Popular Science Monthly 1928-12: Vol 113 Iss 6

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C > Lights that lead to Homes ‘e FO J street lights in residential dis- tricts attract homebuilders —substantial citizens who demand distinction in their surroundings— whose appreciation of beauty finds gratification in artistic design—to whom the decorative aspect of modern lighting is as desirable as its more practical advantages. Where people still live on dimly lighted streets, modern illumination will endow the whole area with a new and better GENERAL ELECTRIC atmosphere, give residents just cause for pride, and increase the value of their © homes. Wherever houses are to be built, light is always the leader—and at the You will find this mono- gram on the huge tur- bines in power stations, on the improved lamps that light your streets, and on a score of appli- ances that save time and drudgery in the completely electrified home. The G-E monogram is your assurance of electrical correctness and reliability. day’s end it makes safe and _Cheery the ways that lead to the city’s homes. Street-lighting specialists of General Electric are always ready to codperate with your power company in improving and extend- ing your lighting system so that it may substantially contribute to the beauty, progress, and prestige of your City.

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and ead ists are rate any fem ally uty, e of POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Trustworthy Dealers Sell ‘Trustworthy Used Cars Unless you have a highly specialized knowledge of used cars and their values, you must rely completely upon the dealer to sell you a trustworthy used car. The Cadillac Motor Car Company recommends Cadillac-La Salle dealers as reliable used car mer- chants because it has carefully pre-determined their fitness for endorsement. The Cadillac Motor Car Company assures you that you can buy any used automobile from your Cadillac-La Salle dealer with fullest confidence. This company feels free to give this assurance because it knows that Cadillac-La Salle dealers so sell their used cars as to build good will. CADILLAC MOTOR CAR COMPANY Division of General Motors Detroit - - - Michigan ———————

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY December, 1928 eS ——————_— WHAT IS NEW THIS MONTH Table of Contents for December LEADING ARTICLES WinpMitt Prange Makes Goop . , By Marcel Wallenstein The story of the autogiro, latest air marvel So Tory WrorteE To Epison— . By William H. Meadowcroft What the electrical wizard finds in his mail New Fue. Drives GIANT ZEPPELIN... Wonders of the Graf Zeppelin, world’s largest airship Rapio Outruns THE Hurricane By George Lee Dowd, Jr. How science seeks to solve tropic storms’ mystery Layinc THE New Ocean CABLE . An engineering triumph told in story and pictures MecuanicaL Men WALK AND TALK By Robert E. Martin Marvels accomplished by almost-human automatons Romance RIDEs IN THE AIR . Humor, tragedy, and high adventure in pilots’ lives Wonpers rrom Mo.ren SutPHuR : Striking achievements of industrial chemists Witt Insects Starve Us to DeatH? The story of the world’s greatest war Maxtne Your Car A Better ONE . By Alden P. Armagnac How thrilling trials test the modern motor’s stamina Tue Last oF THE VIKINGS By Boyden Sparkes In memory of Roald Amundsen, explorer and hero How Maeicrans Do Tuerr Tricks . . By George S. Greene Fascinating secrets of the mystic profession now revealed Kixuine Fires HicH in THE AIR By Henry Morton Robinson Chief Kenlon tells of his most exciting battles A GarDEN SALVAGED FROM THE SEA By Edwin Ketchum The amazing account of Holland’s triumph over the Atlantic RisK1nG DeaTH FoR INVENTION . By Ellsworth Bennett How heroes helped perfect a submarine rescue device SPECIAL FEATURES . By Herbert Paus .By Wallace Ames By Michel Mok By John E. Lodge By Edwin W. Teale Cover DEsiIeGn . Mercer Prorits ror Your Money Timely counsel from the financial editor CHOOSING THE Ricut Rapio Set. By F. G. Pryor Advice of Popular Science Institute of Standards experts Our Reapers Say— . Sprightly comments from many pens You Can Loox at Your House Berore You Buttp It! By John Walker Harrington How models and photography make it easier for the home owner MakinG A TELEVISION Disk... . . By John Carr Practical instructions for experimenters ii in the newest radio art Appinec AN R. F. Stace to Our New Set . By Alfred P. Lane Building a modern receiver in easy steps New Nove ty FInisHEs ; Tricks you can do with paint and lacquer Smart Girrs Any Man Can MAKE . By Herman Hjorth How to surprise your friends with modern, easily-built pieces Banso Ciock Buttr ror $10 . By Charles A. King Working plans for a handsome timepiece EpIToRIALs . Can Your Car Seane THE s Coun? Gus and Joe advise on winter motcring . By Berton Elliot . By Martin Bunn 13 16 18 19 21 22 24 26 30 32 46 49 51 61 Automobiles Button on Dashboard Jacks Up C Super-Highways Proposed. ge "66 Know Your Car . 67 This Car Runs with Water as a Lubricant , 69 Electricity Parks Cars , 69 Would Improve Auto Lamps 70 Builds Auto from Parts of Twenty- Seven Others .. ' 73 New Roads, 10,753 Miles ; 74 Keeps Motorist’s Hat Clean. 80 A Ground for the Timer . 80 To Stop Rim Creaks . 80 Novel Place for Licenses... 80 A Handy Curtain Road Map 80 A Useful Electromagnet . 80 Ten Dollars for anIdea . . . 80 Keeping Your Brakes Adjusted . 132 Aviation New York’s Largest Beacon. 35 Test Visibility of Air Signposts . 40 America’s New Baby Dirigible . 40 Sheathed Wires End Static . 40 Parachute Jumper Broadcasts . 40 Wings Like Wheels in Novel Craft . 40 Photos Show Airman’s Crash 40 Rocket “‘Boosters’’ May Start Big Planes. P 41 “Extra Wing”’ Lifts More 41 New Oil Motor Tested 41 Bombing Fleet Too Late. . . Train Flying Weather Men. . . 41 Canada-Mexico Air Lines . 41 A New Map for Navigators. . . 41 Anywhere by Air Taxi 41 Planes Pick Up Mail on the Wi ing . 64 Will Speed Up the Air Mail. . . 64 New “Flivver’’ Monoplane ._. 68 Arrest 219 Pilots for Air Traffic Vio- lations. . 2 Airplanes Aid Weather Man. . . 69 Sign Flashes from 2,000-Foot Height 71 Old Fire Engine Cleans Motors. . 72 Over Mt. Blanc by Air . . . . 78 Speedy Travel by Air Express . . 141 Engineering Shipping the World’s Biggest Trans- formers . 63 Aluminum Replaces Ce opper in High- Tension Wires 64 Huge Locks Ne aring Completion . . 69 French School Trains Women as Engineers Links of Huge Chain Weigh Nearly a Ton Each . Exceptional People Afghan Plays Safe When He Hunts 68 He Collects Miniature Books . . 70 Deep-Sea Diving Is Hobby of British M. P 71 Pecomber 1928, Vol. 113, No.6. York, N.Y Petenes Monthly is z= month- at 250 Fourth Avenue, New ¥ N. Y., by the Popular Science Publ Inc. Ente as second-class m r Dec. 38, 1918, at the Post Office at New York under the act of Mareh_ 3 “9879: additional ‘entry as second-class matter at Chicago, Illinois. Eotered 9 Lf = yw matics s o hang ae Depart: pyrig! e Popular Publishing Co., Inc. Single ‘copy, 25 cents. Yearly pe A. Fa to science, Popular Scien of the individuals or conce R.. United States, ite possessions, and Canada, $2.50; foreign countries, $3. Tbh contents of this m agazine must not be reprinted without permission. In pre: senting in ite editorial columns numerous stories of new products of applies ce Monthly does not underwrite the business methods ris producing them. The use of Popular — Monthly articles for stock -coling schemes is never athens . B. * President and Treasurer; . Wilson, Vice-President; + Cole, Boesetary. So Set Nev Soli Hol Nov Env Spik —_

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Geology Capturing Hidden Gold . . . . 44 World Growing Thinner? . . . 62 Hampered by Sunspots .. . 67 Interior Tides May Slow Earth . , « Mountains Commit Suicide. . . 75 Health and Hygiene Winning against Scourges_. +h Stunt Flying No Cure for Deafness ss 62 How Much You Can Lift Safely . 64 Auto Runs X-Ray Machine at Home 65 Huge Steel Ball a Hospital . 67 Pumps Air into Brain for X- Ray Study . 71 Why Actors Don’ t Have Paraly sis 71 Laboratory Discoveries New Perfumes and Pickles . . . 44 Stronger ““Death Waves”. . 4d Largest Magnet Is Heavier Than a a Locomotive. . 72 Models Model Niagara Measures Flow . . 66 Boy Builds Prize Model Plane . . 71 Plane Model Sets Lifting Record . 75 How to Build a Stern-Wheel Missis- sippi Steamboat. 81 Reader Finds Bremen Model a Re- markable Flyer P . 119 Tiny Drills for Model Work . « ‘S21 New Devices for the Home New Tubular Peeling Knife. . . 38 Solid Fuelfor Picnic. . . . . 38 Handy Tool Is Many-Purpose Opener : Ai” te. Window Lock Foils Burglar ee Turning Crank Cores Grapefruit . 38 Washboard for Silken Dainties . . 38 Small Washer Whirls Clothes Dry . 38 Holds Roast While You Carve It . 38 Makes Gas Cocks Foolproof . . 38 Ice Cream Frozen in 30 Seconds . 39 Novel Can-Opener . . . . . 39 Cordless Electric Iron. . . Sg 389 Cookpot Fitsin Stove . . . . 39 Envelopes Hold Dresses ._. . Timer Shuts Off Your Gas Heater . 39 New Compact Electric Ironer . . 39 Electric Shelf Saves Space . . . 39 New Processes and Inventions Spiked Barrier Halts Bandits . . 34 Pneumatic-Tired Wheelbarrow . . 34 Magnet Sweeps Tacks from Road . 34 Flashlight Like Pocket Lighter . . 34 Hand Tool Mends Silk wanted . 34 New Shearing Tool . . . Sf Machines Sell Stamps . . . . 35 New Vibration-Free Motor . . . 35 Electric Sealing Wax Appliance . 35 Device Binds Ty ped Sheets. . 35 This “Camera Case” Holds a Phono- graphs. . & Fire Rescue Tower Rises 220) Feet , —_ @ Invents Floating Turbine for Power from Waves. . Molten Iron Poured from “ Bottle’ Car. . An Improved Depth Finder New Cloth from Plants .. Mechanical Pole Setter Does W ork of Twenty Men New Sound- Absorbing Stone Thermos Photography Photographs Dynamite Blasts Leaf’s “Lungs” in Movies Radio A B C’s of Radio . : Trick Aerial Devices W orthless ; A Novel Tube Shield . Repairing a Loudspeaker ; Radio Fan's Chorus of Speakers His Keen Ears Test 250 Loud- speakersa Day. . yee Huge Cone Loudspeaker . Whalers Aided by Wireless . Ships World’s Record Speed Boat Goes 93 Miles an Hour... Submerged Wings Speed Motor Boat Ship Turbines Do Work of Half- Million Men : Twin Liners to Set New Records for Size . Unusual Facts and Ideas Queer Things Found Eatable They Played Our Games Ages Ago . The World Must Drink, and So— . Cathode Rays Put to Work . Monsters Unearthed . Wealth in Nitrogen : Drilling Largest Reflector The Blow That Kills a Germ Five-Million-Year Fossil . : Recording Street Noises in London . Speedy Antiaircraft Gun . Teaching with Movies . . ; Lame Hunter Invents Motor-Sled . A New Fruit—Sweet Lemons! Boxing Ring Rises through Floor Locusts Due Again in 1936 . Tons of Waste Paper in Fireworks . Beetles Test Human Food .. Machine Unloads 1,000 Tons of C ‘oal an Hour. . : : Waste from Stamps Know Your World Vacuum Tube Controls Elevator Magnet Does the “Impossible” Road Signs in Pictures .. Chinese Making Type for 10, 000 Characters : Is Man’s Size Changing? Birds Their Own Doctors F “Cannibal Mosquitoes’’ Are Barred Your Christmas Tree’s Age . Subways May Carry Mails . The First Patented Rose Peanut Vines New Fodder . Round-Up Nets 70,000 Rats Simplify Codes. ; Queer Island Dog Kingdom Soe Huge Indoor Ocean Beach Planned Sky’s Blue Measured by Chart . Metric System for China 63 4 The First Coin “45 ? 45 73 52 52 52 70 71 72 74 62 64 65 29 36 37 44 +4 44 45 45 45 62 62 62 63 63 63 63 63 65 65 66 66 66 67 67 67 67 68 68 68 68 68 69 69 70 70 71 71 ae 3 Strange Glasses Turn the World Up- side Down . , U.S. History in Postage Stamps 7 Safety Tunnels ; Painting the Towns Red . Lamp Burns for 23 Years. Odd Machine Plays Sound Effects for the Movies ._. 4 aa Tar Sands Tested for Roads’ Chemists Trace Weapons’ Source Seasick for Twenty Years ‘ Ink and Stain from Sequoia Cones . Locomotive Uses Steam Twice . A Mountain of Giant Timbers . Find Tiger Had the Toothache . Photo Shows Size of Extinct Bird . For the Home Owner Pipe Clay Removes Marks from Wall | ER mat fe Methodical Methods Save Time in Painting : Replacing a Broken Sashcord Quick-Change Hinges for Storm and Screen Doors. Strap and Chain Prevent High-Chair Accidents. Tinsel Causes Short Circuits. Window Ventilators Made from Old Windshields : Casement Weather Strips 72 72 72 73 74 74 74 74 74 74 75 75 96 109 - 110 114 116 116 . 122 . 122 Hints for the Mechanic How to Make Clamps for Speedy Work. Ps ae Drawings Worth Studyi ing Don’t File Arbors. How to Keep Tools from Rusting . Grind Worn Centers ._. Preparing Cylindrical Parts for Case- hardening . A Tool for Any Maker’s Kit. Use Both Sides of Grinding Wheel Vise Jaws Serve for raeeens Small Duplicate Parts 86 . 104 104 104 104 . 104 . 104 . 104 10+ Ideas for the Handy Man Toy Fire Engine Pumps Water . 59 Stenciling Christmas Cards . 60 “Tell Me What to Turn” 82 Craft Work for Christmas 92 Santa Claus Figure Rings a Bell on Christmas Tree. 98 Neat, Inconspicuous Fire Screen Built at Small Cost 100 Blueprints for Your Home Work- shop . 102 — the Handy Man Can Do with ap 106 How to Harden Plaster of Paris Casts 106 Shellacked Paper Keeps Air from Paint in Open Bucket . ; asa New Humpty Dumpty Dancing Toy 112 Airplane Bird Feeder Turns in the Wind. 113 How to Make Use of C orrugated Fasteners. 115 How to Make a “Light “Tea Tray Stand : . 120 Refinishing Ashestos Pipe C overing 122 Adjustable Cord Fastener Made from Washer. 129 Shellac Protects Cloth Book Bind- ings from Wear : . 182 |

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— ———— build an How te NDENT PE ME Reuse oye Gy-aee ” hf gs SS 4 S| Compounded { — 6 12% Semi-Annually | Mra FUSE THIS COUPON Investment Securities— Founded 1873 Smith Bldg., Washington, D. C. 285 Madison Ave., New York City Branch offices in other Cities PR Eet cobccccsecviccovecccccccccoce ADDRESS...... esecese oseceseerMI-75 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY December, 1928 ‘Tue F H.Swira Co MERGER for Your Money By Wa.uaceE Ames, Financial Editor - \\" 7HAT’S one man’s meat is another man’s poison,”’ remarked Harry Lyon, when he returned home from the monthly meeting of the Men’s Club. “I just learned tonight that the Ethridges have sold their home on the Esplanade and are moving to a much more modest rented house on Second Avenue. The Winslows have bought the Ethridge home and are moving up the ladder from their little bungalow.” “‘What’s it all about?” inquired Mrs. Lyon. “Common stocks are responsible for both moves. It seems that Winslow bought the right ones and has made a lot of money; Eth- ridge bought the wrong ones and the blow is so severe that they’ve got to cut down on their scale of living.” “I’m sorry to hear of the Ethridge’s hard luck,” said Mrs. Lyon, “but it only helps prove my point that we should not invest our savings in common stocks as you have been figuring on doing. Let’s stay on the safe side as we have in the past.” “You don’t give me credit for having judg- ment, Laura. I certainly know as much as Winslow. There’s big money to be made in- vesting in common stocks. You can trust me not to make the mistakes that caused the Ethridge down-fall.”’ **Maybe so,” concluded Mrs. Lyon, “but I'd rather trust safe investments than your judgment on risky ones.” II “You are a bond man,” said Harry Lyon, prefacing an inquiry he wanted to put to his friend, Graham Dickinson, as they joined for luncheon a few days later. “‘Maybe you can help me decide a point. ““The money I have been able to lay aside thus far has been invested in bonds and public utility preferred stock. There’s a little over a thousand in our savings account now, most of which came from interest and dividends. I want to plunge to the extent of putting that money in some good common stock, not any fly-by-night proposition, but some solid com- pany with a big future.” Bel hheow say no denying that money has been made in common stocks,” said Dickinson. “But for common stocks, and men willing to invest in them, America would never have be- come such a great industrial empire. Never- elem... . ‘* First let me tell you what I have in mind,” interrupted Harry Lyon, “‘and then you can Pp y +) 3 ; have the floor to present all your ‘buts’ and ‘neverthelesses.’ **T am planning to pick out a sound common stock, with real assets and real earning power behind it. You, yourself, have said more than once that a good common stock is better than a poor bond. There are common stocks in the investment class, just as there are speculative bonds. “This is the age of consolidations. I’ve no- ticed, time and again, that when companies merge the strength of their organizations, the stocks of the merged companies earn more money and become more valuable. That is my point number one. “Recalling how many small automobile manufacturers have been absorbed or merged with larger ones, and noticing that the radio business is developing even more rapidly than | the motor car business did during its first few PROFITS years, it seems to me that we ca have a lot of radio mergers in the yeustahall That’s my point number two. : “Putting number one and number two to- gether, I believe it would be a good idea to in- vest in the common stock of one of the stro radio companies. Later on I might get some of the profits of a merger, in addition to my lar dividends. What, in your opinion, is the best radio common stock?” “There is some logic to your reasoning. Harry,” resumed Graham Dickinson, “but your hunch is just as good as mine as to which stock to buy. I see what you are after, th and I believe I can satisfy you and still keep you from speculating. III “Why don’t you do a little merging yourself, instead of trying to pick the one stock out of many which you hope may form a consolida- tion profitable to the shareholders?” “Now you are beginning to pi worse than I ever did,” accused Harry. “I'ma ‘thousandaire,’ not a millionaire; I’m a print- ing salesman, not a promoter. Where do you get this merger idea for me?” “When I mentioned merging, I meant it seriously,” assured Graham. “Merge your $1,000 with the hundreds, the thousands and the ten thousands possessed by others like yourself. Put your money in the shares of an investment trust. Get the advantage of skilled selection of securities and careful supervision of them provided by investment trust man- agers. Your chances of accomplishing what you have in mind are many times greater through an investment trust because you gain for your $1,000 the advantages and facilities that resources, mounting into the millions, can give. **Sounds interesting,” said Harry. “Tell me the rest of the story.” ‘An investment trust is a merger of invest- ment capital,’ continued Graham. “The economic reason for the investment trust is much the same as the reason for any other mer- ger, a public utility merger, for example. A group of small utilities unite into one large company because by so doing they can operate more economically, command greater talent and give better service than each small com- pany can individually. The same thing is true of an investment trust. When you and I anda lot of other persons, each with a little money put our funds into investment trust shares, to- gether we create large resources. Then, just like an insurance company or big bank, we have the power to do things that none of us can do individually. “In the first place, an investment trust that has several millions in resources can buy sev- eral hundred securities, not just a few. The law of average then gets to work for every shareholder. Out of several hundred carefully chosen securities, some are likely to prove ex- tremely profitable. “In the second place, by spreading the ex- pense of management over a large investment fund, talent and facilities can be secured eco- nomically that you or I as individuals could never afford. An investment trust can com- mand the best of statistical facilities and the best of managing talent to use those facilities. It employs men who devote all their time to the study of securities and business conditions. It selects securities on (Continued on page 6) —— not a lit my con trust id To E | famil will be : “Ideal versally Bonds w A histor to their every is: d-essing Compan The He investor the inve who offe gage Co cago, Il] “ThelI tor’s V this for: terms, ill of how

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ions. December, 1928 Be Merger Profits for Your Money (Continued from page 4) facts, not hunches. You, as a shareholder, get the benefit of skilled management otherwise beyond your reach. : “Most investment trusts place a portion of their funds in common stocks. It is safer for the trust to invest in common stocks than for you or I to do so. The trust’s risk is greatly reduced by ownership of many different se- curities and further by the fact that, while some of its money is in common stocks, it also invests heavily in bonds and preferred stocks. “In other words, the sting of risk is pretty well taken out of the investment trust’s com- mon stock holdings and all the profit possi- bilities remain. Of course you need not expect to become a millionaire if you buy a few in- yestment trust shares. You must bear in mind that perhaps not more than 1% of the trust’s resources are in one security. Therefore, even if one company, whose common stock it held, declares a 100% extra dividend such a divi- dend is equal to only 1% of the total invested resources of the trust. “The investment trust whose stock I would recommend to you has been operating several years and has averaged over 10% in gross earn- ings since it was first organized. That’s not quite getting rich over night, but over a period of time the shareholders in that trust ought to do very well, certainly a lot better than you would likely do with your plan of random investing.” IV “This check is on me,” said Harry, as the waiter approached. “And I owe you a lot more than this lunch in return for your advice. When I tell Mrs. Lyon that I am going into a merger, and explain it all just as you have ex- plained it to me, she will be mighty pleased and not a little relieved. She never was in favor of my common stock idea. Your investment trust idea will just suit her.” To Help You Get Ahead Spm Booklets listed below will help every family in laying out a financial plan. They will be sent on request. “Ideal Investments” is the designation uni- vetsally accorded Smith First Mortgage 6144% Bonds which carry attractive tax refund features. Ahistory of the House and information relative to their bonds and the safeguards that surround every issue they offer may be obtained by ad- dessing the home office of The F. H. Smith Company, Smith Building, Washington, D. C. The House Behind the Bonds reminds the investor of the importance, not only of studying the investment, but of checking up the banker who offers it. Address: Fidelity Bond & Mort- gage Co., 1188 New York Life Building, Chi- cago, Ill. “The Investment Trust from the Inves- tor’s Viewpoint,”’ presents an explanation of this form of investment in easily understood terms, illustrated with some interesting examples of how the general investment trust will help the man with $100 or more to get ahead. Pub- lished for free distribution by United States Fis- cal Corporation, 50 Broadway, New York. Ask them for Booklet IT. How to Retire in Fifteen Years is the story of a safe, sure and definite method of establish- ing an estate and building an independent in- come which will support you the rest of your life on the basis of your present living budget. Write for the booklet to Cochran & McCluer Company, 46 North Dearborn St., Chicago, Ill. How to Get the Things You Want tells how you can use insurance as an active part of your Program for getting (Continued on page 6) POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY You can laugh at money worries if you follow this simple financial plan “yom interested in having the best possible time while you live —with the least worry and grind and discomfort. You don’t want to pay rent all your life—you hope to own your own home some day. And you don’t get any thrill out of the idea of appearing at an office or a mill or a store at the same old hour every morning until you die. You want to quit work sometime. And when you do quit you want to feel that you're justified in quitting— that you've earned it. You want to know that your wife and children will be taken care of, no matter what hap- pens to you. You can accomplish every one of these things—just by following a simple financial plan. How it works This simple system of investment plus protection was devised by financial experts. It calls merely for the deposit of a few dollars each month—the ex- act amount depending onyour age and the things you wish to accomplish. The minute you make your first small deposit you actually create an estate of $10,000 or more. This money comes to you when you are 60 or 65. And if you should not reach that age, it goes to your family. A few of the things you can pro- vide for by this plan are as follows: —money to send your children tocol- lege—money foremer gencies—money to live on in case you are permanently disabled—capital to start your son in business—money to pay off a mort- Plan sent free gage—an assured income for your fam- ily, no matter what happens to you. Don't you want these things ? You can have them. The coupon at the bottom of this pase will bring to you, free, the hoenix Mutual “Prosperity Plan.” Sending for it is the first step to- wards real independence—protection for you and your family, no matter what happens—an education and every advantage for your children— leisure and comfort for yourself in later years. There’s no obligation. Send for ‘your copy now. @) PHOENIX MUTUAL LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY Home Office: Hartford, Conn. . . HERE are just a few of the things you can do under the Phoenix | First Policy Issued 1851 Puorntx Mutuvat Lirsz Insurance Co. 389 Elm Street, Hartford, Conn. Mutual Plan: | Send me by mail, without obligation, my 1 Retire with an income when you are copy of your “PROSPERITY PLAN 60 or 65. Name Re Ne Te EET | 2 Leave your home free of ‘debt. ' ad 3 Send your children to college. | Business Address | 4 a an estate. "i Home Address. l 5 esure your income will go oneven though ae become socal disabled. City. State 6 Leave an income for your family. Date of Birth ante ener

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Will History Repeat? Early in 1925 investors were offered the opportunity to purchase shares in Financial Investing Co. of New York, Ltd., a general investment trust under management of United States Fiscal Corporation. Between April, 1925, and April, 1928, an investment of $1550 in 100 shares returned a cash profit of $470 and the investor could have sold his stock at a market profit of $875—a total three-year profit of $1345 on $1550 invested. Two Dividend Increases Plus Extras The initial dividend rate of 10% was in- creased to 12% July 1, 192%, and to 16% July 2, 1928. Six extra cash dividends have also been paid, making total payments on the $10 par value shares as follows: Current Price of Year Ended Regular Extra Total Shares April1,1926 . .. 10% 2% 12% $18.50 April 1,1927 ... 10% 3% 13% 20.00 Aprill,1928....12% 2% 14% 26.25 July 2, 1928 (3 mos.) 4% (annualrate 16%) 28.25 You May Now Invest In SECOND FINANCIAL INVESTING CORPORATION All the shares of Financial Investing Co. of New York, Ltd., having been sold at prices increasing from $15 to $28.25 per share, United States Fiscal Corporation now offers you shares in Second Financial Investing Corporation. Since these two investment trusts are under the same management and alike in major particulars, it is anticipated that history will repeat itself, the new trust du- plicate the success of the old and pay similar profits to shareholders. You now have the opportunity to become an original stockholder — to invest $100, $500 or any larger amount in Second Financial Investing Corporation before any substantial increase in price occurs. Learn How to Make Big Profits Conservatively It is all explained in our booklet, “The In- vestment Trust—from the Investor’s View- point,” andin literature describing Second Fi- | nancial Investing Corporation. Mail the cou- pon and profit by reading this free literature. UNITED STATES FISCAL CORPORATION Managers of Second Financial Investing Corporation a Financial Investing Co. of New York, Ltd. selelalalalalabatetalatalatelel TULLE LE LLL = United States Fiscal Corporation a = 50 Broadway, New York oo ® Please send me, immediately, your free & ' booklet that tells how I can invest for % financial independence. s = STAGE chdce ss du neta cdeceane 62 : : A tlie init a snmp emia 12Ps 5 SRUURERSEEE SR RE RE ERR RR RR EE Ree EEAe Te POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY To Help You Get Ahead (Continued from page 4) ahead financially. Phoenix Mutual Life Insur- ance Company, 328 Elm Street, Hartford, Conn., will send you this booklet on request. The Guaranteed Way to Financial Inde- pendence tells how a definite monthly savings lan will bring you financial independence. rite for this booklet to Investors Syndicate, 100 North Seventh Street, Minneapolis, Minn. The Making of a Good Investment tells how 614% can be made on investment in First Mortgage Bonds in units of $50, $100, $250, $500 and $1000; how the bonds are protected and how simple it is to purchase them. For a copy of this booklet address United States Mortgage Bond Company, Limited, Detroit, Michigan. #7 i 4 4 4 This Christmas. Here is the ANSWER to questions which bother many investors How can you tell what gives a first mortgage bond absolute safety? How can you get the highest in- come from your money, consist- ent with safety? How can you select a safe invest- ment house? How can you retire in 15 years on your present living budget? How can you get double the sav- ings bank interest rate or more, with all the convenience? How can you judge the security back of a first mortgage bond? What is the history of the first mortgage bond in Chicago? Why can Cochran & McCluer sell first mortgage bonds in every state of the Union without sales- men? All of these questions and many others vital to investors are answered in the new edition of a famous book, “Behind the Scenes Where Bonds Are Made.” Get your copy now. We'll gladly send it. No salesman will call. . CESSSSEESCERE PRESS ase P.5.M. 12-28 m ® ® Cochran & McCluer Co. ® s 46 North Dearborn St. . — Chicago, IIL. > @ Gentlemen: Please send me without @ @ obligation your book, “Behind the @ w Scenes Where Bonds Are Made.*” No S& pre salesman will call. — oJ a = Name ‘7 7 * ® Address. pe e a aa . * ge City aaa State © a Cochran & M‘Cluer Co. Established 1881 Never a loss to any investor 46 NORTH DEARBORN STREET Chicago Give a Bond Money is made to be spent. Usually | a gift of moar bene away with the snows. But, a bond is so evidently made to be saved that it is cherished long after other gifts are forgotten, In addition, a bond Perpetuates your gift in the form of interest coupons, Fidelity First Mortgage 6% Real Estate Bonds in denominations of from $100 up, form ideal Christmas gifts in that they com. bine Safety with high rate of yield, You will be interested in the booklet, “The House Behind the Bonds’’, which will be sent upon request, together with a list of our latest issues. FIDELr 00. J.U. MENTEER. 660 Chemical Bldg., St. Louis 1188 New York Life Bidg., Chicago 378 Colorado Nat’! Bank Bidg., Denver M707 o FIDELITY: GUARANTEES -EVERY- BOND» BUILD an Income WHILE for years a favor ite among large investors, United First Mortgage are likewise available to the small investor who prefers to buy on partial payments, Only a small initial payment is needed to start you ona sound investment program. United First Mortgage Bonds pay 6% and the payment of interestand principal is guaranteed by the oldest exclusive first mortgage bond cour pany in Michigan. Mail coupon today for copy of book let, “Plant an Acorn”, leu information regarding easy purchase by mail. United States Mortgage Bond Company Howard C. Wade, President Gf —-365 U.S. Mortgage Bldg Detral Resources more than $19,000,000 baat) «In Canada: United Bond ORTGAGE Co., Ltd., Toronto and > Windsor, Ont. MAIL _ THIS COUPON TODAY United States Mortgage Bond Co. 365 U. S. Mortgage Bldg., Detroit, Michigan a Please mail copy of booklet, “Plant an Acom's we —— Name Address ee a City State

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.- Fa eS SOON 7. @ =o @ on CABINETS BY Berkey E> Gay OW you can buy Radio POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Start with the chassis: it’s the basis of radio value. engineered like a Fine Gr — ata moderate price Balkite A-5 —The Table Mod- a. Walnut cabinet, by Berkey &Gay, the most distinguished iture house in America. Bilkite A-3—The same chassis, housedin a simple, but sightly, case. $125.00 to $950.00 Less tubes + As everybody knows, the Balkite AC re- ceiver gives you the same marvellous qual- ity of reception that you find in the most recent laboratory mechanisms of today. Engineering refinement is the answer. Engineering refinement made possible this great forward step in radio. In fact, nothing short of this can give you the daily quality of service wanted in tadio; service comparable to that of a fine car! Now here is a way to buy this “engineered” radio at a moderate price. If music is what you want and all you want, buy the Balkite chassis housed in FANSTEEL Bal a simple but sightly all metal container. If you want music plus furniture, buy this same unit—and then choose the cabinet that fits your purse, your preference or your decorative scheme. The Fansteel dealer has a wide variety of cabinets to show you—among them the cabinet you want at the price you want to pay. Ask him! This is the logical way to buy radio— the way to buy radio engineered like a fine car—at a moderate price! Fansteel Products Company, Inc., North Chicago, IIL. kite Radio +3 6 This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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———— ort POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY HE man who is buying a radio today has wonderful opportunities before him—and some pitfalls as well. Never were there so many fine radio outfits on the market, and never were so many sets found below par by the Popular Science Institute of Stand- ards’ tests. The 1928-29 radio market offers you sets that far exceed, in tone fidelity and in volume, those offered in previous years. Likewise, some improvement over earlier sets is found in selectivity and sensitivity to distance reception. The really big ad- vance, however, has been in tone and volume. Current receivers also possess new ad- vantages in the way of convenience and appearance. With the elimination of battery equipment and the substitution of the electric light socket as the source of power supply, inconvenience and un- sightliness are done away with. Today, you can get attractive table models with separate loudspeaker, or consoles with built-in loudspeaker, and in neither case are outside accessories necessary. The radio buyer’s problem, then, comes down to this: He must be sure to select from among sets that come up to 1928-29 standards of efficiency and value, and he must be equally sure he is buying the qualities he wants most. In this, Popular Science Institute can be of assistance. It has completed tests of most of the leading radio outfits, and has prepared a list of those makes that can be considered reliable. The basis for listing has been exacting laboratory tests involving fidel- ity of reproduction, selectivity, sensitivity to distance reception, power-handling ability, and simplicity of control. In addition, to merit approval, a set must be so designed and constructed, both electrically and mechanically, to insure reasonable freedom from breakdown and necessity for servicing. The final selection of an outfit suited to the buyer’s special requirements, how- aes nes. St ea By F. G. PRYOR Secretary Popular Science Institute of Standards ever, must necessarily be left to the buyer himself. But here again the Popular Science Institute will be glad to help to the extent of making specific recom- mendations, when full information is given as to just what is wanted and how much is to be invested. “How much must I spend today to get a really good set?” is a question fre- quently asked. Of course, the term “really good” means one thing to one person and something quite different to another, but we cite as a price indication the fact that the cheapest electric set on the Popular Science Institute’s approved list, at this writing, costs $80 with- out tubes and speaker. This in no way indicates that cheaper electric sets are not worth purchasing, but it does give a clue as to the approximate low price level at which good electric sets © Popular Science Monthly GUARANTEE The above seal on an advertisement indicates that the products referred to have been approved after test by the Popular Science Institute of Standards. Popucar Science Monrtu_y guaran- tees every article of merchandise ad- vertised in its columns. Readers who buy products advertised in Poputar Science Montuty may expect them to give absolute satisfaction under normal and proper use. Our readers in buying these products are guaran- teed this sdbisletiion by Poputar Science Monrtuty. Tue PustisHers December, 1928 can be manufactured and sold under ordinary conditions. No matter how much money one js investing, the essential thing is to see that the full amount goes for those qual- ities the buyer wants most. The sets in which all qualities are developed to a high degree cost several hundred dollars to manufacture. It might seem that in cheaper sets all qualities would be evenly developed to a degree consistent with the price. The Institute’s tests, however, indicate that such is not the case. A set may excel in tone quality, for instance, and in other features barely make the grade for its price class. HIS makes it possible for the radio buyer to pay only for those features he prefers. If you live in a metropolitan area near the good broadcasting stations, for example, there is no particular ad- vantage in a set that is very sensitive to distance reception; rather concentrate on selectivity and tone fidelity in the set you choose. Likewise, if tone quality is the thing you most desire, select the set that is particularly fine in this regard, and be willing to sacrifice less desired features if your investment is limited. In buying, then, investigate with the above points in mind. Listen to as many sets in friends’ homes and dealers’ stores as possible. An investment in a radio outfit which has been approved for price and performance by the Popular Science Institute, and which particularly excels in the qualities you consider most Im portant, will bring you the maximum of radio pleasure. * od * INSTITUTE BULLETINS List of Approved Radio Products, fret on request. What the Radio Buyer 8: Know, a twenty-two-page booklet full helpful advice, price twenty-five cents. Address Popular Science Institute, 250 Fourth Ave., New York, N. Y. : poco hoosing the Right Radio Set | crac forn tage: One

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F asober, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Industry after industry discovering new uses for this grainless wood board Read the story of its wide and steadily increasing uses. Read about Here is a product which is writ- ing a new page of progress, and in scores of industries meeting challenge after challenge of modern manufacturing. Think of it!—genuine wood orstoreFixtures board that is absolutely grain- less! A board that will not — crack, check, split or splinter! A board of uni- ne is form strength and truly remarkable workability! wa And yet these are only a few of many advan- ets in tages of Masonite Presdwood. It is very dense toa and tough. It cannot be destroyed by moisture. Pe One face is steel furniture finish for smoothness venly and the other side has an imitation canvas finish. ch the It requires no paint for protection, and also takes rer any finish beautifully. me Presdwood is simply wood torn apart, and put e together again. It contains no foreign substances of any kind; not even a chemical binder. So it radio cannot damage tools. ae Presdwood comes trimmed to a four-foot by tions, twelve-foot size. It can be used on any wood- wr ad- working machine; saw, planer, sander, shaper. It 7 can be cut out, punched, die cut and shaped. In ot you fact, you will find that Presdwood is adaptable -— and workable almost beyond belief. ee No limit to its uses hh the There seems to be practically no limit to the many uses for Masonite Presdwood, and new uses are stores being discovered week after week. = Candy manufacturers are now using Presdwood sae for starch trays, and in a number of large manu- excels st im- _ it is backing and permanently Mills: Laurel, Mississippi asonite PRESDWOOD Made by the makers of MASONITE STRUCTURAL INSULATION REO. U.S PAT.OFF. its remarkable workability, uniform. strength, high resistance to moisture, and many other advantages. Then send for large, free sample of Masonite Presdwood, and put it to the test yourself. facturing plants all the tele- phone booths are lined with it. U In the Chicago Art Institute I I protecting rare works of art. The ceilings in the new Pullman Cars of various rail- roads are made of Presdwood; so is flooring for dance halls and pavilions. FOR PANELING Packing cases, concrete forms, radio cabinets, incubators and bowling alleys—these too, are being made of Masonite Presdwood. And store fixtures of all kinds, bedroom screens, invalid trays, shelving, work-bench tops, table tops, clothes hampers, bread boxes, cup- boards, breakfast nooks and china closets! Campers’ tables, automobile bodies, safety wheels for bathing beaches, speed boats, high- way signs and entrance signs, all these too, are made of Presdwood! Send for free sample Write for a large, free sample of Masonite Presdwood, and find out what it will do for you. It may be the very material for which you have long been looking. It may enable you to make a worthwhile improvement in your product, and at the same time lower your operating costs to a marked degree. Try Presdwood for yourself! MASONITE CORPORATION Sales Offices: Dept. 1212, 111 W. Washington St. Chicago, Illinois IN BUILDING BOATS

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10 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY a 7_ ) i A High Hat? Never! 2 SEE your last issue was all prettied up in the middle. First it was fic- tion, then an _ editorial page blossomed forth, and now it’s a rotogravure section. What next? Old Archimedes duded up with silk topper and spats? **Why not stick to plain, un- varnished science? Youmans, your founder, did it. I am old enough to remember that fifty years ago PorpuLtarR ScrenceE Montuiy needed no ‘dolling up’ to wield power in the world of science. Naked truth needs no paint to set off her charms.’’—A. N. P., Philadelphia, Pa. Forever, We Hope * AVE been a subscriber for two years, and | would like to ask how long do_you think you can continue making the next issue just a little better than the last one? I even read every advertisement.” —L. S. ,Rockford, II. The Lid Blows Off “wy HAT person who signed himself ‘Veteran Homeworkshopper’ ought to be ashamed to admit that he is as unprogressive as his letter seems to imply. Lambasting the mod- ernistic furniture, he inquires: ‘Have we be- come such slaves to raw efficiency that we must give up all sense of beauty and proportion?” ““Have we become such slaves to raw effi- ciency that we must use automobiles, telephones, radio, etc.? Will he please tell me why a person should step out of a luxurious car, train, ocean liner, or air- plane and live in a house filled with furniture de- signed when Queen Anne, Queen Elizabeth, or Louis XIV was living? If he will go into the matter of furniture design a little deeper, he will find it has always followed the same lines as architecture; therefore, when we live in this day of speed and efficiency, why not have our furniture in keeping with the times? “*As you stated, the pieces shown in your magazine were of the simplest kind. If the gentleman had gone to any of the recent ex- hibits of modernistic styles he would have seen pieces that would have made Chippendale turn green with envy.”—Le Moderne, New York City. That Tinkling Glass “TWIYHE letter of R. G. D. of Baltimore told of noticing that the tinkling tone made by floating ice against a glass of carbonated bev- erage rises in pitch if the glass is shaken rapidly. I think this rise in pitch is due to the lowering of the temperature of the glass as the ice melts in the beverage, and not to the carbon dioxide bubbles, as he believes. I have noted the same results with acid hypo and magnesium sul- phate. They both lower the temperature of the water as they go into solution, and neither are effervescent. “Exactly the opposite is noted when the liqvid is warmed, as when muriatic acid is ‘cut’ with zinc. The chemical action on the zinc as it goes into solution heats the liquid and the sound given out by the glass will grad- ually become lower in tone as the temperature rises.” —H. L. R., Lott, Tex. See Page Fifty-Two ““T READ with interest your article telling how the Popular Science Institute of Standards tested the so-called buried antenna and found it to be worthless. I am glad to see these gyps exposed to the public. Now I would like to see the gyp exposed that sells the ‘ball antenna.’ This is as big a fraud as the buried antenna.’’—J. B., Bloomington, Ind. Back at the Byrd Shooters “C'UFFERING catfish! I didn’t think any person could live and be so jealous as that person who signs ‘L. L. C.’ to a letter be- rating ‘Dick’ Byrd. If L. L. C. will get busy and use his intelligence in a constructive man- ner and do some outstanding thing, I'll take my hat off to him just as quickly as I did to Lindy and Dick Byrd.”"—J. C. L., Santa Bar- bara, Calif. “If Byrd makes his flights, as L. L. C. claims, for the ‘fat profits,’ then why doesn’t he keep them instead of putting them into an- other expedition in which he is very liable to be killed?” — D. E. C., Washington, D. C. ‘Byrd has too won- derful a record so far to make any talk of him stirring up bally- hoo and hero-worship true. Probably L. L. C. will live to see the day when air- planes are as numerous as automobiles, and I hope it comes soon.’ —W. K. C., Had- don Heights, N. J. “L. L. C. seems to think that as he can see no good re- ceived from Byrd's flights they are the bunk. But who saw more than a toy in the original motion picture machine?” —E. C. H., Colum- bia, Mo. “I was dumbfounded to think that any- body could be so narrew-minded, ignorant, and pig-headed as to believe that Byrd ever attempted a polar or an ocean flight for hisown personal interests.’”-—P. M. J., Melrose, Mass. Building ’Em in India a AM one of your numerous subscribers in India and take great pleasure in making, with the help of my younger brothers, many of the small but useful articles de- scribed in your ‘Home Workshop’ * columns. Let me hasten to assure you that this taste of making things with our own hands we owe entirely to your magazine. Our 4 latest venture was to make the model air- plane, Spirit of St. Louis, described in your pages. It is so very realistic that everyone who sees it praises us for our skill and perseverance. It was a sheer delight to us as the thing took shape day by day and as each successive con- structional problem was overcome.”—W. D. B., Craddock-Town, Nagpur, India. How Do You Shovel? “TX THE carpenter gang where I work dispute has been standing unsettled for some time. About half of the men, when shovel, hold the handle of the shovel on val right side. On the strength of that they con. tend they are shoveling right-handed. The others hold the shovel on the left side. They maintain that since the right ee hand does the lifting, they are shoveling right-handed. I would like to have your opin- ion as to which is the right- handed way of shoveling.”— A. H., San Diego, Calif. We put this up to the mem- bers of our editorial staff. The majority, who are naturally right-handed, hold the shovel at the right side, but one who is otherwise right-handed holds it at his left side while one who is left-handed holds it at his right side! So the question has not been settled, a the judge would say, “ beyond a reasonable doubt.” What is your opinion? Why Not ‘‘Pilotess’’? “‘DEFERRING t Amelia Earhart, you call her a ‘30-year old aviatrix.’ I stand ready to inform you that the word ‘aviatrix’ has been stricken from the flyer's vocabulary. Cer- tainly you do not di- ferentiate between the sexes in regards to the driver of an automobile, then why an airplane? “The National Advisory Committee for WAITRESS MAYORESS GOVERNESS e AVIAT---- . Aeronautics defines the term aviator as ‘the operator, or pilot, of heavier-than-air craft. This term applies regardless of sex of the opera- tor.” The word ‘aviatrix’ was removed about three years ago.” —H. W., Berkeley, Calif, No Human Speed Limit? * (YONCERNING your editorial answer toa reader, as to what is the maximum the human body will stand, note that, due to the rotation of the earth, a human being at the equator is traveling a little more than 1,00 miles per hour; the movement of the earth in its orbit around the sun, as we recall it, is sev- eral times this figure, etc. “There does not seem to be any physical limit to the speed the human body will stand. There is a limit as to what acceleration the body will survive, but this limit must be ines cess of 3g (three times the acceleration of gravity), or about sixty miles per hour per se ond, which is the rate used by the i in its airplane catapult.”—H. F. B., New York City Too Useful to Miss “CTRANGE to say, I discovered only the other day how useful your complete: sified index in the front of the magazine 1. I was surprised how much it helps me to find at once the articles in which I am parti interested.”-—A. D. B., Brooklyn, N. Y. Decemb Fift edg hur tucl g& 38

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Se mit? nswer toa num speed at, due to »ing at the han 1,000 e earth in | it, is sev- y physical will stand. ration the st be in ex- eration of yur per sec- Navy in its » York City. Ss d only the plete clas- ine is. ~~ find at N. Y. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY il THE 2 nox Gillette » Blades eee EVERY TIME HE SHAVES IN 1929 HE LL THANK YOU A SMART, masculine gift box that’s bound to be appreciated all over again each morning! Generous measure for generous shaving com- fort! Not a short-lived present, not a frivolous one, but a soundly sensible, month-after-month gift that appeals to a man’s practical nature. And the distinctive thing about it is its new- ness....it is presented by Gillette for the first . > time this Christmas. You can be sure when you choose the Fifty Box for him that he has never before received a similar gift for Christmas— or any other time. everywhere Brand new! Fifty of the famous double T he edged Gillette Blades(one perfect P. S.— When empty, this strongly-built hundred shaving edges) H sft little chest makes an ideal cigarette box tucked away in a sturdy for your desk. Or use it for stamps. Or Seemnact, colecfed hex. ri even on your dresser for collar buttons. criginal, personal way to Its usefulness is varied and its life is long. tarry your season’s greet- ings far into the New Year. GILLETTE SAFETY RAZOR CO., BOSTON, U.S. A.

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ee A-C Six RADIO q REB gg - CHRO Factory: Richmond Hill, N. Y. . . there came wise men from the East to Jerusalem...and wit \ AW, they presented unto Li\\\ \\ WAY Him gifts; gold, frank- WOM WQS Aye incense and myrrh.” NRRL WO WHA POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY aw WY LUV SAQA SS AK ‘S A DRKW WW Yk Ba ae Shae ; ‘ it is our sincere hope that a the gifts pou make this =— Christmas may bring to the little worlds into which they go, something of the joy and happiness that the greatest gift of all time has brought to Humanity. Q, H. Grebe & Co., Ine. A. H. Grebe & Company, Inc., 109 West 57th Street, New York City Western Branch: 443 So. San Pedro Street, Los Angeles, California 4 Makers of quality radio since 1909 @ This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. IKE gr ou on Be fad mechz busy airp strange cra 4} ad four gr Ff pinning al F fully it floa and stoppe This was plane of th Cierva, des ; afew squal | With the i: Fit had cros: toydon, ; evert, | ce—a, BP london-Pa: F Ithad, in t! # perts, un. ‘nquests o Shortly a > re

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| | MN pECEMBER, 1928 SUMNER BLOSSOM Editor VOL. 113, NO. 6 — Latest model autogiro in flight, carrying the inventor-pilot and apassenger. ““A cross between a windmill and a dragon-fly.”’ IKE a leaf drifting gently to the ground, a flying windmill dropped out of the sky, the other day, and onto the aviation field at Le Bourget, near Paris. Aviators and mechanics, the usual crowd at the busy airport, watched it descend—a strange craft with the body of an airplane and four great windmill-like vanes slowly spinning above it in lieu of wings. Grace- fully it floated to earth, rolled a few feet, ad stopped. Two men stepped out. This was the “‘autogiro,”’ so-called freak plane of the Spanish inventor Juan de la Cerva, designed to land in the space of # tfew square yards. It had proved itself. } Nith the inventor-pilot and a passenger # ithad crossed the English Channel from Croydon, the London airport, to St. evert, a small field near Boulogne, ce—a hundred-mile flight on the P london-Paris airline—then on to Paris. # Ithad, in the opinion of several European § “perts, unlocked a door leading to new ornis § Nquests of the air. Shortly after the Channel-crossing the , repaired following an unfortu- Windmill Plane Makes Cross-Channel Flight of the Autogiro, Latest in Aircraft, May Bring a Safer Era in Aviation—Its Young Tells How It Works and What It Does By MARCEL WALLENSTEIN Inventor nate mishap and crash during an exhibi- tion flight, made another successful flight, this time from Le Bourget field to Brus- sels, the Belgian capital. And as this is written, the young Spanish inventor has announced his intention of bringing the strange craft to America soon. Lindbergh and those who followed him flew across the Atlantic airlanes and were hailed as heroes. The mere channel flight of Cierva is in itself a modest feat in com- parison, but it has proved to the world that the autogiro is a practical advance in flying, perhaps the greatest forward stride since the Wright brothers taught the world the rudiments of aviation. For nearly five years Cierva had been demonstrating a succession of models of his autogiro in Europe. To all save a few isolated enthusiasts, the invention had been regarded as a freak; an amusing ex- periment, but not a safe solution of the most difficult problem in aviation which it was designed to meet—landing at a dead stop. But the success of the Chan- nel flight at once caught the public imagi- nation. Here was a machine which at (ood The young Spanish inventor of the revolutionary air- craft, Juan de la Cierva. He plans to bring the ma- chine to America. least could stay in the air; could do its hundred miles an hour; could cross the twenty-one miles of water dividing Brit- ain from the Continent. “The most important flight since Ble- riot first flew the Channel”’ is the opinion generally of the British experts. The British Air Ministry has ordered four ma- chines from Cierva, and the French gov- ernment is contemplating immediate pur- chases. AS a new epoch dawned in aviation? Possibly. Inventors long have dreamed of air travel for everybody; of the traffic problem solved in the sky; of planes rising vertically from and descend- ing upon flat-top roofs. The autogiro by no means brings all this.to pass; yet it does offer a concrete, tangible develop- ment in that direction. Those who have looked toward the day of the helicopter— the flying machine capable of lifting itself 13

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14 straight up—may now con- centrate their attention upon the invention of the young Spanish engineer, and the subsequent perfection of it. Not a helicopter is his de- vice, but an airplane so radi- cally modified as to give re- markable qualities of stabil- ity, safety, and ability to rise and descend in the most cramped flying fields. Even twenty-passenger, 250-mile- an-hour autogiros may be built, the inventor declares. The story of the autogiro is a story of intelligence and hard work. Young De la Cierva’s efforts have not been those of a penniless youth fighting up- wards from obscurity. His father is a prominent and wealthy Spanish lawyer, who, in the government preceding the dictatorship of. Primo de Rivera, was war minister in the Madrid cabinet. T THE age of- sixteen Juan junior turned his attention to aerodynam- ics, although ‘his first experiments were not with the windmill plane. The theory of the helicopter first interested, then commanded his efforts, and this interest led directly to the development of his revolutionary plane. “In 1920 I had the first theoretical conception of my autogiro,”’ he told me in London just after his Channel flight. “Three years later I actually showed one of my machines in flight. Two years later I had improved greatly on the original idea with the machine I brought to England.” He was invited to demonstrate his plane in England, where Sir Sefton Brancker, vice air marshal, a student of flying since long before the war, gave him every assist- ance. In De la Cierva’s three years of experiment in the face of public and of- ficial apathy, Brancker has been his con- stant friend and counselor. Prior to his arrival in England De la Cierva had spent only about two hours in the air in his autogiro. “In 1925,” he told me, “I was trying only to prove that the machine would fly and that it had one or two essentially new qualities. Now that the ‘flying wind- mill’ has proved it can fly, my task has been to produce machines as perfect me- chanically as standard airplanes, compar- ing with them favorably in ordinary per- formance, and possessing, besides, the new advantages which ordinary planes cannot hope to attain.” EFORE the Channel flight, De la Cierva had put in about forty hours of experimental flight over various parts of the United Kingdom. At aerial meets, all through the spring and summer, the horizontal windmill blades of his craft became familiar to thousands of specta- tors. Three British service pilots, includ- ing Bert Hinkler, the famous Australian, have put the new model autogiro through severe tests at the Hamble airdrome near Southampton. A. V. Roe & Company, the pioneers of British aircraft construc- tion, now are turning out the craft for the inventor’s company, which is known as Autogiro Limited. It is reported to have sold nine autogiro planes already— serious or fatal accident. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Whenever the autogiro has crashed, its easy vertical drop has prevented of which one is for use in the United - States, another purchased by Italy, three by Spain, and the other four by England. Cierva emphasizes the fact that his “autogiro” is not a true vertical-flying craft, despite some popular impression to the contrary. It is essentially an airplane, but an airplane at which you will look in vain for wings. Only the appendages of wings remain on long poles—a lonesome pair of ailerons, or balancing flaps. Above, on a mast, whirl the feather-shaped wind- mill vanes, slowly or swiftly as the air- plane’s speed changes. In these spinning vanes lies the whole secret of the autogiro’s ability to come to earth at the amazingly slow speed of fif- teen miles an hour, as it did at Le Bourget, instead of the sixty or more re- quired by a standard plane. This slow 0 Motions Ol J ene ke Cierva in the cockpit at the start of the Channel flight, showing upright rotor mast, and the hinged joints of the lifting vanes. descent minimizes the chance of a crack-up. The vanes are perfectly ““°SIYESSTRON free to spin—not by motor power, but by the forceful air draft created by the air- plane’s own forward speed under its standard tractor propeller. As they spin on their ball bearings they lift. Consequently, although the airplane may be moving at the leisurely rate of fif- teen miles an hour, the sus- taining air stream that lifts the windmill-like wings, and VANE CUT AWAY iTO SHOW WING- This picture shows the machine after its recent crash at Le Bourget Field. De la Cierva and a passenger escaped injury. THIS VANE ADVANCES AGAINST AIR PRESSURE G HINGES ALLOW VANES To « . FLAP SLIGHTLY AND TO @ How the streamlined windmill vanes operate to lift the craft, and also to stabilize it by equalizing the lift on both sides. December, 19g | through them the plane. ; moving for practical] > much faster —the plane’ speed, plus a certain pe due gs vanes’ own spi ning. Hence the autogiro stay in the air or float ne erately to earth, where a standard plane, robbed of jts sustaining velocity, would drop like a plummet and crash. f peri is the autogiro prin- ciple in a few words. Ip practice, it is a little more detailed. How can the wind. mill, so-called, spin at all when the air stream strikes both sides? Because of the fact that the wings of the windmill are st i and such streamlined bodies offer more resistance to the wind with their edges forward than reversed. And Dela Cierva demonstrated with a model, in the aerodynamic laboratory of Cuastro-Vien. tes at Madrid, that the excess wind pressure on the sharp-edged side of his windmill, as illustrated in the diagram accompanying this article, is sufficient to whirl the whole thing. This diagram, too, shows why the total lift of the windmill is greater than for q stationary wing. One inclined windmill vane is moving forward against the air with its own spinning speed plus that of the plane; therefore, its lift is greater than that of a stationary plane. The opposite vane is running away from the plane’s motion; its lift is less. But there are also two vanes fore and aft, whose lift is a combination of their own speed and some air pressure caused by their inclined posi- tion with respect to the plane’s travel; hence the sum of all four is a lift con siderably more than could be obtained with a conventional wing of the same total area. INCE a vane on one side lifts more than the opposite one, why doesn’t the autogiro tip over sideways? Because the unequal lifts are equalized through hinges on the shaft that allow the vanes, which are hung on elastic braces, to swing upward through a small arc until the lifts balance. In flight they actually flaps little, somewhat like a bird’s wings; not far, because the centrifugal force, or out- ward pull, of the fast-spinning vanes them down despite the upward push of air under them. It is this ability of the wings to ad just themselves to equalize air lift effects that supplies the autogiro’s remar WINDMILL SPINS IN THIS DIRECTIon THIS VANE RUNS THESE VANES CROSS ON- AWAY FROM AIR COMING AIR CURRENT “AND ADD TO LIFT OAS Cae 4 : LIFT Se i shapes OF the climbi been more model, cal senger, has the previo ron. The und be very wi S repeated a dercarriage of the inve through an during a fli other three the plane f HE ruc govern¢ In some o} the invento asmall wl which, thre the lateral the entire | of the cente also are the with the ex counter, w] volving bla The eng warmed up ing the proj sets free t! into the wi t t 1? Above: Th across the I

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more oesn't cause rough re lifts ps 8; not December, 1928 It is self-balancing; air “pock- silty, aps are not felt by its pilot or ” or b eee : es ers, and airsickness, companion pdr to seasickness, is unknown. There is no essential difference between controls and those of an ordinary ma- chine, the ailerons being carried by two jateral spars in Cierva’s earlier machines, d by very small monoplane wings in the 1928 model. . the first machine were much the same gs those experienced by the Wright broth- ers with the first airplane. First he had to get his autogiro into the air. At the outset this was done by a team of men ing a rope wound round the root of the rotor, or mast, to give it the first spin uired. Since the experiments with his frst model, De la Cierva has altered the shapes of his blades several times, until the cimbing power of the autogiro has heen more than doubled. Today the new model, carrying the pilot and one pas- senger, has a greater climbing ability than the previous model carrying only one rs0nl. The undercarriage of the autogiro must be very wide because of the slow landing The earlier machines met with repeated accidents because of narrow un- dercarriages. In 1927 the development of the invention suffered a serious delay through an accident caused by the failure, during a flight, of one of the blades. The other three blades saved a serious crash, the plane falling slowly to the ground. Lo inventor's greatest difficulties with HE rudder, ailerons, and elevator are governed as in any conventional plane. In some of the machines recently built theinventor has been experimenting with asmall wheel on the instrument board which, through low pitch gearing, alters the lateral angle of the mast, displacing the entire lift reaction to one side or other ofthe center of gravity. The instruments also are the same as in ordinary machines, with the exception of an extra revolution counter, which is connected with the re- volving blades. The engine having been started and warmed up, a mechanic, instead of whirl- ing the propeller, as with ordinary planes, ws free the rotating blades. Starting into the wind, the autogiro takes off the r Above: The autogiro hovering above Le Bourget Field, near Paris, at the end of its successful flight POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY ground as soon as the wing revolutions have reached eighty percent of their maxi- mum capacity, and while the horizontal taxiing speed is still reduced. The best climbing speed is slower than that of the usual plane, being from forty to fifty miles an hour. Pilots who have tested the machine say it is extraordinarily easy to fly, and less susceptible to rough weathér than other planes. It answers easily and immediately to rudder, elevator, and ailerons. In turning, the rudder is used exclusively, the machine banking almost automati- cally. ND now, with the engine throttled down, the autogiro glides at a speed of fifteen miles an hour! It is time for the vertical descent. The pilot wishes to land in a field, surrounded by trees or a small park, or even on a large roof. He pulls back his stick, the earth seems slowly to rise-under him. The engine is dead. There is not the noise of the customary OM PITS 6 ar er man a ES Er 6. Fad ot hed ross the English Channel. Below: The machine at Hamble airdrome, England, before the flight. 15 descent. The autogiro is stable and under perfect control. Within a dozen feet of the ground the pilot releases his stick a little, the machine surges forward again. Then at three to ten feet above the ground, the stick is pulled back swiftly again, and the autogiro drops slowly for the last few feet. ITH special undercarriages, such as have been used on some of the ex- perimental machines at the Hamble field, it is possible to drop vertically from any height without harm to the machine, but with a considerable bump. Pilots who have flown both the conven- tional planes and the autogiro have dis- covered this main difference between them: If the engine fails in a monoplane or biplane on the average cross country flight the pilot usually can expect a fu- neral, or ten days in a hospital, if he is lucky. If the autoigro engine dies there is no stall or nose dive to fear. It de- scends as safely as a parachute, but under the pilot’s control. Lecturing to a group of British pilots recently, De la Cierva told them: “In an autogiro you can enjoy low flight without anxiety, and nearly all the pilots who have flown any of my ma- chines have described the peculiarly comfortable feel- ing which is, I believe, equivalent to that of a driver of a powerful and fast car with wonderful brakes, who can enjoy high speed on the roads without fearing the sudden appear- ance of any obstacle. “TF, WHEN flying low in an autogiro—taking off, for instance—your en- gine begins to lose power and you realize that trees, houses, wires, or other ob- stacles are only fifty yards ahead of you and cannot be cleared —don’t worry. Throttle down the engine and stop the machine in the air in a few yards by pulling back the stick—pulling it right back, as for vertical descent. This is your aero- dynamical brake, and it will save lives.” An ordinary plane can be reined in almost as rapidly, as any pilot knows, but the result is often fatal. Nearly always it means a sudden stall, the plane heeling over into a nose dive or spin out of control, with resultant smash. The natural enthusiasm of the inventor has been shared by the British pilots at Hamble. Lady Heath, the woman who flew unaccompanied from South Africa in a baby Moth biplane, recently was given her first autogiro flight in a machine with dual controls, and was delighted with the experience. Any man can pilot the autogiro, says De la Cierva. It is apparently the one inherently stable heavier than air ma- chine, and no great skill or extraordinarily quick thinking is required to control it. Stalling kills (Continued on page 150) ——EE

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William H. Mea- dowcroft, Edison’s confidential aide, and himself a noted authority on elec- tricity. In this ar- ticle he gives a close-up glimpse of the great inven- tor’s mail basket. % POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY ‘With $i Interior view of Edison’s wonderfully appointed library and office in his laboratory, West Orange, N. J. His desk is at left of the pedestal in the foreground. The room contains scores of bookshelves, pictures, and models of inventions, @©Thomas A. Edison Edison at work at his desk, going over the day’s pile of mail. When this photograph was snapped, he was unaware that he was having his picture taken. each letter, says Mr. Meadowcroft, he writes comments upon it with a pencil, telling how it shall be answered. He masters the contents with one reading. As he reads So They Wrote to Edison- Surprising Things the Great Inventor Finds in His Flood of Mail Every Day Americans who have won distinc- tion in the field of electricity where they obtained their first knowledge of the subject, more than half of them probably will name the same book. It is The ABC of Electricity, written in 1888 by William H. Meadowcroft. To this same man, the electric signs which make Broadway famous and which stretch from coast to coast owe their beginning. Meadowcroft was the origi- nator of the application of electricity to display signs. But, besides being an electrical au- thority in his own right, he is noted as the man who knows Thomas A. Edison best. For forty-seven years he has been associated intimately with him and for the past eighteen years he has been his confidential secretary. No one in the world is better qualified to write about Edison or his daily life. In this article Mr. Meadowcroft tells of some of the strange, the amusing, the interesting letters that come from the ends of the earth to Edison’s over- flowing mail basket. If you have ever L’ YOU were to ask any group of wondered what sort of letters the mail- man brings a famous man or what the thousands of people, who address him through the mail, write about, you will long remember this inside glimpse into the life of Thomas A. Edison.—The Editor. By WILLIAM H. HE attainment by an individual of even a moderate degree of fame brings with it an unsolic- ‘ ited increase in the number of letters delivered at his door by the postman. His regular business and personal mail may, of course, show a natural and legitimate growth, but in proportion to the extent of the publicity which has brought him into prominence, so will he become a shining mark for the arrows of the ever watchful writers of letters to those in the public eye. This is essentially so in the case of Edison, who has attained fame in so many directions. It simply resolves itself into a multiplicity of subjects upon which mis- cellaneous correspondents may spend their efforts, and it goes on year after year. Day by day his secretaries open the letters and, after reserving such as can be attended to by them, place the re- MEADOWCROFT mainder in an overfiowing mail basket on the inventor’s desk. And sucha mail! It is doubtful whether Uncle Sam delivers to any other single person such a variegated assortment Besides reports from various compat and departments and a large number d really important communications relating to his extensive business interests, Edison is flooded with a variety of letters which to answer adequately would make & mands on the wisdom of a Solomon, tht contents of an encyclopedia, and pocketbook of Croesus. : Of course, the autograph collectors always in evidence, and if all of his or het desires were satisfied, Edison would lt come a mere clerk. Parents write to what is best to do with sons who some leaning toward electricity or othe Applicants for pot arts and sciences. tions contribute no small quota. © of mines samples « offer to s ventor— are intere tion on v them in 1 write to ¢ vention t tors, law) im con pamphlet HESI A subjec won is exy of variou teriousl y concernin which th Til teivable | Write to a ‘tine of w« engaged, of epist]

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“I am long on ideas but short on time,’ POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY says Edison. ‘I only expect to live to be about 100.”’ @©wWalter Scott Shinn Yet he still finds time to read letters from all parts of the world, in tae overflowing mail basket upon his desk. of mines (and their name is legion) send samples of ore, asking for analyses, and offer to share their property with the in- ventor—for a consideration. Boys who are interested in electricity seek illumina- tion on various problems which confront them in their experiments. Deaf people write to ask if he has not made some in- vention to alleviate their affliction. Doc- tors, lawyers, scientists, and thinkers send him complimentary copies of books, pamphlets, and papers they have written. HHESE cover an infinite variety of A subjects, and some expression of opin- ion is expected. Faddists and exponents of various “isms” and cults write mys- teriously and intricately to get his views concerning hair-splitting theories with which they are wrestling. Experimenters in almost every con- ceivable brarch of the arts and sciences write to ask his views on some particular of work in which they happen to be engaged. Quite frequently the latter class of epistles contain lengthy descriptions, covering many pages of more or less in- telligible matter, more or less illegibly written; and not seldom there is pro- pounded, quite artlessly, some question that would require the writing of a small volume to answer. A good example of such questions in one case was, “How do they make the most efficient dynamos?”’ Invitations to banquets, expositions, meet- ings of societies, and other functions are constantly seen in the inventor’s mail. Requests for interviews by those who have ‘“‘a very important idea” that can only be explained in person are of fre- quent occurrence. The “important idea” correspondents are usually called on for a bill of particulars before an audience is considered. ‘The chances are that this finally disposes of the matter entirely. Several large record books, and note- books galore, crammed with endless ideas of his own for further inventions, offer eloquent testimony to the truth of what Edison has often said in this connection: “T am long on ideas but short on time. I only expect to live to be about 100.” It is not to be expected that so promi- nent a mark would not be aimed at by those who send out letters asking for finan- cial aid, either in the shape of loans or gifts. These are plenty, as also are numer- ous opportunities to finance business propositions. Occasionally comes one seeking to establish a relationship, more or less distant, usually so far distant as to be unrecognizable. Letters from friends of boyhood or of old telegraph days are far from uncommon and usually meet with a courteous re- sponse. ND, once in a while, from various parts of our own country and from all parts of the world, comes a gleam of sunshine in the shape of a letter express- ing gratitude to the inventor of the phonograph for the happy hours Edison has afforded them. Other letters convey the appreciation of the writers for the comforts and blessings brought into their lives by his other inventions. Only a very short time ago a (Continued on page 152)

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—_— al on its first trial flight. New Fuel Drives The Graf Zeppelin, largest airship afloat, flying over Friedrichshafen, Germany, Right: Dr. Hugo Eckener, the designer of the craft. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY ° Giant Zeppelin © LUE gas” as motor fuel has passed its first real test in the great Germany-to-America Graf Zeppelin, for the moment the world’s largest airship. When Dr. Hugo Eckener’s latest creation rose on its trial trip over Munich, Germany, preparatory to a trans-Atlantic flight to America, its engines were burning gasoline. But a few minutes later the rear motors, their gaso- line supply shut off, were fired with the new fuel gas through rubber tubes from the balloonlike gas compartments. Next the forward motors switched to the new gas without missing an explosion. Success was even greater than expected. So powerfully did the new air-thin gas drive the engines that Dr. Eckener an- nounced the ship would use the fuel gas exclusively. Latest engineering triumphs are built into the Graf Zeppelin, the craft that is Germany’s answer to critics of airships as opposed to airplanes. Half again as large as our Los Angeles, the 3,700,000 cubic- foot ship is second in size only to Britain’s ships, now being built. It surpasses in sheer bulk the Great Pyramid of Egypt. From it are hung the rotor gondolas with their five air-cooled 530-horsepower Maybach motors, and passenger and navigation cabins. Within, the main gondola reveals luxuriofts accommoda- tions for twenty passengers. Down- slanted windows and ceiling lights illu- minate a comfortably-furnished dining cabin and lounge. Forward are ten sleep- ing cabins with Pullmanlike upper and lower berths. Navigation and radio cabins, and an electric kitchen, occupy adjoining compartments. Within the gas bag itself, the “up- stairs” of the craft, live the crew. A narrow’ catwalk runs the length of the dirigible, which is so long—nearly 800 feet—that it takes three minutes to walk from one end to the other. Great spaces reserved for cargo and sacks of mail reflect Dr. Eckener’s con- tention that the ship’s greatest utility will be as an air freighter. Upon publication of the Graf Zeppelin’s itinerary, including a trip from Germany to Lakehurst. N. J., and return, the U. S. Post Office Department announced plans to dispatch the first air mail to Germany. The luxurious reception room of the new airship, Twenty passengers are accommodated comfortably. Originally it had been planned to fly the air giant to America last spring or summer, Delay followed attempts to produce the new “‘blue gas,”’ or blaugas, as it is known by the men who distill it from’fuel oil, in quantities sufficient for the trip. Filled for a trans-Atlantic voyage, the fuel compartment with. in the gas proper holds nearly a million cubic feet of the gas—enough to keep the gas range in your home _ burning night and day for ten years! This gas is practically as light as air and therefore no ap preciable load for the dirigible to carry. Con- sequently, when part of it is used up, there is little change in the whole craft’s weight and it need not valve off part of its precious hydrogen to avoid bobbing upward into the sky, as it would tend to do were gasoline used. Blaugas contains a negligible percentage of high-inflammable gas, minimizing ex- plosion hazard and danger of igniting the hydrogen-filled gas bag above. LAUGAS is manufactured by distill- ing and decomposing crude oil i huge retorts, heated to a temperature of a thousand degrees F.—the heat of red-hot iron. There the oil decomposes and tums into a variety of gases which, after passing through cleaners, coolers, and scrubbers, are stored in tanks. Eight gallons of oil produce 1,000 cubic feet of gas. Powerful pumps then draw the gas from its holders and compress it, causing most of the gas to liquefy. It may then be transported in steel cylinders, and allo to expand and re-gasify when needed. The new Zeppelin’s tremendous cru ing radius of 7,000 miles could take it from Berlin to San Francisco without stoppmg. In this factor Doctor Eckener sees main challenge to the airplane’s suprem acy—a challenge so real that plans ate under way for a dirigible air line from Germany to South America.

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1928 ship. ably. y the mer, » the 10Wn il, in ‘illed yage, with. olds illion t of ough e gas your December, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 19 Radio Outruns the Hurricane While the Tropical fury Blew Paths of Death and Ruin, the ‘Hams’ Stood by to Warn and Send Aid By GEORGE LEE DOWD, JR. HE whole world was horrified ntly at the destruction wrought by the West Indian hurricane that swept a path of death and ruin through Porto Rico, the Virgin Islands, Guadaloupe and several smaller islands, and our own Florida. Scores of ships were wrecked, eastles of the rich and cabins of the poor alike demolished, and hundreds of de- fenceless people drowned in floods that laid waste farms and orchards as the terrific tempest rolled northward. The tropical storm, one of the worst in modern history, struck the Florida coast with such intensity that at West Palm Beach and Palm Beach alone, nearly 100,000 persons were left homeless and the damage to property was more than $100,000,000. The hurricane was first discovered about 800 miles east of Guadaloupe in the Atlantic Ocean. It traveled west- northwest over Guadaloupe to the south- em part of the Virgin Islands, passed along the southern coast of Porto Rico, then turned northwest, lashing over Turks Island and Nassau to the Florida coast, which it hit with tremendous force. From there, with diminished power, it recurved to the northward and then northeast, passing near Jacksonville, Fla., Savannah, Ga., Charleston, S. C., Wilmington, N. C., and Richmond, Va. Its tail end, assuming the form of high winds and pelting rains, switched over cities of Pennsylvania. It died at last in the vicinity of Buffalo, N. Y., exactly ten days after it was first reported. NE of the remarkable aspects of the storm was the fact that though it was predicted by the United States Weather Bureau, three days before Florida felt its impact, still, just as in 1926, the actual arrival of the gale found many communities completely unpre- pared. An explanation can be found only m the fact that mankind habitually neglects to profit by the lessons of ex- perience. Another noteworthy feature was the part played by radio, and especially by “hams” or amateur operators, in flash- ing news of the approaching hurricane to regions along its path. No sooner was warning broadcast that the storm had descended upon the West For hours, while the terrific storm was at its height, Nathan Pomerantz, twenty-year-old radio amateur of Brooklyn, N. Y., handled messages to and from the stricken area through his station, Indies and was rushing northward toward Florida, than all available radio stations in the wind-swept area were pressed into service. With telephone and telegraph wires torn down by gales reaching a velocity of more than 100 miles an hour, these stations furnished the sole means of communication. TATION WRVS, of the University of .J Florida, was the first to spread warning of the disaster. The news was picked up and relayed by WCAM, of the Miami Daily News, and other stations. As a result, thousands fled to cover. Com- mercial telegraph stations meanwhile had flashed word to vessels at sea. The Tropical Radio Company, despite loss of two aerials at Miami, succeeded in maintaining unbroken communication with the “‘outside.” Contact was estab- lished with station WBF, at Boston, and thousands of messages inquiring after the safety of friends and relatives were re- layed through this circuit. Assistance in relaying messages and spreading warning was given by ships in the hurricane | | | | | °5 2 vicinity, while short-wave stations of the Radio Corporation of America at San Juan and along the Atlantic coast kept a constant vigil. , Splendid service was. given, too, by amateur radio operators in the United States and Canada and in Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Through his station 2APD Nathan Pomerantz, a twenty-year-old amateur of Brooklyn, N. Y., handled many messages to and from the stricken area. Aside from operating his own station in Brooklyn, Pomerantz worked a low-wave station at the Radio World’s Fair, held at that time in New York. There many messages were relayed to Florida and Porto Rico. Pomerantz reported picking up NBB, the naval station at St. Thomas, Virgin Islands, while the storm center was only thirteen miles south of that point. PERATING continuously from nine o’clock on Sunday morning until five o’clock on Monday afternoon, ama- teur station 4AAO, of Homestead, Florida, handled messages for relatives of persons in the affected area. Other amateur stations that did valiant service included 4EI, 4AFC, and 4AGR, at Palm Beach, and 4AFL, at Tampa. In Quebec, Canada, several “hams” proved themselves Good Samar- itans of the air, keeping at their instruments vir- tually through the entire first three days of the hurricane, relaying mes- sages and standing by for distress calls. Alex- ander Reid, of station 2BE, St. Lambert, Que., particularly distin- guished himself. How do tropical hur- The path of the recent hurricane. Rising from the Atlantic Ocean east of the West Indies, it swept to the westward and northward, ricanes originate? Ex- perts disagree as to their

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20 exact cause, though the theory is gener- ally accepted that they start as eddies between conflicting air currents, while the excessive heating of moist air over a large area of the tropical ocean, with a resultant expansion upward, outflow above, and inflow below, is one of the chief contributing causes. The meeting of conflicting winds, it is now generally accepted, leads to the for- mation of eddies and ascending currents. A whirling vortex is set up as a result of the deflective effect of the earth’s rotation on the winds flowing toward the storm center. This vortex, once created POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY extra-tropical cyclone may have an average diameter of 1,500 miles, and an exceptional one may cover the entire northern half of the North Atlantic Ocean. A tropical cyclone varies in diameter from fifty to 300 miles. Compared with these two, the tornado is a mere midget, its diam- eter extending from a few yards to half a mile. Also, the tornado is of land origin, whereas the hurri- and set in motion, will be kept going for a long time by inertia, in spite of friction, and thus may travel far over the earth’s surface before it dies out. . The storm apparently is carried along by the air stream in which it was formed. First it travels west- ward with the trade winds. Then, if its persists, it is carried along with the general circulation of air around the border of a subtropical high-pressure area into the tem- perate zone, and later it swings eastward and poleward with the prevailing westerly winds of middle latitude. A WEST Indian hurricane is, in ality, a cyclone of small area but unusually powerful in its whirl- ing action and consequently of great destructive force. Aside from the West Indies, there are at least four other extensive zones in which hur- ricanes originate. These are the Pacific Ocean, adjacent to China, Japan and the Philippines; the South Pacific east of Australia and near Samoa; the Bay of Bengal, oo ae qui MOMET Src | West Palm Beach, Fla, ery the worst fury of hurricanes is be. CABLE lieved to be a result of generally prevailing atmospheric conditions Te which will not produce the inten. sity of which tropical storms are capable. HURRICANE rarely sweeps far inland. One notable exception was the hurricane which caused _ 8,000 deaths in Galveston, Texas, in 1900. Beginning in mid-Atlantic, it crossed the Caribbean Sea and Cuba and followed the Gulf Coast ~ from the tip of Florida. When it reached Texas, it swept inland, driving before it a great tidal waye that covered Galveston to a depth of from four to sixteen feet. It then blew over the Mississippi Valley, passed out to sea by wayof the St. Lawrence River, and even tually struck Iceland. This hu ricane, which lasted about two weeks, was one of the most ter and the Indian Ocean just off the coast of Madagascar. The customary name for such tempests in the Far East is typhoon, a word of Chinese derivation; in the Philip- pines they are called baguios. Cyclone is their designation in the Indian Ocean. In the South Pacific, as in the Atlantic area, the name hurricane predominates. But they all are tropical cyclones. Sometimes the hurricane is confused with storms which exhibit similar charac- teristics—the extra-tropical cyclone and the tornado. They are, however, very dissimilar in extent and intensity. An Ghastly ruin left by the winds. in San Juan, Porto Rico, after the recent storm had passed. cane and the cyclone rise from the waves. But in the matter of intensity, the roles are reversed. In this respect, the pygmy—the tornado—is a giant. It is the most powerful atmospheric blast known, and the deadliest. Its velocity at times reaches 500 miles an hour. That is approximately four times the speed of the average tropical hurricane. Many extra-tropical cyclones do not even rank as gales. The greater destructiveness of the hurricane is due to its sustained power. On the other hand, the tornado is al- ways of brief duration. Hurricanes rarely con- tinue farther up the At- lantic coast than Dela- ware. As in the recent storm, the northern cities may experience heavy rain and high winds as a result, but the damage there is negligible com- pared to that done in the south. What rain and wind the north receives are said to be caused by the fact that a portion of the hurricane reverses its course after heading back Scores of vessels were caught and wrecked by the hurricane blast. This remarkable photograph shows a boat blown ashore and left high and dry among the trees near West Palm Beach. out to the ocean. The immunity of the northern seaboard from All that was left of a theater rific storms ever recorded. From time immemorial, tropical storms have scourged the earth, but our knowledge of them is compar atively recent. Before the seventeenth century, hurricanes were known merely as excessively strong and destructive winds. Their rotary motion was not dis- covered until much later, after the in vention of the weather chart, which dates only from the beginning of the nineteenth century. It was finally recognized in 1881, VERYBODY, said Mark Twain, talks about the weather, but nobody does anything about it. Hurricanes al ways have lashed the West Indies and Florida, and there is no prospect that they will ever cease to do so. The only hope for the future lies in the lessons which disasters teach. After the San Francisco earthquake, architects and engineers devoted their attention to erecting types of buildings that would withstand a recurrence of great shock. An article describing th construction of hurricane-proof houses appeared in Poputar Sctence Montuit for February, 1927. Emulation of the San Francisco exall- ple is the only possible protection against hurricanes and their resultant misery. Humanity cannot avoid the fury of the elements. The time will come when mats innate sense of self-preservation, cou with his ingenuity, will lead him to devist means to resist them.

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er, 195 omes } at is be- erally tions, inten- iS are ps far option “aused xas, in lantic, a and Coast hen it nland, | wave depth t. Tt issippi way of | even- is hur it two st tet ropical earth, ompar- teenth merely ructive not dis- the in- h dates eteenth in 1881, Twain, nobody ines al- ies ct that he only lessons hquake, d their uildings e of the ing the houses ONTHIY O exall- against misery: y of the 1 man’s cou o devis December, 1928 Laying the New Ocean CROW'S nest OR ‘ Bow ‘toa | § @\ LOOKOUT ) SHEAVES \ \ ¥ VA \ v CG a BOILER ROOM ENGINE ROOM ~~_Q , NAVIGATING \ | BRIDGE g POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY TZ GELEADS AND WaUNSD FOR CAGLE 4 b] Four friction brakes, acting directly on the paying-out drum, are cooled by water. largest and fastest cable-laying ship in the world, the Dominia, recently completed the main link— between Bay Roberts, Newfoundland, and the Azores—of the latest trans- Atlantic cable, which will transmit eight Messages at once between the United States, Europe, and Africa. The Dominia is 509 feet long, twenty-two feet longer than the Colonia, its famous sister ship, which has laid more miles of cable than any other vessel in the world. Its oil- burning engines drive it at a top speed of 14.5 knots an hour. It has a crew of 130 hen, and its 180,000 cubic feet of cable space allows it to carry approximately 8,900 miles of deep-sea cable. Four huge tanks in the hold contain miles of cable, all in one piece. ing a trip, an electric current is kept passing from shore through the length of the cable, lighting a signal lamp. If the CABLE TANKS —— eam 7 CABLE PAYING OUT DRUM AROUND WHICH THERE ARE THREE TURNS OF CABLE WATER COOLED BRAKING MECHANISM FOR CONTROLLING TENSION ON CABLE Design of the world’s largest cable ship, re- vealing latest machinery for picking up and paying out cable, about 3,900 miles of which can be carried in huge tanks in the hold. Top insert shows cable drum and braking mech- anism which controls tension of the cable. DYNAMOMETER WHICH REGISTERS TENSION ON CABLE PASSAGEWAYS THROUGH SUPERSTRUCTURE FOR CABLE RUNWAYS OR FAIR- LEADS TESTING . \ LABORATORY ) " ~" iy or, Pes TAUT WIRE GEAR FOR TENSION 4 ‘a Ce DATA CABLE CONTROL, ° ROOM How the World’s Greatest Cable Ship Joins the Continents with Miles of Unbroken Wire lamp goes out, indicating a break or the development of a defect in the wire, the man on watch presses a button which instantly stops all machinery and the ship itself. Wheels and guides lead the cable from the hold to a drum, which it circles three times before continuing through a dynamometer, thence through a final sheave at the stern of the ship and into the ocean. Through an ingenious system of brakes, the cable engineer governs the slack, which is allowed to take care of irregular- ities of the sea bottom. A chain connects the shaft of the drum with a fan which revolves in a metal case with adjustable openings that regulate the inrush of air, and consequently the speed at which the fan turns. The greater the pressure of in- rushing air, the slower the fan revolves. As it slows up, the chain drags on the shaft, slowing the drum. The fan’s maximum drag is equal to the pull of forty horses, but it has an air-cushion effect without sudden jerking that might part the cable. ESIDES the fan brake, four friction brakes act directly on the shaft, which is cooled by a constant stream of water. A piano wire, played out with the cable, is kept taut and a comparison of the amounts of cable and wire that are let out shows the exact amount of slack in the cable. The dynamometer shows the stress on the cable in hundred-weights and indicates when the pull on it is near- ing the danger point. When the vessel is laying cable on the ocean’s bed it plows ahead night and day at an average speed of seven knots an hour, leaving about two hundred miles of copper wire behind it during a twenty- four-hour run.

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Méchanical not new. The inventor Arch- ytos, in 400 B.C., devised the first, a flying dove. A mechanical man that played cards, exhibited in London in 1875, was surpassed only a few months ago by a mech- anical chess player, which stopped of its own accord if the human op- ponent cheated. The German battleship Zaehringen, sailing the seas today without a man aboard, is guided by a mechanical pilot with radio ‘‘ears’’. Marvelous feats, these, but “robots’”’ are in themselves com- plete evidence that no mechanical contrivance can ever wholly re- place human labor. Their very perfection is a tribute, not to themselves, but to the intelli- gence of the men who designed them and set them in operation. They respond, but man thinks. A not new. Th as such, are PON the rostrum sat a large and awesome figure, not unlike the giant warrior of brass atop the mountain in Sheherazade’s tale. But this huge monsier had the cold white sheen of tin, and the experjenced eye could tell that aluminum was his substance. With his armor-plated chest, arms, and legs, and sharp metal joints at the knees, he seemed like a grotesque enlargement of the knights-in-armor that frighten elderly lady visitors in museums. The Thing’s enormous size and the stark immobility of ‘his face gave him a really terrifying quality. His lipless, toothless mouth agape, his hollow eyes aslant, he stared into an audience that packed the Royal Horticultural Hall, in London. Fairly popeyed, they returned his lifeless gaze. They felt subconsciously that here was some strange symbol of relentless Fate itself. Their wonder mounted to amazement when, with a grinding, creaking noise, the figure rose and moved his stiff arms in a superfluous gesture asking for silence. Suddenly, the black, dead eyes became alive with a ghastly yellow light. And then—he spoke! “Ladies and gentlemen,” came a rumbling voice. “‘Unaccustomed as I am to public speaking, it gives me great pleasure...” The spell was broken. True, the voice had an unearthly sound. But the pro- nunciation was that of the typical edu- cated Englishman, and the words were the time-honored commonplaces uttered by presiding officers the world over. In such novel fashion, the recent model Engineering Exhibition was opened in the British capital. A scientist of note had promised to preside; but a few days before the opening date, word was re- ceived that he would not be able to appear. It was then that Captain W. H. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Men Walk and Talk Amazing Automatons Invented to Operate Mighty Machinery, Speak at Meetings, Make Lightning Calculations, and Rid the World of Drudgery By ROBERT E. MARTIN Richards conceived the idea of construct- ing a man of metal to do the job. This creature not only would take the place of the defaulting chairman, but serve as a most appropriate feature for the engi- ne.ring show. He set to work quickly and christened his aluminum creation ** Eric.” Eric moved and had his being through the means of an electric motor, electro- magnets, pulleys, and levers concealed in his body. For raising him from his seat, causing him to bow to the audience, and resume his chair, another motor was con- cealed in the platform under his feet. Ingenious electrical instruments (a jeal- ously guarded secret of his inventor) en- abled Eric to hear questions and answer in a human voice. Tn large lettering on Eric’s breastplate appeared the initials “R.U. R.” (short for “‘ Rossum’s Universal Robots’’), which years ago formed the title of a fanciful play by Karel Capek, the Czecho- Slovakian playwright, in which his Robot was a machine apparently en- dowed with human powers and human thought. Capek it was who gave the world the much-needed word “‘robot,”’ as the name for a working automaton. Only a few days before Eric’s weird antics, another sensation was caused in the West End of London by the appear- ance in the streets of a walking robot, taken for a stroll by his inventor, Captain J. A. Roberts. ARLIER still, the Televox, another mechanical creature, constructed by R. J. Wensley, an engineer of the West- inghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company, had astonished a group of engineers in New York by answering the telephone and doing sundry other chores. Still another, demonstrated soon after December the appearance of Televox, was the Product Integraph, developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Tee Cambridge, by Dr. Vannevar Bush, pro. fessor of Electrical Power Transmission, and his assistants. This marvelous con. trivance was described by Dr. Bush as “an adding machine carried to an ex. treme in its design.”” But the modest pro- fessor didn’t go far enough. It is the nearest approach ever made to a thinking machine! ND the last word in the mechanical. man or robot principle was spoken recently when the New York Edison company opened a new automatic power distributing station—a plant with an ultimate capacity sufficient to light the homes of from 200,000 to 300,000 families (a good-sized city!), yet one that hasn't ee nee eee vs Above: Televox, tt amazing mechanic man which obey orders spoken OV — the telephone, eo the machinery | Chicago’s new $31,000,000 sewage! plant. Left: Auto matic power station of the New York Edison Company. “Unac ird a human an opera’ The o $2,000 he power. |] operator away is I anarmy the abse: eminentl; velopme! in his wil OU ciple; idea, a si mn TC one-story to supply nt is ove pin

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| the logy, > Pro ssion, sh as Nn ex. t pro- s the aking nical. 20ken ison ower h an t the milies 1asn’t 2 “Unaccustomed as I am to public speaking. . POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY .”’ Bowing elaborately, Eric, a weird mechanical man, opens the Model Engineering Exhibition in London. g human being in it, but is controlled by an operator three miles distant! The output of this manless plant is $2,000 horsepower, or about 320,000 man- power. In other words, the lone human operator at his switchboard three miles away is really the commander-in-chief of anarmy of 320,000 mechanical workmen; the absentee nurse of legions of docile eminently useful robots! Here is a de- yelopment of which Capek never dreamed in his wildest fancy! OUGH somewhat different in prin- ciple and application from the Televox idea, a similar power sets in motion the Edison robot army, cooped up in a small, one-story building in uptown New York, tosupply light and power. The manless plant is controlled through telephone wires over which a series of electrical im- pulses is sent. These impulses operate a relay in the station. The relay, in turn, s Pea a i pe ee ee a Ra ae BOF se eee London pedestrians have been looking askance at one another ever since this walking “robot”? was nS a2 causes the controlled control board to trans- mit the order contained in the electrical im- pulses to the apparatus in question. Likewise, in case any change oc- curs in the apparatus—for instance, if a feeder going to the consumer becomes overloaded or develops a short circuit— the circuit breaker opens, and immedi- ately a signal indicating this is flashed back over the telephone wires to the controlling board, where the lighting of a lamp and the accompanying ringing of a bell call the operator’s attention to the fact that something is amiss. Robots in real action! Robots lighting your lamps and heating your wife’s elec- tric iron and oven! Would you have be- lieved it ten, or even five, years ago? But that is not all. Soon after the opening of the manless Edison station in New York, ee eer An wer Wee went . = i raat isd Bei seen strolling with her inventor, Capt. J. A. Roberts. A “Bobby” held up street traffic for them. Capt. W. H. Richards, British inventor, puts the finishing touches on Eric, the talking “robot,” controlled by electric motors. by Left: Oiling Eric’s eyeballs. Because -of the delicate mechanism it is done with a hypodermic syringe. The eyes are - electric lamps. Wensley, inventor of Televox, before the delegates to the American Electric Rail- way Association in Cleveland, demon- strated the feasibility of manning street cars with speaking mechanical creatures fashioned of copper veins, porcelain bones, and with insulated wires for a nervous system and vacuum tubes for . vital organs! A week or two later, the claim was made in England that forty percent will be saved in the cost of labor through a machine which lays 180 yards of railway track in an hour or re-lays four miles in a single night! The device was tried experi- mentally by the Lendon and North Eastern Railway Company. Among its features are a circular saw for the auto- matic trimming of sleepers, an engine which generates its own electricity, and searchlights. An official of the company declared that the track-laying machine bodily picks up a section of old track six- lec? -Fieraewyz. deposits it on the train, carries forward a new section, and gently lowes into the position where the oia’’*"** track Was. Another robot with a vengeance wan. HORTLY afterward an antiaircraft “robot” gun, which computes and holds its range against invading aircraft, was used for the f.rst time in a sham war staged at the tenth annual meeting of the Army Ordnance Association at the Aber- deen Proving Ground in Maryland, and astonished nearly 10,000 spectators. The new gun is set in action by sound waves from the approaching enemy plane, which thus, in a sense, commits suicide when coming within its range. And, also very recently, a peaceable robot did a neat job, when Televox started the operation of a new $31,000,000 sewage disposal plant of the City of Chicago. (Continued on page 137) ie ————

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY December, 1933 omance Rides in the Airy Lights of a great city far below, and the ghostly fingers of airport search lights, as they appear to the airplane pilot soaring high above the earth Stirring Adventures of Famous Flyers Who Have Met the Unexpected, Face to Face, in the Clouds . E KNOWS his way around these parts in any weather,” ran the cheery comment of his friends when Mazel M. Merrill, the head of the Cur- tiss Flying Service, was reported lost on a trip from Buffalo to New York. Pilots who had made their first feeble flutterings under his smiling guidance, students who had listened to his pithy lectures, and aviators who had flown with him for years agreed that “he could scent trouble before it came.” “Merry,” as flyers the country over called him with affection born of dangers shared, was regarded as one of the most cautious, experienced, and weather-wise aviators in the game. But still, after some days of suspense, another stunning blow was dealt the fly- ing world. The stocky, jovial manager of Curtiss Field, who himself had sent out many a relief expedition, had crashed into a wooded hillside near Pond Eddy, Pa. By MICHEL MOK There his almost unrecognizable body and that of Edwin Ronne, manager of the Buffalo Airport, who had accompanied him, were found. They lay not far from a scattered mass of charred debris that once had been the graceful orange Falcon, built for Lindbergh. And one afternoon a few days later fifty planes, piloted by members of the Quiet Bird Men, the secret flyers’ organization to which “Merry” had belonged, and by other aviators, zoomed low over and about a train. Aboard the train was all that was left of Merrill. The thoughts of those of the winged escort may be conjectured. ‘“‘Merry”’ gone West. “Merry,” strong, shrewd, genial last week; now in a black box on that train, rumbling swiftly to a far-away grave. A far-away grave. These, mind you, are not sentimental men. A stiff upper lip and quickly gritted teeth come to be part and parcel of those whose daily business is a gamble with the gods. They are brave men, gay men, but they are thinking men. The fog got “Merry.” Of that ther was no doubt. Thick weather, low cei- ings, and a pea-soup fog had hidden that stupid knoll from Merrill’s keen eyes. They had rendered every instrument use- less. They had reduced his ship first toa silly toy, then to a heap of rubbish. UT what really killed him was the unexpected. Aviation is slowly com ing of age, but the unexpected still lurks ahead of every set of propeller blades. A pilot taking off from a flying fe still hops into the unknown. Beyond him are success or failure, crippled limbs or8 whole body, life or death. Who knows! Adventure to this hour rides in the air by night and day, and every birdman & aware that triumph and disaster both art hovering ’round his wings. ; High winds may face him, or fog, rails sleet, snow, and hail. Ground mist, low

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en, but at there ow ceil- 1en that n eyes. ent use- irst toa bbish. was the ly com- ill lurks ades. ng field ond him nbs or & knows? e air by iman both are og, rail rist, low POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY The pilot, flying at night, drops a flare to light his way to safety. From & painting made for PopuLtar Sc1ENcE Montuty by Charles Chapman. clouds, and cross-currents of cold air are possible sinister traveling companions. Then there is always the impenetrable blackness of a stormy night. If he flies high, the surface of the earth is but a blur. If he flies low, he may crash into a hill, a tree top, or a barn, while high-tension power wires, ditches, rivers, fences, and bridges are an ever-present menace. The unexpected may kill or maim him, but joy and laughter and a lifted heart are also stored above the clouds. And so he gambles and loves the element of hazard in his job. Who can ever forget Lindbergh’s simple but deeply moving description of the first few hours on the memorable uight of his trans-Atlantic flight? Just off the Newfoundland coast dark- hess envelops the eastbound “We.” The temperature has dropped, and the heavy fog and mist have changed to rain. At thirty-eight degrees, it begins to freeze on the Spirit of St. Louis and there is only one thing to do—get out of it if possible. At 10,000 feet the machine climbs out of the sleet storm, covered with ice. Be- low the pilot are the thick rolling clouds, discharging their sleet into the ocean. He looks above. There a serene moon bright- ens a deep-blue sky studded with stars. Lindbergh, completely alone, between the black, roaring ocean and that smiling heaven, winging his way to a remote con- tinent. An hour and an experience which, before him, few men had shared with the angels. And humor, too, is in the bag of tricks the unexpected offers. No document fur- nishes such variety of heroism and good, unadulterated American humor as the service record of our air mail pilots. There is the capital yarn of Pilot Scott who had the unexpected serve him as a surgeon. Paul Scott was flying eastward out of Salt Lake City. He encountered fog and snow, and could not see clearly. Turning south to circle a mountain range, he saw a gap between the fog bank and the clouds over Saddle Pass on the main route. He was halfway through this aper- ture at an altitude of a mile and a half when the gap closed in front. He banked the plane and turned about. Impossible to see twenty feet in any di- rection. The airplane jumped up and down like a bucking broncho. He tried to climb but felt a jar, then another. His wheels were clipping the tops off cedar trees. That was all he remembered. When Pilot Paul came to his senses, he was buried deep in snow. His left shoulder was dislocated. The arm hung numb and useless. He pulled himself out of his white grave and found the sun entirely hidden by fog. He could (Continued on page 156)

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Wonders from Molten Sulphur By JOHN E. F YOU look in the New York tele- phone directory under “K,” you will find: “Kobbe, William H., sul- phur.”” Behind that final word lies one of the romance stories of industrial science. To most of us, sulphur suggests only evil odors or memories of sulphur-and- molasses spring tonic in childhood. But to this tall, gray-haired man, with his ready smile, it signifies a fairyland of fas- cinating possibilities. As far as is known, Kobbe is the only man in the world devot- ing all his time to finding new uses for sulphur. He has helped discover some 200 applications for it. In the cabinets that line his office, there is collected a strange array of these products. It includes everything from flowerpots that bounce without breaking when dropped on tile floors, to cutting oils that mysteriously reduce the number of turns necessary to rifle a gun barrel; from artificial marble and _ rainbow- hued pottery, to pieces of long life railroad ties that appear to be made of petrified wood; from battery boxes, bowling balls, and ao horns to sulphur-impreg- nated concrete which approaches the strength of granite. Great things are expected from this concrete. For instance, sea piling made of ordinary concrete deteriorates rapidly in salt water. But when pilings are made of the new sulphur- impregnated concrete, salt water has very I ttle effect upon them. Similarly, the ac- tion of sewage upon ordinary concrete drain pipes makes them short-lived and unsatisfactory. The new sulphur-im- pregnated tiles resist this action and so are expected to provide an economical method of building sewage drains. Such tiles also reduce the water absorption from 16.8 to 5.4 percent. They have a supporting strength of 1,220 pounds, instead of 340 pounds for ordinary tiles of the same size. MAKING this super-strength con- crete, the sulphur is not added during the mixing. The objects are made and then subjected to a bath of molten brim- stone, at atemperature of between 140 and 160 degrees C. The hot sulphur pene- trates the concrete at a rate dependent upon the mix and the moisture content, but the treatment is usually completed in from one to four hours. By the magic of this ordinary looking yellow substance, objects come out of the bath from four LODGE

POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY jeep you scratch a match, you are making use of one of man’s oldest and most versatile servants — sul- phur. The Egyptians used it to help them paint their inscriptions. The alche- mists of the Dark Ages used it in their attempts to change base metals into gold. Now this old element is being taught new tricks. Some of the 200 surpris- ing new discoveries and products from sulphur are described in this article.

< eh ee A million-ton block of sulphur stored in Texas. It is 600 feet long and 65 feet high. Compare it with cars at right. to eight times as strong as they went in! At Niagara Falls, huge fourteen-foot electrolytic cells, created by Kobbe with sulphur-treated concrete, are being used as part of the equipment of a company depositing iron electrolytically. For more than two years they have been sub- jected to the constant action of a mixture of hot ferrous and ferric chloride solution. Yet they show little effect of the action of these extremely corrosive chemicals. An allied use of sulphur is the making of pottery and imitation marble from com- positions, At the present time, a factory is turning out such pottery, which, be- cause it obtains color effects impossible by ceramic means, is expected to have a wide vogue. One of the most interesting applica- tions of sulphur is its use in cutting oils. It has been found that where ordinary oil requires eight turns of a machine to cut steel to a certain depth, oil treated with sulphur produces the same result with one turn! Why? Nobody knows exactly. The theory is that the sulphur increases the adherence of the oil to the metal under extreme conditions of heat. This

© Texas Gulf Sulphur Company, Ing The modern method of mining deep sub phur deposits of the Gulf states. Hot water, sent down through the pipes, melts and liquefies the sulphur, which # forced to the surface by compressed air, ? discovery means a great saving in factories doing thread cutting, gun barrel drilling, or turret lathe work. Sulphur. also plays its part ing simple method of discovering leaksin ammonia pipes. Under the pipe, 4 lighted sulphur taper is passed. If any ammonia is escaping, the action of the sulphur upon it creates a puff of white vapor, thus revealing the exact lo cation of the leak. In a different way, sulphur also helps protect underground pipe lines. Several layers of sulphur saturated fabric are wound tightly about the pipe. The sulphur shrinks and hard ens the cloth into a solid corrosion-resist- ing covering. HIS effect of molten brimstone upon cloth is being utilized in a numberof other ways. Phonograph and radio horns have been made in this manner. is sewed into the desired shape and givet its sulphur bath while stretched upon 4 form. The sulphur “freezes” and the flannel becomes as strong and solid # wood. Shapes which cabinetmakers find difficult to create with wood can bh achieved by this new process with 4 minimum of time and expense. Under the sun of southern Texas, another of Kobbe’s experiments is under going a service test by the Santa iFe Railroad. On a stretch of test track neat Cleveland, Texas, railway ties and fent posts, impreg- (Continued on page 161)

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r, 1928 Moth of the Eu- corn bor- er, the size of a postage stamp. peach borer, making a meal * a The Japanese beetle, destroyer of orchards, arrived here as a stowaway. ound Three adults and two larvae of the ¢ Mexican bean beetle, feeding on leaf. given : The boll weevil pest, which costs cot- on & : ton planters $300,000,000 each year. The gypsy moth. Ten thousand men yearly fight this devastator of forests. of a leaf from * .damaging us more POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Will 27 Insects Starve s to Death? By EDWIN W. TEALE ROM all over the world, recently, scientists journeyed to Ithaca, N. Y., to plan new ways and weapons with which to fight man’s unconquered enemy, the insects. The meeting was the Fourth International Congress of Entomology. It formed the strategic council directing the world’s army fighting in a war that ~ can have no armistice. This fight is no longer looked upon as sectional crusades against irritating pests. It is, accord- ing to a man well qualified to know— Dr. L. O. Howard, who was for thirty- three years chief of the U. S. Bureau of Entomology — the beginning of a co- lossal battle of the ages; a silent, little- understood struggle to the death be- tween man and in- sect, in which the mastery of our plan- et is the prize. “The insects,” he says, “are man’s chief rival for the possession of the earth. They are today than at any time since civiliza- tion began.” In this increase of our insect foes, strange twists of fate have played their part. A single puff of summer wind, the cracks in a ramshackle barn, and a bunch of un- inspected iris roots, have helped carry the army of insects to its present threatening position. When a sudden gust of wind, in the summer of 1869, swept around the corner of a house in Medford, Mass., it left be- hind a trail of damage greater than if it had been a hurricane. In the house lived a French astronomer named Trouvelot, who was carrying on queer experiments with a brown little moth, attempting to crossbreed it with the moths of silk- worms in an effort to produce caterpillars immune from plague. From a window ledge the breeze swept a small pasteboard box, containing a few dozen eggs of the brownish moth, tothe ground. In spite of frantic searching, Trouvelot recovered tle of the ages—a war to the death with insect pests. The six-legged invaders that ruin crops and destroy trees are robbing us of two billion dollars a year. Unless man wins, experts say, the world will face a serious food shortage. One hope of victory lies in insect allies of man, recruited to prey upon the a | od recently a regi- ment of “lady bugs’? went overseas from California to help orchardists in asain 9 Pen South Africa fight mealy-bugs attack- ing their fruit trees. The spotted little T “‘lady”’ beetles first came to America oa from Australia to attack aphids which threatened Pacific Coast orchards. Four other allies are pictured here. Above are the anastatus bifasciatus (left), a tiny wasp brought from Europe and Japan to feed on gypsy moth eggs, and the Ichneumon fly, foe of the European corn borer. Below are the Calosoma beetle, seen eating a gypsy moth larva, and compsilura concin- naba, an enemy of the gypsy moth. Me is engaged in the bat- only a half-dozen. The rest, no larger than pin points, disappeared amid the grass and pebbles below the window. For ten years, nothing seemed to re- sult. Then swarms of caterpillars began to overrun the country. They stripped the leaves from trees and left them stand- ing naked mile after mile. So great is the voracity of these caterpillars of the gypsy moth—so-called because the color of the male moth is fancied to be that of a gypsy’s face—that if a man had a similar appetite he would require two or three tons of food a day! I Throughout New England spread the insects originating in those few dozen eggs, rav- aging the trees as they went. After thirty-five years of fighting, the report comes from’ the scene of battle that the gypsy moths numerous this year than ever before. thousand men, it is estimated, spend their time fighting this insect enemy in summer months. It is held in check only by a barrier, twenty-five miles wide, extend- ing from Long Is- land, east of the Adirondacks, to the Canadian _ border. With pumps so pow- erful they shoot in- secticide eighty feet or more into the air before it breaks into spray, and with sprays attached to hose a mile long, Gov- ernment fighters patrol the area, strug- gling frantically to hold back the menac- ing moths from the thick timberlands be- yond. Seven hundred thousand dollars in state and federal appropriations go each year to fight this hurricane of insects which a puff of wind loosed fifty-nine years ago! In a manner only slightly less dramatic, most of the advance legions of the Euro- pean corn borer are thought to have come through the cracks of a rickety barn near Everett, Mass. A shipment of broom corn from southern Europe lay in the ramshackle building long enough for the

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28 moths of the hidden enemy to develop. They wiggled through the cracks and laid eggs in the near-by cornfields. The moth of the corn borer, so small a postage stamp conceals it, flies only at night, and the farmers knew nothing of its existence until they investigated a strange blight that swept over the fields of New England and the Canadian berder, consuming as much as seventy- five percent of the crop, and in one area of 400 square miles, across the line in Canada, making a clean sweep, leaving only sickly, yellow stalks that produced no corn. Through a single appropriation, this tiny destroyer cost the Government $10,000,000. And this was merely to hold the pest in check with no present hope of driving it out. N A similar way, the Japanese beetle arrived as a stowaway in a bunch of iris roots sent from Japan and billed for Philadelphia. Flying five to seven miles at a stretch, and propagating rapidly, the pest swept eastward. In New Jersey and Pennsylvania, where it ravaged orchard after orchard, more than $800,000 each year has been poured into the battle against it, with little result. At another point, when man was off his guard, a new insect horde advanced. One day in 1892, down at the lower tip of Texas where the Rio Grande flows into the Gulf of Mexico, an insignificant little “bug” landed on a stalk of growing cot- ton. It had made a nonstop flight across the river from Mexico, where cotton grows wild. With a few friends, it dug in near Brownsville, Texas, and from there fought its way to new conquests. The “‘bug” was the boll weevil which has advanced through the south, costing the cotton planters $300,000,000 a year. It has been within the last thirty-five years that all of these enemies of man have gained their foothold. There are many others—the Hessian fly, whose every larva means a stalk less wheat; the tiny leaf-hopper loaded with microscopic bits of virus deadly to sugar beets; the peach borer, the Mexican bean beetle, the chinch bug. © URING these thirty-five years we have made progress in fighting back the disease-carriers, the aerial squadrons of the insect horde humming through the air freighted with bacteria or protozoa more deadly than bombs. Most of us know of the fight against the fly, the mosquito, and the other germ spreaders, for it has concerned our health and com- fort directly. But, concerning the invasion of these destruc- tive foreign legions which have crossed the border in a dozen places less is known. The seriousness of this in- vasion is pointed out by Dr. William Crocker, Director of the Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, in Yonkers, N. Y. In less than fifty years, he says, the United States will have a population of 195 mil- lions, demanding a seventy-five percent increase in food sup- ply. Even now, through in- sects and plant diseases, we are losing from ten to fifteen per- cent of all food raised. Insects POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY alone rob us of two billion dollars a year. In other words, one million men march to work every day in the year, just to raise enough food for the insects! Unless the battle against them is won, Dr. Crocker says, a food shortage for man will result. That the Government is alive to this danger is seen by a glance at the record of its war chest. Two million are set aside each year for research and field study by 400 or more trained scientists of the Bureau of Entomology. Other huge sums are spent inbitterlocal battles against pests. For instance, Cali- fornia orchardists spend $45,000,000 a year, almost as much as the Federal total. The reason that the six- legged little enemies have : | | Ruin in the wake of an insect invasion—woodland at Barnstable, Mass., stripped by gypsy moths. After a 35-year war, the pests are more numerous than ever. swept ahead in spite of the hundreds of millions in gold and the thousands of trained troops in the field, is twofold. One answer is that nowhere else in the world are such large areas devoted exclu- sively to the same crops year after year. The other is that when these invaders came they traveled light. They left be- hind the parasites, which in some cases destroyed as many as ninety percent of their young. So they worked in the fertile fields of the new territory unhindered by their natural enemies. Rows of bean plants destroyed by the Mexican bean beetle. At the extreme left are a few rows of living plants, protected by spraying. pese vole Bi x ing lif Opening fire with a powerful spray gua against gypsy moths entrenched in wood-, land oaks. Pumps shoot a spray 85 feet, In this latter fact science sees ij strongest hope for ultimate victory Only half the insects live on plants infest the larger animals or man. Th other half live on fellow insects. emissaries have sought in far cou- tries for strange insect allies to heb in the struggle. One such recruit is a beautiful, metal green, tree-climbing beetle from Europ, It runs from twig to twig of gypsy moth infested trees, devouring caterpillars at a great rate. Its only defect is that itis overcome by drowsiness along in August and goes to sleep for ten months. WO other enemies of the gypsy moth have come from the Orient. One,4 small fly found in Japan, and also i Europe, is being raised in the laboratorie of New England and “planted” it colonies of ten thousand it - infested regions. The others a tiny wasp which attack clusters of moth eggs and lays its own eggs within, ko that the little wasps will first and eat their hosts.’ For the development of sud allies, the “Gypsy Moth Lab oratory,” one of the stranget in the world, has been esta lished in Medford, Mass. ft small glass vials, tiny parasite, brought from all over tH earth, are raised with infil care. Some kinds are fed twit daily on a mixture of honef and water. f (Continued on page 155) | Mlogist o

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pecember, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 29 ueer [hings Found Eatable Roast Grubs, Fried Ants, Snakes, Skunks, and Monkeys — Even the Earth’s Soil— Are Relished in Far Places OLCANIC earth for food is the _ versity, who has sampled everything from latest addition to a world’s menu woodchucks and muskrats, both of which already distinguished for its he says can scarcely be told from rabbit, with cuts which he found almost equal to variety. From the slopes of to big lizards (iguanas) and salamanders. Mount Asama, a Japa- nese volcano, come reports of a girious edible soil, capable of sus- ing life indefinitely. Found six ‘shes to a foot below the top soil, tastes like unsweetened gelatin. + officials confirm the claim ist it is nutritious. There is almost no limit to what mancaneat. Most of us may be w fastidious to extend our diets ond a few familiar dishes imost every kind of insect is sad somewhere as human food th tree grubs, wriggling under he bark, Java natives make ex gilent stews; or they roast them m spits. In many lands juicy white ants are more of a delicacy than a pest. Africans eat them mw or well cooked in grease Brazilian merchants of Sao-Paule y great “occodome” ants dressed up like dolls, advertising others they sell to the aborigines for food. For dessert the honey ant, repository of sweet nectar for theants’ use, is popular in Mexico In Siam, ants’ eggs make a paste with the flavor of sweet almonds Nor are caterpillars despised as food. Larvae of the large Pandora noth, according to Dr. Austin H Clark, of the Smithsonian Institu tion, are relished by Piute Indians of Oregon, in the eastern foothills of the Rockies. NAKES are eaten today by natives of our own Southwest, of Australia, and of South Amer- ia, and, Dr. Clark says, “They ae very good, as I can testify.”’ Skunk meat hardly sounds at tractive, yet Prof. E. H. S. Bailey of the University of Kansas, de dares, “The natives of some parts of Argentina class skunk steak as a delicacy on the order of our yellow-legged pullets.”’ uman nature always has re- wilted against the introduction of strange foods. Potatoes and toms - tees met with opposition when they were introduced in Europe, did grapefruit in America. In many cases it has been simply 6 matter of getting used to the tovelty. Monkey stew or minced monkey probably would be en- by anyone who did not know t animal was before him, ac cording to Prof. Albert M. Reese, J Mologist of West Virginia Uni- The Birth of Aviation, A Great Human Document Begins in Our Next Issue Dayton, Ohio, launched a frail con- traption of canvas and wood from a North Carolina sand dune and gave the world the airplane. It is almost unbelievable, yet after twenty- five years the real story of the Wright brothers has never been told. The world has wondered how two obscure young men, neither of whom had finished high school, could per- form the complicated technical research that laid the foundations of the science of aerodynamics. The Wright brothers them- selves would not speak. HEN, years later, Orville Wright, the sur- viving brother, told John R. McMahon, a writer well known to readers of POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY, in detail how the airplane was born. He opened the diary in which he and his brother had recorded their experi- ments, showed him correspondence, tele- grams, memoranda, family records. R. McMAHON has woven these fascinat- ing facts into a moving, gripping tale, lighted by flashes of humor and revelations of character that make it of constant and ab- sorbing interest. The first installment will appear in our January number.—The Editor. N DECEMBER 17, 1903, Wilbur and Orville Wright, bicycle mechanics of - The latter are common in Mexican markets. Alligators furnished Prof. Reese veal cutlets. As for vegetables, of 16,000 plants examined by E. O. Jordan, chairman of the Department of Hygiene and Bacteriology at the University of Chicago, only about three percent were found to be poisonous; the rest are theoreti- cally edible. Even the poison may be destroyed by cooking, as in the case of the bitter cassava, South American root, whose deadly prussic acid is removed by running water and heat before eating. “TT CAN’T eat these earth worms; they don’t agree with me,” some Chinese boy may be saying today. But his parents eat and like them. Great quanti ties of the familiar worm are canned and consuméd. Of all sea foods, the Chinese prefer large, fat sea-slugs, the size of your hand. They make a sustaining broth that has merited introduction into some of the Australian hospitals. Delicious salads from chrysan- themums are made by the Japa- nese; and white locust (acacia) flowers make appetizing fritters. One of the greatest sources of Chinese flour is the water-lily bulb. Many Asiatics subsist on kelp and other forms of seaweed; there are 200 edible varieties. In Tokio, a curious marmalade ob- tained by cooking wild bees in a special syrup is a treat. You wouldn’t eat these foods, perhaps; you’re prejudiced. So is the European against the clam which you find such a succulent appetizer. Similarly we turn up our noses at mussels, prized for food abroad. How, then, can we accuse Arabs of poor taste in their preference for fried crickets? LSEWHERE in the world than in Japan, where natives term the volcanic soil first des- cribed as ‘“‘mountain-god barley food,” there are whole tribes of eartheaters. Java natives reduce clay to a paste and bake it like gingerbread cookies; even in Spain lovely ladies consume cakes made of gritty sand, though more for their complexions than frr nutriment. Perhaps the day is not far dis- tant when, due to rapid travel and to necessity, our diet will include nearly every insect, plant, and animal which does not poison.

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY

Seis) id be ee ee i, ati eee — * < : a’ he.

It almost swims. On a 100,000- mile run, this Oakland is splashing hub-deep through the apron of Gillespie Dam, Gila River, Ariz

RAKES squeal. Four motor cars grind to a stop in front of a man waving acheckered flag. Haggard drivers slump forward over their wheels. It is the end of the race, a 30,000-mile epic of men and machines at Hammonton, N. J. And none too soon. The track is going to pieces! For eighteen days, cars racing faster than a mile a minute have pounded it mercilessly. Through blaz-

a -

Your Car a Better One By

ALDEN P. ARMAGNAC

ing heat and driving rain they have circled it monotonously, lap afterlap. At night colored riding lights—one red, an- IN THIS absorbing article Mr. Armagnac takes you behind the scenes where the motor cars of today are tested and proved in breath-taking feats of speed and endurance. He introduces you to the daring pilots who put your new machine through its paces—to the “Cannonball”? Bakers who swirl around the speedways, plunge along the open road, ride over mountains and through floods—to the end that all of us may have better and sturdier automobiles to drive. other orange—have flashed past the timers in the pit, supplementing painted hood numbers visible only in day- light. Now the drivers are resting after their gruelling test, awaiting the timers’ report. Here it comes. Car Num- ber One—thirty thousand miles in 26,326 minutes. Many a car’s entire life run off at express-train speed in eighteen days! Number two,

Finish of the Studebaker mary. thon, in which two stock road. sters went 30,000 miles at an average speed of 68 miles an hour,

that it keep going for just about thirty-four hours, When man and moto match their endurance, the man comes in a bad second. It is no question of how far, or how long, the car can go, but simply how long its driver ean stay awake. Chained to the wheel of an Oldsmobile with regulation U. § Army handcuffs, Roy [, Haines, at Anaheim, Calif., drove it for seven days and nights before he gave in. The car was still going strong.

NE morning last June, just at daybreak, 4 mud-stained and ‘dust-coy. ered Franklin sedan leaped off a ferry and into New York City. At the wheel was “Cannonball” Baker, one of the most colorful of all race drivers. In six days anda half he had dashed across the continent from New York te Los Angeles and back again, hanging up a new record for the round trip. His time of just three days and nights— seventy-two hours flat—from

only three minutes more for the 30,000-mile marathon around the wooden saucer. All stops in- cluded. Two cars have run at an average speed of sixty-eight miles an hour for nearly three weeks, day and night. ND the most amazing thing about the whole performance is that these are not racing cars—they are stock cars; identical, down to the bumper and rear view mirror, with any you may see in a dealer’s window. Two President roadsters picked at random from the assembly line of the Studebaker Corporation’s Detroit factory are the holders of the sixty-eight- mile record just described. A pair of President sedans chosen, like the road- sters, by representatives of the American Au‘omobile Association, turned in sixty- thive-mile averages. So carefully did Association officials make sure that these four were stock cars and nothing more, that they took them apart and put them together again. On the same Hammonton track, Auburn cars have run at an eighty-five- mile-an-hour pace for twenty-four hours, with time in the pits included; two thousand miles in a day! Other cars have performed feats as amazing. Such tests as these, however, are more than an endorsement of any particular make. They are a tribute to the astound- ing stamina of the modern automobile. They proclaim that the vehicle you can buy today is a tried and tested Viking of the roads. Not long ago 331 drivers, taking turns, drove a Whippet roadster thirty days and thirty nights without once allowing the motor to stop. At the end of a 12,008- mile run through Pennsylvania and New York states, the car entered an Ithaca, N. Y., speedway and broke a track record for stock four-cylinder cars over a five- mile distance. By way of comparison, a young man named Lindbergh pointed his monoplane at Paris and asked but one thing of his sturdy Whirlwind motor—

Los Angeles to New York, was the fastest ever made on wheels between the coastal cities. At times his speedometer needle had flick- ered past eighty, and his average for the entire round trip was more than forty miles an hour. That included all stops! In another record run, “‘Cannonball” drove across the continent in high gear for the first time in history. He was given an Oldsmobile from which low gear, second speed, and reverse had been tr moved; and this he piloted from New York to Los Angeles, climbing high mountains that had never been attempted in this manner before. Through one of the worst floods of the South’s history, a few months ago, two men pounded a Reo roadster from Miami to Chicago in thirty hours and twenty- five minutes, covering the 1,601 miles @ thirteen hours’ less time than the fastest trains. Motorcycle escorts whizzed them through the larger cities. Dixie Limited, crack train of the Chi and Eastern Illinois Railroad, and the”

Plowing roads, this Miami to C a little m Floridan, nois Cer make th more tha: use eight ne cr dale came th game POV same two with. Autom almost ri which to ' Mt. Diat fornia, a1 gia, have This year car set a stock car: of Pike’s two mini within fo by the fa cate ever striking t engineerit stock mo: A no ing sti make a Pittsburg cars. A 850-foot, in the a seconds, came dow the four- driver fro at the bot Impron described more imp arranged | instance, was in a h New Yor out in h Arizona Pairs, bu seventy-si from the fastest lin Two yo —-W.G. 1]

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1925 1928 December, POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY ee rE eS a LT erat 31 mara. | Toad. at an 1 hour, T just Plowing through flood-swept Just another wreck? No. It’s the finish of an urs, roads, this Reo roadster ran from heroic test of strength of a new British car. The motor Miami to Chicago, 1,601 miles, in driver teetered it on the edge of an embankment, rance, a little more than thirty hours. then got out, letting the car somersault into a gully. a bad estion Floridan, pride of the IIli- driving in Santa Clara valley when the long, | ois Central, which both great St. Francis Dam broke, loosing a imply make the trip in a little wall of water upon unsuspecting inhabi- r can more than forty-three hours, tants. Life or death to them was a matter ed to use eight engines and eight of minutes. Leiner heard the thunder of nobile engine crews to make their the oncoming torrent, wheeled his car jl. § schedules; but the Reo about, and dashed back to spread the oy I, cme through with the alarm. Next day, when the torrent had heim, same power plant and the partly subsided, he was first in the field seven same two drivers it started with telephone wires to restore communi- ore he with. cation to the stricken area. He drove is still Automobile makers have through two-foot-deep lakes, using pieces admost run out of mountains over of rubber hose to keep his car’s manifold which to test their cars. Pike’s Peak, and crank case inlets above water. With June, Mt. Diablo and Mt. Baldy in Calli- chains on all four wheels, the car wallowed uk, a fornia, and Stone Mountain, Geor- through water-buried sands, cleaving the t-cov- gia, have been conquered repeatedly. water like a boat. leaped This year a standard model Auburn New | car set a new climbing record for OM Africa comes the story of a el was stock cars by racing to the summit thrilling rescue in which the stamina one d § of Pike’s Peak injless than twenty- of the modern car meant everything. On ll race § two minutes. It finished the trip the summit of Mt. Kenya, in the eastern and a within four minutes of the time set colony of that name, the explorer Martin ss the | by the fastest racing car in a dupli- Johnson and his wife lay stricken with orkto } cate event for special machines—a fever, too weak to move. Down through aga, { striking tribute to what racing and the trackless forest of the slope to the rd for | engineering tests have done for motor camp below, thirty miles distant, ime of § stock models. a native bearer raced to dispatch one of ghts— the motors to Nairobi, 200 miles away, —from N A novel variation of hill-climb- for a doctor. York, ing stunts, blocks were nailed to But when the bearer arrived, John ade ot } make a runway up a precipitous Wilshusen, in charge of the motors, s. At } Pittsburgh, Pa., cableway for street decided differently. He got together flick- |} cars. A Whippet car climbed the fourteen men with axes, ropes, and spades, or the | 850-foot, thirty-seven-percent grade pointed his Willys-Knight express wagon forty | in the amazing time of forty-five hae les up the mountain side, and stepped on ops! seconds. Then it turned around and A hair-raising climbing feat—up the 37-percent the gas. Through the forests he crashed. aball” | came down in neutral gear, with only an, ie ee te ee Sometimes when hardwood trees barred > & foot climb in 46 seconds. In circle: A stripped h gear the four-wheel brakes to save the La Salle roadster, making a 951-mile run at an the way the men chopped them down; }givel | driver from being hurled to his death average speed of 95.3 miles an hour on proving track. often Wilshusen simply butted them down geat, | atthe bottom. with the car. For fourteen hours he en Te Impromptu performances of cars, as —learned that an auto race was to be battled with the jungle, until at last he | New ] described by their owners, are even held. Without knowledge of their par- was at the summit that had taken the high | more impressive than many of these pre- ents, they stripped a family Dodge of top _ explorers five days to climb. The Willys- mpted arranged speed and endurance trials. For and windshield, entered it inthe race, and Knight became an ambulance; and slip- stance, H. M. Fenwick, tool salesman, won at a sixty-four-mile-an-hour clip. ping, swaying, skidding past precipices of the | wasina hurry to get from Los Angeles to The despair of junkmen, and of auto and ravines, Wilshusen rushed his human 9, two | New York. With a companion, he set dealers who would sell him a new car, is cargo down the side of the peak to civili- Miami | out in his Dodge car. A collision in J. H. Christiansen, of Benkelman, Neb. zation and safety. venty- Arizona held him up three hours for re- His Oakland car has piled up 225,000 iles m } pairs, but he was in New York just miles on its speedometer to date, and is ROM Cape Town, on Africa’s south- astest | seventy-six hours after his departure still going strong. ernmost tip, to Cairo at its northern 1 with | from the west coast. He had beaten the Not long ago, William J. Leiner, Jr., boundary, by way of the Union of South ; The | fastest limiteds. telephone man of Pasadena, Calif., played Africa and Rhodesia, is a trip that no one nicago © young men of San Antonio, Texas __ the part of a modern Paul Revere in his but a bold man or a mad man would d th | —W. G. Hundley, Jr., and G. F. Wroten newly-purchased Oldsmobile. He was attempt during (Continued on page 135)

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY MUNDSEN! ‘The ‘very name carries the sing of the Arctic ving | | The “old man- of the North.” Thirty years of his life were spent in polar expe- ditions, for which he prepared as a boy. Death was but another great adventure. OME fishermen of Norway, steam- ing with their trawl nets through the rough seas twenty miles off shore from the town of ‘Tromsé, salvaged recently a last souvenir of the great adventyrer, Roald Amund- sen. It was a pontoon from the hydro- airplane in which he had flown north- ward to the rescue of the wrecked and marooned crew of the Italia, airship of General Nobile’s polar expedition. Old friends, and especially old com- panions of his Arctic and Antarctic ex- plorations, accepted the battered sea foot of the flying machine as proof that Am- undsen was dead. It was for them as if the pontoon spelled out “finis” for a career unrivaled by that of any explorer who ever lived. When Roald Amundsen flew from Tromsé in a giant Latham plane of the French government, it was June; when the pontoon was recovered, it was Sep- teamber. The huge hydro-airplane offered Amundsen the only possible means of transportation to the distant shore of Spitzbergen, from which he hoped to direct the rescue of the Jtalia’s men. In June the airplane engines had been tuned to the warm air of France in preparation for a trans-Atlantic flight to New York. Overnight preparations were made to send it to the Arctic. Major Rene Guil- baud, hero of a nonstop flight to Mada- gascar, was the pilot. Lieutenant Cuver- ville, just out of the hospital after the amputation of several fingers, was the re- lief pilot. Besides these two there were Vallette, a radio operator, and two others. The five rose from the Seine and flew northward to Tromsé, where Amundsen and Lieutenant Dietrichson, a Norwegian flyer, were taken aboard and the plane refueled. Then the flight was resumed. OMEWHERE out over the sea the engine must have failed. Adolf Hoel, himself an Arctic expert, believes the flying rescue expedition turned about at the first sign of engine trouble and was re- turning to Tromsé when it fell into the sea. the mystery of the white places of the earth. Of all men, he ale had stood at both frozen tips of our spinning world. From b hood, his life was dedicated to the lonely polar trails. And w a weathered old man, he roared away into the white silence, on a y quest of rescue, it was his beloved land of snow that claimed him atl Even today, as Byrd and Wilkins plow southward toward the Antg it is the spirit of Amundsen that leads on. This is the story of Th ec L as t of ¢| By BOYDEN SPARKES What really happened remained an un- solved mystery. There could be little doubt that Amundsen and those with him had perished, but the old explorer had returned to civilization so many times in his career after everyone thought he was dead that a kind of legend had grown up about his name. So, when fish- ermen saw smoke arising from the unin- habited wastes of Edge Island, fiear Franz Josef land, people of Norway said: “It’s Amundsen.” of the pontoon. But for that evidence of disaster, many of them still would be looking for the return of the only man who ever led successful expeditions both to the North Pole and the South Pole. IHE passing of Amundsen ended a career of exploration without parallel. This great Viking went farther, stayed longer, and suffered fewer hardships than any man who ever penetrated the frigid polar areas. Fully thirty years of his life were spent in polar expeditions, for which he began to prepare when he was a boy in high school. When Amundsen was fifteen he read the works of Sir John Franklin, the British explorer who had been trying for years to discover a northwest passage around America, carrying on an effort that had cost the lives of British ad- venturers for more than 400 years. “Strangely enough,” Amundsen has recorded in his autobiography, “the thing in Sir John’s narrative that ap- pealed to me most strongly was the suffer- ings he and his men endured. A strange ambition burned within me to endure those same sufferings.” That seems a curious incentive for a career. Franklin and his men had eaten their own boot leather to keep alive. They had sustained life by a soup of picked bones found in a deserted Indian camp—and reading of this a Norwegian boy was bewitched by the Arctic. He was born ia 1872, a few miles from Oslo, the capital of Norway. When he was a few months old his parerts moved into the city, where he attended school That was before the finding - until he was eighteen. At fourteen hel - his father, and thereafter was dominaial | by an ambition of his mother that hehe | ” come a physician. bt A glance at a map of the world ee show what contrary force was pull against that mother’s plans. The x tively little known world we call Arctic slapped its challenge unceasi in the cold waves from the North § There was a frontier to inspire bo Norway, as our own Wild West the boys of America. S A Boy Scout of today hunts é sparse woodland near our cities practice “frontier” life, so young Amunh - sen practiced living as an Arctic explorgy He began to train his body to endup hardships. . Because he insisted updi_ sleeping with his windows wide op A the blasts of a Norwegian winter, he wa regarded as a freak by neighbors, whe kept their windows tightly shut. | every opportunity he was off into t hills and mountains that rise on all si of Oslo. He traversed miles on skis ¢ day that ice and snow were on the grout 9 Other times he played football to toughel his body. ai. At eighteen, when he was graduated” from college, he was a marvelously @ veloped athlete. Then, in accordant § with bis mother’s desires, he entered the F university at Christiania (as Oslo wag then called) and began studies for te} medical profession. He had completet little more than half the course when hi” mother died, and he promptly left te® university. He set his face toward te ® career of his desire. - AGERLY he entered the army forlit” term of compulsory service. = he made a daring trip on skis, in winter, across a plateau that was @& serted even by the Lapp herdsmen Wi) ranged there in summer. It nearly ¢ him his life. With a companion he came lost and wandered half starved {él several days. One night he tried to shelter by bur- (Continued on page

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Ze Roald Amundsen, Last of the Vikings; discoverer of the South Pole and th first to fly over the North Pole by airship. In his unparalleled career he went farther and stayed longer than any man who ever explored polar regions. BEoraded

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY December 19% December Someone Needed |} A Magnet Sweeps Tacks from} the y uns Minus a Crank Shafts} Fasc Latest Inventions to} Mee A large rubber tired wheel, turning on ba bearings, makes easy work of pushing the) wheelbarrow, according to G. T. den, inventor, of Portland, Ore. He that the pneumatic tire absorbs much : the shock of bumps and ruts, saving energy. pe! Soaks . ees Lae’ Dragged over roads about the U.S. Veterans Hospital at Fort Bayard, N. M., this in- genious magnet has swept up four tons of nails and bits of metal that menaced motor- ists’ tires. A generator supplies the current. Finding the elusive keyhole in the dark is simple for the man who carries the latest vest pocket flashlight (right). It has a snap top, like a cigarette lighter, to protect the bulb. How two young inventors recently made a with a machine to mend runs in women’s was told in last month’s issue. Nowa F ventor has developed this little device with he says, any woman can weave back the threads whenever an unsightly run is disco¥ Fleeing motor bandits who ignore police com- mands to halt are brought to a quick stop, with tires as flat as pancakes, by a new spiked barrier (left), recently demonstrated in London. When extended across a highway a “Stop” sign warns passing automobilists of the obstruction.

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY pucember, 1928 —and Here It Is! . the Road, and a New Motor Fascinating Glimpses of Meet Modern Wants The latest in portable phonographs folds into a case no larger than an ordinary camera. A fiber box within serves as a “horn” and gi ample volume. A single winding plays any standard ten- or twelve-inch record. The de- tachable crank and tone arm fit into the case. ee] Sa Pits eer + Gris Pe Ae a You don’t have to hunt for change to buy one-cent @ two-cent stamps from the new stamp vending machine recently installed in the Los Angeles, Calif., post office. It returns correct change for My my coin you deposit in the slot at the left. Here Postmaster O’Brien is demonstrating how it works. Even the sealing wax outfit has become electrified. In this French. invention, the wax is held in a small crucible heated by a coil, Melted wax runs through the central shaft onto the paper, and is pressed by ; : dof haft. Huge neon lights of New York City’s largest air the moistened seal at the end of the shaft. tly Kemer sadhny --odigged hotel roof. On clear nights flyers can see the orange-red light when seventy-five miles away. It is said to penetrate fog for twenty-five miles. Paul Marchetti, San Francisco mechanic, demon- trates here the revolutionary marine-type motor Turning the handle of the device shown at be has designed without crank shaft or timing the right binds typewritten sheets like a @ar. He claims it virtually kills vibration. The booc, thereby doing away with paper clips. j will also be applied to airplane motors. Toothed wheels interweave the margins.

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY k cites newly found records to show that in 1,800 s.c. swimming instruc other champions—was nothing new to Egyptian swimmers tors on the Nile taught the same stroke. Note resemblance between this ago. Prof. James E. Dunlap, of the University of Michigan, ancient hieroglyphic picture and the photograph of Weissmuller in action, Our Games Swimming Champs of Old Egypt Did the Crawl Down the Nile, While Ancient Greece Had Its Bag-Punching Pugilists, Hockey and Soccer Stars—Just as Now The up-to boxer uses the sort of a “a punching bag i much the way as did the training? Guess again. It’s an old- time Greek heavy- weight practicing his right on a bag of stuffed skins. The blow is a bit high; but Tex Rickard might easily pick him out. Greek football stars of old played our modern “‘soc- cer’’ variety, judg- ing from this bas- relief recently found in ancient game. Notic the player stopping the” with his | precisely the @ ruins. Juggling position as the ball with knee ancies tune was a part of the player in the game then as now. relief at the Me” Sind Fag : g an.” * Over the We used to call it “shinny.”” Nowadays the game is increasingly shows they barked their shins at the game long before shin guards popular as “field hockey.’’ What the ancient Athenians called it we were invented. Compare the ancient and modern pictures. “‘Bully- do not know; but this bas-relief of 500 s. c. (left), found at Athens, ing’ the ball evidently was the same chopstick scramble thea.

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: — | 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 37 The World Must Drink, and So— Close by the great pyramids and sphynx of 3 Gizeh lies this oasis reservoir lined with ‘¢ —— - ‘ palms. There travelers in the Egyptian desert _ Out ce, COS See = Be Me er 4 4 , , fill their jars with water for the journey ahead. skin bucket into a narrow well : thirty feet deep. The well’s 7 location is marked only by a tiny a of gypsum to protect it from ing sand; but the thirsty The only running water they have in' Batavia, Java, is the na- tive water carrier who runs it from house to house in hollow bamboo jars, held by wooden supports when he sets them on the ground to take a rest. Stipa 7 at . 4 a How the modern American city gets its The “water works” of : | } es / : water: This mighty new siphon tube of the city of Chung-king ‘ . a the Los Angeles, Calif., Aqueduct On the Yangtze River, # ” 4 carries water for a million people over The pumping oy 1 the hills. It’s a long step ahead of the Machinery consists of z . ” iim ¥ primitive methods shown on this page. ttrong-backed coolies : ‘ \ , Who dip buckets into the Water and sling them ar their shoulders. A whole army could march through the huge siphon pipes of the Catskill Aqueduct, one of the newest units in New York’s vast water supply system. The picture at the left was taken at a triple fork in the fifteen-foot passage.

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Besides a can opener of the new wheel type, A new solid and nonexplosive fuel, suitable for this handy tool combines a corkscrew and picnics and camping trips, comes in the form of bottle opener. A notched wheel of the can tablets which are broken up and used as needed. opener engages the can’s outer rim, guiding the cutting point as it is swung round, They'd Please Any Housewife yy B yptittha > Turn a crank, and this new 0 attached to a table, cores yuu grapefruit. A pair of edged jaws bite out the i hosiery undergarments of the sheerest fabric are safely washed, it is claimed, with a diminutive new “‘runproof wash- board,” which can be used in a wash basin or even over a teacup. Sharp teeth in the bottom of this new carving — frame, and skewers at the top, hold the most awkward piece of meat so that it can’t slip away. A new self-latching gas cock (at left) makes it impossible to turn on the gas accidentally. The spring handle must be lifted to turn.

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Ice cream in thirty seconds is claimed for this remarkable freezer which reverses the usual operation. Ice and salt are placed in the revolving cylin- der, while the cream freezes on the outside, within the movable housing. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Though heated by electricity, this new iron has no troublesome cord. Instead, it obtains current by contact with a special receptacle wired to any wall socket. The contact block is seen in rear of iron at the right. Something new in can openers. A jointed lever locks it firmly to the can’s rim, and a few turns of the handle with thumb and fore- finger draw a knife blade around top of can You may forget to turn off the gas hot water heater, but this auto- matic timer won’t. When set to run the heater for a desired time, clockwork: ticks until a spring suddenly turns off the gas cock. A wide rim near the base of this alu- minum pot permits it to rest like a lid on the coal range, supported just above the hot coals. Potatoes are boiled and vegetables cooked better in this way, the inventor declares. The latest dustproof covering for stored clothes converts a trunk or closet into a filing cabinet, in which ¢ach garment is filed inits own enve- lope. Each envelope has a convenient handle. For the breakfast nook the latest convenience is an ‘“‘electric shelf” that hangs on the wall near by. It is fitted with handy outlet plugs for cooking appliances. Any two appliances may be plugged in at once. This compact electric ironer requires no more storage space than a vacuum cleaner. Used on the kitchen table, it plugs into any wall socket and heats in four minutes. Its ironing surface equals ten flatirons.

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40 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY December, 195 Keeping Pace with Aviation

” / America’s new “baby” dirigible Puritan, re- f | cently launched at Akron, Ohio. She is 128 feet i long, 37 feet wide, and carries four passengers; Fi | aa Pi To develop standatd airway markers, flyers have been testing the visibility of roof signr on the Department of Commerce Building

Crackling radio interference from airplane _ a bis: i hae — Se motor ignition systems during flight now is A se the : —— a er PR o® smothered by covering spark plug wires with If your radio brings you \ new grounded sheaths of woven metal fabric. voice of a parachute jumper The duralumin framework of the new dirigible, broadcasting his ate teen dn under construction, upside down. This new on the way down, it’s Ivan = structural design is the same as that developed for Villiers at the a 5 ig a ¢ ; * . ; ~ nN > s ~ ita” - ka ,

A curious flying machine, just invented in Germany. The wings, controlled by disks, are turned like auto wheels.

December, Roc Wir Oc h r V sion in C air liner r get off the the air, a to supple might bo speed, Pel long one reports A rockets,” yeil such heavy col Great ] tests a fe yon Opel. propelled airplane : and other apply th capable o “Ext HROI wing” airplane 1 D. Fowl Brunswic! planes m. load in | sacrifice ¢ wing, a Ic the main extended when tak the wing by the pile the cockp in case of In rec Philadelp! equipped full load still air. | vention ir operation balance; i: off the co either folc Neu ASS tors recent suc power Di the Pack demonstr: & co € The new hazard, it: inflamma! Not loi Committe at Langl: experimer type. It every thr. favorably gasoline n

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Tr, 1928

POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 41 Rocket “Boosters” May Start Big Planes—Extra Wing and Oil Motor Mark Advances in Aircraft OCKETS as taking-off aids for heavy planes are forecast by recent successful experiments with this novel type of propul- son in Germany, observers say. A big air liner requires twice as much power to get off the ground as to cruise once it is in the air, according to experts; and rockets to supplement the propellers’ traction might boost the plane quickly to flying speed, permitting a short run instead of a long one before taking wing. Fanciful reports of building so-called “moon rockets,” it is pointed out, may actually yell such serious plans to revolutionize heavy commercial and war planes. Great public interest was aroused by tests a few months ago, in which Herr yon Opel, German designer of a rocket- propelled automobile, flew a large model airplane also propelled by rockets. He and other designers propose variously to ly the idea to man-carrying craft capable of crossing the Atlantic. “Extra Wing’’ Lifts More HROUGH his invention of an “extra wing” that can be attached to an airplane without altering its design, H. PD. Fowler, chief engineer of a New Brunswick, N. J., company, claims that planes may carry double their normal load in passengers or freight without sacrifice of cruising speed. The Fowler wing, a long narrow flap at the back of the main wing, is adjustable. It can be extended to supplement the wing area when taking-off, and drawn in beneath the wing for fast cruising. Its extension by the pilot, who operates it in flight from the cockpit, is said to provide safe control in case of a stall. In recent tests at Pitcairn. Field, Philadelphia, a Canuck light plane equipped with the device took off with full load in nine seconds, in practically still air. Observers declared that the in- vention in no way interfered with normal operation of the ailerons, or the plane’s balance; in fact, the pilot could fly, hands off the controls, with the auxiliary wing either folded cr extended. New Oil Motor Tested ASS production of oil-burning mo- tors for airplanes may follow recent successful tests of a new 200-horse- power Diesel type engine developed by the Packard Motor Company. In a demonstration at Detroit, Mich., it drove & comfmercial monoplane successfully. The new motor practically banishes fire hazard, its designers declare, by replacing inflammable gasoline with heavy oil. Not long ago the National Advisory mmittec for Aeronautics demonstrated at Langley Field, Va., a one-cylinder experimental model of an oil motor of this type. It developed one horsepower for every three pounds of weight, comparing favorably with the lightness of standard gasoline motors. Now the same power is claimed for the Packard motor, a multi- cylinder, radial, air-cooled type, fully developed for airplane use. If further ground and air tests are successful, the new motors may be turned out in quantity. Bombing Fleet Too Late HEN nine huge Army bombers flew from Langley Field, Va., to Mines Field, Los Angeles, not long ago— the largest fleet of its kind ever to cross

) aes look up to see a flock of Army planes, in flying forma- tion. With astonishing control and precision they speed, wing to wing. They tell, better than words, the thrilling story of prog- ress in the air since men first flew, a quarter of a century ago. On these pages each month, POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY aims to help you keep pace with this prog- ress. by reporting the latest news of the sky in an interesting way. the couniry—they proved commercial airports en route wholly inadequate in time of war. Had the air fleet been rushing to defend the west coast against naval invasion, it would have arrived too late. Irksome delays were experienced, pilots said, because most fields lacked adequate stores of gasoline and pumps to load it. “Many stations fuel planes from an ordinary auto filling pump—but a three- ton bombing plane cannot be moved about so easily,’ one reported. Train Flying Weather Men OW to forecast flying weather is being taught in an advanced course in meteorology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass. Dr. Carl-Gustav < Rossby, a Swedish meteorologist, has charge of the class. Dr. Rossby was formerly chairman of the committee on aeronautical meteor- ology of the Daniel Guggenheim Fund for the Promotion of Aeronautics. Now that metropolitan newspapers have begun publishing daily Weather Bureau predic- tions of flying conditions in connection with the regular weather reports, the demand for men with special training in this branch of meteorology is increasing. Another innovation in education is a school for explorers, said to be the only one of its kind in the world, founded by Dr. A. Hamilton Rice, of Philadelphia, who headed a recent airplane expedition into Brazilian jungles. Geographical sur- veying and field work are stressed. Canada-Mexico Air Lines WO international air lines, prepara- tions for which were announced last month in PopuLtar Scrence Monraty, are now in operation. Mexico and the United States are linked at last by a new route from Mexico City to Neuvo Laredo, on the border, connecting through a Laredo-San Antonio, Fexas, spur with all the air lines of the United States. Canada is tied in with the great hook-up by the Canadian Colonial Airways’ line, just opened, between New York and Montreal. Both mail and passengers are carried. Opening of the Mexican route is a triumph over extraordinary handicaps. Its path, which follows the Mexican National Railway through rugged and mountainous country, had never before been surveyed for regular flying. Air mail for Canada should carry five cents postage for the first ounce, for Mexico, twenty cents. A New Map for Navigators HE latest way to represent the curved earth on a flat piece of paper aids flyers to navigate. It is a new type of map, devised by Bradley Jones and R. K. Stout of the Instrument and Navigation Unit, U. S. Air Corps, primarily for use with the radio beacon. For all its imposing name of “equi- distant zenithal projection,” the new chart is simply a miniature of a huge imaginary flat card touching the earth at Wright Field, Dayton, O., with points on it that mark every neighboring city directly beneath them. The result is a map that shows accurately the direction of every city within 1,009 miles of the field, as indicated by a radio compass. Anywhere by Air Taxi N A hurry to get somewhere—any- where in the United States? Just pick up the ’phone, and call an air taxi. That is the program of the Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company, which is preparing to establish air taxi service in twenty-five cities throughout the United States. It is said to be the first: concerted attempt to establish an air taxi organization nation-wide in scope.

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42 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY December, 19% December chief lav ef oy OU. an OO baat ca ur House] 2 As far architec! to the 2 ledge of Crore OU. ul ; hae it shaven ¢ tice. J sun par: By JOHN WALKER HARRINGTON as a te approac of archi ODAY—thanks to the latest de- The same idea was used by By tak vices of architecture—when you architects in showing how the Asa Bush. usual ch plan a home of your own, you T FIRST glance the latest nell Memorial at Hartford, Conn., would ever, tl can see that house of your advance in architectural blend with the locality selected for jt house dreams before you build it, science, described here, although its foundations were not yet tinctive standing complete, with all its trimmings may seem like magic. But dug. : actually it is very practical and “14: , | and adornments. Long before the foun- extremely useful. Mr. Harr- Since large office buildings yield g OU dations are laid or the first spadeful of ington explains in simple, greater revenue if pleasing and conspic. If earth has even been turned, you can nontechnical language a fas- uous, much care is taken to be sure they site, it | inspect it on the very street and lot you cinating new method of house will present an attractive appearance, can have selected for its site. plann ng which may save you A large insurance company, for instance liard ta You see it in photographed models, many dollars and much worry recently decided to change the plans for tive by surrounded by the trees, adjacent struc- when you build that home of its new quarters when half the steel work One | tures, or other features of the thorough- — was up, and at tremendous cost. method fare where it will stand. It appears It is fully as important, if not more so, Dayto exactly as it will when finished, with its ans that homes be built in harmony with R. T. ¢ true dimensions and relative propor- their settings. If the sites chosen ar New ¥Y tions to its environments. All of its miniatures of houses in clay, wood, or _ level, one can judge the effect by affixing and Br attractions, as well as its possible dis- pasteboard “in the cube,” as they say. a photograph of a model to that of the heavy ' advantages, are clearly and unmistak- After the prospective builder has ap-_ site. Sites should be “posed” from an trees ni ably presented. proved a rough model, the formal plans, elevation of ten to twenty feet, and the barked This latest development in architec- necessary for the estimate and guidance models from the same relative angle shovels ture enables any prospeciive house of the contractor, may be made, and from the camera so as to include the roof, showin builder to inspect an entire series of such from these a model with more details can Some wealthy men, before erecting large slightl; photographs, from which he may finally be prepared, if needed. country houses, get airplane views of the house. select the exact plan that he and his The principle on which this method is _ site with the surrounding landscape and woods family like best. And mind you, the realistic image is not merely a photo- graphic reproduction of an architect’s sketch—a “rendering” as it is called in the profession. HEN, how is it done? What seems to be a picture of an actual, three- dimensional structure, is a cleverly scaled photograph of a miniature model of the projected home, superim- posed on a cam- era “shot” of its future setting. Few persons can tell how a house will ap- pear merely by looking at the based was first introduced in the erection of a skyscraper. Helmle, Corbett and Harrison, architects of the Bush Building in Forty-second Street, New York City, first made a photograph of the city block in which was the site. The camera stood on the roof of a building across the street, about 300 feet distant. A photo- graph of the model of the building was then pasted on the photograph of the site. “ A little brush- work, and in the re- touched photograph the Bush Building seemed to appear in actuality. community. HIS new idea shows many things not apparent from a drawing in perspec- tive. A clever draftsman can make a colored sketch showing a house against blue sky and white clouds and hemmed in by trees and bushes, but it will lack the feeling of reality present in even an amateur’s photograph of a model. An artist, by a deft touch, can conceal a fault, but a model cannot hide its short- comings. A pretty picture, a product of fancy, may show something that cannot be constructed; or, if so, at prohibitive cost. Often, also, the draftsman will slur over or belittle essential facts. The camera, however, tells the truth. It can show, for it- architect’s plans. stance, that a Drawings, blue- bungalow will be Br 1 = S, even an eyesore aa sketches ma small lot, i confuse and er Small model of the home flush with the i at the right, made from of lead the layman. plans before construction. street. One the worst exam- ples of a house unsuited to its site was the French chateat of a wealthy New York family on Fifth Ave nue, bounded on two sides by paved streets and with only 4 pocket handker The untrained eye cannot vis- sion the three dimensions merely by looking at lines and curlycues on the flat surface of tracing or blueprint. Least of all can it see how a mass of brick and wood and metal will look on a site, with its steps, paths, lawns, shrubs, and trees, or as compared with adjacent buildings, or as related to a street or roadway. That is why an increasing number of architects are working out models or The actual completed dwelling. Notice that the owner, after studying the model, decided to change the location of the garage to the opposite side.

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aber, 19 y these a Bush. ’ would for it, ot yet vield a onspic. re they arance, stance, ans for | work Ore so, y with en are iffixing of the om an nd the angle e roof, y large of the De and pecember, 1928 -¢ lawn in front. Had it been - - rising ground in the midst of @ par it would have had heauty and dignity. As far as possible, the up-to-date architect adapts the form of a house to the natural features of a lot. If the land has a mound, or a large ledge of rock, or trees, he will not have it dug up, leveled off, and ‘shaven clean, as was once the prac- On a ledge he may have a sun parlor; or he may use a slope gs a terrace, or a hollow as an approach to a garage. The number » of architectural styles is limited. By taking advantage of the un- ysual character of the terrain, how- ever, the architect can design a house which will be very dis- tinctive. OUSE and lot are really one. If the model does not suit the site, it can be changed; likewise the site can be adapted. If the lot is like a bil- liard table, it can be made more attrac- tive by a terrace approach. One of the best examples of the new method is a residence on the outskirts of Dayton, Ohio, recently completed for R. T. Gardner under the direction of his New York architects, Peabody, Wilson and Brown. Before ground was broken, heavy timber boxes were built about the trees near the site, to prevent their being barked or grazed by trucks and steam shovels. A large clay model was made, showing the house as planned, the grounds slightly changed in grade about the house. As completed, this house in the woods near the Park road in “‘The Gem Scale model, accurate in every detail, made from plans for new memorial building at Hartford, Conn. It even shows a motor car. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Visualizing a future home down to the last shrub. Karl Su- chomel, miniature artist of Los Angeles, puts the finishing touches on a model. This new method saves costly changes, City” is in complete harmony with its sylvan surroundings. The same method employed in its construction can be ap- plied, of course, to dwellings of moder- ate cost. One may see how flat lots have been changed to make them more picturesque by making a tour of recent suburban developments in Westchester County and Long Island, New York. The original models were made with settings of slope and foliage and with trees, which were to be added. So closely were these ideal homes and sites reproduced that it is hard to detect which are photographs of mansions in miniature and which of the actual completed structures. Real estate companies have now (oll se MA dae 8 8 The photographed model, superimposed on the photograph of the site, reveals exactly é how the completed structure will appear on the selected location and how it will harmonize with surroundings. 43 offices which might be mistaken for stores for the sale of doll houses. On tables and shelves are small scale models of homes. Customers can make their selections from the samples, and see airplane views of the property and close-up photo- graphs in which lots appear. If the prospective purchaser wishes, he can have a photograph of a model placed on a site picture, or go a step further and see the whole scheme worked out with model and setting. HEN one is thinking of mov- ing to a region under develop- ment, he likes to know what kind of houses liis neighbors will have. Corporations, therefore, assemble large models of entire commun- ities—highways, streets, yards, houses. churches, stores; and also a model of the vicinity. Such have been used as exhibits before town boards as evidence of what a new settlement is to be. After an architect’s client feels he will be pleased with the general appearance of a house and with its environment, exact details are in order. So skilled are many architects in making rough models that by putting calipers and compasses to them, they can get measurements for the formal plans. Contractors hitherto have followed blueprints in making bids on erection, but now they ask to see the models as well. Accustomed as they are to “‘reading plans,” they get a much clearer idea of the work to be done by studying it “‘in the cube,” on the inside as well as on the outside. In designing a coun- try home for Mr. and Mrs. Henry Esberg, near Purchase, New York, the architect, Frank Eaton Newman, at first utilized a model carved from plaster to get the gen- eral effect of mass or bulk. In this he was guided by an unusually good airplane view. Next a model was fashioned on which all details, doors, windows and or- naments were indicated. The completed minia- ture structure as de- veloped by Walter Fav- reau, of the Artop Model Company, was then photographed at differing angles. Certain changes both in the house and in its position were then made, based on the preferences of the clients. This model was more elaborate than the types commonly prepared. Yet, considering it paid for itself several times by saving the cost of changes which would have been made in the finished residence, it was a good invest- ment. The _ architect’s photograph of the site for the new memorial. LL the thought given to a complete model yields practical results. In- stead of telling his client that this line is a wall, that dotted circle a door, and that dewdab an electric light outlet, the architect shows a standing three-dimen- sion interior. Many models are so com- plete that when (Continued on page 136)

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY December, 194 Recent Advances in Science 4 | Cathode Rays Put to Work HAT good are cathode rays? That was the question hard- headed critics proposed when Dr. W. D. Coolidge, of the General Electric Research Laboratories, announced that chemicals underwent strange changes, and minerals glowed with fluorescence, when exposed to rays from his powerful new cathode ray tubes. The first of these was a glass vessel that shot a stream of “electron rays” through -a three-inch window of enjoy the fragrance of the rarest per- fumes, in the opinion of Col. M. T. Bogart, head of the organic chemistry laboratory at Columbia University. To- day, in France, 40,000,000 jasmine plants growing in great fields supply only 1,700 tons of perfume extract a year—an amount that tomorrow may be manu- factured in purer and better form in a single small factory and at a fraction of the cost through synthetic chemistry. “The field of synthetic odors is limit- extract it from the air, indust heeded the startling prophecy of the Brit. ish scientist, Sir William Crookes otherwise, starvation must follow ex. haustion of Chilean nitrate fields as sources of fertilizer. Capturing Hidden Gold ITH the solution of a problem that has baffled experts for half a cent miners are to capture gold hidden in blue ores of the Black Hills, Nevada, metallic nickel film. The second district. Hitherto the most rigorous coupled three tubes to “kick” along treatment with heat and chemicals . to: the rays to a final velocity of has only locked the gold Pho sa a 8 more amite 150,000 miles a second. securely in its ore by the formation pred German investigators asked the ODAY’S discoveries of refractory compounds; but now weighing tion, and Prof. H. Plau- : P the Rare and Precious Metals Professors Sime queen, - and theories that ‘ ag € ithe Imp son of Hamburg, Germany, devised emerge from the Experiment Station of the Bureau The shut a new cathode tube resembling Dr. scientific laboratory of Mines at Reno, Nev., announces making a Coolidge ’s, but substituting a win- have a direct bearing on that it has successfully extracted exposure, dow of gold-plated beryllium, an- the everyday lives of all of the gold by a new process that above in other metal, and using only two us; for many of oe aoe as includes a short, low-temperature aye thirds the electric voltage; also in the past, are destined to roast, a wash with lime, and then wer of supplementing the tube with mag- be applied to valuable prac- the usual treatment with cyanid This kno | aera eis 8 tical uses. On these pages o— Wile Ca hazards | netic effects. With it, Prof. Plauson recently announced, he can make ammonia from a mixture of nitrogen and oxygen. He claims he can make synthetic rubber with astonishing rapidity ; can harden liquid forms of bakelite into solids without heating, and from coal, air, and water, can manufacture alcohol, methanol, acetic acid, and ether. Monsters Unearthed AD bones of a huge prehistoric each month are described, in understandable form, the latest records of re- search and discovery to help you keep step with the march of science. Other researches are aiding the mining of nonmetallic substances— a major part of the United States’ seven-billion-dollar mining indus. try. New wire saws, described not long ago in Poputar Science MonTHLy, are reported by the Bureau of Mines to have effected tremendous economies in slate quarrying by eliminating waste. Stronger ‘‘Death”’ Waves ORE destructive super-sound waves, vibrating at the un- precedented rate of two and a half monster just unearthed by Roy Chapman Andrews at the southern edge of the Gobi Desert in- dicate, he says, that the original animal was as long as the height of the world’s tallest building, the 792-foot Woolworth Building in New York. Every time the monster turned around, his front and hind quarters must have traveled a quarter of a mile. His head, of striking appearance, was evidently broad, with a less,’ Col. Bogart says. “We have developed entirely new scents. We shall even need a new language for them.” Spices and their constituent oils, first cousins to those of perfumes, may also be improved by chemists, according to another expert, John Glassford. Better pickles, condiments, mayonnaise and million times a second, recently have . been produced in the laboratory of Alfred L. Loomis at Tuxedo Park, N. Y. Like the inaudible, ultra-rapid waves of one third this frequency which he previously generated, they kill small ani- mals and plants placed in a vessel of water subjected to them. They destroy plants that resisted the strongest waves pre- viously used on them. tapering nose and flaring nostrils. other dressings, he says, depend upon Drill _ “We found a monster in the same area _ the study of spices in the double role of JV inning A gainst Scourges ‘al in 1925,” Andrews says. “The saddle- flavors and preservatives—another field oe shaped-headed creature discovered on in which chemistry must lead the way. T LEAST one more scourge of man 2,500-p this expedition is believed to be the great- seems conquered, another promises reflector grandfather of the 1925 monster.” Wealth in Nitro gen to be, and medical men the world over — Another glimpse of what formidable are fighting other dread diseases. Ohio W creatures once lived is revealed in the ODAY a pound of nitrogen gas— Prompt use of a newly-developed serum Finn, of discovery, at Kistinge; on tre Swedish about four barrelfuls—is worth ap- for infantile paralysis stamped out a at Was coast, of an enormous whale estimated to proximately thirty-two cents, while an threatened epidemic last summer. eta have lived 5,000 years ago. Workmen equal weight of gold, a bar about the size That leprosy at last may be conquered oes digging a ditch at first mistook the of a spectacle case, commands a price of is seen in the announcement that eight a day, thirteen-foot jawbone they unearthed fer $250. Yet nitrogen may replace gold as_ more lepers have just been discharged — a part of the hull of some ancient vessel. the standard of a nation’s wealth in the from the National Leper Home at Car- oot near future, H. R. Bates, vice president of = La., as — y no strains, ; the International Agricultural Corpora- longer a menace to the public. Thirty- shields. New Perf umes and Pickles tion of Atlanta, Ga., recently told the seven in all have been discharged after — IERFUMES and pickles lie within the American Chemical Society. treatment by new methods with chaul- ery field of tomorrow’s chemist, who may This lazy, inert, colorless, odorless, and moogra oil and its derivatives. month: make startling improvements in both, according to experts of the American Chemical Society. Rich and poor women alike may soon tasteless gas, which forms the major part of the air we breathe, is of vital im- portance in the manufacture of fertilizers and explosives, he said. By learning to Meanwhile Dr. Warren K. Stratman- Thomas, Wisconsin pharmacologist, is Africa-bound to find a specific cure for sleeping sickness,

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y has e Brit. more ation ; how [etals ureau unces acted that ature then ‘ide. r the -es— ates’ idus- 1 not ENCE the cted slate 1an ses ver um red sht ed no Y- ter ul. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY | 45 ee eat ee! The Blow That Kills a Germ How much weight do you have to drop on a microbe’s back to kill it? Dr. F. Holweck, French X-ray expert, answers the question with this machine, which shoots X-ray bolts at bacteria cultures. Ie finds it takes a millionth part of blow struck by a speck of dust falling a hundredth of an inch! It would take a million billion times as much to kill a man. Photographs Dynamite Blasts Dynamite explosions and streaking flames are photographed by this huge camera, weighing a ton, recently developed by Professors R. P. Fraser and W. A. Bone, of the Imperial College of Science, London. The shutter is snapped by electricity, making a one-ten-thousandth-of-a-second exposure, controlled by the switch seen above in the experimenter’s hand. The photographs are expected to reveal new facts about the speed and destructive power of explosions at various distances. This knowledge will be used to decrease hazards in industries using dynamite. Recording Street Noises in London Disturbing street noises in London, England, are to be caught and catalogued by sensitive amplifying and re- cording instruments. Micro- phones placed in the streets will pick up the sound vibra- tions. Amplified by the apparatus at the right, these will be recorded on the master phonograph record seen at the left of the picture above. By study of the records it is hoped to les- sen these noises, which re- cently have been termed by the British Medical Asso- ciation a menace to health. = eel * spe ak i Drilling Largest Reflector A single slip in drilling an eight-inch hole through the optical axis of this 2,500-pound, seventy-inch telescope feflector, the largest ever made in America, would have ruined a year’s labor. The glass disk was cast for Ohio Wesleyan University by A. N. Finn, of the U. S. Bureau of Standards, Five-Million-Year Fossil at Washington, D. C. He is seen at the right of the picture above, super- Vising the drilling. During the delicate process, which advanced about an inch a day, the glass was imbedded in a cast-iron form filled with sand. The workers were protected from possible explosion of the glass, due to concealed strains, by heavy planks and steel shields. In casting the huge disk, molten glass was poured into an electrically heated mold, which per- mitted it to cool gradually, for eight months, to average room temperature. The picture at the left shows Prof. Loye Miller, head of the Biology Department of the University of California, with the fossil of a bird believed to have lived five million years ago. It was found recently at Calabasas, Calif., near Los Angeles. The prehistoric bird, which thus left its wingprints through the ages, is believed to have belonged to the family of cormorants—fish-eating sea birds. Its form has been so preserved that even the fine markings of its feathers are distinguishable. This is the first fossil specimen of vertebrate life discovered in the prehistoric for- mations, millions of ears old, un- covered in the Los Angeles region.

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY December, 195 Roe, Magicians Do Their Tricks, N EXPERT takes you behind the curtain of deep mystery and explains just what you've always wanted to know— How ingenious inventions of me- chanics and science produce those astonishing stage wonders that seem impossible to the audience By GEORGE S. GREENE ” OW,” said the magician to an involuntary investigator, en- ticed to the stage by a ruse that left him wondering how it happened—‘“Now, with your own eyes, you saw the young lady walk into the cabinet; and ‘presto,’ she has disappeared. Please examine the cabinet thoroughly. You find nothing? Very good. Thank you, young man.” And, as the young man was being helped down the “runway” by the courteous miracle performer, the latter whispered, offhand, “Be sure to come up again when I call for volunteers.” I was seated “down front,” in the tere é } ~ | . a > m || HYDRO-/M } RUBBER :;CHLORIC ~ | BULB \ | ACID : } } How chemistry produces mystifying smoke. mixes fumes of ammonia and hydrochloric acid, in hidden bottles, forming vapor which issues from a tube at wrist. See * / | orchestra section. Surrounding me were young business men, doctors, inventors, mechanics. Men who, being mechanical- ly, electrically, and chemically bent, probably had their cellars or garages fitted up with lathes, electrical con- trivances, chemical retorts, or radio ap- paratus according to the spare-hour hobby in which each was most interested. They sat there with wide open eyes, mystified. They looked but they saw not. Before them, one by one, were exhibited marvels of trick mechanical connivance; yet, thanks to the ready “patter” and adroit misdirection of the magician, they were absolutely at a loss to explain or under- stand how the bewildering feats of magic were performed. Hundreds of flowers, beauti- ful silk flags, and a few ducks or rabbits would pour from some spectator’s borrowed hat, and the consensus of opinion in the orchestra seats would be, ** Aw, he gets those out of his sleeve.” Yet if those mechan- ically minded men of the audience could step behind scenes some day and examine there the clever contrivances built to fool the public from the stage they would be surprised to learn how readily seemingly impossible wonders are per- formed by use of concealed hinges, fake nails, electricity, plumbing, carpentry, radio, chemistry, physics, hydraulics, metal working, and similar ap- purtenances of the magician’s art. UT the big problem is to gain entrance “back stage.” First, a guard at the stage door inquires your busi- ness, then a large “‘cyclorama”’ curtain, surrounding the work- Pressing bulb The famous trick of “walking through a brick wall.” Behind the screens on each side are trapdoors in the floor, permitting the magician to crawl under the wall. * “levitation” ing part of the magician’s stage, prevents even the stage hands from becoming too inquisitive. I remember a young woman writer, who, some years ago, attempted to expose secrets of magic by ‘ “investigating” the prestidigitator’s stage properties. In this she was quite evidently disappointed, for the only “revelation” she was able to present was a statement that “the mechanical device that causes the lady to float in mid-air i is known as a‘ gooseneck gimmick.’” She was quite correct, though I doubt if she understood what a “gooseneck gimmick” is, or how it is used, HE gooseneck principle, (a “gim- mick,” in magical parlance, means secret device) is as old, almost, as the mystery of magic. On it depends the renowned illusion variously called “The Aga,” “Floating Lady,” and so on There are perhaps a dozen ways of presenting the trick, but each depends upon the gooseneck. The trick probably first originated in Asiatic mythology, and in the belief that in a certain part of India the casket con- taining the remains of a once highly r- vered religious leader has remained for thousands of years suspended high in the air without contact or support from any- thing earthly. However that may be, as presented nowadays, a young woman is introduced and the magician pretends to hypnotize her. She becomes “cataleptic,” or stiff, and is placed on a couch standing near a back curtain. With appropriate musie and waving of hands, the woman slowly rises into the air until she is above the magician’s head, and without visible support. A really solid hoop is then passed over her body twice to prove that there are no connecting supports. Behind the curtain near whieh the couch rests is placed the moving of apparatus. Different per formers use different types of mec nisms for this. A common type is a tr with a rod passing through a hole in the pecember, covere entran tirely « sheet i form o the cor is “flo When ° wire fc ground lest. it spectat One viting stage t misdire tor fro} the sh would assista

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vents 1g too rriter, per- »ha- unk “Catching fish out of the air.’’ A jerk on the pole releases from the “‘bait’’ a fluttering golden cloth resembling a live fish. The magician deftly substitutes a real fish which has been concealed in the handle of the rod, and throws it into the water in the fish bowl. top. By a system of gears, when a crank js turned, the rod is forced, very slowly, upward. Fastened to the top of the rod is the ““gooseneck.”’ This is a length of strong iron rod, bent to the shape of an S. It passes through a slit in the curtain and its outer end is fastened to a metal frame- work on the couch, on which the girl rests while she is “floating” in the air. Loose clothing conceals her support, and the gooseneck is hidden from the au- dience by her body. The hoop, of course, is solid. But the thing that spectators miss is that the hoop is passed over her body twice. First it passes over the feet, then the head, and is brought around the curve.in the goose- neck so that it circles the iron rod. It is again passed over the feet, then over the head, which frees it from the gooseneck so that it can be passed to the audience for inspection or rolled “off stage.’’ Were it not for the curves in the iron support, the trick would be impossible. R variation, the girl sometimes is covered with a sheet, and when the sheet is jerked away while she is in the air, the girl has disappeared. The couch is made so that when she is about to be covered with the cloth, she can open an entrance to the couch and slip inside, en- tirely concealed. In her place under the sheet is substituted a black piano-wire form of a gir! which comes from behind the couch, and it is this wire form which is “floated” in the air by the gooseneck. When the cloth is jerked away the black wire form is invisible against the back- ground, and curtains are lowered quickly | lest it be discovered by a too observing | spectator. One performer made a practice of in- viting members of the audience to the stage to inspect this trick. By appropriate misdirection he prevented any investiga- tor from learning the secret. Immediately the sheet was jerked from the form, he would have the curtains closed by assistants. One night a man who was POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY among these spectators seemed nervous and especially interested. When the signal was given to close the curtains he rushed toward where the girl had ap- parently vanished, and the curtains closed between him and the audience. It developed that the man was the hus- band of the girl used in the trick. She had left him to “go on the stage”; and when the husband thought he saw her “vanish” he rushed frantically to the invisible wire form. The couple were reconciled and the BATT. age . GOLD CLOTH magician advertised ROLLED UP for a new lady as- sistant. In the last three centuries countless small appliances as ingenious as the gooseneck have been developed as indispensable ad- juncts in the presen- tation ‘of mystify- ing illusions and tricks on the stage. Of these, perhaps the “servante” is the most used. This is a device to receive and hide discarded cards, oranges, rabbits, handkerchiefs, and the like. One type fits on the back of a chair, forming a pocket into which the contents of the magician’s hand may be discarded while, to all appearances, he is simply moving the chair. Then there is the “table ser- vante,” a special table top covered with black velvet which is marked off with gold braid into squares or circles. The parts of the table beneath these divisions are cut away. Black bags are attached underneath, so that as the magician picks up his wand from the table, for example, the contents of his hand may be dropped into the invisible opening, or “trap” as it is called professionally. These traps are necessary for the “torn and restored paper napkin trick,’ in which the magician must rid his hands of wads of torm paper in exchange for wadded whole sheets. INSIDE HANDLE of ROD SHOWING SECRET COMPARTMENT FOR TWO FISH 47 One of the very few instances in which a professional magician uses his sleeves for disappearances is that of making a hand- kerchief vanish. The performer wears on his left wrist, as you or I would wear a wrist watch, a small round box resembling’a pill box. Inside this is a powerful spring, like a clock spring. It is connected to a strong cord, which passes under the coat, into the right sleeve, and terminates in a hook at the right wrist. The hook is usually fastened temporarily to a finger ring on the right hand. Fastened to a handker- chief, it pulls the latter up the right sleeve in a flash invisible to the eye. Some of the spring “pulls,” as they are termed, are fitted with a device that holds the spring until a button is pressed with the finger, or against the body, when the spring flies into action. BOUT twenty years ago a European magician caused a sensation with a trick that is absurdly simple to anyone acquainted with chemistry. His dress and makeup resembled the popular con- ception of the devil. He astounded his audiences by producing puffs of smoke anywhere he desired, with bare hands. Spectators carried glass vases to him, and at his touch the jars would fill with smoke, without the faintest sound of explosion. Some credulous persons actually believed that the smoke was produced from the “lower place.” The secret was never re- vealed to the public, but among magicians ae eS LEVERAGE MECHANISM »” LIFTING GOOSENECK The mysterious “floating lady.’’ She is really suspended in the air by an S-shaped iron bar called a ‘‘gooseneck gimmick.”

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i _ — poe mere + _ stage. The performer merely 48 it was known. In his left sleeve was a rubber bulb, connected with a tube that passed down the right sleeve. In the sleeve the tube led to two bottles, one containing hydrochloric acid; the other, liquid ammonia. The bottles, in turn, were connected by glass tubing which pierced their rubber corks. When the rubber bulb was pressed, air was forced into the ammonia bottle, causing am- monia fumes to mix with those of the hydrochloric acid, and so producing a white chemical smoke, which issued from a slender tube at his wrist. FEW years ago a famous magician with a fancy for large illusions in- vented what is now known as “ Walking through a Brick Wall.’’ It was immedi- ately a sensation. As the curtain rose, the audience saw a large square wood frame, on rollers, and a large pile of bricks. A man dressed like a bricklayer placed the bricks in position in the frame, making a solid brick wall. The cross section of the wall faced the audience, and at each side, near the center of the wall, a screen was placed. The performer went behind one of the screens, and while a committee was surrounding the stage he apparently walked through the wall, for he quick- ly appeared from behind the screen on the opposite side of the wall. It was a real brick wall, sure enough. But on the stage floor was a small carpet, which concealed trapdoors in the required an assistant to open the trapdoors, allowing him to crawl underneath the wall and up to the other side. T ONE time conjurors were notorious among theater managers for “cutting their stages to pieces” with trap- doors. Nowadays, however, many stages have concrete floors, so the practice of cutting “traps” is almost obsolete. Illusions in which the ele- ment of possible death is present have always been popular, al- though usually there is little danger to the performer. The milk can escape is an You can have three ‘ » guesses to explain how Sos @ magician can tell which card you pick from this “forcing deck.’’ You guessed it. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY example. To the layman, it would seem physically im- cr possible to escape from a can = filled to the brim with water, the lid being locked on with borrowed padlocks. Here again, the work of the expert metal smith does the trick. The can is so made that on examination it ap- pears untampered with. It is filled with water; the magician, wearing a bathing suit, steps in and draws his head down into the water. The lid is quickly locked, and the can surrounded with screens. The magician, however, has merely to push up on the lid, and a top part of the can, consisting of a false shoulder, lifts up to allow escape. It is necessary to hold How the vanish- ing handkerchief is drawn up into the right sleeve by a hooked cord from a spring on left arm. Inside of the tube is a golden-yellow silk. Whee performer jerks on the pole, the golden silk is jerked out of the tube automat. a) and be} ept in motion, ; looks for all the world like a flap. ping goldfish. As the performer , grasps the piece of 3 ___ silk in his cae Y 7] remove it from the hook, he ‘7 deftly substitutes a live fish from the handle of the pole, then drops the live fish into the bow] The “Dove Catcher” js g brass tube about five feet long with a wire hoop and net at one end. Inside of the tube, at the net end, are a few white feathers fastened to a metal rod, which passes down the tube and con. nects with a metal band sliding up and down the outside of the tube near the hand. The performer waves the net through the air, and, moving the sliding band upward, quickly forces the white feathers into the net. While in motion théy are mistaken for a dove. The “dove” apparently is dumped into a wire cage. What really happens is that, as the net reaches the cage, the fake feathers are pulled back into the tube, and an assist- ant holding the cage releases a false bot- tom, projecting a live white dove into the cage. The movement is so quick that it seems impossible that a real dove has not been caught out of the air. An expert sharpshoot- ing artist of Europe once was approached by a young man who proposed a novel publicity scheme which, he said, would make the sharpshooter famous. The two formed a partnership and both became wealthy. The novelty was this: The young man, holding a Japanese umbrella in his Drowned in the milk can? Hardly. The magician lifts off the trick top, padlocks and all, as shown in the drawing at right. the breath under water for only a minute. When the lid is replaced everything is as before, and the examining committee from the audience find the sealed locks intact and untouched! HERE are two important tricks in which live birds and fishes are used. One is known as “ Fishing in the Air,” and the other “ Dove Catching in the Air.” In the former, the magician, with rod and line, catches live goldfish from the air and deposits them in a bowl of water, where they can be seen swimming about. In the latter, a pole with a net at the end is used, and live, white doves are seemingly canght in the air above the audience and deposited in wire cages, where they are very much alive. These, again, have been made pos- sible by mechanical genius and _ in- ventiveness. The handle of the fishing rod contains concealed compartments for two live goldfish, with wet sponges to keep them alive. The “bait” consists of a tiny metal tube stitched to the fishhook. hand, climbed to the top of a stepladder. There he momentarily covered himself with the umbrella. The sharp- shooter fired at the umbrella, which dropped to the stage floor, the young man having vanished. Not until the death of the inventor was the secret learned by other magicians. A figured back- ground was used, and a piece of the same material was fastened as a screen across the back of the stepladder, so that the audience apparently saw the real back- ground through the ladder. When the sharpshooter fired, the young man simply dropped down behind the ladder, and the screen of background material tacked to the ladder hid him from view. ERFORMANCES of tricks in which magicians use ingenious mechanical contrivances offer an opportunity for mechanically, scientific minded men to study and try to fathom the wonders that are employed to entertain and mystify. I have given here only the barest outlines of some of the most note- worthy illusions. In another article I will give the details of other familiar tricks. a “ Fightis ing his ORI fro New Yo “The b prevent next be death.’ cle he methot smothe start, a MA fee hig int mc that fla. 9,400 de upward. tion of t had roa A wre smolder Merely desks b off a sit not exce the am: Equital which ¢ of John that “t vent it: to deat Fire are the the scie put it story, | his seve the Ne H b becam: ing up ideas aband techni: would Depar Stand: dictat —Ken the “§

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pme uld yter oth lhe he y , a top ere 4 ich 1an ath ck. me 08s he ok- he aly he ch ‘or to TS nd he e- ill “Fighting Jack’? Kenlon inspecting a Paris alarm box dur- é ing his recent trip to Europe to study fire-fighting methods. ORE thrilling experiences from the life of John Kenlon, New York City’s veteran fire chief. “The best way to fight fire is to prevent it,’’ he says, “and the next best way is to starve it to death.” In this fascinating arti- cle he tells of modern scientific methods and devices’ which smother flames before they get a start, and prevent conflagrations. MAGINE a steel blowtorch twelve feet wide and five hundred feet high, spouting a solid jet of flame into the interior of a $16,000,000 modern office building! Imagine that flame developing a temperature of 2,400 degrees as a furious draft sucks it upward. And finally, picture the condi- tion of the building after that blowtorch had roared through it for six hours! A wreck of twisted steel? A pyre of smoldering ashes? Fortunately, neither. Merely a filing cabinet destroyed, a few desks burned, some fireproofing chipped off a single office—and the total damage not exceeding $25,000! That, in brief, is the amazing consequence of the second Equitable fire in New York City—a fire which dramatically proved the assertion of John Kenlon, the city’s veteran chief, that “the best way to fight fire is to pre- vent it; the next best way is to starve it to death.” Fire prevention and fire “starvation” are the two major chapter headings in the science of modern fire control. Or, to put it in terms of John Kenlon’s life story, they are the dominant factors in his seventeen years’ experience as chief of the New York Fire Department. « HEN the first Equitable Building burned to the sidewalk in 1912, it became apparent to Kenlon, just enter- ing upon his career as chief, that the old ideas of “fireproofing” would have to be abandoned. He determined that a new technique of fire-resistive construction would have to be devised. As the Fire Department member of the Board of Standards and Appeals—the body that dictates building legislation in New York —Kenlon laid down his specifications for the “Standard Fire Resistive Building of Recs. Sy POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Killing Fires High in the Air AVERTISSEUR DINCENDIE Off duty, the veteran chief, like any normal citizen, plays golf and enjoys other recreations, which keep him fit for the big job of mastering the fire demon. the Highest Type.” They called for a building that would resist a tem- perature of 2,000 degrees Fahrenheit for four hours without material in- jury to its structural parts. The new - Equitable Building on lower Broad- way, rising out of the ruins of the old one, was built in close conformity to Kenlon’s specifications. And it was these that made it possible for the new building to resist the fire which broke out at three a.m. on February 16, 1926. HE fire started in a twelve-by- twelve-foot pipe shaft, extending from the basement to the roof, and containing the main steam, gas, and water pipes that supplied the build- ing. A bursting water pipe brought a midnight crew of plumbers, carrying a portable electric light, to make re- pairs. They entered the shaft through a fire door on the thirty- fifth story, and after working a while discovered a fire in the bottom of the shaft. A short circuit in the port- able electric cord probably ignited the felt covering of a steam pipe. The heat generated by this flame caused the twisting and breakage of an uncovered six-inch gas pipe, which shot a roaring tower of flame up the shaft and through the fire door on the thirty-fifth story, left open by escaping workmen. The blazing gas quickly filled the thirty-fifth floor, and began to devour the contents of the unprotected offices. A few pieces of furniture 49 By HENRY MORTON ROBINSON The spectacular Sherry-Netherlands blaze of 1927. For ten hours it raged unchecked in the thirty- eighth story scaffolding of the partly built hotel.

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were quickly consumed, and the Fire Glutton decided to attack the building itself. But what was there to attack? Licking its evil lips hungrily, the Fire Glutton could only twist helplessly around con- crete-covered stee] columns, hol- low-tiled walls, and wired-glass window frames. And when fire- men at last sealed the broken gas pipe by a deluge of water poured into the shaft, the fire died of boredom and undernour- ishment. Or, as Kenlon said: “It was starved to death.” HIEF KENLON called this second Equitable blaze “the highest fire in the history of the world.” How, you may ask, did he force effective streams of wa- ter 550 feet into the air, to quench a fire in the thirty-fifth story? He didn’t. There isn’t an engine in existence that could pump a fighting stream that high—or a hose that could stand such pres- sure. But, following his own specifications for a model build- ing, the Equitable had two 12,000-gallon tanks on the forty- first story, and was also equipped with two eight-inch standpipes with a pumping capacity of 2,000 gallons a minute. Kenlon merely ordered his men to connect the house lines to these outlets, and the fire was under control (except in the pipe shaft) within an hour. “Reserve tanks and standpipes run- ning from cellar to roof are essentials in skyscraper fire-fighting,” said Kenlon after the fire. ‘Without these two weapons, firemen are helpless. No water tower is effective above the fifteenth floor, and hose lines cannot be dragged much higher.” EFORE Kenlon will O.K. any sky scraper as a reasonably protected hazard, he personally inspects the tanks and standpipes. Architects and engi- neers know him as a “tough hombre,” be- cause he frequently insists on extensive changes in the size and location of the interior water supply. The spectacular Sherry-Netherlands blaze, which on April 13, 1927, raged unchecked for ten hours in the thirty- eighth story scaffolding of a nearly completed Fifth Avenue hotel, furnished New Yorkers with a taste of the ultra-theatrical in sky fires. It also gave specific point to Chief Kenlon’s contentions about buildings in the process of construction. After the Commodore Hotel fire of 1924, which threatened the Forty-Second Street business district and proved that the “almost finished” building is an especially dangerous fire risk, Kenlon urged that “*fire-elevators,” encased in fireproof . shafts, should be put in operation as soon as the steel skeleton of a build- ing was erected. These ele- scientific profession. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY The enormous waterfront and shipping of Greater New York add to Chief Kenlon’s problem. Here firemen are seen pouring streams into the blazing hold of a vessel, following an explosion. vators, for fire use only, could quickly hoist firemen and chemical apparatus to the source of a blaze. In the construction of the Sherry-Netherlands Hotel this provision apparently was neglected. Asa result, the Fire Department was faced by an uncontrollable blaze in a partially completed building, without fire elevat- ors, tanks, or standpipes. ' SINGLE fireman with a forty- gallon chemical tank could have gone up on the elevator and extinguished that fire at any time during the first twenty minutes,” declared Kenlon. “ But see what actually occurred. We had to climb thirty-eight stories—nearly the height of Washington Monument—carry- ing heavy apparatus on our backs. By the time we reached the fire we were ex- tremely fatigued, the fire wes beyond the reach of chemical apparatus, and needed 4,000 gallons of water a minute. But eae eee eR EE awe he ne re se Faclallnal 29/88 ae) w/e O58 58 ow sel” OS Largely through Kenlon’s efforts, modern fire-fighting has become a Above, firemen are learning from an assistant chief how to attack a blaze in a tall building, represented by a model. December, 1928 neither the standpipes nor the reserve tanks were available. The building was outside the high pressure area, and the nearest hydrant was 100 feet away from the burning side of the building.” The NewYork Fire Department hailed as the greatest in the world, suddenly seemed antiquated and futile. Unbelievable as it sounds the nearest water was fully one third of a mile away! For six hours Ken. lon hovered over the brink of humiliating defeat while rocket. ing embers from the burning hotel were scattered over roofs and terraces of neighboring build. ings. But with its usual good fortune, New York was spared a serious conflagration; the fire burned itself out at last, and the Sherry-Netherlands blaze passed into history as one of the few great “waterless” fires on record. ENLON resolved never to be caught again in such a pre- dicament. He immediately de- manded a meeting of the Board of Standards and Appeals, and pro- ceeded to shake that body into effective action. No one knows what he said at that meeting, but it is known that the inspector of buildings was tremendously busy during the next month. Fire elevators and tem- . porary water tanks were promptly in- stalled in every partially finished build- ing and the extension of the high pressure system to Fifty-Ninth Street (long a favorite project of the chief) is soon to become a reality. If Kenlon has his way —and he will—the near-tragedy of the Sherry-Netherlands will never be reenact- ed in New York City. “In combating a modern fire, what single element do you dread most?” The question was asked of Kenlon by a promi- nent architect at a recent convention of New England fire chiefs. The grizzled chief hesitated not a moment. “‘The buckling and collapse of supporting columns,” he replied. “They are responsible for the loss of more fire- men, and for more disastrous confusion, than any other single element in my ex- perience. And the sad part of it is,” he continued, “that with our present knowledge of _fire- proofing these columns, the tragedy of a total collapse need never occur. m R a horrible example, take the three-alarm Butler Brothers fire of December 29, 1927. The building which this fire de- stroyed was an eight-story commercial structure at 495 Broadway. Responding to a midnight alarm, we found a small but very hot fire scon- suming some crates and ex- celsior in the basement ship- ping room. Evidently it had been burning for some time; for the fire had entered the elevator shaft, which acted like a flue, causing tremen- dous (Continued on page 159) Paving t protectit A the con mile-lon across t in Holle finished highway land wi top. Be sea levi loam ¢ gardens For s break ii century Sea” h with a water. now b from 3 will ade of the 1 In al ten to this arr unfit fc form a water | dike b: huge | thirty allow t lake t Sea. V the no: the Zu be im} ter thr extent believe the w: river { wind « The the gr

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oO rae it -— iV = be te in a a December, 1928 Paving the sloping sides of the great earth dike with stone blocks for Pp rotection from the sea. Electric cranes unload the stones from barges. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 51 Lo ee Like log rafts, these willow mats are floated to the dike, where they are laid on the earth to form supporting beds for the heavy stone paving. A Garden Salvaged from the Sea How Engineering Magic, Flinging a 28-Mile Dike Across the Shallow Wastes of Zuyder Zee, Is Reclaiming a Thousand Square Miles of Dutch Farm Land EARLY a thousand square miles of land, now under ocean water, will be turned into cultivated fields upon the completion of a twenty-eight- mile-long dike, now being thrust across the mouth of the Zuyder Zee, in Holland. When the great dam is finished in 1934, a railroad and a highway, connecting the east of Hol- land with the west, will run along its top. Behind the dike, ten feet below sea level, farmers will till the rich lam of this greatest of sunken gardens. For seven hundred years—since a break in the dikes in the thirteenth century —the shallow “Southern Sea” has cut into Central Holland with a wide waste of unnavigable water. It is expected that the land now being reclaimed will support from 300,000 to 500,000 people. It will add one tenth to the arable land of the nation. In all, 2,027 square miles lie under ten to nineteen feet of salt water in this arm of the sea. Some of the land, unfit for agriculture, will be used to form an artificial lake to hold water brought down behind the dike by the Yssel River. Two huge locks and a system of thirty sluices in the dike will allow the water in this artificial lake to escape into the North Sea. When the wind blows from the northwest into the mouth of the Zuyder Zee, it probably will be impossible to discharge wa- ter through the sluices, but the extent of the artificial lake, it is believed, will permit storage of the water brought down by the river for several days until the wind changes. The material which will form the great sea wall, 300 feet thick By EDWIN KETCHUM SCALE OF MILES “\o/ \s 20 30 b adieadl a * — ee: a = ~~ nit cri [ J HIGHER THAN B ABOVE SA LEVEL i Q ZERO To “ " jo ” ‘ BELOW ” MBLOWER THAN + © " 5 is | bad " 10 “ “ ” + _ | SSPE Foes ne nn, Sa One Black portions behind the enclosing dam indicate land to be rec'aimed, covering nearly a thovsand square miles and bordering an artificial lake formed by the Yssel River. The Zuyder Zee dike system will include the world’s largest steam- ship locks, shown here under construction. They will be 2,275 feet long. at its base and rising twenty-three feet above sea level, is mostly earth brought from the bottom of the North Sea by a line of suction dredges. However, the northern part of the dike, most exposed to the waves, will be constructed of a kind of boulder clay found in the Zuyder Zee itself. It has shown that it is proof against the strongest ocean currents, An interesting phase of the con- struction is the use of willow mats. They are placed under a top layer of stone blocks whic pave the sloping sides of the dike as protection against the erosion of the sea. They keep the blocks from sinking into the soft earth. By the time they have rotted, the earth will have settled firmly in- to position. The mats are made on the mainland and towed in strings to the spot where they are needed. HE total cost of the dike will be about $185,000,000. It is in two sections. The first, from the eastern mainland to the small island of Wieringen, a distance of a mile and a half, has been completed. The longer dike, pushing across nearly twenty miles of open water, from the opposite end of Wieringen to the western main- land, will be finished in about six years. This longer dike cuts across the shallowest part of the Zuyder Zee, where no part—ex- cept for two channels between Wieringen and the mainland, where the wall is already built— is deeper than twelve feet. The originator of the project is Dr. C. Lely, Minister of Public Works in 1918, when the scheme was approved. He had conceived of the plan twenty- seven years before.

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52 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY December, 1928 Useful Kinks for the Radio Fan Choosing the Best Antenna Tests Reveal Trick Aerial Devices Are Not Worth the Price — Mending a Loudspeaker —A Homemade Tube Shield ONSIDERABLE confusion exists as to the relative effectiveness of various types of outdoor anten- nas. You probably have read the statement that a hundred-foot outdoor antenna is about right. That is correct only when reception conditions are such as to require that length. While a hun- dred-foot antenna is a good average, there are thousands of cases when a different length would give better results. You may be located in the heart of a great city with several powerful broad- casting stations within a few miles of your home. Under such conditions, the stand- ard hundred-foot antenna would have a tendency to cause broad tuning. Another radio listener may be in a small town hundreds of miles from the nearest station, or in a location particu- larly poor for reception. Often an antenna 150 or even 200 feet long will give much better results in such circumstances. Don’t be satisfied till you have tried various lengths to find the correct one for your particular conditions. Remember, also, that the effectiveness of an antenna depends largely on its height, and on the distance between its ends measured in a straight line. Coiling the wire into a small spiral, helix, or other fancy formation immediately cuts its effi- ciency to that of 9 single wire no longer than the formatica. Fig. 1. The small sized milk shaker is con- verted into an effective metal tube shield. fitting of such a shield is shown in Fig. 1. The cover is fastened under the tube socket. Be careful that the socket ter- minals are not short-circuited. You can, of course, drill holes One hundred feet of wire coiled into a springlike form fifteen feet long would, for example, be no better than a single wire fif- teen feet long. NOTHER radio delusion is that you can take a shiny copper ball or the re- mains of an antique through the cover of the shaker for the wires to the socket terminals, and also a hole on the shaker itself for a grid connection if the tube is of the shielded grid type. Repairing Your Loudspeaker HE most common trouble with a loud- speaker is a burned-out wash boiler, mount it on & pole ax feet Fig. 2. Using a phonograph to re- high, and immedi- wind a burned-out loudspeaker coil. ately bring in stations from all over the country. There is noth- ing to this idea. Such a metal piece is no more effective than a plain piece of wire sticking up in the air to the same height. Tests of various types of these so-called antennas in the radio laboratory of the Popular Science Institute of Standards show them to be a waste of money. A Novel Tube Shield HE radio fan who likes to build things for himself will find that the small size of milk shaker sold in many stores can be made into an effective tube shield. The coil. This happens to be a defect which can be reme- died without difficulty by anyone who likes to tinker and enjoys constructing radio apparatus. Figure 2 shows a simple way to rewind such a coil at home. An empty thread spool is jammed onto the stud in the center of the phonograph turntable, and the loudspeak- er coil form is glued or otherwise clamped to it after the old wire has been stripped off. Obtain an old Ford spark coil or any other make that can be broken open readily. Open it and locate the end of the fine wire wound in layers outside the heavy primary winding. This secondary wire may not be of exactly the same size as that in the loudspeaker coil, but it wi] be near enough to it so that the coil will function. Set the phonograph speed regulator so that the record table will turn as fast as possible, and let it wind the wire for you, The fine wire easily breaks, so you will have to be extremely careful. The chief difficulty on this job will be in getting the wire to unwind from the spark coil without catching and breaking. You prob. ably will find that the spark coil will have to be mounted on an easily running bear. ing so that it will turn easily. F THE trouble with the loudspeaker js merely a falling off in volume without signs of chattering or distortion, the mag. net may have lost most of its magnetism. Remagnetizing is difficult unless you have special apparatus. The nearest auto sery- ice station that specializes in repairing automobile magnetos will be able to do the job, if you can dismount the appara- tus and take the magnet to the service station. A common trouble is steel shavings between the pole pieces and the armature, Passing a piece of paper between, and at the same time blowing air past the pole pieces eventually will get rid of them. Sometimes they can be removed with the end of a needle that has been strongly magnetized. A B C’s of Radio Te use of resistances to secure C-voltages for radio and audio amplifier tubes in elec- tric sets may seem mysterious. Actually, though, the principles in- volved are fairly simple. All voltage is relative. A wire may register .six volts positive with respect to one wire, and be negative with respect to another. The grid element in the ampli- fier tube must be negative with respect to the filament wire, and the plate of the tube positive with respect to the other tube elements. When current is forced through a resistance a voltage can be measured across its terminals. In the amplifier tube circuit the plate return current is forced through a resistance. The voltage devel- oped across the resistance is applied to the grid. December, If . Thi De S( had com cision. § speed m: science? making : worth t motorcy into mo! This young I Edwin | won fan of the re heterod: Coun’ into rac places i industry Telev may be delving In th ScIENCI ing the lined. ' how to. A succe assemb! receive The t circular of sma rotates The that fo holes i portion the pla farthes Sweeps As this

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will coil r So t as will hief ing coil ‘ob- ave 2ar- ole ,of small holes drilled in it. pecember, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY -— » lg NX — |_| \ / | -* a a DRAW CIRCLE ANY CONVENIENT SIZE DIVIDE INTO 24 POINTS BY STEPPING OFF WITH COMPASS DRAW RADIAL LINES THROUGH POINTS. LOCATE 15° SPACING DRAW A SPIRAL AS BELOW AND DRILL AT RADIAL INTERSECTIONS Making a Television Disk If You Are Looking for New: Thrills, This Article Will Help You to Start Delving into Radio’s Latest Marvel By JOHN CARR SOLEMN faced young man in his ‘teens gazed gravely at a shiny red motorcycle. The time had come for a momentous de- cision. Should the fascinating speed machine be sacrificed on the altar of science? Were the experiments he was making in the budding science of wireless worth the sacrifice? Science won. The motorcycle was sold and the money went into more apparatus. This all happened in 1910, and the young man who made the decision was Edwin H. Armstrong, who years later won fame and fortune with his invention of the regenerative circuit and the super- heterodyne. Countless other young men who got into radio in its infancy have won high places in various branches of the vast industry. Television, the newest scientific infant, may be equally good to those who begin delving in its unsolved problems today. In the September issue of PopuLar ScrencE Mon Tu Ly, the problems confront- ing the television experimenter were out- lined. This article will show you exactly how to make the television scanning disk. A succeeding article will show you how to assemble the rest of the apparatus and receive “ visions,”’ as they are being called. The television scanning disk is simply a circular sheet of thin metal with a spiral This disk rotates in front of a neon lamp. The holes in the spiral are so spaced that for each revolution of the disk the holes in succession sweep across every portion of the picture area represented by the plate of the neon tube. First the hole farthest from the center of the disk sweeps across the top edge of the picture. As this hole passes beyond the edge of the area, the second hole starts to sweep a path just inside the path of the first hole, and so on. The number of holes in the receiving disk must be the same as in the transmit- ting scanning disk at the broadcasting station. At present experimental tele- vision transmission is being carried on with disks having twenty-four, thirty-six, orforty- eight holes. The size of the scanning disk is determined by the size of the plate in the neon tube and the number of holes in the spiral. With a neon tube having a plate one and a half inches square, the SPIRAL CURVE PIANO WIRE [SS STYLUS Fow to scribe the spiral for the holes, using piano wire and stylus. Detailed instructions and measurements are given in the article. maximum picture it will illuminate will be one and a half inches wide and one and a half inches high. Because the forty-eight- hole spiral necessarily must be larger than the thirty-six-hole spiral and the latter must, in turn, be larger than the twenty- four-hole spiral, it is possible to make one large disk with all three spirals in it. Television, newest scientific infant, offers untold possibilities to the amateur wireless experimenter in his home workshop. Then, by mounting the neon tube so that it can be moved in line with any one of the spirals, you will be prepared to receive from any station using a spiral with that same number of holes—provided, of course, that your motor drive can be varied in speed sufficiently to synchronize with the speeds at which these various spirals are driven. The method of laying out the spiral is quite simple, but it is well to experiment with a large sheet of paper first. IRST draw a circle of any convenient size. Then step off on the circum- ference the number of holes there are to be in the spiral. You can do this without the use of a protractor merely by trying different compass openings until you find one that comes out just right. If, for in- stance, the first time you step the com- pass around the circle, you find that you pass the starting point before you reach the required number, close the compass a bit and try again. After you have the points on the cir- cumference located, draw from the center of the circle through these points. Then, with a ruler, set (Continued on page 140)

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Adding an POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Front view of the two-tube receiver, with added knob. R. EF. Stage to Our New Set By This Easy Step, You Can Develop the Receiver Described Last Month to an Up-to-Date Two-Tube Outfit By ALFRED P. LANE N THE November number of PopuLar Scrence MontTuty there appeared a detailed description of the construction of a simple one-tube radio receiver designed particularly for beginners. Several novel features were embodied in the set. It tuned the short waves as well as the broadcast band, and additions could be made to it later on. The logical procedure in making these additions to the one-tube circuit is first to add a stage of radio-frequency amplifi- cation, and after that add the necessary audio amplifier stages for loudspeaker volume. There are several reasons for this. First, the radio-frequency stage can be operated on the 45-volt B-battery you already have purchased for the detector stage. The need for a B-eliminator there- fore is postponed until required to fully electrify the set after the audio stages have been added. Second, if you en- counter any trouble at all, it is more likely to be in the radio-frequency amplifier stage than in the audio amplifier stages,

and it is easier to find the trouble and correct it when there are only two tubes. The receiver described here is the one- tube set shown last month plus a stage of radio-frequency amplification. It is, there- fore, a complete two-tube set suitable for headphone reception. It is much more selective than the one- tube outfit and will give better results on distant stations. Plug-in coils are used so that you can tune the short waves as %~ well as the regular broadcast- ing. The stage of radio-fre-

December, 1 interested in the reception of short wa plain home-wound coils can be used tot both the radio-frequency and de stages at a considerable saving in the cast * of materials. Details of the necessary coils for yayj. able condensers of various capacities are given on Poputar Scrence Monrmy Blueprint No. 98, which shows the cop. struction of this two-tube set. A feature of this receiver that wil] ap. peal particularly to beginners and sty. dents is the ease with which the receiver may be adjusted for best results in an given locality. By moving the coils 4] and A2 farther away from coils Bi and B2, the selectivity can be increased, and if the user is located a long distance from a broadcasting station so that selectivity is not so important, the sensitiveness of the receiver can be increased to a marked extent by using coil C2 in place of Coij A2 as the antenna coil. F YOU have built the one-tube receiver, the cost of making it conform to the arrangement in this article will be limited to the price of the additional parts and one tube of the 226 type. This is the A. C, tube that operates on 1 volts A, C, For your convenience, we list the parts needed to build the two-tube receiver in two sections. The first section covers the parts already in the one-tube outfit and the second lists the additional parts you will need to add the stage of radio-fre. quency amplification. These parts you have: A1, B1, C1—short-wave coil set, including

quency amplification works nicely through the broadcast range, but you will find that it cannot be used on the short waves. Any ordinary form of radio-frequency amplification is almost useless on the short waves. Con- sequently, it is not absolutely necessary to use a plug-in coil to tune the radio- A simple home-wound In fact, if you are not frequency stage. coil can be used.

: fi - — wa o i <2'AN _ =i (i SG a Tw

i __$ TRANSFORMER

ell a ; —_—_————4 y- . 0" aes ae cw fy ——~, 5 | lil PODER ine 1 'B BATTERY ““4/ eee, i = eA

Fig. 1. This pictorial diagram will make it easy for beginners to follow the layout of parts and wiring of the two-tube set. It also shows the battery, power transformer, and phone connections. “3 UBVA.€. 450R 90% 22 do, % Fig. 2. Technical wiring diagram. Note that AJ, which was the antenna coil of the one-tube set, now becomes the plate coil for the added radio-frequency amplifier tube. extra coils to cover the broadcast band of wave lengths. Di—variable condenser, .00014 mfd. ca- pacity. D2—grid condenser, .0001 mfd. capacity with clips. D3—fixed condenser, .0005 mfd. capacity. E1—radio-frequency choke coil, 85 milli- henries inductance. F1—grid leak, 5 megohms. F2—variable resistance, 0 to 5,000,000 ohms. G1—socket for heater type 227 vacuum tube. These parts you need: A2, B2, C2—mounting and _ broadcast band coils (or home-wound coil). D4—variable condenser, .00014 mfd. c% pacity. D5—midget variable condenser. D6—bypass condenser, 4% mfd. capacity. F3—6-ohm potentiometer. F'4—2,000-ohm fixed resistance. G:2—standare X-type vacuum tube socket. H—oscillation controller. One \-inch shaft coupling. If you prefer to make the tuning unit instead of using the plug-in coils an the special mounting, wind a plain coil

pecember, ol three- tubing, c wire for . next to it Ju jn CC om 550 ‘ do not Ww stations 990, only If you. reception ing jn broe bands, y plug-1n co home twe you do th touse lars at D1 ane coil forms the windi able tunin popular densers : gers at Di A? with 60 turns, For .0005 and B2 coils the HE m necess duced by : The os¢ bakelite « condenser While it d results as denser, it to adjust which wil ginner. The firs radio-freq mount the The shaft through t to connec it, or if y fectly str inch brass long eno. variable « drum dia other vari NOTH drille midget co denser is 1 radio-freq not tune € of the ant The ot the baseb graphs ai Absolute the parts A2, B2m back edge end of B: end of the As you wiring di: circuit of set descri! detector v Al, which comes th quency ar grams and the wirin;

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1m pecember, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 55 = - three-inch cardboard or composition (the frame) of condenser D4 are con-_ in socket G2. Now plug the filament we bing, consisting of 92 turns of No, 24 nected: to the rotary plates of condensers heating transformer into the wall socket ctor «ire for B2 and ten turns of wire right D1 and D5, as well as to the F terminal and after the usual wait for the 227 tube cast” next to it for Al. This coil and the similar of coil mounting A2, B2 and to one end of to attain operating temperature you are Jug-in coil at Al, Bi, Ci, tune the waves fixed resistance F'4. If you use the plug-in ready to tune a station. Screw in knob on rari from 550 down to about 235, so that if you coil at A?, B2 and you are some distance _F'2 until the set is in oscillation, and then | po do not want to bother with the smaller from the broadcasting stations, use C2 turn the condenser tuning knob until you HLY tations on the waves between 235 and as the antenna coil instead of A2; or if hear a whistle that marks a station. an 290, only one coil A2, B2 will be needed. you wind your own coil, increase the Screw out the knob on F’2 until the squeal ; If you are not interested in short-wave number of turns in the antenna coil. stops and then loosen the set screws that “ap. reception and wish the set only for bring- After you have made all the connections hold the rotor of condenser D4 to the stu. ingin broadcasting on the regular shaft after setting the knob of iver bands, you can eliminate the condenser D5 so that the plates any plug-in coils entirely and wind at are one quarter engaged. Now, Al home two fixed tuning units. lf with your finger on the rotor of and you do that it would be advisable condenser D4 and your other and touse larger variable condensers hand grasping the condenser rom ‘at Di and D4. Using three-inch tuning knob on the panel, move vity coil forms at both points, here are the rotor of the condenser and 3s of the winding specifications of suit- the tuning knob until the station rked abletuning units for the two most is as loud as possible. Then Coil popular sizes of variable con tighten the set screws. If you densers: Using .00035 conden- wish to tune the same station gers at D1 and D4, wind Al and again, merely turn the dial to the iver A? with ten turns, B1 and B? same number and adjust the the 60 turns, and C/ with 22 turns. Rear view of the two-tube receiver, with tubes in place. Make sure that knobs on F2 and D5 until the ited For .0005 condensers, wind B/ the tuning unit at the right is placed as shown, with grid end to the left. signal is as loud as possible. lone and B2 with 50 turns, other | ; seiedtaeett R ; * wils the same. Use No. 22 wire. OPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Blueprint F YOU find that you cannot get 7 No. 98, describing in still greater detail rid of the whistle even when the arts HE midget variable condenser D5 is Po tegen ge 8 set ie sage ve auontaee knob of F'2 is all the way out, adjust er in necessary because of the etfect pro- Qente joa ve 102). — ee i oscillation controller with a screw ; the duced by antennas of different lengths. A complete list of parts approved by the driver. There is a slot in the shaft and The oscillation controller is a small Popular Science Institute of Standards for that projects through the top of the vou bakelite case containing a small fixed use in constructing the receiver will be instrument for the purpose. fre» condenser and an adjustable resistance. mailed with each blue- These instructions apply only on the While it does not give quite as sensitive print or sent free. to broadcast band of wave lengths; that rsults as the usual balancing con- readers who wish to work is, if you use the plug-in coils for the ding denser, it has the merit of being easy from a spaieeee coil with the largest number of turns to adjust and it is foolproof, points re ge i ‘Radio Ed- that tunes from 235 to 550 meters and which will be appreciated by the be- itor, POPULAR SCIENCE for part of the coil that tunes from 125 inner. MONTHLY, 250 Fourth to 250. Below that point, you cannot The first step in adding the stage of Avenue, New York City. use the radio-frequency stage, so when radio-frequency amplification is to you wish to tune the short waves, mount the variable condenser D4. pull the tube out of socket G2 and: 5 The shaft of D1 can be pulled move the antenna wire from the : through the drum dial far enough binding post that is wired to one to connect the shaft coupling to end of coil A2 over to the bind- 3 it, or if you can procure a per- ing post on coil Al that is con- fectly straight piece of quarter- nected to the P terminal of socket . inch brass rod you can cut a piece G2 by way of the oscillation con- vi long enough to reach from one troller H. Then the plug-in coil variable condenser through the for the wave band you desire is band drum dial and the rotor of the placed in the mounting at AJ, other variable condenser. B1 and the receiver is used in its |. Ca single-tube form. To facilitate NOTHE R hole will have to be changing the antenna wire, you acity drilled in the panel for the View of set from above, showing relative positions of coil mountings, can fit it with a battery clip. It midget condenser D5. This con- ©™deasers, tube sockets, and so on. Follow this layout by eye measure. js not necessary to change the city. denser is necessary, otherwise the ground wire, since the necessary milli- | radio-frequency and detector stages will as shown in the wiring diagram, proceed ground is obtained through the wiring not tune exactly alike owing to the effect to make the additional connections to the — of the receiver. of the antenna coil. A-power transformer. This means con- While it would be a simple matter to fit ,000 The other parts can be mounted on necting the 114-volt twisted leads from a switch to the panel to shift the anten- the baseboard as shown in the photo- socket G2to the 114-volt binding postson na, it would not be of any particular ‘uum § gtaphs and in the pictorial diagram. the transformer, and also running a wire value, as you have to shift the plug-in Absolute accuracy in the placement of from the center tap of the 214-volt wind- coils anyway, and while you have the the parts is not needed. Tuning unit ing to the ground terminal. top of the cabinet up for this purpose deast | 42, B2 must, however, be parallel to the Note that the wire that supplies B-cur- you can change the antenna wire. Most back edge of the baseboard with the grid rent to one terminal of coil A/ and which of the time the receiver will be in use . caw | end of B2 pointing toward the detector the diagram of Fig. 1 shows connected for broadcast reception on the waves end of the set. . to the 45-volt terminal of the B-battery, above 235 meters. As you will note from a study of the may be connected to the 45-volt terminal city. | Wiring diagrams in Figs. 1 and 2, the of an additional B-battery connected in AVE you built a POPULAR SCIENCE circuit of this set is just like the one-tube _ series with the first one, if you desire to MONTHLY radio receiver? Thou- set described last month, insofar as the apply ninety volts to the plate of the — of them, constructed in —— cket. detector wiring is concerned, except that radio-frequency tube. This will slightly pe Bsc or a gore Sie ak ae Al, which was the antenna coil, now be- increase the radio-frequency amplifica- ..ited to our readers first must have comes the plate coil for the radio-fre- tion. passed the rigid tests of the Popular unit § quency amplifier tube. Follow these dia- Be sure to check all connections at least Science Institute of Standards. Yet all and | grams and you will have no difficulty with twice. Then you may put the 227 tube are so simplified that a beginner can . coil | the wiring. Note that the rotary plates back in socket G/ and put a type 226 tube readily follow the construction details.

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Candlestick with marbled finish obtained by drawing it through a film of floating colors. HE vogue for home painting and decorating offers many opportu- nities for making smart Christ- mas gifts at a cost far less than their actual worth and mar- ket value. Because of their indi- viduality, such gifts are far more appreciated than ones that are bought. Boxes, book racks, book ends, and novelties finished in the modernistic fashion and in color- ings to correspond with the decora- tion and furnishings in the home of the recipient, are gifts of real per- sonality. New treatments and fashions are being constantly brought into popularity. At this time the trend is toward the modernistic—angles, triangles, rectangles, and geometri- cal forms. The use of pure color in the decoration of furniture, accessories, and art wares is a prevailing characteristic, as is the use of rich gold and silver for edgings. After objects have been finished in the usual manner with enamel, lacquer, or other painting materials, we can decorate them in any of the following ways. First, with art transfer patterns (de- calcomanias). Modernistic designs have been developed by transfer manufac- turers; and’ many decorative require- ments, therefore, can be met from pat- terns available at most up-to-date paint stores. The method of applying trans- fers is now well known and was covered Gummed tape is used to make masks for shield- ing certain parts of the design before painting. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY December, 19 New Novelty Finishes How to Decorate Art Wares in Brilliant Modern Modes at a Fraction of Store Prices in detail in the July, 1927, issue of PoputarR Science Montuty. Usually the manufacturer supplies brief instruc- tions with the transfers. Stencils are also obtainable in nearly every locality. Since the advent of Modernistic design applied to a potted plant holder by the new and very simple method of using mask- ing tape, as illustrated in the photographs below. sprayers, stenciling has been used ex- tensively for the decoration of furniture novelties and accessories. The stencils should be held very tightly against the surface to guard against blurred or ragged edges. Pins or tacks cannot be put into fine art wares and furniture, but a-stencil usually can be held down with weights around the edges, or holes can be made in the stencil at intervals around the edges and gummed paper or pieces of tape placed over the holes and pressed through onto the surface being decorated. Ordi- narily this will not leave any mark on the surface, but in case it does, the remaining adhesive can be readily removed with a cloth moistened with water or a mild mixture of half gasoline and half water. When stenciling is done with a sprayer, any type of material may be used— enamel, lacquer, or paint. The surface surrounding the stencil design must, of course, be protected from the spray. Cut a hole a little larger than the design part of the stencil in wrapping paper or newspaper and place the mask on the surface you are decorating. Then fasten the stenei] in position over the hole, letting its edges overlap the mask. When stenciling is done by pouncing with a brush, lacquer has a tendency to pick up the undercoatings; if carefully done, however, it can be put on through the stencil openings with a soft camel's. hair brush. Oil colors reduced with tur. pentine are ideal for stenciling, but, of course, give a flat finish. The design can be brightened up, how. ever, with a coat of clear varnish or lacquer applied with a small brush over the design part only, or asa protective coating over the entire surface. Another method of obtaining modernistie designs, and one which permits more individual treatment, is to take a suitable design in the new dress goods or draperies or it on a sheet of oiled paper, and cut a stencil with a sharp knife or razor blade, leaving the necessary “ties” at frequent intervals to prevent portions of the design from dropping out. Those with a talent for free-hand drawe ing can make original designs for stencils or paint directly on the piece being decorated. In (Continued on page 130) After it has protected one part while anotheris being painted, the masking tape is peeled off. from a magazine illustration, trace, OM you saf or modernistic we costly — that is cons but you do forthem; y« Even wh strictly peri acessories ~ add the tis great vide the acc Look at t] does their v: youof? Mo em skyscra} Ih their sha you the mo et you ca ud with lit Pimuble. Li Preight agai d volur mu think s« e of them de until Juore up-to- more welc Hope to find Two othe We is a han the back nts; in thi pottery o

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY ~~ — SW SDN —— encil ’ . -dges \ : ‘ oe 2 \ g ih Se ae - 2 "y to PAN eS : fully ough Nothing more modern than these pieces can be found in the most exclusive stores. el's. tur- e but, *iymart Gilts An an Uan Make how. ish or brush . a isa Novel Skyscraper Book Ends of Utmost Simplicity — entire ini A Modernistic Bookshelf and a Low Cubby-Hole Stand which ment, n the By HERMAN HJORTH eS of trace, id cut O MATTER what style furniture —— zine, a blueprint has been prepared with Tat you have in your home, you can scale drawings of the three pieces, to- tes safely introduce a few accessories gether with lists of materials, tools, and rtions or small pieces in the popular operations. The blueprint, which is No. modernistic mode. It is true that they 100 in the list on page 102, will be sent to drav- f we costly to buy, like everything else any reader for twenty-five cents. encils § that is considered smart and fashionable, ALK turns to the modern- It is the bold grouping of the primary being § but you do not need to go to the stores istic style wherever furni- mass of the book ends that makes them ye 130) § forthem; you can make them yourself. ture men meet. This is fortu- reminiscent of modern buildings. The Even when your furnishings are in trictly period style, some of the smaller ucessories can well be modern. They vil add the touch of originality and color that is greatly to be desired; they will pro- vide the accents—bright spots of interest. look at the book ends illustrated. What does their vigorous set-back shape remind youof? More than anything else, a mod- _ $m skyscraper, so bold and rectangular. _ Phtheir sharp and vivid way, they give }you the modernistic mode in miniature. Yet you can make them at trifling cost md with little expenditure of time and Piuble. Let them pit their bulk and Wight against half a dozen brilliantly und volumes on your book table, or, if u think some friend could make better se of them, box them up and set them Kide until Christmas. They will be a More up-to-date and, being handmade, &more welcome present than you could Hope to find in any gift store. Two other modern pieces are shown. ine is. a hanging bookshelf with a mirror the back of one of its three compart- nts; in this compartment a bit of color- pottery or someother ornament can be ther is nate for the man who likes to build furniture because the new Styles are so simple. That is why POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLYso promptly prepared the present series of articles on modernistic furniture. Four blueprints are now ready— Nos. 88, 91, 93, and 100 (see the list on page 102). placed, while the books go in the two end divisions. The third piece is a char- acteristic low stand with cubby-holes for this, that, and the other. All three pieces are of types which proved to be popular at modernistic ex- hibitions in New York this year, but they are not copies of commercial designs. They were developed especially for the readers of PopuLAR SCIENCE MontuLy by the writer with the assistance of William H. Varnum, Associate Professor of Ap- plied Arts at the University of Wisconsin, who is a recognized authority on indus- trial design. To aid those who wish larger working drawings than can be given in the maga- black edges and surfaces accentuate this grouping and give the planes a sort of sharp, sunlit relief. Exceedingly simple of construction, the book ends (see page 117) require little more than the squaring of the blocks and the smoothing of the surfaces. Any light colored but fairly heavy wood like birch or maple is suitable. Plane pieces of wood of sufficient length to serve for both ends. For example, four sidepieces 4% by 234 by 313% in. are needed; they should be cut from a piece of lumber squared to \% in. thick, 234 in, wide, and about 16 in. long. A miter box will be a great help in cutting the ends square. The pieces should be scraped and sanded perfectly smooth. If the sand- paper is wrapped around a block of wood, the danger of rounding the corners will be minimized. The shaded edges and surfaces should be lacquered black before the blocks are glued together. First the heavy central block is screwed to the upper base piece; then the sidepieces are glued in place; finally the lower base piece is added. Spread the glue (Continued on page 117)

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By CHARLES A. KING OW many home workers have wished to make a banjo clock case but hesi- tated because of the diffi- culty in obtaining suitable move- ments and ornamental brass work! That is no longer an obstacle, for the clock illustrated, although es- pecially designed for readers of Poputar Science Monruty, will fit one of the standard sets of brasses sold for use by amateur craftsmen. Such a kit usually includes an eight-day movement, a_ silvered dial, a bronze-plated sash, a pair of pierced hands, two side brass scrolls, an eagle finial, and two decorative glass panels. The cost is in the neighborhood of seven dollars. To this, of course, must be added the cost of the wood, which is trifling, and finishing materials—not more than ten dollars altogether. White- wood, birch, gum, or any wood which will take mahogany stain can be used, if genuine mahogany cannot be obtained. Make the top drum in segments as indicated by lines /—2 at B. Twelve segments 3% in. thick will be needed, or 18 pieces 14 in. thick, each with the grain running length- wise. Make a pasteboard pattern and cut the inside curve of each segment ac- curately, but leave the outside curve with sufficient allowance for working it down to size after the drum has been glued. Lay each segment so the inside coincides with a 4%-in. circle drawn upon a piece of paste- board. Build up the drum and glue and fasten the segments with brads. Break the joints about as indicated by lines 1-2, whether the segments are in two or three layers. Be sure the inside is just 444 in. in diameter and 1% in. deep. ASTEN on the \-in. back with glue and brads, and make the out- side of the drum 5% in. in diameter and as smooth as possible. Get out the shaft block, §¢ “ 1% by 3%'by 8% in., ~*F : tapering to 2 in. wide at [0% Banjo Cl All You Have to Make Is the Case—The Works, Brass Ornaments, and Glass Panels Can Be Bought Ready-Made POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY ock Built for $10 Most decorative of all timepieces designed to hang on the wall, a banjo clock is also one of the easiest to construct. in., with two pieces 34 by 134 by 4) in. glued and bradded on the ends as at C to glue and brads. cover the end wood. Plane a flat place at D on the drum to rest upon the top of the shaft block. eNO the top. Prepare the base Front and side views of the banjo clock case; how the drum is built up in segments; December, 1% December, “ Glue and fasten drum and shaft with 1%-in. No. 8 screws, Plane another flat place 134 in. wide op top of drum at E to receive the finial base. Either dowel the base block and shaft together, or bore holes F and F' through the base block and fasten the shaft with glue and screws. The molding for the glass pane frames must be rabbeted, but the face may be either flat or round as 0 at A; the latter is preferable, but it u is more work. - t Fg terete choice exists in making for him t the corners of the frames: toy trac must be mitered, glued, and brad. } strongly b ded, but may be left plain or { large as covered with a small piece of wood | id in 1 glued on as at G. If rounded mold. | “Wor ” te ing has been used, however, the } squirts a g squares must be set in as at G'. Do from the | not fasten the panels to the blocks | truck spri until after finishing the clock. a big one; Make the finial base and the | that tips | pendant with the grain running | being quit vertically in each. They may be | Wise like band sawed if a very fine bandsaw | #ong on tl is available. Note the simpler al- To aid r ternate designs. Be sure that the | #blueprin' forms are true and that the cornes | awings are straight. Fasten them in place with _ 3 print is Nc Make a piece % by 4 by 314 in. toft | Monruiy under the shaft panel frame as indicatel ; cents (s in the drawing at H, and glue in place. | , let us k Smooth and sandpaper | i Figs. 4, "! all exposed surfaces car- | 4 single fully. Stain all pieces and | board 7% ix apply three or four light | ™ long. coats of shellac. Rubeach | Wderneat] coat with No. 4/0 sand | *isel and paper. Finish the last | may be a coat with wax. stock, 614 i Fill the panel frames screwe with the ready-made glass the chassi: panels. If these are not runnl used, plain glass may be | ™unded. cut to fit th. rabbets of each The hoo frame and either left asit | ™y be ma: is or decorated by handot block of sof by fitting a picture behind wood 214 | the glass. he in Fasten the frames ls wn, bu the base and shaft withe | “Vers of few %-in. No. 19 brady toget Set the brads, fill th ter fas holes with colored putty, models ar and touch with wax. Put k may the brasses in place @ Saws install the movement, diah_ «] — p e en block, 1 34 by 4lg by 7 \y the shaft and base blocks; panels and moldings, simplified base and pendant designs. and sash,

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19% it, dial, 1928 Fig. 1. The toy tractor is built entirely of wood with nail-studded bull wheels. O TOYS are equal to ' those made by Daddy. And here are some that are quite simple for him to make. They are toy tractors and trucks, strongly built of wood and as large as the expensive ones wld in the stores. They “work” too! The fire engine squirts a good stream of water fom the hose; the sprinkling truck sprinkles water just like a big one; the dump truck has a hoist that tips up the body; and the tractor, being quite large and heavy, makes a mise like an engine exhaust as it rolls dong on the cleats of its bull wheels. To aid readers in constructing the toy, ablueprint has been prepared with larger drawings and more details than it is pos- sible to show in the magazine. This blue- print is No. 101 in the PopuLar ScrENCE MonTHLy series and can be obtained for Scents (see page 102). [et us begin with the sprinkler shown in Figs. 4, 5, and 6. The chassis is made of a single length of pine or whitewood board % in. thick, 414 in. wide, and 175% in, long. This board is cut at an angle uderneath at both ends as shown with a thisel and plane. The running boards may be a single piece of 14- or %-in. stock, 614 in. wide and 8 4 in. long, glued ad screwed or nailed to the bottom of the chassis. All corners of the chassis md running boards should be nicely rounded. The hood and radiator may be made from a single block of soft pine or white- wood 214 by 3 by 41 in., ot, as in all the models thown, built of several hyers of 7%-in. boards, gned together bread-and- ter fashion, as ship models are made. This k may be sawed with saws or band sawed out, then planed to shape, md the ends finished on Fig. 2. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 59 ngine Pumps W ater Sprinkler Cart Sprinkles, Dump Truck Dumps, Tractor Makes Tracks — EDWARD THATCHER Tells How to Build Them at Trifling Cost Mr. Thatcher, equally distinguished as a craftsman in metal and a toy designer, throws a stream with the fire engine. a disk sander, if you have one, or with a sandpaper block. The filler cap is a length of 14-in. dowel set in a hole bored for it. If a hole is to be bored near the end grain of the wood, as in this case, it is better to bore it before the block is cut off at this end, to avoid splitting. The block forming the hood and radiator is nailed and glued flat on the chassis. The cab is made of pieces of 4- or 3-in. whitewood or pine or lami- nated wood (plywood). Two pieces of the same size and shape (4% in. wide and 4 in. high) are cut for the front and back of the cab. In the one used as a front, an opening is sawed with the coping saw to represent a Fig. 4. A discarded tin can serves as the tank of the sprinkler truck, and fruit jar rubbers form the tires on the wooden wheels. windshield. A smaller opening is cut in the back for a rear window. Two sidepieces are next cut out; they are 2 in. wide at the bottom and 214 at the top, and are 4 in. high. Windows and the front edge of each side are cut as shown. The seat is a single block, nailed and glued to the floor of the chassis. To it the sides and the back of the cab are nailed and glued. The front of the cab is glued and nailed to the hood block and to the floor. It is a good plan to put the front in position first and then drill a slanting hole to receive the dowel rod used to support the steering wheel. The steering wheel is a large wooden button mold screwed to the end of the dowel, on which it may be turned. When the wheel is in place, the sides, back, and top of the cab may be put in place. The top, 41% in. long and 4% in. wide, has all its upper edges well rounded over with plane and sandpaper. Fig. 3. The dump truck has a foolproof dumping mechanism, the principal parts being a dowel, a spool, and a piece of tape. Two dozen fruit jar rubbers will be enough to make tires for the four wheels, five being used for each of the two front wheels and seven for the wider back wheels. As sold now, jar rubbers have a little lip on one side; this may be easily trimmed away with the scissors. Saw out or turn up four disks of wood, each one being as wide as your tire is to be. These disks should be of the same diameter as the central opening in the jar rubbers. Next saw or turn slightly larger disks of thin wood for the sides which hold the jar rubbers in place. . All these disks should have a 5-in. hole drilled through the center. If you have a lathe, you may save much time by roughly (Continued on page 123)

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Stencilin The brilliant and beautiful originals of these Christmas cards were produced | by a simple stenciling method. Anyone can make cards of equal charm. i ANDMADE Christmas cards carry with them a touch of in- dividuality and attractiveness not to be found in any machine- made cards. You have only to design and make your own cards to be certain they will be prized and preserved by all who receive them. Of the many different methods used, the linoleum block process has been the most popular one thus far, but unless the cutting and printing are skillfully and carefully done, the results are anything but gratifying. It is a question whether the finished card made by this method ordinarily warrants the time and labor required in its production. The accompanying illustrations show a simpler process for making attractive Christmas cards at very small cost. It is POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY ¢ Christmas Cards EHPRIZTMAS EREETINES @222888089°2 December, 1994 A Simple New Way to Prepare Your Own Yuletide Greetings By F. CLARKE HUGHES well as gold and therefore were far mor brilliant than the reproduction. These designs are large enough to be traccd just as they are and transferred to the stencils. You may, however, prefer larger cards; and, indeed, larger designs are, within limits, easier to cut and handle. The originals were about twice as large as they have been reproduced, To enlarge a design, draw over it g series of horizontal lines 14 in. apart and cross them with a series of vertical lines Y in. apart, or scratch a series of \4.in, squares on a piece of celluloid and tack it over the design. On a sheet of paper, draw a series of either %%- or Yin, squares, depending upon whether you wish to make the design half as large again or twice as large. Now draw the design free-hand by placing in each % or %-in. square exactly what you see in the corresponding 4%4-in. square of the design from which you are copying. When a design is considerably smaller than the card upon which it is to be used, it can be placed in various artistic ways, several of which are shown in the thumb. nail sketches below. As in any other stenciled design, if there are to be several colors or tones, you must cut a separate stencil for each color. The stencils must be (Continued on page 9) a stenciling method by which anyone can produce a number of attractive cards in a surprisingly short time. It has many advantages over any other methods yet tried, but perhaps the greatest one is_ its speed and simplicity. The design of a Christmas card should be in keeping with the season. Sev- eral suggestions are given above, al- though, of course, the originals contained a variety of colors as to indicate how the designs may be placed on correspondence cards and note paper of various sizes and shapes. ) / tested the “ung a doman Jos Simon Lake Defender. ment subn Hero Test peake Ba their lives a new sul which hac first time few week safe climk the surfac which pre had pavec The st «) ung,” major pa of the fut exploits o even deat and test pound bre placing « equipment every und It is o submarine another t Momsen, “lung ” v L. Tibbal: Naval eng One of metai con first epis« trial took stool, in t] ar test simulate t at any de; Oxygen t mouthpi warned hi

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, 1928 more to be red to prefer esigns

Navy diving hero who tested the rescue “ung” —Chief Torpe- doman Joseph Eiben. simon Lake’s rescue submarine, the Defender. In its bow is a compart- ment submerged men can enter. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY M4 Serene here oA e

Lieut. C. B. Momsen, Navy diving expert, wear- ing deep-sea breathing ap- paratus he invented and proved by his daring. Risking Death for Invention Heroic Divers Brave Perils of the Deep to Test Newest Devices for Submarine Rescue By ELLSWORTH BENNETT HEN three Navy divers, headed by Lieut. C. B. Mom- sen, crawled from beneath the rim of a diving bell 155 feet below the surface of Chesa- peake Bay not long ago, they staked their lives courageously on the success of anew submarine rescue device which had been tried out for the first time in open water only a few weeks before. Yet their safe climb up a buoyed cable to the surface was a crucial test for which previous heroism already had paved the way. The story of the Momsen “lung,” which may play a major part in undersea rescue of the future, abounds with the exploits of brave men. Risking even death, they helped design and test the diminutive, two- pound breathing mask that, re- placing cumbersome diving equipment, may spell safety for every undersea prisoner. It is one thing to invent a submarine rescue device—and another to try it. Lieutenant Momsen, co-inventor of the “lung” with Chief Gunner C. L. Tibbals and F. M. Hobson, Naval engineer, did both. One of them sat in a round metai compartment, where the st episode in the “Jung’s”’ imal took place. Perched on a stool, in the Navy’s compressed air test chamber, which can simulate the pressure of the sea at any depth, he breathed pure oxygen through a hose and mouthpiece. Doctors had warned him not to. It was dangerous, they feared, to {| breathe the undiluted gas under high ~— pressure, such as a diver might ex- perience more than thirty feet down. But the gage needle that showed the equivalent water depth of pressure in the

chamber flickered around the dial to 3 2. ix ; 1) a . " J . ke ; 4 ‘4 . TR wre | ex “zg els cote <a % a es The submarine inventor, Simon Lake, (standing at left) watches diver demonstrate how submerged men enter his new rescue craft.

~ ie oi — = = som we oe CTR on » GRE Dive: Jack Gardner emerging from rescue chamber of the Defender. a hundred feet—a hundred and fifty—two hundred. Still the chamber’s_ solitary occupant telephoned to watchers outside, standing ready to burst open the door and drag him out, that he felt no ill effects. The “lung’s” vitally important prin- ciple was vindicated—it could supply plain oxygen instead of compressed air, one of the essen- tials of the simplified device. That was a laboratory test— now for a practical one. Would the diving mask work under water? At the Washington Navy Yard, men wearing the Momsen lung were lowered to various depths in a diving bell, from which they escaped and floated to the surface. (Continued on page 139)

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e 2, Site iF Speedy Antiaircra HE latest addition to the equipment of Uncle Sam’s experimental mech- anized army, described in a recent issue of Poputar Science Monrtaxy, is this new antiaircraft gumwhich can be rushed from place to place by the speedy truck upon which it is mounted. The gun weighs more than eight tons and fires a three-inch shell. It is the largest piece of field equipment in the “‘ gasoline brigade,” -which has set a pace for Army maneuverability. In a recent test, these implements of war were trans- ported in record-time from Fort Leonard Wood, Maryland, to Gettysburg, Pa. The purpose of: the experimental fight- ing body is to test the ability of new in- ventions to speed up the transportation of forces and large guns from distant points. At Camp Meade, Md., last sum- mer, the ‘‘gasoline brigade,”’ operating in all sorts of weather, demonstrated its superior mobility over horse-drawn units. Button on the Dashboard Jacks Up the Car OW many times have you come to a bumping stop with a flat tire, wish- ing you could jack up the wheel merely by pressing a button on the dashboard? A new French invention makes this possible, according to the Automotive Division of the U. S. Department of Commerce. A permanent jack in the form of a pneumatic piston and cylinder is attached to each wheel, being arranged so that its lower lifting end is on a level with the axle, while the car is running, in order not to decrease road clearance. In the cyl- inder a double telescopic piston operates, allowing a relatively long stroke, and at the end of the piston is a broad lifting head. The first half of the operation, re- sulting when the button is pressed, thrusts the lifting head down to the ground and the second lifts the wheel. World Growing Thinner? HE world’s: belt tightened two miles in the last century! This is the con- clusion of Professor Bruno Meyermann, of the astronomical observatory of the University of Goettingen, Germany. He says the distance around the equator has ft Gun Joins Army’s *“‘Gasoline Brigade’ POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY shrunk, since 1828, at least one and a hal miles and perhaps as much as two and a third miles, as indi- cated by a slight in- crease in the speed of the earth’s rotation. This, he contends, is evidenced by the fact that the day is shorter by a small fraction of a second each year. The actual decrease in thickness of the earth, he computes, is less than three inches, but it is sufficient to alter the speed of rota- tion, so delicate are the balance of forces con- trolling it. Rs World’s Record Speed Boat Goes 93 Miles an Hour RTLING over the water at nine- ty-three miles an hour, George Wood, brother of Gar Wood, famous motor boat racer, recently piloted his new speed boat Miss America VII to a world’s speed record. This was his average speed for his six-lap dash over the one-nautical- mile course on the Detroit River. Two $10,000 engines, of twelve cylinders each, which make up the power plant of the craft, shattered the air with a deafening roar as Wood (left) and his mechanic, Orlin Johnson, crossed the finish line. December, 19% Stunt Flying No Cure fo, Deafness, Says Expert HE popular idea that st : Ten cure deafness is all ani cording to Lieut. Col. Levy M, Hathy, way, blight Surgeon, Office of the Chiet of the Air Corps, Washington, D, ¢ Defective hearing is common amon, aviators, he says, and instead of ey; deafness, flying tends to bring it on, The roar of unmuffled, high-power motors, together with the effect of rapid changes in atmospheric pressure on the delicate structures of the auditory ap. paratus, soon dulls the sense of hear; Altitude flights and air maneuvers, prae. ticed in an attempt to remedy deafness are not only useless, he concludes, byt may be actually harmful. Flying “cures” are undoubtedly due tg psychological effects on the subject unde treatment, according to Dr. Paul V. Win. slow, an ear specialist of New York City, Many slightly deaf persons, Dr. Win. slow explains, think sg much about it that they make themselves deafer than they really ar, This psychologica] *‘deafness”’ may be rem- edied by mental stimu. lus such as a first plane flight gives, he says, Teaching with Movies TUDENTS in 15,00 schools in America see “‘movies”’ as part of their educational work, The Bureau of Education, Department of Interior, Washington, D. C., reports that many cities are equipping all new schools with portable projectors as well as larger ones in the main auditorium, This enables teachers to show pupils the actual scenes and processes they are studying. The result is the nearest ap- proach to learning by travel that is pos- sible for the average student. Three reasons are given by the Bureau for the rapid increase in school movies. Safety film has done away with the danger of fire, satisfactory portable machines bring the pictures to the classroom, and improved mechanism enables amateurste operate projectors without long training, Lame Hunter Invents Swift Motorized Sled ECAUSE lameness a prevented Carl ‘ Eliason of Sayner, Wis., from keeping up with fellow hunters, trap- pers of the northern trails soon may sub- stitute motorized sleds for sledge dogs and snowshoes. Eliason has invented a snow speeder which he says will do seventy-five miles an hour, and go anywhere a man on snowshoes can travel. The sled is powered by a two-cylinder motor- cycle engine. The inventor (front) with three passengers on his motorized sled. Propelled by endless tread, it is steered by moving front runners. pecember, 19 Porto Fruit WEET | peside « ie it an vo , has | se gsual qu 1 remarkably Jemons are | closets on t new fruit ¢ Jong as two Novel I SUBS] and life is found in wad hose t Anania, of - fre truck a. itconsists 0 , each when exten They can b Up and devatorlike earrying tw balancing v rests ON & which, t h daims, it c toa high w seconds. form i: deel cables adrum on t passing Ove the tower. The invent of his ing

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t, 195 for ) toa high window in ten ; ember, 1928 Porto Rico Grows a New Fruit—Sweet Lemons! WEET lemons may take their place heside oranges and plums as a table delicacy- Anew variety, as large as grape- fruit and sweet enough to eat without has been developed by growers in ’ Rico, it is reported. Another un- quality of the fruit is said to be a remarkably sweet, penetrating odor. The jemons are being used as perfume in linen sets on the island. Cultivators of the new fruit claim that the flavor lasts as Jong as two months. Novel Fire Rescue Tower Rises 220 Feet SUBSTITUTE for extension ladders and life nets for rescue work at fires sfound in an ingenious new life-saving ad hose tower invented by James A. Anania, of Harrison, N. J. Carried on a fre truck and raised by the truck motor, tconsists of two telescoping parallel steel , each in five sections, and rising, when extended, to a height of 220 feet. ' They can be slanted at any angle. Up and down the steel poles runs an devatorlike steel platform, capable of arrying twelve persons, and kept level by lalancing weights. The whole structure rests on a turntable by which, the inventor daims, it can be swung seonds. The rescue patiorm is moved by deel cables running from adrum on the truck and passing over the top of the tower. The inventor demonstrates a working model Of his ingenious tower for fire rescue work. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 63 Shipping the World’s Biggest Transformers PECIAL railroad cars of novel design had to be built to transport the world’s two largest elec- tric transformers from the Pittsfield, Mass., plant of the General Electric Com- pany, where they had been constructed, to West Orange, N. J. Flat cars with depressed centers solved the difficult problem of safely trans- porting the huge coils, one of which weighs 151,550 pounds. Each huge ma- chine was slid onto the low-slung platform of the special car, where it was lashed firmly by guy wires stretched from the top of the transformer to the sides of the car. At West Orange, engi- neers prepared special ma- chinery to drag them to their destination in the switching station of the Public Service Corporation, located at the top of a mountain, where they are to be per- ‘a on a a a ee ee i ee a ee ee * = 2° = «= Latest Style Boxing Ring Rises Through Floor “TPNHE next bout of the evening will be———————”” Above the din of shouting fight fans crowding the arena of the new Dreamland Pavilion in San Francisco, Calif., the announcer bellows the names of contesting pugilists. Im- mediately, out of a large square hole in the floor at the center of the pavilion, ap- pears a platform, rising like an elevator. It is the roped arena. ‘The boxers are in their corners with their seconds, await- ing the gong. The referee stands in the center. At last the platform comes to rest above the floor. The gong rings, and the battle begins. Such is the latest innovation in the fistic sport—the disappearing boxing ring. It has proved popular not only with the fight fans, but with the pugilists, for whom it saves the inconvenience of hav- ing to elbow their way through the crowds to reach the ringside. Now they can take their places, undisturbed, in the basement of the building. When no boxing bouts are being held, the ring platform can be leveled even with the floor of the pavilion for dancing and other entertainment. roe Special railroad car for transporting largest transformer. BM soe manently installed. They are too heavy even for a locomotive crane to lift. Their size can be seen from the photo above. Seventeen-Year Locusts -Due Again in 1936 NOTHER brood of cicada, or “‘seven- teen-year locust,” will appear in 1936, according to J. A. Hyslop, of the Department of Agriculture pest survey. It will be brood number X, which last appeared in 1919, when it spread through the central and eastern states as far south as Georgia. The insects that appeared in certain eastern states last spring belonged to brood II. These noisy visitors, says Hyslop, are not, as is commonly thought, destructive to growing crops. Their only damage is a negligible number of leaves that fall from trees and shrubs because they have been slit by the female insects in laying their eggs. Steps are being taken by directors of a number of parks to preserve the unusual insects, which are in danger of being exterminated. Tons of Waste Paper Go to Make Fireworks EVENTY million pounds of old news- papers went to the Orient and be- came firecrackers, among other things, last year. A five-million-pound shipment of discarded newspapers goes from Los Angeles each month to manufacturers in the Orient. They are used in making fire- works, toys, boxes, wall linings, and nov- elties in China and Japan. The value of the year’s export was $685,425, according to Commissioner S. S. Sandberg, of the U. S. Shipping Board. Beetles Test Human Food EETLES have become “official tast- ers” for men, along with the white rat and the guinea pig. Workers at the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Sta- tion, St. Paul, have begun using them in testing the effects of various foods. ‘The short life-cycle of the insects and their rapid increase in numbers add to their value in such experiments, it is said.

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64 Aluminum Replaces Copper in High-Tension Wires OPPER, long the standard material for electric wires, is being replaced by aluminum in many new high-voltage lines, in spite of the fact that copper is a slightly better conductor of electricity. Aluminum wires can be greatly increased in strength by the addition of a steel core, enabling them to be strung more tightly. Moreover, aluminum wire has a greater diameter for the same weight than copper, due to its lightness, and the broader circular cross section reduces the electric leakage that occurs in high-tension lines at sharp angles and curves. Planes Pick Up Mail on the Wing in Tests HE idea for a device which will permit mail planes to swoop down over small towns along their routes and pick up sacks of mail without stopping was embodied in a small model of an invention made by Dr. L. S. Adams, of Seattle, Wash., and pictured in the October PopuLar ScreNcE Monraty. Now the device, in full size, has been tested successfully by pilots at a Seattle flying field. The plane drags an iron ball at the end of a wire into the wide open mouth of a large funnel-shaped trough, as shown below. At the narrow end of the channel, the ball catches the sack of mail or package, which is released by a spring. It is then drawn up to the body of the plane as it speeds away. Another use for the invention would be the picking up of tanks full of gasoline, thus refueling the plane on the wing. A plane picking up mail during recent tests at Seattle, Wash. Like a fisherman, the pilot lets down a long wire with a “sinker’’ attached. This weight, passing through the trough, catches the bundle or sack of mail. Right: The funnel-shaped trough in which mail is delivered. The weighted ball from the plane enters the funnel mouth, and passing to the narrow end, catches mail, which is released by a spring. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Right: The inventor with his model of the . strange ‘“‘Hydro-Flyer.’’ Note the winglike fins along the keel. At full speed, he says, they will lift the hull out of water. Below: Design of the vessel, showing arrange- ment of control room, engine, and fuel and oil compartments. The method of controlling the boat’s fins is much like that of an airplane. = Submerged Wings Speed New Motor Boat N “UNDERWATER airplane” is the way Aldo Curioni, of Larchmont, N. Y., the inventor of a curious “‘ Hydro- Flyer” boat, describes an unusual finned keel he has devised to propel and direct the craft. When not in motion the boat’s Faster Planes Will Speed Up the Air Mail LANES with’‘a top speed of 140 miles an hour, and a cruising speed of 130 miles, will speed up the air mail, accord- ing to plans completed by air mail oper- ators with Post Office Department ap- proval. Air mail now travels at about a hundred-mile-an-hour speed. New night schedules, made possible by lighting the San Francisco-Salt Lake City airway, will aid in clipping a whole business day from the time required to send a transcontinen- tal letter. Curtiss Falcon planes of a new type will carry the mail over the eastern half of the journey; Boeing planes modeled after Navy attack aircraft will be used on the western leg. These small, fast planes are to carry mail exclusively; air passengers will travel in large cabin ships. This sepa- ration of mail and p2ssenger service has been found necessary because of the im- mense volume of air mail, which practi- cally doubled in the first month of the new low rates. December, 192 flat bottom, or plane surface, will rest on the surface of the water. But when the powerful engine begins turning the pr. peller at the end of the deep keel, driving the boat forward, the inventor says the winglike, submerged fins along the keel will lift the main body of the vessel entirely out of the water, enabling it to attain great speeds by reason of the re. duced resistance. The pilot in an inclosed control room will guide the vessel by means of a control system similar to that used on an airplane, A rudder bar, operated by the feet, steers the boat to right and left, and a vertical lever operating the underwater fins regulates its up and down movements, Fuel is to be stored in large compartments at the bow and stern at each side of the control and engine room, while the oil sup. ply is to be kept in tanks in the keel of the strange ship. A full-sized craft embodying the new ideas is now under construction. The designer believes that the rocket principle of propulsion can be applied to the vessel. Experts Reveal How Much You Can Lift Safely OW much weight can you carry— safely? Not more than forty percent of your body’s weight, continuously—or as much as fifty percent, now and then— is the conclusion of British investigators, as reported by the Bureau of Labor Sta- tistics. A couple of pails of water, weigh- ing, say, forty pounds, is just about the safe limit for a man weighing only 100 pounds himself, although the load may be increased by a half if it is compact and easily handled. The greatest carrying feat by a human being on record occurred in 1898, when P. J. McCarthy, at St. Louis, Mo., staggered sideways eight steps with a ton-and- quarter load on his back. Later he raised a stone-laden platform weighing 6,370 pounds with his back, but made 10 attempt to carry it. That no feats remotely resembling these should be attempted by the average man is emp: sized by the British experts, who their investigation in the interests of factory employees.

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st on n the iving s the keel vessel it to e Te. room ntrol lane, steers rtical ents, nents f the | sup- el of “new The ciple essel, ich rcent 7—Oor en— itors, eigh- t the r 100 may t and en Fi nd-a- aised 6,370 e no d be ipha- ts of December, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Machine Unloads 1,000 Tons of Coal an Hour THOUSAND tons of coal an hour poured out of the hold of the E. M. Young, a Great Lakes coal carrier, re- cently, when a new type of unloading machine set a record by emptying 8,000 tons from the hold in less than eight hours. The work, if done by manual labor, would have kept a gang of men busy for from seven to ten days. Huge scrapers in the hold of the vessel. brought the coal to a chain of buckets. These carried it to a moving belt con- Twin Liners to Set New Records for Size WIN giants of the sea, each thirty feet longer than the Leviathan, are being constructed in Germany. The liners, to be named the Europa and the Bremen, will measure nine hundred and. thirty- eight feet in length, surpassing the longest ship now afloat, the British Majestic, by twenty-three fect. This is the first time in history that two such giant ships have been under con- struction at the same time. It is expected that when they are launched, next April, they will be able to carry 3,200 passengers from Southampton to the United States in five days. Their supremacy of the seas, however, will be short-lived. As told in the September issue of PopuLaR Science Monn ty, the keel has been laid in Belfast, Ireland, for the 1,000-foot British liner Oceanic. When this super-vessel of the ship lanes takes the water, early in 1932, it will require a longer pier than any now in exis- tence. Waste from Stamps CURIOUS example of waste is the paper cut from sheets of postage stamps when their perforations are punched. Uncle Sam is seeking to sell these tiny disks of paper, which have been accumulating at the tremendous rate of four tons a month. veyor that passed over the side of the ship and piled the fuel on the dock in black mountains ready to be loaded into motor trucks and hauled away. The unloading device is moved from one end of the ship to the other, as the work progresses, operating down one hatch after another until the vessel is empty, ready for another cargo. Auto Runs X-Ray Machine at Patient’s Home AN INGENIOUS traveling X-ray machine, which goes to patients who are unable to come to it and which operates from the motor of an auto- mobile, has been devised by Dr. Chester B. Moses, a member of the staff of the Deaconess Hospital, Buffalo, N. Y. The motor-driven generator, carried under the hood of the car, as shown in the photograph below, supplies the current. It is permanently wired to the instrument panel of the car, where Dr. Moses plugs in with a flexible extension cord connect- ing with the portable X-ray machine. The cord will reach from the street to any room of a house. Thus, patients unable to go to the hospital for examination can be given X-ray treatment and have X- ray photos taken in their own rooms. At the patient’s home, the X-Ray machine is run from the motor-driven generator seen under the hood of the car. 65 Ship Turbines Do Work of Half-Million Men T WOULD take the combined effort of half a million men to equal the daily work done by the two turbines on the Virginia, the electric vessel recently launched at Newport News, Va. The turbines deliver 17,688 horsepower, which is about equivalent to the work of 185,724 men. But, as the working day for men is eight hours and the turbines labor twenty-four, to arrive at a true com- parison we must triple the number of men, making it 557,172. Invents Floating Turbine for Power from Waves A NEW attempt to capture the restless power of ocean waves is seen in the working model of an ingenious scheme devised by George E. Faucher, a Los Angeles inventor. He plans a 1,000-foot “wave turbine pier” which he says will supply sufficient electricity for the needs of an entire city. The invention is a “v’’-shaped open- The inventor with a smal! working model of his proposed 1,000-foot wave turbine pier. work structure with a series of turbine paddle wheels along each side. The point of the “v” cuts each incoming wave in two, sending it along each side, spinning the wheels and gener- ating electricity. The whole structure, says the inventor, is to rest on an air-tight float and will be anchored well off shore, - so that high and low tides will not interfere with its functioning. This invention is one of many attempts to take power from waves, tides, or differences of temperature in the ocean. The experiments of Dr. Georges Claude, French physicist who has generated electricity by using the differences in temperature between water at the surface of the ocean and at the depths to run steam turbines, was de- scribed in the October issue of PopuLaR Science MonrTuLy.

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Model Niagara Measures Flow Over Falls Above: Engineers testing effects of artificial islands on the flow of the model Niagara. Right: Model falls after power diversion. AN nearly twice the present amount of water be diverted from Niagara without marring its scenic beauty? To answer this question for Canadian and American engineers, as well as for its own experts, the Niagara Falls Power Company has just completed the remark- able working model shown in the accom- panying photographs. It reproduces faithfully the proportions of the actual falls, whose horizontal dimensions are reduced 100 times, while the vertical scale chosen is one to twenty-five, to emphasize depth. Running water in hydraulically correct quantities is fed by an electric pump. The entire model covers a third of an acre. First the model was used to demon- Know Your World O TEST your knowledge of the world you live in, see how many of these twelve questions you can answer. Cor- rect answers are on page 148. 1. How did icy Greenland get its name of “‘green’’? . Where did wild elephants once live in the United States? What government prohibits alcohol and tobacco? Where is a city water supply pumped for more than 300 miles through pipes? . Where are railroad bridges built of bamboo? Where does sarsaparilla come from? Where was the ancient capital of the Inca Empire? 8. What island is_ called the “Gibraltar of America’’? 9. What are the steppes? oil 10. Where is household hot water | supplied by the sun? ll. Where are the greatest pre- historic ruins in the United | 12. What is the highest town in | the United States? r - . - strate the present appearance of the falls, with 56,000 cubic feet of water a second being drained from the river above them—a fourth of its total flow. When twice this quantity of water was diverted, the flow over the Canadian or Horseshoe Falls receded to the center, while the American Falls were left almost bare. When a dike was submerged in the “river” at a point above the falls, and artificial islands were inserted in the Canadian channe! to distribute the water, both falls regained their former aspect. Super-Highways Proposed From Coast to Coast WO transcontinental motor speed- ways to span the United States from coast to coast would link East and West by automobile, in a remarkable plan that has attracted interest among engineers. According to the scheme as outlined by R. A. Carpenter, chief engineer, West Chicago Park Commissioners, a 3,350- mile Northern Transcontinental Highway would connect Boston, Mass., and Port- land, Ore., while a parallel 2,800-mile Southern ‘Transcontinental Highway would join Savannah, Ga., with Los Angeles, Calif. Each would be 250 feet wide, and would be divided into four lanes—two outer drives sixty feet wide each for light traffic,. and two inside drives fifty-six feet wide for buses and trucks. Fifty-mile speeds could safely be maintained, he says. The speedways would be elevated to cross all local roads and railways. December, 1928 New Vacuum Tube Contro} Runs the Elevator LEVATORS are stopped exactly at the floor level with vacuum tubes like the ones in your radio set, in the latest control system perfected by the General Electric Company. _ Several tubes are mounted on each elevator ear When an elevator approaches a floor, the operator throws his lever to “off” pogi- tion, but the car does not stop immedi. ately. Instead the car glides slowly to rest, stopped at exactly the right place by means of electric coils installed in the shaft that actuate power relays through the vacuum tubes. A similar device, also using tubes, en- ables an operator to depress buttons ong panel corresponding to all floors at which the occupants desire to alight, and start up knowing that at each stopping floor a signal light and bell will remind him of the stop. With a combination of this and the stopping control, the operator needn't watch the shaft: he could run his car with his eyes shut. Magnet Does the ‘**Impossible”’ HOUGH experience has taught that red- hot iron and steel cannot be attracted by even the most powerful electro- magnets, a young elec. trician of a Newport, Ky., steel mill attempted the impossible—and _succeed- ed! Now his _ five-foot magnet lifts tens of red-hot iron and steel ingots every day. He discovered that if just the corners of the huge castings were allowed to cool, his magnet would lift the whole piece of red-hot metal and carry it through the air. Now the ingots are rushed out into the storage yard as soon as the molds are stripped off, and in a few minutes the magnet picks them up with no trouble at all; two of them at once, as you can see from the illustration below. The five-foot electromagnet lifts two red-hot ingots at once. In order to make this possible, the corners of the castings are allowed to cool. Deceml Mol 6 ‘7 O! fr Co., H Rolling seen he the rer Emplo, bottle, molten hours, PoPuL. has bee Ha UN affc erals ir of Pro! photog Washi investi; values the pre ground causing on the storms valuele grams them v Re OA of Europ. ing, ac repres¢ tional Europ of pict curves. will a where

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awe Tes FTO & Te me ob 1e to 1s Pg le n December, 1928 Molten Iron Poured from “Thermos Bottle’’ Car OLTEN iron, transported ten miles from the Hamilton Coke and Iron Co., Hamilton, Ohio, to the American Rolling Mill Co., Middletown, Ohio, is seen here being poured into a ladle from the remarkable car in which it traveled. Employing the principle of a thermos bottle, this car is able to keep metal in a molten state for as long as forty-cight hours, as told in the October issue of PorutaR Science Montuiy. The car has been nicknamed “‘land submarine.” Hampered by Sun Spots UN spots, 93,000,000 miles away, affect the discovery of oil and min- erals in America. This is the conclusion of Prof. George H. Peters, astronomical photographer at the Naval Observatory, Washington, D. C., who has made daily photographs of the spots for years. In the oil and mineral fields, many investigators search for changes in the values of the earth’s magnetism to reveal the presence of various formations under- ground. Sun spots are credited with causing frequent magnetic disturbances on the earth. During these magnetic storms, investigations in the field are valueless, and searchers receive tele- grams from the observatory warning them when such disturbances are near. Road Signs in Pictures OAD signs, in the universal language of pictures, are being introduced in Europe as an aid to international motor- ing, according to Pyke Johnson, American representative at the recent Interna- tional Road Congress in Paris. Several European countries have adopted a code of pictures to replace words on signs at curves, bridges, and crossings. The plan will aid motorists to find their way where the language is unfamiliar. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Chinese Making Type for 10,000 Characters ANY an American printer might falter at the gigantic task nearly half completed by a Shanghai printing establishment, which has been working for three years to make a complete set of type so that 10,000 Chinese characters— most of China’s alphabet—can be printed. It will exceed by several thousand the number of characters now being used in the printing of the largest of Shanghai’s Chinese newspapers. Since a single symbol, in Chinese, may express a whole idea, an imposing array of type is required by the smallest print- ing establishment, and the newest alpha- bet, which will provide each of the 10,000 characters in five different sizes, will be a boon. Each “letter’’ must be photo- graphed, and the impression from the resulting plate tediously tooled by hand. Four more years will be required to com- plete the work. Is Man’s Size Changing? RE we growing larger or smaller physically? Were men 3,000 years ago taller or shorter than the average man of today? To answer these ques- tions, 200 skeletons taken from ancient Babylonian ruins on the island of Kish, in the Persian Gulf, will be measured. The results will be compared with the measurements of the people living in the same region today. This comparison is expected to reveal whether the physical formation of men has changed. The skeletons, dating back to from 600 to 3,500 B.c., are being shipped to the Field Museum, in Chicago, where the examination will be made. 67 Know Your Car ODERN improvements in automobile design and con- struction more than offset the tendency toward more rapid wear caused by higher engine speeds. The oil filter is one of the most important. The air cleaner is another. With the oil filtered and dirt kept out of the incoming charge of gasoline and air, the oil in the crank case would retain its lubricating qualities almost for- ever if it were not for one re- maining source of contamina- tion. Dilution by unburned gasoline will, in time, rob the oil of its lubricating properties. In summer, when the motor starts promptly and heats to running temperature quickly there is little dilution, and the oil need not be changed very often; but in winter it should be changed frequently because excessive choking, slow warming, and low running temperatures greatly increase dilution. Cheap gaso- line makes matters still worse. Birds Their Own Doctors IRDS that protect their own wounds with a plaster of down plucked from feathers are reported by a French natu- ralist. He says he has shot woodcocks and partridges that had unhealed previ- ous wounds. In every case, the wound had been dressed with the down. Huge Steel Ball a Compressed Air Hospital HOSPITAL the shape of an orange, in which the patients, it is said, will live under a constant air pressure of thirty pounds, has been constructed in Cleveland, Ohio. The _ million-dollar steel ball is air-tight, and the pressure within will be maintained by powerful air compressors. Fresh air will be pumped in from the outside. The strange hospital, known as ‘““Timken’s Tank,” was built from funds do- nated by H. H. Timken, a Canton, Ohio, manufac- turer, to give a thorough trial of the belief that com- pressed air aids patients The strange hospital. The steel cylinders at the left are entrance chambers, in which patients are in- ured to higher pressure. suffering from diabetes and other mala- dies. In tests the ball is reported to have been found leak-proof at twice the inter- nal pressure it was designed to accommo- date. Steel cylinders form entrance chambers in which air pressure is slowly raised from normal to that within the globe.

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Afghan Ruler Plays Safe When He Hunts HEN the Ameer of Afghanistan goes hunting, almost everybody in his kingdom knows about it. His prep- arations assume the proportions of an army on the march. The Palace Guard turns out in force, armed as if to repel an invasion. The ministers and subordinate officials of the Ameer’s court ride to the hunt with their monarch, and direct the affairs of the cavalcade. The monarch himself sits high in the cushioned howdah of his favorite hunting *‘Cannibal’’ Mosquitoes Are Barred from America O WAR will be waged in the United States between “cannibal mos- quitoes” imported from France and our own flesh-biting variety—that is, not unless officials of the Department of Agriculture change their minds. The department recently refused to grant a permit to bring into this country any of the predatory French species which were expected to, fight Long Island pests, as described in the August issue of PopuLar ScrenceE MonruHty. To tell the truth, Dr. S. A. Rohmer of the Department, of Agriculture explained, his experts are rather wary of the so- called “‘cannibal.’’ How can they be sure it would eat only other mosquitoes, and not attack human beings? In fact, they frankly express the opinion that the strange “‘beneficial”’ mosquito whose dis- covery in Brittany was reported by a French entomologist, Dr. Legendre, is actually no more than a variety of our common rain-barrel mosquito, with little of the nice discrimination in choice of diet ascribed to it. Your Christmas Tree’s Age HE tree you set up at Christmas time and decorate with all sorts of orna- ments takes from six to ten years to grow, according to the American Tree Associa- tion. Norway, red, and white spruce and balsam fir make the best ‘“‘Christmas” trees. The best trees for posts, the locust and oak, are grown in from twelve to twenty years; twenty-five to thirty years or more are required to produce poles. elephant. An attendant handles the hunting guns, and loads and passes them to his master at the proper moment. It would be a hardy beast indeed that got closer to the Ameer than the Ameer wished. The photograph was taken as the Afghan ruler and his hunting party forded a stream on the return from the chase. Subways May Carry Mails UBWAYS may be added to the present mail-carrying network of airplanes, trains, steamships, and motors, according to the U. S. Post Office De- partment. Plans are being considered for dispatching sacks of mail over New York City’s underground rapid transit system. If this cannot be done without holding up passenger trains while sacks are being loaded and unloaded, an alter- nate plan is to build a new subway exclu- sively for mail, possibly modeled after London’s new automatic subway. December, 1928 Arrest 219 Pilots for Air Traffic Violations pee hundred and nineteen pilots were arrested for breaking traffic rules of the skyways during the last year, Their offenses included taking-off or landing at airports in the wrong manner, low flyin over congested areas, stunt flying with pay passengers, dropping heavy objects carrying explosives, flying without a jj. cense, carelessness, and flying an over. loaded machine. One pilot was caught smuggling aliens into the country in his machine. The First Patented Rose NEW rose, “Lady Canada,” re. cently exhibited in New York City, has just received a registered trademark from the Commissioner of Patents at Ottawa. According to its growei, it is the first flower ever patented in Canada, and probably in the world. The official pro- tection gives him the sole right to use the name in the sale of cuttings and flowers of this variety. Peanut Vines New Fodder EANUT vines are being added to the rations of farm animals. According to Dr. D. B. Jones, in charge of the protein investigation laboratory, U. S. Depart- ment of Agriculture, properly-cured pea- nut vines rival alfalfa and clover in feeding value. Peanut meal, made from nuts from which some of the oil has been extracted, is being tried with good results as a hog fattener. When the animals were fed whole peanuts they often produced un- desirable “‘soft” pork which does. not command the highest market price. This tendency is said to have been over- come by feeding the meal, which retains its high percent of valuable protein but reduces the oil content. ‘ New “Flivver” Monoplane for Beginners MAN can run faster than ‘the speed at which the newest “fliv- ver” monoplane comes to ground, according to its Asheville, North Carolina, builders. The unusually slow landing speed of twenty miles an hour, itis claimed, makes the machine unusually safe for be- ginners to use in practice. A converted Model T Ford engine powers the little plane, which is twenty feet long, with a wing span of thirty-one feet, and weighs Powered with a converted Ford auto motor, this $800 monoplane is said to have a cruising speed of fifty miles an hour. The views show the machine in the air and on the ground. With slow landing speed, it is especially designed for beginners. complete only 500 pounds. In the air its cruising speed is fifty miles an hour. It was designed especially for’ sport and practice flying, and will sell for approx- imately eight hundred dollars. Decemt Thi: H Wi the ho in the cate th 137,00( ynusua No § contint is said coast, new m«¢ pistons in the | Williar Rou wc sixt peanut salmon that re thousa! plants: ahoga . , = expert, of Hea bits, sp poison, scatter though workm of the until 4 ew ele’ parkin; floors scrape! the G New Y An “e by Mil City, i plan. ' runs 01 mobile platfor the rea It_ the groove vator upper |

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she of leir at ing ith ts, li. er- ght his ein rt- ing om ed, 0g fed put December, 1928 This Car Runs with Water as a Lubricant HEN an Elyria, Ohio, motorist finishes filling his radiator, he lifts the hood of his machine and pours water in the crank case in place of oil to lubri- cate the motor. He says he has driven 137,000 miles since 1923 using only this unusual lubricant. No graphite or grease is used and the continued operation of the machine, which is said to have made a trip from coast to coast, is ascribed to bearings made of a new metal alloy, and to specially designed pistons and piston rings. The alloy used in the bearings is the invention of E. M. Williams, of Elyria, Ohio. Round-Up Nets 70,000 Rats in Ohio Factories WO hundred pounds of “‘ hamburger,” sixty loaves of bread, ten pounds of peanut butter, and forty-eight cans of salmon are being used in a rat round-up that recently netted more than seventy thousand rodents in various industrial plants situated on the banks of the Cuy- ahoga River in Cleveland, Ohio. W. M. Amann, a rat extermination expert, working with the Cleveland Board of Health, directed the attack. The tid-. bits, sprinkled with an odorless, tasteless poison, were put in paper bags and scattered in the factory basements as though they had been discarded by workmen. Day after day the slaughter of the destructive rodents continued, until many thousands had been killed. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 69 Huge Canal Locks Nearing Completion ACH year some fifteen million- tons of shipping will be lifted more than forty-nine feet as it passes between the thick concrete walls of the largest canal locks in Europe, now being completed near Hanover, Germany. The new locks, said to be exceeded in size only by those in the Panama Canal, con- nect the old Mittel- land Canal with the Hanover-Elbe Canal. They consist of two sets of locks, side by side, but operating independently of each other. Each is 738 feet long and thirty- nine and a third feet wide. The concrete work in the structure required about 327,000 cubic feet of material. Other locks, which will dwarf these monsters and even exceed the famous structures of the Panama Canal, are being built in Holland as part of the Zuyder Zee reclamation project. These giant steamship lifts will have a length of more than 2,000 feet, a depth of 162 feet, and will be eighty-one feet wide. The Electricity Parks Cars in Novel Garage OU drive in, stop your car facing an elevator, and electricity does the rest, parking the machine on one of the upper floors of an automatic sky- directs it to a vacant space. All is controlled by an operator who presses various buttons at the side of the ele- One of the immense concrete ship basins of the new German canal locks. It is longer than three city blocks and nearly forty feet wide. gates, to be of the sliding type instead of swinging, are being designed to admit the largest vessel likely to be built in many years. ‘They will lead to the artificial harbor of Amsterdam. French Airplanes Aid in Predicting the Weather LYING weather bureaus have been established in France to aid the Me- teorological Bureau in their predictions. Three airplanes make regular observa- tion trips aloft each day. One reports conditions over Paris, another watches the vicinity of Lyon, and a third ascends from Saint-Raphael, on the Riviera. Gen. Delcambre, chief scraper garage being built near the Grand Central Station in New York City. An “electric parker” invented by Milton A. Kent, of New York City, is the heart of the novel |; plan. This is a low truck which runs on tracks under the auto- mobile. From this truck rises a platform which catches under the rear axle housing of the car. It then hauls the car along grooved runways onto an ele- vator which whisks it to an upper floor where the “parker” ee of the Weather Service, explains that lack of in- formation about weather conditions on the sea and above the clouds cause a inaccuracies in French “" weather reports. More planes will be fitted for aerial observations soon. Simplify Codes : HOSE who send cables ae in code will have to limit -the words to five letters instead of ten, if the proposal considered by representatives of tele- graph and cable lines on five continents, recently, is carried out. Code words in the past have hig vator as_ illustrated above. The inventor claims that the apparatus can deliver a car from the twenty-fourth floor of the garage to the owner at the street entrance in less than two min- The “electric parker’? runs on tracks under the car, and a rising platform catches under the rear axle. utes and that, in a rush, 270 cars an hour can be handled. Merely by pressing a series of buttons, the elevator operator parks the car on any floor of the building. been accepted under the condition that they could be pronounced in English, German, Spanish, French, Dutch, Italian, Portuguese, or Latin. Many of the ten-letter words cannot be pronounced in all these tongues and operators object to being held responsible for frequent errors in transmission. The new proposal limiting the code words to five letters would call for an accompanying reduction in rates.

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70 Queer Island Dog Kingdom Ruled by a Terrier A lonely island, inhabited only by dogs, has been reported off the coast of Africa by French sailors, who believe the ani- mals have descended from pets ship- wrecked or abandoned there. The island, called Juan de Neva, lies in unfrequented waters between. the African coast and Madagascar. So far asis known it has not been visited by ships for years. No one lives there, and the island has been con- sidered valueless. When the captain of a French vessel landed recently, he was faced by a large mongrel dog, evidently part terrier, who appeared to be the dog king of the island. When the captain threw a stone at him, the dog stood his ground, howling like a wolf. Immediately dogs appeared from all sides, according to the report, and forced the intruder, who was without weapons, to beat a hasty retreat. His Hobby Is Collecting Miniature Books A Lilliputian library is the hobby of James D. Hen- derson, of Brookline, Mass., who has collected tiny vol- umes from all over the world. Among the little books, which he reads with the aid of a magnifying glass, is a complete edition of Shakespeare printed on pages little larger than postage stamps. A full set of Dickens, and a tiny Bible which rests on a desk only hand high, are other features of the unusual col- POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY lection. The tiny size of some of the volumes can be appreciated by comparing them, and their miniature bookcase, with the book of average size standing on the table at the right of the picture below. The bookcase itself is a remarkable example of miniature furniture building. It is complete even to leaded glass doers. Radio and Airplane Aid in Missionary Journey Radio will play an important part in a 240,000-mile niissionary trip into isolated districts of Australia, led by the Rev. G. M. Scott, an Australian clergyman, whose party carries wireless sending and receiv- ing equipment. Wherever he finds settlers requiring immediate help, the missionary will send a radio message to headquarters of the Australian Mission, and assistance will be sent by airplane. The miniature library. Compare its volumes with ordinary book at right. French School Trains Women as Engineers Only women are admitted to a new elec- tromechanic institute at Paris—France’s first exclusively feminine school of engi- neering. Its graduates will be as well qual- ified for high technical positions as male applicants, for its equipment is said to be as complete as that of any school in the world. Its founder, Mlle. Paris, is her- self an engineer of wide experience. ; = — ‘one Sit. The students receive thorough instruc- tion, not only in the theory and principles of electrodynamics, but in construction and actual operation of electrical ma- chinery. In their shop work they learn how to dismantle or assemble dynamos, generators, transformers, and so on, gain- ing first-hand knowledge of the function and operation of every part. ss Girl students in France’s first feminine school of electrical engineering. Mlle. Paris, the founder, is seen at the left teaching the students how to dismantle a dynamo, and how each part works. December, 1928 Champion Radio Fan Uses Chorus of Speakers One ordinary loudspeaker isn’t enough for O. Mampe, of Pali. sade, N. J., owner of what he claims to be the most elaborate private radio apparatus in the country. This confirmed radio fan has fitted a large baffle board to several dynamic cone-type speakers, so that he can get any volume from a whisper to a thunderous roar. He asserts that distortion has been reduced to a minimum, even at volume sufficient to shake the rafters. Huge Indoor Ocean Beach Planned in Germany An imitation seashore, under a great dome of glass and steel, is planned in Germany to provide winter bathing unde summer conditions. In the center of the imitation ocean, a large sand hill will be surmounted by a restaurant where bathers may dine, wearing beach pajamas and imagining they are spending a holiday at Deauville or the Lido. A “boardwalk” will surround the mini- ature ocean and the sandy beach will allow 1,700 people to lie in the sand and bask in artificial sunshine supplied by huge lamps giving off ultra-violet rays. The lamps will hang from the roof, 150 feet above the pool. Professor Karl Stodieck, of the Techni- cal College at Charlottenburg, suggested the unusual beach. Would Improve Auto Lamps Automobile lamps constructed so that their light would be visible from all angles, is an improvement suggested to the Society of Automotive Engineers as & means of reducing the hazards of night driving. While the cowl lights on some makes of cars can be seen from the side, the lamps on most automobiles are visible only when seen head-on, especially when dimmed or in bad weather. Under some conditions of driving, such as in turning corners and on curves, for example, this causes the entire car to be invisible to other motorists on the highway. Decemb* Dee His « shootin when ( ber of self, he British firmed the last down a as hobh to be in tration maker | “sport”’ Pun fo By p brain, I X-ray Basel, § cover 1 growth: These | has bee cells as as alma In lo umn, L fluid tk runs do the gre reveals portion physici, The I The by an it Germa1 fessor | the sky almost colors « and pi nearly | sky ca Ostwal. Eski:

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isn’t Pali. he rate the adio ard any Um | een ume ght ible hen ing this Deep-Sea Diving Is Hobby of British M. P. His colleagues may have their golf or shooting or whatnot for recreation, but when Captain Sidney Streatfield, Mem- ber of Parliament, wants to enjoy him- self, he goes for a deep-sea dive. The British legislator has been a con- firmed diver in his leisure time for the last twelve years, and has gone down as far as five fathoms. As far as hobbies go, the diving M.P. seems to be in a class by himself. The illus- tration above shows the diving law- maker being fitted with a new suit of “sport’”’ clothes. Pumps Air into Brain for X-Ray Study By pumping rarefied air into the brain, Dr. Max Ludin, director of the X-ray department of a hospital at Basel, Switzerland, has been able to dis- cover the exact location of tumorous growths through X-ray photographs. These pictures of the brain, after the air has been pumped in, show the healthy cells as white stains and the diseased ones as almost black. In locating growths in the spinal col- umn, Dr. Ludin injects, instead of air, a fluid that photographs well. ‘This fluid runs down the spine until it is stopped by the growth. An X-ray photograph thus reveals the exact location of the diseased portion of the spine and simplifies the physician’s diagnosis. The Sky’s Blue Measured by New Color Chart The blue in the sky is being measured by an ingenious color chart prepared by a German physicist and color expert, Pro- fessor Wilhelm Ostwald. It contains all the sky colors, from the bluest known to almost colorless gray. By comparing the colors of the chart with that of the sky, and picking out the shade that most nearly matches, the amount of blue in the sky can be determined, says Professor Ostwald. Eskimos in the polar regions and POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY aviators high in the air are said to see the bluest skies. The United States Weather Bureau, in Washington, D. C., reports that the blueness of the sky depends upon the amounts of dust and moisture in the air. After a rain the sky is bluest. Metric System for China The latest convert to the metric system is China, whose Nationalist Government recently replaced the old measurement standards with the system used in prac- tically all countries except England and the United States. His Keen Ears Test 250 Loudspeakers a Day Both radio loudspeakers and radio am- plifiers for phonographs are tested for tone by comparison with a master speaker unit over their entire musical range, in the experimental laboratory of a Chicago radio manufacturing concern. One of the expert testers, Martin T. Olsen, is said to have tested more than half a million speakers, averaging 250 every day for almost eight years. An ac- complished musician, he has developed sensitive ears that can recognize sounds as high-pitched as 10,000 vibrations a sec- ond. Such sounds are inaudible to the ears of the average person. Martin T. Olsen testing the tone range of a new loud- speaker. He can recognize sounds most of us can’t hear. 71 Huge Flying Sign Flashes from 2,000-Foot Height A huge electric sign, ninety feet long and six feet high, circled in the sky 2,000 feet above Broadway, in New York, recently, testing out a new form of advertising— the airplane signboard. Flaring red let- ters, taking up the entire lower wing sur- face of a giant bombing biplane, alter- nately flashed! the name of an adver- tiser and his address. The roar of the plane’s three motors, totaling nearly 1,000 horsepower, attracted the attention of the theater crowds below. The power for the sign was generated by dynamos which occupied most of the space in the cabin of the plane. They are capable of producing 7,000 volts. The letters giving the firm’s name and its address were superimposed upon each other in order to permit the change in the wording of the sign. Since the sign was not visible to the p'lot or the electrician in the cabin of the plane, small lights on the edge of the wing, each connected with one of the letters, indicated that it was flashing. Explains Why Actors Are Free from Paralysis The reason few actors have paralysis is because they give their emotions ex- ercise! This is the conclusion of Dr. Julius Heller, of Germany, after an investigation of the causes of death of more than 1,400 ac- tors. Only one and a half per- cent of the group studied died of paralysis. This percentage is much lower than that of any other professional group in- vestigated. People in ordinary walks of | life, Dr. Heller explains, have ’ to repress their emotions more than actors, so part of their nervous machinery atrophies from disuse. This tends to make them more susceptible to paralytic attacks. Boy of Eleven oa Prize Model Plane A model of a tri-motored monoplane, almost as long as the builder, won for Tony Verlatti, an eleven-year-old San Francisco boy, first prize for the most interest- ing model shown at a recent tournament in that city. The builder named his white monoplane the City of San Francisco. The First Coin Only four known speci- mens exist of what is be- lieved to be the first coin ever minted—a Greek gold drachma_ which _ experts think was struck off about 700 s.c. One of these, in the collection of J. P. Morgan, New York banker, is con- servatively valued at $3,500. ce. wept» How would you like a ride? Tony Verlatti, age eleven, shows a girl friend the prize winning model monoplane which he built.

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72 Strange Glasses Turn the World Upside Down IDEWALKS seem to hang above your head, people appear to walk with their feet in the air, and clouds and buildings change places when you put on the strange “upside-down glasses” with which students at Clark University, Worcester, Mass., are being tested. Wearing the inverted vision lenses, Norman L. Munn, a graduate student at the university, made a two-weeks test during which he saw only a topsy-turvy world. At the end of that time he pre- pared a report of his experiences. This will be used as a basis of study by the students in the psychology classes of the university to determine the effect of inverted vision upon the coérdination of the senses. Huge Cone Loudspeaker Covers.a Ceiling — plenty of music in the air when programs come from a huge cone loudspeaker which takes up almost the entire ceiling of a room in the home of Hung from the ceiling, the enormous cone speaker is useful and ornamental. a radio enthusiast in Oak Park, Ill. It serves a purpose both useful and orna- mental. From its center is suspended an overhead lighting fixture. It is said to reproduce radio programs perfectly. U. S. History Recorded in Postage Stamps A *“NORSE-AMERICAN” series of stamps, commemorating the arrival in America of first immigrants from Nor- way in 1695, is the latest of many de- picting the history of America, according to the Post Office Department. Twelve previously issued begin with the Colum- bian Series of 1893, illustrating the dis- covery of America, and include the Vic- tory stamp of 1919, celebrating the end- ing of the World War, 1920’s Pilgrim Tercentenary issue, the Huguenot-Wal- loon series of 1924, and the Lexington- Concord issue of 1925. Special stamps commemorate other events—the 1926 Battle of White Plains stamp, the 1927 Burgoyne Campaign stamp, and the 1927 Vermont Sesqui- centennial stamp. Occasionally individu- als have been honored by a stamp issue, as the Eriesson Memorial Stamp of 1926 for the Monitor’s Civil War builder. A special air stamp was issued as a tribute to Lindbergh’s New York-to-Paris flight. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Out for a walk in the upside- down world. A student tests himself with the odd glasses. Safety Tunnels NDERGROUND sub- ways or passageways for pedestrians at dangerous street intersections in Highland Park, Mich., have proved so successful that plans for additional tunnels are under ‘way. School children using two sub- ways already provided are able to cross busy streets in safety. Meanwhile similar tunnels tried out in Los Angeles, Calif., and described in Porvu.ar Science Monrtuty, have been welcomed by auto-shy pedestrians. poo a ie 2 sii 2 #2 ‘ ye se “he LD ii ee December, 1928 Largest Magnet Is Heavier Than a Locomotive HE world’s largest magnet, a 120-ton monster that weighs more than man a locomotive, has recently been mo pleted at the Bellevue laboratory of the French National Research Bureau. Rest. ing on massive pillars, it will aid in jm. portant researches in light, electricity and radioactivity. F Torrents of water cool its huge copper coil, which carries a terrific electric eur. rent of 3,000 amperes—enough to light say, six thousand ordinary lamps. Ac. cording to the designer, M. A. Cotton, jt can maintain its powerful magnetic field unabated for hours, if necessary, during prolonged experiments. Painting the Towns Red N UNUSUAL donation received by the Lapland Geographical Society is a recent anonymous gift of red paint— $1,500 worth. The nameless donor spec- ified that it was to be used to paint farm houses along the Torne River valley, in northern Sweden, so that the color-dotted landscape may set an example to dreary Finland homesteads across the border, The Society has distributed the paint and now the valley dwellers are painting their towns red. Old Fire Engine Has Job Cleaning Plane Motors LANGING dashes down the street behind galloping horses are over for the old-fashioned fire engines, but one has found a job on an aviation field in St. Louis. It has solved the problem of cleaning dirt and grease from airplane motors that are to be overhauled. The oid boiler produces the steam that is sprayed over the motors under high pressure, the steam being carried to the work through a long flexible hose ter- minating in a nozzle held by the me- chanic. The new application of the dis- carded apparatus saves the workmen the labor of cleaning the motors with rags. . “~, —~ , 3 Steam generated by the old fire engine cleans grease and dirt from airplane motors in the shop. Decem An ] CE el detic § the A and 5] the us sonic Herber Fror the i sounds reboun speed « betwee return ocean sensiti’ Recent depth from tl record time it steami Lar w! a screwet Grove the jo light f similar burned old-tim Thoma Buil T yet bile homem Charle: tends t The is less 1,200 wheelb: tests it sixty-fi The

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‘st- im- ity, per sht, Ac- 1, it ield ring y is it— arm , in tted ary aint ting r for one An Improved Depth Finder for Coast Survey CHOES from the sea bottom are E enabling the U. S. Coast and Geo- detic Survey to map the ocean floor along the Atlantic seaboard more accurately and speedily than ever before, through the use of an improved “fathometer,” or sonic depth finder, developed by Dr. Herbert G. Dorsey. From the bottom of the survey vessel, the instrument sends out continuous sounds, and catches the echoes as they rebound from the ocean floor. Since the speed of sound is known, the elapsed time between the sending of a sound and the return of its echo is a measurement of the ocean depth. This measurement the sensitive instrument records on a dial. Recently a cable ship with the new sonic depth finder surveyed the ocean floor from the Azores to Newfoundland in the record time of seven days. Part of the time it made continuous soundings while steaming at full speed. Lamp Burns for 23 Years HEN “Lindy” was three years old, a 200-watt electric light bulb was screwed into a socket in the window of a Grove City, Pa., store. It has been on the job ever since, giving continuous light for twenty-three years. Another similar lamp, installed at the same time, burned out only recently. Both of these old-timers have been presented to Thomas A. Edison. Builds Auto from Parts of Twenty-Seven Others WENTY-SEVEN standard automo- biles contributed parts to a miniature homemade car in which the builder, Charles R. Gifford, of Tampa, Fla., in- tends to tour the United States. The midget machine, pictured below, is less than three feet high and weighs 1,200 pounds. It has a sixty-eight-inch wheelbase and a forty.inch tread. In tests it is said to have shown speed of sixty-five miles an hour. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Dr. Herbert G. Dorsey with the apparatus used in his improved ocean depth finder. Over Mt. Blanc by Air BIRD’S-EYE view of the highest mountain in Europe, the famous Mount Blanc, is now provided travelers through the inauguration of a French sight- seeing air line circling the peak. The aerial buses are two-passenger cabin planes that fly at an altitude of 14,000 feet, mounting from an air field near the railroad leading to Chamo- nix, France, from which most of the as- cents on foot have been begun. The planes fly at scheduled times, and reser- vations can be made in advance. The hour-and-a-half flight, circling the 15,782-foot pinnacle of the mountain, costs about $20. A shorter flight over lesser peaks at an altitude of 8,000 feet, taking about fifteen minutes, costs $3.50. 73 Interior Tides May Slow Down the Earth HAT the earth’s interior, like its oceans, has tidal movements is the theory advanced by Prof. Benjamin Boss, of the Carnegie Institution, to account for the known fact that the earth is slowing down and its days growing longer at the rate of about one second every 100,000 years. Originally friction of the ocean’s tides across the bottom of shallow seas was believed solely re- sponsible, but this, Professor Boss says, could cause only two thirds of the ob- served slowing. Tides within the earth would account for the difference, is his suggestion. Apparently, he adds, there is some re- lation between the erratic speeding up and slowing down of the earth from time to time—a recent discovery credited to Prof. E. W. Brown, of Yale—and earth- quakes. If this can be definitely estab- lished, Prof. Boss sees the possibility of advance warnings of severe earth tremors. *‘Lungs”’ of Leaf Revealed in Motion Pictures } iy animals and human beings, leaves have lungs or they would suffocate. The “‘stomata,”’ as the breath- ing cells are called, absorb nutriment from the sunlight, the rain, and the air. How these cells work is revealed remark- ably by a recent English moving picture film called “Secrets of Nature,” which presents highly magnified pictures of the leaf’s breathing organs. The view above shows the structure and arrangement of the cells. At nighttime or in bad weather they close up and wait for the sun to shine again before they open. Then they work feverishly to make up for the time they have lost. New Cloth from Plants OON you may be wearing clothes made of kendyr. That is the name of a fiber plant, discovered recently growing in large quantities in Asia, and found to produce textile yarn of high quality. A cloth made half of kendyr and half of cotton, tests show, is attractive and durable. Two tons of kendyr a day is to be turned into cloth by a new machine built especially for the purpose.

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74 oe ae es Odd Machine Plays Sound Effects for the Movies ERELY by pressing a button, almost any imaginable sound can be pro- duced on this machine, according to its inventor, A. W. Nichols, of New York City. He is seen assembling the compli- cated mechanism designed to make movies more realistic. It is equally adaptable to dramas and news reels. He says his invention, on which he has worked for twenty-five years, can be played as simply as an organ. When a train rounds a curve in a picture, the operator presses a button and a realistic railroad whistle re- sults; when an auto comes to a sudden stop, a shriek of brakes accompanies it as an- other button is pressed. The mechanism is operated through electric motors. Canadian Tar Sands Tested for Roads N THE far Athabaska country of west- ern Canada, famous in stories of the Royal Northwest Mounted Police, tar sands are being mined to make roads of a new kind in the Jasper National Park, Alberta. Over gravel roads, the bituminous sands are spread to a depth of about two inches and form a layer similar to asphalt. These sand deposits along the Athabaska River have long been thought to contain possibilities for road buildinz, but this is the first practical test to which they have been subjected. Whalers of the Antarctic Aided by Wireless HALERS who go down to the sea in ships are taking science with them. The vessels, putting out from the South Shetland Islands into the Antarctic Ocean, are being equipped with wireless to direct te operations of the small boats that leave the mother, or “factory” ship, in search of quarry. One of the greatest dangers of whaling in the past has been the possibility of be- coming separated from the mother ship during a fog or prolonged snowstorm while pursuing whales in a small boat. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY An example of the value of this method of communication between the large vessel and its brood is found in the wrecking of the Southern Queen, a large Antarctic whaling ship. When it struck a submerged iceberg and began to sink, all the small boats were immediately notified by radio. The fleet of whale catchers hurried to the ship’s assistance and took off all the mem- bers of the crew in safety. Chemists Trace Source of Ancient Copper Weapons ETECTIVE work by chemists re- cently trailed the copper used in ancient Mesopotamian weapons to the mines where it was obtained. Archeol- ogists wanted to know where the men of Sumer, oldest of Mesopotamian king- doms, got their copper. Inscriptions on bricks failing to tell them, they sought help from the metallurgical chemists. These men examined the copper of the old weapons, comparing it with specimens from Persia, the Black Sea region, Cyprus, Egypt, and other neighboring countries to see if they could find the same impurities. At last, in copper from mines on the Arabian Peninsula, near the Persian Gulf, a similar amount of nickel in the met- al was dis- covered. Mechanical Pole Setter Does Work of Twenty Men OCKY hills or marshes filled with underbrush are boulevards to this ingenious new machine for erecting tele- phone poles. It can go anywhere a man can walk. Perched on the brink of a precipitous incline, it swiftly bores a seven-foot hole in the earth; then a der- rick at its business end swings a forty- five-foot pole bodily into position and drops it upright. In a recent test the whole operation averaged less than six minutes for each pole. Only three men are required to run the continuous-tread juggernaut, though it does the work of twenty. Seasick for Twenty Years ALF a million miles on shipboard, and seasick every voyage, has been the strange experience of James Barger, a six- foot, two-hundred-pound sailor who has been in the U. S. Navy for twenty years. He has circled the globe three times. December, 192g Ink and Stain Made from Sequoia Seed Cones RIVAL of the seventeen-year locust is the giant Sequoia tree of the Pa cific slope, which sometimes retains its seeds for sixteen years before droppin them from the cone. These trees pe no hurry. They are called the oldest liy; thing on earth. Some of them are believed by scientists to be more than three thou. sand years old. An interesting method of protecting the seeds from weather and insects durin their long wait is a coating of waterproof and germproof gloss which covers the cone. A recent experiment with this gloss showed that when it was removed from the cone and dissolved in water it made a good writing fluid or furniture stain of a rich maroon color. New Roads, 10,753 Miles ROAD stretching from Gibraltar to within 600 miles of Yokohama could be made with the new highways under construction in the United States during 1928. The Government reports that the total mileage of these new roads came to 10,753, costing the states and nation $264,000,000. Since 1917, 71,584 miles of new roads have been completed and opened for motor traffic. Unusual Locomotive Uses Its Steam Twice ype unusual photograph below is a head-on view of one of the twenty new-type locomotives recently put into operation on the Boston and Maine Rail- road. ‘Two unique features are the plac- ing of the bell above the pilot instead of overhead, and the feedwater heater which forms a cowl in front. This device saves nearly fifteen percent of the fuel by utilizing the exhaust steam to warm the water before it enters the boiler, thus cutting down the length of time necessary to generate steam. Front view of the curious locomotive, showing cowl formed by the novel feedwater heater. js SU Soci Sout with vices vent riods fourt worl in th Calif calle Into cano Distr M by a airpla Brool runw: for a1 Bosto The grams for t added lished lifting Al T OM ev of th recent Seattle China. timber paring

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1928 Cust Pa. its ping e in ving ved hou- ‘ting ring roof the gloss from ude a in of ar to ould inder uring t the came ation les of and eS is a venty ; into Rail- plac- ad of which levice of the steam enters n the nerate Decemver, 1928 Mountains Commit Suicide With Volcano Blasts VOLCANO is a mountain commit- ting suicide. This unique definition jg suggested by the National Geographic Society, which says the mountains of the South Pacific are destroying themselves with voleanic activity. The virtues of a volcano outweigh its yices, it is pointed out. Without such yents, the energy pent up for long pe- riods might cause havoc over large areas. The United States is said to own one fourth of the 417 active volcanos of the world. However, the only active crater in the country is Mt. Lassen, in northern California. Kilauea, the Hawaiian vent, is called the most active volcanoin the world. Into the huge crater of another vol- cano in Hawaii, Mount Halekala, half the District of Columbia might be dropped. Model Plane Sets Record for Weight Lifting ARRYING more than its own weight, a tiny, rubber-band-propelled model airplane, built by Arthur Horn, of Brookline, Mass., sped down a wooden runway and rose gracefully into the air for a ten-second flight at a recent meet in Boston. The little plane weighed thirty-four grams. Before the propeller was released for the start, forty-four grams was added. The flight is said to have estab- lished a national record for weight lifting by miniature airplanes. A Mountain of Giant Timbers for China OME of the largest timbers ever exported from the forests of the Pacific Northwest were recently piled upon the wharf at Seattle, Wash., for shipment to China. The size of these giant timbers can be appreciated by com- paring them, in the picture below, Giant Douglas fir timbers ready for shipment. Compare their size with that of the two girls, POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY with the two girls of average size, photo- graphed at the base of the mountain of wood. The bulk of the timbers are of Douglas fir from the great forests of western Washington, and represent one of the chief industries of that state. The largest ones, in cross section, measure two and a half feet square. Find Saber-Toothed Tiger Had the Toothache HE sad plight of the giraffe with the sore throat seems to have been equalled by the saber-toothed tiger with a toothache. More than a _ thousand jaws of this mighty hunter of prehistoric days are being examined at the Los Angeles, Calif., Museum, where they were collected from the tar pits at Rancho la Brea, known as “The Death-Trap of the Ages.” The teeth of these animals, caught in the treacherous pits, along with the Woolly Mammoth and the Giant Sloth of its day, show the presence of many tooth disturbances, such as pyorrhea, dead teeth, and abscesses in the. tooth sockets. The jaws are being examined with the X-ray to discover the condition of the tooth canals. Many of the long front saber teeth that made this animal the terror of its day have dropped from the jaws and others are shown to have been greatly worn, although no tooth cavities have been discovered. Novel Photo Shows Size of Extinct Giant Bird R the first time, a photograph in composite has been produced to show the comparative sizes of a human being and the extinct New Zealand moa— largest bird ever known to have lived. These birds, abundant in New Zealand 400 years ago, vanished, it is thought, because of their cannibalistic trait of eating their own eggs during a shortage of their natural food. Numerous skele- tons of moas have been found in various parts of New Zealand, yet no trace of an egg has ever been found. The specimen in the photograph was _ reconstructed from one of these skeletons. The extinct bird resembles the ostrich. Built for ground locomotion, it had huge legs, and claws with which it could easily have torn a man to shreds. a eT 75 Links of Huge Chain Weigh Nearly a Ton Each HE toppling dome of the famous St. Paul’s Cathedral, in London, will be held together by a huge chain of stainless steel which has been constructed especially for the purpose in a Shef- field, England, steel works. The cathedral, built more than two centuries ago by Sir Christopher Wren, was condemned in 1925 as a “dangerous structure” when the dome was found to be gradually tipping toward the southwest. The first plan was to rebuild the upper structure entirely, at a cost of at least $2,500,000. How- ever, by injecting cement into the weakened pillars and encircling the dome with a giant 441-foot steel chain, this expense will be avoided. The links of the chain, which are shown in the picture above, each weigh nearly a ton and are made up of three and four bars alternating throughout the thirty links. Each bar is nearly fifteen feet long. New Sound-Absorbing Stone Kills Noise in Rooms UILDING stone that absorbs sounds has been found in Florida. The rock is somewhat porous, filled with tiny cavities which soak up sound waves that come to it when used in walls and ceilings of rooms. Tests by the late Professor Sabine, of Harvard University, showed that extreme noisinuess in a room is caused by the reflec- tion of sound back and forth by walls and ceilings. The pores of the new stone prevent this echoing and silence the harsher sounds that come to it.

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MONTHLY SuMNER Bossom, Editor Raymonp J. Brown, Managing Editor Artaur WakELING, Home Workshop Editor Aurrep P. Lang, Technical Editor Epear C. WHEELER, Associate Editor IsraEL Doskow, Art Editor Published Monthly by Popular Science Publishing Company, Inc., 250 Fourth Avenue, New York City. Single Copies Twenty- five Cents. In the United States andIts Possessions and in Canada, $2.50 the Year. In All Other Countries, $3.00 the Year. Breaking the Rocks of Knowledge T THE Illinois State Museum, Springfield, a curious stone column is being erected. It is formed of blocks from the various strata of the earth’s surface, arranged in the order in which they were deposited ages ago. The base is of Altyn limestone from Glacier National Park, stone estimated to be more than 200,000,000 years old. These blocks hold the secret of the world’s original food supply. Plant life, according to the beliefs of science, preceded animal life because the latter depends upon it. Rocks antedated mag because they are the source of soil upon which vegetation ives. But the life-giving power in the rocks becomes assimilable only when by a process of erosion it is broken into fragments that plants can use. Similarly, in the realm of knowledge, it is the process of breaking up the great discoveries into forms that the average person can grasp and assimilate that releases their power. Harvey’s discovery of blood circulation had little effect while only a few people understood it. Radio, understood by scientists for years, became valuable only when it entered our daily lives. The fundamental purpose of PopuLar ScteNcE MontuLy is to break up science into terms that anyone can grasp easily. No discovery and invention can be really powerful until it is understood by all intelligent people. Always New Wings to Try FEW days ago an eminent engineer, speaking over the radio, declared that ultimate perfection had been reached in aeronautical engineering. No further change, he said, was likely to occur in the fundamental design of aircraft. The next morning,newspapers reported that Juan de laCierva, young Spanish inventor of the autogiro, successfully had crossed the English Channel in his odd windmill plane. As told else- where in this issue, this flapping aircraft conforms to none of the accepted rules governing airplane design. The wise man of the radio seems to be in the class of Thales, who in the sixth century s. c. held that the world is flat and floats on water. He probably knows now, however, that it is unwise to assume that things as they are will never change. There are always revolutionists who will challenge tradition. True, many of them are wrong, but from iconoclasts who have been right have come the really great advances in science. The simple truth is that there is no such thing as ultimate perfection in scientific achievement, or, for that matter, in any department of human endeavor. 76 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY December, 193 Royal Gifts for All Dr. Marston Taylor Bogart, of Columbia University dicts that soon synthetic perfumes will duplicate and maha the costly natural perfumes. ace ‘Synthetic perfumes,’’ he says, “need little labor, while the natural process is very expensive. A few vats and stills wil] do the work of acres of growing plants.” Once again science is revealed as the great leveler, In its gifts to mankind it ignores distinctions of wealth, birth or class; it considers no special privilege. > With the automobile, it brings distant pleasures to the dooryards of the day-laborer and the millionaire alike. With electricity, it lights the hovel and the mansion at the same time Now it is endowing the work-worn shop girl with the delicate fragrance of a queen. There is real democracy in science, A Just Decision LEGAL case, recently decided, may well interest scientists and inventors. The Supreme Court of the United States held that a state could not tax, as income, royalties received by one of her citizens for the use of patents. A patent, it ruled, js a right granted by the Federal Government. Since a state cannot destroy such a right, it cannot tax it, because the power to tax, in the words of the famous Chief Justice, John Marshall, is the power to destroy. The decision goes a step further and holds that a tax on income derived from the right amounts tog tax on the right itself, and therefore cannot be levied by a state. Rivals to Be Respected UPPOSE you were told of a skyscraper four times as high as the tallest building, built without blasting material, blue. prints, or steel girders? course, no such building exists. But ants, constructing colony dwellings ten feet high, above and under ground, erect, in proportion to their size, skyscrapers that big. And Dr. Frank E. Lutz, of the American Museum of Natural History, tells of ant-lions in Colorado that are able, unin- structed, to build conical pits in loose earth, at the bottom of which they wait for unwary ants to slide down into their powerful jaws. **How,”’ he asks, “‘can the larva that never saw a trap, never saw its parents, learn to make and work such a contraption to its advantage?” An interesting problem in heredity and instinct! We can learn much from the insects, tackling giant problems in their miniature world. For, as-is pointed out elsewhere this month, they are the greatest enemies of man on earth. They Are Saying— o AN has another billion years ahead of him in which to learn to live at least a million times more wisely than he now lives.’’—Robert A. Millikan. **We may have glass pavements for city streets, glass roofs for houses, glass furniture and plumbing.’”’-—A. E. Marshall, consulting engineer, Corning Glass Works. “Life can exist in the interspaces as well as on the planets.” —Sir Oliver Lodge. “The barking of dogs, the clatter of milk cans, the explosions of motors, the noisy parties returning from dances, all late at night, form an increasing menace to the public health.” —Dr. John Stevens, English physician. “With an airplane we can map as much territory in one day as we could cover in a month by dog-sled.”—Donald B. MacMillan, explorer. “The loss to automobile owners at the hands of ‘gyp operators of gasoline pumps is $20,000,000 a year.”’—The American Automobile Association. “Walking will be easier for nearly everyone in the United States, within a year, as a result of the recent discovery of 4 methodof measuringthepliability of leather.””-—John A. Wilson, president, The American Leather Chemists’ Association. “Tf flying becomes as common as motoring, man’s physique will undergo drastic alteration, eyes and ears being affected first.” —Lt. Col. Levy M. Hathaway, Chief Flight Surgeon, — U. 8. A. “By mating the more energetic varieties we may produce busier bees.” —Dr. Lloyd R. Watson, Cornell University. OSKF Indu

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, 193 pecember, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 77 pre. lace the ll do n its l, Or the Vith ime, cate | | tists tates d by -d, is state Ower hall, toa by a prac a Above: The great “Bour- 4 don” of the Rockefeller / . Riverside Church, New York : City. Now under constriusc- ee tion. Architects: Henry C. Pelton-Allen & Collens, re ee ad zh as Carillon, Riverside} . Bie blue- Church, New York City f —the largest tuned bell - ; ba cting inthe world. The weight rect, of the bell and its frame os cemage is 78,400 pounds. Sic asi tural oy Anti-Friction Bearings \o ~~~ — ieee . inin- were selected for the m of main journals and for their the clapper and coun- ter-weight which in ever themselves weigh about / H elpin £ the vibr ant ton £ ues on to one and one-half tons. | ; aa The “Bourdon” is one \Y Of the largest tuned bells in the world ther of seven new bells that, mth | F three bells now in the sing out their Christm n Carillon, will make the £ S as sO ss Rockefeller Carillon (? the largest in the . ail world. INGING a song of industry all through the than y year—speeding giant trains along their way— a helping great dredges delve into river bottoms —whirling a// mechanical things along toward ets,” P . greater achievement...And then at Christmas- sions ° ee tea tide, when the spirit of the Day envelopes —Dr. o = the world and glad tidings speed through the A land, the same anti-friction bearings help swing ei the giant bells that send their sonorous voices “= out over a great city singing, “Merry Christmas”. _ SKF INDUSTRIES, Inc., 40 East 34th Street, New York City Ison, Nothing is apt to cost ian so much as a bearing acted that cost so little. yeon, duce THE HIGHEST PRICED BEARING IN THE WORLD QSEF Industries, Ine., 1928 =

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Can Your Timothy, a Timid Soul, Thought His Couldn't, Until Gus Told Him a Few Easy Ways to Make It Winter-Proof By MARTIN BUNN CHILL wind whistled an accom- paniment to the squeal of the brakes on Gus Wilson’s machine, as the veteran auto mechanic stopped his car in front of the Model Garage and tooted his horn. The doors swung open and a mingled odor of burn- ing kindling wood and hot steam pipes greeted his nostrils as he drove in. “You beat me to it,” he called <o his partner, Joe Clark, as the latter closed the doors behind him. “I was going to suggest that we'd better start the furnace. A bit of heat feels good on a day like this. ““Howdy, Mr. Timothy,” he added as he caught sight of a thin, neat little man whose physical insignificance was in startling contrast to the huge sedan he owned. “You’re the first customer this morning. What can we do for you?” “Well, er—” the mild little fellow hesitated, “I was just remarking to Mr. Clark, here, that I’m afraid it’s about time to put my car away for the winter and I wanted to ask you if there are any special precautions I should take.” “Why put it away?” questioned Gus bluntly. | “Oh! I couldn’t think of keeping it in commission all winter,” said Timothy, apparently quite horrified. “Everybody tells me winter weather is extremely hard on a car, and you know I take a lot of pride in this machine. I'd hate to have anything happen to it.” He stroked the broad, shiny mud guard like an old maid fondling her pet cat. “You’re dead right about winter weather being hard on cars in general,” Gus agreed, “but that’s no reason why it should be hard on your car if you treat it like it ought to be treated. The extra wear winter takes out of a car can be blamed on the owner’s ignorance or care- lessness ninety-nine times out of a hun- dred—and the hundredth case is due to conditions you'll never encounter.” IMOTHY brightened perceptibly. “Tf that’s really true, Mr. Wilson,” he said, “I’m exceedingly glad to know it. I rather disliked the idea of doing without my car all winter. It’s the only amuse- ment I have.” “Don’t you worry about its being true,” Gus asserted. “You just pay at- tention to what I tell you and I'll guaran- tee that at the end of the winter your car won’t show any more wear than it would after the same number of miles of sum- mer driving. You'd better get out a pen- cil and a notebook, so you won’t forget. “All ready?” said Gus. “The first thing, then, is to find out what parts of

POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY December, 198 Car Stand the Cold? **You’re dead right about winter being hard on cars in general,” said Gus, “but that’s no reason it should be hard on your car if you give it Proper attention.’’ aa the car can be put on the blink by cold weather, then we can figure out how to stop it. Cold weather raises hob with the cooling system, for one thing. Cooling systems are designed to keep the motor temperature well below the boiling point of water, even in the hottest summer weather when the air that shoots through the radiator gets up to eighty degrees, or even more. “fP\HE air in winter niay be fifty, or even eighty, degrees colder, and it soaks the heat out of the radiator so fast that the motor never gets a chance to warm up the way it ought to. Cold oil doesn’t flow as it should and that means the motor doesn’t get the proper lubrica- tion. Cold gasoline doesn’t vaporize and you literally keep spraying the cold cylinder walls with raw gasoline. If you keep a motor running that way the rings, pistons, and cylinder walls wear to beat the band.” **But my car has a thermostat control to prevent the water from circulating if it is too cold,”’ objected Timothy. “That kind of a thermostat helps a lot,”’ Gus agreed, “but it has one dis- advantage in very cold weather. It slows down the water circulation so much that the water flowing into the bottom of the cylinder jacket is cold and the cylin- der walls are kept cold enough to con- dense quite a lot of gasoline. However, it’s easy enough to fix that by covering part of the bottom of the radiator so the water will have to circulate faster. The main point is to see that the motor oper-

ates just as warm in winter as it does in summer.” “In other words,” Timothy inter. rupted, “I should watch the thermon- eter on the radiator cap and see that after the motor warms the running tempera- ture is the same as in summer.” “That’s the idea,”’ said Gus, “but you can’t do it with that radiator thermon- eter. It doesn’t read within a mile of right in winter, especially if the water level in the radiator is a bit low. You've got to have one that reads directly from the water in the cylinder jacket or the outlet hose. I can fit one of that kind.” “What proportion of alcohol and water do I have to use in the radiator?” Timothy inquired. “You won’t use any if you take my advice,” Gus growled. “Alcohol really has nothing to recommend it. Of course it will keep the radiator from freezing, but you either have to run the motor too cold for best efficiency or else keep putting in more alcohol every few days to make up for the alcohol that boils away.” * CYPEAKING of boiling away the alco hol,” Joe interrupted, “‘reminds me of the time I nearly got pinched as a rum runner by a green prohibition agent. It was one of those mild spells we have every so often in winter and I’d been hit- ting the high spots till the motor was good and hot. I was leaving a trail of alcohol fumes strong enough to poison a dog, and this dumb-bell officer whiffs it and takes after me, thinking I had some cases of liquor and one of (Continued on page 141)

me |

RAD

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY December, 193 Handy Kinks for Car Owners A Convenient Place for the Road Map—How to Stop Tire Rim Creaks—Other Ingenious Ideas You May Find Useful OWADAYS nearly every car is built with the top so low that every time you go over a severe bump, your hat brushes against the ceiling. This results in soiled spots, unless special precautions are taken. The simpiest of these is shown in Fig. 1. Pina piece of cloth, matching the top mate- _ vial as closely as possible, at the point where your hat strikes. When soiled it can be removed and washed. can always find them. After being in the curtain a while the cards will become set ia the rolled form and when the cyp. tain is lowered will curl about the roller instead of dangling. A Handy Curtain Road Map RDINARILY, when you want to consult a road map, you have to yp. fold a large and hard-to-handle sheet of paper. A convenient way to carry the map is to fit a roller curtain just aboye your windshield so that it can be pulled down, as shown in Fig. 4. Glue or other. wise fasten the map to this curtain. The A Ground for the Timer NE of the most baffling ignition troubles is a poor ground on the timer housing, caused by the loosening of = Fig. 1. A ceil- ‘CURTAIN ROAD MAP> the bearing between y ing cloth pro- the breaker cam shaft . VA SSO a ee and the housing. A Ys . varying resistance an Novel Place for Licenses | UTO owners’ and drivers’ licenses a” se ol at often become misplaced, and then Fe TT you are out of luck when a traffic cop o oo oO Lys Oo oOo 0 D8 9 vy demands that you produce them. How- | a) ° ) ever, if there are pull curtains at the c= it, . windows of your closed car, you have an b{ = mS S50 y © ca aa fy y > =| : ica | LP idedat? _ If ae Fig. 2. Effective ground for timer housing. DRIVERS AND S OWNERS LICENSE — x i MoeefT / (GROUNDED To “@ ~ j we Fig. 4. Glued on a curtain above windshield. 2 map will cover the windshield and make driving impossible, but you would have to stop the car to study a map anyway. thus is introduced into the path of the current. You can eliminate trouble from this source by the method shown in Fig. 2. Fasten one end of a piece of stranded in- sulated wire under any convenient screw on the metal part of the timer housing. Connect the other end to any screw on the nearest fixed metal part, such as the frame of the car. This wire will provide the necessary path for the current. A Useful Electromagnet fog are muny times, in auto re pair work, when electricity can be made to save a lot of work. For instance, if a steel ball that operates as a check valve in the oil line is in such a position that it will not roll out by gravity, you may have to turn the part upside down to let it roll out. : A homemade electromagnet, shown in To Stop Rim Creaks Fig. 3. Rolled in a curtain for safe keeping. Fig. 6, will do the trick. All you need is % Uf HEN the small quantity of bell wire and an iron lugs wear excellent place to keep them. Pull the rod small enough to go in the hole. ‘Wind so much that curtain down, tuck them in the roll, as a coil of the wire around one end of the they no longer shown in Fig. 3, then let the curtain roll rod, attach the ends to a storage battery, can be clamped up again. They will remain where you and you will find that the other end of the solidly against rod will act in the the rim, a dis- same way as an agreeable creak- Ten Dollars for an Idea! electromagnet ing noise is pro- P. D. Villwock, of Edwards- and pick up any duced. You can port, Ind., wins this month's small steel or iron remedy the trou- $10 prize for his suggestion of a object. ble by oversize curtain road map (Fig. 4). . Each month POPULAR SCIENCE lugs or by fitting MONTHLY awards $10, in addi- . of sheet tion to regular space rates, for tin over each lug, the best idea sent in for motor- Fig. 5. Sheet tin cov. %9 shown in Fig. ists. Other contributions used ering renews worn lugs. 5, at the left. are paid for at the usual rates. Fig. 6. A simple mag: net works from battery.

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r, 1923 ng in > Cur. Toller Map nt to to un- eet of y the above Dulled other. The

| have yway. et ito re an be stance, check osition y, you down wn in ed is 8 in iron Wind of the attery, | of the

e mag: attery.

CR e ad STANDARD —Suits most writers. A splendid corres- Pondence point. Medium flexibility. For home and general use. RIGID — Tempered to armor-plate hardness. Will not Y€@n shade even under heavy pressure. Unequaled for mani- folding. The salesman’s friend. STIFF —FINE—Writes without pressure. Mak =~ i... thin, clear line and canal figures with sauidhen : accuracy. Popular with accountants. i D; FLEXIBLE—FINE—As resilient as a watch-spring. eee LO ae ink Fine, tapered point; ground fine to shade at any : angle. Loved by stenographers. Bl : BLUNT—An improved stub.point. This point Ue makesa broad line. May be held in any position. : Liked by rapid writers. . ROUNDED —A different pen point. The tip : = eR Pellow is ball shape. Makes a heavy, characteristic line without pressure. Suits left-handed writers. The Color Band Inlay on the Cap Identifies the Character of Every Pen Point Waterman's Number he popular way today is to pick your pen point by color. Thousands by this simple method are now enjoying real writing com- fort for the first time. Quickly and accurately, from six different styles, you select the pen point best suited to your way of writing. The perfectly balanced No. 7 stainless holder of Ripple Rubber, fitted with a personally selected point, assures permanent fountain pen satis- faction. Without further delay ask the nearest merchant to show you all six styles of No. 7.

Number Seven Desk Sets The same accurate method for securing perfect pen point performance is now available in Waterman’s new movable Gyro-Sheath Desk Sets. By far the most practical desk ornaments ever offered. Of onyx and marble in modern- » ized classical outlines, they are creations of rare beauty. And the Special \ No. 7 pens, with color band inlay on artistic tapering holders of Ripple- Blugreen, Ripple-Olive and Ripple-Rose, complete a variety of ensembles of af p= exceptional charm. Ideal for office or home use, or, as gifts of distinction.

\

L. E. Waterman Company, 191 Broadway, New York Chicago Boston San Francisco Montreal Number Seven Six styles of pen point. Gradua- ted from fine to blunt. Desk Set No. 7167—Onyx base, green Desk Set No. 6467—Black and gold marble Desk Set No. 6067—Onyx gold finished fyome < pues plate, oval base, 7 x 10; two pens; price $30.00 base, 234 x2%4; price $10.00 3x 4; price $18. Desk pens may be had in all color holders and all styles of nibs WVYAIL OTC MNeWAS

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Your boy is safe when he is work- : | ing with tools and wood Set No. 904; 12 tools— oak cabinet. Price $15. Set No. 907; 7 tools in cardboard box. Price $5. This se’. includes plans for making a tool cabinet. Set No. 902; 20 tools— oak cabinet. Price $25. Fun for him—plus something more—this working with tools and wood. A chest of tools will keep your boy’s mind occupied prof- itably. Your boy’s spare time deserves your thought—your guiding influence. And—did you ever stop to think—how few toys make lasting gifts? Tools, with Stanley Plans to get him started right, will keep him interested all year ’round—and many years to come. There are 25 Stanley Plans: boats, dog houses, tables, chests, work benches, etc. They sell for 10c each at your hardware dealer’s. There is, also, our new book ‘‘How to Work with Tools and Wood’”’. Your hard- ware dealer has this, too. You can get it for $1. On the left are three typical Stanley Tool Chests. There are 16 altogether, ranging in price from $5 to $95. Ask your hardware dealer for catalog showing them all. Or write to us for a free copy of Catalog No. Se35. The Stanley Works, Advertising Department, New Britain, Connecticut. STANLEY crests The all-year’round Xmas gift Decem this ti the st the la Th article first model make they 1 tive, 1 sendit Bluep 102). size d parts. We stern- sents most the A Cly acteri ir feet | It is f but if feet i1 is all must low a

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December, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 81 River Romance Returns with Packet Models How to Build a Stern-W heel Mississippi Steamboat By E. ARMITAGE McCANN, Master Mariner

By following our new series of ship model arti- cles, of which this is the second, you can build a model of the Buckeye State as realistic as the model shown at the left.

on 144i RR teeertercen we iacbotts S400 0mN0 SAND RODEDHODIeBDer sesacocoeneneranty ea fs ae steam machinery to OUR Mississippi handle cargo and gang- steamboat model

Wubris

4 PORE HONS ade IED te tee rare

: °° eae ULL Ee iit) woe O68 COU vty essee mane nets GUND

- should have its = 4 t\ 3 ‘ - main deck laid by this time, if you followed the suggestions given in the last issue. Those who missed that article, which was the frst in our new ship model series, can easily make up for lost time, if they wish to build this unusually decora- tive, romantic, and original little boat, by sending for PopuLArR ScrencE MontTHLY Blueprints Nos. 94, 95 and 96 (see page 102). These sheets contain complete full size drawings of the boat and its various parts. We must not forget, while building our stern-wheel river packet, that it repre- sents what has been called America’s most typical boat. It is a real native, like the American Indian canoe.

+= oe _—s

the first mate can take a keg of beer and run the boat four miles on the suds. Steamboats were once the beasts of burden for the great Middle West, and a city which could not be reached at low water by a steamboat with two large hot stacks, twenty-five negro roustabouts on the bow end and a gambler in the cabin, withered away and died in infancy. But the railroad, which runs in high water or low and does not stab itself in a vital spot with a snag, came along and cleared the ways, electric lights, and everything of the latest design. There are not many of the boats still “run- ning passengers,” but there are show boats, ex- cursion boats, and an ever increasing number of freight boats. More- over, this type of boat is built and shipped to many parts of the world where similar river conditions obtain. On the main deck nearly everything necessary must be placed before the next deck (the boiler deck) is laid. The engines we have inclosed in an engine room because it is hardly worth the trouble of making dummy engines to show, and this block makes a good support for the next deck. This engine room is just a block of any wood 1%

€ Clyde Fitch described it in his char- steamboat out of business. There areonly _ in. high by 3% in. wide and 3% in. long. r acteristic style when he wrote: a few left now, which is a great pity, for It will be painted white and can have “The steamboat is from 100 to 300 the most decorative part of a great river two windows painted in either side, and h feet long and from 30 to 50 feet wide. is a tall white steamboat with a chime double doors in the middle, abaft. Cuts ‘ It is from 40 to 70 feet high above water, whistle and a flashing wheel in the far are sawed on either side up from the but it does not extend more than three foreground.” bottom about % in., so as to come A feet into the water. That is because that This type of boat, however, has not exactly outside the cylinder timbers, is all the water there is. A steamboat vanished by any means. Most of those — previously described. The ends of the must be so built that when the river is now in use are entirely up-to-date for pitmen work in these slots. The block is ] low and the sand bars come out for air, their purpose. They have steel hulls, butted up tothe (Continued on page 108) .

—_

BOILER DECK --~

1 2 3 4 5 6

View looking down on the main deck of the model and a side elevation, both showing just what parts are put in place before the second, or CK CL

ae ee WATER LINE -" ENGINE ROOM

CYLINDER TIMBERS

POST-

q §

boiler, deck is added. These and all other essential views appear full size on the blueprints. Compare them with the photo on page 108.

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY December, 1928 « “Tell Me What to Turn,”

ORTABLE motorized home work- shop outfits are now available that give the amateur woodworker the use of a lathe and other machines. These have aroused new enthusiasm for the old-time and most fascinating art of wood-turning. With the help of articles on the use of a lathe such as are published from time to time in PopuLar Scrence Mon Tasty and with the aid of a textbook or two, anyone can easily master wood-turning at home and then make beautiful, useful articles from scrap or waste material. “But what shall I make?” or “What shall I turn next?” is the question that the beginner soon asks. A variety of attractive objects are suggested in the accompanying illustrations. They were selected because of their suitability as Christmas gifts and because they are small and relatively simple. In making them, the following outline of the proc- esses will be of assistance to the inex- perienced wood-turner: Flower holder. Step I—Base: Stock 1 5¢ in. thick and 3 in. in diameter. Turn on a screw chuck. Work the bottom side to correct form. Re- Wood-turning is rap- idly becoming one of the most popular home shop hobbies. or molding design. Step II—Stain and polish in the lathe. Step III—Rechuck and turn the rebate for the picture and glass. Five designs are given below. Lady's writing set. Look around the house for a small ink bottle about the size indicated on the drawing. ; Step I—Box part: Turn out the inside of the box to fit the bottle. Step II—Rechuck and turn the outside. Step II—Cover: Turn the inside of the cover to fit over the neck of the bottle. Step ITV—Rechuck and turn the outside of the cover to de- sign. Stain and polish in the lathe. Step V—Make the base and screw in- to the box part from the bottom. Glue felt to bottom. Boudoir watch case. Purchase the watch first; a cheap one with radiolite face will be satisfactory. Step I—Turn

As a gift for any woman, what could be more appropriate than this graceful sewing set? Says the Man with a Lathe—So Here Are Six Designs Suitable for Gifts By Wiiu1amM W. KLENKE Author of Art and Education in Wood-Turning

the face portion first, rechucking and turning the back to fit the watch. Step 1I—Turn the back portion, fitting it to the face portion. Sewing set. Step I—Base: Turn the bottom side. Rechuck and turn the face side to design. Step II—Turn the disk on both sides. Step I1J—Turn the cush. ion holder. Step IV—Turn the shaft be. tween centers. Step V— When gluing the parts to- gether, do not fasten the disk; it should be free to revolve, Cement the brass dowels in place. For the begin- ner, a few general hints may be helpful. —_ Before starting the lathe, see that all adjust- mentsare fastened. Start all work on slow speed. Long, slender work that has been re- chucked and large, heavy pieces must always be turned slowly. Do not remove the work from the lathe without marking the center and the end of the wood so that both may be returned to the same 4

chuck and turn face. StepII—Shaft :Bore ° hole for test tube, plug hole, and turn around this hole. Fit the shaft dowel into the base. Step | III—Stain and pol- | ish in the lathe.

Teapot stands. Step I—Turn the bottom to shape

and rechuck. This operation may be omitted, if desired, to simplify the turn- ing. Step II—Turn | the face side. Step IlI—Stain and pol- ish in the lathe. Step IV—Fasten an etched copper or German silver top to the stand.

eae] ETCHED GERMAN SILVER

| f t

INK BOTTLE whe BASE 44 <6 . . 2 if * wens. ao ‘WRITING SET. place at a future

TIGHT FIT i “hi cis eas, time. This keeps hee TO your work oncenter. 301 AT TOP N feel the TO RECEIVE ever WINDING STEM. article you are turn- 5 coor aie ing while it is spin- pean ning around or you

Pu eatteay | +s foe wer =O |:«3©SComay be injured. Witt FELT Stain must not be | applied while the | wood is revolving, because of the cen- trifugal force. For detailed in- structions on how to perform the fun- damental wood- turning operations, see the _ series articles on wood- turning by Herman Hjorth which ap- eared in the March, May, June,

Picture frame moldings. Step I— Turn the face side

Mr. Klenke’s long experience in wood-turning guarantees the practicability of these designs. The dimensions have proved satisfactory, but they can be modified by the individual worker.

July, August, Sep- tember and Octo- ber, 1928, issues.

Decemb PERI whilk for h and | highe new It’s —bu blow: Laml that | exact —an abust a hot your find bette in ac ties « ente

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, 1928 irge, nust ame for hard use on every kind of a job, every day POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY C & L 158 This blow-torch is especially made and priced for the man who likes to do odd jobs around the house, or to tinker with mechani- cal things. It will last a lifetime if it is not abused. The usual retail price is about five dollars. Most hardware, electrical and automobile accessory stores have it—or can get it for you quickly. Look for the red handle. Whatever you need in a blow-torch you ll find in the Clayton & Lambert line PERHAPS you use a blow-torch only once in a while. In that case you don’t need a torch built and all day. And you don’t need to pay the higher price, either. Not when you can buy the new Clayton & Lambert 158. It’s a low-priced blow-torch—just what you want —but we don’t know where you can buy a better blow-torch at any price, outside of the Clayton & Lambert line. It’s husky, with a strong, thick base that protects the tank. Everything in it is made to exacting precision standards, so that it works right —and keeps on working right as long as it is not abused. It holds its compression. And it gives you a hot flame in a jiffy. On the other hand, if you do use a blow-torch in your daily work, we believe you'll find the Clayton & Lambert 32 better suited to your needs. For in addition to the excellent quali- ties of the 158, it has the new, pat- ented, Clayton & Lambert gas CLAY TON & LAMBERT MANUFACTURING CO. Detroit, MICHIGAN ; QroltECTiog 5 orifice. That orifice is made to the exact size for perfect operation. And it cannot be spread and enlarged by the needle-valve. Nor can it clog; every time you turn the torch off, the needle-valve cleans the orifice. There are other refinements, too, which make a difference in performance and length of life. The difference is so notable that blow-torch users have made the Clayton & Lambert line the most popu- lar in the world. Hardware, electrical and supply houses sell these Clayton & Lambert blow-torches—or if they don’t have them n stock will get them for you quickly. You can tell them quickly because they’ve got red handles. C&L 32 This is one of the most popue lar blow-torches we have ever made. It is more expensive than the 158 because it is made for much harder use. It is de- signed for the man who uses a blow-torch in his daily busi- ness and demands not only ex- cellent performance but rugged ability to stand rough handling. 32 contains the most advanced, patented C & L blow-torch improvements. It also has @ red handle

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY By HENRY SIMON Correct methods of holding and clamping work save much time in the long run. ARGELY, no doubt, because of the many “high- brow’”’ produc- tion problems which con- stantly call for attention, some of the everyday shop tasks, such as hold- ing and clamping work on machines, are not re- ceiving the care that they deserve. And since these small details enter into our daily work at every turn, we pay for this neglect by a running tax in the shape of trou- ble, holdups, loss of time, annoyance, and spoiled work. It is the purpose of the present article and sev- eral following articles to deal with some of these ever-recurring problems December, 19% Clamps for Speedy Wor How to Make and Use Them for Fastening Parts to Lathe Faceplates and to Machine-Tool Tables “broken,” because it is sometimes neces. sary to take hold of a part by a close mar. gin. A good and quick way is that shown in detail at D, which gives practically every advantage without decreasing the efficiency of the clamp. Note that the end faces are slightly beveled back for better clearance on shouldered work. The edges also should be at least broken and the corners knocked off any blocking used under the straps, as at E. There will always be cases where clamps with specially formed ends must be used. If a good supply of different shapes and sizes are on hand, the need for such special parts can be largely avoided. A good way to render strap clamps more versatile is to make one end witha blunt point, as at 4, (Continued on page 86) and to point out how, with a little forethought and some spare-moment time, we can effect im- provements in our practice of holding -work that will sum up to an astonishing total in the end. Since holding work on machines is to a large extent a matter of clamps, let us start by giving that box of miscellaneous clamping equipment under the work- bench the “‘once-over.” There are, no doubt, many shapes and sizes in there, which is exactly as it should be. Some among these clamps probably are stand- ard products of some machine-tool equip- ment manufacturer. But the greater num- ber, perhaps, are homemade, and most of these are very likely plain straps made from different sizes and shapes of cold- rolled steel. A homemade strap should resemble the manufactured product in at least one thing—the absence of all sharp edges and corners, especially on the “‘air” side. Are yours that way? Or do you remember cutting and bruising yourself, not once but repeatedly, on a corner such as those at A in Fig. 1, because it seemed too much trouble to remove them at the time you sawed the piece off the bar, while the Even such a simple thing as a clamp strap can be made in some ways better than others. work was waiting for you to go ahead? It will pay to go over all the strap clamps in spare moments, and round the corners and edges as at B. To round them is easy enough, although a little forethought should be used. Do not round the edges heavily on both faces all over as at C, because this detracts from the abil- ity of the strap to take hold. It will be fine to have them that way on the upper side, though it suffices to bevel or round the edges only enough to make the clamp comfortable to handle. The lower edges—at least those of the ends —should only be well Straps with a chain of holes or a slot allow wider adjustment. Screws and bolts are better if their heads and nuts are semi- spherical on the underside. el

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY The 100 inch Hooker Telescope ot Mt. Wilson Observatory ate ‘ which has increased the known + es. universe by half a billion stars. de The movable parts weigh 100 tons but can be regulated down toa minute fraction of an inch. The telescope is a symbol of supreme accuracy. It in turn is dependent upon a perfection of mechanical workmanship in which Starrett Tools play a vital part. Wherever ACCURACY counts you ll find Starretts Search for the underlying causes of the breath-taking mechanical achievements that have spurted human progress over the past three decades and you’ll find principal among them the development of the art of precision workmanship on a grand scale. The L. S. Starrett Company takes sincere and honest pride in the fact that it has given to industry and engineering the tools without which such progress would have been ma- terially impeded. Tool dealers everywhere are glad to sell you genuine Starrett Tools. There are over 2500 Starrett Tools, some of which you need to do better work more easily and with greater satisfaction. Your tool dealer has them. Ask him and write us to send you a free copy of the complete Starrett Catalog No. 24°W.’? THE L. S. STARRETT CO. World’s Greatest Toolmakers Manufacturers of Hacksaws Unexcelled Steel Tapes—Standard for Accuracy ATHOL, MASS., U. S. A.

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How to Make Fig. 2. Made in this way, the strap can bejused either as at B, where projec- tions on the work require a narrower point, or with the broad end for holding as at C, where it is desired to obtain a wide bearing in order to hold down thin work. It will, in fact, pay to shape most flat clamps that way.- Bought clamps invariably have low “feet” at the ends, to insure obtaining a purchase with the ends only. A similar effect can be easily produced in a flat steel strap by kinking it under a screw press as shown in Fig. 3 at A and B. Strap clamps so treated are less trouble to ad- just than a flat clamp, which must be blocked up very nearly level to hold well. Strap clamps, whether bought or home. made, usually have POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY (Continued from page 84) December, 192g Clamps for Speedy Work hole exactly centered bet ween the end holes, and then to enlarge it to size with a sharp and well-ground drill, using a slow feed. The proper relation be- tween the diameter of the bolt, hole diam- eter, and center dis- tances is shown at C. It will pay, how- ever, to have also some clamps with a slot instead of the chain of holes, as in Fig. 7 at A. The slot is particularly advan- only one round hole for the screw or bolt, unless asecond hole has been made elsewhere by way of afterthought. For many purposes this is sufficient, but it is by no means an ideal con- struction. Almost any clamp can stand at least another hole, as at A, Fig. 4; and three holes in line, as at B and C, will be better for long ones, especially since they cannot weak- en the clamp to any ap- preciable extent. The extra holes will often allow a clamp to be used immediately in a place where there would otherwise be trouble’ or delay. In Fig. 5, for instance, if the strap only had one hole in the center, the end of the slot in the faceplate would not al- low it to be used at all. N PLACING the holes it pays to use some thought. Nothing is gained, for example, by having two holes the same distance away Ways to hold a clamp in position when loosened; a quick-acting bolt and a nonturning cap _ screw; how to adapt C-clamps for use on machines. Self-adjusting ~ strap and more elaborate off- set clamps. from the ends of a strap like that shown at A in Fig. 4. In- stead, one hole should be about center, and the other offset, as indicated. Neither is it necessary to have offset holes on both sides unless the two ends of the clamp are different, as at B. An excellent plan for shorter straps is to have a chain of holes, similar to Fig. 6 at A and B. With the strap so made, the location of the bolt can be changed by small amounts and yet the clamp posi- tively maintained. Since all the strength and every other advantage is retained, there is no reason why a good many of the short clamps should not be fixed this way. Such a chain of holes can be made in various ways. One way is to drill a small tageous when it is necessary to use the strap crosswise of the slot on the faceplate or machine table, as at B, since the ideal adjustment relative to the work can be obtained in the quickest way and without the time-robbing operation of changing the bolt from one hole to another. Before proceeding further with the de- sign of clamps, let us turn our attention to the matter of the screws or bolts com- monly used with clamps of every descrip- tion. Here, indeed, there is some room for improvement, and the wonder of it is that mechanics quite generally will get along with things they would condemn as in- efficient, were they regular parts of a machine. In the first place, the ordmary cap screws commonly used are made to act on parallel surfaces, but in actual holding practice, the surfaces are often far from parallel, and the condition seen at A, Fig. 8, is common. Nor can it always be con- veniently avoided by a more careful choice of the blocking, as will be seen from B, where slanting surfaces on the part would require undesirable shimming under the end of the strap, unless the strap were ground to a special shape. ITH only a trivial amount of work, the heads and nuts of cap screws can be given a ball-shaped surface on the under side which, as seen from Fig. 9, allows them a correct bearing in any posi- tion. It will be noted that the semispheri- cal area here bears on the edge of the hole in the washer or strap instead of on the face. It is a good plan first to force into the hole in the washer or strap a ball of about the same radius as that used for the screw head and nut, in order to form a narrow bearing surface of the proper shape. Figure 10 at A shows a good way of dimensioning the several parts in order to obtain the best effect. It will be seen that the diameter of the hole through the washer or strap is what it should properly be anyway for the sake of clearance. At B, Fig. 10, is shown an easy way of forming the semispherical surface on the bolthead and nut. Very little work is needed to grind the bit a to the approxi- mate radius, and it is as easy to scratch a diagram of the head and stem, with the radius, on a piece of spring bronze and cut it out to make the gage b. It need hardly be said that screws and nuts such as these should be casehardened—somet hing which should, indeed, be done with almost any screw ornut that (Continued on page 133) \\ 4 _ {el

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im mber, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 87 Dece' , * PLANER AND SHAPER GAUGE No. 625 * STAINLESS STEEL RULE No. 350 Micrometer No. 11, illustrated above, is designed to have increased measuring capacity. The new shape of the frame at the anvil and spindle ends allows measurements not possible with ordinary micrometers. -|| Good Tools Keep Production e e . a On A Precision Basis = , Fig. With American industry always aiming for les faster production, there is the constant dan- from er that speed will lead to carelessness—that min nis will make waste. s the . Increased use of precision tools reduces the ani dangers of increased speed. Brown & Sharpe SPRING CALIPERS n the Tools are at work all over the world making i 9 possible rapid work on a precision basis. he. Brown & Sharpe tool equipment enables = manufacturers and mechanics to keep pace into with the increasing demands for production. ali 0) — Ask your dealer for Catalog No. 30 listing roper over 5000 items. Or you may get a free _— copy from us. Dept. P. S. Brown & ape, Sharpe Mfg. Co., Providence, R. I., U.S.A. th the yperly ray of oy eA * ADJUSTABLE SQUARE a * A description of this tool ardly appears in Catalog No. 30 these a which tay | [BS «“w ORLD’S STANDARD OF ACCURACY” re 133) Paces © This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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Set No. 2040, 5 Obstruction * Superrenches ” 10 different openings, 3/8 to 7/8 inch, PRICE — Post Paid — $5.90 in Leatherette Roll OBSTRUCTION SUPERRENCHES make hard jobs - FASY ~~~ Especially designed for use in close quarters. Slim, pointed jaws and thin heads, with openings at 75° angle, operate in around—the— corner positions. Don’t remove obstructions— work around them! Forged from Chrome- Molybdenum steel (the tough- est wrench mate- rial ever made), their strength is amazing! Every “Superrench”’ is guaranteed against breakage. Furnished heat- treated and Chrome- plated, (tarnish proof), heads buffed bright. If your dealer can’t supply you, write us. J. H. WILLIAMS &CO., “The Wrench People‘ 246 Vulcan St., Buffalo, N.Y. WILLIAM cr Ois “SUPERRENCH” (Chrome-Molybdenum) OBSTRUCTION SET POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Fig. 1. Toy town, made largely of tin cans, which con. tains houses, power house, factory, farm, and trolley line. Craft Work for Christmas Tin Can Toys — Doll’s House —Santa Claus Novelties — Archery Game — Other Projects cans, any handy man can make durable Christmas toys at next to no expense. An example of what can be accom- plished is shown in Fig. 1. This is a tin can toy town built by Jack M. Deckard, of Massillon, Ohio. Bean, soup, and tomato cans form the twenty-five houses, which, however, have real glass in the windows and are individually lighted. There is a power house and an electrically operated pump for circulating water through the. village. Even the base, which is 7 ft. 9 in. wide and 8 ft. long and is in five sections, was formed by solder- ing together tin cans. A Toonerville trolley runs through the little town, past the factory district, and out to a minia- ture model farm on the outskirts. Edward Thatcher, who is a regular con- B: UTILIZING a variety of old tin ‘ tributor to the Home Workshop Depart- ment, is the leading authority on the use of old cans and has written a book, *“Making Tin Can Toys,”’ which should be in the library of all amateur craftsmen interested in this work. S A gift for a little girl, a doll’s house has the great advantage that she can amuse herself endlessly by. furnishing the rooms and playing the part of housekeeper. ’ Good doll’s houses are expensive, but one can be built at reasonable cost by following the PopuLar SctENcE Monraty Blueprint No. 72, which gives complete details of the house itself, and Blueprint No. 73, which contains full size drawings of the furniture (see page 102). These blueprints were used by Gus C. Loeffler, of St. Joseph, IIll., in building the house shown in Figs. 2 and 8 for his 13-year- old daught >r. He used 3-in. fir veneer for the walls and partitions, and glass for the win- dows, with pasteboard glued on to repre- sent the divisions. The color is gray trimmed with green. The joints between the red chimney bricks were sawed into the wood and painted to represent black mortar. The front and side steps are painted red and striped with black to represent red tiles. The stairs and inside trim are mahogany. The ship model standing beside the house in Fig. 3 is (Continued on page 90) Fig. 2 (at left) and Fig. 3 (above) show a doll’s house built from Poputar Science Montu ty Blue- print No. 73, and a Spanish galleon ship model constructed from our Blueprints Nos. 46 and 47. @ This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. biles, Jocomot es, hois er plat equipm tion al call it ' est Toy eeeeeee

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r, 1928 h con. ey line. ly by : the , but st by THLY plete print wings These > fer, 10use year- walls win- epre- gray ween into black oll’s lue- adel 47. Sports Book. biles, trains, tion and kind. est Toy.” Famous Sets . No. 1—Dandy Beginner’s Set. Builds 460 models. ae No. 3—Gears and Big Red Wheels. Builds 562 I iis a. 5.3. crease $2.50 The Big 4 Famous No. 4—Powerful electric motor, completely assembled gear box, builds 680 models........ $5.00 New Big. No. 77—Builds the Steam Shovel. Steel model building tray. Motor and gear box. Builds 727 models.$10.00 No. 744—Motorized Erec- tor. Builds the Chassis. Builds 747 models.$15.00 No. 8—Trumodel Set. 110- volt Universal Motor. All features described above. More parts. Builds 827 models. $25.00 No. 10.—Giant Fly Wheel. Contains every feature. Over 2,000 pieces. 110- volt motor. Builds un- limited models... . $50.00 Erector Accessory Sets No. B Set—Big Girder Set. Builds the Ferris Wheel. Builds 57 mod- SEES EE $8.50 No. 3005 Electrical Set— ectrifies and_ illumi- ee $5.00 No. C Set—Erector Air- plane Set........ $10.00 “Hello boys / | “Tells allabout these 1928 Boys! It’s all about world famous athletes and Erector. Frector gives you play days you will never forget. Build with your own hands wonderful mechanical inventions, and have your models operate under their own pow- er, Everything necessary lies beneath the cover of the brass bound chest. 0h boy! What a thrill building mod- ds that whiz and hum along, just like the big ones engineers build. With its exclusive and feature patented parts, you can build and operate airplanes, automo- steam shovels, locomotives, derricks, bridg- es, hoisting machinery, pow- er plants and construction equipment of every descrip- Engineers eall it ‘The World’s Great- POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Send today for my free Olympic eam Why the New 1928 ERECTOR is the worlds greatest toy Patented Trumodel Features. 1—Erector Square Girder. Like real girders engineers use. Exclusive fea- ture. Makes sturdy, strong models—all Erector Sets. 2—Erector Motors. Powerful battery motor in No. 4, No. 77 and No. 714. Famous 110-volt Universal Motor in No. 8 Trumodel Set and up. 3—Completely assembled gear box, adaptable to every possible gear combination, and reversing movements. Convertible into 3 drum hoist- ing engine. Standardized for use with battery or 110-volt motor. Assembled in No. 4 set and up. 4—Heavy, solid, steel truck body. 14% inches long. Complete unit. Exclusive feature. In No. 74% Set and up. 5—334-inch solid steel disk wheels. Balloon tires. Exclusive feature. 6—Big Giant Channel Girders. Straight and curved. Exclusive feature in No. 77 and up. 7—Large solid steel model building tray. Standard holes for model building. Exclusive patented feature. Many other exclusive and patented features. SENSATIONAL NEW 1928 FEATURES 1—Multi-unit control. Gives realism. Insures successful operation. 2—Famous 110-volt Universal Motor. 3—Patented machine frame foundation. Exclusive Erector Control part. ° Adaptation makes possible genuine machinery models. 4—New Giant Channel Girder. Straight and curved. Adapted from patented Erector channel girder, embodying all its features. 5—Duplex Base Plate. Double standard holes, possible to use axles of = sizes and increase adjustment adaptability. Exclusive patented eature. 6—Cone Pulley, Helical Gear, Cams, Rack, etc A. C, Gilbert’s A. C. Gilbert’s Olympic Sports Book Radio Sports Talks “ Get it on these bigradio Know All About the Greater Erector thrillers. Every Monday night at 6:30 — Time, 5:30 Central Time. . Pick out your station now. Ds the es hole story WEAF New York with a series of excit- WJAR— Providence Wil Philedeiphie 7. ee tae America’s most fam- ous athletes. Coupon brings this free to you. Mail it today. ee FREE Send forit/ WRC— Washington WGR— Buffalo WCAE— Pittsburgh WTAM— Cleveland WW5J— Detroit WSAI-— Cincinnati KSD— 8t. Louis WHO-— Des Moines WOW— Omaha Send for your tree copy A.C.GILBERT'S SPORTS BOOK ERECTOR =: and champions PAKEKKIEEE se. vr & ooh NO 7% $1500 of oe th Automobile Chassis > wy A 00.000000 Sooke Here’s the set I know will give you the greatest thrill you ever had. Fun? Oh Boy! It’s the real thing and there’s a thrill packed in every one of its many parts. Boys, this is one great outfit and there are hours of real sport waiting for you, build- ing automotive models. From this great assortment of dis- tinctive, important, patented feature Erector Parts, you can build 749 models. Auto- mobile chassis, tractors, scoot- ers, service cars, fire engine, and a hook and ladder are only a very few. Packed ina big red brass-bound chest, has big solid steel 147% inch truck body, featuring famous combination solid steel model building tray, 100 page man- ual, powerful electric motor, completely assembled gear box, big red steel disk wheels with oversize balloon tires, fenders, radiator hood, bump- er, springs, steering wheel, heavy truck axles, cab top boiler, digger scoop—in fact, 25 pounds of scientific thrills for every day in the year. WTMJ— Milwaukee KOA— Denver WHAS— Louisville WSB— Atlanta KVOO— Tulsa KPRC— Houston KY W— Chicago 64 Erector Square, WOAI—San Antonio DNR: cittacecesctes WEEI—Boston WDAS—Kansas City Street ..cccccc..ce- and all stations in entire Red 3-step worm drive City es a with P56G 110 Volt Motor. 3 The A.C. Gilbert Company, New Haven, Conn. Please send free copy of A. C. Gilbert's Olympic Sports Book

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‘Hand-Forged SCREW . do not break, bend or twist. Made from special Tungsten — steel, hand-forged and years for the Auto Mechanic, Plumber, Steam Fitter, Carpenter and other Artisans, Every PLOMB hand-forged tool is fully guaranteed. See Display Board at your Dealers. octagon handle in- sures a firm grip. © PLOMB TOOL CO. 2209 Santa Fe Ave. Los Angeles Write Name of Dealer in margin PLOMD ¢ ok for: CJ LJ LJ POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY December, 19% heat treated thru- All . out. Sizes i) Thesquare shank | —— On runs clear thru leading a \ the handle to Hardware | ) the steel cap. Dealers, — Fiesbins It is springy and an u . por tough and will Jobbers. withstand un- The standard nary tt of hand-forged a . —" tools for 20 mering. The A This hand-forged sample key-ring screw driver, of PLOMB sent for 12c in stamps quality NGM .....ccccceereesennessververenssessenseesasecsers AETOSS ....02000sscccccccccscccenescssseereesscossees PLUMBING GARAGE GENERAL Craft Work for Christmas (Continued from page 88) “ a Spanish Galleon made with the aid of our Blueprints Nos. 46 and 47. R Santa Claus decorations on his - Christmas tree, A. H. Scriven, of Dallas, Texas, makes acorn dwarfs, as shown in the decorative drawings below. He developed these after having con- structed most of the so-called “‘comiculls”’ described by F. Clarke Hughes in past issues of PopuLar ScIENCE MonTHLY. Gifts to Make HEN Christmas rolls around, any ingenious home worker can turn out gifts in unlimited variety. The work is good fun, the money saved seems doubly valuable at this time of the year, and the gifts are cer- tain to be appreciated more than ordinary store goods. For suggestions turn to page 102 and run through the partial list of Poputar Science Monrtnuty blueprints, or send for a complete list. The toy blueprints are Nos. 14, 28, 29, 48, 56, 63, 64, 67, 72, 73 and 101. Gifts for women: Nos. 1, 5, 13, 17, 27, 31, 38, 40, 49, 88, 91, 93, and 100. Radio sets: Nos. 42, 43, 54, 55, 79, 80, 81, 97, and 98. Gifts for men: Nos. 2, 15, 30, 37, 65, 68, 77, and 78. These are only a few hints. The point to remember is that for a nominal sum you can obtain complete working drawings for any one of seventy-five well-tested proj- ects, including ship and airplane models. An acorn which has a small or deformed acorn attached to the “saucer” is the best to use. Holes are made with an awl to represent the eyes and mouth, and a bit of bark is whittled for a nose and attached with glue. A few strands of cotton are twisted to form the mustache. Glue is smeared over all the acorn except the “face,” and cotton is dabbed on to represent hair and beard. Eyebrows may be made with cotton or put on with white ink. By whittling a body of soft pine, a more elaborate dwarf may be created. Pieces of autumn leaves are glued to the body for clothes and shoes, and two small twigs form the arms. RE’S a way to enjoy archery in- doors. If you have a circle of friends in for the evening, there’s bound to be keen competition and riotous laughter. Regular archery contest rules govern the game. To make the bow or bows—you will pees “5 or four if - wish to have a party—obta a number - of pack baa feathers. They are all the bet. ter if from a bird killed last year, in archery supplies and feather dealers always carry turkey wing pointers, Cut the end of one quill just above the tip and, covering the tip of another with glue, force it into the cut quill to make a bow as shown in Fig. 4. A bit of adhesive or electrician’s tape wound about the joint and covered with velvet or felt forms the handle. Arrows, of which you will need three for each bow, are made from turkey tai] feathers. Trim off all the vanes, except those needed for feathering, and notch the small end slightly. Straighten the quills by immersing in hot water for an hour or two. Cut back the tips of the quills slightly and insert a needle-pointed shingle nail, embedded in sealing wax, The arrows will fly thirty or forty feet with speed and accuracy. Still better arrows may be made from pieces split from long joints of an ordinary cane fish pole. In making the shafts round with knife and sandpaper, be care- ful to retain a portion of the hard outer layer of the cane. A few cuts of the knife serve to point these, for the cane is hard. They must be fletched (feathered) with bits of feather glued on. The target may be made from u.- bleached muslin, marked as indicated with stenciling colors. If only one thickness of cloth is used, arrows will sometimes pass through; consequently it is better to make the target double, padding it with an inch or so of cotton batting. An iron barrel-hoop or stiff piece of wire helps to hold the target in shape and permits standing it in a cor- ner, on an armchair, or against the wall. If the target is larger than 18 in. in diam- eter, it will be more likely to catch wild shots, which otherwise might damage walls or furniture. This can be avoided, however, by hanging a folded blanket back of the target.—J. V. Hazzarp. THIN LEATHER STRIPS—~ —— VELVET GLUED ON BOW 20 TN 24”LONG POSITION OF FEATHERS SHARPENED SHINGLE NAIL i aeeee ies SEALING WAX ‘TAIL QUILL JOINING BOW - GLUE AND FORCE TOGETHER ARROW -8" TO 10° LONG /~? ~—— SAFETY PIN AND CORD WING __ TAIL FEATHERS ROUND IRON BARREL HOO? COVER OF UNBLEACHED COLORED WITH STENCILING PAINS LINEN THREAD LACING SCORE HITS AS INDICATED Fig. 4. Bow made from feather quills and arrows and target for use in indoor archery: ae riS} This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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r felt three ey tail except notch on the for an of the ointed wax, ‘Y feet e from shafts e care- 1 outer e knife

POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY

New Features of 1929 Model found exclusively in the ‘“‘Delta’”’ Handi-Shop, in addition to the many regu- lar exclusive advantages, make this shop one of the finest values in the workshop field. A few of the new improvements are: New Delta Miter-Gauge (with many new features). New Circular Saw Adjusting Lever. New Delta Adjustable Rip Gauge. Larger Circular Saw Table. 1/3 H. P. Motor.

1/2 inch capacity Drill Chuck.

Larger Triple Foundation Lathe Bed. ; For full details, send coupon below.

Make the Things You Have Always Wanted to Make With this convenient, practical workshop. It’s so easy and so quick! Save money on repair work. Earn money in your spare time. Complete instructions furnished. With each Handi-Shop is in- , at no extra cost, complete set of working drawings. Below are a few of the hundreds of arti- eles you can make in a jiffy with a Handi-Shop. Blue Prints Included

) Scores of Exclusive Advantages in this Big Husky Home Workshop The DELTA Handi-Shop is a man-sized, motorized workshop, complete, efficient and *, PRACTICAL IN DESIGN! Does everything from building full-sized furniture, turning table legs, to finishing delicate detail work. Study the illustrations care- fully. Note the two-shaft motor that permits two or three operations at one time—the heavy Triple Foundation U- Shaped Lathe Bed (no rods)—the practical arrangement of the Circular Saw that permits the cutting of large lumber without interference—the Improved Tilting Tables on the Circular Saw, Sanding Disc, and Jig Saw, with many ex- clusive features. Has automatically oiled bronze bearings and is completely assembled on heavy veneered wood base. This combination of advantages, plus many more, JS FOUND EXCLUSIVELY in the DELTA HANDI-SHOP! No wonder even last year’s Handi-Shop was an outstanding value. And now, with the many additional exclusive fea- tures of the new 1929 model, this shop is in a class by itself — above all comparison—at a new price that is surprisingly low! 10 DAY TRIAL in Your Own Home without obligation. See how PRACTICAL, how EF- FICIENT is this sturdy, full-sized machinery under actual working conditions. Study its many ex- clusive advantages. You will find the Handi- Shop complete =" all soo ogee for Circular Saw Woodturning, Sawing, Sanding, Drilling, Grinding au ng. Easy Terms Then if you decide to keep the Handi-Shop, you can have aed choice of three convenient methods of payment, Send Coupon at once for Free beautifully illustrated literature giving complete description of the New 1929 Model ‘‘Delta’’ Handi-Shop, with its many quolusive advantages and new features. Also full details_of _ 10 Day Trial Offer and Convenient Payment Plans DELTA SPECIALTY CO. 1661-67 Holton St. Milwaukee, Wis. Dept.

O-SHAFT m a motor for oy ‘workshop. ermits you to carry on two or three portant operations at one time — mithout continually dismantling the r is THE set-up. all alt UNITS ve 36 tn, ene capacity be- tween centers

<3 This Heavy Triple E oundation - haped Lathe Bed inet rods or rails is GUARANTEED not to spring or - chatter. WRITE FOR THIS VALUABLE BOOK crammed full of practical in- formation on how to con- struct useful and decorative objects. Helpful whether you own workshop or not. Com- plete directions, illustra- tions, diagrams. Contains im ortant information on nishing.”’ If you want this book, send 10c, which merely covers cost of mailing. See coupon below. a OE Dept. B. 128

DELTA SPECIALTY CO. 4 1861 -67 Holton St., Milwaukee, Wis. ‘ (Check material desired) ‘T] Please send, without obligation, FREE illustrated literature describing new 1929 Model Delta Handi- U Shop. Also full details of 10 Day Trial Offer and Easy pen Plans. 7 Please send me copy of ‘How to Make Things with a Workshop.” I enclose 10c to cover cost of mailing.

i] pe Address.

© This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

Page 96

92 f ow | . iw ) } VJ Uf POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY

Stenciling Christmas (Continued from page 60) of a size and shape that will allow the edges to be adjusted so as to register the different parts in their | proper places, much the same way as the printer makes use of his color plates in printing an illus- tration. After the design to be used is carefully planned, count how many different parts or colors there must be. Refer to the illus- tration at the right, and you will see the idea at a glance. In the case of the Christmas card with the tree and candles, there will be five different stencils: one for the background, one for the border, one for the tree trunk and the red candle flames, one for the foliage, and one for the white candles and the gold base and star. It will be noticed that there are two colors on both the sheet marked D-G and that marked F-E. Two colors always December, 1928 = = Cards

Yip, OPENING SIZE OF FINISHED CARD

SMO XY SSG

SS

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FRAMES MADE OF BRISTOL BOARD

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Yi), NSN Yl

4 YUU W) y MY SLIMMMMMM INNA SG.

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LIGHT BLUE GROUND Y / ES VW <

DARK BORDER

Yi

WL ~ WL, Y *. YE \ GN. -\ Z| Ns IR N AN ZZ eee

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GREEN TREE

CANDLES AND GOLD COMPLETED BASE : ———_—__ —___" SS rr Zz I~. — SOsssaa —e

SMALL STENCIL KNIFE MADE FROM OLD can poe used in this way if PENHOLDER WITH KNIFE BLADE DRIVEN IN

they are far enough apart to prevent any overlap- ping of the brush strokes. When the number of stencils has been figured out, the blank stencils should be prepared as shown. Use a medium weight parchment or draftsman’s tracing paper mounted on the frames of bristol board or cardboard. The frames should be the same size as the finished card, and all of them exactly the same size. They are to strengthen the thin paper. How the blank stencils are made by mounting heavy tracing paper on cardboard frames; a set of stencils and a stencil knife. of razor blade or thin steel into an old wooden penholder. The cutting of the lines must be clean and smooth. The stencils, after being cut out, should be shellacked with a brush or spray to make both sides waterproof, after which they should be given a trial on a piece of smooth paper to see that all of the parts register correctly. The sheets are now

After the frames are made and the ready to use in making from one tog Hand blank stencils are mounted, they may be hundred impressions on as many finished This pa h laid directly over the face of the drawing cards. Bs : y ae © or design and each part traced with a lead For the paper or card stock, corte- eluded spondence cards with paneled centers and is there a need, to choose tools carefully? The finish and polish on many kinds of tools may be the same. But you need to go further when you select a tool that you expect to last a life- time. Keep in mind the exact balance, fine quality, and guar- anteed material built into every Pexto Tool. A few of the popular items in the Pexto line are Braces, Bits, Chisels, Hatchets, Pliers, Prun- ing Shears, Screw Drivers, Snips, Squares, Wrenches, Hammers and other small tools. Send for booklet, “*S”’ THE PECK, STOW & WILCOX CO., Southington Connecticut @ This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

pencil. Be careful that they collectively register in their correct position in rela- tion to the others of the set. When the different parts are traced, the stencils may be cut out very easily by laying the paper on a slab of heavy glass and drawing the blade of a small, sharp penknife along the lines. A prac- tical knife for this small stencil cutting may be made by driving a small piece

After the designs are traced on them, the stencils are cut with a very keen blade. gold edges are excellent; when they have the envelopes to match, the effect is all that can be desired. If a folder is pre- ferred, tinted stationery with rough edges may be stenciled attractively. The actual stenciling should be done with opaque water colors, preferably the ordinary show card colors. The colors should be rather (Continued on page 184)

The stenciling is done with show card colors : applied with a bristle brush held vertically. — ee

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, 1928 ly the colors ge 134) ically. December, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 4gtGa COL AALAA Ad AAAAAAAALLADAAAAA DIAAAAARLAALAAALAZAZLZI AAA MAAALAALAAALABAAA AAA CA 2 Handy Jig Saw Practical Bench This pattern Makers Jig Saw Saw is part of the model Built heavy and strong. “SS’’ Shop. Follows a per- Sct into place and operated fect line. Extra biades in- in 5 seconds. Rips, miters, ch free. grooves, cross cuts. Get Your a Basket Quick ! While they last, we are giving away the lumber to make the beautiful magazine _ basket shown down in the lower left hand corner. It is yours to keep even if you should decide to return the shop. Act at once before they are all gone. Instructions for making it are in- cluded of course. MATHE SAwRosAy SEVES ES POST MY CARIS TMA SH PRESENT IO # YOU A SPEEDWAY SHOP JUST TO PROVE YOU CAN MAKE THINGS LIKE THIS! Yours for the Asking Everyone who fills in and mails the coupon will receive free of all charge, illustrated plans f and instructions for mak- ing this beautiful Pris- cilla Sewing Cabinet. Per- haps you read about it in @ a recent issue of a well- known magazine but I want to show you how to make it in one fourth the time on my MOTORIZED work bench— the Speedway Shop! Discard Your Hand Tools Don’t let hand tools put a limit on your Craftsmanship. Let me show you how to start with this simple Priscilla Cabinet—go on Y grooving, mitering, mortising, scroll work, wood turning—make p, Humidors, Fancy Gateleg Tables, etc. Why limit your ingenuity when it is so easy to own a Speed- way Shop? Remember—Speedway is the Shop used by Manual Train- ing instructors everywhere. Motorize Your Workbench You can be sure you're getting the right shop when you realize that Speedway alone has been serving the World’s Industries with Portable Electric want you to examine the ex Tools for the last twenty years. clusive features of a Speedway Shop. ELECTRO MAGNETIC TOOL CO. 1832 So. $2nd Ave. Department §-D Cicero (Adjoining Chicago) Illinois “aly a QW eawae=re- d= awe ~ae@aa Trivial Down Payment We'll show you how to earn or save the small down oe that come due just once a month. So simple 00: for any man who knows his ABC’s about tools. Ask what Mr. Watts of Miami, Fla., did. Send in coupon today! Free Trial and Instruc- tions — Free Plans and Materials We are anxious that every owner of 4 Speedway Shop shall get the maximum! pleasure and profit from it. That’s why we have es- tablished the & peedway Personal Service Department. 24 Blue Prints Free With each Shop we include 24 Blue Prints of Furni- ture, Toys, etc., that any one can make with the Speed- way Shop. Mr. L. L. Hull in charge of our Personal Service Dept., will answer your special questions. Here is a real service department at your beck and call: Free Crafts Books When we receive your coupon we will send you a list of the best books on Craftsmanship from which to make your selection to be sent free with your shop. Quick Action Needed We cannot continue Special Offers like this indefinitely. Use the coupon today and we will send the Priscil Cabinet plans and instructions at once! Electro Masnatia Tool Co. Dept.5-D 1832 So. 52nd Ave., Cicero, If, Gentlemen: Please send me free the completes = and, instractions for making the Priscilla} ewing Cabinet shown above. Also completed details about your Christmas shop offer. Name. Street_ — City—_ =" © This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page &

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£ You Will Notice the Difference AMERICAN Screws pve IN The a a AMERICAN Screws are easy to start, easy to drive —and once inserted they stay in place. AMERICAN Screws have sharp, gimlet points, true run- ning threads andslots that stand the strain of heavy handling. You will be interested in our booklet, “Wood Screws.” Copy will be sent to you on request. Your hardware dealer will sup- ply you with the proper AMER- ICAN Screw to do any job.. MACHINE WOOD SCREWS SCREWS TIRE STOVE BOLTS BOLTS AMERICAN SCREW CO. PROVIDENCE , R. I.,U.S.A. WESTERN DEPOT, 225 West Randolph St. Chicago, Ill. Put lt Together With Screws SEE) OE ERRORS POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Novel Cigarette Holder Shaped Like Elephant HAPED like an elephant, the attractive little cigarette holder il- lustrated forms an ornamental addi- tion to any smok- ing table. It can be constructed very easily from stock 54 or % in. thick and two pieees from a cigar box, or other thin wood. On one of the thicker pieces, 5 by 7 in., draw 1-in. squares and copy the figure of the elephant. Cut this out with a coping saw, removing the part in the back marked with heavy dotted lines. Add the sidepieces (blanket) and mount the elephant on a base 234 by 6 in. Paint the base green, the elephant gray, and the blanket red, preferably with brushing lacquer. Add the markings in red, and apply ears cut from a piece of thin leather.—Kennetu R. LaVoy. Elephant carrying a load of cigarettes. %s How to lay out the elephant’s body, the pieces forming the blanket, and the base. Keeping a Storm Door Shut N MANY storm doors the catch does not engage the latch strike plate if, because of a high wind or for other reasons, the door is not shut hard by its spring. The result is that the door remains open part of the time. A method of getting around this difficulty is to drill and file another opening in the outstanding section of the strike plate, as illustrated. Then if the catch does not make connec- tion with the orig- inal opening, it at least will hold in the new aperture. DOUBLE | APERTURE An extra opening is madein the strike plate. Putty for Hardwood DURABLE putty for nail holes and cracks in hardwood which is to be varnished can be made by mixing a little dry white lead powder with high-grade linseed oil and whiting putty and adding a very small amount of japan drier to make a stiff paste. This can be tinted with burnt sienna to match mahogany, Vandyke brown to give walnut shades, and raw sienna for oak and other light woods. Either colors ground in oil or dry colors may be used for tinting the putty. —R. P. Lincoun. | Wirn the Yule log burning brightly and a pound canister beside him of the mildest, most fragrant pipe mixture that ever came out of the South— what more could a man ask? Give him the pound can of Sir Walter Raleigh Smoking Tobacco for Christmas. It’s protected inside by heavy gold foil and the canister comes in a handsome Christmas carton. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corporation, Winston-Salem and Louisville BW SIR WALTER RALEIGH Who discovered how good a pipe can be It’s milder

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Der, 1928 Id n. ation, ER : can be or

December, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY ; 95

The Baker Z The Candlestick & and so the rhyme goes on y through practically every _ Z division of Industry. . DICATING and Controlling Thermometers for the Packing ' and Canning Industries. Instruments and Pyrometers for Annealing and Baking Operations. Every type of temperature or heat controlling instrument for the baker, the textile mill, the candy factory, refrigeration plant. On and on, almost indefinitely, the list of types and applications of cos Temperature Instruments extends. Controlling the quality of a product here; eliminating spoilage there; oftentimes they are the major units which make possible, intricate processes of heat treatment. If you manufacture any product in which heat treatment enters into its preparation—there are Zycos Indicating, Recording and Controlling Instruments made especially for your purpose that will save waste and control the quality of your product. Informative literature on any type of instrument will be sent upon request or better still, our engineer will consult with you on the application of cos to your particular problem. Taylor /nstrument Companies Main Office and Factory ROCHESTER,N.Y. - - U.S.A. Canadian Plant: feos BUILDING, TORONTO SHORT & MASON, Ltd., Manufacturing Distributors in Great Britain Uy = Pi ty, og } . nakers ed “ } .

= 1 1) a <A ors ay

Tycos for the Home Tycos Office Thermometers An aid in promoting human efficiency. Tycos Bath Thermometers To enable you to get the most good from your bath. Tycos Home Set Bake Oven Thermometer, Candy Thermometer, Sugar Meter. The secret of accurate results in cooking. Tycos Wail Thermometers To help you to intain a conducive to good health. Tycos Quality Compasses To show you the right way in unfamiliar country. Tycos Fever Thermometers A necessity in every home. Dycos Stormoguide Forecasts the weather twenty-four hours ahead with dependable accuracy. Tycos Hygrometer To enable you to keep the humidity of the atmosphere in your home correct at all times. Tycos for the Medical Profession Dycos Sphygm« ter, Recording Pocket and Of- fice types. Zycos Fever Thermometers.

p ure in your house

Your dealer will show them to you. Ask us, ona postal, for booklets on any of the above.

| Bulletins on Request

ZBHE ~ SIXTH ~ SENSE ~ OF ~ INDUSTRY Tycos Temperature Instruments INDICATING ~ RECORDING ~ CONTROLLING

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% POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY December, 1993 ———__ Special Plate Used for Grinding Chuck Jaws : NIVERSAL chuck jaws are fre. quently ground on the inside while they are expanded into a ring, which serves to keep them rigid. This method j is: about the simplest, yet it violates aij principles of accurate work. In order for the jaws to hold work accurately, they must be ground in the same position as if they were in use, This means that when they are ground, they should be closed in on something, rather than opened out into a ring. There JAW IN POSITION (| WHEN GROUND GRINDING WHEEL You can do it with one of these Motor Driven Scroll Saws. It’s ‘a real tool--a Goodell-Pratt Tool--and there are a thousand and one uses for it. INTERNAL GRINDING SPINDLE Plate method of grinding chuck jaws; why the common ring method is not so good, Increases range of work , ge of is always play of some sort in the scroll, You can do these jobs yourself e ye aiettt and the wear may not be everywhere which you'd otherwise have to have dan be uniform. Therefore, if the jaws are THE d f d both vided ‘t ground while expanded into the ring, one for you, and save bot time Sted | 2 they will not be true when they are and money. ; . ‘fin clamped on a piece of work. How they ee are apt to be deflected is shown by the dotted lines in the diagram in the upper left-hand corner of the illustration. The other views of the illustration show the application of a plate made of 3-in. Fosters pride of accomplishment With this saw, you'll derive the satisfaction which can be had only | i - steel for holding the jaws while they are FREI when you have done ali the work being ground. This plate has three slots : yourself ...the pride of the creator with projections at the inner ends oa of Mod ‘ which the jaws exert a slight pressure— pages, in and builder. _ just enough to take up all the slack. The as » jaws are held in the same relation to the why he chuck body as when they are later used you, and Saves you time “Think: of ‘how much more work : p “'youkcan do, and doit better...more How to Magnetize a Drill. ““decufately, and of the real pleasure | | eeu ete RILLINGS can be prevented from ’ alling inside a manifold if a youll bees ee moti : netized drill is used for making whate ex holes are necessary. Any drill can be mag: netized in the following manner: : Make a spool of brass or fiber tubing 3-in. long, with an opening through the core to allow the drill to fit loosely. Wind five layers of No. 18.iusulated copper wire on the spool, place the drill in the central hole, and connect. the terminals of 4 storage battery to the ends of the wire. Pull the drill part way out of the core while the current is flowing and tap it lightly to clamp work.—F rank L. Youna. 38 Pree with a small hammer. It takes only a few [SRS Hi “% er agaenme ee | seconds to magnetize the drill. Catalog Cor LL-PRATT COMPANY -2. (oiilie, GREENFIELD, MASS weed Drill slowly as the point breaks through New « | so as to give the magnetized drill more a a0 QO 10, E I]- Pp R ATT § chance to collect particles of iron. It is Lionel also a good idea to remove the drill from este. I500 GOOD TOOLS | time to time and brush off the drillings. super-m —— A drill once magnetized remains 80 aed permanently.—Wa rer L. McMULLEN. » = —— @ This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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r, 1928 y roll, here ing, are they oper how >In. are slots pecember, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 97 Lionel Trains with# ,, A movement of the switch at any distance from the track and your LIONEL will start, and stop, and réverse itself at any speed, with the precision of a real railroad train. You don’t have to touch the train! It’s all done electrically by means of LIONEL’S marvelous 100% ‘“Distant-Control’’, with you as the operator at the Switch Tower. Signals change, crossing gates raise and lower themselves, warning signals flash red and green as the semaphore arm goes up and down, controlling perfectly the movement of your train. With a LIONEL model railroad you learn the principles of electric railroad operation—so true to life is every detail. And remember that only LIONEL can produce such handsome, accurate copies of actual railroad locomotives and cars! See the wonderful LIONEL demonstrations at all Toy, Hardware, Sporting Goods, , Electric, Furniture, and Department Stores. trolled by any boy from his pos at the New Lionel Power. Hous THE LIONEL CORPORATION Dept. 2 15-17-19 East 26th Street NEW YORKQCITY No. 840 shown above. “STANDARD OF THE WORLD SINCE 1900” JIONEL 7 By means of Lionei’s 100% ‘‘Dis tant-Cortrol”’ one or more train can be operated on a series of tracks—quickly and positively posd —— a “MULTIVOLT” TRANS PORMERS ye FREE—46 Page Catalo Write for the new Lionel catalog of Model -Electric Railroads—46 & pages in full color. Also send us . Dad’s”” name and we will write him a personal letter telling him . why he should get a Lionel lores you, and how little it costs. ~ A Lionel Electric Railroads priced from $6.75 to $300 ~* Catalog Shows the New «BILD-A-LOCO” The new Lionel catalog describes the famous Lionel “Bild-a-Xoco” locomotive with the motor that you can take apart and rebuild again. Its powerful three speed reversible super-motor may also be used separately to operate other construction toys.

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= can be made an Electric A.C. Set without changes in wiring or even the cost of new tubes Ku A.C. Power Pack. Makes any battery set an electric A C. receiver. -50 up. Kuprox Multi-rate Recti- fier, for trickle charging, dynamic speaker opera- tion, etc. $11.50 Kuprox Replacement Unit eliminates aci i liquids, bulbs from trickle char- $5.00 Gaperes no necessity for discarding a good battery operated receiver to get the conven- ience of A.C. operation. The Kuprox A.C. Power Pack converts any good set into an electric A. C. set, without changes of any kind in wiring, with- out the use of harnesses or adapters. Kuprox equipped, your present set, using your present tubes will give you super-fine . Op- eration. Everything your radio did before, it will do even better. And there’s nothing to bother about... the entire set turns on and off at your light socket. The Kuprox A. C. Power Pack is a permanent addition to your set that will double your radio enjoyment. Several models are offered. One that supplies all radio power for any size set. Or separate fila- ment and plate models for those who desire this form. And an efficient “A” model that supplies filament current and will operate in. conjunction with any good “B” eliminator. Priced from $32.50 up. See the various models at your radio dealer's. Or, if you first desire more information, we'll be glad to send it if you will write. TELEVISION! Kuprox A. C. Power Packs are necessary for operating television receptors, which require perfectly smooth D. C. current for motor supply, filament, plate and glow circuits. THE KODEL ELECTRIC & MFG. CO. Formerly The Kodel Radio Corp. 500 E. Pearl St. ‘ r Cincinnati, Ohio PRO 1 POWER PACK December, 199 ‘| and then nailed down on a solid, heavy Santa Claus Fig Rings a Bell on Christmas Tree By Cart G. Ericu SMALL figure of Santa Claus stands beneath our ” Christmas tree and, 8 by pulling a cord, rings a tiny bell in the boughs above him. His motions are spirited and life- like. What inspires the little old fellow’s activity is a continu- ation of the string, which runs unno- § ticed alorg the floor tothereal bellringer, who pulls it at will. I sawed the figure from three-ply ve- neer. I set one leg a trifle ahead of the other and one arm a little lower than the other, using small bolts as pivots, and placed three small wooden plugs on each side for stops. Two small stout rubber bands were fastened to small wire brads in the rear of each leg and in the back of the body. The rubber bands pull Santa upright after he bends. A small block was nailed between his hands and a hole drilled through it to let a thin string through. The string which was plugged into the block, runs down to a small screw eye in the base, I used red felt for Santa’s trousers, coat, and cap, and trimmed them with white felt. Cotton served for his whiskers, A block was fastened between the feet Bell-ringing Santa Claus in position beneath the tree, base. - The bell was mounied on a strip df wood and the wood in turn fastened loose- ly to the tree as shown. SMALL BOLT (SAME FOR ARMS) © 4 WASHERS STRING TO OPERATOR Cc EYE Hy Side and front views of the figure, and de @ This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. tail showing how the bell is fastened above. ? December

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— POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 99

_IN THE ,WORLD'S

Santa

“to © tel ¢ e a TANDING guard at the door of tone, = Thordarson audio and power transform- back of ers do their part in making real musical in- | Seat struments of hundreds of thousands of radio <i receivers annually. ye Leading receiver manufacturers are well aware of the important relationship between ss wad the choice of transformers and the musical — characteristics of their instruments. No won- , heavy der, then, that the majority of manufacturers ‘rip o of quality radio receivers have turned to d loose. Thordarson as the logical transformer source. | When buying your receiver, insist on df | Thordarson amplification and power supply. fe, The set manufacturer who uses Thordarson transformers can be depended upon to have | the balance of his receiver in keeping with i this high standard of performance. \ al Custom set builders will find Thordarson 7 transformers to meet every radio need at their nearest parts dealer.

‘| _- JHORDARSON | TRAN SFORMERS = SUPREME IN MUSICAL PERFORMANCE: «= id de. E SSI WW

© This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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New Model South Bend Back-Geared Screw Cutting Precision Lathes Built in the same plant where 40,000 other fine South Bend Precision Lathes have been manufactured for the United States Government, Ford, Westing- house, Bethlehem Steel Company, U: Steel Corporation, and hundreds of other large industries in the United States and 78 Foreign Countries. Easy Payments if Desired A small down payment brings you ghe Lathe to use while you are paying ‘or it. * geceipt of the down payment. We ship immediately upon 9"x2%4’ Junior Back Geared ¢ ES 1 EO Gear, Back Peed Screw Cutting Bench Size of Lathe 9” x 11” x4’ 13” x 5’ 15” x 6’ 16” x 8’ ; 7s ey 11"x4’ Quick Chan oyna Lathe, Straight Bed Bed $835 18" x 8’ Quick Change Gear $908 aseter Driven + ana -- (_) 11" Lathe (} 13" Lathe L] 16" Lathe (} 18" Lathe Brake Drum Lathe Handle all Brake Drum work with- out removing tire. No. 1 Lathe, Wheels to 32" dia. $475 No. 2 Lathe, Wheels to 36" dia. No. 3 Lathe, Wheels to 42" dia. 1400 16” x 6’ New Model South Bend Quick Change $5 40 Geared Screw Cutting Lathe - - Other Popular Selling Sizes The Prices of Popular Selling Sizes with Countershaft and Equipment Standard Quick Shipping Wet. Change Gear Change Gear 490 lbs. $235.00 $270.00 725 Ibs. 300.00 335.00 1110 Ibs. 352.00 402.00 1550 Ibs. 430.00 490.00 2035 Ibs. 510.00 570.00 Also Made in Silent Chain Motor Drive Used By America’s Largest Industrial Plants The best proof of the quality and accuracy of South Bend Lethes is that they are used in production, tool room work, and in general machine work by America’s largest industrial plants. For Example, General Electric Co., Western Electric Co., Packard Motor Co., Oldsmobile Co., Talking Machine Co., Black & Decker Mfg. Co., International Harvester Co., and in many departments of the United States Government. Free—Write for No. 89-A Catalog describing 57 sizes and types of New Model South Bend Lathes. Check off in the squares below, indicating Lathes in which you are interested. C] 9" Junior Lathe Houdaille Engineering Co., Victor _] New Gen’l Catalog No. 89-A (_] ‘How to Run a Lathe,”’ 25c {_] Auto Mechanics’ Service Book, 25¢ () Brake Drum Lathe Circular SOUTH BEND LATHE WORKS Main Office and Works 853 E. Madison St., South Bend, Ind., U.S. A. New York City, J. E. BEGGS CO., 183 Centre St. Carried in Stock by Machinery Supply Dealers in Principal Cities Throughout the World. © COMBINATION SET OF 3 GAUGES 4” Depth Gauge. 3” Bevel Gauge and Center Gauge. Every Mechanic or Apprentice uses them Daily. au 3 For *1* Postpaid Hetherington Mfg. Teeny 4526 Corliss St. Los pig “Calif. December, i9y f pw effective fire screen will appeal tp ness. In fact, one doesn’t realize there isa screen in front of the fire at all, yet it com. pletely covers the fireplace opening. or two, and the original screen cost the writer exactly fifty-eight cents for ma terials. beautiful grain. Be sure that all ends ar absolutely square, otherwise your screen will not stand flat against the Draw the screws up tight, sandpaper, and apply an oil stain, wiping it smooth with a cloth. The stain should be darker than the fireplace opening. usual manner and bind it with half-round molding as on a window screen. You will find ordinary galvanized window screen- ing less conspicuous than copper or black. The lower edges should be bent around the brass rod and laced in place with wire taken from the screen used. screens, this will not fold up unexpected. ly, will not tip over, and does not permit sparks to fly over the top. It is designed to stand close to the fireplace opening, but the wood frame is not exposed to the direct heat. Practical, Desirable CHRISTMAS GIFTS! Gerstner TOOL CHESTS are ideal. Get our cat- alog and select your own; A postal brings it. H. GERSTNER & SONS 560 Columbia St., Dayton, 0. HOBART BROS. Co. © This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. $150 to $300 MONTHLY PROFIT — 30 DAYS’ Charges batteries in 4 the time required by others and get the business. BIG YEAR ROUND PROFITS. Best paying business in automobile field. Requires » special experience, uses small space. 30 DAYS’ FREE at our risk under absolute money back guarantee. today for Bulletin X, giving full ei Box TRIAL > TRIAL Write TROY, OHIO Neat, Inconspiegill Fire Screen Built at Small Cost By HI SIBLEY o\on | The screen covers the fireplace comp! and the f; ramework i is shielded from the heat. those who prefer simplicity to ornate. The construction requires only an how Select your wood with a view to its When dry, attach the screening in the Note that, unlike most commercial WIDTH mRCNING +g" : HEIGHT OF OPENING + 2" One end of the assembled screen and details | of the supports, corner joints, and molding. g£ elst A pop Boy Cx leaf « two-to bargai A ne consol Very | Electr netic-I Above combi: Speak.

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aber, 194 us lt December, 1928 Fny0U AP - FACTORY PRICES leaf desk. two-tone finish. bargain! console. | SAVIE 502) A popular walnut Hi- Boy Console, with drop- Beautiful A new-type arm-chair Genuine walnut. Very pretty. Low priced. Electro-Dynamic or Mag- netic-Power Speakers. Wide Selection of Beautiful Cabinets AC or Battery Sets 30 DAYS HOME TRIAL Richly designed, gen- uine walnut console of finest type. Elec- tro-dynamic or mag- netic power cone, or long aircolumn speaker. Marvelous value. Rare Beautifully graceful Spinet console, genuine two-tonewalnut.Choice of speakers. Also comes in Electric Phonograph- Radio Combination. : Above, popular inexpensive combination. Set on Table Speaker (sold separately). At right, a Lo- Boy console, walnut finish, thatcostslittle. A gem! Metal or wood compact style cabinets. Wood cabinets in walnut or new shaded silver- chrome finishes. Cathe- - dral Electro-Dynamic 4 or Magnetic-Power . Speaker to match! © This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY FACTORY TO YOU~SAVE 50%-COMPARE WITH COSTLIEST OUTFITS BEFORE YOU BUY owerful new. AC Electric or Battery CATHEDRAL TONED, SUPER SELECTIVE, POWERFUL DISTANCE GETTERS Celebrating its 9th successful year, 101 e Ra Marv pons guar- fea fied power section on AC The Latest, Finest and Costliest Construction aco JOPREE Electric Lighted hum-free operation, tremendous America’s big, old, reliable Radio “kick” on distant stations and Corporation springs a genuine razor-edge selectivity—with its sensation in high-grade sets. With its latest, Super-powered, 1-dial costly sturdy construction, latest features, including phonograph wholly self-con- tained, hum- free, AC-8 and AC-9, using AC tubes or the new Exclusive Territory to User-Agents on BATTERY OR AC Miracos—the All Electric § BIG DISCOUNTS ELECTRIC pick-up connec- tion, ease of tun- ing, beauty, and economy —a Miraco will make you the envy of many ‘OUTFITS L whose radios 8-tube models for batteries or Eliminators—you are guaranteed values and savings unsurpassed in the fine set field. Compare a Miraco with highest- priced radios, for 30 days in your home. Surprise and entertain your friends—get their opinions. Unless 100% delighted, don’t buy it! Return everything—the com- plete outfii—at our expense. Your decision is final—absolutely! Only exceptionally fine radios, of the very latest approved type, at rock-bottorn prices, could possibly back up so liberally unconditional a guarantee. Send coupon now for Amazing Speciat Factory Offer! Don’t Confuse with Cheap Radios With its rich, clear Cathedral tone, Miraco Outperforms ’em All In Chicago On the Miraco Unitune, to start with, will say: I got to date 61 stations outside of Chicago, f1om the Pacific Ocean to the Atlantic Ocean, and from Anchorage, Alaska, to the Gulf of Mexico, and I tried the set with 3 different antennas. That cost 2 to 3 times as much! Many thousands of Miracos— bought after 30 day home com- ar aged pt cutting through ocals and getting coast to coast with the tone and power of costly sets, their delighted users report. Miracos are laboratory-built with finest parts, and embody 9 years’ actual experience in constructing fine sets. Approved by Radio’s highest authorities. Deal Direct with Big Factory Everything reaches you splendidly packed and rigidly tested to insure your instant enthusiasm. Enjoy the outfit 30 days— then decide. Liberal 3-year guarantee on each set. Play safe, save lots of money, and insure satisfaction by dealing direct with Radio’s old, reliable builders of fine sets—9th successful year. AC-8—$71.50 Unbeatable value in a 3- zest guaranteed Super hielded Mctal Chassis, Also New, More Powerful Battery Sets The newest and latest in battery operated sets, de- signed with same ad- vanced features used in electric sets! Same _ wide choice of cabinets. High- est quality,amazinglylow priced! light socket. I want to say that your set does outperform the other sets I have. I put it up against a World Record Super 9 and beat that one. Then I put it up against a (names expensive make), and beat that one. Next I put it up against a Neutrodyne and beat that one. HARRY is an outside aerial 152 feet, an inside aerial 20 feet, and KOPP, 6555 South Peoria Street, Chicago, Illinois. MIDWEST RADIO CORPORATION, 408RD Miraco Building, Cincinnati, Ohio 7s Writes, poor’ e/ NAME ADDRESS BEAUTIFULLY ILLUSTRATED CATALOG, AMAZING SPECIAL FACTORY OFFER, TESTIMONY OF P NEARBY USERS=All the proof you want—of our honesty, fairness,size, financial integrity, radio experience and the performance of our sets—including Amazing Factory Offer—sent with catalog, MIDWEST RADIO CORPORATION Pioneer Builders of Sets—9th Successful Year 408RD Miraco Bidg., Cincinnati, Ohio WITHOUT OBLIGATION, send free catalog, Amazing Special Factory Offer, testimony of nearby users,etc. [ User © Agent O Dealer O Check here if interested in an EXCLUSIVE TERRITORY PROPOSITION THIS Couper AN ORDER

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102 Gaels Nef ad _ . we - i ia 3 a A hammer, saw, pee. brace and its, screw driver and, of course, Nich- olson Files including— A Nicholson Flat Bastard for metal surfaces ~a Mill Bastard File for finishing work — and a Slim Taper File for sharp- ening the saw. Any man or boy can find jobs in “dozen lots” to be done with Nicholson Files. Experience will teach him the value of these sharp cutting, durable tools. AOL SSSy USA A File for Every Purpose At hardware and mill supply dealers’ NICHOLSON FILE CO. Providence, R. I., U.S.A. December, 19 93. Three Modern Lamps Oct., °28 94-95-96. Mississippi Steam- | boat Model Nov., °’28 75¢ | 97, Modern Radio Set in One- Tube Form Nov., ’28 25c 98. Modern Radio Set in Two- Blueprints for Yous! Home Workshop to -~ blueprints can be obtained for 25 cents a sheet. In some cases are two or three sheets to one subject The blusprints are complete in them. selves, but if you wish the correspond} back issue of the magazine in which the project was described in detail, it can be had for 25 cents a‘lditional so long as copies are available. Other subjects be. sides those below are to be had; send stamped envelope for the complete list, Popular Science Monthly, 250 Fourth Avenue, New York Send me the blueprint, or blueprints, I underlined below, for whic 1 I inclose er ee Co ee Described No. Title in Issues of 1. Sewing Table Feb., °22 2. Smoking Cabinet *Mar., °22 5. Kitchen Cab vet *May, 22 15. Workshop Bench Jon., 23 21. Colonial Desk . “Aee.,.- Fe 23. One-Car Garage *May, ‘'23 27. Kitchen-Cabinet Table Cct., 30. Too Cabinet, etc. Jan., 24 31. Sewing Cabinets 37. simplified Bookcase Dec., °'24 39. Salem Chest of Drawers *Feb., °25 43. Four-Tube Receiver July, °25 44-45. Pirate Ship Model *Feb., °26 46-47. Galleon Ship Model May, °26 48. Sailing Yacht Model 49. Broom Cabinet 50. Airplane Model (Rise-off- ground tractor, 36in.) ‘*Sept., °'26 51-52-53. Clipper Model, Sovereign of the Seas “*Oct., .'26 54. Five-Tube Radio Set *Oct., 55. Five-Tube Set—Details ‘*Oct., °26 56. Bird and Animal Toys Dec., °26 57-58-59. Constitution Ship Model (‘‘Old Ironsides”) Jan., 27 60. Welsh Dresser Mar., °27 61. Viking Ship Model—Hull Apr., '27 62. Viking Ship—Details_ - Apr., °27 63-64. Toy Motor Boat, 29 in. long hull . May, °'27 65. Six Simple Block Puzzles June, ’27 66. Ship-Model Weather Vane Aug., °'27 67. Toy Model of Lindbergh’s New York-to-Paris Plane Aug., °27 68. Magazine-Rack Fable and Book-Trough Table Sept.,. °27 69. Flying Model (3 ft.) of Lindbergh’s Monoplane *Oct., °27 70. Console Radio Cabinet Nov., °'27 71. Console Cabinet—Details Nov., °'27 72: Doll’s House “Dee, ‘Sz 73. Doll’s House Furniture Dec. ‘37 74-75-76. Santa Maria Ship Model, 18 in. long hull Dec., °27 77. Simple Pier Cabinet and Decorative Wall Shelves Jan., ’28 78. Simple Treasure Chests Feb., ’28 79. Electric Radio Set Feb., °28 80. High Power Unit for Elec- tric Radio Set . Mar., °28 81. Low Power Unit for Elec- tric Radio Set Ap... SR 82. Simple Single-Stick Air- plane Model (30-in.) Mar., °28 4 83-84-85. Mayflower Model Apr., ’'28 75¢ 86. Racing Airplane Model (35-in. twin-pusher type) May, ’°28 25 87. Seaplane Model (30-in.) June, ’28 25c 88. Simple Modernistic Stand; Modernistic Bookcase Aug., '28 25¢ 89-30. Bremen Scale Flying Aug., °28 50c Sept., ’28 25¢ Model (3-ft.) Sept., ’28 25c 25c RRR RRR F RRRRR RR RES RRRF FREE F PRESERRRERRRRERE F 2 91. Modern Folding Screens 92. Simple Baltimore Clipper Ship Model (8 in. long) Tube Form "Dec., °28 25¢ 100. Modernistic Book Ends, Book Shelf, Low Stand Dec., '28 5c 101. Toy Fire Engine, Sprink- ° — om ler, Truck, Tractor Dec.. ; Magazine only out of print. pO ECOL E TT ET TE TEN TE (Please print name and address very ciearly) tS] This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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eee, oe eeeeet pecember, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 103 tie This is the Medium Size Eveready Layerbilt “B” Battery No. 485. 3% inches thick. 45 volts, $2.95, ‘. If you use the medium size, you a \ can buy the Eveready Medium & \ Size “B” Battery No. 772, for \ $2.75. It’s a fine battery of its | type—cylindrical cell. BUT, ; just add 20 cents to your price, and get the Eveready costs you only / Layerbilt Medium Size “B”’ 20¢ more Battery No. 485. Same outside size as the older battery, but / more active materials inside, and _” so you buy 25% longer life with your ue: 20 «extra cents. Another great battery bargain! Both these Eveready Layerbilts are made of flat cells that fill all available space inside the battery case. This construction avoids the use- less waste spaces between the cells of the older, cylindrical cell type of battery, and eliminates soldered connections between cells. The truly modern ‘‘B’’ battery is the Eveready Layerbilt. These two batteries, exclusive with Eveready, are longer lasting and more economical. Look for the name Layerbilt on the label. NATIONAL CARBON COMPANY, INC. New York HEC San Francisco Unit of Union Carbide and Carbon Corporation Never was so much TUESDAY NIGHT IS EVEREADY HOUR NIGHT extr a service EVEREADY East of the Rockies, 9 P. M. Eastern Standard Time, through WEAF and asso- Radio Batteries ciated N. B. C. stations. On the Pacific b ] t fi ; Coast, 8 P. M. Pacific Standard Time, ous 1 or SO = _— nso through N. B. C. Pacific Coast network, makes Layerbilt Batteries. few extra cents YOU are a “*B”’ battery user. You are most prob- ably interested in one of two popular sizes. You use, in the majority of cases, either the heavy duty size, or the medium size. If you use the heavy duty “B’’ batteries, which is the most economical thing to do, you can TT get the Heavy Duty Eveready No. 770, NE which contains cylindrical cells, for $4.00. BUT for only 25 cents more you can have the famous Eveready Layerbilt No. 486, which A & = is the same size, outside, but which contains more active ma- terials, and lasts 30% longer. For your extra quarter you getfrom \ @Oosts you only a quarter to nearly a third more 25¢more service. Never before did 25 cents buy so much battery service ! we This is the famous original Eveready Layerbilt “‘B’’ ttery No. 486. The longest lasting of all Evereadys. 47/16 inches thick. 45 volts, $4.25. SEE AND HEAR THE NEW EVEREADY RADIO SETS © This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS, See page 8.

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104 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY December, 193 Ad | ie a Oid Bill Says— HE workman who spends th most | lane study ing his drawings generally turns out the best work in the shortest time. It’s no use! Some old-timers still in. sist on taking half an hour or to file an arbor to size, when it could be ground in five min- utes. Then it would at least be round! A mixture of gas- oline and vaseline is a good antirust coating for tools or polished. metal ma- chine parts. Worn centers on a lathe, milling ma- chine, or grinder are always a source of trouble. Grind them once a week ‘ : ° ° e Old Bill, genial ma- iets ae necomarys he ot aa Economy ; oe ¥ ‘savew i I A machine shop a tooke is like a tailor shop in one respect: there are always enough misfits. We are living in an age of specialists, Pick out your bright spot, and, keep on polishing. SIMONDS SAW AND STEEL COMPANY fe . The man who boasts he never "The Saw Makers Fitchburg, Mass. Established 1832 ‘“‘“wings’’—spoils—a job is right. He’s BRANCH OFFICES AND SERVICE SHOPS IN PRINCIPAL CITIES generally out of a job. It is advisable to soft-grind all cylin- 7Z1P-ZIP SH 0 OTER drical parts to be casehardened. A good electric soldering iron is a fine / LET’S GO, BOYS: | addition to any toolmaker’s kit. Hunting, fishing or comainn, her ever you go you Will nm a ip-41p . . . Shooter, elastic ‘and lasting with | Before wey to mill 2 pe of cast plenty of pep and force, scientifically | iron, it will help materi if you gri and practically made. See your dealer. If ff h l P if 2 y. y' grind he can’t supply yon, entice from us Zip-Zip off the scale, even if you have to make Shooter 3 or three © * * veg A el Phen use of a portable electric grinder to doit. coin or money order. . AUTOMATIC RUBBER COo., Dept. B. B Columbia, S. Cc. _ Ottawa Loc Saw Tr | ry Wood is valuable. Saw Make Money? 37°35. ar 8 than 10 men. Ottawa easily operated by man or boy. 2 BAVS TRIAL” heft iey Tor Pix" Beek. Bhool ye A a OTTAWA MFG. CO. 1801 -W Wood Street, Ottawa, Kansas ——————— Vise Jaws Serve for Bending A definite program for getting ahead financially will be found on S ll Duvli Pp page four of this issue ma uplicate Farts Boice-Crane Workshops $48 72! | Bee ee ene at Boice-Crane specializes in _ work lots are required and the expense of mak- soot e. One of them is sure to meet | ing dies is not warranted, or in small job- your exact requirements. Send 20c Jour OxAct rea) Beice-Crane 80. | Ding shops where better facilities are not tal describing the five : ne . . Dace catalog descr ping ines tna | @vailable. Auxiliary vise jaws are made Boice-Crane Workshops consist of individual ma- chines as shown and are better for your shop be- cause each machine is always ready for use—no attachments to change. Each machine is efficient, accurate, powerful and far superior in size and capacity. Should not be compared with flimsy attachments. Will do far heavier work \ Books of Designs. i" for bending the piece and are substituted | | "ge y.,, and a wider variety of jobs. All machines can be used at W. B. & J. E. Boice for the regular vise jaws. They may be ay one time without interference. You are not limited to a Dept. P. S. 12-D, Toledo, Chio , - . Motor “one*man shop.” In all our 14 years experience as bench AS ILLUSTRATED ina made of tool or machine steel, depending machine manufacturers, these new — neg ibpaeoeeneens = upon the charac Shown : Boice-Crane machines are the greatest © ac pee ; oy ged eee M values we have ever offered at suchlow = qo ## ### Wy U4M opandi Jointer,4”’ ........ ter of the work. eccano : Handi Jointer, 4" .......... 28.00 prices. pine Many intricate dreds of bends can be made swivel b in sheet metal. plates, tr Holes can be of instru punched whet] | te ma they are needed} ] gy ay by adding punches} J puijds 73 to the dies. While sxelusive IN QUANTITIES this method 8|} motor, I slow, it is econom- massive | Auxiliary bending ical in many cases in realis j fitted to vise. “ Jaws mee SO NiS€« when exact dupl- is pac ad _/J | cates are required of pieces such as the = Complete Shopasshown with one shown.—H. L. WHEELER. Get Yo Lathe 7"x 41°C. to C., $26.15 “ two \ h. p. motors, belts, Ghorter length lathe $13.50) pulleys, tocls, $192.60 ———— @ This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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e198 | pecember, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. - —,, two-way electric motor is a ree This transmission gear assembly gives a splendid, The differential gear is a device which transmits the he Meccano A ° pable piece of workmanship b it embodies all clear idea just how these gears mesh. Several prominent power evenly to the road wheels and at the same time ie rigid principles of construction of standard types. automobile schools use this Meccano model in their classes. | compensates for difference in speed in turning corners. § ew er = ox | pccarpo 0 a as a * ae on Makes MOST... BIGGEST... and BEST MODELS Construction parts that satisfy the expert neverhave approvedtheconstruc- ularity is no accident, but founded tion of the New Perth Amboy on solid worth. Make this test your- (New Jersey) projected suspension self. Compare Meccano’s flat steel bridge if they had not been able to strips and girders with any others on He’s GIANT BLOCK SETTING CRANE JHE U.S.War Department would one thousand to one. Meccano’s pop- In harbor construction work great »ylin- steel cranes are used to place 200-ton concrete blocks in position on the sea bed. All these operations are repro- oi duced in miniature by this Meccano — examine a scale replica of it made with the market. Note particularly the crane operated by the two-way elec- Meccano. Meccano is the equipment equidistant holes set one half inch f cast tric motor. a 86 Models and a Two-Way Electric Motor to Run Them for $5.00 that graduate engineers and ar- chitects employ to make their scale models; it is the choice of the experts, and if you wish to build models for real fun, or for profit — as they do — you must join the experts. Cast your expert eye over this automobile chassis shown above. Here are only a few of its speci- fications: geared transmission operating three speeds forward and reverse; positive differential gear; Ackerman improved steer- ing; friction clutch; torque rods; apart and micrometer tested to the 1/1000th part of an inch. Whether you purchase a small Meccano set for a dollar or a de luxe outfit for $17.50 only one quality is used throughout —the best. A new leaflet containing detailed instructions how to make the motorcar illustrated above—easi- ly understood diagrams and clear directions make it possible for you to build your own car from radiator to rear axle housing— as well as countless other models Shown above is the famous No. 1X foot brake oa cardan shaft; in- just as interesting, is free for the ork. Meccano outfit which contains hun- _ ternal expanding brakes; radia- asking. Just drop a penny post- ne ote apres | te ag tor fan; semi-elliptic laminated card with your own name and m vel, base wheels, braced girders, Pail : : . metal.| | plates, trunnions and a complete book springs; disc wheels; Dunlop tires. address to Meccano Co., Inc., Div. n be| | of instructions. Junior engineers the world over K, Elizabeth, N. J. In Canada: ve The magnificent 2X special Leader prefer Meccano in the ratio of 45 Colborne St., Toronto. 1€e ; -s inches chy ne a Over 43,000 hours this famous clock made of Meccano parts has ticked away, varying not While ee he ener more than a few seconds a year. A booklet describing how any boy can build this clock Vis exclusive Meccano reversing electric wilt be sane fee ve all he eae Dk th o motor. It contains a set of four solid ononr massive tread tires giving the last word ; a m realism. This set costs $10.00 and os is packed in a fine wood cabinet. as Get Your Meccano Set Today and Join the Experts. THE TOY THAT MADE ENGINEERING FAMOUS

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/ MECHANICS LOOK UP E STAR 10 T . they know these blades are better cut faster with less breakage and last longer. These blades are the me- chanics’ preference and the STAR on a hack saw blade is your assurance of a better blade . . . a blade that has won its merits by reliabilitv and dependabie performance. Let us send you free samples. Clemson Brothers, Inc. Middletown, N. Y. MAKERS SINCE 1883 STAR ACK SAWS POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY , Home Workshop Chemistry Simple Formulas that Will Save Time and Money HEMICALLY, soaps are the sodium, potassium, or ammonium salts of the animal or vegetable fats. In the process of manufacture glycerin is given off, and the salt of the fatty acid is the soap. The hard soaps are_made by adding a solution of lye (sodium hydroxide) to the melted fat. (The cans in which lye is sold | in grocery stores usually carry directions for making soap.) The soft soap is obtained when potassium hydroxide is used in place of lye. Soap has a number of uses in shop and laboratory. In driving screws through wood, the screw will go in much faster and easier if first rubbed with a little moist soap, which acts as a lubricant. Then, too, the soap rusts the screw slightly. As the rust tends to enlarge the screw, it makes it remain firmly fixed in the wood. A good contact insecticide for destroy- ing plant lice and scale insects may be Printed matter may be transferred by treat- ing it with soap and pressing paper on it. made by dissolving 2 oz. of soap in a pint of water with the aid of heat. Then pour the solution into a large vessel or bottle and quickly add one quart of kerosene to the still hot soap. Shake or stir vigorously until an emulsion is formed. This is the stock solution and must be diluted. For scale insects, 1 oz. is.diluted with 9 oz. of water; for plant lice with 20 oz. of water; and for other sap-sucking insects, with 15 oz. of water. Spray sufficiently to cover the plant with a film of moisture, but not to form pools. Soap may also be used to transfer printed matter to paper. Although the results are not perfect and the printed matter is reversed, fair results are pos- sible. Moisten the paper and rub the printed matter thoroughly with a bar of soap. Moisten a clean sheet of paper and rub it strongly down upon the soaped paper with the back of a spoon. The under surface should be hard, preferably a thick sheet of glass.—E. Bape. Casts made of plaster of Paris can be hardened by soaking them in a solution made by dissolving one part of alum in six parts of hot water. A very small cast should be allowed to stay in the alum water for at least an hour and larger casts for several days or a week. December, ms Profitahle-Useful-Interestiy, HA HOME CRAFTs xp AKE the things you’ always to make—at home—with this lete sufomens of high tor-driven tools—useful, beautiful a things of wood for home, yard or jit Handles every wood-working job hence simplest repair to fine cablnes the Rip cludes the famous H. & A, Wood Lathe, Accessories, NEAREg} 5 * Saw, Scroll Saw and complete The % H.P. motor drives the whole JUST GINTOTHE LIGHT SOCKET. Buy it on the H. & A. uni choose—just the items you wean tt afford now, and add others. as yoy py it = your own ~ recreation, or turn your leisure hours cash by making things to sell, Inte What a Wonderfy] Christmas Gift! An outfit to delight the heart of boy who loves good tools. All items net separately, so you can make up Your ow, assortment, Ali reasonably priced, —* for descriptive literature and Drite st. HESTON & ANDERSON 812 Western Avenue, ere Towa 3 82 ZLJEWEL-Extra Thin STUDEBAKE The Insured ents. fe famous Stude- baker 21-Jewel Watch direct from factory at @ saving of thirty to fifty percent. Your choice of 80 new Art Beauty cases and dials. Latest designs in white gold, yellow fold and green gold effects. 8 adjustments, including ° five posi- tions. Insured for a lifetime. les’ Bracelet Watches, Men’s Strap Watches, Diamonds and Jewelry, too. All sold nthly payments. Yourcreditis ! Write today for free boo atch Styles or Jewelry Ca . Watch Chain FREE! [°;"!'"; DOW! we are offering a beautiful Watch Chain free. This ey offer will be sent to everyone who writes at once. Don't Get this free chain offer today-—while it lasts. STUDEBAKER WATCH COMPAN Directed by the Studebaker Family—known for three-quarters of acentury of fair dealing Address: Windsor, Ont. k of Advance SEND FOR NEW RADIO BOOK—IT’S FREE! short-wave receivers and short-wave adapters How to use the new screen grid tube in D. © and A.C. circuits. How to build power af fiers, ABC eliminators. Up-to-the-minult It’s free. Send for copy today. ee | New hook-ups. This book shows how to makt |f information on all new radio developments KARAS ELECTRIC COMPANY M I I, oo iia occ scnce. ccccceue © This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. 4053-M-North Rockwell St., Chicago, Tk ee ee 4053L E tay ERT, Er re. ~~ a at OO OL ‘An

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Electric: COMPLETE OUTFIT INCLUDING PLANER, SAW, LATHE & ELECTRIC MOTOR AND MANY USEFUL ATTACHMENTS ~ SANDING, me GRINDING th om ATTACH- viens MENTS or Barden D from the ms hole owt: NEAREST lan, it you ri ‘hours a rful itor cocairacta chaneneeentt A Every kind of woodworking operation This is a COMPLETE All-Electric Shop. It costs a lot less than most other outfits—and for every dollar you pay, you're getting THE BIGGEST VALUE—you can’t beat it, anywhere! You can prove every word of this by actually using the Workace Woodworker at home or in business. You'll find it fast and accurate—you can perform That’s because all the modern up-to-date manufacturing facilities of the J. D. Wallace Company, suppliers of standard woodworking equipment for industrial and commercial uses, are utilized to produce the Workace Wood- worker. Materials and workmanship are 100% and the designing of the Workace is strictly professional. Woodworking plants, $89 Includes all this: every kind of woodworking operation, make fur- niture or other useful and decorative things for your own home or for profit. turning, drilling, grinding, sanding or buffing—it is all the same to the Workace Woodworker. You can save time on every operation, do the work better and cleaner, too! mazing low price . .. . includes everything Planing, sawing, Every unit works from the motor. The parts are sturdy and well-fashioned. The regular Wallace UNQUALIFIED GUARANTEE assures replacement of defective parts for one ~ EASY TERMS Get the outfit right away pattern shops, carpenter and cabinet shops 4” Planer all over the world use Wallace equipment. 8” Circular Saw It’s the kind of machinery you want—you 6” x 36” Lathe SEND TODAY can’t afford to own any other. 8” Disc Sander The terms are all in your favor. In fact, this Become an expert woodworker There is no end to the number of useful and 6” Buffing Wheel 5” Emery Grinder Y{" Drill Chuck whole advertisement, the merchandise offered and the easy method of purchasing is new and revolutionary. decorative things you can make with the 4 H. P. G. E. A small down payment brings the complete Workace. Tables, chairs, footstools, screens, Motor, 110- Workace All-Electric Woodworker ready to lamps, lattices, fences, cabinets, doll houses, Volt, A. C., set up and use right away. The monthly bookcases, chests—you’ll soon become an ex- 60 cycle payments are so small you'll scarcely miss pert. Woodworking is the greatest hobby a Endless V_ Belt, them. Many pay for their Workace Shop out man can have—hundreds turn it to profit too. 31," . _ Pul. of profits from the work it does. So can you. e ul- The Workace Woodworker has power, strength fom, Cast Iron Get it—use it—you'll find the Workace and capacity to handle quickly and economi- Sub Base and 10 Electric Woodworker the best investment you cally any job you'll ever want to do. . . miter- ft. Cable with ever made. Send this coupon now—today— ing, tapering, rabbeting, beveling, slotting, turning, crosscutting, ripping — anything. separable Plug. and we'll see that you get full details and a complete description right away! J. D. Wallace & Co. Wilcox St. and California Ave., The Planer and Cir- cular Saw are each complete units and may be purchased separately at the correspondingly low price of $25.00 each Chicago, Illinois. That Workace Electric Woodworker sure looks good to me. lwant to know ALL about it, including your easy terms, right away. : @ This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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“BUCKEYE STATE” Build This River Packet with Boucher Materials There is none of the thrill of creation about making fittings that you get from shaping the hull, laying the deck and seeing the his take form. Boucher fittings are all beautifully made of the finest quality materials. The right kind of fittings add to the beauty of the ship. Our booklet SCALE MODELS shows all kinds of Ship Model Supplies difficult to make and secure elsewhere. For the “Buckeye State” White Pine zox5 inches—% inch thick............. $ .70 4oxs5 inches—¥% inch thick........... ». 1.40 Holly 2ox5 inches—1¢ inch thick............. 1.40 4ox5 inches—lg inch thick............. 2.90 Y-inch Bell... .$ .20 1-in. Blks. dbl. $.10each 1g-inch Capstan .50 36x)¢-in. sq. Bdng. Y%-inch Wheel. 1.25 _—............ $.20 per strip 1y-inch Blocks Ee $ .15 Single ...$.o8each 14-lb. 14-in. pins... We will send any or all of this material parcel post. You pay the postman the amount fone on the label and a few cents for postage. If you prefer, send you remittance with your order. Other Woods Write us if you desire some particular kind and size of wood and we will be glad to quote you a price, uncut or cut to shape. Send for Booklet “‘Scale Models”’ This bookle-—SCALE MODELS—has 92 pages of useful in- formation for model makers. Contains history of steam engines, nautical terms, knots, hitches and splices commonly used on boats. Recommendations for — and painting model ships pale? at d hundreds of other ideas you will fird useful. Whatever type of ship—sail or Gentlemen:—Enclosed is 25¢ for which please send me im- mediately your 92-page illustrated booklet, SCALE MODELS. steam—ancient or modern—you are tuilding, or planning to build, you will find the booklet, SCALE Headquarters for Model Makers for 22 Years MODELS, of tremendous help. Send 25¢ today for your beautifully illus- 415 Madison Ave. Dept. SD N. Y. trated copy. It will be sent you by return mail, postage prepaid. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY December, 19, How to Build a Steamboat Model (Continued from page 81) How Captain McCann’s model looked when car- ried to exactly the stage described in this article. ends of the cylinder timbers and glued down amidships. . My original intention was to provide another room for the boilers, as shown at the right, but as this is too improbable and the boilers themselves are not much trouble to make, I discarded the inclosed room and con- structed them of wood, as illustrated in the photograph above and the drawing below. There were four boilers 41 in. in diameter by 26 ft., or 5¢ by 2% in. at the scale we are using. These may be four round sticks set into the fire box, but I made them in one piece with the fire box, as if they were closed beneath, thus having only to cut the top halves of them. The smoke chamber and uptake I made as a separate piece and glued onto the fore end. It is a flat block widening out to the diameter of the funnels. Its top is the beginning of the funnels. The centers of the projections should be the same distance apart as the funnels above—about 154 in. The total height at this end must be the same as that of the engine room. At 1) in. forward of this I erected a cross bulkhead to come exactly in line with the cabin house above, and at about 24 in. abaft, another similar bulkhead. These are both FIRE BOX ve — Sa i z .The boiler assem- bly (above), which can be built up in parts or made as described in the accompanyingtext. How the stairs are built is shown in CENTER detail at the left. STAIRWAY about ){ in. thick; they are the width of the smoke box and of the same height as the engine room. Between the boilers and the after bulkhead, I put two piles of logs for burning. These can be either piles of little twigs or blocks of soft wood cut and stained to look like them. Abaft this again I put a pile of casks, supposed to contain tobacco leaf; they are about 5% in. in diameter and %% in. high, stained a very light brown. In this section I also put some smaller casks (containing beer or bear’s grease, according to whether the boat is going north or south) and some little rectangular blocks of wood stained and painted variously to represent cases of baggage. Before the fore bulkhead I placed a lot of bales of cotton. These are 14-in. cubes of wood with the corners rounded, painted b: color, and with some very minute tufts of cotton wool glued here and there, where the burlap has burst. With its fore edge 2 in. from the stem, ther The general scheme of assembly is shown at a glance in this photograph, where the parts have been merely laid together in their correct positions. Captain McCann later substituted boilers for the solid boiler room, should be a hatch about in. high and % by 1in., painted black, with another half that size abaft the engine room. There will be a ladder from this deck to the next, amidships, just forward of the engine room. It will go up to the level of the next deck and there be cut off horizontally. The ladders for our boat can be made mor easily than those for deep-sea ships because the steps will not be open at the back. Makea strip of wood such as gum or holly, \ in, thick by %% by 11 in., for all the ladders. Now cut a piece of thin cardboard for the angle at which all the ladders are to stand, that is, about 40° from the perpendicular. With this as a guide, cut off a piece to rest on the deck and in this case to reach up to the next, but in all the other cases to extend just through them. At !/j:-in. intervals file or cut notches at right angles to represent the steps. Now make another strip, a scant 1% by a full % in. Glue pieces of this on either side, flush under- neath. For wooden handrails cut strips about 4% in. square. Bore fine (Continued on page 109) CURVED TRACK FOR CENTER TILLER How to make the track for the center rudder tiller and the holes for the rudder posts. along th the next in | after the The p cannot | on. For have to Met NE ¢ teur to start a Soon the they can attempt edges th quently, the surfa Stretcl upon hor paint the een inch ing and ables the and star much, ' stains. window | you go.— WuEN p: bucket 1 overnigh liquid “‘ sheet. T of paint ends of point.— ——__

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ber, 193 al

lata parts their later ‘oom, d 34 by hat size < to the engine xt deck le more because Makea \ in 3. Now ingle at that is, ith this he deck , but in through notches Now 1 % in. under- out age 109) TRACK NTER ER 'ERN* ‘OST 4OLES udder December, 1928

Steamboat Model (Continued from page 108) holes through them and also through -the vertical sidepieces, and _ through both run ‘jn. pins cut to the right length for the balusters. The end ones may have their heads eft on for knobs, but those between should have the heads cut off so as not to project above the handrails. ; [ found, however, that a bras; handrail was, it anything, rather easier to fit and better king, even if possibly not so correct. To make these, I filed a piece of No. 20 brass wire fiat on one side, soldered pins to it at the correct angle, bored the ladder to correspond, and cut off the points underneath. The pins J enameled white; the rails I polished and lacquered. Only this one ladder will be put in position now. — ; Abaft the engine room comes the railway for the center rudder tiller to slide on. .The easiest way to make this is of a curved piece of heavy wire with two uprights of the same bent over, filed thin where bent, and soldered under- neath. The height of the rail from the deck js { in., and the center of the curve is 4 in. from the engine room. It can be seen in the drawing on page 108. From underneath, directly in line with the sternposts, bore }%-in. holes, with another in line amidships, for the rudderposts. The enter one may have a little ring of wood glued to the deck above it. This deck should now be given a thin coat of varnish wherever it shows, except for 14 in. along the sides, where the posts supporting the next deck are to be glued. This narrow margin can be varnished from the outside after the posts are in position. The parts of the hog chains which show cannot be placed until we get the next deck on. For this we are now all ready, but will have to wait until next month to continue. Methodical Methods Save Time in Painting NE of the most common mistakes of ama- teurs in painting @ wall, ceiling, or floor is tostart any old place and work in all directions. Soon they find the area coated so large that they cannot keep all edges wet, and when they attempt to bring fresh paint up to half dry edges they do not get good joints. Conse- quently, it is best to carry the coat:ng across the surfaces in stretches. Stretches may be narrow or wide, depending upon how fast the coating sets. With flat wall paint the stretches had best be not over eight- een inches wide, startirg at tlie picture mold- ing and running down to the floor. That en- ables the painter to get down the first stretch and start the second before the edge sets too much. The same is true of lacquer and of stains. And it is best to start next to the window wall and work away from the light as you go.—F. N. VANDERWALKER.

Wuen paint has to be left for a day or two ina bucket with no top, an effective remedy for preventing the formation of a scum and the drying out of the paint is to cover it with shellacked or oiled paper. My practice is to | coat several sheets of any sort of thin paper, such as pages f10m an old mail order catalogue, with shellac and allow them to dry. A sheet of this treated paper is carefully patted down on the top of the paint and close against the sides of the bucket. The brush, too, may be left overnight without being cleaned or placed in a liquid “‘keeper,” if it is wrapped in another sheet: Take care to see that the brush is full of paint and the paper is folded over at the ends of the hairs to maintain a good chisel point—Granam STUCKEY.

posts.

POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY “YANKEE” No. 15 With Thumb-turn and Ratchet gets the best of pesky little screws. You turn blade with thumb and forefinger to start the wobbly / screw, while hand steadies driver { andscrew. Once started, you send screw home by ratchet movement— simply turning handle to and fro.

= © eT , ; SloN AaANVA,,.

Great time and labor savers—these “‘ Yankee” Ratchet Screw-drivers, with right and left ratchet and rigid adjustments. This pair—No. 15 and No. ro, should be in the tool box of your car; on the bench of the garage man; in the kit of mechanic and handy man.

No. 15—With thumb-turn. eter. Six lengths: 2” 85c; 6”, goc; 8”, 5c. No. tro—For husky screws. Eight blade lengths: 2”, 65c; 3”, 80c; 4”, 85c; 5”, 95C; 6", $2.05; 8”, $1.20; 10", $1.45; 12°, $2.60. Ratchet Shifter moves lengthwise. Blade, 3¢” diam- is oO wee ot ne » TOC; 3°, 75C; 4", 80c; 5”, No. 11—Same as No. 10, except Ratchet Shifter moves across tool. No screw-driver is a ““Yankee” Ratchet unless marked with the name. “YANKEE” on the tool you buy means utmost in quality, efficiency and durability, WRITE us for “Yankee” Tool Book, free, showing ingenious tools that make worthwhile Christmas Gifts: Ratchet Braces, Spiral Screw-drivers, Automatic Push Drills. Ratchet Hand, Breast and Chain Drills. Automatic Bench Drills. Removable-base Vises. Etc. North Bros. Mfg. Co., Philadelphia, U. S. A. “YANKEE TOOLS Make Betlv Mechanica’ Ol oN ,JSaYNVA,,

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§ World Your Living Room RM CHAIR travel, that brings vividly before you in living pictures, scenes and peoples from the ends of the earth! Nature and natural his- tory pictured’ to the life... science. . .sport . . . comedies ... *‘features,’’ all this is yours to enjoy with a DeVry home movie projector. Clear, brilliant, flickerless, full-size motion pictures right in your own living room. What a wonderful gift for the family! Easy to operate; no experience required. Wide variety of sub- jects, on non-inflammable safe- ty film at reasonable purchase or rental rates. Projector costs but $95. For personally made movies choose the DeVry Standard 35 mm. camera. Keep a movie diary of your travels, on ship- board, in strange lands, in the clouds —wherever you may be. The DeVry en- ables perfect movies from the start; simply point camera and press the but- ton. Films may be used on any standard projector. Reduction prints for 16 mm. projectors give exceptionally brilliant pic- tures. Camera price $150. For free literature on home movies and complete information about DeVry superiorities write today to CeVry Cor- poration, Dept. 12PX, 1111 Center St., Chicago, Ill. World’s Largest Manufacturer of Standard Motion Picture Cameras and Portable Projectors POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY “ER ‘ea ~ u € i Replacing a Broken Sash Cord Paste this Home Workshop Refer- ence Sheet, including the head above, in your scrapbook in the sec- tion marked windows. (Dec., 1928, POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY.) What is the quickest and easiest way to replace sash cord? FEW defects around the house cause greater annoyance than a broken window cord. Yet, like many other things that go wrong, it may be easily remedied without calling in the aid of a mechanic, if you approach the task with confidence and have some degree of ability to use your hands. Few tools are re- quired. 1. Inspect the cords of both upper and lower sash; if one is broken and one or more are worn and frayed, it will be an obvious economy to replace them at the same time. 2. Obtain a good ; rade of braided sash cord from the hardware store. It will be more economical to buy an entire hank if several cords are to be replaced, but if only one or two. You can figure roughly, how much you need by allowing 5 ft. for each cord of any window of ordinary size. 3. We will assume that only one cord is to be replaced and that in the lower sash, for that is more likely to give trouble. Remove the sash by the method described in a previous reference sheet (Nov., 1928). If there is a broken cord on each side, remove both stop strips, but if only on one side, the other side need not be disturbed. (Continued on page 111) },TO PULLEY } By vy Wa | Urea LOWER SASH TURNED OUT FIG. 1 Steps in removing a broken sash cord, taking out the weight, and installing a new cord. HERE, in one word you have the real reason why Pocket Ben is in high favor with millions of men. Right —on time! A thoroughly dependable, precision- built timepiece. Neatly designed. Handsomely finished. Attractive and trustworthy. For that boy of yours— Pocket Ben is just the gift for Christmas. Boys like what men like. Built by the makers of Big Ben and other Westclox WESTERN CLOCK COM PANY La Salle, Illinois New Auto Clock Good looking— convenient-— reliable. Quickly attached to dash or above ger Wert WTF! « windshield of anycat. weights of the b be close soon m; tohe ga a T weight pulley. the sas possible edge of the hol groove, Drive a sary, to place. its plac 9. It havene of the Ic sash en and att tion No take ou ings, an cords ir ing sure long or end of t! above t in place Replace stops. This. shop Re by clip, scrapbo ae Is

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one lave son Ben 1VOr ight zhly ion- atly ely and gift like CK ck ng— jiable. iched ibove December, 1928 Replacing Sash Cord (Continued from page 110) 4. If but one cord is broken, swing that side of the sash out and place a kitchen chair, or other support under it. The lower sash be pushed under one end of the upper sash help hold it, as suggested in Fig. 1. It is, yer, the best and safest practice to take co d out of tue sasa, tie a knot in % and allow it to run up to the pulley as in Fig. Gand then set the sash aside. © §. Remove the pocket facing; it may be ece: to take out the parting strip to do Lift the weight out of the pocket as in Mig. 3, cut the rope away from it, and dig out ‘= knotted end from the sash as at A of 1. Observe how each of these knots is tied nd fastened, for the new cord may be fastened the same way. ) 6. The easiest way to put the new cord Phrough the pulley is to make a “mouse.” Wrap several narrow pieces of thin sheet lead ground a piece of strong, flexible line perhaps §ft. long, as in Fig. 4. Pound lightly, or press each piece of lead so it stays in place about as shown. A piece of chain, a bent nail, or other ight weight will answer the purpose as a makeshift. A 4-in. length of sash chain makes a particularly convenient ‘‘mouse.” 7. Tie a knot near one end of the cord like Fig. 2, and tie the long end of the mouse line to the other end using half hitches as in Fig. 5. Push the mouse through the pulley from the front; allow it to drop down the pocket behind the pulley stile until it can be reached from the pocket opening. Pull out the mouse through the opening and at the same time coax the cord through the pulley from the front. Pull the cord down until the knot (Fig. 2) stops it. Remove the mouse line and tie the end of the cord to the weight with a knot that will not slip. Use the knot shown in Fig. 6, for example, or use the same knot that was on the old cord. Nearly every workman has a pet knot for this purpose, but any knot that does not allow the cord to pull directly over the axis of the weight will permit the latter to turn and swing in the pocket as it travels up or down, and perhaps make trouble with the other weight. The weights of the “ower sash should swing clear of the back side of the pulley or the sash cannot be closed, though the stretch of the cord will soon make it right if not more than )4 in. has to he gained. 8. To find the length of the cord, pull the weight up until it strikes the back of the pulley. Untie the slip knot (Fig. 2) and swing the sash back again until it is as nearly as possible in place. Hold the cord against the edge of the sash and cut it off 6 inches below the hole at A, Fig. 1. Ly the cord in the groove, tie the knot, and push it into its hole. Drive a small nail through the knot, if neces- sary, to hold it there and push the sash into its place. Raise the sasl, put the pocket face in its place, fasten it, and put the stop. strips on. 9. It is obvious that if the upper sash is to have new cords they must be put in before those of the lower sash. In this case, remove the lower sash entirely and do not merely swing it around and attempt to hold it as suggested in opera- tion No. 4 above. Pull the upper sash down, take out one or both parting strips, pocket fac- ings, and weights as may be required. Put the cords in by the methods already described, be- ing sure the cord of the upper sash is not too long or the sash may not stay up. The lower end of the weight should swing at least 3 inches above the window stool when the upper sash is in place to allow for the stretching of the cords. Replace the parting strips, pocket facings, and stops. to This is the second of a series of Home Work- ny Caf, shop Reference Sheets which you can preserve by clipping them out and pasting them in a scrapbook under appropriate headings. Se © This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 111 Build a Radio this Christmas ~ REG. U. S. PAT. OFF. will help you doit. fw these simple efficient devices to your own home-built set. The effect is instantly apparent and out of all proportion to the modest cost. ia Orchestra, band and vocal selections all wiil poe sepgsol come crystal clear and undistorted from your CLARIFIES THE set when you have attached the Carborun- —_ dum Stabilizing Detector Unit or the Carbo- rundum Detector. The detector is fixed per- manently at the most sensitive spot. The , pressure on the crystal is adjustable. It gives omiuu7,;, you pure, natural tones with volume. DETECTOR Carborundum Grid Leaks are quiet. They $1.50 In U.s. a. . i are solid rods of Carborundum that provide aa ie uninterrupted flow of current. No noise from me arcing. CARBORUNDUM GRID LEAKS, 50c. No matter what you build this Christ- RESISTORS mas, you will do better work and 75c. and $1.00 faster work if your tools are sharp. Keep tool edges keen and cutting © clean by having the Carborundum AN Combination Stone always handy. It comps, \\ is the “double-duty” homecrafts- man’s helper, for one side is coarse grit to take out nicks and start the edges, while other side is fine grit, for finishing. THE CARBORUNDUM COMPANY Niagara Falls, N. Y, CANADIAN CARBORUNDUM CO., LTD. Niagara Falls, Ont. Carborundum is the Registered Trade Mark of The Carborundum Company for its Silicon Carbide and is its exclusive property SEND FOR THESE TWO BOOKS

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112 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY You Can't Lose © die eA Co) ill ham mater The 93 in. end @ exten the of gor 3 Wind either Als 10 in. F "THE size you want can’t hide away. Turn the adjusting-screw and you have it. This humpty dumpty toy poses . a 1 [vs simple .. . fast . . . positive. Jaws CY aS Se Se take a non-slip grip on the work. ~ HANDLE is angled to give good lever- New Humpty Dumpty age, and to turn nuts easily even in F | awkward locations. Dancing ‘Toy THE B & C. Adjustable “S” Wrench saves time, trouble and space. It’s a By Cuarzes M. MILier young tool-kit in itself. At good hardware stores, everywhere. MPTY DUMPTY, like some other © noted personages, has had a come. BEMIS & CALL CO. @ | back and is more popular than ever. He SGenabestasen makes an especially good toy when _ SPRINGFIELD, Massachusetts mounted as illustrated so that he can be made to perform clog dances. piece We first must have a good outline of 4 by + his comely form. The design, which fol- revol\ lows one made by Bess Bruce Cleveland, head ° can be enlarged by drawing 14-in. squares where on paper and copying in each square will m whatever appears in the corresponding Th square of the drawing below. and 1 To transfer the drawing to wood, place the w a carbon paper between the paper and | the | wood and trace the drawing, including | weath the centers for the arm and leg joints, | be at With coping or band saw, cut all seven | coura parts. File and sandpaper any places that may be rough. The two arms may be cut Ne together and one turned over to fit the opposite side of (Continued on page 118) CORRUGATED PAPER the b FOR TILE ROOF Fas (RED) ; - Right in Your Home Workshop; the | Ps Easy, Fascinating; We Furnish Works heade Men—you who love to tinker—here’s just the or Profit front soap you need. Cleans quickly and thoroughly Argos Hisas 8 great | the toughest-looking pair of hands that ever , Ne spectal setal “Spirit of the fussed around a work bench. Makes more “Handy ‘man’? | Time’’ Banjo Clock. heigh lather in 15 seconds than ordinary soap in 60, wah fey tools somubled sentyte Th and even hard or cold water won’t discourage tiful Clocks. As stall, “4 us; — pen- Th it. Millions use it. “Good old Lava,” they Pere t eor ff cluded. “Special low dowel call it. Gets hands clean! Not just “surface ness with prac- jg Prices. Also Compigte to a k clean,” but clean ’way down deep. As easy on tically oS _ fiantel and Grandfather's ” ® your hands as fur-lined gloves—because it’s make Clocks [fj Clocks knock-down cases ing pi made from the finest of vegetable oils. All end sell readily Bf with chimes at all prices: space grocers and druggists sell it. fandgome pot. pF yg . P , Pouhows "wo" ff tated, BREE "BOCK ering N Asm Full size cake of Lava Soap FREE! gladly, for the coupon below. ¥ to th eS Huny coomne -- Mail this coupon: ------ AMERICAN CHIME CLOCK CO. ay Me flush 1691 Ruff -, Dept. P, Phi ia, Pa. Procter & Gamble (Dept. X 1228) 6 uffner St ept. P, Philadelphia, Pa For t Cincinnati, Ohio. ‘ good Please send me, FREE, a full size cake of short LAVA, the hand soap that removes all the dirt and grease. j American Chime Clock Co. : butto i Dept. P, 1691 Ruffner St., 1 Th RE ASE Ce aoe g Philadelphia, Pa. H by 8) ii |, Please send me FREE Book, details qn Spccial y 8) Sevece Banjo Clock Offer and facts on how I can make thin \ if - - Serer eee rrrerrerr rT rrr eee ee ree ee re Tee Tee ' Extra Money Building Clocks. ' jet 01 Ss aE ge Ba eee i SU ics anccghhesteanencsasdsdeceahede xoceeus t The - Se | RE ae eee Re me Age coccccce | Front view of the toy with squares to aid screw ME «on oncntececccrercrscccceccscccecccssesces ey ere enerEy rr eee a in laying it out, and a smaller side view. form ere RO OC NN RS SE a a ae P © This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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r and oints, seven s that € cut it the e 118) December, 1928 B aicplane Bird Feeder Turns in the Wind MAKE the airplane bird feeder illustrated, a few nails and boards, a hammer, and a saw are about the only materials and tools needed. The feeding shelter is 11 in. wide and 93 in. long, and is 11 in. high at the open end and 6 in. at the closed end. The roof extends at least 2 in. all around and, over the opening A, it is well to have it project 9 or 3 in. more—that is, 5 or 6 in. in all. Windows 4 by 6 or 4 by 8 in. are placed on either side. A lag screw 1 in. in diameter and 8 or 10 in. long passes through the 2 by 4 in. Fs No matter how much snow or wind there is, this revolving feeder shelters the birds. piece B and is screwed securely into the 4 by 4 in. post C. This acts as a pin for revolving. A washer is placed under the head:of the lag screw and pieces of tin where B and C join. A little oil on the tin will make the feeder turn more freely. The tailpiece D, which is 28 in. long and 14 in. wide at the widest point, causes the whole feeder to turn and thus keeps ‘the birds protected from disagreeable | weather at all times. The feeder should ' be at least 7 ft. from the ground to dis- | courage cats.—BENNETT B. Situ. _ New Humpty Dumpty Toy (Continued from page 112) the body; this is true also of the legs. Fasten the arms and the upper parts of the legs to the body with small round- headed screws. Make the holes in the front piece large enough in each case for the screws to turn freely. The total height of the figure is 1014 in. The action is controlled by a %-in. dowel that passes through the forehead to a knob device at the back of the danc- ing pavilion. A 34-in. block is placed as a spacer to set the head out from the wall. A small button mold with a hole reamed to the size of the 14-in. dowel is glued to Humpty’s forehead, and the dowel stops flush with the front side of the button. For the turning knob at the back, half a good sized spool will serve, although a short length of 1-in. dowel and a 1%-in. button mold were used on the original. The platform consists of a box 144 by 4 by 814 in., made of 14-in. material with a thin toppiece. One end is left open to let out the sound of the clattering feet. The vertical wall is glued and nailed or screwed to the back of this hollow plat- form. Paint the toy in brilliant colors. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 113 Some into apply to the Sestonbiny Moist fac . 2 8Withams . Usa nea cg AQUA VELVA for After-Shaving! You'll get a stimulating thrill as you apply Aqua Velva after your shave. Your first velvet of the day! Eighty-eight years of study of the needs of newly shaven faces went into the making of Aqua Velva. And today a host of discriminating men would feel lost without it. Aqua Velva cares for tiny scrapes and cuts,—most- ly unseen. Protects from wind and weather,—dry- ness indoors, dust outdoors. Closes pores. Conserves natural moisture, so essential to good facial condition. Made by the makers of Williams Shaving Soaps, it keeps the skin as the Williams lather /eaves it, flexible and Fit! Try a bottle. Note your all-day face comfort. You'll wonder how you got on so long without it. z z v v 50 cents for a 5-0z. bottle. Or a Free Trial Size if you ask for it. Address: Dept. PS-18, The J. B. Williams Co., Glastonbury, Conn., and Montreal, Can. Williams Aqua Velva for use after shaving

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114 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY December, 19 UiEETIME WRE CZ ANZ One quality has been hammered into Billings & Spencer wrenches for three generations. That is the quality of lifetime loyalty to the man who invests in one. Forged with the fine zeal of masters of forge-craft. Pledged to the creed: “Our wrenches—your wrenches for life.’”’ Make these ‘Lifetime Wrenches” your life partners in mechanical work. Just the set you want is waiting — At your Dealer’s. Visitors are always welcome at the forges of The SPEN CER NGS &"e, B aut Queen New York: 71 Murray Street Chicago: 565 W. Washin§fon Blvd. Quick-Change Hinges for Storm and Screen Doors HEN the storm door is brought out in the fall after the screen door has been stored away, fortunate is the man who does not discover that the hinge screws are missing, or the screw holes are too large, or some extra work of fastening and fitting has to be done. But this annual annoyance can be avoided. Whittle wooden plugs, dip them in glue, and drive them in any old screw holes which are to receive new screws so that the new screws may be driven immedi- ately. Putty all other unsightly screw holes and small imperfections or fill them with commercial wood paste, and paint the surfaces of both door and doorframe. Purchase two pairs of 3 by 3 in. loose- joint pin hinges and two suitable duplicate catches. Place the hinges on one door, say the screen door, as A and B. Hold the ~~ a > eH —"3 8 + 50 ——_—__°j3}..g°.] we a * i=] oy 2- —_——39——_ 1. Hed AGI | SCREEN DOOR When fitted with loose-pin hinges, a storm and screen door can be quickly interchanged. STORM DOOR door in its place in the opening with wedges and fasten the sides C and D of the hinges to the doorframe. Fit a catch at E in the door and cut the striker plate in the doorframe at F. Fasten a long spiral spring to the inside of the door and to the doorframe. Remove the pin from each hinge, release the spring from the screw eye on the door, and set the door aside. Place the parts A! and B' of the other hinge into parts C and D, which are already fastened to the doorframe, and drop the pins into the hinges. Wedge the storm door into position int the doorframe and fasten the hinge members A! and B! to it with screws. Place a catch at E so it exactly engages the striker in the door- frame at F. Turn in a screw eye on the inside of the door to receive the end of the spring. Now, instead of spending several hours twice a year in assembling tools and acces- sories and in changing screen and storm doors, the head of the house simply removes the spring from the eye on the inside of the door already hung, lifts the pin from each hinge, slips the other door in position, drops the pins into their places in the hinges, and puts the end of the spring in the screw eye on the inside of the door. Fifteen minutes’ work and the job is done. The released door should be set away so it will stand perfectly straight, or it may develop a twist which will prevent it from closing properly and be impossible to remove.—C, A. K. — ! | | J es Do You Get $2 to $3 an Hour for Your Time i/ ou can easily make th & Jateuntn business, silk | a Foley Automatic Saw Filer | Here are two experiences typical of the many reports in our files, “T filed six saws in 40 minutes at 50¢ each.” —Chas. E. Fuller, Lima, Ohio “T get all the work I can handle,”— H. F. Myers, Burlington, Iowa. Get a Foley, and make money jp spare time, or build up a steady, year around business of your own, File saws for carpenters, contractors, schools, factories, farmers and homes. FOLEY A*: Saw Filer matic not only files, but also brings all teeth to uniform height, spacing and size... automatically and _ with machine precision. i+ - No experience needed. Makes saws cut better than new. More than twice as fast as hand filing. No canvassing. Write now for valuable FREE Plan on “How to Start a Saw- filing Business.” FOLEY SAW TOOL CO., INC. 1004 Foley Bidg., 11 Main St. N.E. Minneapolis, Minn. Do Away with Handsanding TAK; Sander Large or small surfaces easily sanded with this little machine. Handles like a plane, leaving a flat even finish, due to the smooth )} action of belt. Sands five times faster than by hand. Fine for re finishing furniture, wood- work, stairs, floors, etc. Works from any light socket. No ex perience- required to operate. PORTER-CABLE MACHINE CO. “Machine Tool Builders for Twenty years” 2000 Salina St. Syracuse, N.Y. The Vest Pocket Lawyer A complete law course—clearly analyzed in under- standable English. It isa daily guide—a man reference for the business man—the law student—the justice of the peace—the notary public—the farmer— the clergyman —the merchant —the banker —the doctor. F 360 pp. Price $1.50, postpaid POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 250 Fourth Avenue, New York City ® This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. mak sim] The stor liste two men enet at C

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er, 1903 December, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 115 — — © ban | How to Make Use 9 re of Corrugated uch ith Fasteners of : ‘ : By DAVID WEBSTER 50, tion EW home workers realize the ad- _— / vantages of corrugated fasteners for making strong joints. The fasteners are in simply applied, effective, and economical. dy, They may be obtained in most hardware - stores and many ten-cent stores and are ve listed by large mail order houses. ; Their uses are manifold: The ends of Fr two boards may be joined as at A, the all members of a square butted frame fast- nd ened as at B, and a mitered frame held as ith at C. A wide board can be made of nar- row pieces as at D, with a strip of face Ws wood fastened to the edge. Also, two No boards may be glued and “long spliced” ° ! together as at FE, and a pole spliced as ;' I h d - at F. One reason why this method of S most mo ern. : fastening wood together is not applied ee — . 9 more commonly is that a surface blemish P l \ \ ] M h results, but the fasteners may be used to ersona riting ac Ine advantage in many places. The sizes of the fasteners range in ; length between 14 and 1 in. by eighths ORE than twenty years’ reversing. There is a real variable experience have helped to _ line spacer, back spacer, margin make Corona the compact, con- _ release—every convenience mod- venient portable typewriter it is ern skill can apply to a portable today. Over a million users have _ typewriter. proved Corona’s durability. No other portable typewriter has such Buy on easy terms a record, Get your Corona now. Pay for Wn Sinobet : it i ient monthly install- END BUTT JOINT MITERUOINT "Face EDGE Tetetynie ie 868 FE) fi {@ no hesitation in choosing Corona. ments. You’ll never miss the a LONG SPLICE SPLICED ae as your own Personal Writing money, and you'll never want to 9 Cc ° ‘ nce Methods of making joints with corrugated Machine. get along without Covena, . . fasteners, which are hammered into the wood. " : you have found out how useful it Corona is light, yet strength , ani t and in width from two to seven corruga- has not been sacrificed. Its tough is. The price is only $60—for tions. They come in two styles of edges, ; both black and colored Coronas. plain and saw tooth. Both types are to aluminum frame has withstood F corrugations, ‘The straight ave profectie | unbelievable abuse. Cur Sneek a esily if the joint is well made, but if not, the Corona is compact, graceful in gladly leave a Corona at your hine. tapered fasteners will draw the joint to- Bir t amine at your ng 8 gether. The fasteners illustrated have design without sacrificing com- — for y Ps oe y oth divergent corrugations. > . eisure—and without imes For %-in. material, 1%-in. fasteners pleteness. The Key board ™ — oblication. Seld on pe may be used as at G, for they will not dard, the type-bar action is like 8 . CORONA odie drive through. Fit the joint and lay the ‘ hine. The ribb convenient terms. TIPEWRITERS any pieces face down upon a bench or other that of a big machine. I he ribbon | oe smooth, firm surface. Glue each joint as is full twelve yards long, self- d to it is made, if gluing is desired. Hold the pieces in perfect contact and position and drive the fasteners into the back. If the fasteners are driven into narrow ” pieces parallel to the grain or too near the i. Y. edge, the use of a hand screw as at H will guard against splitting the wood. er If the fasteners are too much in evi- sder- dence, they may be driven below the < surface about 4% in. with a nail set. ier— Moistening the spot with a sponge will -& swell the wood and help in concealing the paid blemish. When the wood is dry, sand- paper the surface. :

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116 How 17 Friends said ““MerryXmas’’ with Same Tobacco When sixteen of a man’s friends send Edge- worth to him for Christmas, it looks as though there’s no doubt about the kind he wants when he wants it! Read what happened to Mr. Fitzpatrick: Evanston, III. Larus & Bro. Co., December 31, 1927 Richmond, Va. Dear Sirs: Of course you know from your sales just how popular your brands of tobacco are, but perhaps what follows will illustrate something of the identity, so to speak, of the users of Edgeworth. I happen to be blest with a host of very fine friends, mostly ‘“‘highbrows’’—pro- fessors, scientists, &c. Generally at Christ- mas time they show their remembrance and all that with some little gift—a_ box of copare. fishing tackle, a book—all that sort of thing. Well, this Christmas many seemed to centre on tobacco. Now, mark you, these fellows have no communication with each other. They live in widely separated parts of the country, so it was no “‘put-up”’ joke on me or anything like that. But here came seventeen boxes of tobacco, and sixteen of them the familiar blue ‘‘ Edge- worth’! The seventeenth was a very flossy walnut, brass-trimmed box; but if I know tobacco, the contents were Edgeworth with a little perique in it. Just coincidence, perhaps, but a queer one. Am not an habitual smoker of Bdge- worth, so they weren't catering to any especial taste of mine. Looks like a con- sensus of opinion among the “highbrows” —or quite a batch of ‘em—that Edge- —_ is the stuff, the proper caper for a gift. Sincerely yours, F. W. Fitzpatrick. Edgeworth Ready-Rubbed comes in three favorite gift sizes for Christmas—the pound glass humidor, the pound tin, and the very attractively decorated half- pound tin. Each size is packed in a specially i invit- ing gift carton, printed in gay colors. Prices—$1.65 for the pound humidor. $1.50 for the pound tin. And 75c¢ for the half-pound tin. Please ask your to- bacco dealer to show you _ these Christmas pack- ages. Or, if he can- not supply you, send us $1.65 for each pound humi- dor, $1.50 and 75c¢ respec- tively for each pound and half-pound tin of Ready- Rubbed to be shipped; also a list of the names and addresses of those you wish to remember, with your personal greeting card for each friend. We will gladly attend to sending the Christmas Edgeworth to your friends, all delivery charges prepaid. : Personal: Perhaps you yourself are not acquainted with Edgeworth. If so, send your name and address to Larus & Brother Com- any, 10 South 21st Street, Richmond, Va. We shall be glad to send you free samples— enerous helpings of both Edgeworth Ready- Rubbed and Edgeworth Plug Slice. Edgeworth is sold in various sizes from pocket tins to handsome humidors—to suit the needs of any smoker. On your radio—tune in on WRVA, Richmond, Va. —the Edgeworth Station, Wave length 270 meters. Frequency 1110 Kilocycles.—Special Feature: The “Edgeworth Club’? Hour every Wednesday evening at nine o’clock, Eastern Standard Time .POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Strap and Chain Prevent High-Chair Accidents FTER our baby had taken a dan- gerous fall from a high chair, we decided that the strap that reaches from the center of the tray to a position in the seat between the baby’s legs was in- sufficient. It had its usefulness, but was not enough in itself to safeguard an especially strong, active infant. What was needed was something that would A method—not as uncomfortable as it looks— for restraining a too-active and daring infant. stop the baby from either attempting to stand up or toppling the chair over. We made a little “anklette’’ out of strong, stiff cloth to be buttoned or tied round the baby’s ankles. About six inches of strong tape attached to the “‘anklette”’ and fastened to the footrest makes it impossible for the baby to stand up, yet does not unduly restrain his legs. A short length of chain with a snap at one end was fastened to the back of the high chair and connected with a screw eye in a convenient wall so that the baby cannot possibly manage to tip over the chair.—ALFRED G. SPRENGER. Tinse! Causes Short Circuit Y DROPPING a Christmas package tied with tinsel ribbon across the tracks of a toy electrical railroad, my boy caused a short circuit. The sparks set fire to the tissue wrapping around the box, and the flames quickly fired a sheet spread under the Christmas tree. Luckily, I was within call and no great damage was done, but other readers will do well to be careful in placing boxes that are tied with tinsel cord, or any tinsel ornaments, where they can come in con- tact with the house lighting current or electric toys.—F. N. C. Mail today to Ti i Sci 5 FREE oncouron-an er ancis soos Seren ieiereneyep alas pocket here ca eras 1 ne Ai a Circular 25-Picture story of The “‘hand-grip’’ of a tiny Rubber bard hi ids a B i 7 Te lest- olds a erin a he a Gerdes iT iS an Pee LOCK-GRIP paceman WRENCH Noe 3tor all Wire, No. g-mak- wor ingetonce work,etc. in tight places, etc. a 1, Universal—for ALL Pliers, Nut Wrench, eand.clamp, Spring-making Work, etc. EIF EL-ELASH, PLERENCH KIT (Say “‘Eye-fel-Flash’"’ *‘The T.N.T. of Tools” get the amazingly Quicker, Better Easier. Tool Se on yt) Nos. 1,2 & 3—Con in +1 covend is this new 24-Ounce Master foot Kit—for the Price of One ‘ool; yet it oes the Work of the best other too Weighing bon pounds ond Costing $50.00! Hundreds of Thousands of Men and Women ere using these wonder Kits to make their Homes and states more comfortable—Farm ~y Shops, etc., more profitable; to get more and better service from Auto- mobiles and all ng Soeeet with an enor- mous saving in and Navy and gners ! Used b: the U. S. Army and Navy. “dust Try Renc Kit Once, an would n ore zo back to other tools than tc to > the ancient "Ox-ca rt! With each Kitisa64-page Manual of Mechanics A GUARANTEED SUPER-QUALITY PRODUCT A Great Fall ana Winter Money-Maker for PlieRench Fact’y Repr’s—Full or Part Time. Amazing PlieRench Demonstrtn, Sells at sight— makes $75-$200 weekly all year ’round. Holiday- Gift Sales Double Profits, Ga.Rep. made $97.50 in 20-Minute Group Sale. Mich. Rep. made $368.50 in-12 days. L.M.E. made $379.00 in One Week! MAIL the Valuable COUPON Above NOW! Spinning Auto Light SPINS WITH THE WIND @ (©'28-J.8.) ow colors for colleges, te. Anyone can install to ang : part of auto, truck, mo’ : at or airplane quickly. @ chromium plated radiator orna- ; ment- spina nis night or 2 Just So eee ceipt of $3. Money? bac tee Go L $3.00 ae Complete 19 Liberty St., N.¥.C. eh guarentee Goi io An ideal Gift HB PAINT. QUICK, EASY PROFITS! Practically no investment. Small space required. Steady demand and BIG PROFIT?TS re finishing autos, furniture—paint- ing houses and barns with HB quick spray method. One man does the work of five with brushes. Pays for itself on easy aL payments. 30 DAYS’ T OBAagT today for details. BROS. CO. 30 DAYS TRIAL Bos P128, Troy, Ohio QUICKLY PAYS J | FOR ITSELF. pay postage. * © This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. Ageia, 561 Broadiway, New York, N. ¥«» Deptewae glued i

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t, 1928 GO, ILL. Le ; P: WA iitii MRA y

pecember, 1928

——— Gifts Any Man Can Make (Continued from page 57) ringly and not too near the edges, so that there will not be a great deal of surplus glue squeezed out when the hand screws are tight- . Smooth the rear faces of the book ends after all the blocks have been assembled. Two final coats of lacquer should be given. In this day of. small size living quarters, the hanging bookshelf and mirror illustrated on page 118 should be a welcome piece of furniture, as it makes not the slightest inroad upon the available floor space. The structural features are so simple as to bring this smart modern iece easily within the reach of the amateur woodworker. Square the bottom, sidepieces, and partitions to dimensions, cut the rabbets on the rear edges of these pieces and the 14 by 314 in. recesses on the front edges. Screw the pieces together as shown and nail the back temporarily in place. Smooth the surfaces and edges at all the joints, and slightly round the corners of the end jeces. : Cut and shape the front piece and the lower member of the two-part top. A turning saw or acoping saw is.necessary to cut the arcs on the front piece. These pieces are then smoothed with scrap- ers, file, and sand- paper. It will be found convenient to wrap a small piece of sandpaper around the file when sanding the

Could anything be simpler or serve its purpose | better than this modernistic book end? It can be painted as above or as shown on page 57. curves. After fitting the front piece, glue it to the sides and the partitions. Insert a screw in each of the partitions to reinforce the joint, but | use only glue at the ends. When the ends are | dry, smooth and round them. The lower member of the top is next screwed to the upper ends of the sides and the partitions and is rounded on the front and side edges. The 4% in. thick member of the top is then glued in place, thus concealing the screws in the lower toppiece. THE flutes on the edges of the partitions and the bottom are cut with small gouges. It is best to practice these cuts on a piece of waste lumber before attempting to make the final cuts. They also can be scratched or scraped in with a scraper of the correct shape held in what is called a “scratch stock,” or made by means of an inexpensive but useful tool known asa “hand beader.”’ A set of cutters for flutes, , and reeds are furnished with the beader. flutes should be emphasized by means of a con- trasting color. The two screw holes in the front piece are blocked with diamond-shaped pieces of wood, which are inserted as described later. ‘The back is finally screwed in place after the mirror has been inserted. It is well to place several layers of paper between the mirror and the back asa protection. (Continued on nrge 118)

s

If the bookshelf is painted or lacquered, the .

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Finest Siw made. Silver Steel Ship Point blade. Perfection Handle. ATKINS JUNIOR MECHANIC _ HAND ~—

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Rigid Silver Steel blade. Apple wood handle. 8 to 18 in. lengths. ATKINS No.3 NEST OF SAWS Adjustable handle with compass, keyhole and metal-cutting blades. ATKINS No.10 HACK SAW =-

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ATKINS 1S Kom @) SCRAPER “Silver Steel.” Makes the best Scraper blade you ever used. All sizes. AN Gi be HAND SAW [ipsa _ FILER = This simple tool enables anyone to file a saw correctly and easily. ATKINS : rl ger < a: Wea

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cSAWS In Your Home WORKSHOP EN who have home workshops get great pleasure and profit in making things, with ATKINS Saws and Tools. They save time, work and material in cutting wood and metal—do the work far quicker, easier and better. Only in ATKINS Saws do you get “SILVER STEEL,” that takes a sharper cutting edge and holds it longer. Your ATKINS Saw is also “‘Taper Ground"’ to make sawing easier and pre- vent binding. And only ATKINS Saws have Perfection Handles to eliminate all wrist strain. Start a home-workshop of your own with a set of ATKINS Saws and Tools. Make things you've always wanted. Save money on repair jobs!. Earn money in spare time! See These Saws at Your Hardware Dealer’s At left are shown several ATKINS Saws and Tools needed in an up-to-date home workshop. See them at your hardware store. Other AT- KINS Saws for every purpose. Insist on ATKINS, and you'll find it the best tool investment you ever made. Two Booklets on Saws—FREE “Saws in The Home” has dozens of helpful suggestions for making things at home, and shows the best tools to use. “SAW SENSE” tells about saws and their care. Both sent FREE —just mail us coupon below. E. C. ATKINS & CO. Est. 1857 i 428 So. Illinois St., Indianapolis, Ind., U.S. Aa Leading Manufacturers of Highest Grade Saws for Every Use; Saw Tools, Sow Specialtses, Plastering Trowels, Machine Knives, Grinding Wheels and Files, Please send me your Free Books, “SAW SENSE” and “SAWS IN THE HOME.” ON sao .d. sie de worese@ Roaleka eget MNOS 2s 5: ia: nud anda ne, akon eens My Dealer Is 117

@ This seal on an advertisement it POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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118 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY December Gifts Any Man Can Make (Continued from page 117) ¥ 19g Decembe Gif The stand, which is the third project (see page 119), is one of those low pieces of furniture that is used so much in modernistic interiors to contrast with the taller “skyscraper” pieces. It is suitable as a depository for books, mag- azines, smoking paraphernalia, or toys. As the top and base are 22 in. square, it is necessary first to glue up several narrower pieces to give the required width. It may be convenient to glue up enough pieces to make about 45 in. in width and then cut this piece in onwase the center to give both top and base. Pitch: Dukes WHEN jointing (planing) boards to be glued, plane two at the same time, placed face to face. It is much easier than to plane one at a time, because the edges do not have to be abso- fi ee ae 4 (SS SSS lutely square with the sides; if there is a slight | PLAY .: A compact, malleable- bevel that of one piece will exactly compensate | | iron, home gymnasium La z 3 RP 5 for the bevel on the other piece when the two YOUR = consisting of a Rowing parts are brought together. Place a framing | |} WAY Machine, Punching Bag, i eae ge gwen eB square on the edges and test for straightness. | }: Chest Weights, P. arallel SHOW=aaste 2 pPedzup: When the edge of one board is set on top of the | TO Bars, ¢ hinning Bar, Wrist other, the edges at the ends should be close to- | HEALTH Machine, Wall Ladder, A P : ? i ss i : PRODUCTION and gether, but a slight hollow in the center does S teem snesenman eaters — is not matter. If an opening shows at the ends, | | ™ : £2 - F stead attention however, the edges must be planed again. i rable, attractively finished and easily ij U When clamping up the boards for gluing, | ff) erected. ail aas 7 h place two clamps on the underside at each | f DF na oe Bo rong - one fe to t e pace you set extremity and one on top in the center. Either | | cally fit. An adult's daily ponte poe 7 . ‘ . cabinetmaker’s bar clamps or improvised wood- | |} so ree Png wr 4 and sold on easy § the or the job te: en clamps with wedges may be used. Tighten | |i) (00s 0° o* 0" aloe = on aenill ¢ the center clamp before the end clamps. If the GYM JUNIOR CO. Weehawken 'N. J. L ‘ edges of the boards do not come level, blows eS Special Counters by with a hammer or, better, a mallet, will force OO ai VEEDER-Roor for Brown them in line. & Sharpe “Automati es.” When the glue is dry, plane across the grain 250 POWER J 50 ~ They count the production of the wide board to get the surfaces level. "6: - MICROSCOPE | and keep it high by an : Af width every-minute check-up on the ba cbrwooD = a 7 a ae ining, le _ - / y : 1} 1is fine microscope helps a operator. Save ove r-runs, / /) miRROR | 7 ‘lx | to know life that can’t be of the save under-runs which Z H | seen nag ——_ eye. Tiny fit the : = + — — — ~~ 5 -------- J insects look like monsters. quickly cover the cost of the HALF SECTION | HALF PLAN Plant and mineral life s Counters —at reveal new wonders in brus 3 form and color. Used by $6.50 Each = x | students, dentists, phy- (Subject to quantity discounts). + m1 siclans, scientists—in R ss Attachments. $1.00 each set; no | home, office, school, ec discount. i. and_ laboratory. io . . } VA Precise optical qual- Speed Counter i iff j| | ities ’ : : | W, Uy” Uf Magnifies 100 to 250 Here’s the handiest instrument a a times. Tilting stand, for finding revolutions-per-minute of — 9°—+"}+———_ 43 nena s —lip fine finish, nickel trim, t 36 plush-lined case, pre- a shaft or flywheel. You hold the tip of the counter against end of revolving shaft; press lightly when the second hand of your watch comes to 0; release pressure when minute is up. A spring clutch con- trols the recording mechanism. Zz 3 : - FRONT ELEVATION HANGING BOOKSHELF pared slide, instruc- a es-— tions. At your dealer or direct postpaid. Money back guaran- tee. Other models $2.50 and $8.50. ' ! ! \ Catalog Free ' ' 1243-———+ Wollensak Optical Company 857 Hudson Avenue Rochester, New York | | he i -— 7°—_+ 7— RATS, DETAIL OF SIDE i nae PA ot KS Front, top, and side views of the hanging wall (Cut less than 14 size) bookshelf, and sketch of the corner construction. WOODWORKING MACHINES The Veeder-Root Speed Counter Then scrape or plane with the grain, depending Cabinet enables you to keep motors, engines, upon the kind of wood used. Hardwoods like ine generators, line shafting and ma- birch or maple usually have to be scraped; soft Shop chines operating at efficient speeds. woods like pine, basswood, and cypress can be Special Price, with two rubber tips as planed smooth with the grain. No. 10 illustrated, $3.50. _After all the pieces have been squared to $290 dimensions, screw them together as shown in F Our brown book shows in- the drawing. Set the screws that show at least with Motor struments that “count lf in. below the surface. First bore a hole with everything on earth.’’ See an auger bit equal to the diameter of the head ann them—by sending for the of the screw and | in. deep. In the center of your shop. Compact, book. this hole bore another hole for the screw itself complete machine de- & signed like a big production outfit at 1/5 the cost. with a No. 6 gimlet bit or a twist drill. Floor space required only 42x72 inches. Does any Noodle aa OOTinconrorareo After all the pieces have been screwed to- kind of cabinet or joinery work. Write for circular. LEAOL | roo HARTFORD, CONN. gether, cut the diamonds from a thin piece of Th Parks Woodworking Machine Co. wood of the proper (Continued on page 119) Gunalins tee 338 pw hy yy . 4 i! © This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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Ly y York — © _ 52% december, 1928 Bik Any Man Can Make (Continued from page 118) > ° 3° age 58 58 58 S—cCENTER LINE ee Sasa eae Pa ee a Hee 1 4 it ‘6: vi ' = i it ' : ca] b-==5 43 oe asda 0% ——~j- 10} - —— aa A 7 ' bi oe “ ¢ tf =H mY a N 1 4 +h A £ t 7 t » eee. STAND This low stand is one of the most popular and characteristic of modernistic furniture pieces. width. Place each one over a screw hole and mark its outline with a sharp knife blade or steel point. Remove the wood on the inside of these lines with a 14-in. chisel, and glue and fit the diamonds in place. When dry, scrape the surface until it is level and smooth. Apply brushing lacquer or any desired finish. Reader Finds Bremen Model a Remarkable Flyer Flying scale model of the famous Junkers monoplane constructed by Robert L. Pierce. ETTERS from readers are especially en- thusiastic about the design for a flying model of the Bremen given in PopuLaR SctENCE Montu ty Blueprints Nos. 89 and 90 (see page 102). It is not only exceedingly realistic but an extraordinarily good flyer. The model illustrated above was built by Robert L. Pierce, of Gettysburg, Scuth Dakota, from our blueprints and the instructions in the August, 1928, issue. “Tt is the most remarkable flyer I have ever constructed,”’ he wrote, “while still being very realistic.” Anthony Wesh, of Elizabeth, N. J., won the duration trophy with a Bremen model at the annual meet sponsored by the Union County (N. J.) Park Commission, and Harry Jaeger won the free-for-all contest with a similar model. | Ce tor : aL 2) Orc-02— Er OeGe © §5—20 A |e ] Bk Cote Oa— — {B= 6 O85 0 OFS yy . | cy —= 2 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY his Christmas g cale Model of a Real Airplane? ET the thrill of Model Build- ing and Flying with an -accu- rate Model of a Real Airplane! If you have built Racers, now build a Scale Model—there’s fun and useful in- terest in this popular sport. IDEAL Models are the most perfect copies of large Airplanes it is possible to make in Models that will fly. They are miniature duplicates of real machines, to those 4 - . pete 3 Ft. Flying Model FOKKER Monoplane A perfect model of the tri- motored ’plane which Com- mander Byrd flew to the North Pole. Weighs only 11% oz. complete and is guaranteed to fly when cor- rectly constructed. Com- lete Construction Out- wonderfully. Complete Construction it, $8.50. Outfit, $7.50 y ! 64-Page Model Airplane Book—5c | Contains plans for building Gliders and kinds of Models. CECIL PEOLI away! Racing Airplane A 36-in. Official Record maker. Will fly far and fast. Very easy to build; everything included in the outfit. Complete Con- struction Outfit, $3.75. Louis); Fokker; Ib EAL Model IN the IDEAL Silver Wings and Certificate of Award for Proficiency in Model Aviation. G who build and fly IDEAL Models. Full informa- tion in every Outfit. 3 Ft. Model DeHAVILLAND Bi-Plane An accurate Model, (4th actual size, of this famous aircraft. The most popular machine of Bi-Plane type, easy to build and will fly _ Racers, full information about els, and most complete catalog of Parts. Materials, Fittings and Supplies for all Send for a copy right Plans for Model Airpignes Complete '-size Plans and for any one of the following Models mailed for 25c: New York-Paris (Spirit of St. DeHavilland; NC-4 Seaplane; Nieuport, Bleriot or Taube Monoplanes; Cecil Peoli Racer. O2— Et = Oem a and are guaranteed to fly when cor- rectly constructed. IDEAL Com- plete Construction Outfits (one shown above) show how to build them and contain everything needed, including Sealed Plans, full size Diagrams and Pat- terns, and complete Build- ing-Flying Instructions. Here are the most popu- lar Models; pick yours now! “™, Given Free Flying Model “SPIRIT of ST. LOUIS” An exact model-reproduc- tion of the most. famous Airplane in the world. 36- in. wing span; weighs 10% oz. A beautiful model that will fly when correctly con- structed. Complete Con- struction Outfit, $7.50. Scale Mod- “*Every Boy’s’’ IDEAL Airplane A handsome, 3% ft. Mono- plane made largely of alu- minum; can be assembled nstructions Curtiss; easily and quickly. Just the Model for younger boys. Complete Outfit, $6.00. IDEAL Model Airplanes, Racing Airplanes and Supplies for Model Builders are sold by Toy, Sporting IDEAL. If unobtainable, we will fill Denver, Colo., and in Canada, add s and Department Stores. Ask f our order upon receipt of price. © cents to each price mentioned above. or them by name— IDEAL AEROPLANE & SUPPLY COMPANY, Inc. Largest Manufacturers of Model Airplanes—Established 1911 28 West 19th Street = oC See ee et ge NEW YORK CITY 119 —& | CO es io oD Se = ke ae 0 ee) >— -—_ Pe oe ot oe Ome « —(-) }— io 4 Co Se ( -— rc sc a. yor —— ee) ee a

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Trumpet in» Big Demand Conn’s new 2B trump- et, with many new and exclusive features, is chosen by leading pro- fessionals, fast becom- ing the most popular trumpet in the world. Embodies improve- ments of fifty years of Conn experience, The, ? Same Sjoats Saxophone in F An absolutely new sax- ophone from mouth- piece to bell, with new voice, now rded as the ideal “‘lead’”’ or solo instrument. Opens up a whole new world of music tosaxophonists. Originated, developed fn Conn experimental laboratories, is avail- able only from Conn or n dealers.To be up- ite you must know this saxophone. AC 7 4 New AlL-Metal Clarinets A real clarinet with all the advan of usual wood model and many new superiorities. Fast replacing older types among leading players. Wonderful tone and playing qualities make Prmith the Conn Ale Metal clarinet. FREE TRIAL. EASY PAYMENTS on any Conn instrument for band or orchestra. With all their exclu- sive features, Conns cost no more. Perfect scale, reliable mechanism, beautiful tone, make Conns choice of foremost professionals. Send the coupon now for free literature and details of free trial offer. N® obligation. Mention instrument. BAND INSTRUMENTS C. G, CONN, {d., 1232 Conn Bidg., Elkhart, Ind. Gentlemen: Please send literature and details of free trial offer on (Instrument). .........-.eescceceseeecs ee eee ; 0 eee ee eet ‘ we tae DESCS, COUMEY .. cc cccccccccccccccccccccccecccosvccccs POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY December, 192g How to Make a Light Tea Tray Stand By Frank O. TAaFEL TEA server is a real asset for the busy housewife during the afternoon téte a téte. To construct one requires little skill or expense for materials, especially if whitewood, redwood, white pine, cypress, . or other easily worked woods are used. The materials required are: 2 sides 3 by 2% by 32 in.; 2 leg pieces 2 by 4 by 19. in.; 2 pieces 34 by 214 by 24 in., one for the tray rest and the other for the lower brace; 1 piece 34 by 5 by 26 in. for the handle; 2 pieces 4 by 54 by 12 in. for tray supports; 1 dowel stick 14 by 24 in.; 1 piece cardboard 4 by 10 in.; glue and small brads. One pattern serves for laying out all the curves. It is drawn upon a piece of card- board 4 by 10 in., divided into 1-in. squares as shown near the top of the An easily lifted stand for a tea tray, which can be constructed at small cost for materials. drawing on page 121. This basic design can be changed as desired to suit the taste of the worker. The quickest and easiest way to cut the curves is with a band saw, but good re- sults may be obtained by using a turning saw. All the edges should be rounded with spokeshave, file, and sandpaper—not a great deal on the ends, but sufficiently on the handle to give an easy grip. The curved feet receive the ends of the legs, which are tapered to serve as tenons. Glue and toenail the joints with 1-in. brads, driven and countersunk from the inside to avoid marring the surface. Holes % in. in diameter are now sunk in the ends of the tray shelf and the lower brace and also in the end pieces to receive dowels. The dowels for the lower brace should be placed so that the lower edge of the brace rests on the flat upper surface of the curved foot pieces. The upper dowels are placed so that the tray shelf is 21 in. from the top edge of the feet. The joints are glued, (Continued on page 121) A $100.00 SHIP| MODEL for $4.98 You Can Put a Beautiful Ship Model Together in a Fey Hours of Pleasant Time PR MAYFLOWER SIZE 25" High; 10" Wide; 26" Long ET the World’s Largest [Baits of Ship Models supply you with all the necessary parts cut to fit and ready to put together for the models, Mayflower, Santa Maria, or LaPinta. You need not know anything about ship building to assemble one of these models. If you have never seen a ship model you can put one of these models together in a few hours by following our diagram and instruction sheets which explain and show you exactly what to do with each part. All you need is a small tack hammer to tap the parts in place. The parts are num- bered on the diagram, making it impossible for you to go wrong. These models when completed are exact in every detail of the famous old ships they represent, and when completed will add a distinctive touch to your home. We also have parts for the model of the Constitution at $6.98; all other models listed at $4.98 each. Write for our beautiful illus- trated booklet containing photos and information on all of our models. MINIATURE SHIP MODELS, Inc. 3818-24 Baring Street PHILADELPHIA, PA. MINIATURE SHIP MODELS, Inc. 3818-24 BARING ST., PHILADELPHIA, PA. Pl:ase send me the complete parts cut to fit aod ready to put together for the MODEL —___ ___. I wili pay Postman $ plus a few cents for postage. Please print name and address plainly to avoid delay. Decemb =n

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nc,

PA. to EL nly

December, 1928

i ———— Light Tea Tray Stand (Continued from page 120) NF s L} Ho,

ae mS nN

has “ BOTTOM VIEW * OF SHELF :

. = Y SLOT ? BRACE

H $ us 44 2 Side and end views of the stand, bottom view of shelf, and pattern for laying out the curves. fastened with small brads, and clamped and tested with a square. The tray may be purchased from any department store. However, one may de- sign and make his own, using medium heavy picture framing for the sides and covering the bottom with glass. Rubber headed tacks are cut so as to have a flat vertical surface and driven in the tray shelf press on the tray ends and hold the tray in place. If you do not wish to remove the tray, it may be placed on the support as the finishing varnish is drying. The varnish will hold it firmly. The piece may be stained any desired color, shellacked, rubbed down, and var- nished. Either a velvet finish or high gloss varnish may be used. Lacquer, too, will give a beautiful finish, and a stippled effect also would be distinctive. Tassels may be fastened to the legs. Tiny Drills for Model Work MALL drills for wood or metal = Saas can be made from CPO'NARY NEEDLE ordinary sewing ———__ 4, needles. They are FLATTENED END->—~ useful in model mak- ‘ENLARGED view) ing. Heat and flat- S8EVEL 2 to their length of service and rids your set of disagreeable tube noises. Try these famous tubes that most well known radio experts now recommend. They come in AC and DC type as well as in “ ae pur- pose” types—many not available in any other brand. Ask any good dealer about CeCo. Write for full particulars and information about the attractive CeCo dealer proposition CeCo MANUFACTURING CO., Inc. 702 EDDY STREET, PROVIDENCE, R. I.

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122 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Decsatall ‘eieenber. TheNew Homes — TS. oa Sen = from Old Windshields saving 0 anisWonder Shop Window Ventilators Made Fire I 1 7, YOU wish to make window yep. .s t] tilators for your home and happen tered, us to live near a dealer in salvaged auto straight parts, you can obtain broken wind. cut off, 1 shields for the purpose at little cost. length - Any pieces of broken glass, if large _ lac enough, will do. In fact, by inserting one oe on | or more grooved divisions in the frame, it while you | is possible to utilize relatively small pieces, disks ma} All the v | turned on true. ° After t 1p > . one thin | om yt. Sige which is : _ Si ies, lip ACE HIGH IN CHARACTER : © them tog AND QUALITY Sold Only Direct from Faciory le i" each now Hed Incket Home Work Shope The Rneet tools and soecuoice used anot that can be made go with each assembly order. Red Jacket equipment is Soest hoon sstheron and Seeccfastre®, whe fas dercioesd Mis ea dae ee hobby into a co-operative association of thousands of craftsmen. ventilator with wheel wa: Portable--Interchangeable-- oe are places Complete RED JACKET windshield and a| | HOME WORK SHOP frame constructed LS. | © Jon Ee Bed Jacket Combination of Blooteie tonle brings you o Red of — lengths of } acke an aw and in addition the powerfu acket Master Dri woo i | | Motor with, direct drive to the Waco Cr ftsman’s wood turning lathe = flooring, Capacity 9"x36"), also compound and 18” rests, a tilting top mitre saw with both depth and side gauges, scroll and jig saw,and all accessories for , both portable and stationary power drilling, buffing, grinding and cleaning. Attaches to light socket and converts your work bench into a complete private tool and machine shop. It is a complete chest full of electrically driven tools designed for the private use of tool lovers and men who create, repair and appreciate handy tools at home. Make Things at Home Electrically Send coupon at once for information valuable to those interested in beaut-ful handiwork, It is FREE. [t tells you how easy it is to operate a Red Jacket set of tools and lists the advantages and privileges that are free to member craftsmen. Don't miss knowing all about Waco. You are invited. Look out for imitations. There is only one Red Jacket—one Waco—you will not find WACO TOOLS sold by retailers, Allsales made direct from factory. Crafts Course FREE _ SPECIAL CRAFTS COURSE and blueprint service is free to Red Jacket Shop owners—all there is to know about handicraft methods, raw materials, woods, carving, sawing, turning, designing, carpentering, decorating, is taught by special correspondence. : Cut two pieces of grooved flooring, with the tongues removed, to the width of the window and lay them on the bench with a piece of the glass between them. Fill in the ends with two short pieces similarly grooved, after cutting the glass. The joints can be fastened with screws or nails after holes are drilled to avoid Buy On Your Own Terms | —_ splitting, or they can be doweled. Only $10.00 d . Liberal di f . Es y pay | It is no hard- Lov ° : S Tilt eee eee Won Pye Waco , The shield is held by two supports made Top Table Send the NEE SA in SO am Ameriesn Mas-} | as shown of any fairly stiff sheet metal. COUPON -> | a TOOL WORKS, Inc. Association. The woodwork should be stained and The FAMOUS 216 W. Kinzie St. Chicago : ; : qusnnves PRINTS FE cary - | Manager Dept. 12. Please send me_ all free information and literature on varnished or painted to match the Wwin- ts — ponent — ~ pote “ _—— Red Jacket Assemblies and FREE Services, dow trim.—E. M. Coox. fou want when you} Se i... «sa cnspcedancsndseisonescenntenbabuabinnanniannaxeuannen , t it —send it tains. Beautiful, Instructive, Fascinating, §j - oor Interesting. Fill in and MAIL TODAY. i " ‘ Addregs....scccccccccccccncccccccccccsceceesssessssesesssesssesses ° Casement W eather Strips A definite program for getting ahead financially will be found ASEMENT window sash that are oe pm is Geen ial tate, tames hung so as to swing inwards very of- — . | pas : ten give trouble by — SWINGING —7777 sees . wae IE admitting wind a — ee ia and rain at the ih « | > ° Buablem bottom. To rem- No. 15, 2 Give Him (x) ten edy this, I have| } | wheel tot " pany made a_ practice eter. It i a Masonic For Heavy Gold of applying flexi- holes in t Choice EREE ble weather strips inequalitic Gift! as shown. This a z Gifts that he will appreciate has proved effec- | ‘An Ae Lateststyle, genuineleather, tive in every iatae | 5 window pass case, with WEATHER STRIP case in which it | coe age id tri a M : 4 This is sli; go . trimming. asonic or The weather strip te was used.— fastened t SOLID GOLD PIN ogg emblem ay are | Sn §«86G. 0 eee Sionaly Just the right size. Latest style. A last- ag rn ” ane O, a ’ lights on 1 ing remembrance and an appreciated as ve a me = gs be . wooden b rariety—Masoni eader; it’s a dandy. in- Panes atti lasiaalil P : | renter, sand Degree, Shrine, $4.00 | dows $1.50, 13 windows $2. Wuen the asbestos covering on the pipes | | | pith glue Grotto, 0. E.S., De Molay . .. ; of a steam or hot water heating sy ry light” ia. A Novel Charm requires renewal, it is often possible by a a | SEND FOR OUR CATALOGUE : , a on ates -cent n A most mysterious watch charm of — me ful work to — the expense @ the ch heavy plated gold. Shows the of purchasing new insulation. . headed sei REDDING MASONIC Square and Compass when re- Clean the old covering and apply —_ light thro . i i sin-sized building paper, cut large Of cour: INC. [Est. 1859 volved. Something different. of rosin-sized per, SUPPLY CO. INC. (Es ! Packed in an attractive box $1. enough to overlap the casings by about tank befor Dept. P.S. 200 Fifth Avenue, New York Catalog suggests many other gifts. 1 in. Over this wrap a covering of to-buy an . unbleached muslin or light canvas and it to pen an oom ——— — — — — — ———FOR YOUR CONVENIENCE=$ = = = = == = ee ee | sew the edges in a butt joint with white Rrovided: Ni City Enclosed find string and an upholstery needle. A coat of or you will | 2 NN a ORE Se Ee Pee ee Pere Pee Tere oe RRO er ee Pe pre re > r od wahes paint completes the refinishing 3 —. i aan seals Buca add ikea State...... a er Be nvevsrreons i and makes the coverings look new. ion ..* @ This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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fF 2aen2n npn ra if -

m

=a pecember, 1928

Fire Engine and Other Toys (Continued from page 59) sawing out these thin wooden disks, slightly large, drilling a hole through each one, and nailing them all together with the holes cen- tered, using two long thin brads. Mount a straight 5g-in. diameter bolt, with the head cut off, in your lathe chuck, so that a good length of thread projects beyond the chuck. Screw the disks on this, nailed together, and then place a washer on the end of the bolt and screw on the nut to hold the disks in place while you turn them to size. After turning, the disks may be separated with a thin knife blade. All the wheels of the toys shown here were turned on a bolt in this way, and they run very e. After the disks are cut out, glue and nail one thin disk to one side of each thicker disk which is to receive the tires. When the glue is dry, slip the jar rubbers in place and cement them together with rubber cement. When each tire is cemented on, glue and brad the other disk on the outside of each wheel. I used another 5¢-in. bolt to make up each wheel on, so as to keep the disks lined up until each wheel was finished. Two small metal washers are placed between each wheel and the chassis

SPRINKLER TRUCK i 103." |

PUMP HOSE’ 25'5-

6% FIRE ENGINE Fig. 5. Side view of sprinkler and fire engine. The front and rear are shown in Fig. 6. and one under each scréw head on the outside of each wheel. Round-headed wood screws No. 15, 214 in. long, were used to fasten each wheel to the chassis. These are 14 in. in diam- eter. It is always best to have rather large holes in toy wheels, as should there be any inequalities in the mounting of them, each wheel may drop down a bit, so that they will all roll when the model is pulled. An ordinary spool with flanges about 1 in. in diameter is cut in two to make the headlights. This is slightly flattened on the side where it is fastened to the hood block, a hole having been previously bored for the screw or nail. The side lights on the front of the cab are small round wooden buttons held to the front of the cab with glue and a large tack, the end of the tack being silvered to represent a lens. The tail- light is a round red glass bead taken from a ten-cent necklace; it is screwed under the rear @ the chassis with a nickel-plated, round- headed screw, which serves to throw back the light through the bead. Of course, you should obtain the can for the tank before you make your truck. If you have to-buy a new full can, the housewife will know what to do with the cooking oil or other con- tents! Empty the can through the screw top provided; do not punch holes in it to empty it or you will have to solder them up. (Continued on page 124)

In the sprinkler

t — POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY

It’s 123

News for you, too this better, quicker way to shave It’s a way that banishes razor-pull . . . stops face smart. A scientific method of beard-softening that gets whiskers off clean and smooth. Today we offer a simple test. See coupon below; tell us where to send your seven-day tube —_— steady customers! Buy- ing only on the basis of results. Men just like yourself... with coarse, stubborn beards ...and tender skins. A million men...who have dis- carded old-fashioned shaving methods for a quicker, easier way. There’s no razor-pull, sting or smart. No drag or scrape. Ten get a smoother, easier shave ... and you get it with a smile! No other shaving cream is like Col- gate’s. No other can offer you such unique results. Colgate lather is designed to absorb more water ... to scientifically drench your beard with moisture right at the base, where the razor work is done.

Ordinary Lather Photomicrograph of r) ee lather of an ordinary It Ss D, . smal 1- shaving cream sur- bubble” lather. For rounding single hair. Large dark spots are air—white areas are water. Note how the large bubbles hold air instead of water against the beard. the small bubbles hold more. water and soap. Name

' closely knit texture Colgate& Co., Dept. 500-L 595 Fifth Ave., New York [ Please send me FREE sample of Colgate’s Rapid Shave Cream, Also sample of Colgate’s After Shave. That’s the scientific principle of it, men. Now here’s what this small-bub- ble lather actually does when you start to shave: ' 1. The soap in the lather breaks up the oil film that covers each hair... floats it quickly away. 2. Then billions of tiny, moisture- laden bubbles seep down through your beard... crowd around each whisker ... soak it soft with water. Your beard gets moist and pliable—' scientifically softened at the base. You’ve never had a shave like this be- fore. You’ve never known such comfort. Seven shaves, just like the onedescribed in this advertisement Colgate Lather are now offered in the Photomicrographpre- coupon below. pared under identical, W ? conditions shows fine, € ll gladly send a generous sample of our After-Shave also; men are turning to it by the thousands. of Colgate’s Rapid Shave Cream lather. Note how the small bubbles hold water instead of air close against the beard. FREE OFFER MEN!

Address

et <b oa

Page 128

POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Maydole Hammers go South with Byrd Six houses—the expedition’s base— will be built with the aid. of Maydole Hammers. Planes, sleds and all me- chanical equipment will be kept in working order by a complete repair shop equipped with more than forty Maydole Hammers in many styles and weights. Press-forged tool steel heads; clear second growth, air dried hickory han- dles put into the heads “for keeps;”’ a hang that has never been equalled,— these are the reasons why Maydole Hammers have been the choice of good tool users for three generations and why the Byrd Antarctic Erpedition, after careful consideration, selected them as part of their equipment. Ask your dealer for the genuine Maydole. Write us for useful and interest- ing Pocket Handbook 23 “BR.” Waydole Hammers The David Maydole Hammer Co. Norwich NY 2284 Fire Engine and Other Toys (Continued from page 123) Fig. 6. Front and rear views of the sprinkling truck and fire engine. Compare with the photos on page 59. truck tank shown, the filler cap is on top, haying been carefully melted off the end of the can with a blowtorch and the hole left in the can covered with a disk of tin. After making the truck, I decided that it might have been better to have left the screw top in the original position on the end. Then the truck could have been stood on end while being filled with water, and when it was put down level the water would run out of the sprinkler holes. After the water has started to run, it may be stopped by screwing down the cap, if this is made air-tight. The sprinkler holes are punched in a row with a sharp ice pick, each — being about ?; in. in diameter, or slightly ess. You may, of course, put any kind of a body on such a simply made chassis. A round can may be used for the tank truck, or a box or crate body made and fastened on the chassis back of the cab. ‘HE entire chassis and the body of the truck are painted a khaki color, first having been primed with thin shellac and then painted with semigloss household paints. Lacquers may be used, if preferred. The wheels are painted Chinese red with silver stripes or rims. The straps that hold the tank to the chassis are made of strips of bright tin. The radiator is represented with silver paint; the ends of the spools used for headlights are silvered, as is the filler cap on the radiator, and the headlights. To make an even stripe or rim on each of the red wheels, I placed each wheel back on the bolt in the lathe chuck on which it was turned. Then I held a small brush, charged with silver paint, against each wheel edge where the stripe was to go, the brush resting on the tool rest, as I turned the lathe slowly by hand. How the tractor is made is shown in Figs. 1, 7, and 10. The chassis is 4% by 314 by 12 in. The 5-in. drivewheels are screwed directly to this, but the 314-in. front wheels are screwed to a rigid wooden axle, % by 1 by 45¢ in., which is glued and nailed or screwed under the front end of the chassis. The radiator is a block % by 314 by 314 in. Two more pieces are cut out the same size and shape as the radiator, or a single block made to be mounted 5 in. back from the radiator. Be- tween these parts at the top is fitted a piece of wood as shown in Figs. 1 and 7. These may be glued and nailed (Continued on page 1265) December, 192g The [MI © cA R Model Airplanes Set No. 1, Only > $q50 ‘\ {2° \ : Complete Aluminum Construction BOYS—at last, here is a genuine aluminum plane that realiy flies. And at a small price." The “‘Mocar”’ monoplane—Set No. 1—is a famous Spirit of St. Louis. Wing spread 18 incieen of the age 12 inches, powerful motor, ball-bearing propeller,rub- ber tired disc wheels. Weight complete only about 2% 02. This is a practical, simple, real model plane that gives yoy a whole lot of fun for the moderate cost. The all metaj construction makes a sturdy plane that will stand a lo \ | ins ra i It. t of abuse. The out fit is mounted on cardboard with plainly marked and full instruction for assembly. Bae only tool necessary. Complete with rivets, bolts wheels, wing and fuselage covering material, only’$1 50 postpaid (3 for $4.00). Great fun, learn how to make and fly airplanes. Order now Jobbers, dealers and schools write for Discounts. C= Ran The Mount Carmel Mfg. Co. Dept. S Mount Carmel, Conn. Among those presents RIGHT up in the front rank of things to give for Christ- mas put Eveready Flash- lights. Not only because that’s one of the easiest and ‘most successful ways out of the Christmas-gift dilemma, but because it’s the sensible thing to do. Everybody, from six to sixty, wants a genuine Ever- eady. Not just “a flashlight,” but a genuine Eveready. Yes, it’s important to insist on this point. Genuine Ever- eadys have ALL the newest and best features. There are models and types for every possible purpose. This year, brighten the lives of all to whom you give. Start them right with the flashlight habit, that national movement to save skinned shins, banged heads and ripped clothes. Give them the world’s best portable light-maker—a genuine Ever- eady Flashlight. The Midget “Five-in-One”’ Slide Rule Die. fo Log. Bi Rad and ric, -Log, Binary, y tract Sifae ule. It Fin oe ty all subtract, multiply and ide any com- bination of whole numbers, f: poe Ne oan deal ery root and er, also Logs, and Tangents. Made of aluminum with scales on white celluloid. Size 4 in, Ap proved and adopted by colleges Price ns Leath The lar sawn or t up of thr glued and center dis! two. This also much You can « Six hole more real: Fig. 7. L rear viev with cone rim; or, if be nailed | tractor wl The fre disks, the if availab laminated | berry-box running a it.) This thicker di the chara The tra with silve wheel anc chassis al painted ja dull gray. is silver, a: Small sl to the en paint to r parts. The fire 6. It is « pumping | wooden p First ge —a strong air-tight. emptied o glass jars 1 screw cap, Screw top Use a blo which is sc off with a only enou will leave can. Now © This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. ©

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28 pecember, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 125

LILO OTOL eee EC ire Engine and Other Toys ~~ § F (Continued from page 124) _ Y together and then nailed and glued to the tractor chassis. ; : : j A slanting hole is bored in the back piece Y) ddd Mlle Uji G for the steering py ogee Be Be A his | MMMM Ll piece 1s screwe z) spool top, or wooden disk. The seat is a button mold or disk of wood, with a piece cut of. It is glued and screwed to a springlike

r form of wood. The engine block is made of wood. The sides slant in toward the cylinders, which are short lengths of dowel stick glued to the base a plock. The cylinder cover is a length of wood sis glued and nailed to the tops of the cylinders. rhe Short spools also make good cylinders. ~< The large wheels may be solid disks of wood, 02, sawn or turned, but the ones shown are made tal up of three er of wood, each 14 in. thick, ‘of ued and nailed together, with the grain of the Y ers ee disk running across the grain of the other lll (Uleoom rr two. This makes a very strong wheel, and it is also much easier . _— if you have no lathe. = You can cut the disks with a coping saw. .Ww : i: Six holes are bored on each wheel to make it - eal a . ork a : — ig 10 — ne i" more realistic. The cleats are upholstery nails job you wish to make. Just what every handy ma desires, an electrically driven assembly of real wood " working tools. Plug in your regular light socket, no transformers no additional set up expense. It is com- pletely assembled and ready for real work. Our 10-day Free Trial gives you the opportunity to see and use this Little Giant at our expense. Use the corner coupon ~ OUR VERY LATEST

‘ DEVELOPMENT nn. Eee TRACTOR Fig. 7. Dimensions of the tractor, the front and rear views of which are shown in Fig. 10. with cone-shaped brass heads driven in the rim; or, if you like, short lengths of wood may be nailed across the rim for cleats, as on some tractor wheels. The front wheels are each made of three disks, the center disk being of laminated wood, if available. ‘You can make small pieces of laminated wood by gluing firmly together thin berry-box wood, the grain of the center piece running at right angles to the pieces next to it.) This center disk is glued between two thicker disks of a smaller diameter, to make the characteristic front wheel of a tractor. The tractor wheels are painted Chinese red with silver rims and cleats and the steering wheel and seat are of the same red. The chassis and other parts of the tractor are painted jade green, except the engine, which is dull gray. The front and back of the radiator is silver, as are the filler caps. Small shaped bits of wood may be attached to the engine block and painted with gold paint to represent carburetors and other brass parts. The fire engine is illustrated in Figs. 2, 5, and 6. It is a good plan to make the tank and HOME MECHANICS EASY WITA THAIS EQUIPMENT pumping arrangements before you build the This sh»p can be used in any home lighting fixture, thus making of your old-fashioned work bench a wooden parts. complete anne shop, which is portable, convenient and so inexpensive that anyone can afford such First get a half-gallon can of the type shown The Shop Complete consists of a Super-power Motor, an accurate Lathe (10"x34"), a 6” circular —a strong well-soldered can that may be made saw which features the bevel, miter, side and depth gauges, a Tilting Table, Jig Saw, and all accessories air-tight. If the can is new, the oil should be for buffing, grinding, cleaning and all portable or stationary drilling and sawing. di : , s : ° Blueprints and Craftscourse Free to Users. Under super- ie emptied out (the cooking oil may be put in vision of Master Craftsman Eugene Maurey, blueprints and . a glass jars until used). To empty it, remove the craftseourse giving complete information on home handicraft MAIL THIS FOR se] | | Stew cap, carefully puncturing the top of the | Hl service Free Up-toDate Home Craftsman Shop wer. ¢ FULL PARTICULARS TO Sa screw top without destroying the threads on it. Your own terms on purchase $10.00 down. Liberal discount for § Up-to-Date Mechine Works, Dept. 26 soar Use a blowtorch to melt off this entire piece, cash. : 2915 S. Wabash Ave., Chicago, Ill. ives which is soldered to the can. It may be pushed GUARANTEE! If upon receipt of the Up-to-Date Home § Manager, Dept. 26. Without any obligation, please “ie off with a stick when the solder is melted. T se Craftsman Shop you are not satisfied, without question every god pit perticuiags abent our shop, 10-0 free trial, A only enough heat to loosen the solder. This cent refunded and return express charges paid. payment offer. ce will leave a large round hole in the end of the OUR LITERATURE GIVES ALL DETAILS ee wee, Pekar oe a can. Now wash (Continued on page 126) :

@ This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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126 Every Handy Man SMOOTHON ND. for stopping leaks on steam, water or gas pipes, mending cracks, or leaks in furnaces and boil- ers, radiators, tanks, sinks, pots and pails, making loose handles tight, tightening loose screws, hooks, locks, door knobs, etc., stopping leaks in automobile engine water jackets, in radiator, hose connections, gas tank and gas, oil and exhaust lines, making a fume-proof joint between exhaust pipe and tonneau heater, keeping rease cups, hub caps and nuts from oosening and falling off, etc. Hardens like iron and stays everlastingly tight. To make wet cellars dry use SMooTH-On No. 7 The one practical waterproofing that you can apply yourself, easily, from the inside, to wet or dry surface and with every assurance of thorough watertightness, even in the wettest seasons. Effective in wet boiler pits, at cracks and porous spots and also excellent for patch- ing and waterproofing any concrete, brick or stone surface to keep water out or in. About 25 lbs. of Smooth- On No. 7 are required for each 100 square feet of surface covered, and no experience is necessary. To get perfect results, write to us for and Use the Smooth-On Repair Book. Free if you return the cou- pon. Get Smooth-On No. 1 in 7-0%., I Lb. or 5-lb. tins and Smooth-On No. 7 in 5-lb. tin or 25, 50 or 100-lb. keg at any hardware store, or tf necessary, from us direct. Write for SMOOTH-ON MFG. CO., Dept. 58, 574 Communipaw Ave., Jersey City, N. J. Please send the free Smooth-On Repair Book. 12-28 Return this coupon for a FREE copy of Booklet SRSA POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Fire Engine and Other Toys (Continued from page 125) = DUMP TRUCK Fig. 8. Of impressive size, this truck is an exceptionally rugged toy for rough play. out the can thoroughly with soap and warm water. Leave this hole open until all the other soldering is done to allow air and moisture to escape. If the screw top provided with the can has a well defined thread (which most of them have not) and will screw up air-tight, it may be used for the filler cap on the tank. It will generally be found much better to cut or melt off a better top from a can such as is used to hold liquids for mending leaky radiators. Scrape away the label on the can where the filler top and the tire valves are to be soldered, and proceed to solder the filler top to the top of the tank. A job like this had best be done by someone who has done such work before, as it is apt to be difficult for one who does not under- stand soldering. (An excellent flux for tin and brass is made of equal parts of muriatic acid and glycerin.) After soldering on the filler top, punch a hole in it to admit a small funnel in top of tank right under the open top of the filler. Next obtain two bicycle tire valve stems, also one good valve inside assembly. Scrape the disklike ends of each valve stem bright and clean; then tin each one with a hot soldering iron, well charged with solder. Also tin the tank where the valves are to be soldered. Punch a hole with a sharp ice pick in the tank where each valve stem is to be sol- dered. Hold each in position with small pliers or a wooden clothespin while soldering it on the tank. When the valve stems and filler top are soldered, cut out a disk of clean tin and solder it over the hole in the end of the tank left by melting off the filler cap. To see that the tank is air-tight, first screw the valve in- sides in the valve stem on top of the tank; attach a small bicycle tire pump to this in the usual manner; and then screw on an extra valve cap on the other open valve stem on the end of the tank. Place the whole tank under water and pump it up with a moderate pressure. If there are any leaks, the escaping air bubbles will show it. The filler top or screw cap should, of course, be provided with a leather or cork washer inside. If all is well, remove the tank from the water, open the screw cap, and fill the tank about three fourths full of water. Remove the extra valve cap and attach a length of hose with a nozzle made (Continued on page 127): DETAIL OF HOIST th DETAIL OF CRANK Fig. 9. How the hoist and crank are made. December, 192g THE LUCKY Boys Will Get Them This CHRISTMAS Sy you like to have an air rifle that looks and feels like a real Remington .22 caliber re. peater? Wouldn’tany boy becrazy for one? Can you imagine a better Christmas present? Remington has made just such an air rifle for you. It’s a fifty-shot tepeater built on the lines of a Remington .22 rifle. There are no levers sticking out to spoil the looks and pinch your fingers. The stock and fore-end are made of fine American walnut and it has a pistol grip. And, oh boy! how it shouts! You’d never believe you could shoot so far and sostraight with an air rifle. It’s safer, too, because it has some special safety features to keep it from going off acci- dentally — just like a rifle that shoots cartridges. We can’t describe half the improve- ments in this short space, but you can see them for yourself at your hardware or sporting goods store. When you get your hands on this air rifle and throw it up to your shoulder, you’ll know what you want this Christmas. We'll send you a circular telling all about it if you’ll write us for one. REMINGTON ARMS COMPANY, INC. Originators of Kleanbore Ammunition 25 Broadway New York City Remington, AIR RIFLES © 1928, R. A. Co 221 NA Saxophone gives you these extra fea- ; tures—Snap-on Pads on six days’ 4 trial, and pay for it on Be Popular easy terms Earn Extra Money to suit your a sweet-toned conreniene Cee tol Write for with a Buescher. Feit — ba details and qe : nstrument you are interested free literae ; . Ss We'll do the rest, ¢ ture. Buescher Band InstrumentCo. 2521 Buescher Block, Elkhart, Ind. by 3% slanting a lengtl in. dish red i board t and brs The wood ) of mold painted ©

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we 1S = tee OF ate December, 1928 _——_—— Fire Engine and Other Toys (Continued from page 126) of the spout of a sewing machine oil can. Pump up the tank after screwing on the filler cap. If you have made a good job of it, the water will certainly squirt out of the hose nozzle. The chassis of the fire engine is 4% by 6 by 95% in. Underneath this are attached a poard 4 by 73 by 1014 in. to form the run- ning boards, and another 4 by 736 by 534 in., .toform the rear platform. The latter should be attached after the sides or body of the fire ine is in place, because the pieces of wire or rod forming the rear handles are first pushed in holes bored for them in the sides of the body. The platform, after having holes bored in it for the ends of the handles, is then fitted on, glued, and nailed. The radiator and hood are made of a single or built-up block of wood 3% in. wide, 33% in. high, and 6%4 in. long. The cowl board is 34 Fig. 10. The truck and tractor as viewed from both front and rear. by 3% by 6 in. In this board is drilled a slanting hole for the steering column, which is a length of dowel. The steering wheel is a 214- in. disk of laminated wood with four holes bored in it. Tacks are driven in the cowl board to represent various gages and the foot and brake pedals. The sides of the body are single pieces of wood 14 by 33 by 14% in., with a little strip of molding glued to the outer edges along the top. The seat is a single block of wood on which is glued a thinner strip to represent up- holstery. The ladder supports, provided with cup hooks to hold the ladders, are attached as shown in Fig. 5. The ladders are made of nar- row strips of pine or whitewood drilled out for the rungs, which are made of a 3¢-in. dowel. Just back of the front of the body are two wooden blocks that fit between the body sides and the pump to hold it in place. A hole is drilled in the chassis for the end of the pump to rest in. Thick shellac may be used to ce- ment the pump in place. Two screws and washers in the top of the blocks hold the tank in place. One screw and washer hold down the rear of the tank; the washer engages the edge of the can, next to the floor, and the screw is driven into the floor. The headlights are made of one large spool cut in two. The large end of each piece is turned to a funnel or reflector shape. When painted with (Continued on page 128) No THINGS that will AW! MAKE RADIO. FINE, POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY BROADCASTING STATIONS USE TO LISTEN TO THEIR OWN PROGRAMS There are qualities to be found in radio sets of the present day which spell enduring satisfaction for the pur- chaser. These are fundamental things that constitute fine musical performance. They are measured by standards that do not change with the seasons. Hear the rich, full, gloriously true fone of the new Day-Fan 8-tube all-electric receiver. Turn it to full volume, and discover how faithfully the music is repro- duced, still. This is performance that must always charm. There’s the power to let you range for distant broad- casts—and selectivity that’s sure. Advanced design . . . refinements by Day-Fan engi- neers . . . are responsible. There are four stages of radio frequency . push-pull amplification (two power tubes in the last audio stage) and other notable features. The beautiful walnut Table Model is $150, less tubes and speaker; Table Model with a speaker table to match, $205. We’ve published a booklet by a radio authority—an impartial discus- sion of what you should demand in today’s set. Write for it. Just clip this ad, write your name in the margin and mail to us. DAY-FAN ELECTRIC COMPANY, DAYTON, For 39 years, manufacturers of high grade electrical apparatus. Day-Fan G All-Electric Radio: AA-TUBE Day~ Fan ‘. 127 OHIO @ This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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128 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Improve and Miahtier has arrived Out on the oil pipe lines, the final proving ground of every pipe wrench, a new tool has arrived today—the IMPROVED AND MIGHTIER TRIMO. It is the strongest and safest wrench of its kind ever built. And today, at your hardware deal- er’s, that same IMPROVED AND MIGHTIER TRIMO is ready for you—tready to demonstrate the well- nigh unbelievable strength of its sci- entifically heat treated handle—its trouble-proof braced frame of new and more powerful design. From now on, you can take the mane gee of troublesome pipe wrench work with the new TRIMO — im- proved and mightier in a dozen trouble-saving, time saving ways. TRIMONT MFG. CO.Inc. ROXBURY (BOSTON) MASS. | Fire Engine and Other Toys (Continued from page 127) aluminum, it catches the light realistically. The searchlight on the cowl is a flat disk of wood % in. thick and 1% in. in diameter with the back edge rounded over. A hole is drilled through it for the long screw on which it turns and a metal washer is placed between the searchlight and the cowl. The red rhinestone buttons used for the side and tail-lights, which are 5g in. in diameter, are set in shallow holes. Eighteen of the buttons cost ten cents at a ten- cent store. The four dummy fire extinguishers are turned, or each can be made of a length of dowel with a short dowel of a smaller diameter glued to the top of it. Round shoe laces are used for hose and nozzles. The extinguishers may be set on dowel pegs mounted in the run- ning boards and rear platform so that they may be lifted off. A very small gong is mounted on the right side of the fire engine seat, but a small friction top can lid will make a good substitute. HE wheels are flat wooden disks 1% in. thick and 41% in. in diameter. A wooden button mold or spool end 1) in. in diameter is glued on the outside center of each wheel. The toy tires, usually obtainable at large toy stores, are stretched over the wooden disks. Except for the parts painted silver or black as shown in Fig. 2, the entire fire engine is painted a Chinese red. The dump truck, Figs. 3, 8, 9, and 10, is the largest of the four toys. The chassis is built somewhat differently from the others, in order to allow the body to be raised to a better posi- tion for dumping. A very good truck of this kind may also be built on one of the simpler chassis previously described. The chassis requires two beamlike pieces % by 1% by 255% in. These are held 414 in. apart at the front end by a piece % by 444 by 11% in.; this runs to back of the cab. The dummy springs are spring-shaped pieces of wood screwed to the underside of the chassis as shown. Between the two front springs is fastened a piece 4% by 1 by 414 in. to represent the front axle, and between the two rear ones is a piece of wood cut from a piece % by 24% by 414 in. to represent the rear axle and differ- ential housing (see Fig. 10). The body rests on three cross members, notched out as shown. Two of them are % by 214 by 6 in., and the forward one is % by 134 by 6 in. The body is hinged to the rear crosspiece with a common steel butt hinge. (HE running boards or steps are made by glu- ing and screwing a length of wood 4 by 33¢ by 8 in. under the chassis. The hood is shaped from a block 334 in. high, 434 in. wide, and 55% in. long. The radiator block is 1% in. thick, 45¢ in. high, and 6 in. wide. The filler cap is a screw cap from a shaving cream tube, fastened to the block with a round-headed screw. Two green rhinestone buttons are set into 5¢-in. holes bored in the front of this piece for side lights, and a red one is set inthe rear end of one of the chassis beams. The buttons are cemented in with shellac. The headlights are made of a spool as in the preceding models, and a green or yellow rhine- stone button is pushed or cemented in each. The cab consists of a front and rear piece 34 by 54 by 744 in., and two sidepieces 34 by 5\% by 74% in., cut with a coping saw. The top is made of a thicker piece of wood (% by 6 by 6 in.), planed and sanded to give the charac- teristic curve at the top. The front end may be made, ‘if preferred, by gluing and nailing two uprights to the radiator block with a cross member between to support the roof. The steering wheel and seat are made as before. The hoist is made of two wooden uprights shaped and mounted on the chassis and to the cab back as shown (Continued on page 129) eciimell Like and Flies Like a REAL AIRPLANE Will fly beautifully and is extremely durable . . good for many hun- dreds of flights without damage, Has all-metal motor mount, sturdy wings, scientifically designed aluminum propeller and_ shock- absorber landing gear with rubber- tired wheels. The Scout Model shown above, well packed, will be sent prepaid anywhere in the U. S. for $3.50. Other splendid American Models are: Spirit of St. Louis, Fairchild, and Fokker, at $5, and the Bremen at $7.50. Every plane tested at the factory and guaranteed to fly and land like a regular plane. Order now and let the fun begin! Glider Given With Catalog 10c AMERICAN MODEL AIRCRAFT CO, DEPT. 2 P.O. Box 1492 NEW HAVEN, CONN. BUILD a Working Model Ship Coaler It’s no ordinary toy. It really “grabs” coal, pebbles or whatever you wish, carries them to the chute and dumps them in your ship or truck, all at a high rate of speed! You just sit at the controls and make it run! You can build it yourself with your own hands. Or, if you prefer, you can make a real scale model automobile just like a big one from gear shift to differential! Or a tri-motored airplane that works. We send you an easily understood instruction book- let for any one of these models, free! Booklet usually costs 10c. Send 20c if you want all three. Just send us your name and address and that of three of your friends. Mention which booklet you wish. A wonderful chance. Act now! MECCANO COMPANY, Inc., | Dept. K-2 Elizabeth, N. J. THIS OFFER WORTH 10% JIMMY De FOREST BOXING COURSE Teaches by mail the Same System he taught Cham- pion JACK DEMPSEY In 20 weeks, under the System of Jimmy DeForest, WORLD'S GREAT- EST INER AND MAKER OF CHAMPIONS, you will master_th riceless knowl that for a host of other Jimmy trained ring stars. once rank amateurs are y earning big ew weaklings have been made strong, cou: learned the art of self-defense. Send today for the now f book, ‘“‘THE GOLDEN AGE OF BOXING,”’ greatest book of its ever written; full of valuable information, photos of great fighters and pupils who became successes over night. Enclose 10c to cover cost of mailing, etc. WRITE NOW. JIMMY DeFOREST BOXING COURSE 347 Madison Avenue, Box 2220, New York City eous; men have © This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. Decembé _... Fire in Fig. for the The cr nated» should sawn 0 in. De crank ¢ piece © each Cc handle linen ti front e! passing the end the bod to the same W The | by 6 b; rear en in betw be nail board r ing. A simple : (see Fis HE woo disk wl lent on Notice end (Fi chassis two or tween | under ¢ Extrs truck b, soft ste through before : over to being w wheel. rear ax] the ste through The « red, as 4 headlig] are pair green, a Silver p crank a front o heads o the cab wooden Adj GOC cor Nick a andrun =. To loose en the nick under t the was it on t tight po and was Make twice ar quicker catches loosen, j up and ¢ instanth: a tight t out the | a ©

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<

December, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY

——————— Fire Engine and Other Toys (Continued from page 128) in Fig. 9. Bolt holes are bored at the top for the bolt on which the spool pulley turns. The crank handle may be made of thick lami- nated wood or of soft wood. The holes in it should be bored before the crank shape is sawn out; then the crank and shaft are glued in. Deep saw cuts are made in each end of the crank and part way into the dowels so that a piece of thin berry-box wood can be glued in each cut, across the grain, to prevent the handle from splitting. One end of a strong linen tape is screwed to the lower part of the front end of the truck body with short screws passing through a narrow strip of tin across the end of the tape, which also may be glued to the body. The other end of the tape is secured to the crank shaft, between the hoist, in the same way. The body is a strong box of 44-in. wood, 414 by 6 by 135 in. in outside dimensions. The rear end is left open. A sliding tailboard fits in between narrow strips of wood, or slides may be nailed and glued in place so that this tail- board may be pulled up or removed for dump- ing. Along the top of each sidepiece is a simple molding made of a planed strip of wood (see Fig. 10). HE wheels are 47% in. in diameter, of white wood, birch, or maple, turned to represent disk wheels with large truck tires, but excel- lent ones may be made of plain sawn disks. Notice that double wheels are used on the rear end (Fig. 10). These wheels are secured to the chassis by large, strong round-headed screws, two or three iron washers being placed be- tween each wheel and the chassis, and one under each screw head. Extra strong axles may be made for this truck by using lengths of 14 or 5¢ in. diameter soft steel rod to run across the chassis and through the wheels. Steel washers are used as before and the ends of each axle are riveted over to hold the wheels on, an iron washer being under each rivet head thus made and the wheel. In this event the wooden front and rear axles may be set forward slightly to clear the steel rod, or a hole may be bored clear through each to take the axle. The chassis of the truck is painted Chinese red, as are the wheels, steering wheel, hoist, and headlights. The hood, radiator, cab, and body are painted black; the inside of the cab is jade green, and the inside of the body, khaki color. Silver paint is used to stripe the wheels, for the crank and pulley, on the sides of the radiator, front of the headlights, filler cap, and bolt heads on the hoist. The top of the seat inside the cab is painted black, and the tires on the wooden wheels, a dark gray or rubber color, Adjustable Cord Fastener Made from Washer GOOD rope tie for holding a ventilator cord or similar purposes is illustrated. Nick a 34-in. or smaller washer as shown, andrun the rope through it. To fasten, lay the loose end of the cord in the nick, carry it around under the nail behind the washer, and wedge it on top between the tight portion of the rope and washer. Make the tie once or twice and you can do it quicker than a_ cat catches a mouse. To loosen, just pull the rope up and around, and it is instantly ready to go up or down. This makes a tight tie, too. You can break the rope or pull out the nail before it will slip or loosen.—F. B,

Washer used for fastening a cord.

YOu CAN BUILD Worth While Things Pag Vir Uorth While i —"_ AR=-CON UTILITOOL

KING OF THEM ALL

Whether your objective is profit, or merely the joy and satisfaction of ‘‘making things,’’ the degree in which you realize your aim is dependent directly upon the quality of your workmanship and the ease and speed with which it is accomplished. And these in turn are dependent upon the quality and efficiency of the equipment you have to work with. The Ar-Con Utilitool was designed to squarely meet the need for a home work-shop that would match the results of commercial equipment—a work-shop built for strength, and accuracy, and durability under constant hard usage. Its sturdy 14 H.P. ball-bearing repulsion- induction type motor—the most efficient type built— provides abundant power for any work the outfit will be called upon ‘to do. The complete Ar-Con Utilitool consists of a rugged motor-driven lathe with full accessory equipment, includ- ing grinding wheel and cotton buffs; a circular saw table; jig and scroll saw; sanding disc and table, and all necessary accessories. Here is a work-shop that will do everything you ask it to do, in the way you want it done. THE AR-CON TOOL COMPANY 500 Fassett Street - Toledo, Ohio Easy Terms T the Ar-Con Tool Company Ar-Con Utilitool units may be pur- | 509 F. S. Toledo, Ohi chased]singly or in any combination of WESSON SiSSSt, ESTES, = units if the complete outfit is not | Mail descriptive circular on Ar-Con _Utilitool, with required at the start. Moreover, the and terms. purchase can be made by convenient i came: pepenas, 3 Gaaieed, Gaee Tot. fF WMI. 6 oo. so so sos sicccccsessses00csseneascdineasenle fully illustrated descriptive circular 1 and complete price-list, with terms. | I BINGE, 5:5 5:0. s 0s aw ncn adceteoansaakeemeteee The coupon is for your convenience.

® This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. ee A Ns ok. n.vccrin dress densa senha esesenes

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY December, 1928

PLASTIC WOOD? (Reg U S. Pat. Off.] Ashes blowing up through open holes—fill the holes with Plastic Wood. Your wife can use your Plastic Wood as well as you for stopping holes, filling cracks, re- pairing broken furniture, loose handles, and other household de- preciation. Real Wood in Putty Form It is wood, real wood, in putty form, that can be moulded in the fingers and hardens into solid lasting wood. It sticks, too, where it is put—to wood, metal, plaster, stone, fabric, even to glass. For Carpenter or Handy-man Plastic Wood is a product for pro- fessional and amateur. Carpenters find it often helps to do a better, quicker job. Cabinet makers use it regularly. For the handy man it serves a long felt want, and anyone can use it to “keep his house in order.” It Can Be Worked With Tools Plastic Wood comes in airtight cans. When hard it can be planed, chiselled, sawed, and holds nails and screws like any natural wood. It is waterproof, and greaseproof, and takes paint, varnish or lacquer perfectly. Plastic Wood Solvent For thinning Plastic Wood, which may have hardened in the can from frequent opening, cleaning hands or tools, or for softening it when it hardens too rapidly for working, use Plastic Wood Solvent. Ask your dealer for it, in 25 and 50 cent cans. PLASTIC WOOD {Reg U S. Pat. Of] Hardens into Wood

X% Ib. 35 cts. At Hardware and Paint Stores ADDISON-LESLIE COMPANY 310 Bolivar Street Canton, Mass.

Cuinese red _ book- rack, sponge stippled with gold and bright green and decorated with transfers.

Novelty Finishes (Continued from page 56) modern art, the expression of one’s personality is unhampered by precedent or traditions; and motifs, while taken largely from nature, are rendered in cubist style, or geometrically, or in other novel ways. The use of “masking tape” often helps in painting modernistic angular ornamentation. ‘The tape temporarily covers portions of the surface to keep them from being coated with the colors you are applying. Regular masking tape is sold by dealers in the large cities who sell supplies to automobile paint shops. However, gummed craft paper tape used for wrapping packages makes one of the best kinds of masking tape. It has a straight edge, is tough and durable, and comes off easily without disfiguring the surface. Craft tape can be obtained in cities from large commercial stationers and wholesale paper houses. It comes in various widths and costs little. In smaller towns it usually can be had at some factory or store that uses tape for wrapping. Angular designs of various forms can be produced by pasting strips of tape on the sur- face so tightly that there will be no opportu- nity for the paint to run under the edges. When the paint has dried, the paper will gen- erally peel off readily, but in case it does stick, it can be soaked off with water. Masking tape also will be found useful for striping borders. Along the edge of the table top or whatever is being decorated, coat a strip about an inch wide with the color desired for the border stripe. Then cut a piece of tape the width of the stripe and of the necessary length. Cut it with a knite and straightedge to be sure the edges are absolutely straight. Paste this down and then coat the entire surface with the body color. When the color is dry, peel off the tape to expose the straight, even stripe of bor- der color. = use of gold and silver for edging and otherwise ornamenting furniture and art objects is effective with any type of decora- tion. While the most widely used method of gilding is to brush on a mixture of gold bronze powder and a bronzing liquid (“banana oil” or some other type), a much stronger, brighter color with greater depth and richness is ob- tained by coating the surface with japan gold size, and, as soon as it gets tacky, pouncing on the gold or silver bronze with a chamois or soft cloth. Surplus particles should be blown off. The very finest gilding, of course, is done with pure gold leaf. This may be applied by the home decorator if done with extreme care, although it is really a job for the skilled craftsman. Metal leaf, gold and silver, and substitutes for them come in small sheets with thin paper between. The surface to be gilded is coated with japan gold size put on evenly and only where the leaf is to adhere. Necessarily, the size must be applied over a well sealed surface so that it will not soak into the wood. As soon as the size becomes sticky or tacky to.the proper degree, a sheet of the leaf is re- moved from the box, lifted gently by a corner, and laid on the tacky size. It is then smoothed out with cotton batting and patted down. Where small or narrow (Continued on page 131)

Pleasure, Pride, Popularity. Profit - all these wonderful advantages and more are yours when you've learned to play a PAN AMERICAN §o. phone. Here's an instrument you'll treasure highly for the real Pleasure it will bring. Made as only PAN. AMERICAN knows how to make really fine saxophones, with clear sweet, beautiful tones — handsomely finished, mechanically perfect. AS EASY TO OWN AS IT IS TO PLAY

No other saxophone — not one—can possibly give you such fine quality — such real satisfaction, Plus an iron. clad factory guarantee, at a cost so surprisingly low. And it's easy Send No Money to learn how to play this splendid J tM. IC soto dhe Hae — now to get full Particulars about our free trial offe; us al oupon and easy payment plan on Sane. phones and the full line of better PAN-AMERICAN band and or- chestra instruments. You'll be glad you did. TRIAL

The Pan-American Band Instrument & Gast, Dept. K=2, Elkhart, Indiana Send Along full information and tow prices on Pan-American Sa: z0- phones and others band instruments. I want to learn to eas eeneakescsansdsaesedsent0ess éctandbsececesne . ».. (instrument), Name 0 0s ccccscccvesecocees CRY. ccccccccscees State.....

My local music dealer is. Model Ships Mississippi River Steamboat

Build a beautiful model of Se the ‘“‘Buckeye State,’ with our special construction set, containing rough lnull, finished steering wheel, capstan, brass bell and tackle blocks, and all the necessary materials of the finest grade for making decks, stern wheel smoke stack, etc. Price of set, complete, $4.95 plus postage for 4 pounds. We also have construction sets for making scale models of the “ Flying Cloud,” ‘‘ Constitution,” ‘‘Sovereign of the Seas,’”’ ‘‘ Mayflower,’ ‘‘ Span- ish Galleon’? and many others. Also sets for model power boat, steam engines, racing sail boat. Our small fittings such as blocks, dead- eyes, anchors, steering wheels, capstans, guns, etc., are: the finest to be had. Latest photo- graphically illustrated booklet contains 48- large pages of useful information and hints in addition to prices for the above articles and special materials, tools, etc., for the model maker. A copy will be sent postpaid upon receipt of 15 cents. Model Ship Supply, Dept. P, Mineola, N. Y.

10 Day FREE Trial ty L. C, Sa ¢ ae world’s galz ben bear- \° offer Easiest rat Gttachments. We-newed. GUA down and we ship. No d: . No * le iter Course if you act now. W: SS ier Oh down elder ITER SALES CORP. Chicago, tM.

STEEL Flite Diamond

1 Carat Elite Diamonds. Matchless or their dazzling rainbow brilliancy. ou’ll be delighted. Elite sings sur- 7 pass all others. Stand acid and other tests. a ee Ring, sterling Guaranteed. Looks | li — + 4 ye Proud —- ‘ offe: * * - minutes after buying one, Collar and Cuff Links Given With’ each ring order we give free beautiful combination Set. Set with small Elite Diamonds. SEND NO MO - Just send name, address and finger size. On arrival Pay postman $3.89 and postage. Satisfaction Guaranteed. Write toda or foreign orders. y. Cash with Canadian ELITE JEWELRY HOUSE ¢Pt- 1722 6343's; Ashtand Av.

and oil i loss fin: Amon lacquers names. . them on lacqueret Stipple « in panels border, ¢ mental d Stippli the form special li Dusti: box p: compart are mixe and only needed fi keep well For st Soften it dry; ther pling mi: plate, sai several 1 times on cess; the decoratec It is o two or n second o by cleani or using surface a, Anothe suited fo1 “spatter are fleck dipping < it off on scant full or the b tiny spec decoratec Two o1 one folloy may be | and a lit! workman ways be other tri not too | An en: backgrou

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pecember, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY

Novelty Finishes (Continued from page 130) surfaces are being gilded, the leaf may be cut to the desired size with a razor blade. Wher- ever one piece of leaf overlaps another, the laps are allowed to remain until the size has dried hard, when all surplus portions of the leaf wi off. OE Pete surfaces, if not to be subjected to much handling or wear, may be left without a protective coating, but if they are to receive any amount of hard wear, they. should be coated over with a thin, pale varnish, which may be rubbed with fine pumice stone powder and oil if it is not desired to leave them in a gloss finish. A] Among other new finishes are the stippling lacquers recently brought out under various names. Artistic work can be done by stippling them on with a sponge after the piece has been lacquered with a suitable foundation color. Stipple effects are especially suitable for use in panels and surfaces inside of a molding or a border, or for a finish around a panel of orna- mental design. Stippling lacquers usually are furnished in the form of a colored bronze powder and a special liquid preparation in two separate tin

Dusting gold bronzing powder on a jewel box previously coated with japan gold size. compartments. The bronze powder and liquid are mixed together immediately before use, and only as much should be mixed as will be needed for the work, as the material does not keep well after being combined. For stippling, use a close-grained sponge. Soften it in water and wring it out practically dry; then dip it, flat side down, into the stip- pling mixture, which can be poured out on a plate, saucer, or even a piece of paper folded to several thicknesses. Tap the sponge a few times on a sheet of paper to remove the ex- cess; then tap it lightly on the surface to be decorated. It is often desirable to go over the surface two or more times to even up the effect. A second or third stipple color may be applied by cleaning out the sponge with lacquer thinner or using another sponge, and going over the surface again in the same way. Another type of treatment particularly suited for gift wares is what is generally term “spatter” finishing. Small spatters of color are flecked onto a plain-color background by dipping a brush into the spatter color, wiping it off on the edge of the container until only scant full, and then striking it against a stick or the back of the hand to jar off countless tiny specks of color onto the surface being decorated. Two or more spatter colors may be applied,

Where working together 1S everything An Advertisement of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company Ir 1s the aim of the Bell System that anyone any- where in the country can pick up a telephone and talk to anyone anywhere else clearly and without delay. That is the meaning of universal ser- vice. To provide it, the means of telephoning must be uniformly good. Each of the 24 operating companies of the Bell System has full access to all the improve- ments and methods that are con- tinually being made. There are 5000 workers on the staffs of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company and the Bell Laboratories whose sole oc- cupation is to develop constantly improving methods and equip- ment for the 350,000 employees

of the Bell System to use in serving the public. The results of the efforts are evident, not only in the extension of telephone service across the Atlantic, but in the constantly improving local and long distance service at home. The very nature of the tele- -phone business necessitates a single interconnected system. The American Telephone and Tele- graph Company accepts its re- sponsibility for a nation-wide tele- phone service as a public trust. It is fundamental in the policy of the Company that all earnings after regular dividends and a sur- plus for financial security be used to give more and better service to the public.

A definite program for getting ahead financially will be found on page four of this issue.

wy, A Ring You Will Be Proud to Wear SEND NO MONEY

Genui ne Full Cut Diamonds—No Chips No. 6132. Solid Gold Men’, te le Initial or Emblem Ring. 2 Gen. | lye oo" uine Diamonds each. 14-Kt, f White Gold Top. Emblem (any lodge) or any initial old Eng- one following the other. A fine or coarse brush may be used, according to the effect desired, and a little practice will soon develop uniform workmanship. One or two strokes should al-

ways be made against a sheet of paper or laid in Genuine § tuby or} Send number of ring, size of other trial surface to make sure the poard is edn solid White Gold or Green see ced igilte sent for not too heavily loaded with paint or enamel. Terms(6 mos. to pay) Ask for Free Jewelry Catalog No. 6746 An enamel finish is generally used for the Buffalo Jewelry Mfg.Co. 0.7%}. Exact $ background and enamel (Continued on page 132) ] This <3 Reg. Trade Mark _Dept.A (or at your Jeweler’s) size of 24 = Guarantees you genuine diamonds. 501 Washington St. Buffalo, N. Y. ring

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132 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY

| AEROKITS

You Can Build Better Than You Can Buy

AERO “CHRONOPHASE” The Aero “*CHRONOPHASE” prin- ciple in io Frequency Amplification is the first outstanding development in broadcast reception since the introduction of the neutrodyne. Now selectivity takes on new meaning, for sets ~~ my this principle can be made so selective that even the side bands of local broadcasting stations can be cut off. Greater distance range, too, is achieved with remarkable smoothness of control. No factory-built set -has the new and _ revolutionary ‘“*CHRONOPHASE’ principle. It may be had, however, In Three Wonderful Receivers The 1929 six-tube “‘ Aerodyne,” the Aero **Seven-Twenty-Nine’”’ and the five-tube Aero ““CHRONOPHASE” all incorpo- rate the ‘““CHRONOPHASE” circuit. Complete kits for these receivers may be had from your dealer. No expense has been spared in endeavor to make these kits the finest you can buy. A beau- tiful two-tone metal cabinet is a part of each kit. Every part needed for the con- struction of the receiver is included— even wire, soldering lugs and wood screws —so that nothing more need pur- chased. Anyone can assemble an Aero receiver ina few hours. Panels are drilled, which insures proper placement of parts and full-size pictorial wiring diagrams eliminate mistakes in wiring. Aero sets ean be built for A.C., D.C., or Shield Grid tubes, A postcard request brings two valuable hooklets—introductng the new 1929 live of Aero Ktts and describing the 64-page Aero Green Book for 1929. Send to r

° |

AE INCORPORATED CTS ° Dept. 1598 4611 Ravenswood Ave. Chicago, IIL.

Novelty Finishes (Continued from page 131) of a harmonizing or contrasting color for the spatter work. The spatter color should be thinned a little. If applied while the foun- dation coat is still wet, the spatters will sink level with the surface, but if the ground coat has become dry, they will lie on top of the surface in a raised or pebbled effect. Polychroming, or the partial wiping off of color applied over a foundation coating of another color, is especially adapted for gift wares, but it is so well known that it will not be described here. Another novelty treatment that produces a remarkable blending of colors is as follows: Fill a deep dish with water and drop a little of each of three or four colors of enamel on the surface of the water. Run them together some- what with a spoon or small paddle to form a pattern like marble. The object to be decorated, as for instance the candlestick in the upper illustration on page 56, is then let down into the water by means of a wire loop, and pulled up slowly through the film of enamel floating on top of the water. This coats the surface with a finish of unusual beauty. With a few practice dippings, anyone can get ‘the knack of the operation. Unsatis- factory attempts can be wiped off with gaso- line. After being dipped, the object should be allowed to drip and dry. Suspend it over a newspaper by means of a hook formed on the other end of the loop of wire. Shellac Protects Book Bindings from Wear GOOD method to protect the binding of books is to apply a coat of white shellac. Use a small, soft brush, and coat the covers evenly. The shellac does not harm the binding or obscure the title and other lettering. Dust and dirt may be wiped from the treated binding with a slightly damp cloth. If necessary, the finish may be renewed again if the first coat of shellac wears off in places under constant use. It pays to treat scientific text and reference books by this method, as they are expensive and are often placed on open shelves where they are exposed to dust and sometimes to chemical vapors. I have seen books, after receiving this treat- ment, placed in a public library with other books that were not shellac coated. After a few months the value of the protective coating became very evident.—Ratrx R. Le Compre. Keeping Brakes Adjusted F AUTOMOBILE brake drums are scored badly, it is folly to expect them to stay in adjustment. The drum should be removed and reground or replaced with a new one. Difficulty in adjusting brakes may be caused by grease and dirt, which sometimes will get into the brake lining and rot it. Water will put some linings out of commission as long as they remain soaking wet. It occasionally happens, too, that the brake drum is out of round and wears the lining away as fast as it is set up. When going over a set of brakes, disconnect the pull rods and set up the bands to the drums until there is .015 in. clearance between the lining and the drum at all points. Then set up the pull rods for the proper leverage and throw of the pedal. The job then will have every } of staying right provided the linings l and the drums in satisfactory condi- tivi. See that the spring-to-axle clips are tight and make certain that there is no motion back and forth on the spring saddle.~—Ray F. Kuns.

Ligne of 0. Popularity Musical Joy Extra Money Don’t you, like everyone else, want all the fun, profit and popularity you can get out of life? Where will you find more fun than in being able to create your own music? Or more profit than in being able to make $5 to $25 a night for work that is “play”? Or more popularity than in being able to “dash off” a snappy fox trot, a dreamy waltz or stirring march on your xylorimba? Joy and Pleasure Ahead Imagine long, cheery evenings at home or with sweetheart, wife or friends. Picture yourself the center of interest wherever you go—looked up to as the fellow or girl who plays the xylorimba. <A whole lifetime of musical joy and all that it means. Don’t these thoughts appeal? You can make them come true! Start. to Play Very First Day Remarkable tho the Xylorimba is, it is the easiest of all instruments to play. No tiresome prac tice. No teacher. No finger or lip exercises. You begin to play at once. Soon you amaze friends and relatives with expert xylorimba selections. Xylor- imbists are always in demand at dances, parties, theatres and radio studios—and well paid for the en- tertainment they furnish. As a xylorimbist, you are always able to make substantial spare-time money. . Plays 20 Minutes, Gets $20 Ralph Smith, Chicago, played 20 minutes at a wed- ding; his pay was $20.00. Although only twelve, Turk McBee, Jr., plays big-time vaudeville exclusively. Harry Breuer, New York, has made thousands of friends through his xylorimba selections on the radio. L. E. Hallman, Reading, Pa., writes: ‘‘ Made $300 in five weeks—spare time.” Free Trial—A Year toPay! As the world’s largest manufacturers of xylophonic instruments, we don’t want you to invest in a xylo- rimba unless you are sure it 1s all we claim for it. For five days you try the instrument of your choice in your home; you pay for it only if enthusiastic—then in such easy installments that they are never missed. On receipt of the cou- Big Book Free! pon we will send you absolutely free the Big Deagan Book that tells you all about the Deagan instruments, the free trial offer, the easy omeet lan, the simple lessons, the artists who use Deagan Xylorimbas and the big money that they are making. This book is yours without cost or obligation. Delay has killed so many opportunities that we urge you to send in the coupon TODAY. MAIL COUPON TODAY! J. C. Deagan, Inc., - 1659, 1770 Berteau Ave., Chicago Send me, without obligation, full details of Free Trial -— and easy-payment plan on the Deagan Xylo- rimba. Name Address

ris] This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

eae December, 19 __—— Clam has to be | Few mec! oa duplicat tion when single-piece oe for ll at Aissl short coil s purpose wi the work. ‘ where, no 0 not, or how vided a was ring also damp inan ing 0 ring—W oes a ¢ be repeatec POIN’ form o the tedious time. Sucl bolt, is shox necessary i: with the fi shank. Exc ample stren ted strap, action bolt. dentally, tl and time hunting for vents the s being tights The cap : B are desig ’s turn Lar One plain nut o1 action bolt service a SC machine ta sufficient b E WII simple at very sme Variety is | because of be met. C- cept for hol smaller siz bought for where, can plate in h grinding. ' such cross : turned in t footing, as ; to use a bar Perhaps not used or of the scre headstock | plate, and stick out in trouble ca screws of s ' émounts as ness of the tracted in e allowance f turn up, is Two or thr. fering, say, size of the removed, down almo clamps so { the screw o At the exp.

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Page 137

nme &: Se ow =e - =m 6 2nacen mm ee sail pecember, 1928 ——tt—s—™S . Clamps for Speedy Work (Continued from page 86) has to be frequently tightened and loosened. Few mechanics think of providing any means oa duplicate jobs for holding a clamp in posi- tio when loosened. Yet even on many a . iece job it is worth while to devise some method for accomplishing this purpose. In Fig. jL at A is shown a counternut, and at B, a stiff, short coil spring, either of which answers the se without in any way interfering with the work. The spring can be used almost any- where, no matter whether the bolt is inclined or not, or how close the stem is to the work, pro- vided a washer is placed against each end. The ring also allows instant adjustment of the camp in any direction, while preventing it from ing or shifting in any way unless in- tended. Either expedient—counternut or spring—will be found a great improvement where a difficult job of clamping has to be repeated several times. A POINT often altogether overlooked is some form of bolt that can be applied without the tedious job of screwing a nut on or off every bolt, is shown in Fig. 12 at A and B. All that is necessary is to grind off the round head flush with the flats on two opposite sides of the shank. Except for heavy jobs, such a bolt has ample strength. If the bolt is used with a slot- ted strap, the nut need never be removed, unless a counternut is to be used with it. You will find frequent use for this kind of quick- action bolt once you have a few on hand. Inci- dentally, this bolt not only saves the trouble and time of removing and replacing—and hunting for—the nut and washer, but also pre- vents the stem from turning while the nut is being tightened. The cap screw of Fig. 13 at A and the nut at B are designed to prevent the nuisance of one part’s turning while the other is being tight- ‘ened. One or the other is used together with a plain nut or screw. As in the case of the quick- action bolt, it is necessary to choose for this service a screw that nicely fits the slots in the machine table or faceplate, in order that a sufficient bearing surface is left. E WILL now turn our attention to a few simple designs of clamps that can be made at very small trouble in even the smallest shop. Variety is essential in a collection of clamps, because of the many conditions that have to be met. C-clamps are not ordinarily used, ex- cept for holding work on the drill table, yet the smaller sizes of these clamps, which can be bought for ten or fifteen cents almost any- where, can be put to excellent use on the face- plate in holding light work, especially for grinding. The frame should preferably be of such cross section as to allow the clamp to be turned in the slots sufficiently to obtain a full footing, as at A, Fig. 14, although it is possible to use a bar underneath across the slot, as at B. Perhaps the main reason why C-clamps are not used on the faceplate is the projecting end of the screw, which would interfere with the headstock if placed on the inside of the face- plate, and constitute a danger if it were to stick out in front. With a very little work, this trouble can be remedied by shortening the serews of several similar C-clamps by various ‘amounts as shown in Fig. 15. Since the thick- ness of the faceplate or drill table must be sub- tracted in every case, this amount, plus a small allowance for the thinnest work that is likely to turn up, is taken off from the longest screw. Two or three additional sizes are prepared, dif- fering, say, by 14 or 14 in., according to the size of the lathe or drill press. The handle is removed, and the head of the screw turned down almost to the cross hole. With a set of ps so fixed, the greatest free projection of the screw of the 3-in. clamp shown is but slight. At the expenditure of (Continued on page 134) ee time. Such an article, made from a carriage | POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Only'15 ~and Easy Payments If Desired 133 With This Lathe . ope “ greatest Lathe Value ever offered. A Universal ~Mathine Armatores ool of highest quality and accuracy—one that will work metals of all kinds—cast iron, wrought iron, steel, alumi- num, brass, bronze, copper, monometal—also fibre, hard tubber, and wood in pattern making. Note the many kinds of work it will do. Turn, Face, Grind, Polish and do hun- dreds of other jobs. SOUTH BEND LATHE No. 22 Specifications: 914" x 214’ Back-Geared Screw Cutting, swing over bed,9 34"; distancebetween centers 1614"; width of bele conedrive,1";lengthofbed, 2% ft. Power required, 4 h.p.; shipping wegt., 350 lbs. Complete Book of Instructions Sent Free with Each Lathe It is as easy to learn how to run a Lathe as to learn to run acar. The operator soon becomes proficient, especially if mechanically / inclined. With each South Bend Lathe, we / send most complete book of instructions | telling just how to do all kinds of work on | the Lathe. Easy Payments! If you prefer, you can order any South Bend Lathe and pay for it out of income instead of capital. Write for free Catalog and Bulletin No. 23, which tells all about this unusual South i ¢ Bend Lathe now priced at South Bend Lathe No 2 o on only $150. South Bend Lathes fomplete with Unit fs are also made in larger sizes Bench Outfit. Plugs If ha from 11" swing to 24" swing. fa> pent socket , pvp Sar™ . SOUTH BEND LATHE WORKS f SSE 857 E. Madison Street South Bend, Ind., U.S.A. IS) LOS i ” New York City: J. E. Beggs Co., 183 Centre Street “se we “9 7 P Carried in stock by Machinery Supply Dealers in Principal Cities “xe. £9 LE. a throughout the World if se Ps “fe eo ae USS A VSS VK . AVS x Ke 4 ” LP wr Los - ae Ore oF Oo" Mae ie’ 3 ° wv rf Po P LE ae CY lS of ex &. os O3gt wag Le SPE / of 6 ff : : ? SS Sg e Cutting Threads ,% SSW utting Threa Fa =) SOO! GEARS All Kinds-Small ¥ The most made and prices a com le. ‘e carry ete ‘S line of gears in stock for imme iS shipment. Can also quote on 6) ‘5 gears of all kinds, Send us your in- ‘J quiries. ’§ Write for Catalogue 214 3.50 CHICAGO STOCK GEAR WORKS day. Agents a iat hin tet Gey ARAAER Tact SSS: t., portand. Oreson x You $60 aWeek-Steady Pocket big daily profits taking orders for No-Frost—the amazin new preparation that keeps rain, snow, frost, mist and steam o ¥ auto windshields, show windows, mirrors, etc. Auto owners, bus m4 drivers, store keepers, housewives buy onsight. Be your own boss. Work when Y/ you feel like it—full or spare time—and make $48. to $60 a week—steady and sure. ////4 WNonderful opportunity for men and women everywhere. NYONE—ANYWHERE—CAN MAKE BIG MONEY No capital or experience needed. We furnish everything. Earnings start at once, Don’t miss this chance. Write quick for Profit-Sharing Offer. AMERICAN PROD- UCTS CO., 8780 MONMOUTH AVE., CINCINNATI, OHIO. © This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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134 80-Page Manual Tells How to Build 4 NEW HI-Q RECEIVERS AND SAVE MONEY! RITE TODAY for the biggest and most complete Construction Manual ever published on the famous Hi-Q RECEIVER, the CUSTOM-BUILT cir- cuit designed by the engineers of America’s 11 foremost radio parts manufacturers. 80 pages oi text, photos and diagrams on how to build the New Hi-Q Receivers (Junior Hi-Q 29 at $54.35; Junior A. C. Hi-Q 29 at $103.95; Master Hi-Q 29 at $99.50; and the Master A.C. Hi-Q 29 at $151.80). Each of these new receivers is a distinct advance over any Hi-Q Receiver of the past 4 years—each is a completely shielded ‘“coast-to-coast’’ instrument— each is a marvel in selectivity and sensi- tivity—each has even finer tone than any of the famous Hi-Q instruments of the past. And each can be built, by fol- lowing the simple directions in the Hi-Q Manual, at SAVINGS of $50 to $100 over any ready-made receiver of anything like similar efficiency. This New Manual also covers power amplifica- tion construction, short wave adaptors, installa- tion, high efficiency battery and tube combina- tions, antennas, house wiring and a wealth of other practical information Shows you how to build a fine radio for yourself AT A SAVING and how to build for others AT A PROFIT Send 25 cents for your copy before first edition is exhausted Hammarlund Nevis Hammarlund-Roberts, Inc., 1182-U Broadway, New York, N. Y. Ienclose 25 cents for the new Hi-Q Con- struction Manual. Please send it at once. errr ee ee eee ee eee ee ee POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Clamps for Speedy Work (Continued from page 133) a dollar and a few odd moments in the shop, a set of eight or ten clamps can be made that will give speed and added convenience on many jobs of light turning and grinding. The self-adjusting clamp strap illustrated in Fig. 16 at A is specifically intended for work where the surfaces which must be held are slanting or uneven, as at B, but has points about it which make it excellently suited to all-around work. It is an ordinary strap with a steel ball forced into a hole made in one end. The universal capacity of this clamp adapts it for holding rough castings and makes it inde- pendent of the exact height of the blocking. It should be used with a block having a hole to give a seat for the ball and prevent the sudden sliding and dropping of the block, which is a nuisance in adjusting work on the faceplate. The more elaborate offset forms of clamps are best bought ready-made, especially in the larger sizes, unless the mechanic has the skill and equipment required to forge them. A FEW designs of flat clamps, which can be made without much trouble from cold- rolled steel by shaping or milling, are shown in Fig. 17. The shorter kinds may be made in the form of a “‘stick,”’ as at D, which is then cut to make the individual bars. At A is illustrated an offset design. Note that the front recess is turned out to a semicircle to allow getting closer to round work. A self-adjusting type is shown at B. The design at C is well adapted for narrow places. Properly casehardened, a set of these straps in lengths of up to, say, 2 in., forms a neat and useful addition to the equip- ment of a bench lathe or small drill. We will conclude with a low headroom clamp, which, though there is no frequent call for it, will be found handy at times. A screw with the head countersunk is used with almost any of the styles described. One kind is shown at A in Fig. 18, while at B is illustrated an instance of its application in a part having an overhanging flange. An ordinary V-head screw may be used, although a ball headed screw and a semi- spherical seat as shown will add the advantage of making the clamp self-adjusting. Such a clamp, of course, requires to be tightened always from the back or underside of the face- plate or drill table. Because of the practical lack of any projection, whether below or above, this clamp will work in places where no other clamp will and is safe at high speeds. This is the first of a series of articles on easier and better ways to hold work in the machine shop. Stenciling Christmas Cards (Continued from page 92) thick and not too wet. Any stiff bristle brush may be used to apply them. A regular stencil brush may be bought for the work, but even a flat paint brush works very well if a rubber band is placed about the bristles to keep them from spreading. The position of the brush is shown in an illustration on page 92. The motion should always be up and down in a vertical direction. If the different parts of the stencil are of the same size, they may be each laid down in turn, the color applied, and the completed design made up one card at a time. Sometimes after a number of impressions have been made from one of the smaller stencil sheets, it becomes clogged and filled up. If show card color has been used, such a stencil may be cleaned by scraping it with a knife. In the case of some of the smaller and simpler parts, it will be found easier to add eyes and other small dots of color with the tip of a brush than to cut a stencil for them. Remember in the selection of colors for Christmas cards that bright, cheerful hues are always the ones to use. December, 197g Make the Harmonica YOUR “Musical Pal” MILLIONS of boys and girls have found the harmonica a most delightful “pal” for their hours of leisure—and have dis- covered that it greatly increases their popu- larity among their friends. It is so easy to play this instrument that in a short time anyone can render correctly not only the beloved melodies of school and ¢ but also the latest popular songs fresh from Broadway. _ Unless you can play the harmonica, you are just not ‘‘keeping up with the times.” Today is the day to get started! In 4 short time you will play as well as the next “ fellow.”’ Send now for the free instruction book of- fered below. You will be amazed and delight- ed at the ease with which you can master the simple fundamentals and the quickness with * which you will be ready to play favorite selections. If you have already acquired the “knack” of playing, carry your accomplishment further by learning to perform on the famous “Chro- monica.’’ This is the only harmonica which includes the half-tones, and thus enables you to play any and every selection in any scale, * * * * Ask your teacher, club leader or Scout- master to help you start a harmonica band, Tell them to write us for our special brochure, giving full directions for this work. This is sent only to adults in authority. M. HOHNER, Inc., 114 East 16th St, Dept. 504-M NEW YORK Grand Price Awarded HOHNER HARMONICAS At Sesqui-Centennial Exposition, 1926 FREE INSTRUCTION book, fully illustrated. { . Use the coupon to ask F-- for it. M. HOHNER, Inc. 114 E. 16th St., Dept. 504 M, New. York Please send free Instruction Book Sere Address UCH feat Modern them, at fac word is respé proving grou At these car model n tests. Up an treatment a raced at top ‘gral, while « with stop ws to the veriest testers take notion of gi “open “er ul something gi That so fe For instance, miles an hou 4,200 revolu travel of a starts—attai and stops sl 8,400 times | bly brief spl a charge of And the flyv machinery p at 171 miles BReURES e, one of the § mile run de article. Eac not smooth]: stopping an would tear i than 269,00 of every c: Every valve 33,660,000 of today k manufacture surprising p auto mileag: never sees. proving grou s—more the moon. O ing a new a distance tl SS

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» 198 pecember 1928 Tite Your Car Better (Continued from page 31) iny season. It is a 6,000-mile journey h miles of eee ne in ———— : s, through blistering heat, blinding a and rivers swollen by flood. Yet through this wilderness ploughed two Chevro- iets—® standard sedan and a truck—to reach ‘ in 135 days, en route to Stockholm, Meanwhile, over another 8,500-mile route, a Chrysler driver forced his stock sedan ig the amazing time of ninety-four days— also at the height of the wet season. Some idea of the trials these men experi- enced, and that their cars weathered, may be d from the Chevrolets’ crossing of the Ruvu River, in Tanganyika Territory. It was in full flood when the expedition reached it— miles wide, in many places, and waist . For three days the adventurers sat and waited for it to go down. Instead, it rose five inches. Then they decided to go through. first went the sedan, a hundred natives dragging it by main force. Then the truck on ntoons—but the pontoons sank in mid- river, and natives with ropes towed the half- submerged vehicle through the swamp and up on the other side. Despite the advice of well- yishers, both cars completed the trip without recourse at any time to boats or train “‘port- ages. Gice feats are not the result of chance. Modern autos have stamina bred into them, at factories where the real boss, whose yord is respected and feared, is the man at the proving grounds. At these great outdoor laboratories, a new cat model must prove its worth in gruelling tests. Up and down hills it bucks the roughest treatment a hardened driver can give it. It is raced at top speed for hours around a concrete ‘gval, while checkers measure its performance with stop watches and chronometers accurate tothe veriest fraction of a second. No seasoned testers take its wheel, but handy men whose notion of good driving is simplicity itself— “open ‘er up and hold ’er in the road until something gives way.” That so few things do give way is amazing. Forinstance, when a car is moving at a hundred niles an hour, the motor is turning up about 4,200 revolutions a minute, and the actual travel of a piston is almost incredible. It starts—attains a speed of sixty miles an hour— and stops short, all in 1/140 of a second, or 8,400 times a minute. In the same unbelieva- bly brief split second, a valve opens, gulps in a charge of gasoline vapor, and shuts again. And the flywheel is the speed king of the car’s machinery parts; its circumference is spinning at 171 miles an hour. PISURES that take your breath away? Imagine, then, what was going on inside one of the Studebaker engines in the 30,000- mile run described at the beginning of this article. Each piston traveled 49,087,000 feet, not smoothly but at a banging, jolting gait of stopping and starting that you might expect would tear it to pieces at every stroke. More than 269,000,000 explosions bathed the inside of every car’s engine with white-hot fire. Every valve sprang open and clamped shut $3,660,000 times. Every crank shaft made nearly seventy million complete revolutions! To build an auto that will weather strains and stresses such as these, the motor car maker of today keeps many of the cars that he manufactures to try them for himself. A surprising proportion of the country’s total auto mileage is run off by machines the public never sees. Cadillac and La Salle cars at the proving grounds, in two years, covered 1,215,000 iniles—more than five times the distance to the moon. Oldsmobile test cars, used in design- ing a new model, ground out 1,177,000 miles, adistance that the aver- (Continued on page 136) tities 135 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Be a Boy Chemist! Work Wonderful Chemical Experiments in Your Own Laboratory—Start Your Owi: Chemistry Club— Astonish Your Friends with Marvelous Chemical Tricks! (CHEMICAL experimenting is the finest fun you ever had. You can make soap, dyes, ink, and paint; test food, water, soil, cloth and metals; analyze things and see what they are made of; perform chemical tricks and surprise your friends. These are only a few of the things you can do with a CHEM- CRAFT outfit. There is no limit because you can invent new experiments of your own and find out different facts all the time. These new CHEMCRAFT istry sets, the most accurate outfits are the finest ever made; and most scientific. Get one CRAFT No, 2--con. larger, with more chemicals’ this Christmas and start the HEM! and apparatus, more and better most interesting thing you C= $1 chemicals and experiments. CHEMCRAFT ever did pieces of apparatus, 181 ex- periments are explained in the Instructions. Price $2.25 outfits are the original chem- Seven Wonderful Outfits—Select Yours Now! Each is complete with safe chemicals, all apparatus and big Manual of Instruction. Liberal quantities of chemicals permit each experiment to be repeated many times. Look for CHEMCRAFT in any toy store; but be sure the name is on the box. If un- obtainable, we will send your set, fully pre- paid, upon receipt of price. The PORTER CHEMICAL (CCHEMCRAFT No. 8--in a COMPANY chanbeale ond pleste of aoe CHEMCRAFT No. 3--40 chemicals and pieces of apparatus in — J a experimen' cove! the: Eructio 115 Summit Avenue, Hagerstown, Maryland ratus. 478 experimen’ can be worked with outfit. Price ees CHEMCRAFT No. 5-the most pred pes set. 60 chemicals proces, of naneresee and Price $3.50 xperiments ex- plained. Price $8.00 4 Scr HEMCRAFT No. 2--8 Try Chemistry Manual of Instruc- Ww hi tion covers ° “JUNIOR” Set! ments, 93 S235) Make ink, dye cloth, test and pisces of s ter, agic . Wists abd eg it pou fike Brice Sia:60 these stunts. Senda quar- ter right now and try it out. en you can get a big ou Post O8t- HEMCRAFT _ Labora- Only paid Cc tory. Work Bench-- 4 rtment of apparatus. cht Ee is ess or Freight, ges collect. Weight 45 lbs. FREE Magazine Full of stories, for Bo s! fine “cxpart. pou, Tolepllabentohemtane for bo: it's FREE pe AT SS ae =3 SPEEDSTER AIRPLANE ge wing spread 9% inches we Propeller accura‘ machined. A fast flyer that rises from the groun beau- tifully through the air. Comes to you all assembled. Only 25 cents postpaid. SPEEDO-PLANE FLYER Rises from the ground. Soars to great heights and glides perfect- ing spread‘of 1 inches. Moto propeller. Match its performance aainst your $5 lane, Fully assembled, 50 its — e i ively ousted to fly or money refun led. on SPEEDO MANUFACTURING COMPANY Dept. S 253 Albany Ave. JUST OUT! SPORS No. 9 COMBINATION PEN and PENCIL AGENT'S SAMPLE GGc Ek 520Rity * item Cote Sport Bodies for Fords at FACTORY PRICES! This Model i619 38.50 Prime Write for Booklet A-10 Showing This and Other Models. SPORT FACTORIES, Aurora, Illinois N.Y. EAS Guaranteed 2 Years. Money Back If Not Please Write for Pen fitted with FREE WHOLESALE Catalog. smooth writing STYLO point. F. SPORS & CO., 1028 Frank St., Lesueur Center, Minn.

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136 Until you have heard. the NEW VICTOREEN You cannot realize the marvelous developement in Radio Reception The new Victoreen is simply wonder- ful—that is the only way to describe it. It has wonderful tone—wonderful selec- tivity, wonderful sensitivity. It is wonderfully simple to assemble, wonder- fully easy to operate. Anyone who has the slightest “knack” can assemble in a few pleasant hours a set which, from every standpoint, simply cannot be surpassed. This is a season of wonderful radio programs. With a Victoreen you can enjoy them from coast to coast. If a Victoreen can’t “get’’ a station it can’t be had. Victoreen R. F. Transformers have been greatly improved—the circuit has been still further developed—many other radical improvements have been made which make Victoreen more than ever, the world’s standard “Super.” Write for the complete Victoreen story and the FREE Blue Print giving constructional data and full directions. You'll have a set that you can boast about, when you have a Victoreen. The Blue Print is FREE Victoreen Power Amplifier & “B” Supply makes any good set better Sapties 45, 90, 180 and 450 volts, using a UX 210 or 250 in the last stage. Contains two voltage regulator tubes so that the 90 and 180 volt taps are supplied with a constant volt tential. It is the last word in “B” supply. or the most satisfactory results you must ve it. Free Blue Print, with list of parts and complete assembly instructions, will be sent upon request. The Geo. W. Walker Company Merchandisers of Victoreen Radio Products 2825 Chester Ave., Cleveland, Ohio. Victoreen Quality Radio Parts POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Making Your Car Better (Continued from page 136) age owner might take 146 years to cover. Even when the model is passed, and placed on sale, the makers are not satisfied. Many a car is bought from a dealer ostensibly by a private individual, just as you or I might buy it, and driven back to the factory or entered in a race to see what it can do. Steck car races are the final test of the factory’s effort to build a staunch and power- ful vehicle. Competition is keen, and the American Automobile Association rigidily ex- amines each competing car to be sure that it is the seme as the one in the dealer’s window. When a sedan model can run all day and all night at sixty-eight miles an hour, with only one minute’s average time out every hour for stops that include re-fueling and changing drivers—as a stock Stutz did to win a recent Indianapolis race—then the maker is satisfied that he has a car able to stand abuse. No wonder, then, that the 1929 models you see in the showrooms have the sinews of titans under their glistening paint, and the strength of a Hercules beneath the engine’s hood. That is what Mr. Driver demands today, and thanks to such tests, he is getting it. You Can See Your Home Before You Build It (Continued from page 43) their roofs are lifted one may see rooms and halls and even furniture. They are lighted by electricity so that you can look through their mica windowpanes. You can easily imagine yourself as living in these tiny habitations. Having everything before you like this is far better than puzzling over a blueprint where a square is a “library” or “master bedroom.” Probably everyone who has built a house has forgotten some comfort and convenience. He may have thought he told the architect cr misread the plans. Let him see standing walls and partitions and closets all clearly modeled and he knows what he is getting. The wife can tell how many steps it will be from the kitchen to the dining room, and whether the bathrooms and the kitchen sink are right. There is little danger of doors being forgotten or the windows omitted when all the arrange- ments of the house unbuilt are so indicated. Many persons blame architects and build- ing contractors when they are charged for changes made after plans are drawn or con- struction begun. They do not realize that changes require that plans be redrawn and scores of measurements revised. Shifting pipes after a building is we]l up may mean tearing away walls at a heavy cost. A model fully worked out, however, per- mits the owner to see just what his new home will be, if the scheme indicated is carried to completion. If he wants changes, they can be made with scissors or knife at no expense. If you are thinking of having a home built and have your lot, and are not quite ready to go ahead, you can take many a delightful excur- sion into the future by trying your hand as an amateur model maker. The materials such as cardboard, thin wooden strips, and sculptor’s clay (plastoline) are cheap and the tools re- quired are few and simple. Also, you can have models made to suit you at relatively small cost. If you are a camera enthusiast you can see the results of your labor on the site proposed, when the time comes. You thus can work out very definite ideas on which architect and builder can go ahead to make your dream of a dwelling come true. It has been said nobody knows whether he likes his new house, its settings, or its interior until he has lived in it a year. If one have the foresight to study it in a small edition, he can read his title clear to comfort and content. SUPREM In Life and Power Burgess “Super B” Batteries have larger cells than standard batteries. Extra power and life are thus provided. Uniformity is insured by scientific precision in manufacture. Radio’s cost is lowered appreciably by the use of “Super B’’ No. 22308, a medium size heavy-duty 45-volt battery, designed for general, all around use... or “Super B’’ No. 21308, the largest size Burgess heavy- duty 45-volt battery, made es- pecially for heavy-current con- suming sets. Chrome Chrome is a preservative that guards power when your Burgess Battery is not in use. Burgess en- gineers solved the secret of util- izing it in battery construction. It is a patented feature that justi- fies the preference of thousands for Burgess Batteries for all purposes. BURGESS BATTERY COMPANY General Sales Offices: CHICAGO In Canada: Niagara Falls and Winnipeg BURGESS "SUPER B’ tS] This seal on an advertisemeat in POPULAR SCIENCE MON7HLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. Ee ———-__-___ onstratic trial app and too upon to cost of s cuit ove! js used 0 UT t WD And engineer of the | over a power al tions in And n three re: of the « chiefs in upon to respectir in the of the € surely 01 ence. 7 about ti precisior and unt the ac. tides fo ahead. The G analyzer electrica long, six without quire fif working evitable HAY Th of the } is a rob Where narily a multipli enginee! represer of the tl whereas machin¢ number with th ties knc whose c ble qua Stran Integra; $ so from a sembles in your esses ar motor, electric same m And ¢

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T, 19 ah December, 1928 F aechanical Men—Our New Slaves (Continued from page 28) Wensley’s Televox, as the name indicates, js a mechanism which can be operated by a yoice from a distance. The control of mech- gnism from afar by means of electrical circuits jsa familiar operation. A very faint electrical impulse will affect an electromagnet which, by moving its armature over a small distance, can be made to release energies waiting for the sig- nal to get into action. Such an impulse may be conveyed either by direct wires, as in the case of the Edison “robot” plant, or by wire- less. Thus boats have been steered without a pilot, automobiles driven safely through trafic without a human driver, and even air- planes flown without an aviator at the control lever! These feats, however, have been mere dem- onstrations of possibilities. For general indus- trial application they are, as yet, too expensive and too uncertain. Wireless cannot be relied upon to work perfectly at all times, and the cost of setting up and maintaining a wire cir- cuit over any considerable distance, where it js used only occasionally, is prohibitive. yd telephone wires go almost everywhere! And in the Televox, Wensley solved the engineering problem of utilizing the vibrations of the human voice transmitted electrically over a telephone wire, and exploiting their power at the receiving end to produce oscilla- tions in an electrical circuit. And now three of these robots, stationed at three reservoirs which hold the water supply of the city of Washington, report to their chiefs in the War Department, whenever called upon to do so, the depth of the water in their respective reservoirs. {n the same city is the “‘Great Brass Brain” of the Coast and Geodetic Survey, and it is surely one of the most useful robots in exist- ence. To it every day men put questions about the future, which it answers with such precision that tens of thousands risk their lives and untold millions of wealth are staked upon the ac_uracy of its forecasts. It predicts the tides for every port in the world for years ahead. The Great Brass Brain is a form of harmonic analyzer, operating mechanically instead of electrically. It occupies a space eleven feet long, six feet high, and two feet wide, and does without error labor which otherwise would re- quire fifty to one hundred human computers, working continuously and subject to the in- evitable percentage of human errors. HAY E your thinking done while you wait! The Product Integraph of Doctor Bush of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology is a robot performing this startling function. Where workers in the business ‘world ordi- narily are satisfied with addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of numbers, the engineer deals with curves and graphs which represent for him the past, present, and future of the things in which he deals. In other words, whereas the ordinary adding and calculating machines are limited to handling definite numbers, or constants, the new invention deals with those indefinite and inconstant quanti- ties known as variables. These are quantities whose changing values depend on other varia- ble quantities. Strange to say, the mechanical brain of the Integraph, which solves in a few minutes prob- lems so complex that it would take an engineer from a month to a year to work them out, re- sembles nothing so much as the electric meter in your home. It performs its thinking proc- esses and reaches its solutions by running as a motor, translating the problem into terms of electric power and expressing the answer in the same manner. And so the age of (Continued on page 138) POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 137 PUT THIS W\\3°° HOME FREE for!0O Days-No Deposit. A New and Improved Workshop Here is a workshop built to a standard of perfection—accurate in operation— most durable in construction—easy to operate. It is absolutely dependable and will withstand severe constant service. Try it for ten days at our expense and you will be convinced of its superiority. Suitable for Carpenters, Home Workers, Pattern Makers, etc. Furniture manufacturers use MAC, THE Popu- LAR MECHANIC Workshop, for making furniture models. Manual Art Schools use it for instruc- tion. Home workers use it for pleasure and profit. Carpenters use it for making repair parts, spindles, chair legs, cabinets. It is ideal for making all kinds of furniture. An Unusual Price For Such a Sturdy, Complete Workshop MAC, THE POPULAR MECHANIC, represents the utmost in value and dependability. Now you can : have an accurate, practical workshop at a big sav- ing. Once you use MAC you will be convinced of its superior qualities. That’s why we want you to fry it for ten days at our expense. Model 70—As illustrated. . . . . . 2 © © « $135.00 Model 50—As illustrated— Without Drill or Glue ak + bef eee ee we oe - $105.00 Model As illustrated—Without Drill, Glue Pot, Circular and Jig Saws $75.00 p CROSSCUTS, DRILLS, SURFACES, POLISHES, GRINDS, CUTS SCROLLS. Wd 401 44 Cy A YEAR TO PAY 900 MAC, THE POPULAR MECHANIC WORK- MIDLAND APPLIANCE CORPORATION, SHOP, may be purchased as low as $5.40 per month—within the reach of any- 219 N. Michigan Ave., Dept. R20, Chicago, lil. one. You use it as you pay. OC Kindly send literature with full particu- Model No. 70 Wagner 1-4 H.P. Motor, 8 1-2’ Sander a i We will send mewreepenrsirmr ns Se py d-2 oy = heee ba AG. ser a | lars of your unusual No-Deposit Tria! Offer. small deposit—if not—send it back to | Also tell me about your low prices and easy us and there will be no obligation on §{ payment plan. 7 and Cup Type Wood our part. Could any offer be more 4- ? x 8, liberal? Could anything be more con- OSend Model No.............. I wi!) try it for . vineing that MAC isthe greatest value ! 10 Days and if I decide to keep it, agree to ever offered? : if 1 i 4 i i ! remit in accordance with your terms. — See K .. ange, 6’’ Cotton Buffs, 6’’ Wire | Send the es new. eres Brushes, 5” Emery | Coupon Now the coupon for Ten 4 Name bf heqi. | Day Free Trial or for MAC literature. ‘ool Rest and oot | You take no chances whatever in send- Supports with B Clamp, Two Turning Tools and Socket Wrenches. ing for MAC— use MAC is guar- anteed to please you or you may send it back to us. Send Coupon Now! Dealers: Write for our Proposition! How to Work with Tools and Wood This book explains ina simple, straightforward manner all the processes of working with tools and w It takes all the mystery out of using tools and enables you to spend many interesting and profitable hours in your home workshop. All details are clearly explained, Price $1.00 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY . 250 Fourth Avenue New York City City State (HARMING UNUSUAL Make Them For Your Friends— Cash In On Big Profits It’s easy to make a SANTA MARIA or MAYFLOWER model sailing ship to orna- ment Living Room, Den or vacant corner. HULL IS COMPLETELY ASSEMBLED, READY TO RIG AND PAINT. L._ SAILS, SHIELDS AND FLAGS FULLY PICTURED. DECORATED IN BEAUTIFUL COLORS. Complete instructions furnished, also colored picture to enable you to finish it correctly. Only one of its kind made. No carpenter work necessary. Nothing to cut out. Everything complete—can be finished in a few houre— excellent pastime, SANTA MARIA Prevent the ups and downsof your tubes. Install ; Size--26 in. wide, 26 in. high, 12 in. wide AMPERITES— the filament control that kee voltage constant. AMPERITES insure long tube life and better reception. A type for every tube— battery or A. C. \ $1.10withmount- —Feadiall Compa ing (in U.S.A.) 50 FRANKLIN ST., NEW YO) New '*Am- Perian full of wontul radio pointers and circuit diagrams. Write Dept. P. & 12 Plus a small parcel post charge. Send check or money order and mention ship you desire, Entire satisfaction guaranteed. GIFT CRAFTERS .nze*,. Turner Sts. Philadelphia, Pa. he" SELE-ADSUSTING” Rhcartat © This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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: —-— POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY The Best in Controls! TONATROL Trade-Mark Complete Line of Volume Controls Tonatrol offers you the simple, positive and efficient means of volume and sensitivity con- trol. A type especially designed for your circuit, Garp Uoder ths Pet, Noo. 1508868, with or without battery or power switch as wees desired, $1.50 to $3.00.

TRUVOLT All-Wire Resistances Remarkably accurate and dependable due to unique, air-cooled design. Truvolt Variables are potentiometer type, eliminating difficult calculations and permitting easy adjustment to receivers and tubes. 22 stock types, $3.50 each. Truvolt Fixed Resistances are adjustable to any set values desired by the use of sliding clip taps. Made in all desirable resistance values and current ratings. Electrad specializes in a full line of Controls for all Radio Purposes including Television. Write for Free Circulars and Full Information. Dept. S-12, 175 Varick Street, New York

oe Er it im 3 hours: all parts 8, postpaid in U. S.. Gataird bettOd ost cosines one

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vw A. C. Set Outlet Plate ROVIDES Stand- ard A. C. outlet for power current together with jacks for aerial and lead in. Now being used by leading archi- tects and contractors in homes and build- ings. One in your home will be a revelation to you. Three finishes: Lacquered Brass, Brown Bakelite, Stat- uary Bronze. An ideal A. C. set installation.

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G z

December, 199g

—.., Mechanical Men—Our New Slaves (Continued from page 137) the robot is now really upon us. Perh Karel Capek, in surveying the modern inion trial scene, is more surprised than any of ys by the manner in which his fanciful prediction, jn a sense, has come true! ' But the robots of his play were very different from the obedient, useful mannequins de. scribed here. Docile slaves of man at first, they finally rose in revolt against their masters and exterminated humanity, subsequently perish. ing themselves, since they had no power of reproduction and wore out in time, like any other piece of machinery. Such a disastrous development is, of co: out of the question in the case of the robots of science. But—will they ever become so per- fected and will their numbers so increase that they will destroy the necessity for human labor? In the light of present knowledge, that seems not at all likely. A writer of philosophic tales once told of a man who gradually grew crazier and crazier tending one of those intricate mathematical machines and hoping each day that his mechanical servant would make a mistake. ANY years went by and his hopes re- mained unrealized. Every sum was fatally right. Finally, the catastrophe came. A cog or two flew out, and the machine re- ported automatically a whole series of results most — ly erroneous. The machine had gone completely crazy first! Maybe it is one of the eternal verities that machine thinking makes no small mistakes, but only big ones! Then, too, consider that the robot cannot work without human direction and control. Eric’s life-giving levers are set in motion by a man pushing buttons. The stroller in Lon- don’s West End could never walk alone. Televox answers the phone only when called upon to do so by Wensley or someone else equally acquainted with his inner workings. Without the lone operator at his board three miles away, the robot army in the Edison plant would have perpetual leisure! Thus, while the events foreshadowed in R. U. R. have come to pass in a measure, a realization of the dream of thinking machines is nowhere within the range of actual pos- sibility. HAT, then, does this interesting develop- ment really mean to all of us? Does it mean that, before long, most of the work of the world will be done by robots? Will the man of affairs soon go to his office in an automobile driven by a mechanical chauffeur, who will be directed at busy intersections (and perchance “bawled out.”’ too!) by a mechanical traffic cop? Will that same business man, at lunch time, be waited on by a robot waiter and, in the evening, be guided to his theater seat by a robot usher? Will his wife have a mechanical ladies’ maid to “hook her up in back”’ and his children a robot nurse to wash their morning faces and take them to school? Perhaps. But in any event the robot and his development on a large and scientific scale will result in at least one great benefit to man- kind. In the words of a high official of the New York Edison Company, “the mechanical man und his ultimate universal practical appli- cation will rid humanity of much drudgery and thousands of uncongenial tasks.” Men thus freed from unpleasant chores, he declared, never need fear unemployment in a well-organized society but, on the contrary, may look forward to a better opportunity for the development of their inherent talents and intellectual powers. They will receive the gift of leisure, which will enable them to apply their released energies to the achievement of a finer, fuller life than they can enjoy at present.

Md. Nor such a de all they k top of the outcome < HE w: ant P apart, Jo E. Kalon clad in } safe; and bloated fr sea presst Now it would be disaster. trophes ¢ of water, Momsen : effectiven tests in tl Navy me saved the From t it appear: oxygen al sure of tl depth. V can convi one for e' apparatu: watched 1 most pra T TH anot reenact t volunteer man the Hamptor marine, Vv bottom. sen lungs face. Two ot to be tri Navy di PorpuLaR bolted to the subm and are | The ot designed boat inve dows in i bow thre rescued 1 For the Defender sunken ‘ rescue. Here a vital p leaving 1 troop alc and woul air lock « That ° drama of men will rades un

seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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pecember, 1928 Risk Death for Invention (Continued from page 61) Now Momsen gambled his life that it would work at great depths. First, with volunteers ho also donned the masks, he descended sixty feet into the Potomac in a diving bell. slid into the water, and ascended safely along a rope. Next, off Dahlgren, Va., he and Chief Gunner’s Mate Thomas Eadie, hero of the submarine §-4 rescue attempt, repeated the test success- fully from a depth of 100 feet. Finally Momsen and two other men threw . | eaution to the winds and had themselves low- ered in a diving bell from the salvage vessel Falcon 155 feet straight down into the waters of the Chesapeake Bay, off Solomon’s Island, Md. None had ever attempted to emerge from such a depth without heavy metal armor; for all they knew, it was certain suicide. At the of the rope, watchers waited anxiously the outcome of the experiment. THE waters parted, and the head of Lieuten- ant Momsen emerged. A few seconds apart, Joseph Eiben, chief torpedoman, and E. Kalonowski appeared from the depths, all clad in Momsen’s weird masks. They were safe; and though the bodies of all three were bloated from their sudden release from under- "sea pressure, none felt serious ill effects. Now it was certain that the Momsen lung would be a life-saver in almost any submarine disaster. Recalling a few submarine catas- trophes of the past, the S-4 sank in 102 feet of water, the S-5/ in 130, and the F-4 in 305. Momsen and his fellows had demonstrated the effectiveness of their device to 155 feet. New tests in the Navy air tank confirmed it to 225. Navy men believe that it could even have saved the occupants of the F-4. From these tests has evolved the “lung”’ as it appears today—a mouthpiece with a bag of oxygen attached. Regulators adjust the pres- sure of the gas supply automatically for any depth. Weighing only two pounds, the lungs can conveniently be carried on a submarine— one for every man—where cumbersome safety apparatus is out of the question. Officials who watched the tests characterize the device as the most practical rescue implement yet invented. At THIS writing the Navy was preparing another spectacular test of the lung—to reenact the S-4 disaster. Six or eight daring volunteers, including Lieut. Momsen, were to man the raised and reconditioned S-4 off Hampton Roads, Va. The ill-starred sub- marine, with them in it, was to be sent to the bottom. Then several of them, wearing Mom- _ lungs, would attempt to escape to the sur- ace. Two other methods of submarine escape were to be tried at the same time. One, the new Navy diving bell pictured last month in Popu.ar ScrENcE MonruLy, is designed to be bolted to a hatch of modern construction on the submarine while the crew escape into it and are hauled to the surface. The other is an amazing rescue submarine designed by Simon Lake, pioneer undersea boat inventor. It has wheels on its keel, win- dows in its bottom, and a compartment at the bow through which divers can emerge and rescued men enter at the bottom of the sea. For the test Lake remodeled his early craft Defender and planned to pilot it alongside the sunken S-4 to take a part in the dramatic rescue. Here again the Momsen lung would play a vital part. Men equipped with the device, leaving the S-} through its hatches, would troop along the sea bottom to the Defender and would enter the rescue submarine’s double air lock doors to be borne to the surface. That was to be the last act of a stirring drama of courage and self-sacrifice—of Navy men willing to risk even death that their com- rades underseas might live. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 139 ot R poe">, ae sent w PITT ELindiiyuoly yah gas YOUR. RINT ¢ ery, labels, paper, circulars, tags, menus, book, etc. Save money and time, cut cost in‘half. _ Sold direct from factory, Pays for ftself in short time. mplete - fi 85 up Job Presses $11 ap. metas $149. Print for fits. Easy ruies sent. : tg tor oniaee of t , paper, carda, inks, paper cutters mpanv. C-33. Mei n, Conn. + BIE, CELSIOR Presse: etc. THE KELSEY Breed squabs an@ make money. Sold by millions at higher Prices thar chickens. Write at once for two free q 4 it. One tl ambdne et it. One is 40 es printed in colors, other Pion. for Books 3 end 4. You will be surprised Plymouth Rock Squab Gompany, 616 H Street, Melrose High- lands, Massachusetts. Established 27 years. Refer- ence, any bank or trust company. TWO Short-Waves are IT! | obtainable. Space-wound on the thinnest of dielectric ma- Hammarlund Plug-In Short-Wave Coils have extremely low distributed capacity and resistance. The standard coil set covers the 15-107 Other coils available for down to 8 terial, meter range. meters and up to 215 meters. Hammarlund Short-Wave Condensers have been fot Available in three sizes, with either the ‘*‘Midline”’ or ‘‘SFL’’ tuning curve. years the choice of radio experts. WHETHER you wish to listen to the short-wave broadcasts—to catch the code sent out by amateurs all over the world—or whether you are interested in television, that lusty new infant of radio, you will need the best short-wave equipment A Fascinating Field For Experimentation By the Radio Fan HAMMARLUND MANUFACTURING CO. 424-438 West 33rd Street New York Write For Betint Radie isk oO plik ammarlund 22 © PRECISION PRODUCTS | | oO This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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140 POPULAR. SCIENCE MONTHLY Making a Television Disk (Continued from page 53) the compass to the width of the picture, and with the hinge of the compass pointing directly at the center of the circle, find the point where the compass legs will touch adjacent radii. Use one of these points as the start of your spiral. These steps are illustrated at the top of page fifty-three. A perfect spiral can be drawn by using a stud at the center with a piece of thin piano wire wound around it. The scriber should be passed througn a loop in the end of the wire. As the scriber moves around, the wire winds about Nee fx xren® ion & Heat on the Floor the stud and gradually draws the point toward the center, or unwinds and allows it to ap- proach the rim, depending on which way the wire is wound around the stud. The diameter of the stud should be equal to the height of the picture divided by 3.1416. BEFORE you start to lay out the spirals on the metal, remember extreme accuracy is essential. See that you have plenty of light, use a sharp pointed scriber, and be careful that each punch mark exactly coincides with the spiral line. Also make sure the disk is mounted on the shaft of the motor so that the center of the motor shaft matches the center from which you laid out the spiral. The size of the hole in the center of the disk will depend on the diameter of the motor shaft. A thin sheet of polished aluminum will do well for the television disk. The shiny surface Under the Rup! will clearly show the lines scratched on it with R the sharp steel point. The diagrams show the principle of laying B out a spiral. The same method should be fol- lowed no matter how many holes are to be used, or. what size the picture is to be. q email Now let us see how it works out in practice. Suppose, for instance, that you have a sheet of aluminum not less than twenty-four inches ‘ square and that you want to lay out on the one disk spirals for forty-eight, thirty-six and Wher Non-C twenty-four hole pictures, and that you have a Put your set and loudspeaker of Re neon tube with a plate large enough to illu- anywhere. Place them as far Facto1 minate a picture one and a half inches square. apart as you wish. Then con- a Witk such definite specifications, it is possible h ith h d or cus' to calculate many of the dimensions. nect them with t © wondcer- whether ful Belden Extension Floor cuits, v Be — hole - the ry ag “ Cord. It lies flat under the in te wi exactly 11.45 inches from the anal > ie center of the disk. The outer hole of the rug. Out + the Ge ~~ Resistor thirty-six-hole spiral will be 8.60 inches from wiring—no fuss. Get one at pressors the center, and the outer hole of the twenty- your dealer, now! who see M S four-hole spiral will be 5.74 inches. The diam- ~ HAM I _ O 1eS Caug t eter of the stud about which the wire is wound will be 3$ inch. The same, stud is used for Ye RS for use . ° e all three spirals. coupled in FI 1 ht with The holes are drilled in the disk at the inter- tric cell £ sections of the spiral with the radii. The size tus. Th of these holes is determined by the number of - holes in the spiral and the height of the picture. Cooley ] To find the size of the hole, divide the height of are used ; the picture by the number of holes and add ten by such percent to a the romeo we be wena General the particular disk mentioned above, the holes RADIO ZTUBES) | ithe forty-cight-hole spiral should be drilled Westing with a No. 65 drill (drills smaller than No. 60 Laborat As the Yule-logs crackle and can be obtained in a jeweler’s supply store). importa music fills the air, enjoy the Christmas melodies to their ut- most by having new Cunning- ham Radio Tubes in every socket of your Radio. These ‘‘ambassadors of jo make delightful Christmas IPs E. T. CUNNINGHAM, Inc. New York Chicago San Francisco Manufactured and sold under rights, patents and inventions owned and/or controlled by Radio Corporation of America. Re IIe Drill the holes in the thirty-six-hole spiral with a No. 56 drill. Use a No. 50 drill for the twenty- four-hole spiral. It is desirable to drill the holes with a drill a couple of sizes smaller than specified, and then redrill with the right size to get the holes exactly right. Be sure to re- move all burrs. EGINNING next month the first complete story of the two brothers who gave us the airplane, written from new sources of information. Watch for it!

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Durhams aS Grid Leaks Voltage Dividers Detector Tap Resistors Resistance Coupling Battery Eliminators TELEVISION Wherever on-Inductive Non-Capacitative Pure Path of Resistance is a Vital Factor! whether in factory-made or custom-built radio receivers, whether in battery «liminator cir- cuits, whether in power amplifiers or in television circuits—DURHAM Resistors, Powerohms and Grid Sup- pressors are the first choice of men who seek first quality results. DUR- HAM Powerohms are recommended for use in the sensitive resistance- coupled amplifiers in the photo-elec- tric cell circuit of Television appara- tus. They are specified in the popular Cooley Rayo-Photo Equipment. They are used by the U. 8S. Government and by such experienced organizations as General Electric, Western Electric, Westinghouse, Stewart-Warner, Bell oratories, and practically every important radio service station and experimental laboratory in the coun- try. Made in all ranges for every eeetical equipment. Follow the d of the leaders in radio and tie- up to DURHAMS—tradio’s leading resistance units. 2 . a METALLIZED ba = — Resistors & Powerohms INTERNATIONAL RESISTANCE CO. 2006 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Can Your Car Stand the Cold? (Continued from page 78) the bottles had sprung a leak. You should have seen his expression after he’d ordered me to stop and sniffed out where the smell came from!” “That,” commented Gus as the laughter subsided, “‘explains what’s the matter with alcohol. It’s a perfectly good antifreeze only it won’t stay put. What you need is something that is equally noncorrosive and yet won’t boil away. Glycerin and ethylene glycol are the only two that will do the trick. There really isn’t any choice between them. They both cost a lot more than alcohol, but you more than make up the difference by using the same solu- tion winter after winter if you don’t lose it on the road through leaks in the cooling system. I'll go over yours to see that it’s tight.” **How about the lubrication?” Timothy in- quired. “‘I have been informed that special oil must be used in winter.” “That’s true enough if you let the motor run cold all the time,” Gus replied, “‘but if you keep the motor at summer temperature there’s no reason why you shouldn’t use the same grade of oil all the year round. Of course, if you keep your car in an unheated garage you want to let it warm up before you drive it out. And run it slow while it’s getting warm. Racing a cold motor is the worst thing you can do. “TINHE transmission and rear end,” Gus con- tinued, “‘ought to be filled with a lighter grease or oil in winter than in summer. That’s particularly important if grease is used, because a stiff grease may get so hard that the gears just cut grooves in it, and besides, you have a lot of trouble shifting speeds. “You want to watch out for your storage battery, too. It won’t freeze if you keep it fully charged, but a nearly exhausted battery will freeze and be: ruined if a cold snap hits it. I'll set your generator so it shoves more juice through the battery. Don’t add water except just before you go out for a drive. The jiggling around will mix it with the solution before it gets a chance to freeze.” ““My gracious!” exclaimed Timothy. “I didn’t realize it could be so simple. Just a few easy precautions and I can enjoy my car in winter without hurting it.” “That’s what it amounts to,” Gus agreed. ““Remember to use high grade gas so the motor will start easy, and don’t forget to carry tire chains with you all the time. You never can tell when you're going to get caught in a snow- storm or a sleet storm, which is even worse.” * ARE any of these car heaters satisfactory?” Timothy inquired. “If they are, I could get along without a heavy overcoat and thick gloves.” “*Most of the good makes are all right if they are installed carefully,’’ Gus replied. “But don’t go sailing off without an overcoat. A friend of mine did that once in the middle of winter with the temperature down below freezing. About four miles from nowhere, the motor quit the job and the poor boob had to hoof it in that weather without any overcoat or gloves. He mighty near got pneumonia!” Speedy Travel by Air Express AS AN example of the speed and convenience of modern air travel, great Fokker planes of the Western Air Express regularly whisk passengers between San Francisco and Los Angeles in three hours’ time, either way. Train time for the same trip is thirteen hours. Luncheon is served in the air to passengers; and, at the terminals, buses meet all planes. Service is twice daily. ELEVISION is now an accom- plished fact. Experimenters will welcome the Raytheon Kino-Lamp, the first television tube develope’ com- mercially to work with any system. Uniform glow over the entire plate, without the use of mirrors or ground glass, gives it perfect reproduction qualities. Kino-Lamp is the latest achieve- ment of the Raytheon Labora- tories which have made so many original contributions to radio science. List Price $7.50. Write for information RAYTHEON MFG. COMPANY Cambridge, Mass. Raytheon oer ° Available in both bard vacuum and gas-filled extra sensi- tive types—each in two sizes. Write us for special speci- fications. “a aa

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Advertising GET Into Advertising: I Learn quickly at home. Ex- unnecessa A No text books used. Practical work. Old “es hed ot = — name and address for enboueainen: free bookl Page Davis School of Advertising, Dept. 174-B, 3601 Mi gan, Chicago. Rates 40 Cents a Word. A 10% disccunt is allowed on all contracts for six consecutive inser- tions. Advertisements intended for the Feb: 1929, issue should be received by December Sth. Submit details of proposition with order. Advertising Services 24 WORDS,-151 rural — $6.04. 4112P Hartford, St. Louis, portant one should a be without the im- — Making. Write today for the Povatek-Action Ravesth ng Rate Folder’’ which contains ation of value to you. If you are anxious for Ca t saree. do it now! Address Popul inquiry to: Classified a ye opular Science Monthly, 242 Fourth Ave., New Y Ad-Meyer, Authors— Manuscripts SHORT stories wanted by publishers. Address manu- script: Hursh Service, Dept. 3, Box 1013, Harrisburg, Pa. MANUSCRIPTS wanted—Stories, Articles, Song Poems. Writers’ Syndicate, Hannibal, Missouri. cAviation THE American School of Aviation announces a new corres ce course. in Mechanics of Aviation. A thorough training in Practical Aeronautics. American School ot "heipeeen, Deve 6741, 3601 Michigan Ave., Chicago. Illinois. es py $Y Best Catalog Model Airplanes, Supplies; tpaid. Ideal Company, or) West £ aeth Street, New rk. BUNDLE of model aeroplane material. Various sizes reeds, bamboo, r band. Also circulars on wi rub free three-foot plane. All for dime (coin). Aero Shop, 3050 Hurlbut Ave., Detroit, Mich. SIMPLEX Air Model Co., Auburn, Mass. Send 5 cents for supply booklet. LEARN Gliding and Soaring. Build your glider, com- Pe Soh plans available. Send 25c for further Semotien. Schroeter, Colby-Abbot Bldg., Milwaukee, Wis. “Skyward Hol” Wonder book on wae pages, 150 illustrations. Shows you complete training for flying career, Some fortune! Sent free. Write today Parks Air Coll o. Theatre Bl St. Louis, Mo. TSS EAIT to advertisers! Cn. you deriving profit from ~¥ ne 93 ur advertis: rite today for a copy of the “Quic 5 - age — © liste Folder” showing ‘“‘“How You Can Use —t ence Monthly Profitably.” Address your inquiry to: Manager, Classified Advertis- ins. Popular Science Monthly, 250 Fourth Ave., New or bens Machines Business Opportunities LEARN the collection business. Good income; quick results. interesting booklet, “Skillful Collecting.” free. Net ional Collector's Association, Science Building, New- ark, lo. Engines— Motors—Dynamos en MAKE Electric Motors—half and one horse-power, A. C. induction motor winding models 00%, connections piain sight. Learn quick, easy. Dept. B Gainesville, Texas. ELECTRIC motors—Reconditicned sat to new. Money back eremsee, A.C. or D.C, P., $16.00; 1 H.P., $26.00; 2 H.P., $35.00; 3 H.P., $40.00. Others to 10 H.P. Tell us your motor problem:. ‘Temps Brothers Motor Co., One Martin Ave., Glendale, Long York. land, New — Farms and Farm Lands BECOME a Foot Correctionist. A New Profession ~y By ease chiropody. All the trade you can attend .000 to $10,000 yearly, easy terms Sos trakaiag [co terther capital needed or goods to buy, no ney or por hy joeee Stephenson ra- tory, "tO ack Bay, Boston, M USED | ag Hy “school courses sold = re- puessase basis. Also —— Money- ack guarantee. Catalog. ee. “Ss ught.) Lee Mountain, Pisgah, Alabama. INVENTIONS commercialized. Patented or un- petented. Write Adam Fisher Mfg. Co., 183 Enright, t. Louis, Mo. SUCCEED With Your Own Products. Make them yourself. Formulas, Processes, Trade-Secrets. All lines. ae. circulars free. C. Thaxly Co., Washington, MIRRORS Resilvered at Home. Costs Less 5 cents per = ye foot; you charge 75 cents. Immense profits, a autoparts, reflectors, tableware, stoves, refinish- metalware, etc., outfits furnished. Write, Sprinkle, Plater, 94, Marion, Indiana. THIS Advertisement may make Dollars, if you'll write immedi eee me my “Eye- Opening” Literature describing Gua: Formulas; Valuabi bi Ba Oe Money-Making yo m All lines. Investment Small. Profits immense! Start in ou Thousands of your Home, Room or Office. Make the Good Money you’ Te entitled to. Dr. Liscombe Miller, Chemist, Tampa, Florida. DIE Casting Machines. Industrial, Miniature. Byrd. 318 Reed, Erie, Pa. GO IN business, start home, spare time. Men dnd women ore $35 to $100 weekly operating a “New Sys- tem 8S) ity Candy Factory.”’ pa opportunity. Complete instruction and c.¥~ nm A 8; - 4 dollars required t oO rie for big free how, W. Hillyer ate, Drawer 19, ay Come sl eons aes to advereeret Are you deriving profit m your advertisin; Write today for a come of the a hg Adve Rate ah a showing “ You Can Use ae “ence Mont Profitably.”’ Address your inquiry to: Manager. ony aed Advertis- ing, Popular Science Monthl ay 550 Poarth’ Ave., New ET quick cash sale for your property anyw Details flee Write Fisher Agency, Hiaenibal, emeee Field Glasses USED Field anges, $3 to $85. Alden Loring, Dept, M-2, O-we-go, N. Y ing, Dept. For Electricians and Helpers THE Electrician's Wiring Manual, By F. o stock, E. E. Contains all ba information needed a eae electrical wi and construction the National I ny Code. Pocket size—fiexible bind. ing.. 448 pp. — Science Monthly, 250 Fourth Ave., New York City For Inventors UNPATENTED Ideas Can be Sold. I tell you how on8 help we make sale. Free particulars (Copy- hted). Write W. T. Greene, 805 Baltic Building, ashingt on D. C. INVENTIONS Commercialized. Patented or prog ® Write Adam Fisher Mfg. Co., 183 Enright, st INVENTORS’ Universal Educator—contains mechanical movements; 50 per " how to obtain and sell patents. Suggests new ideas Explains how to select yur attorney and avoid Batent sharks. Special Price, $1.00 postpaid. Fw esioen leter- ich, 681 Ouray Bldg., Washington, D. INVENTIONS Commercialized a Industrial Re- search Conducted for Inventors. F. G. Buffum Mig, Co., Louisiana, Mo. guns Guar aie T to advertisers! Are you deriving profit ur advertising? Write today for @ copy of the -Action yy Rate Folder”’ showing “How — ience Monthly Profitably.” ry to: Manager, Classified Address a oad in age Advertis- ing, Popula jience Monthly, 244 Fourth Ave, New York. THE Famous Hossfeld ‘“‘Wrenchliess’’ Universal pd Bender is the last cane in bending machines. Bends al cold or hot into most any comselvable shape. 3 cluding Eye Bolts aac a" Spring Eyes. Ben ecg Feet A cold. Thousands in use by classes of trade, from the smallest shops to the a railway systems. Write for circular and prices. Hossfeld Mtg. Co., Winona, Minn. Blue Prints TO THE man who has a Home > oe and likes to work with tools, Popular Science Moi x the opportunity to purchase blue prints giving det ails of the construction of useful articles for the home. The follow- ing are a owe of bi blue prints available: N shop Bench, No. Z; Soins gd ahi One-tube Radio oot, 57, ie anda Model, vil T el of Lindbergh's Paris Plane, oo” Ft Model (3" each print you sh to Popular Sclence Monthly, za Pout Avenue, New York, N. Y. LUXE Doll House Plans. One dollar. C. W. Noller. 41-67 Forley ee Elmhurst, N. Y. 611 PICTURES from Px camera _brough us SS ise 126. a Complete plan $2.00. ale Van Horn, Trust Lincoln, Nebr. oe 8, Showcards, Easily Painted with Letter Pat- = ~ variety of Styles and Sizes. Samples for } John Rahn, B2120 Neva, Chicago. For Men and Women DETECTIVES—Work home or travel. 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Write today for a copy of the -Action oe aed Folder” showing “How You Can Use gd clence Monthly Profitably.” Address your ‘ing ry to: Manager, Classified Advertis- — Science Monthly, 250 Fourth Ave., pafting positi A millio ith 3 0.C. MILLEE . Extension Vy

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— a eg a PB! Il @3s38! I}As! 18 Pawr*eel Fes! oo ae ee 8 Feirrore ‘tS SIP Past a December; 1928 Training PREPARING you to fill a fine Drafting job at a substantial raise in pay... T GU ARANTED Joo = course of y) ‘ 3 ry Dp i fp 1. 3 s08fiieh OO Sang: tome oe ition tek id pos Sa And, fut orBE that shegst 90% 3 7, WE Gas 700.8 Serine to8Rycn $40 Det o will yaare is e an Jor galery to > jp presen tee ved po DOSO.Miy the Sain LING TY nmediate rs, this oR FAT to You Vave paid that 708 A Drafting Job mying 50% more than you earn today—-without risk! ow, at acost you can afford, on terms of only {per month, you are sure of getting a fine Dating position and a substantial increase in . A million-dollar institution guarantees —the training, then the employment vice. Under money-back penalty. This agreement brings you your SECOND GHANCE. To repair a neglected education, to ialize, to change to a line where youcan get more rapidly. Read it, and investigate it! The American School (artered 31 years as an EDUCATIONAL in- titution and like the best resident schools and tlleges, conducted NOT FOR PROFIT. We ter complete, thorough up-to-date instruc- too, built by 200 leading Educators, Engi- 4 neers and Execu- tives. A unique in- struction, built to # meet the specifica- tions of well-paid jobs as laid down wey by employers them- selves, yet simplified for ready understanding by men with only common schooling. And we are the first in the home study field to recog- nize the need of giving a COM- PLETE SERVICE to ambitious men — training, plus employment. Which takes you as you are, supplies the ~ 0. C. MILLER Extension W equipment you lack, and lands you a in the better job you seek. Withous risk to youl Come into Draftin MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION FINDING you the better-paid position, help- ing you GET it, or money re- funded. .... Men who can read blue-prints and draw plans are ‘‘sitting pretty” these days. No wonder, when you consider that every machine, every building, all industrial activities start on the Drafting table! Intensive production, record-break- ing construction operations, have created a great demand for expert Draftsmen capable of designing and calculating original plans. $50 to $125 a week paid to Expert Draftsmen Get this point—that Drafting isn’t just one line of work—it reaches out into the Plectrical, Manufacturing, Building Construction, Automotive and Structural industries. That is why you'll find well-paid Drafting positions advertised in all industrial centers of the U. $. 70,000 vacancies reported in the past 12 months. And that is why I advise men to go into Drafting, particularly if handicapped by lack of high-school or college education. The Entering Wedge to Success in all Building and Manufacturing Lines I recommend Drafting, too, because it can be QUICKLY learned at home, in spare time—with- out quitting your job, without losing a day's time or a dollar in pay. Because you're sure there will be a good position waiting when you are ready for it. And because the work is so fascinat~ | ing and offers Leuethepantinns chances for advancement. For the Draftsman is in close con~ tact with important work and BIG MEN, and he is right in line for promotion to Superintendent and other executive positions. Drafting Lessons Actually FREE! to prove you can learn at home, in your spare time! _ al SS = \ DGa 2a Se You will never have a more seri- ous personal problem than decid- ing your future life-work—so we merely urge you to LOOK INTO Drafting. See how you like it, see if you learn as readily as most men do, get the facts about the op- portunities, the salaries paid, the jobs open, the chances for promotion. This is why, on receipt of your name, we will send you the first three lessons of our Drafting course without cost or obligation. O. C. MILLER, Director Extension Work, _ THE AMERICAN SCHOOL, Dept. D-975 Drexel Ave. & 58th St., Chicago, I!linois Please send without cost or obligation: 1. Three Drafting Lessons. 2. Facts about the opportunities in Drafting. 3. Your agreement to train and place me under moncy-back penalty.

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MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION December, 1928 Help Wanted Instruction Patent Attorneys Salesmen and Agents Wanted U. 8S. GOVERNMENT jobs. $1260- od py UNPATENTED Ideas Can Be Sold. I tell you how AGENTS—Clever invention! Inks women, 18-50. Steady jobs. No Crore Pleasan and help you make the sale. Free particulars (Copy- pen a fountain pen. Fast office seller, Bie profit, deere work. Paid vacation. ‘short hours. yp og usually hted). Write W. T. Greene, 811 Baltic Building, ncreasing everywhere. Exclusive territory offered, eepeesrary ce — gg ey Full pa: ashington, D. C. Sample free. H. Marui Company,Tribune Bidg. NewYork, ticulars with rite today cure. Franklin Institute, ‘hope K26, Rochester, N. Y ~~ SILVERING merrers, French late. Patented proc- ess, soaily learned. Immense profits. Plans free. Wear, ere Springs, Mo. PATENT, trade-marks, copyrights. Reliable services by an experienced practitioner devoting personal = tention to om case. Inquiries invited. Referen furnished. P. Fishburne, Patent Lawyer. bao McGill Sunaing. Washington, D. C. wanted to represte est elation.’ Your territory. Ex ence unneces Leads —— credentials fu Good pay. — Continental ae WOM EN: — ee as Real Estate Specialists. I made $100,000. Co-operate with me. Learn the secret of my success. Use my remarkable system. Start at at home in spare time. Build wonderful = ows capital or experience. Write at once oney-making offer. Address, Ostrander, Room C7, 18 18 ast 18 St., New York. asso- How to Entertain PLAYS, Musical comedies and revues, minstrels, com- - Tl and talking songs, blackface skits, vaudeville acts, dialogs, a entertainments, juvenile plays and ee musical readings, make-w geeks. Deve fee _ & S. Denison & Co., 623 So. Wabash. Incorporations DELAWARE Charters: Fees small. Chas. G. Guyer, 901 Market Street, Wilmington, Delaware. Inventions W. ‘anted INVENTIONS commercialized. Patented or _ Tet. ree Adam Fisher Mfg. Co., 183 Enright, uis. INVENTIONS WANTED—Patented, unpatented. If you have an idea for sale write, Hartley, Box 928, Maine. MR. 'VERTISER: Ask today for a copy of the “Quick-Action Advertising Rate Folder.”’ It contains some really important facts which will prove interesting and valuable to you. It also tells “How You Can Use Popular Science Monthly Profitably.””. You'd = hn know, wouldn’t you? Address your ioquiry to: M ae Classified paverttes. © Popular Science Monthly, Fourth Avenue, New Laboratory and Chemical Services YOUR ——— eatenl problem solved and working formula or process fu for $5.00. Write me. W. Stedman Richards, Industrial Chemist, Box 2402, Boston, Mass. Lathes SPEED Lathe $10.50 Rosmpiete, 7-inch swing, 3 speed cone pulley. Goodwin Mfg. Co., Ottumwa, Iowa. Miscellaneous TATTOOING outfits, supplies. Hlustrated list free. “Waters,”’ 965 Putnam, Detroit. FORMS to cost Lead Soldiers, + Marines, Trap- , Animals kinds i0c for Illustrated’ Cata- 7 ay Schiercke, 1034 72nd St., Brooklyn, N.Y. @ to advertisers! Are — deriving profit your roa ae Write t for a@ copy of the -Action Jorn ee Folder’ showing “How You Can Use ence Monthly Profitably. = Address your inquiry to: Manager, Classified Advertis- ee. Popular Science Monthly, 250 Fourth Ave., New ork. Models and Model Supplies SPECIAL a ped or parts, Dies, Tools, Metal Specialties, Model = cgee r 5 stock gears and Model Supplies. Send 5c alogue. he Pierce Model Works, Tinley Park, Til “SHIP Model Fittings: Steert Wheels, Copstane, Anchors, Propellers, Send dim dime for booklet A.J J. Fisher, 1002 Etowah Ave., Royal Oak, Mich. ings sad generat mautscturing” Badger Pool ind Ni manufacturing. er Tool an g. Co., 134 >. Clinton St., Chicago, Ill. Moving Picture Business “BE A Movie Exhibitor’’—Big Opportunity, Only Moderate Copal Required—Complete Equipment at Remarkably Low Prices. Write. Atlas Moving Picture Co., 624 South Michigan Ave., Chicago, Ill. LANCASTER an D ALLWINE, 232 Ouray aes Washington, D. C. been ae of the Form Evidence of Conception.” m to.be elgated and ans to anyone send for bine form witnessed. Form and patent ialovenenton bulletin free. ADAM E,. FISHER, Registered Patent Attorney in 8 30 years: references; personal attention and promptness assured; Dept.—E—183 Enright, St. Louis, “MR. ADVERTISER: Ask today for a copy of the “Quick-Action Advertising Rate Folder. " Tt contains some really important facts which will prove interesting valuable to you. It also tells “How You Can Use Popular Science Monthly Proftably.” You'd like to ag Cn BY you? Address your inquiry to: Man- sae lassi fied ag oy BG Popular Science Monthly, frourth Avenue, New York MONROE E. MILLER, Ouray Bldg » Washington, D C., Patent Lawyer, Mechani cal Expert. Book- let and Priority Record Sy gratis. PATENTS Procured. Trade Marks Registered.—A comprehensive, experienced, prompt service for the pro- tect: -_ aay ss wo ment of your ideas. Preliminary ce £ ed without charge. Booklet of in- ty = and 10 = m for Sectecing — te we request. Irving cCathran, Ww ., Washington, D. C., or 41-Z Park Row, New York. eee eee to advertisers! Are you deriving profit = ye our advertising? Write today for a copy of the route -Action —— a Folder”’ sho “How You Can Use Po a Profitably.” Address your inquiry ‘to: aly fled Advertis- ing. F Popular Science Monthly, 250 Fourth Ave., New or PATENTS—Free instructions. Former Patent Office Examiner. Moderate terms. Booklet. Albert Jacobs, 725 Barrister Bidg,. Washington, D. C. PATENTS procured at reasonable rates with time to to pee. Sales negotiated. Staff of registered attorneys eers. rite for particulars. Inventors Serv- ice Bureau, Box 1648, Washington, D.C. PATENTS—Write for FREE Instructions. Dees or Model for Examination. Carl Miller, so tered Patent Attorney (former Patent Office examiner), 257 McGill Building, Washington, D. C INVENTORS who derive largest profits know and heed certain simple but vital facts before appl for a. Our book “Patent Sense’’ gives those facts & Lacey, 648 F. St., Washington, D. C., Establish 1869. Mg tad S GUIDE,” valuable information, free; Gee GET our free sample case, toilet articles, prfumes speclaities. Wonderfully profitable. ee and Dept. F., St. Louis, - rma Co, AGENTS. $60— a week. Genuine gold lettan for store windows caally on applied. Free sam Clark, ‘Chicago. agents. etallic Letter mes. r minutes, and is guarant tube; sells to every auto owner and Ty dealer, For particulars how to yr, big money and free sam; dress Amazon Rubber Co., 504 Amazo: n Building Pha delphia, Pennsylvania. A BUSINESS of your own—Making ‘Kling Name and Number Plates, Checkerbearhe shag, Book and Sample free. E. Palmer, 513, Wobetar¢ Onin CALIFORNIA perfumed beads Catalog nae sell Agente coining money. Big_ profits. ssion Factory, R 2328 W. Pico, Los Angeles, our SUCCEED With Your Own Products. Make them aa. a eng dg, gS oe At ie atalog, circulars free. C. axly Co., Washington, D.C. at BIG money and fast sales. Every owner buys initials for his auto. You charge $1.50; make $1.35, Ten orders daily easy. Write for particulars and tree samples. American Monogram Co., Dept. 47, East Orange, New Jersey. $50.00 WEEKLY easy, pplying one Initials on Auto- mobiles. No experience nended 5 profit every $i. ob. Free Samples. “Ralco y t--i-, 1041 ngton, Boston, Mass. MR. ADVERTISER: Ask today for a copy of the “Quick-Action Advertising Rate Folder.”’ It containg some really important facts which will prove Interesting and valuable to you. It also tells “How You Can U; Popular Science Monthly Profitably.’’ You'd ike to know, wouldn’t you? Address your inquiry to: Man Sas "Classified Advertising, Popular Science Monthly, 50 Fourth Avenue, New York. DON’T sell for others. &mploy ents y Make ¥.—4 own products. Toilet Articles, H a etc. 500% profit. Valuable booklet free, a Scientific Laboratories, 1970W Broad, Rich- mon a. $10 DAILY — a. plating and refi lamps, reflectors, beds, chandeliers by new method. Outfits SA Write Gunmetal Co., Ave, F, Decatur, Illinois. PUNCHBOARD Salesmen. It’s easy to earn’ commissions with the ‘Lincoln Line.” Merchants every- where use Punchboards. Someone sells them! not yee? Big pay every day. Catalog Free. Lincoln . 9 South Clinton, C icago, Dept. G. Frank Ledermann, Registered Attorney-Engineer, 1714 Sia bunch mail. Year 15c. Catalogues, magazines, Woolworth Building, New York. Kentucky Agency, Covington, Kentucky. BIG pay every day. gowns Nimrod’s All-Year Sellers; S. le Dress, Work, and Flannel Shirts, Overalls, Pants, Patents for a Sweaters, Underwear, Pajamas Leather Coats, Lum INVENTIONS Commercialized. Patented or un- ag rm Write Adam Fisher Mfg. Co., 183 Enright, Photography Instructions MAKE money in ime. "New Pian home. Spare or full time. an. Nothing like it. Experience unneces: 7 iF - merican School of Photog- raphy, Dept. 1744, 3601 Michigan Avenue, Chicago. HAVE you a camera? Write for free sample of our big magazine, showing how to make better pictures and earn money. American Photography, 117 Camera House, Boston, 17, Massachusetts. “IMPORTANT to advertisers! Are you deriving profit from yo ur advertising? Ly = today for a copy of the c! a a Rate Folder” show: “How You Can Use Po ence Monthly Profitably.” Address your oe 4 to: Manager, Classified Advertis- ing, Popular Science Monthly, 244 Fourth Ave., New oO Learn quickly at Photoplays Wanted $1250 FOR a Photoplay story by an*unknown writer and sold through our Sales he artment. We revise, copyright and ——. in the heart of oe Motion Picture Indus try. We know the demand Established 1917. Postal brings Free Booklet with fuli culars. Universal parti Scenario Convene, Sse S 214 \eneeees and Santa Monica Bidg., Hollywood, C Printing and Engraving Music and Musical Instruments 200 LETTERHEADS and 100 envelopes, $1.10, post- paid. Oberman Company, Box 1268, Chicago. ~SAXOPHONISTS — Clarinetists — Cornetists — Tromponiate ost “Free Pointers.”” Virtuoso Music School, 36, B a Printing Outfits and Supplies Patents ROFIT on r patent. on ap- Ka 4 Tells yo to peeteenty oye yp Anne new ideas. ent Enterprises, California Bldg., sr) Angeles, Calif. Patent Attorneys PA SS comes in applying a. moenne. Don’ n protec our dens. nd sketch or FOAL tite for FREE boo book, ‘“‘How to model 4 peatrasye | o w tent” rd of Invention” ay! No for vA on anew to proceed. Communica- gharge for int contents Prompt, careful, efficient [pestes. Ctesense A. A gg ae pet Security Bank Bulldi Patent Office), Washington, D. C. (See page 157.) PATENTS. Booklet free. Highest references. Best results. Promptness assured. Watson E. — Patent Lawyer, 724 24 oth St Street, Washington, D. C. PRINT Your Own Cards, fevieney, oa. advestistes.. ete. Complete outfits, $8.8 resses, $11, $29; Rotary $149. Print for others; big ble profi, Easy rules teculened Write for cat. Paper, etc. Kelsey Company, J-3, Meriden, = Com. Radio HINTS on buying. Sasteln ond operating a radio outfit with list of tested reliable equipment contained in 24-page radio booklet of Popular Science Institute, 248 Fourth Avenue, New York. Price 25 cents. MR. ADVERTISER: Ask today for a copy of the “Quick-Action Advertising Rate Folder.’’ It contains me really important facts which will poo interesting ond d valuable to you. It also tells “How You Can Use Popular Science Mont Profitably.”" You'd like to know, wouldn’t you? Address your inquiry to: Man- age “Classified Advertising, Popular Science Monthly, Fourth Avenue, New York. perjacks, SS gi ete. Experience unnecessa) Big Outfi — = ept. 25, 4922-28 Ave., Chicag $12.00 DAILY Showing New Linen-Like Seats Eee Wash like oilcloth. No uate, Bestever, 118 Irving Park Station, C a LOID-LAC Amazing New Auto Refinishing Discovery, Not a Paint, Polish, Cleaner or Wax. Restores Colors and Finish to Old Cars in thirty minutes! Greatest Automotive Development in years. Make it yoursell with my simple, Guaranteed Formula. Today's Fastest Money-maker. Write or ma —s detailed exclusive offer, $50,000.00 Business for $50. p today’s opportunity today! Loid Miller, Tndeotriat Chemist. Tampa Florida. NO COMPETITION; new electric hot dog machine; sells $18.50; commission $6.50; ready buyers eve Neuse Leonard E. Dickerson, Dept. R-2, Springfield. NEW chemically treated Auto Sditier Tranter 25c, sells for 60c. Sales guaranteed. Sample and det free. National Fibre Broom Co., St. Lquis, Mo. AMAZING scientific discovery offers you $15 a day sure. No-Frost keeps auto windshields, show windows, mirrors, eyeglasses, etc., absolutely clear of rain, sleet, snow, frost, mist and steam. ckly demonstrated. Motorists, bus drivers, motormen, storekeepers, hotels, restaurants, housewives buy on sight. Pocket package— large profits—tr field. Write for special Intro- ductory Offer. American Products Co., 2197, Mom mouth, Cincinnati, Ohio. SELL Absolute Necessities. Goat 2c, Sells 25c. Prices lowest. Seven different = 30c. Catalog free, Mills Sales Co., 13 East 16th St., New York. $800.00 BEFORE Xmas taking orders - A Rhinestone Initial Buckles, other fast sellers. Experience unneces- sary. Pay daily. No — Outfit free. Chaton, 600D Blue Island, Chi HOUSEKEEPERS Gialie to clean staircorners; earn big money selling Corner Dust Shields; write today. Ideal Stairway Equipment Co., Dept. PS, Canton, Ohio. MAKE $50.00 daily. 400% profit. Money-getter. Business, professional men buy manoatty. New! ented method for collecting bad deb Sells $5. costs $1.00. Brooks, Texas, sold 20. first day, profit $80.00. Experience unnecessary. Send $1.00 today for $5.00 complete outfit. Territorial rights. Box 596, Hartford, Conn. YOU are invited to resilver mirrors at home. Immense rofits plating auto parts, tableware, etc. Write for fnformation. prinkle, Plater, 96, Marion, Indiana, eekly. Men wanted to demonstrate the imrod Co., safe gd lamp. it 8s also a PERPETUAL FLA o batteries to buy. IT SELLS ITSELF ON SIGHT. County rights now being allotted to live salesmen. te for demonstrator and sales information to NATIONAL ss C CORPORATION, 226 High Street, New- ark, a a made $165.00 first ay selling Collection Sotems to Doctors and Merchants. Costs $2.50. Re- tails $7.50. Write Adjustment ‘Association, “Mobile, Ala. “AGENTS! Sell Sure-Go Snow Lugs to automobile and truck re a Mfg. “i Dover, Minn. andies tchen tool ever ented. Gvet 100% profit. Sales guaranteed. Sample and details free. National Fibre Broom Co., St. Louis, OD gro on; like the o I didn’t another it the snug¢ in one 0 think the landlady the little It all s over the | how disec blind alle chance in have one. and here’ WAS erable I'd neve where I « Other But—mt go with | really w seemed t kind of k And I tion, wa try it—l Mary where y¢ er line c vance?”’ “Tha line? I’ ter job, good jo seem to didn’t k It wa stopped I overhe: a few bi turning With the stor was wh: me best

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3 al 8] 878i $28] FREER S¥ssegs! FoF] SIRE) SRS/ESS|" RE] FRFesagi =eS| SE/RZES | - ? fRevt let sel Ssel rips! Stel Sl TIISSS2El SAl SeiPSraekags| Sri See er’ @oritpr*’ - MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SEC1ION Many times in the old days, while I trudged home after work to save carfare, I used to gaze enviously at the shining cars glidi: me, the prosperous men and women within. Little did I think that inside of a year,I, too, would have my own car, a decent bank account, the good things of life that make at worth living. I Thought Success Was For Others Believe It Or Not, Just Twelve Months Ago I Was Next Thing To “‘Down-and-Out”’ growing Radio store in town.. And I’m on good terms with my banker, too—not like the old days only a year ago, when often I didn’t have one dollar to knock against another in my pocket. My wife and I live in the snuggest little home you ever saw, right in one of the best neighborhoods. And to think that a year ago I used to dodge the landlady when she came to collect the rent for the little bedroom I called “‘home!”’ It all seems like a dream now, as I look back over the past twelve short months, and think how discouraged I was then, at the “‘end of a blind alley.”’ I thought I never had had a good chance in my life, and I thought I never would have one. But it was waking up that I needed, and here’s the story of how I got it. Teorin I’m sole owner of the fastest- I WAS a clerk working at the usual mis- erable salary such jobs pay. Somehow I'd never found any way to get into a line where I could make good money. Other fellows seemed to find opportunities. But—much as I wanted the good things that go with success and a decent income—all the really well-paid vacancies I ever heard of seemed to be out of my line, to call for some kind of knowledge I didn’t have. And I wanted to get married. A fine situa- tion, wasn’t it? Mary would have agreed to try it—but it wouldn’t have been fair to her. Mary had told me, “‘You can’t get ahead where you are. Why don’t you get into anoth- er line of work, somewhere that you can ad- vance?” “That’s fine, Mary,” I replied, “but what line? I’ve always got my eyes open for a bet- ter job, but I never seem to hear of a really good job that I can handle. “Mary didn’t . seem to be satisfied with the answer but I didn’t know what else to tell her. It was on the way home that night that I stopped off in the neighborhood drug store, where I overheard a scrap of conversation about myself, @ few burning words that were the cause of the turning point in my life! With a hot flush of shame I turned and left the store, and walked rapidly home. So that was what my neighbors—the people who knew me best—really thought of me! “Bargain counter shiek—look how that suit fits,’’ one fellow had said in a low voice, “Bet he hasn’t got a dollar in those pockets.” “‘Oh, it’s just ‘Useless’ Anderson,” said another. “He’s got a wish-bone where his back-bone ought to be.” As I thought over the words in deep humil- iation, a sudden thought made me catch my breath. Why had Mary been so dissatisfied with my answer that “I hadn’t had a chance?” Did Mary secretly think that too? And after all, wasn’t it true that I had a “‘wish-bone” where my back-bone ought to be? Wasn’t that why I never had a “chance” to get ahead? It was true, only too true—and it had taken this cruel blow to my self-esteem to make me see it. With a new determination I thumbed the pages of a magazine on the table, searching for an advertisement that I'd seen many times but passed up without thinking, an ad- vertisement telling of big opportunities for trained men to succeed in the great new Radio field. With the advertisement was a coupon offering a big free book full of information. I sent the coupon in, and in a few days received a handsome 64-page book, printed in two col- ors, telling all about the opportunities in the Radio field and how a man can prepare quickly and easily at home to take advantage of these opportunities. I read the book carefully, and when I finished it I made my decision. HAT’S happened in the twelve months since that day, as I’ve already told you, seems almost like a dream to me now. For ten of those twelve months, I’ve had a Radio business of my own! At first, of course I started it as a little proposition on the side, under the guidance of the National Radio Institute, the outfit that gave me my Radio training. It wasn’t long before I was getting so much to do in the Radio line that I quit my measly little clerical job, and devoted my full time to my Radio business. Since that time I’ve gone right on up, always under the watchful guidance of my friends at the National Radio Institute. They would have given me just as much help, too, if I had wanted to follow some other line of Radio besides building my own retail business —such as broadcasting, manufacturing, ex- perimenting, sea operating, or any one of the score of lines they prepare you for. And to think that until that day I sent for their eye- opening book, I’d been wailing “I never had a chance!” OW I’m making real money. I drive a good looking car of my own. and I don’t own the house in full yet, but I’ve made a substantial down. payment, and I’m not straining myself any to meet the install- ments. Here’s a real tip. You may not be as bad off as I was. But, think it over—are you satisfied? Are you making enough money, at work that you like? Would you sign a con- tract to stay where you are now for the next ten years, making the same money? If not, you'd better be doing something about it instead of drifting. This new Radio game is a live-wire field of golden rewards. The work, in any of the 20 different lines of Radio, is fascinating, ab- sorbing, well-paid. The National Radio In- stitute—oldest and largest Radio home-study school in the world—will train you inexpen- a LY 7 own home to know Radio _— to Z and to increase your i in Radio field. — Take another tip—No matter what your plans are, no matter how much or how little you know about Radio—clip the coupon below and look their free book over. It is filled with interesting facts, figures, and photos, and the information it will give you is worth a few minutes of anybody’s time. You will place yourself under no obligation—the book is free and is gladly sent to anyone who wants to know about Radio. Just address J. E. Smith, President, National Radio Institute, Dept. 44M, Washington, D. C., and the book will be mailed the same day your coupon reaches him—you can have it right in your hands in a few days if you'll mail the coupon NOW. J. E. Smith, President, National Radio Institute, Dept. 44M, Washington, D. C. Dear Mr. Smith: Please send me your 64-page free book, printed in two colors, giving all information about the op portunities in Radio and how I can learn quic y and easily at home to take advantage of them. understand this request places me under no obli- gation, and that no salesmen will call on me.

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MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION Any MAN who can read and write and use a pair of pliers can become an electrical expert and free himself forever from the long hours and drudgery of a small pay job. And you can learn the BIG PAY profes- sion of electricity right in New York City— the heart of the electrical world—the city of 100,000 jobs. At the same time you are learning the BIG PAY profession you can be enjoying the sights and wonders of New York, the modern Bagdad. Be an Electrical Expert Graduates of the NEW YORK ELEC- TRICAL SCHOOL are in demand by all the big electrical companies. Or, if you prefer the independence of a business of your own, there are thousands of oppor- tunities for efficient, dependable men to become electrical contractors. When you are your own boss the money you can make is limited only by your own energy and ability. Personal Instruction The NEW YORK ELECTRICAL SCHOOL is not a correspondence school. You learn by doing—by personal instruc- tion on full size standard electrical equip- ment under the personal supervision of trained instructors. At N. Y. E. S. you train your hands and mind at the same time. You learn the theories of electricity —and then you are shown how to put the theories into actual practice by solving the problems with your own hands. The man who has learned electricity by actually Going electrical work under intelligent personal instruc- tors can Fo to arly part of the worl be sure of & good living. There are N. Y. E. 8. Graduates in all the countries of the world. Write today for the 48-page booklet giving full in- formation about the N. Y. E. 8. Course and show! pictures of the equipment available for your persona use in our two seven-story buildings. The NEW YORK ELECTRICAL SCHOOL 40 W. 17th Street, New York puceeeecavanae MAIL TODAY «ssssesses009, THE NEW YORK ELECTRICAL SCHOOL 40 W. 17th Street, New York. Please send me FREE your 48-page booklet. It is understood that this request puts me under no obligation. “‘Sseucceues Salesmen and Agents Wanted ATTENTION!!! Collect and k $6.00 every order. Make from $60 to $180 every,week. o suits or suit and overcoat $27.95. Satisfaction guaranteed. Big swatch outfit free. LaSalle Gold Seal Clothes, 527 Broadway, Dept. 68, New York. STRANGE INVENTION! Pays $25 Daily. Keeps telephone and iron cords from tangling and kinking. Pre- vents iron scorching. Saves electricity. Samples free. NEVERKNOT, Dept. 12-F, 4503 Ravenswood, Chicago. AGENTS WANTED TO SELL ELECTRIC HAIR clippers. Retail at $8.75. Guaranteed. Useful in every —_, The Master Appliance Co., Box 33, Racine ct., 8. WE pay $48.00 a week, furnish auto and expenses to introduce our Soap and Was Powder. Buss-Beach Company, Dept. A48, Chippewa Falls, Wis. ALL Advertisers should not be without the important facts on Money Making. Write today for the ‘“Quick- Action Advertising Rate Folder’ which contains in- formation of value to you. If 3 are anxious for quick rofit returns, do it now! Address your inquiry to: anager, Classified Advertising, Popular Science Monthly, 242 Fourth Ave., New York. Song Writers SONG Writers: Let's see what you have to offer! ee. Music Publisher, 1547 Broadway, New York y. SONGWRITERS: Get in touch with me at once. Bell, D-2, 4718 So. Broadway, St. Louis, Mo. SONG or melody writers. Have “‘real’’ proposi- tion. Hibbeler, D10, 2104 N. Keystone, Chicago. Stamps and Coins STAMPS, 100. All different, 3 cents. Lists free. P. S. Quaker Stamp Co., Toledo, Ohio. 20 VARIETIES unused free. Postage 2c. P. 8S. Miami Stamp Co., Toledo, O. FINEST One Cent Approvals in the United States. Stanton (144), Niantic, Conn. STAMPS, 105 different 5c, to approval applicants. Harvey Teeple, Decatur, Indiana. STAMPS, 105 China, etc., 2c. Album (500 illustra- tions) 3c. Bullard, Station BB, Boston. RARE United States and foreign coins, war medals and decorations. German bill and catalogue, 10c. Alexis Mengelle, Colorado Springs, Colorado. CALIFORNIA gold, quarter size; 27c, $ White cent and Catalogue, 10c. Norman Lake, Utah. ‘ OLD Comme, Ly > gh yee of anne L.-T ree to collectors only. atalog quoting prices for coins, ten cents. Wiliam Hes: 101B Tremont St., Boston, Mass. ALL Advertisers should not be without the im- portant facts on Money Making. Write today for the “Quick-Action Advertising Rate Folder’ which contains information of value to you. If you are anxious for quick rofit returns, do it now! Address your inquiry to: Manager, Classified Advertising, Sepular Science Monthly, 250 Fourth Ave., New York. OLD Stamps and Coins are valuable. Stamp & Coin Collector Magazine tells about them. Sample free. Kraus, 409 Juneau, Milwaukee, Wis. STAMPS free. Stamp collection from eleven foreign countries free for sending 4c postage for our price list. Album 10c. 225 German stamps 25c. Argonaut Stamp Co., Dept. 119, New Canaan, Conn. NEWFOUNDLAND postage. Send want list. Will je A prices. Rev. Butler, St. Georges, New- foun , size; 53c. ultz, Salt FREE—Genuine Mexican $5 Bill with purchase of 100 different foreign stamps for a dime. E. NAGLE, 1101 Marion, Reading, Pa. Stories Wantea BIG demand for Photoplay and Magazine Stories. We revise, develop and copyright. Sell on commission. Established 1917. Booklet free. Unjversal Scenario Company, 414 Western & Santa Monica Building, Hollywood, California. Telegraphy TELEGRAPHY—Both Morse and Wireless—taught thoroughly and quickly. Tremendous demand. Big salaries. Wonderful opportunities. Expenses low: chance to earn part. School established fifty years. Catalog free. Dodge’s Institute, H374 Hart Ave., Valparaiso, Ind. Typewriters and Supplies TYPEWRITERS—Factory Rebuilt Royals, Reming- tons, Underwoods. New Royal, Remington and Corona Portables. New ‘‘Excellograph’”’ Rotary Stencil Duplica- tor $37.50. Terms. Catalogue Free. Pittsburgh pe- writer Supply, 543—339 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa. Wanted WANTED—Live foreman or mechanic or clerk in every factory in the United States to act as subscri tion representative for the most popular magazine 4 the world. Address M Popular Science Monthly, anager of Representatives 250 Fourth Ave., New York COURSES wanted—Used “correspondence school courses. Liberal prices. Aneslys’, 2353 Main, Buffalo, December, 192g Practical educators for all Engineers, Firemen, Machinists, Electricians and engineer students. Eight valuable, up-to- 2 date Guides treating on ee thesey and practice -4 pas allits branches. ‘ @Stiot A COMPLETE HOME STUDY COURSE AND REFERENCE LIBRARY 8 pocket numbers with Ready Reference Index. 8754 pages. 4750illustrations. Easy toread. Highlyendorsed. A good helpin securing Engineer’s License. Price pono ee $1 per month. Free Trial. MATION: — In A Handy For Answers to Your Questions and Probican Here is a partial list of the subjects covered:— Engine Principles, Valve Setting, Pome oertes yn Engines, Pp gines, Locomotives, Marine Engines, Turbine Engines, Gas Engines, Oil Engines, in- dicators, Producers, Aviation, Steam, Fuel Economy, Boiler Construction, Fir- ing, Oil Burners, Stokers, Boiler Repairs, Pipe Fitting, Heating, Refrigeration, Wirlng, Electrical Dingraces Radic cise . Elec iagrams, 0, trical Reference and Calculations. SHIPPED FREE Not a cent to pay until you see the books. No obligation to buy unless you are satisfied. Fill in coupon in pencil. Send now—today—get this standard library for Engineers and Mechanics Gras} Tod Theo. Audel & Co. 65W.23 StUN.Y City Send me AUDELS ENGINEERS EXAMINATION we bom op ey oe GUIDES. 8 . numbers, $12, for free examination. Meas is satisfactory, I will send you $1 in 7 days, then $1 monthly until $12 is paid. ABBIONS 0.0 0cccrccccoccecccccccccccccccocossoal Occupation POOP TOTO OOOO EOE EOET ESE SESE TEES | ET ge, Be An Auto xs Expel MEP TRAINED MEN NEEDED. Earn $40 and up a week. If you are earning less this is your chance to gain, Auto industry will pay you more and offer greater opportunity. You qualify for Big- Pay Job through National’s Famous Job-Experi-. ence Training. Over 17,000 Successful Graduates. California is Land of Opportunity. Millions being spent on autos here. Learn Mechanics, Ignition, Repairs, Construction, Garage Management, Etc. Qualify for technical or executive posi- tion or go into business for yourself. ENTER NOW. No Age Limit. Low Tuition. , 23rd Year. Unexcelled Training. Thirty-two instructors... Free employment service while learn- ing and after graduation. Write for Illustrated Catalog... F REE ... Tells everything. Ne Free KR. R. Fare Everywhere Soc ak KM Koo KK KK SC Kee ee eae ee oe ee DEPT.204D, 4006 Figueroa St., Los Angeles, Calif. Send me the big, FREE National Auto Book that explains how I can Succeed in the Automobile Industry. Name sa cweeeoneacseeecesces Addresian mms ee eee masses wees a maa eset i City mace wes sceen eStitlem sec eecuaseneaNftsest

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Federal Students Are Making BIG MONEY Hundreds of Federal Students, from all walks of life, have become successful com- mercial artists, and are making more money than they ever made before. Just read what they said: Lloyd Shirley Says: “*T feel as though my old days of drudgery were a bad dream. Now I am earning $5200 a year as an artist. The practical, thorough, short course I took with the Federal Schools made my success possible.” *“Qwes Success to Federal’’ “The Federal Schools showed me the direct way of turning my liking for drawing into money, giving, in a short time, knowledge which otherwise takes many years of hard experience to acquire. I owe much of my present success to the Federal Schools.” (Name on Request) **$400 Last Month”’ “T am Art Director with a salary and commis- sion which has made it possible for me to earn more than at any time in my life, for example last month ran over $400, and for the last four months it has averaged $300. I know this all came about from the instructions I received from the Federal Schools.’’ Mr. W. A. Sowell. Two-Year Contract, $80 a Week “You might like to know I am leaving this place to take up a new job as Art Director, for which I have a 2-year contract at $89 per week. I owe a debt of gratitude to the Federal Schools for starting me right.’”’ J. R. McKinney. SEND FOR THIS FREE BOOK Send coupon for our book, “YOUR FUTURE,” describ. 4 ing this’ fascinating home-study course. We will also ,+* send you free art ability questionnaire which tests ,¢ your natural sense of design, proportion, color, ,¢* ics cimcer QePNPND. 6. 6 ous ssn sus dee sede ania ebenines etc. No obligation—Just mail the .* coupon TODAY. -** eo MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION 147 , Don’t Daydream ...... Act! F YOU like to draw, but cannot afford to give up your present position to attend art school, this advertisement shows you an easy, pleasant way to develop your talent at home in spare time and become a successful commercial artist, earning big money, as hundreds of others have already done. How often have you wanted to get away from the grind and drudgery of your daily routine—to develop your natural ability to draw—to be able to achieve success and a comfort- able income as a commercial artist? Here is the big oppor- tunity you have been waiting for— Learn Commercial Art at Home The Federal School has made available a complete course in commercial designing, that will soon prepare you to earn a handsome income. It has been arranged, with the co-operation of many nationally-known artists, to train students in the quickest possible time. No previous training is necessary. If you — eed interested in art, and ambitious, you can be successful. Trained Artists Highly Paid Many Federal students are making $2000, $3000, $4000, $5000 and $6000 a year—some even more. Frequently students earn more than enough to pay for their Federal Course even be- : fore they have finished. The field of commercial art is practically unlimited. Hundreds of advertisers are buying thou- sands and_ thou- sands of fdollars. worth of illustra- tions every month. And they have paid as much as $1000 for Vv asingle picture! Dra “0 \ / ae Dp 2°” 1361 Federal Schools Bldg., MINNEAPOLIS, MINN. % Please send me book “YOUR FUTURE” and Art i Ability Questionnaire, without cost or obligation. “i N - EE HO ik ik ooo os nas doredeed bans eee tees a ne On » 9 Ob & FAMOUS FOR @eee CESSFUL ST U

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MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION

§ The Letter That Sav Bob Johnson’s Job —and paved the way for a better one! ‘was written to his employer by the International dence Schools. It told how ‘Robert lohnson had enrolled for a course of home-study and received a mark of 94 for his first lesson.” - Bob answered the summons to the Chief’s office with fs little fear and trembling, for a lot of men were dropped—a Jot more were having their pay

But as Bob came in, his employer did a surprising thing. He got up wey from his desk and grasped Bob warmly by the han “T want to congratulate you, young man, on the marks you are making with the I. C. S. I am glad to see that you are training yourself not only for your present job but for the job ahead. “We're cutting the pay-roll. Until I received this , L had you in mind as one of the men to be But not now. Keep on studying—keep — es open—and pretty soon there’ll be a still ob for you around here. We’re always looking for trained men.” Won’t you let the I. C. S. help you, too? Won’t ou trade a few hours of your spare time for a go , & good salary and the comforts that go with it? en mark the work you like best on the coupon below and mail it to Scranton today. That doesn’t obligate you in the least, but it will be your first big step towards success. Do it now! INTERNATIONAL CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOLS “The Universal University’’ Box 7607-F, Seranton, Penna. nu t or obligation, please send me a copy of your bookie "Whe Wins and Why,” and full particulars about the subject before which I have marked X: BUSINESS TRAINING COURSES Business Management Advertising Industrial Management English Personnel Management Business 1 Traffic Management Show Card and Sign Accounting and C. P. A, ering Coaching Stenography and Typing Cost Accounting /Bookkeeping Salesmanship Secretarial Work Spanish [ French Tu TECHNICAL AND INDUSTRIAL COURSES = Engineer

Architect Architects’ Blueprints Contractor and Builder Architectural Draftsman Concrete Builder Electric Lightin; Mechanical Engineer Mechanical Draftsman ‘chine Shop Practice Railroad Positions

Structural Engineer Gas Engine Operating Chemistry [) Pharmacy Civil Engineer [] Mining [Automobile Work Airplane Engines Agriculture and Poultry Mathematics

Surveying and Mapping Plumbing and Heatin Steam Engineering Cf Radio Name............ Pe an

Street Address.. Witten ce -conncnceccqssevodnatnontsnscepocesss<dlbte I ccansnoveitanocciaades If you reside in Canada, send this coupon tional Correspondence Schools Canadian, Limited, Montreal

of Denver. Here Are Correct Answers To Questions on Page 66 1. When Greenland was discovered by Norse- men, it was summer. In the summer the south- western coast which they first saw is free of ice and covered with Arctic vegetation. The ice- covered plateau of central Greenland is not visible, and the entire island seems fertile and hospitable. 2. In eastern New York, along the valley of the Hudson River between Albany and New York City, workmen frequently dig from swamp lands the -tusks and other bones of great elephants that once roamed up and down this valley. 3. The kingdom of Wahabis, in the eastern part of Arabia. The Wahabis constitute one of the numerous sects of Mohammedans, one of whose principles is prohibition of all forms of alcohol and tobacco. 4. This is done to supply water to the mining camp of Kalgoorlie in the southern part of western Australia, south of Lake Barlee. All of the natural lakes in the region are salty. The country is desert. When valuable miner- als, especially gold, were discovered in that region, a 300-mile pipe line was built to bring water from near the coast. 5. Since the sticks of bamboo are very strong as well as light, many of the first railway bridges in Japan were built by lashing bamboo poles together. Nowadays, with the develop- ment of the manufacture of steel in Japan, most of these picturesque bamboo bridges have been replaced by modern steel structures. 6. The drink called sarsaparilla is named after a drug plant that grows in the swampy forest lands of Honduras in Central America. The plant was introduced inte Europe by the Spanish conquerors nearly 500 years ago. It constitutes one of the important exports from Honduras. 7. Its capital was at the modern town cf Cuzco in what is now southern Peru. From here south to Lake Titicaca the traveler still may see the ruins of maay ancient buildings, roads, and other works, testifying to the greatness of the ancient Inca state. 8. This name has been given to the island of St. Thomas in the former Danish West Indies. While St. Thomas is of value as a point of defense of the Panama Canal, it scarcely can be said to command the approaches to this canal as efficiently as the great British fortress of Gibraltar commands the mouth of the Mediterranean Sea. 4 9, This name is given by geographers to the vast grass-covered plains of southern Russia, plains not unlike the prairies that once covered the central part of the United States. 10. In the towns of southern Arizona, aotably in the city of Tucson, there i$ so much hot sunlight that many residents procure household hot water by placing iron tanks on the roofs of the houses. 11. The greatest ruins now known are probab- ly those of Pueblo Bonita, or “Beautiful Village,” in northwestern New Mexico. When the vanished race of the cliff-dwellers lived in southwestern North America, this village was an important city. 12. Leadville, in central Colorado, southwest The town nestles in a mountain valley more than 10,C00 feet above the sea. The air at Leadville is so thin that persons unaccustomed to high altitudes find serious difficulty in breathing.

Young men needed 1 Davey Tree Expert Co, Interesting, vigorous outdoor work in a organization where merit wins advancement, Good starting wages. Permanent positions and a realfuture for men who make good. Our ent field force of Davey Tree Experts cannot meet the increasing demand. So we are now, to enter our employ, a few sturdy, clean young men, thorough Americans, single, 20 and 30 years old, free to travel, industri with good practicaleducation, and able to give good references. Write for qualification blank to serve in place of personal interview. The Davey a Expert Co., Inc., 139 Federal Bidg., Kent, oO.

Statement of Ownership, Management, Circula’ etc., required by the Act of Congress of August 24, 1912, of Popular Science Monthly, published monthly at New York, N. Y., for Oct. 1, 1928, State of New York, County of New York, ss. Before me, a notary public in and for the State and county aforesaid, personally peared O. B. Capen, who, having been duly sworn ac- cording to law, deposes and says that he is the Business Manager of Popular Science Monthly and that the fol- lowing is, to the best of his knowledge and belief, a true statement of the ownership, management, etc., of the aforesaid publication for the date shown in the above caption, required by the Act of August 24, 1912, embodied in Section 411, Postal Laws and Regulations, printed on the reverse-of this form to wit: 1. That the names and addresses of the publisher, editor, managing editor, and business man Publisher, Popular Science Publishing Co., Inec., 250 Fourth Avenue, New York, N. Y., Editor, ‘Sumner N. Blossom, 250 Fourth Avenue, New York, N. Y., Mamag- ing Editor, Raymond J. Brown, 250 Fourth Avenue, New York, N. Y., Business Manager, O. B. Capen, 250 Fourth’ , New York, N. Y. 2. That the owners are: Popular Science Publishing Company, Inc., 250 Fourth Avenue, New York, N. Y., Stockholders of Science Publishing Company, Inc., Henry J. Fisher, 22 William Street, New York, N. Y.; Oliver B. Ca Fourth Avenue, New York, N. Y.; Robert Cade 683 Springfield Avenue, Summit, N. J.; Ada B. 683 Springfield Ave., Summit, N. J.; L. B. Tr N. Michigan Ave., Chicago, Ill.; A. L. Cole, 250 Fourth Avenue, New York, N. Y.; Sumner N. Bloeae 250 Fourth Ave., New York, N. Y.; John Nichols, Fourth Ave., New York, N. Y. 3. That the known bondholders, mortgagees and other security owning or holding 1 per cent or more of the total amount of bonds, mortgages, or other securities are: none, That the two paragraphs next above, giving the names of the owners, stockholders and security holders, if any, contain not only the list of stockholders and security holders as they appear upon the books of the company, y

Hi but_ also, in cases where the stockholder or securit: holder appears upon the books of the company as trustee or in any other fiduciary relation, the name of the person or corporation for whom such trustee is acting, is given; also that the said two paragraphs contain statements embracing affiant’s full knowledge and belief as to circumstances and conditions under which stockholders and security holders who do not appear upon the of the company as trustees, hold stock and securi a capacity other.than that of a bona fide owner, and this affiant has no reason to believe that any other person, association, or corporation has any interest direct oF indirect in the said stock, bonds, or other securities than as so stated by him. (Signed) O. B. Capen, Business Manager. g Sworn to and subscribed before me this 27th day ot September, 1928. Esther Eyl, Notary Public, Kings County. Clerk’s No. 87, Registry No. 199. 256, Reg. No. 0-167. (Seal) My Commission expires March 30, 1930. Agents—Salesme ALL-IN-ONE tented ; rette and Match Case. He a package of cigarettes and bt of safety matches. Beaw rain finish Black or Bre u Pont Fabricord. Keen @ convenient. 4 7 A whirlwind seller for} agents. $ en. $36.00 gross. today for complete d& talls. All-In-One Sales Co: Dept. S-12 4648 Grand Ave MINNEAPOLIS, MINN.

Sample, 50c

—n New York County Clerk’s No |

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MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION oo = mee oO NN VP Oe HBP ee Teach You ELECTRICITY % for a Bigger Paying Job % ERE is a new, amazingly simple and prac- tical way of learning to do electrical work— so sure of results that we agree to give you the train- ing and employment service that will get you a better job and more money or you need not pay a cent! Think of it! You take no chance. You are assured of thorough preparation for the many opportunities in this great industry which is constantly calling for more trained men. We not only train you, we help you get the job. How can we do it? By a wonder- “YY formerly instructor in Uni- versity of Wisconsin, and others. What a Practicing Engineer Says: Here’s what a practical electrical engineer says: “I am amazed at how simply you ex- plain the facts about electricity. The points are so much easier to grasp than by the usual methods of instruction that the student must make quicker, ork, ful new method of teaching which makesevery- Suter progress. I only wish I had had the advantage in thing about electricity easy to understand. of your instruction methods. It would have made a ; 7 things so much easier!” Charles E. Fitz, M. E., E.E., Deas Learn at Home, Easily, Quickly, formerly associated with Steinmetz. “ae Thoroughly Employers Want Film-Way died We furnish you with the projector, so simple any- Trained Men. on one can aeons it, and thousands of feet of film. Our employment service helps you locate a big on, You see all types of electrical machinery in opera- pay job in the branch of electricity which interests 25 tion, animated diagrams which make the facts about ou most: Aviation Electricity, Radio, Switch- a electricity as plain, easy to grasp and as enjoyable as et Work, Sub-Station and Power Plant Oper- =. looking at a movie in your favorite theatre. ation, Autoimotive. Electricity, Wiring, Contract- => are: You are personall ided in this live, ing, Merchandising, etc. Here is an extract from a co © ~~ - ; p - & - = fascinating: instruction by practical engin- a letter written by an employer: r, 22 eer-educators, including: Bruce Rogers, “We will gladly co-operate with you, not o , 300 M. S., Western Electric Co.; J.A. Shimek, only in employing any of your students when Ison, . , y in employing any Of your si leon, M. E., — Corporation; A. P. Hollis, vacancies occur in our organfzations, but also e wurth ormer Director Visual Edu- by recommending that our employees take ” . cation, University of North your course.” Pp how AN Dakota; W. N. Littlewood, ELECTRIC MATERIAL CO., South Bend, Ind. - ount . t FRE Three Lessons andOur NewBook, #* L ’ “The Film Way to Bigger Pay in Electricity” ait If you act now, by mailing the coupon, we will send you absolutely free and ustee without obligation, three actual lessons showing how we use real motion @ Yr arson cs pictures to make the facts about electricity easy to grasp. Our new book o riven; = describes the wonderful opportunities for a better job in electricity and 0 F z — gives complete details of this fascinating way to learn. 4 So ders Start now to move into the bigger pay class. Sending coupon is the y gs — 5 first step. Do it now, learn how you can get the things you want in life, . oe r i this " Sea r SS a ot You Use This Real Drafting Set S&S Cx “eS DeVry Projector Given Ps ee ay of Anyone can operate this standard school atens tectetaeier se” / A iF s No. model DeVry projector (value $75) which and complete set of od voy / R is furnished every student for use during . f ,Professionalinstru- ape OR a BE course at no extra cost. Usesordinary T'Suare scales rules aa / y as light connection, farm lighting equip- ment or auto battery. Gives clear, brilliant, flickerless Motion in electricity with pictures in yourhome. drafting. % ~ - af 4 s ws’ Sa ee (a a TAKE THE FILM WAY TO Bigger Pay ie A - all given at no extra cost. You et everything necessary or this complete course || #s? sth SePast B

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x ree een rrr An eo ne Peake er Es ne “Win Applause. ~ Thrill® « *« Big Money Get Into Aviation! RE you a red-blooded, Mian daring he-man? Do yen see crave adventure, —— , admiration, and the — of great crowds? Then why not t into the Aviation In- dacecy—the grostest 4 ven since time —the test thrill ever offered to man? Aviation offers you. The praise and Think what plaudits of the multitude. And a chance to get in on the ground floor where rewards may be unlimited ! y Aviation is growing so swiftly that one can hardly keep track of all the astonishing new developments. Air-mail routes have just been extended to form 2 —_ oe network over the ertire U.S. Many Com- ercial Airlines and airplane f: ies are now being organized. Men like Henry Ford are investing mil- f commercial Aviation fer they Easy to Get Into Aviation By This Home Study Method Get into this thrilling profession at once while PICK YOUR the field is new and un- JOB! crowded. Now — by a unique new plan—you can quickly secure the basic | Airplane Instructor ae gape d training e Engineer at home, in spare time. | Airplane Repairman Experts will teach you lane Assembler the secrets and funda- | AirplaneMechanician mentals of PracticalAvia- lane Inspector tion—give you all the in- | Airplane Builder side facts that are essen- {ieee e Salesman tial to your success. | Exhibition Manager And, the study of Avia- | Airplane Contractor tion by this remarkable | AirplaneMotorExpert method is almost as fas- | Airplane Designer cinating as the actual work itself. Send for FREE Book! Send coupon for our new phy pag dustry. Itis vitally interest. ing, reads a@romanceand ou things es this never even dreamed ad "ote for your copy today. AMERICAN SCHOOL OF AVIATION 3601 Michigan Ave., Dept. 1369 Chicago | AMERICAN SCHOOL OF AVIATION 3601 Michigan Ave., Dept. 1369, Chicago, III. | Without obligation, please send me your FREE | book, Op untiies in the Atrplane Industry. Also information about your Home Study Course in Practical Aviation. z : = owes meme ee ee be & a 8 MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION Windmill Plane Makes Good (Continued from page 15) more pilots than any other fault in aviation, and those who have flown the autogiro say it will not stall. From the point of view of the private plane owner, whose numbers have grown greatly in the last two or three years, the autogiro promises much. No country has enough airdromes or landing fields to accom- modate pilots in large numbers. On the largest field only a few planes may land or rise simul- taneously, owing to the run needed for the start and finish of a flight. Almost any lawn will suffice for the autogiro, says the young in- ventor, as soon as he has perfected a self- starting device. This he plans as his next step in the development of the machine. But even without the self-starter, the autogiro will take off from a field too small to accommodate any other type of plane. In landing on ship decks the autogiro is expected to be particularly use- ful, for it will not be necessary for the ship to be traveling dead against the wind, as is now the case. Therefore aircraft carriers, the in- ventor predicts, will become more useful to fleets, for they will be able to proceed with the remainder of the vessels regardless of direction. FOR night and fog landings the designer de- clares the present dangers will have been overcome, as it will always be possible to stop the autogiro engine and descend vertically and slowly. The machine flown across the Channel and then on to Paris by Cierva has an Avro body equipped with an Armstrong Siddeley Lynx IV engine of 180 horsepower. Its maximum speed is 105 miles an hour, and its cruising speed, eighty-five. Minimum speed under power is twenty-five miles an hour, and its minimum gliding speed twenty-five miles an hour. It is said to be able to climb 500 feet a minute. Arriving in Paris from St. Inglevert after crossing the Channel, De la Cierva gave a demonstration before M. Painleve, Minister of War; General Pujo, director of aeronautics, Commandent Renvoisé of the Le Bourget air- port, and several thousand spectators. In his vertical descent before competent observers the autogiro stopped the first time within ten feet of the spot where it first touched on the ground, and within seven feet on a second descent. Immediately after the demonstration, De la Cierva was invited to a long interview with the French war minister and afterwards was feted by the Aero Club de France. ““This,”’ said the French press, “ vincing demonstration.” was a con- (HE French, having seen the convincing demonstrations i in aeronautical progress of Santos Dumont, of Bleriot, of D’Oisy, of Costes, Lindbergh, Byrd, and others whose names compose a brilliant legion, should know one when they see it. On his second day’s trials at Le Bourget field, De la Cierva attempted a vertical de- scent from a height of 600 feet. He had already descended to within a few feet of the roof of the customs building, retarding his speed and hanging eerily above the heads of the spec- tators standing on the terraced roof. He climbed again, drew back his stick, and the ‘ane whirled down. The machine landed heavily, breaking the landing gear and damaging the rotor. The upper propeller had failed to check the speed sufficiently, but De la Cierva and his passenger, Franz Reichel of the Aero Club de France, escaped unhurt. The crashes of the autogiro have always:been like this since the days of the earliest demon- strations. Accidents have occurred, but none of them has been fatal, and they have not been accidents due to any inherent weakness of the design. Do you want a better position and ahigher have theseif you candotaework. 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pecember, 1928

MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION

Wonders from Sulphur (Continued from page 26)

ated with sulphur, have been carrying on an ce race with ordinary ties and posts. three years, they are reported to be in condition, while the untreated wood has showing increasing signs of deterioration. Not only do such ties wear longer, but they can be made of cheaper wood. This treatment, in which soft woods are said to become the of hardwoods, may play a big part in the jon of the problem of timber shortage. Tool handles, made of cheap wood, may be given their quota of sulphur and be made hard gndstrong. The same treatment may be used to improve the wood used in the spokes of wheels, in agricultural implements, and in silo staves. Oo Long Island, N. Y., a line of telegraph was treated with sulphur at the danger line of decay, the ground line, and the results are being closely watched. ee sulphur is resistant to acid, it is being used to treat the wood that goes into the “pickling’’ vats in which steel and iron are cleansed with a solution of dilute sulphuric acid. In laboratories and factories where acid is likely to affect the wood floors, sulpbur- treated blocks are expected to solve the problem. is Eecently pineapple growers in Hawaii wrote to Kobbe for help. The wooden boxes in which the fruit was collected rotted quickly when left in the fields during harvest. Could he suggest anything to make them more resistant to the weather? He could. The solution lay in sul- phur treating. Another letter came from a salt mine in Poland. The timbers of the mine began to rot almost immediately after they were put in place. What could be done? Again the remedy was to impregnate the wood with sulphur. From the oil fields of the Southwest, another interesting request came to Kobbe recently. An oil well “‘shooter” wanted a stiff cartridge made to contain the nitroglycerin which he lowered into the well-hole, and he wanted it made of paper! Sulphur-treated paper promises as much as any other phase of the work Kobbe is doing. Ordinary paper, after a treatment, becomes stiff and strong. as wood, resistant to the weather, to water, and to most acids. It is expected to find practical use in a wide variety of everyday necessities, including items such as chair seats, outdoor billboards, automobile door panels and running boards, table tops (especially where acids are being handled), waterproof paper cans, and possibly piping. BPCENTLY a paper tube with walls only three-sixteenths of an inch thick was im- pregnated with sulphur. Before the treatment, you could break it over your knee. Afterwards it supported the weight of a man! Papier maché, similarly treated, also offers a wide range of possibilities. Storage battery boxes, toilet seats, and flowerpots are among the products made in this way. It is even suggested that weatherproof beehives of papier maché will be the next step! One of the products of sulphur-treated paper which has interesting possibilities is a cap de- signed to fit over the tops of telegraph poles to keep water from entering the wood and hasten- ing decay. Just how impervious to water would such a cap be? The answer is found in a four-year-old snowball. In 1924, Kobbe dropped a snowball into molten brimstone. It came out with a sulphur shell around it. The snow melted within, but when the ball was put on the scales the other day, it weighed exactly the same as it did in the beginning. In four years, not a fraction of an ounce of the water which you could hear swishing about within had escaped through the thin sulphur shell!

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MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION Would you give the price of a shave to earn THOUSANDS IN RADIO? Mail coupon below for details of amazing home- study radio course. E Radio Institute of America, conducted by RCA and sponsored by General Electricand Westinghouse, now offers you at remarkably low cost the training you need for success in radio. The price of an occasional shave saved, more than pays for it! Nothing so clear, comprehensive and up-to-date, nothing so generous in apparatus furnished has ever before been offered in radio training by any organization. Helped thousands to succeed This is basically the same course that has enabled our thousands of gradu- ates to advance to positions of im- portance and high remuneration in the respected profession of radio. But new and revolutionary changes make the instruction clearer and easier, per- mitting faster progress—and the course now embraces television, air- plane radio equipment and photo- radiograms. You can study at home—when you please and as long as you please. Your rate of progress is limited only by your own ability. Mail coupon now It brings you—free—an interesting illustrated booklet that shows the tremendous opportunities in the radio industry and tells how the Radio In- stitute of America’s course of home study can show you the way to big success in Radio. Mail the coupon at once. RADIO INSTITUTE OF AMERICA Dept. J-12 326 Broadway New York, N.Y. RADIO INSTITUTE OF AMERICA Dept. J-12 326 Broadway New York City Please send me your new booklet with full information about your Home Study Course of Radio Instruction. So They Wrote to Edison— (Continued from page 17) Japanese gentlemen sent a letter of six pages testifying of the great happiness that the in- candescent light had brought into his life, and saying that he felt like bowing every time he passed an electric light. The evident sincerity of some of these letters has given great pleasure to the inventor. All in a class by themselves are the real and near inventors who want Edison to market or complete their inventions for them. It is a poor mail that does not bring some of them. Some days there are as many as seven or eight. If a name were desired to designate this class we might borrow from the florist’s catalogue and call them “‘hardy perennials.” Year in and year out they come in an endless stream. If Edison could multiply himself by one hundred he might be able to take care of them, but as it is he is so overwhelmed by his own multi- tudinous affairs that he uniformly excuses him- self from giving them consideration, unless the invention relates to his own line of products, in which case it is simply sent to the legal de- partment for investigation and report. But this does not happen once in a hundred cases. ym many apparently meritorious in- ventions are submitted, the greatest num- ber covers all sorts of freak ideas, from an improved mouse trap to perpetual motion ma- chines. Some notion of the variety of these suggestions may be gathered from the one day’s mail which included ideas for a noiseless typewriter, a cement gas range, a nursery cabinet, and a blind man’s watch containing a miniature phonograph to call out the time. All that the inventors usually ask is that Edi- son shall complete the invention, put it on the market with his name behind it, and divide profits with them; and there you are! The easiest kind of a trick for a man who has nothing to do but work some sixteen hours a day, solving his own complex problems! It would be no difficult task to fill many pages with a mention of the various freak schemes that are submitted, but one or two instances must suffice as a fair characteriza- tion of all. The idea of one particular inventor (?) was to furnish rarefied air to hospitals by means of a permanent captive balloon raised to a height of 5,000 feet or more, said balloon to carry an intake pipe, down which the rare- ae was to flow into the hospital! Simplicity itself! NOTHER inventor, writing from the An- tipodes, had discovered after. years of research a mosquito banisher (the sample smelled strongly of citronella), and was sure that if Edison contributed $25,000 to put it on the market, it would be a great success; and if he would cable money for expenses the in- ventor would immediately come to America to close the deal. Another humorous side of this portion of the mail basket is provided by those ingenious persons who reinvent more or less ancient in- ventions. One of these caused Edison to ex- claim, “I guess it would take about $25,000,000 to inform all the people in the United States of one particular thing.”’ As this case is a good example of most of this class, the story may be interesting. A letter came from a profes- | Tho sional man in a western state, in which the writer said he had an idea for an invention which would provide a sure and continuous income of millions of dollars. He would be glad to send particulars and Edison could put it into practice and allow the writer some of the profits. The usual courteous reply was sent, stating that Edison was too busy to con- sider other matters than his own and asking to be excused. By return mail came another letter from the same correspondent, acknowl- edging the reply but insisting that his idea was valuable and inclos- (Continued on page 153) 'T Want to Send Ye, ,.| I Want toSend You «| | Santa Fe Special: ‘Watch 2 [Zope Col te to see and [Achebe te In addition to our NEW LOW PRICE, I wil send for your approval one of these Standard Watches, guaranteed for a lifetime of satisfag tory service, not only by the Santa Fe Watch Company, but by the Great Illinois Watch fac. tory. So accurate, Government officials carry them; so rfect and beautiful, jewelers say they are worth 44 to 4% more than we ask for them, I will send you one to see WITHOUT ONE PENNY DOWN-—allow you to use it 30 days FREE—then sell it to you on easy payments, Why Not Own a 21 Jewel Santa Fe Special Watch? 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er, 1993 if | oa cp i : ihili a| a y, U.S December, 1928 MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION es So They Wrote to Edison— (Continued from page 162) a statement of the idea, sworn to before a potary public. What was it? Merely fifteen or “| twenty lines proposing to hitch together the ph and motion pictures so as to show ms in motion and hear their voices si- multaneously. Not a word of suggestion or for accomplishing the results, but just the crude notion, in return for which he was willing to share the millions. ' A letter was quickly despatched to the pro- fessional gentleman (a lawyer, by the way), informing him that he was only a quarter of a century behind the times with his idea; that Edison had conceived it in 1887. It is to be hoped that the professional gentle- man had not yet commenced to spend his part of the millions in anticipation. aro HER amusing incident relating to talking movies is worthy of passing men- tion. One day (some months after they had been exhibited publicly) there was received a typed communication written on the letterhead of a famous club. It had evidently been dic- tated by a person of more than average educa- tion. It said, in effect, ‘How wonderful it is, Mr. Edison, that in three months you have suc- ceeded in putting into practice my suggestion that you combine the phonograph and the mo- tion picture, and have given us talking pic- tures.” This gentleman was also informed that the idea was born and worked upon many years before it had occurred to him. In these days of newspapers, magazines, tele- graph, telephone, radio, and automobile it will be a shock to the readers’ credulity to learn that Edison’s mail brings in occasionally letters which suggest in all sincerity the idea of in- venting and making talking phonograph dolls and phonograph ¢locks to announce the hour. These devices were among the earliest suggested on the advent of the phonograph fifty years ago, and were put on the market a few years afterward but did not meet with success. GAIN, it will tax the credulity of the reader, and at the same time provoke a smile, to learn that the mail occasionally brings in a letter asking whether Edison still sends up a star in the southeast every night. Thereby hangs a tale. In the earliest days of the in- candescent lamp, 1879-80, Menlo Park, N. J., where Edison had his laboratory, was a Mecca for newspaper reporters. One of these face- tiously reported in his paper (as an obvious joke) that Edison sent up an electric star in the southeast every evening. This humorous rumor took root and it was no uncommon thing in those early days to see people looking up into the southeast to find the “Edison Star” and, strange to say, some persons pointed it out to their friends. Stranger still, the writer of this article, while on vacation in the summer just past (1928), was asked about it in all seriousness by a person of apparently average intelligence. Rumors die hard! At some convenient time during the day— frequently the noon hour—Edison disposes of the day’s mail in his usual way. He takes up a letter, reads it, and with a lead pencil makes comments ‘upon it as to how it shall be an- swered or attended to by his secretaries. It is then laid aside and the next one disposed of in & similar manner, until all are passed upon. There is not a moment’s hesitation as to a reply. He masters the subject with the first reading, and his disposal of the letter follows instantly. At the bottom of the mail basket are placed letters, papers, etc., for his signature. The reader may gain an idea of the extent of Edison’s personal mail when it is stated that Since the year 1915 more than thirty-five thousand replies to letters have been sent out from the laboratory. 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< adhe eee, ét | i i! i Lj j | : I ; 4 Sr 2 154 MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION

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Will the Insects Starve Us to Death? (Continued from page 28) Then, when they are ready| to lay their eggs, these parasites are put in trays with the caterpillars of the gypsy moths. Shelves in the laboratory are packed with cases and trays where scientists watch these miniature fighters gripped in a death-struggle with the insect enemies of man. On a cold, dark, windy day last fall, the un- eanny ability of another of these friendly fighters from abroad was demonstrated before a hundred men gathered in a borer-infested field near the Canadian line. A thousand fertilized females of an imported Ichneumon fly were released from a cage. In spite of the disagreeable day, they went straight to work. After crawling on the surface of a cornstalk near the ground, in the center of which the bor- ers were hibernating for the winter, each would stop and deposit its eggs through the tough outer layer of the stalk. Skeptical spec- tators dissected some of the stalks. They marveled when they found that in every case the insect had laid its eggs unerringly on the hidden borers, where the young would hatch, enter the caterpillars, and cause their death. How these flies are able to find where the bor- ers are hidden within the stalks is one of the mysteries of the insect world. In its search for parasitic helpers, science is encouraged by the history of the “ladybug.” Some decades ago, when the fluted scale ap- peared in California, the Government sent to Australia for recruits to battle it. They came packed in little tin boxes, tiny black beetles with red spots, commonly known as “ladybugs.” [MMEDIATELY they developed an enor- mous appetite for the minute insects caus- ing the scale. In the blighted orchards they were “planted,” 5,000 to the acre, and later spread all over the territory. In five years, the scale that threatened to ruin the fruit growers practically disappeared from the state. But, so far, in spite of constant search, that success has not been duplicated in battling other insect foes. The search for new ways to fight these foes, however, has given rise to a new science, called “ecology,” a minute study of all the factors in the life of each destructive insect. Their habits, environment, friends, enemies, weaknesses and strong points are being recorded. Through this study, men have learned some amazing facts. For instance, they have found that the winged female gypsy moth can’t fly, but the wingless caterpillars it produces can! The wings of the moth are too small to bear its heavy body. The caterpillars, when small, are light, with an abundance of fluffy hair. They hang suspended by a thread from the tip of a high branch. When a wind comes along strong enough to break the thread, it carries them sailing away, sometimes for several miles! The gypsy moth had been studied for thirty years before this solution of the mystery of their rapid spread became known. Aa of our winged and crawling foes in the insect world has to be studied individually. Each species of insect, in its life and habits, varies somewhat from others and may offer a vulnerable point where it may be attacked. For this reason, biological observations in con- nection with insect control operations are highly important. Roughly there are two general classes of insecticides, the contact sprays, such as lime-sulphur wash, nicotine, soaps, kerosene emulsion and the like for sucking insects, and the arsenical or stomach poisons for insects, such as caterpillars and beetles, which actually eat the foliage of plants. Some insects may be attracted by plant odors, or repelled by disagreeable smells. The Japanese beetle, for example, outwitted attacks that succeeded (Continued on page 156)

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Dept. 1369 chicago,

with su Powder | machine blown i tent kee are over the driv insects, carload being eli chemica. 140 deg! in heavy The kill fruit an hidden i Near | two gal carrier | miles du tos at tl tried su Europe here. H lamps, < are lam) lently in But i stemmir its own | increasi is one | science | their v

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[Will the Insects Starve Us to Death? (Continued from page 154) against most of its fellow fighters against man’s dominion. When a tree was sprayed with ison, the beetle flew away to another tree. Fr refused to touch poisoned leaves until the insecticide had lost its power or rain had washed it away. The orchardists were in des- ir until they learned that what catnip is to cats, the oil of geranium and sassafras is to these beetles. When a tree was sprayed with it, the odor brought the beetles from miles around, and a spray of geraniol, which kills by contact, dispatched them all. In spraying another sort of insecticide over the cotton fields of the South, a strange thing happened which still mystifies science. When sprayed from the nozzle of a hose, the parti- cles refused to spread evenly over the plants, but when the dust was scattered by the pro- peller of an airplane skimming fifteen feet above the ground, there was no trouble. A theory has been advanced that static elec- tricity is the cause of the phenomenon. The minute particles of poison dust swirling through the nozzle of the spray gun were given, by friction, an electrical charge, and these charges, being mixed, attracted each other, with the result that the particles formed little clumps of ten or a hundred. Propeller- blown dust, according to the theory, is without such charges and so spreads evenly. From different points along the battle line comes news of inventions and discoveries that may help in the fight. One such aid spies out hidden retreats of insect enemies with a super- delicate instrument which enables us to hear minute insects working deep in masses of stored grain or under the bark of trees! ie THE South, a dragonlike machine, breathing poison smoke, has been tried with success as a boll weevil exterminator. Powder burns slowly in the fire box, and as the machine moves down the rows, heavy smoke is blown into a moving tent at the rear. This tent keeps weevils from escaping before they are overcome and at the same time protects the driver and horses from the fumes. The insects, larvae, and fruit molds that menace carload shipments of fruit from California are being eliminated by a new product of a western chemical company. Water, at a temperature of 140 degrees F., brings liquid sulphur dioxide, in heavy steel containers, to a high pressure. The killing gas is released inside the cars of fruit and in twenty minutes the danger of hidden insects ruining the shipment is over. Near Chicago, a motorcycle carrying thirty- two gallons of heavy oil in a unique side- carrier patrols a district of seventy-six square miles during summer months, fighting mosqui- tos at their breeding places. Another weapon, tried successfully in the forests of central Europe against the nun moth, may be tried here. Huge searchlights, flanked by flaring arc lamps, attract the moths. They collect in the arc lamps and are killed by being drawn vio- lently into boxes by blowers. But in spite of the many minds bent upon stemming the rising tide of insects, it has held its own or continued to advance. The struggle, increasing in importance as population grows, is one that will require all the resources of science for man to win. A Great Story You’ll Enjoy YOULL be thrilled and entertained by John R. McMahon’s great story of the Wright brothers, beginning next month. Full of facts and anecdotes never before published, it will give you for the first time a dramatic inside pic- ture of the struggles and triumphs of the two young inventors as they tried their wings

MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION 155

Learn-by-Doing in 90 Days Experience, Advanced land, a farmer boy, went back home toan electrical job waiting for him at $60 a tion Not Needed week. Nolimit to many other Sores You don’t need electrical experience or 8Taduate successes. Ev advanced educstion. Dow's et lack of as abn FR y > Fem oney er you. training ere m PPYy practical and not book work. weeks. You can DO IT, Too! I help am atte Von Enevn. a Re 5 tin job toearn part or all of their expenses whilein training at my school. I will help you, too. My Employment Department Tr , MA nated. My own training FREE BOOK “taro method aa you, at once, SO OS NR NN RE in the Big-Pay class. H. C. Lewis, Pres. “"T Get My Complete Story | Coyne Electrical School It a you nothing. Take advan- Eee tage of my FREE Employmen 500 S. Paulina Street, Dept. 98-73 Chicago, Ml. © Service. Find out all ——y I yen = Send me your FREE BOOK, Big-Pay-Facts: JJ the big handsome 12 x 15inch book. I under- stand that I am under no obligation. This i doesn’t cost me a cent.

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LEARN IN 90 DAYS ON ACTUAL MACHINERY — NO BOOKS ‘Woidsick You--Get into LL PAY YOUR R°R: FARE TO CLEVELAND ELECTRICITY Earn $50.00 to $150.00 a week—and hold your h next man. You can do it easily by — to my hey FE Mcheol Tn 2 short weeks you'll pack in many years of practical knowledge. You work shoulder to Ider with ex- pert instructors on full-sized, moving, whir motors, generators, batteries, switchboards, tele- Praiued meu oot te Diseeet sashed Sk. eee aes e pay: ri) vel I receive requests for pa adsod _ Big Book Sent FREE ee - 2: nae x it now, take the first “ ‘ Zz our et har jow pay rat. Mail the }— 4 trated book on Experience Needed—Employm =| bon to me for big, illus Department Helps You! No books to read. No dry fund every penny of lectures to listen to. Youlearn your tuition. by doing. I don’t care if you I help my students find spare can't tella motor from ahorse- time jobs while they attend and-buggy now. When you school—and my Employment graduate I guarantee that Department assists my grad- you'll know electricity from uates to locate good positions A” to “Z."". If you're not fit- after graduation. hcSweeny ted to fill a big-pay job I'll re- trained men are in demand. McSweeny Electrical School Dept. 52-T Cleveland, Ohio

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Romance Rides in the Air (Continued from page 25) not determine the proper direction to take, so he just guessed at it. - Running down the mountain to keep from freezing, he slipped on a rock and rolled for yards and yards. The jolt was lucky. He felt his shoulder snap back into place! For those who know the high standard of loyalty in the air mail, it is needless to add that Scott did not neglect to hang on to the mail, which he got through to a train. A mingling of the sublime and the ridiculous! But what else is life? And life up in the clouds is life intensified a thousandfold. Thrills and laughter, too, are mixed in gener- ous doses in the story of the sardine-catching adventures of J. D. Hill, the gallant airman who afterward was lost with Payne and Ber- taud in their tragic attempt to fly to Rome. The unexpected had played surgeon to Scott; it made an unwilling fisherman out of Pilot Hill. But here is the tragi-comedy in Hill’s own words: “T TOOK off about 12:10 at Garden City; py- rene hitting the back of my legs suggested a rough trip. . . . I crossed the Delaware at Trenton and what had been bad became worse. Rain became more rain; more rain became water. I discovered that one gray patch was trees, another water, and still another clouds. Every time I saw a ‘W’ on the compass I headed for it. “‘There were no automobiles on the roads, no birds, but millions of little things began to whiz by me, and as a fairly big one went by I looked back quickly and saw a fin and realized they were fish. All those little ones must have been sardines, and I never knew before they grew close together like that. “‘ Anyway, there I was with a fire extinguish- er and a parachute praying for a lifeboat. . . I saw a line of automobiles that seemed natural enough, but that band of flowers and the pipe organ were queer. “I got back into clear water, rose a bit, and finally came out to where it was only raining. I saw fields, and after a time sat down in one. A man came out of a barn and said Lancaster was only sixteen miles west . . . cold, wet, and hungry, and I never got a gol-darned fish! “Sixteen people were drowned in Pennsyl- vania that day, and I suppose I would have drowned, too, if it hadn’t been for the fan on the front of my ship. My observation on that trip was that the D. H. has too many wires for an airplane and not enough for a fish net!” HERE is an eerie, dreamlike quality in this unadorned little tale. There was a glad awakening in the field—the reassuring voice of the farmer; the dry clothes and hot food that came in due time, and the mail that was, of course, delivered. But of whatever ghastly nightmare he went through on his way to Rome, Hill never saw the end. That time there was no awakening. The unexpected on that trip was on the side of the fish and the water. Adventure rides the sky with every man who leaves the surface of the earth. Every precau- tion may be taken, and still a tiny trick of fate may quench the brightest flame of life. A reserve air mail pilot was caught one night in a snowstorm over Iowa. Losing the route, he decided to jump with his parachute. He pulled the lever which sent a flare slippin down at the end of a smaller chute. It fell an illuminated about a square mile of flat country whitened with the snow and brilliant light. Then the flyer jumped. But he had pulled the rip cord of his own parachute just a bit too quickly. It snapped open before clearing the plane. The shroud lines were caught in the tail and cut apart. The pilot dropped like a brick. Searching pilots found the wreck. Some dis-

tance from the (Continued on page 157)

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r 1928 98 jon a , Bad § 23° er Se Ele Paieci® Geease Bees PS —— ts | Romance Rides in the Air (Continued from page 156) plane was the mutilated body of the reserve. Luck, fate, call it what you will, but always _the unexpected! Do you like turnips for breakfast? Do you ever expect to eat them in the cold, gray dawn? Of course you don’t, and neither did Harry G. Smith, flying between Cleveland and New York for the National Air Transport. Yet he had to; and because of an experience he had in being forced down in the Alleg'ienies, he is known to bis friends as “‘Turnips”’ to this day. Smith’s motor slowed up just as he reached the mountains, so.that he couldn't get altitude to climb over them. “Thad enough power to keep flying by gradu- ally losing a little altitude,” he said. “The wind was so strong that I could not turn against it back to the last emergency field, and the mountains were so high a few miles ahead of me that I couldn’t get over to the next field, so all I could do was to turn off the course and try to find a clear spot. This I did. It was dark, and by using a parachute flare I landed the ship without any damage. “TT WAS very cold, about ten below zero, and a thirty-mile wind was blowing. I drained out several gallons of gasoline from the tanks and poured it over an old tree stump and made a fire. I thought that if there was any one in that part of the country it would attract attention. The wind, however, was so strong that the fire would go out as soon as the gaso- line burned.” There was no way out for Smith but to walk, guided by the stars and his compass. At last he found a deserted cabin, and there he camped for the night. Kicking against something on the ground, he found it was a frozen turnip. He thawed it out, boiled it, and had turnip for breakfast. “And the worst of it is,” remarked Pilot Smith when he got back to civilization, “that I never did like turnips, at any time!” Perhaps the classic among all yarns concern- ing the unexpected-in-the-air is the laconic report of an air mail pilot, Dean Smith, now a member of Byrd’s Antarctic Expedition. “Dead-sticked—flying low—only place avail- able on cow—killed cow—wrecked plane— scared me—Smith.” It was the cow that died that time, and lucky ‘| Smith was saved. But we all know, alas, that many, too many, do not share Smith’s good fortune. In ten years of air mail service, thirty- two pilots lost their lives. They went up into the clouds in quest of high adventure. They gambled and lost. PATISTICS prepared by postal authorities may prove that the percentage of loss of life is low when the number of men in the serv- ice, the period of time, and the hazards are considered. But mothers and wives and chil- dren are not comforted by figures. Think for a moment of the mother of Brooke Pearson, who received this letter written by her son after he had crashed in a fog: “Dear Mother: “T trust your eyes may never see this, but should God desire that you do, you at least know He has called me like many more who have given their lives for the future of this wonderful game. I was possibly wrong in not giving it up; possibly I might have thought the same, but I chose to keep at it and only pray that something of use has been learned. __ “The world in general calls us silly fools, but ‘it’s the silly fools who make the sacrifices that help to perfect any great thing that the world iM general greatly benefits by later. “My dearest mother, I say farewell, au revoir, for a time only, as I hope we will meet again. Keep a brave heart. I pray God to look after you, as you have struggled as no other mother has to make (Continued on page 158) ee MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION 157 Wt Wyite for these FREE BOOKS) At the left is a view of my drafting and 5 feation offices where a large staff of experienced experts is in my constant employ. drawings and s fications are prepared under my per- sonal super- vision. LAW OFFICES © dad (hhh 4 U-S: PATENT & OFFICE “ Protect Your Ideas Take the First Step Today If you have a useful, practical, novel idea for any new article or E for an improvement on an old one, you should communicate with ie a competent Registered Patent Attorney AT ONCE. Every year ; thousands of applications for patents are filed in the U. S. Patent Office. Frequently two or more applications are made for the same or substantially the same idea (even though the inventors may live in different sections of the country and be entirely unknown to one another). In such a case, the burden of proof rests upon the last application filed. Delays of even a few days in filing the application sometimes mean the loss of a patent. So lose no time. Get in touch with me at once by mailing the coupon below. Strict Secrecy Pre- Prompt—Careful / served—Write Me in Efficient Service ——_ TO wuom iT MAY CONCERN, —= —==_—_——_ —— This large, experienced organization devotes Confidence : : its entire time and attention to patent and trademark cases. Our offices are directly across the street from the U. Patent Office. We understand the technicalities of patent law. We know the rules and re- quirements of the Patent Office. We can proceed in the quickest, safest and best ways in preparing an application for a patent covering your idea. Our success has been built on the strength of careful, efficient, satisfactory service to inventors and trade- — owners located in every state in the nion All communications, sketches, drawings, etc., are held in strictest confidence in strong, steel, fireproof files, which are accessible only to authorized members of my staft. Feel free to write me fully and frankly. Your case will have my personal attention. It is probable that I can help you. Highest references. But FIRST— clip the coupon and get my free book. Do THAT right now. No Charges for Information on How to Proceed The booklet shown here contains valuable information relating to Ugtent presetnre that every inventor should have. And with it I will also send you my “Record of Invention” form, on which you can sketch your idea and establish its date before a witness. Such evi- dence may later prove valuable to you. Simply mail the couvon and I will send you the booklet and the “Record of Invention” form, to- 5 7 {Mail thisCouponjiow! gether with detailed information on how to proc and the costs involved. Do this NOW. No need to lose a minute's time. The Clarence A. O’Brien Registered Patent Attorney coupon will bring you complete information entirely without charge or obligation. 88B Security Savings & Com. Bank Bidg., Washington, D. C. Clarence A. 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You will be Write! t.cmere Get Our Low Brices and Easy Payment Plan, {22 eee eee esses, Tarbell System, Inc., Studio 13-69 Romance Rides in the Air (Continued from page 157) ends meet. ‘It’s always darkest just before the dawn.’ I. L. Y. A. “Brooke.” And to his fellow-pilots this gallant soul bade farewell in these inspiring words: “My Dear Friends: “TI go West, but with a cheerful heart. I hope what small sacrifice I have made may be of use to the ‘game.’ When we fly we are damned fools, they say; when you're dead you weren't half a bad fellow. “Every one in this wonderful aviation is doing the world far more good than they appreciate. “We risk our necks, give our lives, to perfect an invention for the benefit of the world at large, so that they may benefit in years to come. They, mind you, are the very ones who call us fools. “Stick to it, boys. I’m still very much with you. “See you all again. “*Jap’ Pearson.” (THE unexpected killed Brooke Pearson. And again its name was fog. Perhaps no human agency will ever be contrived to subdue the elements and eliminate all natural hazards from flying. But there is bright hope that fog, the airman’s most treacherous enemy, will soon | be laid low. The most recent challenge came the other day from the Guggenheim Fund for the Promotion of Aeronautics, Inc. The Fund announced that it will establish a full-flight laboratory on a section of an established air- way, where fog-flying under regular operating conditions can be studied. An experienced pilot of engineering and scientific training will be in charge of the experiments. As consultant to the Fund, Colonel Lindbergh will be special adviser to the enterprise. Shortly after this announcement the First National Aeronautical Safety Conference was held in New York City under the joint auspices of the Guggenheim Fund and the National Safety Council. Such leaders in the flying world as Harry F. Guggenheim, president of the Guggenheim Fund; Colonel Lindbergh, General James E. Fechet, U.S. A., chief of the Army Air Corps; Rear Admiral W. A. Moffett, U. S. N., chief of the Bureau of Aeronautics of the Navy Department; Charles L. Lawrance, inventor of the famous Wright Whirlwind engine, presi- dent of the Wright Aeronautical Corporation, Paterson, N. J.; Prof. Alexander Klemin, of the Daniel Guggenheim School of Aeronautics, New York University; Dr. L. H. Bauer, medi- cal director of the Air Regulations Division of the Department of Commerce; Wesley L. Smith, noted pilot and superintendent of the Division of the National Air Trans- port, Inc., of Cleveland, took part in the dis- cussions. ‘HE safety problem was attacked from the meteorological, structural, 1 paren nav- igating, operating, and medical points of view. Red all of the technical discussions had but one ultimate purpose—to minimize the unexpected- in-the-air. Adventure rides in the sky and always will. Man was not born with wings. So long as he sets out to conquer au atien element will he encounter risks and hazards without number. But there happily is hope that, after all, “Jap” Pearson, “Merry” Merrill, and .the many other members of the Silent Squadron who have flown Beyond, may not have died in vain. EGINNING next month! The true story of the Wright brothers; hitherto unpublished facts revealed for the first time in a thrilling series of articles that read like a novel. Order your copy now. TRADE-MARKS SERVICE r invention to Before oe you A. form “EVIDEN one send for OF CONCEPT nessed. As registered patent atto we represent hundreds of inventors over the United States and Canada in advancement of inventions. The PATENTS Without charge or obligation, we wif inform you on any questions you ma; put to us touching on patent, trade-mar and copyright law. You may ask: “Should [ protect myself by patent, or register under the trade-mark or copyright laws? What kind of a patent should I obtain?” ang many other questions that may occur to you. These are vital points to consider Hi} and questions will be cheerfully answered, ‘| Don’t Lose Your Rights |} | To Patent Protection |f IN’ to be signed and wit. all the it fo “Evidence of Conception,"’ sample, instrue tions relating to obtaining of patents and i] schedule of fees sent upon request. LANCASTER & ALLWINE 274 Ouray Building Washington, D. C. Originators of forms, ‘‘ Evidence of Conception," AN IDEA TO THE MAN WITH PATENTS Procured. Trade Marks Registered. —A comprehensive, experienced, prompt service for the protection and development of your ideas. Preliminary advice gladly furnish without charge. Booklet of information aud form for disclosing idea free on request. IRVING L. McCATHRAN PATENT LAWYER Formerly with and successor to Richard B. Owen 201 Owen Building, Washington, D.C, 41-D, Park Row TRADE - MARK REGISTERED New York City S PATENTS Trade-marks, Copyrights, Patent Litigation, Handbook with illustrations, 100m movements. Sent free on TERI ALBERT E. DIE ERICH Formerly ber E ing Corp. U. S. Patent Offca Registered Patent Lawyer and Solicitor 30 years’ experience 681-A Ouray Bldg. Washington, D.C, and PATENTS BOOKLET FREE HIGHEST REFERENCES PROMPTNESS ASSURED BEST RESULTS Send drawing or pote for examination vice WATSON E. COLEMAN, Patent Lawyer 724 Ninth Street Washington, D. C. ee As one of the oldest pat PATENTS #22232 service noted for results, sod by many wall beste evidenced Patents of extraordin value. Book, . , Patent-Sense, Lacey&Lacey 648 OF St., Wasi. D.C. Estab. —————l by two it insulatior fire-resist NOTI fire-1 into a re is harder is Kenlo1 By the u wil only has been for« confined The A called K door as Ss | that | lost, and entirely noticed, | adjoining Underwr on @ sin effort wa Equitabl vided fre fire walls these ve other thi pierced 1 matically ture reac these fir noted. HE « unpre type buil cited th Novemb: at 613 V nary bric a storage the time stored in “Fron Kenlon, was two 56,000 sc feet, divi lots of fo

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SPBSEsTsg @ Ff WE iy saat #4 | December, 1928 MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION 159 Killing Fires in the Air (Continued from page 50) around three of the supporting columns of the building. These columns were hollow jron castings, fourteen inches in diameter, and were unprotected by any kind of freproofing. A better setting for tragedy eannot be imagined, and I knew we were in for trouble. I had barely got my men out of the building when the three unprotected col- umns buckled and collapsed, bringing down the entire eight stories above them in a huge pile of debris. “Had these columns been of steel, covered by two inches of cement plaster or other fire insulation, firmly anchored to resist fire and water, the Butler Brothers fire would have been just a simple packing room blaze, ex- tinguished without difficulty. But because these supporting pillars lacked fifty dollars worth of fireproofing, a loss of $350,000 re- sulted. True, the building was comparatively old; I doubt whether such a situation could exist in a new building, where the fire under- writers insist that all supporting columns be covered by terra cotta, cement, or some other fire-resistive material.” ale major lesson learned by modern fire-masters is the science of penning a fire into a relatively small area. “‘A good big fire is harder to knock out than a good small one,” is Kenlon’s characteristic way of putting it. By the use of fire doors, fire walls, and wired glass windows, many a ravenous blaze not only has been kept from spreading, but has been forced back upon itself, hemmed into a confined area, and easily extinguished. The Asch clothing factory fire of 1911 first called Kenlon’s attention to the tin-clad fire door as an effective means of checking the ss of flames in cong~ sted building areas. In that terrible conflagration, 200 lives were lost, and the factory in Washington Place was entirely demolished. After the fire Kenlon noticed, high up on the blank brick wall of an adjoining building, a single fire door guarding the only entrance between the burned building and its neighbor. On inspection, this doughty protective device proved to be a door of soft pine, covered with a single sheet of twenty- nine-gage tin! Its staunch defensive qualities gave Kenlon an idea. If a cheap tin door could revent a vicious fire from leaping from one building to another, why not arrange a series of doors between the various parts of the same building? A conference with the New York Board of Underwriters showed that they were working on @ similar plan. The result of combined effort was given a practical trial in the new Equitable Building. This structure was di- vided from subcellar to roof by four vertical fire walls. Theoretically, a fire could gut one of these vertical compartments, yet leave the other three untouched. These fire walls were pierced with tin-clad fire doors, which auto- matically closed themselves when the tempera- these fire walls and doors has already been noted. ‘THE opposite extreme—a vast open area, unprotected by fire walls—still exists in old- type buildings. As an example, Chief Kenlon cited the Jay A. Mellish warehouse fire of November 16, 1927. This three-story edifice, at 613 West Fifty-Ninth Street, was of ordi- nary brick construction and was being used as a storage warehouse for new automobiles. At the time of the fire, 2,500 brand-new cars were stored in the building. “From the fire-fighter’s point of view,” said Kenlon, “the worst feature of the warehouse was two huge unbroken floor surfaces, one of 56,000 square feet and the other 19,000 square feet, divided only by a single brick wall. Why, lots of forest fires can’t (Continued on page 160) ture reached 135 degrees. 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Killing Fires in the Air (Continued from page 159) claim a start like that.” The fire followed an explosion in a motor boat that was being prepared for winter storage. A falling tool struck sparks from a metal engine part, ignit- ing some gasoline in the bottom of the boat. A blinding explosion hurled burning gasoline into all parts of the wooden-beamed warehouse, and before firemen could get into action, the whole building was enveloped in smoke and flame. Kenlon arrived at a second alarm. Seeing that it was impossible to salvage a single auto- mobile from the inferno, he turned his atten- tion to preventing the spread of the fire among old buildings near by. There were no fire walls nor fire doors to help him in this tussle, but by encircling the flames with three huge water towers and the heaviest hose artillery at his command, he subdued the fire by the old- fashioned method of “drowning” it. The owner of the warehouse was lost in the fire, and 2,500 automobiles were destroyed. The prop- erty loss was $500,000—which might have been quartered if suitable fire stops had been erected to check the rapid spread of the flames. ~ [et me define fire prevention in modern terms for the readers of PopuLar ScrENCE Montuty,” Chief Kenlon said to me at the close of our interview. “‘Of course everyone is familiar with the educational propaganda of the public schools and large industrial corpora- tions in spreading the doctrine of ‘Fewer Fires.’ We all know that we must not smoke in bed, toss matches about carelessly, or use gasoline to clean clothing beside a lighted gas jet. But even if we could exercise due care at all times and places, there would still be a con- stant fire menace surrounding us on all sides. The increased use of gasoline, electricity (with the danger of short-circuiting), celluloid films in moving picture houses—and a thousand other hazards arising from industrial and do- mestic practices, lays our civilization wide open to the fire peril. “I believe human nature and modern society are so constituted as to make the literal ‘pre- vention’ of fires impossible. Granted, then, that fires will always get started somehow, it becomes our task to prevent them from spread- ing! The new science of fire prevention is de- veloping along this line. Take, for instance, the introduction of wired window glass, set in hollow steel frames. Until wired glass was used, most fires would burst through ordinary glass windows, and lick its way up the outside of the building. Or it might leap across a street, setting fire to a structure on the other side. But there are mighty few fires that can break through the modern fire-resistive win- dow, and that means fewer fires getting beyond control. ” PEARArs the most important ‘preventer’ of fires developed during my forty years’ | experience is the automatic sprinkler. In 10,000 fires a year the Department is mate- | rially aided in putting out nasty blazes by its successful operation. It sounds an alarm and releases a shower of water upon the fire, check- ing it until we arrive. I can truthfully say that where there are no sprinklers, there is no adequate fire protection.” Incidentally, Chief Kenlon is the inventor of a sprinkler device particularly successful in bonded warehouses and other low-ceiling buildings where storage space does not permit the use of ordinary sprinkler pipes and outlets. His invention resembles the whirling spray used on suburban front lawns. It is located in the center of the ceiling, and is set whirling by the breaking of a fusible link, which melts when the temperature of the room rises above a given temperature, usually 135 degrees. It hurls six streams of water to all.corners of the room,~and has an (Continued on page 161) | edition. Write NOW. (Outside U.S

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192% a35sss 6S —— lll OOF C.UCUD”™.CUf Ske Bm 33° san5ker OQ Qs | L_ Bag | wecZSSEe oF oa§ pal December, 1928 MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION Killing Fires in the Air (Continued from page 160) effective radius five times greater than the ordi- nary sprinkler. It may also be controlled by valves located in a fireproof box near the front door of the building. On one occasion the second floor of a bonded warehouse on Mercer Street was ablaze, and sprinkler automatically sent in the alarm and started off on its whirl of duty. On arriv- ing at the fire, Deputy Chief (Smoky Joe) Martin found that large supplies of naphtha and industrial alcohol were stored on the fourth floor. To protect these, Chief Martin merely opened the valves controlling the third and fourth floor sprinklers. This “damped down” poth floors and effectually prevented the up- rogress of the flames. Children of the slums have reason to remem- ber John Kenlon gratefully for the cooling showers that descend from the patented “Kenlon nozzle,” a hydrant attachment in- yented by the fire chief when public baths were rare. When the Kenlon nozzle is attached toa hydrant, that hydrant immediately becomes a cool oasis amid sweltering city streets, sprin- kling hundreds of children with streams of fresh water. It is widely used in the poorer sec- tions of New York where thousands of city- bound kiddies eagerly await the midsummer relief of the chief's shower. A‘ THE age of sixty-eight, Chief Kenlon is just as dynamically progressive as he was at forty. Only recently he returned from a congress of European Fire Chiefs at Turin, Italy, where he made an intensive study of modern fire-fighting devices, and gave lectures on the special problems of the metropolitan fire department. Present indications point to another ten years of service, and it will sur- prise no one who knows him if he is still com- manding his fire-fighting army at eighty. One thing is self-evident—during the seven- teen years that Kenlon has been chief of the Fire Department, New York City has had no great conflagration. Despite the crowded population and the fire problems of the first magnitude, he has nipped every blaze before it could really get started. Nothing has got away from him yet! Jack Kenlon would be the first to admit that his city has been guarded by a special Fire Providence—but there are plenty of others, including his 6,000 officers and men, who think that the greatest blessing of that Fire Providence is Fighting Jack Kenlon. Begin It Next Month The most thrilling. story of its kind ever written—the complete, inside story of The Wright Brothers FATHERS OF FLIGHT Revealing absorbing anecdotes, adventures, and dramatic episodes in the birth of the airplane Never Before Published A wealth of fascinating new facts gleaned from the private papers and conversations of Orville Wright You won’t want to miss it. Better tell your news dealer to reserve your copy of the January issue now 161 PATENTS. TRADE-MARKS ,+ DESIGNS FOREIGN PATENTS MUNN @ CO. PATENT ATTORNEYS Associated since 1846 with the Scientific American SciENTIFIC AMERICAN BuILDING Washington, D. C. ScIENTIFIC AMERICAN BUILDING 24 W. 40th St., New York City Hosart BuitpinGc San Francisco, Cal. Van Nuys Burtp1InG Los Angeles, Cal. CRQLETD Books and Information on Patents and Trade-Marks by Request Tower BuiLpING Chicago, Ill. Associates in all Foreign Countries 7-9 03 0} Ox'k Olas ©. OF 5 8 B'S D NEW INDUSTRY VEST POCKET SIZE NEEDS MEN CONDE R RE VALVE ER - At . 8. sena cash.) if not HOUSAR fe ean ELECTRIC REFRIGERATION secs eee ata oo By OBES.” “hin in weet senccssessesses Mail Coupon Today sesesssssscess BABY CALCULATOR SALES CO., (MANUFACTURERS) Dept. 61, P. O. Box 1118, CHICAGO, ILL., U.S. A. [] Iam enclosing $2.50—send adding machine prepaid. {] Send adding machine C. O. D. $2.50 plus postage. Newest American industry needs men for $200 to $1,000 a month jobs in production, service, installation and sales. Fastest growing money-making field— backed by General Motors, General Electric, etc. New easy home training qual- ifies you for big pay job. This training is endorsed by Servel, Kelvinator and other large manufacturers, ‘‘Opportunities in Electric Refrigeration” reveals ing p to ambiti men, Sent free. No obligation. Be the first in your neighborhood to get into this new magic in- dustry. Write today. Utilities Engineeriag Institute, Dept. 212, 3120 N. Clark St., Chicago, Ill. seen —— Coe PROTECT NVENTORS your ipeas Send for our Guide Book, HOW TO GET YOUR PATENT, and Evidence of Invention Blank, sent Free on request. Tells our terms, methods, etc. Send model or sketch and description of your invention for Inspec- occccecesesssscesressseses tion and Instructions Free. 1 Terms Reasonable. Best Ref- erences. RANDOLPH & CO. Dept. 130, Washington, D.C.

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The Last of the Vikings (Continued from page 32) rowing into the snow in the lee of a low mound. The weatier moderated and snow became slush as he slept. Then a drop in the temperature crystallized the slush. Amundsen was encased, as he afterwards expressed it, in a ghastly coffin of ice. Fortunately his companion had chosen to sleep exposed and was able to free him after hours of torturous work. Amundsen always afterward dignified that adventure as one in- volving as many hardships as anything he ex- perienced on his polar expeditions. Army training over, he signed as a sailor aboard a ship of the sealing fleet, worked up to the position of mate, and prepared for examina- tion for a skipper’s license. His reading about Arctic exploration hdd convinced him that many expeditions failed because the organiza- tions divided into hostile groups, one of scien- tists and one of sailors. Amundsen determined that he would be the real leader of his expedi- tions. He would be the explorer and the ship’s navigator as well. HEN he was twenty-five, in 1897, he was accepted as a member of tue Belgian Ant- arctic expedition to study the South Magnetic Pole. Before the expedition left Europe he was made first mate. The captain was a Belgian artillery officer who had been also in the French Navy. The physician of the expedition was the same Dr. Frederick Cook whose asser- tion, long afterward, that he had discovered the North Pole threw scientists into a con- troversy that never has ended. Amundsen, in- cidentally, never lost faith in Cook, whom he knew to be an exceptionally capable leader, and a man who understood the Arctic as well as he did himself. During his last lecture tour in the United States Amundsen visited Dr. Cook in the Federal Penitentiary at Leavenworth, Kansas, where he comforted, as best he could, his former companion confined there as a swindler. The Belgica, as the expedition ship was called, reached the Strait of Magellan in tne winter of 1897, then proceeded southward un- til, by mischance and bad judgment of the commander, the small ship was caught in the grip of an ice field. For thirteen months the ill-equipped company were prisoners. Icy gales bit through thin garments. Some of the men went insane. Scurvy afflicted all but three and of “i one was Amundsen and the other was Coo R. COOK knew that tie fresh meat and blubber of seals and penguins contained an anodyne that would guard them all from the shrunken gums and emaciation of scurvy. The word “vitamin’’ was then unknown, but the physician knew that there was some kind of magic for the body chemistry of mankind in fresh meat and fresh vegetables. But a mad notion of the captain of the expedition pre- vented the others from eating the slaughtered animals that lay in frozen mounds on the ice close to the ship. Cook and Amundsen had hunted and killed the creatures until there were plenty for all, but not until the leader became so ill that he surrendered the command to Amundsen, was the party permitted to eat them. It was Cook who then attacked the problem of getting the ship out of the ice. Under the new leadership the men were clad-in suits fash- ioned by a sail maker out of bright red blankets. Clad in these improvised costumes the emaci- ated men went to work with the only available saw—much too short—and some sticks of ex- plosive, tonite, cutting what they hoped might provide a channel to the open sea. After weary weeks the channel opened and the ship emerged. Again it was caught between two mountainous bergs and was ground as between millstones for a frightful twenty-four hours. Again, according to Amundsen’s (Continued on page 163)

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December, 1928 MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION

i —————» The Last of the Vikings (Continued from page 162) recollections, the company of mariners owed their existence to Cook. He had encouraged them to save the skins of the slaughtered pen- guins and seals, and these were used as mats to —_ the sides of the ship against the icy Two years after his departure Amundsen was back in Europe, determined to become the leader of his own expedition. He sought out Fridtjof Nansen, after getting his skipper’s license, and through Nansen received introduc- tions to other scientists who aided him in his enterprise. They Laughed When I Sat Down At the Piano But When! Started to Play!— “Can he really play?” Arthur, as I sat down at the piano. “* Heavens, no!” Arthur exclaimed. ee a note in all his life.” Then I gave them the surprise of their lives. I started to . Instantly a tense silence fell on played —, first few bars of Liszt’s the guests. immortal Liebestraum. ment. played o A Complete Triumph! As the last notes of the Liebestraum died away, the room resounded with a sudden roar of applause. I heard a girl whisper to “He never heard gasps of amaze- = friends sat brent mae ot ans I

Play Any Instrument You, too, can now learn music—right at home— in half the usual time. You can’t go wrong with site le new method which has already shown almost He went to Hamburg, Germany, and saw Everybody was plying me with questions—‘ Jack! ii Geheimrath George von Neumayer, to whom Why didn’t you tell us you could, play like that?” pot by swte, “3 read Fhe list of Selenite ; he explained that he wished to learn how to 4 Were did you learn?” “Who was your = 2 ny bee yy — want to play and etic observations. The beni he 00 do the ree take magn gn old Then I told them the whole story. Then Mennenanaiinctsied y man embraced his young caller when he learned that Amundsen had determined to attempt the impossible; to find and conquer the Northwest “*It'seems just a short while ago that Isaw an ad of the U. S. School of Music mentioning a new method of poaceeeh suniaal Shiney enid t0 on oe dy lesening to play which — averagesafewcentsaday! 4 remarkable “Musical Ability Test” which we cond ane Without a teacher! no laborious scales or ex- without cost with our interesting free booklet and Free

ical Passage, and, most important, find the true ercises. I sent for the Free Demonstration Lesson Demonstration Lesson. ick location of the magnetic North Pole. and was amased to see how easy it was to play this _ kel sogea sew ¢ ged. ‘GB. school of Musi: B12 — new way. Isent forthe Brunswick Bldg., N. Y. C. tral “ OUNG man,” he told Amundsen, “if you LEARN TO PLAY course and found it as Teo aR tice 1 in do that you will be the benefactor of man- BY, NOTE ae rah B. hag Be- 12 Brunswick Side. New York City. . . c ore new i was r kind for ages to come. That is the great ad Play Any One! | {cre,! know it 1 wan Flete cond roe nom tre pork, “Busis Lowers in Yous : venture. Mandolin Saxophone a! Demonstration Lesson and particulars of your easy payment | Returning to Norway, Amundsen bought a Plano ‘Cello liked best. I would soon plan. I am interested in the following course: fishing smack. It was an old boat of forty- Orgar Ukulele OT a issecksacessececeninen > ge ‘ seven tons—seventy-two feet long, eleven feet Violin Cornet Chee wide, and of shallow draft. He named her the Guano i And I never did have PAM LE ce aN Gjoa. Today that weatherworn old craft is a cneeieeiieiant. ae ane talent for MB ic cccccs, scnngebeegee spracepeeet esse canes ork, treasure of the people of San Francisco, pre- saat and sented to them by Amundsen when he came = triumphant down the west coast after accom- AGENTS 500% PRO FIT GENUINE GOLD LEAF LETTERS Guaranteed to never tarnish. Anyone can put them on stores and “ffice windows. Enormousdemand, large protits, Paul Clark says: smallest day $28.70. R.L. Reel made $920 in two months. Write eo for free sample and liberal offer to general agents, plishing the dream that had troubled explorers for more than four centuries. That little sloop of Tromsé had adventures that were never contemplated by her honest builders. She had oniy one mast and could fly but one mainsail and a couple of jibs. There was a good auxiliary motor. So much cargo was crammed into the hold and stowed on deck, ‘iat afterwards the explorer recalled that she looked like a moving van as her lines were cast off and she sailed into the unknown. Amundsen found the magnetic pole, relocat- ing it after a lapse of three quarters of a cen- tury. During the long months the needle of the Gjoa’s compass remained, according to Amundsen, ‘“‘as fixed as a stick.”’

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= bleak as the face of the moon, but the party — Good to-day to louk over. are as built their observatories, fashioned kennels for in viation " their dogs, and provided themselves with a net HAWKI N Ss G UIDES is snug house. When that was done they con- orpeeing we tee oy 3500 PAGES $34 VOLUME x. cerned themselves with a supply of fresh meat, valuable suggestions— 4700 PICTURES A MON 4 and it was then that Amundsen had one of his cared ee These books tell you all J 90 ~ oo <o thrills. —how pilots and me- Electric Machinery ~ Motors en ey had supposed they were far removed visits chanics are trained for Windings — Install ing of Dynamos— Electrical I : from any other human beings. They were ac- “Bud” Gurney, his P!e-Paying positions. Motors -Dietribution Systems Wiring. Wires Diagram customed to set out in parties of two, hunting successor a8 our Read the thrilling story —BSign Flashers—Storage Batteries—Princi aes : caribou. Before long they had piled up a | | Chict Air MallPte: of tt tpereh flew the Motors Trane? and ANjgrnatorealternating Current : : I ° ‘o} nn mound of a hundred carcasses which were pre- illustrated ett in maile—-how “Bad” Gur- patiog Current Ryeteme—Cisenl Eecthere— Massing y i i new book: “*MAK- ney rose from barn- Instruments—Switch Boards—Wicing—Power Stations ‘ served by the natural refrigeration of the re- ING Good IN AVI- = on Catef Al Installing —Telephone—Telegra: h—Wireless— Belle gion. Then one day, Amundsen and two of TION.” Price,25c. faciiPilot. nes Bewity ond by bane eee his companions were standing on the deck of the Gjoa when one of them exclaimed: “There-is a caribou!” He pointed to a small black object against the skyline. But it was not a caribou, as they discovered when the other man announced bluntly, ““That caribou walks on two legs.” In great excitement they watched the crea- ture moving in their direction. Presently they saw five figures marching unmistakably toward ‘the tiny ship. Amundsen sent his companions for their rifles and then the three advanced to “MAKING GOOD IN AVIATION ”— containing full page photo of Col. Lindbergh and other interesting illustra- tions—sent postpaid for 25c, stamps or coin. Air Mail Pilots Teach Flying to em nn ae at ne, oy md Aviation—an exclusive feature of this insti- tution, one ofthe oldest, largest, best equipped 65 W. 23¢d St., N.Y. schools in the country. Over 9)4 years— Please submit for examination graduates—no accidents. Army School sys- Bs rice tem. Ten Licensed Transport Pilots on teach- ing staff. Modern training ships. “Ryan” and “Curtiss-Robin” factories on field. Write SHIPPED TO You FREE

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164 MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION December, 1935 December, 1 " , agi 1 —— The Last of the Vikings Ao (8) School aj Hon, The (Continued from page 163) } © —_ e| ‘ e ge other until ons Nay ra >: 3: Te ie. F far side of rated by only fifteen paces, when they halted. [ { ; ; the very latest and Turning to “4 ay Fg oranges lopli . structed them to throw their rifles down. This never. before disclosed. pacific pantomime had the hoped-for result. The ee Secrets of leader of the other group turned to his men and sledge spoke sharply. They, too, threw down their But the v : bows and arrows. either. Amundsen stepped forward, and the Eskimo eee — cjsed Ami leader did likewise. Then began a curious con- re renee creme eaecaeetent When 1 versation of nods, gestures, exaggeratedly cember 5 friendly smiles, soothing tones. Just as Robin- 7 IG fol $ CH oO oO i sixty deg) son Crusoe succeeded by signs in communicat- > command ing with the frightened cannibal who became arranged his man Friday, so did Amundsen succeed in co u hy tr adventure talking with these primitive hunters who never gratulatic before had seen a white man. sen start From that moment there began an associa- T Ww oO bf E A R $ 500 mile: tion with the Eskimo tribe t..at endured until ws the long : Amundsen sailed away two years later. y ARE B vit his six co ou ADL iu lack Gold “FP HIS was a truly thrilling moment in the HANDICAPPED High Scheol ae pe lives of these savages,” Amundsen has training, recorded in My Life As An Explorer. No one You cannot attain business or social FTE! of them had ever seen a white man before, yet prominence. You are barred from once white men were a part of a legendary tradition a successful business career, from tion, this of their tribe. Seventy-two years earlier, their the leading professions, from well- were inte grandfathers had met Sir James Clark Ross‘on paid civil service jobs, from teaching who cam almost this very ground.” and college entrance. In fact, em- news tha Amundsen made his visitors welcome aboard ployers of practically all worth-while His nam his ship and after they had been treated to the positions demand High School train- The ne usual evidences of hospitality the Eskimos ing. You can’t hope to succeed in blow to . asked by signs if they might bring their tribe the face of this handicap. But you North P and settle down beside the ship. They came, can remove it. Let the American his life. built their ice houses, traded some of their School help you. preparat finest possessions, gorgeous fur clothing, prim- world an — — ae other things to — the FIT YOURSELF FOR A in which eart of ethnologists, in exchange for things ° Arctic e3 Amundsen had brought for the purpose of BIG FUTURE This Course, was to b trading with any natives he might encounter. wal . as nm prepar y Some of rents ac He found his Eskimo friends were totally in- America’s leading professors, will Europe. experienced in the use of metal, but they were broaden your mind, and make you before tl quick to appreciate its value. A heavy steel keen, alert and capable. It is com- . W needle was the price he paid for a quartet of plete, simplified and up-to-date. It lighted. white fox skins, the finest he had ever seen. covers all subjects given in a resident determir Write for Free Magic Book! For an empty, tin he was given two complete school and meets all requirements of On th New! Different! Dr. Harlan Tarbell, -— & al the — Bagh ~ yn a High School training. From the - yt Famous Magic Wizard, teaches you irae Ok deca Shalt aiktadh dunes tor tho first lesson to the last you are care- dred Big New Tricks, Illusions, Stage Stunts, = —— Of Per 9 8 = . th pe teal " fully examined and coached. te b id “Patter” and the Principles of Magic. = een p a wd ao thet oak ak ri —_ a > : pe hes ie — => itive people like the finest of jewels. And when USsE SPARE TIME ONLY he set u easily and quickly at home by mail. Amundsen sailed away, the hull of the Gjoa Most people idle away fifty hours a dogs, st Write today for big free Magic Book. was crowded with a complete collection of the week, Probably you do. Use only seals an artifacts of that strange race with which he had one-fifth of your wasted ho for pemmic. Earn $250 dwelt. Today those trophies are the chief ay end y —_ Fram, : treasures of a Norwegian museum. study yee Ce ewes depots « $ present handicap within two years. of labor to 1000 a Month T WAS after leaving sthe Eskimos that ae < enjoy yo per -” C sledges, } made learn . Amundsen found the Northwest Passage. owledge you will gain wi as much tas Sibel a one ofthe — aia. Week after week the little Gjoa was pressed repay the time spent in study. has finally opened u = Secrets SF is pro- westward by icy winds. At times the boat was Shot enh ont & N UN pee Py oaneuit pemieed pg ae in a channel no more than a quarter of a mile ene mas ths coupon Ow the able to m ify and Cy your _ een ee = shore —_ ~ ice “~~. Then for full particulars and Free Bulletin, tiey a sm s one day the helmsman spied ships on the west- out eas lesson, Br mene Res cen eee ge ——_ ern horizon. It was a whaling fleet, and Amund- American School boo pol and elaborate stage ivertisements. The ap- sen had his first great am < a — _ oo ap on and Darently superhuman gs © accom: whalers were Pacific Coast ships and the Nor- Drexel Ave. 38th St., Chicade losin; ~ ty -44t om wegian explorer knew that he had navigated | = sagem eee oe ee eee oe ee oe tended his little craft through the most difficult part American School in read Magic Book—FREE! of its voyage. He had found the Northwest | Dept. H-975, Drexel Ave. & 58th St., Chicage biggest Passage. Sena me full information on the subject checked Whales Write @ Bia co - oy Bed The Gjoa and her company settled down | 424 how you will help me win success. bambox e p= aon all about the there on the Northern fringe of the American |_....... Architect _ Law dried fi rent Terbek Course in Magic. Get Our continent at Herschel Island to wait for spring. a fy the fles and Easy Payment Plan. That was during the long Arctic night. Most | --..Aste mobile ia Asal h Ce ge of the whaling fleet men were ome also to | x. Structural Engineer protect await the coming of spring, but there was one | -~~-Business Manager winter B c.1%20 Sunnyside Avenue, Chicago, fl. F | captain whose ship had been pushed by the ice “Accountant and Auditor and hi ® free literature and information all about your co @ far up on the beach. He was eager to return to | ““Draftsmane stored H tittoniwt« + San Francisco so that he could outfit another | =-~Electrical Engineer | ter the a gu | vessel, and Amundsen wished to send out word General Educati temper © seme. ® | of his own success. Together they started on | “~""°™ — zero. £ H ee ee H foot to the most northerly outpest of the . ready { nt ihiinnttbeabitinincmereccseiaccennes u | American Army, Fort Egbert, in Alaska, 500 | “°° -------------------- aati For | ‘7 # | miles away, on the (Continued on page 165) four : @ ----------------------------------- Age....---- a BOUND oc vccnccecesecccesccoscccnceusesent

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December, 1928 OT ———, them. They made twenty-five to thirty miles a day through the snow, Jim running ahead of one sledge and Amundsen ahead of the other. But the whaling captain did not run, nor walk either. He rode, a short fat tyrant who criti- eised Amundsen for not making better time. When they arrived at Fort Egbert, on De- cember 5, 1905, the thermometer registered sixty degrees below zero. The Army officer in command gave Amundsen a great welcome and arranged for the dispatch of his account of his adventures. After receiving telegraphic con- gratulations from Ametica and Europe,Amund- sen started back over the long, blind trail of 500 miles through ice and snow. The end of the long adventure came when Amundsen and his six companions navigated the Gjoa through the Golden Gate and were received in triumph by the people of San Francisco. AFT ER his return to Norway Amundsen at once prepared for another Arctic expedi- tion, this time to see the North Pole. His plans were interrupted, however, by a bearded man who came out of the Arctic with the startling news that he had discovered the North Pole. His name was Robert Peary. The news of Admiral Peary’s success was a blow to Amundsen’s aspirations. Finding the North Pole was to have been the great act of his life. Nevertheless he went ahead with his preparations to enter the Arctic, letting the world and ever the crew of his ship (the Fram, in which Fritdjof Nansen had carried on his Arctic explorations) believe that his enterprise was to be an attempt to drift on the polar cur- rents across the Arctic sea from America to Europe. The vessel was well down the Atlantic before the crew were informed of his true pur- pose. When he broke the news they were de- lighted. What he told them was that he had determined to try to reach the South Pole! On that historic voyage which culminated in the discovery of the South Pole, Amundsen took Eskimo dogs from Greenland, more than a hundred of them, kept on the deck and even the bridge of the small Fram. At the Bay of Whales, an ice harbor in the Antarctic glacier, he set up a staunchly built house, trained his dogs, stored up food reserves of slaughtered seals and penguins to supplement the tons of pemmican he had brought in the hold of the fram, and gradually established a line of depots ever nearer to the South Pole. Months of labor were consumed in rebuilding his dog sledges, until they weighed only about a third as much as they had originally. HUNDREDS of pounds of food were left in the line of caches that, were established ever nearer and nearer to the pole. Extending out east and west from those caches were bam- boo poles to which were tied bits of bunting. Amundsen was taking as little chance as possible of losing his way. Each of those traverses ex- tended about nine miles, so that when all was in readiness and the great trip was begun the biggest part of the journey from the Bay of Whales was marked like a boulevard, with bamboo flag poles, wooden stakes, and even dried fish. Included in his calculations was the flesh of the dogs themselves. As an instance of care with which Amundsen protected his party from hunger, before the winter set in on the edge of the ice barrier he and his men had shot sixty tons of seals and stored the meat. Through the Antarctic win- ter the preparations proceeded sometimes in a temperature of seventy-four degrees below zero. At last, in October, 1911, Amundsen was ready for his great attempt. For the dash, his party consisted of five men, (Continued on page 166) four sledges, and = by any E S. Govt. requests S. of E. Students assist in acceptance tests of 3 Diesel Engines for Panama Canal. U. to Men Wanted For Commercial Electrical Engineering Milwaukee's leading industrial concerns have established a special School of Engineering Fund to assist deserving students. Opportunity of a lifetime to get into ELECTRICITY. Get out of overcrowded, low-paid laborer class. Become,a Master Elec- trician, Junior Electrical Engineer, or Commer- cial Electrical Engineer in 12 months. Manu- facturers are pene ee practically trained men at big salaries from $2, a@ year and up. For 24 years we have trained men for electrical profession. Our Graduates Have Succeeded in All Parts of World. Our 12 months’ intensive training fits men for Le paying positions. No limit to advancement. Practic engineers teach you. Hundreds of thousands of dol- lars’ worth of commercial electrical equipment to work on in this school. Earn While You Learn By our system you may earn part of your way while learning. Opportunities now available thru coopera- tion with large industrial concerns. Our Employ- ment Department will help you secure part time ition. This plan solves student's financial prob- fems and D ppee pn practical experience. Low tuition fee. Board and room reasonable. Daily Broadcasting WISN (formerly WSOE). School Orchestra. Frater- ies. Story and catalog. niti E about this wonderful in- stitution and the great opportunities that lie before you. Find out about our specialized method of training and the details of our “Earn While You Learn’’ plan. SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING Dept. P.S.M.1228, Milwaukee, Wis. Write today for our FREE illustrated Photo Read 5 Results Quick—Part or Full Time. eg = Take up poultry raising. It’s inter- = esting, healthful, PROFITABLE. Easy to sell all you can produce at big prices. Our new course by Harry M. Lamon, former government ex- nort gives short cuts to success. Write for free book, ‘How to Raise Poultry for Profit.’ NATI INSTITUTE ONAL POULTRY Dept. 413-D Washington, D. C. Learn Cartooning At Home—in Your S$ Time The famous Picture ChartMethod of teaching opened the door of success for hun- dreds 0’ mners. Whether you think you have talent or not, send for sample chart to test your abil- examples of the work of students earning from $50 to . Please state your age. THE LANDON SCHOOL 1451 National Bidg., Cleveland, 0. To meet the tremendous demand for men trained in elec- tricity— Milwaukee's with the School of Engineering in a Cooperation. ngineering School in the country, insures every student needs of the country’s largest in that—this p both while attending the Sc tion—even financial assistance for worthy students—that it one of the finest oppor inatiies available for the young man who wants to FORGE AHEAD. Read low—then send coupon for FREE details. MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION 165 The Last of the Vikings Great Industrial Concerns Unite (Continued from page 164) | , | With School of Engineering! far side of a range of mountains 9,000 feet high. They had two sledges and twelve dogs hired fiite Chainer Oe. Nordberg Mfg. Co. from an Eskimo named Jim, who accompanied Allen Bradley & Co. Harnischfeger Corp. Electrical En- SS B. S. in 3 years! ing electrical concerns have united igantic program of Industrial This program, unlike anything ever attempted ool of Engineering a goto training to fit the ustrial concerns. More than lan offers possibilities for actual employment hool of Engineering, and after gradua- makes Radio and Electrical Refrigeration Learn in three months --just 90 days and you can be one of the io ~ tric Refrig- , eration Hy e A tremendous money mak: —_ 8. for the trained man who gets into early. Experts are nested for big, responsible, well- sone: now train you quick and help place you in a good PSSRRSSSHS Reese eeeeseee tks School of Engineering, Dept. P. S,M. 1228, Milwaukee, Wis. Without obligating me, mail book, ‘“‘Rise to Success Through Electricity’ and NEW Bulletin regarding course I have marked with an X. 0D Commercial Elec. Eng. for Elec. Refrigeration. High School Grad. 1 year. Radio. 0) Commercial Elec. Eng. others |) Armature Winding. to 2 years. Light, Heat & Power. Elec. Eng., B.S. Defiree3 yrs. [) Practical Electricity. Automotive Elec. ome Lab. Service. I am interested in your Earn While You Learn Plan. DRBTOEB coo 0:0:0:0:60:000600000060.0000ssebadonncenneses D EEAUORtIOR, «oo oo 00000000000000000e0seeseeeeses Play the Hawaiian Guitar like the Hawatians/ Only 4 Motions used in playing this fascinating instrument. Our native Hawaiian Instructors teach you to master them quickly. Pictures show how. Everything explained clearly. PlayinHalfHour - Easy Lessons After you get the Even if you don’t four easy motions know one note from you play harmonious another, the 52 printed lessons and little practice. 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THE NATIONAL SCHOOL OF CARTOONING 615 Penton Building Cleveland, Ohio every week IS WEEKS SIA YEAR IS CENTS MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION The Last of the Vikings (Continued from page 165) fifty-two dogs. Two months of steady travel southward, over mountains sheathed in ice, across a great plateau, brought them at last to the pole. “We reckoned,” Amundsen wrote after- wards, “that we should be at the pole on De- cember 14. On the afternoon of that day we had brilliant weather—a light wind from tle southeast with a temperature of ten degrees below zero. The sledges were going very well. The day passed without any occurrence worth mentioning, and at three o'clock in the after- noon we halted, as according to our reckoning we had reached our goal.” The party assembled about a silken Nor- wegian flag which they planted in the ice and solemnly gave to that plateau, never before seen by men, the name of “‘ King Haakon VII’S Plateau.” It was a vast frozen plain stretching in all directions. To make sure that he had actually reached the pole, Amundsen took care- ful observations of the sun as it circled about their horizon. By December 16 they had located the exact spot which they had come to find. Under their feet was the core of the earth. All through the day four of them concentrated on the work of observing the sun until at last they were satis- fied. Then a circular tent. was raised and a Norwegian flag planted above it, along with a pennant from the mast of the Fram. They gave their camp the name of “Polheim.”” Then they started back and within a few weeks, be- cause of favorable weather, reached their base. They had started with fifty-two dogs, but they returned with only eleven. The others, as fast as the draft work exhausted them, were slaugh- tered and used as food for the other dogs. Even the explorers themselves ate dog cutlet and liked it. HREE weeks after Amundsen turned his face from the South Pole, a British naval officer, Captain Scott, reached there with his party, traveling on foot. Scott had taken Shetland ponies and motorized sledges in pref- erence to dogs, and that preference cost him his life. Traveling back to his base after mak- ing the disappointing discovery of Amundsen's flaz, tent, and records at the pole, Scott and his companions, exhausted by hunger, perished horribly in a blizzard. Afterward, Amundsen expresse | the opinion that Scott would have survived if he, too, had taken dogs, which would have provided food as well as transporta- tion. As a res.ilt of his discovery of the South Pole the features of Amundsen became familiar to every school child of every nation. His large and powerful nose, firm mouth, leathery, wrinkled skin, snow-white hair, and blue eyes under half closed lids were a symbol for ad- venture; but endless hardships had shriveled some of those supple muscles that once had compelled admiration in the Norwegian army. His tall frame now was gaunt. Young Amund- sen had become old Amundsen within a decade. HERE were other expeditions. Amundsen made a fortune in shipping, and spent it for an enterprise which had as its goal a visit to the North Pole. Associates entrusted with the business management of his affairs became in his eyes untrustworthy. He lost great sums through bad bargains, and at last he was al- most penniless in New York. He was, seem- ingly, just a tired old man sitting under a load of depression in a hotel room—it was the Wal- dorf—when his telephone rang. A man’s voice spoke in his ear; a man named Lincoln Ells- worth, whose admiration for Amundsen was of the same kind which Amundsen had had for Sir John Franklin. Ellsworth had plenty of money, and without wasting words he volun- teered to back Amundsen in an attempt to fly to the North Pole. (Continued on page 167) AT HOME! 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T, 19% epee eee m& hates? cnr eo a FB8333 2&8 Hl | : s8s5Pe8 ee are iG HL mi ing, nting | Art Me Ci. or 1s. 8, O- k. ad na oll December, 1928 S the Last of the Vikings (Continued from page 166) In May, 1925, they left ‘Spitzbergen in two Dornier flying boats. Six hundred miles on the way to the pole, one of the engines failed, and both planes descended to a bit of open water. It was three weeks before the party re- turned to civilization in one plane. Meanwhile the world had given them up as lost. With Ellsworth’s backing, Amundsen bought from the Italian government an obsolete semi- rigid dirigible balloon, the Norge, and hired as a pilot the engineer who had constructed it. That engineer was Nobile. The story of the cruise of the Norge from Spitzbergen to Teller, Alaska, needs no retell- i However, the comparative ease with which the thing was done; the adulation freely given, apparently went to the head of Nobile. By degrees he assumed for himself a position as leader of the expedition, which certainly he had not been. Nobile toured America making lectures, selling articles, and in other ways skimming the cream from that adventure in a way that was furiously resented by the “old man of the North.” Certainly this bitterness spoiled for Amundsen what satisfaction there might have been in the actual sight of the North Pole, previously seen only by Peary and the negro, Matt Hensen. “ HAT would have become of you,” Amundsen demanded of Nobile in one savage argument after the completion of that flight, “if the Norge had been forced to land on the ice?” It was in answer to that question that Nobile organized the expedition which culminated in the tragic flight of the Jtalia this year. It ended in disaster, costing the lives of more men than had died on all of Amundsen’s exp “ditions. But what of Amundsen? He had anounced his retirement as an explorer. In books, in interviews, and in lectures he had denounced Nobile; but then, when news came that Nobile was marooned on the ice, he renounced his retirement. Tue huge French hydro-airplane, ordered northward to join in the attempt to rescue the Italia explorers, picked up the “old man” at Tromsé. This was not an expedition of his planning. He got into the plane as you might get into a taxicab. They sailed away. Amund- sen went after Nobile as you might reach out impatiently to take the arm of someone with whom you wished to continue an argument. Somewhere in that cold sea of the North the last of the great Vikings drowned, but for Amundsen there was nothing terrible in death. For him, he often said to his friends, death was but another and a greater exploration. Orville Wright Told Him— HE TOLD him the whole story. He let him see secret telegrams. He opened private diaries and personal letters. And out of this opportunity, never before ac- corded to a writer, John R. McMahon now brings you the true, complete story of the Wright brothers and their inven- tion of the airplane. New incidents and anecdotes of the two immortal brothers and of their struggle to conquer the air are related for the first time in a series of articles more entertaining than fic- tion, by a writer well known to every reader. You won’t want to miss this fas- Cinating story, which begins in next month’s issue. Tell your newsdealer now to reserve your copy of POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY for January. MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION - RED BOMe 167 THE weaT PLANTER 550 wy Positively a sensa- ™@ tional offer. Here’s the Red Bomber Combat Model Plane, a twin propeller model that flies amazingly. And you can have it free. Boys everywhere are flying model . planes. Nww is the time to get yours. This sensational plane will fly 600 feet easily, often farther. Wings made of special fibre, two powerful rubber motors, two clever fashioned propellers. Not a glider—a real model plane. 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