliable manufacture. All letters answered. nes mever FSCeiving See AC vwe Sworege Lester Reiss, 580 Wert 161st St., New York, utteries. Walter J. Schneider, R. R. No. 2, . Y. , . Mason Rd., Hamilton, Ohio wor FOR SALE: Will sell for $3.50 a 3600 meter load- FOR EXCHANGE: Volt-Amp motor, cost $6.50 and ing coil with switch variations in good condi- pow just as g od as new; telephone transmitter, tion. | It is a $4.00 coil, only had it a short time. ceiver, condenser, and induction coil, 1,000 I will also sell a $1.50 detector for $1.00; will rhere m bell-ringing coils. J. & B. Master vibrators, furnish with detector a piece of N. A. A. tested » fol in. and % in. spark coils without vibrators, galena and silicon and a piece of Radiocite. It > To! 3 & B Master vibrator will work oa works fine, for $4.00. Harold Ackerman, 405 dior either one of them. I want 1 in. spark coil with Park Avenue, H. Cloquet, Minn. ne vibrator, loose coupler, pair of good 2,000 : Celv- hm phones, variable condenser, and good de- Additional For Sale and Exchange Notices — tector. Jerome W. Bastien, 114 Fourth St., N. > 92 : E., Little Falls, Minn on Page 28 eless the COCHOHCHCHCHOHOHOHOHOHOHOH OHHH ATTENTION WIRELESS AMATEURS We anticipate that very shortly all of the amateur wireless stations will be re-opened. Our stock of wireless instruments was never more complete than it is at this time. We have large quantities of every instrument listed in our big 300 page catalog and in the few cases where our stock was low it has been replenished. Our wireless business is one out of five big departments of our business and our patrons can always rest assured of prompt service for anything )per- ring sked sible try and cted shut in the electrical line at any time in the future. If you are without our big 300 page No. 11 electrical and wireless catalog, would suggest that you send Sc for it at once. There will be no special sale on wireless instruments by this company during the continuance of the war. THE WM. B. DUCK COMPANY 236-238 Superio: Street, TOLEDO, OHIO SCHOHOHCHOHOHCHOHCHOHCHOHOHCHOHOHOH THOHHD YOU NEED AN OMNIGRAPH NOW! Now that your wireless sets are discontinued, temporarily, it goes without saying that you MUST keep up your code practice THE OMNIGRAPH AUTOMATIC TRANSMITTER, connected with sounder, or Buzer, will send you unlimited Conti- nental or Morse Code mesages, at any speed you desire. IF YOU ARE ALREADY AN OPERAT- OR, IT WILL SURELY INCREASE YOUR SPEED. IF YOU ARE A BEGINNER, IT WILL MAKE YOU AN OPERATOR IN THE SHORTEST POSSIBLE TIME. THE OMNIGRAPH HAS BEEN ADOPTED NOT ONLY BY THE U. S. GOV- ERNMENT, BUT BY LEADING UNIVERSITIES, COLLEGES, TECHNICAL AND TELEGRAPH SCHOOLS THROUGHOUT THE COUNTRY. Unexcelled, also, for learning the Morse Code or for practice with the Morse Light. Send for Catalog— it’s free—describing four different models—$2.50 to $18.00—or purchase direct through your Electrical Dealer. We sell the OMNIGRAPH under the guarantee—if not as repre- sented, your money back for the asking. THE OMNIGRAPH MFG. CO., 35-39 Cortlandt St., N: Y. o o a o o o a ° o o o o o o o a o a o o & 0 } ALAWAYS MENTION QST WHEN WRITING TO ADVERTISERS

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s of 1916 QST, also Jan, t me know how many you e of same K. F. Gray, 718 Pa. » with four cars and 30 erfectly new, guaranteed to WANTED: January February, ndition All letters an- Paul R. Ferbend, 915 Latrobe rial switch. United Wire- fibre base, copper parts vil for details. Harry 5S Erie, Pa il—state make—also a John Miller, 33 Windsor Vibrator, Model “T° park coils same as used in Each or set for $5.00 received. Henry Ww. Ave., Jacksonville, Fla ympany 8,000 meter loose mplete Murdock head-set, 1 inch wireles sspark coil, tric 110 volt, direct cur- motor. Runs good on A A- condition. Photos of Address: Albert L. Bran- Jerseyville, Ill

AMATEURS time during the lull to station what you would Buy the apparatus you repairs to the apparatus experiment making ap- ur own design or along irplus of wireless appar- No. 5 Model Loose Coup- Parts, Plain and Wound Primary and Secondary ts, Switches, Knobs, inets, Rubber Panels, aring a list of bargains ye sure to interest you s will be extremely at- w is the time to give full rein and show the ing of the Wireless Art vacation was a benefit. 2c stamp for list F. ARNOLD ECOND AVENUE W YORK CITY

WIRELESS RAW MATERIALS tion is dismantled you can study is Bay from our stocks which omplete. ompany, now known as WMAN-STERN COMPANY Cleveland, Ohio

Wave Meters Wave Lengths Wave Frequency Wave Dampening These are always subjects for dis- cussion. The whole story is explained in most satis- factory terms in LIEUT. MAUBORGNE’S BOOK PRACTICAL USES OF THE WAVE METER IN WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY Price, $1.00 Postpaid Follow the new amateur fad which is making the American Amateur the best informed ex- perimenter in the world. You need this book for your library. Especially recommended by the Editor. THE QST PUBLISHING CO. (Book Dept.) HARTFORD, CONN. The QST Publishing Co., Book Dept., Hartford, Conn. Gentlemen :— Enclosed please find $1.00. Send me Lieut. Mauborgne’s bock on Wave Meters by return mail. Address Name

ALWAYS MENTION QST WHEN WRITING TO ADVERTISERS

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