QST 1916-07: Vol 1 Iss 8

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PRICE 10 CENTS » JONX )S AN IMPULSE EXCITATION TRANSMITTER, DISTRIBUTIVE 4 CAPACITY AND DEAD ' END EFFECT. \ TAB LC F STATION SKA areur adio ns Y ~ i Bax: NCHED G AP DE AMERICAN KADIO KELAY LEAGUE.

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ZENNECK’S Wireless Telegraphy Preece wee! 4 a” ‘The Book You Have Been Looking For” Experim oe

| . H sch i L. E. SEELIC¢ ( M i { tS pa . I X I ‘ ! Yes I lal I a q4™: i | st a ss \ ‘ vho has " ib Zennb < hrbuch yraphi This book has been a standard in Germa ind oOroug ht to America ind transiated for S The ”) . Care- rases of wireless telegraphy, from the fundamenta rinciples Clal apparatus In the technical pa uu Will I 1 eypilana- ip every ha vy point \mong the interesting features ar photographs of dampened sparks You can tind out about exactly how the ether waves tray (nes vO , i th did w n t s of such great importance to the LEAGUE members that iie arrangements to supply the book. Write for it today i book worth more You need it: send to the Secreta The American Radio Relay League, Inc. Hartford, Connecticut

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eee OT Pam mans — Oneseszo00o 4 T JUL -3 1916 » QsT Volume | No. VIII JULY, 1916 CONTENTS An Impulse Excitation Transmitter by Ellery W. Stone 148 Distribution Capacity and Dead End Effect by H. Sadenwater 158 “Portable Station SK” by the Operator 16] The Spark Coils by Edgar Felix 163 Transformation of Energy in a Condenser Due to Changes in Capacity by R. H. Hough, Ph. D. 164 Reports from Trunk Line Managers 165 Pacific Coast Trunk Line 166 Map of Trunk Lines 167 A Rotary Quenched Gap by Rov C. Burr 168 Some First-Class Relay Work 169 Editorials 171 Amateur Stations (Illustrated) 174 Radio Communications by the Amateurs 179 Queries Department 183 Latest List of Additions to A. R. R. L. Stations 187 For Sale and Exchange 188 [ Conn. class matter March 7, 191 Congress of March 3, 187 QS T is published monthly By Hiram Percy Maxim and Clarence D. Tuska, Hartford, 1.00 per year. Single copies, 10 cents. Entered as second- the Act of opyright, 1916, by Hiram Percy Maxim and Clarence D. Tuska Subscription price: at the Post Office at Hartford, Conn.. under CHANGES OF ADDRESS, This is very important, as we are not responsible for copies lost when sent to the old address. go astray. If you change your address, do not forget to notify us so that copies will not

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=~ oe HOMEWARD BOUND After Receiving a First Grade Commercial License

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. mi fied n Standa! a I ite Ra mngine ‘ impu excit The m applied t 1 me | ng tree te { rre! y Imping meal em i ou lampe ee il Y’ irre yuple eco! iit \ ise, tl! ma ma \ lamped, it na cases tne aa + ‘ of re ‘ S | pec i ase Wit! { er! i he contempla esent systems < impulse Howe he tern mpulse ex¢ Pe efine he St lardizatio1 quite ad, it ling as it dos ienched gay pe tions inst quenched gap action wit! has ol ate peel! most gen ociated. I refer to that form « er in which the oscillations of circuit e » abruptly dampe produce but single half cycles ausing a shock or impact excitation 0! econdary circuit. With the Telefunke1 transmitters, the and kind ed gap of the gap is = oscillations in current in eircul has the primary the first group

quene hi

ry ’ confined to damping o

ipulse excitation transmiutt ju hing properties of the gap are t the current in the lation or fT t half cycle before it . i to prevent not than one or two half cycles to follow, I i the great portion of the ‘ g in the first half cycle. The diff- erence between quenched gap excitation and impulse excitation, using the _ restricted £ these terms, 1 een to be sole ne of degree—of degree of damping of ne ] m: ( ] ‘ H eve practice, it is not customary e the I high damping of mary curré o the gap alone. rt three ynstants in any alternating t < ( t are esistance, R, inductance, capat The proper value of R he prima termined chief- the construction and action of the gap, that of L by the nun r of turns in the ! ( the ion transformer, and f ( vy the ipacity of the charging con- R 27 L

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runctior I ency); or that the log- damping of the free n a closed non-radia- of R and C Hence, a de- e and an increase of apacity of the pri- ased damping. A be drawn from mel that when ; ; L j “NC mary circuit 1s non ‘ en from this for ne alues of resistance high as compared to nh a conditior pape entitled “The and its Effect o1 i trical Oscillators, ie of the Proceed the garithmic de ‘ t hose circuit ‘ con tit ite l€ circult ind ‘ oted above ‘ page 3522 of ma cillation cir he majority of osci mediate etween the i | nope oon te he theory of sucl (The “two classe pe of oscilla I ne ogaritnmic at ~ ear decrement are espectively é ntil the advent ne 18s 1n a quan o quote it as oncerned, there ! ormula ae 4 \C 2 L “NC ™ sions are to be drawn from Thompson’s, i.e., yndition of aperiodicity it, the values of resist- must be large as com- QST July, 1916 pared to that of inductance. There is still another point to be consid- ered. The absorption of energy from the primary by the secondary results in in- creased damping of the current in the form- er circuit; so that, other things being equal, an increase in the coefficiency of coupling between the two circuits will also increase the damping. While L main constant and C in the R does primary circuit re- since R primar- : iol. ily is the resistance of the gap. For a quick discharge of the condenser, the re- sistance of the metallic circuit of the pri- mary must be low, the surface of the gap large, the initial resistance of the gap high and its recovery to its initial resistance rapid. Before going into the details of a trans- mitter designed by the writer to incorporate these properties, a reference to previous work along these lines will be found of value. From what information on impulse exci- + tation the writer has been able to obtain, Mr. Roy E. Thompson, of the Kilbourne & Clarke Mfg. Co., Seattie. seems to have been a pioneer in this work in the United State at ieast, having designed and con- structed an impulse transmitter as far back as 1910. The writer must acknowledge his indebtedness to Mr. Thompson for most of the preliminary data gathered on the ibject in the preparation of this paper. \ wealth of material covering this sub- ject is to be found in the December, 1913 issue of the Proceedings in a paper entitled “The Multitone System” by Dr. Hans Rein. The values of inductance, capacity and re- sistance in a typical circuit are primary given, ogether with an excellent theoreti- cal exposition of the principles of the Lorenz and other systems, with numerous photographs showing their practical ap- plication. Not the least interesting is the appended discussion. Mr. Eastham’s paper in the December, 1914 issue of the Pro- ceedings will also be found to be of con- siderable bearing on the subject. In the spring of 1913, the writer made some experiments on a rotary quenched gap of the Clapp Eastham type described in Mr. Eastham’s paper. Recognizing the similarity between this gap and the Peu- kert gap, which latter employs a thin film f oil between the sparking surfaces, ex- periments were tried to what effect would be realized by the introduction of oil into the Clapp Eastham gap. The only re- sult noted was a decrease in antenna ra- diation, possibly due to excessive carbon- ization of the oil, and the experiments were see

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July, 1916 temporarily discontinued. twee

In the spring of 1915, the subject wa \s a matter of fact h true impulse « again taken up, utilizing a larger and a1 citation, it 1s almost imp e to mea improved type of gap to see W hat effect the the wave length of ne prim circult ¢ introduction of a liquid hydrocarbon would tl incoupled, a resonance curve of have on the quenching properties ot the gap mary eing p tically witnout a pez p* B the substitution of a plain gap, ho The experiments were conducted as fi eve the wave |e f the primarv n ows: | rom the simple formulas quoted e easily mea , 1 tl . edure v above, and from the work of Dr. Rein ar f wed in the ent e. tl primal others, the necessity of large capacit higt eine tuned to mete is pre ; gap resistance and low inductance were r« ; Wi ; mpulse « tic ognized so a primary circuit ontaini! } ild e op | ine he prima ne tur! a1 inductance and en nm acl econdary ymoun \ to bring the circuit to about 6/0 me ‘ . rT . itilized The necessit to i al me iving flat toppe ECO! i? . ¢ oO ry nda ' ne ippea il ite D ( wave n one hee ‘ ’ t} ircu es eR T ; ai Tr RE: Sel a? EL — {its t +— +4 +4 ; $ + —~+- —4 ‘ - = i Ps oe | } j I ; ; GES TES wep | vis) tenes Oe + ae 4 , : Samad ES RE EN RES o2 Oe ets Ty See ers | i pnd : ; : ; gE ie S| ; te | | Ao } +. FS a CO al Se Ee a ie hk a Ee {114 : ; far tt —| | i | Aiesangare Curve) } | } i ; ' | ’ ; ; <a. i ' : i j Saal A ee Ski Ee ME er | pt dastriqmenr = Gor ea ; i } i } ! , = ; Ea ae Sa } ; } } ! } } i i ) ) j . ; oe | it +-—+ + 4. 4 + $+ + 4 — | | ' | ae ea oe } ; pecs Gee Cae | } | , ; . ; ; - } ; } } | : | : ; i | } | b ibs: Bi rise PES eae 4 Rae ras ; } ; | } , } j ohh} | ; | i ; ; i | | -—4 i — 4 -4+ bt ay a ee | ~ 7 | si—4 : 4 + b----f-- + + | ag. + | ve Length In Meters: ins

~ as Figure | ated in operating impulse transmitt¢ ol he « itio ip te ealize } alternating current Accordingly, a ite « tai é i of te kilowatt, 60 cycle transformed with a s« ondary voltage of 2,500, so designed a ine t exp mer! l i tur ecure a maximum of leal and o YY prima inten! i] re aturation, was built and used in tl “ nee, a n the usual type of quenche: t mitte1 to note he dampir f th It was not possible with the facilities at current in the antenr ircuit hich we hand to note the number of oscillations give some idea of the quenching propertie the primary, so it was found necessary t he gap. The coupling wa xtremely resort to the following method to detern ht, the single turn of primary inductances the degree of damping. Probably the most being placed directly over one turn of ignificant phenomenon attending the o} secondary winding With a motor speed . eration of impulse transmitters the ab 1,800 R. P. M., the logarithmic decrement sence of necessity for resonant tuning be f the oscillatior in the antenna circuit

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QST July, 1916 er decremeter, was A light transformer oil was then intro- eding high value duced into the gap, flooding the gap com- onsidering that the pletely, to see if the increased resistanc: he average ship would enhance quenching But here, a me chanical difficulty asserted itself Because of the presence of the oil (light as it was), : Speed to 3,406 the confined space in which the sectored aritnmic decrement plates revolved and the excessive churning e quenching propel up of the oil prevented the gap from coming ‘ ty j ‘ he introduction ol! up to speed with the size mot used, with . netion of the the result that the sparking Vas irregul il irgel Howeve the tone poor. ind the condensers so ove! e gathered that strained as t ause pur e less damp itions or that a A gap was then constructed which the d increase the sparking surfaces were r inted on an open £ letermine frame instead of being e1 ea 1 the nt ne econd isual casing Th ope! iran was ther : ~ pty f Pao] + ros ; | ae * es ot ea te Se SP EE he | 4 io” Son Ee | j fit j | | | } ; b+} Same + } RN RS ee ae Ss Pea Bad as ae a 3 "Bee oe Ge , | ! | oe i } FResondgnce Curve ie aes Eat ra Fe oe Br& = Gog to. | | : i } 4 ; Gin O05 | i ; | ee ec oes! ee ey ae ee ees eS Re ee ee Oe EE ee Ses Se ee Ee ba A Ses | i 3s. ; ; : : i ' t . | i 5 Ee Be Hat i : ; , i Ly ; | : } 5 Cele ee A 1 ES ca a ech bh 4, 4 4 4 Ses eae Se Se Oe FS ae EB SS oot } } | 5 } Pa i Res Eee: 11 322 | | : ¢ | | : +} DSRS: RC Re ai vst } i i | oaks PEE irae | | j t | + ve + mp ; | 4 RES Fe A OR ou 2S OS SIM ee hs cad Bo al es Ha SW ’ } oe haat ees 3 t Trin eae Zr { py ‘ + ; 4 4. ot 4 well ; Palit : } = ; } ; | | | 4 OES SE a t MH: gi 4-~- VWove henge i fp M tars i ere Ea Lsbo | fo | |! abo LE Lt alee riko | ae See bt at int lowered int ar earthe ept into R. P. M. wa eached which « Wi oured It w hoped by this emel of UO new constructio! to ove ome ti triction | n at peer 1} caused Dy the violent d i e of the oil m he motor, tl in so c ned a spac The gap was more nained constar nearly brought up to speed, as had been ex pected, but the oil was freely thrown from the container, and air bubbles found their wa » detune the way into the sparking area with conseque! r re ? Th ’ . mete with the re explosions which caused the sparking t nance curve, Figure be so irregular as to make juantitative the I ) y presence rimary no hump that ans me in the measurements sible. been It was decidec ith the de emeter impos 1 to return to the original yy

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July, 1916 type of enclosed vap. USIT moto to bring the val il peed But the largest mots horse-power, failed to eff: wa removed Va pet om the yap and i oho tit that the lighter — toa ential difference < ) | ‘ ot a Tew thou y exhibit ght ating overed; ar e: ed sé ent the passage ¢ i Spar r} i rhe \ icco i! it of the gay 1 me aval take! t< confirm the econd experiment—to se¢ Impo ‘ t detur the the nerati ( vq f ntenna ireul

The ame ‘ aA she wi t i I o ed. | Vv" f ? der inte coole illowed to ru! e minut onance ‘ WV el oT ti t period tl ( \ tainec n ving i ement 7 ) i Che ‘ | al : I I The pDet-coc} it tne } n ed a to i¢ ma ucorl tne | tr l ecaust | eat é tl enhancing ‘ nd Makow in< t Additional re ‘ to che tne t ‘ 1? 1iowed to ope ut nt ifter ter minute A ne ecame evruia nad wa isiona ina ite t ( ! icTro the condense Satet vies of which were sepa! » centimete! It wa ‘ that the pre ire f the ales i! tne chamoel nad bee! creased e the ceontir ( conser ent libe atior oO Ll al ( iT trength fT prever the pa ave of the l'o reauce ne pre ire and thu to allow sparking tne pet-cocK Was opened al tity of the vapor allowed to ¢ pressure within the spark clearly demonstrated by the sive force of the escaping es pecaust oO tne |} to too high a valu This e lieved by opening the cock again occurred bu opped alt t

152 purposely ignited this time etly a distance of several om the opening, exhibiting by ind colorless flame the pre appeared to be almost pure for an automatic device to educti of the gas pressure i reach too great a value wa irdingly, the pet-cock was re n adjustabl poppet, reiease d. When the gap was again on. th also served to handle caused |} the admissior hamber when making alte: Tr} preliminary explosion is e operation of Poulsen ar n air has been admitted Figure 3 tne eplacen ent é o as to allow . ire eat hed i tine increase 1! tne pa ige of the pe or tl yap are ( } he ontro engines } nique tea write ! edge, ha ! alcol vr other hy men hee ip l py no ovat Youlsen, Schel I ! ni ‘ orl ed the a vithin the gap, and the Jap own alcohol ipor, formed by

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i thru ped wit ng fr er to the it is h alee \ rubl rap. comp! ng 1 de ; IrlaLior moun prevents ; ; I accide Figure ye unit, rian picture mpregnated i The low secondary a of on h om top of the cup hol er ete ne ted e more heat S] into their songe sat quenched elieved that the gen vapor within the eme pressure as to pre except by automat feature hitherto un ely responsible for the of this gap for im the usual the extent With the gap a yenerated eater is the gas pres that the one compensates fol | the spark is to be de ted as far as the sta cerned, by mounting the posts holding the ‘ the gap proper. The vn at the top of the pressure the insid« ww of alcohol. Wi t necessary to I i is poured The safety release e bottom of the gap. ed, the hand wheel on ted so as to keep the elow that value which tube, not t the vapor from the an exhaust acting as ising 1s of 1 the gap thru ron, leads bakelit« ction of the station tes is similar to that of kilowatt within the fi ; primary being controlled by the the panel. At the he closed the condenser. The using coppel glass for in a non puncture, but ition of a nt = mounted as to permit of pare unit to the con f the oscillation trans Since tuning and secondary circuits primary inductance is QST July, 1916 made non-adjustable. In the set shown, it consists of two turns. The greater coupling gained by using two turns instead of but one increased the antenna radiation, and did not seem materially to effect the damp- ing of the primary current, the increased absorption by the secon lary circuit prob- ably compensating for the less favorable effect of increased inductance in the pri- mary. Since all of the energy is to be delivered in one half cycle, or as nearly that as pos sible, it is necessary to have the resistance of the metallic circuit as low as practicable. and to have as much of the primary induct- ince as possible effective in inducing energy in the secondary. One end of the primary inductance connects with the gap as shown,

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July, 1916 the other end to the condenser thru merely the thickness of the panel, 2.5 centimeters. The remaining lead from the gap to the condenser is about 8.0 centimeters in length. The antenna loading inductance is mount ed independently of the panel This in- ductance is wound in the usual helical form and taps are taken from this to four plugs marked s~—300, } 100, 2.—500 600, re- spectively. The position of these taps is of course determined by wave meter, being dependent on the fundamental wave length of the antenna. This inductance is mounted so as to permit of immediate change from one wave length to another Since the pri mary wave length remains constant for any wave length it is desired to radiate from the antenna circuit, it is only ne essary to insert the aerial-lead handle in any of the plugs mentioned. tone of signals received In operation, the from this transmitter is clear and piercing altho accompanied by a slight “feathery” tone, to use operator’s nomenclature. This is probably due to the fact that discharges cannot always take place when the gap ectors are opposite each other, due to the non-synchronous revolution of the gap. However, this slight roughness is by no means displeasing: and even with local signals, the impulse group freqgency of about 1,000 is not accompanied by the 60 eycle supply tone An antenna radiation curve of this trans mitter is shown in Figure 6. In a true im pulse excitation transmitter, other things being equal, one would expect from Dr. Rein’s paper, that the radiation would be constant, irrespective of the difference in wave length between the primary and an tenna circuits. In other, words, with the primary adjustment fixed, a curve of radia tion current readings, plotted against diff erent wave length settings of the antenna circuit, should be a flat linear curve, as curve ofl In Figure against the sharp peak radiation a resonant quenched transmitter. 6, the point at 300 is not significant, since the fundamental wave length of the antenna necessitated the interposition of a series condenser in the antenna circuit for this wave length setting with the usual con sequent decrease in radiation. The slight rise in the curve from 400 meters upward may be due to the diminishing antenna re sistance at longer wave lengths just as much as to the fact that an approach to 670 meters in the antenna circuit places the primary and antenna circuits in resonance. This curve is similar to curves previously taken of the impulse excitation transmitters of the Kilbourne & Clark Mfg. Co. Experiments were also conducted to ob- serve the effect of shunting a tone circuit QS T 154 gap, employing smooth discs in place of the usual sectored discharges. The results were interesting. Without the tone circuit the note obtained was a smooth, his across a Figure 5 sing one; signals being received far better on a Poulsen tikker than with the crystal o1 audion detector. The impulse frequency is above the limit of audibility, and that the spark is audible at all is due to the fact that the condenser is charged with alter- nating current instead of the direct _current which should be used for ideal impulse ex citation. This results in a somewhat irreg- ular impulse frequency, due to the fact that the charging E. M. F. passes thru the zero point 120 times per second and also to the fact that the secondary wave of the trans- former is probably not a perfectly rectangu- lar flat-top one. The quenching properties of the smooth gap seemed to be greater than those of the sectored gap, as evidenced by curve b of Figure 7. This curve is a resonance curve of the antenna circuit, the logarithmic de- crement being 0.052 as against the 0.06 de-

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observe this

ibly du to the face The tone circuit was then tried in con junction with the sectored gap, but the re pacity and tmduct iltant tone was poo! ( tall peeds of ned by trial, wa the gap were found which tended to improve uusing increased the tone greatly, but at no time was the current a how! note as clear as when the tone circuit was the decrement o omitted (These critical gay peeds were The absorption o probably those which placed the impulse iit apparently a in tre lency resona ‘ th the os ng in the primary atior trequency Oo a multiple thereof, } na the al orp of the tone circuit.) tenna circuit. WI a reduced about 1.5 On the whole, of all the expe ments here- | he tone circuit, the in described, the best resu were obtained ire 7, when com ising the smooth dis and the tor ircuit. hows that the The addition of the tor cuit did not

4 a a) oom oe

> WRG ee “is m5 ap ry i be be 4. | ye one Length aphid i MO

Figure ¢ enc. the noe tine ipl ince t nsmitte rreat Che is shown in Figure 4 , na duct e! cl I in nee ind capa re m< or ne tu i ne ir of the par ’ Ideal “impulse excitation,” as opposed to re! the note the usual quenching gap phenomena, is de- cuit was not mu scribed. The best conditions for impulse hrill and excitation are explained. | tation rna th e many times loud The development of a rotary sectored gay tl t. Possibly the note of small separation operating in a hydro- may the use of a higher carbon atmosphere is considered. <A 2.500 irrent, say 500 cy- volt, 60 cycle transformer charges a large be undertaken later capacity which discharges thru the gap and

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July, 1916 QST

a small inductance. Effective impulse ex- one (and therefore, that when citation requires about 3,400 R.P.M. of the gap or more. Using alcohol vapor, an ad- justable pressure, (safety) valve must be R>2 in? fitted to the g-p to prevent excessive pres- NC sures which ise the gap voltage inor- dinately. no oscillations wil! occur in accordance with A complete 2 kilowatt transmitter of this e Kelvin theory). or that no oscillations type is described. The antenna circuit need nt not be in ‘une with the closed circuit; hence wave changing is accomplished by merely shifting the antenna lead along the antenna 30 long as leading inductance. The radiation remains : 2 iL, constant over a wide range of wave lengths R> -NC’ without closed circuit tuning. m Smooth-disc gap experiments are also 1s pointed out by Mr. John Stone); or tho

= > Tt". TT” 4 oe ; ’ { ; wap ae —+ as ad ee ave TF] —— cy =e | - | FW SAE ee t > ? - | ‘i . t . oo ie 4— aes ae ae a a a | 4 i } t thea ts } pot ti a4 on ; as ++. I] eu | Sat Gn Sn fon oo

Han S

eG es S'S th ip Meters! | 6b0 | Gio | sto

~~ Figure ve assume that the damping of the energy the impulse circuit is intermediate be ween that of the logarithmically and lin early damped circuits, we must still keep described. DISCUSSION. Roy E. Thompson (communicated): M the inductance in the circuit as small as Stone’s excellent paper is of part 1. possible, and the capacity as great as pos- terest. He has shown very good judgme! ible; tor in order to secure a fair degree in attacking the problem alor oe ti ine < of effi lency the damping in the closed clr- the development of a spark gap which w iit must be due to the lack of inertia as effectively handle the tremendous current epresented by the inductance of the cir in a circuit such as must necessar it and to the rapid transfer of energy used in the production of pure impulse « m the impulse to an oscillating circuit. citation. It will easily be seen that if the damping Even tho it is assumed that the decre of the impulse’ circuit is due to the resist- ment of the impulse circuit is a logarithmi ance of the spark gap, great heat losses

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QST July, 1916 t, which would not where N is the frequency of the impulses as due to the othe in the closed circuit; o1 above Therefore, “1 in an impulse cil tremely ww resist T> A ree put vhi h re a 108 tance most instar issage of the di where T is the minimun n vhich must elaps¢ between in cwe ! cutive im | Mr. Ellery W pulses. ipproached the at The « ession re than has a ne ine ’ nstructed an im 4 ah iscnharger in the . 5 Poulsen are the " 10 ‘ and al iIminum wi ‘ found ipproxim ‘ whet I ipproximate T represents the time 4 / a th. mete! ind placed 1! effective energy in 1 it ation the entire gap in an antenna circuit r into which al T } ‘ ‘ rized in a A hope at some time, e! i pape he present Poul lealing with the developn er the impulse il aaliendl alt tadine transmitte manufactured the Kil- hg apacitv used wa ce real phenomena encoul i! ne ce er condenser and the velopment this apparat which I be shou £06 aoul lieve wi pre of intere adio en fte ¥ calculated =" a to radiate wide Mr. Stone’s paper is u ibte a valu hs without changing able contribution to this m« nteresting . e impulse circui ubject and it is hoped that he will give us the enefit of his furthe templated ne above design an the er t ) his fu ‘ templatetd e & Clark Mfg. Co manufacture. Since oo forty of these tra to commercial us« IMPORTANT ANNOUNCEMENT ee Every member of the American Radio ‘ Ct al ittention t Relay Zeagu Will e intel i to KNOW g the impulses in the that arrangements have be: concluded spaced order to whereby all papers presente: efore Thi wave trains in th Radio Clul \merica will be reprinted in ping and interfering QST. No other publicatior | have the quency is a functior right to publish these important articles and tial, the capacity of the discussion which accompanies them. and the breakdow1 This arrangement is on which works ed, it will be seer advantageously to both ne parties nter capacity l ested. since it provides I Radio ¢ ib of g potent America with its papers scussion 1 ’ equen printed form and it also é the ama eri ence teur of the entire count A th the* result of the study and work on the est radio , t a formule bi developments QST is growing eaps and n permi ible impuls¢ euncs and another year wi e it and oul h an antenna with any Relay League one of the important radio in gth may be quicl sttutsone of the country. The firs paper to appea be Paul F ement and the wav: Godlev’s a ticle pre sented on J ine 9, 1916 elreuit entitled “Amplications of the Audion.” This f Au De- the Wi covel ises oO tne 110n as tector, Amplifier, Oscillator and Generator for Radiotelephoni Transmission with diagrams, data, curves and specifications in detail.

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July, 1916 QST 158 Distributive Capacity and Dead End Effect By Harry Sadenwater. Copyright, 1916 by Radio Club of America . and C are as before, and Cd is the rr potentia listributed capacity Cd might easily be Oo exist a t more than C when tuning to low wave

mi? T mpedence neti nd the ircuit would not develop —_ e a difference f note! lesired highest potential, say in con- etweel t rl * theretore, elect ) tat tio? wit} al 1uUqdI10I detector. ato} ime 2 + ws me ay raters . as {nother effect is that if a coil having agp 28 os 5 Rapa een ce ite hae tributed capacity is excited, perhaps by aheenptyn terecatcltte Pecaggeyes ent stele tee in aperiodic buzzer circuit it will oscillate t ary 0 SLOre a :, Pact : newt 4 quite freely and powerfully at a period de io a : ted ‘ ane th. a P le ot} t mined the farziliat equation } ‘ (Fig ) " — ——— ——— —— T=27VLGe | >.< = - <= I eing it effective inductance and Cd be- | . ) ‘ ama ‘ the distributed capacity, both of course | f | f | ‘ yr in tne ime units. , ees 1 4 l \lso it follows the wave length at which | } } l il will naturally oscillate will be given \= 596VLC, ictance in cms. and its capacity not ‘ onsi ! ‘ mpl Tr} ead tne wa' to a more or less t t t <i of measuring the distributed nductance may be in equivalent { n ed by comparing it with a standard ' t <1 using the formulae furnished tne Bureau of Standards. Then the +3 + ry ] + VU , i may be set oscillating, conveniently by ‘ ty Is ust lamped impulse from a buzzer and n wit! ndenset ming } ps the t ave length measured with the aid of Se ‘ ll elving et wil I t e meter ? ( ec tine ow va ‘ r ma found that the distributed « see Be Now by transposing the terms of the r ome extel! I Che ut uread giver ; eneth of the « t w : é ‘ lal te A= 5S96VLCa \ = SIEVE ons °C ? 596° L nd C is the capacity of the condenser but the tributed capacity of the coil in micro \nother method of measuring the dis ‘ Aa 5 EVI cena (C+C, tributed capacity of an inductance is due to The following formula, using the

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ESTOS QST if the coil was taken mith’s article in the iin r oe j gt +34, length of coil in cms., ems. and kisa constant f the coil divided by the from .3 to 1.8 with an h/2 k O.8 1.10 0.6 1.07 0.4 0.94 0.2 0.69 0.1 0.49 0.05 0.28 tner simple method « yuted capacity; namely, th a calibrated variable citing the circuit with ‘tting the wave lengths capacities at the var \ straight line is ob of starting at zero t the base at a certain vould be the distributed of the inductance. to note that when ws g at its natural period ke an Hertz Oscillator tation with its image, alue in a closed circuit s the same all around, tion aiong the oscillat as shown, Fig 2 the e being at the center potential would be pre That high potential at well to the users of End Effect. rial arrangement as in - | ; in series with the an- ally, two closely coupled ing part of a coi] having July, 1916 circuits. One the antenna, part of the coil and the ground; the other the entire coil shunted with its distributed capacity. ta - Really it is a system of two degrees of freedom. The coi! with its distributed cap- acity may easily have a natural wave length of 600 meters, the wave tuned to. This coil or secondary circuit then seems to ab- sorb quite nearly all of the energy and the detector gets none. I will have to ask you where the energy goes, but it goes all right. 2R perhaps? In the secondary circuit the same thing happens. For example take the secondary of the United Wireless Type E Receiver. The coil is tapped off into ten sections and to tune to 300 meters; one section is used with a small variable condenser across it. The whole coil itself oscillates at a wave length of 275 meters. You can easily im- agine the beautiful distance work you will be able to do with this coil absorbing most of the energy Just in this respect I think the amateur would find greatest interest in the dead end effect. The ordinary practice is to buy a coupler that will tune from below 200 meter up to and sometimes over 2,000 meters. To get the longer wave lengths, it 18s necessary to have a pretty good sized secondary coil and on measuring a few, I found that the fundamental wave length of most of them varied from 200 to 300 meters,—just the waves the amateur uses. Now do you understand one of the reasons why you get no distance work on two hun- dred meters? When you go up to 500 meters, the coil is not in tune with the re- ceived signals and absorbs much less en- ergy. To give an example or two at the Fast Side Y. M. C. A. we have a secondary which has 725 inches of winding 3.5 inches in diameter wound with No. 28 S. C. C Its natural wave-length is 290 meters, much hope to tune to a 300 meter wave! The secondary of the Type E Tuner oscil- lates unloaded at 275 meters having 3.5 inches of No. 28 S. S. C. winding, 3. inches in diameter. A loading coil used for long waves has

Page 19

July, 1916 QST 160 95 inches of winding of No. 20 S. S. ¢ 6 Most sliders on the small wire inductances aw : ee Its natural wave lengtl f tuners touch two turns at the same time, in he I illamete itS natura V I lf TO) me Ters, Si meé argel co iTMe — a nd P Oo e ? neh I > | I hes ’ ameter but re U } N - ¢ statin (we 9S Ss. S. ( wire having met ee es sé 44 a¢é j t | ] uy T and a itura | YA \\ Son eople thir , ; —{} : t ata An Th yh eliminate his dead ¢ 1 eff A dl | Li, 4 ] tne inused part of th ; 7 : > Unde ertall OI on I ¢ r Renal t tne mes it ill wror! ( I | oa t ' } etri y lar i? } i A : | i F'tq 1 his pol nad nower | indu e coil of a hundre ‘ =—— sememeneneemenemnene of its turns forming part of al ate he case in mind. Try this out for your- rcuit and the remaining ninety tu ; f Tune in any station, Cape Cod per- shorted, there would be practica har o as to get good loud signals, then the cu Bt ch tne CcieseS a ; vind a single turn of bellwire around the samt I the ninety turns wer there mary} Generally you will find that no int of tuning will bring in his signals f2 ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ tine nur " ‘ : seq r( if I oe . —_ vere shorted. o ( If different inductances cannot be used ‘ } fferent ranges of wave lengths, it is ’ ee a he ably best to open the unused coil cir- ( ( everal times, so as not to have suffi- eme case of ¢ t nt inductance in any of the sections to and ( yu e ni ally to any of the wave lengths a nrin energy is available I eceived. This is what is done in the new nlace it po t ‘ arconi Type 101 tuner, that can be tuned that t is where the great ntag t a waves from 100 to 4000 meters. The t] ide ntact of tu mi t irrangement is as shown. rHE INSTITUTE OF RADIO ENGINEERS of America. All these articles handle most ! tant practical questions in a manner Rad I rine wa held June t I t oo Engineering Society’s Building, New } CITRUS BELT RADIO ASSOCIATION Cit \ pape on “Are O tio! This organization of the amateurs in and yupled Circuit by Prof i { : out Pomor Cal. has been in existence Yagi of tl ege ol EB : ul ibout a year and is steadily growing Sendai, Japa vas presented ine el nt membershi} The association owns its fer of energy from the ] tne house which is located at 350 ne und the productio! tol Street, Pomona, Cal. Meetings are : is f d. The | ery Thursday evening. All appli- ated many interesting « menta ints for membership must pass an exami- letermined curve tic reneral radio subject before being ~~ mitted tf tne association oo he Office at present are, Howard G. 4 > +4 , sh + lino 7 rHE RADIO CLUB OF AMERICA ates Pres , Otto B Tyler, Vice-Pres., erbert Clewitt, Sec. and Treas., H. P. Gil- Ihe Ra ( j ‘ An é ert, Chief Operato eetil ol! June Jt! iT] oo I New \ City \ I ented a pap Ap] it he man who drew the picture for Page \udior Mr. Godley w Y ' ' of the May issue of QST was in error. t cu this important ect a 1ave it from an ex-commercial operator has made a careful investigation of the at QRN is produced by the Chinese ap ll be published Government set sending the native lan- issue of QST and tl ead age. This exonerates the Satanic Ma- will bring some new work ol

Page 20

iement, e¢ an “Portable Station QST July, 1916 SK” By The Operator steer well when strapped over the 1 when the handle oard with epark that not a coil has a sav your thumb at the then—then I say bicycle riding and with the re a worse time. peak feelingly to the thumb and the phones the tool bag Naturally, he the of audion 1é low naving nis just after that oad. eaching of top and swat the fly that i er down the back d man, bad opening and with both feet. There iter you are struck, an injured thumb the purely auto ckled language has man you do this; in, braces it’s front ends you into the t up (oh, I might tooK a quk k look iv! Bill hasn’t seer 1 was in the prope! ll scoffers ter and hotter till we iperheated steam, vists around to hunt d the sandiest hol ng every well in three miles airline I ‘ i@S alriinge ometer and ten ire with no mast in er of all cottonwood ation shows that you ol f if around a five foot 1 as I turn to Bill he climb that.” aerial and I'll put it of 26 enamel and r as insulator. Now, you can climb such things, though I leave it to the fraternity if you know how it’s done, even while you're at it. There is a wind too, a Kansas hot wind that you fellows on the wrong side of the Mississippi wouldn’t understand if | made you a diagram. If you are insistent, spend fifteen minutes in the nearest boile room and multiply by three Just the same, we got the aerial anchored some forty feet up and stretched it out 300 or 400 feet, threw thirty feet of wire in the nearest pond for a ground and began to call “PB.” “How does he come?” inquires Bill for the definite purpose of irritating Me. “He does not.” “Let me have it,” and with that he grabs the phone without waiting for an answer This habit has riled me before, so | hang the phone and remark “Keep your shirt on.” “Well, I can get him” grabbing the phone again. “Say! give me a chance.” “Well, but “S$ H U T SR Ns Silence an “Got him yet “No. I'll send you notice when I hear him.” More silence. Business of thinking evil thoughts of the inventor of the galena de- tector. At last! An adjustment! And _ also static; all the kinds of static there are, big static that booms, and middle sized static that pops and little static that

Page 21

July, 1916

crackles, and unclassified stat hat hisse [his pump looks well, and acts well, but Surely the Chinese government |! a lot there is never a cup and the water taste f sendit t Pit ta vy couK e death, corruption, and decay—likew) ‘ 1 thei H } 4 ~ ' ry y ‘ ahe 1d 4 i he ! ‘ | ] i ne | 7 iat } 1 fe “Shh—Here he (sim! e) i < SA Ss SK SA . : ; ) \ PO . & ) ne “He ne ym SH I U P Sometime H f pop ( (;A ‘Wi he a ‘Sa he get a g T War } T's hiry - . . 99 . PB I | BS iA. So tl I ne | m é or al \ j el me y nave f I ‘ 1¢€ il Ve ru iné na } ta ry y } } } ippe i - , me a ‘ ‘ ' h et acl th } ‘ S | Ul l ipita too ry. I say it \! Y when Bill back into tne 1 l pale Lue park reat hes ve é him on the shoulder. He ed tempt to walk th f { I e i! ‘ up t é ffron ar magenta languag‘ ‘ the ol i I ere Tr} 1 good co and | \ Ing i Oh asn ou co { r irselT Here | r hy < one no ym } yn to ( ho l ve are I him he | d and we ? thre ni I ¢ il ne an ibe fift ! vants a repeat You are and do—two mil est t rb wan another repeat.” schoolhouse No. 37. It i fact Says the coil—‘‘Say what’s the matte 1] that no schoolhouse ever had ve é Thought we came in good.”

162

Page 22

t his mother is run- time and wants to message ‘ e question Again I vs; did any portable say? re coming in half an | oupling.” for your com-well, often do aerjal?” with greer the remark ve are how that that fits ‘ es ip to Just stick and let me e coil don’t hurt. youl shove you don’t like it ; go again. Come! et me you all to keep coming rive ind crash words in ~ it thers By Edga there one and make the ether squawks, scratches, Could you devote QST to the assist- their good article iware, are tions who using ter the note of vyrite a ipter antages to this in- ecessful are 2CI of New Mr. Lemmon) miles pleasing high a mechanical inter- mechanical alternat- ones and and thirty-five with ‘ > + fF a most QsT Continued on Page 185 July, 1916 The coil—“I said-that-we-are coming-in half an hour. Will you or will you not change your coupling?” PB—“Come for what?” Supper. “What?” “Supper, chow, grub, essen, sab talking about warrr pst pff “Say, what are you said something about pop coming crack crack crach half an hour.” OHDAMIT. Let’s tr The coil—“Coming half hou here that long. Get it?” “OK OK OK OK” Wil tick After that we can’t rais« B although we take turns poundirg the key the bat teriest die. We also “run” the connection and adjust the detector twenty or thirty times but it is strictly NIL. Finally, I get up and start to pull the aerial down. “Here: what’s coming off?” objects Bill. “You can't PB.” “Why can’t I Aalst Laok up hill at about wheel whas« der 18S unmistakably operator ol! The Spark Coils Felix Oo! It may not be as interesti! ol 1uto crats with the 1 Kw. stations to have such in article, but there are more one _ incl spark coils in the United State (Licensed and Unlicensed) than any) ther power. = The following table I hav: ly com- piled from the U. S. list of amateur sta tions. I feel sure it will be of interest to the amateur world to note tl le average nower of Licensed Station I Ame ica IS oO y 259 watts Note that th otal powe of amateur stations is 1,130 Kw if each had a range of 300 miles and they were placed at equal intervals around this earth of ours at the equator—the range would go around the world one and one half times!

Page 23

July, 1916 QST

Transformation of Energy in a Condenser Due to Changes in Capacity energv in a condenser due t ‘ ed v the ‘ ition of the op i! capacity l i ratne I t { a | re | ile i ( wol poe ini notion which should be

~ 4 experimenters in wire s teles Wit x the condenser is the n I 1 | ‘ reles ip} ira ‘ ( ~ \ 1h » neviect ur oO rY ple —— 1 — hoped that this text will enabl. ; Ft ttt tt ttre =n i> deena eaeen.of Gee to PORE vell as to correct any taise not FE ~ 4% et cide aliliis alla ' TG. c ol or i Sa I ! ‘ he ‘ tentia i con ] ol 1 me l ‘ oO vnen the non-cond ing na é ( ery ethe rid con onnected to the eartl ‘ t a n onducto The ha ‘ ! elec 1 | ingg W i el ne ‘ atior T Ve ime l i ‘ me fic t] S< o be negative r'} ‘ " o the e show! agramn The ’ efo hargir

If ~ held ve ? f I ana | it ra the owel sur é ( positively charge \ ‘ ' ' he negatively, These charg ma a rougvht verv close ented Fig. 2 N f th is broug] Db, 18S connected to eartn, the ne l i | Y ative cnarge ma nal Is neutralized and the col a ore theretore I sented \ Fig. oO. Che eartl t ‘ ¢ ) é tem na now broke! and the ais ne ‘ \\V } ( ect Oo i : distance from a. Mechanical w n ition take e. When the "yy against the electro-static force « + 4 t} inal positior the attraction between the ne ( eased and whe on a and the positive charge ) i } or ' educed to the mechanical energy is turned into | nditio , the evele of unsfo

electrical potential. The elect tent the d tion of the ré ting force , ? ’ hs | , energy of the system i increased ’ i ‘ ite { nard yber) 1 since the quantity of electri ity remain il Continued on Page 186

Page 24

July, 1916 Huntsville, Ala Birmingham, Ala Bessemer, Ala Montgomery, MO? ‘ORT OF TRUNK LINES Steubenv:; AND “—D” Canal Dover, O} eq no repo . 7 efield. O} io j er of OST D : Ohi nm Was not entire \ V , sfiel () \ nade and sent H ri in yT UO} ivs late just toc . ; Cinci Ohl rh o Se > ere “ , iy ogi are nere (Ne port Kv.) ers who were di (( sail Kw ) , thine nert o . ny g pertaining Belle _ Ky.) i ports are, there | n, Oh ‘ tor K Tr} ter Rout , a ; itter Route is more yul ibou Line “D D NT? Vn ] ne? juri Q tN The Ire » oh me p I 1 t earing in the Rout “ay nul na S ‘ Manage \ oy 4 . no oO i t ons whic! +} raps \ , ) repre eT ( { l¢ io! ry na i l T t } vrite » ¢ of th ) mel! i " | Relay Trur Line Stations, it tortunat ’ the major ti of the statior picked out, a eady membh« f the Le e, al oon a po " e eve e wv e formally, ; j notined. Pa The ( tie f bracket ‘ ‘ te ach ither ar t he rh ecomes t heavy. p = i ‘ Thank are extended to M ori bpergel WW ya Operator } ct ira ot Pent , ania State cs College Rad Station (8XE), Mr. Tallen e, of Bell ie Ky and M Filet of Iron W. Va Trunk Line “¢ Throug the good recommendation ol Ky Mr. Max Herzog, Secretary, Atlanta Radio Ky Club, it looks favorable to the bridging of the gaps in Georgia, and probabiy a sec- Tenn ondary Route will be worke’ out between Washington, D. C. and Savannah, Ga. If the members in Washington and South thereof, will only come to my assistance,

Page 25

July, 1916 | ’ ‘ D ' Nale n ‘ é Vt! the \ VEI a n ’ { ‘ «< ‘ | nif 1 mal vA ) ‘ t

in the ana il than th the two y ling te nn { T | a * heen dec 52) Tati ntil Fall, a ie me outl reak ure " rRUNK ré 4 Nutl N rRUNK ré R. H i Ma i3 S. I r ne ) ni é Té f ne ’ ~ +) Si r itnout | ; i} } ri ne V1 ( ne nt

restions from all in pel working of these ne nowlng of bette! a eady mentioned t arthe points south of the should not hesitate to com ages are concerned i to send these regu tnougn it 18s my intention, some of our sta where the the genera mime \ ite to the vhi he is located those who are not posted LINES C AND D. \. Hebert 16 J Ca etters. Highfield 27H. LINES A AND E. LINES B AND F., : | tre ed with many Lil Let everybody who é tne avove gentle I equipment and what 10 Especially do we wan States of Virginia, North Ca na, Georgia, Ken ‘ \ ama, Mississippi Oklahoma, Texas, Colorado, Utah, N« ind Idah« If you live in _ ‘ ig not vo to ed post yr a lette Manage ] ou live i states Dut now some ward Stat , don’t go e either dropped him a address, 0

Page 26

CONT ~ ANA TRVAK LINE A ORT DaKoTa

Page 27

July, 1916 QST A Rotary Quenched Gap Built and Designed by Roy C. Burr. 1E purpose of this article is to give No. 6. Fibre cover %” thick fastened the amateur a general idea of this to No. 5 by twelve 4” cap screws. rotary nched = tagot anoté 7 = . , : ary quenched gap together witl No. 7. Stationary binding posts. ome information as to its dimen No. 8. Twelve 4%” cap screws which ions and construction. First, referring t fasten six to five. illustration No. 1, ; . , No. 9. One of the two feet, drilled and No. 1 Insulated fibre coupling mad tapped for 5/16” cap screw coming up from two aluminum flanged collars, fou through the base, No. 10 and 11, from 7/16" hard rubber posts and two strips of bottom eather, No. 10. Mahogany base which stands on No Aluminum colla vith fibre rubber feet. washer between it and No. 3 No. 11. Rubber cushions. No ) Screw earring lock nut made No. 12. Emerson induction motor, % H. om bronze hexagon rod with a half inch P. speed 1750 R. P. M., wick feed oiler, ! for shaft. Threaded on the itside. The shaft. Stands 8” high; starts rotary in inner end of No. 3 bears against the rotat two seconds, and runs so quietly that one ing disc on the inside of No. 5 and forms’ can receive without stopping it. the ajustment Of tne gap. The leather ir Inside of No. 5 and mounted on No. 6 No. 1 gives the play for No. 3 are two aluminum half moon shaped pieces No. 4. Compression greas« ip, feeds each of which carry six %” aluminum through 4%” pipe plug tapped hole. The points. Each of these pieces is electrically thread on No. 3 being directly underneath connected to No. 7. See Fig. 2, No. 7, with four small holes drilled through it to where the two arc shaped pieces are bolted allow the grease to feed to bearing through to the moon shaped segments by No ) Aluminum housing % thick 4 brass screws. with exception of No. 13 where it is %” On the inside of No. 5, revolving true and Note weobing at 14 and feet at 9, parallel with the inside base of No. 6 in an

Page 28

July, 1916

meter and carry ing disc, 1%” should be between points for t s” thick and ery 20,000 volts of potential. If fewer made of aluminum points are used, a higher motor speed would wo brass hubs at I esirable. nd 1%” in dia a , ot ; The product of the motor speed and the fectly balanced or , umber of points divided by 60 should be etween 400 and 500. In the gap illustrated Kw. The t frequen yo I mber of parks per sec- diameter. If any nd is 466. The tone received by distant i smal-_er one for tations is remarkably synchronous due to can be cut dowr the constant speed of the induction motor. « } ] " , all ggg * rye No. 3 is adjusted until the radiation shows 1) volts hat i , : eatest. Note th ize of this gap in com- ints where there rit hould be parison with the ordinary Blitzen rotary On the rotat hown in Fig 2 Some First-Class Relay Work \ Few Suggestions. By Mr. S. Kruse. iry 17th, Henry ilar hours and no regular stand-by wave. | wrelt Kar . pager: 1O It seems as if summer work would re y ‘4 ‘ . - , y lire anothe tation in St. Lou and one itted to hin rT) . - lenl in Indiana Possibly they « t. but we ned -« } <r . ‘HZ | hea them while the Ohio tations t) 4 rry - mply bu iT here With ar ordinary Lt) and gave fir = Ming piece of Galena, it is possible to read 8NH, SYL and SAEZ on any respectable winter evening, while with the audion easily two eq the msg dozen Ohio stations are readable. Incident : repeated tily, | admire the way the r rood Ohio a, “1 cms tions QRX whenever one of their nun . ay Le! is ioiIng IIStance wor) t not SO LAK at vm here (On | N Ul or I wish to back Mr. Parks in h tatement or tne that vy tones are at least as good as the Mi ‘el on high tone { der the statior ist men . er ‘ ym Not one has a tone higher than 60 ut the time the » while SNH which easily drowns out ny other station in Ohio, Ili lowa, o1 ce the ret yrado, comes in here as a regular Mar te tarted conl uZZ. 1 understand that the note at ling] hi ’ range 1! a mixed one but the only | igna a i it gets here is a sound like that pro vy hadiv at e y a hornet’s nest which has just 1 true for al tirred up with a fish pols the} Po sar Furthermore, every station within Kan- py LO — ra | and the adjacent states, tnat a ver Ol pli hed onsistent lor yr aistance work Isgs om Law us done so on a low or medium note. The through to the most popular gap in this neighborhood is a M or 9LO to 9FY a casting of e to seven inches in d SAEZ, or 8NH ameter mounted « a polishing head or a lirectly from I ‘ lise on the motor shaft. The dise hile othe a ariably milled to have 20 deep gee mot is just a nvariably e Special | st i ion type. Whethe CILSU have no reg or directly connected, these gaps are op-

a

Page 29

have at P. M. or near that speed a 600 spark note is pro Doubtlessly, this gap would not ap tomed to the catalogus pretty little disc or a on a baby series motor t. P. M. or some such assure these gentlemer have once tried a well-bal with a one inch face, op speed by an inductior learned that the whol that it cannot be heard operating room till the key is ut an absolutely clea trou le proof (to the eY most violent kick-bac! ; ‘ or out o comm ion.) their minds ap which runs true car I have eel tat na current was double than simply balancing ing the stationary ele rHE HIGH NOTE, LOW NOTE QUESTION. Little Rock, Ark., send communication interest the discussior f the high ow note ir personally, have neve1 amateur station with a high nots anything at all like a con Of course, the omme! cle current. With the the amateur, the not good qualities when the hear 5DU nicely on hi he runs up higher the good sound 9UC com note. I have a great dea reading the ow tones than high, like 9XN I like 240 cycies similar to the Ma WST and WHK. I have tri ferent pitched diaphragn low tone Casiel Oo read with a high note whose 8NH oo RELAY WORK. Port Washington, | ] in April for one of ou teachers, a Miss Estel Smit} le Covert, Mich. The nea an amateur station is Some time later Miss letter from her people message on one ot tne | juct it wa the message diectiy to 9 QST ot “SK” as many 170 In general, the gear gap when the spacing is as possible, which is less than 1/64” ap is properly balanced. the day, let me state my understanding of abbreviations 9DM, PEOPLE. They are operator of 9DM is the operator of 9LQ is L, and the op ». W. Any one of these to operate 9LQ which collection of wireless ap- signal is not “AR,” Morse friend “F. N.” final closing signal seem to think. Again signal; namely, the follows the last A P press. The signal is having been relayed write this merely to oO keep up the good confirming msgs QST has put it “all over” the en ; magazines for the is entirely impersonal. All seem to be selfish in QST has never given me that JACOB WEISS, GENTLEMEN! STEP RI UP WITH THE BIG ROUND “SIMOLEON AND GET THE STRICTLY AMATEUR MAGA BEST AMATEUR. NEWS * [CLUSTRATED “HINTS - QUESTION BOX: FREE ADS-ETC.

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171 QST July, 1916 ae bd DE aa —— AMBRICAN Rapto = , ~ 7 % . 7. im = RELAY LEAGUE QST AND THE AMERICAN RADIO RELAY LEAGUE are published below This letter was replied to as follow teresting to the ama- Read them and draw The whole story was May 24, 1916 Hartford, Conn.., manner: The man- ie felt that a certain The Experimenter Publishing Co., Inc., | never heard of QST 233 Fulton St., ICAN RADIO RELAY New York. N. Y. tion of the matter it the advertising cir Attention Mr. Milton Hymes trical Experimenter . . lear S . onnection. We Dear Sir: advertisement de Replying to your letter of the 23rd, we it to the Electrical wish to suggest that you re-consider the then received the fol idea of competitiveness between QST and Mr. Hymes, their Adver- the Electrical Experimenter. The AMERI- CAN RADIO RELAY LEAGUE and QST : . are operating organizations. QST is devot New York, N. Y. ed i the actual operating conditions. We May 25, 1916 regard the Electrical Experimenter as a companion magazine; a magazine of an en- y League, Inc., tirely different type. Your paper is de- voted to articles which would interest an experimenter and one who wished to keep abreast of the electrical news. Our paper thanks for your orde1 is to keep each amateur in touch with the : ¢ other regarding the operations of thei three time insertion stations. vhich we regret we can ivertising is distinctly We feel that the magazines are being de Electrical Experimen veloped along entirely different lines and are companion papers. One is not com- pletely satisfied with one and not the other. This means that the more QST’s are sold, the greater will be the demand for the Elec- trical Experimenter. we are unable to be of respectfully, lishing Co.. Inc. The idea of competitiveness eC ms far- fetched and we trust that you will re-con- Hymes, Adv. Mgr. sider the subject and favor us with an im- ores

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July, 1916 QST 172

mediate reply tual relaying of messages,—not in theory but in actual practice. We understood that the Radio League of America was a purely THE AMERICAN RADIO RELAY LEA scientific organization and we fail to see GUE. INC how their interests on these lines can pos- ” sibly conflict. Will you not kindly inform (Sgd.) C. D. Tuska, Secy s if these ideas are correct? Cordially yours, Trusting that this will clear up all signs The Electrical Experimente eplied te of confliction and that the advertising will this as follow be accepted, we are New ms Ee Very truly yours, THE AMERICAN RADIO RELAY The American Radio Relay League, In LEAGUE, INC, Hartford, Conn (Sed.) C. D. Tuska, Secy. Gentlemen In our letter of th ird, the word Evidently, the Electrical Experimenter competitivene "1s really the wrong word did not wish to commit themselves on this The idea we wish to conve is, that Insota point for their reply was as follows: “a here is in existence today the Radi League of Am«¢ a, which we believe coy New York, N. Y. p a the functior es : ; tay : % Country. We merely point out the fact ssh regarding the AMERICAN RADIO RELAY \ttention: Mr. Hyme LEAGUE, which are that we amateurs of the Country organized it early in the Spring of 1914, and named it THE AMERICAN We thank you for your prompt re RADIO RELAY LEAGUE. There was no pons to oul le eT oT rece ate i othe | eague of wireless operators in ex would like to trouble you once mor sinc istence at that time. We offered nothing in yours of the 27th inst., you agree that it for sale, and gave no pins or. penants. Afte1 is not really “competitiveness” on the part ve had issued our call book, and were well of the magazines, but similarity on the part organized and conducting actual relaying, of the Radio League of America and THE we noticed the advent of the Electrical Ex AMERICAN RADIO RELAY LEAGUE, peorimenter’s League which was given the that forces you to decline our advertising name of The Radio League of America. We we wish to suggest that you give this point did a lot of thinking when we noticed the more consideration before you refuse ou similaritv of the name, and we have done advertising. a lot more since. Far be it from us to We wish to be very clear in stating that knock any other organization. We simply THE AMERICAN RADIO RELAY L®A want the amateurs of the Country to know GUE is an organization devoted to the ac the facts,

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173 mped Waves nly showing hi egins making us« 1 sign of the mself was using few months ago. ssion we took of the Govern- tol The latter e tremendous im- n the part of the ile that the out of a nation for First Three year iverage amateul the full 95 mark obtained to hnicalities which tner than lack of where he thought t} i be five years hie t tne least doubt ' vould be transmit- scillations and t t il olutely nec ( the high power five years from to reel off our it, but a little th te reasonable The ave ment among the bet te nsitive than the ave I This, together men into the a general readi- juipment Where e t eemed beyond $250 is now gagging. Some I oO a lot ot we are waiting rn is pertect a o quickly. Wel and watch u in for overland tra i way to operate ‘ e! ite ost. N not give special which will equip ‘ ”" It certainly om yu District Man ave ng and serious- ecause it is they whor ridge the long uy would certainly he nen it comes to lo mitting appara- tu transmitting un- lan will be of moder- QST July, 1916 ate price, it might be that there would be something in this idea of creating a higher class certificate for undamped wave sta- tions. They certainly would be entitled to it. They would become what would amount to the old Star Stations. We could count upon them for the long distance work. This is one of the things which we must all bear in mind as time goes on, and the undamped wave comes into more general use. oo QRK We did not realize what } occasion it was when the President walked into the closet which we call ou office, and shot that one at iS about suspending pub lication during the summer months. Ws printed something about thi ast month, and the way it did things all over th country, has surprised u If we had the time or the necessary cleri- cal help, we would make a count of the let ters we have received irging u o Keep on during the summer months. But, we hav neither, so we are compelled to let it go at “a large number.” Large is what it is al right, as we can see from here at the type- writer, because the job of filing them will take plenty of patience, prespiration and profanity. Many of the letters were especia y he.p ful since they contained the real stuff that makes things go, namely the coi This ha helped our circulation very conside1 ibly, which always imparts sand in ou raw, and stiffness to our backbone If it keeps up, it will settle the question the President asked, and much to the satisfac- tion of all hands. While it might cause the loss of an exceptionally literary waiter at ome popular summer resort, it will ensure a job for the printer and probably cause a certain rotary gap to be dismantled and fitted with a fan. This commodious closet of ours, while quite efficient in lack of dis- turbing influence, certainly knows how tod get hot in the summer time, and cold in the winter, all of which amounts to saying that we much appreciate the flood of congratu- lations from friends and that we shall cei tainly be able and glad to get out a July and an August issue if the response to our appeals continues. We taper off this eloquent effort with an appeal to all concerned to “do their bit” and remember that we are a mutual! organiza tion of wiresless bugs and that we are de- pendent upon every fellow doing his share, ee — .

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July, 1916 - a oo AMATEUR RADIO STATION To make “QS the magazine which y imoer of pictures of wireless stations. T ideas to you. In a picture you may see a b ead connection, a new oscillation transform 1elp to improve your set, increase your 1 Statior If you have a photograph, send it amateu If you can write a short de want an need, we must have a large ese illustrations er way to r, an ideal inge, and develop your ability as a Relay in today. This cription, do bring ugvestion and arrange your set. a shorte1 condenser. \}! these thir +h will help you and your fel that too Don’t think your set is not as good as the other fellows. QST, QST, QST, QRU? QRU? QST? A Radio Station at Lewiston, Montana Description of \. C. Campoell’s Apparatus. Practically all the apparatus shown is home-made. The tuning transformers ar‘ interchangeable sizes. The doul stations while and of three different 'e audion is used for pa the tubular bulb is in ops ation for continuous waves. Loading coi inder the t: ‘rom 200 to The sending | t} Ol if condenser ¢c: nd antenna -0U Teet how in the of all surro the most worked are 5 build the tuning range up 12,000 meters ansformer is on the othe vith lead wires going to ich contains the primary nden¢ The antenna used and 100 feet high. As photograph, it is quite clea ing objects. A number of tant amateurs copied and BJ, (Dallas, Tex), 8YL, (Lima,

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175 QST Ohi YG, 9XU. Press is copis ; tations, moun- ta ‘ park. 6:30 P. M. BM .U00 meters, Ml . 10:00 P. M. 0) meters, 2:15 July, 1916 Sayville, 8,000 to 9,000 meters is heard at certain intervals NAA, time and weather reports are copied at 10:00 A. M and 8:00 P. M. Grand Forks, 9XN, is heard at 11:00 A. M. and 4:00 P. M. on 150 meters. Denver, KIX, 600 meters, at 10:0( P. M., Mare Island. NPG, at 1:00 P. M. and 11:00 P. M. Wireless telephone tests have been heard at different times in the evening between Portland, Ore. (KFU) and Sar Francisco, (KFS) on about 4,000 meters (This schedule will prove valuable and in teresting to amateurs of the Pacific Coast Editor) The insert shows a complete radio set which is used as an auxiliary equipment. This receiving outfit comprises a_ special loose coupler, variable condenser, and de- tector of the crystaloi type mounted on springs with a de-cohering inductance. A buzzer is mounted on the tuner base. The S KSS, continuous W ‘ 5AX, Shreveport, La. rt photograph shows a stat ! ecelving amateurs of tl nth Districts. This ap} n the relay of Feb- rual t. Simmons, the owner, Sal nate receiving range fron s 1,000 miles. The a high and 100 feet lor tion of audion, phones and et is home-made. apparatus is capable of tuning to 3,000 meters.

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July, 1916 QST A Central American Station re] ne — : Pees sag ka : mo — We are publishing a photograph of Eu town of La Ceiba. gene Howell of La Ceiba, Hond., C. A. His The apparatus consists of a Blitzen type tation is located far away where we be D tuner; variable condenser; fixed conden- ieve amateur interference is reduced to a ser: Holtzer-Cabot, 3000 ohm phones, and minimum. Mr. Howell copies press news mineral detectors. The antenna is com- m WST, NAR, and WNU. He is able’ posed of two wires, 50 feet high, and 275 irnish nearly all the war news to the _ feet long. One of the Vermont Relay Stations The illustrations show the apparatus vned oy Raymond H. Shaw of Rutland, Vt. He is using an audion for amplifying 1e signals of a silicon detector. The cab- net is a Mignon, type L-C-2, special. 10,000 meters range. Mr. Shaw says “It vorks to perfection on the longer waves, it has too much capacity for the ama- teurs.” Directly beneath the audion is a abinet type 1500 meter range, loose coup- er set for the shorter waves. The silicon letector is under the glass dome at the ight of the Mignon cabinet. Brandes 3200 hm phones are used. The second picture shows the sending ot It consists of a half Kw. Packard insformer in a case of original design, glass plate condenser, non- synchron US gap da Murdock oscillation transformer. t “This is a new set so I do not know the inge as yet. Have been heard 40 miles om here. If anybody heard 1BN, Q-S-T- please let me know by mail.” R. H. Shaw, 110 East Washington Street, Rut- and, Vermont.

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QST July, 1916 Radio Station 8JZ

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July, 1916 QST 178 RADIO STATION 8JZ. also a little different from the ordinary type which one buys. The studs are much small- Many of our readers have heard the call er and there are more of them. This leads 8JZ, and doubtless wonder about the appal is to belleve that the motor is run slower atus which Mr. A. J. Manning of Cleveland, This is a desirable feature since it start Ohio, the owner, uses. Mr. Manning ha ip faster and slows down quicker than one found it necessary to assemble the sending of the “race me” series type. apparatus for the picture. The most stril The receiving apparatus is the regular ing feature is the condenser. It is of Ma loose coupler and audion set found in so coni type and it must be efficient to get many amateur stations. Mr. Manning has the remarkable results which we a now explained in detail his set in an article or Mr. Manning has gained. The rotary i Page 143 of the June QST. A Five Hundred Mile Set We are publishing the latest illustra and it is arranged so I can swing it and tion of radio station 8ZO. Mr. R. Gunn of change coupling even while sending. This Oberlin, Ohio, says “I have to make my enables me to emit a broad wave for call own ‘juice’ so I can’t answer everyone that ng and a sharp one for working. The calls because I have to beat down in the eostat controls the voltage and cuts out cellar in order to get ‘juice’ (hi).” The the generator exciter. The normal radia- picture is self-explanatory with the exce} tion on one kilowatt is five to five and one tion of oscillation transformer which do half amperes. not show up very well. The primary i Stations have been worked in every dis- three turns of one inch brass ribbon with trict but the sixth and seventh. Mr. Gunn two ribbons in parallel and paper between tells us that he is a “Son of a Gun” and has them. The secondary is of No. 10 lamp ery little time to do a great deal of relay cord, carefully insulated with Empire taps work. He has only handled about seventy- There are fourteen turns on the secondary five messages during the past season,

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Radio Communications by the Amateurs a Greenwich Americar ember of the om its earliest begin- QST June one food work ] After reading 1 the blues because I Was coming same. inization The memopers vhich offers troudle is that seem te them a i flag to hang from it will fade out in the vo weeks’ time, and a our great *ks as much like hi cnows, aS a grounda- und hog, is the real send in the price of some wireless maga- the wire! business eal | have never as »f one oft ess en or published of my I it is only for the the law allows and do From the beginning erested and encouraged R A. R. R. L. has done me of these so-called I have instructed many tations; seen them do ne all in my power to While I have not bee vork a ome of ou! een content to sit Dy) the good wor! ed on by ou good ffi . ~~ eclace ear in mind that this thout compensation to ation is In need of good work, I can the Officers should be money to carry p to this point has ad- this VI To! QST that all good, July, 1916 vanced so rapidly. I am sure that every | wireless club throughout the | S. should request that each and eve member of its club be a subscriber to QST. The time will come when we shall need an associa tion of this kind to lool f the ama- | teur With a trong orgal ation of this order! showing the Governme! what we can do, we will stand a better chance of getting our rights than though we were depending pon a publication that has no further ir terest in us than to get our ibserip tion so that their circulatio1 nit up and the advertising comes i! And speaking of advertising, each and every member of thi association knows that ther: ire no goods - advertised in QST yut that they hay peen tried and found to be just as they are rep resented Anything you | through the advertisements of QST are as guaranteed or money back. How many beginners have been ing by full-page displays in othe periodicals and only have to scard what they bought, and begin all over again‘ How many of you can afford that? This in itself, should be an inducement to al honest, reliable manufacture: f wireless goods to advertise in QST. I can see no good reason why the ment of QST should not cal manage mem- upon its bers for voluntary contributions to carry or this good work and I am sure it would meet with a hearty response. I, myself, while not over-burdened with this wealth have » five or ten dollars which I would willingly contribute to the cause,—To keep our pet and pioneer association before the amateur Let us hear from some of the rest. . oo We want to thank Mr. Barrett as wel! others who have come forward with voluntary suoscriptions to assist the League wérk. Mr. Barrett hoped his re mittance would do more than give five dol- lars to help pay expenses; he wanted it to be the fore-runner which awake oul spirits with the idea of our bit of our League’s finances.” We are printing as several will ‘sharing +

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July, 1916 below a list of contributors up-to-date, and in the August number we shall continue the Roll of Honor with the names of those who adopt Mr. Barrett’s suggestion: LEAGUE HELPERS

Radio Club of Hartford $50.00 H. P. Maxim 75.00 cS. & Be. on 25.00 S. Delbert 10.00 J. Barrett 5.00 Mr. Seabury 2.00 ; G. Chutter 1.00 oo ONE OF OUR MEMBERS H. Clifford Hunter of Wayne, Pa. in forms us that he has been compelled to forego operating his wireless station for QST

180 some time and that it would be advisable for us to count him out of active relay work tor the present. Mr. Hunter expects to get in the work in the not very distant future. oo ANOTHER HOOK-UP OSCILLATING AUDION Winser, One of the Correspondents. FOR THE By Lindley Western The accompanying diagram shows a con- nection for the tubular type bulb which has given fine results in my case. I have no data as to how the globe type bulb be- haves with this connection but I can see no reason why it should not work as. well.

Oserttating AuDION

S| \NV\I VWVV) x 1 a a ee tfafefefsy}-—

— oa Awakened||by{QST By D. A. Hoffman % DREAMS OF SUFFERIN' STATIC! THREE STEP S< COMES THAT RELAY MS AMPLIFIER, ve BEEN WAITING EVERY

Re &. NIGHT TO GBT:

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Q mod apacity ol 00] y fine adjust- tance Is } y care! illy ana We thmical. I can J ST truthfully say alled upon to repea st — This ( } emeé able a man to cover ist in saving the ne into commercial wor 1 think that have the AMERI JEAGUE -_ hing t ry re we No 2 wire tl ‘ ne ‘ l oO ? llamete na a: ba . : 11g \ i ( ‘ wn to I od h it one . in re NBA, Darie1 ning vy I vi t NAA, NAR, é ren WSL, at night 1 npa ’ 9 l Ou ! il e rea (Ss ) H I . nroug Chief Ele« R: ‘ ta ‘ i ni as rave we ul rt he iriest I ' : ' ‘ LI AGI ES LI AGI ES m 6 to lf By Cha A. & _ } nre ry \ ‘ ‘ P ‘ OPINLON ini , ; wir ; ()S Gui I ipoosa | have it ece | 5 I e, Ala n new re eas t Ne ‘ t ‘ n h more eact ‘ r e mem hip e | thy ; } pt } re ‘ al . | 7 ‘ oO n4 ff O ‘ ' ¢ canno , +} r ‘ ‘ Oo t ‘ t i , +} } ‘ ' r ‘ y } c ee! I ince it wa 7 LT , y 1) rie i } 4 init f, ’ ‘ ‘ i r ‘ twle { et 1” iring te then s} mone in Ke women +} M p .1 ne ’ } ‘ | eT cog FT I} NI lot ” t he r ( ey ( r we er en ilso a good ; y} h } mn} , ia operato a4 eat en ) uu mi nt root ‘ > . ‘ ise eff ‘ \) na ‘ ept the BES’? t VM pwted a stvie ot ; ird the or’ SUCCESS be the est ds per minute Listen, Fellow ea little ’ ‘ el 1 and as ‘ of the com t nine a)

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July, 1916 through bad on us? os *) “. *) 9BD, a +} o aiscontil C ontinued on Page 186 want the League rapidly, more time and would plac ed closer togethe I rrangement, hal dled withou 1ilure ‘ started on At this before the stuff’ for onsidered and that yeestion ation, the tions which imme work cnow, Mr. te E outside ago, who will be o1 the It estion of my te a are tes that U OU \ nd o! ) eal the ) ‘adiating intel W head Wi tation midway nsut . ¢ v eTore eal start the mome igh the { Static,

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July, 1916 tment has been opened up for the benefit of the readers of “QST”, uddressed, “QST”, care of The American The questions will be answered free of charge Hartford, Conn. a possible. The answers are of interest to the average reader. Radio Relay League. .The will in each case, appear in “QST”, pro- We are not in a position to equiring a long, mathematical solution. : to receive a large number of interesting questions for the next xt you will make your questions of general interest and will re- questions which you can answer by consulting the Radio Law Books. “QST” does not wish to pad this department out with a ting, foolish, questions. ton, La. 1erial supported in a ne end and by a be affected by trees inity? They are with- pole aes. rht of the trees com- r*ht of the aerial is an the amount ot energy These trees, r height, will have some ng and receiving. Thi eable in the summer absor). e out. However, you e troubled seriously if ery high. npossible to get a good ie to the height of the How can I im- which I am now using? mber of copper wires one foot, extending in ryness. Jur correspondents in- got an excellent earth ng several copper wires the earth, directly be- parallel to it. He tells rangement he gets bet- is not trouble from kick- He has also driven four or five feet connections are No. 8. pipes ground smaller than Ques. Will an aerial 60’ long and 45 high with a 32’ lead be very efficient for a 200 meter sending set? Also what is the wave length of the same, the ground lead being about 5’ long? Ans. 3. This aerial will cient on a 200 meter wave period is prove very effi- since its natural about 189 meters and this allow for a suitable amount of inductance. oo E. Donovan, New Rochelle, N. Y. Ques. 1. How many sections of Murdock moulded condenser should be used in nection with one of the old United Wirele con- type transformers, having a 20,090 volt secondary ? Ans. 1. Since the capacity of one sec- tion of Murdock moulded condenser of the amateur type is .0017 and the capacity for a 200 meter wave with one turn of inductance, 8%” in diameter, is about .01 mfd. you “an only use six sections. However, the strain on six sections would probably be too great and it would be advisable to use twenty-four sections in series parallel. Ques. 2. Is it advisable to use this type of condenser and if so, what hook-up should be used? Ans. 2. This type of condenser has proved very efficient with exceedingly small losses and would be advisable to use. If you do not wish to risk the strain on six

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184

July, 1916

ectior n parallel, you should connect two Ans. 2. Would advise you to increase llel and the two set he primary size to % or %” and the lary to % If the present oscilla tion transformer heats up, you can be as se red that you are not getting maximum ‘a eo Mattoon. Ill. Ques. 3. What is the call and approxi mate wave length of the Elivese. German | the hot wire ammeté ’ tation and the Henolulu station when using ! iken in the aerial or the ; ind ndamped oscillatior Ar 3 Elivese, Germany OUI and iV, 1 are KIE and KHX. YS -___-_---—_—_- = a WAV e put in t rround « it and oft The wave lengths are approximately 9,000; course, tl means a standard ng The 00: 12.000 and 9,000; 11,000 respect ' ha ne ee eT ( ( { e 1 it ma mun il ne an ‘ ’ oachine z While at the Qu 1. Kindly furnish a diagram of nd connection. tl pposite true onnections and explain the action of the t} tave is approaching zero whil iting audion circuit employing vario re is at a maximu! Since we meters which some amateu! ise for recep ’ ‘ ‘ ‘ y I ne I VAaVt Ay 4. We exvect to publish next month é What oppe vou mpiete and thorough article which will

I it er this question in a »etter manner thar coul nswer it in th limited space n th . , rticie wortil eading and you will " 1) au tio? , ered to you , . FP : we , ° What’s the Matter with Galena ? I \ \ sk & F he Sour team of the New England el 5. Company and mal othe teamers tne I t ! | ( é etwe unt and Europe are What me n evening could one | } ecame Vi \ i é e working of ; ecto! e threw it in the junk | ind went forth with the fixed dete I can neve et t} ‘ | \ mit on that he was oil to have al perienced I t copi NAX o1 audion. He wa evere in his characteriza- . ‘ t ’ i ngie vire : reet tIOr and denunciation of mineral detectors . f I ene valena in particular! He started gy, mucl t ive his money to get the audion and rT ( I 1e% ni ‘ aome 0, he chanced to come into vt to get efficienc) tron ar I author’s station one night. He looked ind liked the looks of things pretty it made a big sniff when he note ad - ilena crystal in the detector holder I At I ndered at the absence of an audion. Rhode ! nd ood signals are elve [ hooked up an extra set of phones and om Bost Fire Island. a Brooklyt had that gentleman busy reading signals Portsm«< I. om¢ I tro! al m 8 P. M. until 12. Then I showed him | I ider low is casiona heard vy to connect his set for results. He on Sia nsett, Sea Gate, Sagapona n’t care now if he never sees an audion. when i! mmission, South Welflett, Arling Let me tell you, friends, a galena detector ton, Ke West, Norfolk, Charleston, S. C., Continued on Page 186

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ific Coast District quoted from a r new Western Dis- It gives a good idea vork which can b ific Coast. The Dis : , een abie to tine tnese er ry ‘ (a S Diego ( B rsfic ( t Reno. Ne San Rafae Ca | ‘ Ca | pu ( Pt. Richm«e ( ” at d r r We ‘ { KIW in \ S I e Cit [ I QST stations up by wireless so with the neces- sary co-operation the relay routes. will easily swing into place: “We have communicated on 200 meters, harp, with % Kw. on an antenna eighty feet long (total length to apparatus) and fifty feet high, with the following: Distance from Los Angeles 350 miles Distance from Los Angeles 335 miles Distance from Los Angeles 325 mile Distance from Los Angele 315 miles Distance from Los Angele 115 miles Distance from Los Angeles 100 miles Detecto1 800 miles Audion 00 mile Audion 100 mile Galena 255 mile Galena 1) mile Galena 0 mil Galena 0 mil Galena These in ide the most distant ones. We ha heard many others within 400 miles. (Seefred Bros., 6EA). The Spark Coils--continued from Page 163 AMATEUR RADIO STATIONS OF THE U. 8S. N Powel! Station n Kw i 128 60? Lit 2 1 : } l 1 ) i vi 164 19 a sp > 164 %OO 1.360 l lude Special Amateur r those interested in this gives a remarkable enables one to formu egarding the amateu! Average Watts No. of 1 Kw. Per. of per Station Stations 1 Kw Sta 271 17 3.6° ) 250 5 5.8 185 23 3.1 2 2.2 IQ 8 10.6 87 13 7.5 ) 160 23 1.4 7 67 7.8 132 0) 10.8 4 959 Ane 6.1 work throughout the United States. A little investigation shows that the most power is needed where there are the least number of stations. The percentage of tations using one Kw. is also greater in this territory. It shows the gaps are great- er and the power rated accordingly. July, 1916

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July, 1916 Relay Work in the Summer What’s the Matter with Galena? Continued from Page 182 Continued from Page 134 vell-made tuner connected with every joint well made, a good enser, and a pair of stand uch as Holtzer-Cabot, Brandes, en, will do wonders for your set. o, one must be sure to get good “| mineral is an asset and half , R. H. G. M HEW B t I am not running down the It is a wonderful piece of appar With it the writer has heard mes- Pher 1800 miles with phones on the table, I ily think that if one would be an lio man, he should become ex- n n the use of a mineral. amateurs, if you haven’t the ers” to put up for a lamp, hie your- nearest ipply house, get a good mineral, it iown vefore your ap nect everything securely, put etector on a heavy base, and you irprised to find that your receiv has increased wonderfully. If an amateur, your audion will f Transformation of Energy in a Condenser Due to Changes in Capacity Cor ved from | age 164 on the plate remains unchanged conduction due to moisture and If air is the dielectric, the amount 0 indeed, and the to conduc

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QST I W \ ( urd A. ¢ La ( Mun ‘ | Bar H S. M. Wh Wi n \i Harold | 1¢ | G rad } ( V Din Go ) d K (,eorve \\ Via toger B. I M. K. Sa ‘ EF} ‘ i. | ‘ Benne Eime ! ss ‘ Clifford Spi <e Latest List of Additions to A. R. R. L. Stations July, 1916 AHO

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July, 1916 FOR SALE—Arlington Loose Couple ne FOR SALE—*% H. P. 110 volts, 60 cycles, £6.00 Type AA crystaiol detect and Barnes peead motor In perfect high speed buzzer, potn ro! >4.0 condition; fine fe adriving a rotary gap. Brandes Superior Phones, $4.00; 360 ft The first $7.00 takes it C. D. Tuska, 136 No. 14 copper aerial wire, $1.00; sn Oakland Terrace, Hartford, Conn. hunt condenser $.25; Will sel mplete se for $14.00 All part are new al FOR SALE—A. Ferron detector for sale in excellent condition. Walter A. Mevye cheap Price $2.00. In good ®ndition 1832 No. 18th St.. Shebovgan. Wis William Kohl, 606 St. Clair St., Sheboy- . van, Wis. FOR SALE—Mignon RLC4 Special Rec: ng Cabinet; in first class ndition, bee WANTED QUICK—Arlington couple use two months; $65.00 t hi fractional Kw tep up transformer—au gain. W.C. Hutchison, W 1 Rock, Tet iol Brands “S” headset. At once, CB, 1012 S., 18th St. Fort Smith, Arl FOR SALE—A lin Holt S er-Cabot 7.00 postpaid. Mt. Aul ited nun 3000 ohm receive p lave a new Murdock, $17.50 which I will Walte 1. Butterw t ( for’ $15.00. L. G. LaPlant, St. An St., Cambridg M tho I ir! DOUBLE FILAMENT SUPER-SENSITIVE THERMO TRON POSTPAID — There is only ONE Thermo Tron---The Roome”’ The Thermo Tron is recommended very highly by college professors and advanced experimenters throughout the country. WARNING The success of the THERMO TRON has caused ungusranteed, inferior, single filament imitations to appear on the market. GUARANTEE Every THERMO TRON is guaranteed super- sensitive, and is further guaranteed to reach the user in per- fect condition DEALERS AND JOBBERS—Here is your chance to cash in on the enormous demand for the THERMO TRON. The THERMO TRON is not an infringement of any patent. The Thermo Tron Co. Dep’t 20 940 West Twentieth St., Los Angeles, Cal.

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New Undamped Wave Coupler No. 749 Introductory Price, $18.00 | gh, 9 in. wide over all. On nes to 15,000 meters. Used HAMBERS CIRCUIT, will all local and long-distance without the use of loading s, as they are sometimes placing your order, or you e CHAMBERS CIR- nd think of it no extra e ot coupler only $18 OU, CHAMBERS & CO. 2046 Arch Street *hiladelphia, Pa. F.B

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\lways Mention “QS T” When Writing to Advertisers

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Important Notice! The Manufacturers of the Electron Relay announce that no injunction has been issued against them, and that as the forn.& manufacturers of the Audiotron, they are now making a new and improved wire- less device in THE ELECTRON RELAY DETECTOR — AMPLIFIER — OSCILLATOR PRICE Prepaid, Double Filament, $5.50. 800 Hours Guarantee Single Filament, $4.00. 400 Hours Guarantee REPLACEMENTS WITHOUT QUESTION AGENTS---WRITE FOR OUR PROPOSITION Address All Communications, Pacific Laboratories Sales Department 534 Pacific Building, San Francisco, California Pacific Research Laboratories Sole Manufacturers — O. B. Moorhead, Mgr. ALWAYS MENTION “QST” WHEN WRITING TO ADVERTISERS

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“RADIO” QUALITY RECEIVING SPECIALTIES The Pride of the Star Stations Nickel Plated Superior Silver Plated Durability Unequalled | | Solid Silver lipped ’ | | | [Ee COUPLER YOU WILL EVENTUALLY BUY YES—IT’S “The Original’? Navy Type Transformer. tor, ask a friend who owns one. BETTER ORDER N¢ WwW. irket is very uncertain, be wise. We have a large supply of all models ready for immediate shipment to you to know that the Model SA and 6S are finding their way e most elaborate ly equipped stations in the country ? THERE'S A REASON NTERS— You are aware of the wonderful results being obtained with 7 Audio Detector and Oscillator. We have a supply on hand mms . 2° S g your order—Price, $6.50 double flament, single, $5.50 OUR CATALOGUE FOR 5c The Radio Apparatus Co. Pottstown, Pa.

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Audion Bulb Announcing the Tubular De Forest

“There is only oneAudion-the De Forest” Send stamp for Bulletins D16 and B16 The Wireless Mfg. Co. Canton, Ohio

The New Type T Tubular A n Bulb gives 3 5] I tat i) 4 urge ate SI g’ a r ngs As this is aigt amer s re E son eflects are complet inate | r sim < niact with the € v vgiass t it e, | ’ venting erheating. Sold Separately, $5.50 each The special adapter tits ti t e to the screw ase receptacies ol! De Forest apparat s rnished at 4U cents extra

Wireless Operators Prepared At Home Or In Our School z=

on sea or on land, peace or in time of war. tions paying good salaries wonderful chance for travel. the ZA === to take charge of a Radio Station in time of Posi- with It’s

most interesting profession known and requires trained oper- ators. Send stamp for booklet. Our Automatic Universal Sender used in Correspondence | Courses is the best known teach- er for the code. Ten weeks Sum- — —— _« ieetf 3) mer Course opens June 24th. Sa Regular Evening Courses open for the entire year. On Boa 1. M. T. Cana H rane Marct id To Whom It May Concern This is to certify that I took the ( Radio 1 NATIONAL RADIO SCHOOL graphy at the Nationa Radio Scho W D. ¢ P To anyone desiring a First Class ¢ rse in Wireless Tel 1405 U ST., N. W. egraphy and a tt nderstanding the Pr es em ployed. \can heartily recommend thi WASHINGTON, D. C. Signed, Frank B. Illingworth, Radio Officer in Charge

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Arnold Navy Type Loose Coupler Price, $15.00 Perhaps you have noticed | specialize and this instrument is my S| ecialty One must ex- cel when efforts are concentrated on a single instrument These nstruments are not and never were gro ind out in juantifies and the personality of the maker lost. | make every in- strument myseil, test if and know just what en- ters into its construction, With suitable inductance in conjunction with an Audion | Jetector, this instrument has proven ry eff cient tor receiving ndan ped waves. Thies Ho kK-up wil be furnished to prospective purchasers | also carry the finest line of Sw t Po nts, Ri bber Kn t Cabinets and Accessories on the market SEND 2c STAMP FOR BULLETIN No. 1 F. ARNOLD, 135 East 119th St., New York City Do You Hear Your Signals Loud and Clear? IF YOU DON’T, YOU WANT A MULTI-AUDI-FONE To use with your own high resistance phones $18. With our specially wound phones $23. step Multi-Audi-fF one - : $60. Undamped Wavers - : $45. and $100. lamped Wave Tuners . . $17.50 and $30. ‘ocket Wireless Receiving Set . . . $5.75 SEND FOR CIRCULAR. WRITE TODAY Multi-Audi-Fone 277 Morris Ave., Elizabeth, N. J. SPECIAL COUPON! an Radio Relay League, Hartford, Conn. lease send me free of charge the 1915 List of Stations Book. I am sing 5c te cover mailing. City and State

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“THERE IS ONLY ONE ALDION, THE Dé FOREST” DE FOREST ULTRAUDION DETECTOR FOR DAMPED AND UNDAMPED WAVES 1 Det Ultra Detect n a Here UU, We t e » \ TYPE UJI DeForest Ultraudion De t N Price, $27.5 I Suitable for receiving : |. ©, A; Genuine DeForest Tubular Audion s ( Price, $5.50, delivered Adapter, 40c extra ACCEPT NO INFRINGING IMITATIONS INSIST ON THE GENUINE ARTICLE Send stamp for Bulletins R16 on the Audion Detectors, Audion Receiving Sets the Tubular Audion and the Ultraudion DeForest Radio Telephone & Telegraph Company PARK AVENUE New York, N. Y. Makers of the Highest Grade Receiving Equipment in the World ALWAYS MENTION “QST” WHEN WRITING TO ADVERTISERS

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New Mesco Radio Apparatus ROTARY SPARK GAP es $3.00 SEND FOR OUR NEW CATALOG H2s I I ‘ ‘ , A oonnemneend onit Le sand and one ways where electrical devices may be used ind to know ir purpose you need this catalog It costs you nothing ~ os SEND FOR OUR NO. 17 MANUAL WIRELESS TELEGRAPH Y i! a tins I t : t ich that ‘ t ‘ ‘ . nail We ask ten cents ($.10) for it— give you a coupon receipt which can ed on any order amounting to One Dollar $1) or more Manhattan Electrical Supply Co. CHICAGO ST. LOUIS 114 S. Sth Ave 6 Pine St CISCO 604 Mi treet |