Popular Science Monthly 1930-06: Vol 116 Iss 6

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P opular d= #\: { Ure j . & wu po’ i MONTHLY funded 1872 May 1 1930 June sat.roon LQ ZO 25 eents Patent Office a National 20 HomeWorksho 3 FEATURES os n Andy Explained 5 WHY 2,000,000 AMERICANS ARE DOPE FIENDS Gliding by W.H. BOWLUS RADIO AVIATION AUTOMOBILES j &. 2 +

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AMAZING NEW TUBE INVENTION REVOLUTIONIZES reception... EVEREADY RAYTHEON 4-PILLAR TUBES surpass ALL PREVIOUS STANDARDS FOR clear reception, breath-taking in its realism, put a new Eveready Raytheon 4-Pillar Tube in each socket of your receiver. These tubes show you how truly fine your radio set can be. They are different from all others . . . in construction, and in results. Examine an Eveready Raytheon Look at the diagram below, showing Eveready Raytheon’s revolutionary improvement in construc- tion. See the solid, four-cornered glass stem, inside the tube, at the bottom. Notice, imbedded in it, the four sturdy pillars supporting the elements . . . twice the number and twice the rigidity of ordinary tubes! See how the elements are anchored, front and rear, top and bottom, so that they always stay in perfect relation to each other. This 4-Pillar construction means that the Ever- eady Raytheon Tube elements remain in perfect alignment, despite jolts due to shipment or han- dling. Contrast this solid, rock-ribbed construction

-~ : EVERF ADY Raye N ER 22 he with the type used in ordinary tubes having only two supports, where the sensitive elements are subject to distortion — with a consequent let-down in per- formance. This 4-Pillar construction is patented and exclusive with Eveready Raytheon; no other tube is permitted to use it. Eveready Raytheons come in all types These tubes are built by the makers of the famous Eveready Layerbilt “B’”’? Batteries — another vital radio improvement. Eveready Raytheons fit the sockets of every standard A.C. and battery-operated receiver now in use. For a new kind of reception from your present radio, call. your dealer today, and ask him to renew all your tubes with Eveready Raytheons. NATIONAL CARBON COMPANY, INC. General Offices: New York, N. Y. Chicago Kansas City Branches: New York San Francisco Unit of Union Carbide < y T WN . and Carbon Corporation RRA RMBBAVOND EVEREADY RAYTHEON

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June, 1930 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 1 ES N tis Lasy lo Prov os the Greater Calter 4 fi “| STRENGTH and EFFI —! ; i B ct to and Cl ENCY FULL 4 INCH THICK per- eee nted | 3, ther | C ONVINCE yourself—by making the tests pic- 10Us tured on this page—they prove beyond a doubt vital that Insulite is a more efficient and stronger insula- a tion. And remember—insulating efficiency and “a strength mean a strong and durable home, com- Ri: fortable both winter and summer. i. Make the simple electric iron test shown here and you | P will realize the superior efficiency of Insulite. ady Laboratory tests prove that Insulite—full 1/2 inch thick—gives 1214 % more efficient insulation than NC. ordinary 7/16 inch insulating boards. Take a hand scale and test the strength of Insulite—a ail recent strength test of the four best known insulating boards proved that Insulite was 14% stronger. Used as sheathing, Insulite has several times the bracing strength of lumber horizontally applied, and as plas- ter lath, Insulite grips plaster with twice the strength of wood lath. 14 v4 STRONGER And Insulite is durable—it is made from strong, tough fibers of northern woods, chemically. treated esata ghd to resist moisture and’ not subject to rot or disinte- 5M, MORE gration. 1 | 2], Eresceany Furthermore, Insulite is. economical—it alee Oe . place of non-insulating materials, saves on fuel by ee eee reducing heat loss, and cuts labor costs because the large broad panels are easily and quickly applied. Your architect, builder, and lumber dealer, know the. advantages of Insulite. Write today for a sample of Insulite, to test, and a copy of our free booklet, “Increasing Home Enjoyment.” MAIL THIS COUPON THE INSULITE CO. ' (A Backus-Brooks Industry) 1200 Builders Exchange, Dept. 43F Minneapolis, Minn. OFFICES IN ALL PRINCIPAL CITIES Gentlemen: Please send me your free book, “Increasing Home Enjoyment,”’ also a free sample of Insulite to test. Write for a sample of Insulite and full instructions on how to make the tests pictured on this page— they prove convincingly the greater efficiency and strength of Insulite. A copy of our free booklet, “Increasing Home Enjoyment’ will also be sent you. Mail the coupon today.

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25 Cents a Copy Pop Op ular 381 Fourth Avenue $2.50 a Yar Science = vax" |} | | MONTHLY Sunded 1872 Table of Contents for June, 1930 LEADING ARTICLES 7 Astronomy The Patent Office Has Become a National Disgrace ~— a. | to Earth by Stars 2: = . By Edwin W. Teale 19 M ‘_ Doe H - 46 WwW hat’ 8 wrong with the Gov ernment’s way of handling inventions hand’ : lammarion = us 61 Amos ’n’ Andy Explained By A. A. Brill, M.D. 22 Old Auto Parts Used in Telescope. 62 A psychologist reveals how a famous radio pair sway “Nu —— Amtesenbities Midnight-—the Mail Flies West! By George Lee Dowd, Jr. What a visitor sees at a transcontinental air terminal me See Muffler Absorbs the 30 Many Sciences Aided by Byrd’s South Polar Trip. 26 Telescopic Auto Trailer Is Home How the returned explorer spent his two years in the Antarctic mines =. a ee ee 32 How They Trailed a New Planet . By Alden P. Armagnac 27 Ambulance 33 An explanation of astronomy’s biggest event in nearly 100 years New German Fire Engine Runs ; oe ; across the Fields... 33 Glass Walls Now Used in Building _By Robert E. Martin 39 New Meter Shows When to Change Why transparent and translucent walls are the latest in architecture Rigs Obeys Gin Mien 38 How I Made My Glider Records By W. Hawley Bowlus 40 Voice . . 62 A soaring champion tells the thrilling story of his exploits bs behind the Dashboard 84 ’ imple Ice Carrier . ' 84 Why 2,000,000 Americans Are Dope Fiends . By John E. Lodge 42 Foiling the Parts Thief 84 Things most people don’t know about narcotics — 5g a A New Light on Canned Food . 44 What a remarkable test proved about living out ” tins Aviation Dogs Are Smart—How About Cats? . By Prescott Lecky 56 Predicts Flying Boats Will Oust An expert discusses animal intelligence Airplanes . ‘ 29 Airway Beacon Runs Itself 36 Rot Hits American Skyscrapers By H. C. Davis 59 England Gets Helium from Mona- Can chemists save stone structures deen acids and germs? zite Sand . 37 From Microphone to Your Home . . Drawing by B. G. Seielstad 71 ee Wilkins Films Ant- 48 The whole art of radio broadcasting in picture form New Diesel Engine Drives Plane Why Your Radio May Sound Queer . By Alfred P. Lane 72 ns eee ee le es How distortion, enemy of true tone, creeps into sets with et ti Light .. 53 Tricks That Add to a Car’s Speed . . By Martin Bunn 74 ag heey eae eka Plane - Gus and Joe discuss getting the most out of the machine eet. 54 1,450 Beacons Now Light Coast-to- Coast Airway. 54 FEATURES AND DEPARTMENTS ~~ ae May Cross the ~ antic. i . Cylinder Heads Move in Motor . 54 Cover Design . By Herbert Paus Arsh . with No —_ Can Fly Financial Article ; 4 ae ceeurs . 54 Plane, Upside D » Flies Back- Popular Science Institute Page ene & 8 12 poe _ a een 54 Our ReadersSay— . . . ........., 14 6, _~ Licensed Planes in Use in “ F merica . New Ideas and Inventions 29 — Italian Craft Is Largest Land P d Di ane . 55 — m4 wee * To Try Loaded Altitude Hop. 55 Popular Science Scrapbook . 61 — ane one Haul Portable , H hold Aid angar Cross-Country . 5 iain m al ra Ready for a Lesson in Blind Flying 55 itorials ‘ . Helpful Hints for Radio “a , 7 En gineerin g The Home Workshop. 15 k lial i P Skyscraper to Combine Offices and Ip A 4 arage er iy at asi Fourth Avenue, New York, N.Y. by the Popular Selence Publishing Sre not responsible for unsolicited conrsiourions aed saseet guteehtee Cee Inc. Entered as second-class matter 1918, at the Post Office at turn of such material or insure —— its loss. In presenting numer stories New York under the act of March 3, 1879; stditiomal ‘entry as second-class of new products of applied science, P. lar Science M thi ‘4 ae ~ r- matter at Chicago, Illinois. Entered as second-class matter at the Post Office write the suainene methods of the Ind viduals or concerns rodu ing them, ‘The Departmens, at. pong DOE a pobyright, eee at ee LN ay pA Popular Science Monthly articles for nener un echemes fs never United States, its possessions, and Canada, $2.50; foreign countries "33. The dents L. "Cole, vice President ana +l — I 3

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Popular Science Monthly for June, 1930

Walls, Built on Ground, Hoisted into Place. Changi ing a River’s Course. Road-Making Tractors Reach China . En ~ Railway Tries 16,000 Steel College Deans Pick Ten Greatest Engineers . ‘ Health and Hygiene Vitamin G May Prove Cure for Pellagra ‘ New Anesthetic Lessens Pain after Operation ; Parathyroid Helps. Radium Vic- tims. Noise Causes Big Rise in Brain Pressure Hospital in Auto Goes to Patient in Chicago Models 35 47 47 52 62 30 30 38 38 45 Cologne Cathedral Copied in Rep- , lica Made of Matches. **World’s Most Costly Car,” Priced at $100,000, Is Two-Foot Model Ship Models’ Beauty Revealed in * Smnoer vor Ships Wh ta on First Trip, Beat remen : Not a Rivet in This Steel Tanker . Unusual Facts and Ideas Chinese Engine Hides Its Smoke . Slight Muscle Friction Gives Ath- letic Success . “Human Being” Exhibit Burns in German Wall of Water to Guard Vault in New Bank Steel Shoes Invented for German Prisoners . vw Better Brains for Man— t When? Jericho" s Tower Found After 4, 000 Years. . New Wonders Found in World’s Biggest Cave. . Germs Surpass Man at Making Coconut Oil . Synthetic Catnip Oil Used to Bait Lions . Montana River Runs Away From Bridges. American Desert Yields Carbon Dioxide Gas . Film Show of Rogues’. Faces for Los Angeles Detectives . Do Active Volcanoes Exist in .- America? . Missouri Students Run Mesotho- rium Factory . New Light Test Shows Pearl True or False Fortune Thrown Away in 1 Sugar Beet Tops. . New apes Blue Dye for Food Found Underground Lake May Water Nebraska Farms . Silver and Aluminum in Human Heart... Artificial Light Feeds Plants Trained to Get Their Man on the Run Hospital for Sick Birds Colored Sand to Trace Hawaii's 8 Fleeing Beach : Seeing Pulverized Rock in Air Teletype Aids Search for Crooks . Police Taught Tricks of Gunmen . Postmen Used to Test — Process. Man Third in Speed but Fi irst in Endurance. Traces of Oldest Tribe Found in Africa . , Grow Plants in Electric Beds . . Amebas Made Drunk by une of Alcohol . Damascus Steel Now Beaten in America . g 1p is ty ics ry enda ule in Alaska. oi Cottonseed Meal Made into Meat- less Sa Stone all ‘Goes to Chicago niversity 73 73 50 50 29 29 29 30 30 31 31 32 32 33 33 33 35 37 45 45 46 46 46 46 47 47 47 50 51 51 51 52 52 52 58 61 61 61 61 62

62 4 % % Skill Saves Relics from Egyptian Queen’s Tomb 63 Chicago Fish to Have Palatial uarters ; 63 Let’s Play a Tune . 64 Carves antic Marble Head of "Garibaldi 66 ~~ Machine to Test Strength Building Materials. 66 Telephones Use Soap Bubbles . 66 Color of Gold Due A Alloy . . 66 World Scenes eae in Calif- ornia. 5 66 For the Home Owner Installing Kitchen Ventilators . 107 New Bell Transformer and Cellar Outlet 5 . 107 Craftwork Electroplating—an Aid to the Craftsman. 78 Leather Traveling Case Made at Low Cost . 115 This Nut Bowl Has ; a Place for the Empty Shells . 118 Woodworking Making Joints with a Groover 86 Building a Sunken Greenhouse . 102 — Wood Box for a Fire- plac oe ee Building : a Child’s Slide . 114 Ideas for the Handy Man Door Catches and How to Install Them 80 Better Ways of Woodworking . 82 For Real Sr rt Try Throwing the Target Tomahawk . 96 Easily Made Lathe Chuck for Bits and Drills. 97 Padded Jaws for a Vise — How to Create Wire Puzzles . 100 Spring Pencil Attachment for Shop Dividers . 109 An Attic Shop Has Many ‘Advan- ant es . 102 sy-Towing Boat Trailer . 104 edie! onduit for Lamps . 105 Four Lathe Attachments ._. 106 — for Your Home Work- shop 110 News aper Used to Make Archery argets. 111 Drawing Straight Lines Without a Ruler. . 111 Testi Lacquer in the Home -_ Workshop. Hints for the Mechanic Ways so Cot Baten Sone 8 Small Jobbing Sh How Long Should a read Be? . Scriber Increases Range of Ma- chinist’s Dividers er se Old Bill Says— : 101 Bushing Holds Screw for Turning Operations 1 An Adjustable Gage ‘for Small Ft Holes . 90 92

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Cochran &M'Cluer Ca Established 1881 Never a loss to any investor 46 North Dearborn St., Chicago, III. THREE PRACTICAL EDUCATORS! The Real Estate Educator The New Revised Edition, contains Questions and Answers; Brokers’ License Law; Dictionary of Words and Phrases in Real Estate and Construction; How to Appraise Property; Law of _ Estate; How to Advertise Real Estate; Legal Forms; Commissions to Agents; “Don'ts” in Contracts, etc. 288 pages. Cloth. Postpaid $2.00. The Vest Pocket Cushing Just out. An A. B. C. Guide to seeguanteny Law based on the highest authorities and oo to gen- eral use —containing model speeches and toasts for all occasions. 128 pages, size 2x4 % inches, leather- ette. Price, $1.00. The Vest Pocket Book-keeper and Short Cuts in Figures Asimple and concise method of Practical Book- keeping with instructions for the correct keeping of ks of account. How to take off a trial balance sheet and finally close and neneqee. accounts. 160 pages, artistic leatherette............ ice, postpaid $1.00 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 381 Fourth Ave., N. Y.

POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY JUNE, 1930

Electric Lights and the Long Haul Insure Profits to Any Investor By CHALLISS GORE, Financial Editor if he had rushed “in where Angels fear to tread” the day he mentioned to Anthony Riitie: HOLLAND certainly felt as buying public utilities Garrett. “Don’t get me wrong, Bob,” Garrett interposed, “I haven ’t got a thing against you in particular. But anyone who talks public utility investments to me is almost in for a scrap!”’ “Why the fighting words, Anthony?” “Oh, merely a trivial matter of $3,500, —big money to me,” replied Garrett. “On September ist last year my firm declared its first division of profits since I became a partner. I drew an even $10,000 in cash—which has now dwindled to $6,500 through the depreciated value of public utilities I bought.” “Nonsense, Anthony, pure nonsense. Anyone of us who thinks he can buy a stock at the bottom and unload it at the top is either crazy, or Mr. Wall Street himself. Don’t forget that you invested at a time when public speculation was so disproportionately great that practically all stocks on the board, including public utilities, were selling at prices that may not be justified by earnings for some time to come. What’s that you have there on the newspaper?” “This?—a chart showing stock market average prices on public utilities. On the side here, I’ve applied it to my own investment.” Holland took the paper and glanced at Anthony’s own calculations. My investment. ..... $10,000 Lowest Utility Price ‘1929. 3,703 March 1930 price. . 6,481 Then he lit a se. eal back in his chair and for a few minutes watched the river traffic far below the window at his right. In his mind he was preparing an effective means of correcting the un- fair, yet common prejudice that his friend had developed. It was totally unsound, he knew, because Garrett had built up a general attitude on the founda- tion of one particular, untimely venture. Holland realized that the best way to em- phasize the error was to carry Anthony’s own false method of reasoning a little further. That way, it would be simple to prove that his friend was wrong. Having done that, he would go ahead and show him that in choosing public utilities, unknowingly or not, Garrett had selected one of the finest groups of common stock values he could possibly have bought. “All right,” Holland began, “I’ll admit that Public Utility Common Stocks dropped mighty low in last year’s crash— for the perfectly good reason that in the last months of speculative frenzy, the heaviest public play was in utilities. But let’s suppose your firm had distributed its profits earlier, and that you had made your investment in January 1929 instead of in September. Then the figures would look like this,” he ended, taking up a pencil and tabulating the following: January, 1929......... $10,000 September, 1929......... 19,518 November, 1929......... 7,229 March, ree 12,650 “There you have the same stocks,” continued Holland, ‘“‘the same method of figuring—with only a change in the date of investment.”’ “Well, what of it?’ grumbled Garrett. “Now, just a minute, Anthony. Here’s another supposition: if you had invested the same money in November, after the crash, the figures would read like this: November, March, “Now, do you get my point?” “Yes and no,” replied Anthony. “After all, Bob, I didn’t invest in January—nor in November, for that matter. But I did invest in September—much to my sorrow.” “Exactly. Doesn’t that prove that you can’t blame it on the public utilities, any more than you could blame it on any other group? Doesn’t that conclusively show that it was purely a matter of money invested at the wrong time, rather than in the wrong things?” “TI guess you’re right,”’ yielded Garrett, “but right or wrong, I’m still out $3,500 on public utilities.” “Very well,” Holland replied. “Now you just sit back for a few minutes. I’m taking the floor. And I’m going to show you, if I can, just what’s behind that $10,000 investment of yours. When I’m through, if I haven’t proved to you that the wisest thing you can do now is to hold on to your securities, because you've in-, vested in a financially sound industry, constantly advancing through efficient management and scientific research— then I’ve been wasting my breath and your time. Is it worth the chance?” “Go ahead, Bob—I’ll listen.” “For one thing, Anthony, last year while the public was indulging in the greatest speculative orgy the market has ever known, electric light and power utility companies gained over a million customers, bringing their total in this classification up to 24,257,159 users. These customers paid $2,107,000,000 for electric service—more, by the way, than the total subscription of the first Liberty Loan issue. I’ve a page here on my desk, cut from (Continued on page 6)

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JUNE, 1930 Electric Lights and the Long Haul Insure Profits to Any Investor (Continued from page 4) ‘The Electrical World,’ conveying an idea of the amazing growth of the electric light and power industry. Look at these figures: 1907 Capital $1,367,239,000 Revenue a a ak $169,615,000 Customers ee meee 1,946,979 Population Served . . . . . 500, % of total Pop. Served . . . . 8% 1917 Capital : ‘ $3,245,185,000 Pee a ee 2, ,000 Customers wa 7,178,703 Population Served .. 25,250,000 % of total Pop. Served . 24.3% 1929 Capital a.” $11,100,000,000 Revenue ... . . . . . §$2,107,000,000 Customers pita: Se tae ae Oa 24,257,159 Population Served .. 85,000,000 % of total Pop. Served . 70% “That was last year,” put in Anthony, “how about this year, and the ones to come?” “T hoped you would bring that up,” replied Holland. “The utility companies estimate that another million new custo- mers will be gained in 1930. New con- struction and equipment to take care of this expansion alone will involve an ex- penditure of $913,574,905. Incidentally, that’s the most ambitious program ever undertaken by the industry, exceeding 1929’s high total by nearly $50,000,000. In other words, in a year of acknowledged business uncertainty, the utility com- panies anticipate new records in all de- partments.” “That sounds encouraging,” Anthony interrupted, “but where’s it all leading to? Your own figures show that they’re swiftly approaching the limit—in the amount of people that can be served.” “On the surface, it would seem so,” replied Holland, “but a broader analy- sis disproves that. There certainly would seem to be an approaching saturation point when you figure that 70% of the population now enjoys electric service, and that an additional 9% or 10% work or live within reach of existing or pro- posed transmission lines. But it so hap- pens that utility companies are selling more and more service to each customer. In 1912, when 15.9% of the population was being served, the total revenue was $287,000,000; and in 1929, 70% of the total was served, and the revenue was $2,107,000,000. So that while 434 times as many people were served at the end of that period, the total revenue multiplied 7% times. And this comparison becomes even more pointed when you remember that unit costs to the consumer along all lines have been generally and consistently reduced. “Proving beyond argument, Anthony, that while there may be a theoretical saturation point as far as per cent of population is concerned, there is no vis- ible limit to the amount of electricity that can be used per person. And that. brings up another point in favor of the background of (Continued on page 6) POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY How to Postal Life Bidg. Owned by the Company 5 Buy Life Insurance, and Where Convenience and Low Cost are found in the Postal Life Insurance Co. It Presents a Consultation Service and a record most convincing. It has a Way different from all other companies—the Non-Agency Way. It is not only an easy and convenient way, but has a well understood, definite economy. It is a guaranteed saving — the 914% commission dividend — guar- anteed because you confer with the Company by letter or in person and earn it. You perform the service of coming for the insurance: the POSTAL LIFE does not send one to fetch you. This Non-Agency way not only saves you money, it strengthens your will. It makes you better satisfied with yourself and the trans- action. Taking out your insurance volitionally develops a sense of independence and intellectual pride. The POSTAL’S Non-Agency way, and its Health Bureau, functioning together, have a life-pro- longing influence; its policyholders employing these two services, lengthen their days, and thereby reduce the cost of insurance. They Who Measure the Diameter of the Dollar neato ee ea a This Company makes its $23 appeal through the direct ls method, particularly to those who follow the quieter walks of life—those who do not feel that they can attain to greatness by a single bound, but are per- forming their task conscien- tiously and methodically, un- dergoing the training and the education that prepare for other and higher responsibil- ities. They are the frugal class. They are discriminating. They measure the diameter of the dollar. They are those who are ready when momentous duty calls. Yes, maybe they are the plodders, practiced in the kind of plodding The Record Shows There have been paid to policyhold- ers, $37,972,032 as follows: On claims by death... $14,957,668 In maturing Endow- I sees ake oh 1,809,200 In Surrender Values and Dividends........... 4,444,079 In Loans on Policies... 16,761,085 See how easy the POSTAL Method is! Simply use the coupon or write and say, “Mail me Insurance Information.”’ Be sure to give your full name, your occupation ani exact date of birth. Information as to any form of Life or Endowment Insurance will be gladly furnished you. Your inquiry will receive prompt attention by mail. We desire to co-operate with you directly and have you think out your problems from documentary matter submitted. We invite you to call at our office if you can find it convenient. POSTAL LIFE! INSURANCE. CO.' — «000... ! WM. R. MALONE, President 511 Fifth Ave., Cor. 43rd St., New York City that developed Charles E. Hughes, Grover Cleveland, Calvin Coolidge and Herbert Hoover, the kind that can hold the ship of state steady when the storms of hysteria are rampant. The strength and prestige they have ac- quired are due not to dint of magic—they just keep on doing the tHings they ought to do. Fortunately, there are a good many of that kind. They buttress the nation against the selfish opportunist. Out of the number of these the Company receives its re- cruits. Therefore, it will grow and grow and grow. What Sustains and Commends . the Company Standard Policy Reserves resources over $22,000,000; Standard policy pro- visions approved by the New York State Insurance Department; Operat- ing under strict requirements of New York State; Subject to the United States Postal authorities everywhere. + PSM-6-30 Postal Life Insurance Company 511 Fifth Avenue, New York I ting me, please send full ; Without insurance particulars for my age. ’ DNB: 25 eg nopes cs tteaas a eabee keen i i Te. Stes ots as 00045 2tbetes oeste '] GOO ePAONOI. ... «oo oo oo 0 0's 8.0.0. 680:0 9:0,09: okt 1 ieee. causes £60kass Oakes cae ‘ L 5 on aneadhedinedts deelanananaae

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Why do men prefer pipes? Smoke one—then you'll know! IPE-SMOKING attracts men. Ask P: smoker why, and hear him tell you that— — pipe-smoking is a sweet, smooth, inspiring way to relish all there is in good tobacco. Economical too. —it gets first call on leaf and blend. Pipes tell the truth about tobacco! —it helps a man think calmly, de- liberately, clearly, to the point. —it wears well. A man can stick to pipes through all his years. Check up for yourself. Get a good pipe and enjoy a man’s smoke. Make that first pipeful Edgeworth — let us treat you to it. Fill out the coupon, mail it, and accept, with our greetings, a gener- ous free packet of genuine Edgeworth. Edgeworth is a combination of good tobaccos — selected carefully and blended especially for pipe-smok- ing. Its quality and flavor never change. Buy Edgeworth anywhere in two forms—™" Ready Rubbed’’and “Plug Slice.” All sizes —15¢ pocket package to pound humidor tin, Larus & Bro. Co., Richmond, Va. EDGEWORTH SMOKING TOBACCO LARUS & BRO. CO., 100 S. 22d St., Richmond, Va.

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Electric Lights and the Long Haul Insure Profits to Any Investor (Continued from page 5) your investment. You have, by putting $10,000 in public utilities, invested mon- ey in science and research, in engineer- ing experiments that are making possible by electrical advancement the greatest changes and improvements in our mode of living and working. “Take our own lives, our homes for example. Base plugs for lamps and radios, wall plugs for toasters, percolators, waffle irons, electric wash- ers and irons, etc. And now the con- sumption of electricity is being given a | new, tremendous impetus by the elec- tric refrigerator. There are 2,000,000 of them now in use, and at least half a million additional being installed each year. Why, Anthony, there isn’t another class of industry in the world that can show the advancement and the possi- bilities of public utility.” So Robert Holland had succeeded in pointing out the wisdom of buying secu- rities when they sell at prices more closely representing their true values. Also the fact that money invested in electrical power industries or any progressive utility has, in part, been turned over to science and research for the advancement and broadening of consumer services. Over the long haul such investments weather out periods of depression and inflation, bring- ing back in the end many more dollars than could otherwise have been gained or lost through intermittent speculation. To Help You Get Ahead 6 b- Booklets listed below will help every family in laying out a financial plan. They will be sent on request. Your Income and Your Life Insurance is the name of a brief booklet scientifically answering the question ‘‘How much life insur- ance does a man really need?’ Provident Mutual | Life Insurance Company of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, will mail a complimentary copy upon request. The House Behind the Bonds reminds the investor of the importance, not only of studying the investment, but of checking up the banker who offers it. Address: Fidelity Bond & Mort- gage Co., 1188 New York Life Building, Chi- cago, Ill. How to Get the Things You Want tclls how you Can wse insurance a3 an active part of your program for getting ahead financially. Phoenix Mutual Life Insurance Company, 328 Elm Street, Hartford, Conn., will send you this booklet on request. Enjoy Money shows how the regular invest- ment of comparatively small sums under the Investors oe plan, with annual com- pounding of 532% interest, builds a permanent income producing estate, a financial reserve for a business, or a fund for university edu- cation or foreign travel. Write for this booklet to Investors Syndicate, Investors Syndicate Building, Minneapolis, Minnesota. How to Retire in Fifteen Years is the story of a safe, sure and definite method of establish- ing an estate and building an independent in- come which will support you the rest of your life on the basis of your present living bud; et. Write for the booklet to Cochran & McCluer Company, 46 North Dearborn St., Chicago, Il.

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JUNE

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1930 —

Annan LALA ASE AEEEELEESEEEEEE EERE EE DEED DD |

SRULELEREESEERE ER eneseabsestesennnenngensenonenee a bbb LLL TLL tT .% a Ltda bdo LLERE ESS $9.00 for ten; 50c for five. The New Gillette Blades in the new green packet how aes Ban a om = aaatanein A hatate ot tin ee ahem aie cen ae > eae ae eters See evaawineteneneinaiin no Ssh ne anny SOA a Peete Te 13 st ff ore ong

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Automobiles and Accessories Page ee ie ai madnee 116 Houde Engineering ‘Corporation. Serer 79 Midland Tire and Rubber _ Bd a aiiesdindetidd 122 Oakland Motor Car Company.............. 15 Studebaker Corporation of A Amarten, The.. 87 oC CCER Che edb CbnveKeeeeexe 85 Aviation American School of Aviation............... 136 Curtiss-Wright Flying Service............. 131 EE er 122 Midwestern School of Gliding eer 129 Universal Aviation Schools................. 137 Von Hoffmann Aircraft School............. 132 Building Materials I, Ts is ois Kb s icc cctceese 18 a 1 Masonite Corporation...................5. 13 SD III, EIB. oo ccc cccccecccececs 101 Business Opportunities Central States Manufacturing Co.......... 134 i at vccaccccsnasecces 135 ae is Con coke none 137 ES rere 137 National Sales Mfg. Co.................... 136 Newcomer Associates Se et eee 137 New Method Mfg. Co..................... 137 Progress Paint Co., The................... 129 I Oy o.oo once sccdcescesscecssce 143 Roll-O EE i 6 6 ede knemewes 134 i da ous es Ladeeeheeeenee 140 General Eastman Kodak Co.......°.......... Back Cover Oe eee ee 83 Western Electric —— ee ee 11 Westinghouse Elec. & fe. eee 144 Hardware Supplies Boston Varnish Company.................. 106 Casein Mfg. Co. of pm al > 112 awe ay Neg EE 2d winnie win Gacdmads 118 Detroit 1 Lead Works eb eae 3d cover Waentte Weed... ...........6000-. patdacdewanca | eae oe vas Fue ‘Clay EG &o Crakk bade oe oa Ra = ee Smooth-On aie ke eee 123 Industrial Equipment a NO OOD, in onc kc kc sc cccacccce 104 ee ID GM. UD. cw ccc ccc necccecse 9 Norton Company PEM Pe 89 Taylor Instrument Companies re 105 ss ova ado t ett bebe nee db ees 112 Investments Cochran & McCluer Co................... 4 Fidelity Bond & Mortgage oc s anwsaas 6 Investors Syndicate. evisbaebmaneenane 6 Postal Life Insurance Co.................. 5 Miscellaneous ESE ee eee 136 . Bureau of Inventive Science................ 140 Du Maurier Company..................... 124 SSS a ae eee 124 New York Biological Supply Co............ 120 Oe Se See 136 On eee eee 112 INDEX POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY

Musical Instruments Page Buescher Band Instrument Co............. 142 Conn, Ltd., C. G re 136 Holton Company, Frank.................. 124 Patent Attorneys ee re rere 140 Evans & Company, Victor J............... 141 Fisher Mfg. Company, Adam............... 140 Gottlieb, 7 x ae ea a ek ik sacs eWeek eneneeee 140 TS Sie Ge weal ns wae oe baie Kanes 140 Guenther-Russell Law, eee bk te wengee 134 Lacey & Lacey Sip eer sahg 140 Lancaster & ‘Ailwine eee Pere Pere 140 McCathran, Irving L.................. 143 O’Brien, Clarence A.................. 139 Randolph & Company................. 140 Popular Science POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY guarantees every article of merchandise adver- tised in its columns. Readers who buy products advertised in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY may expect them to give absolute satisfaction under normal and proper use. Tools, Radio Apparatus, Oil Burners and Refrigerators ad- vertised in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY have been tested or investigated by the Popular Science Institute of Standards and each advertisement carries the insignia indicating ap- proval. However, other products advertised in the magazine not subject to test carry the same guarantee to readers as products tested. THE PUBLISHERS Radio Apparatus National Carbon Co........... .2nd Cover—96 ee _ > errr ere 81 Razors, Toilet Articles, Etc. I Sri iil ME a lace oak es duet ginlive iva 110 American Safety Razor Co................. 102 ra Be ie Ad 5. ay Winn em dvaim dicidio-es 103 Gillette Safety Razor Co................... 7 souient ere 17 enn, a eee 100 ESR Gee aoe 7 ee 97 BE GO ooo oc 5 o's cv eb awee deb sc's 123 WOME Gt, IN Bc ee a ccs cceesideceeds 109 Schools Bliss Electrical School..................... 135 SS, eee 137 Chicago Spocreapemponce School of Music. . 135 Chicago Technical College................. 137 Coyne Electrical School. ...............00 129

JUNE, 1939

Guaranteed Advertisements

Schodls (continued) Page Detroit School of Lettering................ 136 Dodson School Private Tutoring............ 143 Federal School of Illustrating.............. 133 en rrr ere 138 Finlay Engineering College................. 135 First Hawaiian Cmeern of Music.......... 133 OR 129-135 International Correspondence Schools. . 130- 134-142 Landon School of Cartooning.............. La Salle Extension University.............. Motion Picture Operators School. National Electrical School................. National Radio Institute.................. National School of Cartooning.............. New York Electrical School, The........... New York Institute of Photography........ eS SESE ere Pelman Institute of America................ OT eee rrr rrr

Standard Business Training Institute....... _ «ere ee Tri- State College ae ibd bo aierniotrirmceriok aan ee” rar U. &. Beteoal OF BEUSIS... oon ccc cccccccccccs Utilities Engineering Institute............. Phd ded pede dh rd od ped qrges SRSSSSSELSSSESLESES Smoking Materials Larus & Brother Company................ 6 Sporting Goods and Toys

Airplane Model & Toy Co................. 122 Automatic Rubber Co.. ee Dwight Lumber Co 121 Harley-Davidson Motor Co................ AY Indian Motorcycle Co..................... 114 lohnson Motor Company.................. 115 OS). Sree 118 ES ere 126 oe ES ere 123 Outboard Motors Corporation............ 108-128 Smith & Sons Boat Co., Chris............. 119 Thompson Bros. Boat Mfg. Co............. 118 eo ret eee cere 126 Things to Make American Chime Clock Co................. 123 Craftsman Wood Service.................. 112 Ideal Aeroplane & Supply Co., Inc.......... 122 Midland Model Works..................... 122 Miniature Ship Models, Inc................ 122 NO he eer ee 126 6 6.i65 8s 00kew accn neues 122 Tools and Shop Equipment pe ee 118 Atkins & arn EE PORE AR een” 113 i. & 4A SX 3S Serer re 119 Bridgeport Hardware Mfg. Corp., The...... 124 Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.................. 93 Carhorwmiium On,, Tike... .. 2. ce iccccccs 125 Delta Specialty Company.................. 120 Parrand, Inc., Hiram A................... 98 errr rr 116 I SED GD. os cc ccc ces eceeecs 116 CO | Serre ee 121 TR Oe SPOOR 6 oc noc a cc icvcscccee 126 Jennings Mfg. Co., The Russell............. 118 Nicholson File Company..................- 117 Is I Ms 5 hate TH

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'» 1930 6 Ss JuxE, 1930 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 9 '¢ T HESTER lets out a quick and exclamatory “Gracious!” —Jane voices a subdued but em- phatic “Ouch!” — Bill winces as though someone had shot him. And you...well, outwardly you’re apologetic, but inwardly you’re as mad as a roughed-up hornet. And, we’ll add, for a very good reason. We'll grant that rough roads and weaned hummocks can weave a frown on the face of the most placid driver. We'll admit that those sudden jolts and jars are as racking on your car as they are on you. But do you know the cause of this commotion? It’s Spring-Slap—there’s the culprit. It’s that slap of your springs as they refuse to flex under impact. It’s that bucking and rebellious flare-up of cramped and tyrannized springs —springs that.are shackle-bound. Ordinary spring shackles don’t let your springs flex as freely as they should. Often your shackle bolts will be too tight or they bind —and your springs can’t do their level best. Nor can your shock- absorbers do their most soothing work, for the wear on ordinary COPYRIGHT, T. F. B. CO., 1930 = 2 | u ren SPRING-SLAP: yrows a party **: shackle bolts gives them a different job to do every day in the year—and you can’t adjust them that often!. Naturally, your springs complain — and so do you! But the remedy is simple, easy to apply and inexpensive—a set of Fafnir Ball Bearing Spring Shackles. On these frictionless, free-acting ball bearings your springs take every bump with rocking-chair easiness, without that objectionable slap-back. Savage jolts are tamed to gentleness. Sudden bumps are shunted aside. You ride the roughest roads with incredible ease, with a new and de- lightful sense of comfort. Fafnir Ball Bearing Spring Shackles com- - pletely banish shackle squeaks and rattles—yet you never have to grease them. You never have to adjust them. They prolong the life of yourcar.They enable your sheck- absorbers to do their full duty. And they are safer—no shackle bolts to wear and let you down. They are standard equipment on many cars. They can be put..on yours for a cost so little that it will surprise you. Ask your garage mechanic about them. FAFNIR wes BALL-BEARING SPRING SHACKLES Seined THE FAFNIR BEARING COMPANY tex Pan B\t 8/3 @: Lee aoe NEW BRITAIN, CONN. The Fafnir Bearing Company New Britain, Conn. Please send me information about Fafnir Ball Bearing Spring Shackles. Name P.S.M -6

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10 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY JunNE, 1930 Why We Can’t Tell You What’s Coming In Our July Issue HEN darkness fell over the city of Paris on the \ \ evening of May 21, 1927, the editors of the great newspapers of France could not have told you what would be said about Lindbergh in their papers the next morning. They still didn’t know that he would arrive and thereby push all other news from the front pages. But reporters from the great news-gathering organiza- tions stood watch with the excited throng at Le Bourget to rush the story of this most electrifying event—white hot from the landing field—if it happened. Poputar ScieNcE Montucy can not tell at this date, all that will be in the July issue. Perhaps the most excit- ing thing it will tell about has not happened even yet! For it is its fresh, vivid, white hot news quality that dis- tinguishes this journal from all others of its kind. It is never cut and dried months or even weeks before going to press. Poputar ScrencE Monrtuty has watchful editorial representatives all over the world. These alert, “eye witness” reporters quickly flash to headquarters in New York, first-hand news of every important discovery, expe- riment, process or device that the readers of PopuLarR Science Montuty should know about. In many cases these representatives are the scientists, actually conduct- ing new experiments themselves, in other instances our reporters keep in touch with the great laboratories where things are evolving, they are in contact with manufactur- ing plants where new and better methods are being tried. Their business is to be first with the news about important improvements in machinery, in agriculture, in medical science, in bridge building, in everything that we want to tell our readers about before all the rest of the world knows. And often, at the last minute before going to press, comes a startling story from across the country—a story of such immediate importance and exciting interest that the issue must be recast to make way for it. But we do know now that a number of stories in the July Poputar ScrENCE will be of such absorbing interest that you simply must not miss them. Who do you sup- pose, for instance, is the most picturesque character in American Aviation? We know the first name you will think of—and it is not the right one. No life in any line of endeavor has been more packed with drama and human interest than that of this great flying man you will read about in our July issue. And do you know why certain secretions in the human body poison character and incite men to violence and murder. There is an immediate relation between the chemistry of the human body and crime. And in the July issue a great surgeon tells about successful gland operations already performed by the most able surgeons in the world which prove that surgery can correct the cause in the case of many hardened criminals. Wouldn’t you be amazed to see tender, juicy asparagus on your table,’ five times as big as that you now get! A scientist in agriculture announces in the July issue that after long, tedious study and experiment he has succeeded in feeding growing vegetables in a manner which may ultimately revolutionize farming. And then, following the article about the Patent Office in this issue, there will be another in July to tell why and how the Patent LAWS must be revised, to protect inventors and industries, to stop infringement suits brought only to harass and ruin others. ; These are just a few “spots of interest” from our July issue which is one of the very best we have ever printed. Get it at your news-stand as soon as it is issued—or if you wish to be certain not to miss any of the intensely interest- ing numbers for the next 14 months to come, you may clip and mail the coupon below—and secure without one penny of extra cost, a copy of the famous “Pocket Guide to Science.” . “The Pocket Guide to Science’’—FREE—With Your Name in Gold This wonderful book answers every question that the average man wants to know about Science. In simple words every department of Science is covered in fascinating questions and answers that give a wonderfully clear, comprehensive understanding of this absorbing subject. coupon immediately. Tue Pocket GuIpDE TO SCIENCE is bound in beautiful flexible fabrikoid. We will stamp your name in 22-carat gold on the cover of Taz Pocker GuipE offer. at no extra cost to you if you mail the We extend to you the Special Offer 1 of a 14 months’ subscription to Poputar 1 Science Montaty (regular price by 1 the month would be $3.50) with the Tue Pocket Guive to Science—all i for $2.95, plus the postage. If you are i already a subscriber to Popvutar 1 Science we will extend your subscrip- 1 tion 14 months if you accept this I I L} a ee ee “ | POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 6-30 | | 381 Fourth Avenue, New York . : I aoeaat your offer of Taz Pocket Guive To Science and a 1 14 months’ subscription to Poputar Science Monrtsaxyv. I will y the postman $2.95, plus the postage when he delivers the i ocket Guive and the first issue of PopuLar ScreENcE Monrts- ty. If the book and ine are not fully satisfactory to me | I will return them within 10 days and you are to aed i refund my full payment. Please stamp my name in gold. i i Jon

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930 he st p- In ill of in id in id 1e 1e d ie SS or re crecrs wT Te a FF. ©

June, 1930 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 11 Backing up your Telephone-

<<, “we

The Man in the Iron Mask—electro-welding a switchboard frame—is one of many skilled workers who see that every part is made right.

Te make your telephone and back it up with all the apparatus and supplies needed for your service is a

Wire Enough in a Single Tele- work of infinite variety. phone Exchange to span the ' . ? United States three and a quarter Buying rubber from Singapore, mica — times ! from Indi it from Ohio—Makin “née India, conduit from 8 From Pencils to Telephone Poles everything the each year a million telephones, 15 ,000 Bell Telephone System uses is found in Western miles of cable, switchboards by the Electric’s market basket. trainload— Distributing supplies to 32 warehouses, holding them ready for the nation’s telephone companies — Instal- ling the equipment in all the telephone exchanges—

All this is the responsibility of Western Electric— whose dependable

, F has: eal k ‘bl Meeting Emergencies is the real test of a service. service of supply helps make possible Western Electric’s system of supply distribution dependable telephone service. is always ready!

OF YOUR TELEPHONE Western EJeciric if:

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12 Wise Men POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Know but Others Guess By COLLINS P. BLISS Director, Popular Science Institute Dean, College of Engineering, N. Y. University F YOU try out a new kind of shaving I cream and it fails to come up to your expectations, there is no great damage done; the cost is small and it will be only a short time before you can buy again with greater discretion. But if you make a mis- take when you build a house or buy a radio, it becomes rather serious. To help out in these ‘‘once-in-a-life- time” purchases is the one aim and pur- pose of Popular Science Institute. The Institute was established to aid the read- ers of PopULAR SCIENCE MonruHLy in the selection of the kind of equipment that is bought only at rare intervals and about which there is little opportunity to learn by experience. Already, forty-one thou- sand readers have taken advantage of this service and it is hoped that many more will feel free to make special use of it. Rather than permit guesswork to enter into their business, industrial corpora- tions in the United States are spending $200,000,000 a year for scientific research in a thousand different laboratories. This is a lot of money to invest in research but these concerns figure that the difference between knowing and guessing is worth it. Good Advice for the Consumer The consumer buyer is up against a problem, however, in getting the neces- sary information on which to base his se- lection. He cannot, like the big business concern, call in experts to make a thor- ough survey of the field. He may ask the advice of his friends and of salesmen sell- ing that type of equipment, but that is not a sure way of getting worthwhile knowledge. His friends’ experience with products that have to be bought but once HOUSE HEATING _ & VENTILATING ~ q ee ea . J Poruse Sconce Enstrrovs New York These booklets have been a prepared by engineering ex- perts for the aid of readers of PoPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. or twice in a lifetime is likely to be not much more extensive than his own, and the advice of salesmen is rarely unpreju- diced. What he can do, however, is to enlist the services of some of the reliable testing organizations that are now func- tioning for the benefit of consumers. When investing in radio apparatus, oil heating equipment or tools, buyers will find the Popular Science Institute ready with a comprehensive and impartial serv- ice—a service based on data that no indi- vidual could collect. In the case of radio equipment and tools, the information re- garding the merits of various makes is se- cured by means of laboratory tests that have been made to determine definitely every feature about the product. Through arrangements with New York University these tests are made in the Sage Research Laboratory, with its $350,000 worth of testing equipment. __ In the case of oil burners, laboratory tests would not provide worthwhile infor- mation since oil burners must be judged under a variety of operating conditions, installed in all kinds of homes and heat- ing systems. Therefore, Popular Science Institute has made a field investigation among several thousand users of oil burners in all parts of the country and the findings in this survey supply the Insti- tute with a sound basis for recommending certain makes. What Institute Approval Means In determining what equipment merits its approval, Popular Science Institute requires that a product be well de- signed and constructed, efficient and good value at the price sold. If a device falls June, 1930 down in any one of these three respects, it is not put on the Institute’s list of rec- ommended makes. Since the datum on which approval is based is complete and accurate, and the decision impartial, buyers who select equipment approved by Popular Science Institute can be certain of getting satisfaction. In addition to supplying the names of products that have been approved after investigation, Popular Science Institute has prepared several bulletins and book- lets that give specific help to the man who is building or equipping his home and wants all the latest facts relating to the subject. Popular Science Institute is a clearing house for information regarding equipment of a scientific or semiscientific nature and which makes for modern home comfort, all possible data having been gathered from Government bureaus, Uni- versity laboratories, etc. These booklets, prepared by engineering experts, have been found to be a most helpful and com- plete source of information for those who are not informed as to all the latest de- velopments. Bulletins Available Readers of POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY have the privilege of applying to the In- stitute for personal information regarding special problems and, in addition, have these bulletins and booklets available: List of Approved Radio Receivers. Current Radio Questions Discussed. List of Approved Tools. List of Approved Oil Burners. Advice in Installing Oil Heat. House Heating and Ventilating (25 cents). Insulation in Building Construction (25 cents). Refrigeration for the Home (25 cents). There is a charge only on the last three booklets named, all other service being free. Address all communications to Popular Science Institute, 381 Fourth Ave., New York, N. Y. | =e te - we Lists of approved equipment, and bulletins re- lating to their use, can be had from the Institute. ju!

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1930 ects, f rec. m on - and d by in of es of after ‘itute ook- who and the is a ding tific ome een Jni- ets, ave om- who de- ILY In- ing ave on s). ng to th June, 1930 This vacation cabin this vacation on wheels

What a thrill you get building a cabin in the woods, or a bungalow on wheels; and how easy the job becomes when you use the broad grainless wood boards of Masonite Presdwood. Proof of this is supplied by H. E. Varney, among thousands of others, in his attractive vacation cabin (reproduced above) in the Wrightwood Mountains of California; further proof is supplied b R. D. Anderson of Youngstown, Ohio, who an Presd wood to build the touring bungalow, also shown here. Builds boats and signs Presdwood is highly resistive to moisture and warping. It builds rowboats, be houses, speedboat decks, 4 side signs, boat houses and safety water wheels for use at lake resorts. Like natural wood, Presdwood is usually painted when exposed to the weather, or can be var- nished to bring out the natural warm color tones and beautiful burled appearance of this grainless wood. For interior application Presdwood is often used with- out special finish of any kind. It provides beautiful paneling for modern homes and apartments; makes cot- tage partitions, bedroom screens, tool chests, dish cabi- nets, clothes closets, shelving and boxes for supplies. Mas onite PRESDWOOD Made by the makers of MASONITE STRUCTURAL

POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY

—both are made of Presdwood Presdwood lines concrete forms for office buildings, factory warehouses, schools, dams, bridges and swim- —_ pools. Because Presdwood leaves no grain or knot marks, the broad concrete surfaces require no hand smoothing. Labor costs are drastically cut and the re- sulting concrete becomes both smoother and stronger. Manufacturers find that Presdwood adds strength and _ beauty to their products at the same time that it lowers the cost. This grainless wood does not crack or splinter, can be nailed near the edge without splitting, and is easily handled on band saw or punch press. It reduces waste to a minimum and is liked by the workmen as well as the management. Send for sample and booklet Production executives or vacation “fans,” experienced builders or home mechanics, will find valuable informa- tion in the Presdwood Booklet. The booklet and a sample of Presdwood are sent to you FREE on receipt of the coupon. Just clip and mail it NOW. MASONITE CORPORATION 111 West Washington Street, Chicago, Illinois po- dcitiangiaamndae

MASONITE CORPORATION ©M.C., 1930 | Dept. D-6, 111 W. Washington Street, Chicago | Please send me, Free, a sample of Masonite Presdwood and | | the Presdwood booklet. | | Ae Se EE ee I | l | Re e 3 < 2 ® |

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14 Who Will Find the Hidden Scientist? IT MAY seem presumptuous for an obscure layman like myself to comment on your $10,000 award after the distinguished scientists have had their say in your April number. Still, I’d like to get a little off my chest, so here goes. Needless to say, your idea to give such a prize is wonderful. But has some provision been made to go out in the highways and byways and find out what poor and unknown investi- gators are doing to ad- vance the cause of science and the welfare of the race? I grant you, that the fact that a man is without funds or obscure is no guarantee of genius, but it would be a pity if the $10,000 went to some million-dollar corporation while a struggling individual inventor was over- looked.—W. E. T., Joliet, Ill. You Sound Right— But Yow re Wrong I amt so much interested in your magazine that I can hardly wait until I get my copy. I wish there were more articles on aviation. There is one point on which I do not agree with Randy Enslow in his article, “How I Fly My Plane.” I cannot understand why an air- plane motor should stop when it races without a load at the breakage of a propeller. It is possible to race the motor of an automobile in neutral gear and I think this is possible with all petrol motors. Anyway the motor should not stop. Limita- tion of the air intake may act like a governor but I cannot make out why the motor comes to a standstill —R. A. P. M., Rews Central, India.

Mr. Enslow explains that the breaking of the propeller removes the load fromthe engine sud- denly, which allows it to accelerate so rapidly that the gas is sucked from the carburetor before it can adjust itself avd the motor stops for want of fuel —The I dit +r. Some Folks Are Ilard to Convince I see that J. L. A. R. has taken seventeen other magazines and has come to the con- clusion that yours is the best. I don’t think it should take that many magazines to convince anyone, do you? I wish we could have more “Our Readers Say.” —F. E., Parsons, Kans. Get Those Tools and Make ’Em Rattle I was quite surprised and greatly pleased when I received a check from Wi you for my improvised Zs AR ———=— ———————— ——

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to to he of 1e 10 in iL 1e 0 f n ‘ June, 1930 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 15 Its ratio of one horsepower to 3/ pounds of car weight [ results ” SUPERIOR PERFORMANCE re ~ : c eee Ps ad et pe aie My : pois . sak pe Tinea ee eal esraesee de For ITS size and weight, the New cationof power—and mountings of rub- Oakland Eightisthehighest-powered ber and laminated spring-steel which : car produced, only racing cars ex- _ insulate the engine from the frame. er —_, Its eee engine de- Your nearest Oakland-Pontiac dealer velops 85 horsepower — one horse- will tell you also about the remarkable manyred to every 37 a of car gasoline mileage of this eight, which weight. This ratio explains why few equals that of many sixes comparable cars can equal Oakland's top speed in size. But only by driving can you on the straightaway. It also explains get a true impression of Oakland's why few cars can match its quick get- sunerior performance and exceptional away in traffic or climb steep hills with handling ease. At the wheel you can such astonishing ease and swiftness. learn, too, about its safety and the 4102 5 Al witis , comfort of its smart Fisher bodies. Let ong with its superior performance, the ; AND UP cor tstitimathtaeanduens = demonstration prove that General oes g g Motors’ lowest-priced eight offers the ness. This is due largely to a short, : : ee ; ine many advantages of a fine eight-cylin- rigid crankshaft which has no vibration der cor at extremely moderate csiit: period within the engine's speed — ° Seven body types. Prices f. o. b., Pontiac, Michigan, complete down-draft carburetion and plus delivery charges. manifolding resultinginsmootherappli- | OAKLAND MOTOR CAR CO., PONTIAC, MICH. Write for an interesting booklet which illustrates and describes the design of the New Oakland Eight. xv QAKLAN D PRODUCT OF GENERAL MOTORS

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16 of this test contains the word “everyone.” May I inform you that the correct usage is “every one”’—two words, and not one? Like- wise “no one,” “any one,” and “some one.” These words should never be confused with “everybody,” “nobody,” ‘“‘anybody,” and “somebody,” all of which are, in truth, one word.—D. B., New York City. Today’s Inventor Must Also Be a Prophet Some people are just unlucky. You recently described a marvelous super-speed stock ticker. It was perfected just before the stock market slumped down until a ticker with mighty few ticks could manage all the business. Then, there was the man who devised a superior hairpin and the next year women took to short hair. An inventor these days has to outguess the future as well as produce an in- vention.—A. R., Balti- more, Maryland. Yes, But You See, There Aren’t So Many I sHOULD like to shake hands with E. B. M.., for what he says about your magazine is the absolute truth. I admire you for publishing all the kicks against yourself. Most maga- zines would publish just what the boosters say. I think P. S. M. is the best all-around maga- zine published and I wish the chronic fault finders would stop reading it. One of these is P. M. O’H. Only people like him would stop to think about Gus’s dinner. Doesn’t he realize that there are a great many people wouldn’t read those articles if it were not for the human interest side of them and the note of wisdom in all Gus says?—W. R. F., Pleasant Hill, Mo. He Tried It and Knows It’s True REGARDING J. K.’s letter about building ship models while sonvalescing, let me say that he has discovered an ideal form of recreation. I say ideal because in this modern day, when most of us use our hands and backs not at all, making anything for pleasure both rests the mind and helps keep the muscles of the body toned up. Which also applies to I. C. E.’s idea of fixing it. I forget who said, “The best form of rest is change of ovcu- pation,” but I’ve found it true—E. V. W., Norwood, Ohio. First Bid for the $10,000 Science Prize Was delighted to learn through Charles F. Keale, Jr.’s article that air maps now aid stragglers to find their way in that labyrinth- like section of your city, Greenwich Village. Last time I visited New York I wanted to call at a certain place in the Village. I took a taxi in lower Fifth Avenue. The driver, who had no air map, required forty minutes to reach the designated spot which was about six squares away. How about giving your $10,000 prize to the inventor of the air map?—C. F. L., Akron, O. 4 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Do You Favor Peace Memorials? Your idea of awarding an annual prize to men of outstanding achievement in human service is splendid. The world has been think- ing too much about war and the soldier. The achievements of peace are infinitely better and greater. In working toward permanent peace, it will be necessary to combat the “war- mindedness” of the world. Sometime ago it struck me that it would help to fix people’s thoughts on peace to build a great memorial to all who have helped civilization go forward. My idea is that a start could be made by getting contributions for such memorials. What do you think?—W. W. N., Altoona, Wash. Were Monks Killed by Falling Stars? Ir wILt be necessary, in your next revision of “The Pocket Guide to Science” to correct a statement in the paragraph on “Falling Stars.” In Humboldt’s “Cosmos,” Vol. 8., page 156 (Bohn), appears the following:— “Notwithstanding that for more than two thousand years the annals of different nations had records of falls of meteoric stones,—not- withstanding the fact of the companions of Cortez having seen an aerolite at Cholula which had fallen on the neighboring pyramid—not- withstanding that Caliphs and Mongolian chiefs had caused swords to be forged from re- centij-fallen meteoric stones,—nay, notwith- standing that several persons had been struck dead by stones falling from heaven, as for in- stance, a monk at Crema on the 4th of September, 1511, another monk at Milan in 1650, and two Swedish sailors on board ship in 1674, yet this great cosmical phenomenon remained almost wholly unheeded until attention was drawn to the subject by Chladni.” Chladni was a German physicist, living from 1756 to 1827.— E. W. B., North Loup, Nebr. Another Booster for Esperanto Talkies In your February issue of PoPULAR SCIENCE MonTaty you have an article on page 66 en- titled ‘“Wanted—An Automatic Linguist.’ It may interest you to know that both the Paramount Lasky Corporation and Metro- Goldwyn-Mayer have made talking films in Esperanto, the international auxiliary lan- guage, with good results. Esperanto is bound to become the official movie language of the world. It is an easy language to learn and is spoken in all countries of the world.—A. F. D., Mil- waukee, Wis. Cash Fails and Moon Goes Glimmering Wuat has become of that German fellow— Oberth, I think his name was—who was going to shoot a rocket to the moon? I read about it in PopuLAR SCIENCE a few months ago.. He seems to have dropped out of sight.—G. H., Middletown, N. Y. Prof. Herman Oberth, who proposed to fire rockets across the Atlan- tic and possibly to the moon(P.S.M., Feb.’30, Pp. 41), has postponed his trials. A German film company, making a JUNE, 1930 moon-rockel picture, was financing his experi. ments. Before he was ready for the big test, the film was completed —The Editor. Block Puzzles Are Just His Hobby I am in favor of puzzles of all sorts, mainly block puzzles. One of the first things I look for in your magazine is the puzzle column. I have twenty or twenty-five different block and wire puzzles made, which I copied from your book, and the ones published in the March issue of PopuLaR SCIENCE MONTHLY will make even more.—J. R., Brooklyn, N. Y. Dublin Loses First Tire Honor In your March issue you print an article on “The First Pneumatic Tire.” I was a specta- tor of some of the tests referred to in that article and discussed many of the problems encount- ered in its early stages with the men who were working on it. The writer, however, makes “==... a grave mistake, as the city in which all this occurred was not Dublin but Belfast. I was a resident there at the time and know.—A. A. F., Butler, Pa. You’re Right; They Are Wonderful I am one of the many model builders who have been building models from Poputar Scrence blueprints. I have all of the shi model blueprints, which I think are wonderf —J. L., Wallingford, Conn. Australia Sends a Fresh Bouquet I HAVE been reading your magazine for years and I can truthfully say that I have got as much out of it as I could out of a school educa- tion. I must lift my hat to you American pub- lishers. Your work is the goods. When will you give us an article on the talking picture? Iam greatly interested in the technical side of this work.—F. H. K.., Charlton, Victoria, Australia. That Diagonal Board Rouses Mathematicians Asout F. L. H.’s problem of the board in the room sixteen by twenty feet. The board, twelve inches wide, would be 24.813 plus feet long.—R. C. M., Bristol, Conn. y/ Other answers received gave the board as 24.05 feet, 24.633 plus, 24.64, 24.81 plus, 24.61 plus, 21.1638, 24.74 plus, 23.16, 24.75 plus. The “twenty-fours” have it, but the fractions seem to be slightly up in the air —The Editor. We Have Magic Almost Every Month I can honestly state that PopuLaR SCIENCE MonrTHLy is the best magazine I have ever read. In the March issue I greatly enjoyed the article on hypnotism. I should like to suggest that you devote a section of the magazine to — scientific magic tricks.—L. R., Toronto, an.

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930 030 POP AR 0 2 = nS D ND 2 v * . a ’ | USE FO GO TO HIM* s 0 ’“ SUCH A NICE FELLOW OTHERWISE " | ys NO. WONDER HIS, PATIENTS Mp HAVE @UIT HIM" 7 , HE Lise VER FILL ANOTHER TOOTH OF MINE “ y Meni &) sa Oe om oe | “ HAVING iT’ L You'll never know how cool and pain- § <a "HIS WIFE OUGHT TO less a shave can be [i we ; until you use Be af TELL BM LISTERINE es 5 SHAVING CREAM J Y 7 O O e . e gz a ‘ a « ' . « * ‘ On 0 O ‘ ' peo V 0 « r) « + . O e « spe © a U ’ nroreg ap 0 b 0 Z ' oub H no n b n Dro on nd so Da DERA 0 RO DE DOC ena mn J nd ' » DO . DEVO « 0 pre e ate ‘ gz to ® ' a ' + . « S ’ s e n e + ‘ . an 5 ’ QD DTe i 2 brobat U : 0 n or wom 7 g 5 no y ngth D 0 mo . o or g ue COT OTT ' ho a ny nG nif OG J 2 J 0 0) e cond on oR + D V * * ngo + Prim * n D V et. & a . & ‘40 J * . ‘2 se a OT « =¢ : d OD 4 * * no J OMIDO OT dG 0) : eote p DO e 0 « penen 7 OQ « elete 4 doe 7 * e + 0 ansing ‘ * n n 0 om odo ~ ‘ 0 0 ’ nov cqeodo 2 e 5 DO 0 ‘ v Cn 0 n nad e + e Pd D On G OM nd end won : * ne g food pa e n the * m y 5 ou On si; OnE V + iil « “ . Gen) ele Gq ente « tte 0 do not offend 3 n ' DVO ’ n, oro n on Ph mn ompan 0 t oan A. 0 30,000,000 in 15 $ roe ) : 2 €na Ato " ime Sta So ee peepee! presen en PN PN NORA Re sen, net are Spoeeeane sen oes

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Page 20

The Amazing /| i Adventures ; } of your SIRLOIN POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY STEAK OU can’t grow your own steaks. They have to travel — hundreds, maybe thousands of miles —to arrive at your kitchen in time for dinner. And every foot of the way they must be protected from heat. Steaks, nowadays, ride cool and comfortable, in refrigerator cars lined with Celotex. For Celotex keeps the temperature just what it ought to be... no matter what the weather is doing outside. Meats that travel with Celotex always arrive deliciously fresh and wholesome. And when they reach your kitchen, does Celotex leave them in the lurch? No! For 36 leading manu- facturers of household re- The word YOU CAN’T GROW YOUR OWN STEAKS... a refrigerator car — or to insist that your steaks have this traveling protection. For 9 out of 10 of the new cars are now insulated with Celotex. But we do want you to insist that your new house- hold refrigerator be insulated with the special kind of Celotex fabricated for this special purpose. We want you to appreciate that when the retail salesman sells you a Celotex-insulated refrigerator, your steaks and all other perishable foods will enjoy the last word in protection. The Celotex Company, 919 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Ill. In Canada: Alexander Murray & Co., Ltd., Montreal. Sales distributors frigerators are lining their CELOTEX cabinets with Celotex — to ane teehee, throughout the World. Re- provide the icy atmosphere yee liable dealers can supply every steak appreciates. Cc E. LOT EX Celotex Standard Building We do not ask you to buy INSULATING CANE BOARD Board and Celotex Lath. NATURB’S OWN REFRIGERATOR INSULATION mm we Ae ss tw Gat Go at 2 oe lot

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MONTHLY

TRAVIS HOKE Editor VOL. 116, NO. 6

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‘ < “) HE Patent Office, in Washington, D. C., re- cently sent to a workman in a chemical factory in the Middle West a $100,000 piece of paper that wasn’t worth a cent. It represented a patent on a machine he had invented two years before. Factory officials, at the time the application was made, estimated that the invention would be worth $100,000 to them as soon as a patent was obtained. The work- man visioned himself on Easy Street. But he reckoned with- out delays at the Patent Office. His application was sent in on February 16, his patent attor- ney told me. Spring came and went. The Fourth of July passed. No word from Washington. The chemical industry was moving fast. New processes were appearing all the time. Unless he could get his patent soon, changes promised to make his invention valueless. He wrote to the Commissioner of Patents. A letter came back telling him that work was so far

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A National Disgrace By EDWIN W. TEALE behind it would still be months before the examiners could get to his application. It was nearly Christmas when a letter arrived from the ex- aminer asking for information that required the revision of one of the claims. The inventor replied at once, expecting to get his patent immediately. Again dragging months passed. Again he wrote asking the cause of the delay. He was informed that the examiner’s request for additional information auto- matically put the application at the end of the list, and it could not be considered again until all the applications that had come in during the ten months it had waited before its first examination had been disposed of. The following fall, nearly two years after the first application was made, the patent was granted. By then, changes in the particular branch of the chemical industry to which it applied made the invention worthless. This is only one of many examples of how inventors are 19

Page 22

H 5 ' H 5 ] Foe ene toed ee ee ee Bornes ~ —— S SSecs e e eeAae RH" oR ot ea es 20 handicapped and cheated of their rightful rewards through long delays in the grant- ing of patents. Undermanned, out of date, with inadequate equipment, the United States Patent Office is trying to meet the conditions of today with facili- ties designed for the needs of years ago. In practically every large patent attor- ney’s office, there are on file patent papers which clients never bother to come and get. The demand for the inventions they cover disappeared during the long wait for the patent papers. OBODY knows how many American inventors have seen fortunes slip through their fingers because of tardiness at Washington. The number must reach into the thousands. If others are to be spared similar experiences, drastic action is necessary to speed up the machinery of the Patent Office. As this is written, there are nearly 118,000 applications for patents piled up in Washington in the greatest jam of his- tory. And new ones are pouring in at the rate of approximately 2,000 a week. In the last four years, the number of appli- cations awaiting action has leaped from about 41,000 to nearly three times that number, about 118,000. These piled-up applications contain more than twenty- three acres of paper. At present, the staff of examiners is gaining on this accumulated mass of ap- plications at the slow rate of about 250 a week. Even if they continue to work at top speed, without vacations, it is esti- mated that it will take the present staff until 1942 to catch up with their work so they can give the inventor a reasonably prompt decision upon his application. As it is now, forty-five percent of all patents, or approximately every other one, take Patent attorneys search the records for their clients. In this room, they can ex- amine patents already issued but can learn nothing about the 118,000 cases on file. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY longer than two years to obtain. Some take several timesthat period. I have before me, as I write, the current issue of the Official Gazette of the Patent Office, a weekly bulle- tin in which patents are listed as they are grant- ed. Opening it at ran- dom, I find one patent, granted in March, 1930, had been applied for in March, 1923 —seven years before. Application for another had been made in November, 1922, eight years before; and a third had been waiting final action since July, 1919 —for eleven years! Scores of others had been lying in the Patent Office from five to seven years. It has been estimated that the average inventor does not receive enough money from his invention to pay the forty dol- lars in fees charged by the Patent Office. These fees, paid at the time the applica- tion is filed and when the patent is issued, are, of course, additional to the fees which the inventor must pay his patent attor- ney. One of the contributing reasons for this situation is the delay in getting the patent. ANS EXAMPLE of the injustice of the present system is seen in the experi- ence of a Brooklyn, New York, mechanic, related to me by his patent attorney. He invented a ventilating device and was promised backing by a man who had money to invest. However, after waiting a year to have the patent granted, the investor declared he could wait no longer and abandoned the enterprise. Another patent lawyer told me of a JUNE, 1930 similar experience. A Pennsylvania in- ventor was promised $10,000 for the promotion of an improved typé of wrench which he had designed. After two delays of ten months each, the backer met financial reverses and the possibility of getting someone else to finance the invention, when it finally gets out of the patent mill, seems remote. Bir even more discouraging to the inventor is the freedom with which infringement may take place during the long wait. An application for a patent affords no legal protection to an inventor. Only when the patent is actually granted can he prosecute in the court anyone using his idea. In Connecticut, not long ago, an in- ventor waited for almost three years for a patent upon an automobile lighting device. Thinking his patent would be granted within a few weeks at most, he wrote to an automobile accessory manu- facturer in an effort to sell his invention, submitting a description of it. A few days Commissioner Thomas E. Robertson with models of early locomotive and engine. Now their inventors would wait years for their patents. later, he received a note from the Patent Office. It suggested certain changes in his application papers. This meant a further delay of many months in ob- taining the patent. All during this time, the manufacturer to whom he had sub- mitted his device made and marketed a similar appliance, applied fora patent on it, and labeled his product with the words: “Patent Pending.” The inventor was helpless. He could not prosecute until his patent was granted. When it was, the manufacturer ceased making the de- vice. Had he continued its manufacture after the patent was issued, the inventor could have sued him for infringement. Even then, under the present law, the inventor could not have collected dam- ages for the use of his idea before the day his patent was granted. His right to sue for infringement began when he received his patent, not when he made his appli- cation. ” STILL another way, the piled-up ar- rears in the Patent Office increase the difficulties of the American inventor. Suppose you have finished working out an idea for a patent. The first thing your lawyer does is to make a search to see if there are any similar inventions recorded among the more than a million and a half —- i. ti ie io oe ee a ea a ae ae aa _ a ah the oe OA Oo 6k oo 2 Go oe oe oe be ee en A lhe mee SAS

Page 23

, 1930 ia in- r the rench aysof ancial etting ntion, t mill, o the which g the atent entor. anted nyone in in- rs for hting ld be st, he nanu- ntion, y days otive ents. atent es in nt a 1 ob- time, -_ sub- ted a nt on rords: * was until was, ie de- .cture entor ment. , the dam- e day oO sue eived appli- Ip ar- e the sntor. gz out your see if orded a half

JuNE, 1939 patents already granted by the United States. He finds none, so you file your application. This does not mean, however, that another person has not sent in an ap- plication for a patent on the identical idea before you. It may be among the 118,000 applications awaiting examina- tion. No one in the world, not even the Commissioner of Patents himself, knows what inventions are described on those acres of paper. When your application is ‘finally taken up by the examiner, you may learn that a patent had been applied for on the same idea nine months before you and the other application had not been reached when you made yours. In such a case, the twenty-dollar application - a fee you paid the Govern- ment; the search fee, any- where from fivetoa hundred dollars, which ty you gave the lawyer; and aa the attorney’s fee might as well have been thrown into the street. Yet, while the Patent Office has been giving poorer and poorer service and has been losing money for American inventors, it has been piling up for the Government a profit of more than six million dollars! In fact, it is one of the few Federal bureaus that operates at a profit. Over a long period of years, its income has far surpassed its expenditures, although recently it has been run- ning behind. However, from fees paid by invent- ors alone, $3,000,000 was collected by this office last year. In the photostat department, where copies of patents are made, a profit of $42,000 was made in 1929. In these rooms, eight machines operate from morn- ing until night, turning out between 3,500

Chairman of

POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 21

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A small part of the twenty-five miles of shelving, holding printed copies of patents. Left to right, Congressman A. H. Vestal, the House Committee on Patents, J. A. Brearley, Chief Clerk of the Patent Office, and Commissioner Robertson. . and 4,000 photostats. Every time they click, the revenue of the office is aug- mented by twenty cents. The 118,000 applications, awaiting action at this time, represent an investment in fees by inven-

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Reproduction of the oldest patent grant in the files at Washington. It is signed by George Washing- Francis Bailey, of Philadelphia, in January, 1791. =< The photostat department of the Patent Office clears $40,000 a year, but this profit cannot be used, under the law, to reduce the patent jam. tors of more than $2,000,000—an invest- ment with admittedly insufficient returns. If the Patent Office is making money, why doesn’t it hire enough men to do its work? That is a natural question, one of many mystifying angles of this patent muddle for which I have sought the an- swer. I have talked with the Commis- sioner of Patents, Thomas E. Robertson. I have discussed the situation with many men employed at the Patent Office. I have interviewed lawmakers who have investigated the work of the Office and patent attorneys who have been dealing with it for years. And the result is the belief that the present disgraceful condi- tions will continue indefinitely unless the readers of PoruLAR SCIENCE MONTHLY and others who are. interested demand Congressional action that will give Ameri- can inventors the service to which they are entitled. In answer to the question above, I found that not one penny of the millions of dollars profit made by the Patent Of- fice has been available for improving the service of the organization or for provid- ing better equipment. The law provides that any money surplus at the end of the year must be turned over to the United States Treasury. Thus the Patent Office has never been able to put its profits to work. It has been dependent upon the whim of Congress for the amount of mon- ey it could spend. A BILL is now before Congress to in- creasethe number of examiners by one hundred and ten. In order to do this, it is proposed to raise the filing fee for patent ap- plications from $20 to $25 and the final fee alike amount. This means that the inven- tor will have to pay $50 instead of $40, plus the necessary attorney’s fees and other expenses, to get his patent. If it also means that delays will be eliminated, no one will object. But does it? Everyone with whom I talked in the Patent Office agreed that the hiring of the new examiners would be of little imme- diate aid in clearing up the colossal ‘ ‘log jam” of applications. It will be two and a half years, at least, before they will be of much help. In fact, some thought that for that length of time, because of their in- experience, they will (Continued on page 132) — + 3

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22 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY June, 1¢ Amos ’n’ Andy By A. A. BRILL, M.D. kixplained b i. f | Amos ’n’ Andy in black-face, as they appear for a theatrical engagement. In the background are McIntyre and Heath, the “‘ Georgia Minstrels,”” who for more than half a century did an act similar to that of Amos ’n’ Andy. DISCOVERED, not long ago, a new phenomenon in American life. Literally millions of persons of all ages and stations are listening daily to Amos ’n’ Andy, the “comic strip of the air.”” But they do more than that. They take an intense personal in- terest in the two characters, their ups and downs, their adventures. To thou- sands of men, women, and children Amos ’n’ Andy are not fictitious figures. They are real, living human beings. From the psychological point of view, this struck me as so remarkable that I decided to make some further investiga- tion. In recent months, I found, the Amos ’n’ Andy popularity has grown into a veritable craze until now it is safe to say that, outside of the President of the United States, they are the best-known men in this country and perhaps the best- liked. As a matter of fact, it is a stand- ing rule at the National Broadcasting Company that nothing is allowed to in- terfere with their program except the President, other high Government offi- cials commandeering the radio for an- nouncements of national importance, and SOS calls. So anxious are persons in all walks of life to hear them that telephone conver- sations in the eastern part of the United States have decreased to an unprece- dented minimum between seven and seven-fifteen, the Amos ’n’ Andy period. Officials of the Bell Telephone Company in New York told me that, though they were unable to compute figures, the con- dition actually existed. A’ MOVING picture theaters in the East, attendance at the so-called sup- per show, the performance between six and seven-thirty, has dropped to a marked degree. Astute managers, realizing the cause of the trouble, in some cases have installed radio sets and interrupt their shows between seven and seven-fifteen to give their patrons the benefit of the As told to Michel Mok R. A. A. BRILL is known as the ablest man in his. fieldinthiscountry. He brought psychoanalysis to America and has written two widely read books on the subject. In this absorbing article, he brings all his vast knowledge and experi- ence to bear in an effort to show you exactly why the Amos ’n’ Andy craze is now sweeping the country. He goes to the very heart of the matter and makes clear the secret of their great popular appeal. Amos ’n’ Andy broadcast. This, however, is not a lasting solution of the problem, as a question of copyright is involved. In social life, too, the team has made its influence felt. People refuse point- blank to attend seven-o’clock dinners unless the host assures them that he owns a radio. Between seven and seven- fifteen, radio stores in eastern towns and cities are crowded with persons who drop in from the street to hear their favorite comedians. In brief, the nation, in a manner of speaking, pauses while Amos ’n’ Andy are on the air. N THE business world their effect also has been noted. Leaders in the radio in- dustry report that, in the last few months, the Amos ’n’ Andy craze has been re- sponsible for a considerable increase in the sale of radio sets. Not long ago, a traveling man told me that, in a small Massachusetts town in his territory, one of the two hotels cap- tured nearly all of the traveling sales- men’s trade by installing a radio in the dining room. When the team makes one of its in- frequent personal appearances at a vaude- ville theater, all box office records are smashed. And the men are mobbed when they are recognized on the street or elsewhere in public. But this does not happen often, for few of their ardent fans know their faces or real names. Their names are Charles J. Correll and Freeman F. Gosden. Correll is Andy; Gosden, Amos. Recently, the pair made a personal ap- pearance at West Orange, N. J. At the close of their act, they were rushed by automobile to New York for their usual second broadcast. They were arrested for speeding. The Comedians pleaded with the policeman not to delay them. Mil- lions of people, they told him, would be disappointed if they did not reach New York City in time.

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June, 1930 “Who are you, anyway?” asked the cop. “We are Amos ’n’ Andy.” The policeman smiled. “You can’t kid ine,” he said. ‘Tell that to the judge.” Correll and Gosden exchanged a signifi- cant glance. They began talking in their dialect. At once the cop was convinced and released them with profuse apologies. And that brings me to the question of the Amos ’n’ Andy “lingo.’”’ Perhaps the most striking evidence of their immense popularity is the fact that they are in- fluencing the language. Persons in all walks of life are using their pet ex- pressions. ‘“I’se regusted”’ is heard on every hand. Men and women who never employed such phrases before now inter- lard their conversation with, “ain’t dat sumpin?”’ and “Check and double check.” Staid business men say and write “propolition,” instead of proposition, in their talk and correspondence. RIEFLY, then, we are confronted with a phenomenon the like of which has never been known before anywhere. What is the secret of Amos ’n’ Andy’s tremendous popularity? How do they work their spell over millions? What makes their appeal so universal? They are not the best comedians ever to appear in this country. They are not the first “black-face” comedians, nor the fun- niest. Their material is not strikingly original, and neither are their methods of presenting it. What then, is the mystery? I have asked dozens of people why they liked them. Usually, the answer was a smiling, “I don’t know.” A few replied, ““Why, be- cause they are funny.”’ Others answered, “Because they are so human.” One intelligent man said: “You sit in your chair for fifteen minutes, forget everything, and just laugh.” Strange as it may seem, that, in a nutshell, was the correct an- swer, though the man scarcely suspected that his answer was correct. But the matter is a little more complicated than that. In trying to find the reason for any- one’s popularity, it is necessary first to ask: In what does he excel? What is his specialty? In this case, the answer is: wit. Amos ’n’ Andy’s specialty is that they seem to have an almost uncanny ability to make people laugh. Now, from the earliest civilized times,

“Fresh Air Taxicab” toy contains Amos, Andy, and their dog. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY those possessing that particular gift have been the darlings of humanity. They were forgiven anything. The court jester of olden days could be as impudent as he pleased; so long as he amused the king, he was immune from punishment. Ww are funny men such great favor- ites? Because wit, or humor, is one of the outlets civilized man has evolved to give vent to pent-up emotions that are otherwise tabooed. Through it, he obtains release from repression and op- pression; and escapes, temporarily, from the stress of reality. Laughter is a nar- cotic. I said “civilized man” advisedly. For primitive savages and small children have no sense of humor. A little child laughs merely because it sees an older person “in person,” just as you would see them if you met them in the studio. As Bill Hay says every = SS night, ‘‘Here they are” <a —Amos, left, and Andy, Se laugh; it is pure imitation. The emotion is transmitted, but not the idea. In children, a sense of humor begins to develop at the age of four or a little later. And it is noteworthy that at the same time the quality of the child’s dreams undergoes a change. Dreams are a function of the mind to keep our sleep from being disturbed. For example, if a man goes to bed hungry, he might wake up in the night needing food. But his mind takes care of him. He dreams that he attends a dinner, where he is given plenty to eat. The mechanism of dreams and of wit or humor is es- sentially the same. Humor and wit are nothing but modes of obtaining pleasure from a distortion of words , and ideas. Like dreams, 4 wit is one of civilized man’s means of freeing himself from oppression, and of realizing his desires, espe- cially the forbidden ones, in a disguised, concealed way. This is the secret of

23 the appeal of all comedy, including the particular brand dispensed by Amos ’n’ Andy. One of the elements of their success, then, is the lure of the forbidden. “But they are as innocent as the day is long!” I can hear you protesting. ‘‘Why, one of the beauties of their stuff is that it is absolutely clean.”

Right. But a great many things are forbidden in civilization that are not un- clean in the least. One of these is to talk improperly. From the time we are chil- dren we are told constantly to speak cor- rectly. If we do not, we are punished. UT there was a period in earliest childhood when we were free from this repression of civilized life. When we were very small, we were allowed to pro- nounce any word as we wished. More than that—the very speaking of words brought immediate results. All a baby has to do is to say “apple” and mother gives it the desired object. But it does not even need to say “apple.’’ Suppose the youngster pronounces it ‘“‘bapple.” Mother understands and gives him what he wants just the same. As a result, little children believe in what is called “the omnipotence of thought,” meaning that they believe that it is sufficient to think a thing and it occurs. From this belief we suffer a rude awakening when we are three or four years old. But all through our subse- quent lives we unconsciously long to re- turn to the happy, carefree days of child- ish babble. (Continued on page 12)

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24 ; BLUE band of solid flame shoots A from an exhaust into the darkness. Red sparks of burning carbon stream out and disappear in a roar of wind from a racing propeller. At the end of a steel chain, a biplane tugs, the deep- throated exhaust of its Liberty motor shaking the hangars. Mechanics at Had- ley Field, N. J., are grooming one of the huge nocturnal birds for a flight west with the midnight mail. Encircling the 160-acre field is a neck- lace of alternating red and yellow bound- ary lights. To the north, four glowing rubies of neon gas mark the location of dangerous obstacles—a farmhouse, barn, and silo across the road and the floodlight building at the edge of the field. High on one of the hangars, a revolving beacon wheels its ten-mile arms of light across the sky. This is the scene familiar to workers at this eastern terminal of the transconti- nental air mail. I witnessed it for the first time recently when I drove over from New York City to spend a night at the famous airport. In the largest hangar, I found W. H. Maxwell, the boyish-looking field manager of the National Air Trans- port, who was to show me about this home-nest of the night-flying planes. In the big building squatted six silent machines. Some were blue-bodied Boeings with Hornet air-cooled motors, forty- eight-foot silver wings, and round, blunt noses like dragonflies. Others were solid- looking, hard-hitting Douglas ships with huge Liberty engines that give 300,000 miles of service for every forced landing. Just before the take-off. Field manager and pilot check their watches—for the mail must go through on schedule. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY the black The upper surface of the top wing on every plane is painted yellow so it can be seen against the snow in the event of a forced landing or a crash. Near the door was a bright yellow Pit- cairn Mailwing, dwarfed to a pygmy by the bigger planes around it. It is used, Maxwell told me, to ferry mail back and forth between Hadley Field and Newark Airport. The flyers call it the “puddle- jumper.” It is the “promotion ship” on ROTAT ne apacon AUXILIARY BEACON CEIL AND FLOOOLIGHT——7 neent >. iNDICATOR Courtesy Sperry Gyroscope Co. Typical lighting outfit of an air mail terminal. Auxiliary beacon has 30,000,000 candlepower. June, 1930 t-the Mail Flies West / Do you want a ride through night in a swift mail plane? As you read this vivid article, you'll get all the thrill of such a flight. By GEORGE LEE DOWD,JR. 4== aS be One of the three-foot gas- filled balloons that air mail ports send up to discover wind conditions; and _in- strument to note its course. which new pilots are initiated into the work before they begin “pushing the mail” to Cleveland and points west. It carries 600 pounds of cargo, about half the capacity of the larger ships. Yet this load was the maximum carried by the largest machines when the transconti- nental air mail was organized in 1924. A few months ago, one of the pilots, having his try at the “puddle-jumper,” came in after midnight. He winked his landing lights as a signal to illuminate the field. The lighting operator didn’t see him. The pilot thought he would scare him by zooming over the floodlight house with motor wide open. Just as he swooped low over the field to have his fun, the lights went on. Blinded, he flew into the ground at an angle. He hit like twenty airplanes. But the stout little ship held together and bounced like a rubber ball. The pilot circled the field and set her down like an egg crate. He expected her to fall apart when she touched the ground. But the extent of the damage was a bent pro- peller and a broken bracing wire. Wearing khaki overalls, with a red arrow piercing the letters N. A. T. on the backs, a dozen mechanics were checking over the planes in the hangar. One man spends all his time washing the ships.

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June, 1930 ©Karl Pholos Another does nothing but test and care for the radio equipment. Others are ex- pert motor doctors, and still others are riggers who check over and trim the ships. At the Chicago field of the N. A. T., there is a “propeller man” in charge of adjust- ing all “props,” and at Cleveland a “parachute man” examines and repacks every ’chute once a month. YW a plane arrives at Hadley Field, while the mail is being un- loaded, the fuel tanks are filled from a red pump before the main hangar. One hun- dred and fifty-eight gallons pour into the big tanks of the Boeings and from 128 to 131 gallons into those of the Doug- las planes. When this is done, a motor expert runs up the engines, listening to their sound as a first check upon their condition. After that, the radio man climbs into the cockpit and, with motor wide open, listens through the pi- lot’s headphones to see if the radio beacon signals can be heard easiiy above the noise of the ergine. On every machine, about five feet behind the cockpit, a single strut, like a five-foot wooden pencil, sticks straight into the air above the fuselage. Embedded in it is the copper wire that forms the aerial for the compact forty-pound re- ceiving set in a compartment of the fuselage below. After the ship is run into the hangar, it is ;one over from propeller to tail. The batteries are taken out and tested. The eighteen-gallon radiators that cool the Liberty engines are examined and filled. Whe oil ?s changed, thirteen gallons of the best lubricant is poured in for both LiLevivy and Hornet motors. On the side of caci plane, in big black figures, is its number. The Boeings were “66” and “72”; the Douglases “33,” “29,” and “27.” All told the N. A. T. has approxi- mately fifty planes in operation. I climbed into the cockpit of ‘29.” POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY This remarkable photograph shows how the powerful air- port floodlights turn night into day as the armed men, con- stantly alert for the unex- pected, go about the task of loading or unloading mail. At right, one of the planes is getting a thorough inspection. This suggests the care and dil- igence exercised in an effort to keep the mail planes safe. One man at Hadley Field, N. J., airport spends his time keeping in perfect order the planes’ radio outfits. Rakish exhaust pipes, twenty feet long, ran back from the motor on each side of the fuselage. My head barely reached above the cockpit. Before me, the round, square, and oval faces of-more than eighteen instruments and gadgets crowd- ed the instrument panel. ubeCTRICAL switches allow the pilot — to throw on and off the navigation lights, the landing lights, and the switch- board illumination at will. For emergency landings at night, trips at the side of the cockpit release the two parachute flares housed in upright “tin cans” that open at the bottom of the fuselage behind the 25 cockpit. Near my right foot, a pistonlike plunger was attached to the floor. Above it, an arrow was painted pointing ahead with the words “Pyrene in.” When a pilot kicks ahead that rod, an automatic fire extinguisher floods the engine com- partment. CF E night last November, a few weeks before he was killed, pilot Thomas P. Nelson was forced to kick ahead that piston in a hair-raising battle with death. Flying from Cleveland, fire broke out in the motor compartment. He cut the gas, thinking the blaze would die out. It in- creased. He kicked on the pressure ex- tinguisher. The fire grew worse. The flaming ship was directly over a valley town. If he jumped with his parachute, Nelson feared, the plane would plunge among the houses below. So he stuck to the ship, guiding it toward a wild moun- tain ravine to the right. The flames had eaten almost to the 100-gallon tank of highly explosive fuel before he jumped —just in time, (Continued on page 128)

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PS oahu i eS RO

POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY

METEOROLOGICAL RECORDS COLLECTED

FLIGHT TO SOUTH POLE

"Ph theta aay ? - § aS eto ds ALEXANDRA /y° ~ .gXWATER SIGHTEDS at <i MOUNTAINS Fe: ko HERE, OFFERING £ ¥ fe SP EVIDENCE OF A a Aub} {h J CONNECTING LINK $22 _ -f ‘BETWEEN ROSS<. LITTLE AMERICAY DISCOVERED 4:9" SIGHTED NEW/ BAY OF WHALES, ROCKEFELLER /:¥ YEAR-AROUND[. MOUNTAIN | ha 2 i .~ + BN Maub | QUEEN —

Sf AND WEDDELL SEAS MOUNTAIN RANGE. WHICH APPARENTLY FORMS EASTERN SIDE OF THE ROSS SEA J, DISCOVERED ~~ MARIE BYRD LAND

— ts —

DISCOVERED CHARLES BOB MOUNTAINS FOUND THAT “CARMEN LAND” AND MOUNTAINS REPORTED BY AMUNDSEN DO NOT EXIST

MAUD RANGE NOT PART OF THE ANDES\

Diagram showing work done and discoveries made during year and two months the Byrd party spent in the heart of the far South. Many Sciences Aided by Byrd’s South Polar Trip Maps of Antarctic must be changed as a result of his explorations. Contributions are also made to radio, aviation, and meteorology. FTER a year and two months spent in the isolation of the Antarctic wastes, the Byrd Ex- pedition is returning to civiliza- tion bringing new information concerning the mysterious, ice-covered continent which lies at the South Pele. Costing more thana million dollars and carrying the most elaborate scientific equipment ever prepared for a trip of exploration, the expedition collected data which will aid workers in many fields of science. Its accomplishments must be measured in terms of pure science, in the addition it has made to the sum total of classified facts at the command of men. The first result of the expedition will be the remaking of maps of the Antarctic continent. At least three hitherto un- known ranges of mountains were sighted

by Byrd and his companions on their flight to the South Pole and in subsequent trips to the east of Little America, as the main base of the expedition on the Bay of Whales was known. These mountains must be placed upon the maps. In the present atlases, “Carmen Land” appears to the east of the Queen Maud Range. Byrd flew in this region and discovered that the land and mountains which Roald Amundsen, the Norwegian dis- coverer of the South Pole, reported sight- ing in 1911 do not exist. Carmen Land must be left out of future Antarctic maps. Exploration flights were also made into the territory toward Discovery Inlet and into Marie Byrd Land, regions no one ever before had penetrated. Additional information, of value to geographers, is contained in the aerial

@©World Wide Photos Rear Admiral Byrd on board the Elea- nor Bolling, which docked at Dunedin. JUNE, 1930 survey films by which 150,000 square miles of Antarctic territory were mapped. Accurate soundings of the depth of the water at points on the Bay of Whales were taken. The hypothesis, advanced by eminent geographers, that Ross and Weddell Seas are connected was further strengthened when Byrd sighted waiter in the depression east of the Alexandra Mountains. There has been much dis- cussion as to whether the Antarctic is really a continent at all. Some geogra- phers maintain it is a series of islands covered by ice. The observations made by the Byrd Expedition may have a bearing upon the final decision upon this moot point. Knowledge of the geology of the Ant- arctic was increased by study of the Queen Maud Range. It was found that the character and structure of the rocks composing the mountains are entirely different from that of Graham Land and the Andes Mountains. This discovery is considered highly important by geogra- phers, as it proves that the old hypo- thesis that the Queen Maud Range is part of the Andes is false. This theory maintained that the Andes extended through Graham Land into the Antarctic, end- ing in this range on the South Pole Plateau. In the field of radio, the reliability and val- ue of short wave sets for long distance com- munication was estab- lished. Daily reports of the activities of the expedition were flashed to The New York Times, which printed a full account of the dif- ferent discoveries as they were made. In natural history, many specimens of Antarctic life were ob- tained and the most complete data yet col- lected upon the habits of the seals, whales, and penguins that live ia the South Polar regions were assembled. Meteorologists in all parts of the world are interested in the first year-round weather reports from the Antarctic. The observatory established by the expedi- tion made hourly records showing wind velocity and direction, barometric pres- sure, temperature, and humidity. A direct connection between the weather in the Antarctic and the weather in many parts of the globe is believed to exist. For instance, meteorologists have observed that a severe winter in the South Orkney Islands, near the Ant- arctic Circle, means a drought three and a half years later in the Argentine wheat belt. If the Antarctic winter is mild, abundant rains and a fine crop result in the South American country. They also link the Antarctic weather with the monsoons of India, and they believe it has much to do with the height of the flood waters of the Nile. Perhaps a study of the data collected by the Byrd Expedition will aid these scientists in a better understanding of how much of the world’s weather is affected by the conditions near the South Pole.

St sta we tr¢ ~ yell ear’ sun dim is ast As is 0 enl: fro the orb few on kn: fro tw tur wh cal

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1930 juare ped. f the hales nced and rther Vater ndra dis- gra- ands nade ve a this Ant- the that ocks rely and very gra- ypo- e is Ory ded and nd- the au. dio, val- sets »m- ab- rts the hed di- 2S- he er to ve he 't- June, 1930 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 27 How They Trailed a New Planet * Study of many photos of stars disclosed to a farm boy what may prove a new world where a famous as- tronomer said it would be. Old theories are upset by find. By ALDEN P. ARMAGNAC Out in space, four billion miles beyond the globe we live on, a yellowish object, a little larger than the earth, swings in a vast circle about the sun; a frigid little world, bathed in the dim light of perpetual dusk. Its discovery is called the most important event in astronomy in nearly a hundred years. A new planet is not found every day. As many of us learned in school, a planet fect circle, and tilted so is one of the exclusive company of heav- ; askew, that astronomers enly bodies that get their light and heat . ; “== hesitate to declare it a from the sun. They swing about it, as planet with certainty. the earth does, in great circular paths, or Yet its actions are even orbits. These earthlike worlds are so less like any known com- few in number that they may be counted et, or anything else that might on the fingers. be mistaken for a planet. Six, visible to the naked eye, were There is one compelling rea- known to the ancients. In outward order son to believe the newcomer is from the sun they are: Mercury, Venus, really the ninth planet. As- Earth, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. Only tronomers of the Lowell Ob- two more, far-away Uranus and Nep- servatory, at Flagstaff, Ariz., tune, were added comparatively recently found it remarkably when peering at the sky with telescopes near the spot where came into fashion. the late Doctor Perci- Now there is a ninth. The ninth awaits positive confirmation. A NEW planet has been announced. It behaves differently from other planets. Its orbit is so far from a per- 28 On the outer rim of the solar system whirls the new Above, the starry waste with its planets and suns as Planet. This perspective view shows the planets in seen through a powerful telescope. It was in a maze of about the positions they occupied when the ninth this sort, with its myriad pin points of light, that the member of the family was first sighted by man. new faintly glowing planet, hardly visible, was found. A i ST yy RP RE IRR ye cee pee i Segara nehan x eR the Sp gf Sate g ye di ty lls ee leans ape. hye mpd sone Poteet center Fn nem ner

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28 val Lowell, founder and director of the ’ observatory, predicted it fifteen years / ago. When Clyde Tombaugh, one-time Kansas farm boy who came to the obser- vatory to study astronomy, spotted it as a flash of light on a photo- graphic plate, the long search was believed ended. Far away as the new planet is—so far that its light, racing through space at 186,000 miles a second, takes six hours to reach our telescopes—its discovery has practical significance for many besides the astronomers. Even dictionary-makers and book publishers are upset by the discovery. At least two widely-used standard diction- aries felt safe in listing, to round out their definitions of “planet,” the names of the first eight, without such quali- fication as “so far known.” Now the dictionaries to be up to date must publish a new edition. Meanwhile, for a brief time, there are no complete books whatever on general astronomy. A New York publisher of school books told POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY that revised editions, proba- bly available next fall, would describe the new planet. Anyone who has ever had the curiosity to wonder where the earth itself came from is further concerned in the dis- covery of the new planet, for, astronomers say, it throws a new light on the way the earth was born. Its finding solves other long-standing mys- teries of the heavens, POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY

Here is the new planet, indi- cated by the arrows, as seen in a photograph taken at Flagstaff, Ariz. The large disk of light at the left is a big star in the constellation of Gemini. Below, a sugges- tion of how the new planet would look to a near-by ob- server. It is too cold to have atmosphere like the earth’s. good — OSSIBLE ATMOSPHERE OF HYDROGEN AND HELIUM FROZEN SHELL OF OXYGEN AND HYDROGEN

<< rama a“ ' \- EE | 3 . This rare photo shows the late Dr. Percival Lowell at the large telescope used at the Lowell Observatory.

too—for instance, wobbles in the mo- tions of Uranus and Neptune, the two planets nearest to it, and strange delays of several days in the returns of Halley’s comet, a flashy peri- odic visitor to our sky. Yet the planet itself pg oO MERCURY

NEW VENUS PLANET EARTH

NEPTUNE URANUS

is no easy object to see. Few Americans

This diagram gives an idea of the comparative sizes of the planets. Note that the new planet fits in between the earth and Uranus. will ever see it except in photographs. It is far too faint to be seen in the night sky by the naked eye; or, for that matter, through anything short of a sixteen-inch telescope such as a large observatory would possess. Even that would require “seeing weather.” classify the planet as of the “fifteenth magnitude’ make it about a thousand times fainter than Neptune. A concrete picture of this degree of brightness is suggested by Dr. Donald H, Menzel, of the Lick Observatory at Mt. Hamilton, Calif. phere, and the earth’s curvature did not intervene, astronomers at the Lick Ob servatory could see New York, 3,000 miles or so away, through their great tele- scope. Then, if someone stood on top of New York’s tallest building and held out a brick in his hand, the sunlight reflected from that single brick would appear about as bright as does the new planet in powerful telescopes. Another example of its brightness is that it corresponds to the light of a tallow candle seen at a distance JUNE, 1930 Astronomers ’ in brightness, which would If mountains, atmos of 430 miles, the approximate distance between New -York and Cleveland, O. When such an object must be picked out from among some 30,000,000,000 stars in the sky, many of them far brighter, it is no wonder that the world’s greatest observa- tories failed to notice it in the past. It was picked up first at the Flagstaff observatory be- cause Dr. Percival Lowell had built that lookout post and equipped the turreted dome for the sole purpose of finding it. This he did at his own private expense. He was sure of himself. Working with pencil, paper, and intricate equations, he had already (Continued on pare 128)

Clyde Tombaugh, 24-year-old astronomer, once a farm boy at Burdette, Kan., now studying at the Lowell Observatory, first saw the new planet.

JUN pr di:

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E, 1930 rhs. It ght sky matter, en-inch ‘vatory require nomers ‘teenth would fainter tree of ald H, at Mt. atmos- lid not -k Ob- 3,000 at tele- top of ald out flected appear unet in aple of to the stance ximate York t must among ‘ars in m. far ar that serva- it in rst. at ry be- Lowell t post rreted ose of at his le was g with Ticate ready e 123) JUNE, 1930 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 29 NEW IDEAS AND INVENTIONS On this and succeeding pages are described the latest achieve- ments of inventors and novel applications of scientific progress Lawson Robertson, track coach at the University of Pennsylvania, has developed this device to teach opaee StS) Oy ee Pn - 52 a a a ee aia aaa his sprinters the correct position and balance on the starting line. Robertson is steadying the cable. TRACK DEVICE TEACHES SPRINTERS FAST START SPRINTING stars are being developed through the use of a new invention by Lawson Robertson, famous track coach at the University of Pennsylvania, who was in charge of the American Olympic team in 1928. The new device consists of a steel cable with one end fastened to the ground and the other ending in a hand- grip. The sprinter grasps this handgrip and leans forward until he finds just the right position to give him the greatest forward impetus, without stumbling, at the get-away. After the sprinter has learned the correct position for his body, he practices assuming this pose until it becomes the one he naturally adopts. PRED'CTS FLYING BOATS WILL OUST AIRPLANES THE great heavier-than-air sky-liners of the future will be flying boats instead of land planes, Lieutenant Commander John W. Iseman, Editor of The Aviation Manual, told a recent gathering of avia- tion experts in New York City. In carrying passengers, freight, and mail, winged boats have an advantage over land planes as, in most cases, they can land near the center of the city; at Present airports must be located at a distance from the business district. Other advantages which will result in flying boats being used wherever possible in place of land planes are: when over wa- ter, there is always an emergency landing field below; and, with practically unlim- ited landing area, flying boats can come down at higher speeds than land planes that must come to a stop within a lim- ited area. As planes become bigger and faster, Commander Iseman says, the landing speeds will automatically increase. CHINESE ENGINE HIDES ITS SMOKE Across the battered plains of war-stricken China, a curi- ous armor-plated train rum- bles, whose smokestack, in- stead of spouting a black col- umn skyward, shunts it groundward through a cylindrical apparatus resem- bling an elongated stovepipe. The smoke thus spreads out along the ground so that move- ment of the train cannot be de- — tected from a distance. The peculiar armored train belongs to the army of General Hsu Yuan-Chuan, commander of the forty-eighth division of the Chinese Nationalist Forces. It is an interesting example of the “mechanization” of war in modern China. aie This armored train is used by the Chinese army commanded by General Hsu Yuan-Chuan. Toescape detection, it sends its smoke downward through the stovepipelike device. SLIGHT MUSCLE FRICTION GIVES ATHLETIC SUCCESS Musc igs, like gasoline engines, need good lubrication and plenty of fuel, ac- cording to Dr. Charles Best, of Toronto, Canada, who worked with Dr. Frederick G. Banting in the discovery of insulin, a treatment of diabetes. He has lately been conducting muscle experi- ments on Olympic Games con- testants. Muscles in action, Dr. Best explains, vary widely as to the amount of friction they set up. Whether this is because some muscle fibers move over each other more easily than others as though they were better lubricated, or because muscles differ in their attachments to each other, is not known. Muscle efficiency also de- pends on the body’s supply of blood sugar. The muscle cells burn this to get energy. In a long race, the body’s sugar reserve may become exhausted, with a resulting collapse. Dr. Best told of three cases of such collapse in the Olympic Games. “HUMAN BEING” EXHIBIT BURNS IN GERMANY A PRICELESS exhibit of all the physical and chemical parts that go to make a man was burned recently in Dortmund, Ger- many. Called the “Human Being,” the exhibit included 2,000 original models of RIOD F i » ad i DY aa AY Na as See ee ETE EET J

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OED PO sb A eee Reipiitedns ain. - ODE TES Bee we ee 30 the anatomical parts of the body, together with chemical compounds found in the body. Forty years of work by Professor Emil Hammer of Munich University had gone into the completion of the exhibit, which had been endorsed highly by medi- cal authorities. The fire consumed the collection in a single hour, devouring all the wax figures and alcohol preparations. The money loss amounted to $150,000, but the loss to science cannot be repaired. The exhibit had lately been sold in the United States, where it was soon to have been shipped to be put on display. NEW MOTOR MUFFLER ABSORBS THE SOUND PRACTICALLY complete freedom from back pressure and the consequent loss of power are important claims made for a new “straight through” type of muffler. Exhaust gas flows freely through its tube. In place of “baffles” or restricting cham- bers, on which ordinary mufflers depend for reduction of exhaust noises, the new muffler has a lining of heat-resistant ma- terial which absorbs sound as do the porous curtains hung on theater walls.. The straight, perforated sheet metal tube is wrapped either in steel wool or a special muf- fling material. Around this there is, as a final covering, a metal cylin- der. This makes up the muffler, which is open from end to end. This “straight through’”’ principle is said to be applicable to other fields. Special exhaust tests for loudness, back pressure, effect on horsepower, and en- durance (ability to stand vibration and heat) were carried out in the factory. The instrument for testing loudness, a super- sensitive meter for recording delicate sound waves, was of the same type as the one recently used by the Noise Com- mission newly appointed in New York City for measuring the street noises of different districts (P.S.M., Mar.’30, p. 51). WALL OF WATER TO GUARD VAULT IN NEW BANK REMINISCENT of the moats around me- dieval castles, walls of water will encircle the three-story vault that will occupy almost an entire block underneath the new Irving Trust Company Building, now under construction in Wall Street, New York City. Resting on solid rock foundations, the bottom of the vault will be sixty-nine feet under the street, well below sea level. When the building is finished and the vault sides flooded, the bank’s employees will be able to enter the subterranean treasure house only by means of air locks and pumps such as those used by tunnel workers under rivers. As for burglars or other intruders, they could not penetrate POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY it unless they had submarine equipment. A forty-foot ‘‘ water-wall” is one of the features of an elaborate system of safe- guards that protects the gold vaults of the Bank of France, in Paris, which cover two and a half acres 200 feet beneath the street. Fifty feet of rock also separate the outside world from the $1,000,000,000 stored there (P.S.M., Apr. ’29, p. 68). Above, the “straight through” muffler split down the middle. The sound absorbent material can be seen between inner per- forated tube and outer steel jacket. At left, photo shows muffler is open from end to end. VITAMIN G MAY PROVE CURE FOR PELLAGRA PELLAGRA, a chronic skin disease prev- alent in the southwestern part of the United States, may be wiped out by vita- min G, science’s latest dietary discovery. Research along this line is now being made in Federal laboratories and in the universities, according to the American Chemical Society of New York City. At the same time, announcement comes from the Georgia State Sanitarium that canned salmon is a pellagra preventive. This ‘naturally raises the question: Does canned salmon contain vitamin G? At any rate sensational results following its use are claimed by Georgia experimenters. Pellagra is characterized by the recur- rence of its symptoms every spring, the attacks increasing in severity. The pa- tient loses weight ard his skin hardens and develops black spots. At the Georgia sanitarium eighteen pellagra patients were put on the salmon diet for one year. During that time none of them suffered a recurrence of the dis- ease; though ordinarily, it is said, forty to fifty percent would have shown distinct symptoms. Vitamin G, which it is expected will prove effective in combating this disease, is found in beef liver, kidney, heart, and muscle. Animals that were fed no fresh meat, eggs, or milk developed pellagra. JUNE, 1930 NEW ANESTHETIC LESSENS PAIN AFTER OPERATION A NEW anesthetic has been produced jpn the laboratories of Prof. Richard Will- staetter and Dr. Carl Duisberg, well- known German chemists. Called “aver- tin”’’ for short, it has the weighty chemical name of “tribromethyl alcohol,” and comes in white crystals which are injected internally after being dissolved in the proper liquid medium. Physicians who have experimented with the anesthetic say that it will by no means displace ether, but is rather to be used in selected instances, as in abdominal operations, STEEL SHOES INVENTED FOR GERMAN PRISONERS CUMBERSOME steel shoes designed with ball shaped soles so that the wearer must pay close attention to his balance in order to walk recently were invented by two Berlin detectives. They are meant to take the place of handcuffs now used on pris- oners throughout the police world. The shoes, really heavy metal boxes, are lined with felt to prevent possible injury to the feet. The inventors claim that the crimi- nal wearing them cannot run or make any sort of rapid headway without losing his balance and falling. The shoes are clasped to the feet and locked in place. POCKET GAGE MEASURES THOUSANDTH OF AN INCH A NOVEL instrument which combines the ordinary micrometer and the familiar dial indicator gage has recently been in- vented. It is ideal for measuring small machine parts, sheet metal, wire, paper, rubber, or textiles. A hardened steel pin, moving up and down within the measuring jaw of the device, transfers the measurement read- ing to a dial graduated in thousandths of an inch. Thus the advantages of a dial indicator are added to micrometer meas- urements. The instrument will take read- ings up to one inch. The spindle is lifted by a thumb attachment and may be locked, thereby holding the setting for use as a snap gage. This tool saves time be- cause it is so easily read and eliminates the necessity for fine manual adjustment. This new micrometer is designed to measure flat, round, and odd shaped parts within 1-inch range. :

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E, 1930 SENS [ON uced in 1 Will- and jected in the Is who sthetic isplace lected ations, RES VCH bines niliar ‘n in- small aper, » and f the read- hs of . dial neas- read- jifted ir use e be- nates nent. JUNE, 1930 PIANO SIZE PIPE ORGAN FOR HOME This baby pipe organ that looks like a piano is designed for private dwellings. At right, some of the 231 hidden pipes that give the tone of a big instrument. OnLy its double keyboard, a row of stops above it, and an in- conspicuous pipe at the rear re- veal that the latest musical instru- ment for the home is an organ. In size and form it looks like a piano. But within the case are concealed 231 pipes that, it is claimed, equal in richness and variety of tone the effects produced by pipe organs of great size. The “baby”’ organ is designed especially for dwellings of moderate size. An average-sized liv- ing room offers adequate space for it. The makers discovered that the tone of a sixteen-foot pipe can be duplicated by one only eight feet long by fitting a smaller pipe telescoped within it. By making a continuous air passage through the small pipe and then back through its outer shell, an effective length of sixteen feet is obtained. Thus the same tones produced by a large concert organ are obtained from this portable instrument. MACHINE GUN NAILER CARRIES 150 “SHOTS” A “MACHINE GUN”’ nailer for fastening hardwood floors has been produced by a California inventor. A slotted tubing magazine holds 150 nails, which are fed by gtavity, one at a time, into the “barrel” of the device and are driven and set by a blow struck on top of the plunger that operates in the barrel. The invention is designed for use on POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY less expensive hardwood boards that are not heavy enough to allow them to be made with tongue and groove edges for “blind” nailing, but which have to be nailed straight down through the surface. In operating the mechanism, the car- penter lays the boards on the entire floor, then rules straight lines across them at right angles to the way they are laid. With 150 nails in its magazine,each.of which is driven home with a blow on the plunger,this machine is said to save much time. 31 S These lines, six inches apart, extend the length of the floor. Then the operator of the nailer, seated upon a low castered platform, moves along these lines set- ting a nail in the center of each board with a single blow. A floor can be nailed in this manner, the maker declares, in less than a third the time usually required. By using a funnel and a piece of slotted tubing, the nailer magazine can be refilled, it is said, in less than a minute. PREDICTS BETTER BRAINS FOR MAN—BUT WHEN? A STEAM locomotive is only ten per- cent efficient. The average human brain, according to many psychologists, is even less efficient. Recently Dr. Ales Hrd- licka, anthropologist of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D. C., said that evolution will produce brains a hundred times more effective than those men now have. When the mechanism of the human body is altered so the mil- lions of tiny cells that form the cortex of the brain re- ceive a larger supply of rich, pure blood, Dr. Hrdlicka says, the power of the brain for sustained thinking will increase many fold. After fifteen or eighteen hours of work, the poisons of waste matters, like “clinkers and ashes,”’ clog up the brain and impair its effectiveness. Sleep is necessary to allow the blood stream to wash away ‘the impurities and bring fresh food. When evolution produces men whose brains receive a more abundant blood supply, Dr. Hrdlicka maintains they will be able to concentrate for longer periods and will require less sleep to remain alert. JERICHO’S TOWER FOUND AFTER 4,000 YEARS Str CHARLES MarsTon’s expedition to Jericho, the Canaanite city in the Jor- dan Valley, excavated an ancient tower which, it is believed, dates from the middle Bronze Age, about 2000 B.c. The citadel was unearthed by John Garstang, formerly director of the Depart- ment of Antiquities in Palestine and now in charge of the Marston ex- pedition. He reports that it resembles the defensive tower depicted in Egyp- tian representations of Canaanite cities. The walls of the tower, well- preserved, rise twenty- seven feet above the foundations. Clues to its history may be found among relics of houses built against its side. AREER aera Pe pes one pee ee i | ) i ‘

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| UN 62 REN Oa ala Ee 6 aL. STMT 32 TELESCOPIC AUTO TRAILER IS HOTEL ON WHEELS AN ‘ACCORDION auto trailer,’”’ which closes to the width of an ordinary autc- mobile for road travel and can be expand- ed to the width of a railroad train to form a four-berth “Pullman” for night accom- modations during long trips, recently has been put upon the market. The boxlike body of the trailer is split down the mid- dle. When it is opened out, the roof is elevated to seven and a half feet and the two halves of the vehicle pulled’ out from the sides like dresser drawers until the in- terior of the trailer is approximately three times its original size. Waterproof flaps are buttoned across the gaps between the roof and the sides so that the interior is protected during inclement weather. The length of the vehicle is ten and a half feet. The unusual coach is described as being a little “hotel on wheels.” It contains four berths, a refrig- erator, cupboards for food, drawers for clothing, two tables, night curtains to di- vide the iaterior into rooms, electric light- ing, and bathroom facilities. Tests have shown, it is reported, that the trailer re- duces the speed of the towing car only four miles an hour over good roads, as it is equipped with balloon tires and a spe- cial coupling device that is designed to take up all shocks between the vehicles. NEW WONDERS FOUND IN WORLD’S BIGGEST CAVE NEw wonders of the largest under- ground cave yet found, the Carlsbad Cav- erns in New Mexico, were discovered by a recent expedition. Headed by Frank Ernest Nicholson, author and traveler, the party of a dozen explorers and scien- tists spent several weeks underground among the dazzling stalactites and crys- tals that abound there. The scene of their explorations has been a national park since 1923. Descent by ropes into what long was known as the “Bottomless Pit” showed it to be a black abyss 300 feet deep, with a dry river bed at its base. Elsewhere the explorers descended 1,350 feet under ground, the cave’s lowest level, and thus determined it to be the deepest natural cavern yet explored. Wearing special helmets to protect them against falling pieces of stalactites, or icicle-shaped fragments of water-de- posited rock, the explorers added at least ten miles of new underground passages to the twenty-two miles that already were well known. A short-wave radio set oper- ated by Eric Palmer, Jr., youthful radio enthusiast whose preference for radio to his studies once incurred a sus- pension of his license by the Federal Ra- dio Commission (P.S.M., Mar. ’28, p. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Telescoped together, when being towed, this new trailer is the width of a car; it couples to the auto with device designed to take up road shocks. 39), kept the explorers at all times in touch with the world. A captive balloon was the most novel piece of equipment of which they made use. They had planned to make an under- ground ascension in one of the most fa- mous of the caverns 750 feet below ground, a room “big enough to hold three or four skyscrapers.”” An observer on top of the balloon could then study the formation of the roof. It was not report- ed, however, that the ascension was made. GERMS SURPASS MAN AT MAKING COCONUT OIL Germs may prove of great importance to industry in the future. A recent report to the American Chemical Society from J. W. Beckman, of Oakland, Calif., states that the microbe Bacillus delbrueckia can make coconut oil less expensively and more efficiently than man-directed proc- esses now used. The bacillus, itis claimed, can bore into the heart of the coconut substance and unlock the millions of little oil globules from their cells. Coconut oil is obtained from copra, the dried pulp of the nut which is obtained in great quantities from the South Sea Is- lands. To produce the oil, copra is heated or treated to make the walls of the oil cells brittle. Then the oil is squeezed out in powerful presses. But this process is expensive and unsatisfactory. The delbrueckia germs, it is said, can eat away the cell walls of untreated coco- nut pulp, set free the oil, and convert the JUNE, 1930 By night the split coach contains berths for four people and provides for every comfort. wall substance into chemicals like those of meat. The pulp that remains is said to be good for cattle food. TEAR GAS GUN SHOOTS CHEMICAL 150 YARDS A TEAR gas gun that shoots the blind- ing chemical 150 yards has been adopted for use by the police department of Chi- cago, Illinois. The chemical, which causes temporary loss of sight, is in a shell which is fired when a trigger is pressed. It is expected that the long range of the device will enable law officers to drive crim- inals from their hiding places when they have barricaded themselves in and are re- pelling attacks with gunfire. The gun is said to weigh no more, and to be no longer, than an ordinary riot gun. John Egan, Deputy Chief of Detectives of Chicago, inspects the long range tear gas gun. Ju rai str gir Ge rul ing SS pel

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June, 1930 EUROPE GETS ITS FIRST ACCIDENT AMBULANCE A MILE-A-MINUTE ‘wreck ambulance,” equipped to meet practically any large scale emergency, has been put into use by the city of Baden, near Vienna, Austria. This is the first time service of this kind has been established in Europe. A second machine of the same type will be equip- ped for similar work. Each relief machine will carry enough bandages, antiseptics, surgical instruments, and other first aid sipplies to treat nearly fifty patients. Gas masks, ready to afford workers pro- tection against all kinds of poison gases, are part of the equipment. Six stretchers and a tent enable an emergency hospital to be erected at the scene of- disaster. An attachment will bring about a quart of water to boiling point in five minutes for disinfecting pur- poses. The machines are expected to save many lives through prompt aid in rail- road wrecks, fires, and similar disasters. SYNTHETIC CATNIP OIL USED TO BAIT LIONS A SYNTHETIC catnip oil is the latest aid in capturing man-eating lions. According to reports, the oil is used successfully to bait traps for “all of the big cats, from lion to bobcat.” The liking for catnip which lions share with domestic tabbies is a striking proof of their kinship to the rest of the cat family. This links them with tigers, leopards, pumas, and jaguars. NEW GERMAN FIRE ENGINE RUNS ACROSS FIELDS DasHING across plowed fields, over railroad tracks, and through shallow streams, a speedy new ‘ ‘overland fire en- gine,” recently constructed in Berlin,’ Germany, will take short cuts in reaching rural fires. The feature of this fire-fight- ing equipment is the unusual chassis POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Put in service by Baden, Austria, this accident ambulance is equipped to give first aid to 40 or 50 in- 33 jured persons. Among other things it carries gas masks, one of which is here worn by an attendant. which allows the machine to maintain a relatively level balance while the wheels twist in meeting hummocks and depres- sions in running across country fields. This chassis, with its six wheels, is said to have been suggested by the design of the early French tanks which were used in the Sahara Desert during the World War. In reaching a fire, the ability of the machine to make runs across fields, in- stead of having to follow roundabout roads, is expected to result in saving build- ings, which, under ordinary conditions, might be consumed before the fire-fight- ers arrived. MONTANA RIVER RUNS AWAY FROM BRIDGES NOT SATISFIED with leaving two perfect- ly good bridges high and dry, with nothing to bridge, the temperamental Powder Riv- er of Montana is wandering again. This time it has sliced off # large chunk of the Moorhead highway, near Broadus, Mont., necessitating a lengthy detour. Last summer the queer river gave no- tice of its intention to abandon the latest of its many different courses. At that time the strenuous efforts of farmers were all that prevented it from leaving a third steel bridge on dry land. This fire engine, built in Berlin, Germany, is designed for use in rural districts. Its chassis is built to maintain a balance while the wheels twist in running over obstacles. It is seen here crossing a railroad. SKYSCRAPER TO COMBINE OFFICES AND GARAGE OnE of the first skyscrapers that will cause traffic officials no concern is the proposed twenty-eight-story Sutter Build- ing, in San Francisco. It will be a sky- scraper without a parking problem, be- cause the first eight floors are to used as garages for the tenant’s cars. Offices will fill the remaining twenty floors, in the plans which have just been made public. Thus there is no need of parking on a congested city street. A tenant arriving by car drives up a ramp, parks on one of the eight floors, steps to an elevator, and is whisked to his office. The combined skyscraper and garage is an outgrowth of the multi-storied ga- rage idea, notably illustrated in the ‘‘auto- matic parking” garages that have made their appearance in,several cities (P.S.M., Dec. ’28, p. 69; Oct. ’29, p. 70). The present trend is to make the same build- ing serve as office and garage. One such building already is under construction in Philadelphia, and a twelve-story, 1,000- car garage in Detroit may be made part of a proposed eighty-five-story skyscraper to be built around it. AMERICAN DESERT YIELDS CARBON DIOXIDE GAS SEARCHING with drill and derrick for carbon dioxide gas, which is the ‘‘fizz’”’ in all manufactured sparkling drinks, and the gas from which ‘‘dry ice” is made, may soon be a familiar sight on the Great American Desert. The United States Department of the Interior reports that several wells recent- ly drilled in search of oil and natural gas, in the desert regions of western Colorado and eastern Utah, have surprised the prospectors by gushing forth streams of carbon dioxide gas instead. This gas is as suitable for manufacturing refrigerant as is artificial carbon dioxide, produced by burning coke and capturing the fumes. Anticipating a rush of prospectors for the new gas, the Department of the Inte- rior announces a plan by which they may develop commercially any carbon dioxide wells they find on Government land through the payment of a nominal royal- ty of two cents per thousand feet of ga- os Sa OE ROP ERs Se ET. =. " age as ear) ee " wens ba a on —

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Scene aren a ia a II antennae nance — — vacate ¥ seth | a: POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY June, 1930 Novel Products of Inventors Cubes of heavy translucent glass, that can be built into various attractive designs, are the latest novelty in light- ing. Lamps within the cubes throw a highly diffused illumination with, it is claimed, no shadows at the corners. These blocks may be arranged either for artistic or practical purposes in the home or place of business and are so strong that they can be used as steps. Originally they were intended for advertising purposes, but they are now becoming ex- tremely popular for private residences. Bulbs of different colors can be put in them and an unusual effect is thus secured. The cubes range in size from four to twelve inches. The photo shows the blocks lighting a shop window. These articles may look like china and wood, but they are made of cotton by a process developed by J. Samuels, seated, of London, and put on the market by him and his co- patentee, H. Wass, standing. In the oval are three cotton plates. Furniture also is made. The shoes worn by the smaller man, above, are de- signed to prevent smashed toes, The tip of each is heavily reénforced with a stiff and strong material. They are meant to be worn by factory workers and others who are in danger of injury to the feet through the dropping of heavy objects upon them. Their manu- —_ facturer claims that a falling steel bar or the passing of a A newly designed fire extinguisher has a pistol grip and a trigger release. truck wheel will not hurt the foot protected by them. When discharged, it throws a chemical into the blaze exactly where aimed. In the picture the wearer of the shoes is supporting, Rough handling, it. is claimed, will not set it off unless the trigger is pulled. without discomfort, a man weighing about 185 pounds. A safety seal shows whether the extinguisher has been fired or tampered with. wines cer sls _

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June, 1930 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Mechanical Devices to Help Speed Up World’s Tasks The trunk of a house fly, enlarged about forty times, taken on movie film with camera and microscope. Pictures of microscopic enlarge- ments can now be made on motion picture film. This new camera which makes this possible and which has a capacity of thirty-six exposures without reloading can be attached to any standard microscope. The photographs are made instanta- neously or by time exposure. The illustration shows the camera at- tached to a microscope, with the operator ready to click the shutter. An eyepiece at the side permits a view of the specimen during the exposure. If maximum light is desired, as in taking snapshots, this prism can be swung aside. The camera is loaded in daylight, and film for an gntire illustrated lecture, it is claimed, is so small that it can be carried in the vest pocket. Life-sized pictures of criminals wanted by the police are now shown on a screen about four feet square to both the uniformed men and detectives of Los Angeles, Calif. A film projection apparatus is used and it is believed that these close-up studies will be of great aid in the apprehension of lawbreakers. The photo shows Ray H. Pinker, research chemist of the Los Angeles police depart- ment, operating the projector. ad: In the neighborhood of Chicago houses are being built in sections. A solid floor, generally of concrete, is laid and upon this the walls are cast. As a wall is finished, der- ricks grapple it and hoist it into place after which its lower edge is permanently tied to the founda- tion. The photo shows a bungalow wall being raised by derricks. These walls are made of insulation board, cinder concrete, and cement mortar, with criss-cross of metal bars. The advantages claimed for this construction are the saving of labor and a wall that resists cold.

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36 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY | JUNE, 1930 Air-Way Beacon Runs Itself : TIME DELAY RELAY = STOP OM REAR. OF i _NOLTAGE = POINTER, TURNS ‘DATE GEAR" RELAY i - iD CHANGES TIMING "PONCE A DAY cock MOVEMENT CALENDAR DIAL A 12 i ROTATES ONCE IN A YEAR) - ASTRONOMIC!: Crea XY "ig . Me a Moro i ADJUSTMENT re ae FOR SUN TIME - ¥ B OPERATING SPRIN “SBY MERIDIANS fy __ | ‘ , B AUXILIAI "4 OPER NG SHAFT “MAIN MOVING CONTACTS TERMINAL CHAMBER > MAIN STATIONARY ONTACTS "DATE GEAR’ TU RULER shows ) nat Ste OF TIME TROL ARMS TO COMPENSATE bis _. DATE GEAR STRIKES : CHANGE IN DANS 6 = i A DAY ~ ; THIS STOP ONCE A DA’ DECEMBER, POSITION OF ~. 4 J w.% CONTROL ARMS ¢/ / JES RED LIGHT WARNS f&&) © Fee PLANE PILOT THAT C | LIGHTING UNIT 1S WB DEFECTIVE soon JUNE POSITION OF CONTROL ae ated AT THE BACK OF - re] ‘ ARMS ON oer OFF POSITIO STER CONTROL WHICH REVOLWESAS A UNIT ABOUT TO ABOUT 10 BE TURNED OFF TURNED ON ANALYSIS OF Ea gap CHANGE MOTIO: Details of mechanism that switches on beacon for night airmen just “ before sunset. It automatically changes with change in length of day. This instrument, which eliminates the need for human supervision of a lighting plant, is known as an “astro- nomical clock.” In the drawings on this page our artist shows how it works and how, through a system of gaso- line driven dynamos, it operates a manless radio beacon station. The mechanism, originally developed to United FULLY et eget e States Government specifications for operating light- Dee PR ee nine Dead houses without human assistance, now aids night flying NIGHT AND RED LIGHT (SHOWN along the principal transcontinental air-ways of the , United States. Cities that use the same clock for street ; lighting regulation include Philadelphia, Pa.; Los Angeles, A DISK no bigger than the palm of the hand, and less thanan Calif.; Baltimore, Md.; Rochester, N. Y.; Minneapolis, Minn.; inch thick, houses a “mechanical brain” that turns iso- Cleveland, Ohio; Milwaukee. Wis.; ; Columbus, Ohio; and other lated lighthouse or air-way beacons on and off to correspond important centers. exactly with the daily change in the rising and setting of the As darkness may come at 5:30 in December but as late as sun. An additional service of the versatile device is auto- 8:30 in June, the clock must be adjusted to the daily changes matically to turn on a city’s street lights at sunset and switch in the number of daylight hours so as to turn on the lights them off at dawn. fifteen minutes before sunset and switch them off fifteen merpoae “ oso oD

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/ GR Qe ae June, 1930 ‘ minutes after sunrise. Of the two ways of doing this—by purely mechanical ad- justments or by a photo-electric “eye” that responds to changes in illumination —this clock uses the mechanical method, outwardly the more difficult. But so skillfully fashioned are two revolving cams that daily reset the clock that it automatically follows “sun time” more accurately than if reset by hand. The face of the twenty-four-hour clock dial, and the entire cam and gear mechan- ism attached to it, revolve as a unit. Two control arms behind the dial are fitted with projecting pins. As the mechanism rotates, the pins engage, in turn, a small L-shaped toggle that trips the main electric switch. One control pin turns this switch on; the other, off. By changing position of the arms on which the pins are mounted, the daily change in “on” and “off” timing is made. Each time the mechanism revolves, a “star wheel” passes a stationary pin which revolves it one fifth of a turn. This motion, geared down, turns the cams ex- actly 1/365th of a complete revolution and moves the switch-operating pins to a new position. Thus the switch mechanically predicts the coming of sunrise and sunset. HE illustration shows this ‘‘mechanical brain”’ applied to the regulation of an automatic air-way bea- con. In a small building beside a beacon mast, two complete gasoline-driven farm lighting plants are housed. On the wall is a box containing the clock with its diminutive dial. The place has no human occupants; as the time of sunset approaches, there is no sound save the faint ticking of the clock. Suddenly a snap comes from the clock. An electric switch inside its box closes. A self-starter on gasoline motor number one whirs. The motor fires and spins the dynamo. Motor and dynamo run stead- ily for more than a third of a minute— then another snap and the beacon, atop the mast, lights up. There is no chance of stalling the motor when the beacon is first turned on, for a time-delay system automatically withholds cutting in the added load of the beacon until the motor has been warmed up by running for twenty-five seconds. Should the motor fail to start, another automatic device at once transfers the duty of supplying current to motor number two, which is standing by. The good motor continues to supply the cur- rent until the fault is repaired. At the same time a red light on the roof of the beacon house lights, warning passing pilots that one motor is defective. In normal operation the motors are used on alternate nights. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY is always pleased to answer questions on any sub- ject within its field, if readers will address their inquiries to the Information De- partment, 381 Fourth Avenue, New York, inclosing a stamped, self- addressed enve- lope for reply. Photograph taken at the instant the mail rocket was shot into space. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 37 ROCKET AS MAIL-CARRIER PASSES TEST AIR MAIL minus plane and pilot was dispatched at Prague, Czecho- slovakia, the other day. The occasion was the first test of a mail-carrying rocket designed by L. Ocenasek, a Bo- hemian inventor. He erected a stand, placed a small model rocket upon it, and fired the projectile into the atmosphere. He had previously calculated the spot atwhich it would land, and to his delight it unerringly arrived at that point after rising 3,000 feet in the air. The test showed, he declared, that larger rockets might carry mail with bul- letlike precision between distant points. Other inventors, notably Prof. Herman Oberth, Austro-German inventor, have experimented with rockets as possible mail carriers (P. S. M., Feb. 730, p. 41). ‘ENGLAND GETS HELIUM FROM MONAZITE SAND AMERICANS take helium from natural- gas wells, but the British would extract it from sand. This nonexplosive gas for airships, according to R. Taylor, of the Chemical Research Laboratory at Ted- dington, England, can be obtained from “monazite sand,” hitherto valued chiefly as a source of material for the manufac- ture of gas mantles. Although the process is somewhat ex- pensive, it may prove practical since Britain has no such extensive natural sources of helium as those of Texas and other regions in the United States. The gas, extracted from the sand by heating, is treated with heated magnesium metal and hot calcium which removes nitrogen and other impurities. The inventor (second from right) watches preparations for mail rocket test. DO ACTIVE VOLCANOES EXIST IN AMERICA? “Extinct” volcanoes have a kick left in them, according to the American vol- cano expert, Dr. T. A. Jaggar, who pro- jects a volcano observatory in this country. He claims it is a mistake to suppose that there are no active volcanoes in continental United States. There is good reason to believe, Dr. Jaggar says, that Mount Shasta, in northern California, is still an active volcano; and that Mount Saint Helens in southern Washington and Mount Baker in the northern part of the state could put on a show at any time. Another peak of this northwest region, Mount Lassen in a sparsely-settled sec- tion of. northern California, actually did erupt in 1915, Dr. Jaggar points out, though with no discharge of lava and no loss of life. RADIO TRANSMITTERS ARE PERIL TO BATTLESHIPS A NEW HAZARD has been discovered aboard Navy battleships and aircraft in the powerful short-wave radio transmit- ters which they carry. Investigations of the Navy Department’s Bureau of Engi- neering revealed that stray electric cur- rents of a high frequency nature, in- duced in metal fittings by the radio transmitter, constituted a peril when they were near stores of explosives. In one test it was found possible to light a twenty-four-volt lamp by con- necting it between the breech of a turret gun and the turret; and to explode the primer in the breech by this current. As a result of the tests, Admiral Charles P. Hughes, Chief of Naval Operations; banned radio transmission at frequencies greater than 4,000 kilocycles during target practice or when refueling.

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SP Dts 7 . 8s A Ray RU YM gE TET OO oe ee ~ ie pet BRATED ONTROLLED PRESSURE © ORIFICE CHAMBER k 7 > NEW METER SHOWS WHEN TO CHANGE MOTOR OIL INSTEAD of changing the oil in the crank case of your motor car every so often by guesswork, a meter recently invented and put on the market makes it possible for the motorist to keep a con- tinuous check on the condition of the oil. He no longer needs to be in doubt as to the state of his motor lubrication, since the new meter tells him when the oil has become so diluted by unburned fuel that it is no longer fit for use and may have become a real menace to his engine. A meter on the instrument panel indicates the viscosity or thickness of the oil and shows when new lubricant is needed. In the sectional view of this device which is shown above, the controlled pressure chamber is screwed into a hole drilled and tapped into the side of the crank case. Oil from the engine pressure line constantly is fed into this chamber, and the automatic unloading valve, by allowing excess oil to flow back into the crank case, maintains in the chamber a constant oil pressure. The amount of oil that will flow through the tiny, calibrated orifice necessarily depends on the viscosity of the oil, and this viscosity or thickness also determines how easily the oil will flow through the calibrated resistance tube. The back pressure created by this resistance is read on the viscosity meter which is, of course, merely a sensitive pressure gage, cali- brated to correspond to the thickness of motor oil at various stages of dilution. CALIBRATED RESISTANCE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY PARATHYROID HELPS RADIUM VICTIMS RapivuM poisoning may be cured hereafter by parathyroid extract, a gland preparation, injected into the muscles, if it is diagnosed early enough, according to a report of the Johns Hopkins Hospital issued by the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics. The horrors of “radium necrosis’’ are shown in the plight of the five girls who worked at watch and clock dial painting in an Orange, N. J., plant (P. S. M., July ’29, p. 17). A peculiar green glow of the skin visible in the dark, general undernutrition, failure of wounds to heal, pallor, and the ap- pearance of wasted areas on the skull are some of the symptoms of the disease. The “parathyroid” treatment for radium poisoning was suggested by Dr. J. C. Aub, Associate Professor of Medi- cine at the Harvard Medical School, and his co-workers. Three young women, who worked with radioactive paint before 1925, were given direct injections of parathyroid ex- tract into the muscles every other day for a period of seven weeks. By means of the electroscope it was found that about fifty percent of radioactivity was lost by each of the patients. The treatment also caused im- provement in general condi- tion and a gain in weight. The hospital authorities stated, however,that probably no permanent improvement could be ex- pected for cases several years old. FOLDING BEACH MAT HAS PARASOL TO MATCH WHEN a seashore visitor tires of stroll- ing along the beach, he may now make himself completely comfertable on the sand. A small bundle under his arm un- rolls, is spread out, and in a jiffy it has become a soft mattress, even to a pillow, JuNeE, 1930 upon which to reclineand take a sun bath. Should the sunshine grow too hot for comfort, a parasol of the same material shields the user from the sun’s rays. This novel aid to comfort was one of several beach accessories that were ex- hibited recently in London. Another one of them was an ingenious hand bag with compartments for bathing suit and towel, and even a special pocket in which a parasol may be carried. NOISE CAUSES BIG RISE IN BRAIN PRESSURE EXPLOSION of a paper bag near a per- son’s ear raises his brain pressure, a phenomenon of brain fluid analagous to blood pressure, to four times its normal level. Such is the effect of sound on the nerves of the brain, according to Dr. Foster Kennedy, neurologist and member of the Noise Abatement Commission. These noise experiments were carried on in the neurology department of Bellevue Hospital, New York City. There, patients who had undergone an operation that re- quired the removal of a piece of skull bone, the scalp having been replaced over the incision, were used as subjects for the noise tests. A small drum containing a partial vacuum was laid against the patient’s scalp over the soft area, which acted as a sensitive index of the pressure within the skull. Any variations in this pressure were transferred to the drum and thence to a needle that recorded them. When a paper bag was burst near the patient’s ear, it was found that this pressure increased four times. This beach mat, with pillow attached, rolls up into a small bundle that can be carried under the arm, along with the parasol that matches it. They were shown at a recent exhibit in London, England. — — oo ~~ = = © 8S ers © ort me 2 © @© =O OF DD we

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So io rauonre ‘ye - nao mene 2 PY Dd ® June, 1930 Glass Walls Now Used in. Building By ROBERT E. MARTIN may rise, shortly, in New York City and in Chicago. Four of them, in- tended as apartment houses, are proposed for New York in 1931, and at least one for the midwestern city. They will have no windows, and they won’t miss them. Their walls from the ground floor to the top will be of clear plate glass, hundreds of panes of it, held in place by a thin framework of copper. The weight of the building will be supported by a core of concrete hidden within the structure. This plan, prcposed by Frank Lloyd Wright, noted Chicago architect, calls for the most extensive use yet made of glass as a building material. Only within the last few months have architects realized that glass is a building material. Suddenly the “glass house,” longstanding proverbial joke, has become reality. A huge public building in Magde- burg, Germany, has five-story-high walls of glass alternating with its sections of brick front. A department store has been built almost entirely of glass in the Ger- man city of Geisenkirchen. Even bricks of glass have appeared. Such bricks, manufactured in Holland and in Ger- many, are now being imported for use in America. What makes “glass houses” sensible in 1930, when they would have been con- sidered fantastic a few years ago, is the need for more light in city buildings. No one proposes that glass may replace steel and other materials to hold up a heavy building. Of course it is not strong enough. But every building has great outside walls of brick or stone known as “curtain walls.”” They hold up rio weight. In fact, they themselves are completely (ke world’s first skyscrapers of glass FOUR CONCRETE PILLARS SUPPORT WEIGHT OF HOUSE. FLOORS ARE HUNG FROM PILLARS OUTDOOR BALCONIES 4RE SCREENED FROM VIEW OF ADJOINING 4PART MENT N CANTILEVER TRUSS ! COVERED By SHEATH WITH WINDOWLIKE OPENINGS SUPPORTS v BALCON 7 Ff WALLS OF GLASS PANES JADMIT MAXIMUM LIGHT TO BOTH FLOORS OF DUPLEX APARTMENT 4 > ON BALCONY OVERHANGING LIVING ROOM DOWNSTAIRS Diagram of internal construction of proposed glass building designed by Frank Lloyd Wright. POPULAR “SCIENCE MONTHLY Finishing a wall of glass bricks thirty-eight stories up, in the Barbizon Plaza, New York City. The photo shows the inside of the wall and illustrates its lighting effect. supported by a concealed framework of steel girders. These are the walls which advanced architects now propose to build of light-admitting glass. The first shipment of the new glass bricks recently arrived in this country from Holland. They have been used in part of the walls, on the upper stories, of the Barbizon Plaza—an ultra-modern res- idential hotel nearing completion in New York City. Thirty-eight floors above the street, they let outdoor light in straight through the walls of the rooms. More of the same bricks are to be used in the tower of the Town House, a New York apartment building. How practical it is to live in a glass house is shown by these walls. There is no lack of privacy. A ribbed de- sign on the surface of the bricks lets light through but makes it impossible to see through them. Thus the first requirement of walls of glass is met. But there are others. A wall must not allow the warmth of a building to escape in winter. It must be reasonably tight against the clattering noises of the street, and proof against rain and mois- ture. It must be fireproof as well as substantial. These needs, it is claimed, are met by the glass bricks. - Although they are a little larger than bricks of clay, they . are laid with mortar in exactly the same way. Interlocking ribs on their surface fit closely to- gether, but allow one brick, if it ever breaks, to be slid out and replaced with another. Inside, the bricks are hollow. This (Continued on page 141) RORRSEEL Lkeeaen CEREBGER RENEE REE BURSRSEE BSeGRLII BEEBE GE Bene aE: SRBEERE? REGS( 81 BERZ Names Frank Lloyd Wright’s proposed eighteen-story glass apartment house. Note concrete core projecting at top.

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be biaddiathsdealibh dactaimas ie Pie taller an area : Three hundred persons were at Point Loma, Calif., to see Bowlus start his nine-hour flight. LYING in total darkness and in Pst: moonlight, in heavy wind and calm air, and in torrential rain and clear weather, I have demon- strated that a properly-constructed glider can be flown successfully under any con- dition of the atmosphere, provided the pilot has the training properly to handle his sailplane. Shot from the earth shortly after one o’clock on the morning of January 12, 1930, I reached an altitude of 1,500 feet above sea level, or nearly 800 feet above my starting point. Launched from a near-by spot on Point Loma, Calif., at the Silver Gate entrance to San Diego Bay, at 5:37:03 on the afternoon of February 23, in the same sailplane, I reached and held for some time an altitude of nearly 1,500 feet above the take-off—an American glider record. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY On the first flight, I remained in the air six hours, nineteen minutes, and three seconds; on the second, I stayed up nine hours, five minutes, and twenty-seven and four-tenths seconds. The distance flown on either flight was not measured, but the average speed was approximately twenty W. Hawley Bowlus, who holds the American glider record for continuous flight and also for altitude. Bowlus designs and constructs his own sailplanes. JuNE, 1930 W. HAWLEY BOWLUS The author of this article is the holder of the American glider duration record of 9 hours, 5 minutes, 27.4 seconds, and of the American glider altitude record of 1,500 feet above point of take-off, both made in a sail- plane of his own design and construction near San Diego. miles per hour, and I believe that, on the second flight, considerably more than 150 miles was covered. The German endur- ance record of more than fourteen hours in the air, and the German point-to-point cross-country distance mark of ninety miles, do not seem so far in the future as they did before I learned what my two record-seeking flights have taught me. While the second flight of a bit more than nine hours is the more important, the first was of great value because it taught me a number of new tricks in the art of flying sailplanes, and at least one new method of op- eration whereby altitude may be gained even when wind and other conditions are opposed. With Old Number Eighteen, a sailplane of sixty-foot wing spread and 165 pounds net weight, accompanied by Dr. W. H. K. Kumn,, chief observ- er, and William van Dusen, representing the N. A. A. and the N. G. A., I went to Point Loma early in the evening of January 11, after Uncle Sam’s weather watchmen at San Diego had promised me favor- able gliding conditions. Point Loma is a southward-pointing peninsula, forming the western side of the entrance to San Diego Bay, rising some 750 feet from a narrow, rocky beach on the Pacific side and dropping with almost equal abruptness to the waters of San Diego Bay on the east. With a west wind blowing about twenty miles an hour, the sky cleared and bril- liant sea p was } into neve took wate with relea seale and head pit ce loade weig] plane Lind week prev

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liant moonlight showed a foam-covered sea pounding on the stones far below. It was a dangerous place for flight. If I fell into the sea, or onto the rocks, I would never fly again. But at 1:17:03.5 a.m. I took off. The cockpit, covered with water-tight canvas closed longitudinally with “zipper” fasteners so that I could release myself instantly, contained a sealed barograph, an altimeter, a clock, and four sandwiches. Nothing but my head and neck appeared above the cock- pit covering, and the sailplane, completely loaded and with me in the cockpit, weighed 333 pounds. It was the same plane in which Colonel and Mrs. Charles Lindbergh had learned glider flying the week before. I knew that it would be necessary to Bowlus measures the force and direction of Prevailing winds before longest glider flight. Mrs. W. H. Bowlus in the cockpit of a sailplane. Members of the Anne Lind- bergh Glider Club, San Diego, hold the shock cord ready to send her into the air.

POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY ee < ae — set 4 »le hes ATE - \e% Soa ei “ + « a

Gliders now have instruments. This one has altimeter and air speed and bank indicators similar to the ones used on motored planes. risk flying out over the sea to gain alti- tude, so that the air currents would-bear me back, higher and higher at each return toward the land. The take-off into the west wind was comparatively easy. Mov- ing toward the ocean, and then back, weaving across seaand land, soon gained an altitude of 1,500 feet above sea level, where I sailed to and fro for two hours, flying north and south along the point and the coast, inland and out again, with com- paratively smooth air and steady, though occasionally “jumpy,” wind. — suddenly, rising out of the west like a cloud of black smoke, a heavy squall appeared. Soon the moon was cov- ered and the sky became totally black. About 3:30 a.m. the wind increased, near- ly doubling its velocity, and torrential rain began to fall. I could see nothing, neither ground nor sea beneath, nor the sky above. Even the nose of the sailplane was invisible. I was suspended in the midst of a storm—with nothing but my own training and coérdination of muscles and machine to keep me up or bring me safely down. By four o’clock I was in the center of the storm, though still maintain- ing altitude. Then the wind fell to six or eight miles an hour, and I was forced to come down, catch an air current, rise again, descend, catch another current, and so on, dipping and rising in much the same manner as a bird does when battling a strong head-on wind.

“Peaches” Wallace, trained by Bowlus, was one of the first American girl glider pilots. She is shown in the cockpit of a sailplane. All the time, of course, I was losing alti- tude a little at a time, until at last I had dropped so far that I could hear, but not see, the tops of the bushes on Point Loma brushing the keel of the sailplane. Though I probably was not More than ten feet above the earth, I could see nothing until I pulled out a small flashlight and was . thus able to pick out, fitfully and in deep shadow, bits of the terrain, large white rocks, and dark clumps of bushes at the sides of and beneath my path of flight: Light as was the wind, the sailplane was moving majestically forward in a world of darkness, through which pin points of light from the “coffee fires’ of the watchers glowed fitfully. T= wind continued to drop; the rain seemed to increase in volume; it ap- peared that I must land. I struggled to gain altitude—fought to prevent the involuntary ending of the flight. I brought to use every trick of glider flying that I knew—and then, all at once and quite out of the air as it were, there came to me a new movement in manipulation of the plane, a new “wrinkle,” by which I im- mediately began to gain altitude. I found that if I kept my windward wing down as I flew to and fro in a com- paratively straight line, I would not drift, and would lose less altitude than if I kept the wings level. It then occurred to me that if I kept the leeward wing down, I would get additional benefit from the air current, no matter how slight, and would gain altitude. I tried this, and immediate- ly began to “crab” upward. In other words, by sliding sideways, instead of straight ahead, the light wind would give me greater lift. By this trick, (Continued on page 130)

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY SRA ee Oe Oe fee Representative W. I. Sirovich, New York, standing at right, asks Con- gress to create a bureau of narcotics. hy 2,000,000 2g l u > s At right are dope devices. d ew) JUNE, 1930 Americans Are Dope Fiends every sixty persons is a drug ad- dict. During the decade from 1920 to 1930, the number of narcotic victims in America has doubled, tripled, quad- rupled. One ton a year of crude opium and its derivatives would meet the legitimate medicinal and _ scientific needs of the nation. Yet, last year, approximately 200 tons were smuggled into America. The amount of mor- phine consumed is thirty-five times that required; and, with a smaller population than that of Germany, France, and Italy combined, we im- port ten times as much crude opium as these three nations together. Such startling figures as these, pre- sented, a few weeks ago, on the floor of Congress by Dr. William I. Sirovich, Representative from New York and a leading authority upon narcotics, have aroused officials to new efforts to stem “his tide of habit-forming drugs. The House Ways and |Means Committee re- ported favorably on the Porter Bill, to create a Bureau of Narcotics in the Treasury Department, and the House passed it. Governors of many states be- gan investigations to find how they could best cooperate in fighting the traffic. In New York City, U. S. Attorney Charles H. Tuttle advocated the passage of a law to send dope peddlers to prison for life if convicted a second time. I’: THE United States, one out of R. WM. I. SIROVICH, a leading authority, tells here the amazing facts about the illegal dope traffic, which in recent years has assumed the proportions of a national peril. He is a member of Con- gress and a physician, and is leading the fight for an inter- national agreement to stem the blighting tide of habit-forming narcotics that pours into this country from abroad. By JOHN E. LODGE What are the causes of the alarming increase in the number of drug addicts? Who are these more than 2,000,000 vic- tims of a body and soul destroying habit? What are its effects on the health and morals of the nation? Where do the enor- mous quantities of drugs come from? How are they smuggled into this country and then retailed? How can the illicit traffic be prevented? How can narcotics be restored to their rightful place as a reliever of pain and kept from becoming a plague? Recently I asked Dr. Sirovich to answer these and other questions for the readers of POPULAR SCIENCE MonTHiy. As superintendent of a New York City hospital and a Fellow of the American College of Surgeons, a legislator and one of the leading spirits in America’s fight against the drug traffic, he has had wide opportu- nity to study the subject from all angles. The problem, I found, is an exceed- ingly complicated one, even more in- volved on account of its international aspects. To begin with, the reasons for the shocking increase in narcotic consumption in the past ten years can- not be understood without a knowl- edge of who and what drug addicts really are. In the public mind, narcotics are generally associated with crime and criminals. But though lawbreakers, especially holdup men and murderers, often are dope fiends, they are by no means the only users of drugs. There are addicts among the rich, the poor, and those of the middle class; among the socially respectable and members of the underworld; among the educated and the ignorant. Yet, in the main, they belong to one group; in the words of Dr. Sirovich, they all are “psychopathic constitution- ally inferior types.” ‘‘They are mostly men and women,” he explained, “who are afraid to face the JUNE Smug} to mal their s is a sl to de At rig used | enlarg came was t unpl mora worl disill and obliv of o} bridg To 1 brids of hi the | sic this cotic fifth pain tatio ance thou lack dope asa N a la used on | into cut fear alco in tl they cont the afte it e han does in | ther

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-} ons tic an- wl- cts are ire Smugglers are ingeniousenough to make use of anything to get their stuff into America. Here js a shipment of brushes used to deceive customs officers. At right, one of the brushes used in this smuggling act is enlarged to show how bristles came out of false back which was then filled with drugs. unpleasant realities of life; in other words, moral cowards. To escape from the hard world of reality, with its pain, failure, disillusionment, unhappiness, and worry and to cross into a world of fantasy and oblivion they use four bridges—the bridge of opium, the bridge of morphine, the bridge of heroin, the bridge of cocaine. To return, they also have to cross four bridges—the bridge of sighs, the bridge of humiliation, the bridge of degradation, the bridge of infamy. ‘*There are five principal reasons why this type of person first takes up nar- cotics. Four of these are physical; the fifth mental. The physical incentives are pain, sleeplessness, inflammation or irri- tation of all kinds, and digestive disturb- ances. The mental condition that causes thousands of people to turn to drugs is lack of courage or initiative. They take dope for sustenic purposes; that is to say, as a stimulant to bolster up their nerve.” Now up to 1920, Dr. Sirovich told me, a large percentage of this latter group used liquor as a stimulant. But when, on January 16, 1920, Prohibition went into effect, they found their supply either cut off entirely or hard to obtain. Many feared the poison in denatured industrial alcohol that flooded the bootleg market in the first years of Prohibition. And so they turned to dope. Another factor that contributed to the increase in addicts was the fact that a number of bootleggers, after plying their trade for a while, found it easier, safer, and more profitable to handle dope than booze. Peddling drugs does not require transportation of goods in large bulk, detection is harder, and there is no danger from hijackers. Thus, POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY he maintains, ProhiWition was one of the chief causes for the inerease. ‘Official figures bear me out,” he said. ‘In the year 1919-1920, 250,000 pounds of crude opium were imported into the United States. The following year, with the Eighteenth Amendment and the Volstead Act on the statute books, the im- ports leaped to 950,000 pounds, al- most four times’ the quantity.” The manufactur- ers of narcotics, he explained, were fully aware of the change ‘in conditions in this country. They speed- ed up production and unloaded their stuff on the United States by every conceivable means. And though liquor is now easier to A harmless-looking Bible, seized by a narcotic agent, contained a large quantity -of dope. get and also less dangerous to drink than in the beginning of the Prohibition era (P. S. M., May ’30, p. 19), this overpro- duction of narcotics has continued, mak- ing illegal importation and sales the only way in which the drugs can be disposed of. Moreover, the drug habit is progres- sive, and it is safe to say that few if any former drinkers returned to liquor once they had taken up dope. Virtually all the drugs which are used illegally in America come from foreign countries. There are just fifty-four nar- cotic factories in the world, four belonging 43 to the United States. This makes the drug problem an international one and therefore even more difficult to solve than the Prohibition question, which is almost wholly national in character. The location of all the production cen- ters is known. Thus the source of all illegal dope can be traced. But before the traffic can be stamped out, an interna- tional agreement, a sort of ‘‘narcotics League of Nations,” is necessary. At present, the only countries refusing to sign such an agreement are England, France, Holland, and Switzerland—all large producers of opiates. England owns the greatest number of narcotic factories. Switzerland, which has several, makes two pounds of drugs a year for its own citizens and sends twenty-three tons, or 46,000 pounds, to other lands. Dr. Sirovich proposes that an interna- tional convention be called by President Hoover in 1931. Representatives from all countries would meet in Washington to engage in a world-wide antidrug crusade. This move, he believes, would focus pub- lic attention upon the nations that yearly are increasing their output of narcotics, destroying unfortunate men and women mentally, morally, and physically for the enrichment of the drug-factory owners. The only sofution for the increasing use of drugs, Dr. Sirovich declares, is to stop the flood at its source. The total output of the world’s fifty-four factories is more than a thousand tons a year. Three tons would meet the legitimate requirements of the entire world. The num- ber of production centers, he feels, should be limited by in- ternational agreement. As bat- tleships are sunk by naval agreement, he proposes that forty-eight of the narcotic fac- tories be ‘‘sunk,” leaving six to carry on the work of sup- plying the opiates really needed for medicinal and _ scientific purposes. The owners of the abandoned factories could be reimbursed from a fund raised by public subscription. But until this solution is reached, drugs will continue to claim new victims, undermin- ing their health, dulling their minds, destroying their moral fiber. Incomplete statistics, the only ones available, indicate (Continued on page 134) The heel of a shoe makes a convenient and safe place to carry morphine. This shoe, with dope in the heel, was seized by the drug squad.

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44 A New Light on Canned Convenience and cost of ‘‘fresh’’ or ‘‘tinned’’ meals compared in a test made for you by dietary experts.

POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY In her analysis of canned and fresh foods, Miss Parrish made careful record of the weight and cost of the items on her menu. The figures for one meal are given in the tables on this page. JUNE, 1930 Food

Canned MENU No. 1 Weight Time of : Dish as Cost Prepara- Time of . sil Purchased tion Cooking Miss Ruth L. Parrish, instructor of Household Arts, Teachers College, Colum- bia University, New York City, timed the cooking of her test dinners. Grapefruit 1 Ib. 4 oz. $0.25 Sele. £.....0ncn Baked Ham [3 lb. 3 oz. 2.20 10 min. 30 min IU N Candied Fresh MEN U No. 1 Sweet Potatoes 2 Ib. .25 12 min. 30 min. Buttered Weight Weight Time of , f Spinach 1 Ib. 11 oz. .25 3 min. 6 min. Dish as after Cost | Prepara- ime Purchased | Cooking tion Cooking Stewed Tomatoes 2 Ib. 1 oz. 25 3 min. 8 min. Grapefruit 2 ae $0.25 | eee Fig Pudding 14 os. 30 2 min. 30 min. Baked Ham 4% Ib. [2]b. ll oz] 1.55 15 min. [3 hr. 40 min. Other ingredients such as sugar, butter, spices, Candied BES oc acra alae giaa wate i eee Sweet Potatoes 3 Ib. 1% lb. -25 12 min. 55 min. Total cost of meal....... $3.92 35 min. [1 hr. 44 min. Buttered Spinach 3 Ib. 1 Ib. 14 oz. .25 37 min. 20 min. Stewed Tomatoes 2% lb. 2 Ib. .25 11 min. 25 min. Fig Pudding _—S_i........... 1 lb. 1402] .405| 40 min. |3 hr. 30 min. the cities. Be- With the assistance of some of her sides, many per-___ students, who participated in the work as a yee 3 a, sons prefer the a class problem, Miss Parrish prepared SEE cccnconicCiceaca cacc<oad ae, Tee taste of certain three complete, typically American din- — . an “ canned foods, _ ners. Each of the meals was made twice— NE ED «3 snes a2 eT a po ame. such as peas, sal- first from canned and then from fresh mon, and pine-_ products. The dinners were planned for a

HEN you sit down to dinner this evening, either at home or in a restaurant,the chances are nine to one that at least one of the courses will consist of some kind of canned food. It may be the soup or the vegetables; per- haps the fruit or cessert. Lately, packers have put canned whole hams, chickens, and other ready meat dishes on the market, so it is quite possible that your entire meal may have been prepared from cans. Convenience is, of course, the chief reason for the present tremendous con- sumption of canned foods, especially in

apple, to that of the fresh articles. But what of the expense? Are canned foods cheaper than fresh or dearer? And what is the actual saving in time and labor accomplished by using them? What do experts think of the difference in qual- ity and appearance? In an effort to find answers to these questions, POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY devised a series of comparative tests and engaged an expert to carry them out. They were conducted in the laboratories of the Foods and Cookery Department of Teachers College, Columbia University, New York City, by Miss Ruth L. Parrish, instructor of Household Arts. family of five. In each case, the cost, labor, and time involved in preparing the canned meal and the fresh were computed carefully. On three successive days Miss Parrish served one of ‘these double din- ners to a committee of five, consisting of members of the faculty and students, who compared the quality, flavor, and appear- ance of the canned and fresh dishes set before them. eye good jury members, the judges did not allow their personal preju- dices, either in favor of fresh or canned foods, to influence their verdict. More- over, the dishes on the various menus were selected with (Continued on page 138)

JUNE,

HO TO stead them an 0 metr¢ Th elabo mode and | ment of the out « perio detec fore t MIS MI TH coun: “mes refine of M $5,00 radio tion Schl the rium mine in th while Bure conc facte stud. to th radic heav billic grou into For to n quir thor

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1930 tae her : as red lin- esh ra st, the ted iss in- ho ar- re$ ju- ed re- us 38) JUNE, 1930 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 45 PROGRESS AND DISCOVERY Important achievements in engineering, exploration, and dis- covery, and the latest news of the world’s progress in science TO PATIENT IN CHICAGO HosPITALs that go to the patient in- stead of asking the patient to come to. them are maintained for its employees by an organization serving the Chicago metropolitan area. They are really traveling bus clinics, elaborately outfitted with the most modern equipment for making physical and mental tests and for giving treat- ment. The medical department in charge of the four-wheeled hospitals sends them out on “round robin” tours to make periodical examinations of employees to detect and remedy physical defects be- fore they become serious. MISSOURI STUDENTS RUN MESOTHORIUM FACTORY THERE is. only one factory in the country producing the radium substitute “mesothorium.” This is a chemical refinery run by students of the University of Missouri, who yearly produce from $5,000 to $25,000 worth of the precious tadioactive substance under the direc- tion of Dr. Herman Schlundt. To Dr. Schlundt goes the credit for perfecting the process of extracting mesotho- rium from the ore monazite, a brownish mineral found in sand or gravel deposits in the Carolinas and Brazil. He did this while working with the United States Bureau of Mines. Now refineries send concentrated ore to the little chemical factory operated by himself and his students, and the final product is sent to the Federai laboratories for approval. Mesothorium yields an ideal picture of radioactivity, the breaking down of heavier atoms into lighter ones. Fifteen billion years are required for half a given group of thorium atoms to be changed into mesothorium-1, the active variety. For the next jump, from mesothorium-1 to mesothorium-2, only 6.7 years are re- quired. From mesothorium-2 to radio- thorium is a mere matter of 6.2 hours. The beta particles omitted by meso- HOSPITAL IN AUTO GOES | Upper left, the bus that carries hospital service to the Chicago patient. In oval, doctor and nurse from the traveling clinic making examination. Above, a nurse is showing how mental tests are given. thorium are negatively charged electrons. They travel from ten to 100 percent of the speed of light. Mesothorium is not so dangerous to handle as radium, since it loses half its strength within 6.7 years. Radium takes 1,750 years to do this. METALIZED PAPER MONEY DEVELOPED BY SWISS PAPER money that won’t burn, tear, or wear out is said to have been produced by a Swiss inventor, M. U. Schoop, of Zurich. His process is described as spraying paper pulp with a protective coating of tin, copper, or aluminum. Former attempts to metalize paper have resulted in injuring the fiber; but, according to the inventor, the use of a special atomizer in the new process breaks up the sprayed metal into minute particles and prevents such injury. Although the metalized banknotes are hard-surfaced, they are said to be elastic and easily handled. NEW LIGHT TEST SHOWS PEARL TRUE OR FALSE GENUINE pearls, it is claimed, can now be distinguished from false ones with scientific accuracy. An English expert, H. C. Hopkins, has found that the con- centric layers forming a true pearl may be identified by the particular way in which they reflect and transmit light. He has devised a special instrument which uses light from mercury vapor to detect this power of true pearls.. Hence the fear that true pearls would lose their value because of the Japanese “‘cultured”’ variety is-no longer well founded. Up to the present the Japanese pearl, produced by inserting a bit of mother of pearl within the oyster’s shell as a nucleus to stimulate pearl secretion, has held its own with the true Oriental gem. The Chinese were the first to discover that pearls grow inside the oyster about some irritating foreign body. They tried to create a substitute for the natural process by planting bits of mud or wood within the shell and putting the oysters

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i RT LN a ee 46 in vats for three or four years. But the pearl thus produced lacked the genuine luster. In the natural pearl making process, a worm invades the oyster’s home, causing the oyster to secrete layers of “nacre,” or pearl substance, about the intruder and eventually building up a sizable gem. The Japanese came closer to this process when they embedded chemically treated fragments of mother of pearl in the oyster and got a pearl with a luster. HEAT SENT TO EARTH BY STARS MEASURED LOOKING up at the stars on a cold winter’s night, it is hard to believe that any warmth from those distant suns could reach the earth. But heat from them, in infinitesimal amounts, does penetrate the earth’s atmosphere. Leland B. Clark, research assistant of the Division of Radiation of the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, recently has measured it. Minute quantities of heat are ordi- narily measured by radiometers and ther- mocouples. The radiometer, an exhausted glass vessel inclosing a little vane which rotates when exposed to light or heat rays, is used for measuring the intensity of radiant energy, such as comes from a star. The thermocouple, made by joining two metal conductors at their extremities, produces an electric current in the presence of heat. Clark’s aim was to develop a super-sensitive type of each of these instruments. He did this by using high-vacuum apparatus. The extra sensitivity was made necessary by the difficult task of gaging such small amounts of heat. FORTUNE THROWN AWAY IN SUGAR BEET TOPS Ir 1s in the power of American beet “toppers,” who clip the tops of sugar beets on western farms, to save ten mil- lion dollars in sugar yearly. If they will do their beet cutting one and a half inches higher than they are now doing it, claims Dr. Ernest Reed, of Syracuse University, they will swell the beet crop by one tenth. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Dr. Reed, who is a botanist, was skeptical of the theory, held by Ettore Molinari, eminent Italian chemist, that the sugar in beets is found in the heart only. Upon investigation, Dr. Reed dis- covered that the top part of the beet is also rich in sugar content. Going on the old theory that the heart of the beet alone has any sugar, the “toppers” have been accustomed to clip off not only the leaves but the supposedly worthless top section, which, Dr. Reed says, contains an added fortune for sugar beet growers. NEW HARMLESS BLUE DYE FOR FOOD IS FOUND RESEARCH chemists have discovered a harmless blue dye for coloring foods. It should be useful to the housewife, the candy maker, and the brewer of soft drinks. Food to match blue breakfast dishes may now be had. The new dye is called Brilliant Blue “FCF.” It probably will replace indigotine, the blue dye now in use, but which because of fading has not proved entirely satisfactory. Before “FCF” was put on the market, it was subjected to rigid tests in the laboratories of the United States Depart- ment of Agriculture. There large doses of it were fed to guinea pigs, rabbits, dogs, cats, rats, and mice. They showed no ill effects. Even water animals were placed in the dye solution. Imagine goldfish swimming about in a laboratory aquarium colored deep blue! But “FCF” met the exacting requirements of the Food, Drug, and Insecticide Administration and it was found that it could hurt no one. JUNE, 1939 UNDERGROUND LAKE MAy WATER NEBRASKA FARMS A SUBTERRANEAN lake, lying less than 150 feet below more than two million acres of farming land in southwester Nebraska, may be tapped to water c and eliminate droughts if a plan advanced by Professor A. L. Lugn, of the geology department of the University of Ne braska, is adopted. Professor Lugn made a survey of 750 wells in the valley of the South Platte River. He found that the water of the subterranean reservoir can be lifted to the surface by drilling holes from seventy to 150 feet deep. In summer the Platte River is com. paratively dry throughout 200 miles of its courses This is due to the fact, according to Professor Lugn, that the stream flows over a porous sand and gravel bed so that much of the water disappears underground when it is most” needed by the crops. By tapping this store of subterranean water, Professor Lugn thinks, farmers can insure plentiful yields even in dry years. SILVER AND ALUMINUM | IN HUMAN HEART Sucu figurative expressions as “‘a heart of gold,” “the iron fist,” and “with leaden feet” are recalled by the recent investigations of two French chemists Through spectroscopic examination of the ashes of human organs, they found there are copper, aluminum, and a little silver in the heart; copper, aluminum, and traces of the rare metal, titanium, in the lungs; cobalt, nickel, and lead in the pancreas; copper, lead, and silver in the liver; aluminum, silver, and copper in the kidneys and the near-by adrenal glands; and silver, tin, and copper in the spleen. - The brain appeared to be rich in tin, and this metal was also found in the thy- roid gland, in the neck, which also contained silver, copper, lead, and zinc. In this laboratory, chemists of the Department of Agricul ture test all food dyes. In oval, FCF, a brilliant new blue dye, is tested on rabbit. JuNE, Arti plant They ingtc of lis expe a: .. gti s%,

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Trained to Get Their Man on the Run. Members of the Berlin, Germany, Artificial Light Feeds Plants. These bottles contain police force are taught to shoot at running objects by pictures thrown on a screen by plants but no soil, and no sunlight is permitted to reach them. They are being raised at the Smithsonian Institution, Wash- ington, D. C. in an investigation of the effect of various kinds a movie projector that gives an illusion of life to the targets. Sharpshooters are re- quired to make good scores at this practice work before they can join the regular squad. Animals racing across a small screen are difficult to hit even at short distances, as here. of light and heat waves on plant growth. Each plant in this experiment is treated with artificial light of a different color. Changing a River’s Course. The River Alt, which flows into the Irish Sea at Crosby, near Liverpool, England, is wearing the coast away so fast that the inhabitants have become alarmed. As a result, engineers are now at work trying to change the course of the river. This picture shows an explosion of dynamite used in blasting a aew bed for the Alt. Sand and mud from an area 100 yards square were thrown 500 feet into the air. Road Making Tractors Reach China. One of the most recent sections of the world to be motorized is Manchuria, China. There these big road making machines were put to work on a high- way leading into Mukden. An American firm scraped and graded a mile of roadway in four and a half hours at a cost of $30. If this work had been done under the old system of manual labor, still argely in use in China, even at the low rate of such labor it would have cost many times as much. The press of Manchuria hailed the advent of the tractors aS marking a new era in the history of the nation. Hospital for Sick Birds. Science is coming to the aid of feathered pets in a hospital at St. Louis, Mo. In the picture above Dr. W. E. Reisner, bird specialist, is performing an operation on a ring neck dove.

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48 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY JUNE, 1930 « ~ ; Sir Hubert Wilkins Figms Antarctic Ce 5 On a ship within a ship. Members of the Wilkins party taking their ease on the fuselage of the Los Angeles, the airplane of the expedition, aboard the base ship, William Scoresby. Orval Porter, mechanic, is on the left; pilots Al Cheesman and Parker Cramer come next, with Sir Hubert himself stand- ped ing in rear.. Deception Island, a pin point of4and south of Cape Horn, was chosen as a base. Thence the explorers flew 600 miles into the South Polar regions gathering data for a map of a hitherto unknown coast line and discov- ering new seas and islands. Obstacles in the way of using a submarine in exploring the Antarctic regions were also carefully investigated by the party. —

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY One hundred and fifteen miles from the nearest land, the William Scoresby dropped anchor. From here the Los Angeles took off on a daring flight into the desert of snow and ice. Sir Hubert believes further study will show shorter routes across the bottom of the world and provide-data for more reliable weather predictions. Meteorological sta- tions established at logical points between Ross Sea and Graham Land, Sir Hubert thinks, would be of great benefit to weather specialists the world over. £ Making an afternoon call in the world below the Antarctic Circle. This group of polite but inquisitive penguins paid due respect to the strangers who carried odd black boxes. The photo was taken on an island lying within the hook of the extreme southern point of South America. Sir Hubert, whose photographs of his latest trip are remarkable, took the first aerial photos in the North. Unpacking the heavily wrapped body of a strange intruder into the wild Antarctic. The airplane made possible the survey of the icebound realm at both the North and the South Pole regions. Without its aid, such survey would have demanded years of conflict with the indomitable forces that fought back and defeated the hardy early explorers. As long s the plane flies, and has a base to which to return, it is safe irom the destructive power of the ice packs and waves. A symbol of modern industry at one of the outposts of civiliza- tion. This tractor is being used at the base of Sir Hubert’s expedition, Deception Island, to make a runway from which the plane may take off. Planes that rise from the snow use skis, which are found to be well adapted for this important service. All ready for a 600-mile flight into the ice-locked unknown. The plane Los Angeles was used for this remarkable trip which resulted in the charting of 300 miles of mysterious coast line belonging to a little known polar continent. One of the expe- dition’s outstanding discoveries was the fact that Charcot Land, previously thought to be an integral part of the con- tinent, is an island with no connection with the mainland.

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WHY EUROPA, ON FIRST TRIP, BEAT BREMEN THE speed supremacy of the sea has again changed hands. The Europa, sister ship of the Bremen, took the laurels from the latter vessel in a race against time and weather that astounded even the com- manders of the Europa. The new queen’s time for the Atlantic passage was four days, seventeen hours, and six minutes. This was thirty-six minutes under the record set by the Bremen on her maiden trip last July (P. S. M., Oct. ’29, p. 22). Are there points about the Europa which account for the ease with which she made the startling passage? Engineers might mention several things. The two ships are twins in size, tonnage, and gen- eral construction, but they differ in cer- tain particulars. The feature of each vessel, the “bulbous bow,” is much more pronounced on the Europa. The shape of this bow is said to give “dead water” at the propellers, which adds to the power of their thrust. Also the Europa’s bow seems to rise straighter from the water than that of her sister, and is broader. Another unusual feature of the Europa lies in her propellers, two of which rotate outward or away from the ship, and two inward or toward it. Complete freedom from vibration at the stern is claimed fer this arrangement. All four of the Bremen’. propellers rotate outward. Each ship is equipped with high pressure steam tur- bines, which are the most recent impor- tant construction feature of high speed vessels. But the Europa’s engines are said to develop 20,000 more horsepower than those of the Bremen. Aside from points of construction con- tributing to speed, the Europa has va- rious other new features. To keep the smoke away from the decks, the funnels POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY of the Europa are equipped on the in- terior with devices that force the smoke upward a_ consider- able way before it blows out to ‘sea. Antirolling tanks, which add to the comfort of the passen- gers, have been installed. The entire hull of the ship, to insure it against disaster on the high seas, is divided into fifteen water-tight compartments. NOT A RIVET USED IN THIS STEEL TANKER WITHOUT a rivet in its 120-foot steel hull, a new oil tanker recently was launched at Charleston, S. C. It is said to be the first electrically welded ocean- going cargo vessel. The arc welding was done with dovetailed or lock-notched plates, developed by Richard Smith, ship designer. Only nine workmen were re- quired to assemble the ship, and instead of the 85,000 pounds of rivets, only &,900 pounds of welding wire were used. Smith estimates that constructing ships with- out rivets saves a fourth in cost. This steel tanker is the first ocean-going cargo boat built without rivets. Just before she started on her maiden voyage. At right is the Europa with the Bremen behind her. Note size of funnel, one of three inside smokestack in oval. The white line shows lock-notch in plate at point of welding. JUNE, 1930 ~ SS — Commodore Nicolaus Johnsen, of the Europa, is at the microphone on his ship at the New York end of the record-breaking maiden trip. COLORED SAND TO TRACE HAWAILD’S FLEEING BEACH RED, green, and blue streaks will ap- pear shortly on the white sand of the famous beach at Waikiki, Hawaii. They will be put there by engineers of the Department of Public Works. Reclamation work along the shore has been hindered by the sea. A stretch of beach, filled in, would be car- ried away by the ocean within a month. The direction of the de- structive sea currents, which would give a clue to the place where the lost beaches go, is unknown. On the suggestion of Dr. Douglas Johnson, of Columbia University, large areas of the beach will be covered. with colored sand. Thus it will be possible to trace the movement of the shifting shores.

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June, 1930 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Seeing Pulverized Rock in Air, With this device a sample of air is drawn in by suction and appears against the slide of a microscope where the specks of dust are counted. This shows an average of 38,000 particles in a cubic foot of New York’s air. These tests are being made by a firm interested in house ventilating. Tons of Dirt in Air.- -By means of the auto- matic air filter, above, and the microscope, meteorolo- gists find that New York City’s air contains on an average 2,100 tons of dust, made up mostly of carbon. 4 & Police Taught Tricks of Gunmen. Finding the weapons ‘* - on a gangster is not as simple as it sounds, because he has strange gale ee places for concealing them. This dummy, loaded with murderous “2 , devices and wearing a bullet-proof vest, is shown to officers in the — New York City police college to teach them how to “‘frisk” a ‘ : a F crook and be sure that they have not overlooked any of his guns, Teletype Aids Search for Crooks. Philadelphia police are using the bombs, or knives. Failure to find a well hidden weapon has cost the teletype to broadcast descriptions of criminals. The machine has a keyboard life of more than one officer, and the present instruction is meant to similar to that of a typewriter and the operation of its keys sets going the insure a complete “frisking” of the suspect before he is turned in. receiving machines that type the message. A single wire can carry six trans- In the picture, the arm holster and hidden pockets for guns can missions either way at the same time. Above, Philadelphia’s Superintendent of be seen, though these are by no means the only hiding places. Police William B. Mills, at the keyboard, Mayor Mackey, at left, and Director . of Public Safety Lemuel Schofield are watching the operation of the teletype.

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a ATE SR ET vepeatr f 52 POSTMEN USED TO TEST TANNING PROCESS OnE of the most unusual scientific labo- ratories in the world is a pair of shoes. When chemists of the United States Department of Agriculture, in Washing- ton, D. C., recently wished to test the relative wearing qualities of shoe-sole leather produced by two different tanning methods, they sought the aid of postmen, who are proverbially hard on their shoes. In the test, the postman took his shoes to the chemists who equipped them with new half-soles. One half-sole was the result of vegetable tanning processes in which such materials as hemlock bark, chestnut extract, and mangrove bark are used. The other shoe was soled with leather tanned by the chrome process, which employs chemicals. The number of hours the shoes were worn was recorded and the results tabulated. It was found that the chrome sole outwore its mate in some cases as much as eighty percent. However, it absorbed water faster and was slippery on wet pavements. As a guarantee that the soles would be exactly alike except for the difference in the way they were tanned, the chemists took hides of the best quality, cut them in half, and cut the mated soles from identical positions. MAN THIRD IN SPEED BUT FIRST IN ENDURANCE AS A RACING animal man leads the world for endurance and is third in line for speed records, according to a report of Dr. Adolphe Abrahams, of Westminster Hos- pital, London. Sixty miles per hour may be reached by the grayhound and the hunting leopard or cheetah for short distances, Dr. Abrahams says, but after that the speed limits of the various animals drop off radically. The horse is only capable of forty miles an hour in race-track trim, and man’s achievement to date is a little under twenty-four miles an hour. Man compensates for his de- ficiency in pace by his capacity for endur- POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY ance. From the hard-earned record of nearly twelve miles in one hour, man’s space-time feats range through such near-miracles as 100 miles in a little over fourteen hours, 624 miles in six days, and 3,422 miles in slightly under twenty-four days. This last record, made in the American cross-country Derby of 1928, far surpasses anything that a horse could do. For women, the maximum speed is 19.4 miles an hour as compared with 23.3 miles for men, claims Dr. Abrahams. Wearing shoes to test the sole leather, this Washington, D. C., postman starts his rounds. ENGLISH RAILWAY TRIES 16,000 STEEL TIES ENGINEERS of the London and North- eastern Railway in England are warily experimenting with a consignment of some 16,000 steel ties for the Grantham- Nottingham Line, one of their branches. This is said to be the first use of steel rail- road ties in the British Isles. The new ties weigh 200 pounds each, about the same as an ordinary oak-wood tie. Metal ties for main line tracks have not been found practical thus far because they * tend to interfere with electric signaling sys- tems by establishing connections between rails. Engineers have been endeavoring to invent a method of insulation. The ordinary wooden tie lasts any- where from four to fifteen years when it is chemically pre- served against rotting caused by growth of fungi. In the United States it is necessary toreplace about thirty million ties each year. JUNE, 1930 UNDERWATER HAMMER RUN BY EXPLOSIVES CuarGES of high explosive drive a novel underwater hammer used for patching holes in vessels below the water line. The device is said to have operated successfully in recent Navy tests, showing ability to make a high speed emergency repair. The underwater hammer resembles an ordinary pneumatic hammer in appear- ance, but derives terrific power from the use of explosive instead of compressed air. At a single blow it drives home a three- and-a-half-inch steel stud, half an inch in diameter, through a steel plate of half-inch thickness. These studs, driven through the hull of a vessel by divers, would hold a temporary metal patch over a gash in the side. Since the device would drive hollow studs as well as solid ones, it has been suggested as a rescue aid to a sunken submarine. It could pierce the hull with a tube through which liquid foods, water, and air could be supplied to the im- prisoned men. TRACES OF OLDEST TRIBE FOUND IN AFRICA ’ ' HE primeval forests of southwestern . there may have lived, some 10,000 20, numerous tribes that preceded WEL iman race whose past has so far . arthed. s the suggestion of Dr. Viktor Lebe. ter, custodian of the American Museum of Natural History, whose theory is based on relics he has found among seventy archeological sites which have been found in Central Africa. Axes of stone, broad-pointed lances intended for use in hunting, and stone catapults all give evidence of a primitive culture which was as far advanced as that of the Stone Age, the earliest period of man’s life on earth, according to archeologists, of which any records have been found. A number of these early tribes are believed to have maintained their state of culture until as late as the close of the Middle Ages in Europe. é 7 +4 % + " . ‘teed On this branch railway in England, steel ties are being laid. Note the “chairs” through which the rails are to be clamped in place. JUNE NI

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', 1930 ER novel ‘ching . The Sfully bility epair, es an pear- n the d air. hree- inch e of riven vers, over low been nken with ater, im- JuNE, 1930 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY NEW DIESEL ENGINE DRIVES PLANE 1,200 MILES ON CHEAP FUEL AIR SHUTTER VALV vaca a EXHAUST ONE PIECE. CRANKCASE. \ CIRCULAR STEEL HOOP HOLDS CYLINDERS IN THE longest flight yet made by a Diesel-engined airplane, two men recently traveled from Detroit, Mich., to Miami, Fla., without a stop. The 1,200-mile trip, which took ten hours and a quarter, cost for fuel exactly $8.50. Ability to use fuel oil, instead of gasoline, made possible this low expense. The details of the new nine-cylinder, 225-horsepower Packard Diesel motor which this airplane used, and which is one of a type expected by many engineers to make flying safer and more economical (P.S. M., Aug. ’29, p. 21), have just been made public, coincident with its receipt of an “approved type” certificate by the United States Department of Com- merce. Not only is it a radical de- parture from conventional gasoline engines, but it also is something new among Diesel motors. Special engineering features enable it to speed at more than 2,000 revolu- tions per minute—nearly twice as fast as modern so-called “high speed” Diesels. Another triumph was the reduction of the new motor’s weight to only two and a quarter pounds per horsepower, one tenth as much as Diesels previously considered “lightweight.” Cylinders are fastened to the crank case with hoops, instead of bolts, in this novel motor. The hoops encircle the crank case and distribute the shock of explosions in the cylinders. Two novelties are the use of a single valve for both intake and ex- haust, and the individual fuel pumps which spray oil into each cylinder of the motor at the proper moment for firing. On each cyl- inder a plunger, operated by an engine cam, rises at the moment of firing, traps a small quantity of oil from a low pressure pipe connected with the fuel supply tank, and sprays it at high pressure into the cylinder. The Diesel type of engine uses no spark plugs, since the heat of the com- pressed air is sufficient to fire the fuel. H. B. Hendrickson, of the Aeronautic Instruments Section, Bureau of Standards, and the plane’s ice detector he invented. At left, a close-up view of the new Diesel aircraft engine, showing the single valve that works as intake and exhaust. Note the hoop of steel that fastens the cylinders to the crank case without bolts. Small diagram shows the plunger that forces the fuel into the cylinder under high pressure. Above, Captain L. M. Woolson, left, designer of the engine which has no spark plugs and uses a fuel several times cheaper than gas. ICE DETECTOR FOR PLANE WARNS WITH RED LIGHT A NEw ice detector for aircraft has been developed and is now undergoing tests at Hoover Field, Washington, D. C. The new ice warning device was in- vented by H. B. Hendrickson, of the Aeronautic Instruments. Section of the United States Bureau of Standards. The instrument is inclosed in a weather- proof case mounted on a strut of the plane. When the temperature of the at- mosphere reaches the point at which ice is likely to form on the wings, small contacts in the device close, switching on a red light fastened to the instrument board. INSECTS, NOT BIRDS, FLY LIKE PLANE Tue earliest attempts to find models for flying machines in Na- ture might have been more success- ful had insects, instead of birds, been chosen for study. According to a recent announcement of the United States Department of Agri- culture, a special study of insect flight reveals resemblances to the design of a successful airplane. In particular, their whirring wings sug- gest the propellers that have proved the most efficient means of propul- sion for airplanes.

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BIG METAL SEAPLANE RISES 15,500 FEET Four tons of airplane and two and a half tons of load soared 15,500 feet high in a recent flight at the Philadelphia Navy Yard. The remarkable feat was a test of America’s largest seaplane, a tri-motored all-metal Ford. Other tests at the Navy Yard have shown that the 1,275-horse- power plane can leave the water with full load in only seventeen seconds, and can travel 127 miles an hour. The plane’s design, adapted from that of a fourteen- passenger commercial machine, makes it suitable for military use as a bomber, ambulance, twenty-passenger troop transport, or torpedo plane. 1,450 BEACONS NOW LIGHT COAST-TO-COAST AIRWAY AVIATION has a “white way” that out- shines the nightly display of New York City’s Broadway and other famed bright- light districts. It is a nation-wide chain of about 1,450 airway beacons now in operation to aid night flying, according to a recent report of the United States Department of Commerce. Most of the beacons have been estab- lished by the Government, along air lines which are flown after dark. A few, about 125, are private beacons built at the owner’s expense to aid aviation. LARGEST SEAPLANE MAY CROSS THE ATLANTIC SoME time in June or July, according to latest reports, the largest seaplane in the world, the giant DO-X, will attempt to cross the Atlant.c with fifty passengers and a crew of twelve. This is the plane which, last October, carried an official count of 169 persons into the air at once, establishing a world record. When the monster seaplane takes off from Germany, it will be powered by American motors. Twelve liquid-cooled Curtiss Conqueror engines of 600 horse- <r we Ms. i a POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY » * After flying their mighty seaplane nearly three miles above the earth, Myron E. Zeller, pilot, and L. H. Gerriott, mechanic, read the barograph record and find that they met the test. power apiece will give it a total of 7,200 horsepower instead of its present 6,000 horsepower. They are expected to add five or ten miles to its cruising speed of 115 miles an hour. The principal reason for the change, however, is said to be the difficulty experienced in air-cooling the rear motors of the tandem-mounted pairs. On the transatlantic flight the DO-X’s route will be via the Azores and Bermuda, where it will stop for refueling if head winds raise the fuel consumption. Fol- lowing this long hop, the ship may be flown to the Great Lakes and thence west ward over the Rockies to the Pacific coast. CYLINDER HEAD RUNS IN MOTOR IN A NOVEL motor for air- planes, the cylinder heads slide back and forth. The motor, said to be the first of its kind ever built, is a five-cylinder model of ra- dial design developing 100 horsepower. It was designed by Lee Bowman, Los Angeles en- gineer, and is to be sub- mitted to the Government for testing and approval. Connecting rods, operat- ing as in the ordinary steam engine, transmit the power from the mov- ing cylinder heads to the crank shaft.

This aircraft motor, designed by Lee Bowman, Los Angeles, Calif., has a movable piston head that imparts its power to the crank shaft through the connecting rods seen at each side of the cylinder. He plans to send it to the Government to undergo tests. JUNE, 1930 AIRSHIP, WITH NO PILOT, CAN FLY FOR HOURS AIRSHIPS may fly without pilots for hours at a stretch through the latest steering invention. Following the successful try- out of his mechanical pilot for airplanes (P. S. M., Feb. ’30, p. 22), Elmer A. Sperry, Jr., son of the gyroscope and arc light inventor, has deyised a similar automatic steering device for dirigibles. Controlled by a compass, it operates the ship’s rudders without human aid. Another patent has just been granted to the versatile inventor for a launching device for airplanes. This is an inclined runway that would give a plane a down- hill start when wheel chocks were released from within the plane.

PLANE, UPSIDE DOWN, FLIES BACKWARD AN AIRPLANE flew backward over Roosevelt Field, N. Y., recently. Incidentally, it was upside down. Martin Jensen, world’s record solo endurance flyer, did the trick by flying at slow speed, about thirty miles an hour, into a forty- mile head wind. Jensen kept him- self at a safe distance from the ground by holding the nose of his plane slanted upward, from his upside-down position, making a sort of kite of it during the stunt. 6,600 LICENSED PLANES IN USE IN AMERICA AIRPLANES have a long way to go to be as common as autos. One in every 19,800 persons in the United States has an air- plane. A recent Aeronautical Chamber of Commerce report showed 6,600 licensed planes in service. California and New York led in number of aircraft. PF 8 seh

Six hors forc the use vier test stee to fT fror

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130 4 _ ee OD SS —_—Prs | ee So June, 1930 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 55 Latest Developments in Reaim of Plane and Airship oa a w ¥ x . gS ‘ a Six Isotta Fraschini motors with 1,000 horsepower each furnish the driving force for this Italian airplane, called the largest in the world. It was built for alee use by the army of Italy. At right is a view of the great machine, Caproni 6,000, which in a recent test flight is said to have set six new world records. It is an all steel tube plane with semithick wing section and can be adapted to passenger service. An idea of the huge plane’s size can be had from noting the tiny figures of the men standing on and near it, si All ready for a lesson in blind flying. The student is completely hidden in this specially designed cockpit while the. instructor occupies the rear seat of a dual control plane. The purpose of this instruction is to teach the student to depend on his instruments as he must do in fog or blizzard. Germany will lose the altitude record for planes with a pay load of 1,100 pounds if Marshall Headle, Los Angeles, Calif., is successful. Here he is seen with his oxygen equipment, testing it before starting a flight. He expects to fly his plane at least 31,000 feet high. The steel structure at the right was designed by the Junkers company of Germany as a portable factory and was carried 150 miles into Asiatic Turkey by camels and mules. It is made of small steel parts that can be taken apart or put together easily. It has now been decided to convert it into a portable hangar. It will be used by Persian Air Line planes.

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56 RE cats as smart as dogs? Judging from the ex- perimental evidence so far secured, the answer is an emphatic “No.” In many scientific tests the dog has proved his superior intelligence. And if the question were put to a popular vote, there is small doubt that the dog would score an overwhelming victory. But science is not yet ready to hand the dog-the palm. The reason is that the cat possibly has not had a fair show. Be- cause the dog is a gregarious, sociable animal that loves its master, is eager to please him, and is fond of praise, it is much easier for it to demonstrate its intelligence than it is for the cat. Solitary by nature and habit, indifferent to its master’s attitude and praise, the cat is difficult to ‘draw out.” Now, however, the cat is going to have its day. In the psychology laboratory ot Columbia University, New York City, experiments are under way to find out how smart cats really are. Novel and ingenious, the apparatus used in the elaborate tests resembles the combination of a safe in principle. The question is: Can a cat learn to “open the safe”’ and, if so, in how many tries? This is how it is done: Three round, flat, wooden plates are set in the floor. They are wired so as to act like electric buttons. Arranged like a safe combina- tion, they open the door of a food box when stepped upon in the right order. For example, the “combination” may be set so that, to get at the milk in the box, the hungry cat must step first’ on plate No. 1, then on No. 2, then on No. 3. ‘The combination may be 3, 2, 1 or 3, 1, 2. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Here is a Paris janitor, and it must be a good one, since it has held the job for nine years. Its master = is deaf, so when the bell rings this dog pulls the cord to open the door. This German police dog knows where the cash is, and with unfailing accu- racy picks out its master’s wallet from a number that are scattered about. -” iW The tests are conducted in the Colum- bia animal laboratory under the direction of Professor Carl J. Warden, of the psychology department. It is planned to use the same type of device later for experiments with dogs, monkeys, and other animals. In previous comparative tests of cats and dogs, the cat has always lost out. JUNE, | | [)ogs Are Smart: By PRESCOTT LECKY Department of Psychology, Columbia University There was, for instance, the experiment made some years ago by Dr. Edward L, Thorndike, a pioneer in animal experi- mentation, who is now professor of educa- tion in Columbia. Professor Thorndike tried to find out which animal could manage to escape most quickly from a box. Food in sight but out of reach was placed outside the bars. Each hungry animal could release itself from the box when, by random efforts, it happened to strike the latch that operated the door. Though this comes under the head of a mechanical problem, in the solution of which cats have shown some aptitude, dogs turned in a better performance in practically every test. A wholly different type of experiment, devised by Dr. Walter S. Hunter, professor of psychology in Clark University, Worcester, Mass., aims to deter- mine how long the animal can stick to a fixed plan of action. The apparatus consists of an entrance chamber facing three food boxes. First the animal is put through a training period in which it learns that the box with a light at the entrance is the one that will open. After the connection between light and food is thoroughly established, the real test begins. f bpeee light is turned on and the animal, seeing it through a wire netting, pre- pares to run to the proper box as soon as it is released. But now the light is turned off and the animal kept waiting for a short while. How long can it remember which box was the lighted one? Cats re- membered for sixteen to eighteen seconds; dogs for one to three minutes. Moreover, Dr. Carl J. Warden, Co- lumbia University, uses this test to find how many words a dog can learn. As the name of an article is spoken, the dog finds it. in ¢ kee the rec lies abs me in 6/ tee cor not ani do} pre pe do for the sio tio aft tri try th ati th pr wi fa tri to

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nent dL. peri- uca- dike ould ma was igTy box 1 to ited mes ical of yme tter ery of Dr. of ity, "an on. ree nal ‘od OX is ter he J 1930 How About Cates Your Pet May Be too Proud to Learn—or Just Stupid. Science Is After the in order to remember at all, the cat must keep its head and body pointed toward the box. A dog can turn away and still, in the majority of cases, choose cor- rectly. Apparently the difficulty for the cat lies in the use of a signal, which requires abstract reasoning. In more recent experi- ments, the cat saw the food itself placed in the box and the signal was discarded. Now she could remember the right door 67 times out of 100 for periods up to six- teen hours. Unfortunately for the sake of comparison, this modified method was not tried on dogs. N ANOTHER still more complicated test, worked out by the well-known animal psychologist, C. V. Hamilton, the dog also defeated the cat. Four doors are provided in the apparatus used in this ex- periment, all of them leading to food. These doors are kept shut, but one is unlocked for each trial. In no case, however, is the same door unlocked twice in succes- sion. Therefore, the correct method of solu- tionis to try the three remaining doors one after the other. The incorrect way is to try the door that was open before, or to try any door more than once. How did the dog and cat compare in their ability to solve this puzzle? In an equal number of attempts, the dog required 313 trials and the cat 352. Incidentally, the monkey proved smarter than either dog or cat, with a score of 291. That the test is not as easy as it may seem was shown by the fact that a mature person needed 201 trials. Then there is the question of learning to understand human speech. In this POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Truth phe respect, the dog’s superiority is unmis- takable, though whether this is due to intelligence or is merely a reflection of the greater interest that dogs take in people has not yet been settled. After sixty trials, Professor Thorndike suc- ceeded in teaching a cat to climb to the The cat in this cage can get its food if it steps on the three plates in the floor in the right order. This experiment, used at Columbia, demonstrates that cats differ widely in memory and ingenuity. 57 Above, a cat smiling at the stories told about it. At left, a London cat that, it is said, keeps the door knocker going when it wants to get inside. top of her cage for food when he said: “T must feed that cat.” To teach it not to climb at the words “I will not feed her” required 380 trials. But even so, the cat would climb in response to any other remark that was uttered, such as “Nice weather we are having,” or “To- morrow is Tuesday.” On the other hand, Professor Warden and Dr. L. H. Warner, experimenting with the famous dag Fellow in the Co- lumbia psychology laboratory (P. S. M., Feb. ’29, p. 25), found that he was able to carry out fifty-three simple commands without a single error. O MUCH for scientific experimenta- tion, in which neither animal ever comes up to its popular reputation for smartness. The reason for this may be that a good many laboratory tests,- especially the earlier ones, failed to give either dog or cat a fair chance to demon- strate its real ability. It is outside the laboratory that both dog and cat give their most impressive demonstrations of cleverness. And in the mass of anecdotes gathered by reliable investigators, the dog again comes out an easy winner. Still, there are a number of apparently well-authenticated stories relating amaz- ing instances of the smartness of cats. The English naturalist George J. Ro- manes, zoological secretary of the Lin- nean Society of London, England, tells of a cat whose master was in the habit of throwing out crumbs for the birds. The cat would hide in the shrubbery and attempt to pounce upon the birds as they ate. On one occasion, the crumbs were strewn in the evening. During the night they were covered by a light fall of snow. In the morning the owner saw the cat brushing away the snow and removing the crumbs to another spot, where it put them on top of the snow! Then it hid in the bushes and waited for the birds. This trick (Continued on page 142) } ¥ +¢ 4 4 4 5 } a We oy ne ee Ste cr ager att eat reser: * Sts Fae seat

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58 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY JUNE, 1930 +e Grow Plants in Electric Beds Experiments with hotbeds in Europe, heated with current- bearing wires, show unusual results. Method may be tried by plant growers in America. LECTRICITY is now being used to heat hotbeds in Germany. Fin These ingenious “soil” sanita- gine riums, which create an artificial ruir spring season and cause early vegetables and or delicate flowers to sprout and grow T quickly, are being run by intricate wiring Fre systems carrying electricity at a large asti nursery near Berlin. It is possible that pres traditional methods of warming hotbeds Under the old sys- Nev with fermenting manure might be re- tem of hotbeds the tha : - beds were sunk . placed by this modern means of supplying below the surface Geo warmth from an underground electrical of the ground and scul “sun.” Inspired by Swedish and Nor- when the temper- old wegian experiments with the nurture of oe Se eee piec plants by electrical heat, Germany has them to keep the gob now begun to test the advantages of the frost out and main- the new method. An experimental station set hoe acai — peri up in Berlin especially for this purpose eases ther announces startling feats of teer plant growth as a result of moc electrical heat installation. hh Wires sheathed in heavy Art, i cables are run through the Joh t soil directly beneath the Cloi wer plants or else left in the open to warm the entire hotbed. Hotbeds were invented to improve on nature and force fruits, flowers, and other plants to attain full maturity ahead of their out- door cousins in the fields and gardens. The design of a conventional hotbed is com- paratively simple; a_ roof consisting of a network of glass windows is supported by a frame of low wooden walls over trenches usually about six feet wide and two feet deep. A moderate incline to the glass roof is desirable, since it permits more direct penetration of the sun’s rays. Wood is used for the walls because it is said best to withstand heat from within and cold from without. Manure is the ordinary source of heat supply for the hotbed. By its chemical action as it ferments manure may reach a temperature of ninety degrees. By merely turning a switch, however, the horticulturist of the fu- : Compare the turnip-cabbages above, grown with ordi- These electrically grown vegetables show a much Sol , will be able to heat : ; : . + hotbed e h Foc nary methods, with those on the right. Note the large quicker and larger development than those kept warm is hotbeds as he pleases. size of the bulbs of those that were electrically grown. by methods now generally used in American hotbeds. Se te phn inne In this experimental hotbed in Berlin, Germany, wires carrying electricity are used to maintain an even tempera- ture which is suited to the particular plant being grown. ee — — At the left is a hotbed kept warm by sheathed electric wires that run in tracks under the soil. This method has achieved remarkable results. A I I a a ”~ . - , i cle:

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1930 ch JUNE, 1930 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 59 Rot Hits American Skyscrapers Builders Alarmed as Crystals, Germs, Frost, and Acids in Air Attack Stone—Candle Grease and Beeswax May Save Them By H. C. DAVIS ANDLE grease and beeswax are the main ingredients used in a composi- tion invented by Professor Colin G. Fink, Columbia University chemical en- gineer, with which he expects to save from ruin a priceless group of ancient buildings and art objects. The collection of examples of medieval French architecture, statuary, and ecclesi- astic art which, it is hoped, will thus be preserved for posterity is the Cloisters, in New York City. It was gathered more than twenty years ago in Europe by George Grey Barnard, famous American sculptor, who brought the fragments of old churches, gateways, shrines, altar pieces, and stone images of saints, kings, goblins, and other exhibits illustrative of the arts of the Romanesque and Gothic periods to this country and here arranged them so as to re-create a corner of six- teenth century France in the midst of a modern American city. In 1925, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, through a gift of $600,000 from John D. Rockefeller, Jr., acquired the Cloisters. Recently, museum authorities were startled to discover that the Gothic g. roe 72 _ ies SS ere ee pert Rye io treasures had begun to crumble. In the few years of their stay here, they have suffered more than in six centuries of storms and wars in France. Apparently they have been attacked by a germ dis- ease. While the statues are its chief vic- tims, some of the architectural detail, too, is fast going to pieces. Professor Fink was called to the rescue. If the chemist’s treatment proves suc- cessful, a new way will have been demon- strated to save buildings from decay. For, though the fact is not generally realized, stone, the very symbol of endurancé, can rot. It hardly seems reasonable, but there are many instances showing that it does rot, and thus endangers the lives of thou- sands who work, play, live, and worship in or near the rotting structures. How- ever, several effective remedies have been developed. wee: a year ago, it was found that . St. Paul’s Chapel, the big, brown- stone church in lower New York, which was completed in 1766 and still contains George Washington’s pew, was going to pieces. Working continuously for eight months, “stone doctors” performed the operation of cutting out fifteen tons of partly and wholly rotted stone! The edi- fice was treated with hot paraffin, or can- Colin G. Fink, chemical engineer at Columbia Univer- sity, demonstrates his process for stopping rot in stones. At left, how he applies dissolved paraffin to a rock. dle grease, and patched with new stone. Not eight months but eight years were required to put Cleopatra’s Needle, the famous obelisk in Central Park, New York City, through a course of treatment to »revent it from literally crumbling away. . PPRSSENTED to this country by a Khedive of Egypt in 1869, it was erected in the park in 1881. Two years later, the monument, said to date from the time of Moses, began to shed pieces of rock at the rate of 500 pounds a year! Work to save the needle was started in 1885. The obelisk, it was found, was “scaling.’”’ The stone came off in flakes, some large, many more small. One meas- ured twelve by eighteen inches and was four inches thick. To remove these flakes would have damaged the hieroglyphics carved upon the needle in Egypt centuries before the Christian era. In order to preserve them, all of the flakes that could be saved were left in place. The entire surface of the obelisk was treated with paraffin wax. But meanwhile, each of the hundreds of flakes was mapped and numbered for fu- ture reference. In 1893, the damaged areas were treated by pressure to insure that the paraffin wax would fill all voids ass] ACIDS IN SMOKY AIR ATTACK AND DISSOLVE ROCK FROST SPLITS PORES OF ROCKS GERMS, DEPOSITED By DUST, GENERATE ACID IN ROCK RAINWATER, CARRYING SALTS DRIES AFTER’ RAIN; SALTS CRYSTALLIZE, BREAKING PORES LIKE The diagram suggests the four ways that stone rots. The pores let in acid and germs and water, and treatment is necessary or a total loss will follow. ™ Soldiers’ and Sailors’ Monument, New York, is is. cleaned before getting protective paraffin coat. FROST

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—— I i ly ees 60 and prevent accidental movement. Now the job was done. Ten years later, a thorough inspection revealed that none of the old flakes had enlarged and no new ones had been added. The Soldiers’ and Sailors’ Monument, on Riverside Drive, New York City, a com- paratively new structure, was so badly attacked by smoke and frost in the few years following its erection that parts of its stone crumbled to dust at the touch. Recently it, too, was given a coat of par- affin to preserve it. Plymouth Rock, historic Massachu- setts spot where the Pilgrims landed from the Mayflower in 1620, was cracked in three places when an expert saved it by applying a coat of melted candle grease. Buildings in Bos- ton, Chicago, At- lanta, and Montreal have rotted so badly that repair men fre- quently can insert both fistsinthe holes, or break off pieces of stone with the hands. Asa result of this insidious proc- ess of decay, some skyscrapers may be in danger of top- pling, it was recently suggested by the official journal of the American Chemical Society. Concrete foundations, stated this report, may be reduced to mush by underground waters carrying corrosive chemicals. Only the tenacity of the soil then keeps the weakened columns from spreading. New York, Chicago, New Orleans, and Buffalo are cited in the report among the cities where this underground water may be a real menace in certain cases. UT the United States is not the only country where buildings, constructed to withstand the ravages of centuries, are being eaten slowly away. A year or so ago, it was discovered in England that such historic buildings as the Houses of Parliament and Westminster Abbey in London were weakening. The British government department of Scientific and Industrial Research found that fog and other atmospheric conditions were chiefly to blame (P. S. M., Apr. ’29, p. 66). Since then, experts of the government’s Build- ing Research Laboratories at Watford, north of London, have been experiment- ing to evolve more durable materials. What are the causes of stone rot in this country? When the Metropolitan Mu- seum asked Professor Fink to try to save the Cloisters, he at once began a study of the contributory causes, a research so ex- tensive that among the many stones he tested to learn the secrets of their endur- POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY ance or weakness was a sample of granite from the Egyptian Pyramids. A similar investigation was started four years ago by Dr. E. M. Chamont, profes- sor of chemical microscopy in Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. (P. S. M., Aug. ’26, p. 41). Professor Chamont examined materials taken from Queen’s College, Ox- ford, England; Norman walls at Chester, England; the Madeleine Church at Beziers, France, dating back to be- fore 1200; the old Roman aqueducts at Lyons, France; and from other an- cient Roman and Norman struc- tures. In addition, he tested bricks re- moved from modern chimneys after they began to crumble. Dr. Chamont found that similar crystals of decay were to be found in all the samples, whether from an old Roman wall or an Ithaca chimney built ten years ago. But Professor Fink’s investigation went further. Four factors, he told POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY, are re- sponsible for the rotting of stone. A great industrial city burns tons of fuel daily, and its chimneys pour the resulting fumes into Ss Above, Cleopatra’s Needle, in Central Park, New York City, gets a coat of paraffin to save JUNE, 1930 This building is being coated with paraffin. The hanging charcoal stove preheats the wall. the air. Common fuels, such as coal and oil, contain sulphur. When sulphur burns, corrosive acids, such as sulphuric and sul- phurous acid, are thrown into the atmos- phere. When it rains, drops of water col- lect these acids from the air, fall with them upon the stone wall of a building, and soak into the porous stone. As if these acids were not enough, every breeze from the sea of a maritime city, such as New York, brings salt into the air. This, added by the rain to the other acids already present, generates hydrochloric acid, another powerful corrosive. This is cause number one. The second cause is disease. Stone has its maladies, just as humans have. Germs of the sort known as “nitrifying bacte- ria,’ which are also found in soil, are car- ried on the wind (Continued on page 126) ss ts its inscriptions from rot, which. was causing big flakes to fall off. Below it, the Cloisters, the decay of which was rapid in America though it ‘stood the ravages of centuries in Europe. sibly met: Can steel yet seve swol! V: mine abou

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, 1930 ffin. wall. | and urns, 1 sul- mos- r col- with ding, As if reeze th as Lhis, acids loric 1is is » has erms icte- car- 126) June, 1930 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 61 POPULAR SCIENCE SCRAPBOOK News, pictures, and brief bits about unusual people, places, and things from all parts of the world are shown on this and the following pages MME. FLAMMARION DOES HUSBAND’S WORK In THE suburb of Juvisy, on the out- skirts of Paris, the widow of Camille Flammarion, the famous French astrono- mer who died recently, is carrying on her husband’s work. Flammarion was known to the public as a popular writer on astro- nomical subjects, and to the scientific world as an author of various works on the stars and planets, and as an authority on the planet Mars. He was one of the first to suspect the presence of oceans of atomic dust in space, a recent revelation of astronomy (P. S. M., Nov. ’29, p. 25). Mme. Flammarion is being supported in her endeavor by devoted friends. AMEBAS MADE DRUNK BY DROP OF ALCOHOL THOUGH too tiny to indulge in disor- derly conduct, amebas, the one-cell ani- malcules often called the lowest form of life, can get sufficiently drunk to “walk” unsteadily. This was proved recently by a British biologist, who converted a small quantity of water inhabited by millions of the creatures into a microscopic speak- easy by adding a drop of alcohol. When observed under the microscope later, the amebas were “staggering.” Consisting of a droplet of protoplasm, the ameba moves by a flowing motion of its body. It eats by making its proto- plasm run around the coveted morsel. It breathes through the surface of its body, extracting oxygen from the water in which it lives somewhat as a fish gets it through the gills. In the alcohol experiment the amebas moved awkwardly, erratically. In spite of their response to stimuli, they are not known to have a real nervous system. DAMASCUS STEEL NOW BEATEN IN AMERICA Sworpsmitus of Damascus have been forced to yield their laurels to modern American steel workers. Steel is now pro- duced, says W. H. Eisenman of the American Society for Steel Treating, that is harder than that of Damascus and pos- sibly more flexible. He reports that a metallurgist of Canton, Ohio, Dr. W. S. Carnes, has perfected a sword of such fine steel that it may be used as a razor, and yet is so flexible that it can be wound Several times around one’s arm. The sword is made of carbon vanadium steel. Vanadium is found combined in many minerals in small quantities and weighs about six times as much as water. It isa / ' 2 * ne * The observatory, near Paris, France, of the late Camille Flammarion is now in charge of his widow. A photograph of the new trans-Neptunian planet was recently obtained at this astronomical station. silvery white metal that melts at the high temperature of about 3,180° Fahrenheit. It strengthens steel, from which it re- moves oxygen and possibly also nitrogen. TREE 5,000 YEARS OLD THREE thousand years before the birth of Christ, a seed sprouted on one of the Cape Verde Islands, off the coast of northern Africa, and developed into what is now one of the world’s oldest trees, if estimates of the Portuguese colony of St. Vincent are correct. The ancient “dragon tree” is said to be 5,000 years old. Sometimes they are sixty feet tall and have a crown of short branches, with tufts of sword-shaped foliage. RELICS OF LEGENDARY THULE IN ALASKA BELIEF in the existence of a land called “Thule,” sparsely inhabited and situated in the remote North, was held by the Greeks and Romans. Today archeologists have some evidence to support the theory of a “Thule” culture. An expedition to Alaska from the University of Pennsyl- vania Museum has sent back relics found near the northernmost promontory of the country, Point Barrow, which argue strongly that Thule once existed in Alaska. Objects of wood, ivory, whale- bone, and skeletons wrapped in animal skins comprise the collection. Some. of the objects, claims Dr. J. Alden Mason, curator of the American section of the as a oe permeerees “sate , one ara ms ri * ae bg dao = rama

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te i] 1] i isi 1 : | i 62 museum, are specimens of an early civili- zation familiar to archeologists as the Thule culture. The excavation at Point Barrow revealed some curious houses, quite unlike the typical Eskimo igloo. Built of whalebone and driftwood, they were rectangular in design and reminis- cent of the homes of early Mongolian tribes living on the east coast of Siberia. These tribes, Dr. Mason “suggests, may have crossed the Bering Sea into Alaska at a remote period. COTTONSEED MEAL MADE INTO MEATLESS SAUSAGE WHEN is a meat not a meat? When it’s cotton seed. That is the answer given by Dr. David Wesson, of Montclair, N. J., who has solved the dilemma of vegetarians by making “meat” out of cottonseed meal. An expert on the chemistry of vegetable oils, he has taken cotton seeds and ground them up, adding fats and water in proper proportion. The result is a synthetic meat costing only five cents a pound to produce. Although hardly up to the flavor of a juicy beefsteak, which could be had for forty cents a pound at the cheapest, the cotton meal meat is said to have the food value of other meats owing to its protein content of nearly fifty percent. The new vegetable meat has been tried as a sandwich filler, and as a basis for sausage, croquettes, and meat loaf. BIG STONE BULL GOES TO CHICAGO UNIVERSITY THE great bull of Assyria has been shipped to the University of Chicago. It is made of stone and, centuries before the Christian Era, it guarded the gate- way of the palace of the Assyrian king, Sargon II. The massive relic made its journey in eighty-four pieces, and it took an engineer, a draftsman, fourteen car- penters, four blacksmiths, four stone cut- ters, and 240 natives to get these pieces crated for shipment. The first stage of the trip was made on a trailer fashioned out of old cannon wheels and railroad rails POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY left behind by German troops stationed in the region during the World War. Upon its arrival, it was found to be too large for any of the present university buildings, and so the historic bull will re- main crated on Stagg Field until it takes its intended place in a new building. The Assyrian bull is the latest archeo- logical treasure to be discovered by the University of Chicago’s Oriental Insti- tute. The Institute, directed by Dr. James H. Breasted, maintains a base in the Near East, from which field expeditions to ex- cavate ancient ruins, such as the one into Assyria that found the stone bull, are sent. OLD AUTO PARTS USED IN TELESCOPE FRAMEWORK MopeErN Galileos do not need a tower on which to mount their telescopes, but instead can use a framework made of old automobile parts. Two ambitious amateur astronomers of Los Angeles, Calif., have constructed an eleven-foot telescope with an eight- inch reflector, using the rear end of a car and an old battery for mountings and counterweights. These self-reliant back yard star gazers even ground the glass themselves for the telescope’s mirror. Young astronomers of Los Angeles, Calif., proved their ingenuity by using the parts of an old car to build a tele- scope. They also ground the mirror. At the right, this car moved forward and backward and stopped in response to spoken words of command without a driver. A_ photo- electric cell appara- tus, activated by light flashes con- trelled through a phone, operates it. JUNE, 1930 COLLEGE DEANS PICK TEN GREATEST ENGINEERS Who were the ten greatest engineers of the last twenty-five years? Deans of the engineering schools of the United States have selected: Thomas A. Edison, Herbert Hoover, John Hays Hammond, Charles P. Stein- metz, John F. Stevens, George W. Goethals, George W. Westinghouse, Gug- lielmo Marconi, Henry Ford, and Ralph Modjeski. As the five greatest engineers of all time, they chose: James Watt, Leonardo da Vinci, Thomas A. Edison, James B. Eads, and Ferdinand de Lesseps. Considerable controversy was aroused recently by the publication of these lists; especially by the second. How many of these names do you recognize? Would you make the same selections? NEW ROBOT CAR OBEYS THE HUMAN VOICE A ROBOT car that obeys a human voice almost as readily as though a chauffeur were sitting in its front seat was demon- strated recently in New York City. In response to a series of commands spoken in a low voice into a near-by telephone, the driverless car went ahead until told to stop, backed up, stopped again, and turned on its lights when ordered to do so. The brains of the automaton auto are lodged in a _ photo- electric cell apparatus activated by light flashes controlled through the telephone. Each word spoken into the telephone flashed a light source hidden in a miniature tree. Combina- tions of one to four flashes, through the photo-electric cell, operated relays guiding the movements of the car. The control operates only so long as the car stays near enough to the light in the tree to allow the light rays to affect the cell.

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1930 ‘EN iS ers of f the tates over, )tein- Gug- \alph of all omas nand used lists; ny of ‘ould voice fleur mon- York es of voice the until pped ights aton 10to- ated ylled Each hone en in yina- shes, cell, the The ig as h to low cell. oh Jue, 1930 SKILL SAVES EGYPTIAN TOMB RELICS How the gold framework and crum- bling wooden furniture found in a royal Egyptian tomb were restored to their original beauty was recently told by Dows Dunham, of the Boston Museum of Fine Arts. The restoratidn work was the chief episode in the excavation of the tomb of Queen Hetep-heres I by Pro- fessor George Reisner, noted Eryptologist and archeologist. At the base of a vertical shaft in solid rock, ninety feet below ground, the vault of the queen who ruled Egypt some 5,000 years ago was discovered near the little town of Gizeh, three miles from Cairo. It contained the first complete equip- ment of a royal burial so far unearthed. An alabaster sarcophagus, or casket; shriveled wooden furniture once encased in gold sheets; panels of wood inlaid with gold; stone and copper vessels; pottery, textiles, baskets, and other rare objects all buried in the dust of centuries were found in the midst of this decayed splendor. The discovery raised the question of how to remove the fragile pieces from the tomb with such care that later the furni- ture could be restored and none of the rare articles lost. Here the painstaking methods of Professor Reisner, assisted by POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Lieutenant Commander Wheeler at work checking the 5,000-year-old Egyptian relics. At left, a chair re- claimed from the dust of centuries. Lieutenant Commander Wheeler and Dunham, showed their value. He and his assistants had to work in cramped quarters. The stone vault was only about fifteen feet long, eight feet wide, and six feet high. Every square inch of the floor was covered with the mass of débris, so that it was impossible to set foot within the chamber. This obstacle was overcome by clearing “away small areas until a free circle of floor space was reached. Then the real work began. A complete and detailed record of all the parts lying hodgepodge on the floor had to be made, so that afterwards it would be possible to reassemble every piece found in the tomb exactly as it had been before removal. These records were kept by making detailed plans of the floor area and taking photographs from above, one plan for each object removed. The accomplishment of this task took 280 days and required the snapping of 1,057 photographs and the drawing of 1,701 foolscap charts. Most of the objects on the floor were so frail and gossamery from decay that before they could be touched they had to be treated. In order to stiffen them they were coated with a celluloid solution applied by a medicine dropper, giving them a tough, arti- ficial skin. When the list of the rela- tions of all the objects to each other was completed, there remained the recon- struction of the wooden furniture. .The wood had either shrunk or was in a 63 state of utter collapse. But the arch- eologists had a trustworthy guide to the original dimensions of the chairs and other pieces in the unshrinkable gold casings. Once the pattern weaving the different sections into a complete piece of furniture had been analyzed by the arch- eologists, it remained only to fit new wood to the gold cases in order to reconstruct the furniture in every detail. An example of the success of this work is shown in the photograph of the reclaimed chair which is given on this page. CHICAGO FISH TO HAVE PALATIAL QUARTERS MADE-TO-ORDER weather for fish, even including the healthful ultra-violet rays of sunlight, is provided at a new aquarium now nearing completion in Chicago. A refrigeration plant doing the cooling work of 450 tons of ice melted each twenty-four hours, enough to supply the ice boxes of 36,000 families with twenty- five pounds a day, will freshen the water for the inmates of this $3,000,000 aquatic home. A fleet of 125 tank cars will bring sea water from the Atlantic a thousand miles away. Reservoirs holding a total of a million gallons are to occupy a large portion ‘of the aquarium basement. Electric thermo- static controls will adjust the temperature of the water that streams into the 132 wall tanks modeled to line the exhibition hall on the main floor. The fish tanks will have special glass fronts, allowing the passage of ultra-violet rays. This is believed to be the first use of ultra-violet glass for this purpose. These and many other specialties of equipment are de- signed to wrap the fish in as luxurious a liquid atmosphere as they could get in their haunts below the waves. Of the twenty really adequate aqua- riums existing in the world today, the new Shedd aquarium will be the only one not erected near salt water. It is being built on a filled-in, nearly circular peninsula extending into Lake Michigan from the shore of Grant Park, Chicago. It will be octagonal, 300 feet in diameter, with a central dome rising 100 feet over the main floor rotunda, in which is to be set a pool forty feet in diameter decorated as a semitropical swamp. Exchanges with foreign aquariums will be made, and trips to the seven seas will bring back exotic fish of all varieties. Shedd aquarium at Chicago will have ocean water hauled 1,000 miles for its fish. Ultra-violet glass will inclose the tanks. ; | H 5 i ou. | i of ' i | ay 38) = { {

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ms cei, o~ VERSE wie 4 pr ae capitate WRe pre FL! ae - ei epineituasehiastedein * 64 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 3¥ Dressed in the full uniform of the Scots Guards, these experts on the bagpipe are ready to play at memorial or any other special services. The Highlander still clings to his pipes, though there are those who find them slightly less than musical. This is a bagpipe but the man is not Scotch. The pipe is now found in Italy and the bagpipers go from town to town, literally blowing their way across the land of Mussolini, earning a scant living. They have trouble in making the pipe forget the wild Scotch tunes and in train- ing it to the softer melodies that are dear to the hearts of Italians. This trio of Chinamen is playing what the Chinese call music. Note the long drawn out nature of the guitar, while the fiddle has fallen away to a mere nothing. Western ears are seldom pleased by what is tothem far eastern “‘ noise.” Let’s Play Every Nation Has Music All Its Own JUNE, 1930 a Tune There is no escaping the diligent ukuleie player. Even in the heart of the Belgian Congo, the uke is strummed; that is, if this strange looking instrument can be called a uke. The player in the photograph is Congo’s champion, and he loves to strum and sing his native African songs. - yz / “ xi Bi ll iat te ict die *

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY These serious minded musicians belong to the Royal Household Band of Korea. They are ‘ using instruments made in China many cen- This oné-man band belongs to turies ago. The hourglass affair at the right is Abruzzo, Italy, where he makes a drum, capable of stirring the Korean pulse merry with drum, cymbals, and but leaving the western visitor quite calm. the adapted Italian bagpipe, all of which he plays at the same time with hand foot, and mouth. Such musicians are popular with the children at Christmas time. His costume is elaborate, but then he is a royal musician of Burma. The instrument, which looks like a vase, is in reality a tom-tom. In the oval, two Russian boys are showing what can be done with the ac- In a New York City public school, the mouth organ has come into its own. cordion, an instrument extremely popular with music loving Russians. These boys never miss band practice and are said to produce sweet harmony.

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mn anna, Nips gS Ss mines CARVES GIGANTIC MARBLE HEAD OF GARIBALDI ASCENDING the face of a gigantic stone head now being sculptured in Rome, Italy, would be a task for any Alpine climber. If he did manage to get a foothold on the sturdy underlip, he would never scale the bridge of the nose unless he had ropes fastened securely at the top with which to pull himself up. The enormous head is being hewn out of marble by Professor Lapina, famous sculptor, in the image of Giuseppe Gari- baldi, the Italian patriot who furthered the cause of a united Italy. When fin- ished, the figure will be fifteen feet high and will serve as a landmark. HUGE MACHINE TO TEST BUILDING MATERIALS A MACHINE for testing the strength of building materials, both by tension and compression, is to be installed at Colum- bia University, New York. Said to be the largest of its kind in the world, the power- ful machine has a pressing and pulling capacity of 3,000,000 pounds, more than equal to the weight of nine heavy-duty freight locomotives of the type used on the Santa Fe Railroad. Specimens thirty-five feet long and six feet wide can be handled by the tester, it is claimed. A new building on Columbia campus will house the monster, which will require a two-story hall for its use. Au- thorities believe the machine will be able to take care of all testing jobs assigned to it. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY COLOR OF GOLD DUE TO ALLOY How can a gold watch be green, white, or yellow and still be gold? Various metals that, alloyed with gold, produce colors of artistic shades were de- scribed recently by E. A. Capillon, Attleboro, Mass., metallurgist, before the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers. The purity or fineness of gold is usually described in terms of “‘carats.’’ Used in this way, a “carat” means a_ twenty-fourth part. Thus, ‘“fourteen- carat gold” means that the metal contains ten parts of alloy to every fourteen parts of gold. What that alloy is de- termines the color of the gold. Silver and copper, added to the gold in vary- ing proportions, produce an alloy ranging in color from light greenish-white to green, yellow, or even red. Zinc is used in some green or greenish-yellow golds, and nickel and zinc together produce the blu- ish-white color of ‘‘white gold”’ now so widely used in jewelry. Greater cost is not the only thing that makes unalloyed gold impractical for serviceable jewelry. Pure gold (that is, of twenty-four carats) is exceedingly soft, and soon becomes covered with dents and scratches. An alloy is required to give it the hardness necessary to resist wear. WORLD SCENES DUPLICATED IN CALIFORNIA A DUPLICATION of nearly every picturesque spot on the globe may be found charted on a map of California which hangs in the office of Fred Harris, location manager for Hollywood motion picture companies. He claims he can show, with a few simple map point- ings, why his state is the movie center of the world. Having traveled widely, Harris says that he has come to realize that Cali- fornia has a “‘double” for every unusual square mile of the globe. The landscape of Hol- land, the tractless wastes of the Sahara Desert, the South Sea Islands, or the sublime peaks of Swit- zerland are indicated on his map. If a movie pro- ducer wants a French JUNE, 1930° location like the Riviera, it is the busi- ness of Harris to find it. He merely walks to his map, looks under “Riviera,” locates its California twin (the Santa Monica Palisades), and phones to the producer that he has found the place. To get every bit of California’s kaleido- scopic country on record, Harris has scouted up and down the Pacific coast for fifteen years, taking notes and photo- graphs. He now has a catalogue of 25,000 photos on file, which he uses for reference along with the world-in-a-nutshell map. TELEPHONES TESTED WITH SOAP BUBBLES FEw people realize that the upkeep of their telephone service depends partly on soap bubbles. Yet these are a vital element in the “gas pressure” test for detecting leaks in the sheaths of tele- phone cables. When a section of the long- distance cable eventually to connect New England with the South was being laid through the North Carolina woods recently, it was pumped full of gas. A man might be seen tramping from pole to pole painting the cable with soapsuds. After this coating a leak no larger than a pinhole in the heavy metal sheath of the cable would appear as an air bubble. Leaks in the cable sheath must be found, as they let in moisture which, spreading to the hundreds of wires that make up the cable, eats away the paper insulation and causes short circuits and interruption of service. The gas pres- sure which blows the test bubbles is sup- plied by pumping nitrogen or carbon dioxide into the cable. Careful gage read- ings determine whether there is a leak. Large leaks may be revealed by a hissing sound, or detected (if carbon dioxide is used) by running a hand along the sheath, since the gas is extremely cold as it escapes. Fred Harris, of Hollywood, with his map of California, claims that he can find a “double” for any scenery in the world. Ju

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June, 1930 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Model Making— A Hobby and a Business A model automobile, made by a Baltimore, Md., jeweler and exhibited at a recent auto show in that city, is priced at $100,000, which, it is claimed, makes it the most costly car in the world. Its value lies, largely, in the jewels with which it is studded. Set into it are rubies emeralds, and 3,000 diamonds with a total weight of 487 carats. The car measures six inches high and approximately two feet long. This is not really the Cathedral of Cologne, though it looks exactly like it. The model was made by Hans Swoboda, twenty, student of architecture of Muenster, Germany, and was recently exhibited at the Grand Central Art Gallery, New York City. Six centuries were required to build the original, the foundation of which was laid in the thirteenth century. Swoboda took four years to make his model, in which are 2,500,000 matches. Without its base it is ten feet high. It is claimed to be a perfect reproduction of the cathedral, calied the world’s finest example of Gothic architecture. This unusual photograph of a ship model was made by using two spot lights, the one above giving the effect of strong sunlight shining through the sails. The angle of the camera to the light source accounts for the brilliant contrasts. The model was made by Walter Marsolais, aged 14, of Worcester, Mass. He copied it from the drawing of a Norwegian barge, using a pocketknife, chisel, and file. Two young business men of New Haven, Conn., are turning out mode] air- planes that bring them cash and distinction. John Lichtenberg, 16, left and Edward Fasold, 15, right, have built eight hundred planes during the past : year and sold them for $500. Recently fifty-two of their models, exhibited Joseph Oberg, Worcester, Mass., made this model of the full- at Yale University, won them a blue ribbon. Their output includes 250 rigged bark Szar of Peru. Notice the striking shadow of the types, ranging from those the size of a hand to real flyers with a 24-inch boat as it appears in this remarkable photographic study. wing spread, At present they are making a 21-inch scale model Sikorsky.

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fee ene eee ot a ae ener) Se A Sa aru felipe 3 TNE Fae Pa tals 68 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY | Want only half a slice of toast? This tiny electric toaster is designed to give you exactly that. It uses only 150 watts and is adequate for the tea table or an individual breakfast. 4 — ff _— ab. eee . a wat: t i Full freshness is preserved in the sandwiches and veg- etables that are put in this moist air compartment for refrigerators. With this it is said that both dry and moist cold can be used in the same ice box, It is es- pecially recommended for celery, tomatoes, and water- cress, to which it is said to add decided crispness. With a foot on the loop in the handle, this pail is held steady while dry or oiled mop is cleared of dust by turning against blades. There is no sticking with this doughnut cutter, as a spring pushes the cake out when pressure is released. Biscuits or cookies can also be cut with it by removing the hole cutter and spring. At right is the container in which the device comes. It is fitted with a top and makes a perfect con- trivance to sift sugar over the newly cut dough. JUNE, 1930 Household Aids Inventions to Save You Time and Work When the bird on top of this cof- feepot sings, the coffee is done. If the whistle blows, it’s a dan- ger signal. Each is operated by steam in the pot. The walls of this utensil are built on the vacuum bottle principle and it is claimed that they will keep the coffee hot for more than an hour after the heat is turned off. Flimsy materials are meant to be washed with this device and escape injury. Air is admitted at the top of the plunger and is forced through the fabric as the handle is moved up and down. This is said to result in a thorough cleaning. In use, the plunger is below water.

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930 Juxe, 1930 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 69 This zipper bag on the vacuum cleaner makes the task of empty- ing the dirt simple and easy. There are no hooks to unfasten; the clasp slides open and the dirt is emptied into a convenient pan. Then the cleaner is run for just a moment until the last particle of dust is blown out and it is then all ready for use again. Tramps and unwelcome intruders are effectively barred by this cof- grilled panel, which not only one. affords real protection but also lan- serves as a ventilator. It is 1 by used either on the front or kitchen is of door. When the inner panel of the this safety door is swung open d it the caller can be seen and spoken ceep to without giving him an oppor- 1 an tunity to effect an entrance into off. the house by force. Thus women alone in the home need have no timidity about answering calls, ‘ An interlocking device for screen and window is said to solve the problem of screening the casement window. ¥ Both the screen and the window swing out at a touch of the handle and the curtains are thus left undisturbed. These seats and table swing out of this handy combina- ’ tion cabinet and at such times it provides a very con- venient breakfast nook with plenty of room for two. t to and tted and c as and on Cleaning a window or an automo- aa bile windshield is made éasy with clade this little tool. The blade is faced with soft rubber, which takes up the water and leaves the glass practically dry. It is light and When this cabinet, which opens to form the breakfast nook as seen in the center photo, is effective in operation and when ee ‘ s closed, it forms this handy kitchen worktable in not in use it occupies little space. Prongs on the sides of this dish drainer are designed to which there are also shelves for the pots and pans. and can be kept on a convenient hold glasses so that they drain perfectly and at the same Forming as it does two pieces of furniture in one, shelf in the kitchen or garage. time are protected against chipping. It has a compart- it should prove desirable in a small apartment ment for silver that swings out of the way of the china, or in homes that have an alcove breakfast room. thus reducing the possibility of breakage in handling.

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70 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY ARCHIMEDES nena Travis Hoke, Editor Raymonp J. Brown, Managing Editor Artaur WakELING, Home Workshop Editor Aurrep P. Lang, Technical Editor IsraeEL Doskow, Art Editor E. E. Free, Contributing Editor Published Monthly by Popular Science Publishing Company, Inc., 381 Fourth Avenue, New York City. Single Copies Twenty - five Cents. In the United States and Its Possessions and in Canada, $2.50 the Year. In All Other Countries, $3.00 the Year. You Can Help PESSIMIST once defined a patent as a “license to litigate.” The continual airing of patent squabbles in the papers indicates that this pessimistic designation of a patent is more than half right. One of the principal characteristics of the human race is imitativeness. In that particular quality we betray, according to the evolutionists, our kinship with the monkey tribe. One man invents a device which proves profitable to manu- facture and immediately a host of imitators flood the market with “Chinese copies.”” If the device was patented by the original inventor, he is legally and morally justified in prose- cuting every infringement. The more valuable the device the greater the temptation to infringe, and the more involved and expensive becomes the resulting litigation. The inventor’s task of marketing and pro- tecting his invention is beset with difficulties. He should not be burdened further by delays and mistakes in the Patent Office which prevent him from obtaining easily and quickly a clear and valid patent. As is explained in the article on page 19, the United States Patent Office is now being operated in a ‘manner that undoubtedly is a disgrace. Under present conditions the inventor receives his “license to litigate”’ only after such a long delay that it is often of no value to him. Congress can remedy this situation, and Congress will remedy it if enough people insist. Write your Senator or Representative at once! Revolution in Food Is Near 4 lbew can opener, once sneered at as a badge of the ignorant and shiftless housewife, soon will become the symbol of efficiency and the most important tool in the modern home kitchen. A few years ago the diet of the average person was restricted to fresh meat from the butcher shop and fresh vegetables from the market garden plus a small percentage of food that was preserved between seasons by drying, smoking, or other ele- mentary means. At present, as the article on page 44 of this issue indicates, civilization has reached the point where we practically are in- dependent of seasons in foods. Almost any food product can be had at any time of the year, and as the article also shows, it is the equal of, or only slightly inferior to, the fresh product. Looking into the future, it seems logical to believe that there will be continued and accelerated scientific improvement in the JUNE, 1930 methods of canning foods, and with further improvements there will, inevitably, come corresponding changes in the methods of handling food. The butcher shop, for example, with its sawdust-covered floor and odor of fresh meat, may disappear and the vegetable man, with his enticing array of lettuce, carrots, and so on, may join the butcher shop in the limbo of forgotten things. Vast stores scientifically designed to handle canned goods with the least possible expense and delay will take their places. If we judge by what has happened in other lines of human progress, it seems logical to believe that the shapes and sizes of cans will be standardized. Possibly the food store of the future will be an automatically operated slot machine. These changes in the food available are bound greatly to influence the handling of food in the home. Perhaps the kitchen as we know it now will disappear. Certainly the con- ventional stove is due for a series of evolutionary steps that will adapt it specially to the handling of canned foods. The stove of the future will have an opening at the top into which the whole can is inserted and the entire operation of preparing the food, including opening the can, will be automatic. Then the can opener, which, in the near future, will be a badge of distinction, will also go into the discard! Limit the Narcotic Factories O* ANOTHER page of this magazine, Dr. William I. Sirovich, a member of Congress and a recognized author- ity upon habit-forming drugs, tells of the appalling increase in narcotic users in this country. The hundreds of tons of opiates which are smuggled into the country annually threaten to make the United States the greatest dope-using nation in the world. The average person knows approximately 1,000 people; accord- ing to Dr. Sirovich, sixteen of these should be drug addicts. PoPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY believes that the international agreement for the limitation of opiates, which Dr. Sirovich proposes, should be advanced with all the pressure of united public opinion. The number of factories which are flooding the world with destructive drugs must be reduced. Nations like England and Switzerland, which are profiteering in the suffer- ing of millions of helpless drug victims in other lands. must be forced to curb the activity of their narcotic factory owners. By exposing the alarming truth about the present drug situation, POPULAR SCIENCE MonruxLY hopes to stimulate pub- lic opinion to action against the evils of the traffic in drugs. Exploring Comes High IGURING the net cash value at the present time of every- thing accomplished on the Byrd Antarctic expedition, it is doubtful if it more than offsets the $8,000 which was spent for forty tons of dog biscuits used on the trip. Figuring on the same basis, the visible net cash value of Columbus’ discovery of America stacked against the cost of his trip makes an even worse showing, and there have been countless other exploration trips that have cost large sums of money that gave absolutely no visible returns, and also many where explorers lost their lives into the bargain. However, to the net accomplishments of the Byrd expedition, as detailed in the article on page 26, must be added one definite and unique accomplishment. The radio has permitted millions of people all over the world, whose daily existence is sur- rounded by a humdrum sameness, to enjoy in spirit the thrills of high endeavor and the daring of the actual explorers. Doubtless the sum total of the value of this widely distrib- uted human pleasure, in itself, more than offsets the entire cost of the expedition. They Are Saying— - ar nadine million years ago, the climate of New Jersey closely resembled that of Florida today.”—Dr. Mintin A. Chrysler, Rutgers University paleobotanist. “The violent up and down air currents caused by the high buildings of New York would, I think, make the mooring of a great airship toa skyscraper mast almost impossible at this time.” —Dr. Hugo Eckener. “The mule, finally , will be the only rival of the airplane for safe transportation in heavy fog.’”’—Lieut. James Doolittle, fog pilot for the Guggenheim Fund experiments. “In obtaining a domestic supply of rubber, we have a long way to go; but we are getting there.’”’—Thomas A. Edison. oye

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930 June, 1930 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 71 nts e the i ror Icropnone to xroOur OMe ay of the N THIS page our artist pictures every step in radio broadcasting from the studio performance to your ear. ods Tons of complicated electrical broadcasting machinery work ane under full load in order to vibrate the diaphragm of your loudspeaker _— which, at most, weighs only a fraction of an ounce.’ However, when you consider that many millions of loudspeakers all ” over the country are operated in unison with yours, and that broadcasting would be virtually worthless if the highest standard of = technical excellence were not maintained, the vast = expenditure in time, money, and machinery is amply STUDIO WHERE SOUND hat — WMURoP ROWE AND "he The exceedingly weak electrical currents from the ARE TRANSFORMED Neg microphone go to the mixing panel. Several micro- INTO WEAK ELECTRIC ich Hs IMPULSES , phones may be used to pick up the same orchestra and ing the tone censor at the mixing panel can control the relative volume from each and blend the result into a al perfect whole. After some amplification at audio fre- quencies, the result is led to the main control room where it is divided. One portion is sent to the transmitter of the station that is originat- L ing the program and the other portion pasha Ra say goes out on the land wires to other sta- PANEL FOR COMBINING 4 tions in the chain. About every 150 miles ——— Pre there is a chain program repeater station tes which boosts the strength of the signals , - and sends them on to the next station. 4 . The program, as it arrives at each chain rd- tense station, is fed into the trans- Pct ers a in nei 4 il mitting equipment and pumped into the Po ap pala a Wiens Pan pale : : antenna and radiated with tremendous ee / STATIONS ich power. Your own antenna picks up the . ted program and your own receiving set the amplifies it and then converts it into ike sound waves that you can hear by means re of your loudspeaker. rug Starting at the upper right hand, b every step in radio broadcasting is uD- pictured here, ending with the home loudspeaker, lower right. CHAIN PROGRAM REPEATER STATION~ONE EVERY 150 MILES TO STEP UP SIGNAL AND RELAY TO CHAIN STATION TRANSMITTER at en of ss "a, ie 5 ee bk A on, ite LBP ee | Movern AMPLIFIER + ns ee a= ¥ : ‘| | PANEL IN MAIN ur- - CONTROL ROOM ills TRANSMITTING EQUIPMENT 4 WHERE SIGNAL 1S AMPLIFIED AND “PUT ON THE AIR” ib- ost CONTROL DESK, WITH LOUDSPEAKER, WHERE SIGNAL 1S RADIATED FROM \. COMMERCIAL CODE SET ; TRANSMITTING. ANTENNA TO ee ; SIGNAL 1S TRANSFORMED ss, av a ng - . pe A VE e: if TUBES re XP at - TRATE AMPLIFICATION FROM

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72 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Why Your Radio May Sound (Jueer Distortion may occur at many points in the electrical circuit between antenna and your ear, especially in the audio stages or loudspeaker. JUNE, 1930 the high notes. It may even introduce a few kinks of its own which will make the music sound a bit queer. If it is over- loaded with too heavy a signal from the radio-frequency stages, rectification will be incomplete and the announcer will sound as though he were gargling instead of talking. However, all the distortion that may be introduced by the detector tube and what goes before it is a mere trifle to what can happen after the electrical im- pulse leaves the detector and _ starts through the audio amplifier. Leaving the detector tube, it must go through the first audio transformer which may mangle it almost beyond recognition. Both the sharp little kinks of the high notes and the easy broad motions of the low notes in the radio waves may be By ALFRED P. LANE flattened out. Also the transformer may, th in addition, display marked partiality for an kinks of a particular size and therefore el amplify them out of all proportion to the re \ YOU can hear music and human forms of distortion may be introduced. _ rest of the signal. To your ear, the result th speech by radio because of the The broadcast wave, as it is received will be the complete loss of the bass “ working of a fixed law of Nature. by your antenna, is spread over a band drums and bass viol at one end of the th A physical object can be in only one place _ of electrical frequencies. Too sharp tun- musical scale and at the other the loss of at any one particular time. The dia- ing will cut down the strength of the fre- all the higher overtones that make it pos- id phragm of the microphone in the broad- quencies near both edges of the band. and sible to distinguish one instrument from on casting studio, the cone of your loud-_ the radio waves will be distorted by the another. This overemphasis of one fre- os speaker, and the drum of your ear obey _ loss of some of the little wiggles that rep- quency may result in a disagreeable this law. resent the high notes. A piccolo will be shriek whenever a musical instrument in op Several musical instruments may be reduced to a squeak and the higher the studio sounds a note approaching in, producing notes of different pitch in the — violin notes will lose their distinctiveness. that frequency. di broadcasting studio at one time, but as The distortions introduced in the first bl the diaphragm of the microphone cannot ‘THE other serious distortion which may audio stage may be made even worse in pr be in two places at once, it must vibrate be introduced in the radio-frequency the second, or power, stage if the trans- os back and forth in an irregular way in stages is cross modulation. This term formers are not up to the mark. Of course response to the effect of the different vi- means that the electrical wave you are if the power stage employs two power on brations. Provided there is no distortion, trying to receive may become scrambled _ tubes in the push-pull circuit, slight dis- op the cone of the loudspeaker repeats these with the wave from some other station, tortions introduced by the tubes them- os irregular movements and thus sets the with the result that there may be either __ selves will be eliminated automatically by po air in your room into pulsations that slight distortion or complete hash. the push-pull arrangement. poe move the drum of your ear in correspond- The detector tube in the set, which | ing irregular movements. These irregular takes the radio waves and by rectification YN fetes the signal has been brought in oi movements are separated, by the nerves gets them back to electrical frequencies by the antenna, amplified at radio fre- a of the ear, into the various sound sensa-_ that can be converted into sound, may quency, detected (rectified), and again am- rs tions. introduce several kinds of distortion. plified at audio frequencies, it still remains a - The real marvel of radio is that this If it fails to rectify uniformly, it lops merely an electrical equivalent of the thi complicated, irregular motion can be car- _ off some of the little kinks which represent sound. The next step is to convert it into vel ried so perfectly through the 7 vibrations in the air which pies various stages of your radio MOO-TREQUENCY STROES i. will affect the eardrum and wis set. The slightest change in LOSING HIGH NOTES ~~ ate produce the sensation of pis this irregular movement of static spoirs =©60 sound. This operation is il the microphone diaphragm na cane moree” RECEPTION accomplished by the loud- which, in the form of electri- speaker. This is a critical step the cal vibrations, is picked upby ig sume swan wat in the whole process. The elec- dix your antenna, will throw the _ prop tow AND HIGH trical impulses are first con- sid drum of your ear wide of the —_— NOTES AND OVER- verted into mechanical mo- th mark in its effort to inter- FREQUENCY = tion electromagnetically and 0g : - - - in pret the movement in sound then this mechanical motion pon sensations. 2 is changed to air motion by mgr at “4 radio LOOSE. GROUND the cone rs the —o. oa : antenna, there is, for exam- CONNECTION ADDS Many forms of distortion nt ple, the effect of static— a are pol in the loud- - i either natural or man-made. CONE. PAPER MAY speaker, and some of them Th +4 This causes distortion by met ea are quite common. Mechan- me combining with, and there- ical parts must have some “a t fore changing, the electrical weight and consequently oul if impulses. Your ear inter- some natural rate of vibra- 1% prets these changes as crack- tion. In constructing the he if ling, grinding, or sizzling = + a moving parts of loudspeakers, nal ib — although, sue, nO ELIMINATES TUBE DISTORTION, the makers ey hr get prs ate such noises actually exist in UT TRANSFORMERS MAY the moving parts so light that : i ’ the air. — the setae site of vibration oo i} R. the ere waves, sen CONE SUPPORT, ay BE TOO paatic CONE is faster than any audible ; aa whatever alteration are made UCE HIGH ESONA sound, but often it is not pos- , 4 by —_, is posed along NOMREPRODUCE LOWER ONES "FONE. —_ sible to do this. The loud- a eta through the radio-Irequency _ cS ; speaker may, therefore, in- a } amplifier stages of the radio 7.0",qingjam shows at what points io your radio set buzzes andsqueaks may troduce distortion by reén- |p f ; receiving outfit, two serious or it may start with the antenna and end only with a rattle in loudspeaker. forcing some particular tone. ond ei th adeaall ~~

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ea the er- the vill vill sad lay ind to m- rts ich on. igh the ay, for ore the ult ass the _ of OS- om re- ble in ing rst ns- rse ver jis- m- by JUNE, 1930 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 73 HELPFUL HINTS FOR RADIO FANS Hook-up to Use Direct Current B Batteries Can Be Eliminated Unless Set Has High Voltage Power Tube—How to Locate Trouble HILE eventually al- ternating current will be universally used in this country for home lighting and the operation of home electrical appliances, there still remain many areas in some of the larger cities where direct current is supplied for use in the household. In such locations, the radio set owner is definitely handi- capped at present because nearly all commercially built radio sets are designed to operate on 110-volt alternat- ing current. Connecting such a set to a direct current circuit would result in blowing the fuses or burning out the primary of the power transformer in the radio receiver. Large numbers of radio set owners in such districts are still using battery operated radio receivers without making any attempt to take advantage of the possibilities of the direct current that is available. In most districts supplied with direct current, the power is brought in from the street on three wires. One of these wires is at ground voltage. Another is at 110 volts above the ground voltage. The third is at 110 volts below the ground voltage, so that between either of the two live wires and the central or neutral wire there is a voltage of 110; and be- cause of the polarity 220 volts are avail- able between the two live wires. Ordinarily, only two wires are led into the various apartments, the load being divided in the building between both sides of the line. This means that al- though 220 volts D. C. may be available in the basement, only 110 volts D. C. are available in any particular apartment. If you happen to be living in an apart- ment supplied in this way, you can at least get rid of the B batteries by con- structing a simple D. C. B-eliminator. The circuit is shown on this page. The required material consists of a board on which to fasten the instruments, an ordinary porcelain fuse block, a drop cord and plug, one B-eliminator filter choke, two two-mfd. filter condensers of not less than 200 volts working rating, one variable resistance having a range of 500 to 5,000,000 ohms, and one one-mfd. filter condenser with 200-volt rating. This apparatus, together with three binding posts and a few pieces of in- sulated wire for making connections, will supply you with a satisfactory D. C. B-eliminator that will have a constant output of ninety volts. The difference in FUSE BLOCK } (AMP FUSES) B-ELIMINATOR CHOKE COIL “~~ VARIABLE RESISTANCE $00 to 500,000 OHMS _g whatever other ground may be used. This condenser is ab- + 90 to I00 * FOR AMPLIFIER CIRCUITS solutely necessary to prevent possible chances of a short circuit. You may be located on the side of the power line where the live w:re is minus. This means that the third or neutral wire actually supplies the positive current to your radio set, and the live wire Bor 4-MFD, '200-V. FILTER CONDENSERS CONDENSER the output and input, of course, is caused by the resistance of the filter choke. This type of B-eliminator will take care of any battery operated set except one fitted with power tubes that require high voltage. If such a set is to be operated from the B-eliminator, the 171A tube can be removed and a 112A tube sub- stituted. One point must not be neglected, and that is the fitting of a one-mfd. filter con- denser in the ground lead to the radio set. The wire from the ground binding post to the set should be connected to one ter- minal of the filter condenser and the other terminal of the filter condenser should be connected to the water pipe or A B C’s of Radio ANY radio beginners are con- fused as to the actual advan- tage of push-pull audio amplifica- tion. Aside from greater power handling ability of the push-pull circuit, it has one definite advan- tage in improved tone quality. It is almost impossible to arrange a cir- cuit so that the electrical oscilla- tions representing sound may be fed into the grid circuit of a single tube and be amplified without dis- tortion in the plate or output cir- cuit of the tube. Using two tubes in push-pull eliminates this inherent tube dis- tortion. Provided the tubes are reasonably well matched, the push- pull circuit balances the distortion produced in one tube against the distortion produced in the other so that the two forms of distortion always oppose and cancel each other. As for power-handling ability, any two power tubes in a push-pull cir- cuit have an output theoretically twice, and practically nearly thrice, that of one of the tubes used ina conventional circuit. Diagram of circuit showing a hook-up with direct current that will — eliminate B batteries, operate at a low cost, and produce 200 volts. which normally would be grounded cannot be connected directly to the water pipe by way of the wiring in the radio set. The condenser will stop the flow of direct current and permit the flow of the radio-frequency current which operates through the antenna circuit. It is not necessary to make any elaborate tests to determine the polarity. Connect the B-eliminator circuit to the proper binding posts on the set and insert the wall plug. If the set operates, the polarity is right. If it does not, reverse the wall plug in the socket and then mark it in some manner so that you can always replace it correctly. lf you are so located that both sides of the three-wire system are available, exactly the same circuit can be used and you will have an ideal D. C. supply, at extremely low cost, capable of producing at least 200 volts and consequently sufficiently powerful to operate the 171A - tube at maximum volume. Exactly the same circuit should be used and the same precaution taken with regard to the con- denser in the ground lead. However, if the circuit is to be operated on 220 volts D-C., it is desirable to step up the rated working voltage of the condenser to not less than 300. Locating Queer Noises Every object has a vibration rate. In other words it will vibrate back and forth very easily at some definite number of times a second. In your home, near your loudspeaker, are many objects each of which has some natural rate of vibration. hen the loudspeaker sounds a musical note with a vibration rate that is the same as that of some near-by object, the object will have a tendency to vibrate. If it happens to be supported in such a way that it is free to follow the air vibrations, it will begin to oscillate back and forth and in doing so will strike against some supporting object. The result will be a chattering noise that will spoil the music. Before you blame the loudspeaker for chattering noises, be sure to investigate all near-by ornaments.

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74 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY JUNE, 1930 As the cars whizzed over the top of the hill and swept past Gus, Hank was several car lengths ahead of Jack. Tricks That Add to a Car’s Speed Gus Bets on a Sure Thing Because He Knows Automobiles and Human Nature—Then He Explains office, slammed the door, and walked disgustedly back to the rear of the Model Garage where Gus Wilson, his partner in the auto business, was working. “Something’s just got to be done about it, Gus,” he complained. ‘Hank Wither- bee and that young Jack Landrith ’ve been wrangling with each other in the office till I’m nearly crazy. Go in and shoo ’em out for me, will you?” “Shoo ’em yourself. I’ve got troubles of my own,” the veteran auto mechanic growled as he “‘miked” a new piston pin and found it way out of round. “Another one of them darn ‘eggs,’” he grated, snapping the offending pin into the scrap pile under the bench. “What’re they arguing about, anyhow?” “Same old thing,” Joe replied. ‘Each one claims his car is faster and better on hills than the other fellow’s.” Gus reached for a clean piece of waste and headed for the office. Young Landrith was pounding on the desk in his excitement as Gus strode into the office. “Is that so!” he shouted. “You know darn well that my car can beat yours anytime, anywhere. Every time we’ve had a brush I’ve licked you!” “G’wan,” Hank scoffed. “I didn’t even know you were racing me.” “You fellows have exactly the same car,” Joe interrupted. “What’s the sense of arguing that way when both cars have the same speed?” J: CLARK stepped out of his little By MARTIN BUNN “They haven't anything of the kind,” put in Gus emphatically. ‘Jack, you think your car is faster. I’ll bet you twenty bucks Hank can beat you on a hill or on the level.” “You’re on!” Jack snapped angrily. “Just give me a chance and I'll find good use for that twenty.” “All right,” said Gus, “Joe and I’ll meet you fellows at the foot of Shonk’s Mountain at six tomorrow morning when there won’t be any traffic. You can race up the mountain and then try out again on that level piece this side of it. How about it Hank?” “I’m willing,” Hank agreed. “Don’t forget to bring the twenty with GUS SAYS— HAT’S the use of barking your knuckles, cussing around, and taking three or four times as long to do a job just to save the price of a couple of special tools? One spavined monkey wrerich and a dull screw driver may do for some would-be auto mechanics, but the fellow that knows what he’s about gets a good set of spanner wrenches, a socket wrench set, and special tools when they're needed. you,” Jack called as he left the Garage. “What makes you so sure Hank will win?” Joe asked after the two had gone. “Well, I know Hank and I know Jack,” smiled Gus mysteriously. “I’m glad it’s your twenty you’re risking,”’ Joe grunted. It so happens that the road beyond the stiff grade up Shonk’s Mountain curves away at a gentle slope so that a person standing at the top can see the road for nearly two miles. Also the top of the hill is visible from the bottom. Consequently Gus, by waving, could signal the con- testants when the road was clear. The two cars had drawn up side by side at the foot of the hill and as Gus waved, they started with a roar. For about a quarter of a mile they stuck together like a team of horses, and then Hank began to pull ahead so that as they whizzed over the top of the hill, and swept past Gus, he was several car lengths ahead. The result was the same on the level ‘road race. “Here’s your twenty,” said Jack as he fished out a twenty-dollar bill and looked at it dolefully as he offered it to Gus. “He beat me fair enough,” he added, “but I’m blamed if I see how he did it. I can drive just as well as he does.” Gus pocketéd the money. ‘Come back to the garage with us,” he said, “‘and I'll ‘' tell you how he beat you.” “Now,” said Gus, when they were all in Joe’s little office. . (Continued on page 140) ju jou nee com for wag paci hor: mer ible ove ran forb find proc reac Mo that ficie mer typ Pon Cali miil Cali tion pres falo

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1930 age. will ne. - ‘k.” ROM Atlantic to Pacific seaboard Equipped with brakes, doubletree, and —a trifling matter of two days by By EDWIN M. LOVE singletrees, it is typical of the mule-drawn 1’re _ rail and air; yet a short while ago, covered wagon; with these omitted and a within the span of a man’s life, the sal yoke added, it may properly represent an the journey was reckoned in months. Pio- ate ox-drawn wagon. yes neering families forsook the esiit Full size drawings are es- son comfort of eastern farms | sential in building a model for for a perilous life in rough such as this. Blueprints have hill wagons, drawn at a snail’s therefore been prepared with tly pace by oxen, bulls, mules, all the necessary details drawn on- horses—yes, at times, by full size; these can be ob- men. Theirs was the incred- tained by sending seventy- by ible toil of blazing a trail five cents for POPULAR Sus over trackless prairies and SCIENCE BLUEPRINTS Nos. For range after range of craggy, 118, 119, and 120 (see page ack forbidding mountains. a 110). hen When the writer set out to \e Use close-grained hardwood hey find a covered wagon to re- such as maple or birch; and ind produce in miniature for the for metal parts, where solder- car readers of POPULAR SCIENCE ing is unnecessary, use alu- Montu ty, he looked for one minum. If sheet aluminum is vel that was typical of its time, yet suf- not easily obtainable, use a ficiently well designed to be orna- cookie sheet for No. 16 gage, he mental as well. and a thin aluminum pie tin ced A suitable wagon of the Conestoga for the No. 28. The % in. 11S. type was at last discovered at the thick No. 22 gage stock is ed, Pony Express Museum in Pasadena, easily made by hammering it. Calif., owned by W. Parker Lyon, the cookie sheet material. millionaire ex-mayor of Fresno, These utensils can be pur- ack Calif. The wagon is fittingly sta- chased at any ten-cent store. June, 1930 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 75 POPULAR SCIENCE HOME WORKSHOP Articles on Furniture, Models, Toys, Sporting Equipment, and All Forms of Craft Work—Better Shop Methods—T he Shipshape Home 4 Hi Vininj f} i UT HN), II) h Westward Ho! A Covered Wagon Model tioned among relics of the old West A photographic reproduction of the President’s proclama- The covered wagon—symbol of the “great westward tide” which swept American civili- zation across the continent. REAk WHEELS. Felloes: tion setting aside the period of April 10 to December 29, 1930, as the Covered Wagon Centennial. On April 10, 1830, the first covered wagons left St. Louis for Oregon and on December 29, 1830, Ezra Meeker, the pioneer, was born. Scribe the inner and outer felloe circles on a flat board, dividing them into seven equal parts by stepping —ox yokes and chains, hand printing lin presses, a coach once driven by Buf- 40) falo Bill, and hand-drawn fire engines.

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Fig. 1. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY JUNE, 1930 pga OS Rtas a! a ee’ “ Six felloe segments A are used for each layer in the front wheels, and seven are used in the rear. The spokes are placed, driven in until they are flush with the felloe circle, and held with brads B. around with dividers. Halve these divisions and draw the radii. Cut fourteen equal segments A from 3%-in. stock made from rough 1-in. material. Nail seven together on the board with brads, covering the felloe outlines, and glue the other seven on top, staggering the joints (see Fig. 1). By all means use a waterproof glue—preferably casein glue, which has the necessary strength. When dry, scribe circles and cut along the outlines with a jig saw. Dress to 34-in. dimensions—an opera- tion which can be done in a few seconds with a sanding disk—and round the inner corners to %-in. radius. Spokes: Twenty-eight spokes cut 274 in. long, *%%-in. wide, and tapering from &% to % in. in thickness, are scraped and filéd to an oval section from the ends to within % in. of the butts, leaving flats on the faces % in. outside the hub. Sand them smooth. To assemble the spokes, make a form B, driving four brads for each spoke (Fig. 1). Taper the butts, coat them with glue, and place loosely, afterwards driv- ing the spokes up to the felloe line with light blows on the ends and then adding the fifth brad. Put a cardboard disk 4% in. thick under the butts before placing the spokes; and when they are assembled, Fig. 4. Bottom view of the hind hounds H and rear axle N assembly. The rear bolster C is not shown, since it is entirely hidden by the axle N. Fig. 3. The rear bolster C. The underportion is notched to receive the reach U and the hind hounds H (see Fig. 9). force on the felloe. If the spokes do not all bear tightly against it, wedge them out with blocks driven into the wheel center. The lower or outer faces of the spokes lie flat, there being no dish. Hubs: Turn the hubs and groove them 5% in. for the spokes, cutting in deeply; make the inner faces of the back sections a little concave. Remove from the lathe and cut off the waste end from a front section. Bore a % in. deep hole with a ¥4-in. bit, bore through the front section with a 4-in. bit, and saw off. Bore the rear inside section with a *%-in. bit. When the spoke assembly is dry, glue the hub in place, and nail. Also nail the felloe to the spokes. Fill the hub spaces between the spokes with a plastic wood composition. Ironing: Measure the tire length with a piece of paper around the felloe, allow- ing 34 in. for the lap. Cut a strip of Fig. 2. The front bolster D and the brake beam G. The stakes E are all the same size. aluminum % in. wide, file bevels on the ends for scarfs, and rivet to- gether with two short pieces of aluminum put through No. 50 holes. Bevel the inner edge on one side, and drive the tire over the felloe. File to width, and drive in the escutcheon-pin tire bolts. The spoke hub bands are butted at the joint and held with brads through No. 60 holes. The flat bands are scarfed, bound with wire, and soldered. FRONT WHEELS: Use twelve spokes and felloe sections, and when assembling the spokes put enough cardboard shims under the butts to dish the wheels % in. at the felloes. BOLTS AND NUTS: Center-punch and drill metal of the right thickness, trim and file to 1% in. square, and place the nuts by driving brads through the holes. Round carriage-bolt heads are simulated with short escutcheon pins. CLIPS: Hammer radio bus wire flat, leaving round legs to go through the yokes. BOLSTERS. Front (D): Shape the wood first in the square, and round the lower corners of the tapered ends. Note Fig. 5. Top view of the same assembly shown in Fig. 4. The rear bolster and stakes E show, but all except the spindles on the axle NV are hidden.

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1930 rake size. ls on t to- s of 50 one the ve in t the >». 60 yund okes ling hims g in. inch trim - the oles. ated flat, the the the Note June, 1930 Fig. 6. Top view of the front hounds P assembly showing sand board W and sand plate X. the extra thickness of the sand plate F in the center. Carve a dowel on the low- er end of each stake E to fit holes in the bolsters, and cut ring notches. At- tach the binding irons with short brads (see Fig. 2). Rear: There is no sand plate. The reach socket is cardboard colored with aluminum paint (see Figs. 3 and 8). SAND BOARD: Des- ignated by W in Figs. 6 and 9. Make a cardboard pattern. Note rounded parts, sand plate, and hound notches. AXLETREES: The spindles are solid with the axletree. Square them, rasp off the corners, scrape round, and finish with sandpaper. Cut the skein blanks (skeins shown in place at J in Figs. 7 and 9) from No. 28-gage aluminum, using paper patterns, and shape them on the axle, nailing the underedges. Light taps with a small ham- mer will round the ends to fit the tapers, Shape the metal thimbles which fit on the axle spindles when in place; cut a little off the ends so that, when driven up, they will come tight. Keep them on with end plates secured with bolts. The plate is POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Pg mee ali FRONT WHEELS INDIA. 4 | pal REAR WHEEL- 65 IN. DIA. Fig. 8. Rear view of the completed covered wagon carriage showing the rear bolster C and rear axle NV assembly, the end of the reach U’, and the cardboard reach socket V. clasped by two clips whose legs rivet the nuts. HOUNDS. Hind (H): Glue and brad together at the forward ends with the spacer block J between. Bolt on the bind- ing plate and upper ir6n, and add to the underside the reach iron J. Notch above and below for the bolster and axle, and glue and nail these in place. Make irons as shown in Figs. 4, 5, and 9. Front (P): Butt the end crosspieces and nail, making the tenon ends with a plastic wood composition. Notice the crosspiece S and fifth wheel R (see Figs. 6, 7, and 9), and the wooden beads between sand board W and axle O. REACH: Designated by U in Fig. 9. BRAKE HANGER -M ( SPACER BLOCK -I 77 Fig. 7. Bottom view of the same assembly shown in Fig. 6. The bottom of front axle O is shown. It has a tapering metal strap beneath. Use No. 18 escutcheon pins for bolt heads on the upper side. BRAKE. Beam: The shoe and clevis bearing castings are hardwood, painted with aluminum paint and secured with brads. See G in Figs. 2 and 9, Rod: Fold brass for the clevises. Snip’ V-notches in the folds to enter the notches in the rod ends, and solder. See Y in Fig. 9. Lever: The short throw lever shown in Figs. 4, 5, and 9 is bound in place with wire before soldering. Be sure that the joint is clean before applying the wire binding, flux, and solder. Those readers who wish to simplify their model may omit the brake mecha- nism, substituting a length of cheap watch chain hooked to the box side. The prac- tice was to loop the chain around a rear wheel felloe so that the wheel would slide downhill. Pi In an article to follow in the July issue, Mr. Love will tell how to com- plete this covered wagon model. SAND BOARD-W BRAKE LEVER -L Fig. 9. Perspective view showing the assembied carriage. Also views showing the construction of the rear axle assembly and the brake mechanism. Full size plans for construction of this model can be obtained by sending seventy-five cents for Blueprints Nos. 118, 119, and 120 (see page 110).

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78 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY EHlectroplating— An Aid to the Craftsman How the Home Worker Can Apply AVE you ever been at a loss to know just how to fasten a copper fitting in place when all that you had were brass and iron screws? A knowledge of electroplating in its simpler form would have given you the answer to this question and to many others of a similar nature. For small work, the outfit needed is in- expensive, and the work will prove to be extremely interesting. Simple glass or porcelain bowls may be used as plating tanks, and copper wire for the connec- tions (see Fig. 2). Since direct current is needed in the process of electroplating, dry cells can be used. It is best to purchase the solutions in the concentrated form and add distilled water to them to get the desired volume rather than attempt to make them your- self. The various plating solutions can be obtained from dealers in platers’ or jewelers’ supplies in either con- centrated or salt form, full direc- tions usually being furnished on each package. Names of dealers in these solutions can be obtained ” —_ by sending a self-addressed and ia bli stamped envelope to the Informa- ~ CATHODE tion Department of PopuLAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. Simple electroplating can be done right at the metal working bench. 3. e od a> o « ‘3 7 a oxide, and scrub again with water. Do not touch the work with the hands after the cleaning operation has been started. Figure 1 shows the arrangement using dry cells as the cur- rent source. The cur- rent flows from the positive (+) pole (the center terminal on a dry cell) along the wire in the direction of the arrows to the metal to be deposited, which is called the anode. This is hung in one side of the plating tank in the plating solution. From the anode the current flows through the plating solution to the work being plated, which is called the cathode. The current in passing from the anode to the cathode causes the metal of the anode to go into solution and forces the metal of the plating solution to be de- posited on the cathode or piece of work being plated. From the cathode the cur- rent flows through the wire to the nega- tive pole of the battery, thus completing the circuit. The plating bath is always made up of the metal to be deposited, together with other chemicals to assist in the electro- chemical reaction. Thus for copper plat- ing, we use a pure copper anode and a copper solution; for silver plating, a silver Pos. Gj = JUNE, 1930 Special Finishes to Metals— Preparing Various Types of Work—What Solutions to Use By EDWARD THATCHER solution and a silver anode, and so on for each metal. All solutions should be kept entirely separate from each other. The various metals to be deposited re- quire different voltages. Copper requires from 3 to 3% volts; nickel, from 3 to 4 volts; gold, from 3 to 5 volts; silver, from ¥% to 1% volts; and platinum, from 1 to 1% volts. This voltage regulation is extremely important even for the simplest form of plating. Too high a voltage will cause a dark, hard, brittle deposit. A good ar- rangement for the home shop is shown at the bottom of Fig. 1. This, however, is for very small jobs only. Three dry cells are connected in series, and a 30-ohm rheostat is connected in the positive (+) line to the anode. A 6-volt D.C. volt- meter may be connected with a switch across the line between the rheostat and the anode to supply a means of deter- mining the proper voltages. poe large objects and for quantity work, especially wound direct current dynamos are used, which supply a voltage of 10 volts and a current of about 200 amperes. The size of the work in the tank governs the amount of current to be used. A 6-volt automobile generator is satis- factory for the small shop if the current is suitably regulated with rheostats. Com- mercial installations generally have two rheostats, one at the generator and one at the plating tank. The anode used should always be of slightly larger area than the work. Sometimes several anodes are hung about the work. Cast anodes of pure metal are used commer- PLATING SOLUTIO 4 ANODE = 4 ing, but metal in the sheet form may be used as anodes for small baths. A great deal of external coloring In preparing work for the elec- troplating bath, the metal is first on jewelry is done by plating. For instance, “‘rose gold”’ finishes may be given to gold’ by plating it ina copper bath for a short time and then rubbing or polishing off the copper in places. Special baths and anodes are furnished for = green’ gold, Roman gold, rose or antique, English bright, and many thoroughly polished. It is then eld 0-6 D.C. VOLTMETER attached to copper wire, on which eos RHEOSTAT — ° ° . . “Vd, it will be hung in the plating solu- e|_+ + SWITCH-=/" tion, and is dipped into a solution TTS 1 of hot lye and water (34 Ib. caus- NEG. === tic potash to 1 gal. of water). TANK—e= === Scrub with clean water, then dip \ : e me 5 the work into a solution of cya- DRY BATTERIES CATHODE ANODE nide of potassium (2 oz. cyanide to 1 gal. of water) to remove all Fig. 1. How the current flows during the plating process. A simple three-dry-cell hook-up for use in the small shop. other attractive finishes. If a very heavy coat is to be deposited on the metal, the work cially for copper and nickel plat-. ju ae ee oe ee ee

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930 1 for kept 1 re- lires to 4 rom 1 to nely n of se a | ar- nm at r, is cells ohm (+) volt- vitch and eter- ntity rrent tage 200 tank ised. a tis- nt is ~om- two ne at ve of vork. are odes mer- plat- form small oring . For may tina » and T the baths | for yse OF many to be work JUNE, 1930 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 79 “but how does it ride on a : rough road ? Charge into a badly torn, rutty stretch of road without slackening speed. If you are bounced and jostled, be- ware .... there can be no safety or comfort in a bouncing car. Remember, any make of car equipped with Houdaille (pro- nounced Hoo-Dye) Hydraulic Shock Absorbers will ride the worst bumps as gently as a gull on a rolling sea. HOUDANLLE PRONOUNCED”"HOO-DYE* hydraulic double acting SHOCK ABSORBER Insist on a Koad = Houde Engineering Corporation Buffalo, N.Y. A DIVISION OF H@UDAIILILE- HIERSHIEY corPoRATION PIONEERS AND WORLD'S LARGEST PRODUCERS OF HYDRAULIC DOUBLE ACTING SHOCK ABSORBERS tll

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Fig. 2. Glass or porcelain jars can used as plating tanks. is usually removed from the bath several times and lightly scratch- brushed to lay the metal, and then cleaned with lye, water, and cyanide before it is replaced in the bath. Old plating is removed by a process called “stripping,” which usually consists in dipping the work into a very strong acid pickle. When the old plating has been eaten off, the work is cleaned as previously suggested before it is placed in the plating bath. The work is washed with clean water after plating and dried in boxwood or other sawdust. To remove lacquer from a piece of work, place the metal in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY a hot solution of lye. After the lacquer is removed, wash the piece in water and dip it in cyanide solution before plating. It must be understood that all work to be plated must be very thoroughly pol- ished and all scratches removed, because plating will not hide any unevenness in the surface. Some plating baths have to be heated. Copper and gold solutions are heated to about 180 degrees Fahrenheit before using. Silver and nickel solutions, how- ’ si . Fig. 3. The inside of a vase can be plated by using the vase itself as a plating tank in the manner illustrated above. JUNE, 1930 ever, are used cold. A small bath may be heated in a good quality white enamel kitchen utensil which has a perfect coat of enamel with no breaks in it. This . utensil is, of course, not to be used for anything else, as practically all plating baths are made up of a strong solution of cyanide of potassium, which is exceed- ingly poisonous. Do not under any circumstances get your hands in the plating solution; wear rubber gloves as a protection. Since the work is suspended on copper wires, it may be entirely handled by these. The only danger in handling cyanide solutions is the very remote possibility of getting it in the mouth or in the slightest cut on the hands or the body. Extreme caution on the part of the worker, however, will eliminate any danger. Platers sometimes use what is calleda “striking bath,” which is a special plating bath used with a slightly higher voltage. This is used for a short time before the regular bath in order to start a firm metal deposit. Iron and steel are usually first copper plated before nickel plating. Figure 3 shows how the inside of a metal vase may be plated by using the vase itself as a plating tank. A plate of copper placed under the vase furnishes the negative connection to the current source. Dams made of beeswax may be built about the irregular tops of such pieces to confine the solution. In his next article, which is scheduled for early publication, Mr. Thatcher will tell how to make spoons, ladles, and tea strainers from sheet metal. Door Catches and How to Install Them EW home workers realize to what extent the shelves of any well- stocked hardware store hold the solu- tions to apparently difficult problems. For example, the fastening of a closet or cup- board door often is accomplished by using a clumsy and more or less com- plicated or unsightly lock, catch, or bolt. This is not at all necessary when catches such as those illustrated may be obtained and installed with comparative ease. The friction catch shown at A is an ex- cellent one for the single door of a book- case or cabinet. It may be easily in- stalled; and a slight push will close the door, while a gentle pull will open it. The spring striker of the catch may be fas- tened to the inside of the end of the case, if the door shuts over the ends, or to the door jamb if it is a closet door. The spring catch illustrated at B oper- ates by turning a knob. The catch may be placed on either side of the door jamb or frame, or on the top or bottom of a shelf. This catch will work equally well upon a large or small door, upon a single door closing over the ends, or on each of a pair of double doors so that either can be opened independently of the other. In its various sizes, the friction catch illustrated at C may be used on almost any door. It will help prevent and cure warping and rattling; and even if the door shrinks quite badly, the latch will still perform efficiently. It may be fitted so that it will not show on the face of the work, , Illustrated at D is one of the best known devices for holding a standing door—the elbow catch. It does not show from the FRICTION CATCH PUSH BUTTON CATCH Few tools are needed to install any one of these six useful types of closet door catches. outside and it may be placed either above or below a middle shelf. It also may be placed at either top or bottom of a door, or at both places, in which case the door is more likely to be held straight. This type of catch can be released only by opening the other door, hence it is to be preferred if the case is to be locked. The secret latch, illustrated at E, is invisible from the face side when the door is closed. The door may be closed by pushing lightly on it, or opened by push- ing harder, which releases the catch. The latch case may be either fitted into the . wood or screwed to the surface of the door. These catches may be used for either right- or left-hand doors and are not affected by shrinking and swelling unless the door binds. If the door is to be used from both sides, a knob or handle may be placed on the back. At F is shown the push-button type of catch. These can be installed on book- cases, china closets, or kitchen closets. The latch is operated merely by pushing the button.—Davip WEBSTER. WHEN grass or weeds spring up between sections of concrete walks or other crev- ices, they can be killed by sprinkling salt on the cracks or by applying any oil such as kerosene or gasoline...

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1930 June, 1930" POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 81 ay be namel - Coat This . d for lating on of ‘ceed- ee ] ea We a ways recommen Wear e the [ may - only ms is ‘ g it in a & y 8 a ’ aqdiotrons On on , will lled a lating ltage. e the firm Sd § ll Jy of a DR. FULTON CUTTING g the ite of Chairman of the Board Lishes av be such ; a OLONIAL engineers axe enthusiastic Juled about RCA Radiotrons and test all ‘ — Colonial sets with them. It has been re- a 7 . peatedly proven that inferior tubes are a serious handicap to complete radio satis- faction, for if the tubes do not function properly, nothing functions properly.RCA Radiotrons are recognized as the standard _ of the industry and are built with scientific bove precision. So we always recommend RCA jhe Radiotrons to owners of Colonial sets.” door oi RADIO ENGINEERS ADVISE: to be Replace all the vacuum tubes in your radio set E. is with RCA Radiotrons at least once a year. This door is the only sure way to maintain good perform- d by ance and minimize disagreeable noises and other ae troubles caused by inferior tubes. RCA Radio- > the . trons will give you the maximum in selectivity, f the sensitivity and tone quality. 1 for te Old tubes may impair the performance of the new nless wet Look for the red and black carton and the famous RCA tracde-mar.: y RCA RADIOTRON CO., INc., HARRISON, N. J. pe of 00k- ysets. shing — A 7\ AWerelrelen Mn — cual THE HEART OF YOUR RADIO SET s OrThis seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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82 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY ‘June, 1930 Better Ways of Woodworking In a Series of Twelve Graphic Sketches, CHARLES A. KING Shows the Beginner How He May Improve His Craftsmanship id ny erage nt pees ade om: . | | i | ee Ee PS SF “ If a chisel is used correctly and the work is held firmly on a bench. hook, there is little danger of making a miscut. The left hand should be kept back of the cutting edge in the manner shown above at the left. The direction of the cutting force should be away from the left hand. If the wood is held as indicated at the right with only the unaided hand to steady it on the bench, it is quite likely that the work will be spoiled or the left hand perhaps badly cut through a slip of the chisel. The correct way to nail a miter is shown at the left. Place the upper piece so that it overlaps the under piece about % in. as shown at A. Drill nail holes in the top-piece; then, as the nails are driven into the second piece, the upper piece will slide into place. The common error is to drive the nails in the manner shown at the right at B. This forces the pieces apart instead of drawing them together. Additional nails are often driven as at C in the left-hand sketch for added strength. pe eto De ’ te ee eee FP ects ? Le SS i% he hee ray, awe. rd A | aaa TD ala In sawing boards, support the stock as shown above at the left and not as sketched at the right. Rest the longer end of the stock on two horses and support the free end with the left hand as shown. To make a practice of the wrong method of sawing illustrated at the -right will be expensive from the standpoint of ruined lumber. If an extremely large piece is to be sawed, it will sometimes be necessary to support the free end on a third sawhorse in order to eliminate the tendency to break or split. A gage should be used from the front face in the manner shown above at the left and never from the back face as at the right. Note in the left-hand sketch that the face sides of pieces 1 and 2 are indicated by two marks at 3. When piece 1 is laid over to mark the edge after the dowels have been located by marks 4, we find the dowel centers by using the gage from the face side in each case. If piece No. 1 is gaged from the back, any error made in setting the gage or in measurement will be multiplied. How to use a saw and a bench hook is shown at the left. The center of the saw blade, arm, elbow, shoulder, and eye should all be in one vertical plane. The back should be bent just enough to bring the elbow in the same horizontal plane in which the saw cuts. Swing the arm with an even motion, and the force will be applied in such a way as to keep the cut square, straight, and accurate. This, however, would not be the case if the almost upright posture shown at the right were used. In manipulating a hand screw, grasp the middle screw with the left hand and the end screw with the right in the manner shown above at the left. Open and close the screw by turning the hand screw over and over, being sure that the jaws are kept parallel at all times. The middle screw-should draw the jaws together until they press against the sides of the work as shown at A and B. Neglect to keep the jaws parallel, especially when left under strain, results in the condition shown at the right. ross ~ \N WT NN

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June, 1930 | POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 83 Reas ONS JOr Oj/ Burner Ale ‘ LEADERSHIP f 7 1 7: SS hb;

1 - Construction ai

2-True Gaseous , This diagram illustrates the ex- Flame 3 Wiping Wall tremesimplicityof the Silent Auto- Flame nism, and shows RN

the reasons for its remarkable dependability. Note that there is only one mov- ing section. PSS _ —

Note the character of the Silent Automatic flame—blue with a yellow tip. A true gaseous flame, The famous Silent Automatic product of scientific combustion. Wiping Wall-Flame sweeps away the insulating layer of gas —the principal resistance to the flow of heat in ordinary systems.

S you study the construction and operation of the Silent Auto- matic Oil Burner, you will no longer wonder that this burner— unknown only five years ago—-today leads the industry in production and sales. Along with scientific design that provides maximum heating efficiency and fuel economy, the Silent Automatic is so simple and so sturdy that long service, free from trouble, is definitely assured. The average owner may not understand the engineering skill that makes these advantages possible, but he does know that he enjoys them, and he is quick to recommend Silent Automatic to his friends. Right now is the ideal time to investigate, so that next winter will find you with your heating difficulties ended for good. Send the coupon for further information of real interest. COUPON SILENT AUTOMATIC CORPORATION 12001 East Jefferson Avenue, Detroit, Michigan Gentlemen: Please mail me, without cost or obliga- tion, your latest booklet, ‘Silent Automatic Oil Heat for the Home’’, Name_ THE NOISELESS OIL BURNER (278)

Street Address.

City

tS] This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INST TUTE OF STANDARDS. See page *.

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84 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY JUNE, 1930 Kinks Helpful to Car Owners Work behind instrument panel made easy with small murror. Cutout is used to operate spare tail-light. REFLECTION OF \ BACK SIDE OF LMOST _ the A most awk- ward place around a car to do work is back of the instrument panel. Repairing the wiring of some of the dash in- struments can be done quite easily with the aid of a mirror placed as shown in Fig. 1. Any convenient small mifror will do. Support it so that it will reflect to your eyes the image of the parts on which you want to work while you are comfortably seated in the front seat. Place a trouble light where it will illumi- nate the work. Fig. 1. pair work is being done on dash instruments. Simple Ice Carrier FicurE 2 shows how to make an ice carrier from sheet iron about 3% inches thick. Bend it so that it fits over the edge of the running board, then drill straight through for a bolt which can be held in place with a wing nut. The two projec- tions are formed with the aid of a cold chisel. If long pieces of ice are to be car- ried, it will be well to make two of the devices, spaced at the proper distances on the edge of the running board. Fig. 2. and bolted down, makes a good ice carrier. Sheet iron, bent over running board INSTRUMENT PANEL Mirror can be used as shown when re- TROUBLE Foiling the Parts Thief Any device, such as a bumper, or- dinarily can be re- moved by a thief equipped with a monkey wrench. However, few ac- cessory thieves will attempt to remove anything that appears to be riveted to the frame or body of the car. You can fool the ac- cessory thief by the method shown in Fig. 3, if the material is molded over the boltheads and nuts so as to resemble large rivets. After it is dry it should be painted to match the color of the sur- rounding metal parts. Spare Tail-Light UNLEss the tail-light is wired in series with the dash light and three-volt bulbs BUFFERS IRON CEMENT OR PLASTIC WOOD MOLDED OVER BOLT Fig. 3. Thieves are deceived if bolts are cov- ered with iron cement and painted over. are used at both points, the motorist has no way of knowing whether the tail- light is burning. Fig. 4 shows a way to wire a generator cutout and a spare tail- light so that the extra tail-light will light at once when the regular tail light bulb POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY awards each month a prize of $10, in addi- tion to regular space rates, for the best idea sent in for motorists. This month’s prize goes to Frank Curtis, Forest Hills, [ll., for his suggestion for a remedy for a defective tail-light circuit (shown in Figure 4, at upper right, and described in column two). FRAME OF CAR Pe) (7 yeaee BATTERY f | DASH SWITCH FOR TAIL-LIGHT CUT!OUT BOX ’ ‘seb 2N° TAIL-LIGHT 1 f TAIL-LIGHT Fig. 4. Spare tail-light is wired to old generator cutout so that it will work automatically. burns out. As soon as a new bulb is placed in the regular tail-light, the spare will automatically go out. As the dia- ‘gram shows, current flowing through the cutout magnet winding by way of the regular tail-light keeps the circuit open, through which current can reach the spare tail-light. When the regular tail-light burns out, current stops flowing through the magnet and the circuit through the spare automatically closes. Novel Valve Lifter AN OLD hammer handle, part of a door hasp, two bolts and nuts, a piece of wire, and a curtain ring can be made into a satisfactory valve lifter as shown in Fig. 5. The ring is slipped over a cylinder- head bolt. Be sure to use strong wire. Fig. 5. Easy to make a valve lifter at home with hammer handle, bolts, ring, and bit of wire.

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1930 tor ly. bD is are dia- the the pen, are ight ugh the loor ‘ire, oa Fig. der- JUNE, 1930 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Contents Mobiloil Prize Winners An Ounce of Prevention Operating Precautions The Outboard Motor Outboard Motor Troubles Diesel Engines Surface Ignition Oil Engines Navigation and Equipment Information What every motorboat owner should know What’s wrong when your engine suddenly overheats? when it lacks power? when it goes dead? PROBABLY Trouble in lubrication or cooling system. Excessive carbon deposits. Improper carburetor adjustments. Retarded spark. Incorrect valve or ignition timing. Stuffing box too tight. Cr But, it might be any one of a number ot other common difficulties, easily avoided— all of which are thoroughly explained in “Shove Off,” the Vacuum Oil Company’s new handbook for motorboat owners. Read what the world’s leading specialists in scientific lubrication have to say about the proper care and efficient operation of motorboat engines. You’ll find “Shove Off” packed with handy information on every engine problem. We will gladly send a copy free of charge. *=Mobiloil MAIL THIS COUPON Now! Vacuum Oil Company, Marine Sales Dept. L-6, 61 Broadway, New York City. Please send me without obligation a copy of your new motorboat booklet, “Shove Off.” NAME ADDRESS CITY STATE

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86 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Making Joints with How to Use This Timesaving Addition to the Small Motor-Driven Circular Saw in Constructing an Attractive Combination Rose Trellis and Garden Gate By WILLIAM UR story on the operation of port- able woodworking machines for the home workshop would not be complete without some mention of that important circular saw attach- ment, the groover. Groover cutters are used in much the same manner as a Circular saw. The cut- ter is made up of two heavy combination saw blades, or rip saws with rather large teeth, and a series of fillers. The two saws make the cuts on either side, and the filler blades chisel out the wood that is be- tween. The width of the cut is regulated simply by varying the number of filler blades that are inserted. The groover has the advantage of mak- ing, in one cut, a large number and variety of different width grooves, doing the work all in one operation instead of in four or five separate cuts. Grooves may be cut across or with the grain or at any angle. The groover also may be used for cutting accurate rabbets. In place of the usual mortise and tenon type construction, it is often easier, quick- er, and almost as good to make an end or slip-on mortise and tenon joint. The mor- tise of the joint can be cut with a groover and the tenons with a circular saw blade (Figs. 2, 3, and 4). For the construction of drawers, too, you will find the groover cutter a substantial timesaver. When you insert the different cutters, be careful to shift them (Fig. 1) so as not to have all the cuts in one place, which would result in a rather choppy cut. See that you have the throat of the saw table fitting quite closely to the blade; this can be easily and quickly accomplished by Fig. 1. Arranging the fillers i in a cutter. If pos- sible, place blades at right angles to each other. W. KLENKE placing a piece of flat board over the open- ing and then raising the saw so that it cuts its own opening. Clamp this board down to prevent motion. It is always dangerous to work with an open or wide throat, as there is a possibility that the wood will slip into the machine. In Figs. 2, 3, 4, and 5 are shown a num- ber of safety cuts for both the groover and circular saw. You will note in Fig. 4 that a block is clamped against the rip- ping fence when the cutting-off guide is used. As the wood passes by the saw, it is free on the fence side. Accidents may occur if your wood binds; but simply by clamping a block in place, this source of danger is entirely eliminated. I have chosen a rose trellis and gate- i » % The hands must be Fig. 2 (upper photograph). held on the sides and not directly behind the cut. JUNE, 193@ a Groover The trellis can be used in conjunction with a stone or brick wall or a wooden garden fence. way for this article, since it is a timely subject and lends itself well to the various home workshop machine operations. Use white pine, cypress, fir or other wood suitable for outdoor construction. CONSTRUCTING THE TRELLIS. Lay out one of the segments with a pair of tram- mel points or with a cord having a pencil fastened at one end and a nail at the other (see Fig. 6). Be sure that the grain on each segment runs the long way to give strength. The joints are broken—that is, the segments are not placed evenly but are placed as bricks are laid. One segment on each side must be cut to a flat end to connect with the upright pieces. Cut these segments on the band saw. The posts are worked from 3 by 4 in. stock dressed on all sides. If there is no masonry work on which to fasten the trellis, set the posts, preferably chestnut, into the ground with their ends 3 ft. below the surface. Cut the curved top of the trellis before setting the posts in Fig. 3. The groover used to cut a slip-on end mortise. Note the stop block clamped in place. is Ca gf

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193@ June, 1930 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 87 Pledge to the | on Used Car Sales | 1 Every used car is conspicuously marked with its lowest price in plain figures, and that price, just as the price of our new cars, is rigidly maintained. 2 All Studebaker automobiles which are sold as CERTIFIED CARS have been properly reconditioned, and carry a 30-day guarantee for replacement of defective parts and free service on ad- justments. “You have five days to test the e car!” ous a ee , F F , ; 999 3 Every purchaser of a used car may I can bring it back if it doesn’t suit: drive it for five days, and then, if not satisfied for any reason, turn it back out ; , and apply the money paid as a credit m- “Certainly, the Studebaker Pledge provides niet «ob ea ncil that the car has not been damaged in « the meantime.) —_— © 1928 The Studebaker Corporation of Amenca ain ive is, the five days’ driving trial for every buyer.” You have plenty of time to learn just _used cars have been thoroughly recon- he what the used car you select willdo _—ditioned to give new-car appearance “ for you when you buy itonthefamous _and performance. Studebaker Pledge Plan. You can All certified cars sold on the Stude- sly make your own tests of its perform- baker Pledge Plan carry a 30-day JTNWVEST 2c 2. e _ ance, speed and comfort. And if it guarantee. And every Pledge-backed YOU MAY SAVE $200 sin ’ does not satisfy, you may return it used car has its price plainly marked ne epee 1 within five days and apply your pay- | —one price for every buyer! sae oh wc slbr bon end | tive booklet, “How h to Judgea UsedCar” — it may save youas much as $200 on the used car you buy. Mail the coupon now! See your Studebaker dealer first ) ee mdafet ment on amy car in stock, new or used! Last year, more than 150,000 thrifty motorists bought Pledge- backed used when you shop for a used car. Get pate ts és SS a ~ the full protection of the famous cars. That’s because a good used car is always a better buy than a cheap car bought new. Most Pledge-backed Studebaker Pledge— your greatest assurance of complete satisfaction! STUDEBAKER Builder of Champions THE STUDEBAKER CORP. OF AMERICA Div: 166, South Bend, Indiana Please send me copy of ‘‘How to Judge a Used Car.” NBN caincivnenersihanttinatkonctins Street. : Lista pill csiresistagaangeintilaiegiaaeiacertial i ecencednincscocossusesocnsfssnseneqnciarosstoasiM>ptonnelitneretomrasralatictos Se

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88 Fig. 4. When sawing to length, clamp a suitable wooden block against the fence to prevent binding and thus eliminate the danger of an accident. order that it can be made to fit perfectly. Fasten the upright trellis strips securely to these posts, being sure to get all mem- bers plumb, and then nail the 7g by 1'4 in. trellis crosspieces in place. The cross- pieces are cut just a little longer than the depth of the curved port‘on of the trellis. THe Gate. This is an instruc- POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY i nish additional strength and rigidity. Hang the gate with hand-wrought iron strap hinges and fit a hand-wrought latch in place (see Fig. 6). This hardware can be purchased as stock material from any large hardware dealer. Painting. Since the delicately curved - : oo ee @ Fig. 5. Cutting a miter with the circular saw. Note how the hands are placed relative to the work and especially the operator’s right hand, JUNE, 1930 a ein

outline of this type of trellis should stand out when it is covered with a rose vine, it is customary to paint it either a white ora light cream. Apply a priming coat of zinc and white lead paint and oil mixed with a little tur- pentine and drier. Allow. several days for this to dry and then putty all nail

tive machine project and fur- nishes a good opportunity for you 0 to use your groover. Get out all a. the necessary stock to the correct sizes (see Fig. 6) and smooth the 2 surfaces by ripping to thickness and width on the circular saw and then doing all of the jointing on a 24h’ In. bench planer. Joints. mortises and tenons to fit, allow- ing for the grooves. circular top for the gate of three edien >| | post” courses of segments, which are \ oat sinnin _ glued and screwed together. Next, ee + == a, .? | BRICK~ groove the stiles and the bottom post + TA )' es and top rails with'a 34-in. groover. a fa df LATCH | “eh Assemble the gate with water- y Tpit proof casein glue and nails. Cut ae | the splats to fit the grooves, nail ia and glue them in place, and care- TRON fully fill the voids between them HINGES pea ner sont | al Wy with small wooden blocks. Nail two cross strips over the eleven

A= SCREWED ONT SCREW NSS GEE TH Lay out and cut the Tl Make the x

3-6 5 COURSES OF SEGMENTS

Tg TORETHER %, FROM HERE UP NOT PART OF ARC

and screw holes with a putty made of white lead and whiting. Apply a second coat of paint mixed with a larger amount of raw linseed oil and less turpentine, not forgetting to add the drier. Allow a week for this coat to hard- en thoroughly and then apply the last coat of zinc and lead mixed with oil and drier only. If pre- ferred, a high-grade ready-mixed commercial paint of the desired color can be used. It will pay to do the painting in a first-class manner, for after the roses begin to climb over the trel- lis, it will be difficult to touch up any small spots that may show wear from the weather or that 2%) may result from the use of a poor quality of paint. By varying the depth of the trellis (shown as 9 in. in the draw-

SECTION OF GATE “ oo

FRONT VIEW The dimensions of the base may be varied to fit any size ship model.

writer designed and built the simple and vet attractive base illustrated. The mounting consists of four cast bronze door bumpers having rubber tips on their ends, four metal domes or slides, and a piece of stock of a size to accommo- date the model. These bumpers can be obtained in a variety of sizes, the 2%-in. length, however, being the best suited for the average ship model. In the case of the writer’s model, the base was made 10 in. wide and 2 ft. 6 in. long, and the bumpers were placed 414 in. apart along the width and 1 ft. 6 in. apart along the length. The steel domes were placed near the corners on the underside of the base and serve as feet. By varying the dimensions of the bump- ers and wooden base, this type of mount- ing can be made to fit a ship model of any size.—H. L. WHEELER.

The model is the Sovereign of the Seas, from Blueprints Nos. 51, 52, and 53 (page 110).

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fand e, it ora hite tur- s for nail utty ‘ing. aint t of tine, rier. ard- the ixed pre- ixed ired g in the trel- 1 up how that 00Fr the ‘aw- this hich int- any June, 1930 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 0 Thousands of specifications for grinding wheels are necessary to meet the demands of rapid production with precision. O Schooled men in laboratories ..... engineers afield ..... skill and exacting methods in the grinding wheel manufactory. 0 Norton Company, Worcester, Mass. 8° GRINDING b Acari GRINDING and LAPPING MACHINES, ABRASIVES FOR POLISHING PULPSTONES, SEPERCTCONEE Teme POROUS PLATES, FLOOR and STAIR TILES, ABRASIVE AGGREGATE

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90 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY JuNE, 1930 Ways to Cut the Boring. Costs in a Small Jobbing Shop By HECTOR J. CHAMBERLAND OW is the sma'l jobbing machine shop to provide ° a sufficient supply of bor- ing bars and reamers for use in the turret lathe? That is the next question in our discussion of boring problems which began last month (P.S.M., May ’30, p.90). If a shop had to be equipped with every size reamer needed, a small fortune would be invested in this item alone. To avoid such an expense, a serviceable equip- ment of boring bars and adjust- able reamers is a necessity for use in both the ordinary turret lathe and the heavy-duty vertical tur- ret lathe. Once an assortment of arbors is in stock, the cost of mak- ing blades is small. Some shops prefer to buy ad- justable boring bars, because they can be set accurately for both roughing and fin- ishing, but bars can be made that are just as accurate and much cheaper. A good design for a shopmade bar is shown in Fig. 1. The slot is milled in the bar with a straight end mill, the radii being left as they are. This eliminates the filing of flat surfaces, which takes: considerable time. Corresponding radii are milled on the long edges of the blades. The right- hand cutting side is relieved with a 3° straight clearance angle, which penetrates the slot 4% in. on each side. Unless the tool is made to bore to a shoulder, a radius of from 4% to 4% in. should be filed on the corners with a 3° eccentric clear- ance, and % in. allowance on the length for grinding. After being hardened, the blade is surface ground for a snug fit on the thickness and the width. A wheel is shaped to grind the necessary amount off If accurately ground for the material being machined, a bor- ing bar will rival the excellent finish and precision of a reamer. the full radius side of the cutter blade. The blade is then fitted to the arbor so that both corners indicate alike on cen- ters, and then cylindrically ground Their convenience and economy lie in the fact that they can be set to dimensions plus or minus to accommodate special bores, which are often encountered in a jobbing shop. Furthermore, they can be kept always in perfect condition and to exact sizes by griading them all over. Any adjustable reamer that has been reset should be checked for size by a toolmaker or inspector before being used. The original size should remain stamped on it if only temporarily set plus or minus, but it should be returned to standard and reset bef 1¢ being turned into the tool crib. If such a reamer has to be reground fora different material, the tool should be set .010 in. oversize and then ground cylindrically. Although most reamers are floated, it is well to taper them from .003 to .005 in. to take care of any misalignment. A to size. Both sides can then be relieved as needed by using a cup wheel. A 3° clearance angle is advisable with a %-in. land for brass and bronze, %& in. for steel, and '% in. for cast iron. If the turret lathe is not in very good shape, boring bars should be ground to a taper. They should be from .005 to .010 in. smaller at their back end so as to compensate for misalignment. If the bore is of a size for which no reameris available,a roughing bar lin. undersize is used first in work such as bushings and sleeves. If cylinders are being bored, the fin- ishing bar is made .005 in. under- size, and the bore is machine-honed 2 He nes SET SCREWS — - ARBOR Fig. 1 1. bar. Set screws hold the bar firmly in the arbor. A well- tested design Fm a a theslen to the right size. Boring bars are used successfully up to 12 in. in diameter. For larger bores, the lathe style boring tool is used, and the work is also machine-honed and lapped, if necessary. Whether the boring bar or the adjustable reamer finishes a bore, the tool should be guided by a substan- tial chamfer. Unlike boring bars, reamers of the adjust- able type are never shopmade. They are Fiz 2. 2 A epecial ne and tennlng tool ber use on ont-inea union bushings. Fig. 3. A facing toot for-radial drill operations. generally on hand in sizes up to 2 by %& in. and from 2 to4by '4in. clearance angle of 5° is recommended for these reamers, but a land should be machined as follows: % in. for brass, bronze, or aluminum; .020 in. for tool steel; .010 in. for machinery steel; and for cast iron, a .005-in. land honed to a sharp edge. For brass, bronze, and aluminum the chamfered corners should be honed toa * 1¢,-in. radius and larger, according to size. In concluding these hints, two other suggestions are given; a special double boring and turning tool used on cast-iron union bushings and many other turret lathe operations, illustrated in Fig. 2, and a facing tool used on radial drill opera- tions, in Fig.3. Boring boils down largely to this—if a twist drill, boring tool, or adjustable reamer is 100 percent efficient in itself, the machinist has his job half done before he, starts.

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June, 1930 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 91 hi S rnis a M ft i KG i ca m= Never Slips x “gy In hotels and banks and offices — wherever figuring y lie progresses beyond the pad-and-pencil stage — a new tt ° - bookkeeper is at work. A steel-memorizd bookkeeper hich that carries as high as thirty totals in its head, adding ving . : gts . be or subtracting as entries are made, printing items and ling totals, descriptions and dates, in one operation, on bills and vouchers and record forms. has = Tireless, performing its unbelievably complex jobs at a inal lightning clip, the accounting machine is a creature of n it “ & ‘ OF lity, . ‘WW accuracy. Most of its thousands of parts are made to ned accuracies of 0.001” and less — accuracies attainable Ing ; . sii ‘ uch only with the finest precision tools—tools like Starretts. ora - In serious work, or in your home work-shop, your hands will borrow added skill from Starrett Tools—~the tools |, it — ~~ that master machinists prefer. Send the coupon for your A free copy of the new Starrett Catalog No. 25W”. Mechanism of the National Cash Register Co. Accounting Machine. Below: Starrett Micrometer No. 230, typical of the precision tools used by master machinists. Right: a tool that belongs in every kit, Starrett Combination Square No. 33 with Center Head—8 handy accurate tools in one—another of the more than 2500 Starrett Tools described and illustrated in the new Starrett Catalog No. 25‘‘W". Send the coupon today. ‘S) for THE L. S. STARRETT CO., ATHOL, MASS. be Please send me my free copy of Starrett nail Catalog No. 25 “Ww”. ’ -ast ige. NAME.. pater ed Werner ee sesSucesncenabaceaeabian the on: MR i, ADDRESS ccs teeceeteees cesseeeeeees ize. ane 86 6e eke LCT ee. elt ;w”””—”lwt~—~—COCCSOCéiGD’«(C‘COEAUS ible ron rret 50th Anniversary of Starrett and Tools 1880 —1930 ra- ble the : he, 3822 © This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. hee Se ee epata Sore Seeeienee ahece — aaron octet SS a ae eee oe Se oe we

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY JUNE, 1930 Slow Long Should a Thread Be? Henry Simon, Distinguished Authority on Machine Shop Practice, Answers This and Other Questions on Nuts and Screws UST as a trifling clue often holds the solution of a mystery, so in many J types of machine shop problems there is some minor and generally overlooked factor that is responsible for success or failure. This article and one to follow will call attention to a number of the less familiar facts regarding the use "of threads and threaded parts and will suggest practical solutions for many of the threading problems encountered by machinists. To begin with the common jam nut, there is nothing wrong in Fig. 1 at A, where the jam nut a locks a nut that is set up hard on a machine. But the same jam nut is a constant source of trouble when the first nut is used in a place where it must be nicely adjusted, as shown at B, because of its tendency to “grab” and pull the nut to be locked beyond its adjustment. In many cases a twentieth of a turn makes all the differ- ence between right or wrong even with a slow lead, as may be seen from C. By simply facing the jam nut as at D, the grabbing tendency is reduced to about one third. A bad condition in any nut, and especially in two nuts working against each other, is the not infrequent one shown at E, where bulging thread ends crush each other at a and prevent the necessary friction between the faces of the nuts at 6. The nuts should be prop- erly chamfered as at F. Furthermore, when maximum holding friction is de- sired, it pays to “dish” the contact face of the nut as shown exaggerated at’G. A common and sometimes serious de- fect in ordinary nuts—and one which aggravates the grabbing tendency of lock nuts—is the “unsquareness” of a nut as shown in Fig. 2 at A. This trouble, too, is minimized by shouldering the nut face as at B. For particular work, especially where the nut runs on a hardened male part under heavy pressure, a lopsided pull should be avoided, because th threaded stem may be sprung and : timately broken, as illustrated at C. GPrLe and effective devices to square the faces of a nut with the thread are given at Dand E. The former, however, should be used only in cases where the hole is very nearly central in the nut. With the special arbor shown at Z, any nut, no matter how eccentric, can be squared. The only condition is that the arbor should be carefully made and the chuck jaws “square” as indicated at F, although they may run out of the center by almost any amount within reason. How long should the thread in a nut be? Many mistakes are made in’ re- spect to this question. Fig. 3 at A gives the answer insofar as the jam nut is concerned. The reduced length of the nut re- quires less space, and helps to neutralize any small defects in ‘wie sect R NUT «Ye TO Ys EXTERNAL THD DIAM. M4 F 4wz Avoiding trouble with jam nuts (Fig. 1); “un- squareness” in nuts (Fig. 2); nut lengtts (Fig. 3). A squareness. It is, nevertheless, still sufficient to give all the strength necessary for locking purposes. In threads to be used under heavy strain, the length of the nut sometimes depends upon whether in “case of failure the lesser evil would be to allow the thread to strip or the stem to break. Fig. 3 at B and C shows the relation between the thread diameter and the length of the nut to insure either one or the other. This only holds true, however, in ordinary cases, and where both parts are made from the same metal. Because of the heavy service and wear on set screws and lock screws, it is best to have them engage by from 1% to 2 times the diameter in the female thread, as at A, Fig. 4. It is useless to go beyond that. Although set screws are sold with threaded portions many times as large as their diameter Cleaning threads with one of the simplest types of cleaners. Others are shown in Fig. 8. ac similar to the one shown at B, it is .d practice to use such screws in a long threaded hole, as at C, unless there is absolutely no help for it. The aim in making the threaded stem long is to give the screw a wide range of adjustment for cases similar to D. As suck serews are hardened and as shrink- age usually aggravates the natural lead error, excessive friction and jamming readily occur when such screws are used as shown at C, while no better hold is obtained than if the thread were 2 diam- eters long. Under such conditions, break- age at some. point low down, as at E, may present a difficult problem and may make the screw cost literally its weight in gold. If a screw is to be used in a long hole, it is far better to take a short screw and use a pressure pin, as at F. Where a thread is exposed to contin- uous wear, the male and female parts in engagement should not be less than 2 diameters long; and 3 and 4 times the thread diameter may be advisable, as is indicated at A in Fig. 5. Threads that are engaged over such a length, however, must be very accurate as to lead, or the only result will be excess friction. How easily an ordinary lead error may bring this about is portrayed in the diagram at B. As lead errors will occur, the best rule is to use only a moderate length of female thread, wherever possible—say about 2% times the thread diameter. N CONTRAST with the question of how long a nut may be, it may be in- teresting to mention that the shortest full V-form nut that allows for anything like adequate chamfer is 114 threads long, as shown at C. Partial threads of square form, such as at D, are occasionally use- ful where wear is light. If below one third the mean thread diameter in length, they may be made in the form of a plug insert as illustrated at EZ. This may take the shape of a slab-ended pin, as at F. Extremely simple, but inferior for wear, is the plain round pin at G. Where the engagement between threads ‘ Ju

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2 ‘ @

June, 1930

Over sixty years ago Brown & Sharpe supplied skilled mechanics with their first micrometer. Improvements and additions have been constantly made until today there are over 400 different

Micrometer Caliper No. 8RS Range O to 1” by thousandths of an inch. Long a favorite with mechanics. Micrometer Caliper No. 11 RS Range O to 1” by thousandths of an inch. Special design of frame enables the user to take measurements over a flange or shoulder.

Micrometer Caliper No. 24RS Range 0 to 1” by ten-thousandths of an inch. Ten-thousandths can be read as easily as thousandths on an ordinary mi- crometer. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY The “first” tool in a mechanic’s kit What skilled mechanic would think of having a kit without a Micrometer Caliper? The vari- ety of jobs where it is needed and its importance for fine work make the micrometer the “first” tool in a mechanic’s kit. Brown & Sharpe Micrometers. Each maintains the high standards of quality and accuracy which have made Brown & Sharpe Tools famous the world over. A few representative types are shown here.

Micrometer Caliper No. 47RS Range 1” to 2” by thousandths of an inch. An excellent tool for making accu- rate measurem<ats between 1” and 2’.

Micrometer Caliper No. 54 Range 0 to 4” by thousandths of an inch. Does the work of four ordinary micrometers. Especially suited for automotive service work. Other micrometers of this style can be furn- ished having a combined range of 0 to 24”. Micrometer Caliper No. 62 Range 2” to 3” by thousandths of an inch. Shape of frame gives full meas- uring capacity. Other micrometers of this style can be furn- ished having a combined range of 0 to 12”. Your dealer will be glad to supply you with any Brown & Sharpe Micrometer Caliper. Our Small Tool Catalog No. 31 describes the full line. Ask your dealer for a copy, or send to us for one. Dept. P. S., Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co., Providence, R.1.,U.S.A. BS “World’s Standard of Accuracy”

93 Brown & Sharpe Tools |

© This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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94 VLCHEK ALL-PURPOSE PUNCH AND CHISEL SET POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY JUNE, 1939 ©1930 The Vishek Tol Co. is long and the wear is con- stant, it is best to provide some interruption in the nut to allow the threads to clean themselves and to relieve fric- tion. Though the advantages of this plan are great, it is used comparatively seldom. Such “breaks” may be of a variety of kinds . The inter- 214 mes Hil rupted long nut of A, Fig. 6, THREAD DIAM gives less friction, longer wear, and at least the same effective accuracy as the solid nut at B. An elaboration of the same plan is that at C, where two separate nuts, with space be- tween them, practically over- come one half the lead error, be ides distributing wear evenly over the screw. N IMPROVEMENT over an ordinary oil hole is il- lustrated at D, where the con- tinuation of the hole a forms a pocket 6, in which dirt and foreign matter have a chance to settle, without allowing oil to escape. A more intensive cleaning and oiling action may be obtained by slotting the nut lengthwise, as shown at E in Fig 6. What has just been said refers to fe- male threads that are working parts of machines or fixtures. Plain bolt nuts that are frequently moved may be made self- cleaning and easier running without materially weakening their strength by filing a notch opposite a corner as at 4, Fig. 7. This is generally preferable to making provision for the cleaning on the male thread; although that, too, may be done with a file as at C, or by milling as at D. The latter is preferable because it strips the dirt off more effectively. Even a plain hole crosswise through a nut, like in that shown at E, will prove to be a decided help. Figure 8 at A, B, and C illustrates nut cleaners which do their work without cutting. Unlike taps, they adapt them- selves to variations in thread diameter. The spring wire device at B is especially suitable for cleaning the threads in chucks and faceplates. In common with the one at C, it cleans either right- or left-hand threads. The cleaner of C may also be set to give a slight shaving How plain bolt nuts may be made self-cleaning by filing notches in them, and two variations of the idea (Fig. 7); three thread cleaners (Fig. 8), one of which (C) has a slight shaving action. Ye x13 THD APP LEAD DIFF FOR 2 DIAMS. *2x ERROR OF t 002° PER INCH=004" Pointers on using set screws (Fig. 4); short and long nuts, and pin fastenings (Fig. 5); interrupted threads (Fig. 6). FOR 4 DIAMS= 008" ony POON 7 ae action for smoothing any rough spots that exist in a nut. Mr. Simon will conclude his discussion of threading in the June issue. Scriber Increases Range of Machinist’s Dividers A surface-gage scriber clamped to small dividers makes it easy to lay out large circles. A MECHANIC usually engaged on small work may not care to carry large dividers for the rare occasions upon which he needs them. In this event, he can make a small pair of dividers serve for laying off work otherwise beyond their capacity by utilizing the scriber of a surface gage as illustrated above. The scriber is fastened to one leg of the dividers by means of the. regular clamp of the surface gage. The only work required is to make a small split bushing to fit the surface-gage clamp and drill it to receive the leg of the dividers—H. Moore. IN AN emergency a leather or rubber power belt can be laced with a piece of electrician’s tape, twisted lengthwise to form a cord a trifle thicker than a Ju match.—H. W. Swope. i © This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIFNCF MONTHLY signifies the aprroval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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1930 —_ WMO W Ss, ots ion l 4 June, 1930 Whittled Model of Lindbergh’s Plane we could be a more interesting toy model to whittle from wood than Colonel Lindbergh’s new low-winged sport plane? Every line in its fuselage is symbolic of streamlined speed and grace. The fuselage can be cut from a 1% in. diameter curtain pole. Notch the under- The toy is a copy of Colonel Lindbergh’s new, speedy, two-place, low-winged sport plane. portion of the fuselage as indicated to take the wing and cut in the cockpits with a half-round file. Thin metal is used for the horizontal and vertical tail units. A plane and a penknife are the only tools needed in shaping the wing from a 38 by 2% by 11 in. blank of softwood, such as white pine. The propeller can be cut to shape from a piece of thin metal, and a thin nail or brad will serve for the shaft. Cigar box wood % in. thick will be satisfactory for the landing gear struts. Make one complete wheel, cut it in two, and glue one of the semicircles to each of the streamlined housings. The landing gear is held in place with brads and glue. Paint the landing gear and fuselage black, the wing and tail red, the propeller silver, and make all the striping gold or yellow.—DonaLp W. CLarK. FUSELAGE at cut our wit re! COPING SAW o lm 2 3 4 Dimensions of the toy. The ailerons can be marked off by grooving lines with a kni‘e point. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 95 Handymen who want a boring & serew-driving tool that will work any place, will buy the “YANKEE” SPIRAL RATCHET SCREW-DRIVER — With These Attachments: 3 Serew-driver Bits, 1 Bit with Screw-holder, 1 Bit with Serew-eye Holder, 1 Chuck (for holding drills), 8 Drill-points, 1 Countersink. And (for jobs calling for small nuts), 1 Hexagon Socket. ERE is a screw-driver that drills holes, countersinks the holes for the screw- heads, and drives in the screws —all simply by pressing on the handle. In the same way, it runs up small nuts. And all at express speed! Or » it does all these jobs by ratchet movement. It is a Spiral Screw-driver or a Ratchet Screw- — driver, either === right or left hand, Driving Screws st or a Rigid Screw- driver, at will. With the spiral movement, the drill or bit is revolved by a spiral in the tool, when handle is pressed down. With ratchet movement, you turn drill or bit by moving the hand forward and back without re- leasing your grip on handle. Both spiral and ratchet move- ments are instant~ pos drilling with ly available. They “ spin” may be used suc- cessively: sending screw in by “Yankee” Chuck and Eight Drill-points spiral and setting it up by ratchet. A simple adjustment makes it a 13-inch screw-driver, or, for long overhead reaches, an 1814-inch screw-driver. With a bit for small screws, another for medium screws, and a third for large screws, it is three different size screw- drivers. A fourth bit, with the “*Yan- kee’? Screw - holder Attach- Screw-holder ment, places and drives screws one-handed, in hard-to-get-at places. A fifth bit holds and drives screw-eyes. mamma Countersink Eight “Yankee”’ Drill-points for boring holes 1/16” to '"/64", with special chuck for holding the drills are supplied for this screw-driver. Countersink is provided, fitting into the tool same as screw-bits. Sockets for run- ning up nuts are made to fit into this tool. adjustment Simple makes it 1814 in. driver for long overhead reaches. Spring in makes it the uOuick- Return.’’ Great for working one-handed. No. 30-A.—Standard Spiral Ratchet Screw-driver used the world over by skilled mechanics. Price, for tool with three screw-driver bits, $3.00. Also made Heavy and Light Patterns. No. 130-A.—Spring in handle makes it the Quick-Return Spiral Rasces Screws driver. Price, FREE «YANKEE” TOOL BOOK To Help You Make Things, we will send book with action pictures showing the ingenuity in use th three bits, $3.45. Also Heavy and Light #¢Yankee” attachments sold separately. Your dealer can onety you. S) Three different size screw drivers in one Om of many “ Yankee” Tools. Mail coupon to NORTH BROS, MFG. CO., PHILADELPHIA, U.S.A, Name Address 2 (ps) © This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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96 PROVED PERFORMANCE C~ i EVEREADY RAYTHEON TUBES FOR TALKING PICTURES, TELEVISION AND ALL INDUSTRIAL PURPOSES These ubes have firmly established their position in the fields of talking pictures and television, and in the greatly broadening field of industrial usage. The Eveready Raytheon Foto-Cell is a long-life tube for talking pictures, television and industrial purposes, such as control of illumination, automatic counting, paper- testing, color matching and others. It comes in several standard types, or can be made to specification. The Eveready Raytheon Kino-Lamp is the first television receiving tube developed commercially that will work with all systems. Each tube is carefully tested. We welcome inquiries from everyone interested in talking pictures, television and Foto-Cell applications of any nature. * * * * The Eveready Hour, radio’s oldest commercial feature, is broadcast every Tuesday evening at nine (New York time) from WEAF over a nation-wide N. B. C. network of 30 stations. NATIONAL CARBON CO., Inc. General Offices: New York, N. Y. Branches: Chicago Kansas City NewYork San Francisco Unit of Union Carbide and Carbon Corporation ~ EVEREADY RAYTHEON — * Trade-marks POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY JUNE, 1939 od the Target By JACK HAZZARD lost art, though none the less enter- taining and safe, provided a suitable hatchet is used. Good control demands a light missile, and it is possible to lighten the average lathing hatchet by hack-sawing away the cheeks, half of the hammer-head, and an elliptical piece of the blade to form an ideal target tomahawk as well as a usable [Most art, thou throwing is all but a little tool for effectively bridging the gap | between,the broad ax and the sheath knife. The tool steel edge may prove hard sawing, but plenty of-oil applied to the saw will lessen the work. To file it, you will have to work off the edges until rounded, then worry off the center hump. Repeat the process until the desired shape results. A grindstone will speed up the work, but unless carefully used it is likely to spoil the temper of the steel. The ordinary handle on a lathing hatchet will be too short, so it must be replaced with a blacksmith’s hammer handle shortened to about 14 in. Round the end of the handle to a ball, and shape and flare it sharply above the ball to supply a gripping surface that will pre- vent it from slipping from the hand while chopping. Having a long handle, it de- livers a blow out of proportion to its weight and will cut accordingly. FACE BOARDS 2" THICK = 2x4" fy Hy 4 : 15% 2 y INGES//1 le) BOLTS WITH ‘ WING NUTS + ‘a = REAR z BRACES | « 2°*x 4°x 6-0 3-8" 1 With this type of target, the face boards can be replaced when they become badly cut. For Real Sport Try Throwing -practiced hand, but the beginner may lbnifll Map Wide af (j Yj A 3 by 7 ft. target made up of 2 in. thick planks is a good size for the beginner, Tomahawk The secret of throwing a tomahawk lies in the fact that a properly balanced hatchet turns twice over in each ten or twelve feet when thrown overhand with- out snap, and once if tossed underhand. The distance can be increased by multi- ples of the base range until a strong arm will be needed to reach the target. TOMAHAWK - THROWING AND BELT AX CUT FROM] LATHING HATCHET THESE CUTS FACIL- ITATE CUTTING CURVE OF BLADE A lathing hatchet, if lightened sufficiently in the manner shown, forms an ideal tomahawk. In throwing, face the target squarely, with the right shoulder in line with the center of the objective. Swing the toma- hawk up and bring it down in an arc perpendicular to the target, and allow the body to swing forward when the ax is released with a smooth, snapless motion. Keep your eye fixed.on the target and be wary of a rebound, should the tomahawk fail to strike fair. If properly thrown, the blade and handle will spin in the same vertical plane, and the edge will strike and stick in the target with a sharp, clear crack. At a range of from ten to twelve paces a 12 in. wide plank is ample for the need three such planks. A target of 2 in. thick planks made 3 by 7 ft. and supported by a 2 by 4 in. frame is an excellent size on which to practice; and if made as shown in the drawing at the oo 2 2h ask ~ aA th 8 =e. left, the face can be readily renewed. © This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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June, 1930 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 97 aia Easily Made Lathe WA NTE 1) Chuck for Bits and Drills | Men wi h N THE home workshop a wood turning en It ; lathe can be used for many purposes besides turning wood. For example, the drilling attachment illustrated sees con- stant use in one small shop. It is a simple matter to make such an attachment to

ick fit any lathe. er. Cut a piece of maple or hickory 2% by | 2% by 6 in. for the drill chuck. Set it up | in the lathe and turn it to a cylinder. 2 | Then turn a shank on the tail end to cor- respond to the dimensions of a center T rn our from the lathe. Remove the tail center o learn, at and insert this shank loosely in the tail- Stay expense, a new stock. With the spur center engaging the 2h a shaving method wood, turn the stock slowly and at the : ‘ that brings S new awk comforts. 86% of ~ ‘those who try it or ith never go back to and. old ways. ulti- arm Just mail the coupon, please

This substantial drill chuck and the “pusher” . in the tailstock are turned from hard maple.

same time gradually increase the pressure with the —e — the — be- ins to stall. This will burn all the high <—_ ; : spetson thb-cheith.. Sith bennemnanuliins ENTLEMEN: This is a direct What our laboratories proved again and turn to an exact fit. challenge to men who are hard to Olive oil has long been the world’s When the fit is perfect, remove the | shave. Men whose stiff, stubbly beards ccntiien cenuieisthictnallin: tte diaiia dati spur center and insert the wooden shank | make shaving a hardship. Who, in get- - ane aad ili P , i into the headstock. Bore a tapering hole | ting a close shave, leave the skin irritated OD a anita at laste ee in the face of the chuck to the dimensions | 4,4 burning. For these men we have a Soap, which we make, is the world’s largest selling soap. Our problem was of the square, tapered shank of a regular wood bit. If you have no tool small message ... and a challenge. to apply the olive oil principle to a

(Please print your name and address) —— ee ee ee we ee om ow ow oe om oe oe oe oe oe oe ot oe oe oo!

enough, you can make one from an old A 7- day test will convince you better shaving cream saw file. than any words of ours. And the trial : Grind the shank of thé wood bit a little | tube is offered at our own risk, be- An offer to open-minded men is on each side to make the corners sharp. cause we Loses frm : wk. Hold the bit with a pair of pliers and use we'll meke If you are willing to be shown, give ' the shank as a turning tool to true up the us a chance, please. We take the risk ’ ole. Be sure the hole tapers clear bac of not you. Simply mail the coupon and the to a point, and leave it round. Force the paring f roof will come in a 7-day tube of yma- bit into the chuck as far as it will go, and it 100 who make It. — y arc will be held almost as solidly as if in a The coupon shaving cream that we are confident ' the heavy metal chuck. brings a free 7- will win you. xX Is This chuck works in either end of the day supply. ALM RAD iis Hon. lathe, takes a square shank twist drill up of 7 mPPy pn ar Mle pe he my a 20 18:30 d 7 to 34 in. in diameter, and serves for wood LMOLIVE! _ Bm. Eastern time; 8:30 eo 9:30 p. m., Ceneral aw bits up to 1 in. By using it first in the - 1 | Sea on talie dee , the tailstock and then in the headstock, h Vi i 1 Multiplics itself in and 39 Ae Crip wee de The Nodal ame spindles up to twice the length of a wood ia ; 50 times. Broadcasting Company. 5889 ri e . \ a a oftens the in one = oe oe ee ee oe ee oe oe oe oe oe oe oe oe oe oe oe ow oe oe oe oe oe ik bit may be bored through. Merebtien| 2 Softcnsch anes 4 arp, _ A preliminary step is needed when bor- Wl 3 Maintains its creamy 17 SHAVES FREE! : ing across grain in hardwood with a wood fuliness tor ten minutes H aces = A oa the face. ; and a can of Palmolive After Shaving Talc , bit: a pilot hole as large as the lead screw 4 Gienstiy fentie cieciktaisibiiateih elit cet nate the of the wood bit must first be made with 4 prey 4 pos bebbies Bold 1 Olive, Dept. M-828, P. O. Box 375, nile § 1 re a twist drill, or the bit will lead into the = ; Central Post Office, New York City. Oo wood too fast. Fine after-effects due | and A “pusher” for use in the tailstock, as . —— st s an illustrated, may be made in the same way Bs 1 and as the chuck except that it requires no } : ' ' Saw

_ the boring.—GrorGE H, WHITEAKER.

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98 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY JUNE, 1930 “Here’s the Rule You Need’”’ The, FARRAND RAPID RULE The Original Rigid-Flexible Concave Rule On the job, in the office, or in the home workshop, you will find the Farrand rule one of the most practical inven- tions in years. It modernizes old methods of measuring, since it combines the better features of the wooden rule and steel tape without their many limitations. Will measure with equal ease straight or curved surfaces, and around bends. Six and eight foot steel rules coiled in a vest pocket sized holder. Instantly available for service by slight pressure on brakes. Ask your dealer to demonstrate, or write to factory for six-inch sample of rule strip. RD Ao nhs top meet Manufactured by HIRAM A. FARRAND, Inc. Berlin, N. H. —— Simply Made Telephoto Lens The telephoto lens attached to a camera makes pos- sible the photographing of objects at a distance. By KENNETH B. MURRAY tures professionally, as well as ama- teurs who find photography an in- structive and interesting hobby, often encounter subjects that are difficult to take without the aid of a modern tele- photo lens. As the name indicates, this is a special lens used with the camera Just as a telescope is used to aid the eye. With the telephoto lens, distant scenes that are so far away it is difficult to locate them in an ordinary picture are brought apparently to within a few rods of the camera. The cost of such a lens is usually prohibitive for the amateur, but with almost no expense at all one can be made from an old opera glass, field glass, or telescope, provided it has lenses free from scratches. A glass with as large a lens as possible should be selected, for sometimes you may wish to make negatives with short exposures. If an opera glass is used, only one of the two barrels will be required, therefore one glass will make two telephoto lenses. Re- move the lenses and their metal cell mounts from each end of the barrel. Pirtires protesionaly who make pic- Photograph of stores taken with a314 by 41% in. Graflex camera on a hazy day last winter. Select a piece of medium weight card- board and roll it into a cone so that the smaller lens will fit securely in one end, and the larger in the other. The length of the cone should be about equal to the dis- tance between lenses when the glass is fully extended in its mount. They may be held in the cone by friction or, better, with cement. This cone, naturally, must be so designed that the smaller end can be fitted to the camera by friction; and the fitting must be light-tight. The camera can be used at any time for or- dinary pictures merely by replacing the regular lens. In utilizing an old telescope, the large lens is removed and cemented into a cardboard tube. It is advisable to make the tube larger around than the lens so none of the corners of the prospective pictures will be cut off. The inside of the cone or tube in either case should be painted a dull, nonreflect- ing black. India ink or black slate paint is suitable. When the lens is installed, see that there are no cracks around the ends where light can enter and fog a picture. It is a good plan to go over the outside of the cone with paint to match the camera. Several-coats of shellac over This was taken from the same position with the same camera fitted with a telephoto lens. —_ FF — CO" O ots © This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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Ir- er ‘t- nt he he ch er June, 1930 this will toughen and strengthen the cardboard. Upon the aperture diameter of the smaller lens depends the length of ex- posure that will be necessary. This may be readily governed by the iris diaphragm or ‘“‘stop’’; with some glasses it may be necessary to stop down the iris to get sharp definition over the entire film. With a telephoto lens it is necessary to give about twice the exposure customary for the size stop used. This is not a handicap on bright days; when the sun is shining brightly, the stop should be set at about ‘| f:11 with 1/25-second exposure. It is advisable to use a support or tripod, as the slightest movement of the Rolling the tube of a telephoto attachment to fit a lens removed from an old telescope. camera is many times magnified on the film or plate. This also is true with manufactured telephoto lenses. The inexpensive grades of opera and field glasses are not corrected for color, yet it will be found that pictures taken by this method in clear weather will be quite sharp and entirely suited for any but the finest technical work. If your camera is of the plate or film pack variety with a focusing ground glass, it will be easy to focus for any distance. The same, of course, is true of the expen- sive cameras having reflecting mirrors. With the ordinary roll film camera some slight preparation is necessary. A new roll of film is used before making the telephoto picture. Remove the back, as ifto insert the new roll, and hold a piece of ground glass, shiny side out, on the rollers over which the film passes. Focusing then becomes a simple matter. Ground glass is usually easy to obtain, but if you lack a piece, some very thin white tissue paper can be used. The kind known as onion skin, or even tissue wrapping paper, will do. It should be stretched taut and glued to a frame cut from heavy cardboard. The tissue side is placed against the camera. Padded Jaws for a Vise y HEN a home mechanic has only a steel machinist’s vise, it will pay him to make removable jaws that can be used for woodworking without leaving any scratches or dents. Take two pieces of copper or soft brass approximately 4 by 6 in., place them in the vise, tighten it, and with a hammer drive down the metal over each jaw until it is shaped to fit. Remove the jaws jand glue pads cut from felt such as is used on office chair seats to their faces. The finished jaws can be made at a cost of about twenty- five cents.—CHARLES R. WHITEHOUSE. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Shown here is the “45 Twin” — the ideal solo motorcycle. Harley - Davidson prices range from $260 f. o. b. factory. THE THRILL | OF THRILLS —any way you look at it! OTORCYCLING — the thrills of a dozen sports in one! A mount that responds instantly to every whim — now streaking down the high- way — now zooming over a towering hill — now just purring along a wind- ing by-road. A mount to be proud and fond of — not just transportation. Answer the call of the Open Road with your own Harley-Davidson. What a glorious way to start the Summer! What a vacation you'll have this year! And the trips, the tours, and the week-end outings with the jolly Harley-Davidson bunch! Cost? So lit- tle you'll scarcely notice it — for a Harley- _ Davidson is easy to buy, and costs only a penny or two per Let your nearest Harley-Davidson Dealer demonstrate the wonderful “45 Twin” shown here, and the other 1930 models. Ask about his Pay-As-You-Ride Plan. Ride a HARLEY-DAVIDSON HARLEY-DAVIDSON MOTOR COMPANY Dept. P. S., Milwaukee, Wis. Interested in your motorcycles. Send literature. Name Address. My age is [) 16-19 years, (] 20-30 years, [1] 31 years and up, [) under 16 years. Check your age group. (86S OOH SESH OST EH OOTOROS EESEDEESSSS EASE EESOEESSSESESEESSEEESSOCSESERS

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY = so tiled Ses Nt EP ——! —— a I Oe Sat st i. ec A A sc oe re - a Oe ee ANY BLADE will give you 2 More Shaves ...with Mennen Shaving Cream! (and 1 mean good ones). That’s my money- back guarantee. Mennen shaves are better shaves, too. They bave to be when Mennen lather makes any razor do its stuff well through 2 more shaves. Mennen alone gives you two kinds of shaving cream...Menthol-iced and Without Menthol. Both give that clean, comfortable Mennen shave. Both build up a fine, quick lather in any water. Mennen Without Menthol is smooth and bland. Menthol-iced lather has a triple-cool tingle all its own. Both creams are typically Mennen...that’s the main point...and my guarantee covcrs them both. Take your choice. I hope you doubt my guarantee. I'd like to prove it. I'll even send you a trial tube to make the test if you use the coupon. Haveyou tried the6-second massage with Mennen Skin Balm? It prolongs theinvigorating freshnessof your Men- nen Shave...cools and conditions your skin. It’s non-greasy ° ..-absorbs instantly. d — Howey, ay Mennen Salesman MENNSN SHAVING CREAMS “4 Sy (4 THE MENNEN CO., Dept.P-3, NEWARK,N.J. Jim Henry: Send mea free trial tube of Mennen, Jim. I'll try it with my razor. Name 0) Send me Mennen without Menthol. 0) Send me Mennen Menthol-Iced. By ARTHUR L. SMITH Y KNOWING the one simple wire B puzzle principle illustrated in Figs. 1, 2, and 3, you will find it possible to arrange other wire puzzles of different shapes and forms, including monograms. In the puzzle shown in Fig. 1, the loop C is to be removed. To do this bar A (Fig. 2) is lifted up and C is inserted through ring B. A is dropped down through C, which can then be withdrawn (Fig. 3). Other variations are shown in Figs. 4 and 5. In these two the wire is bent to the shape of familiar objects. This same principle can be applied to the making of monogram puzzles. The distinguished initials T. A. E. may be ar- ranged as in Fig. 6. If there are only two letters, as P. S., they can be put together as shown in the illustration at the top of the page. To solve this, the stem of the S is brought around to the top projection of the P. The wire is sprung downward and the stem of the S is inserted through the ring A and then over B, which frees it. The puzzle may be made more com- plicated, as in the case of the chained How to Create Wire Puzzles A monogram puzzle devised by Mr. Smith to represent the letters PS—Poputar SCIENCE. elephant in Fig. 7. To release the elephant from his chain, his trunk A is first inserted through ring B. The rings D and C can |. then be worked through the loop of the trunk with a little manipulation. Ring C is slipped over the trunk, and D is brought through the loop again. C and D are now removed, and the elephant remains at- tached only to the lower combination CD, which is taken off by FIG. 6 the same principle as used in the solution of the other puzzles. While the reverse of this process will replace the elephant, it is rather con- fusing. The lower combina- tion CD is put on first. Slip loop B, and then C, over the trunk, after which D is passed through the loop. C is slipped off, and D and C are worked through the loop. This allows B to be lifted off, and the elephant is again chained as it was at the start. All the joints in these puzzles should be soldered The basic principle for making one popular type of puzzle is shown in Figs. 1-3, and several adaptations are given in Figs. 4-7. in order to keep the various parts in shape. Spring Pencil Attachment for Shop Dividers PAIR of dividers can be converted readily into a pencil compass by the application of the simple spring adapter illustrated. A piece of .035-in. music wire is wrapped around a form until the spring reaches a length of 1% in. The ends are PENCIL ADAPTER DIVIDERS 2? —Ga=—— & FASTENING HOOKS Pair of dividers adapted for use as compass by means of a simply made wire pencil holder. bent around so as to form two hooks. This quickly made little device has been used by the writer for the past thirty years and he recommends it for use in toolmakers’, sheet metal workers’, and machinists’ kits—RoscoEe B. Boone. GLUE and rags sometimes serve effectively for making small repairs to furniture. Suppose a caster in a chair or table leg has worked loose and the shank has chafed a large hole. Cut some narrow strips of rags, saturate them with glue, wrap them around the shank of the caster in sufficient quantity to fill the hole, and then force the caster in place. You may drive screws down through the flange of the caster into the glued rags, and when the glue hardens it will hold them firmly in place.—H. G. June, 1930 a Go 4 See =~ oF 7.

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June, 1930 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 101

Old Bill Says— LF fo tapping holes with small and delicate taps, screw the tap wrench over the round part of body instead of on the square shank, because the wrench will slip before the tap will break. This will tend to eliminate a good deal of breakage. Unless it can not be avoided, never use a lathe arbor for a grinding job. If you are compelled to, test it before you start. For a lasting job on a bronze bushing, the bore should be smoothly ground to size. Use plenty of oil when reaming cast iron. Then the reamer will not pick up a burr and cut oversize, and it will leave a smoother hole for dowel pins and bushings.

The cutting sections of drills, reamers, end mills, and other similar tools will do at least three times more work between grinds if they are chromium plated. If it is possible to reach the adjusting screw of a reamer with a wrench, always do the adjusting without removing the reamer from the hole. This will help to avoid chatter and the formation of a bell-_ mouthed hole. Pilots of counterbores always should be undercut next to the cutting edge for chip clearance. Save the old reamers under % in.; these can be made into counterbores or end mills in case of emergency. Red lead and oil is a useful and inex- pensive substitute for the blue com- monly used for spotting work that is being scraped. When grinding a tool made of “stel- lite,” use a wheel of a more open grain than for high-speed steel, and at least one grade softer.

Where to Look for Other Mechanical Articles M ANY short articles of interest to me- chanically minded men are scat- tered through the magazine in the sec- tions preceding the Home Workshop Department. If you happen to have missed any of the following, it will pay you to turn back to the pages noted and read them. Pocket Gage Measures .001 Inch..... 30 Gun Nailer Carries 150 “Shots”...... 31 Models—A Hobby and a Business. . . .67 Timesaving Household Inventions. . .68 From Microphone to Your Home... .71 Why Your Radio May Sound Queer. .72 Tricks That Add to a Car’s Speed... .74

See bow — an Upson Relief Coiling has covered unsightly plaster cracks. This dise tinctive p berstofore limited so expensive conztruction. .. can never crack or fall. Upson Relief Ceilings Now you can get rid of ugly, sprawling plaster cracks forever. Simply apply Upson Board right over the ctacked plaster, that has been a source of embar- rassment. There is little muss. . . no delay. Any good carpenter can do the work in a few days. There is no fine, sifting dirt, that means general house cleaning. You have an interesting variety of authentic designs from which to select your decorative scheme. The pebbled surface of Upson Board... shown in the border of this advertisement . . . can be finished in the popular colors of today. _Upsonized walls and ceilings give a house more than new beauty and comfort. They make it easier tosell orrent..add morethan their cost toits value. The Upson Studios of Decoration and Color gladly furnish directions fcr application and sug- gestive color schemes. Write for booklets today. Re-cover one cracked ceiling with Upson Board—then you will want to modernize ve your whole house with Upson Board. =

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THE UPSON COMPANY 633 Upson Point, Lockport, New York : Offer No. 1: Send me your new 28 page book “*Char- acterful Walls and Ceilings’’ also‘‘Upson Relief Ceilings’, with samples of Upson Board and Fibre-Tile. I enclose 1ocents for postage. Offer No. 2: Enclosed find $1.00 for the above and a copy of ‘Distinction ian Home Decoration”. Money to be refunded if I am not satisfied.

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a i a_i cen a ee 102 © A. S. R. C., 1930 The $f929 Shave high"C’in Comfort You can’t keep music from your lips when the Ever-Ready coasts down your cheeks. The keen blade takes off the whiskers so quickly, so comfortably, so smoothly that you feel happy all day... Each blade gives many more shaves. Be a Sing- ing Shaver—buy Ever-Ready Blades. Product of American Safety Razor Corp. Fver-Ready BLADES POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY JUNE, 1930 Building a Sunken Greenhouse By DALE R. VAN HORN what unusual sunken greenhouse is in use in northern Texas, but it should prove serviceable in colder cli- mates provided the ventilators in the roof are covered during winter. Since the structure is almost entirely underground, the inside temperature is quite constant. Provision could be made for heating the greenhouse at relatively low cost. The 5 in. thick walls are of concrete except the upper ends, which are of sid- ing. Each side of the roof consists of two large sash hinged to the upper wall edge. Two 4-in. pieces, set to the roof pitch, support the sash. When open, the sash leans against posts, as shown in the draw- ing at the right. The center section of the roof is covered with a sheet iron strip 20 in. wide, the edges of which just clear the sash when they are closed down. This construction provides a ventilating space about 6 in. wide on each side, running from end to end. Inside, the space is filled with concrete beds in which the plants are kept. The door is 2 ft. wide and runs to the top of sk well-designed although some- The small greenhouse with its sash raised, and a view showing construction at one end and framework for supporting the sash. the wall. Concrete steps lead down to it as shown below. By providing doors to cover the ventilators during the cold weather, the greenhouse should maintain above-freezing temperatures the year around in those sections of the coun- try where the winters are not severe; but as an extra precaution, a flexible glass substitute can be stretched across the in- terior from the tops of the four walls, thus providing a dead-air space above. HINGED CORRUGATED SASH SHEET METAL \ fe 20" VENTILATION SPACE ~ rd SIDING 8'-0" CONCRETE SIZE OF GREENHOUSE 8°0"x 12-0" Cross section looking toward the end of the greenhouse and showing the steps beyond. An Attic Shop Has Many Advantages ITH plenty of light and good ventilation, my attic shop is a very pleas- ant place to work in,” wrote Frederick C. Has- sold, of Mt. Airy, Pa., in the letter which accompa- nied this photograph. “I have spent many happy hours in this 13 by 15 ft. room, for a shop has been my hobby since boyhood days.” The lathe, which has a circular saw attachment, and the tool grinder are mo- tor driven. The scroll saw near the woodworking bench is a treadle machine that was given to Mr. Hassold as a Christmas present in 1880, yet it is still in good working condition. The rear of the shop, which is not shown, has a closet for wood and metal turning tools, shelves for sup- plies, and another window. In concluding his description, Mr. Has- The well-lighted and neatly arranged shop of Frederick C. Has- sold. An expert with the camera, he took this photograph himself. sold added this comment: “As one of your old subscribers, I always look for PopuLaR SCIENCE MONTHLY with much interest, and have gained a great many hints from its pages.” Photography is another hobby of Mr. Hassold’s.

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930 June, 1930 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 103 »| | Graceful Wood Box) Smmall-bubble shaves 7 é Riad for a Fireplace By HENRY GEORGE 1 t l NLIKE so many clumsy firewood as onger boxes and racks, the one illustrated | below will increase the charm of a ‘fire- place, yet it is easy to construct. The , al design of the leg posts may be varied, if Colgate s soaks whiskers A box or rack soft at skin line. Razor for firewood. cuts closer, smoother... n your shave lasts longer. 1€ r, in 1€ n- } @ it aeeses § eae. SS ORDINARY COLGATE n- LATHER LATHER S Thislather-picture(great- This picture of Colgate ’ ly magnified) of ordinary lather shows how myriads . sensei Cee a eae fail to get down to the air, indirect contact with baseof thebeard;andhow the base of the beard, they hold air, instead of thus softening every necessary, to suit the style of any room. —— ha The size of the box is determined by the space it will occupy and the length of the tirewood, the slats being made the same length as the firewood. If the length of the posts is increased, the mor- tise and tenon joints should be made 5 longer for additional strength. Hard- ; . wood should be used. = a . . Make a stiff pa- : —— HERE is a vast difference between per pattern for the - ordinary big-bubble lather, and post, transfer the Colgate’s Small-Bubble lather... a differ- design to the stock, : P's , and cut cut the ence in beard-softening efficiency. posts with a band or compass saw. The rough saw-cut | surfaces make an attractive finish; in- deed, if it is neces- sary to trim them with an edge tool, S roughen the sur- faces afterwards with diagonal strokes of a coarse rasp. The pinned mor- tise and tenon joints must be laid out for a driving fit. If a natural finish is desired, several coats of linseed oil will enrich the wood and prevent season- ing cracks. Colgate’s tiny bubbles seep down be- tween whiskers, removing the oil film and drenching every hair with moisture ... right at the base where the razor works. Thus, your shave is closer...much longer-lasting. The minute you lather up with Colgate’s two things happen: 1—The soap in the lather breaks up the oil film that covers each hair. 2—Billions of tiny, moisture- laden bubbles seep down through your beard ... crowd around each whisker... soak it soft with water. A comparative test is easy—just mail the coupon, now. We will send, also, a sample of After-Shave, a new lotion...refreshing, delightful... the perfect shave finale. aaa aman nana ? COLGATE, Dept. 1-723 P. O. Box 375 Grand Central Post Office, New York City Please send me, FREE, the seven-day trial tube of Colgate’s Rapid : : , a Shave Cream; also a sample bottle of ““After-Shave.” CRO N % > « a "x 1% ' a ae Cee Name...........0-0--- : if6ititro) || OFFER FRONT VIEW PARTLY IN SECTION MV , te, ae pe ta eS A bt inch ins Working drawings of the firewood holder and a detail of the posts drawn to larger scale.

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ee ee Seen SS et Nn ea a —paaapeeretion er een ee a llicte 5 nt lt ~ pyliatnssatenetententeteendnenes =LEverywhere In almost every great building that is construct- ed today you will find thousands of screws doing thousands of im- portant jobs. And in the majority of cases you will find that the builder has selected American Screws. American Screws can be counted upon to stay firmly in place— their deep cut, true running threads take care of this. They are easy to drive, too, because of their sharp gimiet points and strong bodies. The new handy boxes of Ameri- can Screws are on sale in leading hardware stores everywhere. ey =e wooD MACTINE SCREWS SCREWS AMERICAN SCREW CO PROVIDENCE,R.1.,U.S.A. WESTERN DEPOT,225 WEST RANDOLD? SLCNICAGO.ML, Put It Together With Screws STOVE TIRE 6OLTS BOLTS POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY JUNE, 1930 The trailer ready for ba the road. It was built by Mr. Wood, a well-known ~~ oS ‘ ~ iis ’ em, es =, writer on sports and outdoor life, at a cost of less than $15, except for tires. An Easy Towing Boat T railer | To Build One Costs Little If the Rear End ofa Junked Automobile Is Utilized By DICK WOOD V-bottom boat can be made from the rear assembly of an old Ford car and a few dollars worth of lumber and bolts. Anyone who owns a small assort- ment of tools and knows how to use them should be able to finish the trailer in less than a day, with the exception of the hitch and collar device, which is a machine shop job. The total cost, exclusive of tires, should not exceed fifteen dollars. The Ford parts may be bought from dealers in junk cars for about five dollars. In the accompany- ing illustrations, part of an extra drive shaft is shown, but this is because the trailer was made long enough for an 18-ft. boat; it is unnecessary for a trailer that is to hold a 12- or 14-ft. boat. Other mate- rials needed are two straight-grain two- by-fours, 12 ft. long; one two-by-six 4 ft. long for the stern cross member; one four- by-four at least 69 in. long; one 2 by 11% ‘ N EXCELLENT boat trailer for a | by 42 in. plank; one 4-ft. clamp strip of 74 | by 4 in. material; two 22 in. long steel clamp rods with butterfly nuts and wash- ers on the top ends and eyes at the bot- tom; two lag screws for securing the clamp rods; six 8-in. bolts with nuts; and two 6-in. bolts. A snugly fitting collar with crossbars to secure the ends of the two-by-fours and the hitch represent only a small job for any machine shop or blacksmith’s shop. This particular work cost the writer $4.50 at a local machine shop. The collar, an old bearing taken from a truck, was brazed securely, top and bottom, to two 12-in. strips of iron about 4 in. thick. Each end of these cross strips was drilled to take the 6-in. bolts. This collar is to provide for the play created by the depression of the springs. For a hitch on this trailer, a bar of iron 4 in. thick and 2'4 in. wide was welded into the torque tube; then a %-in. hole was drilled in the end. Instead of this The view above shows the crossbars and friction collar at the towing end; these provide the neces- sary flexibility. The framework is _illus- trated clearly in the photograph at left. Jo a to : " len; 16- COV len laic the bol spr lear by- pipe scra is So And of a lamy an e subs the : pipe any tubi insic the

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Se eS ed we we Jone, 1930 single arrangement, however, it is better to attach a good commercial coupler. The 12-ft. two-by-fours are cttt to length (that is, shortened if for less than a 16-ft. boat) and are laid across the spring cover in the position shown. A 46-in. length of the four-by-four is cut off and laid across the two-by-fours directly over the spring cover. This piece is drilled and bolted down through the center of the spring cover and leaves (three or four leaves are ample) and through each two- by-four. oye ORE going further, patterns must be taken from the boat bottom; these can be made from 1 by 4 in. strips. They are placed across the upturned boat at the proper places and securely nailed together in the center. It is then a simple matter to mark the lumber and saw it to fit. A four- by-four 23 in. long may be sawed in such a manner as to make two pieces that will be a perfect fit for the bottom of the boat after they are secured to the main 4 by 4 | in. base. The cut will depend on the pitch of the V-bottom. The forward piece is made from the 2 by 11% by 42 in. plank and is notched to fit the 2 by 4 in. supports. The stern piece is 2 by 6 by 48 in. and is not notched for the two-by-fours unless nec- essary. Both pieces are securely bolted to the two-by-fours. The trailer, exclusive of hitch, need not be longer than 10 ft. for a 12-ft. boat, as the craft can extend 2 or 3 ft. beyond the rear support. If the boat bottom is straight, it is a simple matter to line up the three supports. After they are securely bolted, the edges should be rasped off; and several thicknesses of burlap padding may be tacked on with roofing nails. If the base frame is longer than.8% ft., 4-ft. lengths of angle iron bolted to the underside of each beam will prevent any sagging of the rear support. It is a simple matter to build in a box to hold accessories, or even a small outboard motor, just forward of the axle. In con- structing a trailer of this sort, the builder should aim to get a little more weight for- ward than back of the axle, and this allowance should take care of the weight of a medium size outboard motor. Motors weighing more than sixty pounds should be detached from the boat before it is hauled. Safety Conduit for Lamps PRACTICALLY all table, boudoir, and similar electric lamps are held together by a piece of ordinary %- or \%-in. iron pipe. Because the thin silk-covered wire scrapes against the pipe, this construction is sometimes responsible for short circuits. And the hazard is doubled if the lamp is of all-metal construction. Any home worker who has to repair a lamp can eliminate this possible hazard at an expenditure of less than fifty cents by substituting a piece of bakelite tubing of the same outside diameter as the pipe. If Pipe fitter’s dies are not available, almost any pipe fitter will thread and cut the tubing for a trifling charge. Scrape the inside of the tube at the ends to remove the burrs.—CHARLES R. WHITEHOUSE. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Tycos for the Home Wall thermometers, bath ther- mometers, cooking thermom- eters. Compasses, barom- eters, stormoguides, hygrom- eters, fever thermometers. Instruments for the conven- ience, safety and comfort of every member of the family. Interesting and informative literature will be furnished on any of the above at your re- quest. Fycos for the Medical Profession Sphygmomanometers for the convenient andaccur&fte measurement of blood pres- sure, in the pocket type, the [f easy reading large office type or the latest recording model. Also fever thermometers, uri- nalysis glassware. Physicians will be furnished abstracts and bulletins upon request. Fycos in Aviation Instruments for navigation and meteorology. Airport officials will be interested in our weather forecasting in- struments as outlined in our bocklet, “Instruments for Airports.” A copy may be had te asking. TO THE MANUFACTURER If you make a product requiring heat treatment in its preparation—there are Tycos Indicating, Recording, and Controlling Instruments made espe- cially for your purpose that will save waste and maintain the uniform uality of your product. Informative literature on any type of instrument will be sent on request, or better still—our engineers will consult with you on the application of Tycos to your particular problem. E~ SIXTH ~ SENSE ~. ~ Tycos Temperature 105 and Central American Ports come the sturdy freighters of the lines engaged in the fruit trade. ach brings a cargo of some 5,000,000 bananas. Left to the mercy of the radical climatic changes through which the boat must pass on its short trip from the tropics to the north, this valuable shipment might easily reach port spoiled and worthless. But little, watchful instruments record the hold temperature so that proper refrigera- tion may be constantly maintained. Upon their absolute accuracy depends the safe arrival at the American table of this highly nutritious fruit. IN end Central bound from West Indian And on the Ocean Liner - - Each year, mighty vessels set out on long world cruises entailing great expense. In the power plant of each ship there must be pressure regulators, super heated steam in- dicators, boiler room thermometers of the finest precision to insure maximum efficiency and a minimum of operating troubles. Here too, Tycos instruments—the Sixth Sense of Industry—constantly perform their im- portant duties. Iaylor /nstrument Companies ROCHESTER, N. Y., U.S.A. Canadian Plant: Sees Building, Toronto Manufacturing Distributors in Great Britain Short & Mason, Ltd., London E17 Perishable Fruit ~ — Guarded by Tycos pis = INDUSTRY truments DICATING ~ RECORDING ~- CONTROLLING ETS Gee uk aes SOO

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106 Four Lathe Attachments How to Make Sanding and Sawing Tables— A Taper Turning Guide and Handy Tool Rack By WARREN N. CRANE Y CONSTRUCTING the four B simple, homemade attachments illustrated, it is possible to double the usefulness of any small lathe. The first accessory is a table designed to fit in the hand rest holder, Figs. 1 and 2. When used in combination with a sanding disk, emery wheel, or saw, it af- fords a ready means of finishing surfaces at right angles to each other. A piece of cold rolled stock of the proper diameter is fastened to a piece of flat plate (about 2 by 4 in.) by welding or by turning down a portion of the end and riveting it over into a countersunk hole in the plate. The top surface then should be faced off to make a good job, although it is -not absolutely necessary if cold rolled plate is used and the riveting is smoothed up carefully. The second attachment is a circular saw table made of steel as shown in Figs. 3 and 5. The slots at the front and sides are formed by riveting L-shaped pieces to the table proper. A number of holes are provided for the rear pivot rod so as

Fig. 3. This circular saw table made of steel allows a variety of light saw- ing to be done on a bench lathe. to accommodate saws having various diameters. A wide throat piece should be made if wabble saws or dado heads are to be used. In mounting the saw on its arbor, use flanges of as large a diameter as possible and fairly thick, because they tend to make the saw run more smoothly through their flywheel effect; at the same time they reduce the noise by deadening the ring of the revolving metal. The flanges may be made of soft metal, such as “type metal” or babbitt, which will answer the purpose fully as well as steel. Figure 4 illustrates the third device, which is used in turning long tapers on a speed lathe. After the ordinary type of

POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY

Fig. 2. This steel plate aids in obtaining perfectly square edges. slide rest has been set to the correct angle for turning a taper, it often must be moved along the bed to allow a longer cut to be made than was foreseen when the setting was made. To do this necessitates resetting to the proper angle, which is sometimes a tiresome job and allows errors to creep in. The auxiliary rest support shown in Fig. 4 allows the angle to be maintained, and at the same time the rest is free to be moved in either a longitudinal or transverse direction before being locked in place. The device consists of two T-shaped pieces, the shank of the upper member passing through the shank of the lower. Both shanks are threaded to receive locking nuts. The head of the upper piece is made to fit the T-slot in the slide rest, and the head of the lower to fit between the ways of the lathe. The fit must be as snug as possible and still permit an easy slide. In use, the rest is adjusted to the required angle and the lower nut taken up tight: this locks the two T-shaped sec- tions together, thus maintaining the angle. The rest may now be moved to any re- quired position on the lathe and locked by tightening the upper lock nut. By no means the least in value of the Fig. 4. (én oval). A slide rest support for taper turning. Fig. 6. (at right). View of the cabi- net showing arm. Fig. 5. The construction of the underside of the auxiliary saw table. Note the adjusting rod.

Fig. 1. An adjustable table for grinding and sanding, and a swinging cabinet for tools. four accessories is the last one shown— the small tool cabinet of Figs. 6 and 7, In this case the idea was borrowed from the dentist, but it need not recall the same painful memories. The cabinet can be made readily from almost any scrap lumber around the shop, together with one or two cigar boxes for drawers. The swinging arm can be built up of pipe fittings so that the cabinet can be turned to the most convenient position for the particular job in hand.

ANY times the home worker is con- fronted with the problem of sawing a taper on a piece of wood. This can be easily accomplished on the circular saw if a wooden guide is used. On a board that is about 4 in. longer than the stock to be tapered and about 4 in. wide, mark off the required taper. Saw and plane the taper to the lines, and

™ ace “<i Fig. 7. The small tool cabinet can be turned at a touch to the most convenient position. plane the opposite edge exactly’ true, using @ hand jointer plane or a machine jointer. Place the wooden guide against the ripping fence with its taper facing in. Set the stock to be cut against the straight face of the guide and adjust the fence so that the stock is in the proper position for the cut desired. If the taper is on stock that is to be used for a chair leg, it will be necessary to run the taper on all four sides. Saw the taper on two adjacent sides and then tack the waste wood back in place lightly, thus supplying a square guide face to allow cutting the taper on the other two sides.—W. CLypDE LAMMEy.

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', 1930 >wn— ind 7. | from : same from shop, es for - built et can sition $ con- awing an be r saw onger about taper. ;, and -abinet uch to sition. ora yoden th its e cut e and is in to be Ty to y the then htly, ce to other JUNE - 1930 a THE SHIPSHAPE HOME Installing Kitchen Ventilators and Other Hints OT, stuffy, improperly aired kitch- ens are now as much out of date and as unnecessary as old-fash- ioned iron sinks or oil lamps. Ventilating units that give positive ventilation under all conditions can now be obtained and installed by any handy man. These and other electrical conveniences are described in the following discussion, which is a continuation of a series of similar Ship- The new types of exhaust fans can be easily and quickly installed or taken down by anyone. shape Home articles (P. S. M., Mar. 30, p.120; Apr. 730, p.118; and May ’30, p. 122). What are the best types of fans to obtain for ventilating a small kitchen? The type in most common use is an exhaust fan which can be set with very little work in a window at the top, where it is out of the way and does not inter- fere to any great extent with the light. The other type is installed in the wall. How is the window ventilator installed? Manufacturers have various methods and supply full instructions with the units. In one popular design the unit is mounted on sheet steel arranged so that it can be fitted to windows of various sizes in the same manner as 4 sliding screen.. The unit is put in place at the top of the window, the steel mounting is opened up until it fits exactly, and screws are driven into the window frame to hold it in place. The electric cord is plugged into a near-by receptacle plug or wall bracket. If there is none near by, a new recep- tacle is installed especially for the fan. When turned on, the fan draws out the odors and hot air from the kitchen with- out causing a draft. An installation of a POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 107 LOOK AROUND ee (010) 3 HOME / ‘ yoooell do / VERY surface in your home indi- cates your character to the search- ing eyes of your guests. Walls and woodwork resplendent in an ever-attractive tint of Kyanize Celoid Finish always look well, wash easily and wear wonderfully. In Kyanize you will find a medium gloss, waterproof enamel finish in beautiful tints and white that you can easily use on walls, woodwork and furniture. Try its easy-brushing beauty now. Special Introductory Offer!—Send one dollar and the name of your local paint dealer and receive a full-pint can of Kyanize Celoid Finish, a brush and the amazing new booklet in colors—‘‘The Colorful Home.”’ State color desired. Or send ten cents for book alone. BOSTON VARNISH COMPANY ULI WAS 357 EVERETT STATION BOSTON, MASS. CELOID FINISH n

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: > “eee cd Rietiestuieteieaass oe ELECTRIC ZV IIL TE LOCKWOOD OUTBOARD _ MOTORS \ Time Payments on Outboards Under a new plan, Evinrude, Elto and Lock- wood outboard motors may be purchased on easy terms, with down payments as low as $3. and six or eight months in which to square the difference. Full details may be procure: by writing the Elto, Evinrude or Lockwood Division of the Outboard Motors Corporation at Milwaukee, Wis. LockwooD ORLD’S lightest, handiest and most compact twin-cylinder out- board. F-o-I-d-s instantly to only 11% x 13% x 17 inches. Tiller handle folds down to form comfortabie carry- ing handle. Stow anywhere. FOLD-LIGHT Full: 2% horse power, producing efi- cient speeds on canoes, rowboats, tend- ers. Twin silencers, self-steering, rub- ber cushioning of power head and many other remarkable features. Write for catalog today. Outboard Motors Corporation Ole Evinrude, President \ 5570-27th Street Milwaukee, Wis. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY fan of this type is shown on the preced- ing page. How is the wall type of home ventilator installed? A hole must be cut through the wall of a size to take the main casing of the unit. The thickness of the wall makes no difference. In the type of wall ventilator The wall ventila- tor for home use. illustrated above, the act of opening the door automatically opens the outside shutter and also starts the motor. How can an automatic closet light be installed? The general scheme for installing an automatic door switch for controlling a closet light is shown below. The switch turns on the light when the closet door is opened, and shuts it off when the door is closed. It is installed in the inside of the door jamb, much in the same way as a mortise lock is cut in. The door bears against a plunger which projects from the switch. This plunger keeps the switch contact open as long as the door is closed; but when the door is opened, the pressure is released, the plunger aI | CLOSET JUNCTION BOX ’ FEED INTO BOX JOINT a TO LIGHT CONNECTIONS IN LIGHT BOX IN CLOSET CEILING This automatic closet light switch turns on the current as soon as the closet door is opened. springs out, and the switch contacts close. What is the simplest way — to install adoorbell transformer and an extra light in the basement? By means of a new combination bell transformer and cellar outlet illustrated JUNE, 1939 ‘Can’t tell where the erack was You can easily make cracked walls and ceilings good as new with Rutland Patching Plaster—the quick, money- saving mender. Just mix with a little water, then fill crack or hole. If you want a perfect, lasting job, be sure to ask for Rutland Patching Plaster— made by the secret Rutland formula that insures absolute whiteness and permanence. At paint, wall-paper and hard- ware stores. Rutland Fire Clay Co., Rutland, Vermont. RUTLAND PATCHING” PLASTER Get Into Business This Ball Bearing Throughout Weight 520 lbs. A whole year to pay. The Electric Carpenter Make money on screens, trellises, furniture, toys ete. 8-in. Circular Saw; 14-in. Band Saw; 36-in. Lathe, 10-in. Swing; 6-in. Jointer; Reversible Shaper: 44-in. Hollow Chisel Mortiser; Sander. Does 35 Woodwork- ing operations. NOT a toy. Write Today for Illustrated Folder We also build a complete line of single-purpose machines The Woodworking Machinery Co., Inc. 250 N. 11th St. Phila., Pa. ® This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. Cor out desi in ¢ do it | sho to i as faci PR OV Co: en.

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, 1939 ee eens ee aE a a * te al 4 vt - 1g at June, 1930 —— below. In most basements, especially those used for home workshop purposes, an extra light is desirable, and a doorbell transformer is an inexpensive and fool- roof accessory that replaces batteries. In installing this combination fixture, a standard junction box is used as a re- ceptacle, and a short piece of BX cable is used to carry the line. The bell wires are carried from the transformer to where the bat- teries are located, the latter are dis- connected, and the new wires are con- nected to the bell system. The names of the manufacturers of these articles can be obtained from the Informa- Combination makes one tion Departnient. outlet do double duty. —H. P. STRAND. BELL TRANSFORMER @) PORCELAIN Y WKEY SOCKET Bushing Holds Screw for Turning Operations URNING down and fz:*>z the heads and stems of screws of various descriptions is an ever-recurring job in any shop. While it is easy enough to do this work when the screws are long, it becomes a problem when they are short, and especially when it is necessary to face off the threaded end. If an hour or two is devoted to making a set of ten or twelve of the type of facing bushing shown in the illustration, The brass bushing is held be- tween the jaws of the chuck. almost any screw / can be handled. The bushing, which is made of brass, has a narrow flange in front to align it with the chuck jaws. The diameter of the opposite end is equal to the greatest diameter of the screw. This will generally be equal to the distance across the corners of a hexagon, U.S.S. cap screw. A convenient length for such a bushing is slightly more than the screw diameter, inasmuch as shorter screws are practi- cally never used. One slit and two slots are milled lengthwise in the body as shown, so that a three-surface contact is made when the screw is placed in the bushing and clamped in the chuck.—H. S. PREVIOUSLY painted walls can be done over in enamel by omitting any sizing coat and applying a half-and-half coat of enamel and flat paint, and the final coat of enamel. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Start your day right by finishing your shave with AQUA VELVA Try this! When the lather is washed away, next time you shave, splash on Aqua Velva! Here’s what you'll find. First, a sparkling tingle—livening— waking sleepy tissues. A real thrill that you'll look forward to each day! Then—all day face protection. For Aqua Velva is scientifically blended to care for the newly shaven skin. Helps those tiny nicks and cuts, so many times unseen. Slightly astringent it makes for firmness of face tissue. And conserves the natural mois- ture of the skin so necessary to a good complexion. Aqua Velva gives a happy ending to the shave. That’s where shaving happi- ness belongs. And its fine effects will stay with you all day long. Aqua Velva is blended by the makers of Williams Shaving Soaps—Standard for 90 years, Together the Williams lather and Aqua Velva—W illiams Shaving Serv- ice—are keeping millions of faces Fit! 5-oz. bottle 50 cents at all dealers, Or a Free Trial Size by addressing: Dept. PS20. The J. B. Williams Co., Glastonbury, Conn.—Montreal, Can. Just notice the fine skins of men who use Williams Aqua Velva for atter shaving

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Will You Accept This REMARKABLE RAZOR SHARPENER FREE for 100 days 110

~

AW aU) eee y TWO AUTOMATIC MACHINES {85cr} IN ONE ALLEGRS Sharpens All Popular Type Blades Tt’s no longer necessary to hoe and scrape your face when you shave. Use the ALLEGRO. The super automatic action of the two machines, which hone and strop the cutting edges on ‘the diagonal, keeps the blade new, crisp and keen. ALLEGRO is the only sharpener equipped with a genuine hone and strop that provides for two distinct operations. Both are essential to the perfect shave, as any barber will tell you. But this scientifically perfected instrument (invented by a family of famous Swiss cutlers) hones and strops with still greater precision. Saves Money—Fven a new blade is not as good as an old blade that has been treated on ALLEGRO. You can use the same blade over and over again. Enthusiastic users write that they have gotten 300, 400 and more _— shaves — a single blade! a ar o> ame eee ee ee ee ee ow ow oe oe much you will save in a year a to the great. convenience. ALLEGRO is simple as A-B-6 | Allegro Co., Dept B30 to operate . . . open construction, no_ bother. 1 170 Thomas St., Newark, N. J. Packed in a handsome maroon leatherette case.» Sendmean {0 All Gillette Types (Complete for $4.85). ALLEGRO Durham Duplex Uneonditionally Guaranteed (] Auto Strop Use ALLEGRO 100 days without obligation at our expense. If you’re not entirely satisfied, send it back. We will return your money in full without a question. But you must try ALLEGRO to be really | Agemts — Write at

at $4.85 each, complete with case. 100 day trial Money Back Guarantee oO Money order, or check cnclosed O Send C.0.D. (Few cents extra)

convinced of its wonder- | once for details of |) name ae attractive money. If NAIC mene Send four dollars and | making proposition. Address eighty-five cents (4.85) as a trial order deposit. A great opportunity to earn big profits. City & State (1) Mail descriptive literature only.

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Manufacturing tom pmol aoe - SIZE i ONLY sop Service Station, Electric | | Shop, Mainte- |% —~- Airport, Flying Schoo! and Laboratory. All on Baw Payments WeshipanySouth Bend Lathe immediately upon receipt of only 20 per cent of Catalog price. Balance.in 12 equal monthly payments. Write for Time Payment Catalog. ©

iNew Model ' BEND |J acer ni or Back tiettid Screw Cut- | ting Bench Lathe (size 9’’x 3’) en aa with Countershaft

50 Ty ti

uipment shown. id ree Catalog Shows All Sizes s- > from 9 in. to 18 in. - t aha mio yt Motor Driven ry = ot ey “aaa of Popular Sizes ms ie ‘Change Gear Lathes with Equipment Shipping Countershaft Silent Chain ; ‘ Weight rive Bowes. Drive . é .

* 2035 tbe. WRITE FOR FREE CATALOG at smite foo Serna teas 3 Ty os Ae a Hn

ie fe

JUNE, 1930

LL

BLUEPRINTS FOR YOUR HOME WORKSHOP T

O ASSIST you in your home workshop, PopuLAR SCIENCE MONTHLY offers large blueprints containing working drawings of a number of well-tested projects. Each subject can be obtained for 25 cents with the exception of certain designs that require two or three sheets of blueprints and are accordingly 50 or 75 cents as noted below. The blueprints are each 15 by 22in. © Popular Science Monthly, 381 Fourth Avenue, New York Send me the blueprint, or blueprints, I have underlined below, for which I inclose.......... Seer ee ere dollare.... 0.06025... Oe 50. 69. 82. Airplane Models 36-in. Rise-off- Ground Tractor Lindbergh’s Mono- = (3-ft. fly- 30- in. Single Stick 86. 35-in. Twin Pusher 87. 30-in. Seaplane 89- 102. 90. Bremen (3-ft. fiying), 50c Morris Seaplane (record flight 12% min.) 104. Tractor (record flight 6,024 ft.) Furniture Sewing Table 2. Smoking Cabinet 3. End Table with Book Trough . Kitchen Cabinet . Tea Wagon . Cedar Chest . Telephone Table and Stool . Grandfather Clock . Flat Top Desk . Colonial Desk . Gateleg Table . Two Sewing Cabi- nets . Dining Alcove . Rush-Bottom Chair . Simple Bookcase . Sheraton Table . Chest of Drawers . Broom Cabinet . Welsh Dresser -Magazine- Rack Table 70-71. Console Radio 77. 78. 88. 91. 93. 100. 105. Cabinet, 50c Simple Pier Cabi- net and all Shelves Treasure Chests Modernistic Stand; Modernistic Bookcase Modern Fold- ing Screens Three Modern Lamps Modernistic Book Ends, Book Shelf, Low Stand Tavern Table and Colonial Mirror Radio Sets 103. One-Tube (battery 42. Three-Stage 43. 54. 55. 79. Price 25 cents each except where otherwise noted Name City and State operated) Am- plifier Four-Tube (battery operated) Five-Tube (battery operated) Five-Tube Details Electric

Tere Teer eee eee eee ee 80. ae aes Pow- 81. Electric ‘Low Pow- er Uni 97. aan Tube Electric 98. Two-Tube Electric 99. Four-Tube Electric 109. Screen-Grid Set Ship and Coach Models 44-45. Pirate Galley or Felucca, 50c 46-47. Spanish Treasure Galleon, 50c 48. 20-in. Racing Yacht 51-52-53. Clipper— a of the Seas, 75c 57-58-59. Constitution (‘Old Iron- sides’’), 75c 61-62. Viking, 50c 63-64. 29-in. Toy Motor Boat, 50c 74-75-76. Santa Maria (18-in. hull), 75c 83-84-85. May flower (17%-in. hu rs 75¢ 92. Baltimore Clipper (8 in. long) 94-95-96. Mississippi Steamboat, 75c 106-107. 42-in. Racing Yacht, Sea Scout, 50c 108. Scenic Half-Model of Barque 110-111-112. Schooner Bluenose, 75c 115-116-117. Concord Stagecoach, 75c 118-119-120. Covered Wagon, 75c Toys 28. Pullman Play Table 56. Birds and Animals 67. Lindbergh’s Plane 72. Colonial Doll’s House 73. Doll’s House Furniture 101. Fire Engine; Sprinkler, Truck, Tractor 113. Lathe, Drill Press, Saw, and Jointer 114. Airplane kpit with Controls Miscellaneous 15. Workbench 26. Baby’s Crib and Play Pen 30., Tool Cabinet, Bor- ing Gage, and Bench Hook 65. sis Simple Block Puzzles

© This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. Jun! —_

pa| | are | int the oni | the tos | mé eee Ahn ve)

1S

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‘shop, of a bject ption three 50 or S$ are have ents. Pow- Pow- sctric sctric -ctric t y or sure ‘acht f the tion n- otor aria ), 75¢ June, 1930 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 111 _ Newspaper Used to Make Archery Targets —- and inexpensive archery targets can be made from old news- paper and scrap pieces of bag burlap. Seven or eight full sheets of newspaper ' are first laid out on the floor and rolled | jnto a tube 3 in. in diameter. Three of | ADDITIONAL ROLL // these tubes are prepared, tied together at one end, twisted once or twice to make them more compact, and then braided together in the familiar three-strand method. Another set of these tubes is made and each tube is slipped into each ROLL OF SEVERAL SHEETS .“ OF NEWSPAPER "| ic 5 ROLLS BRAIDED.-” INSERTED The paper is rolled, braided, and wound spiral- fashion until the desired diameter is reached. of the unbraided ends of the first set, ,and the braiding is continued. This | process is repeated until sufficient braid is obtained to complete the target. The target is made by rolling this paper | braid in the same manner as rope is coiled on the deck of a ship. As the braid is coiled, the strands are sewed in place with grapevine cord. The thickness is governed by the thickness of the braid, which should be at least 6 in. If a burlap cover is sewed on the paper, it will im- prove the appearance of the target and will also help it to keep its original shape.—J. V. H. Drawing Straight Lines Without a Ruler Grane lines can be quickly drawn on bond paper or thin drawing paper without the aid of a ruler in the manner illustrated below. Merely place the sheet of paper on which you wish to draw the lines over the edge of another sheet and allow this edge to act as an invisible guide for your pen or pencil. Free-hand lettering also can be guided in the samé way.—WorTH STEWART. Straight lines drawn in ink, as well as hand- writing, can be guided by this simple method. floors.” When Permanence is Needed Natural wood.” “T filled in stone bruises in one of my golf clubs and faced it with Plastic Wood. It has not cracked nor chipped. Have even used it for tile and burnt places in hardwood ance as the From a W oodworkin g @nufacturer, Mr. E— S— “The screens of our sum- mer cottage were in pretty bad shape but instead of buying new ones my hus- band fixed them in A-1 condition with Plastic Wood.” Mrs. J— D— Tubes 25 cents “Then I used Plastic Wood to fill some holes where a telephone had been re- moved. After it was sanded and finished it is difficult to tell where the holes were.” Mr, w— A— PLASTIC WOOD Reg. U.S. Pat. Off. Handles Like Putty ~ Hardens Into Wood Letters such as those quoted above are constantly coming unsolicited to our offices. We can only guess at the thousands of practical daily uses to which Plastic Wood may be put. We know that it holds lastingly to any clean, dry surface; that it is waterproof and greaseproof; that it will take paint, lacquer or varnish perfectly; and that when hard it can be worked with tools and will not split, splinter, chip, crumble or disintegrate. It costs little to try —it may save many dollars on household and industrial repairs. Plastic Wood (and Plastic Wood Solvent for softening Plastic Wood and cleaning the hands and tools after using) is carzied in natural wood, mahogany, walnut, oak, cedar and other colors by Hardware and Paint Stores. Y, Ib. can 35 cents Solvent —25 cent and 50 cent Cans Manufactured by ADDISON-LESLIE COMPANY 328 Re!:ar Street, Canton, Mass. 1 Ib. can $1.00 Ba a aT eee | tee

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112 SPECIALINTRODUCTORY TRIAL OFFER Sample Package The Strongest Adhesive Known Try CASCO where other glues have failed. CASCO holds permanently in any climate . . . on exterior or interior work . because it is Waterproof. CASCO is a dry powder which mixes easily in cold water. NO HEATING—-NO ODOR—NO WASTE It gives a glue-joint stronger than the wood itself. CASCO glues practically everything— wood to wood, metal, glass, cardboard, leather, cloth or paper—and glues it to stay. Buy CASCO from your hardware, paint or lumber dealer. | oe 4 lb.Can . .. 40c LiCeam ... Ge Also supplied in 5 and 10 Ib. Bags. If not obtainable locally, remit as above and we will send direct, postpaid. Fill out completely the coupon below for a trial package. DEALERS—Send for Sales Plan. MANUFACTURERS — Consult us on your glue problems. 10c The Casein Manufacturing Company of America, Inc. 205 East 42nd Street New York 1Ye Enclosed find 10¢ (stamps 1 aeRR send me your trial package of } WATERPROOF GLUE. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY JUNE, 1939 | and, as the panel is drying, examine it NT eomeomeomemomome mememomeomeomememoemoemomone! HOME WORKSHOP CHEMISTRY BY THE application of a few simple yet dependable tests, the discrimi- nating home worker can choose a good grade of lacquer. The spray test is used to determine the quality of spraying lacquer. To per- form this test, dilute the lacquer with thinner to the right consistency and then adjust the spray gun to deliver a fine mist. Spray a cleaned 24 by 30 in. tin panel carefully for rough spots resembling the outside of an orange peel. If it is necessary to use the lacquer in a cold or damp place, its resistance to blushing or whitening is important. In Getting a Move On— Getting a Counter On Needitr-ROOT | the press. Price,} $6.00 (list). Work at machines, or work on machines will move without a Counter: Development-work or’ production—just moves! duction is largely a matter of getting a Counter on your machine. Nothing but work or actual output moves the figure-wheels of a Counter. That’s why the output moves steadily Up when you require that it register on the Counter. Ask for Catalogue. Noodeiu- OO Tincorroraren HARTFORD, CONN. da OFFICES IN PRINCIPAL CITIES: WRITE OR PHONE The presence of the correct amount ot plas- ticizer is determined by the curling test. this case, spray the panel under the same conditions in which the actual work will be done and then, after an hour’s drying, examine carefully for white spots. A first-class lacquer should neither roughen nor blush. The brushing test, which is used on types of lacquer that are applied with a brush, forecasts the effect of the lacquer on the old, underlying coat of stain, paint, or varnish on a previously finished piece. An old mahogany stained chair leg and a board covered with old varnish furnish ideal surfaces for the test. First, scrub the surfaces with gasoline and allow them to dry. Then apply the lacquer to both types of surfaces in rapid strokes with a well-filled brush. After the work has dried, examine it for the following defects: First, lack of smoothness; second, particularly on the varnished board, blisters caused by the softening and raising of the underlying coat by the solvent in the lacquer; and third, a defect technically called bleed- MAGNIFIES 250 | DIAMETERSY £. wouten AK—, MICROSCOPE — ‘STO@-2 WO AO KDE IN U.S.A. The most interesting things in nature are ‘hidden from the unaided eye. Insect, plant, and mineral life have thousands of ae mysteries that can be perceived only bv means of a microscope. One of these fine WoLLeNnsAK Microscopes should be in every home, office, school, or labora- tory y where students, dentists, physi- cians or scientists can spend many hours in interesting and instructive research. The WoLLENSAK Microscope offers a range of magnification from 100 to 250 diameters in steps of 25. Elaborately finished, nickel trian, tilt- ing stand, plush-lined case, prepared slide, and complete instructions. If your dealer can’t supply | be we will send you one postpaid. Money back guarantee. Lower-powered WOLLEN- saK models $2.50 to $8.50. Catalog free. WOLLENSAK OPTICAL COMPANY 870 Hudson Avenue Rochester, N.Y. N\ ~N a ing, which should be looked for on the stained chair leg. Bleeding is a disfigur- ing stain in the lacquer due to the color of the old mahogany coat, which is dis- solved in the solvent of the lacquer. The test for corrosive and acid proper- ties should be made on any lacquer which PLES OF 33 RARE Wi 20 cabinet woods 3. on. Sets labeled and is to be ==-4 on metal. These damaging \ ' i The matter of “getting a move on” pro | ; Th anc elim pull T plas test plie the

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VE, 1930 SS eS 8 Se Jone, 1930 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTYLY 113 | properties can be caused by the presence of sulphur compounds in the lacquer solvent or from the decomposition of the nitrocellulose in the lacquer itself. To make the test, cut and polisha % by 6 in. strip of sheet copper and place it in about half a cup of the lacquer. Stand the cup and strip in a warm and well- ventilated place, as outdoors in the sun, for an hour or two and replenish the lacquer as it evaporates. Corrosive sul- phur compounds are betrayed by brown stains on the copper, while acid causes a green discoloration in the liquid around the metal. It is the nature of nitrocellulose to curl and wind itself into a knot. To control this tendency, the lacquer makers. have added materials called plasticizers, which in the better grades of lacquer wholly The lacquer film is detached from the panel and tested for strength and _ flexibility. eliminate the tendency of the lacquer to pull away from its base. The test for the proper amount of plasticizer in a lacquer is called the curl- ing test. Procure from a stationery store a 6 by 8 in. card of the grade known as “velvo.”” Apply the lacquer to this card and dry it under the same conditions as those under which the actual work will be done. Lack of plasticizer evidences itself by a pronounced curling of the edges of this card after the lacquer has dried. A good way to ascertain the strength and flexibility of different brands of lacquers is to remove the dried films from their test panels. This can be done in the following way: Tin plates are cleaned and then amalgamated by rubbing a drop of mercury over them with a soft rag. The excess mercury is rubbed off and each panel is sprayed with a different lacquer. Allow these to dry in a nearly vertical position. At the end of four hours remove the lacquer films by carefully running a knife blade around the edges and then peeling the material off. A good film will be flex- ible, even in color, smooth surfaced, and strong enough to resist a considerable tearing pull exerted with the fingers. If the same amounts of lacquer, all properly thinned, have been applied to the differ- ent panels, the strongest and toughest of the samples will be the one whose film offe s the most resistance to the tearing test. This test, however, should be ap- plied as soon as the film is removed from the panel.—W. H. Hammonp. ATKINS for. YOUR SVE AWS \ You ll Have More Fun—Do Finer, Faster Sawing! ALF the fun of making things in your home workshop, is in being able to cut wood or metal nie, easily and accurately. A poor saw not only takes all the joy out of the job, but spoils material and wastes your time and money. But what a difference there is when you use a really fine saw— an ATKINS! Its Silver Steel blade sings its way across the wood with amazing speed and ease, leaving a clean, smooth cut that any expert would envy. For EVERY sawing job in your home shop—cross-cutting, ripping, mitering, tenoning, jointing, dado- ing, band sawing, etc.—there is an ATKINS Silver Steel Saw to help youdothework faster, easier and better. Circular Saws for your electri- cally-driven 428 S. Illinois St., Saws, FREE. Address... .. .. EERIE taal SAP We 420 F.C ATKINS & CO., Est. 1857 INDIANAPOLIS, IND. Please send me the four Home Workshop Booklets on hand or bench machines. Dado Heads to cut grooves. 306 different Hand Saws, headed by the famous ‘‘400"’ series, ‘‘Finest on Earth,” The ‘‘Home Builder,” or ‘‘Junior Me- chanic’’ for boys who want a good hand saw! Back Saws, a Saws, Compass Saws, Keyhole Saws, and many others. Hack Saw Frames, with the new Silver Steel Blue-End blades, guar- anteed to cut metal speedier, and last longer. Machine Knives for your planer, jointer or mortiser. Scraper Blades... Grinding Wheels .. . Filesand Rasps . . « Saw Filers and Saw Sets . . . Dozens of other fine saws and cutting tools. Ask for an “‘ATKINS"’ at your HardwareStore, when you buy any saw. Send coupon for the- helpful booklets of- fered FREE below. © This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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114 -- Have you ever tackled a mountain? Maybe it’s just a sporty hill in the home town... or the broad boulevard of the Mohawk Trail ...0Or just a rough road in the High Sierras—wherever it is let an Indian take you up. Then you ll know why outdoor men prefer Indians. Go to your Indian dealer today . . . ask for a demonstration. He'll be glad to show you the new improved Indians. Take your pick . . . kick over the mot- or, settle down in the spring cradled saddle, give it the gas—listen to the punching power that throbs from its motor. Take it out on the road... test it for easy steering, for snappy get- away, for almost instant stopping. e ride will convince you. {If there is no Indian dealer near you, write us for further information. If you are inter- ested in becoming the Indian dealer in your territory, state this when you write. INDIAN MOTOCYCLE COMPANY J + a 1 1 1 ! DEPT. 4Co © SPRINGFIELD, MASS. | ] ; Send me booklets checked: 1 } Indian SCOUT CHIEF QO “FOUR"O 1 ! : hs ude hanadbnssee bes éussedeascnensed h 1 i rn inabbie thes Aeaknascctivicntsrsecccaes i a { POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY JUNE, 1939 You Can Make a Playground of Your Yard by Building a Child’s Slide By JAMES A. HOSKINS Director of Industrial Arts, Fort Collins, Colo endless fun in a slide, which is al- ways one of the most popular pieces of play- ground apparatus in city parks and school yards. They will get just as much enjoyment from a small slide set up in their a own back yard or gar- ar S MALL children find den. The slide, because of its side bracing, is particularly stable and The sturdy slide illus- trated may be made in any home workshop at a minimum cost, since lumber of standard size is used throughout. The materials needed in the construction are as follows: 3 pes. 34 by 6 in. by 8 ft. for bottom 2 pes. % by 4 in. by 10 ft. for sides 1 pe. .34.by 4 in. by 7 ft. 10 in. for brace 2 pes. % by 3% in. by 5S ft. 6 in. for side braces 2 pes. % by 4 in: by 6 ft. 3 in. for sides of ladder 5 pes. % by 4 by 13% in. for steps 3 pes. % by 1% by 16% in. for cleats 2 pes. % by 5 by 13 in. for top braces pe. % by 9% by 15 in. for top step pes. 34 by 3 by 14 in. for bottom leg pes. 34 by 1% by 14 in. for bottom brace pes. 38 by 1% by 21 in. for bottom brace . % by 10 by 15 in. for end of slide rriage bolts %4 by 13% in. H B screws 1% in. No. 10 H B screws 2 in. No. 10 air 2-in. hinges The objection to many small slides is the possibility of their upsetting, but in this design the side braces eliminate that danger. The height and slant are so planned that there is little likelihood of acci- 3 1 19 1 2 2 2 1 5 6 2 1 uo) => bots A HINGE j va 16d | Y WA safe, and its size allows it to be used indoors as well as outdoors. dents. Furthermore, the slide is small enough to be used in the garage or play- room, and it can be folded up when it is necessary to move or store it. The ladder is bolted to the slide with two bolts placed on each side at the top, and the cross brace at the bottom is bolted to the ladder and screwed to the underside of the slide. When the cross brace is removed, the ladder folds up and fits into the slide. The side braces are hinged to allow secure bracing on uneven ground. The floor of the slide should be made of tongue and groove material, glued with waterproof (casein) glue and well clamped together. When this is planed and thor- oughly sandpapered, it will give an ex- cellent sliding surface. The floor is well reénforced by screwing four cleats to the bottom; these pieces should extend to the edge of the sidé rails. The steps on the ladder are either butt-nailed in place or housed into the up- right sidepieces. When the slide is com- pleted, all but the floor should be given two coats of good outside paint to harmonize with the surroundings. Red and green are attractive and _ serviceable colors. The floor should be given one coat of shellac and two coats of spar or out- side varnish. This will provide a smoother and more lasting surface than paint. If older children Ni are to use the slide, the floor of the slide may be waxed. bs HX Sax mE FX LS" Side and rear views of the slide and photograph showing the Note the two side braces and the cross brace. completed slide. er TO JOIN new cement toa section laid the day be- _ fore, wash the surface well and paint it with cement and water mixed to a creamy consistency. This will make a bond. Jun

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, 1930 ee f e all ay- t is ith op, is the OSs nd are ren ith ed or- 2x- ell he on ce m- Or vo de th ed ve en ad it- ill id in on he pe June, 1930 Case Made at Low Cost By F. CLARKE HUGHES i i Large enough to hold toilet necessities but small enough to fit into the smallest traveling bag. the sole leather case illustrated above is an article of genuine utility. It is large enough to accommodate the usual comb, brush, and other incidentals and at the same time is small enough to fit snugly in the corner of even a small {traveling bag. The mat. “+!s and tools needed for the construction ui the case are: a piece of sole leather, some good quality linen thread, a block of wood the same size as the inside of the box, two large sewing needles (pref- erably bent), an ordinary awl, and a tool- ing iron. The latter can be made from an old flat file as illustrated in Fig. 1. The leather, which should be % in. thi-! can be purchased from the neigh- bo:.ood shoemaker or from any large leather or harness shop. While *++- dimensions can be varied to | YOR the man or woman who travels, Fig. 1. The layout for the case, four corner de- Signs, and a suggestion for the tooling iron. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 115 | Leather Traveling | This Summer... Motor on Water at Motor Car Speed These Electrically Started Outboards take you anywhere -LOGS, ROCKS, SNAGS, SHOALS — nothing can stop their tilting propellers ES, cutting the waves at motor car \ speed, not only in waters already navigable, but through shoals, lakes, and winding streams too full of obstruc- tions or too shallow for inboard motor boats to venture. All these are now unlocked to cam ing, a. cruising and exploration by these new fast, invincible craft —~ Johnson Complete Outboard Motor Boats— powered by silent Sea-Horse Motors. This year Sea-Horses offer electric- starting optional on models “32,” “24,” and “16.” They have the famous Vacturi Carburetor that increases speed by 200 to 300 r. p. m. reduces fuel consumption by 20% to 30%. Alternate firing cylinders in Sea-Horses “4” and “12” bring effortless neo by doubling the number and intensity of the sparks. They have quiet Underwater Ex- haustand Full Pivot Steering —so you can maneuver quickly or reverse instantly. Sea-Horse motors are undisputed speed champions. They hold more official 1930 records than all other makes combined. Sea-Horse Single — onl; 27 lbs. Full Pivot S: 4 $125. All prices f. o. b. factory. Electric- starting Sea-Horse “32” $395; Rope-starting $325 Monarch of outboards, class D, 4 cylinder, one of the three Sea-Horses now offered with electric- Starter and auxiliary rope-starter orwnish rope- JDHNSO Matched UNITS SEA-HORSES Matched to Sea-Horse motors come the nrw Johnson Fleet of luxurious boats — smart colors and revolutionary seamless watertight Sealite construction, 50% lighter in service, 35% stronger than usual construction and guaranteed to outlast it. Johnson Matched Units include the new type electxic-starting Aquaflyer. It Starts, steers, and throttles like a motor car — combines speed, beauty and carry- ing capacity of a costly inboard — yet in- terior has 30% more usable room be- cause motor is located outboard in a covered stern-hatch, Send your address at once for free beau- tiful color-illustrated Boat and Motor Cat- alog with prices, and descriptions of all models, All dealers carry first-aid service parts. Sales and service stations in all parts of the country. Partial payment terms. JOHNSON MOTOR CO. 2593 Pershing Rd., at the Lake, Waukeg In Canada: | oe Condes Iolenon Motor Co., Ltd., Peter » Ont. World's ‘ Largest Manufacturer of Out- board Motors and Matched Unit mits N $ BOATS

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116 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Jone, 1939 jon

suit the taste of the worker, it is advisable [ to lay out the box with extreme care be- fore purchasing the stock. When you are sure that your calcula- tions are correct, buy the necessary leather, and then lay out the form on the inside of the leather, being careful to see that the best portion of the stock is avail-

Read what an enthusiastic user says about Savogran Crack Filler: “In these days of Home Craftsmanship in wood turning and wood work- p ing, where the slip of a_ tool may spoil an otherwise perfect job, it is able for the lid. gratifying to know that Savogran Crack Filler restores its original shape. The cutting may be accomplished with “To demonstrate one of its many uses in the Home Workshop I am en- ° ° ’ closing a piece of black walnut (illustrated) that I have turned and in- an ordinary knife. When the leather has laid with a band of Savogran Crack Filler in natural wood color for been cut to shape, a small groove should

- needles should be placed so that there is on the market. ee airs wooden patterns damaged from use in the foundry, sav- be cut along all of the bends in order to ing many ines the cules of a new ue aly I must say that its = are make folding possible (Fig. 1). This can ' more than I anticipated.” b James H. Jonnson, 60 McNeir Avenue, Amsterdam, N. Y. i HAVE YOU A WORKSHOP? & to bl F you like to work with Savogran Crack Filler won’t tools, get acquainted with shrink! Press it into place— us Savogran Crack Filler. You’ll it hardens quickly and the 4 find it the handiest material job’s done for good. Takes - you’ve ever used. It has a_ paint, lacquer, or varnish per- aaneienn ai pl: thousand uses—for building fectly. And after it’s painted OVER A WOOD CORE pop nh ee inj ) furniture, models,andtoys— it defies detection — per- TAPERED TOWARD THE BOTTOM th - » = ™ su for clever inlay work, build- manently Fig. 2. The leather should be thoroughly wetted a ing up chipped and damaged _ Get a can of Savogran Crack Filler before the sides are bent over the wood block. i . edges on your work—there’s today “—_ 7 hardware or paint ; KY ‘ store. Use it just tate : i] nothing like it. There’safas- once and ah Fy ae be done with a wood carver’s gouge or Hy cination in finding new ways as soon give up your with the point of a knife. 1}, to use Savogran Crack Filler. ny ga as be with- AVOGRAN! Next lay out the exact positions of the | feel Or ih aaes Gen tied eee out it. me , stitches, placing them } in. from the edge . | pay - SAVOGRAN COMPANY CRACK and 4% in. apart. , and over again doing odd re- India Wharf me : The wooden form used in the sewing lit pair jobs around the house. Boston - Massachusetts FILLER operation should be tapered slightly in lay a) . order to make its removal easy (see Hi ‘ Fig. 2). of Lt BIG ONE-POUND CAN Moisten the leather thoroughly and ra 1} SAVE 35-Ib. all-metal pail (for large bend it around the wooden form as in she | wense) SY-Ss 7p can Es Fig. 2. Wax the linen thread with bees- pa | OLD in dhecee—dhe Maneet vals Cc wax and proceed with the sewing. The as

Ey PAINT al one needle on each end of the same thread. | _ The proper method is as illustrated in = Gauenes Fig. 3. The holes are made with an awl Don’t throw them away. Soak as they are needed. ; - thom in Pointers’ Savegrea— REG. U.S. PAT. OFF. The two front corners of the lid may oye elias eu gued 90 new. be sewed over the box itself, which will Painters’ Savogran cleans like magic—removes paint and var- serve aS a form. . nish. Indispensable if you do ge Rg The decorations, four suggestions for =, Sk p——— = aap. ares 3] ? hy | = -- —_ ] Ve ae WL y pg ode of almminam with 3 Y¥/ scales on white celluloid. Size 4 in. Ap- H. GERSTNER & SONS ; i hu 678 Columbia St. an u au Dayton, Ohio the : KEEP OIL WHERE Bo” bre ; the iy IT BELONGS --IN THE - Cot ; toy ; = FORD CRANKCASE! tw } L 9 Without the Whirlo C LINE OF _| Tal KG A atthe ator OM so Re conten Sua eh cust STITCHES the - e . . r nto v Fu erts— t t Oil Filling Pipe Cap old before its time. Tiny particies of oll are ‘coustantly being dr Czp does not contain screens, packing ‘cohen ‘a.dirty, sreasy py t Ba Aattey her oral orem ] =p i u¢ . ’ 4 ° sime a filtering material or moving parts. tor, starter motor and all parts “of the ignition system Give CORNERS SHOULD BE SEWED are Whirlo allows free Fw saa of crank- Cap ——j oe 44 o— rid of oil slime. The Whirio ‘ WITH A DOUBLE STITCH SUCH. ° case gases but no fiying particles of 7} Ho Ceb™ of where it pa eR AS THE SHOEMAKERS AND } im oi} can get by—they are collected and alone. Send 0 imoney. "We mail it “LO O10 ches ln cons SADD:.= MAKERSUSE. MAKE i mo returned to the crankcase. ; Postage. THE HOLES WITH AN AWL ; 2 fits wend. a ‘wg a CARHART PRODUCTS ee the ship it on. Nothing to get out of order. : , P Rigid, scientifically esigned, money Fig. 3. The linen thread used for the stitching - back if not satisfied. 36-48 Flatbush Ave., Ext. Brooklyn, N. Y. should be well coated with shoemaker’s wax. e

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1939 June, 1930 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 117

4 be Sustained Speed with NICHOLSON FILES be- , HS | } 7 la- , : ¢ Sh ary | = the AWASSSS see SSS ail. Sf AAS . = yi fame \' 3 has } ald THE TOOLING iy ) OF THE STRAIGHT ES aa to : LINES 1S DONE Ye, Se an WITH A FLAT BLUNT TOOL HEATED ~ SLIGHTLY AND USED WHILE WARM I x 7 ‘y {&y» Fig. 4. The wooden form block should be kept in place during the entire tooling operation. i 4 eat a7 AY 1 tooling should be done with the form block in place (see Fig. 4). Any simple form of latch or lock can be used. These can be obtained in various types and sizes at any large hardware store. After the latch has been fastened in place, wax the entire box with shoe dress- ing or other wax. If desired, the inside of : the box may be lined and partitioned to suit the needs and taste of the user. q

—s X rom the i | imaginary a

d B' Three Timesaving Kinks y 7 \ : for Ship Model Makers _| & arun ne " ™ TEERING wheels for ship models can | be made from a small piece of bake- | ng lite, lead, or solder, and eight small be- in laying pins. ee The rim of the wheel, whether formed T the drop of the starter’s flag of bakelite or metal, is cut to an outside h 7? nd radius equal to the length of a pin to the the transport plane must leave its i shoulder. Divide the rim into eight 1 ‘ M ‘ in- he parts, and drill holes the same diameter imagi nary starting line and main he as the pins and along radial lines to the tain a speed of anywhere from , eighty to a hundred miles an hour, in to make its run on scheduled time. wl * Sustained filing speed is just as im- ill portant to the mechanic as sus- d tained flying speed is to the pilot. ba an For sustained filing speed, use Nich- s- olson Files. The shape of their teeth ¥ “ROUND TOOTHPICKS”~ Qh gives extra service,the temper of the special file steel means longer life. Making a steering wheel, shaving molding to shape, and using toothpicks instead of brads. You can get Nicholson Files in many shapes and sizes from your hardware or mill supply dealer. hub. The pins are inserted and joined at the hub with a drop of solder. Molding for models can be quickly brought to shape by the application of the simple kink illustrated. The cutter consists of a razor blade fastened to the cCHOLSo top of the bench with blocks inserted be- > >< 4 tween the blade and the bench so as to © Us raise the blade.the desired distance. Cut | US.A. the molding roughly with a penknife and draw the strip through 2s shown. If round toothpicks, instead of nails, are used along the deck, it is possible to improve the finished. appearance ef any ' model. Drill a hole sligbtiy smaller than the toothpick, insert the. toothpick in the hole, and cut it off neatly flush with the deck.—WILtr1aAM HENNING. NICHOLSON FILE CO. Providence, ®.!., U.S.A. A File for Every Purpose © This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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Easy fo lel TWO LARGE FACTORIES <<

SECTION ON LINE A-A Plan and sectional views of the bowl showing the construction and necessary dimensions.

THOMPSON BROS. BOAT = oo 219 Ann St. Write to uTIC conTLAND. Wisconsin (nisher Piece) NEW YORK BURN YOUR NAME ON TOOLS

© This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

oo. = << ODomnnD rego = oe Oe ee ef Ff Ft Piece | -~~nnonrns nr wr a Om:

|

Page 121

, 1939 Its Wa cc eerns Ft eae & ee a ee ee | FF: eS FOF ° | ee el io] .

JUNE, 1930

An Adjustable Gage for Small Holes hasan the average run of work where small holes are to be gaged, the inside caliper is, of course, the proper tool to use. But not every mechanic can feel a few ten thousandths, and inside calipers often cannot be used at all where a hole of any depth is to be examined. Usually special plug gages are made up to suit the work in hand, but even with a number of such gages, it is frequently found that not one of them is right for the new job. The adjustable small-hole gage illus- trated will take care of any variation from a nominal size that is likely to occur, and will allow the hole to be checked to within two ten-thousandths or less. The instrument consists of a slotted tool steel head A, having a short and slightly rounded measuring portion B,

§—CDK.uI 00 \ a> |

S QQ

Sy s SSE 7

which is spread to the desired size by means of an adjusting screw C. A re- duced shank D at the rear is made to receive a handle. It will be noted that the slot ends in a cross-drilled hole, and that the sides of the two jaws are flat- tened to prevent them from touching. An included angle of about 10° for the taper bore and one of about 15° for the head of the spreading screw are used. The cross section of the measuring por- tion is rounded to correspond with a radius equal to or somewhat less than the gage size, to prevent the possibility of binding in the hole when held at an angle. In making the head, the measuring end should be turned from .005 to .0075 in: smaller than the smallest intended gaging size. This is to insure a proper contact on opposite high points of the jaws. For hardening, the jaws should be partly closed by several turns of small wire put around back of the measuring portions. The part around the cross-hole should be drawn to a blue temper with only the faintest color showing on the contact surfaces. The head of the spreader screw should be casehardened to a slight depth. The gage is intended for a total size variation of about 6 or 7 percent above the solid turned diameter. In a %-in. tool this means that it may be made to serve the range of sizes between .242 and .258 in. The head blank in that case should therefore be turned to a diameter

of about .237 in.—H. S.

POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 119 A NEW CHRIS-CRAFT

' FEATURES OF THE 17-FOOT CHRIS-CRAFT

25 miles per hour - Length 17 feet- Beam 5’ 6" - Freeboard, forward 24” ° Freeboard, aft 18” - Draught 1614" - Double planked bottom + Positive steering control (shaft con- nection— no cables) + Smith Automatic Bailer + Full ventilating automobile type windshield + Screw fastened throughout + Salt water equip- ment + Lifting ring fore and aft Tachometer, oil pressure gauge, ammeter + Fire extinguisher, Kapoc cushions, and all acces- sories leaves nothing to buy.

25 Models: Runabouts— Se- dans— Commuters— Cruisers— Yachts—17 to 48 feet—$1295 to $35,000

$10 all you need saz *30 Wonderful value. Will

easily.

wonderful

how to get into profitable business. Explains how to make strong, . substantial window screens quickly and Full information regarding prices to charge, big profits you make, etc. Most complete and thoro book ever written on subject. rip, grind, dado, bore, This Extra mitre, rabbet, Big Book FREE plane, etc. = re drop dime in envelope for BOICE-CRANE 80- Full of vital facts about morey- making bench machinery and civ s ba starts you. ull or part-time business. Season now spe. Be the you

“Now I can have a Chris-Craft!”—Instantly the thought will spring into thousands of minds upon reading this an- nouncement: A 17-foot Chris-Crafet priced at $1295! A moderate down payment will now place in your hands the finest motorboat of its size in the whole world. 7 + + Chris-Craft ownership, long a source of pride to those who can afford anything they want, is now within reach of the family of moderate income. 7 7 7 Continually in- creasing ae ip, multiplied sales, and new economies, make it possible ri Chris-Craft to offer this 17-foot lux- ury craft at $1295. + ¢ ¢ A marvelous boat it is, true Chris- Craft in every inch of its gleaming mahogany , Chris- Craft in its staunch seaworthiness, Chris-Craft in its speed and complete safety. Chris-Craft quality is evident in its luxurious cushions, in the automobile type steering, start- ing and lighting devices, horn and windshield. Its full- owered dependable motor, its sturdy double - planked cae and its marvelous control are typical Chris-Craft characteristics. ¢ ¢ ¢ True Chris-Craft it is, full brother to the magnificent Chris-Craft Yacht itself, and equally the envy of all beholders. To thousands who have dreamed of some day owning a Chris-Craft this announcement will mean dreams come true. See our Chris-Craft mer- chant today. Buy early. Make certain of delivery for a full season of outdoor joy. Write for catalog describing the entire fleet of 25 Chris-Craft models. A few valuable dealerships are open. Wire for details, CHRIS SMITH & SONS BOAT COMPANY 366 Detroit Road - Algonac, Michigan New York Showrooms: 1 West 52nd Street at 5th Avenue Chris-Craft World’s Largest Builders of All-Mahogany Motor Boats

Starts you in Business book just off press. Tells

page catalog.

E-Z y plan. Low as

uts you in big pay

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120 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY MAKE Summer Furniture zz with “Delta”? woodworking Units Making things out of wood is so easy and quick with this practical, efficient, ‘‘Delta’’ equipment. Saves time, eliminates hard work, and produces better results. Wonderful fun, splendid relaxation as a hobby. A good money-maker too, either full or spare time. “Delta” machinery uickly pays for itself. Complete ‘‘Delta” line includes 4” Jointer, reular Saws, Wood-Turning Lathes, Jig-Saws, Band Saw, Moulding Cutter, and numerous other items of interest to woodworkers—all at astonishingly moderate prices. 10-DAY TRIAL - - Easy Terms For complete details and full description of the new 1930 Deita line, send coupon for FREE illustrated literature. Shows many items of interest to those who work with wood. You will learn, also, how you can try any Delta equipment for 10 days under actual working conditions at our risk. Choice of three convenient payment plans. Mail coupon TODAY! Dept. B-630 j DELTA SPECIALTY COMPANY, Dept. B-630 | Blu e rints I Division of ‘‘Delta epeneueing Se." I p 1661-67 Holton St., Milwaukee, Wis. | Please send me FREE illustrated literature describing 1930 — We will be glad ] model *‘Delta’’ Woodworking Units. Also details of 10-Day H to furnish our Trial Offer and Easy Payment Plans. (Check special informa- complete set of ! tion desired.) t 10 Working | OL enclose $1.00 for set of 10 Summer Furniture Blue Prints, ] Blueprints of . Summer Furni- t | TTT TET TT Cee Te eT ee ee eT rT Tee | ture upon receipt of | I 6-6 da chnee usdia bide Dinad ecko tiaile Maem icnehieemka asin $1.00. A definite program for getting ahead financially will be found on page four of this issue Nw Nour ine Seucebe with. Matline ? THE BIO-KITS *$Stady Nature, not Books’ —L. Agassiz. of Ps abounds with beautiful insects, plants, and animals, each with its own particular interesting char- acteristics. Don’t you think that we, as intelligent human beings, should understand more about these living or- ganisms? What more fas- cinating pastime or hobby can a person adopt, be he young or old? BIO-KIT No. I PR pp tae ny es BIO-KIT No. II For Plant Collecting. help you appreciate the won- For Insect and Animal Collecting Contains the following:—‘The Bio-Kit Hand- in: i Contains the following:—‘’The Bio-Kit Hand- book.” collecting cen and shoulder strap, com- | Fg B.S book.” collecting San with shoulder straps, bination pocket lens and compass, plant press, combination pocket lens and compass, insect net drying felts. corrugated ventilating boards. the care of your own collec- with bamboo handle, killing jar, insect spreadin, herbarium. pressed and mounted plant, her- tion. If you intend to spend board. Riker specimen mount, spread a : — flue. sive brush. glass mouatin blate. any time this season in the mqunted butterfly. jasest pine, forceps. form- ummed herbarium . forceps, formaldehy a y solution, denatured alcohol. specimen Hy solution, denatured aieabal specimen bottles, open, or if you are going to bottles, vials. corks, and trowel. In large con- t vials. corks, specimen boxes, and trowel. In camp, a BIO-KIT is indis- tainer, making an excellent gift. large container. making an excellent gift. pensabDle. NEW YORK BIOLOGICAL SUPPLY CO. ; so icdvcncttacscnsscdecsucdccestecdviekeuinssnnsssaascsagh ' 34 Union Square, New York, N. Y. Dept. P = { Ns 5. sxuinninc ties Cond edauveoncancidenudcomiametanenciaten ' Gentlemen: Enclosed please find $ for item(s) checked below, . money to be refunded if not found entirely satisfactory: if Gass ic divscecccvdonseavstccsas«cens BeMNe ..crccrccccoccsccoce BIO-KIT No. I—For Plant Collecting... . +s neeee $8.50 WE FURNISH BIOLOGICAL SUPPLIES TO SCHOOLS BIO-KIT No. I1—For Insect and Animal Collecting...... 8.50 AND COLLEGES OF THE COUNTRY JUNE, 1930 Amos ’n’ Andy Explained (Continued from page 23) Every time we have a chance to throw off the shackles of repression, we take advantage of it. The college yell is a strong case in point. “Rah-rah-rah!” the students shout. “Siss- boom-bah!” Meaningless? Of course, but only in a way. By giving the yell, the boys vent their pent-u emotions. It really means: “Away wi rhetoric, with logic, with grammar, with com- position, with the classics! Down with re- pression! Down with the faculty! Down with all constituted authority! Back to ‘eenie- meenie-minie-mo!’” | gewoon in life, except on rare occasions such as college reunions, we can no longer escape from repression in that way. But now come Amos ’n’ Andy. And, in effect, they do take us back to the happy days of “eenie-meenie- minie-mo.” They say “regusted”’ and “propo- lition.”” Their taxicab company is “incorpo- lated.’”’ They call a manicure a “manana cure,” and the Interstate Commerce Commission the Interstate Commerce “ Remission.” They tell each other not to be “‘disenrecouraged.”” When their memory fails them, they remark: “I disremember.” Puns and baby talk! No wonder children and grownups alike are extremely fond of them. For the children, “the lid is off.”” Im- proper English is not only permitted, it is funny and admirable. Father and mother are laughing tears, just as they do when they take you to the circus. And the adults are given a quick return trip to the paradise of early child- hood. One may be fifty and repeat what Amos ’n’ Andy say; one may even use their expressions in a business letter without being considered foolish. The comedians have fur- nished the excuse. ' But the necessity for talking properly is by no means the only oppression under which we chafe. We all are oppressed by somebody or something. One man is oppressed by his boss; a second by his competitors; a third by his bank; a fourth by the stock ticker; a fifth by his wife; a sixth by the policeman at the corner; a seventh by Prohibition or any other law. Government oppresses some of us; religion others. Many people are oppressed by poverty; a few by riches. Thousands are oppressed by ill-health and by real or fancied fast luck. Children are oppressed by their parents, their older brothers and sisters, their teachers. Ask a child what it wants to be when it grows up and nine times out of ten the answer either will be “‘a policeman” or “a teacher.” ON quick and easy means of escape from all these forms of stress is wit or humor. Laughter is the universal antidote. But some humor is more “sure-fire,” as they say in the show business, than others. Aside from their garbled words and puns, Amos ’n’ Andy use few if any jokes or “gags.” They rely mainly for their laughs on situations. Besides, they have a peculiar ability for choosing apt and funny names for the various characters they introduce in their skits. Their comedy is of the black-face variety. This always is “sure-fire.” From time im- memorial, people have made fun of those minorities among them who did not speak the language well. Cultured human beings like to display their superiority over inferior classes and races by criticizing their grammar and pronunciation. The ancient Greek and Roman writers of comedies introduced in their plays characters speaking the dialect of subject races. In European plays, to this day, comic relief often is supplied by peasants talking dialect. In this country, the comedian usually is a “Dutchman” (really a German), an Irish- man, a Jew, an Italian and, particularly, a negro. MclIntyre (Continued on page 121) © This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page &. Ju

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re- sir ‘om

June, 1930

Amos ’n’ Andy Explained (Continued from page 120) and Heath, with ‘‘The Georgia Minstrels,” in basically the same acts that Amos ’n’ Andy do, were the longest enduring team in American vaudeville. They traveled up and down the country for more than half a century. Conroy and LeMaire, another black-face team, also continued successfully for a very long time. The records made by Moran and Mack were the biggest sellers in the history of the phono- graph business. Al Jolson is the highest paid entertainer in musical comedy and in the talkies. Why is dialect comedy so amusing to us? Because we ourselves have got away from our childish way of talking. And why is negro dialect funnier than any other? Because, so far as the English language is concerned, it resembles most closely the talk of children. UT the colored people themselves are great Amos ’n’ Andy fans. This is explained by the fact that all oppressed peoples derive com- fort from seeing themselves presented in an amusing light. The Jews are another example of this mental attitude. As for situation, Amos ’n’ Andy use the time-honored device of the big fellow bullying the little fellow, who, however, triumphs in the end by dint of greater smartness. Andy is lazy, stupid, conceited, and domineering. Amos is industrious, modest, submissive, but com- paratively clever. This, too, is “sure-fire.” It is the idea underlying the Mutt and Jeff comic strip, the widest read of all newspaper car- toons. It also is the secret of the tremendous success of Charlie Chaplin on the screen. Though there is no definite bully character in the Chaplin comedies, Charlie is the pathetic, oppressed little man faced by almost over- whelming odds. But because he is smart, he nearly always manages to outwit the police or whatever other force threatens to crush him. Just a word as to the funny names Amos ’n’ Andy use for their background characters. The head man of their lodge is called ‘‘the Kingfish ”; the lodge itself, “the Mystic Knights of the Sea.” The colored woman running a beauty parlor is “Madam Queen.” These names strike us as particularly apt and right, because ne- groes in reality might actually use them. But that does not make them hilarious. For the psychological reason that they impress us as so very comical we again must go back to our childhood, when we established our superiority over others by giving them nicknames. NOTHER “‘sure-fire”’ quality in the Amos <A ’n’ Andy comedy is that their humor is grim. Carefully analyzed, there really is noth- ing jolly about their material. The characters are in constant difficulty; their financial and make the best of a bad bargain. This is known as “the humor of the gallows.” It, too, is bor- rowed from the comic strips, the Chaplin and other screen comedies, and many earlier sources. It is the kind of humor that makes the spectator or listener feel: “Well, if those fel- lows with all their troubles can laugh at their hard luck, I am, after all, not so badly off myself.” The secret of the Amos ’n’ Andy success then, is that, either by accident or design, knowingly or instinctively, they have taken several “sure-fire ’’ comedy devices and welded them into a whole—garbled words and puns, black-face dialect, the big-fellow-and-little- fellow situation, funny nicknames, and the humor of the gallows. And they present this mixture in a manner so childish and simple that it van be followed and understood by anyone without the slightest effort. But even this, though it explains their universal appeal, does not account for their (Continued on page 122)

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TE ES CE IE ty tn itd | i if if i] 122 LET Go!” Up you fly—high above the heads of the ground crew—the launching rope drops from the glider. You push the stick forward slightly, nosing the ship down —then begins the swift, thrilling “toboggan slide” back to earth. Breathlessly you rush through the air ... the keel skids to rest 70C, 800, or 1,000 feet from the starting point. Immediately, you want to take another flight! The Detroit Gull is designed and built to meet the requirements of the Department of Commerce and to stand up under the hard- est abuse. It is so staunchly and ruggedly constructed that if a student on his first solo flight “stalls” and makes a bad landing, no damage is done. It’s easy to form a glider club—today every one is interested in this new sport of gliding, Organize a group of twenty to twenty-five members and purchase a Detroit Gull—each need contribute only $25. _ DETROIT GULL 485 GLIDERS INC., Division of DETROIT AIRCRAFT FORT AND CAMPAU STREETS, DETROIT Chanin Bidg., New York; Roosevelt Bidg., Los Angeles PaRks Am - MCORPORATLO PARES AIECRAST CORPORATION EASTMAN AIRCRAFT CORPORATION We cordially invite you to write for glider club infor-. mation and our illustrated folder on the Detroit Gull. BLACKBURN AIRCRAFT CORPORATION MARINE AIRCRAFT a (LE AIRPORT, INCORPORATED Gives, incOeeoeatio AMCRAFT DETROIT AIRCRAFT ExPORT POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY JUNE, 1930 J Amos ’n’ Andy Explained (Continued from page 121) popularity. This, of course, is where the radio comes in. One does not have to go to a theater to hear them. All one has to do is to be home at the time they broadcast, turn a dial, and “here they are.” It does not cost anything. In the words of my friend: “ You sit in your chair for fifteen minutes, forget everything, and just laugh.” The obvious result is that they are known to, and liked by millions, instead of thousands as might be the case were they popular stage entertainers. If the radio had been invented when Weber and Fields were at the height of their powers, they, too, might have had millions of admirers. Oare the workers of this modern miracle and how do they go about their business of amusing virtually an entire nation? Gosden, the Amos of the pair, was born in Richmond, Va. Thus, the Southern dialect comes naturally to him. He is thirty-one years old, married, and has a twenty-months- old son. Correll, Andy, is a Northerner, a native of Peoria, Ill. He is forty and married. The men met in Durham, N. C., in 1919, when both were employed by a Chicago con- cern that staged plays for amateur dramatic organizations. They broadcast for the first time in the spring of 1925, from station WEBH, Chicago. On January 12, 1926, they went on the air for the first time as “Sam ’n’ Henry,” black-face comedians. Two years later, at the close of their 568th broadcast as Sam ’n’ Henry, they created Amos ’n’ Andy for station WMAQ, of the Chicago Daily News. In August, 1929, they began broadcasting over the National Broad- casting Company’s network, sponsored by a toothpaste company. All of the Amos ’n’ Andy material is written by Correll and Gosden themselves, usually between nine A.M. and noon. Correll (Andy) operates the typewriter, while Gosden walks up and down, usually jingling a handful of coins, a peculiarity of his. Both contribute ideas. Like composers of music, they mark their manuscript with the “mood” in which the dialogue is written, such as “sad,” “gay,” “lazy,” “peppy.” This is done so that “ Bill” Hay, their announcer, can cast his announce- ment in the same tempo and mood as the rest of the broadcast. HEY take their work very seriously, and, according to eyewitnesses, “live” their characters before the microphone. Correll projects Andy’s booming bass voice by speak- ing close to the microphone. Gosden produces his falsetto about a foot and a half away from the “mike.” The National Broadcasting Company pays Correll and Gosden a salary of $100,000 a year for their Amos ’n’ Andy broadcasts. A reveal- ing sidelight on the characters of the two men is furnished by the fact that they split this princely sum in three parts, paying one third to “Bill” Hay, their announcer, for no other reason than that “he has been with us from the start.” As this is written, they are negotiating with a motion picture company for the making of a talkie. It is said they will receive $250,000 for fifteen weeks’ work. Exorbitant? Not a bit of it. Anyone who has the ability to make millions happy is worth all he can get. If you enjoyed the Jordanoff articles, watch for next month’s issue. Another noted airman tells of his exciting career in aviation. You will be thrilled by his narrow escapes from death! Order your copy in advance. Build and Fly this New Ideal CONDOR Plane! Plans for Model Foe, atest idea in Postherweiaht in.in size and weighs only Airplanes 25c each % oz. Simplified, advanced design; all Balsa wood construction; ad. able wings; adequate power for lone flights; interchangeable lan gear; easy, quick construction. $ ‘ Get the CONDOR-Con- 1 struction Set. .....6+-.e.05. DeHaviland Biplane Ask your Dealer or Order Direct. 1d cents ertra) NC-4 Naval Seaplane Postag: - oe ay 7 of Parts, Fittings. eueeiine Bleriot or Nieuport lor Model Builders, 6 c Monoplanes Ideal A Aeroplane & Sesgly Ce., Ine. 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3 l i; i auaebaaasse a a | Bat dy PPERS, o Life’’ scessary fthe Jue, 1930 i Hand him ou! Who ? The grocer or druggist. What ? Why ? For a cake of Lava Soap that’ll get the grimiest hands clean in 58 seconds. You can see the verized Italian pumice in Lava Soap drag out the dirt, but you can’t fee/it. Lava makes a rich, creamy, penetrating lather in the hardest water. But it won’t harm your skin. It’s the busiest hand cleaner you’ve ever tried. Teorge Lee fave Soop Man Lava costs a dime (or 6c for the medium size cake) at any drug or grocery store. But if you want to try it at our expense, mail this cou- pon. Procter & Gamble, Dept. X-630 Cincinnati, Ohio George: I want a free sample cake of your Lava Soap. AN ECONOMICAL MOTOR-BOAT STURDY AS A STEAMER Economy — speed — safety — and durability — you get these in an “Old Town” square-stern sponson powered with an outboard motor. She skims the water — shoots along as stoutly as the staunchest cruiser. The extra-strong stern cares for the weight of the motor. i is wrought into the ribs . . . no vibration or sh r- This and the heavy, non- leak canvas means she won’t “loosen up” and need soaking or caulking. An “Old Town” doesn’t require going over for a long, long time. Free catalog shows many outboard craft, in- cluding big, fast, seaworthy, all-wood family boats; dinghies; rowboats; speedy step-planes; and also all canoe Ve. Write today. Old Town Canoe Co., 1156 Main St., Old Town, Maine. “Old Town Boats” ck Build a CLOCK jo e4pg081 NEI] FREE BOOK S*iey, YOu, cen tate Fie I asall Of ClOCK —tor yourself, or to sell at Big Profits We furnish instructions, parts. Works $1.65 up; others with chimes, all prices. prices Make case or assemble parts. Cash-in on demand for Mantel, Banjo, Grand- ite father’s Clocks. Write for Special Blue Print Offer, FREE Catalog. AMERIC 169 1-Y Ruffner St. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY AN CHIME CLOCK COMPANY Philadelphia, Pa. How They Trailed a New Planet (Continued from page 28) “discovered” the planet, on paper, and predicted exactly where to look for it in the heavens. How Dr. Lowell could locate so definitely a planet he had never seen is made easier to understand by the parallel case of Neptune’s discovery nearly a century ago. This was the second planet really to be “discovered” by astronomers. The first, Uranus, was a lucky find of Sir John Herschel’s, when in 1781 he swept the British skies with a homemade seven-inch reflecting telescope. But Nep- tune’s finding was a star-gazing feat backed by mathematics. RANUS, once found, had failed to follow the eighty-four-year course around the sun that astronomers predicted for it. As if pulled by some invisible hand, it sped ahead of its expected itinerary until 1822; then it began to lag behind. The “invisible hand” was thought to be the pull, by gravity or tidal force, of some unknown planet beyond Uranus. ‘We see it,” Sir John Herschel re- marked, “as Columbus saw America from the shores of Spain. Its movements have been felt trembling along the far-reaching line of our analysis with a certainty hardly inferior to that of ocular demonstration.” It may have been that sincere, if high-sound- ing, declaration that spurred two men, un- known to each other, to tackle the formidable mathematics necessary to locate the unseen planet — John Couch Adams, in England, and U. J. J. LeVerrier, in France.. Adams fin- ished first, but British astronomers who sought the planet at the spot he indicated were too slow. In the meantime, one day in September, 1846, the Frenchman had sent this rather cocky message to Johann Gottfried Galle, an astronomer of the Berlin Observa- tory: “Direct your telescope to a point on the ecliptic (the single plane in which all planets revolve about the sun) in the constellation of Aquarius, in longitude 326°, and you will find within a degree of that place a new planet, looking like a star of about the ninth magni- tude, and having a perceptible disk.” On the night of September 23rd, Galle looked. In half an hour he had found Nep- tune. LeVerrier was not thrilled. He knew that he simply could not be wrong. He never bothered once during his lifetime to look at his planet through a telescope. But the world hailed the addition of a new planet to the solar system. OW Dr. Lowell stepped into the picture. 1N He was one of the first to point out that the new planet Neptune did not, as astrono- mers had hoped, explain all of Uranus’ outlaw conduct. It helped, but minor irregularities still remained. As early as 1902, Dr. Lowell declared he believed that still another planet, beyond Neptune, was responsible for these. In 1915 he published his figures which definitely located, in one of two possible positions at opposite corners of the sky, the unknown planet that was causing Uranus’ trouble. Undoubtedly it was troubling Neptune, which was nearer to it, even more. Little information on this point was available, though, since Nep- tune had completed only a fraction of its cir- cuit around the sun since its discovery. That had forced Lowell to base all his figures on distant Uranus, making his feat all the more remarkable. The figures were completed just in time, for Lowell died in 1916, the plane still unfound. But he had left an observatory and the best of clues. The search continued, encouraged by the belief of others in a new planet, notably Prof. W. H. Pickering, observer in Jamaica (P. S. M., Aug. ’28, p. 60). (Continued on page 124) 123 To makeasmooth, spotless non-wearing easily cleaned garage floor Ps fo Lay it with SMOOTHON NO.7 y A garage floor is as bad an eyesore as a dirty car. _Ordinary concrete is porous. Oil sinks in and makes ugly spots, and appearance is also marred by the dust that grinds loose at dry places. By mixing Smooth-On No. 7 into the top layer when laying the floor, you get a perma- nently smooth, dense, iron-hard, non-abrading, impervious surface that sheds water, absorbs no oil, is easy to keep spotless and stays spick and span. Adding the Smooth-On. No. 7 to the concrete involves no special effort—merely spreading over while the top surface is soft, rubbing in with a float and finishing in the ordinary way with a-steel trowel. The extra cost for the Smooth-On fora - single-car garage is about $9.50 and anyone familiar with the working of concrete can do a perfect job. FOR WATERPROOFING SE Smooth-On No. 7 also for waterproofing old damp and leaky cellar walls and floors, boiler pits, f stopping leakage from ponds, f cisterns, troughs, etc. Can j be applied easily like a paint and when so used is the only practical water- proofing material that can be applied from the inside and to wet or dry surfaces. On old concrete, and masonry surfaces, about 25 lbs. of Write for FREE BOOK Smooth-On No. 7 are re- quired for each 100 sq. ft. of surface covered, and no experience is necessary. Get Smooth-On No. 7 in 5-lb. tin or 25 or roo-lb. keg. If your dealer will not supply you, write to us direct. SMOOTH-ON MFG. CO., Dept. 58, 574 Communipaw Ave., Jersey City, N. J. Please send literature on Smooth-On No. 7. Return this coupon for a FREE copy of Booklet

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Iam enclosing.......... (in stamps, money order or check) for which please send me postpaid: CHEESE EHH HEHEHE HEHEHE EHH EEE EEE EEE SEE EES [State quantity, styles (No. 1, No. 2, No.3) and sizes] POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY How They Trailed a New Planet (Continued from page 123) Last year came another big aid—the most powerful photographic telescope of its kind in the world, which looks more like a huge camera than a conventional telescope. Its thirteen- inch lenses were ground to an accuracy of better than one millionth of an inch. It remained for a former farm boy to finish what Dr. Lowell had started. When this nineteen-year-old lad, with a hobby for as- tronomy, Clyde Tombaugh, graduated from high school at Burdette, Kansas, five years ago, his sister read a class prophecy naming him as the future discoverer of a new world. That prophecy was to come true. Tombaugh, having successfully applied for a job at the Flagstaff observatory, sat one day last January in front of a “blink microscope,” examining fourteen-by-seventeen-inch photo- graphic plates he had just taken of the heavens. The instrument he was using is one of the most modern aids to astronomers. Put in it two plates taken at different times of the same sky region, adjust them until they match perfectly, look in an eyepiece, and operate a lever. A flopping shutter hides first one plate and then the other. Stars, which are fixed in the sky, appear to stand still. But any object that moves or flickers, such as a comet or a planet, stands out like a beacon in contrast to the rest. HUS Tombaugh had already examined, perhaps, a thousand slides. But now his practiced eye caught a flicker of something new. He stared into the eyepiece. It couldn’t be, but it was, the new planet. “Excited? I should say so!” Tombaugh says. “What did the others say when I called them in to see it? Well, you know how these astronomers are. They are used to thinking in terms of millions of years, and millions of miles. They weren’t excited. They said it might possibly be the Lowell planet, but they would have to watch it further to check it with data they had been gathering.” Seven weeks later Dr. V. M. Slipher, the observatory’s director, telegraphed to Har- vard College Observatory, official center for astronomical news, the epochal announce- ment: “Systematic search begun years ago, sup- plementing Lowell’s investigation for a trans- Neptunian planet, has revealed an object which, for seven weeks, has in rate of motion and path consistently conformed to a trans- Neptunian body at the approximate distance he assigned. Fifteenth magnitude; position March 12th, at three hours Greenwich Civil Time, was seven seconds of time west from Delta Geminorum, agreeing with Lowell’s predicted longitude.” OTE, if you please, the commendable res- ervation of the Lowell telegrani. The astronomers did not claim to have discovered the trans-Neptunian planet. They simply stated that the object they had watched for seven anxious weeks had moved as a 'trans- Neptunian planet should. It might still be a comet, as some British astronomers suggested. The Flagstaff astronomers explained that they had made their announcement “only” seven weeks after sighting the planet simply to give other astronomers 2 better chance to look at it since it soon would be too low in the evening sky for further observation this year. As the news flashed from the Harvard center, the great telescopes of the world’s observa- tories swung on their massive trunnions to converge at the point in the sky where the new planet had been discovered — in the star group or constellation known as Gemini. It was no light matter to disrupt the twenty and thirty- year schedules of star study that many ob- servatories are following, even to sight a new planet; but this time, (Continued on page 126) June, 1630 FREE! FOR TEN Sxve With it a complete Home Instruction Book for Clarinet. You will play popular airs in five days — it’s so easy. Be popular immedi- ately in every social gathering. Join band and orchestra first month. Make moncy. Constant demand for clarinet players at good pay. Send Ne Money This offer is FREE. You keep this beautiful new Holton Silvered Clarinet and Popular Home Instruction Book 10days. Returnat our expense. or keep and pay only $6.00 a month. Similar FREE loan offer on Holton Saxophone, Trumpet, or any band instru- ment. No obligation to buy. Just Send This Coupon FRANK HOLTON & COMPANY 627 Church St., Elkhorn Wisconsin Send on 10 days FREE Loan new Holton Clarinet with Instruction Book, or eee ee ee ee ey ey -N-y ~ Kod ak Gb 23-79) eG NI) ie te? 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How They Trailed a New Planet (Continued from page 124) studies of stars, for the moment, were set aside. First the twenty-four-inch reflector of the Yerkes Observatory, at Williams Bay, Wis., picked up and photographed the newly-found member of the solar system. Hardly were the plates developed when Harvard Observatory flashed the news that it had snapped the plan- et’s likeness through its sixteen-inch refractor, by a ninety-minute exposure. “ AS A small but devoted homage to Amer- ican astronomy,” Prof. Emilio Bianchi, director of the Brera Observatory at Milan, Italy, interrupted the important work of its Merate substation to order its powerful Zeiss telescope trained on the new planet. It secured at once two excellent photographs. Astronomers are clever fellows at learning things about a world visible only as a small speck on a photograph. One rather startling thing they have found out about the new planet is that it seems to resemble the earth more than its nearer neighbors; its faintness suggests that ft is solid rather than gaseous or liquid. No life as we know it could exist on this frigid planet, far removed from the sun’s heat. Even on its sunny side, unless it has internal heat such as the earth manifests through volcanoes, its temperature must be 382° F. below zero. If our earth were transported there, its air would liquefy and fall to the ground, where it would freeze. Only hydrogen and helium gases would remain gaseous, and thus would be left for an atmosphere, in such cold as that of the new planet. If any creature, of some sort utterly un- known on earth, were able to stand the cold, it would not live in total darkness, but in a sort of pearly dusk, midway between day and night. The sun, 4,000,000,000 miles away, would be hardly more than a pin point of light. Yet its glow would still be more than 200 times bright- er than the earth’s full moon. The new planet may have moons of its own. But unless the new planet’s moons, if any, are big ones, no telescope yet built could see them. | ees in the short time that the planet has been known it has made notable contribu- tions to the science of astronomy. At the outset, it is the first of the nine planets ever to be dis- covered by photography. The new planet’s dis- covery practically doubles the known area of the solar system, or planet-family’s, back yard. Its extreme distance from the sun, some as- tronomers say, kills the old idea that the planets were born by condensation from rings of gas, as raindrops condense from a cloud. No ring could exist of such size as would be required by the new planet, they say, and therefore this old “nebular” theory seems doomed. Another remaining duty, as this issue goes to press, is to give the planet a name. Curious- ly, astronomers have already used up many of the most appropriate names in christening the hundreds of asteroids — those tiny bodies, be- lieved to be fragments of a single planet, that revolve between Mars and Jupiter. This seems to rule out one name, Minerva, suggested for the planet but already given an asteroid. One suggestion was to name the new planet after its prophet, Dr. Lowell. But astronomers believe, from past experience, that only the names of mythological deities, such as those that other planets bear, will stick. Some suggestions so far recorded are Atlas, Prometheus, and Pluto. Other names are pouring in on the astronomers at the Flag- staff observatory, who probably will be en- titled to select a name for their planet. The name may be chosen by the time you read this, thus officially welcoming the newest comer into our family of planets. Who can say whether the future will bring more?

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Rot Hits American Skyscrapers (Continued from page 60) and settle, with dust, into the pores of the stone. A colony of bacteria transforms some of the animal and vegetable matter in the dust into nitric acid. And this, together with the sulphuric and hydrochloric acids already gen- erated by smoke and salt in the air, happens to form the trio of the most powerful acids known to chemistry. That helps to explain what hap- pened to the building fragments and the stat- ues of the Cloisters after they had been in New York for some years. They began to dissolve. Stone’s third enemy is frost, which attacks any building north of the “‘frost line.” In other words, it hits buildings in regions subject to alternate freezing and thawing. Rain water soaks into the pores of the stone and freezes. Since the ice takes up more space than water, a thousand microscopic wedges split the stone. “When I was a boy,” said Professor Fink, “brown limestone, popularly known as ‘ brown- stone,’ was the fashionable building material in New York City. Look at the ‘brownstone fronts’ today and you will see what frost does to stone. There are gaping holes where great chunks of the stone have split and cracked off.” HE fourth enemy of stone, fully as de- structive as frost, is so little known that its danger is seldom realized. It is the formation of crystals, just ordinary crystals such as you may see in a sugar bowl or salt shaker. They are made of lime salts, a material that rain wa- ter, with the aid of what little acid it may con- tain, dissolves in soaking through the stone. When the rain dries, the lime salts it has dis- solved begin to crystallize. Those tiny crystals expand in the pores just as does frost, and split the stone. They accomplish in summer the de- structive work that frost does in winter. Some of these white crystals usually may be seen under window ledges, and about three feet from the top of parapet walls. The destructive power of crystals is illus- trated by what happened to a one-piece stone fountain in the swimming pool of a great Ger- man ocean liner. Salt water gushed from it into the pool while the liner was at sea; in port, the fountain was shut off. In a few years it be- gan to crack, and a stone expert who examined it filled a paper bag with pieces he could break off in his hands. He explained the mystery of why a fountain, not exposed to rain and weather, should go to pieces. When the water- soaked fountain was shut off in port, salt water dried in the pores. The salt formed crystals. And that was the end of the stone. What are the remedies? The problem, of course, is almost as old as the proverbial hills. Only recently it was discovered that the an- cients, who used limestone for their sculpture because they had no steel chisels able to cut granite, knew enough to rub beeswax into the pores of the stone to preserve it. N MODERN times, dozens of expedients have been tried with more or less success. In England, a treatment of water glass or sili- cate of soda was developed by government ex- perts to stop the crumbling of the Parliament Buildings. However, this film, it was found, cracks eventually and permits the corroding forces to renew their attack. Lacquers have been tried, but were found to scale off. On the other hand, oils, asphalt, and certain chemical poe have proved successful, but they ave the disadvantage of discoloring the stone. One soaplike preparation has the fault that it is decomposed by the ultra-violet rays of the sun. One of the most successful processes so far developed is a sort of “paraffin pack,” a treat- ment with molten paraffin. Probably the largest rot-proofing job ever done by this method is now under way in Brooklyn, N. Y., where the New York State Arsenal, a pebbled- wall structure 350 feet long and six stories high is receiving a complete ex- (Continued on page 127)

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lete tion - , TED © [A/a ee Eve VS 1 | L ers el =e he Te PRPS bing | ig = June, 1930 Rot Hits American Skyscrapers (Continued from page 126) terior ccating from the first floor up. So far, three tons of paraffin, in bags of white slabs, have been used, and more may be required to cover the 2,000 square yards of the building’s surface. The first step in this method, as practiced by the New York concern that employs it, is to preheat a small section of the wall with a char- coal stcve. Then molten paraffin is applied from a bucket with a brush much like an ordi- nary paint brush. It sinks into the pores of the hot rock to a depth of from a quarter to half an inch and solidifies there. The result is an im- penetrable waterproof coating that will last for years and even decades, as buildings show that have been given the treatment years ago. Charcoal burners are chosen for heating the wall because of their mild, even heat. A torch in unskilled hands would damage the wall. Ex- perts with kerosene blowtorches, however, carefully preheat corners and angles that the charcoal burner cannot reach. After the par- affin has been applied, it is heated once more - rubbed with waste to remove objectionable gloss. ~1O MUCH for the older stone-rot remedies. i) The new process Professor Fink has devised to save the treasures of the Cloisters from de- struction will employ a mixture of paraffin and the oldest of all the stone “medicines,” bees- wax. First the statues and building fragments will be cleaned thoroughly, and a solution sprayed upon them with huge atomizers will remove or kill colonies of germs. Then an alka- line wash of lime water will neutralize any acids upon them and make them temporarily im- mune from this kind of attack. Finally, a coat of paraflin, or candle grease, mixed with bees- wax and dissolved in a solvent to make a clear liquid, will be sprayed upon them with force pumps. When the solvent evaporates, every pore will be plugged up with wax against rain, acid, and germs. Stone rot creeps in to begin its work of dis- integration by way of the pores. The more por- ous the stone, the faster it rots away. Granite is particularly resistant. So is hard brick, although the mortar may sometimes be a weak spot. But even the softest stone would last almost forever if a suggestion by Professor Fink could be worked out in actual practice. His idea is to armor-plate the building with a sheath of stainless steel. Perhaps the future in- dustrial center will be a city of silvery towers gleaming in the sunlight, each one encased in a shell of steel. It is a strangely beautiful pic- ture, and not at all a fanciful idea, according to Professor Fink. It may, in the end, prove the only lasting way to protect structures against the ravazes of rot. Since the introduction of the first stainless steels, Professor Fink says, others of even greater corrosion-resisting power—alloys of iron, chromium, and nickel—have been devel- oped that really deserve the title of “super stainless steels.”” Under various trade names these have been used for some parts of building exteriors, such as the sheathing of pillars. There is no good reason, Professor Fink sug- gests, why some day they should not be used to cover whole buildings. The stone or reénforced concrete which could be used within the sheath- ing would not need to be expensively finished, since only the metal would be seen. And the metal would resist corrosion indefinitely. Per- haps, after all, stainless steel will be the archi- tect’s answer to the rotting of stone. IN THE next issue, the most pictur- esque figure in American aviation—not Lindbergh—tells what aviation needs and what its future holds. He makes startling prophecies of developments we all may see. Watch for it. 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Maxwell led me through a door in the side of the hangar into the field office of the air mail line. Across one end of the room stretched a large map with a wavering line of pins with red, blue, and yellow heads. They mark the route to Cleve- land—the red pins indicate emergency landing fields, the yellow ones point where weather re- ports are made and the blue ones where or- dinary beacons are located. Weather reports come in at fifty-mile distances, and at night the beacons flash signals at six- to ten-mile intervals. NDER the map was a row of automatic typewriters, run by telegraph. The mes- sages coming in over the wires are typed on strips of paper like stock ticker tape. One of these teletypes is connected with the Newark telegraph office to send out and receive ordi- nary telegraph messages. It was chattering away, sending in this telegram from Cleveland: “SAD DAMSEL WILLIAMS SHOCK THE- ATRICO MIDRASH MACALON PENT- TENCE.” “What does that mean?” I asked. “That’s a code message,”” Maxwell told me. “Tt means that pilot Williams left today at 12:20 p.m. on plane 77 with fifteen pouches and two pieces of mail totaling 450 pounds.” One of the other teletypes is connected with the Newark post office, the Newark weather bureau, and the Hadley Field radio station. | The third hooks up Cleveland, Bellefonte, and | all weather reporting stations along the line. All messages that go out appear on the tapes of all connected teletypes and form a permanent record. When a message is meant especially for one station, a bell rings. Each station has a distinctive ring, as in a party-line telephone. “Brownie left Cleveland at 9:30,” called a man bending over the tape. “Brownie” is Henry J. Brown, famous fog- flyer of the air mail. He holds the record of two hours and ten minutes between Cleveland and Hadley Field. The average is three hours and a half. The record for the slowest flight is held by Dean Smith, now with the Byrd expedition. He took six and a half hours for the trip. It was a clear, beautiful night and he “went visiting” along the way, flying over Pittsburgh and Toledo on a roundabout course! T IS nearing eleven o’clock. In the Govern- ment weather station back of the field © house, Trolle, night weather man, is filling a three-foot rubber balloon with hydrogen. Every six hours a red balloon is sent up—at night bearing a candle-lit lantern—to discover the direction and force of upper winds. Its course is followed through instruments for twenty-two minutes, the gas lifting the rubber ball at between 500 and 600 feet a minute. Tonight, Old Man Jinx is riding the little balloons. The first one rises rapidly, veers to the right, and continues its upward course di- rectly behind a tall chimney so measurements can’t be taken. The second balloon bursts; the third breaks loose in the gusty air and sails off before the instruments are ready. Four times Trolle tries before he gets his record. When we return to the weather station, the two pilots who will hop off with the midnight mail, Samuel “Sammy” Samson and E. E. “Dutch” Underhill, are studying the chart labeled “Airway Weather Report” which cov- ers most of one wall. Underhill is a cricket of a man—small, alert, active, his close-cut pompa- dour sticking straight up. He was a “gypsy flyer,” barnstorming about the country in his own plane, before he joined the air mail. When the Mississippi flood occurred, he was in the south and flew in rescue work for the Red Cross. He has flown far in excess of a quarter of a million miles. Samson, a product of the Army Air Corps, is tall, powerfully built. He suggests a rangy, hard-hitting fullback. This physique probably saved his life a few months ago when he joined the Caterpillar Club near Chicago. It was thick weather. He couldn’t find a hole in the fog to get down. The ship was running out of gas. He climbed over the side of the cock- pit to jump. One foot caught between the fu- selage and the exhaust pipe and jammed. He wiggled and twisted. It wouldn’t come loose, Reaching down, he grabbed the steel pipe with both hands and yanked. When the crashed plane was discovered, the exhaust pipe was found bent intoa V. . Y/ A clear night, unlimited visibility, and a tail wind. Whoopee!” shouts Underhill. It might be explained that the pre- vailing wind is from the west. Usually, pilots flying to Cleveland battle head winds. When they get a tail wind they make the most of it. In the pilot’s room, behind the weather sta- tion, “ Dutch” and “Sammy” climb into their flying togs. The room contains two cots. At their heads are canopies of mosquito netting that can be adjusted in summer as a protection against the insects. Along the wall, a row of nails hold the parachutes hanging in their heavy harnesses. On Samson’s is drawn in ink a crude silkworm with the word “‘caterpillar” on it. He is one of the three flyers on the eastern division who have saved their lives recently by trusting to parachute silk. To each ’chute is snapped a flashlight and a revolver in its holster. When these pony express riders of the sky take off they are always armed. Even when they leap into space with thei: parachutes, their revolvers go with them. Vaiuable securities often go by air mail. They must be guarded in a forced landing. When one plane crashed, a few weeks ago, $2,000,000 worth of securities are said to have lain in it for two days before it was found. Underhill goes to a white box nailed to the wall. Onit is printed in red letters: “COTTON FOR EARS.” He stuffs both ears full as a pro- tection from the cold and the roar of the engine. Then he slips on heavy woolen socks, sweaters, and finally a bulky leather flying suit and heavy fleece-lined moccasins. “You ought to see ‘Brownie’ come in,” Maxwell remarks. “He wears half a dozen sweaters and overalls under his flying suit. It takes him half the night to get his clothes off.” Bee shouts in Samson’s ear: “TI sure will be thinking of you tonight, Sammy, up in that cold ‘27.’ It will be hard to keep my mind on my piloting, worrying about your little feet being cold.” Then he ducks. Samson has drawn the Douglas No. 27, for some unknown reason the coldest ship of the fleet. ‘Yes, and you probably will spin that Boeing of yours in somewhere along the line,” jeers Sammy. But a few minutes later, when they come out to the waiting ships, there is no jesting. Their jaws are set. It is no joke to hop off over jagged mountains in the inky darkness trusting to the even beating of a steel heart fed by gasoline. It is a cold-blooded gamble with death. Underhill’s Boeing is ready. The pouches of mail are packed firmly in the compartment between the motor and the cockpit. The big Hornet engine is warmed up, ready for the gun. Awkward in the bulky flying clothes, with the seat parachute banging the back of his legs, the pilot waddles Eskimolike from the hangar and climbs into the cockpit. A silk scarf is tied across the lower part of his face. He adjusts a leather face mask. Only his eyes peep through. He pulls down the goggles and carefully adjusts the radio headphones. The goggles steam up from the heat of his body. (Continued on page 129) Jun

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930 re il. lit oir od he e. of nt ig he he id od a ts 1p 9) JUNE, 1930 Midnight—The Mail Flies West (Continued from page 128) He wipes them off, then opens the throttle and watches the instruments while the engine howls and the Boeing tugs at the restraining chain. The engine is O.K. He throttles it down, gives a last look at the red and white striped wind cone streaming straight into the west above the hangar, and signals to unhook the chain. IS lights snap on, the signal to illuminate the field for the take-off. The floodlights flare. A carpet of bluish light seems to spread a coating of frost over the rolling field. Under- hill gives the Boeing the gun. Sparks fly as the steel tail skid bumps over the concrete runway. The plane gathers speed, sends back a cloud of red dust. When this clears, the ship is in the air. Its riding lights, red on the left, green on the right, white on the tail, wink in the dark- ness as the plane swings into a climbing turn and heads west. A moment later they dis- appear as the ship whines off into the night. A few minutes later, Sammy hops off and the mechanics make a rush for the hangar to get out of the biting wind. The field office teletypes are chattering. “Brownie” has left Bellefonte and Eskew, bringing the second section from months, Maxwell explains, two sections of night mail in each direction have become necessary. The volume of air mail has doubled. The outgoing mail at Hadley Field averages 2,000 pounds on week nights. Every twenty- four hours, approximately 8,000 pounds of mail pass through the little field post office where four armed men work at high speed over steel sorting tables. The floodlights suddenly illuminate the field. “Brownie” is coming. The operator has seen him flash on his wing landing lights. Sometimes, on clear nights, these lights can be seen when the plane is still twelve miles away. South of the hangar, two round, yellow, owl- like eyes loom out of the darkness. They are the wing landing lights of the invisible plane. Between them is a glowing, cherry-red streak— an exhaust pipe red-hot from the battle with the wind. With a whistling rustle, like the passing of a huge bird, the ship sails over us. Suddenly it appears, all silver, settling down on the frost-colored field. It has dropped into the brilliance spread by the floodlights. It rolls toa stop, turns, and with racing motor taxis up to the hangar. “Brownie,” stiff with cold, stumbles down and enters the field house to make out his pilot’s report. EFORE he has finished, the floodlights flare again and Eskew lands. He says he met Sammy right above Greenwood Lodge, the highest beacon on the route. “He had his nose down, flying like a bat, clipping the trees,” he tells us. Underhill and Samson are leaving the moun- tains by now, if all is well. They are speeding high above the sleeping farms of Ohio, well on their way to Cleveland. “Brownie,’’ who spends his off moments reading Mark Twain, finishes his report and begins peeling off his many sweaters preparing to turn in on one of the cots in the pilot’s room. Mechanics check over the planes that have just come in. Later, the “‘puddle-jumper’’ hops off for Newark and the ships of the Pitcairn line start for Wash- ington, D. C., and Atlanta, Georgia. But the main excitement of the night is over. The men at leisure stand about the teletype, waiting for word from Cleveland. Their atti- tude conveys a certain tenseness. For Death still rides the air lanes and the men who “push the mail” follow a dangerous calling. Finally, a little after three in the morning, the type- writer clatters its message. Underhill and Samson have landed. These daring riders of the night sky are safe. Again, the air mail has gone through. = Cleveland, is close behind. In the last six~ POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 129 LEARN ELECTRICITY Don’t spend your life waiting for $5 raises in a dull, hopeless job. Now... and forever... say good-bye to 25 and 35 dollars a week. Let me teach you how to prepare for positions that lead to $50, $60 and on up t’ $200 a ? a. week in Electricity. Learn Without Books or Lessons in 90 Days In the Great Coyne Shops Lack of experience—age, or advanced education bars noone, Idon’t care if you don’t know an arma- Gunttn GET THE FACTS ture from an air brake—I don’t expect you to. The | [oncis¥our one great chance to get into Electricity. Ev- secret of Coyne training is that it is ALL PRAC- TICAL WORK. No books—no dry lessons—YOU | “proven hoyood all seen LEARN BY DOING on REAL ELECTRICAL | by many jarge electrical MACHINERY. Everything from doorbellsto power ou can find out plants with instructors at your side at all times. nd let me send Many Earn While Learning, Too | *22,6°7¢ book of 150 photo- Many of my students earn their expenses or a good alaries ... anities. This /: part of them by doinga little part-time work. Should does not obligate yor le Boast you need work too, we will give you every possible | &t once. Just coupon. help in getting it. When you pyedns tewewillhelp | Get This FREE BOOK &: younes bam pb foe Armee Few k peemryy my this Tl TF A AA LT Ce GT SOE Ie or, thousands of others—I’ll'do'the same for you. § COYNE ELECTRICAL SCHOOL, H. C. Lewis, Pres. - » Rai ait Setemetel Electricity Now £00 S. Pauina St., Dost. AQ-73, Chicago, It. ight now I’m including my bignew Aviation Elec- —— me your * ‘ tetetie. 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130 | The oaly man who could talk to the Superintendent “Soon after I began studying,” a student wrote to us the other day, ‘‘we had a change in management at , lant. 1 certainly was glad then that I had de- cided to study in my spare time. For, thanks to my I. C. S. course, I was the only man in the organiza- tion who could talk to the Superintendent in his own } . As a result, I was promoted om 5 = had been here from ten to twenty years. salary has been increased 90 per cent in the last ten rh That’s a true story of what just one I. C. S. student has done. There are thousands of others. Every mail brings letters from men and women telling of promotions and in- creases in salary due directly to spare-time study. One hour # day, spent with the I. C. S. in the quiet of your own home, will prepare you for success in the work you like best. Yes, it will! Put it up to us to prove it. INTERNATIONAL CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOLS The Universal University’ Box 7662-F, Seranten, Penna. 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Ask for catalog. 560 College Street, ANGOLA, INDIANA , FRI-STATE , COLLEGE . 4 POPULAR SCIENCE” MONTHLY 7 JUNE, 1930 a How I Made My Glider Records (Continued from page 41) which I believe had not been used before, I got up into the higher air. There I made a turn around Point Loma, gaining more altitude, and keeping what I gained by that same sideways slip with the leeward wing down. I rose, in a few minutes, to nearly 1,500 feet. There I stayed until dawn broke over the eastern mountain wall—the most welcome day I ever have seen. I have since found that I can per- form this altitude-gaining trick with any sail- plane, and I used it again and again on my second flight. AWN found me still close to 1,500 feet in the air, but very tired from a full day of work and a night of flying, most of the latter spent in the hard and nerve-trying effort to maintain alti- tude. The sun showed me the white sea pound- ing on the rocks, the tireless observers and offi- cials still watching me from places of slight vantage in the rain which covered Point Loma like a blanket. Shortly after daybreak, there came a material lull in the wind, while the vol- ume of rain fell off. I lost a little altitude, but, by the new trick of operation, regained it, sailed about awhile, and then came down, in a smooth and easy landing, on the road that runs parallel to Point Loma and only a short dis- tance from the starting point. Official watches showed that I had been in the air six hours, nineteen minutes, and three seconds, then the longest flight ever made in America in a glider of any type. One of the several remarkable features of this flight is that it demonstrates clearly the ability of a sailplane to remain aloft in wind, rain, and darkness, and that none of these elements are to be feared by the trained glider pilot. Air currents of almost any char- acter, direction, and speed can be made to carry the sailplane, if the pilot is well trained. The flight proved, too, that it is possible to land a large glider on its keel, without wheels, with no damage to machine or pilot, in brush and on uneven ground—a matter of great difficulty and no little danger with a power-driven plane. I myself was astonished at the ease with which I piloted the sailplane back virtually to the point of take-off. For much of the time during the later hours of this flight, the air was “bumpy” and the currents uncertain, so that it was necessary for me to “feel” my way through the darkness and to find and take ad- vantage of the varying air currents into which my sailplane drifted. This must be much the manner in which a large bird finds its way through darkness, rain, and inimical air movements. Thus, glider flying approaches as nearly to the flight of a bird as man is likely to attain unless and until he sprouts wings. N MY second flight of a little more than nine hours, I made thie easiest and quickest take-off I ever saw. From a spot on Point Loma near the starting point of the previous flight, the men on the shock cord ran only about fifteen feet before the sailplane took the air, caught the current, and began to rise. I sailed about 100 feet in a practically horizontal position, and then climbed easily on an updraft to nearly 1,500 feet above the take-off. This was in the same sailplane used on the flight above described, and the total weight was ap- proximately the same—333 pounds. The start was made at 5:37:03 p.m., and the wind, blowing steadily from the west, remained at about thirty-five miles an hour for nine hours of the flight. This was a stiffer wind than before, and I had no trouble in maintaining altitude and in cruising back and forth over the point and up and down the coast. There was no rain and few “bumps” in the air, but about two a.M., the wind shifted to the northwest, then to the north, and decreased in power, falling to almost nothing, so that I was com- pelled to come down. The wind had been cold, and, unprotected as I was in the open cock- pit, I was thoroughly chilled and quite willing to land, which I did, within about 100 feet of the point of take-off. In spite of the darkness, the sailplane made a perfect landing in the center of a hillside fend Had the wind maintained its velocity, or dropped to no less than eight or ten miles an hour, I could have remained aloft indefinitely. If I could have stayed up fifty-five minutes more, I should have won the E. S. Evans prize for remaining aloft ten hours. Next time I may be able to do it. If favoring air currents can be found, there seems ample opportunity, espe- cially in this section of the United States, to break the fourteen-hour durance record made in Germany. The widespread interest in glider flying was well shown by the fact that more than fifty persons made the trip to Point Loma, in the stormy night, to see the first flight, while more than 300 came to see the start and remained to view the late afternoon flying on the nine-hour attempt to shatter the world’s record. Y EXPERIENCE in glider and sailplane building and flying covers nearly twenty years. I built the first model in 1910, at Los Angeles. Then I built other models, including both land and seaplanes, all of which flew; but they were too small to carry passengers. Among my other successful models was one which was propelled by the explosion of a ten- cent skyrocket, on the same principle as the “rocket car” and “rocket boat” built recently in Germany. Spurred on by the flights of these models, I built my first “‘man-size” glider in 1911. It was a monoplane, fearfully and wonderfully made as compared with the Bowlus sailplane of today. It had wings, fore and aft, hinged to the “body,” as we then called the fuselage, and the flyer was strapped in. The landing gear con- sisted of two rockers from an old rocking-chair. The glider was built of redwood, except the ribs, which were spruce. The tail was built like a bird’s tail, or rather like a fan, which could be spread out or retracted at the will of the pilot. In this now primitive powerless plane, I actually flew 200 feet, and cracked up only because I did not know how to handle the controls. To launch this glider, I strapped myself in, stood up, tan downhill, and, when the air lifted me, tried to control it with wings and tail and thus gain altitude. Being only fourteen years old, and without previous train- ing in flying, my “flight” of 200 feet was much more than a “nine days’ wonder.” FTER the crash, I rebuilt this glider by dashing home from school at noon, doing without lunch, and working until one o’clock. When I had completed it and had it anchored with rocks, a whirlwind picked it up one after- noon while I was at school, carried it about 300 yards, and demolished it. My next effort was more ambitious. I felt that I needed more surface on the wings, so I built a biplane, with full controls. It had a wing spread of thirty- five feet with chord of fout feet, and was large enough to carry a motor. The wings were not tapered, as at that time we had not heard of tapered wings. There were twelve struts, and the turnbuckles were made by myself from the wire spokes of bicycle wheels. For landing gear, I attached three bicycle wheels. The pilot’s position was lying down, with a real steering wheel in front of him with which he controlled ruddér and wings. His feet were in stirrups, by which he operated the tail and could also handle the rudder. It was a far more complicated machine than the Bowlus sailplane of today, but no one (Continued on page 131) Ji ~ ee ns) on on a ae ae ee ai ls: ter air tio gli pr is |

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, 1930 ———-——___ lane enty Los ding but rers. one ten- the ntly ls, I ully 1e of the the con- lair. the like d be ilot. e, I only the ped rhen ings only ain- uch - by oing ock. ored fter- was nore with rty- arge not d of and the ding The real 1 he and nore lane 131) June, 1930 —— How I Made My Glider Records (Continued from page 130) could have remained aloft nine hours in it. I was invited to bring my glider to the annual track meet of the San Fernando High School—the local Olympic Games. There I went, with goggles, an arm band telling the world that I was an “aviator,” and a multi- colored stocking-cap. On the first “flight” I could not get off the ground because of the short tow, due to lack of length of field. On the second trial, I gained an “altitude” of eight feet, and remained in the air for 800 feet, but the landing gear broke and I was thrown out when I came down. When my brother and I tried this glider again, we tied it to a stake on the windy San Fernando hills, preparatory to “taking off.” My brother got into the glider and I went back to the wagon for a piece of equipment. When I returned, the wind had picked up the glider like a kite, and there was my brother, “sitting pretty,” or rather lying so, with his anchored glider some fifty feet off the ground, but unable to go backward or forward owing to the tie rope. I released the rope, and he flew several hundred feet to a more or less successful landing. | pee to designing the present sailplane, in which I made the American altitude and duration records, I built fifteen different glid- ers. Since then I have designed and built six others, including the newest “Anne Lind- bergh” sailplane, flown recently by Col. Charles A. Lindbergh. As demonstrating the value of glider training, I may say that, in 1917, I soloed in a power plane with thirty-five minutes instruction. Glider training gives the prospective aviator the “feel” of the air, bal- ance, knowledge of controls, and quick think- ing, while it also takes from him whatever fear he may have when he first takes off. Not only do gliders furnish opportunity to students to learn actual flying, but they can teach us all we want to know about air currents, how to main- tain altitude and motion without power, and also open a virtually unlimited field for the development of new ideas in construction and method of flight, both powerless and powered —all at very low cost. Undoubtedly, glider flying stimulates in- terest in aviation. The sailplane is the airplane of the boy or girl who wishes to “get into the air.” Nothing will develop an interest in avia- tion in our youth so rapidly and so soundly as glider building and flying. As a sport, gliding provides all the thrills of actual bird flight and is in addition educational and constructive. . Germany today has almost as many glider clubs as there are golf clubs in the United States. Gliders and sailplanes, in the hands of youths as well as older men, are being flown all over Germany, with the result that the Ger- man people are more airminded than any other nation, not even excepting the Americans. Yet some idea of the spread of the “glider idea” may be gained from the fact that of eleven pilots who have obtained first-class glider licenses in the United States, ten were trained by the writer of this article. Within a short time, so large are the classes of boys and girls, the issuing of licenses at San Diego alone will reach five or more a week. This, it should be remembered, is in a limited area of one section of the United States, virtually all of whose territory is suitable for sailplane flying. Next month: The clearest and most complete popular explanation ever pre- sented of the principles of gliding. How does a glider operate? How is it con- trolied ? How does it stay aloft ? Where does the glider’s “‘power’’ come from ? These and many other questions up- permost in the minds of motorless- flight enthusiasts will be answered in this absorbing and authoritative article. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 4 4 131 At the right: The Mystery Ship, a Curtiss-Wright product, holder of all speed records for com- mercial planes. When you train under CURTISS-WRIGHT ... air success is yours i OES Aviation beckon to you? Do you want to take your place in America’s fastest growing industry? Regardless of what your vocation is. or where your ambitions may lead. air-training is vitally essential to your business success in this fast-moving age. Specialists in every line of work—en- gineering, manufacturing, sales, etc.—are taking to the air to conserve precious min- utes and convert them into dollars. Today the world is seeking and rewarding the air- minded. You, too, should learn to fly— under Curtiss-Wright, the world’s oldest and largest flying organization. World Leaders in Aircraft Industry When you train under Curtiss-Wright, your education is complete, thorough. Curtiss- Wright is the greatest name in aviation —the largest manufacturer of aircraft and engines, the largest operator of planes and airports. All over the world, Curtiss-Wright products, from the tiny Moth to the giant, 18-passenger Condor, are well and favorably known. A Curtiss-Wright product, the Tanager, won the $100,000.00 Safe-Aircraft prize. Another, the Mystery Ship, is the world’s fastest commercial plane. And the Robin holds the world’s endurance record. 40 Curtiss-Wright Schools Dot the Country You will find a Curtiss-Wright Flying School near you. There are forty of them Above: The giant Con- alor 18- passenger Cur- tiss-Wright Air Liner. located at strategic points throughout the country. Every Curtiss-Wright school is a university of the air—completely fitted with the latest and best flying and classroom equipment. And the instructors, headed by the world-famous “Casey” Jones, are the nation’s leading pilots—especially picked for their ability to impart their skill and knowledge to you. It’s Easy to Learn The Curtiss-Wright Way With Curtiss-Wright it’s easy to learn to fly. You are given every consideration. Training is adapted to your special aptitude. You will learn, not only the piloting of a plane through all maneuvers, but also how great flying fields are operated, how commercial transport is successfully carried on, and how the various phases of commercial and private flying reach their greatest success. Your Success in the Air is Assured When you graduate from a Curtiss-Wright school your success is assured. You will be eapable of taking your place among the nation’s finest flyers, respected by the air- conscious world wherever you go. And you'll have no trouble turning your flying pug Be: Dg whatever your chosen line may be. For you will be the kind of pilot that aviation needs today. Complete Information Without Cost or Obligation Now is the time to learn to fly—to equip yourself for success. Spring, summer and fall—the finest training months—are just ahead. For detailed and completely illus- trated booklets giving full information about Curtiss-Wright courses and methods, mail the coupon. They will be sent you without cost or obligation. Act now! Mail coupon today. MAIL THIS COUPON! Curtiss-Wright train. ing fits you for all phases of aviation work. i Curtiss-Wright Flying Service, 27 W. S7thSt., N. Y I am interested in Aviation, Please send me, without cost or obligation, a booklet on the subject I have checked. O Flight Instruction ( Aerial Transportation © New Finance Plan (j Opportunities in Aviation G $50 Ground Course (J Free Curtiss-Wright Booklet Name Age

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Our courses cover actual flying, theoretical instructions, aero naviga- tion, airplane instruments and practical shop training in airplane structure and repair of various type lanes. A Government rated school located on a $2,000,000 airport. No other school in the world can offer you the advantages of Von Hoffmann training. t us tell you about our liberal time payment plan. Send today for our new illustrated catalog. ake your start in aviation—mail the coupon NOW! Von Hoffmann Aircraft School U.S. Gov’t Approved School 830 Lambert St.Louis Airport St. Louis, Missouri VON HOFFMANN AIRCRAFT SCHOOL 830 Lambert St. Louis Airport, St. Louis, Mo. MAIL TODAY. is ©. 35h OR eh neh Oh ewe sus emesis aeeee ed chins oeetdesewehead eer encen City siady (adden hs haan eenedaeéwoeeed MN vo tie neki bheca ad I am interested in () Flying Course C) Mechanics Course LL) Welding Course (J Home Study RAILWAY FFIC INSPECTOR EARN UP TO $250 PRE MONTH Plus Expenses Trained men neede:i in this important professi Fascinati work; plenty of variety; chance to travel. Advancement rapid with experience. Report to high officials. WE ASSIST YOU TOA POSITION paying $120 to $150 per mo. plus expenses, upon completion of few weeks spare time home in- struction—or refund your tuition. Advance rapidly to $175, $200, $250 per mo. Cost moderate; terms if desired. Write today for free book- let which tells all about Traffic In- spection and what it can do for you. STANDARD BUSINESS TRAINING INSTITUTE Div. 3 Buffalo N. Y. Be Ihe Man Behind Ihe Camera Earn $60 to $250 a week te peat NOW for a well-paid sition as ( )Motion Picture Cam- eraman,(_) Projection- ist, ( ) “Still” Photog- rapher or ( ) Photo- Finisher. Big pay, fascinating work. FREE Bouk tells how we quickly train you at home orin our studios. Send for it NOW! New York Institute of Photography Dept. M-3415, 10 West 33rd St., New York, N. Y. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTYLY JuNE, 1930 Patent Office A National Disgrace (Continued from page 21) be a definite hindrance, delaying still further the work. To understand this, we must look at the manner in which the examiners work, At present there are about 650 of them, but the number varies almost from day to day. There are from eight to ten resignations a month. Every two and a half years there is a fifty-per- cent turnover in the employees of this depart- ment of the office. The main reason is the small pay. An applicant for a place as examin- er must pass a two-day examination. He must understand French or German. He must have training in reading mechanical drawings. He usually is required to have three years’ college work, majoring in such subjects as physics, chemistry, and mechanical engineering. He must have completed a course in mathematics through differential calculus. Besides, he has to pass a physical examination. And his initial salary is $2,000 a year. Before he can advance to a position as head of a division, he must have a law degree as well! OST of the examiners are students just out of college. They look upon the work as a stepping-stone to a career in engineering or patent law. And, in most cases, just about the time they are trained and begin to be of value, they resign. During the first two and a half or three years, their work must be checked by an older examiner. So, for that period, they not only accomplish about half as muchas an expe- rienced man, but they consistently hinder the capable ones by demanding much of their time to go over the work they have done to be sure that nothing has been overlooked. Even then, sometimes an inexperienced ex- aminer will cause the inventor trouble. Con- sider the case of the California mechanic who waited patiently for nearly two years to get his patent. Then, after it was issued, he discovered that the examiner, in searching the previous patents, had overlooked one which should have been called to the inventor’s attention. His lawyer thus worded his claims to cover more territory than he was entitled to, and his pat- ent was held invalid for this reason. To gain the protection to which he was entitled, the inventor had to have his patent reissued. This meant starting at the beginning again and go- ing through the whole process, thus getting a double dose of the irritating delays. REN’T applications ever taken up out of order? Only under three conditions, I discovered. When an application has been in the Office longer than three years, the examiner is privileged to take it up out of its turn in or- der to clean up the case. If the head of one of the Government departments, such as the Secretary of Agriculture or of the Navy, re- quests the Commissioner of Patents to give immediate attention to an-application which will be of value to the work of that Depart- ment, it is usually done. The third condition is when it can be shown that the granting of the patent will result in the employment of a large number of men. Thus, if a corporation can prove that as soon as the patent is issued, it is ready to make a large investment and be- gin manufacture, special action results. Probably the best way to understand the difficulties that confront those who are trying to solve the present muddle is to follow an ap- plication on its slow progress through the pat- ent maze. When it arrives in Washington, a clerk in the mail room of the Patent ce stamps and dates the application and sends a receipt slip to the sender. Then the petition is sent on to the application room. Here it is given a serial number and the date of filing is recorded. The application clerk carefully examines the pee tion to decide what kind of a thing has been invented. It is often two or three days before this is accomplished. Inventions are placed in sixty-two classifications by the Patent Office and the application clerk sends the petition to the head examiner of the division to which it belongs. He looks it over again and decides into which subclass it fits. Each main divi- sion is divided into subdivisions called “arts.” Thus, for example, “chairs” might be split up into a “swivel chair art,” a “Morris chair art,” etc. All patents granted are similarly divided into classes. Where it. might take a week to look over all patents on chairs, those under a particular subhead can be gone over in possibly half an hour. WEEN acorrect classification of the applica- tion has been found, it is turned over to the clerk of its particular division who records the application in a large ledger. Finding the cor- rect pigeonhole for the petition and recording it may take three or four days more. Then it is placed in the files to await its turn. It re- mains there from one to ten months—the av- erage is seven—before the examiner in charge of the “art” to which it belongs gets around to it. He takes it out again and begins his search to see that the idea is not covered by any pre- vious patent. He examines not only all the American and foreign patents on similar devices, but he tries to make sure that the idea has not been pub- lished in any newspaper or magazine prior to two years before. Each examiner is supposed to become an expert upon his particular “art” or “arts.” He goes over technical publications and magazines, such as PopULAR SCIENCE MontTH_y, which print descriptions of new de- vices and machines. Whenever he runs across a new idea that falls within the range of his work, he clips it out for future reference. No patent is granted upon an idea that has been described in a publication either here or abroad more than two years before the application is made. Copies of the patents already issued, together with such clippings, are kept in draw- ers that line the walls of the examiner’s rooms like the boxes in a shoe store. Each box covers a particular subdivision and each division has — three to five rooms lined with these “shoe xes, T= average output of an examiner is about fifteen applications a week. However, in the case of a complicated invention, such as a cal- culating machine, which sometimes requires sixty sheets of drawings, the examiner may put in a solid month upon it before he can de- cide whether to grant the patent. Not infre- quently the application has to “change horses in the middle of the stream,” when one exam- iner resigns and another takes up the work. This resulted in additional irritations for a professor at Columbia University, New York City, recently. After he had waited for months for some action upon his application, he re- ceived a letter from the examiner saying that his invention could not be patented. He filed an objection. After the usual delay; a new man replied, the first one having left the em- ploy of the Government. The new examiner was enthusiastic. He said he*thought the pro- fessor’s invention one of the best ever sub- mitted to the office, but suggested that one of the claims be slightly amended. Two weeks later, the enthusiastic one also resigned. Now the application is waiting to be considered by a third examiner! When the search is completed, the exam- iner sends a letter to the inventor or his attorney allowing or rejecting the application.. If it is rejected, six months are allowed for the applicant to appeal the decision, and if it is allowed the same length of time may elapse before the final (Continued on page 133)

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930 les vi- ” Lr ly se JuNE, 1930 Statement of Ownershi Rey Circulation, etc., required by the Act o Congres ress of August 24, 1912' of Popular Science Monthly, lished monthly at New York, N. ¥., for April 1, 1330, State of New York, County of New York, ss. Before me, a notary public in and for the State and county aforesaid, personally ap- peared Travis Hoke, Editor, who, havi been duly sworn accordin; ay law, deposes and says that he is the Editor of rh r Science Monthly and that the follow- ing is, to the best of his knowledge and belief, a true statement of the ownership, management, etc., of the aforesaid publication for the date chown in the above caption, required by the Act of J 24, 1912, embod- ied in Section 411, Postal Laws and Regulations, printed on the reverse of ‘this form to wit: 1. That the names and addresses of the publisher, editor, managi editor, and business managers are Publisher, Popular Science Publishing Co., Inc., 381 Fourth ivenes, New York, N. Y., eres Travis Hoke, 381 Fourth Avenue, New York, N. Managing Editor, Raymond J. Brown, 381 Fourth yer New York, N. Y., Business Manager, Oo. B. Capen, 381 Fourth Avenue, New York, Y. 2. That the owners are: Popular Science Publishing Company, Ine Fourth Avenue, New Y.; St ookholders of Popular Science Publishing ‘Company, Inc., Henry J Fisher, 230 Park Ave., New York, N. Y.; > Capen, 381 Fourth Avenue, New York, N. Yu Robert Cade Wilson, 683 Springfield Avenue, Summit, N. J.; Ada B. Wilson, | Springfield Avenue, Summit, N. J.; A. L. Cole, 381 Fourth Avenue, New York, N. Y'; John Nichols, 381 Fourth Ave., New York, N.Y.’ 3. That the known bondholders, mortgages and other security holders owning or ho olding 1 per cent or more of the total amount of bonds, mortgages, or other securities are: none. 4. That the two paragraphs next above giving the names of the owners, stockholders and secur- ity holders, if any, contain not only the list of stock- holders and security holders as they appear upon the books of the company, but also, in cases where the stockholder or security holder appears upon the books of the company as trustee or in any other fiduciary rela- tion, the name of the person or corporation for whom such trustee is acting, is given: also that the said two me oy contain statements embracing affiant’s full knowledge and belief as to the circumstances and con- ditions under which stockholders and security holders who do not a oo upon the books of the company as trustees, hold stock and securities in a capacity other than that of a bona fide owner, and this affiant has no reason to believe that any other person, association, or corporation has any interest direct or indirect in the ~ mem, bonds, or other securities than as so stated y him. (Signed) Travis Hoke, Edito Sworn te and subscribed before =e this 20th day of March, 1930. Esther Eyl, nag | Public, Kings County Clerk’s No. $7. [| No. 199. New York County Clerk’s No. Reg 0-167. (Seal) My Commission expires March 30, 1930. Only 4 Motions used in playing this fascinating instrument. Our native — n Instructors teach you to master them quickly. Pictures show how. Everything explained clearly. Playin Half Hour Easy Lessons After you get the Even if you don’t four easy motions know one note from you play harmonious 5 chords with very little practice. No clear pictures make previous musical iteasyto learnquick- nowledge needed, ly, Pay as you play. N when you enroll —a sweet toned HAWAIIAN SUITAR ‘Sarcytng Case - WRITE AT ONCE for attrac- tive offer and easy terms. A ag te Sa $18 to $20 “| postcard will do. ACT! No extras-everything included OR other courses, The eame instruction on Tenor BANGS |Bang, a Tiple, Tenor @ Guitar, be Banjo “Tkulele. wn instructors. Write for full information. siuner ssememmanlt aA eg ah ad ¥ jp copes. Inc. 9th Floor, Woolworth Bidg., Dept.246 rk, N.Y. Approved. - a _iarepent ence School Under the Lees or ihe State of em POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY ber National Home Study C LEARN TO Sea RADIO at — NEIGH BORHOOD There is a striking need everywhere for men and young men who really know how to locate troubles in sets and repair them. Many of my students make $200 to $1,000 a year extra in their spare time. The day you enroll I start showing you jobs that vou can do in spare time for extra money. Full time men needed Hundreds of fine jobs paying $50, $60, $75, $100 a week are opening in Radio every year. Write for “Rich Rewards in Radio.” It tells you about Radio’s many spare time and full time a CE YX: : big obligate yourself. T NOW. E. SMITH, President, pes OO Natt Radio Institute, Washington, D. C. ote. eeWrite: for catalog. - The Gnibersity of Chicago 451 ELLIS HALL CHICAGO, ILL. Patent Office Has Become A National Disgrace (Continued from page 132) fee has to be paid. In fairness to the Patent Office, it should be pointed out that lack of promptness on the part of inventors in reply- ing to letters and in paying fees often length- ens the time required to get a patent. The “long distance record” in this respect is the noted Fritts case, in which thirty-five years, from 1880 to 1916, elapsed between the filing of the application and the issuance of the patent. The commissioner who consid- ered the case began by saying: “‘The inventor is dead; the patent attorney is dead; and the only question now to decide is whether the case is still alive.” While the inventor, him- self, had been responsible for some of the delay, the commissioner declared that much of the fault for the thirty-five-year wait lay with the Patent Office. Such delays must be made impossible. Even after the final fee of $20, which it is now proposed to raise to $25, has been sent in, there is always an additional month of waiting before the patent is actually grant- ed. The rule is that four weeks after the final fee is paid, the patent is allowed. N THE last twelve months, Commissioner Robertson has received approximately 500,000 letters from inventors in all parts of the country. A goodly share of them ask if some- thing cannot be done to remedy the present in- tolerable conditions. This, PopULAR SCIENCE Monraty believes, must be accomplished if one of the country’s greatest assets—its in- ventive spirit—is not to be stifled. The first _ > remedying present con- ditions is a realization that the problem will not solve itself. In the past, even patent offi- cials believed that the flood of inventions would soon ebb. Today we realize that the attitude of Thomas A. Edison was more nearly right when he told a newspaper reporter: ‘‘ We don’t know one millionth of one percent of anything.”’ The inventive period of the world has just begun. And the future program of the Patent Office must be geared to that reali- zation. During the last ten years, more patents have been granted in the United States than during the 100 years from President Washington’s inaugural in 1789 to President Harrison’s in- augural in 1889. In 1929, 114,496 applica- tions for patents, trade-marks, and designs poured into the Washington office. And thus far in 1930, there has been a twelve percent in- crease over the record-breaking flood of last year. Besides mechanical inventions, the Patent Office passes on about 5,000 designs and 20,000 trade-marks a year. Recently, the requests for trade-marks has increased 100 percent. PPROXIMATELY one half of the applica- tions are granted. Thus each year there are about 50,000 more patents placed on the twenty- five miles of shelves which hold all those issued in the Washington office. This adds an average of nearly 1,000 apiece to the sixty-two divi- sions into which all inventions are classified and through which the examiners make their search. As a result, the time required for such a search.increases every year. No other nation has done as much along the lines of invention as America. With one sixteenth of the world’s population, it holds one half of all the world’s patents. In the United States, an average of one patent for every 150 persons has been taken out. It was the first nation to have an established pat- ent office. Other countries had given protec- tion in the form of monopolies, but the Ameri- can patent laws set the pace in protecting the poor inventor. An American dove not have to forfeit his patent because he is unable to manufacture it, as is the case in other coun- tries. Neither does he (Continued on page 134) 133 learn Ilustrating a END for our free catalog “A Road to Bigger Things.” Learn how former Federal School graduates now earn big money. See the work and comments of more than fifty famous artists who have contributed their secrets to the Federal course. Opportunities in drawing have never been better. The Federal Course includes illustrating, car- tooning, lettering, window card illustrating, etc. If you like to draw, train your talent. We inclose a test chart with our catalog. It finds out your ability. Fill out the coupon now. Federal School of Illustrating, 6140 Federal School Bldg., Minneapolis, Minn. ee ee eee eee meee eee eee eeereeeeeeeeeneee

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134 GET POPULAR! Play the Piano Accordion Learn by p ad ‘of tire: mu sic instea = some ‘‘exercises.’’ Learn at ae. in your spare time. UDDENLY the’ Piano Ac- ~ cordion has become most popular instrument of the day. It is an entire or- chestra in itself. Piano Ac- LEARN TO PLAY ; i ANY INSTRUMENT | Scrvand for solo and especiales work in the modern orchestra and make a ‘‘big hit” at any party. Yet now, even if you have no knowledge of music or op you = learn to Piano jis of any other instrument Ping Controt that you choose, right at home in a few short months— - oF vener) and learn without a teacher at mn an average cost of only a few Harmony & Coinposition cents a day. Already over a half-million people have be- come popular musicians this quick easy way. Select your favorite instrument today. Then write for Free Book and Free Demonstration Lesson which give you the whole story of this remarkable home study method. No obligation. Mail coupon NOW. U. 8. School of Music, 86 Brunswick Bidg., New York City. U. S. SCHOOL OF MUSIC, $8 Beunewich Bidg., New York City Send me your free book, usic Lessons in Your Own Home,” with introduction by me Frank Crane. Also FREE DEMONSTRATION LESSON. This does not put me under any obligation. Learn by Doing That’s the way we teach and we do more—we give the student a thorough training which will insure his success in after life. No field offers such great possibilities to ambitious men as the ELECTRICAL FIELD. You must however be practically trained before you can reach the harvest of your knowledge. We teach you electricity by giving you the actual work to do Every branch of Practical Electricity is so thoroughly and so personally taught as to place one who graduates from our school several years ahead of the experienced man in the field who has not had special training such as we give. Write for our Free Booklet today, or call at the school and get full par- ticulars. School open all year. THE NEW YORK ELECTRICAL SCHOOL 40 West 17th Street, New York City | | | | | | i Se Se Se Si Ue ee ee ee el ell le New Kind Of Can Works Like Magic! At last! An automatic, simple little can opening machine for the home. This revolutionary invention in only a few short months has banished old can openers from over 100,000 kitch- ens. And no wonder! Imagine an amasing, lifetime device that holds the can and cuts out the top leaving can rim slick, smooth and clean. Just turn a crank, that’s all. Approved by Housekeeping Inst., Modern Priscilla, etc. Write today for special introductory advertising offer. Central States Mfg. Co. Dept. G-843 4500 Mary Ave., St. Louis, Mo. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Patent Office Has Become A National Disgrace (Continued from page 133) have to pay taxes upon his invention, as in other nations. American patent laws have aided the in- ventor and stimulated invention, and to this fact the nation owes much of its astounding advance along mechanical lines. As the rich- est nation in the world, and with much of its wealth derived from the products of its inventors, America must take immediate and adequate steps to meet the needs of the pres- ent patent situation. When the new building of the Department of Commerce is completed in about a year and a half, the Patent Office will move into new quarters in one wing. This change will provide sufficient room for present needs, but officials declare it will allow little chance for expansion. What must be demanded of Con- gress is a forward-looking program that will keep step with inventive progress. FORMER Commissioner of to my has = clared that there is no reason why an ordi- nary application should remain in the Patent Office longer than one week without being taken up for consideration. That goal, wel- comed by all inventors, will be achieved only when the present system is altered to allow salaries high enough to retain good men as examiners and appropriations large enough to provide enough men and sufficient facilities for taking care of the volume of business which is increasing yearly. The number of examiners that can be hired and the equipment that can be provided depend upon the size of the ap- propriation allotted the Patent Office each year by Congress. Thus the Patent Office is dependent upon Congress, and Congress must be made to realize its needs. All those who wish to see progress in this direction should write to this magazine or to their Congressmen, and they should stir up public opinion and agitate for patent relief! The above program must constantly be urged upon those in authority if the Patent Office is to cease to be a national disgrace and to fulfill again its primary function, as defined recently by President Hoover: “to stimulate and protect American ingenuity and inventive- ness.” Why 2,000,000 Americans Are Dope Fiends (Continued from page 43) that a dope user lives from a few to thirty years. His weakened condition makes him an easy prey to disease and infection of all kinds. Dr. Hobart A. Hare, famous drug authority, tells of several cases in which the systems of women addicts rg Be so permeated with the drug that their new-born infants collapsed on the second or third day owing to lack of their customary doses. Few of those who begin using narcotics are fully aware of the aftermath. All narcotics demand larger and larger doses as time goes on. One eighth of a grain is sufficient at the start. But by the end of six months to a year, to obtain the same reaction, the addict requires from two to three grains. The average dose of the average morphine addict is from ten to thirty grains a day. Some dope fiends use as much as 250 grains a day—nearly four tea- spoonfuls—an amount sufficient to kill five hundred normal men! ND the cost of this habit is enormous. An ounce of morphine or a similar narcotic smuggled into the United States is worth $150; seven times its weight in gold. At the European sources, the price is about fifty cents. It costs the average addict (Continued on page 135) JUNE, 1930 CHEMISTRY Complete, practical home-study courses pre by some of the best-known chemists in this country, including MPA sgeane B.S. and O) ce Pca rganic ° , ucts Co.; BrapLey 5 StroucHToN, B.S.— artment of, Metall Lebigh “Universe and p en ui niversity, an OwEN SHINN, PhD. — of Kppli lied ine, University of osaheee Mail Coupon for Free Booklet [INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF CHEMISTRY l Division of the | International Correspondence School | Without cost or obligation, piece send me full — of AL,h no study course 1 Metallur teal same Chemfeat ical npioserize H Short Che Chemistry 4 | ndustrial Chemistry | | | | | BNE dct cacnclieitas! Lae Address.._..... ae * = 5 i GovernmentJob’” Work for Uncle Sam. Get good pay, regular increases, vacations and sick ioave with pay, steady advancement, engine. 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Ra ee ee ee cme

June, 1930

Why 2,000,000 Americans Are Dope Fiends (Continued from page 134) from five to seven dollars a day to indulge his habit; the sum, of course, increasing as he uses larger amounts. An addict taking 250 grains daily would spend nearly $75 a day or more than $27,000 a year for drugs alone. Where, unless the victim happens to be rich, does the money come from? That; Dr. Sirovich told me, is where the ‘relationship between drugs and crime comes in. Narcotics dull the mind and weaken the body of the user so he is unable to earn an honest living and at the same time make him desperate for mere money. A large share of the robberies, holdups, and murders committed in America can be traced directly to drugs. These crimes are perpetrated either under the influence of dope, which gives the evildoer the necessary nerve; in order to obtain more narcotics; or under the combina- tion of these conditions. When illegal narcotics go, Dr. Sirovich maintains, a high percentage of crime will go with them. F THE 200 tons of such illegal drugs smuggled into the United States last year, 85 per cent came through the port of New York, he told me. Because of the ingenuity of the smugglers, detection is extremely diffi- cult. And so far as the retail peddlers are con- cerned, they are much harder to discover, ar- rest, and convict than bootleggers, due to the fact that drugs can be carried about the per- son or in small bags or brief cases without arousing suspicion. Still, the Federal narcotic agents often prove a match for the smugglers. In one haul, a short time ago, they confiscated 4,500 pounds in a single shipment at New York City. It came in on a liner in a box labeled “Brushes.” In another case, a box labeled “Bowling Pins” aroused the suspicion of the agents. On the side of the box were the letters “I. T.” This meant that the box was “in transit” and was to be taken directly from the boat to a bonded warehouse to await shipment on the first train for its destination. The agents trailed the truck driver who drove off with the box. On his way to the warehouse, he turned into a side street and pulled up before an empty building. Several men came out and together they carried the box inside. A few minutes later, they emerged again bearing what appeared to be the identical box they had carried inside. The truckman started off. In the next block, the agents stopped him, tore open the box—and found nothing but harmless bowling pins. But when they re- turned to the building, they surprised members of the dope ring opening the original shipment. In it were bowling pins, but each was hollow and filled with morphine. FAVORITE ruse by which big shipments of opium and its derivatives reach America, Dr. Sirovich explained, is as follows: The smug- gler poses as an exporter who has an order for drugs from someforeign country. From theState Department, in Washington, he obtains an “export certificate.” This allows him to bring the shipment into the United States from a drug factory in some other nation “in transit,” to send on to his “customer” in the foreign country. The box cannot be opened while passing through the United States and it is to be kept in a bonded warehouse when it is not en route by railroad or steamer. But some- where along the way, the shipment is diverted and another box, identical in size, shape, weight, and markings, but filled with any sort of junk, is substituted and sent to the “‘cus- tomer” in the foreign land. During the past twelve months, narcotics at the rate of more than two tons a month have been shipped to Patagonia, the wild, sparsely-inhabited southern tip of South Amer- ica. Practically all (Continued on page 136) ee:

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Why 2,000,000 Americans Are Dope Fiends (Continued from page 135) of these drugs, it is safe to say, “disappeared” somewhere along the route and were used in illegal traffic. One of the most ingenious systems of smug- gling morphine is by means of the “dope let- ter,” a method recently uncovered in an Ameri- can penitentiary. Someone on the outside sends an inmate a harmless-looking letter. It appears to be on ordinary writing paper. But, before the letter is penned, the paper is soaked all day in water saturated with morphine. Then it is allowed to dry, after which a short note is written on it. In prison, the convict tears off and dissolves in water pieces of the missive each day, thus obtaining an uninterrupted supply of the drug. At another institution, a suit of clothes was | sent to an inmate. It was found that each but- ton on the garment contained a cavity filled with opium and morphine. Another time, a woman sent a picture of her son to a friend in prison. When guards examined the photo- graph, they found that enough morphine was hidden in the back to last for three months. ECENTLY, Federal agents captured a sup- ply of narcotics being carried about in a Bible. The center of the book had been hol- lowed out to provide space for morphine, co- caine, and hypodermic needles. Another time, they found a supply of dope hidden in cakes of soap. The cakes looked exactly like dozens of others in the same carton. Candy is often used by dope smugglers to hide their contraband wares. The heroin, cocaine, morphine, and opium is coated with chocolate to give it the appearance of an ordi- nary piece of candy. In some cases, the _ is colored with dyes so it exactly matches the hue of the caramel or chocolate in which it is secreted. Cigarettes, with dope hidden inside, is another method by which the dope peddler escapes detection. When the headquarters of a notorious drug ring in the eastern part of the United States was raided some time ago, quantities of mor- phine were found concealed in the panels of the wall with hidden scales for weighing the dope. By employing such devious methods, the nar- cotic smuggler escapes detection. There is only one Federal narcotic agent for every half mil- lion people in the United States. Consequently, most of the large hauls made by Federal men are achieved through information from dis- gruntled employees of the smugglers, or through lucky accidents. Such an accident took place a few years ago in New York City. An automobile bumped in- to a barrel of “fish”? which had just been un- loaded upon a pier from a vessel. The barrel tipped over and, from a tin container within, there tumbled a flood of white pellets that looked like moth balls—a fortune in pure morphine. The entire consignment was found upon examination to contain illicit narcotics valued at three quarters of a million dollars. Four drugs—opium, morphine, heroin, and cocaine—are the ones that are smuggled and cause all the trouble. Cocaine, extracted from the coca leaf ‘of South America and Java, is used so infrequently that the main fight cen- ters upon the other three, all derived from the opium poppy of China, India, Persia, Turkey, and Egypt. It is estimated that there are as many as 100,000 users of opium, morphine, and heroin in the city of New York alone! T FIRST sight, crude opium suggests the pulp of crushed raisins. It is obtained by cutting the side of the unripe seed capsule, which is about the size of an egg, when the poppy is a little less than a year old. From the cut a milky white secretion oozes. In twenty-four hours it turns dark and coagulates. From this crude (Continued on page 137) JunE, 1930 ew Bungalow| Business Earns BIG MONEY/ Everybody buys Popcorn, Or- — ange Drink, Coneys, Peanuts, E Ice Cream—All are Long Profit Items—from the NATIONAL BUNGALOW— Biggest, Most Attractive Little Store in America. Pays as Much as 80c Profit on Every Dollar you take in. Wool- worth does it with Dimes. You Can Too! Beem writes, “I § took in $338.20 in 3 Days.”’ Laubach reports as much as $300 a week. Bailey takes in around $140 a week. Excel- lent Locations Are Open

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THE NATIONAL SCHOOL OF CARTOONING 615 Penton Building Cleveland, Ohio POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY ——_ Why 2,000,000 Americans Are Dope Fiends (Continued from page 136) opium morphine is extracted, and from mor- phine heroin is obtained. In all, eighteen narcotic drugs are derived from crude opium. Morphine usually comes in tablets that look like aspirin. Heroin and cocaine, known to addicts as “snow,” are white powders having the appearance of tal- cum. Both cocaine and heroin are sniffed up the nose in the manner in which snuff is taken. Morphine is usually injected with a hypoder- mic needle and opium is eaten or smoked. Just what happens when such drugs are taken? The first effect is a feeling of exhilara- tion, Dr. Sirovich explained. The drug affects the medulla, or “small brain,” stimulating heart and lung action. The addict feels strong, happy, courageous. Hence the name, often applied to heroin, “happy dust.” This lasts from haif an hour to an hour. It is during this period that heroin-using gunmen commit their murders and holdups. Later, the drug deadens the cells of the main brain, particularly those in the forepart which govern perception, and the addict falls into a stupor filled with pleasant dreams. This lasts from eight to ten hours. The awakening is accompanied by nau- sea, headache, tremors, and depression. ANTASTIC hallucinations are often expe- rienced by the confirmed drug user, while another curious effect produced by narcotics concerns the eyes. When a doctor examines a patient who is in a drug stupor, the first thing he does is lift the eyelids and glance at the pupils. If they are contracted into pin points he knows morphine or opium was the drug used. If the pupils are dilated, heroin was used. However, young ambulance surgeons are always warned to look at both eyes when they are called to examine a man found unconscious. If one pupil is small and the other large, the victim has been black-jacked or has fallen and struck his head, resulting in a hemorrhage of the brain on the side of the pin point pupil. A question that many people ask, and one that I put to Dr. Sirovich, is: How can you tell a drug addict? In the early stages it is often impossible, he.told me. But later many signs are evident. The features are expression- less, indicating a lack of mental activity. The cheeks are sunken and the eyes lusterless. The color of the skin varies from a waxen pallor to a bluish appearance. The finger nails become brittle and chip off. The teeth soften and crumble away. Gradual loss of weight in- creases monthly. Addicts become excessive cigarette smokers. The blood pressure of mor- phine users is above normal; of heroin users, below normal. Yawning every few seconds is asymptom. Tremors are frequent and extreme muscular weakness finally ends in collapse. Frequently addicts become fanatics, crusad- ers for drugs, seeking to persuade others to take up the habit. They think of nothing else, and when two or more addicts get together they talk for hours about their experiences. In that way, many a weak character is made into a dope fiend. And like all other vices, the habit is much easier to acquire than to lose. Curing an addict is a difficult procedure and seldom entirely successful. At institutions where drug users are given the “cure,” the amount of drug is reduced gradually. This tapering off process requires from 2 month to six weeks. Only in cases where the patient strongly desires to be cured is the effect per- manent. Most addicts return to the drug as soon as they are released. Thus medical science is almost powerless to redeem these unfortunates. 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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY JUNE, 1939 A New Light on Canned Foods : (Continued from page 44) JUNE

ey

a view to pleasing a wide variety of tastes. The first day, Miss Parrish treated her “family of five” to this repast served, of course, in duplicate: Menu No. 1 Grapefruit Cocktail Baked Ham Candied Sweet Potatoes Buttered Spinach Stewed Tomatoes Fig Pudding color of the fresh sweet potatoes better than those of the canned, and the string beans, they found superior. The cranberry jellies they pronounced quite similar in flavor and con- sistency, but they thought the fresh product: was prettier in color. Both the fresh and canned pineapple were to their liking. On the third day, the “contest” was between fresh and canned versions of this dinner: Menu No. 3

How did the two meals compare? The Cream of Celery Soup fresh-foods dinner cost $3.16 and that made _ ,. Salmon Cutlets ' N from canned goods $3.92, an advantage of Spaghetti with Tomato Sauce Vegetable Salad Just seventy-six cents in favor of the fresh meal. Apple Sauce “te However, the committee were served larger ‘ . ; -8. portions of ham, candied sweet potatoes, pa = —_ = ved coy . erp sen im Of tomatoes when they sat down to the canned age — ed aiade ~—— i $1 81: Pe an dinner. This was due to unavoidable waste in Sant “ach f & “ > ge pase , $3.85 . the preparation of the fresh meat and vege- diff : oo ee , Soo, S per vg erence of $2.04. It took Miss Parrish just ART - a Vital part fifty-three minutes to prepare and cook the HE total time consumed in preparing the canned dinner; the fresh meal consumed two of Moder n Business canned articles was thirty-five minutes; DOUS met ae tc an The We me that in cooking them, one hour and forty-four ba ——) Megre troy ar Raypener — Art as used in advertising, in maga- minutes. The fresh-foods dinner took two ivory tothe fresh. The pa sone! ms cola zines, newspapers, etc., is a mouth- hours and eleven minutes to prepare and eight and eaule auuce: the is th It of over 25 was superior in flavor in every instance except than fresh ~ rovided the items are chant TI years of actual experience of producing illus- | | the tomatoes. with care and discrimination, Obviously, the to trations and designs. You receive illustrated On the second day, the committee was be hed and d . h Sty; | iy fr lessons by many leading artists and illus- called upon to judge the following double °#% ¢ COOked and prepared much more quickly la trators, and individual personal criticism of dienes and easily. As for flavor, that, of course, is a pr SALT ¥ ph Menu No. 2 matter of individual taste. My ‘family,’ on fc eaten money quickly. | Roast Chicken the whole, seemed to prefer the taste of the a : fresh meats, fruits, and vegetables.” | | Sweet Potato Puffs String Beans , a Results Count! Cranberry Jelly So far as nutritive value and healthfulness ears ctar as oat a Pineapple sasepe sae tae ie Seal . . fearly, and eve . , Students frequently carn more than enough P PF Dr. Walter H. Eddy he a of h ila to pay for their Federal Course even before N THIS case, the canned meal was sixty-four. Teach Coll ’ ms lumbi 5 1 it they finish it. cents cheaper than the fresh. The outlay Th ae gs font went d aevereny: Al Send for Thi | for the canned food was $1.77; for the fresh dey omy process, De 28s S0UnC, Preserves rE. end for 1s chicken and other articles, $2.41. But there ther than destroys the nutritive qualities of “ Free Book was considerable difference in the size of the £004, and the belief that canned foods ave less no . Wh h Se fieosh healthful is based on an erroneous vitamin “Your Future” de- Beene eered. the “famikt of fee? <a, theory (P. S. M., Aug. ’26, p. 40). Experiments scribes the fascinating dinner was served, the “family of five” sat totes cemis ties. Gee fea i Pp heak Federal Course which down to tiuee pounds three ounces of roast ss ae np at ps Aes: cl h at there B quickly prepares you for a chicken, while the quantity of canned chicken, t S 1 as muc tem =n (t " oriad trek eo “cten talew after removal of the jelly*and cooking, had ® ila ates a tte right now for free copy. shrunk to only one pound six and one quarter eats t ounces. ig! pounds of _ — aa Pp been bought, and three pounds of canned. The . . m FEDERAL SCHOOL Q) | test honed Gah the aiits notin al ah Pins in Cork to Mark . of Commercial Designing chicken is more than twice that of canned, and Bottles of Poison - 1369 Federal Schools Bidg., that a family of five really would require two d te Sicetnaiiitn. Gthim, three-pound cans of chicken. That would Bort es of poison may be made less danger- m — bring the actual cost of this dinner, in canned _ ous for householders by having pins stuck into w form, to $4.84 instead of $1.77. their corks as a warning device, suggests the

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No previous day preparation or lengthy bak- | ing and steaming processes were involved in | this fresh meal, and so the time saved in pre- | paring its duplicate from cans proved less than in the case of Menu No. 1. Miss Parrish and her students devoted one hour and forty-four minutes actual time to the fresh dinner and forty-four minutes to the canned. And what was the verdict of the judges? The canned chicken, they ruled, was over- | cooked and in shreds, and did not taste as well as the fresh. They liked the flavor and National Safety Council, in Chicago. Al- though many druggists now sell poisonous sub- stances in bottles distinguishable either by peculiar shape or sharp points, nevertheless the average home has various deadly chemical compounds such as rat poisons and disinfec- tants which are kept unmarked in the pantry or bathroom. If the corks of all poison bottles were studded with good-sized pins, they probably would make the user examine the bottle before sampling the contents.

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1930 ——., than they con- duct ined een ilad - in ‘lay the . just the two ly ind on, or 3ut uce oth ter, lly the the ork nt nd is? er ey ly sa on he ‘SS

June, 1930 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 139

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LANCASTER, ALLWINE & ROMMEL Fy nee Patent Attorneys Juray Bidg., Washington, D.C. andi of forms ‘‘Evidence of Conception” *300,000 For This Invention That's what Eastman Kodak paid for the Autographic idea. Thousands of other inventions are needed and offer enormous gppercuniens for earning ae you are of an inventive n of mind, why not concentrate on things that are seal ‘NEEDED? Get Raymond Yate’s 1,000 Needed Inventions Costs only $1.50 and may start you thinking along the right lines. You'll get nowhere just fussing around. Co centrate on what the industries n public wants. n- and on what the Do: b money back if you want it. This offer limited. bt now and get on the right track. (Outside U. S., $1.7 cash with order.) Address MAKE MUCH MONEY Making and Selling Your Own Products. Formulas, Processes, Trade-Secrets. All lines. Automobile Specialties. Cleaning, Polishing Compounds. Food Products. Toilet Preparations, etc. Expert Analytical Service. Catalog, circulars free. Cc. 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A definite program for getting ahead financially will be found on page four of this issue ATEN TS SECURED TRADE-MARKS REGISTERED High-class professional service for Inventors and Trade-Mark Users is necessary for PROPER PROTECTION. We Offer you our facilities on Reasonable Terms. If you have an invention send us a model or sketch and description and we will give you our OPINION whether your invention comes within the provisions of the Patent Laws. Our book, “HOW TO GET YOUR PATENT” and Record of Invention Certificate sent on request. DELAYS are DANGEROUS in Patent Matters. WE ASSIST OUR CLIENTS TO SELL THEIR PATENTS TERMS REASONABLE BEST REFERENCES walinpaicnardhenessnamenen EE TAREE ern nnndiienhntls RANDOLPH & COMPANY, Patent Attorneys Dept. 130 Washington, D. C. Tricks That Add to a Car’s Speed (Continued from page 74) “in the first place here’s your money. You’rea good sport, kid; you didn’t try to pull any alibis. That Hank would beat you was a sure thing and I wouldn’t bet on a sure thing, You were licked before you started. The two cars are the same make and model and you’rea good driver, but that had nothing to do with it. What did mean something is that Hank has been playing with auto motors long enough to know some of the tricks of getting the most out of them. For instance, what did you do to your carburetor before the race?” “Nothing,” Jack replied. “Why should I? Tt was all right.” “Not for racing or hill-climbing tests,’’ Gus explained. “Hank set his for a good rich mixture that would give him plenty of kick on the hill and the last mile of speed on the level. What did you do to the ignition?” “T checked that, all right,” said Jack. “Looked over the spark plugs to make sure that there weren’t any fouled ones and I looked at the breaker points to make sure nae weren't getting pitted.” LL right for ordinary use,”’ admitted Gus, “but Hank came here last night and got himself a whole new set of spark plugs and also a new set of spark plug cables. You two have had those cars nearly a year, and while the spark plugs and ignition cable are plenty good enough for any ordinary service, if you want to get the last ounce of pep out of the motor, new plugs and new cable will help a trifle—and it only takes a couple of trifles to make a differ- ence between two cars of the same make.” “Gosh, ” young Landrith exclaimed. “ Any- thing else?” “‘Sure,” Gus smiled. “Hank spent nearly an hour here last night just making sure his brakes didn’t drag the tiniest bit. You know how fussy he is about draining the crank case every little while and grinding the valves every few thousand miles. He even went over the | wheel bearings and made sure they were set just loose enough.” “T’ll bet he put one over on me by taking his muffler off, too,” Jack suggested. “T know he didn’t do that,” Gus asserted, “but he did get busy with the generator and moved the third brush over as far as he ceuld to get the charging rate way down so that the generator didn’t drag on the motor so much. “There’s another point where you missed out,” Gus continued. “TI never could get you to believe that it paid to use real good gas. Hank knows better. He buys the best he can get. And the same goes for oil, too. Another thing: You jam your transmission case and rear end full of cheap grease. It doesn’t lubricate as well and makes a lot more friction than good transmission oil.” “Well, anyhow, I had sense enough to pump up my tires,”’ Jack maintained. “Yes, and how did you do it?” inquired Gus. “You probably put just as much air in as the makers recommend. That’s right for regular use, but if you want to cut down the rolling friction on good roads, shoot in an extra five pounds or so.” “Good night!” said young Landrith dis- gustedly. “‘The next time Til try to know a little more before I start shooting off my face!” “That’s a real good idea, too,’ Gus agreed. Dip you ever wonder whether your dreams last for an hour, or only a splic second? What makes you dream you are falling? Can dreams be made to order? A noted psychologist tells, in a coming issue of POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY, how for the first time—through an un- expected discovery—he has solved these and other fascinating mysteries of dreams. JUNE, 1930 _——— JUNE —— dea sulé sch Ge ma: wid at | bric saic plas tior the you he ; cei\ mat dev wa eac

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1930 ~ re a ny ure ea it, has ut ur I? "US ich on el. ire CD kt eee ros O89 Supe rt Se ee pee pee Pe ee 8 —_— —_ » ave Vw June, 1930 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 141 L Glass Walls Now Used in Building (Continued from page 39) dead-air space is said to make them heat-in- sulating and soundproof. Tests at technical schools of Dresden, Berlin, and Munich, in Germany, have shown that these glass bricks may be made thoroughly fireproof. In Germany the glass bricks have had wide application. A large airplane hangar at Munich, just completed, is walled with the bricks, laid on a concrete framework. It is said to be as light inside as outdoors. Else- where the bricks have been used in such varied places as the roofs of underground railway sta- tions and the walls of small filling stations. O ONE knows who started the “glass iN house” idea. One of the first, even before the German pioneers, was Frederick Keppler, a young London architect. Twenty-five years ago he stared at the fog from his window and con- ceived the idea that the entire wall might be made into a window. After experimenting, he developed square, six-inch tiles of heavy glass, fitted together in twos so that each pane was of double thickness. Ribs left an air space between. The tiles bore a design in relief, so that they could not be seen through. These were the blocks of which the glass walls in the building at Magdeburg, Germany, a Government con- vention hall, were built. Now a resident of this country, Keppler plans an American plant where his glass build- ing tiles will be produced in quantity. The plant will be in operation, soon he says. Meanwhile plans are going forward for the greatest of all glass structures—the eighteen- story apartment houses which the architect Frank Lloyd Wright proposes. Radical as the structures are, they are said to have been ap- proved and the actual building of those in New York is understood to wait only upon negotia- tions for the purchase of the necessary land. These novel buildings are upside-down ver- sions of the usual style of construction. They will be slightly larger at the top than at the base, tending to give them the topheavy ap- pearance of an inverted pyramid. The base will be a massive pedestal of concrete. From this will rise four piers of concrete, through the center, to the top. Floors, like shelves, will extend outward from these central piers. Walls for these buildings will be great shells of copper and glass. “The glass will be thick or thin,” Wright says, “as the needs of the room require.” It will be of a type which it is claimed admits the ultra-violet or health rays of the sun. Since water running down the walls in heavy rains would obscure the light, each floor projects beyond the one below it. OR ventilation, whole panes of the glass open on hinges like casement windows. Heavy drapes can be swung together upon the glass walls to assure privacy and to regulate the brightness of the light. Although Wright is noted for his radical ideas in architecture, he is far from being a dreamer. He built the Imperial Hotel at Tokyo, said to have been the only building of impor- tance that withstood the famous earthquake of a few years ago. He is also called the original designer of the American bungalow style of home. Such a reputation insures that the glass houses he projects, though novel, are architec- turally sound. Nor is he the only prominent advocate of glass in building. Harvey Wiley Corbett, New York architect, plans a glass-walled industrial center of modernistic design, including a twen- ty-five-story building, as a $6,000,000 project in the neighborhood of New York City. Two other prominent architects, Hugh Ferriss and Joseph Urban, told Poputar ScreNcE MONTHLY that they are interested in the new building materials of glass, although they await further data as to their strength and other qualities. COPYRIGHTS OUR OFFE . FOR THE PROTECTION OF YOUR INVENTION YOUR FIRST STEP—The inventor should write for our blank form “RECORD OF INVENTION.” Before disclosing your invention, a sketch and description should be made on our “Record of Invention Blank,” signed, witnessed, then re- turned to us and we will place it in our fireproof secret files. We will also give our opinion as to whether the invention comes within the Patent Office definition of a patentable in- vention. This “ Record of Invention” ! will A eae as “proof he conception” until the case can be filed in the Our New Building Nearly 2, u.s. Patent Office. There is no charge Us fer Gur Own Use or obligation for this service. Patent Office Specially Erected by Write for Our Five Books Mailed Free to Inventors Our Illustrated Guide Book HOW TO OBTAIN A PATENT Contains full instructions regarding U. S. Patents. Our Methods, Terms, and 100 Mechanical Movements illustrated and described, OUR TRADE-MARK BOOK Shows value and yor Bo Trade-Mark Protection. Informa- tion regarding TRADE-MARKS AND UNFAIR COMPETI- TION IN TRADE. OUR FOREIGN BOOK We have Direct Agencies in Foreign Countries, and secure Foreign Patents in shortest time and at lowest cost. PROGRESS OF INVENTION Description of World’s Most Desirable Inventions and Pressing Problems by Leading Scientists and INVENTORS. DELAYS ARE DANGEROUS IN PATENT MATTERS TO AVOID DELAY: YOU SHOULD HAVE YOUR CASE MADE SPECIAL IN OUR OFFICE to save correspondence, secure protection and early filing date in Patent Office. You should send us a model, sketch or photograph with a description of your invention together with $25.00 on account. We will make an examination of the U. S. Patent Office records and if it is patentable we will prepare the official drawings immediately and forward them for approval. If the invention is not patentable we will return the fee less the cost of the examination. PAYMENT OF FEES IN INSTALLMENTS It is not necessary that the total cost of a patent be paid in one payment. We permit our clients to pay for their applications in three installments as the preparation of the application progresses in our office. ALL COMMUNICATIONS AND DATA STRICTLY SE- CRET and CONFIDENTIAL. INTERFERENCE and IN- . FRINGEMENT SUITS PROSECUTED. Our Large, Compre- \Y hensive Organization has been established for 30 years and offers S 7 Prompt, Efficient and Personal Service by experienced Patent Lawyers and Draftsmen. We shall be glad to have you consult us or to answer any questions in regard to Patents, Trade-marks or Copyrights without charge. We Assist our Clients to Sell Their Patents Highest References—Prompt Service—Reasonable Terms WRITE TODAY FREE VICTOR J. EVANS & CoO. COUPON Registered Patent Attorneys: Established 1898 seccesesssesses® MAIN OFFICES: 690 Ninth Sk: Washington, D. Cc. BRANCH OFFICES: 1007 Woolworth Bldg., New York City; 1640-42 Cosmwer Bide.» Chicago, Ill.; 514 Empire Bldg., Pittsburgh, Pa.; 828 Fidelity Phila. Trust Bldg., Philadelphia, Pa.; 1010 Hobart Blidg., San Francisco, Calif. Gentlemen: Please send me FREE OF CHARGE your books as described above. Address.......... Oe sodga tors Rod ee ye omne carga CM OMGed Basen beeeeeeeeeeeeE CCC EEC ESESRSREELESS

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY JUNE, 1939

Dogs Are Smart—How About Cats? 4q (Continued from page 57 it repeated on three different winter mornings. In another case a cat had some oil spilled on its back while a lamp was being trimmed. Later, while sitting near the grate, its fur caught fire from a spark. Immediately it dashed out of the house and made for the village watering trough, into which it plunged and extinguished the flames. Astounded at first, members of the household afterward realized that the fire in the grate was put out with water nightly in the cat’s presence. These examples, if accepted as authentic, suggest the ability not only to learn from observation, but to make plans accordingly, both of which are indications of high intelligence. OMANES reports several instances of cats that opened doors by pushing thumb latches and turning door knobs, ringing bells and lifting knockers. In some cases, when the doorbell itself could not be reached, the cats jumped at the bellwires and rang the bell in that manner. A number of cats are known to catch fish. Considering their dislike of water and the obvious difficulties, keen observation at least must be conceded—unless the action is in response to an age-old instinct. As for stories of intelligent dogs, these, of course, are legion. Charles Darwin, the father of evolution, had a dog who remembered him well after five years. “He obeyed me,” wrote Darwin, “as if I had parted with him only an hour before.” Romanes tells of a skye terrier that hated to be washed. As time went on, its aversion to bathing became stronger and stronger. At last the dog became so fierce at the very sight of water that the servants of the house refused point-blank to give it a bath. Then the terrier’s mistress tried it herself. But even she was not safe. Cajolery, threats, beating, and starva- tion were of no avail. Finally, the owner decided to give the dog the “silent treatment.” She paid no attention to it. She was in the habit of taking it along on her daily walk, but now went out without it. When she sat reading or sewing and it came up to her, she turned her head and looked away. This lasted ten days. At length the dog came up to her one morning with an expression that plainly said: “I submit.” Immediately it was given a bath, which was endured patiently. Then, barking joyously, it bounded for the door to go for the customary daily walk. When next a bath was due, the terrier at first was obstinate. But all its mistress had to do was to turn her head and the dog would run for the tub! DOG and his master were crossing the frozen river Dee, in Scotland, when the ice broke. The man had a gun and was able to keep himself from sinking by placing it cross the opening. When the dog’s own efforts to save its master proved fruitless, it ran to a neighboring village, grasped a man by the coat, and by gestures prevailed upon him to follow. The stranger arrived in time to save the master’s life. Similar examples are familiar to everyone. They indicate an ability to reason that is almost incredible for lower animals. An English terrier was taught to ring for the servant. To test whether the dog knew why it rang, it was told to do so while the servant was in the room. Repeatedly it refused to obey. The moment the maid was gone, however, it rang as soon as ordered. Some of the most remarkable stories have to do with the recognition of photographs. One dog, for instance, when its master was away from home, spent much of its time in the par- lor gazing at its master’s portrait and softly whining. No similar behavior in a cat has ever been reported. Many dogs seem capable of acting a part, meaning that they indulge in make-believe in real life; not in the movies, for which they are trained. A terrier was fond of catching flies on the window pane, but showed much annoyance when its failures were laughed at. Eventually it became so distressed that it pretended to catch a fly, going through all the appropriate motions. When its master pointed out that the fly was still on the window, it slunk away.) in shame. a Many instances are known of dogs snatching * food in the kitchen and hiding it and then pretending to be asleep when they heard thé; cook returning. Dogs that slip their collars off to go on poaching parties and then get back into the collar again on their return also belong among these untaught actors. Perhaps the clearest cases of reasoning are those in which the dog estimates the strength and direction of a current. One dog had to swim a swift channel about a mile wide. If the tide was flowing, it would run about a mile to the north before plunging in; if ebbing, it would run to the south, in either case arriving almost exactly at its destination. NOTHER dog that lived on a ship+was seen gazing intently at floating straws and sticks to estimate the drift of the tide when swimming to the ship from the wharf. When no sticks were visible, it would drop one paw in the water, feel the way the tide ran, and run up or down stream as the case might be. There are even apparently well authenticated examples of dogs taking trips on railroad trains and not only getting off at the right station, but taking a return train home. Evidence from experiment and anecdotes, then, strongly favor the dog as the more intel- ligent of the two animals. But to make a fair comparison, the striking contrast presented by the dog and the cat should be taken into account. And to understand that, the wild stock from which they were evolved should be considered. The dog and the cat are almost exact oppo- sites. The dog is descended from a gregarious species, the wolf, and the cat from a solitary species, probably the wild cat. These ancestral characteristics are still plainly visible. Domes- tication has bred out the fierceness, but the countless centuries of evolution have left a mark too deep to erase. In the dog, therefore, the long history of its ancestors as members of the first social group, the primitive pack, is reflected. United alike in offence and defence, each responsive to its fellows in the group, the social instincts were developed and the foundation laid for com- panionship and codperation with others. The aloof and solitary ancestors of the cat, on the other hand, passed on the traits of self-suf- ficiency, cunning, and strategy. HE old habits persist. The dog pursuing its quarry still barks his noisy encourage- ment as if the rest of the pack were present. The cat moves toward its prey in stealthy silence. At the approach of danger, the dog growls a note of warning. Once a useful trait, it has now been partly outmoded, except in watchdogs, for there is no pack either to warn or to come to its assistance. The cat, per- ceiving danger, makes no sound. The dog also eats as if in competition with others, gulping its food hastily and swallowing even large pieces without stopping to chew. But the cat is a dainty eater, likes to take its time, and frequently plays with its victim before killing and eating it. Unprepared for solitude by instinct and history alike, the dog is utterly miserable when left by itself. Having adopted a human master as the substitute (Continued on page 143)

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(—————_00 A_wonderfulhelp in_studying jience, bota etc. Never be- Pay balance ($2.98 plus pos- tage) when man delivers. } LT HYD ie ‘unded. R. B. SPECIALTY COMPANY Dept. G-350,220 E.3rd St. ,Cincinnati,O. 30 Years’ Experience in private tutoring in English is yours for the asking Aes 9: 5 a an et See od, from the work of a life- i Soci ish, has arrang: rom the w time. a course in Practicil English for Home Study. She can help You. Send 10c for 20 test questions. Correspondence Division _ m School of Private Tutoring Dodso: Est.1901 5337 Cabanne Ave., St. Louis, Mo. Books for ELECTRICAL WORKERS Experiments with 110 Volt Alternating Current By John B. Adams Shows the amateur electrician how to handle many striking new experiments with appa- ratus, the cost of which is almost negligible. Indicates with simple descriptions and dia- grams how 110 volt commercial circuit may be handled by the experimenter with perfect safety, without involving the expense neces- sary to maintain a separate power supply. 256 pages. Cloth bound, $1.75 postpaid. Electricians Wiring Manual By Frank F. Sengstock A plain operating manual showing by dia- grams and clear explanations how to do every kind of wiring from bell circuits to wireless telegraph installations. Invaluable to the apprenticed wireman and to the experienced contractor and estimator. Covers thoroughly the questions the electrical worker wants answered by the_ inspector. 48 pages. — in sturdy cloth. Many illustrations 2.50. Electric Motors Direct and Alternating Principles, construction, operation and main- tenance. A practical book for the precsical man. By vid Penn Moreton, B.S.E.E. gran bound. 250 pages, illustrated. Price 1.50. Popular Science Monthly 381 Fourth Ave. New York City POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Dogs Are Smart—How About Cats ? (Continued from page 142) for the pack, it follows him faithfully and grieves in his absence. A cat that would fol- low its master would be a rare exception, though it sticks to familiar territory and hates a change of scene. This also explains the obedience of the dog and its sense of responsibility. Being a gre- garious animal, it seems to accept an outside standard of right and wrong conduct and to understand what is expected of it. When it breaks a rule, instead of being indifferent, it reveals its guilt unmistakably and will bear punishment. Even if the punishment is severe, it is so dependent upon its master’s company that it is usually willing and even anxious to be friendly again. The cat seems to have no ability to accept responsibility, and if punishment is attempted will either fightor flee. HE emotional expression of the two animals also is almost exactly reversed, so that the same act may have quite a different meaning depending on which animal is studied. For example, a dog wags its tail as a sign of friendliness, but a cat wags or lashes its tail only when it is angry. Erection of the tail means excitement for the dog, as in pointing game or meeting a challenge, but the cat’s tail goes up when it seems most amiable, as when rubbing against its master’s leg. Caress a dog and it sinks down with tail lowered, but stroke a cat and it stands up- right. In fear, the dog goes flat to the ground, while the cat arches its back to such an angle that the fore and hind feet almost touch. In hunting, the dog prefers daylight, roams freely, and covers a wide territory; the cat asa rule lies silently in wait to pounce on its prey as it passes. One physical characteristic the dog and cat seem to have in common—there is strong evidence that both are color blind. Though they can very often distinguish between colored objects, this is due not to the difference in color but to difference in brightness. The dog also is handicapped in vision by far- sightedness. Since the retina of both animals lacks a fovea, or area of clear vision, it is probable that they see only vague shapes without the sharp outlines of human vision. If there is any advantage as to vision, it seems to lie with the cat. In hearing, however, and also in the ability to distinguish between faint odors, the dog is markedly superior. HE dog has a larger brain than the cat, but it is the larger animal. In terms of capacity for training, such as minding sheep, carrying packages, standing guard, doing tricks, and so on, the dog again has a marked advantage. But is this due to greater intelligence or merely to a greater willingness to codperate? The cat may not be interested in jumping through a hoop to please the teacher. On the other hand, it simply may not be smart enough. The present experiments at Columbia may furnish a definite answer. Moving Platform for World Fair Visitors SEEING thirty-two stage performances in one morning or afternoon would be simplified by a moving platform for spectators, in a plan proposed for the World Fair of 1933 in Chicago. The plan calls for the erection of a circular “Temple of Electricity” six hundred feet in diameter, housing thirty-two animated ex- hibits. A moving platform, carrying the audi- ences from one show to the next, will make the complete circuit in two and a half hours. A demonstration of artificial lightning hurled against a 220,000-volt transmission line is one of the exhibits now being planned. 143 | Gambled 2 and WON $35,840 in 2 YEARS’’ A Story for Men and Women who are dissatisfied with Themselves WO years ago my earnings were $2,080 per year! I was discontented, unhappy. I was not getting ahead. And I wanted the luxuries of life like other people. But it all seemed hopeless. I was beset with fears—afraid of losing my job—afraid of the future. I was “scatterbrained.” I had a thousand half-baked ideas to make more money, but acted on none of them. Today I have an income of $20,000 a year— $17,920 more than it was two years ago. A difference of $35,840. Once I wandered through life aimlessly. To- day I have a definite goal and the will to reach it. Once I looked forward hopefully to a $5- a-week increase in salary. Today I look for- ward confidently to a $100-a-week increase in my earnings. What magic was it that changed my whole life? Here’s the answer in one word—Pelman- ism. I gambled 2c on it. Yet without it, I might have stayed in a rut for life. Pelmanism taught me how to think straight and true. It focused my aim on one thing. It dispelled my fears—improved my memory. Initiative, organizing ability, forcefulness were a natural result. Inertia disappeared—so also mind-wandering and indecision. With new allies—and old enemies beaten—I was pre- pared for anything. I want other average men to gamble 2c as I did. For the cost of a postage stamp I sent for the booklet about Pelmanism, called ‘‘Sci- entific Mind Training.’’ Reading that free book started me on my climb. * * * The Pelman Institute will be glad to send a copy of “Scientific Mind Training” to any interested individual—FREE. It explains Pel- manism—tells how it has helped over 700,000 people during the last 25 years. World figures like the late T. P. O’Connor, Frank P. Walsh, Prince Charles of Sweden and many others praise this book—which may completely alter your own life. And it’s FREE. No obligation. Simply mail coupon NOW. THE PELMAN INSTITUTE OF AMERICA 71 West 45th Street, Suite G-1816, New York THE PELMAN INSTITUTE OF AMERICA Suite G-1816, 71 West 45th St., New York City Please send me without tion your free booklet “Scientific Mind Training.’ is does not me under any obligation and no salesman is to on me. ee ee ee)! Pe ee ee eee

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ame t , Se ae Lae SS SANE Se ae ney ASGEe now helps to make Better Machines Up the hill to the busy Westinghouse research laboratories in East Pittsburgh come engineers of a great industry ask- ing, “What shape shall we make these machine parts to get the greatest strength from our materials?” Light flashes on a snow-white screen. Outlines on the machine part appear. Then someone turns a loading screw and areas of color are seen changing their hues as the load on the test model increases. Black turns to gray, gray to yellow, yellow to red, brown, green and soon. In this manner the machine part appears in colors of a laboratory rain- bow that tells its own story for keen eyes to read—a well-directed ray of light discloses where the heaviest stresses are. “Photo-elastic tests” the engineers call them. And from tests like these slight changes in shape give vast gains in strength without. added material. Sometimes even less material actually gives greater strength. A laboratory rainbow does what the most elaborate calculations could not do. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY These tests are but one instance of the methods by which Westinghouse research is engaged in finding new ways to help dollars in industry, in business, in homes, obtain larger returns for those who spend them. In finding new facts, and new ways to use old facts for new gain, Westinghouse serves the modern electrical age in which you live. ELECTRIC POWER BUILDS BUYING POWER estinghouse R. R. DONNELLEY @ SONS CO., CHICAGO -. Westinghouse Eiectrification “VM Try « Lacq fied, deale a Dist ACME

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Sold on our “MONEY-BACK” GUARANTY Try one can of Rogers Brushing Lacquer. If not more than satis- fied, return what is left to your dealer. He is authorized to refund the entire purchase price. Even in this day of never-ending marvels, Rogers Btushing Lacquer is an outstanding example of what modern Science can do. This amazing, “‘quick-action” finish has greatly simplified the art of home beautifying, so far as the layman is concerned. It has imbued the home paint brush with a new and wonderful magic un- known heretofore. And over 23,000,000 cans of Rogers Brushing Lacquer, sold to date, prove how widely it is being used to reclaim shabby things—to bring color and beauty into the home at small expense. No experience necessary Try these gay, quick-drying Rogers Lacquer colors on any shabby or un- finished surface. See how magically they bring new beauty. Experience 1s not brome ey The new, improved “Rogers” handles easier than ever. Results, too, are improved. Merely flow the exquisite color over the surface with a full brush. No expert brush work is required. Like a cream film, “Rogers” spreads and levels itself into a smooth, lustrous coating of brilliant color. Then it actually— DRIES FAST, BUT NOT TOO FAST Dries while you wait! Dries smooth, free from ugly laps and brush marks. Dries before flying dust can spoil your work. Dries to a hard, lustrous, porcelain- like finish that wears and wears and WEARS—and is easily cleaned. A new “Rogers” for Linoleum This new type of finish is a clear, color- less “Rogers” lacquer which forms a tough, long-wearing, transparent coat- ing over your linoleum. Protects the surface and lengthens its life. Makes cleaning easy. Enhances the beauty of both design and colorings. Easy to apply. Dries ready to walk on in about an hour. Try it on your new or old linoleum and see. 26 gay colors at leading dealers The new, improved Rogers Brushin Lacquer comes in twenty-six beautiful modern colors. Among them are the colors you like—colors that are the vogue in home decorating. Also, six deep, rich shades fortified for hard out- door usage, and white, black and clear. Sold by leading paint, hardware and department stores everywhere in the famous “Oriental” container with our “Money-Back” Guaranty. Distributed and Guaranteed by: AcmME WHITE LEADANDCOLORWORKS, Detroit, Michigan; Detroit WHITE Leap Works, Detroit, Michigan; Lincotn Paint AND CoLor CoMPANyY, Lincoln, Nebraska. Tue Martin-Senour Company, Chicago, Illinois; PENINSULAR PAINT AND VarnisH Company, Detroit, Michigan; Toe SHERWIN-WILLIAMS ComMPaANy, Cleveland, Ohio; Toe SHERwWIN-WiLuiaMs Co. or CanapA, Ltp., Montreal, Canada; Lewis BERGER AND Sons, Ltp., London, England, and Sydney, Aus- tralia; THe SHERWIN-WILLIAMS Co., London, England, and Sydney, Australia. TE

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a Anybody who can press a lever can operate it! Even the moderate purse can afford it! A remarkably simplified Home Movie Outfit, developed by the people who made still photog- raphy so easy that picture-taking became a game for children TS simplicity is amazing. For it is made for. amateurs, by people who understand their requirements. A home movie camera for those who know but little about picture-taking. Look through a finder and press a lever; and you are taking movies... in black-and-white or full color. You can operate it, even if you have never had a movie camera in your hands be- fore—as easily as taking a snapshot with a Brownie! And... you can afford it, even if your income permits only the minor nice things of modern life. Don’t deny yourself the great thrill of seeing the ones you love most in the ways you love most to see them, . never to be lost, never to be forgot. With the Ciné-Kodak, all you do is press a lever and take movies. Above, Ciné-Kodak Model BB, with /.1.9 lens. Makes movies in either black-and-white or full color Ciné-K odak Simplest of Home Movie Cameras A movie camera that understands amateurs LL thn Today you can buy a complete outfit for taking and showing Home Movies for as little as $143. * Next, send the film to any Eastman processing station—developing is in- cluded in the price of the film. Then, with the Kodascope, you project the pictures as easily as playing a ph* graph. With Ciné-Kodak Safety Fi lar or panchromatic, you tak. * «- and-white pictures. By using Koda- color Film and the Kodacolor Filter, Ciné- Kodak B or BB f.1.9 takes beau- tiful pictures in full, natural color— every color that the eye can see is recorded for your screen. Any Ciné-Kodak dealer will be glad to demonstrate the Ciné-Kodak. As a help to easy buying, many offer an attractive deferred payment plan. MAIL COUPON FOR* FREE BOOK Seat Kodak Company, Rochester, N. Y. ease send me, FREE and without obli~1tion, ng wd booklet telling mehowlI caneasilyr «e my own movies. RB?

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