Popular Science Monthly 1928-10: Vol 113 Iss 4

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October, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY i No otber cars in all the world like these The New : CADILLACS + ZK rw La SALLES =: = %e New FLEETWOODS THE MOST COMPLETE AND EXTENSIVE LINE EVER PRESENTED » i 2 _* Vas Must Drive These Cars to Appreciate Their New and Revolutionary Performance, Control, Security and Mind-Ease Features More Powerful—90-Degree, V-Type, 8- Cylinder Engines. Incomparably smooth and silent. New Cadiffac=La Saffe Syncro-Mesh Silent=Shift Transmission—Standard method of shifting retained. Noiseless. Nonsclashing. Getaway in traffic is instantaneous. New Cadiffac-La Salle Duplex Me- chanical System of Effortless Four- Wheel Brakes—Two independent sys- tems. Internal shoe type. Enclosed. Long lived. Minimum of pedal pressure. Only one easy, simple outside adjustment for each brake. Security=Plate Glass— Removes hazard of flying glass fragments. FIFTY BODY TYPES AND STYLES 3. 6... BY . New Adjustable-Front Seats — Easily adjusted to suit the comfort of any driver. Pneumatic Control in Chassis and Body Engineering— Assuring maximum quietness. Bodies incorporating features of outstanding strength, roominess, coms fort—and the last word in style. . New Modernity in Finish and Ap- pointment—Deep, rich upholstery. New fittings. Deft and pleasing treatments in fabrics and trim. -— . Chromium Plating— The new metalfur- gical treatment that assures permanent lustre of exposed nickel parts. FISHER AND FLEETWOOD ae . we You CANNOT buy a car at home or abroad that will give as much delight as the newest Cadilfacs, La Salfles—and Fleet- woods on these chassis. The Cadiffac Motor Car Com- pany does not hesitate to state that there is nothing elsewhere even remotely approximating the character and calibre of The Exclusive New Fleetwoods In addition to the splendid array of new Fisher Body types and styles there are 14 exclusive and exguisite custom models, Fleetwood designed and Fleetwood built —offering the widest and most extensive selection of fine cars ever made avatlable. these matchless new creations. Never at any time in the history of the motor car has a given price in any class or grade pur- chased an equal degree of motors ing luxury. To understand and appreciate fully just how great an advance the new Cadillacs and La Salles represent it is necessary to drive them. - - +- La Salfe now pricea at $2295 to $2875—Cadillac at $3295 to $7000— Alt prices f.0.b. Detroit. CADILLAC MOTOR CAR COMPANY Detroit, Michigan Division of General Motors Corporation Oshawa, Canada abe Fe oe ee ay fk 5 Oe eee

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY October, 1933 SS Table of Contents for October LEADING ARTICLES ’ Astronomy Cover Design. . . . By Herbert Paus Do Stars “Eat” Meteors? . . . 57 How To Quit Worryine over Money Matters By Wallace Ames 4 The Sun’s Flames Measured . . 69 The financial editor’s monthly counsel . Do Your Rapio Tunes Last? . 8 Automobiles New tests of the Popular Science Institute of Standards Foiling the Motor Car Thief. . . 52 DiriersLes Make New Bip To Rute tHE Air’ . By H.C. Davis 13 New Car Parking Plan . . . . 53 Are gas-filled ships or planes to be aircraft of future? A Gasoline Torch of Sand . . . 64 New Arr Lives Link Aut AMERICAS By Grover C. Mueller 16 Merry-Go-Round Garage Plan. . 66 What a giant aerial hook-up means to the United States ; Explorer's Sea-Going Auto . . . 66 Secrets or New Cotor Movies By Robert E. Martin 17 Know Your Car . 67 Details of the first natural-tint process for amateurs Device Lets Driver See High Traffic | Tue Cotorapo SPANNED AT Last By Ellsworth Bennett 19 Lights . . 67 Engineering marvels in first bridge across a mighty canyon New Jack Saves Work wo a 67 | Soutn Sea Cotony Reveats New Facts asout HEereEpITy. . Plates Fitted to YourCar . . . 69 By Edwin W. Teale 20 Auto Bumpers Standardized . . 69 A stranger-than-fiction story of mutineers who founded a new race Autos Halted in Five Feet . . . 70 | JoHn Kenton—Fire Ficuter By Henry Morton Robinson 22 Asks Elevated Auto Exhausts . . 71 Beginning the thrilling account of a veteran chief’s battles with flames Big New Automobile Built Like a Magic Cett Works New Marveis... . By E.E. Free 2% Luxurious Yacht . . . . . 72 An expert tells of the wonder tool of modern science Auto Seats Made intoa Bed . . 7 A Mystery or THE Btoop Sotveo . . By George Lee Dowd, Jr. 27 Automobile a Sun Bath House . . 73 The story of William Harvey, father of modern medicine Warns When Tail-Light Fails . . 73 Sea Water Runs Strance Dynamo. By Edwin Ketchum 28 Tank Measures Gasoline 7 the Mile 78 A daring engineer’s plans to harness the ocean’s warmth Steam Thaws Radiator <a “Carvep” Stone Cast1n Motps .. By Wyatt Brummitt 30 Emergency GreaseGun . . . . 78 The amazing uses of concrete for architectural ornaments Novel Folding Runway . . . . 78 Winpows—tHE Eyes or THE House . . By John R. McMahon 31 Ten DollarsforanIdea. . . . 78 Tips about sashes, casements, and glass from an expert Execrric “Suns” Fient Diszase . . . . By Thomas Elway 33 Aviation On loa — whtra-vielet light By Loo F.Creagen 94 New Test Questions on Aviation . 48 A stirring fiction tale of railroad adventure . ase ae — ro oe bane! beg an THE Ocean Now . ._ . By Boyden Sparkes 37 eg ts Its ees Hangar | gg ing fish like livestock in sea pastures First Link Read Air-Rail Li 62 Wauat Is an Invention Anyway? ‘ By P. A. Carmichael 39 Plas Al Tk + if —” 62 An old-timer tells what you can patent, and how to do it ane Almost Flies Itse ea PG Institute Exposes New Rapio Gres . . By Alexander Senauke 40 Bersel Roll Record Smashed. . . 68 The truth about “buried antennas” Propellers Made of Cotton a. SHALL I BUILD on BuyaRavio? . . . . ByAlfred P. Lane 41 — Wheel of World's Largest ~ Both sides of a moot question ane. Me ae Rapio Hats tHe Dynamic SPEAKER . . . . ByJohnCarr 43 Planes for Sale—$695 Up. +. 68 Science’s newest gift to broadcast reception Device Invented for Refueling in Air 63 * A Puay Tuat Mave Foorsauy Over . By Edwin B. Dooley 44 Crawls Under Speeding Plane . . 63 A famous star tells of the history-making forward pass Air Mail Letter Circles Earth . . 63 Maxine Tunes Fit Toat Don’t Fir . . . By Hyatt E. Gibson 46 Reliability Tour, 6,300 Miles, Is Advances of standardization, modern boon to industry Completed by 24 Planes . . . 63 A Maaic City From ASwampe . ae 49 Navy Bids All Officers Fly . . . 63 Turning a waterlogged meadow into a metropolitan suburb _ Largest Flying Yacht . . . . 68 ASmatt Bencn By E. E. Ericson 58 Ship-Shore Plane Service Starts. . 63 How to make a worktable for carpentry and model-building “Nerve Center” of Air Trafiz . . 64 Buriptinc Mopernistic Lamps . . . . . By Herman Hjorth 59 Helium for Everyone. . . . . 66 Simple instructions for making pieces in the new style ‘ Two Ticusend Plance Bult in Year 168 A en ror Your Snip Mopet . By Capt. E. A. McCann 0 Banks Save Money by Air Mail. 172 etails of a yey | cover for a valued replica — - New Ways To Paint Rapiators .... . erton Elliot 61 . : Modern finishes for heat and ow , Engineering EpiTorRiAts . . te & 74 Stone Banks for the Mississippi . 48 A Piece or StrRInG Fixes. AN ‘Auto . ‘ - By M artin Bunn 76 Skyscraper Sets Speed Mark . . 71 Gus and Joe tell of queer motor troubles and remedies # Building Highest Dam. .. . 8 New York under the act of March. 3, 1879; additional entry as secon oe, Popater Science Monthly does not underwrite the business methods satiety gecwtmees aerset anya grawcettices ues Lg Science Pubiteh hing Co., Inc. Single copy, 25 cents. Yearly subscriptions to President and Treasurer: R. C. Wilson, ' Vice-President: A .. L. Cole, } A

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er, 1928 5 October, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY {— Exceptional People Famous Racer Builds Telescope . 54 He Makes Wood — of Inlaid Pieces .. . 6&4 Health and Hygiene Tests Giraffe Parasites on Self . . 56 Anti-Radium Poisoning Device. . 56 Tears a Powerful Germicide. . . 57 Machine Gives Anesthetic . . . 71 Models Remarkable Miniature Cathedral . 54 Making Moon Replica with Drill . 54 Boys Run a Miniature Plane Factory 68 Models That Fly Farther . . . 82 Wins Three Prizes with Our Models 104 Coloring Ship Model Chains . . 110 Tiny Saw for Model Making . . 148 New Devices for the Home Ironer Runs by Washing Machine. 50 Baby Ironing Board for Travel. . 50 Ice-Chopping Pail Saves Sink . . 50 Scrub Brush and Floor Mop in One. 50 Clothes Dryer Hangs from Boiler . 50 New Electric Clothes Washer. . 51 Wrench Twists Off Jar Caps... 5il Drying Rack for Radiator .. 51 Paper Receptacles for Scrap Pail . 51 Two-Purpose Gasoline Heater . . 51 New Processes and Inventions Mechanical System That Sorts Freight Cars .. 52 Handy Tool of Ten Uses. . . . 52 A Garden Hose Holder . . . . 52 Bristleless Toothbrush . . . . 52 A Burglar-Proof Door . . . . 52 Steel Safety Glove .. : = Two-Filament Miner’s Lamp a New Life-Saver_ . in SE Cigarette Case-Checker Board . . 8 Straightener for Golf Clubs . . . 53 Fast Electric Paint Remover . . 53 Machine Fills Lighter . . 53 Novel Railroad Tank Car Transports Molten Metal . 55 New Seismograph Magnifies Earth Shocks 1,000 Times... 56 Print Your Own Electric Sign . . 65 Hand Bag Isa Raincoat, Too . . 65 New Quick-Drying Varnish . . . 67 Machine Counts Phone Calls . . 68 Color Device Grades Cotton . . 69 A Mechanical Census Clerk. . . 70 Packing Cases Box Car Size . . 70 Soundproof Tiles Reduce Din . . 71 Mask Clears Catcher’s Vision . . 73 Science Slashes Coal Bills 2 . 152 4 Politics Spurs Inventors . Photography Camera Referees “Tied” Races . 54 Movie Camera Harnessed to Dancers 64 Camera Catches Church Thief . . 67 Machine Makes Plant Movies . . 69 Beating Heart Is Filmed. . . . 69 A $25 Home Talking Film Outfit . 69 Film Showing Color Shades Here for Amateur’s Camera. . . 71 Radio A Flat Loudspeaker Cord . . . 42 What Choke Coils Do . . . . 48 Adjustable High Resistance. . . 42 How to Tune Sharply . . . . 42% ABC’sof Radio. . . ... Ships World’s Largest Tin Dredger . . 55 Towing World’s Largest Dock . 55 New Canadian Liner Seenfrom Air. 55 Boat Run by Air Propeller Works on Plane’s Principle 3 66 To Cross Ocean in 50 Hours . . 69 Water Jets May Drive Ticsiins Through Ocean oe . « Unusual Facts and Ideas Detroit’s New Boulevard Lights . 52 Old and New in Oil Wells . . . 55 Handling Huge Locomotives . . 55 Measuring a Man’s Oxygen Needs . 56 Acid Test for Leather. . . 56 Radio Keeps Milk Sweet . . . 57 Memory Goes to Birth . . . . 57 Can Chemists Save Farmers? . . 57 Man a Million-Volt Dynamo . . 57 Scientific Waron Rust . . . . 57 “Wheelbarrow” Police Forts . . 64 Questions Answered . . . . . 64 Coal Dyed Pink and Blue . . . 64 Big Mail Carrying Torpedoes . . 64 Taming Waves to Save Beach . . 65 Speed in Phone Information. . 65 Attention, Inventors! Here’s What the World Is Crying For . . . 65 Acid Bath for Piano Keys . . . 65 Odd Mineral Masked as Coal . . 66 How Much Do You Know of the World You Live in? . . . . 66 World-Wide Hunt for Radium Planned by Carnegie Expert . . 67 Tools Shape Workers’ Hands . . 67 Chairs Ventilate This Auditorium . 67 Vending Machine Says “Thank You” 68 Botanist Hunts Mate for Trees. . 68 Army Demonstrates a New Gas Mask for War Horses. . . . 69 Strange Facts About Sleep . . . 69 “Televox’’ Acquires Voice; Me- chanical Man Uses Phone . « ~ r Manuscript Ages Old Saved . ae The Safe Way to Wash Silkk. . . 71 Gas Kills Boll Weevils . . . . 71 When Metal Gets Tired. . . . 71 A $5,000 Duck... . The Rainiest Spot on Earth . el ee Shorthand Sent by Telephoto . . 72 Insects Poison and Stab Ants . . 72 Any Questions? . 72 Trees Grow by Spurts ‘for Forty Days of Each Year. . ; a Tiny Tractor Moves Huge Cars . a Clock a Glacier’s “Diary” . . . 173 Test Burning of Matches . . . 73 Recording National Dialects . . 738 A Blotter That ErasesInk . . . 153 For the Home Owner Odd-Job Tips for Handy Men 80 Easy-to-Build Bookcase . .°: . 90 A Fine Finish on Poor Wood . . 92 A Vault for Your Valuables . 94 How to Patch Old Furniture 96 Lighter for Smoking Table 97 Shelves for Closet Walls. . . . 104 Ash-Pit Sprinkler Reduces Dust . 108 Remedying Leaking Gas Ranges _ . 131 How to Preserve Hardware . . . 133 Removing Floor Varnishes . . . 138 Hints for the Mechanic Winding SpringsIs Easy . . . 84 How Shop Men Cut Corners . . 86 Old Bill Says—__.. ; | ae Lettering Small Round Parts i ae Extending Life of Gage Blocks . . 122 Hints on Babbitting Boxes . . . 122 Pulling Bearing Sleeves... . 124 Tailstock Centering Attachment . 126 Wood and Babbitt Used to Make Steady Rest . . . 197 Combined Plug Gage and Arbor . 127 Ideas for the Handy Man Governor Improves Ford Motor Used sewer tame... oN Mending Concrete Furniture . . 100 Blueprints for Home Workshop . 102 Home Workshop Chemistry. . . 106 Removing Ink from Woodwork. . 106 Automatic Door Lets Hens Out . 110 Candlestick Turning .. —— Motor Driven Sprayer for $10 o* ae Paper Clips and Pencil Hold yea Reference Books. 118 This Radio Cabinet Looks like a Pirate’s Chest . . . . 120 How to Clean Paint Brushes .. _ 198 Paper Parachute . . . 129 Hints on Rubbing Down Varnish . 130 Fitting a Support for Desk Lid. . 136 Dummy Books Make Book Ends _ . 148 70 4 Orange Crates Serve as Bins . . 148 NEXT MONTH—The newest advances of science and invention told in stories and pictures; home workshop features for the handy man, and special up-to-the-minute radio, housebuilding, and automobile articles

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COMPANY - Founded or nu. Oe u smith wag be 4 Securittes tomer wasninete Branch offices in other Cities Send me New illustrated book, “SS Years of Investment Service.” HABER... ccvccccccccccccccccccces eee casen ue” POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY October, 1928 How to Quit Worrying Over Money Matters By Wautace Ames, Financial Editor thought Warren Cady, as he stayed overtime at the office the afternoon of pay-day to go over his bills and draw checks to cover them. Let’s look over Warren’s shoulder and see what his monthly crop of bills is. Here is the itemized list of the checks he drew: Ti GLAD I’ve got a good job,” Monthly mortgage andinterest payment . $ 53.33 Gas, electricity, milk, ete... ..... 21.32 Mrs. Cady's monthly allowance. . . . . 100.00 Mr. Cady’s personal miscellaneous. . . . 50.00 Installment on automobile ....... 41.20 Installment onradio ......... 8.00 Installment on set of books ...... 3.50 Installment onelectricrefrigerator. .. . 12.50 Total disbursements. ....... $319.85 As Warren had deposited in the bank a salary check of $416.66 he had increased his bank balance $96.81 after paying the month’s bills and drawing out the usual a The neighbor’s misfortune was ve much on the Cadys’ minds that very evening. Aside from being sympathetic their thoughts began to speculate somewhat on Mary’s future. “Wonder what Mary will do,” said Warren. “They bought their car about the same time we did. There must still be six or seven payments to make on it. And that house with its mortgage payments to meet. How will she get along?” “IT don’t know,” was the best answer Mrs. Cady had to offer. “Her folks are fairly well to do and they are devoted to little Bill. It wouldn’t surprise me if she goes to live withthem. I'll be sorry to see her go.” “*That reminds me,” said Warren. “I just paid the monthly bills today. Here amount used by his is your check. What wife and himself for current expenses. With a feeling of re- do you suppose you would do if I didn’t come home once a -— & A wete eee eee lief that an annoy- ing job was attended to he pulled the day’s sheet off his calendar pad as the last act before clos- ing down his desk and starting for home. LANCING at the notes on the calendar for the next day, Warren was re- minded that his semi-annual premi- um payment on life insuranceamounting to $60.00 was due. ‘“‘Something is always taking the joy out of life,”’ he burst out. © “Just when I was enjoying the satisfaction of increasing my bank balance with a hun- A Service for Readers THs Financial Department is to help readers in the estab- lishment of proper financial pro- pane at the beginning of their usiness Careers; it assists those who have accumulated money in the proper investment of it. The Editor of this Department is an authority on investment matters. He is ready to aid in personal investment problems. Advice will be gladly given re- A ap the proper investment of nds and proper plans of saving. Address your inquiries to’ Wallace Ames, Financial Editor, POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY, 250 Fourth Avenue, New York. While investments obviously cannot be guaranteed by the Publisher, every effort will be *made to insure that only ad- vertisements of absolutely re- liable companies are accepted. ‘ments, $17.50 and month with a hand- ful of shekels?”’ Then, without waiting for the an- swer, for there was really no good an- swer to Warren's last question, he began todo alittle figuring. He computed that there were seven more payments on the car, amounting to $288.40; four ra- dio payments of $32; five book pay- six remaining refrig- erator payments totalling $75. Everything that the Cadys were buy- ing “‘on time” wasa sensible, worthwhile thing, from which they derived a lot of deserved _ satisfac- dred dollars this insurance premium has to come due and eat up over half of it.” After drawing another check Warren caught the 6:19 for home. His wife met him at the station with the sad news that their next door neigh- bor Bill Kane had failed to rally and had passed on. “My, I’m sorry,” said Warren, “he was such a good scout, such a good neighbor and always so good to his wife. I wonder what poor Mary will do now that Bill is gone.” “Tt will certainly be hard on Mary,” said Mrs. Cady. “When I was in yester- day afternoon there was only aslight hope for Bill’s recovery. I must run in to- morrow morning and see what I can do to help. Poor thing, I’m so sorry for her.” tion and pleasure. Nevertheless it worried Warren when he figured up a total of $412.90 that had to be paid before the auto, refrigerator, radio and books were really theirs. UT those items were only a drop in the bucket. There were the mort- gages on the house. While it was a good investment, something like $5,000 was still to be paid over a period of the next seven or eight years. And then there was little Warren, Jr., their two-year-old son. They had spent many an hour talking and dreaming over his future. Of course they were planning to send him to college. And his daddy had visions of Junior making the football team. (Continued on page 5) ff = A> ae. ae Se 2. ee mL ee de - 4 4 7 wa —--— - wee ow“ Ss es ef ee eS Oe hae m— “5 =——p he et © — 2 oo - oe @ «3 pe

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er, 19238 very very their at on ’ will r car must ce on gage get swer 3 are d to F she y to | bes | Here Vhat you idn’t ce a and- out an- was an- slast egal ring. that ven ; on ting > Ta- s of pay- and frig- ents that buy- rasa yhile hich at of fac- ried 1 of the vere p in ort- was next Jr., pent ver ning had ball ye 5) October, 1928 Et tow to Quit Worrying Over Money Matters (Continued from page 4) “Yes,”’ said Warren, at the close of the evening, “I’m glad I’ve got a good job— and my health. “T saw Mary today,” remarked Mrs. Cady, when she met her husband the next evening at the train. “She is a courageous soul and is bearing up better than I expected she would. “While I was there the insurance man called. His visit was just like the silver lining, if there could be such a thing to the cloud that hangs over her just now. He was there to settle up three insurance licies and I was so pleased to learn how well fixed financially Mary is. Last night you remarked how good Bill had always been to Mary. I thought of what you said when the insurance representative was there. “One policy for $2,000 was arranged to help put little Bill through college. That | is still a long way ahead. That money invested will probably be more than enough. It will buy his clothes and take care of a lot of things while he is growing © Another policy will pay Mary $5,000 right away. It will take care of all her extra expenses at this time and pay off the mortgage on their home. Se she hasn’t got that to worry about. paid $125 income every month. She is a manager and can get along very comfortably on that amount. Bill sure was good to Mary.” “That was certainly far-sighted of Bill to carry all that insurance,”’ said Warren, “but he must have had an awful time keeping up his premium payments. I find it a painful struggle keeping our $5,000 policy in force. Wonder how much he was paying out for insurance?” “We manage to pay over $40 every month on our automobile,” suggested Mrs. Cady. “That’s a thought,” replied her hus- band. “Do you know, I never had the gumption to think of it in that way. We readily pay for the car and the radio and the refrigerator because we are using them all the time, getting our pleasure out of them as we go along, and the necessary monthly payments seem even easier than the semi-annual insurance payments. My point of view has just been wrong. “T THINK I will see my insurance agent tomorrow and work out a new pro- gram. Then I can quit worrying over what would happen to you if I should unexpectedly join Bill. We can extract enough money from our bank account to pay the initial premium. Before the next one comes due we will be through paying for the car and we can thereafter use that money to carry enough insurance to pro- tect you against any financial hardships.” Warren Cady kept his good resolution. The next day he and his insurance agent worked out a sound, practical program along these lines: I. Warren Cady’s present policy was on the 20-payment life plan taken out 9 years before—when (Continued on page 6) a POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY LER ~, “From the third policy Mary will be | 255 THE PHOENIX MuTUAL LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY of Hartford, Conn. announces a new RETIREMENT INCOME PLAN under which you get not only immediate protection for your beneficiaries but also, for yourself in later years, a guaranteed income you cannot outlive. What a dividend paying $10,000 policy will do for you It guarantees to you when you are 65 A Monrtuty IncomME For Lire of ... $100.00 which assures a return of at least... .. 10,000.00 and perhaps much more, depending upon how long you live Or, if you prefer, A Cash SETTLEMENT AT AGE 65 of . . . 12,000.00 It guarantees upon death from any natural cause before age 65 A CasH PayMeEnT to your beneficiary of 10,000.00 Or $50 a month guaranteed for at cast 24 years and 8months...... . Total 14, 823.00 It guarantees upon death resulting from accident before age 60 A CasH PayMEnT to your beneficiary of 20,000.00 Or $100 a month guaranteed for at ast 24 years and 8 months....... Total 29,646.00 It guarantees throughout permanent total disability which begins before age 60 A Montuiy Disasitity IncomE or. . $100.00 And the payment for you of all premiums For more information, mail the coupon below PHOENIX MUTUAL LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY 368 Elm Street, Hartford, Conn. Please give me full information about your new RETIREMENT INCOME PLAN. 4 i a A 7 i a j P] 4 4 il | i Name... Street P Date City. State of birth o* TTT TT eee A TNE Ge NRE — commen ibe et Sate rn a + nn te

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| policy were about $115.00 a year. | he reached age 46, he would cease paying

How to Quit Worrying Over Money Matters (Continued from page 5) he was twenty-six years old. After de- ducting dividends, premiums on_ this When premiums on this policy. In the new program Warren’s 20-pay- ment life policy was left untouched to provide Mrs. Cady with $5,000 in cash to take care of current expenses, mort- | gages, etc. In insurance parlance this is referred to as a clean-up fund. IT. A $2,000 20-year endowment policy was arranged with his son as beneficiary. T WAS planned to allow dividends to accumulate on this policy so that it would actually pay over $2,000 seventeen years hence. Thus in case Mr. Cady should survive the seventeen years, the insurance would provide cash for educa- tional expenses. Provision was made whereby in the event of Mr. Cady’s death before the endowment policy matured, the insurance company would hold the principal and pay interest to Mrs. Cady as guardian until the son was eighteen years old and then pay the principal to him in eight semi-annual installments. Thus, before and after entering college, funds would be provided for the boy’s expenses. III. Additional ordinary life policies aggregating $18,400 were taken out. These policies provided Mrs. Cady with a guar- anteed income of $100 a month for twenty years after Mr. Cady’s death. Together with the average excess interest paid the average total monthly income payments would be approximately $113.50. They also contained a clause whereby if Mrs. Cady should live more than twenty years after Mr. Cady’s death, she would re- ceive an income of $100 a month after | the twentieth year. IV. On all the insurance, except the $2,000 endowment, it was planned to use dividends to help pay premiums. These dividends would commence the second year of the new policies. Whereas the first year total premium payments would be $786, beginning the second year they would amount to only $654. Y TAKING out a number of small policies rather than one large one, Mr. Cady’s insurance representative ar- _ranged it so that premium payments

would come due monthly rather than in a large sum once or twice a year. The aver- age monthly premium payment beginning the second year was only about $55, in return for which Mrs. Cady was assured of $5,000 cash, plus $100 monthly income, and Warren, Jr., was assured of $2,000 at age eighteen, plus income on that sum in the interval, subsequent to Mr. Cady’s death. When Mr. Cady reached age forty-six, he would cease paying premiums on his $5,000 20-payment life policy. Thereafter his monthly premiums would be reduced to an average of $40. One of the most interesting things about Warren Cady’s new insurance pro- gram was his point (Continued on page 7) October, 1928 The Highest Raid - SS: Effort <S3 INN SS

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Without obligating yourself, fet us tell you more about our Savings Plan and what — S is behind the bonds we offer. SS Write, poder. for the interesting, instructive a 33 let, “The House “ Behind the Bonds | te a zy 660 Chemical ante. St. Louis 1188 New York Life Bldg., Chicago 378 Colorado Nat’! Bank Bldg., Denver FIDELITY - GUARANTEES + EVERY - BOND M366 As regularly as the months -Roll by As meaty as the time for payment comes, haldass of United First Mortgage Bonds receive their interest checks. No doubt—no uncertainty—no sleepless anxiety over possible fluctuations in value. United Bonds are safe. Payment of interest and ge is guaranteed by the oldest exclusive st mortgage bond company in Méichigan, a company with resources of more than twenty million dollars.

You can buy United Bonds in amounts to suit individual needs—on partial payments if desired. A few dollars will start you. Mail the coupon today for complete information. UNITED STATES MORTGAGE BOND CO. Howard C. Wade, President 365 U. S. Mortgage Building, Detroit, Michigan U UnitED STATES MORTGAGE BOND CO. 305 U.S. Mortgage Building, Detroit, Michigan | Gentlemen: Please mail copy of your booklet, | ' “The Habit of Success”. ame. | Address

eee neg — —_ = a == om ome J

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the nent s of heir alue. usive in, a renty . suit sired, tion. October, 1928 Here is the ANSWER to questions which bother many investors How can you tell what gives a first mortgage bond absolute | safety? / How can you get the hjghest in- ‘ come from your mon@y, consist- ‘ent with safety? How can you select a safe invest- ment house? How can you retire in I5 years on our present living budget? ow can you get double the sav- ings bank interest rate or more, with all the convenience? How can you judge the security back of a first mortgage bond? What is the history of the first mortgage bond in Chicago? Why can Cochran & McCluer sell first mortgage bonds in every state of the Union without sales- men? All of these questions and many others vital to investors are answered in the new edition of a famous book, “Behind the Scenes Where Bonds Are Made.” Get your copy now. We'll gladly send it. No salesman will call. CSRRREREEBERESRAEEEES . P.S.M. 10-28 2° ® Cochran & McCluer Co. ® bs 46 North Dearborn St. 2 2 Chicago, Ill. . gw Gentlemen: Please send me without @ @ obligation your book, “‘Behind the @ @ Scenes Where Bonds Are Made,."” No @ e—e@ salesman will call. — s * a Name * . . ® Address. rs a x a ‘ * a City _... State ® a Cochran & M‘Cluer Co, Established 1881 ever a loss to any investor 46 NORTH DEARBORN STREET Chicago POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Containing 75 radio hook-ups, 500 illustrations, 1000 articles. Wholesale Prices Build your own with Rasco parts. The lowest vrices in the country. Radio Specialty Co., 96-P Park Place, New York, N.Y. How to Quit Worrying Over Money Matters (Continued from page 6) of view towards payments. Once he got the right idea it was just as easy to pay $55 a month in insurance premiums as to pay a similar amount in installments on mortgages or merchandise. To Help You Get Ahead Bienes Booklets listed below will help every tamily in laying out a financial plan. They will be sent on request. “Ideal Investments” is the designation universally accorded Smith First Mortgage 61%4% Bonds which carry attractive tax refund features. A histcry of the House and information relative to their bonds and the safeguards that surround every issue they offer may be obtained by addressing the home office of The F. H. Smith Company, Smith Building, Washington, D. C. The House Behind the Bonds reminds the investor of the importance, not only of studying the investment, but of checking up the banker who offers it. Address: Fidelit Bond & Mortgage Co., 1x88 New York Life Building, Chicago, Ill. “The Investment Trust from the In- vestor’s Viewpoint,” presents an expla- nation of this form of investment in easily understood terms, illustrated with some in- teresting examples of how the general in- vestment trust will help the man with $100 or more to get ahead. Published for free distribution by United States Fiscal Corpo- ration, 50 Broadway, New York. Ask them for Booklet IT. How to Retire in Fifteen Years is the story of a safe, sure and definite method of establishing an estate and building an inde- pendent income which will support you the rest of your life on the basis m your present living budget. Write for the booklet to Cochran & McCluer Company, 46 North Dearborn St., Chicago, Ill. How to Get the Things You Want tells how you can wse insurance as an active part of your program for getting ahead financially. Phoenix Mutual Life Insurance Company, 328 Elm Street, Hartford, Conn., will send you this booklet on request. The Guaranteed Way to Financial In- dependence tells how a definite monthly savings plan will bring you financial inde- pendence. Write for this booklet to Inves- tors Syndicate, 100 North Seventh Street, Minneapolis, Minn. The Making of a Good Investment tells how 614% can be made on investment in First Mortgage Bonds in units of $50, $100, $250, $500 and $1000; how the bonds are protected and how simple it is to purchase them. For a copy of this booklet address United States Mortgage Bond Company, Limited, Detroit, Michigan. With his wife’s future, adequately, pro- vided for and Junior’s education assured Warren Cady had a peace of mind he never before had enjoyed. And now that he no longer had to worry over money matters Cady found that he attacked his work at his office with renewed vigor that brought better results. a Se 7 = Will History Repeat? Early in 1925 investors were offered the opportunity to purchase shares in Financial Investing Co. of New York, Ltd., a general investment trust under management of United States Fiscal Corporation. | Between April, 1925, and April, 1928, an investment of $1550 in 100 shares returned a cash profit of $470 and the investor could have sold his stock at a market profit of $875—a total three-year profit of $1345 on $1550 iawbseadh” Two Dividend Increases Plus Extras The initial dividend rate of 10% was in- creased to 12% July 1, 1927, and to 16% July 2, 1928. Six extra cash dividends have also been paid, making total payments on the $10 par value shares as follows: Current Price of Year Ended Regular Extra Total Shares April1,1926 . .. 10% 2% 12% $18.50 Aprill,1927....10% 3% 13% 20.00 April1,1928 . .. 124 2% 14% 26.25 July 2, 1928 (3 mos.) 44 (annual rate16%) 28.25 You May Now Invest In SECOND FINANCIAL INVESTING CORPORATION All the shares of Financial Investing Co. of New York, Ltd., having been sold at prices increasing from $15 to $28.25 per share, United States Fiscal Corporation now offers you shares in Second Financial Investing Corporation. . Since these two investment trusts are under the same management and alike in major particulars, it is anticipated that history will repeat itself, the new trust du- plicate the success of the old and pay similar profits to shareholders. You now have the opportunity to become an original stockholder — to invest $100, $500 or any larger amount in Second Financial Investing Corporation before any substantial increase in price occurs. Learn How to Make Big Profits Conservatively It is all explained in our booklet, ““The In- vestment Trust—from the Investor’s View- point,” and in literature describing Second Fi- nancial Investing Corporation. Mail the cou- pon and profit by reading this free literature. UNITED STATES FISCAL CORPORATION Managers of Second Financial Investing Corporation Financial Investing Co. of New York, Ltd. United States Fiscal Corporation 50 Broadway, New York . Please send me, immediately, your free booklet that tells how I can invest for financial independence. COS CK CO 00 0086 20 00 +664 CHEE O4 4S I

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY October, 1928 Do Your Radio Tubes Last? Life of Tubes Is One of the Features That Is Determined in Institute’s Tests By Alexander Senauke, M.E., E. E. Assistant Director Popular Science Institute of Standards F FEW people recognize just how important is the work of vacuum tubes, they all do realize that the life of these radio essentials is often entirely too brief. The causes for the short life of some tubes have been defin- itely determined, but let us see what the vacuum tube does while it is living. Everybody is enjoying the fine tone of the radio sets now on the market and remarking over the convenience of con- necting up directly with house current supply. Credit is rarely given the little vacuum tube for these pleasures. As a matter of fact, however, it was the de- velopment of new types of vacuum tubes that preceded and inspired these major changes and improvements. Superior tone quality in receiving sets was brought about to a very great extent through the use of power output tubes, such as the 171, 210 or 250 types. Special purpose detector and amplifier tubes have made possible the reception of more distant stations or greater volume. “B” batteries have been satisfactorily elimi- nated through the development of rectifier tubes of the gas and filament types. A new screen grid type of vacuum tube which has just been developed is ex- pected to play a large part in simplify- ing the attainment of distance-getting ability and stability of radio sets. And, complete electric operation is now popular thanks to new tubes in ] © Popular Science Monthly | | GUARANTEE The above seal on an advertisement indicates that the products referred to have been approved after test by the Popular Science Institute of Standards. OPULAR ScteNcE MonrHLY guaran- tees every article of merchandise ad- vertised in its columns. Readers who buy products advertised in Poputar Science Montruity may expect them to give absolute satisfaction under | , normal and proper use. Our readers | | } in buying these products are guaran- | | ; teed this satisfaction by Poputar Scrence Monracy. Tue PustisHers Mr. Senauke is shown here testing vacuum tubes on specially designed apparatus used by The Institute for this purnose, which the electron emission is obtained by the direct application of alternating current to filament or heater. Because of the difference in the operat- ing characteristics of these various types of tubes, and because of the difference in their mode of operation, the regular Institute tests on vacuum tubes have had to be modified or supplemented by special tests to bring out the necessary facts regarding these tubes and to deter- mine if they are capable of satisfactorily doing their intended work. For instance, in the case of the A. C. tubes such as the 226, the very feature of design that makes for a minimum of A. C. hum will result in the short life of the tube unless the manufacturer has taken proper precautions with regard to the special handling required for this type of tube. To cut down the hum, they use in the 226 tubes a bulky oxide coated filament that holds the heat so well that the rapid changes in alternating current do not affect its temperature. This necessitates special care and processing to assure proper evacuation and prevent im- pairment of the oxide coating, since any gas formation or loss of emission means that the tube will be short-lived. Therefore, in investigating tubes of this type, special tests were arranged by the Popular Science Institute of Stand- ards to check the presence of gas and the condition of the filament, so that approval would be granted only to those tubes having good life possibilities. Then, with the heater type of A. C. tubes of the 227 or Kellogg types, the great amount of heat generated in the tube may, with improper design or manu- facture, cause gas occlusion from the ele- ments of the tube and sometimes even undesired electron emission from the grid. Such emission and gas -seriously interfere with the proper operation of these tubes as well as shortening their life. To make sure that such tubes are properly constructed, means that they must be put through special tests. Of course, in the case of all vacuum tubes, it is necessary to test all general characteristics to make sure that they conform to accepted standards, besides the additional tests mentioned above that are made to determine the special characteristics of certain types of tubes. The requirements for approval of the Popular Science Institute of Standards are such that all tubes on the approved list are interchangeable for their intended uses and are of such construction and efficiency that they will insure the best performance of the receiving sets or accessories in which they are used. The new Fall edition of The Institute’s List of Approved Radio Products is just out and may be had free on request. Readers Who are selecting radio equip- ment will also find very helpful the book- let What the Radio Buyer Should Know. There is a charge of twenty-five cents for this latter booklet, which gives in twenty-two pages all the essentials that should be kept in mind in buying, in- stalling and operating a radio outfit. Address the Popular Science Institute, 250 Fourth Ave., New York, N. Y. FF

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r, 1928 / @ ' FOR PANELING 1 the lanu- 2 ele- even the ously n of their $ are they uum neral they sides bove ecial ’ the lards POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY This genuine wood board is grainless and won’t check or split! Possesses uniform strength and remarkable workability. Highly resistive to moisture. Very tough and dense. Has a smooth, attrac- tive surface on the face side, and requires no paint for protection. Also takes any finish beautifully. Send for large, free sample. [] [ fl A decade ago no one ever LU dreamed that there would be GP such a thing as grainless wood. Y, [| [] Yet it has now been on the market for more than two years, and new uses are being discovered for it right along. The name of this product is Masonite Presdwood. And remember that Presd- wood is all wood; genuine wood torn apart and put together again. Presdwood will not crack, check, split or splinter. It shows minimum contraction and ex- pansion under the most severe working condi- tions. Stoutly resistive to moisture and to sudden changes of temperature, it is practically immune to warping, shrinking, swelling, buckling. It cannot damage tools Presdwood contains no grit, no resin, no for- eign matter of any kind. It cannot damage tools. Convenient and easy to handle it also eliminates waste in cutting. And it frequently reduces the number of manufacturing operations. Presdwood has a very smooth, attractive sur- face on the face side and requires no paint for protection. It also takes any finish beautifully: lacquer, paint, stain or varnish. Another one of the outstanding advantages of Masonite Presdwood is that it can be used on any woodworking machinery, and possesses amazing workability. In fact, it is so widely adaptable IN MAKING MOVIES © 1923,M.F.Co. Mills: Laurel, Mississippi Mas onite PRESDWOOD Made by the makers of MASONITE STRUCTURAL INSULATION REO. U.S PAT.OFF. that the number and _ ver- satility of its uses seem to be unlimited. These uses include signs, both outside and inside; cut- outs of all kinds; breakfast nooks and kitchen cabinets; For TENSION BOARDS closet lining and display booths; paneling, interior finish and office par- titions; radio boxes; showcases, show window flooring, store fixtures and table tops; bedroom screens and fire screens; toys, tension boards for radio speakers and portable billiard. tables; Sager boards for potteries; forms for reinforced concrete; truck bodies; motor boat hulls. Where next ? Where will Presdwood be used next? Nobody knows! Within the past few months it has gone into the making of cooling trays for hot castings, incubators, clothes hampers, work-bench tops, starch trays for candy-making, flower boxes, doll houses and concrete forms. And just recently it has come into demand for cafe nooks and for the fences of baseball parks! Thus you see that there is really no limit to the uses for Presdwood. Write for a free sample and find out what it will do for you. MASON FIBRE COMPANY Sales Offices: Dept. 1210-8, 111 W. Washington Street Chicago, Illinois

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———e———_E 10 Ow Reade, POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Can’t Please Everybody . AM glad to reach the end of your articles on ‘Dick Byrd—Adventurer.’ I am sur- prised that a magazine of the authority of PopuLar ScrENCE Montu ty should stoop to become a part of the Byrd hero-worship ballyhoo. He must have talked you into those articles just like he talks nonthinking business men to finance his hair-brained flights. He made a trip to the North Pole. For what? And who cares? Now he is going to the South Pole, so he says. Why? Oh, en he ex- plained it all in his last article. But the explana- tion doesn’t satisfy intelligent people. If you ask me, he makes these trips so that he, Byrd, can get fat profits from the pictures and articles and books and lectures afterward. Don’t let him hang anything on you again and don’t fall for all this aviation bunk. It will never come to anything, anyway.—L. L. C., Los Angeles, Cal. Well, Why Not Use Boxes? “T WAS almost dumb- founded when I saw the article in your August issue telling how to build what you call ‘modernistic furni- == ture.” Of all hideous atroci- ties, this insane furniture is the worst. Have we become such slaves to raw efficiency that we must give up all sense of beauty and proportion? Femi- nine fad abolishes curves and lays on the paint. “Modernistic furniture’ follows suit. If this is ‘beauty and utility,’ then a freight car must be ravishing. I’d as soon furnish my home with piles of painted grocery boxes.’’—Veteran Homeworkshopper, Altoona, Pa. “The new furniture you describe has made a hit with me. It has always been my ambi- tion to make pieces of furniture, but always the fine work of moldings, carvings, and so on has been away beyond my modest abilities as a woodworker. The modernistic furniture is something so attractive and yet so simple that _ delight in building it.”—R. D., Peoria, He Was on a Vacation “Wwyaat happened to Old Bill? Was he sick in the hospital? I missed this old fel- low a lot, and I am glad to see him back again in your s to give us more of is valuable shop advice.” —S. E. N., Bridgeport, Conn. Who Can Use These Autos? “TNHERE’S a fortune coming to the man who can discover a way to dispose of wrecked and discarded automobiles. Last year more than 2,000,000 autos were junked in the United States. The New York Street Cleaning De- partment confessed the other day that it was at a loss to get rid of the ugly wrecks left along the roadsides. Junk dealers won't even take them as gifts, saying that the metal in most of them is not worth salvaging. Street cleaners can’t sweep them up and throw them into an ash truck. Mr. Bautz, the secretary of the department, said: ‘You can get rid of every- thing from broken bottles to worn-out brooms, but a junk man laughs when offered a car.’ “T happen to know that other large cities are facing the same problem, and I would like to see some inventor solve it. Yours for cleaning the scrap heaps from roads and countrysides.”—S. K., New York City. A Plea for the Apes “1 HAVE just finished reading ‘City of Apes for Test’ in your magazine and have been stirred to the deep. The knowledge that defenseless and innocent denizens of the jungle are about to be subjected to the atro- cities of man leaves me flat. I want you to inform the authority in charge of the apes to be good to the apes and the reward will be worth while. It is just a matter of survival of the fittest.” —J. M., Riverhurst, Saskatche- wan, Can. They’d Fly a Good Race “T WAS much interested in your article on the speed of birds, but I have heard that bats can go as fast as swallows. Why don’t you look into this?”—D. M. M., Detroit. Every Suggestion Helps | QUITE agree that in stories such as ‘The Movie Maker,’ the mechanical part is all right, but the love is the bunk. Please put in more aviation and unusual facts and ideas.’ —J. W., The Pas, Manitoba, Can. “In your chemistry column, directions for making pieces of useful apparatus would not be amiss now and then.’—L. G., Milford, Mass. *“*T have been a reader of your magazine for years and do not know of any part that I would like changed. I hope you will always keep Herbert Paus as cover designer.’”’— C. L. H., Vernon, Tex. “T like to read of different ideas in the Workshop pages. The more of them the better I like it.’"—H. S., Sheboygan Falls, Wis. C..F. B. is in for It “I HAVE just read what C. F. B. has to say about your article on Galileo and falling bodies. He calls the writer of this article a ‘boob,’ and calls all scientists ignorant. But as a matter of fact it is he who is the ignorant one. It is true that a ball of lead will travel through space faster than a wooden ball; but, C. F. B., do you know why? Because the air currents take the wooden ball. Just try the same thing with two lead balls and watch the result; and next time don’t be so hasty in call- ing scientists fools.” —D. L., Hackensack, N. J. “C. F. B. evidently knows very little about physics. Not only will a ball of lead fall at equal rate of speed with that of a ball of wood, but a feather will do likewise (in a vacuum). This can be demonstrated in any high school laboratory.” —M. H. B., Salisbury, N. C. Why Dollars Die Young ? “TT MAY be true, as you say in the August issue, that the American dollar is grow- ing bigger. No one can well question official figures, which show that the dollar’s buying power ‘is thirteen cents greater than it was in 1920.’ “But why, then, doesn’t the dollar last as long as it did eight years ago? I don’t know what the statistical experts say about it, but the answer seems plain to me. Nowadays we spend money for a lot of necessities which used to be luxuries. More and more invem tions have made people comfortable and happy—but they certainly have made the old dollar leok sick.’’-—N. N., New Brunswick, N, J, A Record Challenged TN YOUR August issue, you speak of the f £ Flying Scotsman as ‘the English locomo- tive that recently made a world’s record non- stop run—between London and Edinburgh, nearly 400 miles.’ If my memory is right, this was not a world’s record, though it has been generally claimed. The record was made away back in 1876 by a Pennsylvania Railroad train with a nonstop run of 448 miles, and it has never been broken.’’—J. A. L., Pittsburgh. To settle the matter, we referred this letter to the Pennsylvania Railroad, and received the fol- lowing reply: “Our Motive Power Department advises that the nonstop run on the Pennsylvania Railroad in 1876, to which your reader refers, was that of the ‘Jarrett and Palmer _ Special,’ which was operated from New York to San Fran- cisco, June Ist to 4th of that year. The run over our company’s lines from New York to Pittsburgh, covering a distance of 438.5 miles, was made on June Ist without a stop, and occupied 10 hours and 18 minutes. This has always been recognized as the world’s record nonstop run. It is important, however, to note that it was a special run, while the trip of the Flying Scotsman, of course, is made regularly daily, so that they are’ not exactly comparable.” Help! Give Him Air! “THE other day I got my hair cut ard the barber, after using the clippers on the back of my neck, blew away the shorn hair with a garlic- laden breath. Can't some of your readers invent a simple compressed air attachment for the clip- pers which will enable me a to get my hair cut in comfort?"—W. A. M, New York City. Yes, It Would “TF A shaft were drilled straight through the earth, if such a thing were possible, and something were dropped into it, would it stop midway between?” —W. T. L., Fort Calhoun, Neb. We Blush with Pride “‘T HAVE the electric set and power ampli-: fier working. It is the best radio I have ever heard. Thanks for your advice in con- structing it.”—A. C. K., West Haven, Conn.” To be shave

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» 1928 _ but owe rhich Ven: and e old N.J. ’ the om0- non- irgh, , this nade road nd it irgh, er to e fol- vises ania fers, rrett cial,’ from h of over from ance hout utes. rid’s ver, trip nade uctly apli- 1ave con-| onn.” POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY ee il In Maywood, Ill. —Hard Water In Newton, Mass. In maywoop, ILLINOIS, the water is 350 hard. You should lather longer if you are in a hard water region to help your Gil- lette Blade to do its usual smooth, sure job. Newron, MASSACHUSETTS, is a paradise for men with tough beards. The hardness of the water there is only 26; your shaving brush foams up quickly; your beard is quickly softened and your Gillette Blade slides smooth as velvet over your face. —Soft Water Gillette Blades shave smoothly, gently, surely—in 48 states! OU know how hard it is to lather with water in Maywood, near Chi- cago. How easy it is in the soft water of Newton, Massachusetts. The Gillette Blade never gets the same shaving job twice, even on the same face. Water, weather, nerves, and sleep and soap all set up special shaving conditions for your next shave. Perhaps you can control them all. Per- haps not. One thing you can count on— that when your face is ready, the Gillette Blade will slide along easily, cleanly, swift- ly, and leave your face refreshed, natural, comfortable. To be sure of a smooth, comfortable shave under any conditions, slip a fresh Gillette Blade in your razor. Gillette puts this dependable “face value” into every blade. Almost half of all Gillette people are skillful inspectors, paid double when they find a single blade that may not do the superb job. And even these people are paid to find mistakes in instru- ments adjusted to hone and strop to one ten-thousandth of an inch. The job that a Gillette Blade must do is tomakean easy,comfortable shave. Whether you hurry or loaf, lather or slap—whether the water is soft or hard, the Gillette Blade must do its part well for every Gillette user. That means eight men out of ten from Maine to San Diego. GILLETTE SAFETY RAZOR CO., BOSTON, U.S. A. Gillette

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eee Fane ee ‘- POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY San-rays flashing from ashield held aloft by a traitor on Mt. Pentelicus was, in 490 B.C., the pre-arran; the Persian fleet was to notified of the absence of the Athenian army. Miltiades, the Athenian general, saw the sig- nal, ted its an marched his troops from Mara- thon in time to successfully defend the city. Factory: Richmond Hill, N. Y. ged signal by which “(ohate hfulness has ever been a wise policy, especially for those of today who through nineteen years have watched the Grebe contribu- tions to the development of radio, and waited for the crowning achievement of the Grebe organization of radio engineers — the Grebe Synchrophase A-C Six. They have thus assured themselves of far more than the convenience of alternating current, light-socket operation, withits relief from bother with batteries. They have, in addition, obtained inimitable Grebe tonal beauty—incomparable range and selectivity ‘& —freedom from A-C hum—maximum volume without distortion and other distinct improve- ments resulting from years of experience and the careful craftsmanship of a staff of radio engineers who could not produce anything but the best- It’s merely a matter of discretion to hear the your final decision. Or send for Booklet P, which fully describes this new receiver. Other Grebe sets and equipment: Grebe Synchrophase Seven A-C, Grebe Syn- chrophase Five, Grebe Natural Speaker _ (Illustrated), Grebe No. 1750 Speaker. CHROP TRADE MAAK RES US PAL OFR Sixt ) RADIO A. H. Grebe & Company, Inc., 109 West 57th Street, New York City Makers of quality radio since 1909 @ This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. Grebe Synchrophase A-C Six before making Western Branch: 443 So. San Pedro Street, Los Angeles, California i world t. dirigibl very ve Germar the mor this fiel in whic! are mos even mi carry m ing hab Britis liners h tion in : that att

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VOL. 113, NO. 4 Surface winds give a ground crew of 300 a battle to “‘walk’’ the Los Angeles into her hangar at Lakehurst, N. J. She was, how- ever, mever in danger. $ * a # ake New Bid to Rule the Air Supremacy of Planes Challenged as Europe Prepares Flying Liners for Trans-Atlantic Service, and U. S. Navy Lays Plans for Two Huge Lighter-than-Air Ships By H. C. Davis HE destruction in the Arctic of General Nobile’s compara- tively small semirigid dirigible balloon the Jtalia emphasizes the fact that there is in the world today only one great Zeppelin-type dirigible in commission. That is the sil- very veteran Los Angeles, built for us by Germany as our trophy of the war. For the moment, the United States dominates this field of aviation; yet this is the year in which newly built lighter-than-air craft are most likely to demonstrate that they, even more than airplanes, are destined to carry mankind into a new phase of travel- ing habits. _ British-built and German-built aerial liners have been rushed toward comple- tion in a race to win for gigantic dirigibles that attention which Lindbergh won last year for winged craft. Lindbergh’s flight was first page news: the transocean flights of this year’s dirigibles will be news for the financial pages as well. Capital now invested in luxurious ocean steamships is about to witness events which may eventually make these invest- ments all but obsolete. Even as this is written, the U. S. Navy is arranging con- tracts for the construction of two. enor- mous dirigibles, of 6,000,000 cubic feet capacity each, at a cost of some $8,000,000. It is an old struggle, this between lighter-than-air and heavier-than-air craft. Which will be most valuable to man? Who is going to answer? Scientists? Manufacturers? Adventurers? Theorists? None of them; but bookkeepers. For the question has resolved itself into that un- compromising unit of transportation au- ditors, the ton-mile cost. After due allowance for speed, which type of aircraft will carry a ton of freight a mile for the least amount of money? More than half the energy expended by an airplane is employed solely to keep the machine in the air. An airship, on the other hand, spends none of its power lift- ing itself or its load. This vital difference is cited by adherents of lighter-than-air machines as the chief reason why dirigible balloons will win the favor of capital for large scale aerial transportation. OREOVER, surprising as it may seem, every increase in the size of airships increases also their operating efficiency; that is, less horsepower is re- quired for each passenger. In airplanes, on the other hand, increase in size de- 13

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14 creases relative efficiency. The freight load that an airplane can sustain in proportion to its weight is less as the size of the plane increases. By way of comparison, the huge three- motored planes which operate between London and Paris re- quire sixty horsepower to each passenger at full load. Yet the new English airship R-100, scheduled to fly to New York late this fall, requires only forty-two horsepower at full load for each of its hundred passengers. N tne R-100 leaves her mooring mast fully fueled she is able to go 4,000 miles without a stop. Forty- eight hours from London to New York on a regular sched- ule is her plan, and the mini- mum fare will be $400—to start! Later it will be less. The Germans who have been completing the L-127 at Fried- richshafen have been making more extravagant claims for their aerial liner, already christened Graf Zeppelin. This dirigible is about half again larger than our Los Angeles, but considerably smaller than POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY sda Se AF eatin «th lit ts AD so AM, re ee TS at af The Graf Zeppelin being christened in her German hangar. The 127th Zeppelin, she is called the best. She is half again larger than the Los Angeles. October, 192g erous enemy of dirigibles, byt who believes that ingenuity will be long in conquering jt? The Italia is simply another expensive lesson in the text. bool: of experience. Not all of the lost dirigibles were victims of dangers culiar to this type of aircraft. Some were shot down by French and British guns. Some were deliberately destroyed after the war by their German custodians to prevent their be. ing surrendered under the Treaty of Versailles. Even go, the final adventures of the jj]. fated dirigibles give a fairly complete record of menaces which airship navigators must guard against. In 1915, the German Zep- pelin Z-10 was struck by lightning and crashed in flames. This lurid fate has over. taken others, but now that the cause has been studied, prob- ably never again will such a the new British airship and little more than half as large as the U. S. Navy’s projected dirigibles. Her claim to superiority is that she can fly without stop for 7,200 miles, or farther than from Berlin to San Francisco. This long-distance cruising ability has been obtained at the expense of passenger carrying capacity. Even more significant is the improved quality of the duralumin in the girders that form her rigid frame. These have been given a strength twenty percent greater than the metal in the hull of the Los Angeles; an improvement accomplished at a sacrifice in lightness, for the new alloy is heavier as well as stronger. In short, the Graf Zeppelin really is a reincarnation of the best fea- tures of all the 126 dirigibles built at Friedrichshafen since 1900, when the first Zeppelin rose in the air. Of these, only the Los Angeles survives; but each of the 125 that have been destroyed is memo- rialized in the latest one by changes of design whose value was learned by dis- aster and experiences less bitter. RE are men who can read but one sign in the catastrophes of the Zep- pelins—that lighter-than-air ships have no important future. Yet half an hour’s conversation with the Zeppelin chief, Dr. Hugo Eckener, should be enough to convert the most dogmatic opponent of such vessels. Dr. Eckener, who brought the Los Angeles from Germany to Lake- hurst, would tell any skeptic that if only 126 airplanes had been built since 1900, there probably would not have been any — that could have served Colonel indbergh on his flight last year. Last of the dirigibles to be destroyed was Nobile’s Jialia. But in recalling that recent tragedy, it is well to remember also that the [talia was a sister ship of the Norge in which Nobile, Amundsen, and Lincoln Ellsworth successfully crossed the Pole from Spitzbergen to Alaska in 1926. After that memorable voyage, the Norge was deflated and packed for shipment home. Though the Italia went to her doom, the Norge made a perfect score. It seems certain that the Italia was wrecked when she lost her buoyancy due to an accumulation of ice on the top of her semirigid bag and dragged her gondolas on the jagged ice below. When the gondolas were torn free the Italia shot skyward out of control. Nobile has expressed the belief that her hydrogen gas was ignited soon after- wards, causing her complete destruction. Ice, then, is one treach- How passengers will board the R-100, big as the Mauretania, over a gangplank from the mooring mast. One of the 275-gallon petrol tanks of the British diri- gible R-100, so light they can be lifted with one hand. The ship is scheduled to visit the United States soon. tragedy occur. The L-10 almost certainly took fire because the bolt struck when some of her sustaining hydrogen gas, highly inflammable, was being valved. Naturally it ignited. Other dirigibles have been struck by lightning and sur- vived. Our Los Angeles, when inflated with helium, is in little danger from lightning or other fire menaces. Helium will not burn. ; N 1919 the British-built dirigible NS-11 ran into a storm over the North Sea, was struck by lightning, and fell in flames. But she was a nonrigid, made purely for war service only, and lacked a metallic skeleton. With fifty Frenchmen aboard, the Diz- mude, surrendered by the Germans to France, was lost in the Mediterranean in 1923, and the cause remains a mystery. The answer probably is that most of the crew lacked the specialized knowledge re- quired to sail the ship. . The loss of America’s Shenandoah, the Dixmude, and the several British dirigibles would be attributed by any German offi- cer of the old Zeppelin fleet to the same For f Zeppe landin duce « easily five ¢ the | and more a les once. regio twist On storn dirigi Once moor was count tion. gentl long teur

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but uity it? ver. t the rob- ch a ri- id. mn. ainly when gas, I ved. zibles | sur- lated from elium October, 1928 lack of experience. When Am- ericans and the British shall have built and handled big dirigibles for twenty-five years the experience factor will not be a problem. Americans, probably, were more impressed with the wreck of the Navy’s American built dirigible Shenandoah in 1925 than by all the other accidents to dirigibles. Critics have con- tended that she was too slen- der, that her ratio of fineness was too great. so the twisting winds over Ohio broke her in two. OMMANDER =§ Zachary Lansdowne and _ thirteen of the crew were lost, but as evidence that the wreck of a dirigible does not mean _ the loss of all hands there is Com- mander C. E. Rosendahl, now in Germany awaiting the flight of the new German ship, who came to earth on a part of the wreckage—the bow half— ihat floated down out of control, but still pos- The r hu - sessed of buoyancy. 40s Anéeles . . and two diri- And with him twenty- gible escorts. For forced landings at sea a Zeppelin can be equipped with landing floats, which greatly re- duce danger of death. See how easily this dirigible is landing. five others survived. The Shenandoah cost the United States $2,950,000 to build, and before she cracked up had cruised more than 30,000 miles. Her fate offered a lesson that needed to be learned but once. Hereafter our dirigibles will avoid regions and seasons of cyclonic and other twisting windstorms. Only when resisting an ordinary wind- storm is a dirigible in danger. Many a ditigible has beaten a storm by riding it. Once the Shenandoah was torn from her mooring mast at Lakehurst, N. J., and was swept away to what an anxious country thought would be her destruc- tion. Instead, she rode that storm as gently as a feather, and throughout a long night her radio operator gave ama- teur wireless operators the details of what POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Chief Boatswains Mate C. C. Dean in the Los Angeles operating the elevator wheel which, by moving the horizontal rudders,-govern altitude. 15 had become a mild adventure. The Shenandoah was out of trouble the instant her nose was torn, setting her free in that element where she was most at home; but what she rode, of course, was a gale and not a twister. The small dirigible of the future may be able to ride on the rim of a cyclone, but the Shenandoah was not built to withstand such a strain. In the same year that the Shenan- doah was destroyed the British R-33 was torn from her mooring mast at Pulham, England, and for thirty hours rode safely on a storm that carried her to Holland with less dis- comfort for her crew than would be suffered by Gloucester fishermen in a blow on the Grand Banks. The R-33 was much like the R-34 in which a crew of British sailors flew from Scotland to Mineola, N. Y., in July, 1919, and then returned. We are too apt to forget the magnificent accomplishment of that round trip over the Atlantic, and remember in- stead the appalling wreck of the ZR-2, another British dirigible, German- built. She was on a trial flight over the Humber River, near London, with a crew that included seventeen Am- ericans and forty-nine British, when she burst into flames. Ap- parently her hydrogen was ig- nited. The ZR-2 was to have been purchased by the United States for $2,000,000. Her cruis- ing radius was estimated at 9,000 miles, farther than from San Francisco to Ma- nila. The airplane for such distance has not been devised. IHUS far, the airplane has had all the advantage of far wider experience and experiment than has the dirigible, al- though when the European war broke out airship development was far ahead of air- plane development. The military need for speed in observation poured a flood of money into the fabrication of swarms of airplanes. Armies of pilots were trained, and the sum of their experiences was woven into the fabric of wings. Dr. Eckener would tell adherents of airplanes that ninety-five percent of all the money spent on aviation has gone for airplanes; and hun- dreds of planes can be fabricated for the price of a single great dir- igible. This means that every single experiment in dirigible bal- loons has been overmatched by thousands of experiments in airplanes. In spite of this disproportion the dirigivle has demonstrated that it can serve men in a way that is not possible for heavier- than-air-craft. In the Graf Zeppelin we have the 127th generation in the line of air giants. And when she leaves the ground she will swim in her natural element with propelling power that is as much of an innovation as was the steam that drove Robert Ful- ton’s first steamboat. This new fuel is etan—a form of hydrogen gas having the weight of air, so that as it is expended there is no longer any necessity for valv- ing away the precious sustaining gases contained in the envelope of the airship. Heretofore, as an airship’s engines have consumed gasoline, it has been necessary to compensate (Continued on page 150)

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os eemacnienat ee S nee NSE 16 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY October, 1928 ew Air Lines Link All Americas LATIN AMERICAN AIR MAIL ‘AND TRANSPORT LINES sy © CURACAO PR, ACa7, O BUCARAMANGA LINES NOW IN OPERATION ee OR TO BE OPENED FEB.1,1929 PROJECTED EXTENSIONS AND PROPOSED AIRWAYS cccccecse ape gunk PORT OF SPAIN GEORGETOWN PARA 1 How aviation brings Latin America within commuting distance of America. A man in Port-au-Prince, five days from New York by boat, will receive a letter the day after it is mailed in the metropolis, Stupendous Project, Equal to the Greatest in Europe, Will Make the Continents Hours Instead of Days Apart OW Central America and the West Indies are to be linked to _ the United States by air. Con- tracts for carrying U. S. air mail to Haiti, Santo Domingo, and Porto Rico over one new route and to Mexico, Central America, and Panama over another have just been awarded to Pan-American Airways, present operator of a Key West-Havana airline, and this company’s fourteen-passenger mono- planes, largest ever built by the Fokker Company, will shortly inaugurate mail and passenger service. The stupendous project dwarfs present American air lines. By 1929 it will be the equal of any great European system such as the French Latecoere Company that serves Europe, Africa, and South America. American and Latin American business interests will be the first gainers. A con- cern in Port-au-Prince, Haiti, almost the geographical center of the West Indies, will receive a New York letter the day after it is mailed, answering it by return plane with similar speed. By steamer this © would take five days each way. The system affords 100-mile-an-hour service to tourists and pleasure seekers. Cuba, Haiti, and Porto Rico, with their popular resorts, are brought within commuting distance of the United States. Colon, Panama, five days out of New Orleans By GROVER C. MUELLER and seven from New York by boat, is but two and a half days from Miami and three from New York by air. Central and South American cities, some of them three weeks away by steamer or train, are brought within a few days’ journey at most. Lastly, an intensely interesting feature of the new lines is the possibility of a complete air hook-up between North and South America, following the stimu- lus it must inevitably give to South American aviation. By the first of January, the Pan- American Airways will commence service via Havana to Mexico, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, and the Canal Zone. Its other route, open by February first, covers all of Cuba, Haiti, Santo Domingo, and Porto Rico—these points also being on the air passenger line of the West Indian Aerial Express. At the Government’s option, both new lines may be extended—the Panama route through South America to Para- maribo, Dutch Guiana; and the Porto Rico route joining it after crossing the Caribbean, at Trinidad, thus completing the “Lindbergh circle” traced by Col. Lindbergh in his Pan-American flight. Also under consideration is the possi- bility of the establishment of a large air- port at Port-au-Prince, Haiti, from which planes could work in conjunction with steamships. It is pointed out that Haiti is now under an American protectorate and that from Port-au-Prince it is possi- ble to reach points on the mainland of the United States, Central America, Panama, and on the north coast of South America with overwater flights of less than 500 miles. Already plans are under way to tie in South America with the new system. On the west coast, an American concern has obtained a franchise for a Peru-U. §. air route, presumably connecting Lima, Peru, and Cristobal, C. Z. Thence south- ward, air travel is sufficiently practical to add significance to Postmaster-General New’s recent statement, “I hope to see the air mail route opened from Boston to Valparaiso, Chile, before I leave my present post in March, 1929.” And a few hundred miles beyond the end of Pan- American Airways’ extension to Guiana, an existing French airline skirts the east- ern coast from Brazil down to Buenos Aires, Argentina. This gap may now be closed. Another important link in South America’s airway system, the Scadta German line whose hydroplanes today supplant tedious river travel in Colombia, will connect directly with the proposed Colon-South America extension, as wi other local airlines. of wl piece: bulb An pictu satisf seems color blue lens o a cyli face | film, : done! Bal pear of pa: new | flesh red a Beau have scree! focus them Bu this 1 of Ge old i photc centl; only resea) pendi mone WI cessfi colors lic, tk in M

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1928 ince, olis, laiti rate )SSi- 1 of ‘ica, uth less e in em. ern = ma, ith- I to eral ston da -an- ina, ast- nos be uth dta day bia, will October, 1928 Secrets of New Color POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY George Eastman (left), 74- year-old inventor of pho- tographic apparatus, points out to Thomas A. Edison (center) and General Pershing the simplicity of the color movie camera. Movies Twenty-five Years of Experiment at Last Make Home Screen Pictures in Natural Hues a Simple Process for Everyone POCH making inventions usual- ly turn out to be astonishingly simple. All the revolutionary developments of radio, for ex- ample, hinge on the discovery of what takes place when three simple pieces of metal are inclosed in a glass bulb and the air is pumped out. And now that the dream of moving pictures in full color at last has been satisfactorily solved we find that it, too, seems almost childishly simple. A plain color screen divided into red, green, and blue sections is placed in front of the lens of the home movie camera, a cylindrically corrugated sur- face is produced on ordinary film, and, presto! the thing is done! Baby’s face that used to ap- pear on the screen as a shade of pasty gray looms up by the new process in a natural, rosy flesh color. His red lips are red and not just black streaks. Beautifully colored flowers have all the vivid hues on the screen that they had when vou focused your movie camera on them in the field. But, simple though it is, this realization of the dream of George Eastman, 74-year- old inventor of cameras and photographic apparatus, re- cently became an actuality only after years of work by research engineers and the ex- penditure of vast sums of money. When the first really suc- cessful home movies in natural colors were shown to the pub- lic, the other day, on a screen in Mr. Eastman’s home at By ROBERT E. MARTIN N ARTICLE in our last month’s issue told how talking pictures are making over the movies. Here Mr. Martin describes another revo- lution— home movies in na- tural colors. For the first time he gives a simple, understand- able explanation of the ingen- ious process perfected after a quarter of a century of ex- periment. Edison in the movies 2.) Aen George Eastman takes a “‘shot”’ at his veteran comrade in invention with a small home movie camera. Rochester, N. Y., it was revealed that they were the product of ten years of dog- ged experiment by John G. Capstaff, a 48-year-old photographic expert in the Eastman Kodak Company Laboratory. As chief assistant to Dr. C. E. Kenneth Mees, director of the Laboratory, it was he also who developed amateur motion pictures in black and white to their pres- ent stage of perfection. Final success in color movies, Mr. Capstaff said, resulted from “‘ knowledge, experience and trying. It was just a case of trying and trying until we finally found the thing we were after. We would work out some ideas successfully and then find ourselves stumped by something else. At least half a dozen times we came to the conclusion that the thing was absolutely im- possible. Sometimes we were about to give it up when something else developed and we tackled it again.” ND yet in its solution the process is such that any- one, grownups and children alike, can take color movies and project them in the living room with little more diffi- culty than operating an or- dinary camera, and with little more expense than in mak- ing black and white home movies. Assuming that ‘you already own a standard type of home movie camera fitted with an F 1.9 lens and you have one of the better grade of projectors, all you will need in addition are comparatively inexpensive

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18 color screens for your camera and projector, and the special film that projects in full color. The special color screens slip on and off the camera and projector like the cover on a pill box. No tools are needed. You don’t have to know any- thing about color photography to get good results. In fact, the proc- ess of taking the pictures and pro- jecting them is the same as when ordinary film is used. The only point you have to remember is that movies in color can be taken only in bright sunlight. If you try to take them on cloudy days or in poor light, the result will be failure. This is because the color screen cuts down the effect of the light on the film. And this decrease in light also explains why it is necessary to use an F 1.9 lens. The fast lens is needed to make up for the use of the color screen. Consequently you cannot take movies in color with the slower lenses, ranging in speed from F 3.5 down. EN Mr. Eastman, twenty- five years ago, set out to de- velop color movies for the amateur photographer, every proposed scheme that showed the least possi- bility had to be investigated. Photography in color, that is, still pic- tures taken with an ordinary camera, has been achieved by a number of different processes, the most successful of which undoubtedly has been Lumiere’s Auto- chrome process, introduced in 1907. In this process a layer of red, green, and blue starch grains were placed on the plate under the sensitive emulsion and the plate was exposed with the glass back toward the lens. Thus, the image was passed through the colored starch grains and each grain allowed the light to regis- ter only in proportion to the amount of that particular color there was in the ray. After development and reversal, the plates were transparencies in full color. In 1908 G. A. Smith and C. Urban in- troduced a system for taking and project- ing colored moving pictures which con- sisted, essentially, of a way of speeding up the taking and projection from sixteen pictures a second, the normal speed, to thirty a second. Every other picture was taken and projected through an orange-red glass and the alternate ones through a blue-green glass. This system had disadvantages which were never overcome. One of the chief of these was that while an object such as a human arm was reproduced with a color closely ap- proximating true flesh while the arm re- mained stationary, if the arm moved rap- idly it appeared on the screen as a series of vivid red and green flashes. F COURSE, many other methods have been proposed for making both still and motion picture photographs in color. Many looked good theoretically, but could not be realized practically. The final success is an interesting de- velopment of a process invented in France and covered by patents in the United States as well as in many foreign countries. The original working out of the patented idea was, however, so com- POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Dr. C. E. K. Mees, direc- tor of the Eastman Re- search Laboratory, exam- ines the color filter of the new camera developed un- der his supervision. Top: How the color filter fits over the camera lens. Left: A strip of the color film. plicated and impractical that it had not been a commercial success. As everyone knows, a motion picture is merely a succession of still pictures projected on the screen one after the other so rapidly that the human eye is deceived and the illusion of motion is created. The new Eastman color process is mechanically simple to understand if you have an elementary knowledge of the RED APPLE BLUE FLOWER GREEN LEAF ‘ ' SECTIONAL COLOR FILTER a ONLY BLUE RAYS GO THROUGH ONLY RED RAYS FILTER THROUGH TO FILM ONLY GREEN RAYS FILTER THROUGH _ TO FILM CORRUGATED ~~=_2# ; FILM SENSITIVE. EMULSION Diagram showing the new process of \é registering color images with corru- gated film, as explained in this article. October, 1928 action of a lens in producing an image on a plate or a see. tion of motion picture film, Without going into the technicalities of the high speed anastigmat lens, you can a pretty good idea of the gen- eral action of a lens and the basic principle of movies jn color by a few simple experi- ments with an ordinary mag. nifying glass, which is a simple form of lens. If you hold this lens between a piece of paper and the window and move it back and forth, you will find a posi- tion for the glass where a small image of the window is produced on the white paper. If you leave the lens in that position and hold another piece of paper so that it covers up a third of the lens, the small image on the paper back of the lens will become weaker, though still complete. The paper covering part of the lens does not cut off part of the image of window; it simply reduces the amount of light that forms it. In other words, light from each point of the window is striking every point of the lens, and all these rays of light are bent by the lens so that they come together back of it to form the cor- responding part of the image on the paper. Each point on the paper is, there- fore, receiving light through every part of the lens. If you should place in front of the lens a screen divided into approximately equivalent red, green, and blue sections, the image on the paper back of the screen still would appear white because the rays through the colored sections would join to form points of white light. Similarly, if you placed a colored screen in front of the lens of your home ’ movie camera and used ordinary film in it, you would get the usual black and white picture. IHE special film for taking colored movies differs from regular film only in that on the side opposite the sensitive emulsion which registers the picture, the surface of the celluloid is corrugated lengthwise of the strip of film with a continuous row of cylindrically shaped ribs, pressed in manufacture with a steel die. The surface is, in fact, like ordinary corrugated paper except that the ribs are truly circular in contour and there are 559 of them to the inch, each in effect a tiny lens. The film is placed in the camera back- side foremost so that the ribbed surface faces the lens. The light therefore has to travel through these ribs to reach the sensitive layer of silver salts that records the picture. The curvature of the surface of each rib is so calculated that the tiny lens which it forms is focused on the lens of the camera. This means that if the cam- era were held up to the light and you looked at the film with a powerful magnifying glass you would see an image of the lens under each rib on the film. If the sectional color filter were in place you would see red at one side, green in the middle, and blue at the other. Of course, a cylin- drical lens only focuses in one plane, so that each (Continued on page 158) ,

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" getober, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY f . 1928 ucing | r e Colorado Spanned at Last m. the speed y " ; j CS Engineers Ingeniously Reach Across a 500-Foot Canyon 1 the 7 ~ . . 7 = to Bridge a Tourist Highway into a Painted Wonderland peri- mag- ro By ELLSWORTH BENNETT aper ve it —* . , wad. i, ee ae Next, to build the second half, nage en cee e the engineers erected a tower on se across the prvi the Coleus ~ i “te wa wees rc an} ; wees and from it ran cables e ther River. —- — Pag poe the north rim, providing means of ups sheer walls o arble Gorge to transporting workmen and ma- an the turbulent stream 500 feet be- terials to the opposite side. Mei: ee P ne a there y ob perry half of the Fe spectacle of scenic grandeur and first. "Face, ot oe a A dow; gal — ement unsur- two projecting ends were firmly — pall summer sure-footed steel pe peng ee eee a f ner Ss ed span. workers, exiled in the gorgeous Th i wos | g e perilous task demanded - » tegge a — the —— extraordinary skill and nerve. they “ , . eo es — “ near One slip meant almost instant pen “ef own, 7 craw e i. ov vad death. One of the men, LaFayette the a =, -" —_— = in es McDonald, of Kansas City, lost ae, Sesens and girders. Din of rivet Soom ite the cia See : t re rt of ing hammers has shattered a vast which kon claiesed seni we on — since the begin- adventurous explorer and pros- ‘a “4 e t a tely _Now the bridge nears comple- iia ne as a bey —— bo HE completed bridge is 616 rays cone ge omg oO is- feet long. It will open to tole - ce - ~ e — a s tourist travel a magnificent region — _ open a highway from in the northwest corner of Arizona il . —- — a oo and across the border into Utah. pian me c ; “ 0 ore has been known Among the scenic beauties of this = te 0 _* bes — sonia 4 lonely land are Bryce Canyon, oat Ph “ g ha remar e for Zion Canyon, Kaibab Forest, e fact that the build- Cedar Breaks, and the Vermilion ers, to —_ bs — Cliffs. Heretofore the only means ored og 4 _ pt . of reaching it has been by means only = ei | more accessible the re- : - on “iL = on the , «iii gion south of the canyon, i heal a _ they con- including the Petrified ry halt oi = Forest, Rainbow Bridge, } oui Std one bay: = and the Hopi villages. j you oat ef a o the Of the $330,000 cost of ful _ adh e canyon. the bridge, $100,000 was ~ ee precariously appropriated from the a = alf was prevented tribal funds of the Nav- eee aaa. e 1 at - athers were the first to struction b j i — cables an oe d ae beset pene a = structure nearing completion. On the projecting end, which ~~ P oo | | solid rock pe gets s bui eet into space to the middle of the canyon, was erected a tower from ba y' : ane, which supply cables were stretched to the inaccessible opposite rim of the canyon. precipices. 158) | . i

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A@l photographs by courtesy of Dr. H. L. Shapiro, R. H. Beck, and the American Museum of Natural History. ETURNING from one of the strangest quests in modern science, Dr. H. L. Shapiro, anthropol- ogist at the American Mu- seum of Natural History, brought to America, not long ago, fresh facts about the mysterious laws that govern the birth and destiny of hu- man beings. On a tiny dot of land in the South Pacific, Pitcairn Island, he had visited the most amazing colony in the world. A century and a half ago, nine mutineers wrecked their stolen ship on this uninhabited island and, land- ing their native wives, set up a fantastic little kingdom, isolated from the world! In the years that followed, their de- scendants, all closely related, intermar- ried generation after generation. Now they number nearly a thousand, and the unique register of births and marriages, carefully kept from the beginning, is the only complete record of a long time ex- periment in human inbreeding, or the marriage between near blood relations. It was this document, and the children of six gen- erations of such matings, that Dr. Shapiro journeyed POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY October, 192g y South Sea Colony ‘ Facts About HE Amazing Adventures of Nine “Robinson Crusoes” and Their Native Wives on an Un- inhabited South Sea Island Have Altered Age- Old Scientific Beliefs. From Their Descendants There Dr. H. L. Shapiro, Eminent Anthropologist, Some descendants of the Bounty mutineers gathering for dedication of the Methodist Church on Pitcairn Island. All of them are blood relatives. so far to see. And his investigation has cast doubt on the belief, centuries old, that children of closely related parents are always defective. HE story of this unique colony that is altering our understanding of the laws of heredity goes back to the night of April 28, 1778, when H.M.S. Bounty was plowing homeward through the phos- phorescent waters of the South Seas after six months of gathering breadfruit plants in the Polynesian Islands to introduce Has Discovered Upsetting Results of Marriage Among Relatives Facts About the into the West Indies, After the easy life of the tropical islands, the crew had grown sullen under the discipline of Captain William Bligh, hard-fisted driver of the sea. S HE slept a hand- ful of desperate men crept down the dark companionway from the afterdeck, crashed into his cabin with cutlasses and muskets, — threatened his life, and seized the ship. Bligh with eight- een of the crew were cut adriftinasmall boat in waters that washed only the inhospitable shores of near-by can- nibal islands. Then the mutineers sailed back to the friendly natives of Tahiti. Harried by fear of the vengeance they knew would try to hunt them down when the news of their crime reached England, nine of the mutineers decided upon a desperate plan. With their native wives and six native men, three of them mar- ried, they boarded the Bounty and with a few tools and provisions, some chickens, and a pair of goats, sailed out of the world of men forever. Five hundred leagues south and east they sighted, in the middle of the southern Pacific, a speck of land a mile and a half long, far off the track of ships and men. Here they ran the Bounty These photographs, published by courtesy of Dr. H. L. Shapiro and the American Museum of Natural History, show various types of descendants in fourth and fifth generations of the Bounty mutineers and their Tahitian wives. All were taken on Pitcairn Island.

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lies, 2 of the lien e of am ted ind- rate the way eck, ibin nd ned the zhit- vere oat hed ible ‘an- the ack hey hen nd, la ves lar- ha ns, rid “ast ern la ‘off en, nty Heredity By EDWIN W. TEALE | - } ’ aground, set fire to the ves- sel to destroy all trace, and became voluntary Robin- son Crusoes on the de- serted island; but, unlike Robinson Crusoe, none ever of she returned to civilization, {\'ie we. even after the world found ¢ it years later. Thus began, a hundred and fifty years ago, the amazing colony that Dr. Shapiro set out to study. For centuries an accepted law of genetics had been that close relationship in parents meant weakened and de- fectivechildren, by this law the five or six generations of near kin that had been inter- marrying should have become a race of defectives. Instead, ship surgeons who stopped at the is- land noted the uniform brightness and health of the children. Sturdy young men could carry more than six hundred pounds and one lifted, single-hand- ed, a twenty-eight- foot boat to his shoulders. All were described as mentally alert and morally strong. At first little at- tention was paid to these mystifying reports that drifted out to the world of science. Then, about the beginning of the present century, the buried papers of Gregor Mendel, a thin- lipped Augustinian monk who had learned new facts about heredity from his pea- garden in the monastery yard at Brunn, Austria, came to light. They brought a revolution in the study of genetics and men began to challenge with new tests many of the accepted ideas of the past. T HARVARD University, Dr. Wil- liam E. Castle, of the Zodlogy De- partment, began mating brother and sister fruit-flies and after fifty generations found no decrease in their size or fertility. Then, more recently, Dr. Helen Dean King, of the Wistar Institute in Philadel- phia, mated white rats for nearly six years, generation after generation, with A Pitcairn picnic. “Uncle” Cornish, the bearded man, is a grandson of a mutineer. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY close blood-relatives, and a high percentage of the offspring were strong and healthy. Tests with guinea pigs by Dr. Sewall Wright, in charge of animal genetics at the U. S. Department of Agriculture’s Wash- ington, D. C., labora- tory, had similar re- sults. More men began to question the age- old theory. Some sci- entists pointed to the gypsy moth which, introduced into New England in small numbers, had spread rapidly. Its mat- ings must have been between close rela- tives. However, neither fruit-flies nor white rats nor guinea pigs are men. Only by observing an experiment with men them- selves could any genetic laws, as applied to them, be determined—and to see the results of such an experiment Dr. Shapiro set forth for Pitcairn Island. He found that this tiny, voleanic rock had been a human experimental labora- tory for a century and a half, and how its record came to be written is part of the astonishing drama enacted after the blazing hull of the Bounty went down. In makeshift tents of sailcloth the ref- ugees spent a restless first night, fearing possible attack by natives hiding in the hills. But next morning search parties scouring the island found no life but that A Pitcairn Island home of the present day. Wood construction and the tropical thatched roof suggest the European-Tahitian ancestry of the owners. —— of sea birds, a rat, and a small lizard. Now the island was divided into nine equal parts, each white man taking one. Houses were built of bamboo poles and thatched with palm leaves. In a primitive way the settlers began cultivation of the red soil, of volcanic origin, which they found fertile. In the hills, away from the coast, a tree was discovered which they called the “cloth tree.” When they pounded up the wood it yielded long, tough fibers, which they wove into a fab- ric not unlike linen and made into crude fish nets which replenished their supply of food. eran: fish and the fruits and crops of the island, they found bird’s eggs on the cliffs. On special occasions, they roasted a whole pig, Tahitian fashion, burying it in a pit and covering it over with a mat of leaves. The recording of time was so important that the first child born was named “Thursday October,” because it came on that day of the week in that month! For a short time all went well; then came disasters and dissensions. One muti- neer lost his wife, who slipped into the sea while gathering eggs on the cliffs. He demanded the wife of a native, bringing a revolt in which the natives ambushed and killed five white men before they in turn were slain. One of the remaining men had worked in a Scotch distillery and found that from the native “ti plant” an intoxicating drink could be made. He leaped from a cliff in a drunken delirium. Two of the men left murdered the third and one died of asthma. (Continued on page 174)

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY October, 1928 Sein Kenlon—Fire Fighter Amillion dollar warehouse fire under such headway that merely to save the adjoining property would be victory. 2a N IRE in mid-ocean! _ A flame-crazed bolt of lightning had just splintered the topgal- lant mast of the clipper ship, Santa Anna, reeling up the east coast of South America after a frightful passage around Cape Horn. Exhausted from her battle with icy hurri- canes, the Santa Anna now rolled like a blaz- ing barrel in an Ant- arctic thunderstorm twelve hundred miles off her course. The fatal bolt, riding down the mast and pene- trating the sail-locker, had made the stores of tar and canvas a roar- ing bonfire, menacing ship and crew with swift extinction! With white faces, officers and men alike gazed on the appalling sight — but their dis- may was not allowed to endure. For instantly a young officer sprang forward with the crisp commands of an in- stinctive leader that rose above the gale: “Starboard watch, haul out the burning gear! Pitch it over- board! Port watch, man the firebuckets! Bos’n, rig the pump! Lend a hand, men.” John Kenlon, aged 68, who has spent 50 years as a fire fighter. The story of his experiences, related here by Mr. Robinson, is the first of an interesting series, which will deal with deeds of unusual men. Before his subordinates could act the young mate leaped into the burning locker and ran with a flaming sheet of canvas to the side of the ship. His hands seared and bleeding, he went back for more again and again, and the crew, spurred by his example, followed until the last blazing sheet had been hurled into the mountain- ous sea HIS was John Kenlon’s answer, at the age of twenty, to the most perilous challenge a sailor can meet. Choke it with your bare hands! And today that same fire-killing instinct makes him Chief of the New York Fire Department, one of the most picturesque and efficient fire fighters in the world. John Kenlon moves and speaks like a man who has spent his life in danger. Skippers of transatlantic liners, engineers The Thrilling Story of Modern Combat with Flames, as Seen by New York’s Great Veteran Chief By HENRY MORTON ROBINSON Not from his office does Chief Kenlon direct his fire fighters. Here he is ‘‘on the job.” of crack locomotives have much the same cool bearing that John Kenlon displays in ordering his men out of a doomed building or directing a million gallons of water a minute at a skyscraper volcano. You: feel that this man has met and conquered all the hazards of fire and flood. And he has. He has reefed sails in Antarctic twisters, climbed to a hundred deaths up willowy masts and wind-shaken extension ladders, clung to bucking helms and hose lines while face and hands were caked with icy spray. ANGER is his “dish” and at sixty- eight, after nearly fifty years of fire- fighting, he is still hungry for more. Ata recent warehouse fire, a 3-inch hose line broke from two firemen and like a maddened boa-constrictor flailed wildly about, knocking down a dozen men who tried to capture it. Kenlon flung himself at the berserker nozzle, seized it in both hands, and forced it to submission. The next day, two very humble firemen were down at headquarters taking a lesson in line handling from a white- haired man. A departmental tradition that John Kenlon is at his best in an emergency arose from his repeated feats of daring in the old “quick-burner” tenement-house fires, where hair-trigger thought and ac- tion were necessary. Once at a vicious tenement fire the extension ladders could not quite reach the roof of a pent-house where a mother and her three children had fled. It was the worst possible place for them to go, and speedy cremation seemed to be their only fate. Scaling- ladder in hand, Jack Kenlon went up the rickety rain-spout like a cat, “gaffed”

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ty- re- ta ine elf October, 1928 the wooden gutter with the end of his scaling hook, and hung suspended while the flames crisped the soles of his boots. He coaxed mother and children to the edge of the roof and then, wrapping his legs around the scaling hook, tossed them one by one to a comrade on a ladder below. They lived because Jack Kenlon could function efficiently with his hands and head while hanging on for dear life with his toes. His fourteen years’ knowledge of sea- manship had aided him a thousand times in fighting New York fires. Incidentally, his first experience as a rookie fireman was with a marine blaze, a week after his assignment to Engine Company 3. A schooner was enveloped in greasy smoke, but no one could locate its source. Rookie Kenlon had a hunch and, awaiting no orders, seized a line and made his way to the starboard coal bunkers. There he was found by his chief, using the hose like aveteran. It was a long time before he could overcome his desire to extinguish every fire single-handed . . . , a desire he still must fight to resist. OM the time of that bunker fire, Jack Kenlon’s fire fighting wisdom grew until he was put in charge of all fire- boats in New York Harbor. But in his i | . ft a ‘ * “ - POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY earliest years he had experiences that bewilder the sober listener. At the height of the historic blizzard of 1888 Kenlon’s en- gine company was blocked in the mountainous snow drifts. Seizing his stoker’s shovel, Kenlon led his men in shoveling, tugging and haul- ing until they ar- rived -within 300 vards of the fire— when the engine pole snapped. Af- ter rustling up hose enough for the re- maining distance Kenlon discovered that the hydrants were frozen stiff. Once more he re- sorted to an old maritime _ trick, and pumped steam through to thaw them out. And Firemen under Chief Kenlon subduing a fire near the Battery which threatened all downtown New York. Cheating flames of their prey. Fifty men, women, and girls, many overcome and burned, carried from a blazing factory. after that for thirty-six hours Kenlon and his company remained on duty without food or rest. But before piling up a hundred more such in- cidents, it might be well to glance briefly at Ken- lon’s earlier experiences on the high seas. At the age of 13 he worked for ten cents a day in the little seaport village of Annagassan, Ireland, and from the tail of the plow he followed he could see the tall-masted brigantines sweeping proudly past on an out- bound cruise. He longed for the adventure and freedom they offered, and so at last he left the plow at the end of a - furrow and ran away to sea. E SERVED his ap- prenticeship in the forecastle of many an Irish coastal schooner at a deckhand’s monoto- nous toil, saving from his meager pay until he could buy a full set of navigating instruments and teach himself the art. So at twenty he was First Officer of the Santa Anna, and at twenty-one com- manded clipper ships sailing out of Liverpool. But in those piping days of wooden ships and iron men, sails were just going out and steam just coming in, so John Kenlon now bent his energies to the new study and was soon officering steamers on the old Guion Line, crossing the Atlantic in eight days. To this day Chief Kenlon holds papers entitling him to command the engine room of almost any ocean steamship. In spite of his amaz- ing success, John Ken- lon was not entirely happy as he ap- proached his twenty- fifth birthday. A sweet complication had en- tered his life in the shape of a charming colleen who had just emigrated to America. Everything within the young sailor cried out for a permanent home and domestic happi- ness, but he also knew that he must find a shore occupation to satisfy his adventurous spirit and equal his tre- mendous physical en- ergy. Thus when he came to America in 1885 he chose _fire- fighting as his life work. He not only hated fire, but had a special talent to com- bat it, hence his genius has been one of the happiest chapters in the history of New York City. E PASSED the Fire Department examinations in 1887, and thereafter every promotional test the department could give 23

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The Equitable fire, where Kenlon saved a billion in securities and risked his life. until he won his present rank of Chief in the open competitive examinations fol- lowing the death of his great predecessor, Ed. Croker, in 1911. Heroism, long service, PLUS a wider knowledge of fire fighting than that of any other living man placed John Kenlon where he is. And it’s been that PLUS that has kept him there for 17 years. Even his political enemies (and he has plenty) admit John Kenlon has no peer when lives and property are at stake in a great conflagration. There have been hundreds of such con- flagrations in Kenlon’s long service, but the Chief himself admits that the ghastliest was the burning of the Park Avenue Hotel in 1902. The fire started in the 7lst Regiment Armory at 34th Street and Park Avenue and when the engines rolled up, the exploding ammuni- tion stores sounded like a military bom- bardment. Kenlon, then a captain, was ordered to protect the Fourth Avenue car barns to the rear of the Armory. He and his men must drag their lines across the great trench of the Fourth Avenue sub- way which was just being dug, and in that trench lay 6,000 pounds of dyna- mite, exposed to the showers of sparks and embers. But Kenlon led his men across on narrow planks and with them battled for six hours in momentary danger of being blown to atoms. EFORE long, traveling sparks did their work and the top stories of the hotel opposite the Armory burst into flame. Hundreds of guests in the lobby and lower floors were unaware that others above were being roasted to death and when Kenlon and his company, first to enter the doomed hotel, appeared with their axes,they were laughingly asked, ‘“‘Where’s the fire?’ One can imagine Kenlon’s contemptuous glance as he and his men rushed by. There were no jokers on the fifth floor. In smoke so dense that many of the staunch- est firemen were overcome, Death stalked up and down the corridor, snatching terrified victims from the very hands of their rescuers. On hands and knees Kenlon groped his way along the smoke- filled hallways, littered with the bodies of men and women who POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY had fled from the com- parative safety of their rooms into the draughty passageways, there to perish. Escape was impossible by ele- vators or stairways, lanes choked with dead or blocked by walls of flame. A crowd of pan- icky guests screamed at the northern end of the corridor. What was to be done? Ken- yo ag BPs. The Equitable just before it collapsed, killing Deputy Chief Walsh as Chief Kenlon was on the way to save him. lon’s mind, always sharpened by danger, was at its best. Ordering the guests into Room 506 on the Park Avenue side, he closed the door to prevent a draught and thrusting his head out a window, at- tracted the attention of his comrades in Another of the almost insuperable difficulties Kenlon overcame to beat the Equitable fire and save the financial district, In the zero weather steam fire engines were frozen. October, 1923 the street below. A ladder was quickly raised, and the endangered guests were carried down in safety. Kenlon returned to the blazing corridor, now a veritable blow-pipe of flame, but his search found no more living men or women Now, just as the door of Room 506 was blown in by the expanding heat, he sought the window and made his way down the ladder. Twenty lives were lost, but the number must have been doubled or more but for Kenlon’s instantaneous strategy. This ready strategy never had a better chance to display itself than in the Equitable fire of January 5, 1912, when Kenlon, Chief only a few weeks, met his first real test as a fire general. He was awakened at 5 A. M. and in less than two minutes had covered the mile and a half from his headquarters to the heart of the financial district, The Equitable Life Assurance Building, covering a whole block between Cedar, Pine and Nassau Streets, threatened the city like a gigantic torch. NTERING the burning building from Pine Street, Kenlon climbed to the sixth floor, where the fire was at its peak, and calmly surveyed his battle ground. Within thirty seconds he formed his plan of attack! And from that plan he never deviated. He saw three stakes, each richer than the last, were being played for. First, the fire must be hemmed in, confined to the interior of the building. If the flames leapt across narrow Nassau Street, they would take the richest spoils the financial world could offer. Next, the billion dollars worth of se- curities in the main vault of the Equitable Building must be protected. And, more impor- tant than either, hundreds of night-workers must be warned and taken in safety from the building. Six alarms brought rolling up the finest fire fighting equipment in the world and all eyes were on the new Chief to see what he would do with it. He threw twelve hose companies into the Equitable interior, and ordered heavy streams poured from the tops of all surrounding buildings. Water Tower No. 1 was to pump a thousand gallons of water a minute into the Pine Street side of the fire; Tower No. 2 was placed directly in line with the Equitable centre. In short, Kenlon threw a complete water curtain around the fire, thus balking its attempts to spread flaming deso- lation throughout New York. Midway in the battle a new ele- ment of danger appeared. The gale increased to seventy miles an hour and the mercury fell like a plummet. The fire gained. Blocks of granite, loosened by the terrific heat, crashed from the cornices and windows. Kenlon knew the intense heat was attack- ingtheun- (Continued on page 167)

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» 1928 ickly were rhed ‘able und just n by dow Ider, nber t for etter the y 9, only real was d in had half . the rict. ance hole and 1 the ning reet, sixth t its 1 his uirty n of plan each eing nust » the the rrOW take rcial the se- It of st be por- ls of rned z. the the thief He the ered the ngs. ump er 2 side was the nlon tain s its eso- ele- The riles like ned, the the nion ack- 167) October, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 25 Magic Cell Works New Marvels An Expert Tells How Photo-Electric “Eyes” Bring Television Nearer and Promise to Harness the Sun NE sunny afternoon a few weeks ago a young man stood on the roof of a building in New York City waving a tennis racket in the air. He might have been doing his daily dozen, but he wasn’t. He was exercising an eye—not his own eye, but the newest eye of science; the one that promises to make television really useful. In a room of the Bell Telephone Laboratories a few floors below, visitors saw a virtually perfect image of the sunlit athlete swing- ing his racket. It was the demon- stration of a supersensitive photo- electric cell, which for the first time makes possible the transmis- sion of scenes illuminated by natural sunlight. Television has been handicapped by the fact that natural illumina- tion, even natural sunlight, was too weak for photo-electric cells. Pow- erful searchlights, or still more powerful pencil-thin light rays moving rapidly back and forth over the scene, were used. What Dr. Herbert E. Ives and his associates in the Bell Telephone Laboratories did was to make electric eyes more sensitive. T ABOUT the same time a German in- ventor, Professor Karo- lus, developed another new electric eye, capable of doubling the speed of translating impulses of light and shadow into corresponding __ electric impulses, and transmit- ting them. Heretofore the highest speed of tele- vision apparatus has been about 40,000 impulses a second, resulting in a motion picture only two inches square. Professor Karolus now claims to transmit 80,000 impulses a second, pro- ducing a motion picture three and a half inches square. Shortly afterward came another tri- umph for the photo-electric cell when Westinghouse engineers transmitted ra- dio motion pictures two miles, using new apparatus Eadoed by Dr. Frank Con- rad, Assistant Chief Engineer of the com- pany. It was announced that motion pic- ture broadcasting would begin soon. Five years ago photo-electric cells were almost unknown. Today, connected with enumerating machines, they count By EK. i. FREE ing this task to photo-electric cells. Even the giving of vision to the blind and the catching of power from wasted sunlight are problems that scientific men expect these cells will help them solve. There are photo-electric cells larger than a man’s head; great, staring globes of silvered glass with pupil- like windows in front as though they were fossil eyes of some gigantic Cyclops. Others look like overgrown, half-transparent sausages. Some are smaller than a peanut. It is possible to make them no larger than a pea. All have the same essential secret. They can transmute light into electricity. OU might mistake one of the common kinds for an ordinary radio vacuum tube. There are the same sealed glass bulb and hard rubber base and metal terminals and a similar set of metal plates and wires inside. One of these inner plates, sometimes merely a thin coat of potassium, rubidium, or other metal on the in- side of the glass, is the Broadcasting a daylight scene by television for the first time—an achievement that was made possible through the development by Dr. Herbert E. Ives and his associ- ates in the Bell Tel:phone Laboratories of a new supersensitive photo-electric cell. The upper illustration shows Dr. Ives holding a cell that is used in television. traffic on the streets and number paper boxes as they roll out of the machines that make them. Others measure day- light or take note of clouds that drift across the sky. Still others work the “sunburn meter” that tells you each day how strongly the sunlight is charged with ultra-violet rays. Another cell transmutes the frozen sounds of the talking motion picture into words. Jn chemical laboratories electric eyes follow the progress of reactions. Astrono- mers, wearied with long hours of gluing their eyes to telescopes, are fast relegat- heart of the cell. It is a kind of henroost for electrons from which, like birds on a tree-limb, they can be scared off by light. Electrons, of course, are inside everything, for they help to make up the atoms of matter. Usually they stay inside, which is well, for the few substances like radium which do emit them spontaneously are un- pleasant companions. A small bit of radium car- ried in a pocket will burn into your body a hole which may not heal for years. But sometimes man desires the electrons to escape. Radio is made possible, for example, only because electrons fly out by millions when the filaments of vacuum tubes are heated. An electric battery drives forth its electrons chemically. A dynamo flogs them with magnetic forces and pumps them around through its wires. The photo-electric cell, luring them out with light rays, is a light-ray dynamo. Like so many other important scien- tific events, the discovery of this dynamo was accidental. The famous German physicist, Professor Heinrich Hertz, dis-

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26 coverer of the electric waves now used in radio, noticed that when an arc lamp was illuminated by rays of ultra-violet light from another lamp near by the electricity passing through it was in- creased. If two or three open electric arcs, like the old-fashioned street lamps, were placed side by side, all of them burned more powerfully and consumed more electricity. Another German physicist, Dr. W. Hallwachs, traced this common fact to the emission of electricity from one of the metal rods used in the ares. This was in 1888, and the electron had not yet been discovered, so all that Dr. Ha'lwachs knew was that electricity escaped. But the development of the marvelous photo- electric cells of the present day is directly traceable to his experiments. Photo-electric cells must not be con- fused with the often-mentioned selenium cells, made of wires or plates of that semi- metallic element. What happens to selenium when light falls on it under proper conditions is that its resistance to the passage of an electric current decreases. Se- lenium cells can be used for some of the light-detecting and light- measuring duties of the true photo-electric cells, but most modern experimenters consider them less suitable. HE present widespread use of photo-electric cells has been made possible in great measure by the development of modern radio amplifiers. The records of sounds, for example, which constitute the talking motion pictures are usu- ally printed photographically on the edge of the motion picture film as tiny light and dark cross lines or lines of tiny waves. A slender beam of light is sent through this succession of lines. As the film runs on, this beam varies in strength when it passes a dark mark or a light one. It then enters a photo-electric cell which converts these light varia- tions into electric ones, just as sounds themselves produce tiny electric vibra- tions in the micro- phone of a broad- casting station. But amplifiers are necessary to magni- fy the feeble photo- electric currents thousands of times until they roll out in powerful volumes of sound to fill the largest theater. R. D. C. STOCKBARGER, of the Massachusetts Institute of Tech- nology, has used combinations of photo- electric cells and amplifiers to telephone over a beam of light just as one ordinarily telephones over a wire—a procedure con- ceivably of much use in warfare, for communications could be sent over the beam of a searchlight and could not be read by the enemy. In my own laboratory we have a hoto-electric organ, built by Dr. Norman Hlilberry and C. A. Johnson and first demonstrated before the New York ’ POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Electrical Society. A beam of light is interrupted at regular intervals by pass- ing it through holes in a rotating metal disk. This beam then enters a photo- electric cell, which emits a musical note fixed by the number of interruptions each second in the light beam. Few real organs produce more perfect or beautiful tones. For the photo-electric burglar alarms so often suggested beams of light shine into concealed photo-electric cells. Let an intruder step between and promptly a signal goes to the attached electric amplifiers and an alarm sounds. If de- sired, such devices could be arranged to emit poison gas in front of a safe or to shoot down an intruder without waiting for the police to arrive. C. A. Johnson has developed a photo-electric timing device for races which is started and stopped automatically by contestants’ shadows at the start and finish lines to . This photo-electric cell is so sensitive that it will note the passing of the faintest cloud and set in operation a needle to record it on a weather chart. an accuracy of a hundredth of ‘a second as against a tenth of a second—the best attainable with a stop watch. Even greater accuracy is possible, for Drs. E. O. Lawrence and J. W. Beams have proved in the Yale University labora- tories that the electrons respond three billionths of a second after the light ray strikes the cell. Other arrangements of photo-electric cells, light rays, and amplifiers have been used in industry to ring a bell when the mercury of a thermometer rises to a given point, when a light spot reflected from any electric measuring instrument reaches a certain mark, and when fac- tory smoke is denser than health laws permit. A photo-electric cell apparatus for measuring the light-transmit- ting properties of ornamental glass globes for street lamps—in use by General Electric Company. Two extremes in photo-electric cells—the eleven-inch bulb made by L. T. Garner, University of Illinois, is said to be the world’s largest. The other cell is an ordinary-sized one, The density of smoke can even be measured; for the blacker it is, the less light it will let into the cell and the less electricity the cell will produce. Another application is the day- light meter; its cell is pointed at the sky instead of at a smoke- stack. At the General Electric Companiy laboratory at Schenec- tady, New York, Dr. L. R. Koller records every passing cloud on a chart attached to a photo-electric eye. HE proportion of the health- ful, invisible ultra-violet rays in sunlight and in ultra-violet lamps can now be determined by a special variety of photo-electric cell, and Dr. R. C. Burt, of Pasadena, Calif., uses the cell in a “‘sunburn meter” to determine how sensitive any person is to the sun’s rays. The General Electric Company uses the cell in tests to measure light of many kinds of lamps and to ascertain how much illumina- tion passes through various types of ornamental globes. Thickness and transparency of cloth and paper and even shades of color are also measured in the mills by the cell, and with the colorimeter, de- vised by Professor A. C. Hardy, of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, manufacturers can measure exact shades of color in dyes and dyed materials, and packers can sort fruits according to ripe- ness as indicated by color. No less an authority than Dr. Ives suggests the possibility of catching the enormous energy of sunlight in giant solar dynamos working on the photo- electric principle, providing vastly more power than the world will ever need. Even more interesting, because more definitely jn sight, is the possibility that photo-electric devices may enable blind persons to read ordinary type ““‘by ear.” Each letter of a page, scanned by the photo-electric eye, would be translated automatically into a recognizable com- bination of sounds. If these remarkable cells did that and never anything more, it would justify their claim as one of the greatest gifts of science to mankind.

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October, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 27 A Mystery of the Blood Solved Experiments Show That the Heart Pumps Five and One Half Quarts Through the Human Body Every Minute By GEORGE LEE DOWD, JR. PUZZLE of physiology, three cen- turies old, was solved the other day when four physicians of the University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Kentucky, succeeded in measuring the output of the human heart. The marvelous little engines that drive our bodies, they found, pump blood at the rate of about five and one half quarts every minute! This discovery was the result of experiments by Drs. W. F. Hamilton, J. W. Moore, J. M. Kinsman, and R. G. Spurling, in which they injected a harm- less dye into a vein of the body; then, by measuring the concentration of the dye in samples of blood taken from an artery every second, determined the heart’s out- ut. ' It marks one of the few important ad- vances in knowledge of the blood stream since 1628, when the great English physi- cian, Dr. William Harvey, gave to the world the discovery of the circulation of the blood. And, by happy coincidence, it comes just when men of science the world over are commemorating the three hun- dredth anniversary of Harvey’s work which, they tell us, probably has done more than any other single modern achieve- ment to relieve human suffering and promote health and happiness. The latest contribu- tion of the American experimenters, impor- tant in itself, serves to emphasize the amaz- ing genius of the experi- menter of bygone days who used crude equip- ment so effectively that three centuries have but confirmed and elaborated the facts he revealed. Today Harvey is hailed as “the father of mod- ern medicine’; for by is discovery of the pumping system which sends blood coursing through the body, he laid the foundation for modern understanding of the machinery which Dr. William Harvey, “father medicine,’’ demon- strating his discovery of the circulation of blood in 1628 to Charles I, of England. of modern supplies us with fuel, energy, and life. To make the acquaintance of William Harvey, we must travel back to the England of Shakespeare and of Francis Bacon. It was during the reign of Queen Elizabeth, in 1578, that Harvey was born in the port of Folkestone, the son of a well-to-do Kentish yeoman. At 15 he went to Caius College, Cambridge, to follow a career of medicine. Six years there and the thirst for further knowledge drew him to the capital of world learning of that day, the ancient University of Padua in Italy. There he came under the This diagram makes clear the operation of the marvelous system of “pumps” and “pipes”? by which the blood is circulated through the body. From a painting after Robert Hannah tutelage of Hieronymus Fabricius, the most distinguished anatomist of the time. Although the anatomical structure of the heart was known, no man had con- ceived of it in its true réle. So if we could have joined young Harvey in the ancient lecture hall at Padua, we should have heard Fabricius expounding a doctrine something to this effect: To every part of the body ran a double set of channels: the veins which carried nourishing blood, and the arteries which carried mysterious “vital spirits”’ of life. It was the task of the stomach to manu- facture food into blood, which then passed through a large vein to the liver. There it was refined with “natural spirits.” Other great veins running upward and downward carried this refined blood to nourish the body. The upper vein ran through the right auricle of the heart. The heart was the retort where the “vital spirits,’ carried by the arteries, were brewed and mixed with blood. It was the mysterious source of life and heat for all parts of the body. |b ges fellow students appar- ently accepted all this without ques- tion. But Harvey’s question-mark mind could not accept it without further dem- onstration. One teaching in particular filled him with doubt. Fabricius had shown that there were set at intervals within the veins of the arms and legs little valves like canal locks. They were in the form of pockets, and their mouths, always directed toward the liver and heart at the center of the body, were set to catch the outward tide of nourishing blood. Fabricius had an explanation. Since the legs and arms hang downward, he said, they would drain the blood from the rest of the body were it not for these valves. (Continued on page 159) ————————— | 2 |

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY October, 1928 ‘ Water Runs S trange Dynamo French Scientist Demonstrates How Electric Power Can Be Produced by Harnessing the Ocean’s Varying Temperatures By EDWIN KETCHUM OWER from the sea— power in vast, incalculable quantities—is the glittering promise held out by Georges Claude, famous French physicist with revolutionary in- dustrial successes already to his credit. For at an experimental plant on the Meuse River, near Liege, Belgium, Claude has just reported that he is successfully drawing forty kilowatts of electric power directly from the water's natural heat. And now Dr. Claude is proposing to harness the ocean to drive dyna- mos and yield electric power in a manner that is startling in its in- genuity. No fickle tide would drive his HEN Dr. N. L. Otto a half cen- tury ago invented the internal combustion motor, he turned gasoline, a useless product, into “liquid gold’? and made possible the motor vehicles of the world. He had found a new kind of power. This article tells you of the daring plan of Dr. Claude, French physicist, to use the differences in temperature between the surface and the depths of the ocean to produce elec- tricity. Unlike steam, depending upon a dwindling coal supply, and gasoline, relying upon diminishing crude oil, his scheme taps a source as lasting as the sun and the ocean. side. Then he started it chugging, Soon the warm water commenced to boil merrily—water that would not even scald you were you to put your hand in it! Dr. Claude shut off his pump, but the water kept on boiling. Steam filled the glass tubes. A whir, and the turbine wheel commenced to spin—faster, until it was whining at the rate of 5,000 revolutions a minute. The lamps in the top of the jar glowed brilliantly. LECTRIC power from the sea could be captured as easily, Dr. Claude told his audience of dis- tinguished scientists. At island or shore power houses in the tropics, limitless supplies of warm water machines. Instead, Dr. Claude points out, there is a far more dependable source of energy. The top of the ocean is hot in comparison with the bottom, which is cold. That difference in temperature, Dr. Claude says, will run a turbine. When Dr. Claude told the French Academy of his plans a few months ago, as reported at the time in PopuLar Scrence Monruaty, he exhibited a glass model to show how the scheme would work. Before their astonished eyes, he poured water into a jar and warmed it electrically to a tempera- ture of eighty-five degrees F.—about the temperature of tropic surface sea water. He hooked it up by tubes to a second jar which con- STEAM you were to go higher until you created a near-vacuum over the water? Dr. Claude produced a rubber tube and attached one end of it to a stop-cock in his glass apparatus. The other end he fastened to a small vacuum pump that would suck out nearly all of the air in- DYNAMO, RUN BY TURBINE,LIGHTS LAMPS TURBINE DISK WHIRLED BY STEAM JET IcE Re ee FLOWS TO TURBINE VA a t VACUL CONDENSED STEAM LEAVES AFTER DRIVING ere tained cracked ice toa depth of several inches to repre- sent cold water from the «*™ Be es depths of the ocean. In the top of this jar was a tiny dynamo wired to three lamps, run by a slotted tur- bine wheel against which steam would spurt. HERE was the steam to come from? Not from water at eighty-five degrees, surely? Everyone knows that water does not boil until it reaches a much higher temperature — 212 degrees, to be exact. Yes, but that is no longer true when you boil water on a mountain-top— because the lessened pressure of the atmosphere allows it to boil at a lower temperature. Suppose nearly all of the pressure were gone—that i ie" BT 85° -THERMOMETER VACUUM PUMP WATER BOILING ELECTRIC Wilialacciiel. } HEATER Georges Claude, demonstrating his dynamo driven by steam from water which, due to a vacuum above it, boils at 85 degrees F. would furnish natural steam to run giant turbines. After the machines were set running, cold water pumped from the depths would condense the used steam and maintain a suction that would yield fresh vapor. Could this eminent man—an inventor of a wonderfully successful process of making ammonia industrially from its elements, and discoverer of a way to liquefy air and capture for in- dustry its oxygen and hydrogen —could he be mistaken? Can anyone tap the ocean’s warmth for power? After all, engineers ob- serve, it is not as it might appear, “‘ getting something for nothing.” Actually it is a new way to capture energy from the sun; al- ready, in African deserts, great mirrors, fragile and expensive, colleet the sun’s heat and drive steam en- gines. And Dr. Claude’s more elaborate scheme must be admitted to be perfectly possible in theory. UT critics were not slow to pick flaws in it. Compare, they suggested, the kind of steam that Claude would use with the vapor that drives modern industrial turbines—mighty machines whose windmill- like vanes are pushed by steam pressure on one side and pulled on the other by the suction of condensers that literally destroy used vapors with torrents of cold water. Raging fires of the boilers hurl their steam Octo

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T, 1928 LO Bging, enced would 0 put » shut »pt on glass irbine aster, ate of The lowed le sea asily, of dis- nd or opics, water o run were m the steam yield entor ss of from | way or in- rogen iken? ean’s ; ob- night thing lly it pture 1; al- serts, and sun’s 1 en- ude’s must ‘ectly slow n it. sted, that h the »dern ighty lmill- d by . side er by nsers used cold f the team October, 1928 COLD WATER PIPE FROM SEA BOTTOM ip” ELECTRIC’ it Vat TRANSMISS ee apg Me LINES TO Cl - co 2 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 29 PARTITIONS HOLLOW TURBINE COLD WATER OUTLET SECTIONAL PLAN JUL LINES STEAM ENTERS HOLLOW TURBINE THROUGH HUB WARM WATER OUTLET STEAM EXHAUSTS THROUGH VANES nooo ey Fi, PZ or AND ROTATES TURBINE VACUUM CASING COLD SPRAY COLD CONDENSATION DROPS TO BOTTOM AND INTO COLD (2x WATER OUTLET aN 4 Ke: = > 8 a Iz Ga" “Lg = PART OF WARM WATER SPRAY BECOMES STEAM INSIDE OF VACUUM CHAMBER ; a ELECTRIC. DRIVEN VACUUM PUMP ~ DISCHARGE FOR UNUS'! WARM WATER pe Ae, ay INTAKES FOR WARM) SURFACE WATER wig Artist’s conception of one of the giant steam turbine power houses proposed by Georges Claude to generate electric oe power from tropical ocean water. Part of the building is cut away to show the turbines. Above: Diagram of apparatus. through pipes under pressures of two or three hundred pounds to the square inch —while the most that Claude could hope for in his low-temperature vacuum ap- paratus could be a weak jet of only a thousandth as much pressure. Better to measure its energy in fly-power instead of horsepower! XACTLY, Dr. Claude agreed. And that was why in his latest project he proposed to use machinery of such start- ling dimensions that he would make up in quantity what he lacked in quality of his steam. A manufacturer may allow himself but a tiny margin of profit on a single article and still amass a fortune if he could sell his product in huge enough quantity. So Dr. Claude would draw through his enormous machines millions of gallons of water from the ocean’s vast, inexhaustible reservoir and, extracting just a little of the heat energy of each, reap a harvest of, say, fifteen thousand horsepower in a single power plant. One other objection was raised. Pumps must lift huge quantities of water. Would there be any power left over after Claude’s station ran its own pumps? Instead of answering, he tried it to see. At a point on the Meuse River, in Belgium, he found the surface water just forty-six degrees hotter than that at the bottom, and there Claude set up a miniature turbine and a generator of fifty kilowatts capacity—enough to sup- ply a small factory with all the power it needed, Following his tests, just concluded, he told the Academy of Sciences that he could obtain power up to four fifths of the dynamo’s capacity from the heat of the River Meuse. It was not only enough to run the station’s pumps, but more than half was left to distribute as electric power to do useful work. In fact, the pumps were not at all hard-driven, be- cause the very suction inside the turbine, produced by the existing vacuum, saved the pumps a large part of the trouble of lifting the water. Now Dr. Claude proposes first a larger experimental station, and then a full- sized commercial plant. One of his proj- ects is to establish floating power sta- tions, great islands of steel, to dot the tropic oceans and, riding on anchored pontoons, to supply electric power by submarine cable to distant coasts. Such stations would be of huge capacity, pos- sibly as much as 150,000 horsepower each. In more immediate prospect are coastal stations of perhaps 15,000 horsepower, distributing cheap power from the sea to neighboring cities and villages. Cuba, the Bahamas, Hawaii, and Ceylon afford admirable sites, Claude says. Our artist depicts here his conception of such a sta- tion, with its mammoth low-pressure vacuum turbines and its utter absence of smokestacks or coal wharves ordinarily associated with power plants. N SUCH a plant, according to the Claude vision, great pipes near the surface suck in the tepid surface water to make steam, while a huge tube plunges a mile or more into the ocean to draw frigid water for the condensers from the depths. At the starting signal, a vacuum pump voids the turbine shells of air and is then shut off as the twenty-foot wheels slowly commence to revolve under the impulse of thousands of jets of low-pressure steam. While the main object of the plant is to supply electric power, it will have one by-product of tremendous importance, the great French physicist points out. Waste water, after its use to condense steam, need not be returned to the sea. Since it will still be only a few degrees above freezing temperature—veritable ice-water—it can be piped in vast quanti- ties to surrounding towns and there used profitably for refrigeration. Run through cooling pipes, it will dispense with ice in household and commercial iceboxes; it will cool whole houses; it may even be led through blistering streets, in huge troughs, to chill the entire outdoor air. Imagine what it would mean to a city sweltering under a tropic sun to have a thousand tons of ice an hour dumped in its streets— the equivalent of the cold torrent from a Claude power plant. LTHOUGH Dr. Claude and his as- sociate, Prof. Paul Boucherot, were the first to demonstrate the practical possibility of power from the sea’s heat, Dr. Claude himself points out that an American engineer, Benjamin J. Camp- bell, originally conceived and outlined such a plan. Campbell’s scheme was to use hot and cold sea water indirectly, transferring their energy to carbon dioxide to run the machinery. This would substitute small high-pres- sure turbines for Claude’s mammoth vacuum machines, but it has the disad- vantage of added complexity. Another heat-transfer scheme some- what reminiscent of Claude’s power plan was used for years in a French chemical factory, until the pipes became corroded, where waste heat from a vat was recov- ered and put to work. Now engineers are watching Dr. Claude’s project with eager interest, to see whether he has evolved a means for profitably tapping brand-new power sources on a colossal scale.

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“Carved” Stone Cast in Molds | New Art and Industry Produces Decorations For Buildings Which Defy Time and Elements By WYATT BRUMMITT IME was, the creation of architec- tural ornament was wholly a mat- ter of the mason’s trusty chisel and stubborn stone. But scientific de- velopment in cement and concrete has produced a stone which may be given any shape, texture, or color without reference to a chisel until the final dressing. This new architectural material, called “cast stone”’ or “cut, cast stone,” is, at one time in its career, as easily molded to any form or space as plaster of Paris; but there its resemblance ends, for when this artificial stone has set, it grows stronger and stronger, increasingly impervious to ravages of time and the elements. In its final form, cast stone may be anything from a massive, classic column to a delicate bit of tracery, from stone facing for a great office building to a simple window sill for a bungalow. But it always has its beginnings in the scien- tific mixture of Portland cement, water, sand, and some sort of coarse aggregate— clean marble chips, granite, or other stone, chosen for particular color or texture. Cast stone ornaments are first con- ceived in the mind of the architect. Then trained artists employed by the cast stone manufactories make complete drawings and prepare patterns from which clay models or wooden patterns are made. From these, molds are made in plaster, glue, or sand, glue being used when several reproduc- tions are desired. Now the concrete mix- ture is definitely deter- mined—one of the most important aspects of the work, since scientific re- search has shown that concrete is an accurately POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY ee 5 ames “ The almost unlimited possibilities and adapt- abilities of cast stone are shown by this highly or- namental church win- dow, with bold and del- icate lines in one design. An accurate clay model of the finished ornament is often the first step after the drawing is made. Here a sculptor is putting the finishing touches on such a model, October, 192g Pras tc, beeen The making of the wooden patterns exactly in the form of the cast stone ornaments desired re- quires utmost in care and skillful workmanship, crete mixture, the engineers consider whether the finished ornament will have to carry any load or stress, whether its lines are fine or bold, and whether it is to occupy an exposed or sheltered position, After a casting has been made and has set, every care is taken to insure its cur- ing under ideal conditions, insuring a dense, strong, and satisfactory cast stone, Eventually the casting is ready for finishing and from this stage on, it may be handled exactly as natural cut stone. It may be rubbed, honed or machine grooved by mechanical means, Or it may be bush- hammered, cran- dalled, axed, pointed, or otherwise treated by hand. The installation of cast stone units in- volves few methods which are unfamiliar to workers in stone, The feasibility of cast- ing them hollow, how- ever, decreases many of the difficulties com- monly encountered in such work. Modern science de- mands maximum plasticity of much with which it deals. Iron, steel, glass, ceramics, and many other materials are first reduced to complete or partial plas- ticity before they can be utilized to best advantage. Stone has now been added to the list of plastic materials and a ren- aissance in architecture is the inevitable result. Thus the buildings of modest small cities and towns may soon have qualities of beauty heretofore impossible for them. At the expense of a few thousands of determinable product, in which the proportions of ingredients are vital fac- tors. In designing the con- dollars they may be adorned with the inspiring art that was produced for an- cient Greek temples only by lifetimes of sculptors’ labor. Preliminary work for casting the concrete capital of a column. At the left of the illustration above is shown the pattern made from an architect’s drawing, and, at the right, the mold, made from the pattern. In this mold the stone will be cast. 8

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ber, 1928 actly in ired re- ianship, ‘onsider ill have ther its it is to sition, and has its cur- ring a t stone. ly the ady for 1 from it may actly as one. It 1, honed yrooved | means, e bush- cran- ointed, treated ition of its in- nethods familiar | stone, of cast- w, how- Ss many es com- tered in nce de- much > glass, als are al plas- to best added | a ren- vitable + small ualities r them. nds of ith the for an- imes of October, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 31 W indows—the Kyes of the House Here Are the Details, Advantages, and Weaknesses of Sashes, Casements and Plain, Plate and Ultra-Violet Glass ING Rollo was a merry old soul, but he needed cash, and the royal treasurer said: “Sire, there is none, and we've already taxed the day- lights out of the people.” “Is that so? Ha! I have it!” chuckled the gay monarch. “T'll tax theirdaylight! Put five doubloons on every window in a man’s house.” “Your majesty is a genius!” ex- claimed the treasurer in homageful ecstasy. “No other king ever thought of coining sunshine.. The revenue will be abundant, for no one can live without light.” It was indeed a grand scheme which other rulers hastened to adopt. Britain did not abolish her window tax until 1851 and France may still have it in mitigated form. America revolted for free tea and daylight in 1776. But in spite of the freedom from government levy our an- cestors’ windows remained few and small. The hampering factors were the cost of glass and the difficulty of heating a house with open fireplaces. Today windows are as cheap as walls and the modern furnace has surplus ability to cope with the extra heat losses through glass. Factories em- body more glass than wall surface and as to houses, some architects moan that too much glass is robbing them of the wall expanse they need for artistic effect. If King Rollo could visit BY JOHN R. McMAHON cords over pulleys and run up and down in the boxes, balancing the sashes so they are moved with little effort. Each sash has two weights, one on each side. The total weight for the lower sash should be half a pound less than the sash, while for the upper sash it should be half a pound more. The difference makes a tight closure of the two sashes. It is necessary to weigh each individual sash and then match the counter- weight to it, for the panes of glass that are nominally alike vary to some extent in thickness and therefore in weight. the balancing layout? Yes, among them a cord-fastening device instead of the usual method of tying through an eyehole at the top of the cast iron weight. The eyehole is rough and tends to cut the cord; the knot may come loose and some- times the eyehole breaks. The weight A geared mechanism with which, by turning the crank, the casement can be swung to any position desired and firmly locked there. It works through the screen. The crank can be detached if one wishes. America today his mouth would waterat the window-taxing possibili- ties—a year’s revenue for his kingdom from a moderate-sized town. UT how many win- Sp dows does a house really need? That question is seri- ously put by many pro- spective home builders who do not like a flip- pant retort. Yet the fact is that the sky is the boxes are accessible through removable strips in the window grooves on each side of the lower sash, held in place with screws. Remove the screws, pry out the strips and you can make repairs or re- placements. Iron weights are cheap. Only the best cotton sash cord should be used. Chains and metal tapes have been devised, but it atric ree limit. As many as you want. The average house has windows to spare. Every plan is amply windowed. The real question nowadays is not how many windows but what kind. How many kinds are there? _Perhaps half a dozen if we include the pivoted window, several varieties of slid- ing windows and the hinged or casement window. Until recent years the sliding counterweighted pair of sashes was al- most universal in American houses. Now The casement, now fashionable, is far from new, being a revival, with improvements, from Elizabethan and earlier times. Un- questionably it is far superior in its beauty to sliding sashes. their supremacy is challenged by the mod- ish casement, which, for all its airs, is a revival from the Elizabethan and yet more ancient times. How does the balanced window oper- ate? On each side of the frame are vertical weight boxes, or wells, covered by trim. The weights are attached to the sash by is doubtful if they are much better than good cord, which will last many years. Lead has special merit as a counterbalance in some cases, since it is 80 percent heavier than cast iron and for that reason it permits a smaller cyl- inder. It is useful where windows have narrow side frames with limited weight space or when two or three windows are set close together. For remodeling jobs, especially in masonry where openings are difficult to alter, lead saves time and cost. A casement bolt with a cam which is turned after the bolt is shot home, drawing the win- dow so tight against the frame that it is absolutely weath- er-proof. A piece of paper is held fast in the joint. S THERE a system of sliding windows without counterweights? There is, and it has certain advantages. It consists of a coiled tape spring at- tached to each side of the sash. The ten- sion balances the sash and makes it easy Are there any improvements on } S| | ' ‘|

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32 to operate. The spring is said to retain its elasticity indefinitely and the metal tape is of a composition that resists cor- rosion. The device is housed usually at the upper sides, in a round box that re- quires little space. The boxes may be in- stalled above the window to permit very narrow trim at the sides or the assembly of two or more windows close together. The space required between adjacent windows is reduced to one third compared with the ordinary counterweighted installation. Are there other improvements in slid- ing windows? Yes. One scheme provides for shoving the window upward and out of sight with- in the wall. This calls for special con- struction in a house that is being built and must beembodied in the architectural POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Mr. McMahon’s articles dis- cuss practical problems that confront every house builder. They may solve your prob- lems. But if you need special advice write to Mr. McMahon in care of the Homebuilding Department, POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY, 250 Fourth Avenue, New York City. plans. A less exact- ing device combines the sliding and the hinged features and a sash can be raised and lowered in the usual manner, or can be pivoted to swing in- side the room. This . invention avoids one of the principal dis- advantages of the or-’ dinary sliding sash— that the outside is not easily reached for cleaning. This is, in fact, a window of rare merit. What is the argu- ment for the case- ment against the slid- HERDS AGERE ADEE! ing window? That it can be opened fully to ob- tain the maximum of air while with ordinary balanced sashes only half the opening is available. There is convenience in cleaning. The casement frame is neat and compact, dispenses with much trim and has less surface to keep painted. RE there any drawbacks to casement windows? They usually exclude outside blinds or shutters, if that is a drawback. Some types are not quite proof against beating rains. If the fastening mechanism is poor or dependent on individual care, wind may rattle or slam the partly open casement with damaging effect. It is best to have an automatic lock, whether of the keyed gear or another kind, that holds the win- dow securely in any position. Are these windows made only in metal? No, they are also obtainable in wood. The metal kind, as being in- combustible, belong specially in ma- sonry walls, but are also used in frame buildings. Metal -requires less ma- terial with more space for glass and it does not warp, swell and bind. If steel, it is presumably of a kind not inclined to rust. Unless the metal is bronze, it is better to take no chances, but to see that the underside of the frame is painted before installation and the exposed parts kept painted. Red lead should be used for an under- coat on metal. Sleeping porch windows with slats that can be set at any angle admitting air, ex- cluding rain and yet providing privacy. “NU ULTRA GLA PRISM OR RIFFLE GLASS FACING NEIGHBORS --—— This drawing shows how several kinds of glass may be used for various windows of a house, all according to the particular requirements and uses of the several rooms— plate, prism, ultra-violet and plain glass. . A combination slid- ing sash and case- ment window. It moves up and down, but also swings in- ward, admitting the maximum of air through the entire frame, making wash- ing the glass easy. Why can’t blinds or shutters be em- ployed with casements? Because it is impractical to have two sets of hinges on each side of the opening and a duplicate mechanism for opening and closing. This objection is removed IRSERY- . yewet a . October, 1928 with inward-opening casements, but the are not entirely weatherproof. ’ Can metal weatherstripping be ap. plied to casements? Yes, at least to a number of types and in a manner similar to that used with other windows. When the window closes, a V-shaped strip of metal enters a corre. sponding groove, making an airtight joint. This is the best and most perma. nent device. It is generally installed } skilled workmen employed by the many. facturers, who do not care to sell the ma. terials without service. The cost may he around $5 a window. Doors are similarly treated. Of course it is less expensive to weatherstrip with felt or rubber att: -hed to wood, but rubber deteriorates, and felt is subject to moth attack. What about window screens? HE best material is copper or bronze, For sliding windows a removable screen that covers half the total opening jg cheapest. It is better to have a full screen, so that either sash can be opened to any extent. This may be hinged at the top and hooked at the bottom or held with metal buttons at the sides. But such an arrangement hampers outside cleaning, One answer to this may be side-hinging of the screens, using a pivot hinge device to save undue labor in spring and fall, Another way out is a somewhat recent invention—an inside screen that rolls up like a window shade on a spring roller concealed beneath the window frame top. For casements the — usual method is an_ inside screen with openings in its frame bottom through which pass the control rods of the _ window. Anyone who wishes to assemble knocked-down screen frames or make them himself should know of the zigzag metal fasteners that are driven into wood and obviate the use of nails, screws and corner braces. A couple of these fasteners on each side of a miter joint will hold it securely and save much labor. How many kinds of glass are used in wit- dows at present in the average house? There are three principal kinds; or- dinary window glass, plate glass and the sort that transmits ultra-violet rays. The first comes in several qualities and thick- nesses. It is not absolutely flat but hasa certain waviness of surface, hence distortion of objects seen through some parts of a pane. There are generally two grades in quality, which concern the extent and location of seeds, burns, specks, blisters, scratches and waves. It takes careful examination, with a copy of the rules in hand, to determine the grade. The buyer can at least look for labels, see that offered material is fairly uniform, and object to glaring defects. What are the thicknesses in ordi- nary window glass? Single strength, according to U. &. Government rules, is 1/19 to !/12 inch and double strength is 1% to '/y inch. There are (Continued on page 160)

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ober, 1928 but they be ap. rpes and ed with W Closes, & Corre. airtight , perma. alled by e manu. the ma- , May be similarly Nsive to att: shed tes, and r bronze, dle screen ening jg Il screen, d to any _ the top eld with _ such an cleaning, »-hinging ze device and fall. it recent hat rolls ing roller ath the op. For > usual 1 inside -nings in : through » control window. yishes to ‘ed-down or make should ‘ag metal re driven obviate $, SCrews ices. A fasteners ' a miter _ securely labor. kinds of in win- e house? inds; or- ; and the ays. The nd thick- but has a ence the igh some venerally rcern the , burns, raves. It a copy of he grade. abels, see uniform, in ordi- to U. §. inch and | page 160) October, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Electric English Olympic athletes taking ultra-violet ray bath. Left to right: J. R. Major,V. P. Brown, F. Gaby (hurdler), S. Ferris (Marathon), H. A. Johnston, “Suns” Fight Disease Powerful Ultra-Violet Lights, Which Can Be Used in the Home, Are the Latest Tools of Physicians PUBLIC-SPIRITED English. man, Lieutenant Colonel G. S. Hutchison, took five poor pit boys from British coal mines on a “‘sun- bath” outing to Switzerland, where the natural sunlight has long been known to be exceptionally beneficial to health. The lads grew amazingly strong, but obviously this expedient was impossible for all the boys and men deprived of sunlight by their work underground. Colonel Hutchison cast about for some other plan; finally he had a battery of arti- ficial sunlight lamps installed at the Sher- wood Colliery, Mansfield, England, to give treatment with the artificial rays. A few weeks ago the results were an- nounced. Fifty boys whu had received the rays regularly had gained an average of four pounds, six ounces in weight in a few months. Fifty similar boys without the treatment gained an average of only two pounds, ten ounces. The treated boys grew in height an average of a little more than three quarters of an inch; the others grew less than half an inch. Thus con- cludes the first stage of what is perhaps the most extensive test so far made of the effects of these artificial ultra-violet rays on persons not actually ill. By THOMAS ELWAY But for the person who thinks of buying an “artificial sunlight” lamp there are two important questions: Are you sure of just what you want its rays to do and do you know how to use A racing greyhound taking treatment. this powerful new light medium safely? If a person is sick, don’t use the rays. See a physician. But to keep well people healthy they may be useful. Only you must learn how to use them, as you would learn to use an axe or a gun or any other dangerous tool. Thousands of “‘sunlamps,” “alpine ray lamps,”’ “actinic lamps,” “phototherapy lamps” and so on have been sold in America. All claim the same essential— the invisible ultra-violet rays which are present in summer sunlight, especially in mountain climates. One of the great dis- coveries of modern medical science is that these rays are extremely valuable to hu- man health, perhaps essential to it. During the summer season any person who is out of doors a reasonable part of the time probably gets all the ultra-violet rays heneeds. Modern clothes for women, constitute perhaps the greatest step toward health ever taken. Bathing suits are still better. Nothing could be more apt to build a strong and healthy body than to live all summer in an abbreviated bathing suit even if the only bathing were sun bathing. Winter is the dangerous season. Then the ultra-violet (Continued on page 162) 99 66 means

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34 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY “Forget the fog, Bill,” Marley yelled. “Give us some of that stuff you’re always bragging about.”’ ARLEY never did learn the identity of the chief conspirator in the plot to humiliate Old Bill Stone, the locomotive engineer, but just the same he fired the culprit. He couldn’t have missed him, for he butted an entire department into an engine pit and chased every grimy one of them to the time- keeper’s office for his money. No further investigation was necessary. Justice, so far as Marley was concerned, had been served. The affairs of the A. & P. Railroad couldn’t be delayed while a busy superintendent turned sleuth. Besides, if the inno- cent suffered, it was, to quote Marley, “their own blasted fault.” They knew about the dirty deal; could have prevented it. Come to think of it, one man did escape. Ed Chatworthy, a lowly apprentice, cleared his grease-slickened skirts of blame by refusing to tell what he knew. A funny bird, Marley. He tried to bluff the kid into telling. Ed wouldn’t be bluffed; nor would he lie. He looked the superintendent in the eye, said he knew something about it, and then asked Marley if he thought he was a snitch. By some process of reasoning known only to Daniel Marley, the kid’s attitude exonerated him. Nevertheless, when the superintendent returned to his headquarters at Missouri Junction he went straightway to the roundhouse and with a single shout of warning butted Frink, foreman of the electrical gang, and his three men into a pit at the test loop. Neatly done, without hardly moving out of his tracks. A peculiar duck, Marley; known wherever railroad construc- tion jobs were being done as a fighter. Anything would rile him. As a self-appointed protector of old people, in particular veteran employees of his own railroad, it made him furious. to think that a shop gang would stoop to humiliate Old Bill Stone on the last trip Bill ever would make. HAT if Old Bill had become something of a crab and a nuisance! Wouldn't he be seventy years old on November second? Hadn't he been sliding out of the gangways of locomo- October . 1928 TIME inthe FOG By LEO F. CREAGAN Illustrated by Oscar F. Schmidt ASine from aviation, no single develop. ment has done so much to advange safety and speed in travel as has the inyen. tion of automatic train control. 9,703 miles of track on forty-four ‘railwg lines in the United States, mechanical and hands now supplement the vigilance of engineers, safeguarding speeding travelers against wreck and collision in fog or in the event of human failure. Mr. Creagan’s entertaining story presents a vivid picture of the newest marvel of railway invention, tives for fifty years? To pick on an old man like that! The incident leading up to the affair had its begin. ning with Old Bill Stone bragging around the locker room that he would pull the mail on the morning of November first, that his would be the premier per- formance after the juice was turned into the new elec- trical system known as automatic train control. Old-timers just winked and turned the conversation, but the gang around the test loop, where Frink and the others were working long hours to have things ready at the appointed time, found the old man’s constant chatter annoying. He would stand in their way and harangue them about the proper manner of intricate installation, when all he knew about the new system of train control was that juice flowed along the track rails and a group of high-powered gadgets on the engine picked up the current and used it to apply the air brakes when a stop was necessary—that is, unless the engineer in the cab beat the automatic engineer to the brake valve. He'd potter around an engine that was being equipped with about twelve hundred dollars worth of ATC accessories, and test fragile tubes with a monkey wrench or mix valve oil with a spe- cial kind of liquid used in the axle drive. You see, it was all so new and thrilling to Old Bill. He was to have a new toy after November first. For one trip only. He was to have an engine that couldn’t collide with another engine or train; one that would automatically stop if something so much as stepped in its path. Ask Old Bill how it worked and he’d explain that the train ahead would short circuit the track and that would rob the thingumajig on the engine of its power. Without power the thingumajig just naturally fell and tripped something, and that something caused the air brakes to act. Then Old Bill would grin and say what fun it would be to run an engine like that after all the years he’d spent peering into blinding snowstorms and fogs to catch the gleam of roadside signals. All an old hoghead had to do now was to look at the little Christmas tree lights on the instrument board in front of him to find out whether the block was clear. | pews before the night of the inauguration of the system the men at the test loop had grown weary of listening to Old Bill's talk of how he was prepared to repair any defect that might show up on his engine. He carried the proof with him. A pair of pliers, some copper wire, cotter keys, assorted nuts and screws, and a small bottle of milk-colored oil for the axle drive. Nor, to hear Old Bill tell it, was he worried about whatever trivial delays the new equipment might occasion. He could run it out; he could make up more time than any other hoghead running between Missouri Junction and Kansas City. A little delay or a big delay wouldn’t bother him. He’d step out and haul the mail into Kansas City on time. So they framed’on Old Bill, to give him a chance to use his great fund of newly acquired electrical knowledge, and to find out how fast he could run. ‘ Vague rumors had come to Marley that Old Bill was to receive The su in siles Bill ar some and b an ho an ho westb engin Secon Bill, : ride t engin A M’ Fog, warni light there Durin handc the p assist stamp road bell ai fog... respol solicit Ma futile speed lamps from | had k knew hoghe night faces, hour |

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ber, 192g e locker rning of ler per- ew elec- rsation, and the 5S ready -onstant arangue n, when 1at juice gadgets y the air engineer e. He'd h about und test h a spe- He was nly. He r engine thing so ked and he track 5 power. tripped to act. e to run ing into roadside k at the front of tem the : to Old ect that ith him. 1uts and le drive. ‘hatever yuld run hoghead A little out and use his to find . receive October, 1928 The superintendent stood hidden in the shadow of the roundhouse, in silent admiration of the throbbing locomotive. He watched Old Bill and his fireman as the two pottered around engine number 5019. some kind of a raw deal. He stamped down to the roundhouse and bawled at the master mechanic, This was at eleven o'clock, an hour before the juice was to be turned into the new system, an hour and ten minutes before Old Bill was due to leave on the westbound mail. Naturally Marley’s first thought was to swap engines, to give Old Bill one that hadn’t been tampered with. Second thought informed him that he wanted to ride with Old Bill, and if any engine had been monkeyed with he wanted to ride that particular engine. Without making any change in the engine assignment he stamped back to the dispatcher’s office. ARLEY knew only one fear, which was more disturbing iVi than the worries of an ordinary man. That fear was fog. Fog, the sinister, winding sheet that settled down without warning to wrap his railroad in a fold so clammy that no head- light ever devised could pierce it. All his railroad life, and there had been no other life for Marley, he had feared fogs. During his section-foreman days, not less than seven splendid handcars and more than a dozen laborers he had wrecked upon the pilots of speeding engines. And the train wrecks he had assisted in picking up, the frightful collisions in fogs, had stamped upon his mind a horror of the silent gray plague. As a roadmaster, and later as trainmaster, the sound of his telephone bell at night invariably called up the fear of a train wreck in a fog. When he moved up into the superintendent’s chair the responsibility for an entire division served to increase his solicitude. Marley had been around railroads long enough to know how futile it was to caution engineers about the hazards of high speed in fogs, when the damp, sticky stuff, clinging to signal lamps, dulled the red lens of danger until the brief glimpse from a speeding engine left a man wondering whether the light had been green or red. And hoping for the former. Marley knew engineers. Many of them were like Old Bill Stone, the hoghead who had pulled a special train out of St. Louis one night when the fog was so thick it seemed to push against damp faces, Marley hadn’t forgotten that night, the agony of the six- hour ride while standing in the gangway beside Old Bill who POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 35 pulled the special for three hundred miles, most of the way through fog. The President of the United States occupied the car seventh from the engine, and the schedule was fast. Marley had had his instructions. He had passed them along to Old Bill. Kansas City on time! Regardless of fog! So Marley watched for the signals and a few of them he saw. At regular intervals he sang out to Bill Stone; “’Nother green one, Bill!” Fifty miles an hour and fog most of the way. That had been years before, when Marley was trainmaster. Fear of fog was still stamped on his soul. And it was that deadly fog, hanging along the river bottoms traversed by his railroad, that had brought the safety device known as automatic train control. In a few minutes the juice would be turned into the system and the dangers from fogs and blinding snows would be gone forever. For twelve months Marley had looked forward to this night as the night of his emancipation. It was to have been a kind of gala night, with speech-making and hand-shaking. But all the feeling of celebration now left him in the worry over the rumor that the premier performance was headed toward failure, that a gang of heartless mechanics plotted to spoil Old Bill’s last run. Marley’s feet thumped to the floor with a clatter. ““How’s the weather?” he questioned the dispatcher working west. “Clear and calm except there’s a little fog in the bottoms west of Little Blue.” HE superintendent grunted and strode out into the night. Across the black train yard he made his way to the round- house, where smoking torches told of engines being made ready. He saw Old Bill and his fireman pottering around engine 5019, but he did not join them. Instead, he stood in the shadow of the roundhouse in silent admiration of Bill’s throbbing locomotive. A mighty machine in Marley’s eyes; a long cylinderlike tender fitted with a kind of vestibule arrangement to an enormous boiler; four high drivers on each side connected with gray rods of tremendous thickness; a steam chest that appeared to con- tain all the power in the world; a locomotive of splendid lines

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36 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Marley butted the fore- man of the electrical gang and his three men into an engine pit, and chased every grimy one of them over to the timekeeper’s office to collect his money. oe peat grace in spite of her bulk, a fit engine to haul the mall. The 5019 was moving onto a short section of energized track known as the test loop. Old Bill sat at the throttle. Marley saw a green light flash in the cab in front of the engineer. “©. K.,” Frink, the electrical expert, shouted. “Open the track switch.” The switch lever was turned. The green light blinked out and a red one appeared. Old Bill started the pump and the head- light generator; he tested the gauges for proper pressure. ™ ORKIN’ O. K.,” Frink announced. “All right, Bill, there’s your little plaything. She's all yours now. Take her over to the station and haul the mail. Don’t forget to keep your axle drive filled with valve oil,” he finished with a loud laugh. Marley grinned. For a moment his worries left him. He had seen the test made; the equipment was in working order. But then he saw Frink standing under an arc light watching the 5019 as she moved majestically away. The expression on the electrician’s face quickly dispelled the notion of security. “You can go home, Ed,” he heard Frink call to his helper. “Wouldn't have kept you so long but I wanted you to see she tested O. K., in case any questions are asked.” Frink disappeared into the roundhouse. The helper started toward the locker room. Marley caught the young fellow at the door. ““Come with me, Ed,’ Marley touched his sleeve. along your tools.” ““Where we going, Mr. Marley?”’ Ed questioned. “To K. C. on the 5019. She’s goin’ to haul the mail. A neat bit of overtime you can make. I'll fetch you back in my car in the mornin’.” “Fetch October, 1928 The headlight of the train was showing east of town when Marle and the helper reached the depot, The long mail train rumbled toa stop and a car inspector uncoupled hose and signal lines between ep. gine tender and mail car. “Take ‘er away!” he called as he grasped a pin lifter. The incoming engine was shunted to a short track and the 50j9 grand and handsome, back~4 oyt to take her place. The ste. says of the automatic couplers meshed and closed with hardly a sound Old Bill was handling the engine, An engineer, Old Bill. SWITCH engine shunted Marley’s private car onto the rear of the mail train. Couplings were made and car inspectors gaye “all right” signals with lamps held high above their heads. The superintendent stood apart, observing the move. ment. The conductor came forward with a handful of yellow flimsies. Old Bill read his orders aloud to the con. ductor, the last set of orders he would receive. They con. pared watches. “Well, Bill,” the conductor glanced over his glasses at the engineer, “I suppose you've got the automatic control cut in?” Old Bill snorted. Just like a con. ductor to ask a question like that. The automatic control cut itself in, “You can go to bed as soon as we - leave town,” the conductor poked the engineer in the ribs. “Ifa freight train stalls and gets in our way, the automatic hoghead will make the usual rough stop.” The mail was ready to start when Marley and the helper swung up the iron ladder into the gangway. **How about a little ride, Bill?”’ Marley grinned. ‘Fine. Glad to have you, boss,” he piped. “‘ Who's the boy? Ed, ain’t it?” “Yes, my electrical expert,” Marley announced. “Not that Bill Stone needs any assistance when it comes to handlin’ the new equipment.” ** All aboard!” Old Bill, after “notching up,” pulled slowly and steadily upon the throttle. The first train to be operated under the protection of automatic train control slipped out of the station at Missouri Junction. ~- The line of the A. & P. Railroad from Missouri Junction to Independence includes many winding curves sandwiched in between long stretches of straight and almost level track Westbound the grade is slightly ascending, enough to keep the fireman off the seatbox unless the engine is equipped with ai automatic stoker. OTIONING Ed to the fireman’s seat, Marley stood sway- ing in the gangway at the engineer's side. The deck of the big Pacific shuddered and thumped under his feet as milepost after milepost slipped by. The fireman swung his strong youl body between the coal gate and fire box, to stoke a roaring fur nace whose door swung opea and shut in response to an auto matic foot pedal. The engine throbbed and barked as sit attacked a short hill. Old Bill wasn’t “beating” the 5019, but he was using his throttle. A single green light upon the instrument board in front of the engineer told Marley that the new automatic control was fune tioning properly; that the track ahead was clear. It was then that Marley crossed the gangway and thumpé down beside the helper. Glancing at the engineer, he czught (Continued on page 154) 3 mill: Whe

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Dber, 1923 ain Was . yr, € depot. led to a 1coupled veen en. led as he ‘shunted 1e 5019, 7 out tx. jaws - meshed 2 sound, > engine, shunted onto the ‘ouplings LOTS Pave mps held is. it stood e move. or came ndful of Bill read the con. of orders ney com- onductor es at the e€ you've ‘ut in?” ke a con- ike that. itself in. ON as we or poked “Tf a ts in our lead will art when ng up the the bey? Not that idlin’ the dily upon protection Missouri inction to viched in ‘el track. keep the 1 with ai vod sway- eck of the ; milepost ng youll aring fur . an auto- “das she 5019, but ont of the was fune thumped r page I 5f) October, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 37 OW Load Ee ee hey’re Farming the Ocean On a Newfoundland banks schooner. Squeezing eggs from cod- fish and fertilizing them. Later they will hatch out near shore. Government Achieves Amazing Results Breeding and Raising Fish Just as Farmers Do Livestock HAT expanse of ocean you see from the deck of a liner is not the wet desert it seems, but a rich, rolling meadow, teeming with life. It is a meadow that covers more than three-fifths of the world, everywhere more than a thousand feet deep, with a green, energy-producing pastur- age for uncounted forms of life. _ Every day the newspapers print significant things which tell the well informed and imaginative reader that the day is coming nearer when man must extend his intelligence to reap a greater harvest of food from this infinitely greatest source of supply. Recently a parade of wistful little slant-eyed children from New York’s Chinatown marched to the City Hall to bring the attention of well-fed America to a famine on the other side of the world. Drought again and again has reduced nillions of people in India and China to starvation, and there are scientists who believe this wretched state of affairs will not be confined to Asia fifty years from now. “IN LESS than forty-five years,” said Dr. William Crocker, director of the Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, not long ago, ‘“‘we may expect to have one hundred and_ ninety-five million people in the United States. When we have that many people we must By BOYDEN SPARKES A highly magnified view of tiny shad hatching from eggs fertilized by Bureau of Fisheries experts. The young fish are kept sheltered until large enough to shift for themselves and then freed. Shad eggs being hatched in glass jars on an island in the Susquehanna River artifici- ally built by dredges to pro- vide a site in particularly favorable waters for a hatch- ing station. The middle jar contains about 800,000 eggs. some day place all men beyond the reach of want. Already the start of ocean farm- ing has been made. You may see it any day on the Newfoundland fishing Banks aboard the swift schooners that for generations have reaped a harvest of cod by ancient methods from the waters that cover that submerged pla- teau. Today the American government watches there to preserve fish “seed ”’ from waste. HE process is no more extraordinary than that of sprouting seeds and shielding delicate young plants in hot houses. The female cod lays her eggs at the surface, where they float about with only chance . of coming in contact with the fertilizing milt dis- charged by the male cod. As if to.make up for this negligent scheme of repro- duction the female cod casts produce 75% more food for them .to eat.” Unless something is done by science before then to widen the margin of safety, a few bad crop years in succession might bring famine upon us. But the ocean can save us, for in its depths is hidden a fecundity which will eggs in such numbers that if all hatched and reached maturity the progeny would fill several schooners. But the baby cod, smaller than minnows, are - so furiously hunted by other fish that only a small proportion live to the reproducing stage. Nowadays men of the United States TTT

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38 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY October, 1928

they are hauled aboard the schooners and expel their eggs, called roe, and their milt into wooden buckets, where the miracle of % ys Bureau of Fisheries seize the living cod as x > ca fertilization occurs. When the eggs reach hatching stations ashore they are dis- tributed into tidal boxes in which salt . water, by an ingenious arrangement of ~~ ' a syphons, imitates the rise and fall of the ’ ¥ tides. After the young fish have hatched ae 4 Fe and survived the first few days of exist- tae. * Se ‘) ence, they are liberated by the billion to eee ¥ re fend for themselves in that boundless 5 ce aa: Ms pasture we call the ocean. Similarly grotesquely flat flounders are hatched in glass jars' and freed in the shallow waters of our coast. Millions of these reach ma- turity and then are caught, many to appear in restau- rants as filet of sole. The annual crop of shad has long been a product of ocean farming mainly de- pendent upon planting much like planting corn. In the Susquehanna River an artificial island has been raised by dredges to pro-

——. ra wa eh i te hi wil ele

Lower jaw of a tiger shark, showing terrible incurving teeth and the battery of reserve teeth that replace lost or broken ones. of blue crabs, which inhabit the arms of the sea threaded into our coast line. Here too, the canning industry was responsible for the shortage. There is no egg problem in this, for the average female crab is burdened on her underside with as many as g,500,000 eggs. Clams, oysters and sponges as well are being planted along

t vide a suitable hatching ourcoast—yet the government scientists He station. realize that they have barely scratched what the possibilities*of scientific ocean farm- Presi ACH year the coastal ing even with all these activities. carri streams are sown with Attempts to increase the knowledge of cents baby fish, called “fry, these possibilities are being made today expe: that have been transported by anumber‘of oceanographic expeditions. ist’s there in jars. But this One of the most comprehensive recent suita method seems to have been surveys was a reconnaissance of the Gulf to th adopted too late to preserve of Mexico, Caribbean Sea region, and thin the species, for each year neighboring parts of the Atlantic and the cont _ r a. re es — Pacific around the Galapagos Islands. fitte ply of this desirable =. pist Up on Alaska rivers sal- UCH explorations are headed by men was mon canners were becoming who are in a way the Columbuses, twel - ant he ‘ayparns out ——— and pa of the present, = e fish on their way from u ey are more in the nature of pros- the sea to the spawning An Australian shark fishing boat hauling up a tiger shark with pectors. They are naturalists and their pee beds, that this species, too, aderrick. In this new industry the shark skins make splendid work has been conducted on a scientific off t Fi ene aaron To-. and beautiful leather and the fish also yield a valuable oil. basis for less than one hundred years. ques ay, thanks to the Fisheries The greatest has wait Bureaus’ eine operations, the salmon - been Sir John Mur- yee seem as plentiful as ever. ray, head o it- a Even lobsters are now hatched on $ ish Challenger call stil shore, reared to a walking stage in sub- = AS dition. After him perk merged canvas boxes and then released Bins = came the American into the sea. Horizontal propellers are Professor Agassiz, Ss kept revolving in their nurseries, lest they who made _ millions , crowd together and eat one another. The out of the Calumet ing method is, on the whole, expensive and and Hecla copper de- plac better ways are being sought. posits before he could of $ Another phase of ocean farming is being indulge his fancy to to b undertaken to increase the annual supply go to sea. for “new forn scientific knowledge scril as less ambitious men lain go for fish. The late new Prince of Monaco was ing another great oceano- grapher and Scripps, the newspaper pub- lisher, died at sea aboard the laboratory

yacht on which he

A lobster nursery—an arrangement of submerged Led s ween un boxes in which horizontal propellers turn to keep the 1a spent years of his lobsters apart and prevent their eating each other. life and a generous share of his fortune. Such expeditions are being financed today largely by governments. ‘They are gather- xy Salmon swimming by hundreds of ing a library of facts that will be in- thousands up an Alaskan river tothe = =yaluable when we really begin to farm spawning grounds. So many were ° : esined thet the Goveramest had to aid the ocean in a systematic manner. Not in reproduction to stay extinction. Paleontologists (Continued on page 164) man

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er, 192g al ms of nsible oblem rab is many S and along ntists itched farm- dge of today tions. recent > Gulf , and ud the y men buses, esent, ‘pros- their entific rs. Mur- _ Brit- expe- him rican LSsiz, illions lumet er de- could cy to new ‘ledge s men e late 0 Was eano- ripps, pub- tL sea -atory ‘h he of his lerous rtune. today ather- ye in- farm e 164) October, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 39 What Js anInvention Anyway? Mysteries of the Patent Office Explained—Why Many a Valuable Idea Cannot Be Protected and How Ignorance May Cost Fortune By p. A. CARMICHAEL ILES from a garage on a little traveled road with a flat tire. Miles, also, from the nearest filling station. What was he to do? , He had tire patches and cement, but what good were they without a pump? Presently a farm boy came along who carried a little pump to rent for fifteen cents. The problem was solved, and the experience had put an idea in the motor- jst’s head.- Why shouldn’t a pump, of suitable size and attachment, be fastened to the valve of a tire itself? He began to think more seriously about it and in time contrived a short, stocky pump which fitted on the rim, had a spring on the piston rod to facilitate its operation, and was worked with one hand. It would put twenty-five pounds of air in a tire without exhausting the pamper. Visions of riches from his invention crowded his mind. He sent his design off to the U. S. Patent Office, with a re- quest for a-patent on it. Anxiously he waited. In time word came that he had not complied with the requirements for applications for patents. His hopes sank. Still, the patent had not been refused; perhaps he had better see a lawyer. O HE did, and found that applying for J a patent is a legal proceeding involv- ing considerable technique. In the first place, he must pay the Government a fee of $20, and, in certain circumstances, later to be described, more. He must-submit a formal document requesting a patent, de- scribing the invention and distinctly ° claiming the features of it which were new, accompanied by drawings conform- ing to specific requirements of the Not so dumb as many of us think he was. His ideas prevent many a man from getting a patent on a “new” invention. His invention may be useful, but it’s patentable only if new, and perhaps the man at the bot- tom of the page originated it. Patent Office. And, finally, the whole must be accompanied by’a sworn state- ment from the inventor saying, among other: things, that he had not publicly used his invention, nor offered it for sale, more than two years before. It will repay us to look a little more closely into the foregoing requirements. To begin with, the application receives a Patent Office serial number and a filing date and a certificate of filing goes to the applicant. The application goes to the proper one of some fifty-five examining divisions, which ordinarily takes it up in the order in which it was filed. However, some applications receive preference, as for example, those for inventions which are judged to be of peculiar importance to some branch of the public service. HE procedure in the examining divi- sion is by far the most important, since it is this that determines the in- trinsic patentability of an invention. Unless the application clearly describes the invention and specifically sets forth the claims for it, the examiners may be left in doubt and so may reject it. The invention is examined as against, among other things, what is termed prior art; that is, as against existing objects of its class cr kind. If it was in use, whether in the hands of the inventor or of someone else, or if it was published—by descrip- tion, picture, or otherwise—more than two years before the date of ap- plication, then it is vnpatent- able. Obviously, the patent office cannot always know of these prior instances, and hence they are often brought forward in subsequent legal proeeedings to invalidate granted patents. Claims that are too broad are occasionally allowed to inven- tions and cannot be upheld when challenged by previous in- ventors. There is one patent for a calculating machine that ’ {fig at Weg Le i] \\ makes 797 claims—so many that it might seem nothing was left for any other in- ventor of these instruments to patent! Fifty to 200 claims are frequently al- lowed; but the greater the number, the greater the risk of challenge, as is shown in a new and revised edition of Patent Essentials, by John F. Robb, a book deal- ing extensively with inventions and the process of obtaining patents. It is pub- lished by the Funk and Wagnalls Com- pany of New York. HERE is one check against the end- less piling up of claims for inventions —a government charge of $1 for each claim made over twenty, which the $20 flat fee allows the inventor to make. Of course, the greater the number of claims allowed, the greater is the mono- poly and protection for the inventor. If an application for a patent survives the tests in the Examining Division—if it is in proper form, if it makes valid claims and if it is not faulty otherwise— then it passes on to the Issue Division, which issues another certificate and an- other charge equal to the amount paid at first is assessed. If this second fee is not paid within six months, the inventor or anyone to whom he may have assigned his invention may within a year from allowance of the first application renew his request for a patent without the formality of filing the same papers over again. In the meantime, anybody is at liberty to use the invented article without liability. After the period of one year, still another application can be made, but this must be a completely new one, as if none had ever been filed. When the last fee has been’ duly paid, Letters Patent are issued on the fourth Tuesday after the first Thursday on or following the date of payment. They are issued to the inventor’s attorney, if he has one, unless the attorney directs otherwise. The attorney has a lien on the patent if his fees are not paid. We will now (Continued on page 170)

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WINDLERS are finding radio, mysterious to most people, a fertile field. Thou- sands of radio listeners have been misled in the pur- chase of buried antennas purport- ing to prevent static, bring in more distant stations, and get rid of interference. The Popular Science Institute of Standards has carefully and repeatedly tested various types of buried antennas. Without a single exception, they were found to be absolutely worthless. None was even as good as the average indoor antenna. Of course, a buried antenna will reduce static, but unfortunately it will reduce the strength of the reception even more than it does the static. Exactly the same results can be obtained by snip- ping off a large portion of your regular antenna with a wire cutter. Several types of these buried antennas are be- ing sold. The purchaser is given an instruction sheet that tells him to dig a hole and bury the can that accomplishes the alleged marvelous result, placing it a speci- fied distance under the surface. The procedure is outlined in great detail although most of the details actually are meaningless and are used only to make the instructions sound important. Claims made for the devices are scientifically absurd. They seem to be limited only by the credulity of the vic- tim purchasing the device. Advertisements of these devices are published in some of the most widely known periodicals in the country. Poputar Science Monruty, however, basing its action on the reports from our laboratories, has refused to accept them. Once a reader answers one of these advertisements, he receives a series of sales letters. The first expands at great length on the results claimed to be obtainable with the particular device. Prices quoted are usually in the neighbor- hood of twelve dollars. F THE inquirer fails to respond, another letter is sent further extolling the device and offering it at a bargain price. Then, with failure to purchase, follows letter after letter, each more insistent than the last. Lower and lower prices are quoted until at last the device is offered for about three dollars, at which price the manufacturer can still make a fat profit. A typical buried antenna was being POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Institute Exposes New Radio Gyps BY ALEXANDER SENAUKE examined at the Institute when the photograph on this page was taken. It consisted of a small can made of thin copper and filled with ground charcoal. To a point just inside the upper edge was soldered the end of a twenty-foot length of ordinary enameled wire. A cheap tin cover completed the outfit. A tinsmith would be glad to make such a device for a dollar and a half. This piece of apparatus is nothing more nor less than a ground connection, not one whit better than an ordinary length of pipe driven into the ground. And if you want to find out what such a device will do for you in the way of improving reception, just disconnect your antenna lead-in wire and connect your ground wire to the antenna binding post of the set. You probably won't get any static, but you won't get much broadcasting either. Other varieties of buried antennas sold at fancy prices are filled with different kinds of salt. The idea of the ground October, 1928 A typical “static elim- inator,’’ a can full of ground charcoal with twenty feet of enam- eled wire attached. carbon or salt is to attract moisture and so make the ground connection more effective. But a ten-cent sack of salt certainly should not cost ten dollars! And certainly a ground connection js worth no such price. Not all of the so-called buried antennas are merely ground con- nections. Some of them are made up of a can containing a small coil of rubber or lead-sheathed cable. They are as effective jn bringing in the broadcasting as fifty cents worth of rubber insy- lated wire strung along the ground. In other words, they accomplish no worth while results whatever. HE foremost radio engineers, such as Marconi, Armstrong, and Fessenden and also those of the United States Bureau of Standards, freely admit that there is 10 known way to eliminate static in the reception of broad- casting. And further- more, most of the experts have little hope. that static ever will be elim- inated. In fact, the only possibility appears to be in making the broad- casting stations so power- ful that the ratio of sig- nal strength to static will be improved. You know how little static bothers the reception of a powerful local station. You have to turn the volume down toa low point to keep the local stations from blasting your loudspeaker, and under such conditions the set is so insensitive that the static is not heard at all. Of course, there may be objections to super-power broadcasting stations, but such stations are, apparently, the only logical answer to the question of static elimination. The actual number of feet of wire in an antenna is of no importance. What counts is how much area is covered by the wire and how high the wire is above the level of the ground. OU could, for instance, take a hun- dred feet of antenna wire and string it up in a single piece one hundred feet long and thirty or forty feet from the ground. Such an antenna plus a good ground, connection would give excellent results in most localities. Now if you were to take that same amount of wire and cut it into two pieces and string them parallel, a couple of feet apart at the same height, you still would have an effective antenna. It would not, how- ever, be as good as the one-hundred-foot one and, in fact, it would be practically no more effective (Continued on page 157)

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ber, 1928 attract ground » But ertainly s! And ction is | buried nd con- re made a small heathed tive in iting as er insu- ng the S, they results gineers, istrong, » those reau of 7 admit known e static f broad- further- experts e that e elim- he only ars to : broad- ) power- » of sig- . static 1ers the station. wn toa ns from ler such ve that course, r-power stations answer on. wire in What red by ; above a hun- e and undred t from a good ccellent if you of wire g them at the ave an , how- ed-foot tically ige 157) October, 1928 hall | Buy or Bui The Answer Depends on You, But Here Are the Facts to Guide You By ALFRED P. LANE . OULD you ad- vise me to build a radio receiver or to buy a regular factory- built set?” To that question, asked us many times daily, there can be no It depends altogether definite answer. on the individual. Some men would never consider building their own receivers. Others take no interest in a set unless it is a product of their own handiwork. As between building and _ buying, PoputaR SctENCE MOontTHLy does not champion either. Our function, as we understand it, is to assist you to purchase wisely if you want to buy a set and to help you solve your home construction prob- lems if building appeals to you. And if you are undecided we want to help you by explaining the advantages and disad- vantages of each course. If results are the main consideration and if, in addition, you do not like to do mechanical jobs with your hands, don’t attempt to build a radio receiver. Go to a reliable radio dealer, hear the various receivers demonstrated, and choose the model that gives the results you want at the price you can afford. Be sure, how- ever, that it is of a type approved by the Popular Science Institute of Standards. If, on the other hand, you take pleasure in making things with tools, you prob- ably will want to build your own radio receiver. Of course no one really builds a radio receiver these days. Present-day amateur But if your fingers are all thumbs your radio problem is simply solved. See a reliable dealer and buy what you like. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY radio building is actually assembling factory-built parts. The first considera- tion, whether you buy or assemble a set, is to decide what results are most important. Does the fascination of bringing in distant stations appeal to you most? Or do you put tone quality first? The tendency to- day is to place tone quality above all else; and this seems logical enough, because the thrill of bringing in distant stations soon wears off whereas really fine music never loses its charm. It is possible to get both good distance and fine tone in either a commercially built receiver or in a home-assembled one at a reasonably low cost provided you are satisfied with moderate volume. If, how- ever, you insist on the limit of distance plus tremendous volume, with the best tone quality on local stations, there is no way either to buy or assemble a set with- out spending a considerable amount of money. In both results and cost the simple, one-tube receiver is at the bottom of the list. The receiver using a single vacuum tube is so inexpensive to build that it is still very popular, especially with begin- ners. With such a set it is possible to get good headphone reception on the local stations and if you have a good antenna and your location is favor- able, you will bring in many stations hundreds of miles away. The chief disadvantage of the single tube receiver is that it is not particularly selective. N DISTRICTS where there are many power- ful stations you will have considerable trouble in tuning-in one station with- out interference from those on neighboring waves. The next logical step is to add an audio amplifier to a one-tube set. It will permit good loudspeaker reception on any station that can be heard clearly on the headphones with one tube. A three-tube outfit of this type is the simplest radio da Radio? Do you enjoy working with tools? Then you may assemble your own radio receiving set with good results. receiver that will give loudspeaker recep- tion. Adding one more tube in a radio- frequency stage of amplification will greatly improve both the selectivity and the ability to tune-in distant stations. The resulting four-tube circuit is ex- tremely popular with home radio assem- blers. It is the most practical set for the man, who desires to assemble a satisfac- tory receiver as economically as possible. ERY few one, three and four-tube receivers are factory-built today be- cause in commercial construction a five or six-tube set can be built almost as cheaply as one of fewer tubes. There are, of course, kits covering the essential parts of the tuning circuit, leaving it optional with the purchaser to complete the receiver as he desires. The question whether you want a bat- tery-operated or full electric type radio receiver must be decided in favor of the battery-operated type if you have no 110- volt electric light current available. If current is available and you expect to buy a factory-built receiver, we would suggest the full electric type. And this advice also applies to a home-assembled receiver if you are just taking up radio. In that case you can start fresh without having to bother with equipment already on hand to operate an older set. Even if you are building a simple one-tube radio receiver it can be made full electric to the extent of eliminating the A-battery. By a careful choice of parts you can rebuild the one-tube set into a larger outfit. Whether you buy complete or assemble for yourself, we stand ready to help you solve your problems. In writing for in- formation or advice, be sure to give us as many particulars as possible about your problem. Address your letters: Radio Editor, Poputar Scrence Monrtuaey, 250 Fourth Avenue, New York City.

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eae POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY October, 192g Hints for the Beginner in Radio Why Choke Coils Are Needed A Loudspeaker Cord That You Can Walk On—Adjusting the Voltage in Eliminators—A Good Method of Sharp Tuning OU can operate a loudspeaker at a point some distance away from the radio receiver without in any way impairing the results. In fact, the only problem is that of running the necessary wire. If the radio receiver and the loudspeaker are on the same side bat at different ends of the same room, the wire can, of course, be run along the baseboard. But frequently it is necessary to run the wire across the floor under the rugs. Ordinary loudspeaker ex- tension cord is not suitable for this purpose as the round cable raises a ridge in the rug that wears quite rapidly. The novel loudspeaker extension cord shown in Fig. 2 eliminates this trouble. The two wires are embedded in a flat strip of rubber with feathered edges. It lies flat on the floor and makes no ap- preciable ridge in the rug. What Choke Coils Do ARLY types of radio receivers rarely included any choke coils in their con- struction. Modern sets, both factory- built and home-assembled, make con- siderable use of them. The choke coil is not a new piece of apparatus. It was well known long be- fore broadcasting, but the importance of the choke coil in forcing the electric cur- rents in the radio receiver to keep to certain definite paths was not fully ap- preciated until tone quality came to be so all-important. Two kinds of choke coils are used in a radio receiver because there are two kinds of electric current circulating in its wiring. In the radio-frequency end of the receiver, that is, from the antenna to the detector tube; the currents are oscillating at tre- mendously high frequencies. The cur- rents circulating in the wiring between the detector tube and the loudspeaker are at much lower frequencies, so low, in fact, Fig. 1. A high resistance unit consisting of several individual resistances that are connected in series and cannot be adjusted beyond limits of safety. A B C’s of Radio ESISTANCE units are com- monly rated by the number of watts of current they will safely dissipate in the form of heat. While this method of rating allows you to figure the safe current- carrying capacity of the resistance, it would be better for the radio amateur if the manufacturers would specify the current-carrying capac- ity in milliamperes. When the rating is given only in watts, divide the number of watts by the rated resistance and the result will be the square of the current the resistance will safely carry. Determine the square root of this figure and you have the current in amperes. that they become sound when translated into air vibrations. A relatively small choke coil will serve to force radio-frequency current in the proper path. This path must be provided in the form of a by-pass condenser. If the by-pass condenser (another name for a plain condenser) is not connected in the circuit the current will flow right through the choke coil but with much reduced strength. Remember this when you are building or testing a radio receiver. If the wire to a choke coil is broken, the current can’t flow and if the wire to its accompanying by-pass condenser is dis- connected the current won't flow except very weakly. Relatively large choke coils are needed to cut off currents at audible frequencies. Radio-frequency choke coils usually are made with no cores, whereas audio choke coils have heavy laminated iron cores. Adjustable High Resistance N BUILDING a B-eliminator or a power amplifier unit combined with a B-eliminator, there are undoubted ad- vantages in having adjustable resistances so that the various voltages can be changed to suit conditions. However, the difficulty in most circuits providing for adjustable voltages is that there is nothing to prevent the adjustment being carried too far. If, for instance, the proper C bias voltage should be forty volts and you acei- dentally operated the outfit with the volt- age much too low, the power tube would be ruined in a short time. Similarly, if you set the B voltage for the first audio stage a hundred volts or more high, you might blow the filter condensers and you would be sure to shorten the life of the tube. Unless you can make sure that the ad- justments are within a safe range it is much better to rely on fixed resistances, However, it is possible to obtain voltage adjustment within safe limits by the use of the new unit shown in Fig. 1. This unit consists of a series of individually adjust- able resistances connected in series to make up the total resistance required. Each of these individual resistances is so devised that the voltage it controls can be shifted only within safe limits. How to Tune Sharply ADIO fans who are interested in get- ting the last possible fraction of strength out of a distant signal may well ° take a tip from the expert photographer. When the photographer focuses the image on the ground glass of his camera he rotates the adjusting knob back and forth so that the lens moves first beyond and inside the point where the picture is sharp. By making the motion less and less each time he finally allows the knob to remain at the point of exact focus. In tuning your radio receiver, move the ad- justment back and forth in the same way if you want precise tuning. Then when you have located the point where the broadcasting is as loud as possible, read the dial very carefully and note the fig- ure on your record of stations. The next time you want to listen to that particu- lar station, you can tune it at once. A flat loudspeaker extension cord runs under a rug without making an unsightly and awk- Fig. 2. ward ridge. Its wires are embedded in rubbet.

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carried r C bias OU acci- he volt- e would larly, if t audio gh, you ind you of the the ad- ze it is stances, voltage the use his unit adjust- Ties to quired, es is so can be i y in get- ion of ay well : rapher. es the -amera ck and eyond ture is ss and nob to us. In he ad- 1e way 1 when re the >, read he fig- e next articu- ce. d awk- rubber. October, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 43 adio Hails the Dynamic Speaker Powerful Electromagnet Operating Directly on a Moving Coil Reproduces Music with Greatly Increased Fidelity NOTHER revolutionary change in radio loudspeakers is im- pending. The cone type speaker rap- idly drove the ordinary horn type into oblivion. Now the still newer dynamic cone threatens to drive out the cone. The cone replaced the horn because it reproduced music more faithfully. It brought in low notes that were completely missing on the ordinary horn and it did not overemphasize certain tones at the expense of others—a common fault of all small horn speakers. And if the dynamic cone in turn vanquishes the ordinary cone, tone quality plus great volume will be the deciding factor. Curiously enough, the dynamic cone speaker is not really new. In fact; the unit that drives it is one of the oldest forms of loudspeaker units; thousands of them were sold in the early days of broadcasting. But the possibil- ities of the dynamic speaker units were not realized at that time; first, because the horns to which they were attached caused severe distortion, and, second, because the radio sets of that day dis- torted so badly that really good tone quality was an impossibility anyway. The theory of the operation of the or- dinary cone type loudspeaker unit was explained in an article in PopuLar Science Monru ty for August. As shown in that article, the pulsating electric waves representing the sounds being pro- duced in the broadcasting station are translated into actual sound waves by the variation in the magnetic pull of a powerful permanent magnet on a small iron armature that is connected by means of a stiff wire to the apex of the cone. HE dynamic speaker unit also op- ‘L erates by electromagnetic attraction. But instead of utilizing the pull of a permanent magnet on a piece of iron, the dynamic speaker uses a very powerful electromagnet which acts directly on a coil of wire. The coil is attracted to the magnet when electric current flows through the winding, although the attrac- tion is not nearly so powerful as if the coil had an iron core. This weaker pull explains the need for an electromagnet instead of a permanent magnet. Permanent magnets are limited in their pull, whereas the pull, of an electro- magnet is limited only by the amount of electric power you use. The extra pull of the electromagnet makes up for the weaker pull of the small coil. The diagram in Fig. 1 shows the con- struction of the dynamic type cone loud- By JOHN CARR Fig. 1. Construction of the dy- namic loudspeaker unit whose moving coil gives better repro- duction of high and low notes. speaker. Note how the frame is arranged so that the large coil of wire produces an intense magnetic field between the center pole and the frame close to it. The small movable coil consists of just a few turns of wire and is fastened directly to the apex of the cone. This small coil could, of course, be connected directly in the plate circuit of the power amplifying tube, but it would have such a low im- pedance that the music or speech would be very weak. And since it would be difficult if not practically impossible to make a really light coil with a large num- ber of turns, the problem is solved by feeding the power from the amplifying Testing baffle boards of various sizes on a dy- namic speaker in Popular Science Institute of Standards. The boards improve the sound. tube through a step-down transformer which may have a step-down ratio of twenty or more to one. Now why should a dynamic loud- speaker unit made as described be any better than the ordinary balanced arma- ture type of unit that is so popular? There are at least three reasons. The first is that the movable coil and the small cone attached to it can be made extremely light so as to vibrate easily at the higher audio frequencies and repro- duce the high notes and overtones with maximum fidelity. Second, the movable coil can move a considerable distance both in and out without changing the relative magnetic effect of the electromagnet on the coil. This means that on deep notes of the organ the ‘coil can move back and forth through the long vibrations required for the low tones. In the iron armature type of speaker unit the magnetic effect be- comes much more pronounced as the armature approaches the pole piece of the magnet and distortion results. HIRD, the electromagnet exerts no pull at all on the movable coil except when the signal currents are flowing through it. That means that there is no need for stiff, heavy springs to hold the coil in a definite relation to the electro- magnet as is necessary with the iron armature type. For these reasons the dynamic type speaker unit is able to reproduce a wider range of musical frequencies than the balanced armature type; and in addition, because of the great freedom of move- ment permitted the coil, it can reproduce music or speech at tremendous volume without distortion. But while the dynamic type cone will reproduce the lowest notes, it cannot put them on the air effectively without the _ aid of a baffle board. When the photo- graph on this page was taken experi- ments were being conducted by the Popular Science Institute of Standards to determine the effect of different sized baffle boards on a standard type of dy- namic loudspeaker. The theory of the baffle board is rel- atively simple. When the cone vibrates at any frequency, it sends out air waves from both front and back. These air waves are exactly opposite in phase; in other words, while the cone is producing a compression wave from its front surface, it is necessarily (Continued on page 163) The names of the winners of the “What Would You Do If You Were Czar of Radio ?”’ contest announced in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY for July appear on page 157.

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY October, 1928 Play That Made Football Over Famous Gridiron Star Explains How the Forward Pass Has Given to the Game a New Strategy and Greater Thrills By EDWIN B. DOOLEY The author of this article, a star developed by Jesse Hawley, famous Dartmouth coach, is a maker of football history and won the honor of All-America quarterback for 1924. HE whistle sounded for the sec- ond half with Cornell and Dart- mouth deadlocked 14 to 14. Fifty thousand fans had howled themselves into football hysteria a few minutes earlier as Cornell had bat- tered its way by sheer power to two touchdowns. Molinet, the Cuban full- back, had smashed our line to pieces with his catapult plunges. Our backs were against the wall. We received the kick-off and, knowing Cor- nell’s amazing strength, held the ball as long as we could before kicking. Once again the big Red machine started its inexorable drive down the field. A plunge here, a thrust there, drove us back again and again. ° Now a Cornell back fumbled and we got the ball. Here was our chance. We would make the most of it. Against that Juggernaut there was but one play to make—a pass! Quickly I scanned the Cornell defense. Between the backs who were reinforcing the line and those guarding against long runs and forward twenty feet of me, I was of unhindered for a touch- down. That play must have broken Cornell’s heart. Our masters as they were at straight football, here was something they could not guard against—the pass. A few minutes later I skot the ball to Bjork- man and our best wingman tallied again, making our victory 28 to 14. Without the forward pass on that un- forgettable afternoon Cornell would have waded through us to brilliant victory at the Polo Grounds and we would not have made football history of 1924. For Gil Dobie’s splendid running attack packed immeasurable power, and against Cornell’s phenomenal off-tackle play nothing but the forward pass could have saved us. That pass is to football what aviation is to warfare. The opponents never know just when it will strike, and if they passes waS an un- usually large gap. A pass in that neglected territory was the play to call. I barked the signal. Bob Hall, our halfback, took the ball on a pass from the center and ran a few steps to the right as though to slice off a tackle, then shot the ball whizzing into my outstretched hands. RNELL was caught napping. Not a man within Coaching Staff of the Wash- ington University team study various plays scien- o tifically with a machine whose units represent play- ers. It is operated here by Head Coach Bagshaw. Coach Heighes, of De Pauw University (rear), receiving a backhand lateral pass from Joe Pipal, coach at Occiden- tal College, Calif., who devised this new pass. The sanitary water wagon that Leland Stanford, Jr., Uni- versity provides for its players and for visiting teams. sense its coming, they cannot tell just where. It may go spiraling over their heads, it may shoot past them with bulletlike speed, it may sail far down the field into the arms of a speedy end, or be lofted over the line to some elusive half- back who has penetrated the defense unseen. HE very uncertainty is baffling, Think of that critical situation last year, when, with time fast ebbing, the Princeton Tiger seemed the victor over Yale. It was then that quick witted Johnny Hoben zipped a beautiful for. ward pass and Dwight Fishwick dashed to a touchdown. A daring play at a critical moment, but on it hung victory. Each gridiron season witnesses dozens of such plays. Last year it gave victories to Ohio State over Chicago, to Virginia over North Carolina, to the Navy over Pennsylvania. Santa Clara beat Stan- ford when Charlie Falk shot a twenty- yard pass to Kenneth McCormick. Illinois beat Northwestern by Stuessy’s pass to Jolley of only ten yards. And Michigan State beat Kalamazoo on a pass of barely five yards. Nothing else could have gained the necessary yardage, for when a team gets down near its goal line, it fights with increased stubborn- ness. But there is no axiom that whenever a team is in need of a touchdown it should pass. Quite the contrary. Hundreds of forward passes have proved boomerangs of defeat. I remember one a few years ago that cost Dartmouth a game. We were within striking distance of the Yale goal, and the Eli line was fighting for all it was worth.. The defensive Eli backs were playing wide and there was a beau- tiful opportunity for a short swift pass down the center of the field. As I had been throwing the passes, I thought it would be more deceptive to have one of the halfbacks throw this one. But the halfback misunderstood the gignal, th at

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Uni- ams, ell just r their n with own the d, or be ve half. defense vaffling, on last ng, the or Over witted ful for- dashed y ata ctory. dozens ictories /irginia ry over t Stan- wenty- uessy’s . And » on & ng else ardage, its goal bborn- jenever should reds of Lerangs 70 that within goal, for all backs 1 beau- ft. pass I had ight it ve one ¥ But signal, ‘watching a game.

POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY

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and instead of ‘throwing the ball to the unguarded area where the right end awaited it,-he threw it towards the side- line where our substitute halfback had mistakenly run. The pass was inter- cepted by McGonnigle of Yale, who made a brilliant run to within the shadow of our own goal. That change of fortune acted as an inspiration to the Yale team, and in a few minutes it swept through us to score the winning touchdown. To the average football fan, the for- ward pass is one of the best thrills of But he regards it as something of a hit and miss affair that a team resorts to occasionally, on a chance of gaining some “‘easy” yardage. As a matter of fact, it is the most scien- tific part of football. Not only does the throwing require skill and science, but the planning that precedes an aerial attack is purely a scientific procedure. That may sound a bit strange in view of Right: This pass be-

Walsh of Notre Dame, famous for its forward passing, throwing a pass before 76,000 rooters in a game against the Navy. Dame won in the 1927 contest by the score of nineteen to six, Notre the reckless abandon with which the game seems to be played, but it is safe to say that virtually all of che passes I have mentioned were the results of scientific strategy. When you attend your next football game, watch how the quarterback chooses his plays. From the moment his team catches the kick-off he will start thinking of the pass he will use when the opportunity pre- sents itself. F HE is in deep territory, that is, back towards his own goal line, an attempt to pass is too dangerous. He can direct his backs to hit the line. What if they fail to gain? His team still has the ball, and the value of its possession is forty to fifty yards, for that is the distance a team can punt if driven to that extrem- ity. It is the value of possession that makes a coach jump out of his shoes when a man fum- bles the ball. For football strategy the field is usually di- vided, as indicated in the accompanying dia-

yond the left halfback [—_ x should make him move back on the next play 4 in order to prevent its | , z successful repetition. |, i. 9 ‘ 4 RHB. ; / LM. \ | —_————— = ] a XxX @ X /xX/x ooosoo0u x y| BALL > 1 ' |RHB. LHC — 4 R | | oo 0 | | “PASS \ Sil lea x / J Left: Having made the defending left halfback \ / X\X KX @ XK |X’ X move back, the offensive

poopoou; team may now try a os ae short pass as indicated goa i here into unguarded ter- Ni cal ritory or drive through PASS the defending left tackle.

gram, into five zones of twenty yards, numbered from the team’s own goal line. (Some coaches, however, use a three- or four-zone plan.) Zone No. 1 is most dangerous for passing, but as a team goes beyond the middle of (Continued on page 152) A good quarterback passes in Zone 1 only in an eleventh-hour effort to win. passes with discre- tion in Zone 3 and at will in 4 and 5, where interception of ball is least damaging.

Edwin B. Dooley, Dart- mouth’s famous star, who was All-American quarter- back for 1924, making a punt from dangerous terri- tory in which he considered an attempt at a forward pass too risky. Dooley, however, calls the forward pass football’s most impor- tant and dramatic play.

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY October, 1928 aking Things Fit that Don’t Fit Engineers Fight Against Odd Sizes in Hardware, Film, Masonry, Plumbing, China, and Even Bedsheets By HYATT E. GIBSON MAN yelled into the ‘phone: ' “This is Fire Chief of Mill- ville! Send help quick! Big fire getting away from us. For God’s sake, send all you got!” “Sure thing!” shouted back the fire- house official in the neighboring town of Orono. “Our engine and truck will be with you in twenty minutes. I’ve shot the alarm. The boys are a-running.” “Don’t lose a second!’ entreated Mill- ville. “It’s spreading down Main Street. If the lumber yard catches the whole town goes!” “Cheer up. We'll burn up the road. Have a man with a red flag at the hydrant we'll hook up to.” “Orono is coming!” was the glad shout of panic-stricken citizens, and the sweat- ing firemen toiled on with new hope. At fifty miles an hour the engine of salvation roared into town, paused with a tremendous grinding of brakes at the red- flagged hydrant, and then went on to un- roll hose. The citizens cheered, tears in their eyes. UT Orono might as well have stayed at home! Her powerful new engine did not throw a drop of water—the Orono hose coupling did not fit the Millville hydrant; there was a trifling difference in thread or size. Only a change in the wind’s direction and a heavy rain saved Millville. The foregoing incident is entirely im- aginary, yet it might have taken place anywhere in the United States. As a matter of fact, Fall River, Mass., would have had almost an identical experience in its recent disastrous fire when appa- ratus was called from neighboring places but for the fact that its hydrants had been standardized a few weeks previously ; Everybody benefits because sensible standardization has made 342 out of 480 kinds of paint brushes “walk the plank” that leads to well deserved death in the ocean of extinction. We would all save money if more should go the same way. while in the Baltimore fire of some years ago, several near-by towns rushed their apparatus to aid the stricken city and were foiled by a lack of fit in hose and hydrants. While the reader considers a possible moral to be drawn from such anecdotes, ” UFFING BILLY,” Ste- phenson’s first locomo- tive, was tried out on the horse-car track of an English mine. The rails were 4 feet 814 inches apart, so that is the standard gage for rail- ways today the world over! With no greater scientific basis, a hundred and one styles and sizes have grown up in other fields. In this article Mr. Gibson points out that half the productive energy of the nation is lost in making odd sizes and misfits. Then he describes the fascinating bat- tle to eliminate this waste. whether a concrete remedy or a general indictment of civilization’s intelligence, I will present the case of John J. Smith, who planned a two weeks’ vacation. “T’ll put in the first three days tinker- ing the house and patching the car,” announced John J. to his wife. “I'll clean up all the odd jobs that have been waiting for half a year. Then we'll have ten or eleven days for a trip into the country.” The first shot “ killed’’ 55 out of 66 kinds of paving brick; later 5 more succumbed. Then rough face, smooth face, and common brick were cut down from 34 to 44 needless varieties of each group to a satisfactory one. “Will you please look after that vac- uum cleaner attachment first?” requested Ella. “Certainly. I'll get that in five minutes at the hardware store,” and away he went. “What model?” quoth the dealer. “Zip No. 2, eh? Out of date. Anyhow, I don’t carry it and nobody else does in this burg that I know of. And we only sell attachments for our line.” 7 YOLED on that cleaner, Ella,” said John J. at home. “I'll have to write to the manufacturer. Now I’m going to pick up a faucet for the bathroom and a few doodads for the car.” The simple quest for a faucet that would fit consumed almost half a day, while that for the car doodads took two entire days, including time required to hear a dealer's eulogy on how practically everything in the automotive line was interchangeable. Of course, you could not expect this and that, you might find some articles at a hardware store and for others the best place for a quick find was an automobile junkyard. Curtains were made to order. A lot of parts were easy to substitute by making them smaller or larger, bushing, rethreading or whatnot. ““He’s a dod-blasted prevaricator!” said John J. to his wife. “If I had a machine shop and a foundry, maybe yes. Take just this wrench business. I have sixty-two wrenches—count ’em—and not one that fits the bolts on my carburetor so I can take it off and clean it. Instead of three days I’m spending a week on these fool jobs. Half my vacation used up.” Everyone must sympathize with Mr. Smith, for we are all fellow sufferers amid the evils of odd sizes, unmatchable parts, fitless bolts and jiggers that don’t jibe. It is a scandal that we have not revolted long ago against the mean dragon ol wasteful diversity. However—and thanks be that dragon is on the run. The chase of him started several! decades back, but has become October, keen a War, e The le: States Chaml States. Stands horsen bannet presse¢ and th We. field. the en mome! half th States unifori about year. sato “rE wr

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1928 ac- ted ites October, 1928 keen and well organized since the World War, especially during the last five years. The leaders in this crusade are the United States Department of Commerce, the Chamber of Commerce of the United States, and the American Engineering Standards Committee. A great host of horsemen and footmen battle under their banners and raise cheers at gains ex- pressed in the lopping off of two decimals and the abolition of nine half-sizes. We have indeed a splendid army in the field. Yet it is a mistake to conclude that the enemy is practically licked. At this moment, despite all improvement, about half the productive energy of the United States is thrown away through lack of uniform and simple method. This means about thirty billion dollars wasted every year. It means that half our annual labor is a total loss. With a four-hour day and “He’s a prevaricator,’’ said the frantic John J. ‘I have 62 wrenches—count ’em—and not one that fits the bolts on my carburetor so that I can take it off and clean it.’’ POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY The dragon of waste in odd sizes, unmatchable parts, and fitless attachments is graaually being killed by intelligent standardization; but the monster is far from being dead, for it still costs the United States some thirty billions of dollars—half of all it produces——every year. standardization we could have as much wealth as our present eight-hour day pro- duces. And that statement is not made by a wild Utopian or a naughty red. It comes from a sober body of engineers under the presidency of none other than Herbert Hoover, who resigned as Secre- tary of Commerce to be a candidate for the Presidency. ROF. COLLINS P. BLISS, Director of Popular Science Institute of Stand- ards and Associate Dean of the College of Engineering, New York University, is also a doughty warrior in the crusade against the dragon of waste, being a member of the American Engineering Standards Committee. “The battle line,” he told me, “‘has so many fronts and so many engagements are going on that it would take a book just to summarize the affair. A lot could be written on the offensive against haphazard valves and fittings, which has taken four years to complete. Now all steam, water, gas, oil—in fact almost any kind of flow- ing matter—can be conveyed in systems whose parts are absolutely interchangeable. And when new or repair parts are ordered the user knows they will fit and conform to all requirements for strength and safety. In one month alone ten thousand copies of the printed standards in this line were ordered in var- ious industries. “Every householder can see the benefit of uniformity and simplicity in house plumbing. A committee is now being formed to stand ardize this field. Think what a satisfaction it will be to order a fixture and know that it will fit, with distances be- tween holes for pipe connec- tions and drains all the same, every detail bound to match. When your boy jumps on the wash basin to reach the ceiling and the basin cracks, the plumber around the corner will have a precise duplicate. You won't have to send to a distant city and meantime use the kitchen sink for a week. “Standards for mechanical refrigera- tors of the home type are being studied, insuring a simpler, better, and more eco- nomical refrigerator within the near future. Everything will be considered from the kind and thickness of insulation to thé size of box and the details of mech- anism. You will know what you are get- ting for your money. This will extend nationally some of the benefits hitherto afforded to readers of this magazine through our own Institute of Standards laboratory. We will then have a less strenuous task in checking up different makes and will not find so many outfits of dubious quality. If you do not have a machine refrigerator and cling to the old style ice box, you may care to know that your interest is catered toi’ he national campaign: standard sizes of ice cakes in weights of 25, 50,75, 100, and 150 pounds, along with specified dimensions, have been adopted this year. “TYVERYBODY should become an en- thusiastie supporter of the move- ment to simplify and unify. We are all concerned, whether we buy a pipe cleaner or a car, a bedsheet or a hack saw blade. The manufacturer is equally interested; for him it is costly to tie up capital in raw material, stock, space, and surplus repair parts, and to make a hundred complicated varieties of the same goods where ten would serve. For us it is costly to pay the resultant price. Why should we con- tinue to pay two dollars for every dollar article produced under a_ regime of waste?” Professor Bliss is enormously right and I second his motion that every layman should become a missionary for stand- ardization. Let (Continued on page 168)

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48 A barge carries tons of riprap— - concrete slabs wired together. It is cut off in sections like cloth and a crane lays it om the river bank. BILLION - DOLLAR job that will require three years for com- pletion is the riprapping of the lower Mississippi River, now well under way following last spring’s devastating floods. It is the most stupendous en- gineering project of the kind. While this operation is not a reduce the damage that is wrought by the furious ram- pages of the “Father of Waters.” POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY October, 1928 Stone Banks for the Mississippi i Willow trees, swung by a mighty steam crane, being woven with wire into a protective coat to gucrd a Mississippi levee against a flood. The riprapping cannot prevent overflowing of the Mississippi and its tributaries, but it can save the levees and the banks from being destroyed at flood time by the tremendous pres- sure of water and the erosive Towboat moving a fleet of barges laden with concrete slabs wired together to make stone banks for the Mississippi. action of the torrential currents. The riprap consists cf gigantic mats made of willow trees and sometimes of concrete slabs, woven and linked together with wire and laid on the banks and levees to protect them against ravages of the water. . Se complete solution of the flood [am — > . mS problem, it will tremendously : AF ES 8G LE SNE INS ES ese, at : . 7 é : New Test Questions on Aviation 1. Who was the first man to fly across the English Channel? When was it done? 2. Which type of craft is the older, heavier-than-air or lighter-than-air? 3. What country leads in air mail development? 4. How is a parachute opened? 5. How does the fuel consumption, in miles per gallon, of a light airplane com- pare with the fuel consumption of a light automobile? 6. What is an airway radio beacon? 7. Is air cooling used on radial engines only? 8. Why is economy an important factor in aircraft engines? 9. At what rate do propellers turn in normal flight? 10. Do all licensed ? 11. What is a hangar? 12. What is the name of the first air- plane to cross the Atlantic? 13. What is the American record for high speed in an airplane? 14. How long does it take a normal person to learn to fly alone? 15. What is air? 16. How does density of air change with altitude? 17. How does air resistance vary with speed? airplanes have to be conscious,’ and the air conscious person must be also air-wise. Are you? Are you really at home when fly- ing is the subject of conversa- tion, as it so often is? If not, these questions, prepared for POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY by Professor Alexander Klemin, Director of the Guggenheim School of Aeronautics at New York University, will help you. .The answers are on page 158. M conscio is becoming “‘air | 18. What is a streamline body? 19. What is a wind tunnel? 20. Will a fast airplane of a given weight require more or less wing area than a slow one of the same weight? 21. If an airplane has an air speed of 100 miles per hour heading into a wind of twenty miles an hour, what is its ground speed? 22. What is the slipstream? 23. Is the chord always the same at all points of the wing? 24. When is an airplane considered stable? 25. What is a tail spin? ww a ~~ . What is skidding? When is an airplane stalled? What is a three-point landing? Can an airplane fly upside down? 30. What is a vertical bank? 31. What is a helicopter? 32. What is an amphibian? 33. What are the advantages of a biplane over a monoplane? og ww 2 2 =» 34. What is the empennage of an airplane? 35. What is the rudder and _ its function? 36. What is the difference between a tractor and a pusher type airplane? 37. What is a cantilever monoplane? 38. What is a tail skid? 39. What two metals are most used in airplane construction? 40. What are the principal constitu- ents of duralumin? 41. What wood is most used in air- planes? 42. Why is “dope” 43. Why is metal gaining in favor for airplane construction? 44. What is a disadvantage of an extremely wide landing gear? 45. What is an oleo strut? 46. What is the functions? used on wings? elevator and _ its October, larger i A proje Regiona on this scrapers fields an The s Meadow saic and To bu of the ¢€ feet by yards o must be the pas: and a dredged The c $8,700,0 to accor ginning. 000 pec to that | The black site of the

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*, 1928 |

October, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 49 A Magic City from a Swamp ROM a vast 41-acre waste of mos- quito-infested New Jersey swamp land, just across the Hudson River from New York City, soon may rise a great city of industries and homes,

e, SE fields and residential districts. The site is known as the Hackensack Meadows, through which wind the Pas- saic and Hackensack rivers. larger in area than New York herself. BLANK 2 A project recently announced by the y ~_ Regional Plan of New York and pictured rh} on this page calls for streets and sky- ax scrapers, parks and waterways, flying oa ?

ywn? of a F an its en a ane? ~d in titu- air- r for The engineers’ vision of the great city as it an will appear when com- pleted. Note the pro- ; visions for large air- »’ tee ports, and for water- { Hig tt [ee ways big enough for the ' J 1US accommodation of the The black area on the small map indicates proposed largest of ocean The New Jersey marshes as they appear today. site of the new city of the Hackensack Meadows. vessels and seaplanes. Ten feet of fill willsoon turn them into dry land.

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Pe =. -—— Power from your washing machine runs a compact new rotary ironer that can be kept in a drawer. It is slipped on in place of the wringer in a few moments. The padded roll, set in motion by a slight hand pressure on a convenient lever, is electrically heated. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Po a October, 1925 / New Tools ° ~ That Make Home Tasks Easy Pd Just the right size for chopping a few pieces of ice, the cedar pail stoutly bound with brass, as shown below, saves your enameled sink from the ravages of the sharp ice pick. Its tongue-and- groove construction makes it leakproof, each stave fitting into the next in a joint as perfect as that of the best cask, An ironing board that you can use while traveling is seen at the left. It rests safely on any flat-topped piece of furniture, and cannot mar the finish be- cause its folding metal legs are sheathed in rubber. At home, it serves for baby clothes and small unexpected ironing tasks, Scrub brush and floor mop in one is a new German device that makes the care of your floors easy. After scrubbing, the mop cloth slides beneath the brush, where a wire brace holds it firmly. A twist of the convenient handle, and the mop wrings itself. The ingenious combination tool, as shown in the picture above, is simple enough for a child to operate. A novel clothes dryer of flexible metal straps around your hot water boiler or on a steam pipe. Clothes hung in the radiated warmth dry in a minimum of time. It will also serve as a handy rack in the kitchen pantry for cooking utensils or for brushes and brooms. October, Es tul su ly No s clothe can a floor,

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er, 1924 1g a few stoutly Ww, saves ravages gue-and- akproof, iN a joint set cask, straps steam armth ) serve ry for rooms. October, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 51 Especially suitable for a small household is a new electric clothes- washer that can be used on the drainboard of a sink, or in sink or bath- tub. With its cord plugged in a wall socket, it rocks gently so as to swish suds through the garments which are placed init, cleaning them thorough- ly without damage. All moving parts are inclosed in an aluminum case Jar caps of any size, large or small, are whisked off in a jiffy by the ingenious new wrench at the right. Its three sets of notched rims enable it to fit any container. At the end of one hinged arm is a handy bottle opener that easily doubles the value of the novel instrument to the busy housewife. No screws or clamps are needed to attach this convenient new clothes drying rack to your radiator. However, the versatile rack can also be used over a gas range by crossing its hinged legs; on the floor, over warm air registers, in an open window, or on an ironing table. It will stand alone, and folds into a small bundle for storing. Cleaning the garbage pail is a simple matter through the new convenience of waterproof paper receptacles that fit inside it. Each is used once and thrown away with its contents. Tabs serve as handles. This is of special value in many cities where the law requires garbage to be put out in @ paper wrapping for the collector With the face of this new gasoline-burning heater up- turned, you can set a dish of beans and a pot of coffee upon it for speedy cooking; or bread to be toasted. Turh the heater face to a vertical position, where it is held by e convenient set screw, and it serves as a radiant heater to warm a bathroom, camping lodge, or any small room. Although it utilizes gasoline as fuel, it lights instantly.

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52 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY October, 192 Octob Ideas Put To Work Burglar - Proof Doors, Steel Gloves to Guard Fingers of Workmen, New Life Preservers, Rubber Toothbrushes Bristleless Toothbrush Handy Tool of Ten Uses A valuable friend is this new combi- nation of hammer, with nail puller, screw driver, corkscrew, knife sharp. ener, scale, ruler, table of weights and measures and can and bottle opener. Semisoft, wedge-shaped little fingers that won’t come out get all around the teeth and massage the gums. Clean- ing the brush is simple and easy and better sanitation will be a result. i a — A Burglar-Proof Door This door is kept bolted while the lady of the house opens the swinging, hinged sash and talks with the stranger through the pro- tecting iron grille which is in the outer face of the door. Between the grille and the sash is a bronze screen, an additional convenience. AGard Any ordinary nozzle fits in this hinged device which is adjustable to any position from vertical to horizontal. Its standard ends in a long slender spike, which can easily be driven down by hand power without marring your lawn. Detroit’s New Giant Boulevard Lights With 5-lamp ornamental lights Washington Boulevard takes from State Street, Chicago, the honor of the world’s best lighted street. Each pole has 10,500 candlepower. In one of the lamps is the daughter of A. F. Dickerson, of the General Electric Company, who helped design them. device is used, the , >!/ceman knows what a vertical plate means, system at the ceremonies which lately inaugurated its use. etn | New Little m S * * ie ters have : as es Se : P mm, J and Be - . maaan County, New Device That Foils the Motor Car Thief Mechanical System That Sorts Freight Cars beg The thief who drives off in this parked car is in for a surprise. Pressure of buttons and electric controls operate the $4,000,000 during g The owner has turned the license plate to a vertical position with car classification system recently installed in the Boston yards of also mak a lever, which is then locked so that no one can restore the plate the Boston & Maine Railroad, replacing many trainmen. Presi- enables c: to its proper position without the key. In Australia, where the dent Hannauer, of the road, is seen pointing to one section of the from the giving tl

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r, 1928 mo October, 1928 Machine Fills Lighter A coin in the slot operates this novel fuel station for pocket lighters which a Frenchman has just invented. The devices are being installed in tobacco shops and in many public buildings. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Fast Electric Paint Remover This new device speeds the work of clearing off old paint to provide a perfect surface for repainting. The long cord is run from a socket. The block, which contains a heating element, softens all the paint so it can be readily scraped off, as at the right, but the wood is not burned nor even scorched. New Life-Saver The impact as it strikes the water opens the pouch of the device illustrated above and at the left, re- leasing the floats that hold up the rescued man. He is hauled in by the cord. Two-Filament Miner’s Lamp If one filament fails, the miner simply turns a switch and throws the second fila- ment into instant service, thus avoid- ing loss of time in obtaining a new lamp. New Car Parking Plan Steel Safety Glove This new glove, woven from strands of steel, was invented by a physician employed by a large meat packing concern where the accident department records showed many cut hands and fingers. It pro- vides excellent protection, yet is said to allow ample freedom of movement at the same time. Little mgtal bridges over street gut- ters have been devised by I. G. Bench and J. D. Boyd, sheriff of Utah County, Utah, to receive front wheels of cars and thus prevent their blocking the flow of water during storms and during gutter irrigation. The plan also makes street cleaning easier and enables cars to draw somewhat farther from the middle of the street, thus Giving the traffic increased space. Cigarette Case-Checker Board This novel case has cigarettes in one side and in the other checkers, which, when not in use, repose under the board, which forms a lid that retains them. The lid is hinged so that one half can be lifted. Straightener for Golf Clubs Clubs that have been bowed through care- lessness, such as letting them lie iron down all winter, are strapped into the straight grooves of this English invention. Left there a sufficient time, they ar® “cured.”

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54 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Unusual Personalities at Work October, 1928 ood A radical new type of airplane is the invention of James A. Crane, of Ellsworth, Me. One motor flaps wings intended to lift the plane straight up; a second motor turns the propeller. : f | shag *| Two years with a jackknife and Michael Molz, of Los Angeles, produced this nine foot high exact model of the magnificent cathedral at Ulm, Germany—a masterpiece of carving. e— A camera that photographs the finish of a seemingly tied race, showing the slightest victory of any runner and automatically recording speed of all, has been invented by F. H. Loebner, of Berlin, Germany. Gar Wood, famous speed boat builder and pilot (right), built this telescope for the observatory at his Florida home. A pneu- matic system moves telescope and chair. a With that buzzing instrument, the drill, that makes a visit to the dentist exciting, Mais Baumgardt, Los Angeles optician, is making 4 huge plaster of Paris globe into a reproduction of the moon, from his own telescopic photographs. Artist and wood carver combined is L. H- Eubank, who exhibits a “painting’’ made of 516 piedes of inlaid wood of various colors and grains. ‘This picture, which measures thirty by forty inches, presents a roadway through 4 forest of giant California redwood trees Octobe Built lil bottle, 450 ton 10 mile track a Hamilt Nace tc Middle the tim melting The sy necessa' fluid fe

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October, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY | One lier. , that Mais cing a ‘ion of raphs. The Cambria, the world’s largest tin dredger, which with its chain of With ropes two feet thick, four powerful tugs start towing a 50,000-ton buckets will bring up tin ore in the form of gravel from Burmese rivers, section of the world’s largest floating dock 8,600 miles from England was built in Holland to be towed to Burma by way of the Suez Canal. to Singapore, Malay Peninsula, an Oriental base for British ships. Built like a huge thermos bottle, this car carries 450 tons of molten iron 10 miles over a special track and bridge from a Hamilton, O., blast fur- nace to rolling mills at Middletown, O., saving the time and cost of re- melting it for the mills. The system could, if necessary, keep the iron fluid forty-eight hours. Achievements in Many i Orms A dazzling view from an airplane of the palatial new Canadian Pacific liner Empress of Australia, lying under a brilliant noon- day sun in the Solent, a strait leading into the port of Southampton, England. Modern (above) and ancient (left) meth- ods of producing oil from Burmese wells exist side by side. Between great der- ticks, served with supplies by aerial cables, natives use the windlass system. Fast traveling cranes lift entire loco- motives and carry them about like packages in department store carriers in an English locomotive works. Like a motor car in a large automobile factory, an engine is shot from depart- ment to department until it is finished.

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Finding intestinal parasites of a new kind in a dead giraffe, Dr. E. W. Price, U. S. Bureau of Animal To determine the amount of oxygen the body needs to do a specified amount of labor, this scheme was devised in a German institute. The man shovels the ball up the in- cline. His exhaled breath goes into the bag and is later tested to find out how much oxygen he took from the air. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY October, 1928 » ha. ROS f ¢ Pace with Science s & wet 4 > “—\ Cy | Captain H. R. Zimmer, Los Angeles chemist whose powerful new explosive, “radium-atomite,” was described in the August Poputar Sctence Monrtuty, here demonstrates his device to Husbandry, swallowed some to test their effects and protect luminous watch dial makers from radium poisoning. It takes and tests specimens of their breath to see if they are affected by the radium used in manufacturing the dials. SEISMOGRAPH “1TH COVER REMOVED) — . VOLTMETER WITH MOVABLE MIRROR RECORDING @ APPARATUS COVER The fashion of light- colored leathers has led tanneries U. S. Bureau of Stand- ards to determine the effect on the quality of leather of sulphuric acid, which is used in bleach- ing. Here T expert is shown examin- ing an acid-tanned hide. to ask the a Bureau SPACE BETWEEN , PIER AND FLOOR PROTECTS aNSTRUMENT FROM ROOM VIBRATIO Father Tynan, of Fordham University, New York City, is here seen with the University’s new seismograph, developed by Professor Wilys of Esthonia from the invention of the Russian Prince Galitzin. It is housed in an underground room and it magnifies earth shocks 1,000 times. Details of the machine are pictured at the right and left. WIRE TO OOM gtock | | - Octobe Mi R H ke Pre Vienn cover by ra kept : Healt testin Th passil throu. stant] milk heate acquil Do. TA th They metec while Suc recent Shapl Obser earth, thirty The s sume Thi dying they secon expen stance but i millio hungr Me H° ings V JA Unive pletec adults childh Amon who I currec old, i happe Anotl vividl at the now il Par young may ce in late may them Tea E. ch Tea called

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» 1928 CD 4 ag ce to mens dials. ight- s led the and- the acid, sach- reau min- hide. October, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 57 Milk Preserved by Radio—Human Body a Dynamo Of a Million Volts—Tears a Powerful Germicide Radio Keeps Milk Sweet HE newest use found for radio is to keep milk from souring. Prof. Karl Seidel, of the University of Vienna, Austria, claims to have dis- covered a method by which milk, treated by radio waves of short length, can be kept sweet for from three to four weeks! Health authorities in Germany now are testing the process. The new “radio milk” is produced by passing an intense beam of short waves through the liquid. This, it is said, in- stantly kills all germs which cause the milk to spoil. The milk itself is not heated by this treatment, nor does it acquire a “cooked” taste. the most powerful germ killer known. Frederick Ridley, of the Royal Society of Medicine in London, experimenting with human tears, has found that one tea- spoonful of the pure chemical contained in them has antiseptic powers equal to more than a hundred gallons of salty water against certain eye bacteria. The same substance, he says, can be found in white corpuscles of the blood which continually wage war on destruc- tive bacteria invading the body. Even- tually it may be possible to extract the powerful chemical in sufficient quantities from animal bodies to place it in general use as a nonpoisonous antiseptic. Man a Million-Volt Dynamo T MAY be that you, as well as every other person on earth, are carrying an enormous electric charge. Your body, perhaps, holds a million volts! That startling possibility was suggested recently by Professor Fernando Sanford, of Stanford University, after completing a study of the earth's electrical condition. The only reason the potential thunder- bolt does not kill you instantly, he says, is that every other object on earth, in- cluding rocks, trees, oceans—even the mass of the earth itself—is electrically charged in just the same way. In fact, all the members of our solar system—sun, planets, and moons— Do Stars ‘‘Eat’’ Meteors? TARS grow; and, like all growing things, they need food for fuel. They get their food by consuming meteors with which they collide while hurtling through space. Such are the fascinating theories recently advanced by Dr. Harlow Shapley, of the Harvard University Observatory. Even our own little earth, he says, “swallows” about thirty million shooting stars a day. The sun and other great stars con- sume enormous numbers. That is how the stars keep from dying; how they replenish the energy they expend in radiation. In one | second, says Dr. Shapley, our sun | | expends 4,000,000 tons of its sub- ) stance in sending us light and heat; but in that same second a thousand million meteors drop into Old Sol’s | hungry jaws! Memory Goes to Birth | ATEST discoveries, in- ventions, and theo- ries in the various scientific fields that are of prime importance because of their bearing on the affairs of our everyday life are recorded each month in these pages. Here are presented not only what geniuses of the laboratory and explorers the world over for new knowlcdge have done for you and us, but what they hope and plan to do next. probably are charged likewise. It is | as though our solar system were a gigantic dynamo, generating volt- | ages of which electrical engineers, working with the feeble efforts of man-made dynamos, can have little conception. It is because we our- selves are a part of this gigantic electrical system that we have no perception of the charge within us. Scientific War on Rust | Dag the whole United States as a laboratory, three experts of the U. S. Bureau of Standards have undertaken a gigantic experiment to find the cause and cure of corrosion, the most common manifestation of which is rust. Corrosion destroys some 21,000,000 tons of iron and steel each year, probably the greatest waste industry suffers. To study the processes of corrosion in different soils, the experimenters recently buried 10,000 specimens of various kinds of metal pipe in forty large cities. Though most of them will remain in the ground for four OW far back can you remember? Are you able to recall happen- ings when you were a baby? J. A. Hadfield, a psychologist ef London University in England, who has just com- pleted a study of memory, finds that adults remember much more of their childhood than is commonly supposed. Among his subjects he found one man who remembered clearly a fire that oc- curred when he was only eight months old, and a woman who recalled what happened a few minutes after her birth! Another subject subconsciously recalls so vividly a choking fit brought on by fumes at the age of two that the recollection now induces suffering from asthma. Parents who think babies are “too young to understand,” warns Hadfield, may cause much suffering to their children in later life. Disturbing sights and events may linger in their memory to harass them in later years. Tears a Powerful Germicide EAR drops may mean sorrow, but chemically they are a blessing. Tears are composed of a chemical, called “lysozyme,” which is probably Can Chemists Save Farmers ? HE farm problem, about which so much has been said in the presidential campaign, will be solved not by politics, but by chemistry. That is the belief of experts of the American Chemical Society, mecting at Northwestern University to consider new ways to utilize waste products of the farm. Out of the present billion tons of waste a year, 20,000,000 tons are corncobs and 150,000,000 tons cornstalks. Already chemistry has developed many new in- dustries from farm waste. It has found uses for both cornstalks and cobs, oat and cotton hulls, tobacco stalks, peanut shells, swamp grass and various weeds. Artificial lumber and butyl alcohol used in mak- ing lacquer are typical examples. But, according to Dr. Frank C. Whit- more, director of the Institute of Chem- istry, only a start has been made in aiding the farmer to enjoy prosperity by finding value for products he now throws away. “There needs,” he says, “to be a careful study of all substances that can be made from the farmer’s products.” years, some 2,000 pieces already have been removed and examined in the laboratory. Among valuable facts already learned are these: The rate at which metal rusts depends largely on the nature of the soil. For example, in muck found near New Orleans and in various silt loam soils in Ohio and about Kansas City, the rate was extreme- ly high. In other places, notably in gravelly, sandy loam near Seattle, Wash., rust was almost negligible. Galvanized steel, heretofore considered more resistant to rust than the bare metal, proved less resistant in one in- stance, when samples of both were placed in the same muck soil. Copper and brass withstood the test better than any other metals. Lead resisted corrosion well, though in a few cases it became deeply pitted. An important phase of the tests is a study of the effects of stray electric cur- rents in the ground, such as come from power lines, which corrode metal by the chemical action known as electrolysis. One of the immediate valuable results will be data telling the best type of pipe to lay in a given kind of soil.

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58 A Small BENCH T IS all right to do model making or other light work on the kitchen table or at a makeshift bench, but sooner or later every amateur mechanic feels the need for a real workbench. If you have no bench, why not take the time right now to make one, and then gain back the time over and over again through the increased speed with which you are able to work? Even the most cramped attic or spare hall bedroom has sufficient vacant space for a small bench. Although not large, the bench illus trated in Figs. 1 and 5 will serve ordinary needs for cabinetwork on a small scale, model making, toy building, and house hold repairs—in fact, all the work that is likely to be carried out by a handy man or an amateur cabinetmaker. In addi tion, it can be moved from place to place as easily as a piece of furniture. A workbench must be strong and rigid. The errors of the inexperienced home worker in constructing a temporary bench and the later disappointments from in accurate and unsatisfactory work are too common to be needlessly repeated. After all, it takes nearly as much material and time to make a poor bench as a good one: the difference is chiefly in the de sign and the care with which the work No really expert mechanical ability is required. Accuracy in taking and working to measurements is necessary, for the bench must be square and level, but this requires care rather than skill. The wood to be used depends somewhat upon what your lumber dealer has in stock. It is advis able to use hardwood for the top piece; but, if the bench is not to have excessive use, hard pine or even Douglas fir will last a long time. All parts except the top can well be of soft wood; indeed, it is perhaps better for the beginner not to attempt to make the framework of hard- wood. Your lumber dealer will be glad to suggest the most economical and serv- iceable woods he has on hand for this purpose. is done. OUR order, as you will give it to the lumber dealer, will be practically as follows: Douglas fir ‘or equivalent), clear, S45 (that is, surfaced on four sides)—1 pe. 3 by 3 in. by 12 ft., for legs; 1 pe. 2 by 3 in. by 16 ft., for rails; 1 pe. 1 by 3 in. by 10 ft., for three rails for drawers; 2 pes. 1 by 1% in. by 12 ft. (or blind-stop) for runs for drawers; 1 pe. 1 by 6 in. by 16 ft., for drawer fronts and backs; 1 pe. 1 by 6 in. by 14 ft., for ends and bottom of POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY October, 1928 How to Build One That Will Add Vastly to Your Pleasure in Woodworking and Model Making —The Lumber and Joints to Use tool recess at the back of the bench top. Maple or birch, clear, 545—1 pe. 2 by 14 in. by 4 ft., and 1 pe. 114 by 2 in. by 8 ft., for the top. Eeaded ceiling, 30 lin. ft., °¢ by ends and back. Quarter round, 1 pe. and legs. Plywood, pine or poplar, 3 pes. 14 by 18 in. by 3 ft., for drawer bottoms. The thicknesses and widths mentioned are nominal sizes and represent the sizes of the boards before they are dressed at the planing mill. When delivered, 1-in. boards will be a seant 7% in. thick, and the width will be about 14 in. less than that specified. If the 2 by 3 in. material and the 114 by 2 in. hardwood or any of the other sizes are not in stock, purchase a shorter piece of greater width, from which the required parts can be ripped. The hardware and metal fittings should be purchased 4 in., for '> in., for tool trough Fig. 2. combination plane to plow grooves in the rails; strips can be nailed on instead. Mr. Ericson uses a Fig. 3 (upper circle). Strips are nailed on the legs to cor- respond to grooves in rails. Fig. 4 (lower circle). Making mortise and tenon joints is not the hard task that many beginners think. Mark the legs by placing the end of each rail in position. Full Instructions by E. E. ERICson Fig. 1. Planing at the bench. Note hovw a drawer helps to support the long boar Some of and it is The fol at the same time as the lumber. these may have to be ordered, well to allow time for shipment. lowing will be needed: Twenty-two No. 14 flat-head bright screws, 31% in. long, and 8 No. 12, 2% in. long. Sixpenny finishing nails, 1 Ib. Four small iron brackets for fastening ben to floor. Kight fasteners for fastening top to fram: Six drawer pulls (wooden ones will « desired). Vise, 7-in. jaws, rapid acting, or continuous screw. Bench stop. HEN the lumber has been deliv- ered, the first step is to cut thie pieces roughly to the length in which thes will be used. Remember that haste makes waste. It is a wise plan to lay out and label each of the pieces before doing any cutting. This is the cutting list: Legs, 4 pes. 3 by 3 by 32 in. End rails FE, 4 pes. 2 by 3 by 18 in. Back rails and lower front rail, 3 pes. 2 by 3 by 36 in. Other front rails FY, 3 pes. 1 by 3 by 36 in. Top G, 1 pe. 2 by 14 by 48 in. (probabl) already cut to size End cleats for top. 2 pes. 114 by 2 by 20 in. Back edge piece for top, 1 pe. 114 by 2 by 48 in. Bottom for tool trough, 1 pe. 1 by by 48 in. Drawer fronts J, 3 pes. 1 by 6 by 31 in Yrawer backs H, ° pes. 1 by 6 by 30 in. (Continued on page i139 October Thr or Moc and ernistic the mo evidenc and hay Two lamps a at the t bottom is for a given o particul styles. Large togethe: tained Bluepri reader f The « simple, pears to usually ferent n Takin scraper is comp squared bevel is thin pie fastened glue anc the hea above, Bore é its unde pipe loc! bore ano through a 34-in. edges of or comp _ The ec Ing and wood 36 *@ by 1 hole abo top of th

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, 1928 October, 1928 tly nd Lo a ) Three Brilliant Designs for Lights in the New Mode—Cost Is Low, and Construction Easy ON By HERMAN HJORTH AMPS are such vital, intimate ac- cessories in the modern home, it is Ze ye | | but natural that they should be et ed ° - | touched by the magic wand of mod- aml ernstic art. Lighting fixtures designed in = the modern manner have been much in ui evidence in recent furniture exhibitions and have been generally acclaimed. me of Two designs for modernistic table l it is lamps are illustrated, one on this page and e fol at the top of page 134, and another at the bottom of page 134. A third design, which enews, is for a stand with an integral lamp, is given on page 135—a combination piece particularly characteristic of the modern styles. Large drawings and details of all three, together with lists of materials, are con- tained in PoputarR Scrence MonrTHtiy Blueprint No. 93. This will be sent to any reader for 25 cents (see page 102). The construction of the lamps is very simple, much simpler, indeed, than it ap- deliv- pears to be at first glance. It is also un- t the usually interesting because so many dif- » the ferent materials are used. Taking first the lamp with the sky- scraper upright, you will see that the base is composed of four pieces. These must be squared carefully to dimensions. A slight bevel is planed on the edges of the three thin pieces as shown, before they are fastened to the bottom piece with thin glue and brads driven in such a way that the heads will be covered by the pieces above. Bore a hole in the center of the base on its underside large enough for the %¢-in. pipe lock nut. In the center of this hole bore another hole '% in. in diameter right ece for Hf through the base for the 3¢-in. pipe. Bore ’ la CS t and g aly obabl ize yr top, by 20 , a 3¢-in. hole in the center of one of the ee edges of the bottom piece and fit a metal by 6 | ST composition bushing into it. _ The core of the upright is made by nail- J, ing and gluing together two pieces of 1 in wood 3g by 2 by 221% in. and two pieces * by 14% by 22% in. Chisel a square hole about 1 in. deep in the center of the top of the base to receive this boxlike up- POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 59 Building Modernistic Lamps 2 VNR Big ORT © ete SH As the magnificent set-back skyscraper differs from its insipid forerunners, so this table lamp differs from the usual commonplace, characterless lamps sod in furniture stores. right. Then prepare the twelve pieces that give the sykscraper offset effect, and glue and nail them in place. CREW the pipes and fittings to- gether as for any table lamp and lo- cate the position of the two 7\¢-in. holes which must be bored through opposite sides of the column to correspond in height with the fixture “hickey.” Use two 45-degree ball fixture nipples with 14-in. brass nipples 34 in. long and fasten them in the holes with lock nuts. Run wires through and make connections at the fixture hickey so that two fixture wires can be run through the central pipe and out at the base. The first step in the construction of the shade is to glue together two pieces of 44- in. plywood, the larger one exactly 16 in. square and the smaller one 1534 in. square. The difference represents twice the thick- ness of frosted glass, which has been taken as 4-in. but may vary; therefore, buy the glass before making the shade. Next prepare the top three layers re- spectively 13144, 10 and 7% in. square. Glue and nail them together. Bore a %- in. hole through the center of the top. On the underside chisel a square hole 4 by 2 by 2 in. deep to fit the top of the upright. Two of the pieces of frosted glass should be 74 by 16 in. and two the same width but shorter in length by twice the thickness of the glass, that is, 15%4 in. or a trifle more or less. The four metal corners are made of sheet brass (or copper) cut with a pair of tinner’s snips, filed smooth on the edges, And it is simply made. and bent into shape. They should be fastened to the top so that the glass is held firmly at the lower side of the 16-in. square plywood piece. A band of metal V6 in. wide is nailed along the edge of this piece. It should be given a little inward bend at the corners so that it fits tightly against the glass. It may be found ad- visable to insert a narrow strip of felt be- tween this metal band and the glass to prevent rattling. HEN the shade is placed on the up- right, the pipe should project about 14 in. above the top. A brass cap screwed to the pipe holds the shade firmly in place. The inside of the top of the shade should be either painted white or silvered to reflect the light downward. A narrow band of gold bronze also may be painted along the lower edges of the four pieces of glass to cor-espond with the brass corners and band. The further decoration of the lamp will depend upon the color scheme of the room. Many suggestions for color schemes and hints on finishing modern- istic pieces have been given in the pre- ceding articles in this series (August and September issues). The construction of the base and up- right of the second table lamp is prac- tically the same and needs no further comment. It is suggested that a parch- ment shade be used for this lamp. It may be bought ready-made .or con- structed and decorated by the builder. For making such shades there is a new transparent material on the market that can be (Continued on page 134)

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60 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY October, 1928 Capt. E. A. McCann Describes Two Ways of Building A Case for Your Ship Model F YOU have built a small ship model with much fine detail and delicate rigging, you will undoubtedly wish to place it in a glass case to protect it from the ravages of the feather duster, the vacuum cleaner, and other imple- ments of house cleaning. The very first model I made when a youth on the clipper ship Oriana, I put under a glass shade or bell glass like those used to cover wax flowers, clocks, and knick- knacks. These covers. still may be obtained, but luckily they are not so common as they used to be. Perhaps I should not say “luckily,” be- cause it was usually the con- tents, not the glass, that seemed objectionable. Better than one of these glasses is a rectangular glass case such as you can make yourself, either with or with- out a wooden frame. A case with a frame is always the stronger; a frameless case is neater, but slightly more once expensive, A framework case requires a baseboard large enough to come clear of the bow, the stern, and the yardarms by a margin of 2 in. In each corner, 1 in. from the edges, make a hole 1g in. square. Then prepare some 1! in. square strips, as shown in the accom- panving drawing, with rabbets on two adjacent sides to receive thin picture glass. Walnut is Cut four pieces of this stock for the top frame, mak- ing each piece of a length to come exactly to the outer corners of the holes in which the upright posts will stand. Miter each end horizontally a good wood to use. so as to form a square frame, / idl and also miter them vertically / [/)\/// to receive the mitered upper wz Hii) ends of the uprights as illus- nl iii trated. YRNER POST ie C' T the uprights long enough to extend a full i, . . LOWER OO inch above the mastheads Rai. | and at the same time project through the baseboard and extend them 1 in. below it. The lower projecting ends serve as small feet for the ‘=S How the case. Miter the uprights on the two outer sides to fit into the > TOP RAILS allie framework is joined at upper and lower corners of the case triangular notches in the upper frame. Cut four other strips to lie on the base- board; these should have only one rabbet for glass and must be notched into the uprights. Glue pieces of wood to fill in the rab- bets in the legs from where the top of the base comes to the lower ends of the feet. Model of the Torrens with 14 in. long hull; it was built by Captain McCann and inclosed in a glass case for protection. Have sheets of glass cut to fill in the sides, ends, and top, and keep them in place with thin battens screwed into the corners, Set the uprights in the holes through the base and mark them just under the baseboard. Remove the base and bore 14-in. holes through the uprights so that when the uprights are in position the holes will be partly covered by the base. Then, by pressing tapered pegs into the holes, | the base and the frame can be Ys, held tightly together—a rigid &-~Y and dustproof construction. We When a case is made without any framework, a base is re- quired that is at least 1 in. larger than the over-all dimen- sions of the model and not less than 1 in. thick. Cut a rabbet right around the base not less than 34 in. down from the top; the rabbet should be of a depth to correspond with the thick- ness of the glass to be used. Instead of cutting a rabbet, you can, if you wish, fasten a batten around the lower edge SQUARE HOLE BASE wooden That Will Inclose in Glass and Keep Safe from Dust and ecidental Damage the Rigging and Other Fragile Parts Accidental Damage the Rigging and Other Fragile P to produce substantially the same effect Obtain a neat stock molding—jo} rabbeted like picture-frame molding and miter this to fit tightly around the base with its top edge level with or a littl. higher than the top of the base. In this way a slot is formed to receive the stand. ing sheets of glass. Unless you are skilled i; glass working, take this bas to a glazier and have him cut two pieces to fit the full length of the side walls and of a height to clear the mast- heads; then two end pieces ty fit between these; and one sheet to cover the other four The edges should be ground smooth, so I suggest that he cut the pieces a trifle larg and grind them to the exact size. Neat corners are essen- tial. It is advisable to us thin French plate, which is thicker than the glass ordi- narily used for windows. The sides and the ends, which stand upright their slots, should have their edges neatly cemented together, and thi top piece shoul be cemented t them. Use a ce- ment sold esp cially for use on glass or chinawar Where there is sufficient floor space, case may be made to stand on legs. ‘I! lower part can be in the form of a tab! or a cabinet and the upper part made a previously described. If, however, th case is to stand against a wall, it ma have wooden sides and back with a gla» front and top, or even a glass front onl) For the inside of such a case, a pal grayish sky blue is a good color. I‘ THE model is to be taken in and out frequently, the front may be fitted with glass doors hinged at the sides, but as center bars then are necessary, th construction should be avoided in a cas made primarily for exhibition purposes. As a general rule, it should be adde¢ I prefer the larger and more rugged mod els without glass cases. They gather a lo! of dust, to be sure, but dust on them coe not annoy me as much as it would 0 almost anything else. If well mad models will stand being gently flicke’ with a feather duster. The best way ! dust them, however, is withalarge camel’ hair or soft paint brush. Oct char com now all oO R. tain: appe into left. they and are J they tions gene If are ¢ resea engil save is be that in th

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er, 1928 ding nd the a litth In th 5 stand 1- led in is base im cut ie ful Is and > mast- eces to id one r four yround hat he > large > exact essen- to us hich is + ordi- ro. ‘sand which oht should edges nented nd the should ed ra esp awar pace, s. ‘Tl a tab rade as er, the it ma a glass it onl a pal and out > fitted les, but of this Ya cas ‘poses. addet d mou er a lot Th does yuld « mad flicked way t vamel s October, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 61 New Ways to Paint Radiators FTER remaining for years un- changed as an object of often garish and commonplace appearance, the radiator now is yielding to the artist’s touch, like all our household furnishings. Radiator covers to protect walls and cur- tains from dust, as well as to beautify the appearance of the heating coils, have come into common use. Recesses sometimes are left in the walls for the radiators so that they can be wholly or partially concealed; and in some new houses built-in radiators are provided. In finishing radiators when they are exposed to view, color combina- tions are being used to harmonize with the general decorative scheme. If the proper colors and types of finishes are chosen it is now possible, because of researches which have been conducted by engineering societies and universities, to save many dollars in your coal bills. That is because you ean choose a type of finish that will cause practically no impairment in the radiation of heat as compared to With a sprayer, whether hand-, foot-, or motor-driven, it is easy to finish radiators. Radiators are now dec- orated to harmonize with their surround- ings. A good time to refinish them is before the fall fire is started. Applying a stipple coat with a sponge to match a so-called Tiffany finished or mottled wall. other finishes which may retard radiation as much as fifteen percent. By refinishing radiators before the fire is started for the winter, the home owner can improve the appearance of his rooms with very little effort and at small cost. The essential idea is to make the radiators less conspicuous. This is accomplished by using colors that blend with the back- ground. In certain cases, however, a necessary accent in a room can be ob- tained by decorating the radiator in con- trasting color. When a wall of plain color constitutes the background, the color may be matched with flat wall paint. For radiators that stand in front of paneled woodwork in enamel finish, enamel of the same color can be used and a touch of cont -asting color applied to the ornamental embocsing with a camel’s-hair pencil brush. it 2 good match cannot be obtained in standard shades of wall paint or enamel, you can use oil colors, which ome in tubes or small cans especially for t:nting purposes, to tint a standard shade until it does match. Your dealer will tell you the proper tinting color to use, and by experimenting with small quantities you can mix the color you need. Stippled, Polychromed, and Flat Finishes—Color Schemes—How to Use Sprayers—And Simple Hints to Increase Heating Efficiency By BERTON ELLIOT A mp we BR ) | ] > aid S _v $Y eS iPNCES \\ a AS a4, . Ae 4, & If the wall decoration is wall paper of a pronounced pattern or paint-stippled or Tiffany two-tone blended effects, the ideal treatment for the radiator is stippling. This will harmonize with the background perfectly. The first step is to make sure that the radiators are in good condition for re- painting. They must be thoroughly clean and free from grease and dust. Wash them with soap and water. Clean any greasy spots with gasoline, and scrape and sandpaper all scaling or rusty places. If the radiators happen to be new and never have been painted, or if the finish is ina very bad condition, apply a priming coat of red lead-in-oil and boiled linseed oil, or other rust-inhibitive metal paint. Give the radiator two solid covering coats of flat wall paint of the desired Flat-drying paint of the kind often used for walls is ideal for decorating the radiator coils. foundation color. The stippling then may be done in two ways. The simplest method is to apply the color with a sponge cut across the grain to give a good painting surface. Pour some of the stippling color on a board or a viece of paper, dip the sponge into the color, tap it out two or three times on a piece of paper to remove the excess paint, then pat it straight onto the radiator without twisting or turning. Reload the sponge with color and continue the process until the entire surface has been covered. When the paint is dry, a second and even a third stippling (Continued on page 131)

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62 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY October, 1928 High Lights of Aero Progress Device Invented for Refueling In the Air—F lying Post Offices Will Sort Mail—Record Smashed For Barrel Rolls—Safer Plane | Flyer Can Carry Hangar Built ETWEEN New York and San Francisco on the transcon- tinental air mail route, the first “air post office” will shortly be put in service, Post- master General New announces. Postal clerks will ride with the mail and sort it in the air. The new service, which may later be extended to others of the twenty- three mail routes now in operation, is made necessary by the increased volume of air mail following the recent reduction of rates. Postal clerks eager to be transferred to the air have filed their applications already; the first was Walter O. Tuch- farber, of Olathe, Kansas, mail clerk for twenty-two years, who applied for the position last November. Plane Carries Its Own Hangar HANGAR you can carry in your plane’s cockpit, and unroll and set up wherever you land, is the latest novelty to be offered flyers. It shelters a plane completely, giving adequate additional space for working. When taken down, the fabric shel- ter rolls into a compact bun- dle with its stakes, guys, and collapsible poles, and it weighs only 110 pounds. First Link Ready In Air-Rail Line S THIS issue goes to press, the first air-rail passenger service in the United States is scheduled to commence, ac- cording to Col. Paul Hender- son, Vice-President and General Manager of Transcontinental Air Transport. The air link, between Chicago and Minne- apolis and St. Paul, serves pas- sengers arriving in Chicago via the Pennsylvania Railroad's Manhattan Limited and drops them at the twin cities of Min- nesota three and a half hours later. Returning planes con- nect at Chicago with the Broadway Limited to New York. Connections are made at Minneapolis-St. Paul with trains of the Northern Pacific, the Great Northern, and the Chicago, Milwaukee, and St. Paul Railroads. Tickets pro- The lower wings of this new biplane designed by experts of the California Institute of Technology can be moved forward or backward to al- most any desired angle and then set in that position. The set is determined ac- cording to the speed desired and the rest of the plane’s mechanism is synchronized with this speed. Stalling is claimed to be eliminated. | vide for travel via the Pennsylvania Railroad between New York and Chicago, the airplane line to Minneapolis-St. Paul, and railroad to points beyond. Airplane seat reservations are made like Pullman reservations, and heavy bag- gage may be carried. The new service is a preliminary step in the forty-eight-hour coast-to-coast air and rail line expected to open in late fall or early winter, and which will directly connect Los Angeles and Chicago on a part of its route. Passengers will fly by day and sleep in fast trains at night. Imagine the size of the /nflexible, the world’s largest air- plane, pride of Great Britain, when its landing wheels, as shown in this picture taken at the air pageant at Croydon, are eight feet high. This all metal, tri-motored craft weighs fourteen tons, has a wing spread of 150 feet, and is seventy- five feet long. The Air Ministry’s purpose in building the plane is secret, but it could easily carry 7 tons of bombs. Plane Almost Flies Itself AWED-OFF airplanes of a new type developed at the California Institute of Technology and illustrated above are said to represent an advance in safety and efficiency. A novel control mechanism permits the whole lower wing to be slid forward or backward in flight to the most favorable “staggered” position for stability at a given speed. The upper wing has no aileron, or balancing flap, and the tail is used only to steer. In the air, one of these curious planes is said almost to fly itself without the pilot's aid; and on landing it can be brought to a stop in thirty or forty feet, making it idea! for landing on small fields. Barrel Roll Record Smashed WISTING like a corkscrew through the air, Thursder Johnson, of St. Paul, spun eighty times in the evolution known as the barrel roll the other day to set a world’s record. Previously twenty-six had been the record for this stunt, called the most sickening known to aviation, in which the plane continues its forward motion while spinning like a screw. Propellers Made of Cotton OTTON cloth and canvas, impreg- nated with resin, are two of the latest materials of which airplane propel- lers have been made. In efforts to develop a nonbreakable propeller that would have a certain very desirable elasticity and resist corrosion and moisture, the cotton fabric was placed in layers until the thickness de- sired was obtained, and then molded into blocks under tremendous pressure and heat. From these woodlike blocks propellers were sawed and drilled. In experiments they proved entirely success- ful, as did similar air screws that were manufactured from canvas. Octo Rol on strc a cl add Pl TA P' toal comn sixty: varie to bu to for are SI ard € have flying Tw weigh tively vey. Chica twent moto! crulse sells f duced spreas five-h cruis hour, clined “get machi that been Charl Getty Fly Charl sound k Xt skin aged | k ose, C nuld circles airpor

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r, 1928 t\ pe fety nism slid the ition pper flap, In eS is lot's toa ideal 4 ough a ution day ously - this nown inues ike a ll preg- 6the "O} vel- kable very “osion was 3S de olde d pssure locks In ccess- were October, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY attention of another pi- lot, who flew aloft to drop hima rope. Then, with the friend at the controls, Charles crawled five times be- neath the fuselage of his speeding plane, re- paired the landing gear with a piece of rope, and returned to his cockpit to make a perfect three- point landing. Air Mail Letter Circles Earth N AIR letter that traveled around the globe to its starting point in seventy-one days is said by its send- er, Osborne B. Bond of New York City, to have set a new record A mighty crane at Hamburg, Germany, lifts the fuselage of the new Rohrbach Romar flying boat to a ship that will carry it away for tests on the Baltic Sea. This splendid craft is claimed as the largest, strongest, and most powerful flying yacht ever built. It is manned by a crew of five and has a passenger carrying capacity of twelve. In addition to passengers, baggage and ample provisions can be carried. Planes for Sale—$695 Up 7\RIETY in plenty awaits the pros- pective airplane purchaser, according to a recent survey of eighty-nine types of commercial and private planes made by sixtv-one manufacturerse For a sum that varies from $695 to $60,000, it is possible to buy a plane with a capacity of from one to fourteen occupants. Thirty-three types are supplied with wheel brakes as stand- ard equipment, and forty-seven models have their wings wired for lights, for flying at night. Two tiny one-man flivver airplanes, weighing but 290 and 275 pounds respec- tively, are interesting features of the sur- vey. The first, a monoplane made by a Chicago concern, has a wing spread of twenty-three feet, is powered with a motoreycle or small airplane moter, cruises at sixty-five miles an hour, and sells for $695. The other, a biplane pro- duced in Sacramento, Calif., has a wing spread of only twenty feet, uses a twenty- five-horsepower motor that gives it a cruising speed of seventy-five miles an hour, and costs $1,165. Crawls Under Speeding Plane NCE there was a joke about a scared darky automobile mechanic who de- clined to fly for fear he might have to “get out and get under” to repair his machine in the air. Now that remarkable feat has been performed by Paul Charles, airplane pilot of Gettysburg, Pa. Flying with a friend, Charles heard thumping sounds on the fuselage and, looking out, saw his dam- aged landing gear flapping Since he knew he could not land safely, he circled over the Gettysburg airport and attracted the k se, despite mishaps which delayed it along the way. Only a part of its journey—between New York, where it was first mailed and Seattle, and between Basrah and Cairo, Egypt, was by airplane. An unforeseen delay occurred when the mail liner Empress of Canada, carrying the letter westward across the Pacific, rammed a Japanese freighter and was laid up for repairs. Nevertheless, the letter, readdressed at each stopping place and hearing the postmarks ( 63 PpBELL BRAN Relfability Tour, 6,300 Miles, Is Completed by 24 Planes IKE a covey of birds returning home to roost, twenty-four of the twenty- five airplanes that started the 1928 reli- ability tour for the Edsel Ferd trophy re- turned to Detroit the other day, after an unparalleled record of motor efficiency and maintained schedule. A thirty-two- leg course had taken them over a route of 6,300 miles, twice over the Rockies, and covering seventeen states; with them flew the referee, Ray Collins, of Detroit, in an Army Air Corps scout plane. One plane had dropped out early. John P. Wood, of Wausau, Wis., who flew a Waco biplane, was declared winner on a basis of points scored for efficiency on each leg. Nine women were among the seventy-five persons who made the tour; Mrs. Phoebe F. Omlie, only woman pilot, flew alone in her tiny Monocoupe over Western mountain ranges and deserts. Navy Bids All Officers Fly HE Navy believes that an officer who knows how to fly is a better officer. That is the interpretation of a recent or- der that, since all officers cannot attend flying schools, their private flying is to be encouraged. When questions of promo- tion and retirement arise consideration will be given to men who have taken up flying independently. Three qualified naval aviators, pilots, or observers have recently been promoted to the rank of rear admiral. of New York, Seattle, Hongkong, Singapore, Colombo, Dhanush- kodi, Karachi, Basrah, London, and New York, returned to its sender in record time. With a landing field and a launching catapult for a seaplane on its after deck, the palatial liner J/e de France has been equipped to speed mail between New York and Elavre when it gets within striking distance of the ports. The arrangement increases the speed of mail 24 hours each way. The innova- tion results from Clarence Chamberlin’s demonstra tion of its practicability. The plane may also carry a limited number of pessengers, besides the mail. The problem of refueling and taking on mail and provisions in flight may be solved by the new device invented by Dr. L.S. Adams, of Seattle, who is seen at the left with a model of his invention, making a demonstration prior to the building of a full-size specimen for trial on a Seattle field. A ball on the end of a cable is unreeled from the plane into the apparatus. The ball, guided into a narrow channel, engages a socket to which is attached the package. Then the cable is reeled in, drawing up ball and package to the plane, speeding through the air.

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64 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Movie Camera Harnessed to Dancing Couple Coe oe! + A camera mounted on a rolling platform is harnessed to dancing couples in a Hollywood motion picture studio, so that it follows them wherever they go and always keeps them entirely in perfect focus. ID) you ever wonder how a close-up scene of a dancing couple was made? Here is the secret, as prac- ticed at one large studio. The whole camera and tripod are mounted on a movable platform, drawn across the floor by a harness that encircles the dancers. Thus the couple remains always clearly focused, squarely in the camera’s fields of vision. In the finished picture, of course, the harness is not seen. movie ‘Wheelbarrow’ Police Forts HEELBARROW forts” form the latest aid in fighting criminals. London policemen have just tried out the idea. Full length bullet-proof shields are mounted, as shown below, on _ little- wheeled trucks that can be run into posi- tion whenever a gang of thugs is fighting at bay. They each afford protection for two policemen, at the same time enabling them to see ahead and to fire at different angles. These wheeled shields can move rap- idly about and in fol- lowing dangerous quar- rv can pass, if neces- sary, through narrow places or up stairways. Questions Answered HIS magazine is always: more than glad to answer readers’ questions regarding any subject within its field and to supply names and addresses of manufacturers of articles described in its columns. Inclose stamped,self-addressed envelope for the reply and write to Informa- tion Department, PoPULAR SCIENCE trucks. Montuiy, 250 Fourth Avenue, York City. essary research the answer. Coal Dyed Pink and Blue HAT color coal will you burn this winter? Blue coal is the novelty introduced by one great concern, of Buffalo and Rochester, N. Y. In the last of several washes the coal receives on its way to the consumer, it is treated with a blue dye to make it more attractive. The dye may costs only three or four cents a ton, and does not affect the heating value. Meanwhile an anthracite company of Pottsville, Pa., is trying a dye that will color its coal a pink tint. This London sham battle shows how the police can wage war with greater effect on bandits by the aid of steel shields, mounted on From behind each shield two policemen can fire in safety. New But remember that the nec- sometimes delay October, 1928 Big Mail Carrying Torpedoes Would Go 225 Miles Hourly TREAMLINED mail-carrying | tor- pedoes, whizzing along on eight rubber-tired wheels at 225 miles an hour on a track thirty-five feet above the ground—this is the plan presented by two French engineers, Augustin Talon and |, Hirschauer, who estimate that such ma- chines could attain their maximum speed in sixty seconds. A third rail is designed to hold the wheels on the track and to supply current to the eight-horsepower electric motor within. The track, sus- pended by piano wires, is to stretch across the countryside much as high tension cables do at present. For distances of 250 miles or less, the engineers declare, such torpedoes could transport sixty-six tons of letters a day, the speeding shuttles be- ing sent away at forty-second intervals, each bearing a cargo of sixty pounds of mail. A Gasoline Torch of Sand HEN you are stranded on the road with tire trouble, late at night, and no flashlight is at hand, a makeshift trouble light is easily provided. Scrape up a small pile of sand, pour about a cup- ful of gasoline on it, and ignite. It will burn fifteen or twenty minutes. “Nerve Center” of Air Traffic HE “nerve center” from which pilots flying over American air mail and transport lines get their information about weather and other matters impor- tant to their safety is shown in the photo- graph above. From a station on the twelfth floor of the Department of Com- merce Building in Washington, D. C., the information is transmitted by tele- graph, as seen in the picture, to the power- ful Arlington Naval radio broadcasting station. This phase of aviation has progressed more rapidly in Europe than in America. The control officer at the Croydon Air- port, outside of London, for example, keeps in constant touch with every air liner flying from, or to, his port. He talks with each pilot every ten minutes, gets his exact location, knows when he reaches his destination and, in the event of a forced landing, gets the exact position and immediately dispatches a relief plane to the spot. In pre-aviation days Croy- don, now one of the finest airports in Europe, was just a cow pasture. Octobe Prin TO! : fitting ina V out m pre\ lO The n bv its differe bargal where Tam Att LA Se Ing aw: of poy counse they ar water pipe th compre devisec a Out turn at from th Perforg bubble: station waves. New J Naviga to be p In oth Pacific have q' damage Speec | ID SF ti vou req her rep shows | iforme iddress thorsar st inthy mark, operato it dire files, ee within nore fil ator, g1 When s or num an hav lew min typewri stencil printed

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1928 DES rly tor- ight 1our the +. two ot lhia- pe ed zed iIsion t 250 such tons s he- vals, ls of ad road _ and shift ‘rape cup- + will affic pilots | and ation Mm por- yhoto- n the Com- B &. tele- OW er- asting ressed erica. n Air- imple, ry arr He nutes, en he event ysition plane Croy- rts in October, 1928 Print Your Own Electric Sign 7OU can write in electric lights with a \ iovel changeable electric sign. By fitting the lamp sockets into perforations in a vulcanized panel, anyone can spell out messages without having had any previous experience in hand lettering. fhe new display panel is recommended by its makers for use in stores to mark different counters and to announce special bargains, as well as for other purposes where an illuminated sign is desirable. Taming Waves to Save Beach A‘ along the Atlantic coast of New Jersey, ocean waves have been tear- ing away the beach for years. Authorities of popular seaside resorts have taken counsel, and now, at Allenhurst, N. J., they are installing a unique sort of break- water to tame the waves—an offshore pipe that fills the surrounding water with compressed air bubbles, through a system devised by Philip Brasher, Princeton, N. J., engineer. Out from the shore runs the pipe, to turn at right angles several hundred yards from the water's edge and run parallel to it. Perforations along the pipe loose the air bubbles, compressed by a shore pumping station, which break up the incoming waves. Allenhurst has obtained from the New Jersey Board of Commerce and Navigation an appropriation of $20,000, to be paid if the device proves successful. In other installations, notably on the Pacifie Coast, the Brasher device is said to have quieted storm waves, averting pier damage and the resulting expenditure. Speed in Phone Information | {1) vou ever wonder how “ Informa- tion’’ found the telephone number vou requested in those few seconds before her reply? The photograph at the right shows how it’s done at Cleveland's new bureau, where the names, and telephone numbers of thousands of subscribers, printed on cards, are kept in rotary files that can in- stantly be whirled to the proper index \ “staggered”’ line-up, with the operators side by side but facing in differ- ent directions. gives each girl three rotary files, containing a complete directory, vithin easy reach. In larger cities two nore files can be arranged near the oper- ator, giving her five in all. When subseribers change their addresses or numbers, a typist of ordinary ability in have the new data in the files within a ew minutes through an attachment for a typewriter that cuts a thin aluminum stencil from which the new cards are printed in any number that is wished, iformation iddresses. nari. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Here’s What the World Is Crying For HE new annual edition of ‘What's Wanted,” an English book suggesting needed inventions, has just been pub- lished by the Institute of Patentees. Among the new wants it lists are: A pencil that makes a mark as black as ink, An indicator to denote when an iron is hot enough to use without scorching. Ink that dries at once and will not blot. A device to consume or absorb stale tobacco smoke in a room. A device to alter the height of tables and sinks to fit the height of the user. A collapsible um- brella to fit in the pocket. A device to pro- tect pedestrians from being splashed by passing motor cars. An apparatus to eliminate or absorb the fumes from mo- tor exhausts. A vacuum cleaner to take up leaves and rubbish from parks and gardens. A magazine ham- mer that automatically supplies a new nail after one is driven in. A chemical process for rendering paper documents and bank notes fireproof. A system to convert sound into energy. Rubberized fabric for heels, toes and soles of stockings. A contrivance to attract dust from the atmosphere of a room as a magnet at- tracts steel filings. A camera that will operate in the dark. Bus seats that will give tickets and indi- cate when the journey’s end is reached. A device to record telephone messages automatically when there is no one to receive them. At the home of Poputar Science Montuty, 250 Fourth Avenue, New York City, a similar book has been com- piled from the many suggestions sent to the editor. Any reader is always wel- come to come and look it over. Attention, Inventors! Revolving files with operators set among them in the telephone in- formation bureau in Cleveland—an arrangement that provides each operator immediate access to a complete list of the new numbers. A new English hand bag is shown at the left as it is ordi- narily used and above with the raincoat attachment un- folded to ward off a shower. Hand Bag Is a Raincoat. Too F IT rains, get inside part of ‘your hand bag and keep dry! That is the advice of the English inventor of a hand bag with a raincoat attached—and cer- tainly showers should have no terrors for the owner of this device. When not in use, the coat folds up and forms the outer covering of the bag. When the coat is donned, the bag hangs down the back on the inside, where it is kept dry. It comes in a number of colors and its total weight is less than one pound. In the pictures, it is shown in ordi- nary use as well as ready for a rain. Acid Bath for Piano Keys ELLOWED piano keys may be re- stored to their original whiteness, science has _ learned, with a solution made by pouring one ounce of nitric acid, slowly, into twelve ounces of soft water. Do not re- verse this; for nitric acid is destructive to skin and clothing and may safely be handled only in this way, to avoid boiling and spat - tering. Never pour acid close to the eyes. Apply the solution with a brush, carefully avoiding contact with woodwork. Wash it off with clean flannel dipped in water, and wipe with a dry cloth. The same mixture efficiently cleans the handles of cutlery.

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66 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Merry-Go-Round Storage Plan for Motor Cars These rotating platforms simplify car storage in a garage. Pressure of a button brings any one of them into position to receive or deliver acar at the garage entrance. VERITABLE merry-go- round for parked cars is the endless carrier devised by Joseph D. Bell, of San Fran- cisco, to conserve storage space in small garages. It also makes it easy for a motorist to obtain instant access to his car. Six mov- able platforms, each with space for one automobile, are rotated by the touch of an electric button. In park- ing, the car is driven on a vacant space and whirled to the back of the garage by the button control; to regain it, all the owner need do is revolve the series of platforms until his car comes opposite the entrance. Not only is space saved, but no time is lost in waiting for the garage man to appear. Explorer’s Sea-Going Auto SPECIALLY built automobile that plunges in and swims across streams and lakes is part of the equipment of an expedition sent to study the Aleutian Islands. These islands, extending 1200 miles into the Pacific from the coast of Alaska, contain active volcanoes about which little is known. The leader of the expedition, Dr. Thomas A. Jaggar, has been volcanologist for the U. S. Weather Bureau for a number of years. The amphibian automobile, which runs along the ground on a regular four-wheel chassis, cuts through the water with eight or nine people in its boat-shaped body. Below, car is seen entering water. ca 4 oe tee ™ This amphibian motor car was built for Dr. T. A. Jaggar to go through lakes and run up on land in studying the Aleutian Island volcanoes. Like the propeller of an airplane, this device that looks like an elec- tric fan, just intio- duced in Germany, drives a boat with surprising speed— although it is driv- en only by a one- cylinder engine. A handle regulates the speed and the propeller is shifted to steer the craft. Odd Mineral Masked as Coal NE of the oddest minerals in the world is Gilsonite, a brilliant black asphaltic substance found only in Utah that is in demand all over the world for use in manufacturing paint, varnish, ink, and telephone mouthpieces. It was discovered in 1862; but it was not successfully marketed until 1904, when the rich Black Dragon vein in the Uintah Basin was connected with the outside world by a railroad which has to wind twenty-four miles over the mountains and climb to an elevation of 8,437 feet in order to reach a point that is only six miles distant by air line. Early settlers thought Gilsonite a new variety of coal. When it burned, how- ever, it gave off dense, black smoke with a peculiar odor. Instead of being reduced to ashes, the material melted and drew out into tarlike threads. The mineral is exceedingly brittle and mining is made unpleasant by the clouds of chocolate-colored dust that rise when operations begin. This dust softens under the heat of the body and penetrates the skin. Water will not remove it and the miners have to resort to heavy oils, alcohol, or turpentine to get relief. The name of the mineral came from Samuel H. Gilson, a pioneer who spent many years seeking a market for the strange substance, which now plays so large and im- portant a réle in the manufacturing world. Pe. October, 19% Boat Run by Air Propelle Works on Plane’s Principle TINY motor boat run by an electric fan—or what appears to be one at first sight—has appeared in Germay The Canadian Seagull, as it is called, ha, shown surprising speed. The propeller mounted on the rear, is inclosed to pw vent injury to passengers and lest clothing become entangled in its whirling blades, The little one-cylinder motor is fed fron a small tank mounted on the top of the propeller guard, as seen in the photograph below. A handle attach _ to the side g this guard is fitted with a motorcycle grip to regulate the speed of the moto, The propeller is mounted on q bearing so it can be swung fron side to side to steer the craft. By; dently the small size of this clever device has in no way detracted —— from its efficiency. seer — Helium for Everyone OR the first time, helium gas used instead of inflammabk hydrogen gas to float balloons and dirigibles, has been placed on th open market. Formerly the gov. ernment controlled this country supply, which came almost e. clusively from its plant at For Worth, Texas; but with the opening of; new plant to extract helium from naturd gas at Amarillo, Texas, officials of th U..S. Bureau of Mines announce that abundant helium at moderate cost is now assured not only for the War and Navy Departments, but for the whole county generally. The new field will make the safety gas available for non-Governmental airships, and also for such industrial purposes as treatment of caisson divers for “bends” and filling radio tubes and glow lamps How Much Do You Know of the World You Live In? Test your knowledge with these questions, chosen from hundreds asked by readers. Correct answers are on page 161. 1. Where were seashells used for money? 2. What are the nomads? 3. Where do natives regu- larly cook their food in hot springs? 4. On what island are human beings forbidden either to die or to be born? Where are the greatest - diamond mines in _ the world? What river has the deep- est canyon? How are icebergs formed? Where do __—ihurricanes occur? . What is the highest alti- | tude regularly inhabited | by man? 10. What is the oldest town on the American conti- nent? e er os Octob Wor Pla world by D phys! stitut centl; Scien tecte ducin Mou uan' : At suppl in Cc recen tiona! nota the w ounce mine Too Ti is one Germ fictio Sherl X-ray liarit man’: they similé Even amas. any | physi an en * pract the d adap! of th === { aa Gh es of Se Ga — =o ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee el |

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fone uM gas, mmable ONS and 1 on the he gov- ountry’s ost ex. at For ing of natural ; of the ce. that t is now d Navy country fety gas airships, poses ai bends” > lamps ow [n? vith rom ers. age ised ‘zu- | in nan ther test the ‘ practical use; it might assist in October, 1928 World-Wide Hunt for Radium Planned by Carnegie Expert ORLD-WIDE search for new sources of radium, probably the world’s costliest substance, is to be made by Dr. Charles S. Piggot, of the Geo- physical Laboratory of the Carnegie In- stitution at Washington, D. C., he re- cently told the Washington Academy of Science. Not long ago Dr. Piggot de- tected the presence of the rare ray-pro- ducing metal in the granite of Stone Mountain, Georgia, although in too small quantities to pay for its extraction. At present a large part of the world’s supply occurs in the carnotite ore mined in Colorado; it has been augmented in recent years by the discovery of addi- tional deposits in Europe and Asia, notably in Turkestan. There is still in the whole world, however, less than four ounces of the precious substance already mined. Tools Shape Workers’ Hands AT the shape of the bones in a man’s finger may show that he is a carpenter is one of the novel conclusions of a recent German investigation reminiscent of the fictional detective feats of Sherlock Holmes. Under the X-ray, experts found, pecu- liarities in the shape of a work- man’s fingers revealed that they had long used a plane or similar wood-working _ tool. Eventually it is hoped to amass sufficient data to detect any man’s occupation by his physical characteristics. Such an end would have at least one the design of new tools better adapted to the original shape of the hand. Know Your Car 7OUR car is most likely to skid on wet pavements just after the rain has started. The first drops unite with the dust to form a slippery film. A heavy downpour washes this away. The most dangerous of all skids is the front-wheel skid, but, fortunately, this does not happen very often. The danger of a rear-wheel skid is greatly decreased if the power is shut off and the car allowed to coast over the wet spot. If you find yourself ap- | proaching a wet spot, particu- _ larly on a turn in the road, at a speed that may result in a skid, apply the brake vigorously be- fore you reach the spot and then take your foot off the brake pedal while you coast over the dangerous area. If the car starts to skid, immediately turn | the front wheels to head in the direction of the skid. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Device Lets Driver See High Traffic Lights HIS device was de- veloped by a Cleve- land inventor for the benefit of motorists who have to squirm about and crane their necks to see: overhead traffic lights. It consists of a small lens which is at- tached to the windshield in front of the driver. This deflects the light rays at the exact angle necessary to enable the driver to see the reflected traffic signal without twisting himself into an awkward position. An optical expert made the lens to deflect rays as desired, just as he would a spectacle lens, and the driver can watch for his “stop” or “go” sign while sitting at his ease. New Jack Saves Work for Motorist HE automobile instead of the driver does the work in using this new jack, consisting of a runway and a supporting table. A steel arm from the runway sets the supporting table in position to receive the axle when the car is run up and lowered to the table. To lower the car to the ground again, all that is necessary is to give a sharp jerk on the chain at- tached to the trip, which collapses the supporting table. It is said the new jack will not tip over on soft or slanting roads. It folds into a compact box to fit under the seat cushions of the automobile. 67 7} A deflecting lens for the motorist that brings a high traffic signal into his line of vision, as is indicated by the dotted lines in the picture. Camera Catches Church Thief HEN Charles Callan, accused of robbing the poor box of a New York church not long ago, denied the charge, he was confronted with a photograph that had caught him in the very act. He remembered, then, a flash of light near the church’s altar rail that had startled him and caused him to flee—not fast enough, however, to escape the arm of the law and a swift conviction based on the photograph’s evidence. This was the first actual test of a new type of detective camera that takes a flashlight picture of an intruder, also ringing an alarm. Its in- ventor had installed it in the church after repeated depre- dations on the poor box. Several other installations had been made in New York, including the booths at the entrance of the Holland tube, but this camera was the first to catch a thief. Following its successful trial, high police of- ficials are reported to be con- sidering its extensive use. Chairs Ventilate This Auditorium RESH air is brought up through the legs of chairs into the auditorium of the Congressional Library, at Washington, in 2 new ventilating system. Additional air to keep the millions of books free from brittleness or musty odors is washed with water and oil, to clean and humidify it, and blown through the shelves. New Quick-Drying Varnish A NEW varnish that dries thoroughly in four hours after it has been applied enables house painters and others to apply two coats in a single working day. For- merly a single coat required twenty-four hours to harden properly.

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY October, iy Boys Run a Miniature Plane F. actory Left: Oliver W. Young and Ralph E. Olson on the test- ing grounds of their model airplane factory in Los Angeles with eight machines which have just made their initial flights successfully. Right: Oliver W. Young fit- ting a propeller to a half fin- ished scale model of the Bremen, the famous Ger- man plane of the first west- ward North Atlantic crossing. built to scale and exactly reproduc the characteristics of machines flow, by famous pilots. These planes no only run along the ground and rig into the air under their own power, but some of them have made remark. able records in speed, distance, an duration flights. A glimpse of the plant in whic the little aircraft are born is given in the photograph at upper right Young, seen in the foreground, js fitting a propeller to a half finished scale model of the Bremen, the fam. ous German machine which made the first East-West crossing of the North Atlantic this year. An innovation has just been introduced in one of the Los Angeles public parks WO Los Angeles boys, Oliver W. Young and Ralph E. Olson, have organized a miniature air- plane factory in that city which is do- ing a thriving business. Besides their plant, they have their own “flying field” where “‘test pilots” try out the glistening machines as they come from the factory. With skilled hands they adjust the planes so that pur- chasers are assured of the maximum of speed and distance. The picture above shows Young and Olson on the testing field. Eight of the little air- planes which have been put through their paces and have proved satisfactory are lined up before them on the ground. Both land and water planes are con- structed. One of the large model sea- planes turned out by the factory is seen : ‘ ° Olson and Young, proprietors of the complete ‘ 7 being launched by the builders in the jiniature airplane plant in Los Angeles, launching Where tiny hangars are provided fo lower photograph. Many of the planes are a seaplane model which they have just completed. model builders to house their planes . : 66 22 trees in the world are believed to be the Vending Mach wre Says Thank You descendants of this single one. Now Dr. Wherry seeks another Frank- linia of independent ancestry, perhaps growing wild in some odd spot, that he can mate with the cultivated variety to breed new hybrids. Machine Counts Phone Calls OUNCING balls of steel go mathe- maticians one better in a counting {po polite automaton, w hich has been placed in several parks i in Berlin by a German newspaper, says “Thank you” when it delivers a paper after a coin has been dropped in the slot. A $25,000,000 company has recently been formed in the United States to build similar automatons which are to be installed in cigar stores throughout the country. the Royal Society and used in telephone traffic estimates. Hitherto it has beens laborious and time-wasting process to calculate in advance the number d telephone calls and their routing that might be expected by a new telephon exchange. It was to obviate this that th “mechanical guesser’’ was devised. Thousands of the balls, about the siz of bicycle ball bearings, each represent al imaginary telephone call. They at made, to bounce from a plate into a serié of small holes arranged like those of the old-time game of bean bag. Each hok represents a different type of phone call and the flying balls bounce into one @ another in strict accordance with mathe matical laws of probability. Merely by Botanist Hunts Mate for Trees STRANGE story of the near extinc- tion of a tree and its later revival is told by Dr. Edgar T. Wherry, of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, who is searching for a mate for it in order to write the last chapter of its history. As long ago as 1765, John Bartram, early American botanist, discovered a small patch of the ornamental trees called Franklinia, after Benjamin Franklin, growing wild near Fort Barrington, Ga. Shortly after, a number were transplanted to Philadelphia. Only one survived and meanwhile the Georgia trees disappeared. For the last fifty years botanists have found no trace of them or of what counting the balls that have fallen happened to them. Only cuttings taken a through each hole, a speedy analysis of from the lone survivor by florists per- 2 ents Cink te ven 6 ores tee 0 cole expected telephone traffic is made that petuated the species; all the Franklinia in the slot andthen says, “Thank you.” replaces tedious computations. . device recently exhibited in London byf

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Ctober, 1% ry reproduce nes flow, lanes not and rise 1. power, e remark. ance, and in. which 3 given in er right. round, is finished the fam. nade the 1e North troduced lic parks ‘ided for > planes. to be the or Frank- perhaps , that he ariety to > Calls > mathe- counting ndon by elephone is beens ‘ocess to mber ing that elephone that the ad. , the siz resent al ‘hey ar D a series se of the ach hole one call, oO one & h mathe erely by e fallen alysis of ade that October, 1928 Army Demonstrates a New Gas Mask for War Horses UDDY, an Army horse stationed at B Gevernor’s Island, New York, is shown wearing the latest mask designed to protect war horses and mules during attacks. The bag of the mask fits tightly over the nostrils of the animal and is held in place by straps buckled over its head. Buddy demonstrated the effective- ness of the new protection recently when he carried Sergeant Joseph Levin, of the Chemical Warfare Service, through a deadly screen of poison gas without suffering ill effects. Levin is seen wearing the newest equipment developed by Army experts to protect soldiers. Machine Makes Plant M ovies HE strange machine at the right is a combination eight-day electric clock, powerful microscope, and moving picture camera. Set it and leave it alone for eight days and then you can take out a film that shows the development of a flower! Besides filming the growth of plants, the new machine is expected to catch the life history of germs and even to show on a strip of film the development of a chicken within the egg. The apparatus is the invention of Carl D. Clarke, a medical illustrator at the University of Maryland, who is seen adjusting his machine. plays upon the under side of the subject to be photographed and the camera, directed through the microscope, takes pictures at a rate governed by the electric clock. Much of the drudgery which has attended the filming of slowly developing objects is expected to be eliminated by the invention. Beating Heart Is Filmed EN a heart beats, contractions sweep over it in successive waves, from top to bottom. This was shown in slow motion pictures recently made of the heartbeats of an anesthetized animal by Dr. L. B. Arey, Professor of Anatomy at Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago. The pictures were first run at the normal rate of beating and then slowed down so that students could observe the successive stages of each pul- sation of the heart. The Sun’s Flames Measured LAMES leap outward from the sur- face of the sun at a rate of 20,000 miles a minute and sometimes reach a height of half a million miles, according to Dr. Ferdinand Ellerman, of Mt. Wilson Observatory, in California. When these “prominences” were first noted, during a complete eclipse, early astronomers were divided as to whether they belonged to the sun or the moon. In 1868, Sir J. N. Lockyer, English astronomer, found he could observe them by a spectroscope without waiting for an eclipse and proved that they issued from the sun. It was while studying these tongues of flame that he be- came convinced of the existence of helium, the gas now used to lift Navy dirigibles, including the Los Angeles. A strong light ° POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Buddy, a U. S. Army war horse, and Sergeant Joseph Levin of the Chemical Warfare Serv- ice wearing latest masks against poison gas. The combination clock, microscope, and camera that without any attention makes an eight-day motion picture of a growing plant. To Cross Ocean in 50 Hours 2,400-HORSEPOWER speed boat that will be able to cross the Atlantic from Brest, France, to New York in fifty hours, according to the claims of its de- signer and builder, is being constructed by Ettore Bugatti in his automobile plant at Molsheim, Alsace. The 115-foot craft, a model of which is seen below, will have six forward and two reverse motors and will be capable of a maximum speed of eighty-seven miles an hour. In rough weather it can be navi- gated with all hands below deck. At such times a special ventilation tube sys- tem devised by the inventor will be in operation, supplying fresh air to the crew. In the eight-motored boat of which this is a model, Ettore Bugatti declares he will cross the Atlantic in 50 hours. 69 Inventor Claims a $25 Home Talking Film Outfit EW bits of comment gleaned from the movie world discuss the latest aspect of “talking movies,’ whose threat to invade a field long reserved for the silent drama was described last month in PopuLar ScrencE Monrtaty. Amateur talking movies in the home are a possibility frequently mentioned. A Californiainventorclaimsa home “‘talkie-” making outfit used with a phonograph, that can be made for $25, resembling the old-time synchroscope first tried commer- cially as a maker of sound pictures. Non- inflammable films of treated paper and new inexpensive projectors are seen as aids to home “talkies”. With the great movie companies, ‘‘talkies”’ are introduc- ing new production methods. One con- cern is using a Camden, N. J., church in preference to its own studio by reason of its perfect acoustic properties. Color Device Grades Cotton SENSITIVE new colorimeter, de- vised by Dorothy Nickerson, of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, in- stantly grades hay, cotton, and other materials according to their color and does away with the necessity of more complicated tests. The field of the eye- piece of the instrument has two halves. One gives the color of the material being examined. In the other a color chart is whirled until the matching shade is reached. Strange Facts About Sleep EN behave like vegetables for a third of their lives, according to Dr. H. M. Johnson, psychologist at the University of Pittsburgh. When men are asleep, he says, they do nothing, know nothing, enjoy nothing. They are in a similar state to that of vegetables. How- ever, he points out, few people sleep soundly for more than a few minutes at a time. Examination of twenty-two college men showed that they moved in their sleep on an average once every thirteen and a half minutes. Plates Fitted to Your Car O LONGER is it necessary to muti- late license plates to make them fit the brackets on your car, according to Ray M. Hudson, of the Department of Commerce’s commercial standards divi- sion. Plates in every state now conform to standard bracket slots proposed by the Society of Automotive Engineers. Auto Bumpers Standardized RECENT survey at Washington, D.C.,reported ina bulletin of the U.S. Bureau of Standards showed that locked bumpers were a more serious cause of traffic tie-ups than any other single trouble; and the first step to- yard a remedy hasbeen taken withthe drafting of a uniform code for motor coaches providing for a standard bumper height so that in the event of minor collision the bumpers will meet face to face.

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70 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Water Jets May Drive Ships Through Ocean CEAN liners, without propellers or rudders, pumped through the water at the rate of 100 miles an hour, are the plan of Virgil C. Ander- son, of San Francisco. Anderson, who was in the submarine service during the war, believes that two twenty-four-inch pistons with a six- foot stroke, working in cylindrical pipes, drawing in water and expelling it under high pressure from the rear, would drive the vessel across the Atlantic in less than three days. The nozzles through which the water is expelled are designed to move from side to side under control of the pilot and thus steer the vessel. Packing Cases Box Car Size JGE shipping boxes that transform a railroad flat car into a sectional box car have recently been tried in Great Britain to meet the growing competition of automobile trucks as freight carriers. They dispense entirely with the tedious process of loading and unloading a stand- ard box car. At a factory, goods to be shipped are packed in one of these giant containers, which is then transported by truck to the railroad freight yards. A crane hoists the gigantic box upon a flat car. On reaching the town of its destination the container is swung off by another crane and trans- ferred to a truck for the remainder of its journey. The method is said to facilitate packing, and to minimize loss by breakage or theft and is credited with becoming an instant success. A Mechanical Census Clerk HE remarkable machine at the right, which turns out as much work in one minute as a human clerk can do in six hours, will help Uncle Sam tabulate the census of 1930. It is shown being tested by an employee of the Census office in Washington, D. C. The machine puts down sixty facts on cards by punching holes in them to indicate the answers to anne. Then it sorts the cards and ally adds up the totals, never making a mistake. Left: Virgil C. Anderson explains the mechanism of an 18-foot model of the liner he proposes to send across the ocean by water jet propulsion. Below: The two nozzles at the rear of Anderson’s boat which he says will drive it forward at high speed, expelling water takeninatthefront. Autos Halted in Five Feet PEEDING cars are stopped instantly at the will of the driver through “‘wheel chocks,” new substitutes for auto- mobile brakes, according to claims of the inventor, Pasquale Strano, of Elizabeth, N. J. They are said to have brought a light car moving twenty miles an hour to a halt in less than five feet without dam- age to the automobile or shock to the driver. The new mechanism stops any car by dropping eight-pound wedge-shaped shoes under the rear wheels. Rocker arms, in- tegral with the car's chassis, guide the shoes, which have a cork tread to prevent skidding. It is impossible for the wheels to pass over the chocks, which have roll- ers on their top surfaces allowing the wheels to revolve freely without moving the car if power is applied before the unique brakes are released. October, 1928 “Televox”’ Acquires Voice; Mechanical Man Uses Phone OW “Mr. Televox,” the East Pitts. burgh, Pa., automaton created by Roy J. Wensley, Westinghouse engineer has a deep bass voice. A mechanical may with electric coils for muscles and newly-added strip of “talking movie” film for lungs, he is able to acknowledge a call vocally and even to put one through on his own account if necessary. Not a laboratory toy is Televox, preyj- ously described in PopuLaR Sctenceg MontTuty in his first voiceless form; but an intensely practical electric watchman over distant power sub-stations, where he replaces a regular attendant. When his telephone number is dialed he picks up the receiver and replies, “This is Televox speaking from Randolph 6400.” Conver. sation with him is carried on by blowing whistles of different pitch; each one asks a certain question, to which Televox re- plies in buzzer code. For instance, he can report the height in feet of the water in a reservoir. Televox has another speech that he makes in English. In case of trouble ina power station, he can call the distant dis. patcher himself by lifting the telephone receiver and saying to the operator, “Tele- vox calling for Atlantic 9000.” Then, again through the whistle-and-buzzer code, Televox can tell the dispatcher what has gone wrong and receive orders as ta what to do. Very often Televox him- self can save the dispatcher a personal trip, as by closing a circuit-breaker that has opened. Politics Spurs Inventors VEN the U. S. Patent Office plays a part in the presidential campaign. It has been swamped by applications of inventors and manufacturers of advertis- ing specialties to boost one candidate or another. New designs for buttons, ban- ners, and auto windshield stickers, even for cap bands are among the many novelties received. Manuscript Ages Old Saved MYSTERY more than thirty cen- turies old was solved recently in England with the help of modern chemistry. For fifty years, an an- cient Egyptian manv-. script had lain in the British Museum unread. The leather roll had be- come so brittle that no one dared open it. In the museum laboratory, chemists examined a tiny fragment and discovered a way to soften the leather. Thin coats of celluloid were soaked into the pores and then the leather was carefully cemented to celluloid- treated cheesecloth. In this way it was unrolled safely and pressed flat between two glass plates The machine that does six hours work of a clerk in a minute. It in cards to indicate answers to census questions. puts ho! todry. Afterwards it was read with ease. cult war har oug tha twe sun iror

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er, 1928 ice; hone Pitts. ed by eineer, al man and a 10vVie” wledge rough previ- ‘IENCE n; but chman ere he en his "ks up elevox Onver- lowing e asks ‘OX re- ce, he water iat he le ina nt dis- phone “Tele- Then, buzzer r what ; as to him- rsonal r that TS lays a paign. ons of vertis- ate or , ban- , even many aved y cen- tly in > help nistry. in an- manu-. in. the nread. ad be- nat no t. In -atory, | a tiny overed n the ats of yaked d then refully luloid- h. In rrolled »d flat plates 3 it was October, 1928 Film Showing Color Shades Here for Amateur’s Camera N IMPROVED film for the use of A amateur photographers has recently been put upon the market by a British concern. It is known as panchromatic, or equally color-sensitive film. It should not be confused with the new Eastman color movie film, described elsewhere in this issue. It does not take color pictures but it shows correctly the lightness and darkness of any color, including red. Ordinary film, as every old-time snap- shotter knows, records red lips as black, and a light blue dress as white, due to its abnormal preference for blue light—a preference partly corrected for most colors, but not for red, in. the so-called orthochromatic films, now widely used. For perfect results with the new film a light yellow screen of transparent glass or gelatin is placed before the lens while the picture is taken. In strong light, in- stantaneous snapshots are possible. The usual red lamp cannot be used in the developing room and the film is developed in a faint green light or in total darkness. Panchromatic dry plates and motion picture film have been available for several years. Only now has film of this type been supplied for amateur use for roll-film and film-pack cameras. The Safe Way to Wash Silk HE life of silk depends upon how it is washed, says the Bureau of Home Economics of the Department of Agri- culture. Wash silk garments in luke- warm water, never in hot. Do not rub hard or twist the fabric. Rinse thor- oughly in water the same temperature as that of the washing and remove the water by squeezing and patting the silk be- tween dry towels. Never dry silk in the sun. To keep pongee silk from spotting, iron it dry. Silk hose should never be ironed. Gas Kills Boll Weevils REATING a cloud of poison smoke, a machine guided by a driver wearing a gas mask moves across a cotton field, exterminating the boll weevils as it goes. Poison dust is fed from a hopper into a small fire box from which a fan forces the heavy, gaseous smoke into a tentlike inclosure that pre- POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 71 Soundproof Tiles Reduce Factory Din ILES which absoro sound have been developed by engineers of a Chicago laboratory. They are made of metal in the form of trays, sixteen inches square, perforated so that sound passes through them just as it does through a screen window. The trays are packed with a feltlike, sound-absorbing material which is said to consume seventy percent of the noise that reaches it through the perforations. The tiles, fitted into steel sections, lock rigidly together. They come with a white enameled surface to which patterns may be added if desired. They are designed primarily for factory and office ceilings. Machine Gives Anesthetic A “MECHANICAL interne” that is governed by the breathing of the patient has been invented by a professor at the Unversity of Maryland to admin- ister anesthetic at an operation. There are, he says. three distinct stages through which every person goes in receiving an anesthetic, the “‘irritative,”’ the “fight- ing” and the “‘completely unconscious.” In each stage the breathing differs. These changes automatically control the com- plicated mass of tubes and valves of which the new device consists. Tests upon animals have been reported success- ful; one animal was kept unconscious all night without any human assistance. vents. its being dissi- pated before it reaches oe the ground. As the team moves along the rows, the weevils fall to the ground and “play possum,” and the poisonous smoke de- scends upon them be- fore they can escape. The inventor of the apparatus, A. B. Cam- den, of Oklahoma, Says a single exposure to the deadly smoke cleans the weevils out of a field and that the cost of operation is only twenty cents for each acre treated. Driven through cotton fields, this machine puffs out poisonous smoke that is said to kill boll weevils at a cost of 20 cents an acre. Seventy percent of the sound that goes through this perforated ceiling tile for soundproofing offices and factories is said to be absorbed by the feltlike filling. Left: A workman locking ceiling tiles in place. When Metal Gets Tired METAL gets tired and needs a rest the same as does an animal, says Prof. J. B. Kommers, expert on metal fatigue at the University of Wisconsin. When an axle breaks or an automobile wheel drops off with- out apparent cause, the reason usually is that the metal was fatigued and needed a rest and didn’t get it. There is no way of preventing this fatigue except by resting the metal. Experiments have been carried out at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in photograph- ing metals with the X-ray to determine if they are tired. Skyscraper Sets Speed Mark T TOOK a crew of fifty men just thirty- six working days to erect the steel framework of a twenty-five-story Chicago building, setting a new speed record for construction jobs of that great size. As the building rose to its final story, a fif- teen-ton derrick helped swing the steel columns and beams into place. Speedy delivery of steel to the site of the new building and accurate fabrication at the shop supplying it helped in making the remarkable record possible. Asks Elevated Auto Exhausts UTOMOBILE motor exhausts should be on top of cars instead of near the ground, according to Dr. Louis I. Harris, formerly Health Commissioner of New York City, who has suggested the change to several manufacturers as a means of reducing the amount of carbon monoxide breathed by city dwellers. If this gas were expelled above the heads of pedes- trians, he says, it would continue to rise and cause little trouble, because it is slightly lighter than air.

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a ne MR el a AN I ore 72 UTFITTED like a luxurious sea- going yacht, this motor vehicle, called a “‘Flatavan,” built by an English engineer for an Easton, Mary- land, sportsman, who will make a hunting trip to the Rockies in it, can speed along at forty-five miles an hour. The van has four compartments, a lavatory with a shower bath, a saloon, a kitchen, and a driving compartment. The searchlight fitted to the roof has a range of a mile and will aid in mountain driving. The weight of the land yacht is more than four tons. Its length is twenty-four feet and its width is seven feet and a half. Beneath the body, besides the gasoline and water tanks, is an ice chest and a large refrigerator where provisions can be kept fresh. Auto Seats Made Into a Bed THE “Pullman-sedan” seen below a few simple motions will adjust the front and rear seats to provide a com- fortable bed for the night. Tourists, says the inventor, may park any- where’ nightfall finds them and sleep as restfully as they would in a hotel. A $5,000 Duck DUCK valued at $5,000 was recently exhibited at the Field Museum of Natu- ral History in Chicago. It was a specimen of the extinct Labrador duck, said to be POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY pene I Big New Automobile Built Like a Luxurious Yacht At the left is a view of the luxurious, light and airy saloon of the four-room mo- tor “‘yacht’’ on wheels, show- ing upholstered couches, sideboard, and many eon- veniences. At the right is seen the tiled bathroom complete with its lavatory and shower. Below is an exterior view of the graceful 24-foot car built for a Rocky Mountain hunting trip. Un- derneath it carries a storage refrigerator for food supply. The Rainiest Spot on Earth HE world’s wettest farm lies on the gulf of San Blas in Eastern Panama. Known as San Blas Farm, it is the head- quarters for a large banana plantation. In three months, the rainfall there totaled 137.12 inches—three times as much as is usually recorded in Washington, D. C., in a year. There is no place in the world, meteor- ologists say, where rain does not fall at one time or another. Even in deserts it rains occasionally, although in many re- gions showers are brief. It is said a Yuma, Arizona, hotel displayed for years a large sign reading: “Free meals every day the sun does not shine.’”’ No free meals have been served in the fifteen years the sign has been up, because rain came only in short showers with sun- shine between. October, 19% ‘ %. f ‘ \ a 4 Shorthand Sent by Telephoto ENDING shorthand messages by wire is the latest application of the tele. photograph. A picture, accompanied by a hundred-word message written in short- hand explaining it, was recently sent from the telephotographic station of the Ameri- can Telephone and Telegraph Company in New York City to Los Angeles in about seven minutes. Officials of the company say as many as 2,500 words can be sent over the wires in a single transmission by using shorthand. The limit for an ordinary typewritten message, sent as a single pic. ture, is 800 words. Insects Poison and Stab Ants N ASSASSIN insect in the Dutch East Indies that poisons and then stabs its victims has been observed by the British entomologist, W. E. China. It is a distant relative of the cicadas and ex- pells a poison fluid that attracts a certain species of black ant. are paralyzed, and the bug then stabs them and drinks rarer than the famous extinct great auk. Only 45 specimens exist in the whole world, ac- cording to Dr. Wilfred Os- good, curator of zoology at the museum. The bird for- merly inhabited the north- eastern coast of America. About fifty years ago, it sud- denly disappeared and since then not a single living speci- men has been seen. Better than a stuffy Pullman berth is this “Pullman-sedan”’ touring car, whose front and rear seats are adjusted to make a comfortable bed. In- dependent of hotels, he can park for an airy sleep anywhere along the road. their life blood. When it leaves, another species of ant, a red one, feasts upon the remains of its relative. Any Questions? HIS magazine is always supply names of manufac turers of articles mentioned in its columns. Inclose stamped, self-addressed er # — velope and write to Informe | tion Department, Poputas SciENCE Monruty, 200 Fourth Avenue, New York City. Replies are made a rapidly as possible, though the necessary research may take a considerable time. Eating it, they § very glad to answer read- ers’ questions regarding sub jects within its field, and tof Toe —>—- A he -—-— *& © DM — L......_j QQ. =| ff FO =F’ tO ODO Oe eS kk COCK — a Df ef 0 y=]

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photo by wire he tele. nied by n short. nt from » Ameri- om pany n about ompany be sent ssion by rdinary gle pic- Ants Dutch id then 1 by the a. Itis and ex- _ certain it, they § he bug | drinks Vhen it s of ant, F yon the F ns? always | er read- | ng sub- | and to anufac- ntioned nclose sed en- nforma OPULAB sy, 20 vy York nade as though =h may ime. Saal Fae October, 1928 Trees Grow by Spurts for Forty Days of Each Year Ar ree percent of the height growth of trees in the latitude of Pennsyl- vania is attained during forty days in spring and early summer, according to an investigation reported by the Ameri- can Tree Association. This contradicts the belief, held for many years, that trees grow steadily from the time they put out their leaves in the spring until the frost comes in the fall. Automobile a Sun Bath House OW devotees of the open air can take N a sun bath any time in complete privacy whether they are in a city’s midst or touring along an open road. A new English automobile, outwardly re- sembling a standard sedan, is equipped with a demountable top that can be rolled back completely to admit the sun. At the same time opaque curtains may be drawn across the windows and the glass panel behind the driver's seat, thus completely screening the occupants from outside view while the sun beats down upon them from above. Warns When Tail-Light Fails WNERS of cars equipped with this novel device, invented by a French mechanic, need not get out and walk around to the back to see if the tail-light is on. The tiny indicating lamp fits on the dashboard and is dark as long as the tail-light is functioning properly. As soon as the circuit is broken at the tail- light, the dashboard light flashes a warn- ing to the driver. Clock a Glacier’s “Diary” HE “diary” of a glacier, covering seventeen years, has recently been made public by Prof. R. T. Chamberlin, of the University of Chicago. Lines scratched by two needles on a clock- driven disk kept the record and proved a theory of glacial movement advanced thirty years ago by Prof. Chamberlin’s father, a noted geologist. The record showed that the ice fields move forward with spasmodic jerks as stress accumu- lates, and not smoothly, as was once the general supposition. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Tiny Tractor Moves Huge Railway Cars About HIS sturdy little : eer American _ tractor Wiese at work on Prince's Pier, Melbourne, Aus- tralia, has taken the place of horses which have been used for years to shunt railway ears about the tracks leading to and from the ships. The trac- tor pulls the cars behind it by a hook attached to the back or pushes them before it with a heavy steel bumper braced in front of the radiator. Test Burning of Matches VERY year $100,000 , 000 worth of property goes .up in flames in the United States because matches burn too long. That is the conclusion drawn from a recent series of experiments carried on in Washington, D. C., by the Bureau of Standards. The average length of time required to light a pipe or cigarette was found to be ten sec- onds. The stick of a match burns an additional twenty seconds. A million matches a minute, it is estimated, are used in the United States. Many of these start fires after they have been thrown away. The experimenters found that special matches, with water glass coating the sticks up to half an inch of the heads, burned only half as long as ordinary ones; and while proving as effective for lighting purposes, they were generally consumed before they could set fire to surrounding grass or rubbish. When dropped from a height of three feet, matches, whether coated or not, ignited grass in fifty percent of the trials. This baseball catcher’s mask is free from the crossed wires of the old style, so it need not be thrown off in order to make a difficult catch. 73 American efficiency has driven the horse from Prince’s Pier, Mel- bourne, Australia, where this sturdy tractor pushes and pulls railway cars to points where loading and unloading are most convenient. Building Highest Dam HE highest dam in the world is being constructed in the Owyhee River in eastern Oregon, near the Idaho line, under the direction of the Bureau of Reclamation, Department of the Inte- rior. Nearly half a million cubic yards of concrete will be used by the Seattle, Washington, contractors. The dam will be 520 feet high from the lowest concrete in the foundation to the top and its thick- ness will begin with thirty feet at the top and increase gradually until the maxi- mum of 265 feet is reached at the bot- tom. A tunnel twenty-two feet in diam- eter and 1,005 feet long, cut in the form of a horseshoe through the stone of the canyon wall around one end of the dam, will be a preliminary step to divert part of the water and facilitate work on the main parts of the structure. Mask Clears Catcher’s Vision F A foul tip crashes into the new catcher’s mask, seen at the left, the player is completely protected. At the same time, the elimination of vertical wires in the construction insures him an unobstructed view of all parts of the field. This improved mask made its appearance when “Bubbles” Hargrave, of the Cin- cinnati “Reds,” introduced it to major- league baseball. Recording National Dialects EFORE good roads and the radio wipe out dialects in the United States, Columbia University is going to record permanently on phonograph rec- ords the characteristic speech of different sections of the country. The university has set aside $500 for this purpose. The same “bedtime” story, about a rat that came to an evil end, will be read into the recording apparatus by each speaker. This story, written by Dr. Hans Kurath, of Ohio State University, embodies words whose pronunciations most strik- ingly show the differences in the various dialects of the country. pea ae ee Pe nT ETT i ; | : i ' |

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74 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY = ARCHIMEDES | Father of Applied Science SuMNER Bossom, Editor RayMmonp J. Brown, Managing Editor Artuur WaKELING, Home Workshop Editor AuFrepD P. Lang, Technical Editor Epear C. WHEELER, Associate Editor IsraEL Doskow, Art Editor Published Monthly by Popular Science Publishing Company, Inc., 250 Fourth Avenue, New York City. Single Copies Twenty- five Cents. In the United States andIts Possessions and in Canada, $2.50 the Year. In All Other Countries, $3.00 the Year. When Telephones Were ‘‘Impossible”’ IXTY-ONE years ago, a Boston newspaper published this editorial: “A man about 46 years of age, giving the name of Joshua Coppersmith, has been arrested in New York for attempting to extort funds from ignorant and superstitious people by exhibiting a device which he says will carry the human voice any distance over metallic wires so that it will be heard by the listener at the other end. “He calls the instrument a ‘telephone.’ This is obviously intended to imitate the word ‘telegraph’ and win the con- fidence of those who know of the success of the latter instru- ment without understanding principles upon which it is built. ** Well-informed people know that it is impossible to transmit the human voice over wires as may be done with dots and dashes and signals of the Morse code, and that, were it pos- sible to do so, the thing would be of no practical value.” There are still people who are as ludicrously skeptical of the accomplishments of the photo-electric cell of which Doctor Free writes in this issue. Fortunately they are few. Radio May Need Policing AS INTOLERABLE radio situation has been suggested by recently demonstrated devices enabling listeners to make their receivers function as miniature transmitters. The idea is not new. Several years ago it was demonstrated that speech directed into the speaker of a large set might be heard in the speaker of a near-by smaller set. But if put into practice it un- doubtedly would be offensive to the vast radio public. It has the possibility of affecting not only every near-by set, but the wave of the broadcaster to which it is tuned. Operation of such a device should call for immediate action on the part of the Federal Radio Commission under the act prohibiting un- licensed broadcasting. Great Ideas Are Simple Ones ECAUSE an idea is obvious, it doesn’t follow that it isn't patentable. Our patent laws reward the man who really solves a problem; not the man who, after its solution, thinks he could have solved it. So ruled Chief Justice Martin of the District of Columbia Court ef Appeals in connection with an application covering the freezing of a stick into a block of ice cream. Great ideas are simple ideas. The other day, a man told us about an invention which had proved to be worth thousands of Cctober, 1928 dollars to industry. It was based upon a new way of piling up tin pans! The most useful inventions have been simple ones. The lever, the wheel, the safety pin, are examples. Perfecting g machine usually means simplifying it. Mr. Eastman, in whose laboratories was developed the new color process for home “movies” described on page seventeen of this issue, advertised “vou press the button and we'll do the rest.” And when Orville Wright finished his triumphal flight at Fort Myer, he said: “Now that we have shown the airplane is practical, we will try to make it simple.” Why Architects Should Marry oy eee psychologists have undertaken to find out why housework tires out more people than any other job in the world. Dr. C. 8. Myers, of the National Institute of Industria] Psychology in London, would design houses to save needless steps and would use every possible scientific convenience. Experts have effected enormous savings in time, energy and health in offices and factories. Undoubtedly they can perform equally valuable service in the home. As in industry, however, the final solution will be found in invention. And it might help if no architect designed a home until he married and realized the value of his wife's opinion of his plans. What Is the Speed Limit? READER recently asked us to tell him the ultimate speed limit at which human beings can be transported. We don’t know. Two things govern it—the ability of the human organism to withstand acceleration and the ability of machines to accelerate. Automobiles have been driven at more than 200 miles an hour; airplanes at more than 350 miles—half the speed of sound. Nobody knows yet how much speed the human body can stand, but both the body and machines seem capable of greater speeds. We do know, however, that a machine’s speed limit always will be determined by the distance between stops. The ma- chine of the future will accelerate, or “pick up,” at the greatest speed the passengers can stand. This rate of acceleration will be maintained for half the distance to be traveled. Then, of necessity, the machine must decelerate, or “‘ put on the brakes,” for the remainder of the distance. The greatest speed will be reached midway between stops, and the greater the distance, the greater the possible speed. An automobile, for example, accelerating at the rate of a mile an hour each second could travel across the United States in less than two hours. Fasci- nating speculation, isn’t it? They Are Saying— “FPYRAFFIC signs and signals should be made so simple and so uniform that guiding an automobile would become as automatic as walking.”—Dr. Knight Dunlap, Professor of Psychology, Johns Hopkins University. “Most of our present habit of training children is too laborious with too many don’t’s.”—Dr. Mandel Sherman, Director, Washington Child Research Center. ‘Illness costs each family in the United States $134.68 annually, a per capita cost of $31.08.”"—Dr. Homer Folks, Member of the New York State Public Health Council. “Chemistry can now make an excellent reproduction of al- most any precious stone, and do it so faithfully that none save the most expert and practiced eye can tell the difference.” — Dr. Frank B. Wade, former President, Indiana Academy of ’ Science. “It costs the average motorist $1 a day to run his car— $229 a year for maintenance, and $136 for depreciation.” — American Motorists Association. “Use of electrical energy and machinery bring upon the present and future generations the problem of what man should do with his leisure.” —Dr. George Otis Smith, Director, United States Geological Survéy. ““No State can tax as income royalties received by one of her citizens for the use of patents issued to him by the United States.” —The United States Supreme Court. “I’m safer under the sea than my wife is trying to cross a busy street.” —William Wickwire, S-4 deep-sea diver. ‘Genius of a certain type may be commoner among Italians than among Swedes, and as a result of the crossing of these two peoples a type in many ways finer than either may be pro- duced.’”—J. B. S. Haldane, English Biologist.

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+ 1928 october, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 75 hg up ° ° a These Leading Aircraft Manufacturers le ede Have Selected tse “The Highest Priced Bearing in the World” a NAME MANUFACTURERS OF l, we AERIAL pee VICE CORP. . ... .) fie . . . . Accestarme AEROMARINE STARTER CO. .:..... . . . Starters | AIRCRAFT DEVELOPMENT CO. . . . . . . . Dirigibles . why ALLISON ENGINEERING CO. . . . . Motors and Accessories nthe ARMY AIR SERVICE. . .... .. . . Planes and Motors died BELLANCA AIRCRAFT CORP. . . ..:. .. . . Planes . ' BROWNBACK MOTOR LABORA’ TORIES . « Anzani Motors Pes : CONSOLIDATED AIRCRAFT CORP. . . . . . . . Planes vever, CURTISS AEROPLANE & MOTOR CO. . .. Planes and Motors tr DAYTON AEROPLANE ENGINE CO. . . . . . . Motors EBERHART AEROPLANE & MOTOR CO. Planes and Accessories ECLIPSE MACHINE CO... . . . . Starters and Generators FAIRCHILDS AIRPLANE MFG.CO. ... . . . . Planes ~~ FAIRCHILDS-.CAMERA CORP. . . .. Aerial Cameras uman FAIRCHILDS-CAMINEZ ENGINE CORP. a. ~~ FISHMEEEIACOBS ..... 0m... . Cs ee speed yee.” Boi 1 uman Te bee ECK cs. cs «er 2: Reduction tae me: GENMBALELECTRICCO.. .. . Ge... . Accemmie lways Stk UU Ce)) a eves gy THE HALPIN DEVELOPMENT CO. . . . . . . ~ Planes n will fi HAMILTON METAL PLANE CO. .... . . . . Planes aby m' KINNER AEROPLANE & ENGINE CO. .. . . . . Motors : “ill be THE NATIONAL STEEL PRODUCTS. . . . . . Accessories ance, &f / * NAUGATUCK ENGINE & MACH.CO. . . . . . . Motors ~—_ "NAVY. BUREAU OF AERONAUTICS . . . Planes and Motors Fasci- ff , PITCAIRN AVIATION, INC. - « » « « Planes and Motors ’ PRATT & WHITNEY AIRCRAFT CO... . . . . . Motors % E-Y.N OA 21D) D) XO) :0 10) '7- WC 0). eM / 207.72 0 e and / SIKORSKY MANUFACTURING CO. . . . . . . « Planes ~ pr S | SPERRY GYROSCOPECO. .......- .- ~ + Lights Bey &, ete ees Cee = =—Cl Ey s too | 4 me’ CHARLES C.STICKNEY ........ . . « Motors a 4 m STOUT METAL AIRCRAFT CO... ... . . . « Planes 134.68 | be 4 OCO-A,GeeeeLY. ... . ¢ AEM ww Polka, = TAYLOR INSTRUMENT CO... . . . . « «Instruments YOU MEN of eke at . JOHN E.THROPP. .. . a who plan, build, p save WRIGHT AERONAUTICAL CORP. : . . Motors use or pay for ma- a ; GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER GOODYEAR ZEPPELIN chines of any kind, NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON AERONAUTICS remember this: It car ; ie For in the air certainly nothing a rer ret " 4 . place a poor bear~ n the | is apt to cost so much as a bearing that cost so little inathintabinalt — SKF INDUSTRIES, INCORPORATED best chat EBUSIF ofher § ever produced. JInited Ff TOSS 2 alians 7 se two a nm» ‘The Highest Priced Bearing in the World” sail tel

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY October, 1928 A Piece of String Fixes an Auto Gus and Joe Hire a Wizard Who Doesn’t Bat an | : Eye at a Dead Battery or Broken Steering Arm BY MARTIN BUNN “ WONDER how ‘Spare Harbison made out with that queer little mechanic you talked him into taking on his automo- bile trip?” Joe Clark observed. “Must have worked so well that ‘Spare Parts’ extended his trip to cover a lot more territory,” replied Gus, who was Joe's partner in the Model Garage. “I wish they'd come back. We need another man right along, I’m thinking, and that Alec McGregor ought to fill the bill.” “Maybe he will come back,” argued Joe, “but I can’t figure out how you know he’s so good. You've never seen him do even one job.” “Just wait and you'll see,” said Gus confidently. “Guess I won’t have to wait long,” Joe chuckled as he saw a car drive up in front of the garage. “Here they are!” . “That certainly was one swell trip, Gus,” said Harbison enthusiastically after the greetings were over. “Never had to worry about the car. Alec, here, is the real stuff. And the funniest thing about it was that we didn’t have to use a single one of the spare parts we took.” HAT! No trouble at all?” ex- claimed Gus in mock surprise. “Sure we had trouble. Lots of it!” Harbison replied. “Never had so many fool things happen on one trip. But Alec here is a regular wizard on that stuff. Nothing went wrong for the first week. Then one morning Alec suddenly began sniffing the air like a hound dog. Alec, you'd better explain what was wrong; I don’t quite understand myself.” “Wasn't much,” said Alec modestly. “T smelled scorched paint so we stopped and found the motor was boiling like a steam engine. Funny part of it was we could hear the steam gurgling around inside the cylinders but when I poked open the filler cap on the radiator with a stick so’s not to get scalded with the steam, nothing came out. I figured the top water pipe must be stopped up some place and I took it off after the motor cooled a bit. It was all clear so I took off the thermostat. A piece of wood—don’t know where it came from—had worked up in back of the valve and when the valve closed after we'd put the car away the night before, it had jammed it tight shut.” “TI wouldn’t have found that trouble in a million years,” admitted Harbison. “It probably wouldn’t happen once in a million years,” Gus commented. “ You Parts’ = “Holy smoke!’’ i Gus gasped. “That certainly is serious enough. When did that thing break?” did well to find it so quick, Alec. Great!” “The next trouble we had was sort of freakish, too,”’ Harbison resumed. ‘We had to stop over night at a little inn up in the mountains and the next morning we found the storage battery stone dead. Alec found that the starter switch had partially shorted and drained every speck of juice out of the battery. There wasn’t enough left to start the motor even with the crank. It looked like we'd be stuck until we could get another bat- tery sent in, because there wasn't a bat- tery charger or even any electric light current in the place and we couldn’t find any door bell batteries. And there wasn’t any other car to give us a tow to the nearest service station. But that didn't ew An ingenious and resourceful mechanic’s novel temporary repair of a broken steering arm by winding cord around the arm and the drag link. He noticed that there was feaze Alec. quite a steep down grade in the road a couple of hundred feet from the inn. So we got behind the car and pushed it to the top of the grade. _ threw it in high gear and after we picked up speed down the hill he let in the clutch. We were going fast enough so that the generator cut in and the needle moved over to charge. Just before we got to the bottom of the grade Alec threw the ignition switch and the motor started as nice as you please. You can bet we didn’t let it stop again for several hours.” “Good work, Alec!’ Gus approved. “But what would you have done if there hadn’t been any grade to coast down?” GUESS we'd have been Alec promptly admitted. “We had no trouble after that for nearly qnother week,” Harbison con- tinued, “and then came the queerest one of all. A tiny green worm succeeded in stopping this big, heavy car. ‘Tell ‘em how it happened, Alec.” oa guess the worm didn’t intend to do ” Alec grinned. “He just made a mis- tthe. Anyhow, we were rolling along at a good clip when the motor coughed a couple of times and then quit cold. It sounded to me (Continued on page 166) stuck,”

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ber, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY lo Williams AquaVelva As a luxurious finishing touch to the shave, shake You can’t some into the hand and lose this cap! apply to the moist face For the face that would be FIT Fine face fitness comes from physical condition, — has to do with wisdom in food and air and exercise. But it has to do, too, with what you put on your face. Trust to Williams. Be guided by 88 years of study of . re Was road 8 what is best for beard and skin. Use this tested formula,— ~_ = first Williams Shaving Cream; then Aqua Velva. 1t to , a Start the day with Williams Shaving Cream. Pure... | after uncolored .. . supremely mild. A thoroughly softened 1e = beard leaves nothing to check a speedy razor. At the fin- 4 yen ish, a skin soothed, velvet smooth. Pores cleansed. Fit! Just grade f Then follow with Aqua Velva. Splash it on. Made ex- pressly for after shaving, it picks up where Williams lather in fon | leaves off. It tingles buoyantly. Wakens, livens, guards the skin. Conserves its natural moisture. Helps to heal roved. tiny nicks and cuts. Keeps the skin as Williams lather ‘ there i own?” leaves it. 50 cents for a 5-ounce bottle. tuck,” ff The pleasant and sensible way to good face care is the at for Williams way. Try it for awhile. You haven’t had the best - con- until you do. st one ded in THE J. B. WILLIAMS CO., GLASTONBURY, CONN.—MONTREAL, CAN. Il ’em e * to do a mis- yng at hed a : d. It , ae Rs SHAVING CREAM --- AQUA VELVA

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY October, 193g Little Helps for the Motor Enthusiast Ideas Others Find Valuable Tank Measures Gasoline by the Mile—Radiator Thawed by Steam—Emergency Grease Gun—A Runway Over a Curbstone HE simple auxiliary gasoline tank shown in Fig. 1 will prove very useful to the experimentally inclined mo- torist. With one of these tanks on your car you can determine gasoline consumption in miles per gallon with the greatest ease. You can quickly determine the most economical speed at which to run our ear either on the hills or on the vel. It will enable you accurately to check the adjustment of the car- buretor and it will make it possible to test the efficiency, in the motor of your own car, of the various grades of gasoline now offered to the public. Fig. 1 shows the location and piping of the tank. If you make the tank exactly 2 23/32 inches inside diameter, one inch on the float scale will equal exactly 1/10 of a quart. The float should be-a loose fit and the scale rod attached to it can be a piece of quarter-inch dowel rod. The

TO MANIFOLD ENT a MARKED WITH —— SCALE . TO MAIN GASOLINE TANK VACUUM ty i ' HO i ' " oe - - t - } 7 7-- of See TO METAL OR CARBURETOR CORK FLOAT 7

Fig. 1. An auxiliary gasoline tank with a gage that enables you to determine gas consump- tion and to check carburetor adjustment. tank should be located just low enough so that the vacuum tank will almost fill it with gasoline. To test for gas consumption, stop at the beginning of a level stretch, turn pet- cocks so that gas will flow from the test tank, note the scale reading, drive over the test stretch, and again read the scale. Two inches on scale indicates twenty miles to the gallon. Economical carbu- retor setting is obtained by running over the test course after each change, and so on. The vacuum tank will automatically refill the test tank when ‘both cocks are left open.

Fig. 2. With a length of hose attached to the lower outlet of your overflow pipe, you can convey steam through the fins of a frozen radiator and speedily thaw it out. and when the flow of steam stops you will know that all the ice which has clogged the lower portion of the radiator has melted. Emergency Grease Gun NE of the messiest jobs about an auto- mobile is filling the differential hous- ing with grease if you have no grease gun. To avoid this difficulty, make up a cone from several thicknesses of newspaper, fill it with grease, and insert the end of the cone in the filler hole in the rear end housing. Now start rolling the large end of the cone as shown in Fig. 3, and if the cone has been carefully made, you will get all the grease in the hole without soiling your hands. If the grease is very stiff because of cold, it will be well to warm it a trifle before attempting to do the job, so that: it will flow into the hole easily. F YOUR radiator freezes while you are SIDEWALK : — ie ANCHORS | Steam Thaws Radiator

driving, a simple way to thaw it, as ; ~< shown in Fig. 2, is to attach a short =—= length of rubber hose to the overflow pipe from which the steam is flowing and squirt the steam through the fins of the radiator. Start at the top and work downward. Keep the motor idling slowly

STEEL PLATES Fig. 4. Steel plates RUNWAY OPEN fastened together é make a folding run- ZB way to take your a car over the curb that stands between garage and st-ect. Ten Dollars for an Idea! RED J. SEVERS, of St. Louis, wins this month’s $10 prize — his a ~ agaso- | ine gage ig. 1). ‘OPULAR ‘ SCIENCE morert awards | rae $10 each month, in addition to regular space rates, to the read- er sending in the most valuable suggestion for motorists. Other published contributions are paid for at regular rates. RUNWAY Sectional CLOSED diagram showing runway open and closed and details of its construction.

| | Novel Folding Runway CASES where it is desired to have a curb on the sidewalk opposite the driveway to your garage, some provision must be made to eliminate the constant pounding your tires will get if they are forced to climb the curb every time you drive the car in. A simple solution of this problem is shown in Figs. 4 and 5. Two steel plates of equal width and as long as the driveway is wide are fastened to- gether with extra heavy butt hinges. Three hinges will do for a light car but for a heavy model use five or six. The upper hinges, or anchors, can be imbedded in the concrete when the curb is formed; if the curb is already made, they can be bolted to it by means of lag screws in expansion shields.

\\ SS THICK CONE MADE OF NEWSPAPER AND FILLED WITH GREASE

i Fig. 3. To fill the differential housing conven- iently put the grease in a cone made of news- paper and squeeze it out like tooth paste.

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er, 1928 le pS you ch has adiator Lil n auto- 1 hous- grease , make . Two long as ned to- hinges. car but x. The bedded formed; can be rews in

Reasons why YoU should use EGC TUBES 1 Because every CeCo Radio Tube is made scientifically on the most modern tube making equipment. An exclusive pro- cess of evacuation results in a more sensitive, clearer and longer life tube 2 Because they make any Radio set perform better -— giving greater clarity in reproduction, a marked increase in sensitiv- ity and better volume. 3 Because many inspection tests assure absolute uniformity. Because the leading Radio ex- perts use and endorse them. 5 Because you can secure spec- ial “purpose tubes” from CeCo not obtainable elsewhere. Because there is a CeCo Tube for every Radio Set. There are millions in use, including all standard types as well as A.C. tubes, both heater and filament types, rectifying tubes and special purpose tubes(both battery and A.C. types) for specific uses. Because they are made by the largest exclusive Radio Tube Manufacturers in the world. Listen to the Broadcasting of “CeCo Couriers” over the 18 stations of the Columbia Chain every week beginning with Monday, September 17th, at 8 o’clock. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY CeCo tubes cost no more but last longer © PRONOUNCED SEE-—- €o Radioflubes HEN YOU INSTALL a set of CeCo Tubes in your radio, you immediately notice a greater clarity in reproduction—a marked increase in sen- sitivity (so noticeable on distance reception) and better volume. But your greatest satisfaction will be in the longer life they give, making them truly economical tubes to buy. With the tubes (the heart of your radio) there is no substitute for quality—it pays to buy proven performance, as demonstrated by CeCo Radio Tubes. The CeCo line of A. C. tubes embraces practically every existing type. Write for a copy of our booklet, “Getting the Most Out of Your Radio.” CeCo Tubes are for sale by the best dealers everywhere CeCo MANUFACTURING CO.,, Inc. 702 EDDY STREET, PROVIDENCE, R.L. © This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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re Teter ea ee eee POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY October, 1928 Odd -Job Tips for Handy Men Razor Blade Disposal — Lh : Ironing Board and Drier ee FU gi HAT to do with safety razor blades—that eternal question— may be answered in the home by adopting the method used on Pullman cars. Cut a hole through the plaster of the bathroom wall and place a piece of slotted metal over it, as shown in Fig. 1. Old blades deposited through the slots fall between the partition walls, where there is room for an accumulation of a lifetime. If the opening between the partition happens to extend into the cellar, it can be WOOD SCREWS, ANGLE BLOCK - ANS ES 5. aaa Fig. 2. Ironing board clamped to a kitchen table by means of an L-shaped support screwed to its underside. The end of { the clamp fits in a hole in the FOLDING LEG support and is held by a screw. sealed at the bottom with a piece of wood or wall board. Should the appearance of the slot be considered undesirable, it sometimes can be cut within a medicine cabinet, or placed in an inconspicuous corner or behind a towel rack.—Frank M. Duca. IMPLE as it is, the ironing board illus- trated in Fig. 2 has much to commend it for use in a kitchen or laundry where no built-in board is available. The large end of the board is raised above the table or other support by means of two pieces of wood fastened together to form an L- shaped support as shown. Before this L-shaped member is screwed to the board, a shallow hole is bored to receive the end of a C-clamp and a wood Fig. 3. Revolving clothesline supported by arms bolted to an auto wheel, which is mounted on a standard composed of rear axle units. The diagram reveals the construction. Fig. 1. A slot through the plaster allows the blades to be dropped behind the partition walls. screw is driven in to hold the clamp in place. The other end of the ironing board is supported by a light framework, which is hinged so that it can be folded against the board for compact storage when not in use.—F RED MILLER. LD automobile parts can be used to make a practical and substantial re- volving clothesline support, as illustrated in Fig. 3. Theupright member is formed of three rear axle housing units bolted to- gether. The low- er junction is made in the usu- al way; the up- per junction is accomplished by bolting together the outside ends of two housings with 4% by 3%- in. bolts through two of the holes * and a &% by 3%- in. bolt through the third hole. To make this connection more rigid, it is best to put blocks of wood between the projecting flanges. Before the joint is assembled, a round block of wood 23% in. long is driven into the upper opening of the middle hous- ing. This block supports the axle and the roller bear- ings in the upper housing. It will be seen that the enlarged end of the upper- most housing has_ been trimmed off with an oxy- acetylene torch so that the wheel can turn freely. Six arms 2 by 2 in. by 6 ft. are fastened to the wheel with (AXLE) JUNCTION UNITS gg Smoke-Pipe Coupling — Clothes-Hanger Supports \4 by 6-in. bolts, each of which is bent so as to form a short hook at the head end, This end is hooked around the brake drum and run through a hole in the arm. Three lines of wire are run through holes in the arms. Because of its roller bearings, the clothesline holder turns easily, yet the construction is rigid and_ substantial, While the automobile parts used in this case are from old Ford cars, others could be used as well.—D. L. Dake. SHEET METAL > HF — BA ND \ /\ OB SZ “UMN AM “AZ position OF BAND Lael WHEN IN USE Fig. 4. Clamp for furnace smoke pipe, which allows the pipe to be removed for cleaning. iy IS a simple task to remove a smoke pipe in order to clean out the soot, ifa joint is provided as shown in Fig. 4. A section of smoke pipe is made of No. 18 gage brass and cemented in the chimney opening; this pipe should project at least 4in. A piece of ordinary galvanized pipe is then cut so that when one end is con- nected with the heating plant the other end will stand about 1% in. or a little more away from the brass pipe. The two pipes are joined by means of a metal band lined with sheet asbestos. Lugs are riveted on the ends of the band so that they can be drawn tightly togeth- er with a stove bolt and nut. This ar- rangement makes it possible to re- move the long- /==F er section of LAG SCREW ART * pipe for clean- fQssor wuetis | ing, whereas, whenonelength of pipe is used and cemented (Continued on 48'To 60 ———— 4 Q ~ page 125) HooKs,# sort (i) 7 COPPER OR a BRASS WIRE { 7 —— df aT . & = as i i Fig. 5. Ingenious re- volving costumer made by mounting two baby carriage wheels on a wooden upright. At the left EDGE. OF == SHELF \ i . \\ L ‘ — ——— dks «si: a: wheel similarly wt 4 ¥ - used, but mounted CARRIAGE sour ) \ A S55 under a wide shelf TO FiT HUB bo, 8 > i OF WHEEL HANGERS in a clothes closet. SII Pl ce co ju: ho ho

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ber, 1928 0rts bent so ‘ad end, ke drum . Three S in the gs, the yet the stantial, | in this rs could LUGS HAM = "MM , which eaning. 1 smoke oot, if a g. 4. A No. 18 chimney at least zed pipe 1 is con- 1e other tle more vO pipes nd lined ' + oe mi | \] I ng oe; o a — enious re- sostumer mounting carriage a wooden At the left | similarly mounted wide shelf es closet. October, 1928 Plan No. llc Why envy men who “make things ”2 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Plan No. 20e 81 * Plan No. 72e Stanley Plans make woodworking easy —10c each HY not enjoy the best hobby of them all—the hobby of “making things” ? The cost is little. The reward in pleasure and pride in your work is beyond reckoning. Now the simple Stanley Plans make good woodworking easy for anyone. There are 25 different Stanley Plans. The list is shown in the center of this page. Each plan, covering every step, tells you just how to make the object— how to select and cut the wood, how to assemble the job, how The best tools are the cheapest to use No. le—Book Rack 2e—Candle Stick 3e—Pipe Rack 4e—Flower Box 5e—Table Lamp 6e—Toy Automobile 7e—Sconce 8e—Dinner Gong 9e—Bird Houses 10e—Dog House 1le—Book Stand 12e—Smoking Cabinet 13e—Kitchen Cabinet 14e—Sewing Cabinet 15e—Cedar Chest 16e—End Table 17e—Tea Wagon 18e— Model Sailboat 19e—Combination Sail- and Row-boat 20e—Combination Kitchen Seat and Step Ladder 21e—Garden Seat 22e—Garden Trellises 70e—Small Tool Chest 71e—Large Tool Chest 72e—Work Bench This book, “‘How to work with tools and wood,”’ takes all the mystery out of wood- working. Tells how to make useful objects, do odd jobs, and care for tools. 185 pages 150 illustrations cloth binding At your dealer’s or direct, $1.00. to sandpaper, paint and finish it. To do your best work you need good tools—of course! Practically every carpenter uses Stanley Tools. Manual training classes, too. Stanley makes the most complete line. Buy your Stanley Plans from your hardware dealer. If he can- not supply you, write to us. Send 10c for each plan and ask for a free catalog of Stanley Tools. Address Advertising De- partment, The Stanley Works, New Britain, Conn. Ask your hardware dealer STANLEY TOOLS The choice of most carpenters © This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. | | ! | } i { q kp ne aida

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t POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY October, 194 Models That Fly Farther How to Build More Speed and Distance into Your Miniature Aircraft—Bamboo, Covering Materials, Propellers, Fittings By J. ANY enthusiastic construc- tors of model airplanes are hampered by a lack of fa- cilities. They do not find difficulty in obtaining the few tools needed, but they often discover that it is no easy task to buy suitable ma- terials. Every model builder should get the catalog of at least one well- known model suppl’ house and familiarize himself with standard materials and fittings. Bamboo is perhaps the most im- portant material. It can be obtained from model supply houses in lengths up to 15 in., straight, true, and of the best quality. Bamboo is used for ribs, undercarriage members, struts, and in some of the advanced scale models, such as the Bremen (Poputar Science Montuty Blue- prints Nos. 89 and 90), the entire fuselage is made of this very light, strong, and easily bent material. In using bamboo to make ribs, cut it to the correct lengths and thickness and then bend it to the curve. Split it to the correct width after curving. Incidentally, wide pieces are more easily matched to the curves on the lavout or drawing than are narrow ribs. In this way it is possible to make three or four ribs from each wide piece. For short lengths such as are used in pontoon braces, dress wide pieces to the proper thickness and length and then SAWED-OUT Two views of the front’of a blank marked for carving; the finished propeller. Fig. 1. Whittling propellers quickly and neatly is one of the most important things the model airplane enthusiast has‘to learn. split off the width with a sharp knife. In forming wing tips for single surface wings, the writers make the tips long for the reason that they are easier to cover, and the natural curve of the bamboo forms the shape without the necessity of using heat. Any small difference in the shape of the tips can be pressed out with the fingers. For double surface wings it is best to have the overhang of the spar a little long. To the leading and trailing edges bind tips of a length sufficient to give the correct span and then trim the spar over- hang to a length to fit the natural curve of the bamboo. In this way the usual difficulties of making gracefully curved tips are overcome. When special shapes are required, it is advisable to make a full size drawing and bend and match the curves. If the strips are marked at the points where bends are made, it is a simple matter to apply candle heat at the proper points. UMEROUS good covering materials | are available. For experimental models Japanese tissue is the best. Rice tissue and bamboo paper are heavier. Very light models may be covered with ordinary tissue paper. When sturdy models are wanted for pleasure flying or exhibition purposes, China silk is an ex- cellent covering and the strongest of all. Extreme care should be used in apply- ing covers. Smooth out all wrinkles by pulling the material lengthwise, but do not pull it until it is under tension—only DANNER BUNCH and AVISON F. KOCH enough to smooth out the wrinkles, The best “dope” is airplane jj. trate diluted in varying degrees with acetone. The lighter the frame, the more acetone should be used. Ni. trate dope can be obtained in as small as quart-size containers from airplane supply houses. It is not at all expensive. Banana oil is used by many con. structors. This can be purchased at drug and paint stores, but the ba. nana oils more recently placed on the market sometimes have foreign in. gredients which make them. better for lacquering purposes but unfits them for use as dope. They are not to be depended upon unless the builder knows by actual experience with the banana oil he has on hand that it will do the work satisfactorily, Banana oil should be diluted with acetone for the lighter models. White pine for the frames can be obtained at local planing mills. If you have it sawed to accurate size, it will need little finishing other than sandpapering. It is well for the model builder to keep a stock on hand. A good selection of standard sizes is as follows, all pieces being 3 ft. long: 36 pieces 24 by 3% in., 24 pieces % by \ in., 12 pieces 14 by Y in., 12 pieces %X% by 3 3¢ in., 12 ‘plseen lg by %& in The pine should show a slight grain. For propellers (Continued on page 137) Blueprints That Make Model Building Easy F YOU are a model airplane builder or wish to become one, you cannot do better than make use of our blueprints. They have been tried and tested by thou- sands of readers. In the order of difficulty, be- ginning with the easiest one, the blueprints are: No. 82, a single- stick, hand-launched model; No. 86,a twin racer; No. 50, a rise-off- ground tractor; No. 87, a sea- plane; No. 69, a 3-ft. flying model of the Spirit of St. Louis; and Nos. 89 and 90, a 3-ft. flying model of the low-wing Junkers plane, the Bremen. There is a coupon on page 102 for ordering blueprints. NEA new it’s brin true torc time blo of 1 ceas pro’ stri of s som ale stea lon; =

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tober, 1975 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 83 C & L 158 , 3 This blow-torch is especially made and priced for the man who likes to do odd jobs around the house, or to tinker with mechani- cal things. It will last a lifetime if it is not abused. The usual retail price is about five dollars. Most hardware, electrical and automobile accessory stores have it—or can get it for you quickly. Look for the red handle, a lane I. e = Time tells sed. Ni. od in as =a the better value ot is not at teva | Clayton & Lambert the ba- od on the ayo torches it unfits y are not less the ‘perience on hand , i 'actorily, NEARLY any piano sounds good when it’s ted with § new. Nearly any automobile runs well when ls. its new. Nearly any blow-torch performs a right when it’s new. Time... use... these ate size, | bring out the “class” in a product, show the herthan § true worth of it. for the The ability of Clayton & Lambert blow- on hand. torches to prove their “class” in the test of ener time and use has made them the largest selling Handles so attached that bending or breaking s % by | blow-torches in the world. This is not the result them can’t make the tank leak, protection for the 2 pieces | of mere honest manufacture. It is caused by our _ base of the tanks, to guard against rough handling. r 3% in. ceaseless seeking for improved performance, im- Only one reason—longer service for you. pos 137) proved design, improved materials—shown by a ° The patented burner orifice on No. 32 can’t be string of blow-torch patents as long as your arm. spread, no matter how careless a man is in shutting Why is the brass tank given a satin finish, instead the valve too tight—again, longer service for you. of shiny? Because buffing the metal weakens it in About the only thing on Clayton & Lambert some spots—and these would “give,” in time. Why —blow-torches not placed there for the special pur- a lead washer in the filler plug, in- pose of giving you better performance over a stead of leather? Because it wears longer period, is the red paint on the handles. longer. Why a double spring on QeOTECTigg And that’s put there so you can identify these ke the pump valve? Just one reason 7 torches, and get their greater value, the minute sy —satisfaction year after year. you see them. plane ~esewng ) SM ; C&L 32 make i have { 7 I A ) i QO N | This is one of the most popu- -hou- lar blow-torches we have ever made. It is more expensive , be- & than the 158 because it is made ». the for much harder use. It is de- ngle- signed for the man who uses |; No. © EK R ‘ I a blow-torch in his daily busi- e-off- ness and demands not only ex- sea- cellent performance but rugged lying ; ability to stand rough handling. Ouis; MANUFACTURING CO. 32 contains the most advanced, lying Detroit, MICHIGAN patented C & L blow-torch nkers improvements. It also has a is a red handle. Sure sign of sat- ering isfaction, © This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY October, 199 Springs Is Easy Once You Know How to Tame Musi Wire and Other Stubborn Stocl and Can Make Mandrels and Tool; By H. L. WHEELER Winding T WAS a proud moment for Jack Hinds when ‘he stepped out as a journeyman machinist. Decked out in his brand-new overalls and quite confident of his own mechanical knowl- edge, acquired in four hard years of ap- prenticeship at the railroad shops in his home town, he presented himself to Ed Wilkins, foreman of the general jobbing shop in which he was to work. With alert precision, he answered the questions which the mild-spoken foreman asked. He could see that Wilkins was the sort of man to take a kindly interest in young fellows. This discovery surprised him a little, because he had heard in- directly that Wilkins was considered to be hard-boiled and a record breaker in respect to the amount of work he turned out with his shop force of twenty men. After Jack had been regis- tered by the time keeper and the tool-crib man, Wilkins handed him a blueprint of a coil spring such as is shown in Fig. 1, to be made of No. 30 music wire. “You will find a box of short ends over by the hack saw,” the foreman said. \ io” tension, they pull out enough ‘Pick out a piece of half-inch ; i ; \ 8 wire to make two or three ls aieneth tom teahan HOLE FOR 30 (076? HOLE FOR . As tl il round stock about ten inches RIGHT-HAND COIL MUSIC WIRE LEFT-HAND Coil springs. As the coil becomes ong and make an arbor. FIG. 2 FIG.3 reduced in size by _ this Center both ends and drill a eae nae ideas diate method, the binders loosen seloodieas COTTER PINS hole for starting the wire. You may use that twe've- inch lathe over in the corner.” ACK drew the wire from the stock room while try- ing to recall how the old- timers in the railroad shop had wound springs. The truth is, he had never done it him- self and, indeed, had never handled music wire. He thought it would be easy #25 DRILL Springs are frequently needed in the jobbing shop. Machine-shop hand-books give man- drel and wire sizes and data for winding. enough and intended to do his best with- out asking questions. What Jack did not realize is that while music wire is one of the most commonly used materials for making coil springs, it can give a mechanic all sorts of trouble if he does not know how to handle it. He tore off the moisture-proof paper from the coil of wire and proceeded to cut the four pieces of wire with which it was bound. Grasping the coil in his left hand, he snipped the wires one after the other. Some of the boys in the shop were watch- ing him, and they held their breath as he was about to cut the last binder. Snap! The coil flew from his grasp and FIG. 1 (BLUEPRINT) MANDREL > “ww : : i ARBOR FOR CONICAL SPRING. CUT HALF -ROUND SPIRAL GROOVE TO PITCH OF SPRING FIG. 5 Typical spring winding job and mandrel; spring cut from bar stock; conical spring and type of arbor used; bench winder for light springs. + 1” 8 AND WASHERS bounced across the floor. Jack, shocked by the suddenness of this accident, rubbed his badly rapped knuckles. Wilkins had seen what had happened from across the shop and came up just as Jack was picking up the hopeless tangle of wire. “We won't waste any time trying to untangle this mess,”’ the foreman com. mented calmly. “I am quite willing to show you how to handle this spring job, but we'll have to charge the spoiled wir against vyourtime. Get another package from the stock room.” * ATCH this,’ said Wilkins, as he unwrapped the new package. First he cut two of the binders; then he placed the coil on the floor and stepped on it with both feet in such a way that the two remaining binders were in front. Bending over and easing up the foot pressure, he cut the binders. The coil expanded beneath his feet and came to rest at about twice its origi- nal diameter. “Now it can be picked up without becoming snarled or entangled,” he explained. Wilkins tied the bundle in two places and pulled the end through far enough to allow several springs to be made. Even experienced mechan- ics, it should be mentioned, often use a poor method in handling a new coil of music wire. Without releasing the | and slip around. Then the wire springs out something like a fan, and the coils are easily kinked and tangled. I have seen half-used bundles of music wire so badly tangled because they had been opened in this way that it was cheap er to scrap them than to try to salvage them. Wilkins looked over the lathe that Jack was to use (Continued on page 123) . «1 STEEL, y a

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY ctober, 194 October, 1928 “IT know they’re right— Music they’re Starretts”’ Stock Tools > Shocked accident, les. happened up Just as s tangle of trying to nan con- willing to toe pring job, Oiled wire r package ins, as he * age. First he placed : ped on it at the two Bending essure, he expanded d came to » its origi- And there’s the same quality of ma- terials and workmanship in Starrett Hacksaw Blades and Frames that is to be found in the world famous Starrett Tools. Designed and manufactured by the World’s Greatest Toolmakers, Starrett Blades and Frames give you the most economical cutting combination you | can buy. They cut quicker and last longer. | No. 153 picked up snarled or A popular jained. : priced, pistol bundle in ~d the end grip frame. 1 to allow ye made. 1 mechan- ientioned, nethod in | of music asing the ut enough Sess atts or three frame, excep- | becomes tionally rigid by _ this and with a rs loosen wonderful Then the © “hang. omething coils are angled. I 1 bundles ly tangled en opened vas cheap ian to try _Have you tried the new ene High Speed Hacksaw? Ask your tool dealer for Starrett Hack- saws. Write us for copy of Starrett Hacksaw Chart and Starrett Catalog No.24“W” illustrating and describing more than 2500 Starrett Tools. THE L. S. STARRETT CO. World’s Greatest Toolmakers | Manufacturers of Hacksaws Unexcelled Steel Tapes- Standard for Accuracy ATHOL, MASS., U.S.A. over the as to use ye 128) 1905

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gtr eS = DY REST TAIL: SuPsoRTeD ON LATHE BED STOCK BAR 3% DIA. /_-LOCK NUTS 1" ORILL YOKE ANGLE IRON ‘Fi RECESSING FIG. 1 og PARTING TOOL TOOL POST SLOT CARRIAGE AND TAIL- STOCK COUPLED TOGETHER FOR DRILLING CENTER HOLE , LOCKING PIN - x3, GROOvE-ReS P—, THE COMPLETED “SPUD” !; THICK-3'3, DIA An unusual lathe set-up for manufacturing a number of parts like that shown in Fig. 4. E HAD an order recently for a quantity of “spuds” as shown in Fig. 4 above. The shop’s equipment included nothing more suitable for the work than an engine lathe, but we developed tooling equip- ment. that made the job very simple. And the same principle can be applied to other lathe work of similar character. For the first operation we centered one end of a long bar of steel of the required size, and, holding the other end in the chuck, threaded the entire length to fit the gage. The bar was stiff enough to be threaded for its whole length without a steady rest. Had the work been smaller, it would have been handled in shorter lengths. We had a pair of nuts (Fig. 2) made so How Shop POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Adapting a Lathe for Production Work —Two Ingenious Milling Kinks flat for center- ing anend mill. that we could run the bar in a steady rest without damaging the threads. One of these nuts was smooth for the steady rest jaws to run upon; the other had holes for a spanner. The nuts were locked in place some distance from the end. Then came the work of drilling the hole in the end and trepanning the recess. The set-up shown in Fig. 1 was used for this purpose. A 1-in. drill was held in the tailstock, while a special tool for forming the recess and a cutting-off tool were mounted on the compound rest. In order to drill the hole with power feed, we made a connection for the tail- stock (Figs. 1 and 3) that enabled us to couple it to the carriage at will, throw in the power feed, and drill. This was much easier than using the hand feed. The connecting device consisted of a yoke screwed into a hole in the tailstock and These an angle bolted to the carriage. were mounted so that a loose pin could be put through them (Fig. 3) for coupling the carriage to the tailstock. This sort of ar- - -——--- —e HY hesitate to use your mag- nifying glass tosharpena small drill when obviously you can get more accurate results by doing so? If you sharpen the chamfer of a reamer free-hand and then find you can produce a standard size hole, make up your mind it is luck and not brains. As the same drive arbor or man- drel cannot serve for every job of a certain bore, it is necessary to have the arbors in sets of three, tapering .0002, .0005 and .0007 in. to the inch respectively. Aluminum can be reamed ac- curately with one-blade reamers of the boring tool type. Old Bill Says—_- Throwing a ball of waste or rags at your friend across the room is dangerous sport. This game often ends with lead hammers. In wet grinding machines, even if the tank is cleaned every week, an odor is often noticeable, espe- cially in warm weather. A tea- spoonful of cheap disinfectant added to every gallon of the grind- ing solution will improve this condition. Do not stand directly in front of a large grinding wheel when snag- ging or roughing out work. Even if the guard is on, the odds would be against you in case of a 'break. Men Cut Corners October, 194 METAL TO BE RE BEFORE HOB Wille ENTER TEETH SS MILLING MACHINE TABLE - “MOVED ' THE PITCH } SES Na GASHING — CUTTER) WORM WHEEL > MILLING MACHINE ape TABLE PARALLEL TURNED TO ANGLE WITH FACE OF WORM WHEEL TEETH WORM WHEEL Diagrams showing how a cutter that is too narrow can be used to gash a gear wheel. rangement is useful in any shop for drilling in the lathe, but one caution must be observed: the clamp bolts on the tail- stock must be loosened so that they will not bind, or the feed gears in the apron will be damaged. With the tools mounted on the carriage, there was little difficulty in completing the parts. The machinist made a mark on the cross slide so that he could locate his recessing tool without measuring. He got the depth with a small depth gage. Possibly some sort of indicator could have been devised to avoid doing even that measuring. The cutting off was done with a parting tool bolted to the compound rest. It will be noted that a special clamp and bolt were used to hold the two tools rather than the usual tool post. This made a very rigid arrange- ment. This set-up made it possible to do on an engine lathe a job that without it would have been very tiresome. All the tools were available without changing. —A.sBert E. Birp. TWO-PITCH 25-tooth worm wheel had to be made and, although we had the proper hob for the job, the only available gashing cutter was too J narrow. After we had gashed the wheel we found that the hob would not start because the teeth on the wheel were still too wide at the points. The machinist working on the gears wanted to go at the job by the cut and try method, but I stopped him and figured out the following process, which is a generating method, for a worm and worm wheel are only a modified form of 8 rack and pinion. After having gashed the wheel all around, set the vertical feed screw dial on “O” with the gashing cutter at the bottom of the cut. Now drop the table till the cutter (Continued on page 125)

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ctober, 19% | T'S 1E REMO! WILL hed iE TA ITCH “s 4 | Ng ) PARAL FACE OF 1 WHEEL at is too r wheel. shop for ition must 1 the tail. they will the apron on the ficulty in machinist so that he 1 without h with a ne sort of evised to ng. | a parting st. It will and bolt two tools tool post. 1 arrange- t possible the a job have been the tools changing. 25-tooth d to bf e had the J , the only F -r was too 7 id gashed § would not § ‘heel were F the gears e cut and § him and ss, which vorm and form of & wheel all ~w dial on r at the the table 1 page 125) POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 87 Brown & Sharpe Surface Gauge No. 621, illustrated above, permits a wide range of adjustments. A fine tool that any mechanic will be proud to own. Fine Tools Increase A ~Man’s Mechanical Ability Because their unfailing accuracy increases the certainty of measurements, Brown & Sharpe Tools lower the percentage of loss and waste in mechanical work. The mechanic who makes use of these finely designed tools finds them an aid in bringing out his skill to best advan- tage and in increasing his value as a producer. There are over 5,000 items listed in Catalog No. 30. Get a free copy from your dealer or from us direct. Dept. P. S., Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co., Providence, R. I.,U.S.A. oo Soomar 2s * PLANER AND SHAPER GAUGE No. 625 * STAINLESS STEEL RULE No. 350 * THICKNESS GAUGE No. 648 * OUTSIDE SPRING CALIPERS No. 811 * ADJUSTABLE SQUARE No. 554 * A description of this tool appears in Catalog No. 30 [BS “wORLD’S STANDARD OF ACCURACY” © This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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SS OS SSSI POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY mth When Popular Science Monthly, after rigorous testing, placed its unquali- fied approval on the new’ 1929 Kuprox A. C. Power Pack, it substantiated the verdict of every radio engineer who has examined and tested this efficient new unit. Radically different from any previous model, vastly improved from every standpoint, the new 1929 Kuprox A. C. Power Pack represents a real achieve- ment in engineering and construction. New throughout, even in size, it is a rugged, long-lived instrument that completely modernizes the receiver to which it is attached. The new construction insures permanently carefree operation and service. Several models from $32.50 up. October, ty 9 Important Features on the New 1929 Model &. Dial Marking.—Indicates approximate output voltage. 2. Voltage Regulator. — Tapped trans former and rotary switch permits adjustment of output voltage to meet individual set conditions. 3. Piug Receptacle.—Eliminates need of connecting “B” Unit to separate lamp socket and controls current supply automatically, 4. Non-Turning Binding Posts.—This pat- ented construction successfully overcomes one of the many inconveniences of the com- mon, less expensive types usually employed. 8. Control Switch. — Positive operated pendant cord type controlling both “A” and “BC” Units (where the latter are used) eliminates the use of -switch on receiver. ~ 6. A. C. Cord and Plug.—Of ample length for all ordinary purposes. This-may be added to or reduced in length where necessary. 7. Oversized Transformer.—This is com structed of the finest silicon steel arid heavy copper wire eliminating heat and developing the highest possible operating efficiency. 8. Filtering Condensers.—Patented, dry paper type, each containing 2,500 to 10,000 Mfd. capacity, insuring perfect filtering. Three employed. Absolutely dry, will not: puncture and are long lived. 6. Kuprox Rectifiers.—These employ the * new large 2” KUPROX discs, insuring ample carrying capacity, steady output and long life. This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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tures odel approximate oped trans- ; adjustment dividual set tes need of lamp socket matically, .—This pat- overcomes of the com- y employed. e> operated th “A” and are used) eceiver. ciency. tented, dry 0 to 10,000 st filtering. ry, will not: employ the uring ample t and long You don’t have to dis- card your present radio to get A. C. operation. Now you can electrify your set and make it A. C. with units that have been rigorously tested and proved in the laboratories of Popular Science Institute of Standards. The new 1929 Kuprox A. C. Power Pack makes an efficient A. C. set of any battery radio.’ No changes in wiring are necessary, no harnesses or adapters, no tricky installations. Not even new tubes are necessary. Your set remains exactly as it is, you use the very same tubes as now, you merely connect the Kuprox A. C. Power Pack to the battery terminals of the receiver, plug it into the nearest lamp socket, and that’s all! Then compare your set with the best A. C. radio you ever heard. Compare the tone, the power, the distance getting ability, the selectivity and ease of control. Not the slightest hum, no distortion or crackling because of faulty tubes, none of the fail- ings that variations in electric current can cause in A.C. sets. A good battery set. Kuprox equipped, is A. C. reception at its finest. Kuprox Replacement Unit, eliminates acids, liquids, bulbs and vibra- tors from all standard trickle chargers. Easy to install. Makes any stand- ard charger absolutely trouble-proof, Eliminates watering and other bothers. Price $5.00. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY us tests conducted by opular Science \nstitute Laboratory Makes an Electric A-C.Radio of your present Battery Set NO CHANGES IN WIRING | NO HARNESS OR ADAPTERS NOT EVEN NEW TUBES In case you first desire more information, or specific information about your own set, write us, giving the make of set and the number and type of tubes. We'll recommend the proper model you need, and send you literature giving a full description. THE KODEL ELECTRIC AND MFG. CO. rs) 500 E. PEARL STREET - And there’s nothing at all to bother about. The entire set is con- trolled by a single pend- ant switch on the Power Pack. Snap the switch and it’s on—snap it again and it’s off. The Kuprox A. C. Power Pack is a permanent addition to your set that will double your radio enjoyment. The 1929 Kuprox A. C. Power Pack isa rugged, long-lived instrument. It contains no moving parts, nothing to wear out. It is sturdily built for long, trouble-free service. Inside and out it is a beautiful piece of workmanship, worthy of the approval given it by engineers. saeeieal Several models are offered, some supplying filament (A) current only, for those who already have a good “B”’ eliminator; several models that supply plate (B) current only; and two compact units that supply all current (A, B and C) and make the entire set A.C. The Kuprox A. C. Power Pack can be used on any type of receiver using any kind of tubes. The various models are priced from $32.50 up, and any good radio dealer can show them to you. CINCINNATI, OHIO Kuprox Multi-rate Rec- tifier, for trickle charging storage batteries; dynamic speaker operation, etc. Adjustable rate up to I- ampere. All-metal, dry, needs no watering or other attention. Absolutely noiseless. Price $11.50. 4 POwEnN PACK ® This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. | | }

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ts Easy to adjust Vemmtts with these “SUPERRENCHES Long, thin, light, strong—save the han " —assure easy, quick, accurate results. ITH Set No. 1063, tappet adjustment is a simple matter. The six wrenches (2 each of 3 sizes) cover every tappet size from 1/2 to 7/8”,—serving 80 % of all passenger cars and trucks. Chrome - Molybdenum construction combines un- usual lightness with rugged strength. The thin, nar- row jaws of the “SUPER- RENCH” will not spread in tappet service. Every “SUPERRENCH” is guar- anteed against breakage. With theproperwrenches, adjusting tappets is easy. Let “SUPERRENCHES” convince you. Get a SET today. PRICE: In Leatherette Roll $10.60 Postage Paid J. H. WILLIAMS & CO., “The Wrench People’”’ 246 Vulcan Street, Buffalo, N. Y. \WILLIAM “SUPERRENCH™ (Chrome-Molybdenum) TAPPET WRENCHES POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY October, 1933 In Simplicity Lies the Charm of This Easy-to-Build Bookcase VEN in this day of public and circu- lating libraries, all of us have a few choice volumes and need a con- venient place to keep them. The book- case illustrated at the right is large enough to hold many books and has, in addition, a rack for current magazines. A great ad- vantage of this type of bookcase—one that will appeal to the housewife—is that it does not take up much wall space. Any man who is handy with tools or any boy who has had manual training in school can make one of these bookcases at home in a few evenings of enjoyable work. The project offers a chance for the use of brushing lacquer, and a professional touch can be given by applying a decal- comania transfer of a pirate ship or other ornamental design on the top piece. The case should be made of whitewood or other close grained soft wood if it is to have a lacquered or enameled finish, but it can be constructed of mahogany or other cabinet wood, if preferred, and stained and either varnished or lacquered to match other furniture in the room where it is to be placed. The tools required are a hammer, nail set, plane, turning or keyhole saw, cross- cut and rip saws, square, 3¢-in. chisel, and half-round cabinet file. Shaping the side is the first step. With crosscut and rip saw block out the pieces as shown on page 128; then use a turning saw or a keyhole saw to cut out the shapes exactly. Finish the edges with file and sandpaper. Cutting the rabbets and dadoes is the {I “+ Nh t= i 4 L 4 Front and side view of the bookcase. The layout for the sides is shown on page 128 By Kennetu R. LaVoy Bookcase with magazine rack at bottom, de- signed to take up little wall or floor space. hardest part, but it can be done, in the absence of special planes, with a little patient work with saw and chisel. When cutting the dadoes, clamp a piece of stock along the outside lines to serve as a guide for the saw. Saw down the required depth and then clean out between the cuts with the chisel. If you have a router plane, it can be used for smoothing out the bottom of the dadoes and rabbets. Getting out the other pieces is a simple operation. About the only question that can arise is the height of the front of the magazine rack. If small magazines for the most part are to be kept in the rack, the front should be reduced in height to 10 in. When all the parts are ready, sandpaper them thoroughly. Much of the effective- ness of amateur woodwork depends upon the care taken in preparing the surfaces to receive the finish. The case can be put together, of course, with plain butt joints throughout in order to avoid the (Continued on page 128) Materials for Bookcase No. Pcs. T. Ww. L. Part F 5% 12 4 ft. 5% in. Sides 1 Wwe 7 14% Upper back 1 % 15 14% Lower back 1 % 11% 14% Front 1 1 ll 14% Bottom 1 % 11% 14% Shelf 2 % 9% 14% Shelves 1 A 6 14% Shelf No. 1 and No. 00 sandpaper, liquid glue, and sixpenny finishing nails. All dimensions are in inches except as noted. P s © This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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de- ace. n the little When stock guide depth : with ne, it yttom imple . that of the 5 for rack, ht to paper ctive- upon rfaces ourse, order e 128) POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY To sive you and industry has been steadily improved—and the cost for electric sérvice steadily reduced. By introducing at every point in the making of electricity the most efficient equipment and methods the engineers of the electrical industry have been able to give you better, and cheaper, light. Tyeos Instruments—the Sixth Sense of Industry—are used in all de- carimente of the electrical industry for insuring satisfactory perform- ance and reducing costs. The efficiency engineer of one of the biggest public utility companies in the United States says: “We have installed a 60,000 K.W. 3- element cross-compound turbo-generator, one of. the largest units in the world. The outstanding variable affecting the efficient opera- lion of this unit is the vacuum. The Jeos Instrument has been chosen for the important job of ‘ndieatinn the vacuum on this tre- mendous unit, which uses so much steam that a reduction of 1% in its efficiency means a loss of about 6,000 lbs. of steam per hour. Our confidence in Zeos Instruments is indicated by our installing 152 of them in one of our power stations.’ You may not be in the business of making electricity—buf if you are in any business in which your manufacturing processes require the Indicating, Recording or Controlling of heat, there are instruments in the Jeos Line of 8, 000 varieties that will increase the efficiency of your plant operations. Informative literature will be sent you on request. Or one of our engineers will be glad to study your particular proble ms and make recommendations. Taylor [Instrument Companies ROCHESTER, NY. i U.S.A. Canadian Plant: Jeoes BUILDING, TORONTO SHORT & MASON, Ltd., Manufacturing Distributors in Great Britain | isn’t by chance that the quality of electric lighting for home etter and cheaper light IN Tycos for the Home Fycos Office Thermometers An aid in promoting human efficiency. Tycos Bath Thermometers To enable you to get the most good from your bath. Tycos Home Set Bake Oven Thermometer, Candy Thermometer, Sugar Meter. The secret of accurate results in cooking. Tycor Wall Thermometers To help you to maintain a temperature in your house conducive to good health. Zycos Quality Compasses To show you the right way in unfamiliar country. Tycoe Fever Thermometers A necessity in every home. Tycos Stormoguide Forecasts the weather twenty-four hours ahead with dependable accuracy. Tycos Hygrometer To enable you to keep the humidity of the atmos- phere in your home correct at all times. Tycos for the Medical Profession Zycos Sphygmomanometer, Pocket and Office types. Tycos Urinalysis Glassware. Tycos Fever Thermometers. Your dealer will show them to you. Ask us, on a postal, for booklets on any of the above. Bulletins on Request A THE ~ SIXTH ~ SENSE ~ OF ~ INDUSTRY cos Temperature /nstruments DICATING ~ RECORDING ~ CONTROLLING ncn TR NNR

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Since 1865 Billings & Spencer have been making forgings out of steel. And among these forgings are wrenches of all kinds. “‘Lifetime Wrenches’’— so guaranteed. Good mechanics of three generations who have used these wrenches say — That you find the trade-mark of Billings & Sper.cer on only the best wrenches made. All Dealers ean supply you The SPENCER IN GS Compan B a OD Conn... U.8.41. ” The forges are always open to visitors © This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See paige 8. Applying a coat of glaze- putty to a bureau-chest built of lumber scraps. The piece, with drawers at each end, is of unusual early American design. With Glazing Putty You Can Obtain oe A Fine Finish on Poor Woo i F. N. Vanderwalker Explains How Rough Surfaces Can Be FTER sandpapering some wooden surfaces as much as possible, you often will still find, especially on the poorer grades of lumber, cer- tain rough areas that are too deep to be made smooth. These are usually the areas around knots where the end wood fibers are short and run in various direc- tions. Even a plane will not smooth their roughness. In such cases we can follow the example of the old-time carriage painter and appiy thin putty with a broad glazing knife—a knife which is about three times as wide as a putty knife and has a somewhat more flex- ible blade. Sandpaper should be first used to make the surface as smooth as pos- sible—No. 1 sandpaper, followed by either No. 14 or No.0. Next a white lead paste is mixed with boiled linseed oil and turpentine in equal parts and tinted as de- sired with colors ground in oil. ;_ This paint is applied and allowed to dry overnight or longer. Then you are ready to glaze-putty. reise alias The putty is made from white lead-in-oil paste, to which enough dry whiting is added to make a stiff, plastic mass. Beat the putty with a wooden mallet or club until it is soft and well mixed. Take a little japan drier and boiled linseed oil in equal parts and add them to the putty together with enough additional whiting to keep the mixture about as thick as butter. Apply the putty over the surface with the glazing knife and rub it well into all holes, dents, and gouge marks. Scrape off the excess putty and allow the surface to dry hard. Usually in a day or two it Painted Smoothly will be hard enough to be sandpapered t6 a level, smooth surface. If you were ful not to leave tool marks in the putt when scraping away the surface, ne much sandpapering will be necessary. Another glazing putty that will dry very hard and can be rubbed do smoothly with pumice stone and water on a felt pad is mixed from white lead-in) oil paste, dry whiting, and fine, dry pues} mice stone, grade FF, thinned a little with floor varnish and japan gold} size or drier. ; By using either of these glazes om furniture, cabinets, or interior trim you can make cheap lumber | practically as fine a painted finish ag the very best wood. The glaze coat® forms a fine ground for paint, enamel, # or lacquer, especially as the putty (Continued on page 130) The glaze, about as thick as butter, is applied to the wood with a broad, flexible glazing knife. — Oc

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY GTOOMeHES! FRECTRICIANS, Picadinn Sagashite ;—Con- convenience we now offer several complete out- tractors in any branch of industry where fits, packed in handy Tool Chests. These Electric holes must be drilled have found it necessary to Tool Chests contain a Black & Decker Portable Elec- supplant their old style hand tools with modern tric Drill and an assortment of drill bits, auger bits electric tools. and hole saws, which enable you to drill holes from Heretofore the famous Black & Decker Portable 1/,!’ to 3" in diameter. These Electric Tool Chests Electric Drills, ‘‘With the Pistol Grip and Trigger —_ are reasonably priced and no mechanic who has to Switch’’, have been sold individually. For your ‘*¢o out on jobs’’ can afford to be without one. We will be glad to send you literatisre describing these Electric Tool Chests in detail bd you will paige drop us a line. "BLACK 9 DECKER > 6 Toronto, Ontario, Canada TOWSON, MD., U. S. A. Slough, Bucks, England © his seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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Home Comfort in the Basement This living room was easily and economically built with Celotex Writs: change this basement room is from the usual coal bins, wash tubs, and rubbish heaps! Celotex makes such transformations ible. Besides changing basements into cheerful recreation rooms you can turn open porches into kitchen additions or sun porches. You can make waste attic space into a comfortable extra room for the maid or chauffeur, a study for Dad or a den for the boys. Simple to do You need only a hammer, nails and saw to make these home improvements your- self, for Celotex comes in big strong boards that are light and easy to apply. Celotex, made from long tough fibres of cane, stops extreme heat, cold and damp- ness—makes rooms livable all year ‘round. All reliable lumber dealers can supply Celotex. Send in the coupon below for a free illustrated booklet. The Celotex Company, Chicago, Ill. In Canada: Alex- ander Murray & Co., Ltd., Montreal. CELOTEX INSULATING CANE BOARD The word CELOTEX (Reg. U.S. Pat. Off.) is the trademark eo and indicates manufacture by The Celotex Company, Chicago, III. Pop. Sci.—10-28 THE CELOTEX COMPANY 645 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago, III. Please send me free your illustrated booklet “Year "Round Comfort with Fuel Saving.” Name Address POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY October, ” Vault for Storing Valuables How to Build at Low Cos; a Fireproof Strong Box of Metal-Lined Concrete Constructed in a corner of the cellar, this vault protects valuable papers from fire. EXT in security to a safety deposit box or a good safe for keeping valuable papers is a fireproof vault like the one illustrated. It is often necessary for the writer to take valuable papers to his summer home, which is some distance from any bank or trust company. While these papers have no intrinsic value, their loss would entail considerable work and some unpleasant- ness in business. There was no room for a safe in the house, so the writer con- structed an inexpensive fireproof vault. As all the work was done personally and the vault carefully camouflaged by a closet, it is a perfectly safe depository for valuables. In one corner of the cellar a form 18 in. wide, 20 in, long, and 22 in. high was constructed of 34-in. lumber. This was simply two sides of a box, the walls making the other two sides. Then a collapsible form 6 by 8 by 16 in. high was built of 34-in. stock. Strips 16 in. long were nailed 34 in. from each side of the 8 by 16 in. sides. The 6 by 16 in. sides were placed against the strips on the 8-in. sides. To hold the form in the shape of a box, strips were nailed across the top ends and wires run between screw eyes inside the form at the lower end. This form was centered in the first form and held in place by braces. A third form, 5 in. thick, 12 in. wide, and 14 in. long, was constructed for the top of the vault. This was made solid, and on the bottom was centered and nailed a 1-in. board 8 in. wide and 10 in. long. |THE second and third forms were greased on the outside, and the | space between the first and second form was filled with a concrete mixture con- sisting of 1 part cement, 2 parts clean, sharp sand, and 4 parts small pebbles. This mixture was worked rather wet and well packed. As soon as the concrete was level with the top of the center form, the third form was centered on the inner form with the 1 in. section resting on the inner form. By Haro_p RIDGE This form was well weighted to hold it ip place, and the concrete mixture wags poured until level with the top of both forms. After allowing the concrete to set for from twenty-four to thirty-six hours, the top form was lifted out and the strips and wires on the center form removed go that the form itself could be taken out, The outer form was removed in six days and the vault was allowed to harden for two weeks. As a lining it was necessary to have a galvanized iron box of a size to fit in the space left by the center form; it might have been made or purchased. For this deep box a top was made of heavy gal- vanized iron, 8 by 10 in. A 3 in. wide strip of the same material was soldered to the top and bent to fit tightly into the box. The inside of the top was filled with asbestos (Continued.on page 129) Be | MN ea COVER 8°x18"x20" N-A HOLLOW FORM ee “ - 2.4% ’ ECTION OF COMPLETED VAULT How the forms are made and set up, and a section showing the metal box and the two covers in place. ——

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ctober, 1% leg Cost Box crete 10ld it in ure was of both D set for a the e stri noved a ‘ken out, six days iden for > have a fit in the it might For this avy gal- in. wide soldered itly into vas filled page 129) 2M (14" FORM FORM TING NGS ING WIRES ESTOS LING cy use J d a section rs in place. October, 1928 Leaky roofs| ‘made good as —_—$—$—— New HERE is no need now to pay for frequent roof Ta new roofs or leak damages. No more roof troubles! Rutland No-Tar-In Roof Coating (or Rutland No. 4 Paste) stops leaks instantly—it makes an old roof like new, or a new roof much better. Rutland No-Tar-In Roof Coating is easy to apply. It requires no mixing, thinning or heating. You can stop the leak as soon as it is discovered. Does not sag, harden, peel or blister RUTLAND No-Tar-In Coating provides a perfect roof ot asphalt and asbestos—a tough mineral covering. Not a drop of tar init. It will not crawl, sag, harden, peel or blister. It is not affected by acids, rust, decay or corrosion. The coating is elastic—adapts itself to the expansion and contraction of the roof. Save money—year after year WITH Rutland No-Tar-In you can keep your roof watertight with minimum attention and maintenance expense. This is property protection at lowest cost! It can be used on every kind of roof (except shingles). There are also over 30 other uses, such as waterproof- ing foundation walls. It will pay you to insist upon Rutland No-Tar-In Roof Coating (or No, 4 Paste) at your hardware or aint store. If your dealer hasn’t it, mail coupon low. RUTLAND FIRE CLAY COMPANY RUTLAND, VERMONT Also Makers of Rutland Patching Plaster ‘ tor r te ee oP NO-TAR-IN OF COATIN 1 U.S.GALLON that leak in your 'oe ~ t POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY utland No-Tar-In ROOF COATING Mail this coupon for complete information RUTLAND FIRE CLAY CO., Dept. R-25, Rutland, Vermont Without obligation, please send me more informa- tion about No-Tar-In, with name of nearest dealer. IRE. oo ccc tuecanctocteustacnscaeeneeeee aaa eneaee - Nat se rec, My dealer’s name ee CC CC AN

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Octal a How to Patch Old Furniture That Sheds Its Veneer By R. C. STANLEY % POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY . Heft it. Swing it. Feel its light weight and even hbal- ance. n stack it up against a stiff job that isa realtest. Watchthis BULL DOG do its stuff! Use it and ABUSE it. Stall it if you can’ Give it a slam-bang trial. Try the BULL 0G on the hardest, toughest drilling job you can find. If you don’t think it’s the greatest drill you have ever used, send it back at our expense and we'll return your money. If your dealer can't supply you, we'll gladl send you one of these biting BULL Bocs direct for a full week's rough- e test. P For quick action, please fill in the blan below, tear it off and mail it tous. We'll rush a BULL DOG to you on the double quick. 7 Big Features 1. Improved Hair-trigger Plunger Switch. 2. Removable Tite-grip, Rubber-covered handles. 3. Non-breakable Foolproof Attachment plugs. 4. S. K. F. Ball Bearings. 5. Not a ‘‘special’’ but Real Heavy Duty. 6. Note Slow Speed, Only 370, Full Load Speed 270. 7. Three-jaw oversized Chuck. Five Handy Sizes Note bean Low Prices ES wits Ged acme en Geese ka cu $37.00 NL on ost eases - — esr 48.00 OO ae eS 64.00 Devil Dog, 2 speed..... tt. eee 78.00 Battering Ram, 2 speed. 74" .......... 78.00 Not a “‘specia!” but a real HEAVY DUTY DRILL with a full YEAR’S GUARANTEE. “The Last Word in Drill Perfection.” National Electric Products Co. Dept. PS-10 140 Baxter Street, New York, N. Y. Mail this coupon NOW! Gentlemen: Please send us the following drills: * (Name) (Size) SOGRSSPSSESSRCSSSSSSOES Cocccccccgoccecs peerere Check or money order 1s enclosed. It is understood that this amount will be refunded in full within one (1) week if we decide to return the drill, return expressage being paid by the National Blectric Products Co. Send full information about complete line of drills, drill atands, and vises. PN oc baGeeccbddscccccacceccecceccocoeccesesocceeoess MIDs wee ecdodcccocccecsscocscécccescoccceceoeecoses a re Bs occscessene If satisfactorily rated in Dun's or Bradstreet’s, Terms are 30 ANY have the mistaken idea that a all veneered furniture is modern. “ Veneering was done by Chippen- dale, one of the first of the famous old furniture masters. He did not veneer his furniture to deceive the purchaser and make him believe it to be made of solid wood, but because it was possible to ob- tain more beautiful grain and a wider range of figures in veneer. Most veneer, it should be borne in mind, is not sawed, but cut from the log with knives as the log re- volves in a huge lathe. The veneer comes from the log like ribbon from a roll and reveals the full beauty of the wood figure. A visit to any well appointed museum will make it clear that many valuable pieces of old furniture are veneered. This being true, we are justified in going to great lengths to pre- serve all the original veneer of antique furniture, especially as it is more difficult to give veneer an artificial appearance of age than it is to antique solid boards. In veneered furniture the veneer is the original surface, so any veneer which is renewed is considered just that much new material, in spite of the fact that the wood beneath it is old. Ifa veneered board should be replaced by a solid board, that much of the original construction is regarded as having been altered and the value of the antique is accordingly reduced. HAVE worked over pieces in which the material was mahogany, but also ve- neered in mahogany to obtain the ad- vantage of a more decorative grain. In some cases the veneer has looked hope- less, but to retain the originality of the piece I have had to devise ways and means of preserving at least ninety percent of the veneer. This js a difficult job and requires the patience of Job. The veneer frequently will be found in small splinters, narrow strips, wide strips, small and large pieces. For the piece to retain its value, this must all be put back. A piece in this condition, provided it is worth restoring, should be sent to an ex- pert; the repairing is so difficult that the beginner, without experience or equip- ment, cannot hope to do more than make bad matters worse. Ordinary work of this kind, however, is no more difficult than other common repairs. To replace pieces of veneer, lay them flat, glue side up, and scrape off all the old glue. Do not wet the veneer, as it will expand to a greater size and be too big for its original place. Remove all old glue from the surface on which the veneer is to be replaced and make all preparations for clamping. Use cold glue, that is, liquid glue; this work requires When furniture veneer is damaged or becomes loose, careful patching or regluing will usually repair it, speed, but it calls for more speed with hot glue than with cold, as the veneer, being very thin, will expand much faster whe hot glue is used. Apply a coating of glu to the board only, not to the veneer. Put J the veneer in place and clamp quickly. | Every gluing job is worth exactly what the clamping makes it worth. The amount of glue used has not as much to do with the quality of the joint, as a very thin coating of glue in a properly clamped| joint is better than many times the) amount of glue in a joint that is improp erly clamped. A positive glue joint, mat! with a good grade of glue, may have the! fibers of the wood broken all around it, but the joint itself will not part or break, unless subjected to dampness or cor ditions such as glue, from its very nature) cannot withstand. LISTERS in veneer are caused whe the glue gives way in places and ait pockets form under the veneer. To hed a blister is a simple operation. With the point of a very sharp knife, make an it cision at or near the side of the blister where the glue still holds, and lift the edg of the blistered veneer. Be careful not t make the incision too far from the sid where the glue still holds, or the edges willdap when clamped, and I would mud rather have the blister to contend wi than the lap. Pour enough vinegar in th blister to fill it up, replace the blisterel veneer in its position, place the work i such a position that the vinegar will nd leak out, leave for about eight hours, remove any vin- (Continued on page 18) © This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. Seepage 8. - ea 3 j rea] hyo et de ab bs oe, oe MATES: wt Gsa z Mites $272 Sa Sa : & i F

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Purple FLEXIBLE -—- FINE BLUNT Yellow ‘ Green As resilient asa watch- An improved stub ~ Red STIFF—FINE spring. Fine, tapered point. This point ROUNDED Se it j MDARD — wae Mches's tum. Shade tony angie. Bley be Bahan cx A iiorant oem glee x —a Uo Sein pom win Apa arines "Wi leengsedamll Loved by arenog: gotten, Liked by Maines hewn chee d with het | cree pum Meitom — heny procure. Un. scguracy. | Populer preware. Sui le reer, beingp | aaa” Wea ee 4 aster when fe friend. & ing of glue i et : Ps Pe wick. : g —_— of fountain pen users are turning to i tly what pe ng é ac ‘ + . He pn Waterman’s Number Seven. They are delighted with the ease 8 . . . . 7 pl to do with, with which they can select a pen point that exactly suits their a “=a = style of writing. You will be, too, if you step into a store and ask E times. the the pen clerk to let you try the six Number Seven points and Be is improp- select the one that suits you best. oint, made’ hana No matter how you write—forward or back-hand, toa | straight or slanting, thin line or broad line, r | ! | | E sry natur, $7700 a NUMBER SEVEN will match your style | | used whe 5 AGaumber Seven Why try to suit yourself to a pen point when it is so simple to eS an | Another example of get a pen point that is made to suit you? The sooner you try Waterman’s Number Seven the sooner you will be rewarded with perfect and permanent pen satisfaction. L. E. Waterman Company, 191 Broadway, New York Chicago Boston a" Francisco Montreal Use Waterman’s INK in Waterman’s PENS Waterman's Waterman's supreme craftsmanship. Ink wi!] not stain this beautiful tubber pen. Made with attractive lip-guard and an unequaled patent: ed filling device. yn page 136) aaAst AINEESETNI IE eres * Tei Aida ser abawnal Fe SS: An a he OV nips eee ae es ‘ , , ieee ee sae

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For that balky engine PUT in Eveready Columbia Dry Bat- teries—their fat, hot sparks are great for starting engines of all kinds— stationary, tractor and automobile, two cycle or four cycle. They make a big difference in cold weather espe- cially. Off the engine goes with a bang, to run steadily for hours on end with never a skip or miss. For exposed engines, use the Eveready Columbia Hot Shot, for its water-proof steel case sheds rain, sleet, snow and fresh or salt water; besides standing abuse. NATIONAL CARBON CO., INC. New York WCE San Francisco Unit of Union Carbide and Carbon Corporation EVEREADy COLUMBIA Dry Batteries -they last longer FOR RADIO: Just as the Eveready Columbia is the greatest general purpose cell, the Eveready Dry Cell Radio “A,’ No. 7111, is the superior cell for this one special use—on radio sets using dry cell tubes. It lasts longer. pipe and | ducii coup that ones light tains pipe the « take the |

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October, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY ing « Liga to Stand on Your Smoking Table By Walter E. Burton ~ am The cost for the materials used in mounting this pocket lighter was twenty-five cents. N EFFICIENT, attractive lighter for your smoking stand may be made by providing a pocket lighter with a suit- able base. The one illustrated, which in- cludes an ash tray, is but a suggestion of the many designs that may be worked out. Its cost for materials for the mount- ing was twenty-five cents. The base consists of three parts: a metal ash tray; a piece of %-in. brass pipe 2% in. long, threaded at one end and filed flat on the other; and a brass re- ducing coupling. The small end of this coupling, which should have outside threads, must be of sufficient diameter so 5 « , ° Parts used for the lighter and ash tray; only the original filler plug was discarded. y I that the threads may be filed off and new y ones cut to fit into the filling hole of the . lighter. The pipe and coupling can be ob- ] tained from an electrical supply store. 1 The stand is assembled by soldering the pipe to the center of the tray and screwing the coupling on the top. As the coupling takes the place of the regular filler plug. the hole in it is soldered shut. Mert beads used for reinforcing corners | of plaster walls are excellent, I have found, for the construction of rails for model railroads. The material can be easily bent and adapted to any ‘layout, and its cost is low.—Rosert BRAUN. ANOTHER MEMBER OF THE TELEPHONE FAMILY ww w & @w ANY a radio set has found a new and richer voice in the golden | throated Western Electric loud speaker. Produced by the world’s foremost ex- perts in sound transmission—Bell Tele- phone Laboratories and the Western Electric Company—this loud speaker is responsive both to low bass notes and high treble, reproducing them with fullness of tone and absolute fidelity. The same engineering skill which devel- oped the telephone has thus removed a serious shortcoming in radio loud speakers. Here again the name Western Electric is an assurance of mechanical and electrical reliability—whether on loud speaker or on telephone; microphone; public address sys- tem; music reproducer; the orthophonic horn and electrical recording for the pho- nograph; audiometer; audiphone and the talking moving picture. As manufacturers of the nation’s telephones, this Com- pany is applying the skill thus gained to making a widening range of communica- tion apparatus. Western Elecfric Purchasers...Manufacturers... Distributors SINCE 16862 FOR THE BELL SYSTEM

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY That Stubborn Beard No Problem Now/ Whiskers come off quick and smooth when small bubbles sodk them soft. No drag, no sting or smart. It’s a new method of shaving that’s very easy to prove by test...see our “no cost” offer in coupon below. OU’LL see the difference the minute you try it. Acloser shave. An easier,- quicker shave. ou’ve never known such » comfort in all your ’ shaving days. That’s why we’re offering aseven-day trial tube free to you and every other reader of this magazine. You'll find the details in coupon below. Small Bubbles did it! No other shaving cream is like Colgate’s. No other can offer you such unique results. It’s a “small- bubble” ker, For small bubbles hold more water. They carry it closer to the base of your beard. A glance at the photographs in the circles proves this better than words. Note the closely knit, moisture- laden Colgate bubbles. Now contrast that with the large, air-filled bubbles of ordinary lather. “ My, that’s smooth!”’ she'll surely say. COLGATE LATHER Photomicrograph pre- pared under identical conditions shows fine, closely knit texture of Colgate’s Rapid-Shave Cream lather. Note how the small bubbles hold water instead of air close against the beard. ORDINARY LATHER Photomicrograph of lather of an ordinary shavingcreamsurround- ing single hair. Large dark spots are air— white areas are water. Note how the large bub- bles hold air instead of water against the beard. 2 LIE I OE RE ILL BLE GEL SS see Colgate & Co., Dept., 500-J, 595 Fifth Ave.,,.New York Please send me FREE sample of Colgate’s Rapid Shave Cream. Also sample of Colgate’s After Shave. “We always carry it on the boat, sir. Seems as though men all over the world use small-bubble lather.’’ Good-by, Razor-Pull! The minute you lather up with Col- gate’s, two things happen: 1. The soap in the lather breaks up the oil film that covers each hair. 2. Then billions of tiny, moisture- laden bubbles seep down through your beard ; . . crowd around each whisker . . . soak it soft with water. In a moment your beard gets moist and pliable ... limp and lifeless. . . scientifically softened right down at the base. Test it Free, for 7 days Just jot your name and address on the coupon ... and leave the rest to us. As an extra dividend we'll send a enerous bottle of “After Shave,” too. t’s a brand new shaving lotion that’s winning men by thousands! FREE OFFER, MEN! Address. la a) a a ae MYWII October, 19 Governor Improve, Ford Motor Used as Power Plant By J. R. KOONTZ Fig. 1. How the governor is attached and the pulley turned by means of the fan belt, OTORS taken from old Ford cars ay frequently used as power plants by farmers. The main objection to this typ of motor is its irregular speed unde various conditions, but this can be over. come by adding a governor. Obtain a governor of the flywheel typ (A, Fig. 2) from a discarded gas engine; usually one can be picked up at a junk dealer’s yard. Bolt this to the 4-in. plate B on the end of an 8-in. long transmission shaft taken from a Ford motor. Find; bearing C, preferably 2 in. wide, for this shaft and bolt it to the motor in such a way that when a 4-in. belt pulley D is placed at the end of the 8-in. shaft, it will come in line with the fan pulley (Fig. 1). The fan belt -then can be lengthened and used to turn both fan and gov- ernor. Fig. 2. The parts of the control mechanism, and a photograph of the assembled governor. The™-in. plate B has six 14-in. holesia it. Two of them, opposite each other, must be sawed out to the edge in order to form openings in which the governot weights can work freely. : The control is obtained, as shown Fig. 2, by making a lever EF with aU shaped opening at one end to fit over the shaft and in the — (Continued on page 10) Sc Ame for t Roy: able magi Royal

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ed and n belt. | Cars are lants by this type d unde be over. reel type 3 engine: t a junk -in. plate SMission Finda , for this -hanism, overnor. . holesia *h other, . order to govern shown it ith a U- over the page 10) — POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 99 roommate for the youth of America School claims them—boys and girls, youth of America. Away they troop, tanned and rested, ready for their classes. Many of these youngsters know the Royal Portable—know it as the friendly, companion- able little machine upon which they first learned the magic of changing ‘‘a b c’s” to words —the thrill of building sentences on paper. From grade to grade the Royal Portable goes, help- ing its users to do better work, to win higher marks —making a habit of thoroughness. With its aid, homework of all kinds is neatly and quickly done. Everyone in the family uses the Royal Portable— father, often far into the night; son and daughter, on college work; and mother, for her correspondence. Light, handy, compact —the simplest and ; easiest to operate of all small typewriters! Ls The Royal Portable is made by the makers of the famous standard Easy- Writing Royal. It is built to last a life-time and is priced within the reach of TRADE all—only $60, in colors or wood finishes, complete with carrying case. | Pp O R -_ A B $ Gradual payments if desired. Prices slightly higher in Canada. 7 és E WR I 7. E R. Royal TYPEWRITER COMPANY, INC., 316 BRoaDway, New YorK CiTy—BRANCHES AND AGENCIES THE WORLD OveER

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY ‘0 Make Your Motor a Machine Shop! Get more use out of that small motor which you have. With just a few attachments, you can make many hard jobs easy. Sawing — Drilling Polishing — Buffing Grinding To do any or all of these jobs— faster ... better ... more accurately—all you need is one or more of the attachments illustrated—of the proper size to fit the shaft of your motor. Easy to Attach Made with the care and pre- cision characteristic of all Goodell-Pratt Tools, they fit snugly and are secured by two set screws provided for the purpose. Your local dealer probably has just what you want in stock; if not, write us. GOODELL- PRATT COMPANY Moclorithe, GREENFIELD, MASS.US.A. ‘GOODELL~PRATT [SOO GOOD TOOLS © Mending Broken Concrete | Garden Furniture ROKEN garden furniture, sundials, bird baths and the like, if made of concrete, may be mended, contrary to common belief, so as to make the line of the break even stronger than when the! piece was whole. The fragments should be soaked jp! water for at least twelve hours. Dal some holes in each piece so that they will face each other exactly in pairs when the parts are put to- gether. If the article is in more than two pieces, it is best to as- semble the two largest fragments and, after they are set, add the others one at a time until the whole has been yoy to patch a break assembled. in a cement bird bath, For a drill you may sharpen the end of a discarded or very cheap screw driver. By constantly turning this as you drive it home, you} can use it as a star rock drill. The blows should be tempered by cushioning the mallet or hammer with an old piece of) burlap or some rags. | When the holes have been drilled, | immerse the fragments again in water for a few minutes and fill the holes with soft, freshly mixed, pure Portland cement. : Place the larger piece so that the break faces upward and secure it so that it is immovable. Insert a few pieces of fence wire in the soft cement. Wet the edges of the broken pieces again, smear a thin coat of cement over. them, and squeeze them together. Re- move the surplus cement and cover with wet rags. It is important that the pieces | should not be moved in the least for! twenty-four hours.—O. J. W. Hansen. Governor for Ford Motor | (Continued from page 98) groove of the governor so that it will work | back and forth as the weights expand or | contract. This lever is hinged to a three- | piece frame F, which, in turn, is fastened | to the main frame of the motor. To the lower end of the lever Ea heavy. wire is fastened by means of a clevis G.| As the wire is threaded to screw into the clevis, a close adjustment can be made. The wire is carried to one end of an - shaped arm I], which is mounted on they frame. ‘This arm, as shown in Fig. 2, is connected at one end with the wire J and at the other end with the rod K, which runs to the carburetor. When carefully adjusted, this con- trivances regulates the carburetor and makes a surprising difference in the even @® This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. flow of power from the motor. ASK — for ; Tur efficiency of hot glue depends largely upon the speed with which the joint B/F ( assembled, so before gluing be sure that all the peeecstid clamps are at hand. i

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tantly e, you blows ng the iece of | Irilled, ‘ter for s with ement. * break it it is [ fence pieces it over, Re. | r with pieces st. for’ ‘SEN. | tor | || work | and or | three- | stened | i heavy vis G. ito the | made. | an L-| on the} x, 2, is J and | which | ; con- rand | k é evel | largely oint 1s ‘e that POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY ae ZA (GA op 6 (Good N Cws jf Motorcycle Riders er Modern performance from a distinctly modern machine. Don’t look for this new day value in a motor- cycle designed two or three years ago. Study these facts if you want the utmost for your money. and giving a faster, more positive method of gear shifting, N appearance a vastly-better looking motorcycle, in a brand new degree of pick-up has been attained. performance a new machine with improvements from end to end. Motorcycling on this new Indian 4 will be an entirely new And — to balance this pick-up —there are both front and rear wheel brakes. A new, simple foot action on clutch The NEW sensation. Smooth-flowing power that speaks in a whisper. Four cylinders! Plenty of reserve—twist throttle on the last fifty feet of hill and your sporting blood will tingle at the surge of power that sends you over the top. Pick-up ! With added power, and ingenious redesigning of the transmission, chang- ing second gear ratio ASK YOUR DEALER for a Demonstration -S a x be, + Zee ¢ : . th Pi tase” ee al = “‘locks-out’”’ easily in traffic. Go to your dealer’s—take the new Indian 4 for a spin—all by yourself. Stop by the roadside and look at the improved construction. Give it your own private ‘Road Test.” Take the old familiar runs and compare the performance and pleasure with any motor you have ever ridden. Send coupon for illustrated details. If you don’t know the name of your local dealer, ask us. INDIAN MOTOCYCLE COMPANY SPRINGFIELD, MASSACHUSETTS Send literature on new Indian 4. Give name of near- IE wis sicckesccess (check only if unknown to you.) P. S. 10-28. — *f

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remove the particles which accumu- late files by rubbing your hand over them or by striking the edge of the file on the bench or vise. Probably the best method of cleaning any Nicholson File is to use the file brush and the file card. RA AICHOLSON FILES There is more than one way to clean j Nicholson Files. Sometimes you can between the teeth of the finer Cleaning the file at regular intervals with one or the other of these devices will make it last long and do more effective work. cnOl so At your hardware or your mill supply dealer’s. NICHOLSON FILE CO. Providence, Rhode Island, U.S.A. U.S.A. (TRADE MARKe File for Every .Purpose! @® This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY SS October, ty f Pe Blueprints for Your Home Workshop UR blueprints can be obtained for 95} cents a sheet. In some cases ther are two or three sheets to one subject The blueprints are complete in them. selves, but if you wish the correspondin, back issue of the magazine in which the project was described in detail, it can be had for 25 cents additional so long as copies are available. Other subjects be. sides those below are to be had; send stamped envelope for the complete list. | Popular Science Monthly, 250 Fourth Avenue, New York Send me the blueprint, or blueprints, I have underlined below, for which I inclose......_ RPE nt: dollars. ...............60mmM Described in Issues of No. Title 1. Sewing Table 2. Smoking Cabinet 3. End Table 5. Kitchen Cabinet 11. Bench and Tilt Table 13. Tea Wagon 17. Cedar Chest 18. Phone Table and Stool 19. Grandfather’s Clock 21. Colonial Desk 23. One-Car Garage 27. Kitchen-Cabinet Table 30. Tool Cabinet, etc. 31. Sewing Cabinets 33. Dining Alcove 34. Garden Trellises 37. Simplified Bookcase 39. Salem Chest of Drawers 41. One-Tube Radio Set 42. Three-Stage Amplifier 43. Four-Tube Receiver 44-45. Pirate Ship Model 46-47. Galleon Ship Model 48. Sailing Yacht Model 49. Broom Cabinet 50. Airplane Model (Rise-off- ground tractor, 36in.) ‘Sept., °26 25e 51-52-53. Clipper Model, Sovereign of the Seas *Oct. 26 75¢ 54. Five-Tube Radio Set *Oct., 26 25¢ 55. Five-Tube Set—Details ‘*Oct., 26 5c 56. Bird and Animal Toys 57-58-59. Constitution Ship Model (‘Old Ironsides’’) Jan., 27 75¢ 60. Welsh Dresser Mar., ’27 25c 61. Viking Ship Model—Hull Apr., ’27 5c 62. Viking Ship—Details Apr., ’27 25c 64. Toy Motor Boat, 29 in. long hull May, ’°27 50c 65. Six Simple Block Puzzles 66. Ship-Model Weather Vane Aug., ’27 25¢ 67. Toy Model of Lindbergh’s New York-to-Paris Plane Aug., 27 25¢ 68. Magazine-Rack Table and Book-Trough Table 69. Flying Model (3 ft.) of Lindbergh’s Monoplane 70. Console Radio Cabinet 71. Console Cabinet—Details 72. Doll’s House “ Dec., ’27 73. Doll’s House Furniture 74-75-76. Santa Maria Ship Model, 18 in. long hull 77. Simple Pier Cabinet and Decorative Wall Shelves 78. Simple Treasure Chests 79. Electric Radio Set 80. High Power Unit for Elec- Jan., ‘28 25 Feb., ’28 25c Feb., ’28 25¢ 15. Workshop Bench Jon., 23 5¢ | 82. Simple Single-Stick Air- plane Model (30-in.) 83-84-85. May flower Model 86. Racing Airplane Model 87. Seaplane Model (30-in.) 88. Simple Modernistic Stand; Ship Model (8 in. long) 93. Three Modern Lamps * Magazine only out of print. (Please print name and address very ciearly) kksccariatbsk Béecnssebacmmensadoene scons ctl tric Radio Set Mar., ’28 25c 81. Low Power Unit for Elec- tric Radio Apr., ’28 25c Mar., ’28 25c Apr., °28 75¢ (35-in. twin-pusher type) May, ’28 25c June, ’28 25¢ Sept., ’28 25c Oct., °28 25¢ TO ES EEE Tee EET PUAN a5 6censinsccaecbencdeensne seasons. a — $$$ Modernistic Bookcase Aug., ’28 5c | 89-90. Bremen Scale Flying Model (3-ft.) Aug., ’28 50c 91. Modern Folding Screens Sept., °28 25¢ 92. Simple Baltimore Clipper Linoleu are woOl laying | build u Piastic betwee! floor be Wood | Plastic simples bathroc edges ¢ to the | fixtures or wall base in

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Ober, 1 ur for % $ there ubject, them. ondir ch the Can be ong as cts be. send a te list, 25c | 25c 50c 25¢ 25¢ 25¢ f print. Wood that you can mould. It comes from the can like utty and can be readily ap- plied with the fingers or a knife for. many household needs, as described below. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY sTic Trademark Reg. U. S. Pat. Off. Furniture Repairs Loose drawer pulls can be permanently replaced or tightened by forcing Plastic Wood in the socket, and if desired, form. ing a knob on the inside. Dents can be filled; chipped mouldings built up; loose joints tightened with Plastic Wood. Scrape surface clean before applying. When hard, sandpaper smooth. Paint or stain. Riadiey Linoleum Linoleum may crack if laid over boards that are worn, or with raised edges. laying linoleum, smooth off sharp edges, build up all worn spots on the floor with Piastic Wood, and fill in wide cracks [ Before between boards. Thoroughly clean the [pug floor before applying. When the Plastic Wood hardens sandpaper it smooth. For Broken Toys Toys which crack or break apart can usu- ally be firmly repaired with Plastic Wood. Carefully scrape away paint or dirt where Plastic Wood is to be applied, in order to have it hold firmly. Lost pieces of the toy can be built up; doll’s heads can be affixed; loose handles attached; broken parts re- joined, and splinters or holes filled in. Loose Tiles Plastic Wood affords the quickest and simplest means of replacing a loose tile in bathroom or kitchen. edges of the tile, and (if it is entirely out) to the back as well. For door stop or other fixtures that have come loose from tile floor or walls, Plastic Wood will form a new base in the old hole for holding the fixture. Handles Like Putty = Use Plastic Wood Solvent for softening Plastic Wood when it hardens too rapidly. Ask your dealer for it. Solvent cannot be shipped by mail. Apply around the Screw Holes When hinges, or other fixtures, must be moved from woodwork, (as with screen doors) Plastic Wood will completely fill the old cavity with solid wood. Force it in the hole, allow to harden; sandpaper smooth and paint if desired. Plastic Wood is superior to wood plugs in that it will fill any shaped cavity completely. PC6.u Ss PAT. Orr. * ike tty Harden Mouse Holes Mouse or rat holes can be effectively sealed with Plastic Wood. First, fill around the edges with Plastic Wood. As this hardens fill the center slightly above the surface of the floor or wall and shape to match mould- ings. When hard, pare level with a knife or plane and sandpaper smooth. Paint or varnish to proper color. Cracked Porcelain For example, with a cracked toilet tank, draw off the water, allow crack to dry thoroughly, and with a putty knife force Plastic Wood firmly into the crack from the inside, allowing it to overlap the edges of the crack. Let it harden before filling tank. Cracked or chipped porcelain handles can also be repaired with Plastic Wood. Automobile Repairs Body dents can be eliminated by scraping clean, filling with Plastic Wood and sand- papering smooth; paint or lacquer. Screw, rivet or bolt holes can be made to again hold hinges or other wrenched off parts. Rotted or split top bows repaired; loose fixtures made tight. Dirt, grease or paint must be scraped away before applying. Electrical Insulation Plastic Wood is recommended for filling in holes around electrical apparatus and other places where a workable substance is re- quired that will harden and remain so. has a volume resistivity of 10:2 ohmcenti- meters, a hundred times greater than mica. Attached to plier handles or other tools it furnishes a desirable insulated grip. IN }) Uy, S Ww, Plugs in Concrete Where it is desirable to lay carpets on con- crete stairs, affix matting or carpet to concrete floors, hang pictures or fixtures on concrete or plaster walls, holes can be drilled into the concrete and filled with Plastic Wood, giving a wooden base into which tacks, screws, nails or hooks can easily be fastened. Plastic Wood is carried at Hardware and Paint Stores, and by ship Chandlers. It comes in natural wood color in 1 Ib. cans at $1.00, and in 14 Ib. cans at 35 cents. PLASTIC WOOD Reg. U. S. Pat. Off. Manufactured by The Addison-Leslie Company, 308 Bolivar Street, Canton, Mass. > When hard, it canbechiselled, sawed, planed and holds nails,tacksand screws. Ittakes paint, varnish and lacquer, and adheres firmly to wood, metal and other material. Hardens IntoWood For bathroom tile cracks, loose tiles or cracked porcelain ask for Piastic Wood White Waterproof Tile Cement, specially prepared for this use.

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104 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY ATKINS::::SAWS for Your HOME A splendidly-equipped home ae this is a source of great pleasure and profit to men who like to-make things. Have you a workshop, or set of good tools in YOUR home? GOOD SAWS for the Man Who Makes Things! OU'LL get far more fun and satisfaction in making things in your home workshop,*if you use ATKINS Saws. They help you do any job of cutting wood or metal faster, easier and better; save you time, effort and material! To see ‘“‘ATKINS’”’ on a saw is to know that it is the highest quality and value youcan buy. For, only ATKINS Saws have ‘‘Silver Steel’’ to hold a sharp cutting edge longer. Only an ATKINS is © ATKINS ‘Segment Ground’’ to make your saw cut S \ SS - easily without binding. And only ATKINS Saws are fitted with ‘‘Perfection Handles’’ No. 53 Hand Saw . . . No. "pais . . $3 or No. 5: Rip Saw . . . to eliminate all wrist strain. Coping Saw ... Com- Your Hardware Dealer can show you pass Saw . . . No. 2 Back ATKINS Saws for every purpose. , Insist on Saw... Nest of Saws an ATKINS—you'll folk it the best tool ... Hack Saw Frame ... Silver Steel’ Hack Saw Blades ... investment you ever made. Handy Saw... Scraper Blades Valuable Saw Booklets—FREE ! . . . Slim Taper Files. . . he Mill B. Files. . . Saw Set. Send the coupon below for these two practical booklets. You'll find them of real help in buying and using saws. E. C. ATKINS & CO. Ese. 1857 428 So. Ills. St., Indianapolis, U.S. A. Leading Manufacturers of Highest Grade Saws for Every Use; Saw Tools, Saw Specialties, Plastering Trowels, Machine Knives, Grinding Wheels and Files Please send me your Free Books, ‘SAW SENSE” and “SAWS IN THE HOME.”’ EE er eee Teer re ee ee ee ee NE OT i od og y ure Baek ic aca lata aaa ee, RE EE ee er ae | | | is ge first prizes and the grand prize . a Galesburg, Ill., were won by 14- Glade Wilcox, with the models ileal One is a 3-ft. flying scale model of the Spirit of St. Louis; the other is a model of the Sovereign of the Seas, a famous clipper ship. Both were made from plans published in PopuLar Scrence Monty, available in Monts y series of blueprints—the Lind. bergh plane in Blueprint No. 69, and the clipper ship in Blueprints Nos. 51, 52, and 53 (see the list on page 102). in building such advanced models‘as reasonable amount..of ingenuity, per- sistence, and liking for craft work need hesitate to undertake their @onstruction, rented apartment or house without de- facing the walls. readily removed at any time. 5 ay October, 19% Wins Three Prizes with Our Models Boy Scout handicraft exhibition gt Working drawings of these models age the PopuLaR Screneg Glade Wilcox, a Boy Scout of Galesburg, Ill., with winning airplane and ship models, The fact that Glade was so sucgegsful these clear indication that no one who has a In his letter, Glade says: “T made the models under-the super. | vision of my father, who showed me where my mistakes were and tried to get me to do it right. I am a second-class scout, in the eighth grade at school, and president of the Mohican Pioneer Club.” Shelves Set Up Without Defacing Closet Walls Y THE method illustrated, shelving can} be installed in the closets of a The shelves can be Two - NOTCHED SHELF BOARDS- XA "4 K Wi CLOSET Fi supports are assembled as shown with corrugated fasteners, which can be ob- tained at any hardware store. The shelves then are notched at the corners and fitted | in place.—F. M. D. WY P / ' | \ pane, FASTENE / / /~~-NOTCH / «/ D UPRIGHTS -~\ , Py \ The shelves rest upon two ladderlike frames put together with corrugated fasteners. © This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY October, 1928, Have you tried it AFTER SHAVING 2 EXHILARATES! COOLS! PROTECTS! FTER yournextshave, douse Listerine on the face full strength. What a nice reaction. Cooling! A new sense of vigor and freshness. Amazing stimulation for tired skin. And all the usual smarting and burning gone at once. Also you have the satis- faction of knowing that the antiseptic essential oils of Listerine are ene- mies of infection. One trial of Listerine this way will win you. Why not today? Lam- bert Pharmacal Com- pany, St. Louis, Mo., U.S. A. Have you tried the new Listerine SHAVING CREAM? Cools your skin while you shave and keeps it cool afterward. An outstanding shaving cream in every respect. STERIN ©. THE SAFE ANTISEPTIC

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105 OIL POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY HEAT—AS BENEVOLENT AS SUNSHINE Oil heating convenience —starts at the curb HE oil truck stops a few minutes in front of your house. When it drives on, your oil tank, hidden underground, is refueled. You are not disturbed in any way. This simple, silent, clean procedure is typical of the entire carefree operation of your oil heating system. From the tank the heater takes oil as needed to keep the temperature uniform. Practically the only indication you have that you possess a heating sys- tem at all is that the rooms are always comfortable, night and day. Your basement is clean. There is space for a work bench or playroom. The entire house is free from grime and dust. Thousands of home owners each year are proving for themselves that no other modern convenience contributes so much to the comfort and health of the entire family as oil heating. Why not prepare for winter by installing an oil heater in your home now? In this way you can enjoy its even temperature during the trying days of fall when ordinary artificial heat keeps the house either too warm or too cold, and you will be ready for the incomparable convenience of oil heat in the winter days to come. For your guidance, the Oil Heating Institute has published a series of non-technical books written by authorities on domestic oil heating. The coupon will bring you the book you want. Mail it today. OIL HEATING INSTITUTE 420 Madison Avenue New York The Oil Heating Institute is prepared to furnish special information on the heating of churches, theatres, hotels, apartment houses and office buildings, and on the various hcat treating processes of industry. This is the Emblem of the Oil Heating Institute It is the symbol of satisfactory pub- lic service in oil heating. Only the manufacturers who are members of the Oil Heating Insti- tute are permitted to use it. These manufacturers have earned their membership through the enthusiasm of thousands of home owners whom they have pro- vided with efficient and 'dependa- ble oil heat. This emblem prottcts you, and it will be protected, on your behalf, by the Oil Heating Institute. Check the book you want MAIL THE COUPON TODAY! , “ Tom HEATING INSTITUTE | | 420 Madison Ave., New York City | Please send me, free of charge, the following information on oil heating | equipment: | Does it Pay to Install What About the Supply of Oil Fuel?................. | l Making Better Use | of the Basement............ sehagiasdiadel | RE eee } CN 35: wc aeeddnaaneaaanumaiaaes | | Nee ereene | i Ss .17 | October, 192 a fh Home Workshop BS Chemistry =i y . Simple Formulas that by \ Will Save Time of ‘i : and Money NE of the simplest yet most valy. | able chemical tests which the handy man or scientifically minded boy can perform at home is to determine if there is sulphur in gasoline. Sulphur in gas burns in the motor to sulphuric acid vapor, which corrodes and pits the valves and other accessible surfaces. Therefore it is worth the while of the auto owner to know positively the amount of sulphur in the gas from his favorite service station, The apparatus needed to perform the test is (1) a small bottle, (2) a wash basin or similar receptacle, (3) a thermometer reading to 122° Fahrenheit, and (4) some thin pure copper sheet, such as can be bought cheaply from a chemical supply house, or can be hammered in the work- shop from pure copper wire. Trim a piece to about 14 by 8 in. and polish it brightly, The copper strip, trimmed and pol- ished, is placed in the bottle and covered with the gasoline to be tested. The bottle is loosely stoppered and set upright in the basin. Now pour enough lukewarm water into the basin to reach slightly above the level of the gasoline and forma water jacket, in order to regulate the temperature of the reaction between the sulphur in the gasoline, if any is present, and the copper strip. Set the bulb of the thermonieter in the water, place the basin containing the water and the bottle of gasoline on the back and relatively cool part of the kitchen stove, and then, by moving the basin back and forth, find the place where the temperature will remain at approxi- mately 122°. Leave the apparatus at this temperature point for three hours. Quoting from the U.S. Navy Depart- ment specifications for testing gasoline, the “presence of sulphur or corrosive compounds is indicated by the corrosion or discoloration of the gasoline-exposed strip” of copper. In other words, if the polished surface of the copper has turned to a characteristic dirty reddish brown (due to the formation of copper sulphide) by the end of three hours, the gasoline contains sulphur in an amount which would make it corrosive in a gasoline engine. Ignore only a slight darkening of the copper.—W. H. Hammonp. Ink spots usually can be removed from woodwork with a strong solution of oxalic acid. Prepare the solution by dissolving oxalic acid ¢rystals in water until no more will dissolve. If several applications do not cause the stains to disappear, apply the acid once more and add some chilori- nated lime immediately. Should this fail, try repeated treatments with phosphoric acid of fifty percent strength. Be sure to remove all traces of the chemicals from the surface with water and allow the wood to dry before attempting to refinish it. | 11x12’ Saw including ¢ and Arbor= extra, MILLE COM ee

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er, 1993 | October, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 107

al ogishop y A oe ‘eo a Se. 3 that * Millers Falls, Mass. is do pply ilori- wre MULERe raus | WIETLILIE RS FEAL ILS | mers rats 1) ne New Electric Toolshop ise wood it. a I © This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY mA a A pe ey, Oe oe Ned ~~ a, 7.00 We AENE Ip) araee Usa ewe mem satel, ar alta NE: from trim double headlights to broad, crowned mudguards —the “45” Twin! It’s the very model that the motorcycle world has been waiting for — lighter than the Big Twins, but wonderfully smooth- running, powerful, and fast enough to pass any mile-a-minute car. Ride out on this latest Harley-Dav- idson —over highway or trail—and see for yourself what a marvelous performer it is. Then wonder how it can be sold at the low price of $290 f. o. b. factory. ing light, and switches. -T b M ee Ask your dealer about his Pay-As-You-Ride 4 se ella Wa Plan. Mail the coupon for new literature. fully quiet. 4 Clear-the-way Horn High-frequency—pene- trating, pleasing note. BIG FEATURES 1 Two Bullet Headlights Double lights — greater safety. 2 Generator Controller Quick, handy control of current output. 3 Electrical Panel ... Includes ammeter, park- Hartey-Davipson Motor Company Dept. P. S. Milwaukee, Wis. The 1929 Single —has all the 5 Big Features above, plus its famous 80-miles-per-gallon economy. Sells complete at $235, f. 0.b. factory. HARLEY-DAVIDSON MOTOR CO., Dept. P. S., Milwaukee, Wis. Interested in [1] 45 Twin, [1 Big Twins, [J Single. Send literature. Address..... October, 19% PS ae ' when thé ashes are hot because steam | in the morning and during the day, as nec . fire at night, to sprinkle the cold ashes and Ash-Pit Sprinkleaia Reduces Dust in Cellar By Charles B. Carlon bees the starting of the house fy. nace in the fall comes the ash dust nuisance. Every time the ashes are rp. moved, an impalpable and _ penetratj white cloud spreads through the cellap and often enters by devious cracks into the living-rooms above. The dust jg particularly annoying to the man who takes pride in a cellar workshop, and it is always a source of work for the housewife, To reduce the dust to a minimum it js necessary merely to place a sprinkling sys. tem in the ash pit of the heating plant, My own installation proved so practical that all my acquaintances have made similar sprinklers, if for no other reason than to keep the dust out of their hair an off their clothes. ' A water pipe with many fine spray holes in it is fastened to the side walls of the ash SPRINKLER PIPE SPRAYS WATER ACROSS AND DOWN ONTO ASHES ASH PIT DOOR Sprinkling system placed directly beneath the grates to dampen the ashes before removal, pit directly beneath the grates. The shape or size of the furnace makes no difference, as the pipe can be cut and bent to suit. In my own case the installation is as illustrated. Holes are drilled in the pipe at intervals of about 11% in. with a No. 50 drill. The pipe is turned in the assem- bling so that the holes, which are ina straight line, will throw a stream across and down. In this way the whole bottom of the pit is certain to be dampened. The pipe is held in place with strap fasteners. Ells are used where necessary, and an ell and a close nipple are used in carrying the line through the side of the ash pit. The connection with the supply pipe is made by means of a union on the outside. This arrangement allows one to work from the end of the line, which! should be closed, of course, with a cap, | back to the supply pipe. A valve is put| in the water supply line near the furnace; for a 14-in. line a lever-handle stopcock is convenient. The sprinkler should not be operated would be generated and unnecessary dust caused. My method is to shake the fire essary, and then, before making up the remove them. It is merely a matter of ‘orming the habit of removing ashes be- fore shaking instead of after. —— October ( wt ite = TA ll lt ~- = -_ ff Fer tate THC I] 3

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ber, 1925 October, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 109 se fur. h dust re re. Tati cella ‘S into ust. js é who id i eee ae ———— Power Supply Transformers m it ig These transformers supply full ng Sys- wave rectifiers using two UX-281 Plant. tubes, for power amplifiers using actical either 210 or 250 types power ampli- made fying tubes as follows: T-2098 for two reason 210 power tubes, $20.00; T-2900 for ur and single 250 power tube, $20.00; T-2950 : for two 250 tubes, $29.50. y holes he ash Double Choke Units Consist of two 30 henry chokes in one case. T-2099 for use with power sup- ply transformer T-2098, $14; T-3099 for use with transformer T-2900, $16; a —— =| THORDARSON "Ut tags | tt PLU VALVE Power Compacts be | or AUDIO TRANSFORMER poves canghy wl. Seate elliaa er and filter chokes all in one case. T DOOR ° P ‘ Type R-171 for Raytheon rectifier and UPREME in musical performance, the 171 type power tube, $15.00; Type h the : : R-210 for UX-281 rectifier and 210 Cw ~ . n Thordarson R-300 Audio Trans cones Salis, Sines Sone Oe : former brings a greater realism to radio UX-280 rectifier and 171 power tube, aa reproduction. Introducing a new core mate- $17.00. uit. rial, “DX-Metal” (a product of the Thordar- Speaker Coupling Trans- ed son Laboratory), the amplification range has ~* formers No. 50 been extended still further into the lower reg- A complete Ene of tonne 80 oasis: ‘ couple either single or push-pull 171, “— ister, so that even the deepest tones now may 210 or 250 power tubes into either across be reproduced with amazing fidelity. rn bya nog speakers. , yottom rice ¢ Oo VW, | The amplification curve of this transformer strap P . . . Screen Grid Audio Coupler is practically a straight line from 30 cycles to essary, 8 000 1 A hish ¢ ff i The Thordarson Z-Coupler T-2909 is ised My 0 cycies. igh frequency cut-o IS pro- a special impedance unit designed to oa vided at 8,000 cycles to confine the amplifica- couple a screen grid tube in the andio ° * o 6 amplifier into a power tube. Produ on the tion to useful frequencies only, and to elimi- pt i eer snaétiiten sam a nate undesirable scratch that may reach the amplification vastly in excess of ordi. Ww | ° ? * val au dio transformer. nary systems. Price, $12.00. is put | . wrnace; | When you hear the R-300 you will appre- THORDARSON ELECTRIC MEG. CO. cock is| ciate the popularity of Thordarson trans- — 500 W. Huron St., Chicago, Ill. ase3-£ eral formers among the leading receiving set man- Gentlemen: Please send me your constructional steam ufacturers. The R-300 retails for $8.00. bestite on pur paneer agama: 5 amegeiay -y dust interested in amplifiers using........................ tubes. he fire asne-|§ THORDARSON ELECTRIC UFACTURING CO. Some... werent neces up the ‘Transformer Specialists Since 1895 esand | | WORLDS OLDESTAND LARGEST EXCLUSIVE TRANSFORMER MAKERS Street and Now... srertincteniniibn tter of “Huron and Kingsbury Streets —~ Chicago,1il.USA. . . ies be- — wae a nan own tate. @® This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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110 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY October, 1% AR=CO UTILITOOL THE KING OF THEM ALL A Work Shop Worthy of the Master Workman OR the man or boy whose chief joy in ‘‘making things”’ is in making them right, the Ar-Con Utilitool provides a most satisfying answer to a long-felt need. Here is a complete home work shop that is not a toy or a make- shift, but a substantial, well-built outfit which enables even a novice to turn out work of the highest quality with gratifying speed and accuracy. To the experienced artisan its rugged strength, precision construction and ample power are a source of real delight. With a powerful motor-driven lathe as the foundation unit, the Ar-Con Utilitool also includes a circular-saw table, combination jig and scroll saw, sanding disc and table, grinding wheel, and cotton buffs. The 14 H. P. motor is of the repulsion*induction type—the most efficient type built—and is fitted with SKF ball bearings. You who have been waiting for a real work shop to measure up to standards of quality workmanship—whether for profit or pleasure—will find your ideals realized in the Ar-Con Utilitool. THE AR-CON TOOL COMPANY 500 FASSETT STREET, TOLEDO, OHIO Ar-Con Utilitool. Mail the coupon for fully illustrated descriptive circular and prices on Ar-Con Utilitool and individual units. Name ............ Street Address ........ se SUSCSSSSTSTTS See eee eeeesesseseesesseEs, TITTITIIIIIIIIIITIItititlitiiiititititt teeter THE AR-CON TOOL COMPANY 500 Fassett Street, Toledo, Ohio Please mail complete description and prices of RE On ae oe oT ee ————__ Automatic Door Lets Hens Out Karly UBURBANITES and others why have a few chickens and keep locked up at night usually find it inegp, venient to get out of bed at daybreak tg let them out of the chicken house, chickens, however, can let themselves out if a door or window is fitted with the automatic release illustrated. The weight of the first chicken to step on the pedal A in the morning withdrays the hook B from the eye C, and then the weight D opens the door outward. Unless WINDOW OPENS } QUTWARD A ex Aya) ; F 7 SAN ~ f ee ee ee | Some: When the chickens stir at daybreak, they depress pedal A, and the window opens. there is some unusual disturbance, the chickens will not leave their roost until dawn, so that once the door has been fastened with hook B it will stay shut through the night. The only materials needed are one board for the pedal from 3 to 6 in. wide and of any suitable length, one hinge, four screw eyes or staples, one piece of wire for the hook B, one post, a weight, and a length of chain or rope. A device of this type installed by me in 1924 still functions daily. It has been elaborated upon by some of my friends to the extent of making the chickens feed themselves. The feed is placed in a recep- tacle in such a position that it is dumped out as the window swings open. Any chicken house in which this device is installed must, of course, also have a regular door through which one can leave after the trap is set.—R. C. S. Coloring Ship Model Chains INDING it difficult to paint ship mode] chains black, I use this simple method of coloring them: If the chain is copper, I dip it in an easily prepared solu- tion of 1 oz. liver of sulphur or potassium pentasulfide to 16 0z. of water, which oxidizes the metal and produces a black color of a pleasing appearance. chain is brass or iron, it is first copper plated and then treated in exactly the same way.—L. E. Smiru. If the @ This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. _ A We * gtr fra act (pl dir Eq cis siz: opt jus tio cor me low

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3 Who > them incon. reak to >. The ves out th the to step hdraws 1en the Unless weight, y me in is been ends to ns feed 1 recep- Jumped 1 s device have a in leave hains nt ship ; simple chain is ed solu- tassium , which a black If the copper- tly the POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 111 “Battleship” Multiple Condenser Leader of the gangs. Built for strength as well as beauty. Die-cast frame. Free moving rotor. Sections accurately matched to within 1% of 1% (plus or minus). Recesses in the. frame permit the direct attachment of Hammarlund Equalizing Condensers for utmost pre- cision. Made in 350 mmfd. and 500 mmfd. sizes, with two, three and four gangs operating on a single shaft. For the Short-Wave Fan Plug-in Coils covering the short-wave bands from 8 to 215 meters. Space-wound, giving extremely low resist- ance. Widely spaced plug-in terminals. justable primary, held in any position by fric- tion. The standard three-coil set meters. lower wavelengths. Write for Hammarlund Folders before planning your new receiver (illustrated) covers the popular range from 15 to 107 Other coils available for higher or Knob- Control Drum Dial Embossed bronze escutch- eon of unmatched beauty. A mechanism that would delight a watchmaker. The control knob is uniquely planned to be placed in any posilion on the panel desir- able for attractive balance. Numbers and_ degrees illuminated from the back by a small electric bulb connected with the ‘‘A”’ battery. Ad- Equalizing Condenser A small neutralizing or balancing condenser of wide capacity range. Useful as a compen- sator for equalizing the units of a multiple- tuning condenser. May be attached directly to socket binding posts or condensers. Small size HAMMARLUND’S “N.Y Contributions to BETTER RapDIo HE parts used in your receiver are more important even than the circuit. Circuits change little. Most of them give good results. But parts have improved greatly because it is the parts that give you the quality and refine- ment demanded of modern radio. Your -receiver can be no better than the poorest part in it. Follow the lead of the world’s foremost radio engineers—use Ham- marlund Parts and be sure. Unique Mechanism *~ The driving mechanism em- ploys an exceptionally strong silk and linen cord, gripping a drum, snubber fashion. It cannot slip—absolutely no back lash or lost motion. Thoroughly tested for wear under actual working condi- tions, this cord withstood 36,- 600 full-range movements of a large multiple condenser with- out stretching, fraying or breaking. It will never receive Back View of similar treatment in normal Drum Dial use. Showing Mechar-ism ‘ Shield-Grid Coils For use with the popular shield (or screen) grid tubes. Exceptionally efficient _low-resistance, space-wound, self-supporting inductance, 2 in. in diameter. ; A high-impedance primary with three taps for desired pick-up and selectivity. Antenna coupler and R. F. transformers for use with either .o005 mfd. or .00035 mfd. condensers. Vertical mounting lug. Fits in small space. Convenient soldering terminals. —fits limited space. Bakelite base, mica dielec- tric, heavy ity changes. HAMMARLUND MFG. CO. 424-438 W. 33rd Street © New York, N. Y. phosphor-bronze Movement of center screw gives gradual capac- spring plate. Gor Better Radic ammarlund PRECISION PRODUCTS © This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY rr 9"x3' New Model SOUTH BEND Jr.

. aosyp od —Do Turning —Boring —Chucking —Make Bushings —Reface Valves —Finish Pistons —Bore Connecting Rods ° —Undercut Mica , we —True Commuta- ed . _-of* hundreds PFice $155—Weight 375 Ibs. of other jobs in the

Machine Shop We ship Lathe immediately I, Manufacturing upon receipt of small down pay- - — one scent, gan give yon SS ne to e< Rev ance in equal installments. Service Station With each Lathe we send Free ®& “2 AW a ey Complete Instruction Book “How amend n n ” oe ia Features and Specifications Power Feed to Carriage Prices and Terms Graduated Compound Rest of 9-Inch Junior Lathes es Se eee ; i Hole through Spindle—3-4 in. Size Between Down Monthly Price Spindle Speed—48 to 714 R. P. M. Lathe Centers Weight Payment Payment Lathe Width of Belt—1 in. 9” x 2%’ 11 in. 350 lbs. $30.00 $12.00 $150.00 Also furnished in three types of Motor 18 in. 375 Ibs. 31.00 12.40 155.00 Drive ox 374’ 23 in. 400 Ibs. 32.00 12.80 160.00 9” x4 29 in. 425 Ibs. 33.00 13.20 165.00 9’ x44’ =36in. 450 Ibs. 34.00 13.60 170.00 Use Your Lathe While Paying for It You can install any South Bend Lathe by making a small payment with your order and take care of the balance in small monthly — over a period of ten months. We ship as soon as the down payment is received. This new Easy Payment Plan brings you the opportunity to install an income-producing Lathe at our low factory prices, and we help you finance the purchase. You get the equipment ou need to give better service to your customers, and the new oi EY ea Cusiness should more than take care of the monthly payments. o $26.80 per Month nly Prices and Terms her Popula izes for this 11” x 4’ New Model Quick z on OF = =n en Total Change Back Geared Screw Cutting : ‘ t Lathe with Countershaft* and Equip- Size of Lathe Weight Payment Payment Price ment. Price $335.00. 11” x 4’ Quick Change Gear 725lbs. $ 67.00 $26.80 $335. 13” x 9’ ick Change Gear 1110 lbs. 80.40 32.16 402. 18” x 8’ ick Change Gear 2640lbs. 140.00 56.00 700. 32” x 5’ Brake Drum Lathe 1225 lbs. 95.00 38.00 475. 36” x 6’ Brake Drum Lathe 2160 lbs. 130.00 52.00 650. Write for Free Time Payment Catalog 40 —showing 210 sizes and types of New Model South Bend Lathes with Prices, Down Payments and Monthly Pay- ments on each size. Check below the size Lathe in which you are interested. 0 9-inch Junior Lathe 0 Time Payment Catalog 40

0) 9-inch Lathe 0 16-inch Lathe D 11-inch Lathe OD 18-inch Lathe D 13-inch Lathe 0 Brake Drum Lathe iar iM aes SoU i H BEND LATHE uA ORKS , Only $45.60 ad ae. . or this 16” x 8 ew e uic. 855 E. Madison St. South Bend, Ind., U.S. A. Change Back Geared Screw Cutting Lathe Builders for Twenty-Two Years Lathe with Countershaft and Regular 40,000 South Bend Lathes in Use Equipment—Price $570.00.

October, 194

Oice Bargains Can’t Be Beat Send 10c in stamps or coin for Boice’s latest catalog, describing the finest collection of Bench Woodwork- ing Machines ever offered. Boice-Crane Bench Cir- cular Saws, 14-inch Band Saw, 4-inch Jointer, Lathes, Jig Saw, and Books of Designs.

$30.00 Table elevai 6xl-in. dado head, 8-in. sand disc, sand drum, 2-in.

Price $13.50 for Woodturning With Compound slide rest as illustrated, add $10.50. Swing 7 inches. 17 inches between Universal 692.00 Table 8 in. dia., tilts 45 degrees both Sa f oe 10in. Uses 1-16

Jointer attachment, Boring centers. Longer lengths 28 inches and 38 inches | ag Seng og te gS table. C to C. Bed heavy channel iron. blades 1-8 in. to 8-8 in. wide, Unex.

celled in the volume and variety of Ww. B. @ J. E. BOICE, Dept. P. Ss. 10-D, TOLEDO, OHIO work it will do.

© This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

a Candlestick Turning Reduced to a Few Simple Steps

By HERMAN HJORTH

Fig. 1. After the base has been trued with a round-nosed chisel and smoothed with a square-nosed tool, it should be tested for flatness. ous articles in this series have, I am sure, acquired a certain measure of skill and confidence with wood-turning tools by this time. They will find face- plate turning, the next phase of the work, not more difficult than spindle turning; and no set of exercises need be mastered before real work can be attempted. The tools are the same as those de scribed in the first article (March, 1928, [Tous who have followed the previ-

Fig. 2. Making the base circular by remov- ing wood from the edge with the toe of a skew chisel. Note position of the T-rest. page 98), and the methods of using them do not differ materially from the ones em- ployed in spindle turning. By mastering faceplate turning, you can make candlesticks, lamps, smoking stands, frames, rings, boxes, trays, and bowls. These projects, of which two are described in detail in this article,-can be turned only by the use of chucks and

faceplates. A candlestick (Continued on page 114)

ee

October

COS] tails fully plan Leart week imag gifty char, ing

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY nes onan TE, ates Making throug Afts! Yes, you can—anybody can make a lot of money right at home, and what's more, have real fun doing it. We show you how. We furnish complete outfit for work and give you this big assort- ment of giftwares without extra charge. FREE of extra cost—Send coupon for de- tails of our amazing new plan. It tells you how to get a big assortment of giftwares worth $63.10—24 separate articles—with- out a cent of extra cost. Men and Women Earn'10 te'50 a week, painting these artistic objects at home this Easy Way PL LEP ST OE EO FE S Sed as a COSTS NOTHING to learn about our plan. All de- tails are given you free. Send coupon at once for beauti- fully illustrated idea book telling all about wonderful plan that has made so many women independent. Learn how easy it is to make from $10 to $50 a week in the most delightful home work you can imagine. Learn how to get the assortment of giftwares shown on_ this page without extra charge as part of casy and dignified plan for mak- ing money athome. Don't miss this opportunity. Send coupon now. Bcok and Play are Free. A business of your own. $10 to $504 week. Your own gifts for friends at wholesale prices. Furnishings for your home. Beau- tiful imported art wares. The admiration and envy of all your friends. All this can quickly be yours. Whether man or woman, you can learn the fascinating new profes- sion of Art-crafter right in your own home. You don’t have to know how to draw. No experience required. We show you everything and tell you the secret of Fire- side’s famous ‘Three Step Method.’’ Al- most overnight you find yourself decorating beautiful, exclusive Fireside Creations. And the best thing is that you can work either spare time or full time. There is no limit to the profits you can make. By our new plan we furnish complete outfit and give you a big assortment of gift- wares free of extra charges. When you paint them as we show you they have a value of $63.10. No extra cost for any of these things. This assures you a good profit and a big start without extra investment. You don’t do any peddling or canvassing. When you have decorated your first gift assortment, we show you exactly how to dispose of it at a profit. From then on you can make from $10.to $50 a week as many of our members do. FREE MAIL COUPON FOR IDEA BOOK ON DECORATION HOW TO GET GIFTWARES WITHOUT EXTRA COST Write or send coupon at once for your copy of this valuable book. It is free. It tells you how to become Fireside Member and get all advantages and privileges outlined here; how to get artist’s outfit and this assort- ment of giftwares with membership and how you can start making money without leaving your home. Don’t miss this oppor- tunity. It costs nothing to find out. You are not obligated in any way by sending for the book. Mail the coupon today. FIRESIDE INDUSTRIES Dept. 51-P, Adrian, Michigan FIRESIDE INDUSTRIES, Dept. 51-P, Adrian, Michigan. Tell me how to get (1) Big Assortment of giftwares (2) Complete artist's outfit of materials (3) Privileges of Fireside Membership (4) Plan for profit-making on easy basis. I am not obligated in any way and this in- formation is Free. Name.... Address, 5 ee ‘ abe State.... (Write in Pencil—Ink will blot) Ln TORTIE Tat AN I

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114 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY October, 19) Write for our brown book of Counters for all machines and development- work. Offers counters from $2. up. eho -POOT | COUNTERS en idle mane > The large Revolution Set-Back Counter at left records the output of any machine where a shaft-revolution indicates an operation. Price with four figure-wheels, $10.00—subject to discount. Set-back Rotary Ratchet Counter, to record — movements as on presses, LL OL - RRO "| ssemenienngested HARTFORD, CONN. , a. - K\ 7 Os “Lava-clean” are clean! Men—you who love to tinker—here’s just the soap you need. Cleans quickly and thoroughly the toughest-looking pair of hands that ever fussed around a work bench. Makes more lather in 15 seconds than ordinary soap in 60, and even hard or cold water won’t discourage it. Millions use it. “Good old Lava,” they call it. Get hands clean! Not just‘ “surface clean,” but clean ’way down deep. As easy on your hands as fur-lined gloves—because it’s made from the finest of vegetable oils. All grocers sell it. Full size cake of Lava Soap FREE! wee nen-- Mail this coupon*=------ Proctor & Gamble (Dept. X 28) Cincinnati, Ohio. Please send me, FREE, a full size cake of LAVA, the hand soap that removes all the dirt and grease. BS [OFTIS == Jewelers OF TIS Chiceas, it AMONDS INE DIAMONDS GUARANTEED AE = blue white gems Fadiantly beau m Gold FI¥ . artisticsll and engraved. sitt articioe tot Sistohes 1 i Watches—Guaranteed m to Pa > Pase I Inspe pation, 6 Positions, "Rid filled e es ST RAYMOND, 21 Jewel '° eis, ata. $66 Le 4S a“ ~ No. 855 Ladies’ Wastes Watch fancy wing ends, 1s-Jewel move- $300 2 $30. $3.80 down - ww month py. y Diamonds, $200. Our References: Any Bank or Bankerin U.S.A. AT ete | ———__ Candlestick Turning (Continued from page 112) (Figs. 5 and 6) consists of two parts, the upright and the base. Let us turn the y right first. One end of it has a round teng, fitting into the base. The other end mug be bored for the candle. Bore this hol. with an auger bit before putting the stoc, in the lathe. As candle ends vary in diam. eter from 34 to % in., it is best to bore, hole 13¢ in. in diameter and of about the same depth. A quick boring auger, that is, one with few threads on the spur, is the most satisfactory for end-wood boring, Turn a plug or short cylinder to fit this hole accurately. It should be about 1 Vin, long, but inc utting it off be careful not to cut away the end with the hole made by the dead center. The plug should fit » that it can be forced with the hands into the hole in the candlestick. If too tight, it is likely to split the wood when it is Fig. 3. Using the toe | of a %-in. skew chisel | to bore the hole to take the tenon of the candlestick upright | Fig. 4. Marking the | diameter of the base = with dividers held B on the T-rest and centered by trial, turned down to size; if too loose, it may have a piece of paper wrapped around it. When the plug is placed in the hole, the end having the mark of the dead center should project so that it can run on the dead center of the lathe (Fig. 6). In this manner the hole bored for the candle will| be accurately centered when the stock is turned. Turn the upright according to either of the designs given in Fig. 5. Get out the stock for the base, plane it flat and true on one side, and cut the sharp corners off it. Screw a faceplate to the planed side of the piece, centering the plate as well as possible. The screws should be rather heavy, and their length depends upon where the screw holes in the faceplate are placed; there must be no danger of cutting into them. If a small enough faceplate is not avail- able, it will be necessary to use a screw chuck, Which is merely a small faceplate with a screw in the center. In hardwoods small holes must be bored for the screws, and soap put on the threads of the screws will act as a lubricant and make it easiet to drive them. | After the stock has been securely, screwed to the faceplate, the live center is. removed from (Continued on page 116).

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Ctober, 1% an Ling arts, the l the Up. nd tenon nd must his hole he stock 1n diam. oO bore a bout the er, that ur, is the oring, 0 fit this it 1 Yin, ul not to nade by Id fit s nds into 0 tight, en. it is ng the toe | kew chisel | > hole to non of the upright, | | rking the | f the base lers held Test and by trial, it may ound it. ole, the 1 center on the In this idle will | stock is ding to ** plane it cut the plate to ring the screws r length »s in the be no yt avail- a screw iceplate dwoods screws, > Screws it easier securely October, 1928 Abox - DYNAMIC SPEAKERS Wall Model W enter is age 116)| _ Model 66—A. C. Converter. Line volt- age input—1 10-120 volts, 50-Go cycles . C, Qutput—6 volts, 2 amperes D.C. Complete with receptacle for “B” unit and master control switch. Price $35. (Highe: on West Coast) HEN you first listen to an Abox Dynamic Speaker the improvement in tone quality is instantly recognized. The longer you listen to it, the more you appreciate the well-rounded tone, the life-like repro- duction. Like those who are now enjoying Dynamic Speaker radio, you too will be well pleased with your investment. ABOX DYNAMIC SPEAKERS can be used on any set with a good audio system using a No. 112, No. 171, No. 210 or No. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY were le TAM a cdl a pee eeaeee AN 250 tube in the output. Three models are illustrated. The wall model introduces a new idea in Dynamic Speakers and is the best reproducer. The large front baffle-board and the walls of the room combine to approach the theoretically ideal baffle-board. The result is a speaker that produces better results than one mounted in a box type baffle-board. Like all Abox Speaker cabinets, the wall model is beautifully finished and is a handsome ornament in any home. It takes up no floor or table space, which is an advantage in a well-filled room or small apartment. Special care has been taken in the table and con- sole models to produce not only beautiful furniture, but the best possible acoustical effects. 7 7 7 fen Abox A. C. Converter with any good “B” unit will make your set electric. The Abox changes 110 volts, 50-60 cycle current to 6 volt direct current to light the filaments of your stand- ard tubes. No change in wiring, no change in tubes—simply discard the storage battery and the charger and attach Abox in a few minutes. Abox provides the convenience of true electric operation with a minimum investment. Send for free descriptive circulars. The Abox Company 215 No. Michigan Ave. Chicago © This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. SSS “Sa Seer aos ea

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Specify Simonds for Economy SIMONDS SAW “The Saw Makers’ To tough to qu the hardest Tob POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY October, 19y

+, You should use Simonds Band Saws because their remarkable ten- sion and edge-holding qualities permit faster feed and better cut- ting, thereby increasing lumber production and raising the grade of the output ‘of the mill. The en- A Simonds Satvs decrease expense and increasé milli profits. © ND STEEL COMPANY Fitchburg, Mass. Established 1832 BRANCH OFFICES AND SERVICE SHOPS IN PRINCIPAL CITIES ‘oucnnnerearess durance and @iperior life of

CA r Mey est fe —= Sakae, si sb aopearance, . du Fability 7 automatic id ti cartrid tly a a d‘power i an i jon o idges, | report. 'u Bay

—and the satisfying pleasure found only in playing a band instrument will be yours at home, at every gathering, at schoc!—wherever you go, for years to come. In one day you will play the scale, in a week popular tunes, and before you realize it, you'll be cshed toi join the band or orchestra! What Instrument Would YOU Like? All Pan-American band and orchestra instruments are so perfectly constructed and so accurate in tone that you can easily learn to play yourself. Take a Pan-American clarinet, saxophone, trumpet or flute home at our expense, try it, and see for your- self. You will find they are priced for the beginner, with easy terms, yet their quality is factory guar- anteed Mail This Couron Pan-American Band fasesumont & Case Co.,

a Pan- American Band Instrument. jog and complete. Information. I would like to learn to play .......-++++++++ (instrument) AGdrees ooccccss-s City

OO Dent. 91510 | We | Where did I put

Daytime System— Nighttime protection for your tools pro- vided by Gerstner Tool Cases for MACHINISTS and TOOLMAKERS Write for Free Catalog H. GERSTNER & SONS 558 Columbia St., Dayton, 0.

that... 2? WHERE did you put that gadget, thingamabob or whatsit that you saved for just such an occasion as this? Closets will have to be searched, the basement looked into, and you may even desper- ately ransack the attic. Use a good flashlight. Don’t trust matches in dry, dusty places. One careless spark may burn you out. Look safely with your Eveready. Get the flashlight habit when there are things to be found. And learn your batteries! Eveready Batteries carry a bigger load of daylight —they’re built to Jast. They come through with service —real service. The longest-last- ing batteries that ever filled a flashlight—Evereadys. The bat- tery makes a flashlight. Make yours the help it ought to be. Keep it loaded with genuine Ever- eady Batteries always.

© This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

Candlestick Turning (Continued from page 114)

1%— r é == i ay f—— me! . a ne % ihe , . as I" 4 mm yes . _ a | r | a ‘ ih a? ws 1 % é | % a " “=, . iy. ‘y ae ees | proportions, =e ee ——s

the headstock of the lathe, and the face. plate is screwed on the end of the live spindle. Adjust the T-rest so that it is paral to the face of the disk (at right angles to, the lathe bed), at a height a little below the center of the stock and 4 in. away. from it. See that the work revolves fret and start the lathe at its medium speed. With the toe of a skew chisel held at right angles to the face of the base, r- move enough of the material from the edge to make the base circular (Fig. 9), This will diminish the vibration caused by

Fig. 6. Four) steps in making) the base, and method used! for turning the! candlestick) upright)

uneven conhasing, The cut should k stopped about )% in. from the rear faced the base, for the oan may split if the cut is extended all the way across the edge df! the base. If the face of the base is rough or much material has to be removed, first use 4 round-nose chisel, holding it flat upon the T-rest*and at right angles to the base. Move the chisel across the face of the bast from the front to the center and back again. Smooth the face with a square nose chisel and test for flatness with a tr square as in Fig. 1. Mark the diameter of the base by set ting a pair of dividers to a distance eq to the radius. (Continued on page 138)

a | =) 30

f I € t ]

Page 121

ERE LESTE uk 7x— a teal he face. the live parallel ingles to le below n. away) es freely, speed. held at pase, Te- rom. the! (Fig. 2), aused by 6. Four sin making) base, and) hod used | urning the! dlestick! right. ould be r face of f the cut e edge of or much st use a upon the he base. the base nd back y square ‘ith a try e by set ce eq page 138) re 8 | SAVE 502 Wide Selection of Beautiful Cabinets AC or Battery Sets speaker. value. A popular walnut Hi-Boy Console, with drop-leaf desk. Beau- tiful two-tone finish. Rare bargain! Beautifully graceful Spinet console, genu- ine two-tone walnut. Choice of speakers. Also comes in Elec- trie Phonograph- Radio Comoination. A new-type arm-chair console. Genuine wal- nut. Very pretty. Low priced. Power speakers. At right, a Lo- Boy console, walnut finish, that costs little. A gem! 13 Above, popular inexpen- sive combination. Set on table Speaker (sold sepa- Tately). nets. chrome er to match! FACTORY PRICE 30 DAYS HOME TRIAL Richly designed, genuine walnut con- sole of finest type. Electric dynamic or mugnetic power cone, or long air column Marvelous Metalor wood com- pact style cabi- Wood cabi- nets in walnut or new shaded silver- finishes. Cathedral Electric Dynamic or Mag- netic Power Speak- View of marvelous new, liberally 3-yr. guaranteed, 1- dial = rol, All Metal Super Shielded A-C- - © This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. chassis, removed from cabinet. AC tubes and cabinet extra. peers POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 117 Our 9th Anniversary Offer! RETURN EVERYTHING,OUR EXPENSE, UNLESS DELIGHTED TRADE MARK REGISTERED CATHEDRAL TONED, SUPER SELECTIVE, POWERFUL DISTANCE GETTERS Celebrating its 9th successful year, America’s big, old, reliable Radio Corporation springs a genuine sensation in high-grade sets. With its latest, Super- powered, 1- amazingly hum-free operation, tre- mendous “kick’’ on distant stations and razor-edge selectivity—with its costly sturdy construction, latest fea- tures, including phonograph pick-up connection, ease of tuning, beauty, and economy—a Miraco will make you the envy of many dial Miraco’s —the All Electric wholly self- contained, hum- free, AC-8 and AC-9, using AC tubes or the new BIG DISCOUNTS to User-Agents on BATTERY OR AC ELECTRIC OUTFITS whose radios cost, 2 to 3times as much! Many thousands of Miracos— bought after 30 days home com- parisons—are cutting through 7-tube models for batteries or Eliminators—you are guaranteed values and savings unsur- passed in the fine set field. Compare a Miraco with highest-priced radios, for 30 days in your home. Sur- prise and entertain your friends— get their opinions. Unless 100% delighted, don’t buy it. Return everything— the complete outfit—at our expense. Your decision is final—absolutely! Only exceptionally fine radios, of the very latest approved type, at rock-bot- tom prices, could possibly back up so liberally unconditional a guarantee. Send coupon now for Amazing Spe- cial Factory Offer. Don’t Confuse with Cheap Radios With its rich, clear Cathedral tone, locals and getting distance with the tone and power of costly sets, their delighted users report. Miracos are laboratory-built with finest parts, and embody 9 years’ actual experience in constructing fine sets. Approved by Radio's highest authorities. Deal Direct with Big Factory Everything reaches you splendidly packed and rigidly tested to insure your instant enthusiasm. Enjoy the outfit 30 days—then decide. Liberal 3-year guarantee on each set. Play safe, save lots of money, and insure satisfaction by dealing direct with Radio’s old, reliable builders of fine sets—9th successful year. IMPORTANT NOTICE! “30 Day Free Trial” offers usually are money-back guarantees, frequently only on the *‘ set.” Please understang that unless you are thoroughly pleased we pay return charges and refund ‘the FULL purchase price on both the ‘‘set’’ and ALL equipment—tubes, cabinet, speaker, antenna (also on batteries or eliminators with 7 tube sets). Could any offer be fairer? Midwest Radio Corp’n, 408-AO Miraco Bldg., Cincinnati, Ohio yee. t i NAME TESTIMONY OF NEARBY USERS— MIDWEST RADIO CORPORATION, Pioneer Builders of Sets—9th Successful Year 408-AO Miraco Bldg., Cincinnati, Ohio. WITHOUT OBLIGATION, send free catalog, Amaz- f ing Special Factory Offer, testimon OiUser OiAgent LDealer ADDRESS y of nearby users, etc. As AC-8 $715 for 3-year guaranteed Sup- er Shielded \. etal Chassis (similar to AC-9 shown above). Also New, More Power- ful Battery Sets The newest and latest in battery operated sets, de- signed with same advanced features used in electric sets! Same wide choice of cabinets. Highest quality amazingly low priced! 7-Tube Battery Sue ~ a Y eta Chassis $4988 Tubes, batteries or elimi- nators and cabinets are extra. 30 days home trial on EVERYTHING! BEAUTIFULLY ILLUSTRATED CATALOG, AMAZING SPECIAL FACTORY OFFER, All the proof you want—of our honesty, fairness, size, financial integrity, radio experience and the per- formance of our sets—including Amazing Factory Offer—sent with catalog. THIS COUPON iS NOT AN ORDER pa de a Sa Se = Tay

Page 122

118 after 40 years he ought to know

Srar Hack Saw Braves He ought to know....what Hack Saw Blades to buy.... mechanics of the old school that have spent a lifetime at their work will tell you that STAR HACK SAW BLADES are their choice. Most of these old boys have tried them all and invariably you will find that today STAR BLADES are in their kit. ...they answer their daily needs for all kinds of cutting work. After you have tried them, you too will find that they answer your needs. Write for free samples. Clemson Brothers, Inc. Middletown, N. Y. MAKERS SINCE 1883 STAR HACK SAWS

——

POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY

Makes Motor-Driven Sprayer for $10 a per ee

eae nese sap An old motor and a discarded compressor are the principal parts of this paint sprayer. HE paint spraying outfit shown in the accompanying illustration cost less than $10 to construct. With it I have done many lacquering jobs, including the finishing of a breakfast set. The '/, h.-p. motor is from a washing machine and cost $5 secondhand; it serves for other purposes besides operating the spray. The compressor is a tire pump of the type many automobiles had geared to their pump shafts in years gone by. I bought it at a junk yard for $1. The tank is a waste piece of 3-in. pipe with a pipe cap screwed on one end and a base welded on the other. The pressure gage I pur- chased at a second- hand shop for $1.50. The \-in. pipe and fittings I had in my workshop as left- overs. The method of installing the air filter in the tank is shown in the accompanying diagram. The spray gun is merely an old hand spray jet and a screw top jelly jar.— Joun H. Monr. Paper Clips and Pencil Hold Open Reference Books

FOR COMPRESSO V4" ELL — 3" PIPE ~,| WELDED JOINT~s] Gz

Section through the tank and air filter. STEEL PAPER CLIP -—~——__.4

A simple method to use when referring to stiffly bound volumes and thick notebooks. HEN many notes have to be taken from a book which will not lie flat unless held down or weighted, the volume can be held open by the simple expedient illustrated. Two paper clips are fastened to the leaves on opposite sides and a pencil is run through them. This is | particularly useful in a drafting room where designers and draftsmen frequently have to use reference books or field notes bound with fasteners.—E. M. Quimpsy.

ye ——n BS 3 f oS 7% f <—_—-

Makes a perfect lasting patch WHEN you fill a crack or hole wit Rutland Patching Plaster, your wall just as good as new. It makesa patch that will last as long as the wal itself. It will not crack, crumble, shri or fall out. Anyone can use Ru Patching Plaster. You just mix wi water and apply. No muss or bothe. Paint, wall paper and hardware stores sell i If your dealer hasn’t it we will mail a direct and you can pay the postman 30c postage. Rutland Fire Clay Co., Dept. kJ Rutland, Vermont. Also makers of Rutlaj Roof Coating.

financially will be found on page A definite program for getting of this issue. -" — Mo A 4

E- TAKE; Sander Large or small surfaces sanded with this little Handies like a_ plane, lesvia flat even finish, due to the ac‘ion of belt. Sands five @ faster than by hand. Fineft finishing furniture, work, stairs, etc. Works from light socket. Ni perience requit operate. PORTER-CABLE MACHINE C0. 2000 Salina St. Syracuse,

iy 44 4, 0 @ This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. burl Price |

Page 123

POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY pe earners Se eed ics | Sp ' | ee) | | TAL ial ks SOLE ee \ a pores eR BS “The Finest We Ever Heard” —the verdict of those who Drm e NTH HR appreciate the best "y NA ee {3 Pee gee at ES HE Bremer-Tully record for highest i} a quality is well-known to every radio en- thusiast—and even that has been exceeded in these latest B-T models. ZZ Backed by seven years intensive manufac- : J — Ag aaa EEE turing experience they offer you your safest BT 271° radio investment. 2 Seven tubes and rectifier, Every B-T product is Quality throughout. A. C. only, single control, ; ; A push-pull power audio, dy- Not a single item was ever built to sell on mamic drive. A brand new B-T feature provides for B-T 6-41 Six tubes and rectifier, A. C. only, single control, dy- mamic drive. An exclusive feature—the Antenna Com- pensator provides far greater sensitivity than would be pos- sible otherwise. American wal- price—yet you will find that Bremer-Tully Quality costs less in the end—and brings you much greater satisfaction meanwhile. Furthermore, you will find that Bremer- Tully radio is handled by the best mer- choosing tone characteristics as preferred and insures pleas- ing reception at many times when static ruins ordinary set performance, American walnut cabinet with decorative maple over- lays,"sliding doors. Price, with nut cabinet. Price, less tubes chants—Those who sell quality only. built-in Dynamic Speaker, $190.00. less tubes, $280.00. po po Send coupon for details B-T 8-21 re + interested » 7. 1 ie vision e are at work. en . Shonie same as B-T 8-21. Resuaint Bremer-Tully Mfg. Company the coupon 7 will se url walnut cabinet, d mi aker. ‘ 3 you as soon as there is anything Price, less tubes, $373.00. —— 656-662 Washington Blvd. Chicago definite. riaces es ew ewe eee ee ee tle machi ne, leavilt .o the sm ids five i d. Fineie niture, ™ stairs, fs orks from4 »cket. Ne e requit B-T 8-20 E C0. Eight tubes and rectifier, A. C. only, single control, B.-T. N " rejector and other exclusive features, Walnut cabinet. Price, less tubes, $230.00. Send details on [_] Radio Receivers [_] Dynamic Speakers (_] Television [|_| Cone Speakers | ] Demonstration ‘acuse, N ny © This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

Page 124

POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 120 October, 198 This Radio Cabinet Looks | | | Like a Pirate’s Chest By FLOYD E. FREEMAN NCIENT looking treasure or pirate chests, which have become so popu- kno lar for purely decorative purposes, make well a novel and excellent type of cabinet for one sheltering homemade radio sets. They | of a are of distinctive appearance and allow | appt unusual ease of access to the set itself, agai especially if built according to some such | worl plan as that illustrated below. | W A chest of this sort may be made of | trat walnut, mahogany, oak, or a more easily | of th worked wood. The construction is com- | tool oe A & by 11 by 1936 The treasure chest when closed is a hand- | — in. and the two chest ends B 5% by 7 by 11 Se ee Se a rapi in. Smooth, sandpaper, and fasten them conf in place with four 1}4-in. No. 8 screws any set with a 7 by 18 in. panel and not | radii through the bottom. _The twochest cover more than 10 in. deep over all. The base | as V ends C, 54 by 3 by 1lin., should beshaped, can slide under the inner ends D, which | mad fi e fine St fitted, and doweled to the top ends of Bay be cut to receive it, or the bottom of a as indicated. The poplar or whitewood the chest may be used as the bottom of lath b inner ends D, 4 by 6% by 83% in. and E, the set. Pieces L, 14 by 1 by 7 in., may money can uy 4 by 2% by 10 in., should be shaped and be fitted after the set is in place and fastened in place with glue and %-in. fastened with 5-in. No. 6 round - head Just think how much you use a No. 17 brads. Cover piece F, 34 by 5% screws. These pieces hold the set in place « hammer. Are you content to get by ; 1834 in., two pieces G, 1% by 3/4 by and act as door stops. along with any but the best? 18) in., and two pieces H, 3 by 7 by Fit small locks on the doors. Place | | The head of every Maydole Ham- . aa a wae0 ' | = mer is of press-forged tool steel, | - = 7% Sa ~e | | beautifully tempered. The handle | |v-f3 —— | c || is of clear, second-growth hickory, Tree in C-T | | air-dried for years and put on “for io? = yi i “ H ” , rrr Nic} keeps. a i" r] 8 Ask your tool dealer to show you 3 oil; Nah Maydoles. He has a complete aT! N K range of styles and weights. See i UA iL N = for yourself what really fine tools naa nn ee olf a = gz. they are. You’ll enjoy using them FR REREIERR ecteate rary 7 | —a . | and they’re good for a lifetime of z= “195 . sie ‘ M3 is he hard service. Insist on the genuine al o- 8 The Maydole—the name is stamped on | FOPLAR. ENDS (D) of co the head. | 4 Front view and cross section of the radio comy REMOVABLE = cabinet with dimensions, and a diagram of th TOP (D>) to show some points of the construction. | insur | 4 hooks at P inside the ends to hold the — i - cover and permit its easy removal for like ( ‘ROWwELS iN, access to the set. Pieces M, 4% by 1 by3 pay” in., may be fitted and glued in place to fons The Norwich RADIO SET. a receive the bolt of each lock. ohen Ball Pein H | n = Make the decorative straps and designs blow a ein ammer Ae ewwcnerre moment = en coos ee — glue — in ley the « A drop-forged Ball Pein Hammer CHEST SIDES OR DOORS rg + 3,t ‘thick. The the edges 1 vided ith a beautiful “hang” at a price —_ . the ends % in. thick. The handles an A th wi 1814 in., should be fitted with correctly supports may be worked to shape from of th that makes it a wonderful value. | jeveled edges, smoothed, sandpapered, 14-in. wood and glued in place. on th An ideal extra hammer for home, | and glued in place. If 1-in. No. 18 brads Aerial and ground connections are made | Th shop, garage or farm. Ask your | can be driven skillfully in place and set by means of two midget jacks and plugs speci: dealer to show you the Norwich | below the surface as at J, they will fastened ‘to a small piece of panel, which set € Hammer. strengthen the cover. The two doors, _ is fitted into the base at. one end of the! cut a flaps, or chest sides K, 34 by 7 by 18% in., cabinet and fastened with screws. ten ¢ YouR HAMMER SINCE1843 | should be made of quarter-sawed pieces The chest may be finished with stain, | used aa | to prevent warping. They are fitted and shellac, and rubbing varnish. The straps’ ordin ay e hung with 1-in. narrow brass butts and and other decorations may be given two) enou ' | supported by narrow brass chains with coats of brown lacquer or finished with| shanl H ammers eye plates, or with desk slides or stays. aluminum, copper, or bronze paint, or} the ss The David Maydole Hammer Co. Norwich NY | A chest of these dimensions will receive with black shellac rubbed to a dead finish. | Ca 1844 i J @® This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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er, 1925 october, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 121 —— ae - How to Letter and a nN ad ° Number Small ** Round Parts By Henry Simon } | aNYONE who has ever attempted to A letter small cylindrical work neatly, e s 99 knows that it is difficult. Otherwise well-made parts are often deficient in this | one respect. As a very slight displacement | of a single letter is enough to spoil the | appearance of a piece, the chances are all against the man who tries to do such work by ordinary means. | With the simple arrangement illus- | trated, the job is done easily in a fraction | | of the time otherwise required. With the ‘s _ tool once on hand, various sizes and kinds “Yankee” a World. | of such work can be handled, and dupli- | nN 10, famous and- | ‘cate pieces, in particular, are finished | Serew-driver, | Driver able. rapidly and uniformly. The tool is not | on Page I Beandard confined to lettering; longitudinal and | Fiabe een er B Price, $3.00 d | | radial divisions on the cylindrical body Ratchet; and eg r fe as well as center-punch marks may be | blade lengths. “Yankee” N 9. 35.— & . hick _ made readily and accurately. * Prices aie Pe cana, he ich | The tool is used in connection with a 80¢, 85¢ up. Fash Drill ., oe & a | lathe, on which in this instance the work | Points 6 to ¥ a makes it the @ ‘om of | | 11€4, in handle. [oo , may | pushing on B No. 130-A. - and | | andle, | Price, A No. 180 EB | sata » —Heavy. a | in N No. 135.— | place | | Ne aakee Light $2.65. Be P | | netahe t i Three Hinde y Place | | with chump: ool. } turn for starting a | | Bight and Lett | | Ratchet; and Rigid. } | | Blade %.6" diameter; ir } } six lengths: 2 to 8 Va inches. Prices, 70c, { | | 75c, 80¢ up. y 2 | " Yo P You poses A simple fixture for lettering, numbering or a os | ain divisions on pee cn se a. | know, 3" is held between centers on an arbor, A. 3 The tool itself consists of a square block | when ina hardware dealer of- : 7 of cold rolled steel, B, held in place on the | fers you Yankee Tools, that adio | | ee aye — by . aoe ro ne ye | he values his own reputation— ram | Of the block being let into the I-slot to | : : { tion. | _ insure its accurate location. A large | and your satisfaction. notch in the front of the block makes ° oat i id the | room forthe work. Round-shank punches There «* no substitute for H al for like C, flat on one side, are used. They | ““Yankee.”’ There never can be! ‘ af - held by slight friction and prevented | For “Yankee” knows only one t rom turning by a screw, D. In order to : q ; absorb the strain caused by the hammer standard. It never will know ony i ~ 9 and prevent it from falling upon | other. That standard is: i the centers, a support screw, E, is pro- | 4 ges of vided in the heme prong of the notch. | ‘‘YANKEE”’ on the tool you a . -" _ screw, F, let into the rear wall; buy means the utmost in TOOL eoOk: P | 0 - ° . e “a # | a : _ — serves to center the block quality, efficiency, and dura- Pia ih 3 i + made | The only item of any.expense is the bility. Not merely good— a 4 plugs special set of round stamps. If no such | the utmost! Monthly, sent i va set exists in the shop, a die sinker will free on request. | | i of t “ cut a set of average-sized figures for about | noRTH BROS. MFG. CO Philadelphia, U. S. A “SS 4] | a ten dollars, and as such stamps can be | ~ ‘ nee <iepiiiailtaas . stain, used on other work and will outlast eo ee ; straps | ordinary cheap letters, this is reasonable n te enough. A center punch of the same size i 1 with | shank as the letters should be made at | nt, of the same time. finish. Ca , * re must be (Continued on page 122) | Qnake Beller Inechancs

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY

New ‘Plans Model Size Over All Period Isaac Webb 185-ft. Packet Ship 18 inches 1850

Rainbow 159-ft. Clipper Ship 1g inches 1841 Helena 135-ft. Clipper Ship 18 inches 1841 Naval Vessels Alfred 24—Gun Ship 15 inches 1775 (First American Flagship) Ohio 74—Gun zo inches 1820 Monitor Single Turret Ship 22 inches 1862 Merrimac Iron Clad Steamer 33 inches 1862 Oregon Battleship 42 inches 1890 | Battle Cruiser Typical 26 inches Mod. Merchant and Historic Vessels Flying Cloud 225-ft. Clipper Ship 28 inches 1851 Smuggler Gloucester Schooner 20 inches 1877 America Schooner Yacht 25 inches 1851 Half Moon Hendrick Hudson's Ship 19 inches 1609 And there are dozens of others listed in the Catalog

How to Extend the Life of Costly Gage Blocks RECISION gage blocks can be saved from wear and their accuracy pre- | served for a longer time if they are sup- | plemented by a gage of the type illus- | trated. It is a compact and convenient auxiliary to a set of costly gage blocks, and the toolmaker will find many uses for it. The bar is made of tool steel and ground | allover. As an extra touch of refinement,

for “Model “Makers Tue plans for the ship models listed above are the result of years of personal effort and study of Marine Models. For 23 years, since 1905, Boucher has conducted a Model Shop where practically all the Marine Models made in the United States have been turned out. You can buy the model plans of the ships listed above and be sure they are as clear, thor- ough and accurate as possible. Let us know the plan or plans you are interested in and we will send you full information. Also it will pay you many times over to have the encyclo- pedic-catalog ‘‘Scale Models.” Complete materials for building decorative ship models of all types . . . maval vessels . . . model power boats . . . model sailing yachts.

The famous Boucher Booklet of Scale Models is a veritable treasure house of information and practical help for men and boys who are interested in ship models.

Anchors, blocks, cleats, steering wheels, chocks, davits, running lights and all the other equipment for building decorative models are listed and illustrated in the booklet, SCALE MODELS. All Boucher equipment is accurately made to size and beautifully finished. Send for Booklet ‘‘Scale Models” This booklet-—SCALE MODELS—has 89 pages of useful in” formation for model makers. Contains history of steam engines, nautical terms, knots, hitches and splices commonly used on boats. Recommendations for finishing and painting model ships and hundreds of other ideas you will find useful. Whatever type of ship—sail or steam—ancient or modern—you are building, or planning to build, you will find the booklet, SCALE MODELS, of tremendous help. Send 25¢ today for your beautifully illus- trated copy. It will be sent you by return mail, postage prepaid.

Gentlemen:—Enclosed is 25¢ for which please send me im- mediately your g2-page illustrated booklet, SCALE MODELS. I . .. itt pen gh idesteaenisiaes Headquarters for Model Makers for 23 Years Asoucherdgne 415 Madison Ave. Dept. MA N.Y.

* TOOL STEEL AIOE ant HARDEN AND GRIND =" —— x 5" EXTRA POINTS go a —|_ ANY LENGTH © we g FOR 5 CABLES q $4 FOR 10 CABLES $6 FOR 15 CABLES $8 FOR 20 CABLES HOW TO ORDER--SEND NO MONEY Sign your name and address to coupenb low and get your Giant Exerciser by retu mail. The price is made low because want everyone to enjoy le: strength at the lowest possible cost, Don’t pay more--order from us--get the most for your money. = ee oe ae ek oe ED em ee ee ee ee Ge oe co se PROGRESSIVE EXERCISER CO., 6010 Langdon Bidg., Broadway and Duane Street, New York.

5 ' ‘ 1 ' 1¥ Progressive our 10 cable [ ] Your 15 Cable g Please send { } Your 10 cable f your D0 Gable { Froensest & Check the Exerciser you want. It will be sent by return mail, Pay postman introductory price, plus few cents postage on ar- | § rival. If you are not entirely satisfied with your exerciser you 1 5 ™ return it within 5 days and get your money back. , : ! s t

If you live outside the United States send cash with order. ! Be Se ae eB ee Ee eee eee eee eee!

10 Day FREE Trial You can have a genuine L. C. Smith (the world’s only ball bea ing typewriter) tor $1 down. Lowest price ever offer: terms. All the 1928 operating attachments. Re-newed. GU ——— re. 6 TPAns- RY qown and we pie, No le r ape. jay Free Trial. Free Typewri ourse p ay ae Cover if you act now. Write for $1 = Feo SMITH TYPEWRITER SALES CO 53-A - 360 E. Grand Ave.

Wood is valuable. Saw tht Make Money! 20 cords a day. Does than 10 men. Ottawa easily operated by men ot Falls trees—saws limbs. Use 4-hp. engine work. 30 DAYS TRIAL. Write today for FREE book. from factory or nearest ¢ 10 branch fh OTTAWA MFG. CO. 1801 -W Wood Street, Ottawa, Kant * BUILD YOURewN clodl Turn idle hours into welcome dollars build clocks, very profitable spare time work. ¥ furnish plans, instructions, works, dials d materials at low prices. Banjo Clocks, Mantel Clocks Works As Low As $1.65 Grandfather Clocks with Chime Write for Catalog and FREE Blueprint Plas . . sd Stret American Chime Clock Co. '°31;M,Rufper Bf

two sl Cut th the vis tighter the pr down expan Jack makin, cellane

Page 127

hia, Pa October, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY nie Winding Springs Is Easy (Continued from page 84) the gearing correct for four coils an snd fount ested the first spring and then neil the job over to Jack. He stood by and watched him make two springs and then left, satisfied that the young man could get along without further coaching. . ; Another way to handle music wire, it should be added, is to place the coils between two short pieces of board in a bench vise. Cut the binders as you rotate the coil between the vise jaws; but before cutting the last binder, tighten the vise. When all four are cut, release the pressure slightly while holding the wire down with one hand. Cautiously allow it to expand, and then tie it in two places as before. Jack found that there was considerable spring making to be done in connection with the mis- cellaneous odd jobs which passed through the Ww TENSION —— SCREW Simple shopmade tools for winding springs. A third type is illustrated in Fig. 6 on page 84. shop in unending variety. He learned much from Wilkins and by observing the other machinists. He soon found, for instance, that spring making as done in the small shop is altogether different from the manufacturing of springs as a business in itself. The manufacturer has special tools, automatic machinery, and scientific methods for controlling material specifications and spring temper. The average mechanic does not need to concern himself with such matters, but must know how to make springs in small quantities when necessary. Springs of both the compression and the expansion type are wound cold over a mandrel. A mandrel less than 3% in. in diameter should be driven by means of a drill chuck fitted to the lathe spindle. Those of a larger diameter are driven with the lathe chuck or by means of a dog. (THE most convenient method of starting the wire is through a hole drilled in the arbor as shown in Fig. 2. Some mechanics, however, prefer to use a plain arbor and pinch the end of the wire under one of the chuck jaws. Some experimenting is often necessary in order to obtain the correct outside spring diameter. This, Jack found, might be because the arbor was too large or too small, or because the tension on the wire was not just right. Indeed, it is not such a simple trick as it may seem to produce a number of springs having the same characteristics and with a minimum variation. _To make a spring from solid bar stock, similar to the one shown in Fig. 3, the method which Jack learned was to cut off a piece of stock slightly larger in diameter than the spring and bore a hole through it corresponding to the inside diameter of the spring. The next operation was to- cut the spiral, which was done on an arbor. The tool had to be the width of a corresponding thread tool. he cut was run in to within a few thousandths of the inside diameter, just enough stock being left to hold the spring (Continued on page 124) ust Sign We'll send you a 10-day tube of this unique shaving cream, postpaid Here... Gentlemen: Palmolive Shaving Cream embodies the four great es- sentials 1000 men told us they wanted in a shaving cream, plus a fifth which we added. Its success is a sensation. Men are flocking to it by the thousands. We believe it will give you shav- ing comforts unknown to you be- fore. That it will surpass your present method of shaving in five important ways. n your interest and in ours, let us send you a to-day tube to try. We know we can win you in this way. 85% of its present users thus were won from other preparations. Five Advantages r. Multiplies itself in lather 250 times. Softens the beard in one minute. Maintains its creamy fullness for 10 minutes on the face. woN 4. Strong bubbles hold the hairs erect for cutting. 5. Fine after-effects due to palm and olive oil content. We're the makers of Palmolive Soap, as you know. Thus 65 years of soap study stands back of this creation. We made up and dis- carded 129 formulas A ventur- ing it on the market. Just send coupon Your present method may suit you well. But still there may be a better one. This test may mean much to you in comfort. Send the coupon before you forget. PALMOLIVE RADIO HOUR—Broadcast every Wednesday night—from 9:30 to 10:30 p. m., eastern time; 8:30 to 9:30 p. m., central time—over station WEAF and 32 stations associated with The National Broadcasting Company. 35c¢ With the new unbreakable Bakelite top To add the final touch to shaving lux- ury, we have created Palmolive After Shaving Talc — especially for men. Doesn't show. Leaves the skin smooth 10 SHAVES FREE anda can of Palmolive After Shaving Talc' and fresh, and gives that well-groomed look. Try the sample we are sending free with the tube of Shaving Cream. There are new delights here for every man. Please let us prove them to you. Mail the coupon now. 3977 Simply insert your name and address and mail to Dept. B-1555, Palm- olive, 3702 Iron St., Chicago, Ill. Residents of Wisconsin should address Palmolive, Milwaukee, Wis. (Please print your name and address)

Page 128

Pocket Gen

HE same careful workmanship and precision standards that make all Westclox dependable are applied to building this universally popular watch. Reliability, sturdiness and good looks make Pocket Bena world wide favorite. Sold everywhere. Built by the makers of Big Ben and other Westclox WESTERN CLOCK COMPANY La Salle, Illinois New Westclox Auto Clock Attractive, convenient, reliable. Fits any car. Quickly attached on dash $230 or above wind-shield

POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY

| Winding Springs Is Easy (Continued from page 123) together while it was being pressed off the arbor. The thin wall was then punched out with a blunt chisel or drift, and the sharp edges were removed inside and out with a file before the spring was hardened and tempered. Springs of this type usually are made with a square or rectangular cross section, and the method of cutting the spiral is much the same as in cutting a square thread. A conical shaped spring, like that in Fig. 4, is made on a taper arbor as shown in Fig. 5. The arbor has a taper shank that fits the lathe spindle, and it is provided with a half-round groove cut to the pitch of the spring. The depth of the groove should be one half the diameter of the wire. A hole is drilled at the beginning of the groove to serve as a starting point for the wire. In Fig. 6 is illustrated an inexpensive bench fixture that can be used for making small springs by hand. It is surprisingly speedy when used in conjunction with the simple wire tool shown. This tool is merely a piece of flat cold-rolled steel with a hole near one end, through which the wire passes. The pitch of the coil is governed automatically. In the course of his shop experience, Jack found that many different types of commercial spring winding tools are available, but he also saw equally good work done with inexpensive tools of the kinds illustrated in Figs. 6 and 7. ERHAPS machinists do not always realize the importance of the material itself in the operation and life of a spring. It is far from easy to control variation, and this accounts for the fact that springs subjected to heavy duty will frequently fail in spite of the fact that similar springs made in exactly the same way give good service. The great advantage in using music wire lies in the fact that it is tempered. Springs made of it need no further treatment. It is a high grade material and generally produces uniform | results if the springs are correctly made for the | work they are to do. Music wire sizes range from .004 to .146 in., and it can be had in even larger sizes up to 3 in. Springs of heavier wire are usually made to the steel wire (Washburn and Moen) gage, which has a range of 57 sizes from .0044 to .490 in. Some of the large size spring wire is known as oil tempered and requires no further heat treat- ment. Music wire is cold drawn to give the desired temper and has a carbon content of .85. A cheaper cold drawn spring wire, which is fre- quently used, has a carbon content of .65. Annealed steel wire is also used and heat-treated | after the springs have been made. Phosphor bronze wire is cold drawn to temper it and contains 8 percent tin. Nickel silver wire is rolled or drawn to temper and contains 55 percent copper, 18 percent nickel and 26 per- cent zinc. Monel metal wire also is rolled or drawn to temper. Any maehinist who will remember these facts will find it easy to work out any ordinary | problem connected with making springs. Pulling Bearing Sleeves N THE sleeve pull- er illustrated, a plunger engages the grease hole in split sleeves of a_ type commonly used with certain roller bear- ROLLER BEARING SLEEVE ings. The plunger Grease ge has a collar for the OLE ~* AUSSIE NX spring to push Gia INGER against. A pull rod rT PE \d SE is provided for use with a crossbar of Roller bearing sleeve and specia! puller.

some kind, which rests against the housing.—G. A. L.

October, 1% NEW CARS _ FOR OLD!

OUR car with new finish on the top,thespare BRRCRO gaia tire a glossy Saag black,therust ; and chipped spots senate up— looks years younger! Duro Gloss is an all round re- finisher. Designed primarily for use on atop, delighted purchasers have discovered many other uses for it, Duro Gloss gives a touch, elastic coating of glossy black that can be put right on top of rust spots—and it will hold! A pint can of Duro Gloss will refinish your top, dress your spare tire and provide a com- fortable surplus for the odd touch- up jobs. If your dealer hasn’t Duro Gloss, send direct — you will be delighted with i it. J. C. Haartz Co., Sees, A New Haven, Conn. Please send Duro Gloss, as checked. "A pt. 65c. 1 pt. $1.00 - lqt. 1.85 Enclosing Stamps — M. O.

— Coins Dealer’s Name.

Bo fiam

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BOYS at last, here is a genuine aluminum model air plane that really flies. And at a small price. The ‘‘Mocar’’ monoplane—Set 1—is a copy of the famous Sp ‘rit of St. Louis. Wing spread 18" in., fuselage 12 in., power ful motor ball-bearing etic rubber-tired disc wheels. Weight complete only about 21¢ oz. This is a practical, simple, re iy model plane that gives yous whole lot of fun for — moderate cost. The all-metal construe- tion makes a sturdy plane that wil! stand alot of abuse. The outfit is mounted on cardboard with all parts plainly and full instructions for assembly. Pliers only tool nec Complete with rivets, bolts, nuts, wheels, wing and dune covering material, only $1.50 postpaid anywhere in U.S (3 for $4.00.) Great fun, learn how to m¢ ake and fly airplanes.

The Mt. Carmel Mfg.Co., !

Dept. Ss

M¢. Carmel, SS = PF ir

This book explains in a simple, straightforward manner all the How to Work with Tools and Wood of using tools and enables you to spend man able hours in your home workshop. All detai Price $1.00 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 250 Fourth Avenue cesses of working with tools and woo t takes all the m y, interesting Ca} 8 are clearly

Lod

New York City

October; attachr time i: cutter | methoc ordinar With machin produc the cut or is § groove that it: the fla ready f actual can be this me firmly i to rem extent AMO: o form a mother thorou; brushir it bene nut, an that it coat or hooked S-shape hanger: wheel i In a peramh mounte upper ¥ decorat paint, : with br by mea will tux to the v brass o1 the san Many which t enough laying : the hei to the 1 correcti back w; to place is a mi: of mor linings and ot! temper from bi some h;

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ober, 19 )! ave r it. istic 1 be and urTO ress ich- pape © t No. 1 ly $1.50 mplete Shop Short Cuts (Continued from page 86) heel. Move the table in half the = poy (not lead) of the worm. Then fw the wheel around just half a tooth. " Start the machine and raise the wheel into the cutter, stopping the feed at the same place on “O” as when gashing. Go around all the teeth in this way, taking a little stock off the side; then set the machine for the other side | of the teeth and go around again. This will | make the tooth points thin enough for the hob to start. Figure on .010 in. for the hob to re- move.—F RED S. SAUNDERS. HEN it is necessary to cut a groove in a shaft with an end mill held in the vertical attachment of a milling machine, considerable time is sometimes consumed in setting the cutter central with the shaft. The following method, which is sufficiently accurate for all ordinary purposes, may be of interest. With the shaft clamped on the milling machine table, run the end mill across it to produce a flat surface. Increase the depth of the cut until the width of this flat just equals or is slightly wider than the width of the groove to be cut. Then set the end mill so that its edges are central with the edges of the flat spot on the shaft, when it will be ready for cutting the groove. A check-up by actual measurements will show that the work can be positioned with surprising accuracy by this method.—R. H. Kasper. Odd-Job Tips for Handy Men (Continue:l from page 80) firmly in place, it is difficult, if not impossible, to remove it without damaging it to such an extent that a new pipe is required.—W. C. C. AMONG the many purposes to which an old baby carriage wheel may be adapted is to form a clothes hanger (Fig. 5, lower view) in mother’s or sister's room. Clean the wheel thoroughly, give it a coat of metallic paint, brushing lacquer, or enamel colors, and mount it beneath a shelf with a 3¢-in. carriage bolt, nut,and washer. The wheel must be placed so coat or dress hangers. The hangers are not hooked directly over the rim but are hung on S-shaped hooks of brass or copper wire. The hangers adapt themselves to each other as the wheel is turned. In a similar way a large rear wheel from a perambulator and a smaller front wheel can be mounted on a pedestal like that shown in the upper view of Fig. 5 to form a costumer. After decorating the wheels with silver or bronze paint, make the wooden upright and paint it with brushing lacquer. Then mount the wheel by means of a lag screw or iron rod so that it will turn easily but without wobbling. Fasten to the wheels a number of hooks bent from soft brass or copper wire, or adapt picture hooks to the same purpose.—Cuares A. Kina. Many fireplaces that smoke up the rooms in which they are placed, and some that draw well enough but give no heat, can be remedied by laying a new floor of fire brick in order to bring the height of the opening in proper proportion to the width. In some instances, however, the correction must be made by building out the back wall with fire brick. When it is necessary to place fire brick, the proper cement or mortar 1s a mixture of fire clay and water. This kind of mortar is also used for setting fire brick linings in furnaces, stove water-tank heaters, and other places that are subjected to high temperatures. Fire clay may be purchased from building material supply houses and from some hardware stores—F. N. V —— that it will revolve freely when supporting the | POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY wer ~ $OME ADVICE ON HOW TO tured stones « ai a very fee veadualiy aatil the bewe for if this is done the steel that uw removed will adhere to the stone whieh will at oy G--Htold the plane-inorts hee we of the stone, Care shookd % ta mave the plane-iran slight reader.of 2 THIS BOOKLET ! SHARPEN WOOD-WORKING TOOLS — side to we with each strake, both in order to herp the stone level on the surface and te I parts of the catting edge hom 4 with the dene turn the plane-irom over and tay ‘ot the stowe as shown in Big. 6. “Take ow fight strokes, keeping beth hands on sp of the avaid the pussibility of lifting it ap vincing a bevel on its sue. Li is necomary to have a stout with « for this operation. or such a Carborundum Sharpening Stones for your GOUGES HATCHETS DRAW KNIVES CABINET SCRAPERS WOOD CARVING TOOLS FLOOR SCRAPERS AUGER BITS CHISELS KNIVES € Carborundum is the Registered Trade Name used by The Carborundum Com- pany for Silicon Car- bide. This Trade Mark is the exclusive property of The Car- borundum Company. ~~ — veer reader of Popular Science Monthly who uses chisels, gouges, hatchets or other tools that need Carbo- rundum to keep them keen will find in this new 40-page booklet just the useful information he wants for sharpening wood-working tools. GTo insure this booklet being the last word on putting a keen edge on tools we retained Emanuel E. Ericson to write and illustrate it. Out of the fullness of his knowledge Mr. Ericson has written a book that should be in the tool box of every man who reads this magazine. And there are plenty of close-up pictures to illustrate his splendid text. Just sign and mail the coupon and we will send you a copy arborundum REG. U. S. PAT. OFF. SHARPENING STONES THE CaRBORUNDUM Company, Niagara Falls, N. Y. Send me the 40-page booklet ‘‘ How to Sharpen Wood-Working Tools.” Name_ Address_ © This seal on am advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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—neeenenseronen— cer That TRIMO wont slip” The TRIMO pipe wrench, properly adjusted, will not slip, no matter how hard you pull, and you can rely on the drop-forged jaws of finest steel, carefully ground and _ scien- tifically designed to hang on to the end. Experienced wrench users know that they can depend on TRIMO, the pipe wrench with replaceable jaws and handy nut guards. TRIMONT MFG. CO., INC. Roxbury (Boston), Mass. When You Want a Pipe Wrench Buy a TRIMO POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Tailstock Centering Attachment for Large Lathe HREE hundred forged nickel-steel shafts, 2% in. in diameter and 5 ft. long, had to be cut to length, faced and centered, preparatory to a turning opera- tion which required first-class workman- ship and high production. The only ma- chine available that would take them | through the spindle was an old 24-in. low-speed, heavy-duty lathe. | The gang | . . | boss had rigged up universal chucks on | the faceplate and rear end of the live spindle to prevent chatter and center | shafts without much truing up, and was using a drill chuck in the tailstock to hold the center drill. With the slow speed of the center drill | and the desire of the apprentice operator to feed the drill fast, a number of drills were broken. It was decided that more speed was needed at the center drill, so CLEARANCE B BUSHINGS PIECE OF I-BEAM The high speed centering attachment and the way to mount it ona heavy-duty lathe. | the supervisor was instructed to make up the fixture illustrated. | A bracket was made to fit over the | tailstock spindle out of a scrap piece of | iron and a short length of 8-in. I-beam. | A \-h.p. motor was-fastened to the top. A modified center was made of machine steel as shown. A ball race was cut in it and it was casehardened and bushed at both ends with brass. The shaft was of carbon steel, hardened and ground on the bearing surfaces, but I believe that plain shaft would have answered. The other half of the ball race was pushed on the shaft against the shoulder, a keyway for the driven pulley was cut, and a commercial drill chuck fitted. Speed reduction from the motor was about 3 to 1; with work running at 100 r.p.m., production was excellent and there was no drill breakage. The operation was as follows: Shafts, previously marked for length with punch, were centered in the lathe in the universal chucks, surplus metal was removed with a cutting-off tool; a facing tool on back of the carriage was used, tailstock brought up and the shaft centered.—W. C. C. © This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIFNCF, MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. Every “Up-to-Date” Boy Plays the Harmonica ACATION days aren't half 99 much fun unless you can pull out a harmonica and show the crowd how yoy can play—or join with the other fellows in harmonizing the latest popular songs as well as the old-time melodies. Everybody plays the harmonica now —that is, everybody who is up-to-date, Don't be the exception. Send today for the free instruction book which will show you in pictures how you can learn to play the harmon- ica in an amazingly short time. A penny postcard will bring it free by return mail. Do it NOW before you forget M. HOHNER, Inc. 114 East 16th St. Dept. 504-K New York REE i INSTRUCTION PARKS WOODWORKING MACHINES Cabinet Shop Special No. 10 $290 with Motor You ought to have this handy Parks in your shop. Compact, complete machine de- signed like a big production outfit at 1/5 the cow Fits in a corner of your basement. Does any of cabinet or joinery work. Write for circular. The Parks Woodworking Machine Co. t., € fanadian Factory: 208 Notre Dame East, Montreal AIRPLANE 12-inch scale model Lindbergh’s Spirit of St. Lows Scientifically designed and realistic. Rises from own power and flies ft. ¢ more. Stays in air 8 to 10s ° onds. Easily built in 3 hows 7 No tools needed. Cons set. with all parts and full directions, postpaid in U. 5. Satisfaction or money back. Send 50c. (No stamps.) MANN we BENTON BoxE Chillicothe, steady accom] The swing i and th chuck side, w up a lit ever, t] A rin chuck Withou which | fit the | ly on t as shoy made, : This operati hole at and ro casting other The sh: the roll

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ber, 19 October, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 127 =z, Wood and Babbitt Used to Make Steady Rest ME unusual problems were pre- sented in the machining of a cast-iron roll forming part of a special machine, and the ingenious methods applied by the machinist may be of interest and help to other mechanics. ; When delivered to the machine shop, the casting for the roll was found to have very little stock for finishing, and the hole was not true with the outside. Furthermore, the shop did not have a steady rest large enough to take the roll. This led to the use of the babbitt-lined HOLE TRUED UP FOR CENTER., An awkward casting was supported with an improvised steady rest lined with babbitt. steady rest shown in Figs. 2 and 3 of the accompanying illustration. The first operation on the roll was to swing it in the lathe with one end chucked and the other on a bull center. The chuck end was trued up by the out- side, while the tailstock end was trued | up a little by chipping the center. How- ever, this was not especially important. A ring about 4 in. long and close to the chuck was turned true at this setting. Without moving the roll, a wooden block, which had been sawed on the bottom to fit the lathe vees and cut out semicircular- ly on the top, was placed under the roll as shown in Fig. 2. A mud dam was made, and babbitt poured into the space. This made a steady rest for the second operation, which consisted of boring the hole at one end a press fit for the shaft, and rough turning the outside. The casting was then reversed for boring the other end, using the same steady rest. The shafts were pressed in the ends, and the roll finished on its own centers. Plug Gage and Arbor PLUG GAGE 45 . : : S ! CENTERS —— A mandrel and gage for making bushings. N MAKING bushings for drill jigs or similar work, the combined plug gage and arbor illustrated will save much time. It should be made of tool steel, hardened, or of machine steel, pack hardened.—H. J. C. ee Make Woodworking Your Hobby and Turn It to Profit! SANDING, BUFFING, GRINDING, ATTACHMENTS FAST—ACCURATE—COMPLETE Every kind of woodworking operation This is a COMPLETE all-electric shop to use at home or in business and it costs a lot less than most other outfits. You'll find the Workace fast and accurate for every kind of wood- working operation: planing, sawing, turning, drilling, grinding, sanding, buffing, etc. It saves time, does better and cleaner work, too. Amazing low price..... Materials and workmanship are 100% and the design- ing of the Workace is strict- ly professional. Woodwork- ing plants, pattern shops, Includes all this: .... includes everything fective parts for one year. Become an expert wood- worker—make tables, chairs,stools, screens, lamps, lattices, fences, cabinets, carpenter and cabinet shops {Planer doll houses, book cases, all over the world use Wal- 6” = 36" Lathe chests—make woodworking lace equipment. e Buffing Wheel your hobby and turn it to me rinder The Workace Woodworker | %' Drill Chuck profit, as hundreds do. ¥! H. P. G. E. Motor, has power, strength and ca- ie Vals A. C., EASY TERMS pacity to handle quickly | Endiess V Belt, two | Terms are all in your favor. and economically any job | Pano *e4: ’ Een | Small down payment brings you'll ever want to do . . . | Sub Base and 10 #. | the Workace COMPLETE. . able with separable mitering, tapering, rabbet- | Plue- Monthly payments so small ing, beveling, slotting, turn- you Il never miss the money. ing, cross-cutting, ripping. Every Many pay for their Workace out of unit works from the motor— parts are sturdy and well fashioned. The regular WALLACE GUAR- ANTEE assures replacement of de- MAG Saw are each com- plete units and may be purchased separately at the correspondingly ‘ t we : [The Planer ' A : i low price of $25.00 each. ; J. D. Wallace & Co., Wilcox and California Aves., Chicago, Illinois. 1 That Workace Electric Woodworker sure looks good to terms, right away. profits it makes—so can you. Send the coupon now and we'll see that you get full details immediately. I want to know ALL about it, including your easy © This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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5 sae Pugecower Ren nears a ping sent latesiin BET ae the Band with a New Conn OU PLAY tunes in the very first lessons with a Conn instrument and mod- ern methods of teaching. No long, drudging with exer- cises, a short period of pleas- urable practice prepares you for the band or orchestra. Bands and orchestras offer won- derful opportunities for pleasure and extra profit. Many have earned their way through college with their musical ability, and enjoyed great fun, besides. Conn’s exclusive, easy-playing features make them the choice of the world's leading professionals, as well as amateurs, semi-profes- sionals. Yet with all their exclu- sive features Conus cost no more. Start a Band; Play in 90 Days Conn’s Band Service Depart- ment will gladly help you organ- ize a band and guarantee to have the band ready to play a complete concert program within 90 days of the first rehearsal. Communi- ties, Lodges, Schools, Scouts, Legion Posts, Industries—get the facts about this band plan now. No obligation, just send coupon. FREE TRIAL;Easy Pay- ments on any Conn instru- ment. Send coupon for the free literature and details, now. Cc, G. CONN, Ld. 1032 Conn Bidg., Elkhart, Ind. BAND INSTRUMENTS ‘WORLD 5 MANUT, Mail This Coupon C.G. Conn, Lid., 1032 Conn Bldg, Elkhart, Ind. Please send details of your band organizing plan[ ) details of free trial plan on {Instrument} Name St. or R.F.D._ City State, County. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY October, 19% How to Clean Paint and Lacquer Brushes LACQUER brushes should be wiped out as dry as possible after use, then shaped up and allowed to dry. When ready to use them again, soak them in lacquer thinner. If one brush is to be used in several colors, it must be | thoroughly cleaned when colors are changed. | the bottom | holes can be filled | whiting after the Dip the brush in thinner, filling it quite full. Pour some kitchen washing powder in a cup, say one-fourth full, and stir it with the lacquer brush until the hairs stand out separately. See that the powder is well down among the hairs and that no wet lacquer remains. Work the brush in the powder a few minutes more; then wash it in clean water. The powder coagulates the lacquer, which can be easily washed off in fine particles. Dry the brush on a cloth, rinse in a little thinner, and you are ready to dip it into a new color. This method is much more economical than washing brushes in thinner alone. With ordinary paint brushes, the first pre- caution is not to let the paint dry on the brush. Keep an old catalog or magazine handy and, just as soon as the painting job is finished, wrap the brush tightly in the paper. Fold the end over at the tips of the bristles. This keeps the bristles straight and preserves the chisel point. On a handy shelf, keep a can with the top cut out and containing enough kerosene in it to come well over. the ferrule of the brushes. Al- ways store the wrapped paint brushes in this can. It is best to hang them on a wire placed across the top of the can so that they will not touch the bottom. The kerosene keeps the bristles soft, while the paper keeps the brush in good trim and does not allow the kerosene to become fouled. To clean a brush before using it, squeeze out the kerosene and pour gasoline down the up- turned bristles. Then shoot a strong stream of water on it from the garden hose. Rinse it finally in clean gasoline and swish out the sur- plus on the edge of a board. In this way the writer has kept brushes in perfect shape for two years.—GRAHAM STUCKEY. Easy-to-Build Bookcase (Continued from page 90) making of rabbets , and dadoes, although RABBET it will not be quite as strong and work- _— DADO manlike. , For the assembling | pes eae you will need a small | “a can of high-grade liq- uid glue and about half a pound of sx- | _>==== penny nails. Spread some glue in the low- est dado and insert piece. Turn the part over and nail securely, driving the nails at an angle so that they will hold well in the end grain. Proceed with the other parts, leaving the two back pieces until both sides are assembled. Set the heads of the nails about 1 in. below the surface. If the piece is to be lacquered, the nail \ CROSSCUT -RIP is \CROSSCUT | 5 DADO with plastic wood putty at once, or with lacquer and How the right-hand ter staal sidepiece is made. priming coat has been applied. If it is to be stained, the holes can be filled with stick shellac to match. KNIVES THAT R 4223 $1.50 Spoke a knife especially de- signed and built for carpen- ters and skilled mechanics, pro- fessional or amateur. It belongs in every tool kit. Remington steel is hardened and ten- red by a special process, to produce Plades with keen, uniform, and lastin Every blade is hand- honed at the factory. When you buy your Remington every blade will bite, and you can keep a biting. edge on Remington cutting edges. blades. R 4223 has a heavy s general use, a sheepfoot blade for scribing or coping, and a pen blade for delicate work. Ask to see this knife at your dealer's, Get your hand around the fine stag handle and test the ‘‘feel’’ of it. Notice the fine finish, brass linings, and nickel You'll want to own one at once. And if your dealer shouldn't have R 4223 in stock, send us his name, with $1.50, and we will forward the knife to you promptly, Write for descriptive silver mountings. folder. a ee ‘ he “oe “4 ey ‘ Nisam ar blade for % eta i, an Ma, Remington Arms Company, Inc. Originators of Kleanbore Ammunition 25 Broadway—New York City Remington ©1928 R. A. Co. DIESEL ENGINES By Ensign DAVID L. JONES, U. S. Nay The most complete, th oughly practical and upt \ Marine and Stationary MARINE LocoMOTIVE STATIONARY PueSELNGINES date treatise on the Engine ever published. } explains their constructit troubles, remedies, ope! and adjustments, pratt trials and tests and the mentary thermodynamis all types of the Diesel Eng® The book is fully illustra with drawings of work parts and detail engravl 400 pages. Price $5.00 Popular Science Month 250 Fourth Ave. New York, i allow, ‘ Take startin, How cut, about « make t! of the e (Fig. 3) Sever means | thread s of the p together must be fiber an you wis tinsmitl for it. After layer of iron box One 1 form 3 t 5 by 12 section | 14 in. se so that were rul tions, 5] where tl at the b was car the top \ boards y The fe oe was allo form w: trimmed “ s into the hollow « covers t] Tost difficult say 1 | around 1 much as ——————

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Ober, 1% ly de- rpen- , pro- longs 1 tem- roduce lasting hand- y your nd you ington de for cribing elicate ealer’s, e stag Notice nickel O own yuldn't name, e knife riptive

October, 1928

Paper Parachute Floats Long Distances Y VIRTUE of its saucer shape and light- ness, this tissue paper toy parachute will float a considerable distance in a light breeze square 1 tis ; serve. Make it as large as your paper will allow, or paste four squares together. Take pains to fold the sheet carefully, starting with the diagonal, as in Fig. 1. Cut

How asquare sheet of tissue paper is folded, cut, and pasted to make a toy parachute. about one third of the way up the edge to make the V's (Fig. 2). Lap over just enough of the edges to hold securely. The one large \ (Fig. 3) is necessary to give a conical shape. Seven threads or strings are attached by means of gummed strips as in Fig. 4. Each thread should be about as long as the diameter of the paper before it was pasted. Tie the ends together and attach a nail, the size of which must be determined by experiment.—H. S. Vault for Valuables (Continued from page 94) fiber and a cover was soldered on the rim. If you wish, you can have this work done by a tinsmith without letting him know the reason for it. After the vault has dried for a week, a 2-in. layer of concrete was placed in it and the deep iron box forced into place. One more form had to be made—a hollow form 3 by 18 by 20 in., with a bottom section 5 by 12 by 14 in. The top of the 18 by 20 in. section was open, but the bottom of the 12 by 14 in. section was closed. This form was built so that it could be taken apart easily. Wires were run through each section in both direc- tions, spaced about 2 in. apart. All points where the wires cross were tied and, beginning at the bottom section, one end of the tie wire was carried to the top section and used to tie the top wires. This was done before the bottom boards were nailed on. The form was filled with a wet mixture of 1 part cement and 4 parts clean, sharp sand, and lifting rings were imbedded in it. The concrete was allowed to harden for a week before the form was removed. The wires were then trimmed close. _. The galvanized iron, asbestos-filled cap fits into the can, and the concrete cap fits into the hollow of the vault over this cap, and also covers the entire top of the vault. _To stop a small leak in a water pipe that is difficult to remove, cut a strip of inner tube, say % in. wide and 2 ft. long, and wrap it around the pipe, keeping it stretched about as much as it will stand. -Then bind with string.

when released from a second-story window. A | of any fairly tough tissue paper will |

POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Modernistic Fire Screen See Le Page's Book, page 13 Vanity Case See Le Page's Book, page 22 12 NEW Job Plans, Too! There is, of course, a limit to what we can give in Le Page’s New Third Home Work Shop for only a dime. But we realize many men want additional proj- ects. Hence our 12 new Job Plans. These also were made by Mr. Klenke. They are projects that require more elaborate presentation than we can give in our book, Each Job Plan presents one project on a single large sheet of paper. Each is well worth its price, one dime. Look over these projects and order those you want by number (see coupon), enclosing 10 cents for each. 16 Sheraton Writing Desk 17 Sheraton Desk Chair 18 Colonial Hanging Book Shelves 19 Smoking and Reading Cabinet 20 Colonial Mirror 21 Tea Wagon 22 Telephone Cabinet 23 Stool for Telephone Cabinet 24 Manual Training Work Bench 25 Home Worker's Tool Cabinet 26 Spanish Galleon 27 Vanity Table HANDIEST TOOL IN YOUR WORK SHOP

Cape Cod Chest of Drawers See Le Page's Book, page 3 Christmas Gifts of Fine Furniture You Can Make Yourself... Popular, Modernistic or. Colonial Le Page’s latest home work shop book shows how If you like to work with tools and are not acquainted with LePage’s Home Work Shop Books, you are missing something. If you like fine furniture in your home, without paying bi prices for it, you:can easily make it yourself. Any piece described in the New Book would certainly make a great Christmas gift, and you would always be proud of the fact that you made it yourself. LePage’s latest book, just published, the new “Third Home Work Shop Book,” contains complete, easy-to- follow directions for making 20 attractive pieces of house- hold furniture, of which 17 are entirely new and never offered before. Designed by Expert A full list, in addition to those illustrated, is given below. They include pieces of popular, modernistic or Colonial design. All, the designs, dimension drawings, actual pieces and photographs were made by William W. Klenke, Instructor in Woodworking, Central Commercial and Manual Training High School, Newark, New Jersey. He was also the designer of the first two LePage’s Books. His experience as an expert gives assurance that each project and the directions for making it are thoroughly practical. Each project is presented in three parts—a photographic illustration of the finished project, a complete dimension drawing of its parts, and simple, easy-to-follow, step-by- stép directions. In addition to the three pieces shown above, the book in- cludes the following: Alexandria Nest of Tables, Old Salem Ship’s Cupboard, Plymouth Built-In China Closet, Lady Washington Sewing Cabinet, Set-Back Book Shelves, Modernistic Desk, Table, and Folding Screen, Chess and Checkers Table, Smoking Table, Caned Side Chair, China or Book Cabinet, Book Trough and Magazine Stand, Magazine Carrier, Book Stand, Fernery Stand and Folding Sewing Screen. Where else could you get complete direc- tions for making all these for only 10 cents? Send 10c for this NEW Le Page’s Home Work Shop Book Simply use the coupon below, send- ing it to us with 10 cents in coin or stamps, and we will at once send you a copy of this latest Le Page’s Book, postage paid. MAIL THIS COUPON mariner een ae LE PAGE’s CRAFT LEAGUE

| 609 Essex Ave., Gloucester, Mass. J i] Gentlemen: Enclosed please find 10 cents (coin or stamps) t in payment for ‘s New Third Home Work Shop j ] Book. Please send a copy of this book to: | TTT STE ETT Te eer. Teor ye See Tr Teen ee . [ Street nceasstdsp 0 thiagar’ a 0 aid aubeadeiia enamel { | | ee eT ee ee ee BUDD) 1000060 sne bas j Please also send the following Job Plans........ (indi- [ cate by number those you want. See column at left), for I each of which I enclose an additional 10 cents.

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Page 134

130 Make big money

from repair work Practically every householder spends at least $10.00 to $50.00 each year and many i spend several times that much on simple repairs that can be easily and well with

made quickly, SMOOTH-ON No. 1

With a can of Smooth-On you can save this money in your own home—and by doing similar repair work for others, you can Band” SMOOTH-ON make money. Band for on SmOorw TON No skill is re- into leak

quired to make repairs and the amount of Smooth-On used on any one job seldom costs more than a few cents. Leak at radiator joint stopped with Smooth-On Typical repairs that can be made per- fectly with Smooth-On:—Stopping leaks in steam, water, gas, oil or stove pipes, mending cracks, breaks or leaks in furnaces and _ boilers, radiators, tanks, sinks, pots and pails, making loose handles tight on um- brellas, knives, hammers, brushes, drawers, etc., tightening loose screws, hooks, locks, door knobs, etc. On the Automobile:—Making bursted water panes and pumps good as new, stopping eaks in radiator, hose connections, gas tank and gas, oil and exhaust lines, mak- ing a fume-proof joint between exhaust pipe and tonneau heater, tightening loose head- light posts, keeping grease cups, hub caps, and nuts from loosening and falling off, etc. To get perfect results, write to us for and use the Smooth-On Repair Book. Free if you re- turn the coupon. Get Smooth-On No. 1 in 7-0z., 1-lb. or 5-lb. tins at any hardware store or if necessary direct from K<____ 9} Smooth-On Mfg. Co. 1 rn we Dept. 37, 574 Communipaw Ave. DOTH-C JERSEY CITY, N. J. \ Row PEMe Do it with SMOOTH ON SMOOTH-ON MFG. CO., Dept. 37. 574 Communipaw Ave., Jersey City, N. J. Please send the free Smooth-On Repair Book.

Write for FREE BOOK

PE scipthenddcesrdeadbsedcecdkesedesliscpiavenscee ‘ POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY

Hints on Rubbing Down Varnish and Enamel Arte expending much effort in building a piece of furniture or other cabinetwork and applying several coats of varnish, many home workers make the mistake of leaving the finish in a high gloss. The piece has a certain crude, glaring look, and if there are any imper- fections whatever, each one seems to be mag- nified. To remedy this, it is necessary to carry the finishing process one step farther—really a simple and easy step, although one the amateur usually shirks. The surfaces should be rubbed with powdered pumice stone, grade FF or finer, and rubbing oil (or light machine oil or crude oil) to the soft, velvety and more artistic finish invariably found on fine furniture. Besides the pumice stone and oil, you will need a painters’ rubbing felt. If this cannot be obtained, use any scrap of thick felt you can find, but be sure it is clean and free from grit. Dip the felt in the oil and then into a dish containing a little of the pumice stone. Rub the felt over the wood with long, even strokes. Work clear across from edge to edge and with the grain of the wood, as far as practical. After a dozen or two strokes, strike off some of the sludge with your thumb and see if the surface has the dull, satinlike smoothness at which you are aiming. If not, rub lightly a little longer, but use plenty of oil and be very careful not to rub through the varnish at the edges. As the finish is always thin on sharp corners and edges, rub very lightly or not at | all rather than run the risk of cutting through to the bare wood. Carvings can be rubbed dull by applying the oil and pumice stone with an old paint brush, cut off to make it stubby. Wash the surfaces thoroughly with mild soapsuds, rinse with water to remove the oil and pumice stone, and dry with cheesecloth or damp chamois skin. Pieces that have been enameled can_be rubbed in exactly the same way, but-iise water instead of oil on the rubbing felt and take even more care not to rub too much. Although it is rarely done, the*better ‘grades of brushing lacquer enamels, which are now so popular, can be rubbed to give them a still smoother appearance. In rubbing them, mild soapsuds are used instead of plain water. A Fine Finish on Poor Wood (Continued from page 92) | may be tinted with dry colors to match the finishing color which is to be used. A putty mixed from white lead-in-oil paste, dry whiting, and a little floor varnish also can * be used for filling dents in thin metal surfaces after the first coat of paint has been applied. It is, however, often better to hammer the dents out as smoothly ‘as possible with a wooden mallet, if you are able to get at both sides of the metal, and then fill them with solder. The metal must be cleaned perfectly bright with emery cloth or sandpaper and a knife. Then apply solder until the dent is a little more than full, and afterward file the solder flush with the surface. In puttying new wood, the first requirement is that the wood be first given one coat of | paint. For exterior surfaces a good putty can be made by mixing dry whiting with pure lin- seed oil, but a still better putty is made from white lead-in-oil and dry whiting. If it becomes too stiff, add a little linseed oil. For interior wood surfaces a good putty can be mixed from any oil paint, white lead, or flat wall paint simply by adding enough dry whit- ing to make a plastic mass. Knead it well with your fingers and tint it with dry colors. This type of putty can also be used for woods which are to have a natural or stained finish, but it is best to mix the putty a shade darker than the natural or stained wood because the general color of the finish will ordinarily become a little darker with age.

October, 194 IWant to Send You « ERG W gate] seer le Watch 21, | for You mY) to see and examine In addition to our NEW LOW PRICE, I wil send for your approval one of these Standard Watches, guaranteed for a lifetime of satisfac. tory service, not only by the Santa Fe Watch Company, but by the Great Illinois Watch fae. tory. So accurate, Government officials carry them; so perfect and beautiful, jewelers say they are worth 144 to 4% more than we ask for them. I will send you one to see WITHOUT ONE PENNY DOWN-—allow you to use it 30 days FREE—then sell it to you on easy payments. Why Not Own a 21 Jewel ' Santa Fe Special Watch? You will never miss the few cents a day that will make you own one of these watches—SEND FOR WATCH BOOK—illustrating in beautiful colors hundreds of designs and combinations the POCKET WATCH, MEN’S STRA and LADIES’ WRIST WATCH. You can have’ your name or monogram and any emblem you may desire engraved in the Case to suit your own ideas, Write today for Free Watch Book, and make your F EE A limited offer! With every R quisite pearls. Write today. Dept. A-80 Thomas Bidg. Topeka, Kansas selection at once, while this offer lasts. Santa Fe Special, a beautiful Mail Coupon for Both Watch and Diamond Catalog (Home of the Great Santa Fe Railway) in cases in P WA Ask for Special 30 Days Cash Offer gold chain or strand of ex- SANTA FE WATCH CO.

! seusessss J rf Santa Fe Watch Company. s Dept. A-80 Thomas Bid¢., Topeka, Kan. = Please send prepaid and without obligation = your Watch Book Free, explaining your “No = Money Down” Offer on the Santa Fe Special : Watch. i RE RR FEE ENE = 7 = Be FBBOEB eo 6 ccc eicicccidsccscccececsses tan 7 = ES erro State

poo

Sr PI at 1 fasy ec Pay

; FREE ¥ Only a Buescher Saxophone figs, S*7oPRONe Fit 7 seat

j z z : Livi by spott the same a stippli pared in separate especial Tiffany with mo new plas The hi with flat to be a 1 flat finis and alu have be plied to dissipate it is tran That doe must be allow it heat. I enamel, and the proveme special c: compara by Willi Illinois, i ciety of |] The ne efficiency They ar paint; an to which The he paint spi adapted have so — pl neath, and the | thinner ¢ After | be warm used to : surface. Gas ra times de Turn off valves fr Remove turn con from any '| or with p ceed to | automob assemblit slightly.-

4 vement, easy to : BOOK Ye ~ hocementing—P Av gtoryatthe BOE Pea a octace 7, Pas pe rAd key arrangement. of all Bues- fies § Be Popular Socially cher Modele ai Earn Extra Money and man es , : prominent jag a sweet-toned profession- rr dplerer, Mae eat Poy 8g BE a Lae Buescher Band Instrument(s — V"" 2521 Buescher Block, Elkhart, Ind

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Page 135

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Octobet, 1928

aaa WaystoPaint Radiators (Continued from page 61) applied in the same way. The color may be i eosin’ out in gasoline and ereughly cleaned with soap and warm water after it has been used with each color. The other method of applying the stippling color is often termed polychroming. After the tion coats have been applied, the stip- sling color is brushed on and worked into the I and embossing of the radiator. Then it is wiped from the high spots with a cloth so that in some places only the foundation coat is in others only the stippling coat, and in others a blend of the two. R this work oil colors or specially prepared Fousing or mottling colors, thinned with ing liquid or flatting oil, are most satis- factory. The advantage of the prepared glazes is that they do not set up as rapidly as tur- pentine, and speed in handling them is not so necessary. The strength of the colors may be governed by varying ihe proportions of the thinner. In no case should too much surface be coated with a stippling color before the wiping off or mottling is done. Two- or three-tone effects may be produced by spotting on two or three different colors at the same time and blending them together with a stippling cloth. The mixtures must be pre- pated in separate containers and put on with separate brushes. This treatment is, of course, especially suited where the wall decoration is Tiffany paint stippling, and it also goes well with mottled and blended wall papers and the new plastic wall paint finishes. i The highest efficiency in radiation is obtained with flat paints and enamels. There appears to be a very slight advantage in favor of the flat finishes over the enamels. Gold, bronze, and aluminum finishes (flake metal finishes) have been shown to be less efficient when ap- plied to radiators because the surface does not dissipate the heat into the room as rapidly as it is transmitted through the metal of the coils. That does not mean that the metallic finishes must be removed from the radiator in order to allow it to release the maximum amount of heat. If coated over with any good paint or enamel, the surface will not retard the heat and the efficiency will be increased. The im- provement will be from nine to (in a few special cases) eighteen percent, according to comparative tests of radiator finishes reported by William H. Severns, of the University of Illinois, in the “Journal of the American So- ciety of Heating and Ventilating Engineers.” The new brushing lacquers also are of high efficiency in respect to the radiation of heat. They are very nearly the equal of flat wall paint; and, like it, they will withstand the heat to which radiators are subjected. The hand, foot, electric and vacuum-cleaner paint sprayers now so common are especially adapted for use in finishing radiators, which have so many irregular surfaces and hard-to- get-at places. The wall behind and the floor beneath, of course, must be thoroughly covered, and the painting material has to be used in a thinner consistency than for brush coating. After being decorated, the radiators should be warmed up slowly the first time they are nae to allow the finish to bake slowly on the Surface. ‘

Gas ranges, after several years’ service, some- times develop leaks around the valves or taps. Turn off the gas at the meter, remove the valves from the manifold, and take them apart. Remove the pin or stop so that the valve will turn completely around. With a paste made tom any ordinary kitchen cleanser and water or with regular valve-grinding compound, pro- ceed to grind in the valves as if they were automobile valves. Clean all parts before re- assembling and stretch the tension spring slightly—Frep W. Harton.

POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Built in the same plant where 40,000 other fine South Bend Precision Lathes have been manufactured for the United States Government, Ford, Westing- house, Bethlehem Steel Company, U.S. Steel Corporation, and hundreds of other large industries in the United States and 78 Foreign Countries. Easy Payments if Desired A small down payment brings you the Lathe to use while you are paying for it. We ship immediately upon receipt of the down payment. New Model South Bend Bach-Geared Screw Cutting Precision Lathes

Screw Cutting 9"x214’ Junior Ba

11" x 4’ Quick Change Gear

Lathe, Straigh’ a A

Brake Drum Lathe e ‘Handle all Brake Drum work with- out removing tire. ‘ No. 1 Lathe, Wheels to 32" dia. $475 No. 2 Lathe, Wheels to 36" dia. No. 3 Lathe, Wheels to 42" dia. 1400

16” x 6’ New Model South Bend Qu ick Chan ze @e Gear, Back Geared Screw atting athe - 5 $540 Other Popular Selling Sizes The Prices of Popular Selling Sizes with Countershaft and Equipment Standard Quick Size of Lathe Shipping Wet. Change Gear Change Gear -- salle 3 490 lbs. $235.00 $270.00 2a” x 4’ 725 Ibs. 300.00 335.00 13” x 5’ 1110 Ibs. 352.00 402.00 15” x 6’ 1550 Ibs. 430.00 490.00 16” x 8’ 2035 Ibs. 510.00 570.00 Also Made in Silent Chain Motor Drive Used By America’s Largest Industrial Plants The best proof of the quality and accuracy of South Bend Lathes is that they are used in production, tool room work, and in general machine work by America’s ‘largest industrial plants. For Example, General Electric Co., Western Electric Co., Packard Motor Co., Oldsmobile Co., Houdaille ~~ Co., Victor Talking Machine Co., Black Decker Mfg. Co., International Harvester Co., and in many departments of the United States Government. Free—Write for No. 89-A Catalog describing 210 sizes and types of New Model South Bend Lathes. Check off in the squares below, indicating Lathes in which you are interested. [] 9" Junior Lathe ( New Gen’l Catalog No. 89-A (] 11" Lathe (] “How to Run a Lathe,” 25c J] 13" Lathe (_] Auto Mechanics’ Service {] 16" Lathe Book, 25c (] 18" Lathe (] Brake Drum Lathe Circular SOUTH BEND LATHE WORKS Main Office and Works 851 E. Madison St., South Bend, Ind., U.S. A. New York City, J. E. BEGGS CO., 183 Centre St. Carried in Stock by Machiner Supply Dealers in Principal Cities Throughout the World.

—

(1

oom = a NEARLY $200,000 has been spent in preparing the Electrical Courses of the International School of Electricity. ai They have helped thousands of men to get good positions in this fascinating profession for two reasons, Pd ) They have been specially designed to meet the needs of the student who studies at home. (2) # They have been written by such well-known men as: Em Alternating Current Engineering Department, General Electric Co.; J. Lester WoopsBRIDGB,

Learn at Home AR KNOWLTON—Electrical Ee E.D. and M.E.—Chief Engineer of the 7% ‘aternational Electric Storage Battery Co.; 0. J. lectr BusHNELL—Superintendent of t! a my he Meter Department, Common- Pd International wealth Edison Co.; S. A. dence Schools FLETCHER — Electrical # Box 769 Engineer, Alabama #& 0x 7697-E, Scranten, Penna. Power Co. # Without cost or obligation, please send & me full details of your home-study Meet Freee 27 course in: G Electricity) Automobiles Booklet a Radio Airplane Engines

© This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8

aed debe a eS a

Page 136

Pipe Smoker. Pines Ss As He Awaits ~ Loved One. Favorite a ad him as he bares his heart in verse When a man gets to thinking of someone very dear to him—one who is far'away—he often wants to be alone with his thoughts —and his pipe. Recently, one such pipe smoker, as he sat puffing and dreaming dreams, opened his heart and penned the following verse: Jamesburg, N. J., December 2, 1927. Jest a-sittin’, smokin’ Edgeworth An’ a-thinkin’, dear of you; An’ a candle’s burnin’ brightly, An’ it says your love is true. For the days are long, of waitin’, An’ the nights are longer still, An’ sometimes (Always smokin’) I pick up this old quill— An’ try to write some poetry To tell you of my love. As poetry it ain’t much good, But—holy days above— It’s jest the best I can, an’ so You'll find me, when I’m through. Jest a-sittin’, smokin’ Edgeworth, An’ a-thinkin’, dear, of you. “yy There’s only one way to find out whether Edgeworth is your tobacco. That is—try it. Find out for yourself what makes smokers sit down and write its praises—men who have become friends of Edgeworth through its likable quality, and just can’t help telling of the enjoy- ment it gives them. So that you and Edgeworth may get ac- quainted, we make this offer: If you have never lighted this tobacco in your favorite pipe, let us send you some free samples. Your name and address, sent to Larus & Brother Company, 10 §. 21st Street, Richmond, Va., will bring you samples of both Edgeworth Ready- Rubbed and Edgeworth Plug Slice. Then, if Edgeworth suits your taste, you can be assured that it always will, because Edgeworth’s quality never changes. You can buy it everywhere—either Edgeworth Ready-Rubbed or Edgeworth Plug Slice, in small tins and various other sizes up to full pound humidors. —the Edgeworth Station. Wave length 254.1 {i your radio—tune in on WRV A, Richmond, Va. meters. Frequency 1180 kilocycles POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 4 Candlestick Turning (Continued from page 116) Place one Jeg on the center and scribe the _ circle with the other while the stock is revolving. “Another way is to set the dividers to the re- uired diameter. Rest one leg of the dividers on the T-rest and place it in contact with the re- volving stock. Bring the other leg of the di- viders gradually in contact with the stock. If two circles are marked, shift the dividers so that the points come in contact with the stock halfway between the two circles, when only one | circle will be marked (Fig. 4). The second method is more exact and is espe- cially useful when the center has been cut away. It is very quickly mastered. Reduce the base to the required diameter as explained above. Then adjust the T-rest par- allel to the lathe bed and to the edges of the base, and with the square-nose chisel remove the thin piece of material left on the rear edge of the base. NEXT mark a pencil line all around the base to represent the thickness of the part which is to be of the greatest diameter. To make the explanation simpler to follow, the base of the candlestick shown at the left in Fig. 5 will be used as an example. The line just mentioned will accordingly be 34 in. from the rear face of the base (see Fig. 6). Change the T-rest to its first position (par- allel to the face of the base); set the calipers to 334 in. and mark another circle with the di- viders as described above. Cut down to the pencil line with the skew chisel on this diameter (33% in.). Set the dividers to % in., mark the circle, and cut the concave curve between this circle and the one previously marked (33 in.). To do this, adjust the T-rest at an angle and as near to the surface being turned as possible. Cut the square bead and round off the corners on the 41% in. part with a skew or square-nose chisel. With the dividers, mark the diameter of the hole in which the tenon of the upright piece is to fit. Cut on the inside of the line with the toe of a \4-in. skew chisel and remove the center with the skew chisel or a round-nose chisel (Fig. 3). Cut the hole so that the tenon fits snugly. Leave the base as it is in the lathe, put a little thin glue on the tenon and in the hole, and fit the tenon in place. Clamp the base and the upright together in the lathe by pressing the dead center into the plug in the end of the up- right. Wipe off any surplus glue with a piece of waste moistened with hot water, and leave the candlestick to dry in the lathe. ANDPAPER and stain the candlestick to the desired color. If a water stain is used, it is well to wet the wood before applying the stain. The water raises the grain, making it feel rough to the touch, and it is therefore nec- essary to sand the candlestick again when it is dry. It will be found that the wood will dry more rapidly if the lathe is running. A second wetting of the wood with water stain will not raise the grain. If the wood is very porous, such as oak or Philippine mahogany, it should be filled with paste wood filler thinned with turpentine until of the consistency of cream. Apply it to the | candlestick with a brush. After a little while it will lose its luster and become flat. The lathe then should be run at its slowest speed while | the filler is rubbed into the pores of the wood with a cloth. Wipe clean with a piece of waste, and allow the filler to dry for twenty-four hours. A thin coat of shellac as an undercoat for the finish next should be applied with a brush. On relatively close-grained woods, such as birch or Santo Domingo mahogany, the filler coat may be omitted and the shellac coat applied directly after the stain has dried. The shellac (Continued on page 133) Build this IDEAL Flying Model of th, “‘Spirit of St. Louis” A perfect 3-ft. miniature of the most famous Aj. plane in the world! Anybody can build and fy it. The IDEAL Complete Construction Outt contains everything needed; all parts, fittings ang materials, full plans, diagrams and instructions, The Model is guaranteed to fly when correctly built, COMPLETE CONSTRUCTION OUTFIT (West of Denver, Colo., and in Canada $8.00) $7.50 Ot AL pomenn aS H Ask Your Dealer, or Order Direct Plans fer Model Airplanes mplete, accurate 1,-size Plans, with Foe les New wereedet BORER ‘ollowing: - 3 $ Curtiss; DefiAVILLAND? NG.4 Seaplan NC-4 lane: Bleriot; Taube or Nieuport! aS Seaplang} Peol Model Book Free with each plan. 64-Page Book for Model Builders Contains plane for building Gli Racers: full information about Scale Menara most complete catalog of Parts, Suppl Fittings for all kinds of Money, seat Oesccctccrecrcteres mee Ideal Aeroplane & Supply Co., Ine, 28 West 19th Street, New York City ——. pZIP-ZIP SHOOTER J LET’S GO, BOYS, y — Hunting, fishing or camping, whe ever you go you will need a ZipJip Shooter, elastic and lasting wih plenty of pep and force, scienti Yq and practically made. See your dealer. f be can’t supply you, order from us Zip-lip Shooter 35c or three for $1.00, send stamps, coip or, money order. AUTOMATIC RUBBER co., Dept. 8. B. Columbia, S. C. er A SHIP MODEL FOR $4 ° Build an exact replica of the histor Santa Maria, the Mayflower or thela Pinta with your own hands. We wi furnish the parts complete for oj “A $4.98 plus a few cents for postag ge? No tools needed except a small hamme, Parts for the Constitution (Old In sides) may be had for $6.98. Writeir our illustrated catalog. MINIATURE SHIP MODELS Dept.O-10, 3818-24 Baring St., Phila. Frag ing how to @ it. One is 40 es printed in colors, other 32 ~~ Ast for Books 3 and 4. You will be surprised. Plymouth Rock Squab Company, 616 H Street, Melrose lands, Massachusetts. Established 27 years. ence, any bank or trust company. Breed squabs a TRIAL EVERY WEEK 4 wee $1A YEAR y Baar neie mcr inder and you will like it--the digest from the Nation’s Center. dependable, different--nothing else in, , politics, science, travel| &| struction, entertainment. ~ issues--only 15 Cents, Za or $1 for full year. Send now. Address: ff Pathfinder, Dept. 26 Washington, D.C. —— 6Shot 22 lr yy ‘ 4 ns thieves, tramps, s\: orale ends aeaioe ani giecta caeicaact, ar fe paartarne Si 8 rine pt 0 PERMITor LICENSE REQUIRE cheap wa weakened Cz should be lathe thet down wit rub thro beads. Next. a on evenly place. (within a No. 5/0 pumice s soapsuds gloss is d applied, « Do not us a lacquer A thin luster. T waste or ¢ while the HE ca remov pliers ma; faceplate — left ing the This is sc wax and i Anothe next artic

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October, 1928 Te i sscrve Hardware How INGES, locks and other hardware for use H in the bathroom, laundry, kitchen, and ther rooms where there is considerable con- densation of moisture, should never be of iron or steel unless well protected against rust by int, enamel, or galvanic coating. Plated ware will seldom stand up in such places unless the plate is exceptionally heavy. The best hardware is brass, copper or bronze, but if iron or steel fittings are used, they should be pro- tected by two coats of red lead in oil, followed by the color and material you wish to use in our decorative scheme. oil. This prevents rust on the bearing surfaces and causes the doors to work smoothly and quietly. Do not oil locks because dust and lint will collect and perhaps cause them to stick. If a lock works hard, take it apart and clean it with kerosene, wipe with an oily cloth, and replace. Should this fail to cure the trouble, the lock may be binding in the mortise, or the strike plate may be out of place. Sometimes lock springs become weak and fail to throw the bolt out. I have found a piece of spring from an old alarm clock or a cheap watch to work well as replacements for weakened lock springs.—V. G. WarREN. Candlestick Turning (Continued from page 132) should be allowed to dry for several hours. The lathe then may be started and this coat rubbed down with No. 00 steel wool. Be careful not to on evenly. Do not brush twice over the same place. The lacquer, which dries very quickly (within an hour), may be rubbed down with No. 5/0 waterproof sandpaper or powdered pumice stone sprinkled on a rag dipped in soapsuds or rubbing oil (crude oil). If a higher gloss is desired, two coats of lacquer may be applied, only the second coat being rubbed. Do not use an oil stain or oil in any form under a lacquer finish. A thin coat of liquid wax also adds to the luster. This is applied with a piece of cotton waste or a rag and polished with a flannel cloth while the work is revolving in the lathe. ‘TH candlestick is now finished. The plug is removed from its upper end (a pair of gas pliers may be helpful for this purpose), and the faceplate is unscrewed from the base. The holes left by the screws may be plugged by filling them with wood cement or stick shellac. This is sold in all colors; it looks like sealing wax and is melted in the same way. A piece of thin felt may be glued to the base. Apply the glue to the bottom of the base, not to cloth, press the cloth in place, and set away todry. The edges of the cloth may be trimmed later with a pair of scissors. Another method of turning the base, so as to avoid the screw holes, will be explained in the next article in this series. _This is the seventh of a series of ar- ticles for the home worker who owns a wood-turning lathe. The next article, which is scheduled for early publica- tion, will give designs for a table lamp and a smoking stand. Ir a floor or a piece of furniture has been bruised ox the wood torn away, either fill the ression with putty or some substitute, Plane the surface down until the bruise is re- moved, or apply a pad wet with hot water. water application must be renewed fre- quently, and a hot flatiron used on the pad help in stubborn places. With patience, worst bruise may be raised this way if no wood is missing.—C. A. K. Hinge bolts should be sparingly lubricated | about twice a year with a light nongumming | rub through the stain on sharp edges and Next a coat of clear lacquer may be brushed | POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 133 be) a —, = - = Without Waco eales Red Jacket Band Saw, or the Crafts Courses. | Six Thousand Red Jacket Craftsmen have made a bargain possible for you \ volume, no manufacturer could give the equivalent of * Waco Shop No. 12” at i price—A Red Jacket Master Drill, the Waco Craftsman's Lathe, the electric power tools, t. ca ‘ y mB The Modern Craftsmans Wonder Shop Jig Saw, the thousand craftsmen. Portable—Interch use of tool lovers and men wh handiwork. Itis free. The WACO GUARANTEE If tt is not what you want when you get tt—send tt back is P was + app d and is ; d by W known craftsman and manufacturer, who hae developed his hobby into a co-operative association of five P angeable—Complete HOME WORK SHOP The new 1928 Combination of Electric tools brings you a Red Jacket Band Saw and in addition the power- ful Red Jacket Master Drill Motor with direct drive tothe Waco Craftsman’s wood turning lathe (capacit 9in. ~ 38in.); a benchsaw that hasdepth and side gauges, scroll and jig saw; and all accessories for bot portable and stationary power drilling, buffing, grindingand cleaning. Attaches to any light socket and con- verte your work benchinto a complete privatetooland machine shop. It ie a complete chest full of electrically driven tools designed by a master for the private ~ ereate, repair and appreciate handy tools at home. It Is Easy Write or send coupon at once for valuable information to all interested in beautiful Ittells you how easy it is to operate a Red Jacket set of tools and lists the advantages and privileges that are free to member craftemen. "¢ miss knowi y It_is free. Look out for imitations.There is only one Re Waco—one Wm. L. Aylward, m. L. Aylward, a nationally to Do These Thin allabout Waco. ou are invited. acket—one taught by special correspondence. Only $10.00 down. Jacket. is avail RED JACKET MASTER DRILL The most elaborate and unusual drill mo- tor ever designed as driving power. Special Crafts Course FREE SPECIAL_CRAFTS COURSE and blueprint service is free to Red Jacket Shop owners—all that there is to know about handicraft methods, raw materials, woods, carving, sawing, turning, designing, carpentering, decorating, is Buy on Your Own Terms Liberal discounts for monthly payment plans, It is no hardship to own a Red This Head- stockfure nished where no electricity i ilables cash. Easy =="SEND THE COUPON="' Waco Tool Works, Inc. $216 W. Kinzie st. Chicago Manager, Dept. 10. Please send me all free information and literature on Red Jacket Assemblies. Sport Bodies for Fords at FACTORY PRICES! $38.50 Write for Booklet A-10 Showing This and Other Models. SPORT FACTORIES, Aurora, Illinois Calculator and Book Called KALQLEX. Very good for +-— X +: 6 places. $1.00 back if not satisfied. Surpasses slide rule. Flat for pocket. Works by 4 fingers at a time. Helps a lot. D. Wetherill’s Spec; Audubon, How to OU can make an old home warmer in winter and cooler in summer by laying WEATHERBEST Stained Shingles right over the old sidewalls and over old roof too. You save painting and repair costs and you give the house an up-to-date appearance. The cost in- cluding material and labor is little more than one good painting job with repairs. © This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. an old home and (ave Money Weal STAINED ForRoors applied directly over js and or the owner, Pennsylvania. Sor ita ea oem modeling Many old houses require little or no change of exterior for shingling over eidewalls. A book has prepa: that shows many exam: of such work and tells how to pr: todo the work m: economically. Mailcoupon today EA REST 8ST. INGLE ” Inc , 2447 Island 8t., North Tonawanda, N. Y. Western Plant—St. Paul, Minn. Distributing Warehouses in Leadin Centers. If you are interestedin build- ing a new home, check the coupon for literature. IWGLES Swe-W. EATHERBEST Sra’ W: = } bmn 7, Stan SHINGLE Co., Inc., bf houses ae of thie ype re canity 2447 rhage onawanda, N. Y. modern: a le Enc! stamps or coin) to cover and t. W handling. ‘ gost. erATananasr eee ) Send Free Booklet Making Bid Houses u . rer of 4-colog Pree rouse, send Color Chart with Portfolio lor eldewa ed Shingles f WEATHERBEST Stain- lis and roofs, valuation Tt APRS eee eee eee eee eee eed eee eeeene sees eeeee THOR eee eee One eer eeemee eases eeeeeesseaneesessseege®

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134 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY October, 199 October, | ——___ The Best $192 7 ener Y est $102 Modernistic Lamps cael ou Ever Spent —“y (Continued from page 59) Only $10.00 Down — 16°50 wire fra Your own terms on purchase ny > ufacture ney eT Liberal discount [(TE= io” - _~ hg joes ted ’ Sent on 10-day FREE” Wie 00, 2. 3*§ a—Y f|eoOOoO,:|]'— = quers. TRIAL The t Use our shop for 10 days at our expense; if not satisfied, | a lamp | return express collect. J! } bination FREE BLUE PRINTS , 4 : foo Well designed blue prints on p XS 2 ; hundreds of furniture pieces and — = what yo other wood handicraft, these are Po T free with purchase. : ; wo! SPECIAL CRAFTS f a riveted COURSE ALSO FREE “ 5. to form Masser Onettocean Baoere Mibe. : : - i craftsmé rey, our educational department 3 “ea ower re EY would b slice coer f2 caftememblo (I Ye Sakata |) | Rane Our Literature Gives é Kt by a ble tails. Send to of each UP-TO-DATE MACH. P ane WKS.2915 So.Wabash 4 PLYWOOD Cateage 1. (USE e covered CORNER COUPON) METAL STRIP The's ae :| METAL CORNER | | Lim. wre - . Band Saw THE " FROSTED Gtass|] © aero UP-TO-DATE HOME “ o e lates esigD in Band Sa i iF CRAFTSMAN SHOP]|| ‘\*: en w - . . teod vibrationlees, Plug in on any light socket and go to work. Make THROUGH COLUMN = oa © your old work bench a modern Up-to-Date work- Le is supplied with shop. THE SHOP COMPLETE consists of a EUs The oi one a Super-power Motor, an accurate Lathe (10” x 34”), == = eee a gauge. a 6” circular saw which features the bevel, miter ‘ io i ; side and depth gauges, a Tilting Table, Jig Saw, and - Bosinall all accessories for buffing, grinding, cleaning and all L b—¥ F—aj : | portable or stationary drilling and sawing. = —e . B. AGO . — — Flaite Suchet on tine payment basis - MAKL THIS FOR FULL PARTICULARS TO LAMP-ROT Seach With this pian anyone con own s © $f;te-ate Machine Works, Dept. 20 How the lamp illustrated on page 59 is con- real Band Saw. e 4 structed. The parts are nailed together. GUARANTEE @ Manager, Dept. 20. Without any obligation, please send me all particulars If upon receipt of the Up-to-Date Home ® about your shop, 10-day free trial, free blueprints, free crafts course, also eee a, se ae Cae ae laced together through holes along the edges, L express charges paid. ° Pl (cccctbidehniebnehatedinikbacasekidbadhaen ndaitedahebin It comes in various modernistic patterns | 3° I oon chad do nati asan Cerner teadeiane eae: as and in white, yellow, and green. The cost,|| | unfortunately, is high—from $9 to $10 fora PLAN: @F ° ® large sheet—but a table lamp of this style is ( baleditbiors ti Sbule.t- worthy of a very fine modern shade, and it Se would be a mistake to use a cheap, common AMPERITE, the sabatnaiien fila- oO Ss place commercial shade. Cloth printed in vari- ment control has been time-tested Surprise and puzzle your friends with ous modernistic patterns and, of course, wire LAMI cot pe fy © Tee ine eter and soil; write secre, | Shades of suitable shapes are sold in many large , resistors. A type for every letters with invisible ink; pour blue, department stores and artware shops. Comb tube--battery orA.C. $1.10, REE ae ee 2 a Another suggestion for making an individual ceive with mounting (in U.S.A.) i ae chemical reeasy with Chem- | lamp shade is to buy stiff shellacked buckra at all et mom Blue Book a ee a oe aa amp Ss lade 1s to uy stiff shellacked buckram, | P Demand Senne, giatert’e ba fun you ever had! Get yours now. bend it over a suitable (Continued on page 135) |§ | rag 5 struction data. . without | Write Dept. P.S.10 ONLY 25¢ POSTPAID oak end 50 Franklin St. FREE Magazine fe Tw0-LiGHT FucTune ina forge New York yrs meray PARCHMENT peg like job. eve o who “ae for +f now. oo SHADE order to S ical stunts. Ack for The sh yours right away! glued tog eee) Se cnn ace” other, wh = =—_ Hagerstown, Md. top of it. made of . it is also jet black grosine cr silvered, to almost copies at one time ¢ nd me t? —_ th originalinink he of - _ 2 an AF ttening ble Si eete isertaa cate shade. gene nar isfied, within 16 days. ence in d Gute 2 prefer to ati sod for lahoaragh ox write for Salen pian boakiet. harmoniz ° ° 6919 | Then Wy, A Ring You Will Be Proud to Wear 7 | wry Z Gemsine Fal Ct Diamonds (Ne Chis) SEND NO MONEY $30 | | tell how > No. oraz, So Gold Men's | No. 6019. Ladies 14-Ket. white | a hangi uine Diamonds Kt. ‘White encircled by real seed Besides. Gold T. a4 * ls strung on fo wire. describe or any ytial Oia nish) je mounting is utifully pierced, con ers of other m on yop Ruin if desired Biack cf aon a solid white gold o Id ires, genuine Hope ruby, - are avai py To Also give Initial | Zircon ~y sapphire METAL’ drawing pA on lem desired and finger Fi LA _. to Pay) BUSHING ‘ z “The Mail Order House”’ case, ar $25 Burraco Jewetry Mra. Co. Equally modern, this lamp can be used variety Reg. Trade Mark 501 Washington St. BUFFALO, N. Y. with a ready-made parchment shade. tin guarantees you genuine diamonds. Dept. A (or at your Jeweler’s) Ask for Free Jewelry Catalog — © © This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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Ober, 193 16k- $s con- ether. e edges, patterns ‘he cost, 10 for a style is , and it ommon- 1 in vari- rse, wire ny large dividual uckram, page 135) = ee A October, 1928 Fiiedernistic Lamps (Continued from page 134) | a e, and sew it in place. This is man- very in a golden color and may be dec- orated with designs executed in brushing lac- Whe third lamp is really more of a stand than a lamp and is an example of the modern com- | bination of wood and metal. It can be used for smoking accessories, for holding magazines, or what you please. Two rectangular iron frames are bent and riveted to three legs, one of which is extended toform the lamp standard. To the amateur craftsman accustomed to handling metal, it would be a simple matter to make this metal work; others can have it done at little expense by blacksmith. It is obvious that the ends | of each of the frames which support the two shelves should meet where the joint will be | covered by one of the legs. | The stand is intended to be made of 4 by | -] in. wrought iron, but ;%-in. band iron may be | “HF __READY- MADE | used instead of 14-in., and the bends made & EBONIZED }+-—7!,- wooD ary — 10 ——= == ¥y ‘eo — i ‘o . - 9 ed Peis fe ‘x LAMENT Combination lamp and stand with two shelves for smoking accessories or for books. without heating. The ends of the legs, how- ever, and the lamp standard should be heated in a forge to make a satisfactory and workman- like job. Bolts may be substituted for rivets in order to facilitate the construction. The shelves are made of two pieces of wood glued together. One fits into the frame and the other, which is 14 in. larger each way, rests on top of it. The top piece in each case should be POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 135 J eo a ee 4 = ~« On Land, Sea, or in the Air DURHAMS are S Uu PD reme _——_ the per- fect operation of radio apparatus is of paramount com- mercial and governmental importance—in radio trans- mitting or receiving apparatus—in power amplification units—in the sensitive resistance-coupled amplifiers of the photo-electric cell circuit in Television apparatus— there you will find that experienced radio engineers use and endorse DURHAM Resistors, Powerohms and Grid Suppressors! Why? Because years of experiment have proved the indisputable value of the DURHAM Metallized principle. Because these resistances are calibrated accu- rately according to their stated ratings. Because they are available for every practical resistance purpose from 250 ohms to 100 Megohms and in power ratings. We will be glad to send you descriptive literature explaining the entire Durham line. TYPES OF DURHAM RESISTANCES made of ebonized wood or imitation ebony, as it is also called. If this cannot be obtained, a jet black stain can be made by dissolving ni- grosine crystals in hot water. If the ironwork is — the black wood forms a striking con- | An etched shade, which can be bought ready- made, may be used, or any appropriate type of shade. Those who have had sufficient experi- ence in decorative metal work, however, will prefer to develop a shade in wrought iron to harmonize with the framework. The next article in this series on mod- ernistic furniture and accessories will tell how to make skyscraper book ends, a hanging bookshelf, and a low stand. Besides the blueprint showing the lamps described in this month’s article, two other modernistic furniture blueprints are available—No. 88, which contains wings for a book and magazine stand and also for a skyscraper book- case, and No. 91, which gives a large variety of designs for folding screens. Durham Resistors—500 Ohms to 10 Megohms; standard brass end tip, mould or pigtail type. Durham Grid Suppressors—250 Ohms to 3000 Ohms in steps of 100; standard brass end tip. Durham Powerohm—1 Watt; 250 to 1,000,000 Ohms; standard brass end tip or pigtail type. | Durham Powerohm—2\%, Watts; 500 to 250,000 Ohms; standard brass end tip type. Durham Powerohm—2\%, Watts; 500 to 250,000 Ohms; knife-end type. Durham Powerohm—2\%, Watts; 500 to 250,000 Ohms; soldered end tapped type. Durham Powerohm—2\%, Watts; 500 to 250,000 Ohms; screw-end type. = 2 eo _” id METALLIZED be wo = Durham Powerohm—5 Watts; 250 to 250,000 Ohms; soldered end tapped or screw-end type. Durham Powerohm—10 Watts; 250 to 250,000 Ohms; soldered end tapped and screw-end type. Durham Powerohm—25 Watts; 250 to 250,000 Ohms; soldered and tapped. Durham Powerohm—50 Watts; 250 to 250,000 Ohms; soldered and tapped. Durham Mounting supplied in various lengths to carry any required number of Powerohms where quick change of resistance is necessary. RESISTOR S & POWEROHMS INTERNATIONAL RESISTANCE CO., 2006 Chestnut Street; Philadelphia, Pa. ATTN © This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. oo Sen Ss eS ree

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Your radio receiver needs a high grade aerial system if you want consistently good reception. The Beldenamel Aerial Kit contains all the | parts of a fine antenna sys- tem—each part matched for perfect results. Replace your old aerial with a Beldenamel Aerial Kit. Your antenna system will then be perma- nent—it cannot corrode! See your dealer, now. Indoor Aerial Kits, Colorubber Hookup Wire, Aerial Accessories, Battery Cords, Extension Cords and a dozen other items are in- cluded in the Belden Line. Ask your dealer to show you the newBeldenLoudspeaker Extension Cord that is flat and lies under the rug. No unsightly wiring around the room. Does not wear the rug. Belden Manufacturing Co. 2304-A S. Western Ave. Chicago © This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY How to Fit a Support for a Desk Lid i A lid support is fitted by the trial and error method, it is quite certain that the lid r where plate A is attached, or the desk at screw B, or both, will be marred during the process. This particular type of lid support, nevertheless, can be more easily fitted than some other styles and it may be used at either the right or the left end of the lid. To apply it, first make a full size drawing showing the line of the lid C and the angle of the desk front. Draw line E about 34 in. from the edge of the desk, or the distance which will allow the plate A to clear the roundhead screw B when the lid is closed. Indicate the EE Amateurs often find it difficult to attach sup- ports; this diagram shows the correct method. distance F and locate the center of the desk hinge pin at G. Measure the distance from the center of pivot K and the end of the slot of brace N and mark it on the edge of a piece of paper. With the point K on line F, and point M, represent- ing the other end of the slot, on line E, move the paper until K and M are equal distances from the center of the hinge G, or on an arc of the radius shown. Points B and K are then transferred to the desk and the lid. Fasten A on the lid or cut the plate in, as preferred, and drive screw B so the brace N will work freely. If the work has been accurately done, the end of brace N at P will just clear the desk shelf. If point K is moved 7s in. toward G and point B moved 7 in. away from G on their respective center lines, the end P of the brace will swing well above the shelf.—C. K. How to Patch Old Furniture (Continued from page 96) egar that has not been absorbed by the wood. Although this treatment will not actually remove the old glue, it will insure the adhesion of new glue. Thoroughly dry (by heat) the blister and adjacent wood and make all preparations for clamping. Again lift the edge of the veneer, introduce enough glue to cover well but not too heavily the core side of the joint, and spread the glue with a thin, flat tool such as a long-bladed putty knife, spatula, steel kitchen knife, or an old corset rib, which is best of all. Replace the lifted edge of veneer, cover with several layers of paper, and set the clamps with uniform pressure. When the clamps are re- moved and the paper scraped off, there will be no blister; and if the incision followed the grain exactly, it will be invisible. When patching small defects in veneer, the templet method should be used, as explained in a previous article (July issue, page 96), but both the “grave’”’ and the patch should be marked out with a sharp-pointed knife and worked exactly to the line. Cut the patch with shears as if cutting paper. The clamps illus- trated in the July and August articles are excellent for use in veneer work. This is the fifth in a series of articles by an expert of many years’ experience in the repair of antique furniture. The next article will appear in an early issue. Zi JEWEL~Extra Thi:: STUDEBAKE cases in white aoide me effects. 8 ri offer will be sent t ho Get this free chain offer todas eee bee STUDEB UDE AKER WATCH COMPANY three-quarters of a century of fair dealing it. Wi South = = Address: oe on Complete! H & A Unit Plan Craftshop Now you can buy a complete, practical, home work shop on the unit plan—get just the items you want or can afford now, and add othen as you need them. Consists of the famous H & A Wood lathe, pe Tilting Table, 5 Saw, Scroll Saw, and complete assortment of a the whole ouifit, “I-3 HP. motor if desived, JUST PLUG INN ‘ole outfit. 1- . P. motor if_ desired. THE NEAREST LIGHT SOCKET. Write for complete and prices. Al] items priced separately so you can make up yor own assortment. Fairfield, low HESTON & ANDERSON SPEEDSTER AIRPLANE A fast flyer that rises from th ground under its own power sails beautifully thru the ai, Comes to you led. Glueing oO Nailing Excuse for not flying Simply fasten wings, wind pr peller and watch it go. Postpaid ip 25c. U.S. only 25¢ New large mode! just completed ready for ship ment. A real flyer that outperforms planes of may times its cost. Fully assembled, 50c postpaid. SPEEDO MANUFACTURING CO. 253 Albany Ave. Brooklyn, N. ¥. 810 Western Ave. ay per - order. MINS, 621 J 12 Gpens out over 3% ft. 5 sections. Brassrings. Powerful lenses give Only ~ 8-time magnification. Brings distant ob- jects close to eyes. Ideal for sports, camping, Loads of fun. Carrying case FREE Advice for POPULAR SCIENCE readeft regarding safe and profitable invest ments. See Page 4.

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rises from the wn power thru the ai, ssembled. wr not flying gs, wind pre 0. Postpaid ready for ship planes of many > postpaid. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY CHROME, a preservative, guards power when your Burgess “Super B” Batteries are not in use. Thus extra life and service are added. The valuable properties of Chrome in lengthening bat- tery life were long known to scientists, but it remained for Burgess engineers to discover the secret of utilizing Chrome in battery construction. The year’s noteworthy achieve- ment in radio enjoyment and economy is the Burgess “Super B” Batteries ‘Super B’’ No. 22308 | is a medium size heavy-duty 45-volt battery designed for general, all around use. ‘Super B’’ No. 21308 is the largest size Burgess heavy-duty 45-volt battery—made especially for heavy-current consuming sets. SWOPE POE WP DE WOT DE WOT DE WOT DE WHT DEWOT OG WNE D These two “Super B” Batteries an- Swer practically all radio set requirements. BURGESS BATTERY COMPANY General Sales Offices: CHICAGO In Canada: Niagara Falls & Winnipeg oo “SUPER B” Fly ‘Your Models Farther | _ . (Continued from page 82) { a very soft and almost grainless white . pine should be used. The planing mill | can saw the blanks for you on a band | saw and also saw the taper on toothpick , propellers. Always make a paper pattern { of the blade outline before marking the | wood so that your blank will be accurate. | It is well to-have on hand a few 10- and 12-in. toothpick blanks and 8-, 10-, and | 12-in. club blanks. | Always drill the center hole before beginning the actual carving. Accurately aes *. =s* BEND WITH McLAMP TIGHT- COMPLETE FINAL BENDS WITH ROUND JAWS ity AND FORCE TOGETHER FLAT JAWS WITH FLAT ied JAWS STEPS IN MAKING PROPELLER HANGER \ BEND WITH FLAT JAWS ae aid “——— . — ; BEND WITH ROUND JAWS ~ SHOWING ONE HALF COMPLETE. | BENDS MADE | STEPS IN MAKING WING CLIPS a f WING SADDLE Fig. 2. Steps in making piano wire fittings— propeller hanger, wing clip, and wing saddle. locate a dot on each side of the blank where the hole is to be. Force a brad straight into the hub about two thirds through; then turn the blank over and do the same on the other side. With very little practice the beginner can make holes accurately through hubs by this method. It is a good plan to blacken the edges of the blanks that are not to be cut away. This helps to keep from running over the edges and ruining the blades. A line that is of great assistance in obtaining the proper cross section for the propeller blades may be drawn as follows: Lay a straightedge on the side of the blank that is to be convex from the cen- ter hole to a point at the tip of the blank which is one quarter the blank width from the entering edge, as-made clear. in Fig. 1. In carving cut up to this line; then, as a last finishing operation, trim away the ridge left there so as to round off the blade nicely. Remember not to overdo the cupping on the concave side; a very slight cup is all that is necessary. Balance the propeller carefully. This is important, as an exact balance will pre- vent vibration, which otherwise would impair the propeller’s efficiency. In a later article hints will be given on cutting true pitch propellers. These are harder to carve but are very light and efficient. For very light models balsa wood can | be substituted for white pine. Balsa wood veneer—thin sheets about 1/20 in. thick—is frequently used for wing ribs, as in the (Continued on page 138) 137 Eelipsed © Gree ee dio Now Each year new announcements from the Victoreen Laboratory are hailed as progressive and frequently scanninen steps in the development of quality radio reception. ow, after long and particularly exacting tests, a new Victoreen Super Transformer is announced which, we believe, is literally years ahead of its time in its many exclusive and vital improvements. Super Construction Marvelously Simplified and Improved. Set Builders and Fans—you can now assemble a Super Receiver, using the new 1929 Victoreen hookup and transformers, which is an outstanding achievement in Radio En- gineering—a receiver uniquely alone in quality ee pangs A better receiver cannot uilt or bought. Blue Print FREE—together with complete assembly instructions. Write for it today. Another New Development Victoreen “B” Power Supply Supplies 45, 90, 180 and 450 volts, using a UX 210 or 250 in the last stage. Contains two voltage regulator tubes so that the 90 and 180 volt taps are supplied with a constant volt potential. It is the last word in “B” supply. For the most satisfactory results you must have it. Free Blue Print, with list of parts and complete assembly instructions, will be sent upon request. The Geo. W. Walker Company Merchandisers of Victoreen Radio Parts 2825 Chester Ave., Cleveland, Ohio. Victotreen Quality Radio Parts © This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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Greatest Indorsement is Public Approval O,. sheer merit ‘ Cunningham Radio Tubes have won their way into the hearts of radio receivers in American homes from Bellingham to the Florida Keys and from Bangor to San Diego. Such confidence and nation- al indorsement is built on their superior tone quality and excel lency of performance. Look for the name CUNNINGHAM on the Orange and Blue carton E. T. CUNNINGHAM, Inc. New York Chicago San Francisco Manufactured and sold under rights, patents and inventions owned and/or controlled by Radio Corporation of America

POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY

Models That Fly Farther (Continued from page 187) Bremen model and for the pontoons of sea- planes (Blueprint No. 87). Even the propeller can be carved from balsa at a saving in weight, although the wood is very soft and easily damaged. The hub of a balsa propeller must be a little wider when viewed from the front than a corresponding white pine propeller. A balsa motor stick must be somewhat larger, and-the spars for an average 3-ft. model should be about ; in. thicker and ; in. deeper when made of balsa. A balsa model is more difficult to construct, but it flies on less rubber and is at once more delicate and more efficient. In making the various piano wire fittings you will find a pair of pointed nose pliers with flat jaws and a pair with rounded jaws are helpful. By following the suggestions given in Fig. 2 you can form any desired type of wire fittings. In assembling models do not overdo the thread binding. Very few wraps, if properly secured with a touch of an ambroid type ce- ment, are sufficient. [{XTREME care should be exercised to align the wings and make sure they are square across the fuselage and have the same angle of incidence on each side. In single motored models give the left side of the wing a slightly greater angle of incidence by warping upward the leading edge before the glue sets, and let the frame dry this way. In tractors the same effect can be obtained by warping the rudder slightly to the right side. These expedients are to overcome the torque of a single right- hand propeller. The use of a winder will help you obtain the maximum flying results from your models. By stretching the rubber to twice its normal length before you begin to wind, you can get from two to two and a half times as many turns without breaking the rubber as you can by any hand winding method. The writers are sometimes asked why they recommend flying a plane with the wind when so frequently instructions are given to launch models against the wind. It has been their experience that down-wind launching, if properly done, is the better. A model always should be balanced in calm air before attempting flights on windy days, but once a model is balanced, launch it at its flying speed plus the speed of the wind. The writers have flown models on days when it was so windy that one had to hold the wings to steady them and keep them from being torn away, while the other launched the ship, both releasing it at once. In an ordinary breeze a model can be launched up-wind and will climb rapidly, wheel over and sail away at a good altitude, but as a steady “diet,’’ here is the rule: launch down-wind at the model’s flying speed plus the speed of the wind. A properly made and balanced model will start with a rush and climb powerfully. For drawings illustrating the making of a “*toothpick”’ propeller, see the ar- ticle “Giant Model Airplane’’ in last month’s issue (September, page 110). Removing Floor Finishes O REMOVE old floor finish, apply ready- made paint remover with as little brush- ing as possible. When the finish has softened, remove it with a wide bladed scraper and, where necessary, a wire scrubbing brush. Corners which the brush cannot reach must be cleaned with the scraper. Benzine or gasolene will remove all the finish left. After being sandpapered, the floor will be ready for any finish excepting brushing lacquer, which can be safely applied to new floors only.

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Sewer Se eg A ni Drawer ‘Drawer Runs fo Guides 12% in. Ends an If you ¢ you know it is not 0 once; inf ably pays | frame. | the pieces discoverin some boa by u In the | and the a

Check adjacent and reas necessar; to clean it is bet avoid fu Mark selected the sam Cut t height short pe case the will be c ing abo lower re It wil very ne to mak duce th True both ec

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@ This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8- face an availab ing, as them e groove plane i receive made. in. is a larly pi y to cal count « Fig. 4 closer Use 4% of Fig.

Page 143

Detober, in 1928 | POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 139 [Pi Gmall Bench (Continued from page 58) ends K, 6 pes. 1 by 6 by 18 in. Drawer bottoms L, 3 pes. 94 by 18 by 36 in. Chosen By Experts!

‘Drawer 6 by 18 by 36 i ee sfor drawers M, 8 pes. 1 by 21% by 16 in. pades for drawers N, 6 pes. 1 by 1 by en : y O NATR O L 978 fs and back P, 18 pes. ceiling, 20 in. long. | : et Trade-Mark a visualize the work so clearly that ° : Foe jest what each piece of lumber is for, | 3 i A Comp lete Line tis not necessary to cut ~ all the pieces 1‘ | -s \ Y of Volume Controls nce; in fact, a workman of experience pro ‘ ae Setnsiatis Sitesien iia ably pays little attention to these suggestions PTONATROL | Under U.S. Patent Nos. 1593638, 1034103, 1034104 | and will prepare only the material for the a at ‘ | frame. However, it pays a beginner to lay out - Smooth, positive control of volume in all | the pieces a pt a Di Bos. 05888108405, cireuits. Standard types or with filament discovering during em or battery switch attached, $1.50 to $3.00. some boards have been ruined for their pur- se hy unwise cutting. ole : a the method of procedure, too, the expert : onsen do not follow the same steps. 3 T R U V O LT | errersts All-Wire Resistances Reg. U.S. Patent Off. Pats. Pending The finest type Voltage Control. Absolute accuracy. Variable types eliminate calcula- tion in constructing a power pack. 22 stock types, $3.50 each. Fixed types adjustabie to

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Fig. 5. The dimensions of the bench are especially suitable for the home workshop.

The method I would use in making the bench from this point is as follows: Check up on the legs for squareness. If two adjacent sides can be found that are straight and reasonably square to each other, it is not necessary to do any planing, except possibly to clean the surfaces. If they are not square, it is better to plane them down in order to avoid future trouble. Mark the two face sides of each leg thus selected and plane the other sides until all are the same size, working from the face corner. | Cut the legs to 3114 in. in length, if the | height of 33 in. has been accepted. A rather short person may like $2 in. better, and in that With each Handi-Sh comes a complete set of case the legs will be 30144 in. The job then ,; working drawings. Below will be carried out exactly as shown in the draw- Home Workshop on 10 Days’ TRIAL pro peyrel one Pe ing above, except that the distance below the Mail the coupon below—learn how you can have this big complete Delta Handi- | Siaiyr™*** Wehly and lower rail will be 84 in. Shop for 10 Days’ Trial right in your own home. Test it to your heart’s content! It will probably be found that the legs are Note its many exclusive features. See how this sturdy man-size machinery stands

: | <i : :

3) : —. : up under actual working conditions. Note how convenient is the two-shaft motor very nearly 234 in. square. If not, it is easier that enables you to handle two or three jobs at one time without dismantling set-up. See what wonders in craftsmanship, woodturning, carpentry are possible with this efficientiy designed outfit. Make the things you've always wanted to make. Save money on repair work. Earn money in your spare time. Not Toys—But Practical Machines With the Delta Handi-Shop you can do anything from building full-sized furniture, turning table legs, to carving delicate little wood decorations. You will find the Handi- Shop a real worker's shop, COMPLETE, FULL-SIZED, including all necessary equip- ment for woodturning, face turning, circular sawing, scroll-saw work, sanding, drill ng, dado and joining work, grinding, buffing a and carving. And you'll be surprised at the low cost. The Handi-Shop gives you the utmost in actual machine value per dollar! Many Exclusive Delta Features A few of them are: 1. Powerful, constant-speed, two-shaft motor designed to handle two or three operations at same time. 2. Heavy U-shaped lathe bed guaranteed not to spring or chatter. 3. Improved circular saw with exclusive tilting table features and extension guides. 4. Improved sanding disc with special tilting table (can be operated without detaching saw). 5. Improved scroll saw with special tilting table. 6. Auto- matically-oiled bronze rings. 7. Highest grade — and materials through- out. 8. Completely assembled on heavy veneered wood a « to make allowances in the plans than to re- duce the legs to the exact size indicated. True up the 2 by 8 in. rails on one side and both edges, if necessary, and mark the true face and one edge. Next, if a plow plane is available, run grooves. the thickness of the ceil- ing, as shown m Fig. 2, on one edge of all of them except the lower front rail. Place the Stoove as in detail No. 1 of Fig. 7. If no plow plane is’ at hand, strips can be nailed on to receive the ceiling after the joints have been made. Cut the rails to such a length that 134 in. is allowed for a tenon on each end. Simi- larly prepare the three light rails for the front. Lay out the mortises on the legs. Take care

seit § | to calculate the reduction required on ac- Delta Specialty Co y Company Dept. MSP 1028 er count of the depth of the oneal as shown in EASY PAYMENTS 1661-67 Holton St., Milwaukee, Wis. ne 1g. 4. The upper mortise must not come _ ge ihe gn ng jimmie describing Delts Handi thom Aloe fon date of to bes tings such — than 4 in. from the top of the leg. description of Delta Handi-shop and pictures of its many | oe terme veitnwn 1 i j 4 t -Day Tri er st a of — aanetinen, placed oo detail No. 2 and your choice of 5 convenient methods of payment. Pe 1 neola, NI. wha (Continued on page 140) Delta Specialty Company Dept. MSP 1028 | pa’ | ; 1661-1667 Holton St., Milwaukee, Wis. j

© This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

Page 144

POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY

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and K Balkite for Model J Balkite Charger Trickle Chargers

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Ask about the other Increased efficiency, too. With the Elkon Replacement VA Elkon Re- Units, the charging rate of Model K is increased from J placement Rec- 4/10 ofanampere to 8 /10;The Model N isincreased 4° tifiers, too — from 8 10 to 1 ampere; and all of the charging ae rates of the Model J are increased 20%! oe” M-16 for“A” Elimi- Solid, dry, self-healing not effected by nators and 3 Ampere line surges, noiseless —=truly the A fod P Chargers. trouble-free rectifier. y x Ro ° ELKON, Ine. a ae A V-4 for Trickle Chargers 3 & & —and the new EB H for Re- PORT CHESTER, N. Y¥. ee a placing BH tubes in “B” Elimi- Division of oe RS xs OS nators. P.R. Mallory & Co, + gf re ° sf ra Incorporated /y f

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—*‘The Popular Mechanic’’and details of l aes ] | it to close the joint. A more substantial job | | would result from making the top piece DMC tendered beadeenege ] eaten mn A Small Bench (Continued from page 189)

Fig. 6. Dovetailing the upper front rajl’ into the legs prevents them from spreading, Bore out the mortises with a 14-in. auger bit, making holes as close together as possible | and the entire length of the mortise. Then | clean out the hole along the sides with a wide | chisel, and at the ends with one 14 in. wide, | In boring, care must be taken not to cut| through the leg. A bit gage is a convenient tool to use for regulating depth. One can he | made by boring a hole through a piece of wood of the right length and sliding it onto the bit, Lay out and cut open mortises in each leg to | receive the drawer rails and runs as in detail No. 3 of Fig. 7. Lay out the tenons to fit the mortises, using knife, square, and marking gage. Then cut ex- | actly to the lines with a rip saw for end grain | cutting and a crosscut saw for side grain cut- | ting. Some workers prefer to cut a distance | from the line with the saw and then chisel to | the line. Now assemble the ends and back without using glue, and nail in pieces 44 by in, or quarter-round molding, on the legs as shown in Fig. 3, to receive the ceiling. These’ strips can be left off until the entire job is assembled. Cut the pieces of ceiling to length, allowing not less than \% in. for clearance. Also trim the last piece to correct width so that no delay will occur in the final gluing. THE upper rail on the front is fitted witha dovetail joint as shown in Fig. 6. This is easy to make and adds strength to the bench. Cut tenons on the ends of the drawer rails to fit the mortises in the legs as shown in detail No. 3 of Fig. 7. Assemble the ends first, using glue on the tenons but not on the paneling. A good grade of liquid glue is satisfactory. Pull the joints together with bar clamps, if available, and be sure to test the frame for squareness. It is better to let the ends dry before a+ sembling the whole frame, but if the joints are tight, or if clamps can be kept on the ends, there is no need to wait. Put the two back rails in place, insert the paneling as before; then put the front rails in and set the end in place. Again, if clamps can be used, the joints can be drawn up tighter. Put the top rail on in front after the frame has bee put together? Now make the top as shown in Fig. 5. The end pieces are glued and screwed on with 84% in. screws. The bottom of the tool trough 1s fitted into the frame and fastened with screws (or nails) on one edge and the ends, and 4 piece of quarter-round molding is laid a

(Continued on page 141) ao narrow strips and

FIG. 2 Fig. 7. section top is should b loose, so it in plac Fit the a hole for scribe ari The di have a b of the dr for more making ‘ place for serve as | for plani “In mal toms, as problem. possible to make nate the woodwot dusting place partitio. for the 1 A coa lacquer vent glu I wel bench, « It not « but con of my 1 you hay

Page 145

- October, 1928 z A Small Bench (Continued from page 140) “ni Its through from edge to edge, —— nae ae shown here is much easier er makes a strong bench top. Attach the yise before the top- is fastened. Fit and nail the 2/4-in. drawer runs in place against the end and back ceiling; nail through the ceiling as indicated in detail No. 3 of Fig. 7. Fasten the 1-in. guides between the legs and nail through them into the runs. Attach the top by driving 24 in. No. 12 ' letail No. 4 of Fig. 7. In front, ws as in ¢ . a atews up through the upper rail. There . 437 aye = o4——.} a — Tf 7 sie RUN 4 Hie r ; re] P 90 2/4 =e ms ok see AB FACE “ye — a —-29 £ ™ SIDE 8° RAILS FIG. 3 FiG.1 \ PLUG HOLES AFTER | SCREWS ARE DRIVEN Fig. 7. Leg and rail joints, horizontal cross section t1rough one end of the bench, how the top is fastened, and details of the drawers. should be no tendency for this top to pull loose, so all that needs to be done is to hold it in place. Fit the bench stop. In doing this, first bore a hole for the main part, insert the bench stop, scribe around it, and chisel to the lines. The drawers are easy to make, for now yeu have a bench to work on. Indeed, the making of the drawers can be postponed, if necessary, for more urgent work, but I strongly advise making them now in order to have a storage place for tools and materials. They will also serve as supports for wide material that is held for planing as in Fig. 1. ‘In making drawers, the grooving for the bot- toms, as in detail No. 5 of Fig. 7, is the only problem. If no plane is at hand, it is quite possible to nail on strips all around, as at A! to make a seat for the bottom, and thus elimi- nate the groove. Or, if there is a commercial woodworking establishment in the neighbor- hood, you can get the work done there. The joints at the front corners are usually the half butt or rabbeted type as at B, while those at the back can be plain butt joints as at (. The back pieces usually are not grooved, but are cut off in width so that the bottom slides under as at D. The bottom is then nailed to the edge of the back. Since plywood does not shrink, many workers now make grooves all around and simply insert the bot- tom before the drawer is nailed up. Fasten the bench to the floor with angle braces and put in some hooks on the ends to take care of the bench hook, cutting boards, dusting brush, and other articles that cannot be placed conveniently in the drawers. Also partition the drawers and make definite places for the tools that are to be kept there. A coat or two of varnish or clear brushing lacquer will help keep the bench clean and pre- vent glue, stains, and dirt from discoloring it. I well recall when I made my first work- bench, exactly like the one I have described. It not only gave me a great deal of pleasure, but contributed surprisingly to the efficiency of my work. You will find this is true when you have built your bench. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 141 £ qty al School with Modern Equipment Our Instructors and Airplanes All Licensed by U.S. Government __ There is money for you in Aviation, if—you get thorough training NOW! Our courses oil dive you this training—they are taught under the direction of U. S. Licensed Transport Pilots and Mechanics and cover everything about planes, motors, their maintenance and construction. Every- thing a pilot or mechanic must know to secure a good paying position. Our equipment is new and of modern design, subject to daily U. S. Gov’t. Inspection. TRAINED MEN ARE NEEDED The training which the Von Hoffmann student receives is the exact training which he must have to qualify for im- mediate positions on the ground or in the air. Our courses have been laid out with a single object in view—to give thorough training in all branches of aviation—training that will not only enable the student to secure a good pay- ing position upon completion of his course but also to keep pace with the constant advancement in aviation and eventually take his place among the leaders of this great industry. Commercial aviation needs men and there is an ever-increasing demand ONLY for those who have been properly trained—Von Hoffmann gives you this training. e Thorough Instruction at Low Cost We teach you by actual flying and practical instruction; no long course needed. We guarantee sufficient hours in the air to make each student master of his ship; pilot Ny it safely and efficiently by himself. No student bond required. Our ground courses WM, give thorough instruction in ground workand qualify you for a position as motora WR plane mechanic, rigger, electrician, welder or any other ground position, or h. you can take the course combining ground instruction and flying which qualify you for an industrial, limited commercial or transport pilot. The cost \ is low considering daily flying and thoroughness of theoretical and ground SS instruction on latest modern type planes, Wright Whirlwind and .* ther standard motors. Our big new book “Aviation and You’’ tells all the facts. ) Von Hoffmann Aircraft School, 810 Lambert-Saint Louis Flying Field (Lindbergh’s Own Field), Anglum, Missouri. Send me your big, new book “AVIATION AND YOU” | giving all the facts about your ground and flying courses. I assume no obligation. CHECK (I am interested in GROUND COURSES | HERE (I am interested in FLYING COURSES l “ ~ port Now! 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Page 146

142

POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY

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DIE Casting Machines. Industrial, Miniature. Byrd. 318 Reed, Erie, Pa. For I-ventors

UNPATENTED Ideas Can be Sold. I tell y and help wa Ras the sale. Free Dartteulars ( Com righted). Write W. T. Greene, 805 Baltic Building, Washington, D. Cc. INVENTIONS _Commercialized. Patented or u- tented. Write Adam Fisher Mfg. Co., 183 Enright Bt.

GO IN business, start home, spare time. women earn $35 to $100 weekly operating a “New Sys- tem Specialty Guay Factory.’’ Unlimited opportunity. Complete inctrestion and tools furnished. Only a few dollars required to begin. Write for free book—tells Men and

how, W. Hillyer Ragsdale, Drawer 19, East Orange, AMAZING new products. 200% to 500% profit. Make them yousectt, Send for free literature. held, Chemist, Box D-1199, New Haven, Conn. oo Reece. $300.00 total investment. 2,000 year income. Nat tionally

luis, Mo. INVENTORS’ Universal Educator—contains 90) mechanical movements; 50 perpetual motions. Tells how_to obtain and sell patents. Suggests new Explains how to select your attorney = avoid sharks. Special Price, $1.00 poston. 2 Albert E. ich, 681 Ouray Bldg., Washington, D WEA ar i ave se: pavers may invention. of na w. re Woodward, Fernasie, Mich. INVENTORS—We sell inventions. Royalties, out- ws | sales. Inventors’ Sales Bureau, Box 544, Seattle, as.

known manufacturer ey 3 A... offer. ane necessary—simple, easy. nings at once. Give and experience. Write Florkrate 3833 Cortland St. Dept... -10, Chicago, Ill. IMPORTANT to advertisers! Are you deriving profit from your advertising? Write today for a copy of the

Formulas SUCCEED With Your Own Products.

Make them

“Quick-Action Adverts Rate Folder’ showing “How | yourself. Formulas, Processes, Trade-Secrets. Ail lines. THE Famous Hossfeld “Wrenchless” Universal | You Can Use Po jence Monthly Profitably.” | Catalog, circulars free. C. Thaxly Co., Washington, Iron Bender is the last word in bending machines. Bends Address your inquiry to: Manager, Classified .Advertis- D.C. ‘ mets etal cold or hot into most any conceivable sh meee. & ~ ing, Po; Science Monthly, 250 Fourth Ave., New GUARANTEED Formulas: “Exclusive But Not py my | Eye Bolts and agg Spring Eyes. Bend York. Expensive” For Making Largest Selling Specialties. All } fp ot bars or 1% pipe Thousands in use. by SIGNS and Showcards easily painted with Letter | lines. Play Safe, get my Valuable, “Ey: EN ~~) of trade, ron Se ‘gmalleat shops, to. to the | patterns. Large variety of Styles and Sizes. Send ane ot ‘betare buying. — Catalogue a rgest railway systems r prices. ‘ormulas, er, Manufacturer's Chemist, Tampa, Hossfeld Mfg. Co., Winona, Minn. ame 1 Free ples. John Rahn, B2120 Neva Ave., Florida. Blue Prints Cartoonists For the Home TO THE man who has a Home Workshop and likes to work with tools, Popular Science Monthly offers the CARTOONISTS. Sell your drawings. Proven method. GRANDFATHER clock works, $5.00. Build own. opportunity to purchase blue prints giving details of the Castle Studios, Independence, Missouri. case, instructions free; make good profits sell your construction of useful articles Nor the home. The follow- ing are a few of the blue prints available: No. 15, Work- shop Bench, No. 17, Cedar and Mahogany Chest, No. 41 One-tube Radio Set, No. 42, Radio Receiver with three stages of amplification No. 43, Four-tube Radio Re- ceiver, 44 and 45, Model Pirate Ship, 46 and 47, Spanish 48, Coded Sailing Yacht 50, ‘Airplane mie fel 51, 52 and 53, Clipper Ship, $4 and 56, Five-tube Radio set. Send 25c for each blue print you wish to ge A | Monthly, 242 Fourth Avenue, New or

Chalk Talks

friends. Clock works with — for old or new cases, Clock Co., orton ae _Pean, : our own automatic water beater, rite: John Kirkeby, San Luis Obispo, on

Write for full particulars. MAKE Electric.

LAUGH producing program, $1.00. Catalog free. Cartoonist Balda, Oshkosh, Wisconsin.

Gold Fish

Chemicals

GOLD Fish, imported Japanese fish. Art aquariums, aquatic plants, interesting circular Pioneer Gold Fish Hatchery, Racine, Wisconsin.

Boats and Launches BUILD your own boat. Outboard motor speedster,

runabout, cruiser, row or sail using our knock-down materials. 55 Models. Send 25c for catalog. Brooks Boat Co., Inc., Salt Street, Saginaw W.S., Mich.

Books and Periodicals WHAT the Radio Buyer should know—a 24-page booklet with full information on selecting and operating. Price 25 cents. Popular Science Institute, 246 Fourth Ave., New York. BOOKS, Magazines, Art Publications in French, Engish, Spanish. Photo novelties, samples, etc., lists, 20 cents stamps. Villaverde Co., Dept. 205, Box 670, Havana, Cuba. 4TH EDITION just off press. ‘“‘Radio Theory and Operating,’ by Mary a. Loomis. The standard radio text and reference merica. Nearly 900 es, over 700 illustrations, exible binding. Price, postage paid. For sale by hundreds of book- dealerg throughout America and many foreign coun- tries. Or may be purchased direct from the publishers. Send check or money order to Loomis Publishing Company, Dept. 22, Washington, D, C,

CATALOG listing 2500 illustrations chemists’ sup- lies, 5000 chemicals, 1000 scientific books sent for 50c. boratory Materials Company, 641 East 7list St., Chicago. IMPORTANT to advertisers! Are you deriving profit from your advertising? Write today for a copy of the “Quick-Action Advertising Rate Folder’ showing “How You Can Use a Science Monthly Profitably.”” Address your inquiry to: Manager, Classified Advertis- ve. Fepuiar Science Monthly, 250 Fourth Ave., New ork. BOOKLET of experiments and chemical catalogue, 10c. George Ott, 1218 Chestnut, Reading, Penna. Dogs, Birds, Fish BEAUTIFUL seqgeteced bull pups, $15. Bulldogs, 501 Rockwood, DaHas, T

Education and Instruction

DON’T prepare for any Civil “~ examination without seeing our free catalogue. ‘olumbian Corre- spondence College, Washington D. C.

Help Wanted : 7 WANTED—tLive foreman or mechanic or clerk if every factory in the United States to act as su . tion Tepreseutative for the most popular magazine a the world. dress Manager of Representatives,” Popular Science Monthly, 250 Fourth Ave., New York. BIG pay: South American Work. American a firms fare, expenses. South American Service Bureat, Pa Alma, Detroit, Mich. EXTRA “money and a chance to establish your ur own independence can be m with well chosen spare-time occupation. We help you find it. Write Av-sational Service, 7417 Latona Ave., Seattle, Wash.

Help Wanted Instruction MEN, enter U. S. Mail service: $142-$225 month; steady; paid vacations, experience unnecessary. For de — write Norton Inst., 1521 Temple Court, Denver, Solo. SILVERING mirrors, French plate. Process, easily learned. Immense profits. Wear, Excelsior Springs, Mo.

Patented Plans free.

aying today: Now, ata $6 per m Drafting } ay. An ade service. This a CHAN ialize ahead mo TI Chartered stitution colleges, offer con tion, “bu:

Page 147

MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION 143 1G 4 Employment FINDING you the better-paid position, help- ing you GET it, or money re- funded... .. g October, 1928 Training PREPARING you to fill a fine Drafting job at a substantial raise in pay... | “i § } { Comeinto Draftin Men who can read blue-prints and draw plans are “‘sieting pretty” these days. No wonder, when you consider that every machine, every building, all industrial activities start on the Drafting table! Intensive production, record-break- vateme'i ing construction operations, have created a great demand for expert Draftsmen — ofc 4 position ka capable of designing and calculating original plans. xible vin. 5 And, furthe NTE that soleant 5 Pe ‘ — MR por 3088 cnrming 2 than 40 De $50 to $125 a week paid to Expert Draftsmen —= our po 80. weeteenire i Get this point—that Drafting isn’t just one line of work—it reaches out OR FAILING S tmmeding for this into the Biectrical, Manufacturing, eng Seen, fee ——. ot that 7Ou and Structural industries. That is why you'll find well-paid Drafting i you how positions advertised in all industrial centers of the U. S. 70,000 vacancies ‘Building — reported in the past 12 months. And that is why I advise men to go into Or ore’ Drafting, particularly if handicapped by lack of high-school or college 7 aright te o .- Rf oe z education. rr; ns. Tels ; The Entering Wedge to Success Md poees A Drafting Job . 4 E.Dietes | ying 50% more than you earn in all Building and Manufacturing Lines oe today—without risk! I recommend Drafting, too, because it can be QUICKLY learned at home, in spare time—with- Now, at acost you can afford, on terms of only out quitting your job, without losing a day's time or a dollar in pay. Because you're sure there ities, out. 6 : h are sure of getting a fine will be a good position waiting when you are ready for it. And because the work is so fascinat- L, Seattle, $ pe month, you are su panes : ing and offers better-than-ordinary chances for advancement. For the Draftsman is in close con- ; Drafting position and a substantial increase in _tace with important work and BIG MEN, and he is right in line for promotion to Superintendent py. A million-dollar institution guarantees and other executive positions. —, 1 Pag “ employment m Thi agreene brings You ¥ Drafting Lessons Octnally FREE! il | ake them This agreement brings you your SECOND CHANCE. To repair a negiected education, to specialize, to change to a line where youcan get But Noe | , j ities, AB ead more rapidly. Read it, and investigate it! opening” ° ue Sto The American School to prove you can learn at Chartered 31 years as an EDUCATIONAL in- stitution and like the best resident schools and colleges, conducted NOT FOR PROFIT. We : offer complete, thorough up-to-date instruc- ous personal problem than decid- tion, built by 200 leading Educators, Engi- ing your future life-work—so we ww ROE yg esa ; merely urge'you to LOOK INTO ; Drafting. See how you like it, see if you learn as readily as most men do, get the facts about the op- portunities, the salaries paid, the jobs open, the chances for promotion. This is why, on receipt of your name, we will send you the first three lessons of our Drafting course without cost or home, in your spare time! You will never have a more seri- tives. A unique in- struction, built to @ meet the specifica- tions of well-paid , jobs as laid down ‘=. eg by employers them- selves, yet simplified for ready understanding by men with only common { i i : obligation. | Gack schooling. ; Ha | 5 And we are the first in the i aval home study field to recog- H pw York. ~ the need of giving a COM- - hi) an firms LETE SERVICE to ambitious men O. C. MILLER, Director Extension Work, Bt Bureau, : —training, plus employment. Which “rt i i" _ 0.C. MILLER takes you as you are, supplies the ° THE AMERICAN SCHOOL, H our own tor Extension W. equipment you lack, and lands you _D- | are-time oe in the better job you seek. Without ons agg hse ee Se i cational risk to you! NOT i Please send without cost or obligation: il ———$—$— t> 1. Three Drafting Lessons. 2. Facts about the opportunities in Drafting. 3. Your agreement to train and place me under money-back penal >. f Foe ps taeice ee Smee eee ee eee eRe ES CHEE EEEEEEEES seeceeeee seen e SOCUPATION. .. ccc cee cceereseeeesseeseseessess

Page 148

144 Help Wanted Instruction Patent Attorneys MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION October, 19% Salesmen and Agents Wanted

MEN want Railway positions, office or on trains, $115-$350 month, free passes, experience unnecessary, write, on: Supt., AF, 206 Bassett Bidg., Oklahoma ADAM E., FISHER, Registered Patent Attorney in business 25 years; references: personal attention and fromotness assured; Dept. E, 183 Enright, St. Louis,

City, O U.S. GOVERNMENT Jobs. $1260—$3300 year. Men—women, 18—50. Steady jobs. No “layoffs’’. Pleasant work. Paid vacation. Short hours. Experience usually as Thousands cope ments yearly. Full particulars with sample coaching, FREE. Write foday sure. Franklin Institute, DepeH2e Rochester,

FIREMEN, Brakemen, Baggagemen, (white or colored), Sleeping Car, Train Porters, (colored), $150—- 250 monthly. Experience unnecessary. 838 Railway ureau, East St. Louis, Ill.

Incorporations

DELAWARE Charters: Fees small. Chas. G. Guyer, 901 Market Street, Wilmington, Delaware. —_—_—

Inventions Wanted INVENTIONS commercialized. Patented or un- Betantes. Write Adam Fisher Mfg. Co., 183 Enright, it. Louis, Mo. I AM in touch with hundreds of moneyed men and manufacturers who wish to buy good inventions. Oliver, Box $28, Bangor, Maine. Laboratory and Chemical Services YOUR chemical problem solved and working formula or process furnished for $5.00. Write me. W. Stedman Richards, Industrial Chemist, Box 2402, Boston, Mass. Lathes SPEED Lathe $10.50 complete, 7-inch swing, 3 speed cone pulley. Goodwin Mfg. Co., Fairfield, Iowa.

INVENTORS. Consult ar M. Kitchin, Attorney at Law; Twenty years a speed ist on Patents and Trade Marks. 805 G Street, N. W., Washington, D. C. MONROE E. MILLER, Ouray Bldg., Washington, D. C., Patent Lawyer, Mechanical, Electrical Expert. Book- let and Priority Record blank gratis. INVENTOR’'S Gulde sent free. Contains valuable information. Frank Ledermann, Registered Attorney- Engineer, Woolworth Building, 1714, New York. PATENTS Procured. Trade Marks Registered.— comprehensive, experienced, lem y service for the ~ tection and development of your ideas. Preliminary advice gladly furnis ed without charge. Booklet of in- formation and form for disclosing idea free on request. aves L. McCathran, 201 Owen Bidg., Washington, D. C., or 41-Z Park Row, New Yor cid PORTANT to aOyettoeeet Are you deriving profit from your advertising? Write today for a copy of the “Quick- Action Advertising oy Folder’ showing “How You Can Use Popular Science yA Profitably. Address your inquiry to: Manager, Classified ‘Advertis- ing, Popular Science Monthly, York. CARL MILLER, Registered Patent Attorney (former Patent Office e:aminer), 211-M, McGill Building, Wash- ington, D. (. Write for Instructions. INVENTORS who derive largest profits know and need certain simple but vital facts before applying for

ag os book “Patent Sense’’ gives those facts & Lacey, 648 F. St., Washington, D. C., Establishes 1869.

PATENTS—Free instructions. Former Patent Office Examiner. Moderate terms. Booklet. Albert Jacobs, 725 Barrister Bldg,. Washington, D. C. “PATENTS procured at reasonable rates with time to pay. Sales a. Staff of registered attorneys and engineers. rite for particulars. INVENTORS SERVICE BUREAU, Box 1648, Washington, D.C.

Mailing Lists Patents for Sale

25,000 NAMES auto owners, $10.00, 1928 registra- tions, Washington State. Motor List Company, Denny Building, Seattle, Wash. INVENTIONS Commercialized. Patented or un- Bee oul, — Adam Fisher Mfg. Co., 183 Enright, St. Louis, Mo

Miscellaneous TATTOOING outfits, supplies. Illustrated list free. “Waters,"’ 965 Putnam, Detroit. Models and Model Supplies SPECIAL Machinery or parts, Dies, Tools, Metal Specialties, Model special gears, stock gears and Model Supplies. Send 5c for Catalogue. The Pierce Model Works, Tinley Park, Ill. SHIP Model Fittings: Steering Wheels, Capstans, Anchors, Propellers, etc. Send dime for booklet. A. J. Fisher, 1002 Etowah Ave., Royal Oak, Mich. SHIP Model supplies. Scale fittings for historic

vessels and powerboats. Catalog 1l0c ~- Roy Hancock, 323 Douglas Ave., Portsmouth, AUTO Chassis; complete working 4 naz Shift, Differential, Brakes, etc.; fully illustrated instructions, 10c. Meccano Company, Inc., Dept. K, Elizabeth, New Jersey.

Moving Picture Business “BE A Movie Exhibitor’’—Big Opportunity, Only Moderate Capital Required—Complete Equipment at Remarkably Low Prices. Write. Atlas Moving Picture Co., 624 South Michigan Ave., Chicago, III.

Music and Musical Instruments SAXOPHONISTS — Clarinetists — Cornetists — Trombonists—get ‘Free Pointers.”” Virtuoso Music School, 36, Buffalo, N. Y.

Of Interest to Inventors “U.S. PATENT No. 1, 526,599 and Canada Patent No. 253,188 on a Moth Proof cabinet having removable sections on top. Mrs. Alice Hewett, 5321 Rosetta Street, Pittsburgh, Pa."’

Photography Instructions HAVE youacamera? Write for free sample of our big magazine, showing how to make better pictures and earn money. American Photography, 117 Camera House, Boston, 17, Massachusetts. MAKE money in Photography.

Learn quickly at 250 Fourth Ave., New ;

AGENTS—Best seller; Jem Rubber Repair ean and tubes; supersedes vulcanization at a se thre per cent; put it on cold, it vuleanizes string or minutes, and is guaranteed to last the life of the two tube; sells to every auto owner and accessory dea gecmounee bow Ud pee wig money and free gam, +4 dress Amazon Ru r Co., Am uilding delphia, Pennsylvania. “=e mt A BUSINESS of your ow ne alaking Sparkling Gay Name and Number Plates, ( *heckerboards, Sig) Book and Sample free. E. Palmer, 513, Wooster, te net CALIFORNIA perfumed beads se! fgense coining mone Big _ profi awe a = pe Dot cakes, ssion Factory, R 2328 W. co, Los p- SUCCEED With Your Own Products. “Make the: yourself. Formulas, Processes, Trrade-Seeretg, wr Catalog, circulars free. C. Thaxly Co., Utnes, BIG money and fast sales. Ever buys initials for his auto. You charge $1.50: mate Ten ereete FA as . Write for particulars ra samples. merican onogram Co., Orange, New Jersey. ™ Devt. #7, te $50.00 WEEKLY easy, applyin old Initials on Aue mobiles. No experience needed, $14 Dron eyo aite “Ralco hd "1041 ~ 3. ? ona se inquiry ke ager, assiti vertising, Popular Selen 250 Fourth Avenue,New York. ce Monthly, DON’! sell for others. ftmploy agents yoursar Journal Household

Make your —_ epee. Toilet Articles, Specialties 500% profit. Valuable booklet free, ee Nctentinie Laboratories, 1970W Broad, Rich. mon a. AGENTS—Sell Trousers Friend. Keeps Trousen Spick and Span. Seils Easily. 100% profit. Trousers riend. Dept. 4, Box 521, San Francisco, Calif. MAKE $1000 before Christmas selling exclusj woes ———— _—s i designs . Expeteie ample Boo! ree. etmore anes ani Suede Rochester, N. Y. d

AGENTS—Be a thousand miles ahead of competition, Patented product Housewives want. Com fo advance if wanted. Vice-President, Box 929, Ney Orleans, La. $10 DAILY silvering mirrors, plating and retnishing lamps, reflectors, autos, beds, chandeliers by method. Outfits furnished. Write Gunmetal F, Decatur, Illinois. co, ave 43 MILES on 1 Gallon—Amazing Gas Saver, Aj autos. 1 free. Critchlow, B3-120, Wheaton, II. PUNCHBOARD Salesmen. It’s easy to earn repeat commissions with the “Lincoln Line.”’ Merchan ante every where use Punchboards. Someone sells them! Why nx you? Big pay every day. Catalog Free. Lincoln Bales Co., 9 South Clinton, Chicago, Dept. G.

home. Spare or full time. New Plan. Nothing like it. Experience unnecessary. American School of Photog- and credit’ turtished, 10 Lew FT raphy, Dept. 1744, 3601 Michigan Avenue, Chicago. Fibre Broom Co., St. Louis, Mo. THE Greatest Opportunity in _ Selling Fiedd Photoplays Wanted $1250 FOR a Photoplay story by an unknown writer and sold through our Sales Department. We revise, copyright and market. in the heart . the Motion Picture Industry. and. Established 1917. Postal brings Free Booklet with full particulars. Universal Scenario Company, 214 Western and Santa Monica Bldg., Hollywood, California. Post Card Views PANAMA Canal—Seeit; for $1.00 you get 25 assorted Post Card Views. W. Ramey, Box 57i, Cristobal, Canal Zone.

Printing and Engraving THOUSAND Hammerniill Bond letterheads four dol- lars, Multigraphing, two. Miscellaneous printing.

WANTED to manufacture on royalty basis, appli- ances pertaining to health or surgery. Send full de- — Cincinnati Automatic Machine Co., Cincinnati, hio. Mayray, Monmouth, Illinois. BUSINESS Cards of Quality, 3000, $5.00. Winder- mere Press, Box 2457, East Cleveland, ‘Ohio. 200 LETTERHEADS and 100 envelopes, $1.10, post- paid. Oberman Company, Box 989, Los Angel.s.

Patent Attorneys

ATENTS—Time counts in applying for patents. Dew t risk delay in protecting your dens. joy sketch or model a instructions or write for FRE k, “How to tent” and * rd of Tavention™ form. "No charge for information on how to pr . Communica- tions festa con ial. Prompt, careful, efficient service. Cla: ~~ 5 O’Brien, Restate tered Patent ‘Attorney, Security Bank (directly across street from Patent Office), Washington, D. C. (See page 159.)

Printing Outfits and Supplies PRINT your own cards, stationery, cootiane, pet etc. Complete outfits $8.85, Job Presses Rotary $149. Print for others, big profit. All A rules sent. Write for catalog Degeees, type, paper, etc. Kelsey Company, F-3, Meriden, Conn.

Here are simple facts: A Tailoring Line. et Wool Goods. Made-to-Measure. Sensational Low Money-Back Guarantee. $25.00 Sales Outfit sh quarter-yard samples FREE. Also greatest book selling helps ever put out. Write at once to Dept. 532, Madison Brothers, 131 South Peoria, Chicago. MAKE money —— Caemee Greeting Cards in Bor Assortments. $2.00 to $4.00 r hour eas Nothing ever sold compares with the sale of Christmas Greeting Cards, sells on sight. Our magnificent —_ ment contains 21 high grade Christmas Greeting Cards and Folders each with e>velopes, steel engraving, French water coloring, sparkling metallic, gold and silver effects, panelling, an ‘bordering. Sells for only $1.00, ' Bg y

50c. Write immediately for full particulars samples. Waltham Art blishers, 7 Water &, Dept. U. O. Boston, Mass.

AGENTS—Steady income. Large manufacturer of handkerchiefs and linens, wishes representative in ead locality. Factory to consumer. Big profits, honest g s. Credit given. Send for ya rs. Freeport Mfg. Co., 21 Main St., Brooklyn, N. Y. BIG bunch mail. Year 15c. Catalogues, magazines. Kentucky Agency, Covington, Kentucky. BIG pay every day, snows Nimrod's All-Year Seller Dress, Work, and Flannel Shirts, Overalls, Sweaters, Underwear, Pajamas, Leather Coats, o berjacks, Playsuits, etc. Experience wie yo Outfit FREE, Nimrod Co., Dept. 25, 4922-28 Ave., Chicago. WE HAVE a line of goods for which every mani America is a prospect. Can be handled with tremendous profit by any salesman now selling to men. $20.00 Ou- fit Free. Address Dept. 672 Sales Manager, 844 West

Radio

PATENTS. ao & ae. Highest references. Best results. Prompt Watson E. Coleman, Patent Lawyer, Pres OT oth St Street, Washington, D. C. pape Ideas Can Be y I tell you how and help you make the sale. Free particulars (Copy- ted). Write w. T Greene, 811 papaltic ‘Building, ashington, D. C. wy BABCOCK, Patent wo aon Loan & Trust Bldg., Washington. D. ooklet PATENT, trade-marks, copyrights. Tallabe services by an expe practitioner devoting personal at- tention to each case. Inquiries invited. References 1 B. P._ Fishburne, ws Lawyer. fu 525-C McGill Building, Washington, D LANCASTER AND ALI INT a Ouray Building, Washington, D. C. “Originators of the Form Evidence ef Conception.” Before ones your invention to anyone send for blank form to be signed and witnessed. Form and patent ~ hy bulletin free. MR. ADVERTISER: Ask today for a copy of the “Quick-Action Advertising Rate Folder.” It contains some really important facts which will prove interesting and valuable to you. It also tells “How You Can Use ence Monthly Profitably.” You'd like to ‘ou? Address your inquiry to: Man- pular Science Monthly,

HINTS on buying. installing and operating a radio outfit with list q tested reliable equipment contained in 24-page klet of Popular Science Institute, 248 Fourth Avenue, New York. Price 25 cents. MR. ADVERTISER: Ask today for a copy of the “Quick-Action Advertising Rate Folder.’’ It contains some really important facts which = ow mawers and valuable to you. It tells * ou Can Use Popular onthlk Prodtable on You'd like to know, wouldn't wat Address your inquiry to: Man- er, Classified Lg ye BS ou Science Monthly, 280 Fourth Avenue, New York

Salesmen and Agents Wanted

AGENTS—Clever invention! Inkspoon makes every pee a fountain pen. Fast offee seller, big profit, demand nereasing everywhere. Exclusive territory offered. Sample free. H. Marui Company,Tribune Bldg., New York. ou T our free sample case, toilet articles, perfumes and aities. Wonderfully profitable. La Derma Co., pt. F., St. Louis, Missouri. .

AGENTS. $60—$200 a week. oe old letters for store windows easily ap — ies. wag ‘Metallic Toner Ge -» 434-A, N offer to general agents. Clark, Chicago.

Adams, Chicago. SALESMAN sporting gi and automobile accessory dealers, for fast selling sideline specialty; commission basis. Manufacturer 1186 Grove Street, Irvington, New Jersey. I PAY my agents $90 a week just to wear and shor my beautiful new Free raincoat and give away Free hats Write today for yours. Robert King, 230 So. Well, Dept. AC-10, Chicago. AGENTS $300 month. Bonus besides. Sell cure teed silk hosiery. Must wear 7 months or r furnish auto. Write for samples. Free silk ey your own use. Betterknit Hosiery Co., Silk 1232, Grew held, Ohio. — MAKE $12 a day and liberal bonus selling Pionet $23.50 and $33.50 ail wool tailoring. Commissions pat daily. 1 extra large oe samples furnished. W train the inexperienced. Write Pioneer Tailoring Congress and Throop, Dept. X-1121, Chicago. $12.00 DAILY Showing New Linen-Like Tablecot Wash like oilcloth. No laundering. Sam Bestever, 118 Irving Park Station, Chicago. GOLD Leaf window Letters and Script Sign, No experience; 500% profit. Samples free. Meyer Ww 5 days—profits $141.36. Consolidated, 69- West Ya Buren, Chicago. NOW free to agents. Amazing new sélf-wri mop loaned free for ten-day test. Women buy on sight. Ts handle—make $75 weekly. Sample sent on name, No deposit. Write Delphos Mop Co.. M-6 Oat St., Delphos, Ohio. handling hardware; paint;

i

hever wu and lot all. So, u —I tho realized industr

Page 149

Es s PE a] & iret 72327 g ye) fidsiion B=$ EH aes iB | a rs 2 zee Bssx x S & ?} iJ O<Fe a

MONEY MAKING

| — —_— — — —_— =—— - —_— — ——— — —_—_“ — ——— a —_—— = OPPORTUNITIES SECTION 145

If all the Radio sets I've ** fooled’’ with in my time were pi of each other, they'd reach about halfway to Mars. The trouble with me was that I thought I knew so much about Radio that I voy didn't know the first thing. thought Radio was a plaything— that was all I could see in it for me. I Thought Radio Was a Plaything But Now My Eyes Are Opened, And I’m Making Over $100 a Week! $50 a week! Man alive, just one year ago a salary that big would have been the height of my ambition. Twelve months ago I was scrimping along on starvation wages, just barely making both ends meet. It was the same old story—a little job, a salary just as small as the job. while I myself had been dragging along in the rut so long I couldn’t cee over the sides. If you’d told me a yd ago that in twelve months’ time I would be making $100 and more every week in the Radio business— whew! I know I’d have thought you were crazy. But that’s the sort of money I’m ulling down right now—and in the future pe even more. Why only today— But I’m getting ahead of my story. I was hard up a year ago because I was kid- ding myself, that’s all—not because I had to be. I could have been holding then the same sort of job I’m holding now, if I’d only been wise to myself. If you’ve fooled around with Radio, but never thought of it as a serious business, maybe you’re in just the same boat I was. If so, you’ll want to read how my eyes were opened for me. When broadcasting first became the mee, Several years ago, I first began my dabbling with the new art of Radio. I was “nuts” about the subject, like many thou- sands of other fellows all over the country. And no wonder! There’s a fascination— something that ™ hold of a fellow— about twirling a little knob and suddenly listening to a voice speaking a thousand miles away. Twirling it a little more and listening to the mysterious dots and dashes of steamers far at sea. Even today I get a thrill from this strange force. In those days, many times I stayed up almost the whole night trying for DX. Many times I missed supper because I couldn’t be drag- ged away from the latest circuit I was trying out. I never seemed to get very far with it, though. I used to read the Radio maga- anes and occasionally a Radio book, but I hever understood the subject very clearly, 7 lots of things I didn’t see through at So, up to a year ago, I was just a dabbler thought Radio was a plaything. I never realized what an enormous fast-growing Industry Radio had come to be—employing thousands and thousands of trained men. I usually stayed home in the evenings after work, because I didn’t make enough money to go out very much. And generally during the evening I’d tinker a little with Radio— a set of my own or some friend’s. I even made a little spare change this way, which helped a lot, but I didn’t know enough to go very far with such work. And as for the idea that a splendid Radio job might be mine, if I made a little effort to prepare for it—such an idea never entered my mind. When a friend suggested it: to me one year ago, I laughed at him. “You’re kidding me,” I said. “T’m not,” he replied. ‘Take a look at this ad.”’ He pointed to a page ad in a magazine, an advertisement I’d seen many times but just passed up without thinking, never dreaming it applied tome. This time I read the ad mtd. It told of many big oppor- tunities for trained men to succeed in the great new Radio field. With the advertise- ment was a coupon offering a big free book full of information. I sent the coupon in, and in a few days received a handsome 64- page book, printed in two colors, telling all about the opportunities in the Radio field and how a man can prepare quickly and easily at home to take advantage of these opportunities. Well, it was a revelation to me. I read the book carefully, and when I finished it I made my decision. What’s happened in the twelve months since that day, as I’ve already told you, seems almost like a dream to me now. For ten of those twelve months, I’ve had a Radio business of my own. At first, of course, I started it as a little proposition on the side, under the guidance of the Na- tional Radio Institute, the outfit that gave me my Radio training. It wasn’t long be- fore I was getting so much to do in the Radio line that f quit my measly little clerical job, and devoted my full time to my Radio business. Since that time I’ve gone right on up, always under the watchful guidance of my friends at the National Radio Institute. They would have given me just as much help, too, if I had wanted to follow some other line of Radio besides building my own retail business—such as_ broadcasting, manufacturing, experimenting, sea operat- ing, or any one of the score of lines the prepare you for. And to think that until that day I sent for their eye-opening book I’d been wailing “I never had a chance!”’ Now I’m making, as I told you before, over $100 a week. And I know the future holds even more, for Radio is one of the most progressive fastest-growing busi- nesses in the world today. And it’s work that I like—work a man can get interested in. Here’s a real tip. You may not be as bad off as I was. But think it over—are you satisfied? Are you making enough money, at work that you like? Would you sign a contract to stay where you are now for the next ten years—making the same money? If not, you’d better be doing something about it instead of drifting. This new Radio game is a live-wire field of golden rewards. The work, in any of the 20 different lines of Radio, is fascinating, absorbing, well paid. The National Radio Institute—oldest and largest Radio home- study school in the world—will train you inexpensively in your own home to know Radio from A*to Z and to increase your earnings in the Radio field. Take another tip—no matter what your erm are, no matter how much or how ittle you know about Radio—clip the coupon below and look their free book over. It is filled with interesting facts, figures, and photos, and the information it will ive you is worth a few minutes of anybody’s time. You will place yourself under no obligation—the book is free, and is gladly sent to any one who wants to know about Radio. Just address J. E. Smith, Presi- dent, National Radio Institute, Dept. 22M, Washington, D. C J. E. SMITH, President, xs National Radio Institute, | Dept. 22M, Washington, D. C. | Dear Mr. Smith: Please send me your 64-page free book, printed in two colors, giving all information | about the opportunities in io and how I can learn quickly and easily at home to take advan- J tage of them. I understand this request places me under no obligation, and that no salesman will 1 | call on me. | J Name... . 0... cece cece renee eee eee ene ees | | NG is i500 30 355% 19 54454435e0de eee meee | J , OE ee ery eee nee DONOR «6:5. <.6:5.50 9,000 edge aeeesgmbeeews ein tect mee eee ae a eee

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“He saves $100 a month” “See that man at the receiving teller’s win- dow? That’s ‘Billy’ King, Sales Manager for The Browning Co. Every month he comes in and adds $100 to his savings account. “Three years ago he started at Brown- ing’s at $25 a week. Married, had one child, couldn’t save a cent. One day he came in here desperate—wanted to borrow a hun- dred dollars—wife was sick. “T said, ‘Billy, I’m going to give you some- thing worth more than a loan—some advice—and if you'll follow it I'll let you have the hundred too. Take up a course with the International Correspondence Schools and put in some of your evenings getting special training. The schools will do wonders for you, I know. We've got several I. C. S. men right here in the bank.’ “That very night Billy wrote to Scran- ton, and a few days later he had started studying at home. Why, in a few months he had doubled his salary! Next thing I knew he was put in charge of his depart- ment and two months ago they made him Sales Manager.” Employers are begging for men with ambition— men who really want to get ahead in the world and are willing to prove it by training themselves in spare time to do some one thing well. Prove that you are that kind of man! The Inter- national Correspondence Schools are ready and anxious to help — prepare for something better if you will only make the start. Mail the Coupon for Free Booklet reer er a INTERNATIONAL CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOLS “The Universal Uniwersity’” Box 7694-E, Scranton, Penna. Without cost or obligation on my ay send me @ copy r ; so 48-page booklet, “Who Wins and Why,” ‘and te e how I can qualify for the position or in the p--4 before which I have marked an +e BUSINESS TRAINING COURSES Advertising Business Correspondence Card Lettering Stenography and Typing English Civil Service Railway Mail Clerk Mail Carrier eeping Common School Subjects Secretarial Work High School Subjects Spanish oO Illustrating () Cartooning Salesmanship Lumber Dealer am AND INDUSTRIAL COURSES Archit Work ra Draftsman Foreman

Finance Accountancy (incl. C.P.A.) Cost Accounting

Fitter Contractor and Builder Structural Draftsman Structural Engineer ect Eng

Mechanical Draftsman Assayer Machine Shop Practice maker

and Overseer or Manufacturing

Salesmen and Agents Wanted

$4 TO $7 ~-COMMISSION and big cash bonuses. Fastest selling line to-day direct to wearer. Real quality men's suits or overcoats only $18.50. Dept. 20A, Preston Tailoring Company, Denver, Colorado. SELL ——— Christmas Cards, names embossed in ‘old. $1 dozen up. 50% commission. Samples free. Also ox Assortments. Dunbar Corp., New Brunswick, N.J. WE pay $48.00 a week, furnish auto and expenses to introduce’ our Soap and Washing Powder. Buss-Beach Company, Dept. A48, Chippewa Falls, Wis. TIES Pay Big! Write for big free Outfit showing ties styled on Fifth Avenue. Beautiful patterns at faetory prices. $60 weekly Easy. Berck, 4947C Hudson Boulevard, North Bergen, N. J. $10 to $20 DAILY easily earned selling shoes for the largest direct to wearer concern in the world at saving of $2 to $3 pair; some good protected eesemiety still open. eeuvtewear Shoe Co., Minneapolis, \‘ inn. $2 each for names of new customers who wear an artificial eye. Send names of any you know and earn commission. Nothing to buy or sell. Denver Optic Co., 336 Quiney, Denver, Colo. STRANGE Invention! Pays $25 daily. Keeps tele- phone and iron cords from tangling and kinking. Pre- vents iron scorching. Saves electricity. — free. Neverknot, Dept. 10-F, 4503 Ravenswood, Chicago. AGENTS. Get Vanilla Extract at one cent a bottle. Also — Black Walnut flavor. Welcome Foods, Harvey, ois

LOID-LAC Amazing New Auto Refinishing Discovery. Not a Paint, Polish,.Cleaner or Wax. Restores Colors and Finish to Old Cars in thirty minutes! Greatest Automotive Development in years. Make it yourself with my simple, Guaranteed Formula. Today’s Fastest Money-maker. Write or wire for detailed exclusive offer. $50,000.00 Business for $50. Grasp today’s opportunity today! Loid Miller, Industrial Chemist, Tampa Florida. FOR Autos and Trucks “The Amber Eye’ a new safety reflector prevents night aceidents, reflects light from approaching car. Very efficient. Penetrates fog. Great demand, big profits for you. Sells $2.50. Send e. 4 for sample. Write. Hunt & Moore, New Haven,

Song Writers Poem Writers—Bona fide Hipbeler, D10, 2104 N. Keystone Ave., Chicag SONG Writers: Let’s see what you have to offer! —_. Music Publisher, 1547 Broadway, New York y.

proposition, 0.

Stamps and Coins STAMPS, 100. All different, 3 cents. PP. &. Quaker Stamp Co., Toledo, Ohio 20 VARIETIES unused free. Postage 2c. Miami Stamp Co., Toledo, O. FINEST One Cent Approvals in the United States. Stanton (144), Niantic, Conn. STAMPS, 105 different 5c, to approval applicants. Harvey Teeple, Decatur, Indiana 600 DIFFERENT $.50, 1100, $1 SA, 2000, $3.50. Onken, 630 79th Street, Brooklyn HIGH-CLASS Approvals. Relerences Required. Pikes Peak Stamp Co., Colorado Springs, Colo. NEWFOUNDLAND Postage Stamps. 40 standard varieties $1.00, 16- “pace | Catalogue free. Rev. Butler, St. Georges, Newfoun STAMPS, 105 China, etc., 2c. Album (500 illustra- tions) 3c. Bullard, Station BB, Boston. FREE! 12 scarce Azerbaijan to approval applicants. Penna. Stamp Co., Greensburg, iy RARE United States and foreign coins, war. medals and decorations. German Dill and catalogue, 10c. Alexis Mengelle, Colorado Springs, Colorado. CALIFORNIA gold, quarter size; 27c, $4 size; 53c. White cent and Catalogue, 10c. Norman Shultz, Salt Lake, Utah. OLD Coins, large Fall selling catalog of coins for sale free to collectors Cis Catalog aT prices paid for coins, ten cents. William Hesslein, 101B Tremont St., Boston, Mass. FOR finest approvals, write Standard Stamp Co., Thamesford, Ont., Canada. 200-200-200. SEND for our 200 outfit containing 200 stamps; 200 hinges; approval sheets to hold 200 stamps; perforation gauge; ‘millimeter scale and ruler; duplicate stamp container—all for only 15c to approval applicants. Edgewood Stamp Co., Dept. 8, \:ilford, Conn.

Lists free.

Pp. 8.

. Fred

Stories Wanted BIG demand for Photoplay and Magazine Stories. We revise, develop and copyright. Sell on commission. Established 1917. Booklet free.: Universal Scenario Company, 414. Western & Santa Monica Building, Hollywood, California.

Telegraphy TELEGRAPH Y—Both Morse and Wireless—taught thoroughly and quickly. Tremendous demand. Big salaries. Wonderful opportunities. Expenses low: chance to earn part. School established fifty years. Catalog. free. Dodge's Institute, H374 Hart Ave., Valparaiso, Ind.

Typewriters and Supplies TYPEWRITERS—Factory Rebuilt Royals, Reming- tons, Underwoods. New Royal, Remington and Corona Portables. New “Excellograph” Rotary Stencil Duplica- tor $37.50. Terms. Catalogue Free. Pittsburgh Type- writer Supply, 543—339 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa.

Wanted

——— OF EAA AE ae Oe OD Se you reside in Canada, send this coupon to the Interna- sat Correspondence “— ae Limited, Montreal, o.

WANTED—Live foreman or mechanic cr clerk in every factory in the United States to act as subscri tion representative for the most popular magazine the world. Address Manager of Representatives, Popular Science Monthly, 250 Fourth Ave., New York school courses. 2353 Main, Buffalo.

WANTED—Used correspondence Liberal prices paid. Aneslys’, MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION

Delocking tt YC U the Age-Old Secrets of Magic Baffling secrets of the world’s greatest Magicians— mysteries never before divulged—supernatural effects of the Orient—massive stage illusions—the most priceless, most treasured Secrets of the Magic Profession now—for the first time—disclosed to YOU in the great Tarbell Course in Magic. Learn to perform like a real magician ina short time—in your spare time—st home, Be the life of every party—the center of crowd, wherever you go. Business anda success are YOURS when you know — And it’s EASY with the Tarbell System! Astonish Your Friends Study the first lesson and your friends will be amazed at your wonderful Magical powers, You willhave that magnetic power that gives you instant popularity in any crowd. Every. one will marvel at your YOU posses super: natural, psychic power. this talent now! Surprisingly easy to it out, Send the coupon below now—and out how easily you can do it. Earn $250 to $1000 a Month From Impromptu Tricks through Slei TAIN o, seems Stage 80 that is tau to yom so that you can right out and MAKE MONEY e AGIC. There isa heed demand for Magic Entertainment. Clubs, churches, schools, conventions, theaters are on the 00 for for ae -< they pay $25 to j or perhaps half an hour’s hoop our job and make a lot of Beka YY on the side. Just master a few =~ tricks. Salesmen—business men—pro fessional men—all can use Magic ats popularity and profits. Easy for Y'! inake to $1000 a month! Magic Book FREE! Mail Coupon! You can a this great course, endorsed by the world’s greatest magicians, at a URE low price. But act quickly! Write today S Tarbell System Inc., studio 13-07 1920 Sunnyside Avenue, Chicago, tl teeter sie alale tells iatelaaent Tarbell System, Inc., Studio 13-67 1920 Sunnyside Avenue, Chicago, Ill. | Please send me your big FREE illustrated and cok |) full information on the Tarbell Iso your low prices and o- pay: ment plan. No obligation on my part whatever.

Name Address

Vv

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MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION vA at | V4 (OLS 8 ON bab bom C010) at Home for Bigger Pay in A ELECTRICITY ~— New, Easter Way to a “Better Job , . DeVry Motion Picture Motion Pictures Make Projector Furnished Everything CLEAR~ ~~ No €xtra Cost OW, for the first time, an easier, quicker, surer way nee en ae to make more money, by learning Electricity at home! cnour pelees these anachiiesclagirseGt3. Actual motion pictures— thousands of feet of film which we DeVry projectors are used in. more send you—explain every vital point in this complete course— show ee ee eee you how to do the work, train you for a better job and bigger pay. HT oll ag ae rena Renae wh oy By this amazing new method, you learn easily and thoroughly. Motion picture School Division. , close-ups of all kinds of electrical machinery in operation, remarkable animated TheDeVry Projector is simple, diagrams show you in detail the action of electrical energy. For years educators Dake grey edly Frome have planned to use this method, but were blocked by mechanical difficulties. nection, or with farm lighting equipment or with automo- Now these are overcome by our engineers. Sg e ° ° a ule Dattery. Our films bring the great laboratories to your home. With the spend and ee ny dee reels which we furnish, you get better than classroom instruction. You can stop in any home study the film at any point—examine any picture or diagram as a “still.” It’s just like course, you get the advantage of meth- having one of our engineers at your side, to make everything plain. You can go ode ranidty bolus ado by losdiok over and over any point at will. resident schools,

BIGGER PAY. Why This Movie Way is the Easier Way § BETTER JOB with

To Bigger Pay “One picture is sou anne i wand vg ge Nagepeon pernem. Electricity is a constantly moving force; it travels thousands of miles a second. as Here, in animated slow motion diagrams and pictures, you Here’s Our Promise to Help You Get see, as in no other course, how it works and is controlled. a Bett er J ob an d M ore M oney Our instruction is real, live, fascinating. No need to fear dry text-book matter. You see and know electrical principles of This sew method of saageng | motion pnb reat. easy, old down a better job. Our Employ- lighting, power, heat, etc. You prepare yourself for the big jobs complete, and fits you to h r ment Department will help you locate one of these better jobs—~ electricity offers those who know how to control its force. partmi ¢ yu loci : Big Pay Jobs Ready for You. With the help of such practicalen- you receive this pledge s# writing immediately upon enrollment. ineers and educators as Bruce A.Rogers, M.S., Western Electric “When you graduate from your complete Course in Electricity, you ., J. A. Shimek, M. E., E. E. Engineer DeVry Corporation; A. P. __-must be convinced that you have feceived the training sad employ: Hollis, formerly Director Visual Education University of North —_¢, we will refund your tuition, provided you give notice within 30 Dakota; F. S. Wythe, Director Neighborhood Motion Picture School days after forwarding final examination papers.” Film Service, and W. N. Littlewood, formerly instructor University You alone are the judge. We have to convince you that you are of Wisconsin, who will have personal charge of | 0d training, yo# qualified through our training to hold down a better job—and will soon be ready for big pay jobs in Aviation Electricity, #0, that our Employment Service will help get you a better job or Switchboard Work, Sub-Station and PowerPlant Operation, Auto- refynd your money. Notice, we do not say “take a chance with motive Electricity, Wiring, Contracting, Merchandising, etc. our new method of training.” There is no chance. We have to give you what we say we will, or refund your money. What a Practicing Engineer Says Drafting Set Given We supply ou sens s » are of thei of Our Training but also with a complete prafemanal drafting outfit consisting ot 18 pieces. Charles L. Fitz, M.E., E.E., a practicing om. formerly associated Three Lessons FRE If You Act with Steinmetz in the General Electric laboratories, after examining And our New Book NOW! this course says: Send the coupon now and we will give you, absolutely free. three lessons, showing exactly how motion pictures are in. this. training. Get our new “I am amazed at how clearly and simply you explain the facts about 994,""‘Fhe Film Way to Bigger Pay in Electricity.” Fully illustrated. Shows electricity and electrical work. You show principles in these motion how we train you for the bigger pay jobs. Sent Free. pictures and animated diagrams better than wecan in the laboratory. Remember, action means advancement. Dreamers never arrive. Be a doer, a . and get what you want. Send the coupon now. : The points are so much easier to grasp than by the usual meth- <a ee A EH Ss Ods of instruction that the student must make quicker, surer prog- NATIONAL SCHOOL OF VISUAL EDUCATION ress. Your whole course seems to me by far the best method of §f Dept. 19F $37 S. Dearborn St., Chicago, Ill. Betting thorough preparation for practical electrical work.” WB Gentlemen : Without obligation to me, please send the free lessons and your book, ‘The Film Way to Bigger Pay in Electricity.” The NATIONAL SCHOOL of - soe i VISUAL@ EDUCATION teereo a “The Film Way to Bigger Pay” sw tm an eenenenanen

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He Chose the Way to Larger Success How can I increase my earning power and win greater success? That was the question Paul F. Bourscheidt asked himself, when, as Assistant Actuary of the Peoria Life Insurance Co., he first began to consider home- study business training. He answered it by enroll- ing with LaSalle in Business Management. “Ab a result of’ my training,” wrote Mr. Bour- scheidt, eleven months later, “I notice a big im- provement in my work and my ability to cope with difficult situations. Already I can report a promo- tion and an increase of 30 per cent, which in these days is no small item.”’ A year or so later, realizing the importance of legal knowledge in business, he enrolled again with LaSalle—this time for home-study training in Law. He set as his 1 the Illinois Bar examinations, which he successfully in the fall of 1924, Was it merely by chance, do you think, that in October of that year Mr. Bourscheidt was made Assistant Secretary and Office Manager of this great company, or that today he is being entrusted with greater and greater responsibilities? Set Your Goal—Then Start Today In what field do you hope to gain success? Study the coupon below—then check the training that most — meets your needs, enter your name, address and present position, and mail the coupon to LaSalle. _ It will bring you promptly—and without obliga- tion—an interesting book descriptive of that field, together with a copy of “Ten Years’ Promotion in One,” the inspiring story that has set thousands of men on the shorter route to greater earning power. Show your will to succeed by what you do with this coupon— NOW. ——— Find Yourself Through LaSalle! —— — LaSalle Extension University The World's Largest Business Training Institution Dept. 1083-R Chicago Gentlemen: Send without obligation to me infor- mation regarding course indicated below: OBusiness Management O Modern Business Corre- O Modern Salesmanship 8 OHigher Accountancy OModern Foremanship OPersonnel Management OExpert Bookkeeping Oc. P. A. Coaching OBusiness English OCommercial Spanish DEffective Speaking OTraffic Management ORailway Station ement OLaw: Degree of LL. B. OCommercial Law Olndustrial Management OFactory Management OStenotypy—Stenography OBanking and Finance OTelegraphy OCredit and Collection Correspondence Spare Time at Ho, in 1%3months lesson. le, fascinating suc- Cossful. Big FREE Book brings all the amazing facts. Write for your copy! NEW YORK ACADEMY OF MUSIC Studio 50108, 1005th Ave., New York | Dummy Books Make Neat Book Ends OOKS placed between book ends os in a rack made as illustrated seem to be standing without visible support. That is because the end volumes are dummies glued and screwed to the base pieces. Choose two attractive old books, preferably leather bound, of about the CIN Ui aq (cc (i bi tf au \ COVER FROM AN Wi (a ti SLIDING BASE ——— Books seem to be standing without visible support when propped up by these holders. same size—there is always a large choice of such volumes at a secondhand book store—and discard everything but the covers. Substitute wooden blocks of the correct size and shape to represent the pages and glue the covers firmly to them, keeping the lower end of the blocks flush with the lower edges of the cover boards. Finish what are to be the visible edges of | the blocks with gold leaf, gold bronzing powder, or very light brown lacquer. Make the base pieces in either of the | two ways illustrated and finish them with stain and varnish or with brushing lac- quer, as preferred. Then glue and screw the imitation volumes in place.—J. G. Orange Crates Serve as Bins in Cellar Shop NE end of my cellar is completely out- fitted with shelves divided into com- partments. They were erected in less than half an hour’s time and at practically no cost, because they consist of orange crates stacked one on top of the other and braced with narrow boards on each end of each tier of boxes. These upright strips | _ are nailed to the floor joists.—G. A.W. Jr. | Tiny Saw for Model Making NOTCH AND _==— TWO STRIPS OF wooD PIN“ 5 IN. LONG FOR HANDLE oa ad acs HACK-SAW BLADE - FRICTION TAPE Tool for cutting slots and small openings. R work on ship and airplane models a small saw is frequently needed. One can be made for cutting either wood or metal from a piece of hack saw ground to a tapering point.—H. W. MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION TRAINED MEN NEEDED. Earn $40 ang ; week. If you are earning less this is your cheng! to gain, Auto industry will pay you more offer greater opportunity. You qualify for Big Pay Job through National’s Famous Job- 4 ence Training. Over 17,000 Successful Graduates | California is Land of Opportunity. Millions spent on autos here. Learn Mechanics, Igni Repairs, Construction, Garage Managem Etc. Qualify for technical or executive tion or go into business for yourself. EN ER NOW. No Age Limit. Low Tuition. E 23rd Year. Unexcelled Training. Thirty-two instructors...Free employment service while learn- ing and after graduation. Write for Illustrated Catalog...F REE _e«s Tells everything. pregnant wieieeiaiteaemi:; 8 DEPT. 202D,4006 Figueroa St., Los Angeles, Calif, Send me the big, FREE National Auto Book that explains how I can Succeed in the Automobile Industry, | Name woe wcaccnecccceccacecece - Addressamem mene m anew wee www ewww enenney, (a ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Foremost, beat- eguioped * electrical B. Ss. D courses available in Automotive Elec., Light, Heat and Power. = special courses to meet tremendous demand ~ freSiideRtelne teenies | . - Re zed e: alty. Splendid|laboratory facilities. paces x: Our employment Department will help you secure aposition to which you may devote a part of each . e r at the school. Low tuition fee. Board and room reasonable. Daiiy Broadcas WISN (formerly WSOE) School orchestra. ternities. FREE CATALOG }'s':,!°%97,2,0% FREE, illustrated catalog. Find out about our specialized method of e' 0 Hention A Séenntions ‘endl the yh, r— ‘= pt in cE. W GCHODL of ENGINEERING “Dessau r- ilwaukee Milwaukee, Wis, T'll pay you $30 a day to show my marvelous line of mix proof Fits-U Caps to men! More for active workers, With my liberal commission of $1.00 on every sale—its a cinch to clean up $5.00 or more an hour in spare tim alone. ‘‘In two hours,” writes one successful salesman, “I made $15.70. It’s the rainproof and made-to-meagu features that gets the orders so quick.”’ By a secret ess, every Fits-U Cap is made absolutely rainproof in has no effect on the Fits-U Cap. Price $2.65—$L0 for zy" EVERY CAP MADE TO INDIVIDUAL MEAS URE! Two other fast-selling predates prety en’s hat te’’ and cap, match combination. Don’t Wait—Act Now! I'll send elaborate selling outfit to FREE. Get started immediately. Just send name sé address. Postal will do. Hurry! Write today! FITS-U CAP CO. Dept. P-80 Cincinnati, 0. GET TRAINING Co THAT ASSURES SUCCESS! (COME to the Lincoln Airplane School-- where Lindbergh started. Get the same thorough, compiete instruction—now greatly increased facilities. Here you get practical Ground and Flying Training. You work on real planes and motors supplicd by the Lincoln Aircraft factory. You go right up into the sky in our famous Lincoln Page planes. Com etent, experienced instructors. Write at once for ull information! a LINCOLN AIRPLANE SCHOOL Successors to the Lincoln Standard Aircraft School 2416 O Street, Lincoln, Nebraska

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School-- he same under rraining. yplicd by it up inte 1s. Com once ey |OOL t School aska il Just A Twis MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION Patented t Of The Wrist Banishes Old-Style Can Openers to the Scrap Heap and Brings Agents $5 to $12 in an Hour Here is a truly revolutionary invention! It is something that every woman has been waiting and hoping for. Now, all the danger and wastefulness of old-style can openers is ended. Now, every home in the land can open cans the new, simple, safe, easy way by a handy little machine. Now, no man whose present income is less than $60 a week can afford to ignore the amazing new opportunity for real money that this novel invention has created. Read the GENEROUS FREE TEST offer below. Then act at once. AGENTS! FULL TIME $265 in a Week “Here is my record for first 7 days with une 13, 60 June 20, 8 June 30, 192 2 ; July 6, 288 Speedos, 3 to a out ot 10 prospects.”’ M. Ornoff, Va. SPARE TIME--$9 First Half Day “The first afternoon T received my Speedo outfit 1 made $9. Mrs. R. Spain, Kans. PART TIME--§20 in 3 Hours “I worked about three hours and took 25 orders. This is certainly a money-maker."’ O. C. Gregg, Wyo. OMEN universally detest the old-style can Yet in practically every home cans are being opened with it, often several times a day. Imagine then, how thankfully they welcome this new method—this automatic way of doing their opener. most distasteful job. With the won- derful little Speedo can opener you just put the can in the machine, turn the handle, and almost instantly the . job is done. A ‘Million Dollar’? Can Opening Machine The Speedo holds the can—opens it and gives you back the can without a drop spilled, without any rough edges to snag your fingers—all in a couple of seconds! It’s so easy even a 10-year-old child can do it in perfect safety! No wonder women—and men, too—simply go wild over it! And no wonder money. MAIL READ One of my prospects told me she could get along with the old can opener she had been using for years. Two weeks later her husband or- derec a can opener from me saying that his wife had cut her hand badly with her old can opener.—W. L. GOD- SHALK, Pa. Speedo salesmen often’ sell to every house in the block and make up to $10 an hour either spare or full time. Generous Free Trial details. New Kind of Sharpener Another amazing, knock-’em dead, household specialty. needs it. Puts a razor edge on anything that cuts—knives, queerest thing you ever saw! money maker! The coupon brings full Frankly, Every housewi‘e tools, etc The A real men, I realize that the facts about this proposition as outlined briefly here may seem al- most incredible to you. I'll grant you that the profit possibilities are so tremen- dous that it’s impossible to give more than a mere hint of them here. worked out a plan by which OFFE So I’ve Pores ff! om Central States Mfg. Co., 4500 Mary Ave., Dept. M-842, St. Louis, Mo. Yes, rush me the facts and details of your FREE TEST oR. erery Tor ee , ree .. State ee el © os an evan ane os a ees os oe aed GI 6:0 dis.0.00 you can examine the invention and test its profit pos- sibilities without risking one penny of your own THE COUPON TODAY All I ask you to do is to fill out and mail the coupon below. You do not obligate yourself in any way what- ever. I'll rush you the details. Get my free test offer while the territory you want is still open—I'll hold it for you while you make the test. I'll send you all the facts about $5 to $150 a week wit § ies’ I'll also tell you about another fast selling item in the Central States line that brings you two profits on every call. All you risk is a 2c stamp—ro grab your pencil and shoot me the coupon right now. PATENTED HOUSEHOLD SPECIALTIES CENTRAL STATES MFG. CO. Established Over 20 Years Dept. M-842, 4500 Mary Ave., St. Louis, Mo. ee enue ses SS 2S 8 oe ee ae | TEST OFFER

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150 a Get into the Big Game! Be a Radio Operator Take the RadioWay === to Bigger Pay Now for the first time, an entire course of training for Radio Operator or Ins tor is presen in one big handbook — the most complete and up-to-date book on the sub- ject. Prepared by two of the highest authorities; 16 chapters developed from the elemen- tary stage right through the whole subject so that a beginner with no knowledge of electricit get from it a thoroug knowledge of radio operation. Meets every need of the : student who wants to fit himself for the highly paid —oaiaiion of Operator or Inspector, and pre- pares him to qualify for government license. A Complete Course in Radio Operation in a Single Volume RADIO MANUAL Here’s the answer to every question about prin- ciples, methods, and apparatus of radio trans- mitting and receiving. The finest handbook for students, amateurs, operators, and inspectors. Prepared by Official Examining Officer The author, G. E. Sterling, is Radio Inspector and Examining Officer, Radio Division, Ss. Dept. of a ate The book has been edited in detail by Robert S. Kruse, for five years Tech- nical Editor of QST, the magazine of the Amer- ican Radio Relay League. Free Examination Special Low Price “The Radio Manual” is now on the press and will be read wr: Regular price after publi- cation will be $6.00. Orders received now will be accepted at the special advance price of $4.95 —an amazingly low price for the best radio book available. Send for Free Examination. Pay or return in ten days. Use This Coupon D. VAN NOSTRAND CO., Inc., 8 Warren St., New York. Send me as soon as published THE RADIO MANUAL for examination. Within ten days after receipt I will either return the volume or send you the special advance price—$4.95 Name ee , vs (Pop.Se.M.10-28) Address City and Stat. MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION / Dirigibles’ New Bid | to Rule the Air (Continued from page 15) for this loss of weight by releasing or “valv- | ing” hydrogen gas, or in the case of our Los | Angeles, helium. The loss of this lifting gas has been more costly even than consumption of engine fuel. With the new German fuel this waste is largely eliminated. Only three nations are competing in this | realm of lighter-than-air ships—the Germans, the British, and: the Americans. What are the Americans doing? For one thing, in the Los Angeles, our Navy has the only training ship of its kind in the world. Uncle Sam has been busy making air sailors with specialized skill enough to fly either the new British dirigible or the new German Zeppelin to the ends of the earth and back. A MBRICAS activities in the design and construction of dirigibles are largely cen- tered at Akron, O., where the Goodyear- Zeppelin Company has built an organization of experts including some of the former chief assistants of Count Zeppelin. Dr. Karl Arn- stein, in charge of engineering there, had a | part in building about seventy German Zeppe- lins. Captain Ernest Lehman, vice-president of the company, directed many spectacular operations of the war-time Zeps. These two men have brought to America all that Germany learned about the construction and operation of dirigibles. The dirigibles they have pro- jected will be produced by American factory methods, which means that once the pattern | and method are worked out, they can be turned out with a speed never achieved else- where, even at Friedrichshafen. What all travelers demand is the best com- promise between comfort, speed, and security. One of the compelling reasons why conserva- tive capitalists will be ready to put their for- tunes into the building of immense dirigibles for transocean passenger carrying trade is bound up in the matter of traveling comfort. | A few adventurous souls might be willing to | sit cramped in the bucket seat of an airplane | to cross the Atlantic in a day, but the dividends of future trans-Atlantic travel will be paid by men, women, and children who will wish no interruption of their normal bathing, dining, dancing, tooth brushing, bridge playing ex- istence. If sometime during the next year you cross the Atlantic as a passenger in forty-eight | hours or less, you will travel in a dirigible. You will be able to indulge in any of the luxuries available to passengers on ocean liners. Not even the most sanguine advocate of air- plane development predicts that heavier-than- | air machines can offer the same comforts for many years to come. " ONE of these arguments mean, of course, that airship development will interfere with the development of airplanes. The two | modes of travel are adapted to purposes as different as the principles that govern their operation. The frenzied director of large busi- ness enterprises, the impatient lover, the indi- vidual racing with death to the bedside of a relative will use, of course, the unrivaled speed of an airplane. There will be plenty of work for airplanes in the years to come. There will be airplanes roosting on the flat tops of all dirigibles, ready to rush mails and impatient passengers over the last few hundred miles of | a journey, or to fly on branch lines from the main airship routes. Just such a scheme of launching planes from mother airships is em- | bodied in the specifications for the Navy’s | projected mammoth dirigibles. Yesterday the winged machine held all our attention. Today graceful whales of the airy ocean loom overhead to thrill us. Each has its own vital part to play in revolutionizing travel | aaa and transportation. 20 LA. at w amily, Name Address Even if you can’t read a note of music t you Play a simple melody + the very nea your lorimba. Free, easy lessons show ou bo you are pyee Sepameane friends and Telatives ane PPpy even: oO popalarit y; radio ay J03; Parties; to $25 @ ni — Made $300 weeks, spare time,” instrument—the 5-day free trial offer—the free ee eas t in the coupon today—the booklet De tailed a, Send without cost or obligation. MAIL COUPON TODAY! J. C. Deagan, Inc., Dept. 1657 1770 Berteau Ave., Chicagy Send me, without ‘obligation, full details of Free Trial offer and easy-payment plan on the Deagan lorimba, Complete Home yy: se Course: aVIATIO! | Quickly Train at Home for BIG PAY! If you want thrills, adventure, fame, popularity—get into AVIATION. N.A.T. offers you a complete, practical EASY-TO-GRASP Course in Aviation fundamentals at & new low price. You are taught, by Home Study, in quickest possible time every step necessary to qualify for Pilot, Instructor, Designer, Motor Expert, Inspector, Mechanician, etc. Every branch included—Motors, Wings, Assembly, Construction, Design Drawings, "Nomenclature, Alr Rules, Mete orology, Navigation, Theory of Handling in Air and on Ground, and 100 other fascinating subiecte Profusely illustrated. Endorsed by experts. Diplomao graduation. Ss en t High priced, skilled men needed at once in Aviation industry. We render free emnloy- F Ee E ment service. Write today for details of quick, inexpensive way to get into Aviation. National Aviation Training Dept. 22, 1031 So. Broadway, Los Angeles, 38 Below Zero {s not too cold when you have a Sunshine Radiant Heater Maeg and burns its own £25; ives you clean, safe, ; nap eetin om rom cold start. Nopi " does noinstallation costs. Ane ~ 4 Sie Se aches seme and tocarry from room toroom fag cheery, com Ls 5 while in operation. a now. FREE Startling low offer on new, beautiful] 1929 Model—and migra how = AGENTS -| BIG MONEY easy saleson partor full time. i Kansas City, M HB Ont UN Gaeta Pays $150 to $300 Monthly Profits Start your own Fuss business no¥. 7-4 Small payment brings complet @ outfit for recharging a and radio batteries. terms. oe ok guarantee. "write ROS. CO. oy P108, Troy, Ohio ee - fs Ke =m S| 24 =: & fT CO HF CO ~,

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ber, 1973 iH Biel H led at once ree emnloy- r details of to Aviation. ng geles, from thestart—rapid ad- vancement—glorious ad- venture. It is a respected profession of fascinating brain- work where your sincere ef- forts can win you Success. R ion offers you good pay Our graduates are earning big money.as radio designers, as executives with large radio organizations, in broadcasting work, as skilled mechanics, assemblers, service men, and radio dealers. We have trained thousands of men to become successful radio operators on ships trav- eling to far corners of the globe—to become radio oper- ators in shore stations, send- ing and receiving radio traffic with countries across the two oceans. And now Opportu- nity is knocking at your door. Are you going to plod along at a thirty-five dollar a week job when REAL MONEY is wait- ing for you in radio? 326 BROADWAY MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION Well-paying positions in this live industry need trained men You can learn at home! New Course offered by the world’s oldest radio school After years of experience the Radio Institute of America has evolved a new and revolu- tionary course in radio—right up to the minute and abreast of the most recent develop- ments in the radio industry. It starts with the very funda- mentals and takes you through every phase of radio—right through — television—photora- diograms and airplane radio equipment. The instruction is the work of radio experts and its clear- ness and simplicity are such that you can master every point with ease. examinations and your papers are corrected by men with years of radio experience. All your questions are answered and you are in contact with the Institute at all times. RADIO INSTITUTE OF AMERICA NEW YORK CITY You. take. If you’re really looking for a future —if you’re really out for SUCCESS earn RADIO! —the most fascinating of all professions Complete Kit of First-Quality Equipment at No Extra Cost Our students must have the finest in equipment, so we furnish, at no extra cost, all the parts—first qual- ity—to make many different radio circuits. We also furnish the Peer- less Signagraph and other instru- ments for code instruction—at no extra cost. Radio Institute of America Sponsored by RCA, G-E and Westinghouse Conducted by the Radio Corpora- tion of America and enjoying the advantages of RCA’s associates, General Electric and Westinghouse, the Radio Institute of America is equipped to give—and does give— the finest radio instruction obtain- able anywhere in the world. Home Study Course Moreover, you can study at home, when you _ please and as long:as you please.- Our new. catalog, ~descri- bing .the course is now ready. If you want to learn more about the profitable and fascinating profession of radio, send the coupon now for your copy. RADIO INSTITUTE OF.AMERICA. .- Dept. J-10, 326 Broadway, New York City G entlemen: Please send me your new catalog. I want to know more about your new radio course. ‘

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orl v4 —— oe Dhl Mi tf HIGH SCHOOL COURSE IN TWO YEARS YOU ARE BADLY if you lack HANDICAPPED [oe Schoo You cannot attain business or social prominence. You are barred from a successful business career, from the leading professions, from well- paid civil service jobs, from teaching and college entrance. In fact, em- ployers-of practically all worth-while positions demand High School train- ing. You can’t hope to succeed in the face of this handicap. But you can remove it. Let the American School help you. FIT YOURSELF FOR A BIG FUTURE This course, which has been prepared by some of America’s leading professors, will broaden your mind, and make you keen, alert and capable. It is com- plete, simplified and up-to-date. It covers all subjects given in a resident school and meets all requirements of a High School training. From the first lesson to the last you are care- fully examined and coached, USE SPARE TIMEONLY Most people idle away jifty hours a week. Probably you do. Use only one-fifth of your wasted hours for study and you can remove your present handicap within two years. You will enjoy the lessons and the knowledge you will gain will well repay the time spent in study. Check and mail the coupon NOW for full particulars and Free Bulletin. American School Dept. H-775, Drexel Ave. and $8th $t., Chicago SS OY A EN See SE A A SEES NEES ewe en ee ‘American School Dept. H-775, Drexel Ave. & 58th St., Chicago Send me full informati th bject checked ead how you will help me win success. Law OD. iitntiiiedemsaahinnanwnnnne MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION October, 19 The Play That Made Football Over (Continued from page 45) the field its aerial game gets in full swing. Ninety-five percent of forward passes are at- tempted by a team beyond the fifty-yard line. There are, of course, exceptions to every rule. I recall several instances in which I discarded customary practice and threw passes when our back was against the wall. In 1926, just as we entered Zone No. 2, I noticed that the Harvard backs were closer than they should have been for their own pro- tection. Consequently I sent a pass about forty-five yards down the field to Myles Lane, who caught it and was downed near the Har- vard goal line. Had that pass been intercepted, it would have been equivalent to a long kick, for Lane would have dropped the Crimson man on the spot, and Harvard would be deep in its own territory. The only safe pass from dangerous | territory is the long pass well down the field. If intercepted it still is as good as a kick. O RETURN to our quarterback, whose actions you are watching from the stand: First he feels out the opposing line with a thrust here and there, trying to find a weak spot. When he does he calls several plays through the same place, through tackle let us say, and then suddenly switches to another position. You wonder why he changes when he is gaining through tackle. The reason is that he wants to save that weak spot until he is in scoring position; then he will send a halfback crashing for a touchdown. Again, entering Zone 3, he may call for a forward pass, which is batted down by the defense, and you wonder why the fool ever called that play when his line plays were working to perfection. The reason is that the defending backs were beginning to move up to help hold the line. A well-placed pass tends to keep the defense in position and makes possible better gains through the line. Tech- nically the pass failed, because it wasn't caught, but scientifically it may have made possible a big gain through tackle on the next play by depriving the defending tackle of the halfback’s aid. If the defensive backfield is drawn out of position, you can expect an early pass. And if the quarterback is calling for a play con- | tinually, you may anticipate a pass when he has got the defense out of position and off their guard. In order to appreciate the importance of deception in a forward pass observe the moves that terminate in it. Every man runs just as he would on a line drive or an end run. Then suddenly the man carrying the ball straightens up and zips it to an end who has been scurrying down the field. HE end must act as he would on any other play. He must take his initial charge (ex- cept on a pass requiring him to get well down the field) and dart straight for the rival half- back. The latter doesn't know whether the end is part of the interference or whether he is going to try to catch a pass. And if a pass, he still doesn’t know which way the end is going to turn. It is this uncertainty that allows the end a step’s lead on the halfback, and that margin is enough to snatch a well-aimed pass out of the air. Provided the pass is timed properly, a half- back has little chance of intercepting it. An intercepted pass is generally the result of a bad throw or ill timing—and timing is simply the art of getting the ball to a certain point just as the runner arrives there. In all sports, timing is important. In the forward pass it is vital. i When a team is in Zone 5, the wise quarter. back will not call for passes over the goal line into the end zone, because when the ball ; thrown or kicked over the goal line jt ra “touchback,” and the ball goes to the defend. ing team on its twenty-yard line. That is you will see so many flat, bulletlike Passes | when a team is approaching the opponent's | goal. This type of pass has its dangers, though If intercepted it usually means a touchdowy | for the man who caught it, since he has a clear | field to the other goal. The man who passes the flat pass is expected to protect it by running | out in the same direction; but often he oniall too late. Forward passing on the last down is fool. hardy because if the pass is incompleted the opposing team gets the ball at the point where it was put in play, and consequently the offending team has lost all the distance it would have gained by a kick. A smart quarterback will blend his running attack harmoniously with his passing attagk | so that the defending team is in a perpetual quandary as to what to expect. Knute Rockne | Jesse Hawley, and “Chick” Meehan build their plays with an intelligence and subtlety. that keep the opposing teams continually guessing. ‘ _ Nothing else has had such a tremendous and invigorating effect on football as the forward pass. It opened up the play and elevated the | game from the gruesome battle of the old *push-and-pull” era into a scientific pastime. Once the successful team was that which possessed the most strength and weight; now it is the team that combines scientifically a strong running attack with a well executed aerial game. And nothing quite so thrills the football multitudes as does the colorful pass. With it games have been pulled out of the fire, defeat turned into victory. Every year teams come over the football horizon that are exceptional in the use of tle forward pass. Dartmouth, Notre Dame, and California have shown what can be done with the forward pass. Georgia, too, and many others have had their great aerial teams. Who will it be this year that forward- passes its way to gridiron glory? | Science Slashes Coal Bills OW would you like to cut next winter's coal bill nineteen percent, and still have your house as warm as you need it? L. C. Price, re- search engineer of the University of Arkansas, says tests have shown that the saving can be ac- complished simply by cutting down the grate surface of the furnace in mild weather, when less heat is needed. Experiments in various cli | mates showed that the saving ranged from | thirteen percent in Chicago to thirty-five in| New Orleans. 1 At a recent meeting of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers a score of new designs of high pressure boilers were described which effect important fuel economies. Whereas the ordinary power boiler generates steam at about 200 pounds pressure, some of the new designs operate at 2,000 pounds and more. Forty power plants now use boilers of more than 50 pounds pressure. Last year, according to Department of Com- merce figures, the world developed sources power—in coal, oil, and water power—equiva: | lent to nearly 2,000,000,000 tons of coal. Only about three percent of the world’s resources 2 hydroelectric power are now being put to use, | though from 1920 to 1926 there was an increase in developed water power of 10,000,000 horse- power. —— Sec: rib oD camer install colors would surfac in the Nov at Light of the sectiol ribs tl rays 0 would emulsi the le The re | becaus green | W3 pl struck where were f would them. The and tu the tre would that w The ¥ lens al would throug color v a cross be pr throug threw sion. Obv ing fil | positio project | versed | project | Teverse | and vi | OF | graphe | registe | film. * | throug | object Q» gr the rig known a weak the rec registe light p the ser purple. Rem countk how tl make | comple 4 N tir sium ¢ erase it or, ines ler a t = ————

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October, 1928

Secrets of New Color Movies (Continued from page 18) : film only focuses the lens of the eed daar of ‘the film. If the filter were stalled so that the divisions between the peer were horizontal instead of vertical you would see no color effect at all; the curved surface of the celluloid rib could not focus in that direction. Now suppose that the camera were pointed at a red object—a red apple, for instance. Light from the apple would strike every part of the lens, but it would pass through only the section covered by the red filter. The celluloid ribs that happened to be at the points where rays of light from the apple struck the film would promptly photograph on the sensitive emulsion spots corresponding to the side of the lens through which the light was coming. The rest of the lens would photograph black | because no red light could get through the | green and blue filters.

HEN the film went through the finishing process, the spots where the red light struck would be transparent, while the spots where the blue and green sections of the lens were focused by the curved surface of the rib would be black because no light had struck them. Then, if you placed the film in the projector and turned on the light, rays would go through the transparent spots and the curved surfaces would shoot them at the section of the lens that was covered by the red part of the filter. The white light rays would go through ‘the

ene eer lens and when they hit the filter all of them | would be absorbed but the red. These would go to the screen and appear in actual color. Exactly the same process would be gone through if the object were green or blue. Each color would be registered at different points in | a crosswise direction under the ribs and would be projected after the film was finished, through the same sections of the lens that threw the original rays on the sensitive emul- | sion. Obviously the taking filter and the project- ing filter have to occupy the same relative positions in front of the camera lens and the projecting lens respectively. If one were re- versed, the center color still would be correctly | projected, but the outside colors would be | reversed so that red objects would appear blue, and vice versa. Of course when a white object is photo- | graphed, the curved surfaces of the ribs will | register all three colors side by side on the | film. The projector will, in turn, project light through all three sections of the lens and the object will appear white on the screen. BJECTS of other colors than white, red, green or blue also are reproduced in exactly the right shades on the screen because every known color can, as far as the human eye is concerned, be made up of some combination of red, green, and blue. A vivid purple object would, for instance, send light through both the red and blue sections of the filter screen to register on the film, and the corresponding light projected through the same sections to the screen would appear to the eye as a vivid purple. Remember that all pictures are made up of countless points of light and you will realize how these minutely small specks of color can make your eye believe that you are seeing a complete picture in full colors. A Blotter That Erases Ink N ORDINARY blotter, steeped several . Umes in a solution of oxalic acid or potas- stum oxalate and dried, will very effectually erase ink. Apply it while the ink is still moist; — = - writing has dried, moisten the blot-

|

MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION

AMATINGLY Sasy Way to Get into ELECTRICITY Don’t spend your life waiting for $5 raises in a dull, hopeless job. Now ++.and forever ;: . say good-bye to 25 and 35 dollars a week. Let me show you how to up, a week, in Electricity —NOT for jobs leading to salaries of $50, $60 and by correspondence, but by an amazing way to train, that makes you a practical electrician in 90 days! Getting into Electricity is far easier than you imagine! Learn on Actual Electrical Machinery in 90 Days Lack of experience — age or_ad- vanced education hars no one. I don’t care if you don’t know an armature from an air brake—TI don’t expect ou to! It makesno difference! Don’t et lack of money stop you. Most of the men at Coyne have no more money than youhave. That’s why I’ve worked out my astonishing offers. FREE Employment Service Armature

Week and Sitios

ae As Not a Correspondence . School Learn by doing... all real actual work ,.. building real batteries . .. winding real armatures, operating real motors, dynamos and _ gen- erators, wi houses, etc. That’s a glimpse of how we help to make zou a practical electrician, and tting you to hold big jobs after graduation. Jobs, Pay, Future Expert

$65 Week | Don’t worry about a job. Coyne

Many of my students earn a good | sutoE nt 4 part or all their living expenses and | ,....,,, 808 Week eodup | training settles the job question eh F ; aventor + = Unlimi for life. Big demand for Coyne ould you need this assistance we | isin pce Engineer Sonia anaet employment de in the great roaring shops of Coyne, | “"*SasaWsivioq, | partment, gives you lifetime service I train you as you never dreame Nadio Expert. wo weeks after graduation, Clyde you aan be trained. ..on one of a Week andup § F, Hart got a position as electrician

the greatest —_e of electrical apparatus ever assembled...real dynamos, engines, power plants, autos, switchboards, transmitting sta- tions,.,everything from doorbells to farm power lighting... full-sized . .. full operation every day. Now in Our New Home This is our new, fireproof, modern home, where- in is installed thousands of doliars worth of the newest and most modern Electrical Equipment of all kinds. We now have a larger amount of floor space devoted to the exclusive teach- ing of practical elec- tricity. Every com- fort and convenience has been arranged to make you happy and contented during your training.

Electrical School H. C. Lewis, Pres. Dept.78-73 Established 1899 500 So. Paulina St., Chicago, Ill.

<< * sae with the Great Western R.R. at over $100 aweek. That’s not unusual. We can point to many Coyne men making up to $600 a month. $60 a week is only the beginning of your opportunity. You can go into radio, battery or automotive electrical business ‘for yourself — and make a year and up, Get the Facts Coyne is your one great chance to get into elec- tricity. Every obstacle is removed. This school is 29 years old. Coyne training is tested—proven beyond all doubt—endorsed by many large elec- trical concerns. You can find out everything abso- lutely free, Simply mail the coupon and let me send you the big, free Coyne book of 150 photographs ... facts... obs... Salaries .. . opportunities ells you how many earn ex- penses while training and how we assist our graduates in the field. Thisdoes not obligate you. Soact atonce. Justmailcou

Mr. H. C. Lewis, Pres. COYNE ELECTRICAL SCHOOL, Dept.78-73 500 S. Paulina St., Chicago, I1l. Dear Mr. Lewis: Without obligations send me your big free catalog and all details of Free Employment Service, o and Automotive Courses, and how _ many “earn while } I undere stand I will not be bothered by any salesman, 153

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“I’m going to raise his salary” “I’ve had my eye on him for some time and I know he can handle big- ger work. “He studies those I.C.S. text- books every chance he gets, and I want to tell you it has made him a valuable man for this business. “I’m going to raise his salary and give him that new job we were talk- ing about. I wish we had more men like him.” —_—— How do you stand when your employer checks up his men for promotion? Does he pass you by as just a routine worker, or does he think of you as a man who is ambitious to get ahead? Won’t you be far more likely to get the promotion if he knows you are studying at home and are really preparing yourself to handle bigger work? Think it over. Then act. It takes only a moment to mark and mail the coupon and find what the International Correspondence Schools can do for you yet that one simple little ste may be the means 0 changing your whole life. io it now.” ee i ee ee as ee INTERNATIONAL CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOLS “The Universal University’ Box 7696-E, Scranton, Penna. Without cost or obligation, please send me a copy of your booklet, “Who Wins and Why,” and full particulars about the subject before which I have marked X: BUSINESS TRAINING COURSES Management met gm Todestrtad Management English Personnel Management Business Correspondence Traffic Management Show Card and Sign Accounting and C. P. A, Lettering Coaching Stenography and Typing Cost Accounting Civil Service Bookkeeping Railway Mail Clerk Salesmanship Common School Subjects Spent rial Work High School Subjects 0 French Ci Mlustrating (J Cartooning “TECHNICAL AND INDUSTRIAL COURSES Electrical Engineer | Architect Electric Lighting Architects’ Blueprints Mechanical Engineer Contraetor and Builder - Mechanical a Machine Shop Pract Railroad Positions _ Gas Engine Opera ng Chemistry Pharmacy Civfl Engineer () Mining bile: Work Surv vexing and Mapping” Alzplane Engines Plumbi ng and Heati Agriculture and Poultry Steam Engineering Radio (Lj Mathematics * Cit State If you reside in Canada, aa this coupon to the Interna- tional. Correspondence Schools Canadian, Limited, Montreal Recgeeneenin On Time in the Fog (Continued from page 36) the old fellow watching the speed recording dial. Marley's eyes sought the speed clock, found the needle trembling at sixty. His heavy foot kept time with the wheels clicking over alternating rail joints. An exclamation from Old Bill caused Marley to turn his head sharply. The engineer was pushing the throttle forward and manipulat- ing the air valve. The deck of the big Pacific tender, tumbling lumps of coal against the | coal gate. Marley had seen the red light in front of the engineer’s seat and knew what was caus- ing Old Bill to stop, but not until he saw the gleaming green eye upon a roadside signal mast did he know he had encountered his | first false stop. He sprang from his seat with a yell. “False stop, Bill. Those devils at the test a will pay me for this. Find the trouble, [THE mail ground to a noisy stop. One long and three short whistle blasts told the flagman to go back a quarter of a mile with red signals and track torpedoes to stop any following train. The helper began tracing the course of the electric wiring with a screw driver. Suddenly the red light blinked out and a green reappeared in the cab. —EEE MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION | shuddered as the brakes took hold and the | | impact of the heavy steel train jarred the Marley yelped for Old Bill and reached for | the whistle lever to recall the flagman. The | 5019 worked steam and rumbled westward | into the night. The speed climbed to fifty miles an hour and once more the cab light changed from green to red. Old Bill, with head and shoulders projecting from the cab window, was so intent upon the roadside sig- nals that he did not observe the change of lights upon his instrument board. Marley opened his mouth to call to the engineer, but closed it without uttering a word. The speed at the moment of the signal change was almost sixty miles an hour. Marley estimated this would give Old Bill about six seconds to act if he would forestall the action of the automatic engineer. Came then, without visible cause, the hiss of air brakes and the grind of brake shoes upon engine and car wheels. The mail ground to a stop with Old Bill gazing in empty-handed astonishment at the brake valve he had not touched. Marley paid no attention to the bewildered engineer. Y7ELL, is this a peek-a-boo system we have, or is it some street signals?” he ae of Ed who was examining the gag! eTasulation burnt off drop cord,’ Ed ex- hibited the exposed wires to the irate super- intendent. “When it touches the gage bracket it short-circuits.”’ Ed taped the cord and the train moved on. Marley was silent for several miles. Then he began an investigation after- the usual Marley fashion, that of causing the witness to believe that the crime belonged to him. “What burnt that insulation?’’ he rasped in Ed’s ear. “‘Suppose a torch.” “Why did you do it, lad?” **T didn’t, Mr. Marley.” “Then who did it?” The helper was silent. “You won't tell me who plays the dirty trick on Old Bill?’’ he demanded coldly. “No, sir, I told you I didn’t do it.” “Ali right, lad,’’ Marley laid a fatherly hand upon the young man’s shoulder, “I was just wantin’ to know what kind of a boy you — But I'll find out who did it, an’ when I do—” boted were — Marley snapped. (Continued on page 165) $2500 REWARD For the Capture of An Unknown Man WICE he had entered the St. Clair Mansion. What was he after? Who? What was in danger? Berteau, the famous detective, haj warned St. Clair that the mysterion marauder would come again. Ani now —a noise in the passage! The creak of an opening door. A shot in the dark! A capture! Is this wounded stranger the mysterious truder? Who could tell? Yet Bertean ee | fied the man without hesitation and won th $2500 reward. in- | | How did he do it? Easy enough for peg be | Print Expert. He is the specialist, the leader, : the cream of detectives. Every day’s paper tells of their wonderful exploits in _— mysterious crimes and convicting dangerow criminals. More Trained Men Needed The demand for trained men by — states, cities, detective agencies, corporations, and private bureaus is becoming greater every day. Here is a real opportunity for YOU. Ca Can you imagine a more fascinating line of work than this? Often life and death bes yt finger print evidence—and big rew: = the expert. Many experts earn regularly $3,000 to $10,000 per year. Learn at Home in Spare Time And now you can learn the secrets of this science at home in your spare time. Any ma with common school education and ability can become a Finger in surprisingly short time. FREE The Confidential Report} No. 38 Made to His Chid And the best part of ft all is this. It may ager Print Expert cutese for YOU ase 4 like you , of excitement. salaries. Rew Earn so560. to $10,000 a Yeu Any man who can read and waite can pd new profession. You can learn in aoe S time. It’sa fascinating think of the opportunities to and cathe Uy setoat But you must AC Write °n3 and wei "ll send am by RL the Free of totes ecen paella ily ite ser tontl , too, am ¢ thes 1920 Sunnrside 3A 7 en nena scree Gente ee eee ne No. 38 2 ps me t! o new, ait illustrated Free Book on \ 3 re to i 8

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econ October, 1928 MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION eae On Time in the Fog (Continued from page 154) with Old Bill manipulating the «1 les. It was the same false condition; ihe ab light showing red while the roadside which it was supposed to repeat, a perfect green. The superintendent followed Ed to the front of the engine and stood by impatiently while the helper examined the coils contained in an aluminum housing just ahead of the pony truck wheels. Whatever repairs were made to the apparatus could not be described by Marley. The important item was that Ed seemed able to put his screw driver into the seat of the trouble without excessive delay. A shout from the fireman called the crew into the cab. The mail moved on. Four additional stops were made within the next hour, and at each of them Marley cursed. aimlessly while the helper tightened electrical contacts and removed foreign sub- stance from between generator brush and brush holder. Sigg could she test O. K. at the loop an’ still be in this condition?” Marley at Ed when they were under way after the last stop. “Fast running will shake things loose, break contacts that won’t show up at slow speed,” Ed explained. “But tell me, lad,” Marley urged, “is the train control system so flimsy that it can’t stand a few shocks?”’ “No, it’s of very rugged construction, Mr. Marley. It’s got to be properly adjusted and maintained to stand the gaff of speed.” “But it’s not standin’ the gaff; an’ we haven’t got the speed above sixty miles an hour yet,’ Marley objected. “No, and we won't get above sixty. The system is set for sixty; that’s as high as we can “What?” Marley shrilled. “You mean to say we can’t run faster than sixty miles an hour, an’ us more than an hour late now?”’ “That’s what I mean, Mr. Marley,” Ed admitted. ‘We can try to run faster, but before the speed reaches sixty-one, the brake acts automatically, independent of the en- —s like it did back there when he wasn’t looking.” Marley studied his time-table and watch. “You think we’ve found all the troubles which that gang of high-binders is goin’ to answer to me for?’” he asked. “Yes, sir, I don’t look for any further trouble.”’ “yn ordered the speed governor set for sixty?” Pring I think you did, Mr. Marley,” Ed “If I said seventy now, could it be changed?” “Well, it might, but I don’t know that I could set it exactly at seventy. Anyway, that'd be cheating. It’s a kind of trade secret, the manipulating of —” “You could take the bridle off entirely?”’ Marley suggested. “Yes, sir, but—”’ Marley was silent. The mail flashed through Mill Ridge. Listlessly the superin- tendent consulted watch and_time-table, - lurched across the gangway to Old Bill’s “Sixty miles an hour from here on in means—’* he stopped and looked appealingly at the engineer. it means we're goin’ in late, boss,” Old Bill s lips trembled. «ne Course those delays will explain—” oO hey won t explain nothin’ to me, boss,” Old Bill interrupted, “ nothin’ except I went Oe ileal in late on my last trip. I wish now I hadn’t (Continued on page 156) Now he DRAW$ the things he wants LL, at drawing No. 1 above. Then compare it with No. 2 and note the improvement Federal School training has made in the work of Art Nelson. Before he studied drawing with the Federal Schools, he worked as a sur- veyor’s assistant at $18.00 a week. Today he has a fine position in the work he enjoys at $75.00 a week. He says, “The Federal Schools made this possible through their training and co-operation, as I had only average ability before enroHing as a student.” Mr. Nelson is just one of hundreds of young people making good money because of Federal training. Opportunities for artists have never been better. Magazines and news- papers buy millions of dollars worth of illustrations every year. If you like to draw, let your talent make your living. The Federal School of Illustrating has taught hundreds of successful students. That is because its methods of instructions are right. Over fifty famous artists such as Sid Smith, Neysa McMein, Clare Briggs, Charles Livingston Bull, Norman Rockwell and many others contribute exclusive les- sons and drawings to the Federal Course. They tell you their methods in a clear understandable way. The subjects include illustrating, cartooning, letter- ing, poster designing, window card illustrating, etc. They are easy to learn the “Federal Way”—at home in your spare time. Have Your Drawing Talent Tested If you like to draw, you may have the free criticism and analysis of your work by sending for our free Vocational Test Chart. We will send with it our free book, “A Road to Bigger Things,” which explains illustrat- ing as a profes- sion. Nelson got his start sending for it. This is your opportunity : THINGS DXOTISERG —grasp it. Fill out the coupon WO = of Illustrating FEDERAL SCHOOL OF ILLUSTRATING 10148 Federal School Bldg., Minneapolis, Minn. Please send your free book, “A Road to Bigger Things,” together with - Vocational Test Chart. EES NT TM STE OPO oN. 8H A Occupation _..... ee TN ee Address ................... otk Tey ee 155

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156 \\ all Treasure ‘Buried \. bn i) ~A 2 = = your reach UM BYIILZZ “The Golden Age of oppor- tunity lies be- fore you, young men of merica,” says Irving T. Bush, President of the Bush Terminal. Airplanes, radio, television, talk- yas ing movies, are only an indication— opportunities are everywhere. Trea- sure is buried under your feet. Do you know how to make it yours? Don’t Miss It There has just been published a book by a man who found his treasure where others overlooked it—who built a mighty business and a national reputation on a waste sand lot. This man whom Thos. A. Edison has called “‘an asset to the country” is Irving T. Bush. His book, dedicated to the young men of America, has one purpose: to help you find your opportunity and to make the most of it. How This Book Can Help YOU No man worthy of the name can read this book without gaining new ideas and new vigor for his job—but he will gain much more than that. “Working With the World” will. set your imagination going; will make you able to see the golden opportunities where others miss them. And it will h Ip you lay the two great founda- tion stones of success: STRAIGHT THINK- ING and DECISIVE ACTION. THIS BOOK IS THE KEY to your opportunity. Can you afford to let it slip? Thousands of ambitious men have found invaluable help in its pages. The book is snappy, concrete, full of incident and illustration, and above all, true. Once in a lifetime there comes a book like this. Don’t think you are too smart to need it. he more brains you have the more you will get out of it. Return this coupon now. > “CCN ITTV IST Your money back if you are not more than delighted. nihentelnipanaiidsioméndinnnalee oto ' THE ALDWYCH PRESS t 133 West 41st Street, New York City + Enclosed please find $2.50 for a copy of WORKING ' WITH THE WORLD or please send C. O. D. MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION On Time in the Fog (Continued from page 155) hunch comin’ east last trip I ought to lay off, not chance it.” The train rumbled to a stop at a water tank. Old Bill slid out of the gangway, oilcan in hand. Marley jerked his thumb in the direction of the speed governor. “His last trip, Ed,’’ he be; “we can’t let him go in late. Take her bridle off.” Through the cab window Marley watched the helper poking his screw driver into the delicate mechanism that automatically con- trolled the speed limit. The fireman shoved the tank spout to clear and called; “All right!’ Old Bill climbed wearily into the cab for the last time and started the train. pros a few miles not a word was spoken as the needle on the speed dial hovered around sixty. Marley. was lost in a problem of railroad mathematics as, with watch and grimy time-table, he essayed to find the answer to something which meant as much to him as it did to the veteran at the throttle. The problem, when sifted of sentiment, was: how fast must they travel to finish the remain- ing hundred miles in an hour and fifteen minutes? When he found the answer he lurched across the deck and gave the order. “Haul the mail, Bill,” he yelled, “the bridle’s off!” “Off!” Old Bill eyed him hopefully, “you _ mean I can get this jack above sixty per?” “Sure, if you ain’t afraid to run her!” | | Marley shouted. “Afraid to run ’er!’’ Old Bill widened on the throttle. “Say, boss, you remember that | night we pulled the President out of St. Louis? Night kind o’ like this, too, only it was foggy all the way. Lordy, it’s thick enough now, though.” For a brief instant Marley did not catch the significance of Old Bill’s chatter, not until the engineer pointed ahead. When Marley saw what Old Bill meant he returned to his place on the fireman’s seatbox and peered into a fog so dense that the rays of the powerful headlight appeared to collide with the stuff and scatter it ahead of the speeding train. *Ain’t it a lovely night!’’ Old Bill cackled as with deft hand he felt with lever for the notch best suited for the speed they were making. “ WOBGET the fog, Bill,’ Marley yelled. “Give us some of that stuff you're always braggin’ about round the test loop. We got train control now; we don’t have to see the roadside signals. Those cab signals tell you if anything’s ahead in the fog.” ‘Hell, who’s talkin’ about fog!’’ Old Bill . bellowed above the noise of the pounding engine. There is no mechanical sound quite so pleasing to the ear of an engineman as the quick staccato bark of a free-steaming loco- motive at high speed. From sixty-five miles an hour, the needle climbed to sixty-eight before Marley had time to do more than mutter his satisfaction at having brought Ed with him. Sixty-nine, seventy, seventy-five. The bark of the 5019 came faster and Marley surrendered himself to the thrill of the hour. The deep voice of the big Pacific rose and swelled as mile after mile of swirling fog streamed along. Eighty miles an hour. The needle trembled. Eighty-five. The voice of the big Pacific changed into a kind of drum- ming ha ha ha ha ha ha, like a never-ending peal of metallic laughter. Ninety. Ninety miles an hour! The sound from the stack was that of the far-flung drone of a powerful | motor, and at ninety miles an hour the sensa- tion of the men in (Continued on page 157) lL e 4 BE an electrical specialist. Gain qui ail tse r quick success Soinatagend profitable field. Learn at Nationalin hess endous electrical costii remensdoug clerical projec costing more than COGN) Practical, intensive training by National's j i in 6 to 9 months. All technical essentials included, iw of electricity; radio, Million dollar You at lb ricity; 0. ion do nstitution; — ment and training facilities, Life Son; all moden ip. No age limit. Free employ- ment service. Over 17,000 successful graduates. 23rd year. Big, illustrated rite today. 84-page catalog sent FREE. NESRONAL FLECTRICALCCHOGE Dent 101-D. 4006 So. Figueroa, Los Angeles, calf Working in spare time, J. H. WADE | made $200 in 2 weeks. A. G. MASON earned $617 for a few days’ work. YOU, TOO, can soon qualify for the wonderful opportunities in this fas- cinating big-pay profession. teacl at CAMERA FREE Lint ator fa- = by ous exper c ‘ou fva' GIVEN oney-mekt aocteta of Waites ta (0 photography, in your spare time at home, or in our great New York Studios — how we help you get a —— or start your own » give you a professio: camera. Write today for Book and Job N. Y. Institute of Photography 10 W. 33rd St., N.Y., Dept: folder. PREPARE FOR AN ART Ques —thru the only art school operated as a department of a large art or- ganization, who have actually pro- duced over a quarter million draw- ings for leading advertisers. W else can you get so wide an experi- ence? Home study instruction. Write for illustrated book telling of our suc 1 students. MEYER BOTH COMPANY Michigan Ave. at 20th St. Dept.35, Chicago, Il. 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October, 1928 i — On Time in the Fog (Continued from page 156) _ | ‘ne cab changed from speed to flight. the oe ding roar from the rushing track | underneath, the clang of firedoor and scoop ‘at the hand of a hard driven fireman, the at drum from the smoke-blackened | stack, blended into a single voice, the voice | of a locomotive hauling the mail. ; Marley’s hands were stiff from clutching ‘the seatbox, but he had no thought for his discomfort. The helper huddled at his side and stared wide-eyed into the fog. Marley glanced across the cab, and what he saw there touched him as nothing else could do. He saw the veteran engineer who was nearing his last terminal; saw the old fellow standing erect in the cab with his cap hitched low to meet his dust goggles, saw his clean-shaven s a i i | i! Leap He Se Es & engine lever. Lost to his surroundings, ob- il he can reach his terminal on time. the roar, “An’ you wishin’ a while back you’d stayed home!” Old Bill grinned. and slipped into the station on time. Marley of three grimy men. he commanded, “and don’t let me ever hear of you tamperin’ with things you know nsinese—hew m nothin’ about. You'll have breakfast with N.Y., Depts me in my car, with Bill Stone, a boghead if there ever was one, an’ the young buck who Seemann makes steam enough for Lindbergh, he’s N comin’ along. It’s a fine night’s work you've ! done, boys, so now we'll wreck a dozen eggs ER and a string of flats.”’ Four men slid out of the gangway of the big Pacific and hurried toward Marley’s rated private car at the end of the train. t or- lraw- /here Radio Gyps Exposed _ (Continued from page 40) ng of , . than a single fifty-foot strand of wire. >ANY Coiling the one hundred feet of wire into a . spiral a few feet long would give you about icago, Ill. the same results as a single strand as long as | the spiral. A buried antenna that consists of a can full | of insulated wire cannot be more effective | than a single piece of wire thrust into a hole | of equal depth. And the special shape of the | hole has no significance. ' So the next time you see an advertisement offering a buried antenna as a sure cure for static, howls, poor distance, lack of selectivity, | and every other ailment that can bother your radio set, just keep your money in your | pocket. You can dig holes in the ground and plant some flowers or vegetables—they, at | least, will be worth your trouble! | Ai 3 Fs i ie: =] ° B = ul > B35 Ha ; Winners of Radio Czar Contest Prizes The prize winners in the “What Would You Do If You Were Czar of Radio” contest, which was announced in PopuLaR SCIENCE | f "Ton them Montaty for July, are: First prize, A. L. yt. chew | Groves, Brooke, Va., $50; second prize, Ev- L erett Hurlburt, East Cleveland, Ohio, $25; third prize, E. W. Mayer, Ensenada, P. R., $10. Checks have been mailed to these prize winners. | We wish we had space to print the prize- | winning answers and hundreds of others that | (deserve honorable mention because of the | ‘thoughtful and intelligent way in which they attacked the perplexing problem. ~~! The mail train clattered over Kaw Bridge | MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION 157 | WANT BIG PAY? -_ Then Cet {nto lhe railroad jaw set in forward motion as was his livious of everything except the mighty thrill that comes only to the engineer who believes _ “We're flyin’, Bill!’ Marley shouted into | stood up and delivered a speech to his audience | “Set the speed governor back to sixty, Ed,” | ‘1s made by thousands . 4, e ) of Cooke Trained Men You can do as well. Now you work for $20—or $25— : / or $30 a week. In the same six days, as a “Cooke” : Trained Electrical Man, you could be making $70 to $200 a week—and do it easier—not work half as hard as you do now. Why, Then, Stick to Starvation Wages? Why hang on to poor-pay work that offers no future, no promotion, no Big Pay? You can’t make Big Money there. ; \ Get into Electricity. That’s where the Big Money is— : poe Electricity is the fastest growing industry in the : world! -$705200 a week E I'll Train You In Spare Time With my now famous “Work Sheet” and “Job Ticket” Methods, I'll train you at home in your spare time. You work just as you're working now—at your regular job. But _ learn Electricity every day. And you learn RIGHT, ecause you learn by doing. My methods are work-shop methods. You get practical training from me—training that fits you to tackle the Big Jobs—the jobs that pay Big Money. And not only that, but— You Earn as You Learn You don’t have to wait a year to “cash 7 in” on my training. Practically from AN the start I tell you where to get little ; spare-time electrical jobs, and show $30 A Day you how to do the work. Thousands “I was making $25 a | of my “boys” make $10 to $30 a week Now wie {cnrelied- | extra this way. So can you. And I Electrical Shop I make furnish, without extra cost, Six Big caer wy OY Outfits of Tools and Apparatus— 225 Worcester. everything you need to learn right Southbridge, Mass. . with, and to do any kind of spare- time electrical work. Satisfaction or Money Back— L. L. COOKE Investigate— Mail Coupon ! githe, man who has When you enroll, I agree in writing to refund every cent ph of your money if you're not satisfied after finishing my Day men into fine Course. And you're the sole judge! So why wait? Why ing $700 $200" not decide at once to say goodbye to poor pay forever? —— moe $1.50 An Hour Do it! Investigate! Get the Facts—the Proof—see for _ you're makin leas “Thad to work like a | Yourself how easily you, too, can become a Big Pay Man— than $70 a week— slave for 45c an hour mail coupon NOW! before I enrolled.Now, A Cc T thanks | to eS L. L. COOKE, Chief Instruction Engineer Now! hour.) ane L. L. COOKE SCHOOL OF ELECTRICITY 4220 N; Meade Ave.. Dept.37, 2150 Lawrence Ave., Chicago, Ill. n . @he R BOO DUPO SE, e L. L. COOKE, Chief Instruction Engineer, CRErs Dept. 37, 2150 Lawrence Ave., Chicago, Ill. SUC Without obligation, send me your Big FREE Book, ‘Secrets of LE tre ESS Success in Electricity,” and full particulars about your Home Study Course in Electricity. ot Ricrry BOE. 4.00:04.0600.646.00049%60n shee eet dene ‘ PAS a.nd p 0:9-0:6-0:0:4 4.0\0-018-4db 0-5 0k 8-4 ae ee eee Ee + POET CROROOT Le O ee el RR 5 Residents of Canada send coupon to R. A. Farrow, Special Repre- sentative, 7 Medbury Lane, East, Windsor, Ont., Canada. Od y= @ 2 Bio P ¢, A definite program for getting ahead financially will be found on page four of this issue TRAVEL FOR “UNCLE SAM” Railway Postal Clerks $158 to $225 a Month ee MAIL COUPON BEFORE YOU LOSE IT Sea Bee eS eS aS aS ae ae eae eee #4 FRANKLIN INSTITUTE, Dept. G282 ¢ Rochester, N. Y. a @ Sirs: Rush to me without charge—copy of 32- # page book, “How to Get U. 8S. 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158 ? } can I get into Aviation?

Read this Answer from AWorld Famous Trans-Atlantic Pilot ees! is waiting for no one! Plane production today is ten times what it was a year ago. Land- ing fields, plane and equipment factories, air lines, service and sales organizations—all are leaping ahead in the most amazing development any indus- try has ever known. In such racing, feverish activ- ity, where is there any room for a man who has noth- ing to offer? An empty pocketbook is no draw-back —but. Aviation has no place, no patience, no time for empty hands or empty heads! Aviation is taking-oft for the greatest non-stop flight in history —and the men who will go along and climb to the top -“ the men with a foundation of FACTS under them. You Don’t Have to Fly; 40 Jobs on the Ground PAY BIG Too! succeed in Avtetion mane BIG MONEY—you_ need ot necessarily be a pilot. There must be many thousands of pi- lots, certainly. But for every plane that flies, there's an imme- diate need for trained men in more than forty di-Terent in- portant jobs on the ground. Construction, motor and in- strument experts—airport man- agers, service foremen, salesmen more all make real money.

But every last one of them must Walter Hinto pave the FACTS. Today’s prob- . - lem — YOUR problem — is to Was pilot of the fam- ous NC-4, first plane to * boo ~~ A... piloted the first plane Get Your Ground Work from North to South NOW at Home—Hinton Amesion. ie wae tons to y to the ead= Will Train You waters of the Amazon. YOU can train at home in spare- And Hinton also has time. Hinton’s proved course the rare ability to teach gives you all the facts about con- others the knowledge struction, motors, instruments, he has gained. During theory of fight, navigation, com- py viation — facts that man must have to intel- gouty and prghtebly fill ANY in the Industry. Serious- agree is the most com- ied — air-minded — men plete and practical ever are reading and acting on the produced— Hinton is Free Book shown below. I want training keen-sighted YOU to have a copy too! Send men for the Big-Pay the coupon NOW. jobs in Aviation. Aviation Institute of U. S. A. Walter Hinton, Pres. 1115 Connecticut Ave. Washington, D.C LEARN Aviation quick. the War he was a crack flying instructor forthe Navy. — with & course that experts

Get Hinton’s FREE BOOK This FREE Book is YOUR first step to Success. Take this step—send for the book—NOW! 7, WALTER HINTON, raw & 8 a Aviation Institute of U.S.A ' g =«1115 Connecticut Ave., Washington, D.C. & @ Please send me at once your FREE Book “Rich . g Rewards in Aviation” showing how J can get into 8 g this tremendous field. ® | a tcnhsdesessadetvivssndsadieaseces: , . . RESP sen Age : Ne eee keene adu ceria nee State.... a SSS Ee EE |

MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION

Answers to Aviation Questions on Page 48 1. Louis Bleriot, July 25, 1909. 2. Lighter-than-air. 3. The United States of America. 4. cord.” 5. More miles per gallon can be obtained from a light airplane. 6. A radio sending apparatus giving out signals for the guidance of aircraft. 7. No. It has been used successfully with all cylinder arrangements. 8. For a given cruising radius the eco- nomical engine will require less fuel so that a By pulling a ring attached to the “ri _ greater pay load can be carried. 9. From 900 to 3,000 revolutions per minute, the usual rate being around 1,800. 10. No. 11. A building to house an airplane. 12. The N. C. 4. 13. 266.59 miles an hour, Lieutenant A. J. Williams. 14. Four to ten hours. 15. A mechanical mixture of gases, prin- cipally nitrogen and oxygen. 16. Density becomes less with altitude. 17. Air resistance varies as the square of the speed.

18. A body shaped to offer low resistance to a moving stream. 19. A tunnel in which an air stream is driven past a model to be tested. 20. Less. 21. Eighty miles an hour. 22. The stream of air driven astern by the propeller. 23. No. 24. When, if disturbed, it returns of itself to a normal flight attitude. 25. A nose-first descent with the machine | rotating about a vertical axis. 26. Sliding sideways, away from the center of curvature, when turning. Opposite of the side slip. 27. When it has lost the air speed necessary for control. 28. A landing in which the wheels and tail skid touch the ground simultaneously. 29. Yes. 30. A turn in which the wings are straight up and down. 31. An aircraft, heavier than air, whose chief support in the air is derived from the | vertical thrust of an air screw.

32. An airplane designed to rise from and alight on either land or water. 33. Less wing spread and easier to design as a light, strong structure. 34. The tail surfaces, including stabilizer, fin, rudder, and elevator. 35. A controllable vertical tail surface to give directional control.

36. A pusher has the propeller in the rear © of the wings, the tractor, in front. 37. A monoplane with no external wing bracing. 38. The part that supports the rear of the airplane when on the ground. 39. Steel and duralumin. 40. Aluminum and copper. 41. Spruce. 42. To tighten the cloth, make it air-tight, and to preserve the cloth. 43. On account of its more uniform: quality | and dependability. 44. Hard to maneuver on the ground. 45. A shock absorber strut in the landing gear in which a plunger moves against oil resistance in a cylinder. 46. A controllable horizontal tail surface to | give longitudinal control.

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A definite program for getting ahead financially will be found on page fouf of this issue. october, 1 Young auricle ar arteries t the rounc Harve} exactly h to the vei four year pathways ted blood me nou gre other am —how m ‘us suppli of white off invac chemical from the the blood order. I; Owe our * + »: living un

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EL? BO |l= October, 1928 MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION eS hacstexy of the Blood Solved (Continued from page 27) Young Harvey, however, observed that the valves were present also in the veins extending rd to the head. Here the explanation avald not hold. What was the answer? He determined to find it, and this determination Jed to his revolutionary discovery. Returning to London with the degree of Doctor of Physic, we find him, at the age of twenty-four, beginning the practice of medi- cine and setting apart a room in his house as an experimental laboratory. Here he dissected all sorts of animals, examining them as best he could with a simple lens—for the compound microscope was not yet known. And he found that the valves always closed instantly against outward flow of blood. : ; Next he experimented on himself, tying a tourniquet about the upper part of his arm until the veins swelled and trying to the blood outward to the hand. The blood could not be forced past the valves. At last he demonstrated to his own satisfaction that the valves would let the blood in the yeins flow in only one direction, inward to- ward the heart. The veins could not possibly be canals to carry blood outward from the liver.as Fabricius had taught. What, then, was their purpose? Seeking the answer, he devoted fourteen more years to study. Meanwhile, his reputation as a physician grew. In 1616 we find him lecturing on anat- omy before the College of Physicians, and inti- mating for the first time that he was near a great. discovery. “Tt is demonstrated,” he said, “that the perpetual movement of the blood in a circle is brought about by the beat of the heart.” Two years later he was appointed Physician Extraordinary to King James I. But it was not until 1628, while he was physician to King Charles I, that Harvey gave the world his completed discovery in a book labeled “An anatomical treatise on the movement of the heart and blood in animals.” ITH concise, definite proofs he completely overturned prevailing “notions.’’ He re- vealed the heart as a double force pump more intricate than any designed by nan, sending out, through the arteries, blood laden with nutri- ment -and oxygen for the living tissues. This blood, having discharged its supply of fuel, took on a load of waste products, entered the veins, and passed through the organs of ex- cretion, where the waste was discharged, and then back to the heart. Entering the pump on the right side of the heart (the right auricle and ventricle) it was forced by way of an artery through the lungs. “Receiving there a fresh supply of oxygen, and discharging waste carbon dioxide, it returned to the left-hand pump (the left auricle and ventricle) and was sent out through arteries to the organs and tissues, repeating the round trip. vey never was able to demonstrate exactly how the blood passed from the arteries tothe-veins. He had not the microscope which, four years after his death, revealed the narrow pathways—the capillaries—through which the ted blood corpuscles pass single file to deliver their nourishment to the tissues. His great work paved the way for this and other amazing discoveries which have followed —how microscopic red disks in the blood keep us supplied with food and fuel; how an army of white corpuscles in the blood stream fight invading enemies of disease; how tiny chemical messengers—the hormones—speed m the glands of internal secretion through the blood stream to keep our bodies in running order. In short, it is to Harvey that we largely owe our present conception of the body as a ». made up of thousands of millions of living units, all working together. 159 ENTS INVENTORS Mi , “Vw Write for these FREE BOOKS) At the left is a view of my drafting. and s fication offices where a large staff of experienced experts is in my constant employ. li drawings and specifications are grepared under my per- sonal super- vision. LAW OFFICES OPPOSITE U.S. PATENT | OFFICE Protect Your Ideas Take the First Step Today If you have a useful, practical, novel idea for any new article or for an improvement on an old one, you should communicate with ——=__ a competent Registered Patent Attorney AT ONCE. Every year thousands of applications for patents are filed in the U. S. Patent : Office. Frequently two or more applications are made for the same or substantially the same idea (even though the inventors may live in different sections of the country and be entirely unknown to one another). In such a case, the burden of proof rests upon the last application filed. Delays of even a few days in filing the application sometimes mean the loss of a patent. So lose no time. Get in touch with me at once by mailing the coupon below. 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We can proceed in the quickest, safest and best ways in preparing an a for a patent covering your idea. ur success has been built on the strength of careful, efficient, satisfactory service to inventors and trade- | he owners located in every state in the nion No Charges for Information on How to Proceed The booklet shown here contains valuable information relating to patent rocedure that every inventor should have. And with it I will also send you my “Record of Invention” form, on which you can sketch your idea and establish its date before a witness. Such evi- dence may later prove valuable to you. Simply mail the coupon and I will send you the booklet and the “Record of Invention” form, to- . - Mail thisCouponjigw! gether with detailed information on how to proceed and the costs involved. Do this NOW. No need to lose a minute's time. The coupon will bring you complete information entirely without charge or obligation. Clarence A. O’Brien Registered Patent Attorney Clarence A. 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Ay: MAN who can read and write and use a pair of pliers can become an electrical expert and free himself forever from the long hours and drudgery of a small pay job. And you can learn the BIG PAY profes- sion of electricity right in New York City— the heart of the electrical world—the city of 100,000 jobs. At the same time you are learning. the BIG PAY profession you can be enjoying the sights and wonders of New York, the modern Bagdad. Be an Electrical Expert Graduates of the NEW YORK ELEC- TRICAL SCHOOL are in demand -by all the big electrical companies. Or, if you prefer the independence of a business of your own, there are thousands of oppor- tunities for efficient, dependable men to become electrical contractors. When you are your own boss the money you can make is limited only by your own energy and ability. Personal Instruction The NEW YORK ELECTRICAL SCHOOL is not a correspondence school. You learn by doing—by personal instruc- tion on full size standard electrical equip- ment under the personal supervision of trained instructors. N. Y. E. 8S. you train your hands and mind at the same time. You learn the theories of electricity and then you are shown how to put the theories into actual practice by solving the problems with your own hands. The man who has learned electricity by actually doing electrical work under intelligent personal instruc- tors can go to any part of the world and sure of ving. There are N. Y. E. 8S. Graduates in all Write today for the 48-page pegnaes giving full in- formation about the N. Y. E. Course and showing pictures of the equipment AF for your personal use in our two seven-story buildings. The NEW YORK ELECTRICAL SCHOOL 40 W. 17th Street, New York gecccescsevess MAIL TODAY vececcsscscces, THE NEW YORK ELECTRICAL SCHOOL 40 W. 17th Street, New York. Please send me FREE your 48-page booklet. It is understood that this request puts me under no obligation. Seense-, PC che dnedhcdunctéecdsewadeckenedeedacese S Seesseas Windows, the Eyes of the House (Continued from page 32) also heavier varieties termed 26-ounce, 29- ounce, 34-ounce heavy and 39-ounce heavy, the figures indicating the average weight per square foot. The last named is about '/;-inch thick. The largest dimensions recommended for single strength glass are 40x50 inches and for double strength 60x80, while heavy sheets may be larger. These are liberal estimates. What is plate glass? Glass that is made by pouring the melted material on a metal table and flattening it with a massive roller. It is then annealed, ground to uniform thickness and polished to a lustre. The extra cost of the process and also the usual greater thickness of plate glass explain its higher cost. Since the surfaces on both sides are true planes, plate affords perfect vision without distortion. Somewhat recently a lighter plate, which is 4 inch thick and weighis about 26 ounces per square foot, has been de- veloped for houses. It will fit in the ordinary sash, needs no extra counterweight, and does not cost much more than ordinary glass. Does plate giass require special attention? Before installing, the sheets should be kept on edge with paper between to prevent scratch- | ing. Any rough treatment or dirt may affect | the polished surface. Allow for contraction and | which are stopped by all other glass. expansion in large sections of it. In mirrors and wainscoting, ventilation space behind the glass is advised. Ammonia and other alkalis attack the polished surface of plate glass and there- fore should not be used in cleaning. S IT true that some unclear glass lets more light through than clear glass? Yes, although the average person finds it hard to believe, even when it is all explained. MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION The scientists who have made painstaking ex- | periments assure us that some glass you can’t look through transmits three to fifteen times as much light as the most perfect pane of clear glass. surface made up of ribs, ripples, prisms, rounded protuberances or the like. These act as lenses, seizing at every angle rays of light that would otherwise miss the window opening and directing them through the glass. Is such glass desirable for houses? The glass of superior luminosity has a | It is excellent for bathroom windows, adding | light and saving curtains. It can be used to advantage to obtain privacy and more light | when a dwelling is closely flanked by a house on each side. Again, the average basement could be better lighted with this type of glass. | Is ground or colored glass of any value? Neither adds to illumination, but the first | softens the glare of sunlight and the second is ornamental. A prismatic or similar surface in colored glass may compensate for illumination loss due to color and yield as much or more light | than a clear pane. What about ultra-violet ray glass? It is a special composition that embodies some of the properties of pure quartz in trans- mitting the upper rays of the daylight spectrum These rays promote growth and health; are germicidal and life-giving, protect against rickets in chil- dren, and hasten the recovery of invalids. People who spend enough time outdoors get plenty of the beneficial rays direct from the sun, but others, those confined indoors, may benefit by this glass. Does a window of this kind let in more light? Yes, but not that you can see, because the added rays are invisible. The glass generally looks the same as an ordinary pane and has about the same thickness. It is distinguishable only by the maker’s label or trademark etched in one corner of the pane. What is the cost of ultra-violet ray glass? From about fifty cents to five dollars a square foot. Since the difference cannot be due to style or weight, it is fair to assume that relative efficiency and permanence are the fac- tors involved. = Washington Monument tn the Nation's Carttal PATENTS DON’T LOSE YOUR RIGHTS TO PATENT PROTECTION Before disclosing your invention to any- one send for blank form ‘‘EVIDENCE OF CONCEPTION” to be signed and wit- nessed. As registered patent attorneys we represent hundreds of inventors ali over the United States and Canada in the advancement of inventions. The form “Evidence of Conception,’’ sample, in- structions relating to obtaining of patents and schedule of fees sent upon request, LANCASTER & ALLWINE 274 Ouray Building WASHINGTON, D. C. Originators of form ‘Evidence of Conception.” TO THE MAN WITH AN IDEA PATENTS Procured. Trade Marks Registered. -A comprehensive, experienced, prompt service for the protection and development of your ideas. Preliminary advice gladly furnished without charge. Booklet of information and form for disclosing idea free on request. IRVING L. McCATHRAN PATENT LAWYER Formerly with and successor to Richard B. Owen - Owen Building, Washington, D.C, 1-D, Park Row New York City TRADE - MARKS REGISTERED $300,000 FOR THIS INVENTION That’s what Eastman Kodak pil for the Autographic idea. Those of other inventions are offer enormous Bigeye * earning fortunes. ou are of @ inventive turn of mind’ why not o& centrate on things ee are NEEDED. Get Raymond Yates’s new boo! “000 Needed Inventions" Costs only $1.25 and may start you ving ard the right lines. You'll get nowhere just fus Concentrate on what the industries need, and the public wants. Mr. Yates’s book tells you tg things are. Send no money. © write poste man $1.25 plus postage book money back if you want it This offer limited. now and get. on the right track. Outside U.S. Min Cash with order. Address ureau of Inventive Science ' Wisner Building Rochester, N. rrives. Dept. 2 Send details of your iat tion or patent at once % write for information. business J JG f, plete facilities. References. Adam Fisher Co., Enright, St. Louis, Mo, 2. Thi word m of the w and Per: grate tw proper ( sheep an These p 3. Intl land co springs, piring v the nati ware ves us? tin o 4. This who cont the: Inlar island is s faith, one which th dug out o face until | for the re 6.. The the longe: rado Rive than a m: one of the Te An ic The i rivers of i the sea. | coast of G float away 8 The ( Haiti and severe sto Hurricane: twisting, | merely by nhame Carib-Indi 9. This p de Pasco | town is x level, near 10. This Panama Cj Canal, four ee

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any- wit- form , in- rents uest, NE October, 1928 MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION Be kre Correct Answers to Questions on Page 66 rn United States, especially of thos> ‘ghly organized and quite civilized tribes who lived in what now is New York State and who are remembered as the “Five Nations.” | nder the name of ““wampum, seashells, bored with holes so that they could be strung into strings money. 2. This name comes from an ancient Gree‘ word meaning “wanderers.” In several parts of the world, especially in Asia Minor, Arabia, and Persia, there are tribes of people who mi- te twice each year in order to find food and roper climatic conditions for their herds of sheep and cattle. They have no settled homes. These people are called “nomads. 3. In the islands of New Zealand. New Zea- land contains a great many geysers, hot springs, and other evidences of recent but ex- piring voleanic activity. In primitive times the natives cooked food by placing earthen- ware vessels in the springs. Nowadays they us? tin or granite-ware pots. 4, This curious rule is made by the priests who control the sacred island of Miyajima in the Inland Sea of Japan, west of Osaka. This island is sacred to three goddesses of the Shinto faith, one of the prominent religions of Japan. 5. These are undoubtedly the famous mines of Kimberley in the Union of South Africa. At Kimberley there exist great “pipes” or rounded columns of a special variety of rock, in | which the diamonds are found. This rock is dug out of great pits, allowed to lie on the sur- face until it becomes soft, and then is crushed for the recovery of the precious gems. 6.. The deepest canyon in the world, as well as the longest, is the Grand Canyon of the Colo- tado River. In places this great gorge is more than a mile deep. A view from an airplane is one of the most spectacular sights imaginable. 1 An iceberg is the product of a glacier. The icebergs that infest the North Atlantic and that are so dangerous to steamer traffic, come mainly from the coast of Greenland. Northern and central Greenland are covered with a vast sheet of ice. From this sheet, the rivers of ice, the glaciers, flow slowly down to the sea. In the bays and fjords of the west coast of Greenland great pieces break off and float away. These are the icebergs. 8 The Caribbean Sea, especially south of Haiti and Porto Rico, is subject to a kind of severe storm that mariners call a hurricane. Hurricanes are not usually accompanied by twisting, like tornadoes, but are characterized ly by an extreme violence of the wind. name hurricane is taken from the ancient Carib-Indian name for the storm god wor- shiped by these primitive people. 9. This probably is the mining town of Cerro Pasco in the central part of Peru. This town is more than 14,000 feet above sea level, nearly three miles. 10. This distinction is believed to belong to Panama City, at the Pacific end of the Panama aE Canal, founded by the Spaniards in 1519. i Tris was a custom of the Indians of the | or woven into belts, were used in place of | COPYRIGHTS OUR OFFER: cr Your invention YOUR FIRST STEP. The inventor should write for our blank form—‘‘RECORD OF IN- VENTION.” This should be signed, witnessed, and returned to us, together with model or sketch and description of the invention for INSPECTION and ADVICE FREE! Our FIVE Books Mailed Free to Inventors Our Illustrated Guide Book HOW TO OBTAIN A PATENT Contains full instructions regarding U. S. Pat- ents, Our Methods, Terms, and 100 Mechanical Movements illustrated and described. OUR TRADE-MARK BOOK Shows value and necessity of Trade-Mark Pro- tection. 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162 MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION October, 19 October, |

—_ —— eens Electric “Suns” Fight |

Disease (Continued from page 33) rays of sunlight are absent or dim and }; is time is spent out of doors. Then, if pal perthe gl ultra-violet lamps needed. ; If the co These lamps are powerful. Ev t ult TRADE-MARKS + DESIGNS light may be venomous, as camull pre oor th been severely sunburned knows. Th the FOREIGN PATENTS violet lamps, or most of them, emit aca soot erful rays, for persons close to them, than the Start b rays of sunlight. The excuse for their use in back or spite of these dangers, is that they really do ing t many human beings much good. dose cau: ® Physicians have proved, for example, that you are ¢ ——— a ener and cure the rays. Fo children’s bone disease called rickets, them. P AT E N T AT si O R N E b 4 S frequently stop falling hair and when | baie y' extreme care by skilful physicians they cap

Associated since 1846 with the Scientific American sometimes kill germs and cure disease. N Mf little NE of the most serious of all diseases ig this case ScreNTIFIC AMERICAN BuILDING ScieNTIFIC AMERICAN BuILDING conte tin haanak le a pate score by 24 W. 40th St., New York City Washington, D. C. disease at the mountain town of Leysin, jn notice th: ° Switzerland, by careful exposure to natural if by nat Tower BuiLp1ING Van Noys Buitp1nG Hosart Burtpinc ee we a ee lay games and aang Chicago, Ill. Los Angeles, Cal. San Francisco, Cal. almost no clothes. In Paris, Madame Dayid. |} | like sunb Weill has for several years conducted schoolsin || | exposure. which the pupils are kept out of doors for the|} | of the ski Crk GQIZD benefits of natural sunlight. For a generationg |} | rays; one few physicians have been pioneering in such|} | equal exp uses of the rays from both natural sunlight and|} | _ Never : ‘ lamps. | Close and Books and Information on Patents and Trade-Marks Home use of these lamps to cure diseag:|{ | reddening should never be attempted except under a phy. | | prescribec by Request sician’s direction. The important thing for lay. |} | be taken « F ; ; , men is that they may help prevent disease. Nervou Associates in all Foreign Countries Perhaps their usefulness in this is not absolutely || | among ot

proved, for scientific work with them is very } | rays. If t new, but there is strong reason to believe tlat | | until you entitieanenie a _ = regular exposure to mild ultra-violet rays is | When 1 — en. : useful health precaution, like good food, fresh completel,

Ww Will air or plenty of sleep. || | with dark e Train You Two quite different kinds of “artificial sun-|| | may be ve In &@ Fe W MOn CBS ems are le ee int eet ultra-violet rays, with ordinary light rays, are : generated by passing electricity through a Dyn tee & vapor of mercury inside a tube of fused rock} | (389.4 crystal, technically called quartz. These lamps idartn Meters) | are the so-called mercury arcs. The lamps d oan nite yee a the other type are arc lamps in which an elec aiehe | heer tric arc plays through the air between two rods pha ne each of carbon or metal. The mercury arc lampsar When 1 oy more powerful in ultra-violet rays, but either Riese ed me, type is powerful enough. Prices, devices for ry nl entral | safe and convenient use and other features di- to | Making Good : Stend- ant sate among the numerous commer — site .° 3) ; varieties. | transm a 5 Time Fair. The in Aviation “aS jpg veemnT TAS A eeeee 47 T | wn Get this vitally interest- NFORTUNATELY, there are also on the | ing new book —fall of Experts Earn Up To market some so-called sunlight lamps whieh Se thet, valuable suggestions— i -vi 7S. f tl was : ict auaactinisies te $125 a Week give no ultra violet rays One 0 — ope aviation—your first step e é brought into my laboratory recently by a cone. Wh ~—<how pilete end me as Mechanical Dentists a bee had = it for mene eg be intaht oe We teach you to make : his wife and children without any percep’ muportan | “Bad” Gurney, his Pig-Paying positions. rubber plates, crowns, | effect. Simple laboratory tests showed nota At first successor as our Read the thrilling story bridge work, metal base sattiin of wliza-vielet vs. An ordinary. result coul Chief Air Mail Pilot of the days when Col. we a. Se scintilla of ultra-violet rays. An ordinary ein andInstructor.Read Lindbergh, flew the yan 00 nade for & lob ae _ tric lamp bulb would have been just as usefil hack illustrated story in mails—how “Bud” Gur- can open your own labo- | The visible light which one of these lamp new book: ““MAK- ney rose from barn- ratory. We assist you. } 5 t tells thi f the amountd muffied. 1] INGGOODINAVI- stormer to Chief Air cs | may give out tells you nothing of the a wed becar ATION.” Price, 25. Mail Pilot. Big Demand | invisible ultra-violet rays it emits. To test tt “MAKING GOOD IN for Men , production of real ultra-violet rays all thats of the - AVIATION ”— containing full page photo of Thousands of dentists necessary is a piece of ordinary window gli - ae Col. Lindbergh and other interesting illustra- everywhere send work to 1 f tl hod hi : e tions —sent postpaid for 25c, stamps or coin. mechanical dentists. We and & strip of the photographic pape | in cabinets ° ‘ ‘I T h Flv; train you quickly in day Fe | “printing out” paper, on which a visible imag five the be Air Mail Pilots Teac ying uncrowded field. No | slowly appears when the paper is exposed tf te to advanced students at Robertson School of classes—no books—no mechanical experience necessary. | light under a photographic negative. ) Aviation —an exclusive feature of this insti- Work your way thru school. We help you find a job | Ultra-violet rays darken such printing out Bie seca tution, one ofthe oldest, largest, best equipned to meet your expenses while taking our training. | f ee” ily th i li curr schools in the country. Over 9}4 years—550 ee SES, See, Saevens, Bestes, | paper lar mele rape than do ordinary The bat graduates—no accidents. Army School sys- phia. rays. Also, window glass is opaque to ! rent f I tem. Ten Licensed Transport Pilots on teach- iz R im E Send at once for interesting free violet rays, although transparent to Tom f ing staff. Modern training ships. “Ryan” and book telling all about this thriving = Hold the gl f the phott a full elect; “Curtiss-Robin” factories on field. Write BO OK preteasion. Also details of our lig t rays. old the glass on top 0! e P ial ¢ today. Dept. Q. iberal offers. Write today! graphic paper, so that part of the paper 1s COF a -t ROBERTSON FLYING SERVICES, Inc. * p ered and part exposed freely to the rays. na toe Pr ceety Fae — McCarrie School of Mechanical ites « tie sents’ ene, from the e tl Lambert-St. Louis Flying Fiel M610 Dentistry posed part of the (Continued on page 163 | “a Anglum, St. Louis County, Mo. 1338 S. Michigan Avenue Dept. 185 Chicago, Ill. a

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‘ober, 19 chools in S for the erations ; IM such light and | 2 disease | er a phy: | g for lay. | , disease, | bsolutely | n is very ieve tlat rays isa od, fresh | icial sun- type the | rays, are | rough | ised. rock | ese lamps lamps of | h an elec. two rods lamps are | ut either | vices for | tures dif- mmercial | so on the| aps which these was ly by a 1onths on erceptible ved not & nary elec as useful ese lamps) umountd | 'o test the! all el dow gias/ per callel ible image xposed inting ob nary » to ull to vi the phote per is cof ‘ays. if the & n page 163) — October, ee — Electric ‘‘Suns’”’ Fight Disease (Continued from page 162) ris much darker than the part protected by the glass, there are ultra-violet rays present. if the covered part is only a little darker, little or no ultra-violet radiation is being emitted. For the safe use of the ultra-violet rays at home there are equally simple rules, which will prevent burns or other injuries. Start by exposing only the upper part of the back or the chest for not over two minutes, lacing the lamp six feet away. If this mild - causes severe reddening of the skin then you are especially sensitive to the ultra-violet rays. For you they are virtual poison. Don’t | | ous for you. | {\N MOST people this short exposure of a 0 little skin shows no perceptible effect. In | this case increase the amount of skin exposed little by little and lengthen the time of exposure by about a quarter of a minute a day until you notice that the skin is slowly being tanned, as if by natural sunburn. Then continue that same daily exposure. It is neither necessary nor wise to use strong rays that redden the skin like sunburn. If this happens, shorten the ure. But gradually expose more and more rays; one full exposure on the front, another | equal exposure on the back. | Never stand nearer the lamp than six feet. | Close and long exposures, causing subsequent | reddening of the skin, may be necessary when | prescribed by a physician. They should never be taken otherwise. Nervousness and sleeplessness are signs, among other things, of too much ultra-violet rays. If these symptoms appear, stop the rays until you can consult a physician. When using the rays always wear goggles completely covering the eyes, like dust goggles with dark glasses. Even weak ultra-violet rays may be very harmful to the eyes. Dynamic Radio Speaker (Continued from page 43) producing the wave of rarefied air that alter- nates with the wave of compression to form the complete sound wave, just as the waves in the ocean are separated by the hollows in between. When no baffle board is used these out- of-phase waves meet at the edge of the cone |and neutralize each other. The baffle board |serves to keep them apart until they have transmitted their motion to the surrounding air. The effect is much more pronounced on | yse them. Even strong sunlight will be danger- of the skin until the whole body receives the , \the low notes because the corresponding air | waves are so much longer. For practical re- sults the baffle board should extend at least two feet in every direction from the edge of the cone. Whether it is round or square is of no nce. At first glance it would seem that the same result could be accomplished by inclosing the opal in a small box so that the waves from back of the cone would be completely muffied. However, this method cannot be damper and interfere with the free vibration {the cone. Dynamic cone speakers can be obtained either in the unit form or mounted Meabinets which are so constructed that they @ve the baffle board effect. The only disadvantage of the dynamic cone speaker is that it requires a supply of current to operate the electromagnet. The battery set owner can obtain this cur- rat from his regular A-battery. The owner of a full electric receiver will have to purchase a a type of dynamic speaker unit that in- a built-in rectifier unit that operates the electric light socket. Such a unit is in the illustration on page forty-three 1s wed because the closed box would act as a | 1928 MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION 163 Hurry! Send me copy of the wheel. I want to see what kind of a Draftsman you will make. Copy it quick and I'll send you the Draftsman’s Pocket Rule, free, right away. — 4 Write to me. I will send you this new book. Not a catalog. My Pay- | Raising Plan and Money Making Advice. I can prove that John Saveden, 4 trained by me, makes $300 a month. Earl J. Dupree, trained me, 4 \ $600 a month because he makes more in his own business. A. H. x i \ trained by me, earns $7000 to $9000a year. Arthur Dewalt, trained by me, 4, makes more than $400 a month. D. C. Stroop, trained me, makes i, $475a month. L. V. Broughten, trained by me, makes a month, IMCL) - Now jis the time to Draftsmen ll learn to be a drafts) | Karm While You Learn Needed In: 4 man, Get Free, “‘My You can start earning extra money a few A Work i} Pay-Raising Plan.” weeks after beginning my training, I give uto ie _Send for it at once. you al work and tell you how ye a vy cateet if Let me tell you how some Dobe Draftsmen to make money, America. i make $250.00 to $750 a month. Read this ad- tealn you for the werk. vertisement clear through. See for yourself Electricity how youcan make real money asadraftsman, 7 ie the coming Read how much work there is for them, force of the Age or Lack of Education Sis facina me No Drawback job bere. You do not need previous experience. You Aviation do not need to be a high school graduate, Aviation ie inet in ite tae My practical, home study course gives you = pand to spormous “pre- just the kind of training you need to become ' ° portions, Srettonen are successful, during only your spare time. Making Tools 104 quick ot home for ITrain You at Home Furnished by MotorBusWork My practical working method makes every You get these fine quality, genuine, im- Motor bus step in learning drafting as clear as a draftsman’s tools, just as soon as you SS oes moving picture. That’s why I train you so ie my student. No finer tools made Ford tn ; fast to be a draftsman, for practical drafting work. cared in this work. Ti you way. Money Back if Not Satisfied Employment Service Building Work ItrainyouunderapositiveMoneyBackAgree- After training you I help you to get ajo Fosse wil siweze be ment. If my training doesnot satisfy youafter | without char; ng you a cent for this > patcins.Roctenstara.can you have finished you get every penny back. Employers of draftsmen come to me for wa by dr be = ‘aman at structure men bec: they k that men ACT NOW Peters ¥o,Put, this, Magazine Down, T'train make good. | Sratfeman eC homes Draftsmanship” and *‘My Pay Raising Plan’, Remember m= Ronee Mail Sketch—Get Free Rule| tion, paying a good straight salary the year around, a ° 1951 Lawrence Avenue * ENGINEER DOBE Engineer Dobe Div. 13°67 Chicago, Ill, 1951 Lawrence Ave., Div. 13-67 Chicago = gs ® Here’s the sketch. Send me free rule; send f § cost books “Successful Dretronsreki end ody Pot Raising ’ fe 7 lan,”— how to earn Tf You Earn Less (ge 4 Plan” how to carn money while learning and proot of big Than $70 a Week~ 7 8 Name. Age. Write Me Today- Sas’) Fam ] Will Train You At Home 2.5" —E pa Learn \a | Woy §ORO ME PATENTS 232 consistent charge, a make money re quickly during evidenced by many well known ng pictures. F spare time. Also orn while you learn. No experience Patents of extraordinary value. Book, Patent-Sense, necessary. New easy method. Nothing else like it. hacey&Lacey 648 F St., Wash.,D.C, Estab. 4 Send at once for free book, O nities in Modern Photography, and full particulars. Dept. 1367» 3601 Michigan Ave. Chicago, U.S. A, —_—_—_—_—_—_—_—_—_—_—_—_—_—_— NVENTORS your ie YOUR IDEAS Send for our Guide Book, HOW TO GET YOUR PATENT, and Evidence of Invention Blank, sent Free on request. Tells our terms, methods, etc. Send model or sketch and description of your invention for Inspec- seesesseeseeseseascesscces tion and Instructions Free. 1 Terms Reasonable. Best Ref- {| erences. RANDOLPH & CO.:

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164

MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION

‘His Tail Between His Legs’

OST men are being whipped every day in the M battle of life. Many have already reached the stage where they have THEIR TAILS BE- TWEEN THEIR LEGS. They are afraid of everything and everybody. They live in a constant fear of being deprived of the pitiful existence they are leading. Vaguely they hope for SOMETHING TO TURN UP that will make them unafraid, courageous, independent. But it never does. They continue to work and sweat and—MAKE OTHERS RICH AND HAPPY. Some men, however, after years of cringing, turn on life. They CHALLENGE the whipper. They discover, perhaps to their own surprise, that it isn’t so difficult as they imagined, TO SET A HIGH GOAL and reach it! Only a few try—it is true—but that makes it easier for those who DO try. What about YOU? Are you ready to admit that you are through? Are you satisfied to keep your wife and -children—and yourself—enslaved? ARE YOU AFRAID OF LIFE? Success is a simple thing to acquire when you know its formula. The first ingredient is a grain of COURAGE. The second is a dash of AMBITION. The third is an ounce of MENTAL EFFORT. Mix the whole with your God-given faculties and no power on earth can keep you from your desires, be they what they may. aed You can develop these God-given faculties as SIX HUNDRED AND FIFTY THOUSAND other people have done—through Pelmanism. Pelmanism is the science of applied psychology, which has swept the world with the force of a religion. It has awakened powers in individuals, all over the world, they did not DREAM they possessed. Famous people all over the world advocate Pel- manism, men and women such as these: T. P. O'Conner, “Father | Frank P. Walsh, Former of the House of Com- Chairman of National mons.” War Labor Board. The Late Sir H. Rider| General Sir_ Frederick Haggard, Fanfous Nov- Maurice, Director of elist. Military Operations Im- General Sir Robert Ba- perial General Staff. den-Powell, Founder of | aqmiral Lord Beresford, the Boy Scout Move-| GC. B., G. C. V. O. ment. Judge Ben B. Lindsey, Founder of the Juvenile Court, Denver. Sir Harry Lauder, Comedian. W. L. George, Author. Jerome K. Jerome, Baroness Orczy, Author. Novelist. Prince Charlesof Sweden and others, of equal prominence, too numerous to men- tion here. A remarkable book called “‘Scientific Mind-Training,”’ been written about Pelmanism. IT CAN BE OB- TAINED FREE. Yet thousands of people who read this announcement and who NEED this k will not send for it. “It’s no use,” they will say. “It will do me no good,” they will tell themselves. “It’s all tommy- rot,” others will say. If you are made of the stuff that isn’t content to re- main a siave—if you have taken we last whipping from life—if you have a spark of INDEPENDENCE left in your soul, write for this free book. It tells you what manism is. HAT IT HAS DONE FOR OTHERS, and what it can do for you. The first 7 ~ of YOUR success is to do some- thing radical in your life. You can not make just an ordinary move, for you will soon again sink into the mire of discouragement. Pelmanism help you FIND YOURSELF. Mail the coupon below now—now while the resolve to DO SOMETHING ABOUT YOURSELF is strong. THE PELMAN INSTITUTE OF AMERICA 71 West 45th Street Suite 8710 New York City Offices in London, Paris, Stockholm, Dethi, Durban, and Melbourne The Pelman Institute of America, 71 West 45th Street, Suite 8710, New York City. I want you to show me what Pelmanism has actually done for over 650,000 people. Please send me your free book, “Scientific Mind-Training.’’ This places me under no obligation whatever.

They’re Farming the Ocean Now (Continued from page 38) assure us that agriculture is a comparatively new human activity; men hunted before they planted. Then they discovered that breeding and raising animals was better than hunting. Inevitably, though, the day is coming when the seas will be planted and their crops gathered month in and month out without regard to the brief seasons that rule the activities of the land farmer. The land farmer can measure his acres only by surface dimensions, but the seventy-one percent of the earth’s surface that is covered by the oceans is a garden more than a thou- sand feet deep, the depth to which sunlight penetrates and enables plant life to survive, thus providing sustenance for animal life. Most of the green plants of the ocean are of microscopic size but a scientist, Dr. W. R. G. Atkins, calculates that in the English Channel alone there is produced every year the equiva- lent of 12,000 pounds of plant life to each surface acre. In each cubic foot of sea water he counted millions of plants, the grass of the ocean pastures. Some whales attain their bulk by straining from the water the tiniest crea- tures that in turn have fed on that microscopic green plant life, and that is the swiftest trans- formation that men have encountered in the sea. Other ocean creatures, of which scientists have examined and labeled more than 19,000 varieties, participate in a more deliberate cycle. Diatoms, microscopic creatures which reproduce by dividing their own bodies into halves, are meat for sea fleas, which are swept into the bellies of larger fish that are in turn devoured by still larger creatures. ELD in the 302 millions of cubic miles of water of the oceans are vastly greater riches than are contained in the thin veins of our mineral mines on land. There is gold in immeasurable quantities if it could be re- covered. More important, though, are the millions of tons of iodine held in solution there. Certain weeds of the sea, called tangles, extract that iodine from the water in a form in which it can be recovered by men. Seaweed burning is an ancient industry. The seacoast people of Britain, France, Norway, Japan, and certain portions of our own coast, reap this plant from the rocks where it grows. They are called kelp burners. The methods are crude and scientists are hoping to discover somewhere for ocean far- mers of the future a richer source of iodine than the weeds that grow along shore. They know it exists, because there is iodine in beneficial quantities in the flesh of every salt water fish that comes to your table. The traveler who crosses the great central plains of the United States with seemingly end- less fields of corn—eight miles of furrow to every acre—views a phenomenon that contains a hint of what ocean farming of the future will be. Only an average of fifteen percent of that corn reaches the great grain elevators at Chicago, Omaha, and Kansas City. The bulk of it is fed to swine and cattle, from, which comes food, leather, medicinal products, and other materials for the use of man. So it will be with ocean farming. BEFORE the Western farmer planted corn and wheat, ranchers grazed vast herds on the plains, and before them, men hunted buffalo and antelope. In like fashion the whale was hunted almost to the point of ex- termination, American whaling ships once numbering more than seven hundred. Whales are growing scarcer now that shore factories have replaced the try-pots of the whaler’s deck, but just as men replaced the buffalo with cattle, so they can replace the whale with a creature more easily controlled. Ton for ton, the vessels that cruise after menhaden, the small herring (Continued on page 165)

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Page 169

i a \S Mon: Made in w 1 rriam ster y ctionary or equiv- ma the fol- PLAS) 00 fter (on nd Can- eautiful ‘ Half om- Edition id in ad- 7] nearly to date, ke send- > have it wers to - October, 1928 Q DRAWING $95, COURSE for . ften wished that you could Hs! tA rp illustrate some idea, draw. some pretty face, etc? Youcan do sketch ese things. One of America’s ae famous Cartoonists and Illus- most nas developed a great, simple wate for success in all branches of — Art. This — ~ zed the entire theory o re means that drawing can be 23 easy for you as & writing—mucn simpler than ming siocthand, bookkeeping or type- veaing. Weave now placing this original wiiem for learning Drawing, Art and nie , consisting of 34 lessons with 500 ilustrations, within reach of ry one. If you wi.t devote a few hours wey week to the Course WE ABSO- LY GUARANTEE that you will jearn to draw and draw well before you pave half finished the Course. It we fail to make this claim good, we will refund every cent paid us. By eliminating a ofice force for ——— corre- spondence, expensive catalogs, etc., we are nab! od to make a price of $2.98, thecheapest price ever known for s rade, home study course. Many have sent us letters similar to tha Davis of Detroit, who wrote: *‘I can’t see h MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION $98 t of Rob't P. ow you ask so when others with inferior Courses get from $20 to ep for theirs. It is more than I expected."’ Lea~n to draw. It is a big asset, no matter what field you are in. Send No Money Just order the course, and $2.98 ot M5 cents Ssetane, payment Outfi' at once, we fall for the entire Course and paper, it. If not entirely sat- tack: return within five days an qe will REFUND MONEY. Ad- If you order the Course drawing outfit, consisting of artists’ pencils, erasers 8, etc., enabling you to zo to work without any additional cost. ens, thumb Orders from outside the U.S. A. are payable $3.28 gress: LEDERER SCHOOL OF DRAWING, Dept. 100-E, Chattaxooza,Tenn. cash with order. | | | will include a | | | | BOYS! Make Big Money Build Grandpa Bird Houses Sell to Friends and Neighbors! Boys! Here's a real money making opportun simple instructions any boy can build and erect Grandpa Bird Houses. They sell at $2 to $30 each. It’s lots of fun and an easy and quick way to si ing money. $2,000 worth sold jn Oak Park, Ill., in one year. Send me only $i for 16 Blue Print Drawings showing building plans for making my famous bird houses for Martins, Wrens, Flickers, Blue Birds, etc. You also get free e book about song birds and tips and advice on mak- ing sales. Get busy. Send $1 for my Bird House Plans so you can make money this Fall and Winter. GEORGE J. BREIDERT 1041 N. Elmwood Ave. Oak Park, Ill. ity. With my COMPLETE COURSE FOR HOME STUDY $10 - HAWKINS ELECTRICAL GUIDES, 10 Numbers $10. and answers. tire subject of practical, modern electricity. — study course with questions en s FREE 4700 illustrations. examination. nd today. WOMSRCRREReeeeceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseseeae Theo. Audel & Co., 65W. 23d St., New York City send me examinatton free coupon and full particu- about Hawkins Electrical Guides. Piain language, clear diagrams. 3500 i rt — y — — tte sition anc AMINATION —s — = $1 ry - if cautiahed. ages, AT HOME tiate, persevere, achieve; catry on through § your education; earn credit toward a Bach- elor degree, by using the 450 co Che University of €C ».. Gives by Correspondence Inquire or check the adv.to show desire and mail to $$1 Ellis Hall, University of Chicago, Chicago, III. uises hicago =| MENTS 500% PROFIT GENUINE GOLD LEAF LETTERS Guaranteed to never tarnish. - them on stores and office windows. normous demand, large profits, Paul Clark says: smallest day $28.70. R.L. Reel made Anyone can $920 in two months. Write today for free | sample and liberal offer to general agents. | METALLIC LETTER CO., 433A N. Clark Streot, Chicago. | They’re Farming the Ocean Now (Continued from page 164) that is kin to the lordly silver tarpon, bring home as much oil as ever was barreled by a | New Bedford whaling ship. Men can replant the menhaden, or mossbunkers as fishermen seornfully name them, but it would be more difficult to replant whales. True fish culture in the future, scientists say, will correspond to the fertilizing, seeding, and weeding of land crops. At Queens Uni- versity, in Kingston, Ontario, Professor A. B. Klugh has succeeded in growing under arti- ficially controlled conditions the marine plants and animals that contribute to the diet of salt water fish, and discovering the margins of temperature, light, acidity, and salinity in which aquatic plants thrive best. Similarly he measured the factors that govern the growth of the capepods, or water fleas that browse on that oceanic grass. Year after year he kept at work until he was able to raise successive crops of seaweed and “‘herds”’ of capepods. In salt water the fleas are the chief food of that variety of herring which we know as sardines; but we are eating those same herring when we eat codfish cakes. The cod, in turn, eat herring, and when there are not many herring on the market cod are also scarce. NE time, more than sixty years before Columbus sailed westward, herring dis- appeared from the Baltic and reappeared in the North Sea. Some undiscovered shift in the balances of ocean fodder was _ responsible. Historians have said that British sea power today—that means the cohesive element that binds together the scattered lands we know as the British Empire—was founded on that fish migration of the Middle Ages, but they cannot tell us what caused the migration. English fishing boats began to appear on the North Sea in increasing numbers. Fighting ships were necessary for their protection. Gradually Russia and Germany began to rely for a part of their fish supply upon British fishermen. Many times in the world’s history the course of nations has been determined by some mys- terious change in the food supply of fish, but men are not always able to see the results so clearly marked as in that tremendous political growth. Lean there is such a shift in a species of market fish today governments jealously seek an explanation and when fish migrate the scientific hunters stalk them. Johannes Schmidt began about a quarter of a century ago one of the greatest detective exploits of modern times. He set out to discover what became of the eels that left the fresh water streams of Europe each autumn to disappear into the sea. Those that were not caught in the rivers never returned, but each spring tiny eels, called elvers in the market places, swam into the streams and up to the headwaters to remain sometimes as long as fifteen years before they, too, were stricken with that urge to go to some undiscovered rendezvous in the ocean. Dr. Schmidt, with the aid of all the Danish ships that moved on the Atlantic, finally trailed the eels to their spawning beds in a valley in the floor of the ocean called Nares Deep, situated east of Florida and southeast of Bermuda. A host of such mysteries is hidden in the ocean. Until they can be solved ocean farming must remain in a primitive state, advanced but little beyond the crude stage of mere ocean hunting; but as secret after secret is penetrated by the searching scientists the practical culti- rators—the ocean farmers—will follow in their wake, bringing as reapers gigantic nets; and as seed, glass jars filled with myriads of tiny living creatures of many varieties, ready to be planted in the ocean. ' sentatives in . Seen. How to Make Real Money Just Doing This New Shaving Invention Offers | Excellent Money to Men Who Will Act As Our Local Repre- eir Home $30—$40—$50 a Day. Full or Spare Time! No Investment Required. Write for Details On GENEROUS OFFER Probably you have heard of KRISS- KROSS—the amazing stropper and razor blade-renewer pictur above. It makes any kind of blade keener than new and prolongs its life for weeks and even months! But that’s not all. KRISS-KROSS is one of the most surpassing money-makers ever Hundreds of demonstrators and agents all over the country are Territories. | making from $200 to $500 a month just taking orders for it in their home towns. KRISS-KROSS is heavily ad- vertised in magazines but never sold in stores, so we must have people to take the orders in each locality. We | pay generously for your time and give special bonuses that run your earnings up into real money. Even spare-time work- ers earn $15 or more in a singl? evening or Saturday afternoon. : An Astonishing Invention KRISS-KROSS’ mechanical in- genuity is little short of marvel- ous. It strops your blad: (any make) on the diagonal just like a master barber. Eight ‘‘lucky”’ leather grooves do the trick in 11 seconds. Automatic reverse. Strops heavy at the start—light at the finish, and leaves your blade with the keenest cutting edze steel can take! No wonder it sells like wildfire! Profits Waiting For You So great is the present demand for KRISS-KROSS that agents are reap- ing profits almost beyond belief. During the month K. P. Rapf made $602. R. C. Walker (Idaho) made $9 his very first demonstration. H. King of Massachusetts, made $56 in one day—and J. C. Kellogg cleared $200 jn 7 days at spare time alone! Get Details—Special Offer Right now we are willing to: make an extremely generous offer to new agents and demonstrators. Find out about this money-making business without delay. See how simple it is to make $100—$225 a week with KRISS-KROSS. Others are doing it —why not you? Send the coupon now; RHODES MFG. CO., Dept. P-243 1418 Pendleton Ave. St. Louis, Mo. = == SaaS eee ea RHODES MFG. CO., Dept. P-243 1418 Pendleton Ave., St. Louis, Mo. Please send me full details of your nationally advertised KRISS-KROSS stropper, which is never sold through stores—and tell me about your unusual offer of big profits to demonstra- tors and order-takers.

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Now Comes the New Shorthand OR YEARS there has been a crying need for a new system of shorthand—for a really modern system, a scientific system—one that could be written more RAPIDLY than the conventional sign systems, that would be more ACCURATE—and that could be learned EASILY and QUICKLY. Now at last it is here—the new shorthand. The business world has hailed it with enthusiasm. Al- ready it is saving time and increasing efficiency in offices everywhere. Busy executives are using it themselves. So are professional men and women, lawyers, writers, clergymen, public speakers, engi- neers, doctors, reporters, students. Experienced stenographers as well as beginners are adopting it, Speedwriting You use only the ordinary letters of the alphabet— the same ABC’s you have always used. Speedwriting is simply a scientific condensation of the English language, based on your natural habits of speech. Quickly Learned at Home No need to memorize a “foreign language” of dots and dashes, hooks and curves. Once ycu understand the simple, scientific principle of Speedwriting, you can start using it almost at once. Amazing speed is quickly develo Speedwriting was originated by Miss Emma B. Dearborn, famous authority on shorthand. She has taught practically all systems for eighteen years in such institutions as Columbia University, Rochester Business Institute, Simmons College and the University of California. Send for Free Book Let us tell you more about Speedwriting—how employ- ers are requesting their experienced stenographers to learn it—how they are employing beginners who have studied it—how presidents of firms, sales managers and other important executives have learned Speed- writing themselves in order to jot down their valuable thoughts when no stenographer is at hand—how all kinds of professional men, college students and office workers are increasing their efficiency through Speed- writing. The booklet here offered will give you detailed information and explain fully just what Speeter tes can do for YOU, also, how you can learn Speed TYPIN' at home. SEND FOR IT NOW! BRIEF ENGLISH SYSTEMS, INC. Dept. K65 200 Madison Avenue, New York City Offices also at Toronto, Ontario, C d London, England MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION | some queer troubles. | serious happened.” BRIEF ENGLISH SYSTEMS, INC., Dept. K65, 200 Madison Avenue, New York City. Gentlemen: Without cost or obligation, I should like to receive a copy of your interesting Booklet on Speed- writing, The Natural Shorthand. SS ee ee eT ee ee IN dd i wt Ob a ge 6c aghealde-é 3 Piece of String Fixes Auto (Continued from page 76) like we’d run out of gas, but the tank gage showed more than half full even when I rocked the car to make sure that the gage was working. So I tickled the carburetor, but it wouldn’t flood so I thought the pipe between the carburetor and the vacuum tank must be clogged and I took it off. I could blow through it easy enough. Then I turned on the shut-off valve at the bottom of the vacuum tank and gas began to gurgle out like water does from a small-necked bottle when you turn it upside down. That meant the vent pipe must be clogged up and sure enough, when I took it off the gasoline ran fine, so I blew through the curved vent pipe and a little green worm popped out and hit me right in the eye!” “Maybe he thought it was a knot hole in a tree,’ laughed Gus. ‘You've certainly had I’m glad nothing more “@ERIOUS!” echoed Harbison. “Just you come over here and take a look if you want to see serious trouble.’’ He reached in, turned the steering wheel of his car a trifle and pointed to the end of the steering arm. “Holy smoke!”’ Gus gasped as he studied the string winding around the end of the steering arm and the drag link. ‘““That cer- tainly is serious enough. When did it break?” “About two hours ago,” replied Harbison, “T was driving along admiring the scenery when all of a sudden we hit a deep hole in the road and right after that I noticed that the steering wheel just turned in my hands with- out doing anything. I jammed on the brakes just in time to keep from going into the ditch. I thought we'd have to call for a service wagon, but Alec found a piece of heavy cord beside the road, cut some short pieces and looped them together and then bound them on as you see. You can bet we just crawled the rest of the way!” “Tt’s remarkable what you can do with just a piece of string if you know how,” Gus observed. “That ends your trip till we can get a new steering arm.” “That doesn’t worry me,” said Harbison. “This was the end of the trip anyway, and I won’t be going on another one for several months.” “FINHEN you won’t need Alec any more,” Gus said, and he turned to the little mechanic. “Alec, we can use you right along if you'd like to work for us. What do you say?” “Well, Chief,’’ replied Alec, grinning from ear to ear, “I’ve been kind of a rolling stone, but a rolling stone gathess no moss, so I guess I'll stick around and gather a little—I sort of like the looks of this outfit!” Two Thousand Planes Built in Year LAST year factories in this country turned out nearly two thousand airplanes, according to the U.S. Department ef Commerce, more than sixty-five percent above the total production for 1926, reflecting growth in the popularity of aviation. For 1927. the Department’s figures are: land planes, 1,857; seaplanes and amphib- ians, 105. Some idea of the size of this air- craft-building industry is seen, according to Postmaster General New, in the fact that, by way of comparison, only 700 steam locomotives were built last year, and but 300 Pullman cars. As for the automobile industry, air’s greatest rival, there are now only eighty-five concerns turning out cars against 140 making planes— although the number of persons employed is fewer and plane production consequently lower. “But I now believe that I underestimated the number,” says Mr. New, “when I predicted that 3,500 airplanes would be built in 1928.” FREE 2s: 3] HAWAII; \ and Case [VETO ti HAWAIIAN GUITAR After you get the four Even if you don’t know one note from another, harmonious chordswith the 52 printed very little practice. No and the clear pictures previousmusicalknowl- make it easy to learn edge necessary. quickly, Payas you play. Free Guitar Write at Once 5 and Outfit in Genuine Seal Grain You'll never be with Ferree Geert ee Price Wie fr ieee Oaes roll. Nothin juy—every ri ‘or Spec’ No delay. terms. A postcard will do. furnished. lay. OTHER _}} Tenor Banjo, Violin, Tiple, Tenor Guitar, Ukulele COURSES) Bante Whales unger weil “knoe instructors, FIRST HAWAIIAN CONSERVATORY of MUSIC, Inc, Sth — bene penny Se ter . 506. ; New York, Hy, soreee ene OSes ean Oa — ey — = Agents—Salesmen ALL-IN-ONE patented Clga rette and Match Case. H a package of cigarettes and bo, of safety matches. Beautiful, grain finish Black or Brow; Du Pont Fabricord. Keen ang convenient. A whirlwind seller for agents. Costs $3.60 do en. $36.00 gross. Write today for complete de tails. All-In-One Sales Co, Dept. S-10 4648 Grand Ave MINNEAPOLIS, MINN, Sample, 50c . $31.50. and quick, if hay ° LE Pe! —, even if you wilt -yy ; i always sure and repeat orders vo Learn Cartooning At Home—in Your orere. Time The famous Picture Chart Method of teaching original drawing has opened the door of success for hun- reds of beginners. Whether you think you have talent or not, send for sample chart to test your abil- ity, and examples of the work of students earning from $50 to $300 per week. Please state your age. THE LANDON SCHOOL 1451 National Bidg., Cleveland, 0. RAISE BELGIAN HARE Zealand Reds — Chinchillas — Flemish Git MAKE BIG MONEY—We Supply Sus following prices for rm d ne, tells how te vc dies HB PAINT » SPRAY QUICK, EASY PROFITS! OOES THE Practically no investment, WORK OF Small space required. Stead FIVE, demand and BIG PROFITS MEN finishing autos, furniture—paint ing houses and barns with HB quick) spray method. One man does the of five with brushes. Pays fori easy monthly pevments. 30 DA TRIAL. te today for details, HOBART BROS. CO. Box P1008,Troy, Ohio EASY TERMS? 30 DAYS TRIAL QUICKLY PAYS 4 FOR ITSELF. TRAVEL FOR INCL «SAM: Be RAILWAY POSTAL CLERK, $158-$225 mo travel, see your country. Short hours, pleasant work, pad} vacations, steady—no strikes. Experience unnecessary. For write NORTON INST., 1522 Temple Court, Denver, Cole a=) A, ace. t Bake th | Re ree Bera Ene ed Ef rag FE ag R EB: ——_ is)

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SHOW CARD LETTERING MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION | John Kenlon—Fire Fighter (Continued from paye 24) protected iron columns supporting the roof. With the experience of his years as a fire killer, he knew the Equitable was about to collapse. * All companies out of the building,”’ was his command. Solicitude for his men, always an outstanding, trait in John Kenlon’s character, prompted him to order immediate retreat, and | standing amid a shower of granite, he directed that retreat himself. It was one of the most masterly manoeuvres in modern fire-fighting. Inch by inch the men receded, clinging to their lines as long as possible. Finally, when it seemed that all were safely out, Kenlon learned that Deputy Walsh was still inside the roaring voleano. Kenlon himself was starting in to compel him to retire when the roof collapsed with an ominous roar, burying the gallant Walsh in the wreckage! Kenlon, broken-hearted, narrowly escaped learn at Home the very course you need if get a good paying position as a Show ‘ou want to | : ard Letterer or Sign Letterer, or have a business of your own. | This course is complete and practical and especially | to meet the needs of the student who studies home. It was written by E. L. Koller, Principal | the School of Art of the International Correspon- Schools, member of the American Federation | and The National Society of Craftsmen. . Koller has had twenty years’ teaching experi- , and his success in helping other men and women an indication of what he can do for you. . L. Wood, a clerk, made more than $700 “on side’ before he had completed his course and won $125 in prizes. Harry William Lord writes he has more than doubled his salary as a result studying this I. C. S. course in spare time. i Wetman, a former wagon builder, now has a sign painting business of his own and is earning pte 0 three times as much as he did before enrolling with the International Correspondence Schools. There is no doubt that Show Card Lettering and Sign Lettering offer a real opportunity to ambitious men and women. Just mark and mail the coupon and we'll gladly send you a booklet telling all about the I. C. S. course in Show Card Lettering, or any other subject in which you are interested. EEF ..78 Feley 2, INTERNATIONAL CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOLS “The Universal University’’ Box 7695-E, Scranton, Penna. Please send me one of your booklets containing informa- tion about the position or subject before which I am marke | ing an X: OSHOW CARD LETTERING OILLUSTRATING 0 CARTOONING (Office Management Commercial Correspondence | ting and C.P.A, (1 Stenography and Typing | hing ] English Cost Accounting C) French 0 Spanish Bookkeeping OJ Civil Service Secretarial Work O)Railway Mail Clerk Salesmanship (CJ) Common School Subjects Oi Uigh School Subjects TECHNICAL AND INDUSTRIAL COURSES Blectrical Engineering Electric Lighting Mechanical Engineer Mechanical Draftsman Machine Shop Practice O Surveying and Mapping L) Architect Cj Architects’ Blueprints (J Contractor and Builder Architectural Draftsman Railroad Positions () Structural Engineer | Gas Engine Operating Chemistry Pharmacy | Civil Engineer ([ Radio Automobiles | Steam Engineering Mathematics | Name Wicsdnedes cocess cocess cccscccccccccocers cocecceeescceccescsecess cocces coceseecsesee o | Street TE cescinccaseasacosnassvsbiacocsacesioedpimbtabinely | I ois cnstcnsnspnnianbnieal TRL a “ | Conadions may send this coupon to International Corre- spondence Schools Canadian, Limited, Montreal, Canade UTO MECHANICS city, town, and farming community is crying for auto r men--trained the Cleveland Auto School way to cars and tractors inside out. Only8 weeks of fascinating ——™ training in my famous shop-school = fits you. N ks or lectures. @ Learnonreal machines. mployment help given. Write today for remark- able tuition and free railroad fare offer. Ask for EE BOOK. Auto School, Dept.B-21, Cleveland, 0. Write today for tinis new Look. It tells you how a law training will shorten your road to suc- cess. It also carries a vital and inspiring mes- sage toevery ambitious man. Find out about e opportunities that await the law trained man. Find out how you can learn law rightin your own home. No obligations. The book is absolutely FREB. Write Today—?7y, 7mnile low tuition fee American Correspondence Sch 3601 Michigan Ave. Dept. 1367 Law jo Hit. | threatened buildings. death himself as a huge meteor of granite crashed through the sidewalk at his feet. A moment later the southern wall collapsed. The Equitable was now an inferno, and the battle was on to save the billion dollars worth of securities in the vaults. For the first time in the twentieth century, a New York Fire Chief put in a “* Borough Call,” bringing every available piece of apparatus in New York to the scene. The great nozzles, with pressure of 225 pounds, literally drowned the fearful blaze still raging around the vaults. And, though their walls were badly cracked. and their gates had to be hacked off, not a dollar of the billion was even scorched. Barring the loss of a gallant colleague, the new Chief had come out of his first great test with every element of victory in his hands. And during the last 17 years he has never lost a battle. Call it luck, efficiency, or what you will, John Kenlon is still the undefeated fire killer of the world. “The fire of the future,”’ says Chief Kenlon, “will be a sky-line conflagration, fanned by a terrific gale, leaping from one skyscraper to another a thousand fect from the ground. “So far, New York has been lucky. But the recent Sherry-Netherlands fire, burning 600 feet in the air while the Department stood | helplessly by, shows us that our present equip- ment is incapable of meeting the fire hazard of the future. A pressure of 300 pounds is needed to lift an effective stream to the fiftieth story of a skyscraper, and at present only a few of our lines can stand that pressure. “Plans for the future? Certainly. The Department is working on them now. The high-pressure hydrant area is to be extended to 59th Street. Every building of the future will have its own high-pressure standpipe; enclosed elevator shafts for the exclusive use of the Fire Department; and adequate hose connections on each floor. Outside sprinklers will drop effective water-curtains around The art of building fire-resistant structures will advance, of course. And the whole business of fire prevention will assume a new importance. “Airplane fire fighting apparatus? Well, why not? After seeing the changes of fifty years in fire fighting methods, nothing’s im- possible.” Nothing's impossible! That’s John Kenlon! Their ship had foundered. They were marooned on a desert island—an extinct voleano—in the South Atlantic, 300 miles from the nearest shipping lane. They had neither food, tools, nor weapons, yet they escaped. How they did it will be told in next nionth’s in- stallment of this remarkable series, for the courage, knowledge and inventive skill of John Kenlon found the way. This chapter in Kenlon’s career is the most amazing story of adventure and ingenuity we have ever published.— The Editor. What AreYOUR Mistakes in English ? much as these offend you F some one you met for the first time made the mistakes in English shown above, what would you think of him? Would he inspire your respect? Would you be inclined to make a friend of him? Would you care to introduce him to others as a close friend of yours? These errors are easy for you to see. Per- haps, however, you make other mistakes which offend other people as much as these would offend you. How do you know that you do not mispronounce certain words; are you always sure that the things you say and write are grammatically correct? To you they may seem correct, but others may know they are wrong. Unfortunately, people will not correct you when you make mistakes; all they do is to make a mental reservation about you. “He is ig- norant and uncultured,’’ they think. So you really have no way of telling when your English offends others. FREE Book on English Sherwin Cody, perhaps the best known teacher of practical English, has perfected and patented a remarkable device which will quickly find and correct mistakes you un- consciously make. Correct English soon be- comes a HABIT. If you are efficient in English, it will give you greater confidence; if you are deficient, you surely want to know it, so that you can correct your mistakes. Mr. Cody’s remarkable new invention, the 100% Self-Correcting Method, has already improved the English of more than 50,000 people. No useless rules, no tedious copying, no hard study. Only 15 minutes a day re- quired. You learn by creating the HABIT of using correct English. Nothing like Mr. Cody’s method has ever been used before! A new book, ‘‘How to Speak and Write Masterly English,” is ready. It explains Mr. Cody’s surprisingly easy method. Get a copy free and learn how to stop making embarrassing errors. You do not want others to judge you unfairly. Merely mail the coupon or a postal ecard. SHERWIN Copy ScHoout or ENG- LISH, 1810 Searle Building, Rochester, N. Y. Sherwin Cody School of English 1810 Searle Building, Rochester, N. Y. Please send me your free book, “How to Speak and Write Masterly English." Ee PRP ee ee ee PELE OP ORR ERO Re EE cosh

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pie et Blue ont FREE! Now... A2* STAMP Puts You on the Road to 9 Big PayJobs See how amazingly easy it is now to take your choice of the 9 biggest jobs in the building game! Men who can read blue prints are at a premium every- where in this six billion dollar field. And now, right at home, in a supris- ingly short time you get the same blue print training that has shown thou- sands the way to... $4,500 TO $12,000 A YEAR N° LONGER need any man spend years learning all the ‘‘mysteries” of blue print plan reading. For now you can get the blue print training in a few months that it has taken others years to pick up “‘on the job.” This is the training that leads to all the 9 big pay jobs in building or a profit- able contracting business of your own. _ This is no ordinary school course. It is all practical. You get many full sets of real architects’ working blue prints to examine and keep for reference. Twenty practical building experts then go over these blue , prints with you, step by step. Explain | everything. Talk to you in clear, plain language as easy to understand as your newspaper. There is no grinding study. No textbooks to wade through. The whole course is just like playing some fascinating new game. See what this training has done for others. After finishing it, Baker, Ohio, made $3,800 clear profit in 3 months as a contractor. Depke, R. I., increased his salary 700% in 12 months. Clifford Scholl, a laborer, ame ass’t superintendent in 8 months. Marchand, La., writes, “‘My salary is now increased 196%.” This, training will do & FREE same for you. ant proo Then don’t send one nny, BOOK ow. = mail the coupon t will bring a complete set of real prize-winning blue prints, and the remarkable book ‘“‘How To Read Blue Prints,” all ab- solutely FREE. It will also bring complete details of the 9 best jobs open in America to- : pm day for men with practical blue print training. So don’t delay. Mail the coupon right now. Chicago Technical School for Builders Dept. N-151, Chicago Technical Building 118 E, 26th St., Chicago, III. Chicago Technical School for Builders, Dept. N-151, Chicago Technical Building 118 E. 26th Street, Chicago, II. Send me your free blue prints and free book. It is understood these are mine to keep without cost or obligation. It is also un derstood that no salesman will call on me. Name Address. Tewe...... Making Things Fit That Don’t Fit (Continued from page 47) each of us talk to our friends about it and make vigorous complaint to dealers on discordant sizes and fits. Accept no excuse. Nor should we heed the wails of esthetes and a few economic pessimists that America is al- ready too uniform. Does it hurt us that stand- ard gages are used more widely in manufacture and that the master gages of automobile makers register an accuracy down to mil- lionths of an inch? Thanks to the master gages and the working gages checked by them, our cars have longer life and run more quietly and smoothly. Nor would it be a detriment if breakfast foods were put up in uniform pack- ages and if some accepted rule prevented the undue abbreviation of nightshirts along with. sheets and towels. The two latter items have indeed been dimensioned, removing from the joke category the tale of the tall legislator who demanded a law making hotel bedsheets long enough to cover his toes. HAT are the methods of attaining the new national economy? The elimination of the superfluous is looked after specially by the Division of Simplified Practice of the Department of Commerce. A MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION According to a recent article by the | this waste energy and is producing | Mileage tests that seem unbelievable. | but it also creates more power, gives | to E. Oliver, | money making offer. survey of the public will in buying is first made | and then studied by a conference of manufac- | turers, dealers, and users. Finally a letter vote | on the proposed project is taken and if 80 per- cent of all interests concerned approve, the project is adopted and published as a standard. It may be revised after a stated period, as six months or two years. There is no legal com- pulsion behind a rule, but it has been found | that more than 82 percent of those interested adhere to the issued schedule. Doubtless ob- servance is promoted by the fact that Uncle Sam is the biggest of all buyers and uses him- self the standards and specifications developed | by Government agencies. The broad field of setting up standards in general is cultivated by the American Engi- neering Standards Committee, which represents virtually all industry and Government depart- ments, and enrolls the leading engineers and scientists of the land. The method is similar to , that outlined for the elimination of the super- | fluous by the Division of Simplified Practice. The scope of projects may be considered wider, involving all features of quality and size. Of 275 projects so far considered, 111 have been approved as national standards. URING the last year a table of “ Preferred Numbers” was issued, putting the ban, let us hope, on some ornery fractions. Pipe fittings, bolts, and rivets also got what was coming to them. Dry cells that we use for radio and flashlights were commanded to con- form in size and conduct. Fire hazard in elec- trical devices was lessened. How to test lubri- cating oil was a step toward aid of the motorist, | now baffled by conflicting claims. A code for brick masonry was studied. Sizes of film and ways to take and project moving pictures were laid down and now, perhaps, pictures will be better; at least in the mechanical aspect. Mathematical symbols have been told how "to behave-and mean what they say. The logic ‘of preferred numbers applies to all commodi- ties. It regulates size or dimension by a fixed percentage ratio, so that if any given size is known the rest in the series can be ascertained; | thus, if curtain rods range from 1 to 10 feet in length with a 60 percent ratio of difference, same figures can be adapted to lengths of rub- ber tubing, say, in the form of 10, 16, 25, 40, 60 and 100 feet. One of the first guns in the modern war on diversity was fired jointly by the United States Chamber of Com- (Continued on page 169) IK we figure the whole series as 1, 1.6, 2.5, 4, 6 | and 10—guided by a modifying rule. And the | 90 Miles hast bere president of the world’s largest motor fesearch corporation, there is enough energy in a gallon of gasoline if con- verted 100% in mechanical energy to run a four cylinder car 450 miles. NEW GAS SAVING INVENTION ASTONISHES CAR OWNERS A marvelous device, already installed on thousands of cars, has accomplish- ed wonders in utilizing a portion of hee g - os uy Not only does it save gasoline, instant starting, quick pick-up, and eliming FREE SAMPLE and $100 a To obtain national distribution quickly, men appointed everywhere to help supply the trem mand, Free samples furnished to workers. Wy; Pres., for this free sample WHIRLWIND MFG. Co. 999.323 -E. Third St., Milwaukee, CARPENTRY soatit SELF TAUGHT’), om AUDEL’S CARPENTERS AND BUILDERS GUIDES § future for Up-to-date information in hany force of D (lm form. Easy to learn creasing d eee Save money doing your om § ouremplo; building. Make moneydo i Ma pentry work. Audel’s Gui to travel ive complete instruction . and Ww Serine Tools and Sted tion, x Square, Make Joints, Dray qualificati and Read Plans, Estimate, interview. tay anrwerk Bald ou or ul Saw Mill Work,Practical —with thousands of 1600 Pages — 37001 ions — 4 Numbers Pocket size. Flexible covers. Gilt Edge. Easy to and understand. Questions and an- swers teach quickly. Coupon gives free ex- amination. No money now. pos othing to tman, Pay only if you are satisfied. REE THEO. AUDELE.CO.,.65 w.2345t newiea a4 us CARPENTE! examination AUDEL ay feeeet Price numbers. satis: 0) wi tlt! 21). # withins days and $1 monthly until $ois TMB oi ccceccssecccccceces cecccces cocccceseeiel Address....... csosccansonsentesnnenmeigi $ Occupation.......... seeenseedeneeneseesanl a __ Reference........ccccccccccceccoces...... ++ 10TH A.B. LEARN CARTOONING E young | COMPLETE COURSE |} ‘tt sdvu $100 to $500 a Week is Earned no magic Shaw? ein { ya... ssful only $300 BOOK WILL TEACH YOU.” quired. N A short road to success for the beginne } ed. Yo yy as well as advanced art student, & vor \\ simple, complete, up-to-date course ij 1 leave y Cartooning, consisting of 30 lessons ai jobuntilyo over 300 drawings, by Billy Hon, ele greate brated mgwopeper corscauts, eo from Cls e stpaid e 7 WASLEY PUBLISHING CO. 210-R West 14th St. Los Angeles,(#, @ Kraftsman very wors ene Bok Se PN : AK _ Dept. Originator: TRADE ScHodl Learn Auto Mechanic, Auto Electrical, Bay Machine, Electrical, Radio Mechanic, Tie Bricklaying, Plastering, Plumbing, Weld Drawing, Estimating, Show Card, Sign Paistig Window Dressing, Fine And Commercial Mt : a ‘ Write for Catalog 50. | BROOKLYN ENGINEERING a | (Operated by Bedford Br. Y. 1125 Bedford Ave. Brooklyo. New York Sache 8 ILLINOIS HY ’ COLLEGE of PHOTOGRAPHY} | pie s. Earn $200 to $500 a month as photographer | ot xX photo-engraver. _ We prepare you in 6 to 8 months | Clarke Va Thorough practical training in making negativ developing, retouching, airbrush, printing. Ph | Name, ... engraving in line, halftone, and 3-color work A Individual instruction using latest equipment | dress. methods. Big demand for our graduates. Diplo 1 City awarded. Nation-wide patronage. 35th year. onilli -—— now! Free catalog. Box 3108, Effingham, III.

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.eesseeceen i St.New York n AUDEL send you itil $6is r the beginne | student, 4 MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION > i . At Washington, D.C. a typical Davey squad oung outdoor men wanted - tet vigorous outdoor work in a growing organization where merit wins advancement. Good starting wages. Permanent positions and a real future for men who make good. Our present field force of Davey Tree Experts cannot meet the in- creasing demand. So we are selecting now, to enter ouremploy, a few sturdy, clean young men, thorough Americans, single, between 20 and 30 years old, free to travel, industrious, with good practical educa- tion, and able to give good references. Write for qualification blank to serve in place of personal interview. The Davey Tree Expert Co., Inc., 132 Federal Bldg., Kent, Ohio. FREE! rhe Proof that you can make $5000 to $12000 a year PARNEST men— young or old—can take advantage of this opportunity. There is no magic about it— only $300 capital re- quired. No risk in- volved. You don’t need to leave your present job until you are sure of the greater earnings from Clarke Flor- Kraftsmanship. At the very worst—you can pay yourself back for your investment in a short time. Many who have seen our announcement are now making $25 to $75 per day. No tuition—no long training nec- essary. You and the Clarke Vacuum Portable Sander tan do the work of many mcn. ay aged thoroughly. Get the proof of performance shown in “Pointing the Way.” Better be glad than pot Ray did not inv stigate this opportunity. It costs ing to find out. Mail the coupon and do it today. Do not buy any Sander, at any time, at any place, atany » until you see what work the Clarke can do for you. F CLARKE SANDING MACHINE Co. , Dept. V-10, 3833 Cortland St., Chicago, III. Originators and, for over 11 years, manufacturers of Portable Sanding Machines L ) Answers All Calls Clarke Sanding Machine Co., | . V-10, 3833 Cortland St., NS 20, Il. send me illustrated copy of “Pointing the Greater Profits” which shows actual Proof riormance and money-making facts of the ] Vacuum Portable Sander. Making Things Fit That Don’t Fit (Continued from page 168) merce and the Department of Commerce. The target was a gang of 66 hard and desperate outlaws commonly known as paving bricks. At the first shot 55 bricks disappeared in a cloud of dust. Since then five more have gone into hiding and the remaining half dozen have surrendered and pledged themselves to be truly useful. After this victory another attack was launched and only one survivor each was left in the groups of rough face brick, smooth face brick, and common brick as against 36 to 44 varieties before. Beds, springs, and mattress- es capitulated and were cut down from 78 to 4. Metal lath vainly resisted a reduction from 125 to 24 kinds. Hotel chinaware was cut from 700 to 160. HE buyer of files and rasps need not pick and choose among 1,351 sorts as before: he is confronted today with only 496. Range boilers have shrunk from 130 to 13, woven wire fencing from 552 to 69, bed blankets from 78 to 12 and milk bottles from 49 to 9. We all appreciate the reduction in paint and varnish brushes from 480 to 138 and wouldn't mind if they were a lot fewer. Sterling silver being cut from 190 to 62 alleviates the task of buying something for the bride. In plumbing several starts in the right direction have been made, as reducing brass lavatory and sink traps from 1,114 to 72. Lumber sizes have been more than cut in two. While rejoicing in the work accomplished, many of us feel impatient that our pet foes in diversit¥ have not yet been trounced. lor example, wire gages and machine screw threads. A dealer sells me a wire gage and I | discover it is British. There is a merry conflict of screw threads between the domestic models | termed 8. A. E. and A. L. A. M. and U.5., not | to mention the English variety and the metric | type of the European continent. I am harassed enough by home screws and would be flabber- gasted if [ took my car abroad for a tour of the Old World. It is estimated that a foreign car imported here and aiming to cross our con- tinent would be stalled at some point between Ohio and Nebraska by the loss of one bolt im- | possible to duplicate. THs brings up the fond dream of interna- tional standards. A stumbling block about the size of Mount Everest seems to loom in the way. We call it the metric system but the foreigner would term it the absurdity of inches, feet, and yards. Nevertheless a friendly con- tact between the organized standard-making experts of the various nations has been estab- lished and there is a pious hope that mankind will ultimately become wise enough to have one code of weights, measures, and standards. Science in general has already adopted the metric system and our foreign trade daily pro- motes its use. Within ten years the Germans have laid down more than two thousand stand- ards. England is said to be slower at the job than America and Germany, but is making progress and has issued 500 standards, which are es- pecially important since they tend to become the code for the entire British Empire. France has established-around 350 standards and has a fertile field left to cultivate, what with 3,800 models of piston rings, 250 types of batteries, and 60 sizes of tires made by one manufacturer alone. Soviet Russia has 400 standards under way. Neighbor Canada is inclined, on account of mutual trade interest, to codperate with this country in a good many standards. Europe has a slogan to “rationalize” in- dustry in and between nations. genuine movement behind the watchword, and the work for standards is an important part of it. The ultimate purpose is to make the world wasteproof, richer, and happier. There is a | Ts Seize Lifes Biggest Thrill Get Into Aviation! RE you a red-blooded, daring he-man? Do , you crave adventure, . popularity, admiration, ; andthe —— of great crowds? Then why not get into the Aviation In- dustry—the greatest ad- venture since time —the greatest thrill ever offered to man? Think what Aviation offers you. The praise and plaudits of the multitude, And a chance to get in on the ground floor where rewards may be unlimited! Aviation is growing so swiftly that one can hardly keep track of all the astonishing new developments. Air-mail routes have just been extended to form a vast aerial network over the entire U. S. Many Com- mercial Airlines and airplane factories are now being organized. Men like Henry Ford are investing mil- lions in the future of commercial Aviation for they see its great possibilities, Easy to Get Into Aviation By This Home Study Method Get into this thrilling profession at once while PICK YOUR the field is new and un- JOB! crowded. Now—by a unique new plan—you can quickly secure the basic Instructor and preparatory training Engineer at home, in spare time. Repairman Experts will teach you the Assembler secrets and fundamentals Mechanician of Practical Aviation— | Airplane Ins = you all the inside | Airplane Builder cts that are essential to simone Salesman your success. d, the | Exhibition Manager study of Aviation by this | Airplane Contractor remarkable method is al- | AirplaneMotorExpert most asf atingasthe | Airplane Designer actual work itself. hing profession you never even dreamed of. Write for your copy today. AMERICAN SCHOOL OF AVIATION 3601 Michigan Ave., Dept. 1367 Chieage AMERICAN SCHOOL OF AVIATION ‘ 3601 Michigan Ave., Dept 1367 Chicago, Ill. Without obligation, please send me your FREE book, Opportunities inthe Airplane Industry. Alsoinformation about your Home Study Coursein tical Aviation. Nam- Age Addres-_____ City P State

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MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION October, 19

| interested in why the patent was refused, It | was because his device | their operation was not new. Yet none of | previously used is never patentable. If froma | rearrangement of parts there is produced a | using ald means, produces a new a What Is an Invention | Anyway? (Continued from page 39) return to the man and the tire pum dreams of fame and fortune were creda m can sympathize with him, but we are ! was not, in th : sense of the term, an invention. © ofc Why? In the first place, its elements—pump and tire—were not new. Second, the co; : between them—mere application of pum tire—was not new. And third, the re t of

these was claimed as new. What was clai as new was the permanent attachment, ing workable manner, of pump to tire, and the operation of the pump without changing jts position. OW, this attachment involved simply the mounting of one thing upon another without producing any new result, and without bringing about any new interaction or jp! creasing the efficiency of the means already | employed for inflating tires. To bring together like this may be new, but it is held to be simply the exercise of mechanical skill. And | mechanical skill is not of itself invention, 4 ruling by a Patent Commissioner some years | ago is enlightening: “It is well known that the mechanics, artisans, and laborers of the world are con tinually making an infinite multitude of ney and useful contrivances, changes, and mode fications in the affairs of life, and yet they do not dream of patenting them, for the reason that they are not the result of the exercise of | the inventive faculty, but simply of the | mechanical faculty.” Yet we should not conclude from the above that a combination of parts which have beep

new interaction between them, or if the*pre- vious operation is simplified or increased in efficiency, then the rearrangement is—and the courts have so held—invention. Suppose the man had contrived a tiny pump —say two inches long—which was placed al- together inside the tire. With a cap in place of the usual handle, and with a spring to eject the piston after each phase of its operation, such a pump could have been made to work itself. S THE wheel turned, if t!:e pressure in the tire was low, the pump would be operated when the part of the tread next to the cap touched the ground and so pressed against the cap. By threading the inner end of the piston rod into the piston, the rod could be made adjustable—for example, to a length of two inches—so that whenever the tire was deflated to a level equal to the length of the piston and piston rod together, the pump would operate automatically. This would insure a preseri minimum of air at all times, provided the tire had no leak. Of course, the pump would have to be so connected with the valve as to air into its cylinder from the outside. We see at once that such a pump, automatic inflation; hence it is patentable, and was so found by the man who actually invented it. Most of us have no doubt heard the vend of the man who “invented” the lead with a tiny eraser on one end and mades million dollars. How much of this story 5 true it would be hard to say, but some of it is pure fiction, because the United States Supreme Court, in a celebrated case, held his patent void since there was no patentable Operation between the eraser and the lead it the pencil. Merely placing the two togethet

without creating any

(Continued on page 171) - ae

cutting & double pu the decap’ both the « moving f If the too the decap’ between t N ter tent Offic there, to | of Colum! It ofte' enmple, 0 Then the machine the part. This m the part, not entith vice with earlier pa unexpired lized befe owners of agreement! sometime: patent co invention, to agree | can succe Here cx —one of patent lay sideration the Pater circumsta previous | ~ vhsed Tingemer The court generally ically doe son the P: patents i: serves prc R. J , bus: ore app Brown hs tained a | plication his lock ix the right assumed t when he | the assun abandone It is ar Soo as f because — competit« the time ate allow mar hired a | ee

Page 175

tober, 1% on ap. red, e ire More used. It € official Imp and UMD to | result, of none Claimed nt, ina and the ging its nply the another, without L OF in | y | ng parts | s held to ill. tion. 4 ne years | chanics, are con J of new d modi- they do e reason ercise of | of the | ie above ve been f froma duced a the*pre- eased in -and the ly pump laced al- in plac: to eject to work october. 1928 What Is an Invention Anyway? | (Continued from page 170) — between them was not invention. Once upon a time a man saw a way to keep canals from freezing in winter and make them | vigable the year round by heating their per with steam pipes. That was surely new “4 of public value, but a patent was refused uaa the idea had been anticipated “by bathtubs, wash boilers, and the like which have been heretofore heated by iron pipes, and jy raceways Where hot water has been poured upon the ice to thaw it. os As an instance of a patentable combination, we may take the tool for decapping bottles and opening tin cans. The back of the can- cutting edge is so rounded that it serves a double purpose—as a stationary fulcrum for the decapper, which overhangs and so protects both the cutting edge and the hand, and as a moving fulcrum for the can-opening blade. If the tool had the can opener at one end and the decapper at the other, with no cooperation between them, it would not be patentable. HEN an inventor has been refused a Woatent he can carry his case to the Pa- tent Office. Board of Appeals and if defeated there, to the Court of Appeals of the District of Columbia, or to a Federal District Court. It often happens that an invention—for example, a part of a machine—falls within the scope of a broader and previous invention. Then the original patent for the complete machine dominates the subsequent patent for the part. , This means several things. The inventor of the part, even though he obtains a patent, is not entitled to use, manufacture, or sell his de- vice without the consent of the owner of the earlier patent, so long as the earlier patent is unexpired. And if the later patent is to be uti- lized before the earlier one has expired, the owners of the two patents must come to an agreement for the mutual use of them. If, as sometimes happens, the dominating, or earlier, patent covers an impractical and unprofitable invention, and if the owners of both patents fail to agree on mutual use, then neither of them can successfully exploit his invention. Here comes up the question of infringement —one of the most complicated aspects of patent law, involving extensive technical con- siderations. It is sufficient for us to note that the Patent Office may sometimes, in special circumstances where justice dictates, ignore previous patents and issue one to an inventor who may presently find himself sued for in- fringement by owners of the previous patent. The courts, however, seem to be of the opinion generally that the issue of a patent automat- ically does away with infringement. The rea- son the Patent Office may thus ignore previous patents is that the later invention also de- serves protection. R. JONES invented a lock; but, being a busy man, delayed a year and a half be- fore applying for a patent. Meantime Mr. Brown had invented the same thing and ob- tained a patent, so when Mr. Jones made ap- plication it was too late. Had Mr. Jones put his lock in use, he would have been held to be the rightful inventor. He would have been assumed to be trying out his invention, whereas when he let it remain idle for a year and a half, the assumption was that he had suppressed or abandoned it. It is an advantage to apply for a patent as soon as possible after the invention is made, use that protects the inventor against competitors. However, it is not absolutely necessary to apply at once. Two years from the time the invention is placed in public use are allowed for filing. _A manufacturer of farm implements once a mechanical (Continued on page 172) | | | MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION | 171 Lasy as A~B-C I You Can Play Any Instrument In a Few Months | This Delightful New Easy Way! NYONE can easily learn music by this remarkable new method. And the cost is only a fraction of the old slow way. You don’t need a private teacher. Youstudy entirely at home. Almost before you realize it you are playing real tunes and melodies, both popular and classic, to please your friends, amuse yourself, and make money. This wonderful new method of reading and playing music is as simple as reading a book. No private teacher could make it any clearer. The lessons come to you by mail at regular intervals—complete printed instructions, diagrams, all the music you need. You can select your own time to study or practice. And the cost averages only a few cents a lesson, in- cluding the music. If you play, you are always in emand. Many invita- makes the course available at a very low price. Alsoa Free Demonstration Lesson which shows how delight- fully quick and easy this wonderfully simple method is. Instruments supplied when needed, cash or credit. If you really want to become a good player on your favorite instrument, mail the coupon now—today. U. 8S. SCHOOL OF MUSIC, 810 Brunswick Bldg., New York City. U. S. SCHOOL OF MUSIC 810 Brunswick Bldg., New York City. tions cometoyou. And “ 3 Please send me your free booklet ‘“‘Music Lessons in LEARN TO PLAY BY | you meetthe kindof your Own Home,” with introduction by Dr. Frank NOTE people you have al- Crane, Free Demonstration Lesson, and particulars of Dantolin Seusphone ways wanted to know. your easy payment plan. I am interested in the following course. + eT Organ Uleulele OO | ae eee rr... Violin Cornet Tells All sehen Banjo Trombone Our free booklet, MPR... iss ssudciedunesacedeeetineead became orany other SE ey Mic occa Re Oboe eM ts Aer AM ep inen PP ony instrument Your Own Home’’— = contains an offer that CUE «...0:0:8.0:060406060460404800008 Ns 056454 Koca0s4 STOP HUNTING JOBS GET ONE YOU LIKE. Men-women, 18-55, earn $95 to $300 a Month in Post Office, Railway Mail and other branches of U. S. Government. Get Big List and require- ments FREE. Write, Ozment Institute, 224-B St. Louis, Mo., IMMEDIATELY. Foreign Work! Like to Travel—Does Romantic, Wealthy South America call you? Unusual oppor- for complete information, DETROIT SCHO SOUTH AMERICAN SERVICE BUREAU 159 Stimson Ave. Est. 1899 DETROIT, MICH. 14600 Aima Avenue _ Detroit, Michigan LEARN IN 90 DAYS Don’t Let the ON ACTUAL MACHINERY — NO BOOKS World Bluff You--Get into R°R’e FARE TO CLEVELAND ELECTRICITY Earn $50.00 to $150.00 a week—and hold your head as high as the next man. You can do it easily by coming to my famous electrical school. In 12 short weeks you'll ps in many years of Practical knowledge. You work shoulder to Ider with ex- pert instructors on_ full-sized, moving, whirling motors, generators, batteries, switchboards, tele- phone and telegraph systems, etc., etc. McSweeny trained men get the biggest paying jobs. Every day I receive requests for graduates, right now, take the first step No Education or Mail the cou- Experience Needed—Employm Department Helps You! No books to read. No dry fund every penny of lectures to listen to. Youlearn your tuition. by doing. I don’t care if you I help my students find spare can't tella motor from ahorse- time jobs while they attend and-buggy now. school—and my Employment graduate I guarantee that Department assists my grad- you'll know electricity from uates to locate good Fane ‘A” to “Z."’. If you're not fit- after graduation. McSweeny ted to fill a big-pay job I'll re- trained men are in d d McSweeny Electrical School Dept. 52-R. Cleveland, Ohio offer. Just Mail Coupon! J. H. McSweeny, Pres. McSweeny Electrical School Dept. 52-R, Cleveland, O. Dear 8 ob d copy of yane big. Gook on ELECTRICITY” also railroad’ are offer, and details of Employment Service. Name. Address. —-- _ Town—_

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> APNE tres 2 ERIE epee ~ POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY TAKE IT FROM THE JUDGE IWANT TO GET THEN i ee OD CAR AT COME |-5 WIV s Lao. PRICE WITH | TRIAL ,30 DAY GUAIZ _o , 7 ME ANTIEE, PRICES ae 7 PLAINLY awk \PLepae| MAIRKED @& ISE buyers profit by the low prices on used cars. Many used cars are new in appearance and almost new in service—they offer splen- did value at greatly reduced prices. You can see many unusual used car values today—at the nearest Stude- baker showroom. You will be fully protected in buying from the Stude- baker dealer who sells used cars under the famous Studebaker Pledge— (1) the lowest price is marked on the car in plain figures, (2) Certified Studebakers are guaranteed for thirty days, and (3) you get 5 days driving trial with any car you select. A book of expert advice—FREE! Send the coupon below fora valuable free book, ‘“‘How to Judge a Used Car.”’ Thirty-two interesting pages of money-saving facts and pictures help you select any make of used car from any dealer— you’ll know what to look for and what to avoid. The points of real value in a used car are fully described and illustrated. Secrets of used car buying never before made public are yours for the asking. Get the advice of experts—for the price of a 2c stamp. You may save $200 This book takes you “behind the scenes” by mailing this coupon NOW. —for a 2c stamp! ane Gm Gm om © © Ow © © 8 OO ee ee eee es 1 THE STUDEBAKER CORPORATION OF AMERICA : Dept. J-56, South Bend, Indiana | | Please send me my copy of your valuable free booklet, “Howto Judgea Used Car” | | 1 | EEL Oa RS LE. Ee a Ee OAS TT a SE ee TRE CN | | | | | | tree | I 1 City (ESE SID RIEL ROR T I Se ee a sn eid die aneiak amceiaamaenannn ae STUDEBAKER. The Great Independent October, igy a What Is an Invention | Anyway? | (Continued from paje 171) expert to generally improve articles by the manufacturer. Sometime afterward the man was told to devise a particular kind of plow. He did so, and then obtained a on it. The manufacturer challenged the a ventor’s right to the patent. The court ruled for the inventor because he had not jn fact been hired to invent the plow, but to do eral work. If he had been hired speej to invent the plow, then the invention and the patent would have belonged to the en. ployer. Robb’s Patent Essentials explains that it has become a custom to make an agreement where | by the employer acquires the right to sud! inventions as the employee may make in the| performance of his duties. When no gy) contract is made, the employer may be unable to acquire the title to the employee’s inyep. tions. HERE is another important aspect of em. ployers’ and employees’ rights. Many i, ventions are produced by men while using the time and equipment of their employers, }y) such a case an employer has the rights to map| ufacture the invented article for his own wy, without regard to the inventor or to his patent, The inventor may sell or otherwise dispose ¢ his patent, but the employer still retains thee | “shop rights.” | An inventor is at liberty to sell or dispose ¢| his patent as he pleases. A common practiceis| to sell to a manufacturer or agent a license ty | manufacture, sell, or use the invention. Fre| quently such a license conveys the exclusiye| right to the sale of the patented article, unde stated conditions. In such cases it is usually, required that a certain minimum of sales must be made and that these sales shall be made ina given territory. Provisions are also included) for the revocation of the license if requirements are not met. | If the inventor wishes to patent his invention) both in the United States and abroad, he mus! bear in mind certain requirements. In th United States a valid patent cannot be issued’ if a patent on the same invention has beet! issued in a foreign country as long as one year! previous to the filing of the application in| Washington. If the inventor has had his application pending in a foreign country far! more than one year, and if he proposes to seek! a patent in the United States as well, his! United States patent must be the first to issu.’ If he specifies that his foreign application i) pending, the Patent Office in Washington wil] usually give him preference so as to speed its) own decision. Or ALL the questions involved in patentsanl inventions perhaps the most interesting’ What is an invention? It has received variow official answers, but the question has never} been completely and finally settled, because | is too broad a term. Art, of which there at all sorts of definitions, is such a term. Sos science and so is law. Years ago the United States Supreme Coit) concluded: “The word ‘invention’ cannot be defined it} such a manner as to afford any substantial ail in determining whether a particular devit involves an exercise of the inventive f or not.” As the matter stands today the courts at still struggling with the question, What or stitutes invention? Banks Save Money by Air Mail In a single month twenty New York banks forwarded checks totalling sixty million lars by air mail between New York, Cleve and Chicago, saving $5,730 in interest.

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"tober, 1% on €S made ‘ward the r kind gf & patent | d ie urt Tuled tin fact 0 do gen. | ition and | » the em. | hat it has | nt where. : to such ke in the NO such be unable 2’s inven. ct of em- Many in using the ryers. Ih 'S to map| Own ‘use, ‘is patent, dispose of ains thes dispose of practice is license to ion. Fre exclusive cle, under is usually sales must made ina . included uirements invention | 1, he must . In th be issued has been) $ one yeat ication in ; had his yuntry for es to seek well, his st to issue. | lication is ngton wil| » speed its! atentsani resting i | ed various has never) because it there ar rm. Sow! ome Coutl defined i tantial ail lar device ve faculty courts at What cor r Mail ‘ork banks iillion do Clevel est. ————— October, 1928 on half ND that is what the ma- jority of people whoown Radio sets are trying todo... And the worst of it is that they do not know any bet- ter. They have been listen- ing to ‘“*Radioed Music”’ so long that their ears have be- come accustomed to only about half of the program which was being broadcast. Now it is possible to trans- form those sets so that all of the program is heard. The AmerTran Power Am- plifier, a complete 2 stage Push-Pull Amplifier and its companion Unit, the AmerTran Hi-Power Box supplying 500 volts to the plates of the Power Tubes will make your set superior to the finest manufactured sets. —_— of the POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 173 Power Amplifier Hi-Power Box AmerTran Push-Pull Amplifier — complete 2 stage audio amplifier. First stage AmerTran Push- Pull for two power Tubes. Choice of standard amplifier or UX 227 AC for let stage and two 171 or two 210 power tubes for second stage. Price, east of Rockies—less tubes —$60.00 AmerTran ABC Hi-Power Box—500 volts DC plate voltage, current up to 110 ma; AC filament current for rectifier, power tubes and sufficient 226 and 227 AC Tubes for any set. Adjustable bias voltages for all tubes. Price, east of Rockies—less tubes—895.00 ccyboard Learn what radio can be— listen to the whole keyboard as it is played in the studio. Write to us now and let us arrange a demonstration for you. No obligation, of course, but prepare your- self for a musical treat. Before you buy a new set— let us show you what your old set, AC or DC, will do whenitis brought uptodate with AmerTran Products. AMERTRAN American Transformer Company Transformer Builders for over 28 years 212 Emmet Street Newark, N. J. Oe ee ee ww FE American Transformer Company, 212 Emmet St., Newark, N. J. Kindly arrange for a demonstration for me. © This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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174 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY So Re A lM ih ARI inte Own this fine new Corona/ UST a few monthly payments and this new Corona is yours! It’s the latest and most im- proved Corona, with standard four-row keyboard, wide car- riage, 12-yard two-color ribbon —more conveniences and big ma- chine features than any other portable. Corona is light—portable, yet itisunbelievably sturdy. Therigid- ly braced frame is of tough, light aluminum, the only material Corona engineers have found to be light enough and strong enough for Corona. proved durability. Beautiful Colored Finishes You can have your choice of plain black or attractive colors. The new Colored Coronas are especially desirable for use in the home where they harmonize with the color scheme of desk or room. The price of Corona, either in black or in colors, is only $60, including the neat carrying case. Examine Corona in your own home Our local representative will gladly leave a Corona at your home for you to examine at Corona is the only port- able typewriter with a twenty-year record of CORONA TYPEWRITERS | your leisure—and without obligation. Sold on conven- ient terms. LC Smith & Corona Typewriters Inc | _ § 1013 E.WashingtonSt.,Syracuse, N.Y. Please send me the latest Corona catalog illus- trating the new Coronas in actual color. October, jy, | miracle of navigation. Through the terrible South Sea Colony Reveals | New Facts About Heredity (Continued from page 21) Thus, about ten years after the land | Alexander Smith, last of the mutineers .”| left with ten women and _ nineteen childre, on his hands. Meantime, dramatic events had occurred outside of Pitcairn. What of Captain Bj} | and his eighteen companions in an over| twenty-three-foot boat, which the first way, threatened to swamp? With few provisig a and without sextant, timepiece or map the | set out on the seemingly hopeless strug; y| reach a friendly Dutch settlement 3,618 tne | away—a voyage that remains to this day a thirst of tropic days and through storms that kept them bailing in anxiety and horror, ¢ | sailed on for a month and a half and at last | reached civilization. England sent a man-o’-war with twenty-foy guns and one hundred and sixty men who seized the mutineers remaining in Tahiti and returned them to London for speedy trial. The nine who had disappeared were reported dead, Twenty years went by before the memory was dramatically revived by the weird tale of a American whaling captain. HE HAD stopped at an unknown little jg land to replenish his water supply. As he warily approached, ready for an attack by savages, what was his surprise to be hailed jn English! The descendants of the mutinees welcomed him. He found that in their st republic education was compulsory up to the age of sixteen. Women and men alike voted to elect the chief magistrate annually. Prop. erty was inherited, regardless of sex. Laws governed the people, who worshiped after the manner of the Church of England! Alexander Smith had been a remarkable man. The son of an illiterate London lighter. man, he had taught himself to read from scraps of printed papers which he picked up in the London streets. Strangely enough, among the things brought to the island was a Bible anda prayer book. With these, he perfected his reading and writing and taught the others. From the first, this patriarch insisted ona careful record of births and marriages. Among the quaint entries in this historic book is the statement: “At the end of this year, we had increased the republic by the birth of seven children, three boys and four girls.” HEN Smith died at the age of sixty-five, the population was 106 and there were twenty-six married couples. Later, American whaling ships touched the island with greater frequency, bringing new ideas with them. Whaling captains’ wives, left there for several months, introduced Yankee customs. About seventy-five years ago, the popula tion had so increased that the islanders Paced the British government to set aside for them another island, Norfolk. Whaling and ship- ping lemon juice to Sydney, Australia, are now the chief sources of outside income. Dr. Shapiro’s study of the Pitcairn Islanders will soon be published in America. It is ex pected greatly to strengthen the position those scientists who believe that heredity j alone, and not the fact that parents are tr lated, is to blame when defective children result from such marriages. They do not ad- vise the smarriage of close relations. The danger of passing on a double strain of weak- ness, inherited by both parents from a common ancestor, is too great. But they no longet believe that relationship itself is sufficient make the progeny defective. In this new understanding of the laws which govern heredity, a strange tropical island its Robinson Crusoe inhabitants have played an important part. — october, 192 You

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f a chide | occurs! | tain Bligh | Verloaded, | first Ware | Provisions, enty-four | men who ‘ahiti and trial. The ‘ted dead, TMOry Was | ale of ay 1 little | pply. As ittack by hailed in nutineers ir Strange Ip to the ke voted y. Prop. x. Laws after the narkable 1 lighter. mM Scraps Pp in the nong the le anda | cted his | ers. ted on a| Among k is the | we had of seven xty-five, re were are HOW landers t is ex- tion of eredity are Te- hildren not ad- . The weak: ymmon longer ient to which rd and played — et October, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 175 You Will Readily Understand the ADVANCED MECHANICAL FEATURES of ELECTROL Readers of Popular Science Monthly will Quickly Recognize the Advantages of the Sound Electrol Engineering Principles BLDoM can the manufacturer of a product like an oil burner ex- in the mechanical details of his equipment in his general advertising. However in talking to subscribers of this publication, we are fortunate in that we are able to tell the full story of Electrol’s advanced engi- neering principles with the assurance that we say will be readily under- stood by our readers. Electrol has but one motive part, the motor shaft. This carries the pump and fan and comprises the entire mechanism, exclusive of controls. The fan is a blower-type fan which ro- tates at constant speed. Adjustment of air shutters regulates the air supply. No Auxiliary Pumps or Tanks The pump, of exclusive Electrol design, develops sufficient force to draw oil di- rectly from the main reservoir and de- liver it at the nozzle at operating pres- sures. No additional pump or booster, The high praise which owners everywhere are according Elec- trol might imply that it is high in price .. .Electrol comfort is within reach of all. She OIL BURNER with Fhe Master Control Listed as Standard by the Underwriters’ Laboratories, and bears their label Member Oil Heating Institute. Approved by Popular Science Institute of Standards. 7 - — be aa be ee oa Axsove: The Model T] Electrol. Lerr: Nozzle end of Model T. The atomized oilis mixed with the scientifically determined cor- rect volume of air, producing the right amount of heat with a min- imum consumption of fuel. Note howspark is directed intooilvapor comfort day and night by timing eee, _ The Master Furnace Man and no auxiliary tank is necessary with Electrol. The pump draws oil through a dia- phragm valve which opens only when proper pressure has been built up. Oil cannot leak into the nozzle by gravity flow, and likewise the oil shuts off im- mediately when the motor begins to retard and stop. The oil is atomized mechanically by the Electrol nozzle and ignited by con- tinuous positive electric spark ignition. No gas pilot light is needed with Elec- trol. Air and oil deliveries are so arranged that theignition spark is blown into the spray of oil vapor instead of allowing the oil to be blown into the spark. Thus, carbonization at the electrode points is prevented. And watching over the wma! «¢Ntire operation of the \. burner,is ‘*The Master Control’’, safeguarding the ignition, regulating the flow of oil and governing combustion. Quiet... All-Electric . . . and Entirely Automatic. Electrol with its efficient Operation insuring fuel economy, pro- vides constant comfort without atten- tion and all conveniences of modern automatic oil heat at its best. Sold on Convenient Budget Payment Plan Wherever Electrol is sold, you will find a complete oil heating service, backed by a sound, large and growing manu- facturing organization. Electrol is made in sizes for every type and size of building, large or small, and can be purchased on convenient monthly payments. Let the Electrol Sales and Service Rep- resentative in your city show you this finer burner in operation. Your request will bring the enlightening booklet, “‘The Master Furnace Man.”’ ELECTROL INCORPORATED 180 Dorcas St. » + St. Louis, U.S.A. Electrol Inc. of Missouri, 180 Dorcas St., St. Louis. Gentlemen: Please send your book, ‘The Master Furnace Man,” and details of the Electrol Oil Burner. eevee er eee eee eeeree ee ee eeeeee ve a © This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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176 medium size tg Ba = Eveready Layerbilt No. 485 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY heavy du Eveready SA ee DT: panne No. 486 October cost but little morg — EITHER of these Eveready Layer- bilt “B” Batteries costs only a few cents more than cylindrical cell batteries of the same size, but last much longer. Longer life — much less fre- quent renewals — greater econ- omy—greater reliability—greater convenience—those are the things the Eveready Layerbilt construc- tion gives you. Since the Eveready Layerbilt comes in two sizes, the many ad- vantages of Eveready Layerbilt construction can be had by every- one. One of these batteries is the famous Eveready Layerbilt No. 486, the original Eveready “B” Battery to be made of flat cells instead of cylindrical ones. This is the largest of the Eveready Layerbilts. and lasts longest. It fam USE GR ALE rout costs only 25 cents more than the cylindrical cell Eveready of the same size. The other is the newer Ever- eady Layerbilt No. 485. It comes in the same size’ as the Eveready “B” Battery No. 772, which uses cylindrical cells. The flat cells of the new No. 485 make it last much longer. It is the most eco- nomical medium size Eveready “B” Battery, and costs only 20 cents more than the No. 772. These two batteries will fit the needs of about 99% of modern receivers. The flat cells of which Ever- eady Layerbilts are made fill all available space within the battery case, avoiding the useless holes between the cells of a cylindrical cell battery. More materials mean R. R. DONNELLEY & SONS CO., CHICAGO pury 5 og MEANT cr sce BTS @ and last much long longer life. sible economy, convenience ani satisfaction from ‘“B”’ batteries, buy Eveready Layerbilts. NATIONAL CARBON CO., IN. New York Unit of Union Carbide ant Cc arbon Corporation "Mr ARB Wit dope tossemre Sure er For the — pos San Francise UE Tuesday night is Eveready .Hour Nigh 9 P. M. Eastern Standard Time Through WEAF and associated N. B. C. station 8 P. M. Pacific Standard Tim- Through N. B. C. Pacific Coast network East of the Rockies On the Pacific Coast a ne - 8 ee OS mF CU lh ADY Radio Batteries} { . Layerbilt Eveready feature. Only Eveready © This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. construction is a patente ne Seana Layerbilt batteries.

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| test por nee and a tteries, O., IN. Francise ‘or poration pur Nighi nme C. stations ne et work DY ries pape —— ana O° 2 iN, oY aaa Back to the small town Industry follows the path of power More and more G-E motors are used every year to turn the wheels of our changing and developing industrial system. The same company which makes the huge turbines that gen- erate power, also makes the Mazpa lamps, fans, and household appli- ances with which you are familiar through daily use. On all these products, the G-E monogram consti- tutes the same dependable assurance of quality. “Where power is,” says industry, “there is my home.” To-day, the boy who starts out to seek his fortune in the great city is likely to meet his job traveling the other way. To-day, power—electric power—is pretty nearly every- where. Every year, the long stride of the giant trans mission line opens fresh territory. Manufacturers are finding new opportunities outside our congested indus- trial centers. The job is marching to the man. Decentral- ization of our industrial system is transforming America. To the small town, these humming wires bring a new industrial importance; to the manufacturer, they spell efficiency, as well as relief from high taxes and cramped quarters; to the worker, decentralization means a home of his own and a higher standard of living for his family. And it is the electric generator, the electric transmission line, and the electric motor which have made decentral- ization possible. GENERAL ELECTRIC

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PDODPDDOGCOCCOCIGOCCOCOCOCS A Radioin ion ree RADIOTRON now uses Amplifier RADIOTRON Uy-199 Detector Ampl' RADIOTRON UX-199 Detector Amiplifier RADIOTRON WD-11 Detector Amplifier RADIOTRON WX-12 Detector A i RADIOTRON UX-200-A Detector Only RADIOTRO® UX-120 Andie Stage Only RADIOTRON UX- UX-222 Pan ay 4 otter RADIOTRON UX-112-A |. Power Amplifier RADIOTRON Ux RADIOTRON UX-210 Power Amplifier Oscillator POGOOCPGOGOCOCOCOOCOGCOCGWOG CCG O CS Leading makers of radio sets rec- ognize RCA Radiotrons as the standard vacuum tubes for all uses in both transmitting and receiving instruments. They specify them for tests, initial equipment and replacement. Radiotrons are the heart of the receiving set. To maintain fine recep- tion, the vacuum tubes in your set should be replaced with new Look for this mark Radiotrons at least once a year. Do not use new tubes with old. on every Radiotron Best results are obtained by changing all tubes at one time. RCA Radiotron MADE BY HE MAKENS “O'&- THRE CRA DEO CA RADIO CORPORATION OF AMERICA + NEW YORK + CHICAGO + SAN FRANCIS