Popular Science Monthly 1928-06: Vol 112 Iss 6

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Yul “ Wn, aoe oe me; Y UY y Yi : 74 Racine car drivers can’t take a chance with their engines. Before a race they test their cars with the best gasoline obtainable. Then they add “Ethyl” fluid— the anti-knock compound—to develop the lastounce of power for speed and safety. Similarly, leading oil companies areadding “Ethyl” fluid to the gasoline produced for the general motor- ing public, so that your car too may increase its per- formance under all driving conditions. What Ethyl Gasoline is THYL GASOLINE was developed by General Motors research to provide a more efficient fuel for internal combustion id ie Bot a ae motor gasoline in an amount sufficient to utilize the higher compression created by car- Wp, yj a Un Y bon deposits or advanced engine design. Y , | y Y y “Ethyl” fluid is a concentrated liquid "fy VU containing tetraethyl lead which has the property La of controlling the combustion rate of gasoline. It is a patented product. Only oil refining companies licensed to sell Ethy4. Gasoline can mix “Ethyl” fluid with their gasoline. In every case the amount of “Ethy!” fluid must be sufficient to meet a definite standard of “anti- knock” quality rigidly controlled by the Ethyl Gasoline Corporation. Ethyl Gasoline is colored red for identifi- cation. The color has nothing whatever to do with its performance. It takes more than dye to make “anti-knock” gasoline. Ethy! Gasoline is sold only at pumps which display the “Ethy!” trademark. Ethyl Gasoline is the yardstick by which other sasolines are measured. Ga Vd This fuel is called Ethyl Gasoline and is sold at pumps which display the emblem shown below. Read the facts about Ethyl Gasoline given below. Remember that even the best gasolines become better when “Ethyl” fluid is added. Then give Ethyl a trial. Its price is merely the price of good motor gasoline plus the few extra pennies the “Ethyl” ingredient costs. But what a difference it makes in your car! ETHYL GASOLINE CORPORATION 25 Broadway, New York City 56 Church St., Toronto, Canada What Ethyl Gasoline does If your car is designed to operate on ordi- mary gasoline, the use of Ethyl Gasoline will: y Y; Eliminate “that knock” and power loss. Make carbon deposits a source of extra power. For carbon increases compression and Ethyl Gasoline és the high compression fuel. y Give a smoother and better pulling engine, partic- ularly on hills and heavy roads. YY Reduce gear- shifting and increase acceleration, thereby making traffic driving easier. g Cut down vibration, thereby reducing engine wear and tear and depreciation. Save you the expense of carbon removal and other repairs caused by “knocking” and carbon formation. Give more power per gallon for your fuel bills— and more mileage as compression is increased by carbon deposits. Yj Yj Y Yj If your car is a high compression car, just remember that Ethyl Gasoline made it possi- ble and its use is necessary to obtain maximum performance. Ia short, Ethyl Gasoline increases the per- formance of any automobile engine—whatever its compression—whatever the climate or other driving conditions. sone, 1928 Brill the any

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 1 June, 1928 COMPANION CAR TO CADILLAC = of cars, the La Salle, for those attuned to this new, vigorous day—for those who live life to the full. Brilliant in performance, it is built indeed for this breathless, brightly=colored age. A supremely great car because of the flawless coordination of the mechanism of its 90-degree, V «type, 8=cylinder engine— an ensine without peer in any kind of goings. A supremely beautiful and luxurious car because of its bodies by Fisher and by Fisher=Fleetwood. 10928 prices substantially lower on the entire La Salle line— from $2350 to $2875, fo. b. Detroit. Five new models— inclucling new five=passenger family sedan. CADILLAC MOTOR CAR COMPANY Division of General Motors Corporation Detroit, Michigan Oshawa, Canada @® This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8-

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY WHAT IS NEW THIS MONTH Table of Contents for June — | LEADING ARTICLES T Astronomy BREAKING INTO AVIATION. . . . By Edgar C. Wheeler 13 Watching a Star Explode . . _ 4 Famous pilots tell how to become a commercial flyer Astronomy’s Silver Ball . 55 First PLane From Europe. . . ByH.C. Dans 16 Temperature of Mars Taken; Fitty Rapio Brines Pouirics iro Your Home . By Earl Reeves 22 Above at the Equator. . 58 Broadcasting and the Presidential campaign PutTiInG THE EarTH ON THE Scares . . By Edwin Ketchum 24 Automobiles How a physicist in a cave is weighing the globe you stand on A Se A A Great Dream Opens AN EmptrE . . By Homer Dye, Jr. 25 ‘hat meee Sete. - fic Licht 21 The romantic story of David Moffat and his tunnel through the Rockies mee et ae 7 mo. 55 SEVENTEEN-YEAR Locusts Cominc . . By A.B.Champlain 27 Me Gear Shift A ian Ps Odd facts about the queer insect horde that will visit us this summer Know Your Car 7 ey 61 Dick Bykp—ADVENTURER—Part Two. By Fitzhugh Green 28 Strong Start on Weak Battery | | 79 An untold chapter in the thrilling life story of a popular hero Novel Ash ‘Disposal . . . 2a Huee Fiyine Horets Race ror First OvERSEAS —, oma Emergency Hose Repair. . . . 72 By Carl Helm 32 Springas Fan Belt . . . . . 7% ‘A glimpse of luxurious ocean voyages in giant new dirigibles Round the Spring Edges St 72 Huce New Surer-LocomMorivEs . . By George Lee Dowd, Jr. 35 Ten Dollars foranIdea!. . . . 7% Novel designs and queer fuels of modern engines Catcuine Crooks witH A CamMeRA . . By Howard Mclellan 36 Aviation How the all-seeing lens detects forgeries and convicts evil-doers : . 2 : Ga.iLeo GALILEI, “IMMorTAL Foou” . . By Arthur A. Stuart 38 rm “4 we Shown in London . 21 Why a persecuted genius is now called the father of science Air ey ees bm Plane. 21 TAMING THE MIssIssIPPt . By Myron M. Stearns 40 Britain’s New Ais : le a $4 ew Airplane Carrier. . 52 A great problem of flood control discussed by an expert Metions hase Ale Sebuahs 52 Forts on Wueets Dery Banpits . . By P.A.Carmichael 42 New Air Surveying Exploits . . be How armored cars transport valuables in safety Planes Rise Like Rockets . . . 52 Giant Mystery TusBe Promises New Rapio Marvets Radio Laboratory in Plane. . . 52 ‘ By Robert E. Martin 43 Plane of 150-Foot Spread Has Wheels 'A wireless thunderbolt that kills animals and looses plumes of fire Bigger Than Man . . 53 $200,000,000 ror Researcu; WHat Do We Ger? Balloon Dwarfs All Others . . . 53 : ; By Frank Parker Stockbridge 51 U. S. Retains Altitude Mark . . 53 What science’s triumphs r mean to you in your daily life New “Gear-Shift”’ Propeller. . . 53 House Srarts Lire Over AGAIN , By John R. McMahon 67 Hospital Ward on Wings _ . - 58 Turning an historic home into a modern one Fighting Brood of the Lexington . 38 Way Most Home Rerricerators ArE REAtty WortTHLEss ee Wrecked Ships . . . 54 etal “Ears” Detect Planes . . 55 By Frederic Damrau, M.D. 69 Seven-Cylinder Pl M -Cylinder Plane Motor . . 56 Startling pages ‘from the Popular Science Institute’s tests Air Mail Sienal 57 Gus Expiains A Broken AxtE . . .. . By Martin Bunn 70 Send Cockpit om Geeeed Teste Why your car can turn a corner Flyers’ Ability . > ne Treat Your Puants Like Basies_. . By E. Bade 74 New Radio Talks to Flyers. . . 61 “Bringing up” the summer flowers and vegetables. Engineering FICTION First Welded Bridge =... - $6 Hovuptnt oF THE DESERT. . By Fred Graves 18 we eee: - + The vivid story of a man who faced savage elephants i in African wilds Huge Concrete Wall Moved =. . 58 Tue Movie Maker—Part Five. . . ByS.W.Newmeyer 48 ° A dramatic novel of the cinema Health and Hygiene Human Treadmill Tests Athlete’s Lungs. , 46 R A D I O Medicine’s Great Advances ws 47 How to Apart Your Set TO AC. .. . By Alfred P. Lane 64 See ” sie 47 Peril in Some Public Baths ._. 54 Brain Surgery Effects Cure . . . 58 THE HOME WORKSHOP ; . A SeapLaNne Mope. Tuat F.ites Laboratory Discoveries By J. Danner Bunch and Avison F. Koch [77 Edison on Job Testing Rubber . . 21 Simpte Workpencu Kinks : 78 Nerve Impulses Heard in Tests . 46 Hints on Ustne PortaBie Toots. — y ‘H. L. Wheeler 84 Lightning Bolt Putto Work . . 47 * Radium Substitute Promised . . 58 June, 1928, Vol. 112, No.6. Popular Science Monthly is published month- United States, its possessions, and Canada, $2.50; foreign countries, $3. The ly at ‘250 Fourth Avenue, New York, N.Y., by the Popular Science Publishing contents of this magazine must not be reprinted without permission. In pre; Co., Inc. Entered as second-class matter Dec. 28, 1918, at the Post Office at senting in its editorial columns numerous stories of new products of — New York under the act of March 3, 1879: additional entry as second-class science, Popular Science Monthly does not underwrite the business met matter at ag ~F- Illinois. Entered as second-class matter at the Post Office of the individuals or concerns producing them. The use of Popular Sstenee sapestnans Printed in U. 8. A. Copyright, 1927, A the Popular Monthly articles for stock-selling schemes is never ow Wy ag. O. B. Capen, scriptions to President and Treasurer; R. C. Wilson, Vice-President; A. L. Cole, Secretary. Publishing Co., Ine. Single copy, 25 cents. Yearly su

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6 5 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY June, 1928 — —————— Models ¥ Novel Boat of Canvas and Auto Tire 58 * If Men Had Bat’s Wings 60 1 Model Auto . 58 Grain Transplanting Device In- How Rocks Fan Mine Fires. . 60 strings — ee . . oe creases Crop Five Times 60 | How Much Do You Know of the Rigging the “T oT boat | . 88 | Life Rafts Made of Kapok 61 World You Live In? Paves” 60 Rubber-Dri oe + Theater Seats of Rubber 61 | Biggest Peette Ocean Liner ~~ A Monorail Motor Bus Trains. 61 New Devices for the Home Photography Sounds Have Their Colors, Says Rolling Marble in Wall Holder . . 62 Living Bacteria Filmed by Micro- Psychology Professor . . 61 Kettle Plates Save Burning, Clean Movie Camera . . 47 For the Home Otiides Silver. 62 | New Four-Lens Camera for Aerial ‘ . on Cabinet ‘Has Bins with Survey . 52 How to Paint a Breakfast Set . 82 - 62 | Folding Screen for Home Movi ies 57 Tuckaway’’ Servesas Table . . 98 Bed Pray Holds Food or Book . . 62 Scientists Risk Death to Film’ Vol- Colorful Craft-Work Novelties . _. 00 Glass Holder for Bridge Table . . 62 cano in Action 59 | Simple Folding Cot for Emergencies 106 A Coubination Lock for Your Front Neat Trellis Supports Porch Flower ee Se ce Radio Box . ; ae Cork Bath Brush Floats. . 62 a ‘ How to Fit Drawer Locks Expertly, 106 Sanitary Rubber bg Stopper 62 Helpie tt — Rad = Repairing Loose Chair Rungs . . 118 ° ' e ne De d ° . —. aes a bseaae 62 | Radio Aids in Paper vena 60 Hints for the Mechanic Hairbrush, Mirror, C omb i inOne . 63 How to Use Solder... 66 Small Planer Does Heavy Work . 86 An Electric Plug You Can't Break . 63 | Repairing Radio Parts 66 | Worn-Out Milling Cutter Used for Moistens Your Home’s Air . . . 63 | Special Tools Save Time 66 Light Shaping . an Novel Lock for Lamp Bulbs. . 63 | AB C's of Radio . 66 | Spring Improves Old Grinder . . 86 Oven Shelves Slide Out... 63 How to Stamp Index Arrows. . 103 Metal Sponge C Sirf Pots and Pans 63 Unusual Facts wl _ Fitting Keys Quickly . . . . 108 Strainer in Jug’s Lid ; ' 63 00 S-5 - ; Couch Hides Clothes Racks. | | 63 Breaking Dawe « leave Toll 2! | Ideas for the Handy Man Ship Swallows Whole Trains . $81 | Surf Sleds and Boards Easy to Make 79 New Processes and Magnets—Strangest Tool of Man . 39 | Concave and Convex Turning . . 90 Inventions Grows Plants without Soil 47 | Channel Sills Make Strong I-Beams 93 Electricity’s Strange Uses. 54 | Book Ends Embellished with Inlaid Pulverized Coal Runsa Ship . . 45 | Alaska, America’s Bargain, Yields Designs . ; 95 Turns Cornstalk into Paper Pulp . 46 Over a Billion Profit . . 54 | Our Boy Rides the Air Mail + . 96 Makes Hydrogen Cheaper and Safer 47 | Street Car C amp for Tourists 54 | Dish-Mop Buffing Wheel .. 98 Self-Acting Crossing Gate . . . 54 | Plants Growing in Tree Tops Extend Jumping Jack Has Clothespin Body 98 Pillow Cures Sleeplessness . . . 54 Roots toGround . . . 55 | Blueprints for Your Home Work- Lost Sheen of Silk Restored. . . 54 | First World Weather Maps . 55° Shop... ‘ 99 The “Iron Cashier” . . . . . 56 | Helping Nature Color Fruit . 55 | Tools for Metal Working 5. 6.) Sn New Sealing Tool . . . . . 56 | All Boys in 4 Generations 58 | Stepping the Mast of a Canoe . . 110 Pocket Kindling Wood . . 56 | Tree Rings Reveal History 58 | Books That Tell How to Do Wood- Workbench Tool for Many Tasks . 56] A Subway without Trainmen 59 working . . 116 Lawn Mower Carries a Light . . 56 | Old Paper Money Made Over 59 | Glycerin in the Home ‘Workshop . 257 Cigarette Lights without Match . 57 | Any Questions? . . 59 | Paper Strip Indicates Moisture in the Overshoes That Fit in Pocket . . 57 | Blue Paint Joke on Baboons. .60 Air . . 118 Automatic Lighthouse Can't Fail . 57 | Transplanting Hawaii's Fish 60 | Homemade Vise Has Guide Bars This Boat Rolls on Water . 57 & Smallest Fire Boats Fastest . OO 6 -Madeci Pipes. ... «=. « 8 WHAT IS COMING NEXT MONTH How do trans-Atlantic flyers know when to But the weather man hop off? They don’t. tinent. Africa has a lure like that of no other con- Strange people, strange animals, does. And the meteorologist who started Lind- bergh, Byrd, and Chamberlin will tell in our next issue just what is the “right weather” for ocean flying. q “T can peer into your stomach and read your future!”’ a famous physician recently told the editor of this magazine. And this doctor has written a remarkable article that tells how marvels of X-rays are solving mysteries of the human body. q You can almost hear the spectators’ shouts as the man who knows most about the world’s greatest sporting event—the Olympic Games—predicts in a vigorous article the results of this summer’s meet. strange plants, and strange customs! ‘Now I'll Tell One About Africa” is an article that you won't want to miss. qj “R.O.G.” to anybody interested in aviation means—“‘rise off the ground.” So an R.O.G. model is one that takes-off like a real plane. A simple model of this type will be described in our Home Workshop Department. You will want to read, too, the next chapter of Commander Green’s biography of that modest hero and sportsman, Richard E. Byrd, and the second installment of ‘ ‘Breaking into Aviation” —thrilling first-hand atau of famous pilots. | AND leading articles that will tell the latest, up-to-the-minute news of laboratory discoveries, scientific triumphs, and amazing new inventions

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How $1,345 Profit was made in Three Years on $1,550 Invested This is the actual story of how an investor almost doubled his money in three years through the purchase of investment trust shares in Financial Investing Co. of New York, Ltd. In April, 1925, he bought 100 shares for $1,550. Three years of dividends amounted to $390. “Rights” given in 1927 had a market value of $80. In April, 1928, the re- sale market po of his shares was $2,425, an increase of $875 over the amount he paid. Dividends, three years ..... $390 Value of “rights” ..........-. 80 Increased value of shares... . 875 Total three-year gain .... $1,345 This Investment Trust Gives You Your Opportunity Whether you invest $100, $500, $5,000 or any larger sum in the stock of Financial Investing Co., you own your pro rata share of all its investments. You receive your full share of profits distributed. You gain a degree of safety that is entirely beyond your reach as an individual investor. Six Sources of Profit Financial Investing Co. of New York, Ltd., is a British-type general investment trust. Its resources, considerably in excess of $3,500,000, are invested in over 200 high grade bonds and stocks. This broad list of investments yields rofits in six different ways: (1) Regular interest or cash dividends; (2) special stock dividends; (3) “rights’’ to subscribe to new stock, when issued, below market price; (4) profitable conversion features of many bonds; (5) increased market value; (6) re- investment of earned surplus. After paying interest and all expenses, net earnings belonging to Financial Invest- ing shareholders were 12% of the par value of the shares in 1925; 14% in 1926; 18% in 1927; and are now in excess of 20%. Learn How to Make Big Profits Consercatively It is all explained in our booklet, “The In- vestment Trust—from the Investor’s View- int,” and our circular, ““The Common- se Test of Investment Trusts.” Mail the coupon and profit by reading this free literature. UNITED STATES FISCAL CORPORATION Managers of Financial Investing Co. of New York, Ltd. ae seceuueceuuneun Seteaueceuen: United States Fiscal Corporation 50 Broadway, New York Please send me, immediately, your free literature that tells how I can make big profits on conservative investments. lS ee ee 6PS a SESSSRESSS STEP RRR RSPR RRR R Ree eT PRP D POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY June, ‘1 GOLD the 49’ers Overlooked By Wa.uAce Ames, Financial Editor rush one of the methods of mining was the sluicing process, whereby the water from mountain streams was flushed against gold-laden hillsides. The soil thus loosened was carried through a sieve-like contrivance which caught and held the precious metal. But this process was outlawed as being ruinous to natural resources. Sluicing rendered the land useless for other pur- poses. It contaminated the streams and deposited a muck on the agricultural larfds in the valleys. In consequence, many sluice miners left their claims and took up operations elsewhere. Many years later a group of engineers explored what remained of an old sluice- way in the mountains east of San Fran- cisco. They were locating a site for a great hydro-electric development. The sluice-way abandoned by the miners be- came the origin of what is now an expan- sive lake, Lake Almanor, in which water is stored for the use of a hydro-electric generating plant. Thus engineers found a new kind of wealth in a deserted gold mining camp. Until three or four years ago the Gatineau River, which flows through the wilderness of the Province of Quebec, was nothing more than a sportsman’s paradise. Now, after you have trekked some thirty-five miles beyond the end of the railroad line you come upon a series of dams. They are part of a hydro- electric development serving power to paper manufacturers and other industries located many miles to the south. Wealth is being created in the wilderness. [: THE days of the California gold IHE engineering achievements of Lake Almanor in California and the Gatin- eau River in Quebec have been duplicated and multiplied many times over in the electric power and light industry. One of the many reasons why this industry has won its place as bed-rock security for investment is the fact that it is a creator of wealth. By way of comparison, an automobile manufacturer or a construction company takes raw materials and adds to their value by making something useful; a railroad furnishes essential transportation service; a retail store supplies needed or wanted articles to its trade. An electric generating plant starts with nothing (one might say) and creates new wealth. It is a basic industry in the same sense as agriculture. These are the days in which the achievements of science and engineering seem to know no bounds. Our imagina- tion wilts under the spectacular advance- ment of aviation and radio. And we are still amazed at the way the demand for automobiles continues to shatter all prophecies with reference to the satura- tion point. Electric power and light de. velopment is more in the background than some of these other modern achieve. ments. It does not dominate newspaper front pages. Service is so smooth and has become such an essential in both business and domestic life that we are apt to take the industry more or less for granted, Few of us realize what is actually. goin on. Yet in point of accomplishment the electrical industry is almost in a class by itself. The fact that the national wealth of the United States has more than trebled in the last twenty years is due in no small measure to the creative nature and the tremendous advancement of the electrical industry. The story of the electrical industry js a story of continuous growth in periods of depression as well as in prosperous times. The very nature of the industry makes it grow. Our modern life could not exist if it did not grow. UST so long as our population con- tinues to increase, the demand for electricity will increase. But, as shown in detail in an earlier article in this series, the power and light companies have not depended alone upon increased population for an increase in their business. The utility companies and the electrical manufacturers have greatly stimulated the growth of the industry by creating new uses and new demands for electric current. Barely forty years old, yet over ten billions of dollars have been invested in the electrical industry. Less than fifteen years ago the combined capitalization of power and light companies was but a little over two billion dollars. In 1920 it was slightly under four and a half billion. Since then new investments in public utility securities have averaged over three-quarters of a billion dollars a year so that the combined capitalization of utility companies in 1928 is some ten and one-half billions—nearly five times what it was in 1912. What is being done with the wealth in the form of electricity that is being created on the site of the abandoned California gold mining camp, in _ the northern wilds of Quebec and everywhere throughout the length and breadth of the North American continent? It is being sold to an ever-increasing number of users. In the United States alone the number of customers of the electric power and light industry has increased in four- teen years from 3,837,518 to 22,950,000. How is the new capital that is being raised annually by public utilities being used? To take care of the continually growing demand for electricity a stu- pendous and never-ceasing program of building and expansion is going on. Electrical World, (Continued on page 5) © This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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Recommended for Investors lesire of investors to be- mee more thoroughly ac- nted with the advantages of First Mortgage Real Estate Bonds prompts, us to offer the following booklets: Its Safe Investment ae first ortgage Bonds keep your money safe, Explaining our method of doing business. His of Guaranteed 4 Beet early describing the de- velopment and value of First Mort- gage Real Estate Bonds as an in- vestment. The House Behind the Bonds—To help you judge the character of our Issues by describing our personnel and method of securing offerings. lity Bonds are First M ages Establishing the lavestanent | on tion of First Mortgage Real Estate Bonds. Fidelity Service and the Morni Mail— Letters from people in a walks of life telling of their expe- riences with Fidelity Bonds, We will be glad to send at once any booklet included in the above list. Write to i BOND * MORTGAGE ry ig. MENTEER.Presigent me INCORPORATED 1919 660 Chemical Bldg., St. Louis 1188 New York Life Bldg., Chicago 378 Colorado Nat’l Bank Bldg., Denver FIDELITY MEANS KEEPING FAITH 'AKE Father Time work for you by investing your sav- ings in Guaranteed United First Mortgage Bonds. As the years & go by your reinvested interest and principal will build upa considerable estate. Payment of interest and principal is guaranteed by the United States Mortgage Bond Company,a twenty million dollar institution operating under the supervision of the State of Michigan. A few dollars will start you on the e, sure, trouble-free road to financial independence. We have a program to fit every need. Mail the coupon today for free booklet. UNITED STATES MORTGAGE BOND COMPANY Howard C. Wade, President 365 U. S. Mortgage Building Detroit, Mich. Resources more than $20,000,000 In Canada: United Bond Co., Ltd., Toronto and Windsor, Ont. MAIL THIS COUPON TODA’ UNITED STATES MORTGAGE BOND Cco., 365U. S. Mortgage Bldg., Detroit, Mich. Please mail copy of your booklet, “Plant an Acorn™, Name Address City State. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Gold the 49’ers Overlooked (Continued from page 4) which publication supplied the other sta- tistics used in this article, gives the follow- ing figures representing annual expendi- tures for additions and extensions to power and light properties. OR $222,408,000 ES ten 324,016,000 Sree 602,143,000 acd Ske ee 692,440,000 Mo oe aa 721,300,000 ee 841,344,000 I ch iss chiioeiee 760,353,000 eres 900,363,000* *Estimated. (Continued on page 6) To Help You Get Ahead T= Booklets listed below will help every family in laying out a financial plan. They will be sent on request. The Common-Sense Test of Invest- ment Trusts suggests an easy method by which you may correctly judge the worth of any investment trust before putting your money into it. United States Fiscal Corpora- tion, 50 Broadway, New York, will send a free copy if you request Circular CS. “Ideal Investments” is the designation universally accorded Smith First Mortgage 6%% Bonds which carry attractive tax refund features. A history of the House and information relative to their bonds and the safeguards that surround every issue they offer may be obtained by addressing the home office of The F. H. Smith Company, Smith Building, Washington, D. C. The House Behind the Bonds reminds the investor of the importance, not only of studying the investment, but of checking up the banker who offers it. Address: Fidelity Bond & Mortgage Co., 1188 New York Life Building, Chicago, Ill. How to Retire in Fifteen Years is the story of a safe, sure and definite method of establishing an estate and building an inde- pendent income which will support you the rest of your life on the basis of your present living budget. Write for the booklet to Cochran & McCluer Company, 46 North Dearborn St., Chicago, Ill. How to Get the Things You Want tells how you can wse insurance as an active part of your a for getting ahead financially. Phoenix Mutual Life Insurance Company, 328 Elm Street, Hartford, Conn., will send you this booklet on request. The Guaranteed Way to Financial In- dependence tells how a definite monthly savings plan will bring you financial inde- pendence. Write for this booklet to Inves- tors Syndicate, 100 North Seventh Street, Minneapolis, Minn. The Making of a Good Investment tells how 614% can be made on investment in First Mortgage Bonds in units of $50, $100, $250, $500 and $1000; how the bonds are protected and how simple it is to purchase them. For a copy of this booklet address United States Mortgage Bond Company, Limited, Detroit, Michigan. Current Offerings Yield 6%2% INFORMATION COUPON Smith Bldg., Washington, D. C. 285 Madison Ave., New York City Branch offices in other Cities - ee a Mg interested in oe :4 investments only. Send me : illustrated booklet containing tee texts, Cee reseeererereeeesbeee ] ADDRESS........ scccvcocect SE” SRO OOOLOLO TOS GOTO. @© This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. Investment Bankers = Founded 1873 [ PMO OK OR ERR ROM SO a i

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Here is the ANSWER to questions which bother many investors How can you tell what gives a first mortgage bond absolute safety? How can you get the highest in- come from your money, consist- ent with safety? How can you select a safe invest- ment house? How can you retire in 15 years on our present living budget? How can you get double the sav- ings bank interest rate or more, with all the convenience? How can you judge the security back of a first mortgage bond? What is the history of the first mortgage bond in Chicago? Why can Cochran & McCluer sell first mortgage bonds in every state of the Union without sales- men? All of these questions and many others vital to investors are answered in the new edition of a famous book, “Behind the Scenes Where Bonds Are Made.” Get your copy now. We'll gladly send it. No salesman will call. 6-28 Cochran & McCluer Co. 46 North Dearborn St. Chicago, Ill. Gentlemen: Please send me without obligation your book, “Behind the Scenes Where Bonds Are Made,** No salesman will call. Name Address. City w=. State SSGSSRSRCeReeeeeeee Cochran & M‘Cluer Ca. Established 1881 Never a loss to any investor 46 NORTH DEARBORN STREET Chicago POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Construction of Small Alternating Current Motors By PROF. A. E. WATSON Brown University This book contains complete instructions for building small alternating current motors in several sizes. The designs will be found in harmony with those of the very best manufac- turers, and they can be worked out by the amateur for making useful instruments. Fully Illustrated Price, $1.50 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 250 Fourth Ave. New York City Gold the 49’ers Overlooked (Continued from page 5) With the exception of the year 1927 the new building program of the utilities has increased each year. The slight decline in 1927 over 1926 simply means that some construction work has been delayed and the building program for this year must be all the greater. How is this program of continual ex- pansion financed? Being a public utility, a power and light company cannot charge rates which would permit large profits and the creation of a great surplus. Thus the expansion program cannot be financed out of earnings. To a greater extent than applies to manufacturing and commercial enterprises, public utility expansion and development must be financed through bond and preferred stock issues. Be- cause the industry is always growing, and outgrowing its plant facilities, the power and light companies are constantly bring- ing out new issues of securities. INANCING the needs of public utilities has become a highly special- ized business in which our leading invest- ment bankers are engaged. These bankers maintain their own. corps of technicians who conduct the most elabo- rate studies. Just one study of a Michi- gan company, that preceded a new piece of financing, occupied a volume of original data over two inches thick. Every conceivable factor and phase is weighed and analyzed before a new bond or preferred stock issue is planned. Be- fore a utility can market a new security issue, its earnings must show a satisfac- tory ratio to total interest and dividend requirements and property value must be in safe proportion to the total amount of securities to be outstanding. That is to say, the standard practice of investment bankers is to surround all new issues of public utility securities with formidable safeguards. HE conservatism with which life in- surance companies make their invest- ments is a matter of genera] knowledge. It is significant to note that twenty-five leading companies increased their pro- portion of public utility investments from about 8 to 20% of all their bond investments within a five-year period. The New England Mutual holds 36.5% of its bond investments in utility issues; Phoenix Mutual, 46.2%; Connecticut Mutual, 39%; Sun Life of Canada, 52.38%; Connecticut General, 67.6%. Readers of PopuLAR ScIENCE MONTHLY have a great variety of public utility securities to choose from. The leading investment bankers offer bonds and preferred stocks to suit every conserv- ative requirement and to fit the in- dividual circumstances of any investor. Or it is possible to invest direct in the preferred stock of the local public service company. Most of them number a considerable percentage of customers among their stockholders. When Will Yoy Have $5,000? Under the Investors Syndicate Certificate Plan, you can have $5,000 — uncondi-. tionally guaranteed to you in 120 months — on an investment of only $31.50 monthly, This guarantee is by a third-of-a-century old house with assets in ex- cess of $19,000,000. Start now on a definite program of systematic investing. Mail the coupon today for full informa- tion PS-9, INVESTORS SYNDICATE | Established 1894 | 100 North Seventh Street Minneapolis, Minn. New York Office 17 East 42nd Street, N. Y. Offices in Principal Cities Pr ry err ae THE POWER OF TIME & MONEY A regular Sherlock Holmes A Great little trouble-finder, a flashlight. Sends a bright beam right to the spot. Says “There it is,” and “TI’ll help you fix it.” Fine for examining complicated insides of anything mechanical too. A regular Sherlock Holmes for solving mysteries. Remember, that in a flash- light, the battery’s the thing— and Eveready’s the battery. Eveready Batteries make an honest helper out of any flash- light. They put a flashlight right on the job with a beam of bright light when the switch clicks. Get the flashlight habit when you work. Stick by Eveready Batteries because they stick by YOU. How to Work with Tools and Wood This book explains in a simple, atraightforward manner all the pro- cesses of working with tools and wood. It takes all the mystery out of using tools and enables you to spend many interesting an ° able hours in your home workshop. All details are clearly explained. Price $1.00 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 250 Fourth Avenue @® This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approva of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS, See page 8. New York City 1928

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]] Oil Heat at its Best POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY —~ 1s Made Possible by the Positive Automatic Electric I ignition of Electrol Positive automatic electric ignition has always been a vital featureof the Electrol Automatic Oil Burner. The oil, broken up into a fine mist-like spray is ignited by an electric spark, sim: ilar to the method used in the automo- bile engine. In the latter, however, the gas is compressed and exploded, whereas, in Electrol, the oil is mixed with air and is burned in suspension, producing the maximum amount of heat. The thousands who enjoy the comfort and conveniences of Electrol doubly ap- preciate the certainty of its electric igni- tion — an advanced principle which Master Control stands watch, timing the ignition, regulating the flow of oil, governing combustion and providing a never failing, entirely automatic check on every operation. With such control you can leave your house for an evening or for a month, with full assurance that the temperature will be kept uniform and that your home will be comfortable upon your return. Quiet...Economical...and Entirely Automatic, Electrol will give you a new conception of how dependable an oil burner can be. makes Electrol entirely Wherever Electrol is sold self-acting and automatic. C cA few of the many i: you will find a complete agg thousands of Electrol owners : : ; Here, truly, is oil heat at cutee © eiknmeie oil heating service, back- its best. P Vice Pres., General Electric ed bya sound, large and Electrol employs electric: Company, Greenwich growing manuf acturing ity throughout. A small —— } Se al organization. Electrol is electric motor furnishes Company, St. Louis. madein sizes for every the power. An electric ALFRED KNOPF, type of building, large and thermostat maintains Publisher, New York. small. Purchase can be uniformity of tempera’ bag seh aioe» arranged in convenient ture. Andoverall,The | Holyoke. : _| Payments if desired. \ _The Master ‘4 Furnace Man if i f ~ ST. LOUIS, U.S. A. Send for literature. Write today for a copy of “The Master Furnace Man,” a booklet which will serve as an enlighten- ing guide in the selection of an oil burner for your home. ELECTROL INC. of MISSOURI 180 DORCAS STREET © /ELECTROL The OIL BURNER with The Master Control LISTED AS STANDARD BY THE UNDERWRITERS’ LABORATORIES, AND BEARS THEIR LABEL © This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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= SS LS POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY What Good Refrigeration Cost Tue automatic refrigerator on the left is being arranged for test to determine dampness left in box after hours of use. It might seem that finish and size were the two principal features of construc- tion in which the boxes in the lower picture differ. The Insti- tute’s tests proved, however, that only one was capable of main- taining a temperature that would properly preserve food O KNOW that you have inadequate _ refrigeration is one thing; to know how to go about rem- edying the condition is another. From Dr. Damrau's articles in this and previous issues of the magazine, Poputar SciENcE read- ers already know that the vast majority of American homes do not have adequate facilities for properly preserving food. Now ae a condition would not exist in so many otherwise wel! equipped homes if the owners knew about it and knew what to do about it. Poputar ScieNcE Monru ty aims, therefore, to do some- thing more than just point out an evil condition—it aims to offer concrete assistance in correcting the matter. In this regard, the magazine is able to do two things. It maintains a free service to readers whereby they can get specific recommendations of good refrigerators, both ice and automatic types. It protects readers by exclud- ing from Poputar Science MontTHLy the advertising of any poor refriger- ators. This means that every refriger- ator you see featured in the magazine affords a means of adequate food preservation. Of course, there would have to be a sound basis for determining what re- frigerators are good, and the tests of the Popular Science Institute of Stand- ards conducted in the Sage Research Laboratories at New York University offer such basis. In these tests, The Institute finds out definitely the essential points re- garding a refrigerator. A refrigerator must do more than be an attractive kitchen cabinet capable of holding the family food; it must refrigerate and re- frigerate properly. Despite the fact that so few refriger- ators in actual use are efficient, this is not due to any scarcity of good makes for a number of the refrigerators that The Institute has tested have been found to be satisfactory in every way. For the guidance of readers of Poputar Science Monta y, a list has been pre- i specifying these particular re- rigerators (automatic and ice types) that have been found to be both efficient and economical in operation. This matter of economy is some- thing that deserves special attention from several angles. It has become a general rule that, in buying any type of equipment, whether it be a house, a car, a radio, or anything else, that once one goes beyond certain average price bounds, the investment becomes The Popular Science Institute Aids You in Selecting an Effeczent Refrigerator By Proressor R. D. Morritt Testing Staff Popular Science Institute of Standards a luxury and both the benefits derived and the upkeep necessary come in the luxury class. With refrigeration at the present time, this rules does not hold—in fact, the opposite is true. In the first place, the amount usually considered an “‘average’’ expenditure for this type of equipment is not sufficient to secure adequate refrigeration. Sec- ondly, the average householder—even doubling his present outlay to get proper refrigeration—will be practicing economy because of the saving on doctor's bills through good health and saving on food bills through avoidance of spoilage. And, in the third place, the better the refrigerator the lower will be the operating cost, as proved by the Aa of Standards’ test. For readers who want full data on refrigerators, their selec- tion and care, The Institute has prepared a 22-page booklet entitled ‘‘Refrigeration for the Home."’ There is a small charge for this of 25 cents. A complete list of the various refrigerators which are approved after test may be had free by writing the Popular Science Institute, 250 Fourth Ave., New York, N. Y. t's) Popular Science Monthly GUARANTEE The above seal on an advertisement indicates that the products referred to haye been approved after test by the Popular Science Institute of Seandards. Poputar Science MonruHty guaran- tees every article of merchandise ad- vertised in its columns. Readers who buy products advertised in Poputar Science Montuity may expect them to give absolute satisfaction under normal and proper use. Our readers in buying these products are guar- anteed this satisfaction by Poputar Science Montuiy. THE PuBLisHERS June, 1928 \\ ? A/S Sf > TILE FOR check, Nor worka tough. a ver and 1 finish Be subst on al shap' Ai just torn T exp! abo duc mat to | is t

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* Img POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY June, 1928 Where will this grainless wood be used next? First produced two years ago. Now standard material in an ever- widening range of industries. New uses being discovered almost every day. Send for large, free sample, and put it to the test yourself! Ever since the dawn of history, man’s favorite material has been wood. Surely, it was assumed, this wonderful product of nature her- self could not be improved. Yet two years ago, this seeming mir- acle was actually achieved, and there went forth into the world TILE FOR BATHROOMS Masonite Presdwood—a genuine all-wood board that won’t crack, check, split or splinter; in fact, a grainless wood! Nor is that all. Presdwood possesses remarkable workability and uniform strength. Very dense and tough, it is also highly resistive to moisture. It has a very smooth, attractive surface on the face side, and requires no paint for protection. It takes any finish beautifully. Because Presdwood contains no grit or foreign substance, it does not damage tools. It can be used on any woodworking machinery: saw, planer, sander, shaper. It can be cut out, punched, die cut and milled. And when we say Presdwood is all wood, we mean just that. It is genuine wood and nothing else—wood torn apart and put together again. The first step in the manufacture of Presdwood is to explode fresh, clean chips from guns at a velocity of about 4,000 feet per second. The long fibres thus pro- duced are then thoroughly felted together in heavy mats placed in hydraulic flat-bed presses and subjected to hundreds of tons of pressure. The finished product is trimmed to a four-foot by twelve-foot size. We don’t know ourselves We don’t know ourselves where this grainless wood will be used next; nobody does. Its workability and adaptability are truly astounding. For such things as paneling of all kinds, store fixtures, outdoor and in- door advertising signs, and a hundred and one prod- ucts of planing mills and woodworking plants, it is already in very wide demand. It is also winning per- manent acceptance as the ideal lining for bank vaults, telephone booths, ventilator shafts, closets and trunks. Thousands of feet of it, too, are used in making movies and for incubators, packing cases, tension boards, radio boxes and starch trays for candy factories. Mills: Laurel, Mississippi FOR ADVERTISING SIGNS WY vSoSee— > 9) ONITES 7) - KOH A A | Lor Ww a Mas onite PRESDWOOD Made by the makers of IBD MASONITE STRUCTURAL INSULATION REO. U.S PAT.OFF. But did you know that a con- tractor out in California is using Presdwood for concrete forms? Did you know that quite a num- ber of boats have been made of it almostentirely? Did you know that it makes an excellent flooring for dance halls and pavilions, and that it is in daily service at the Chicago Art Institute as artist’s boards. We certainly didn’t—at least until a few short months ago. FOR INCUBATORS ? = ¢ And week after week we hear of new uses! Just recently a manufacturer of bowling alleys became interested in Presdwood. Another unexpected demand is its use as shutters for Dutch Colonial Houses. It is also being made into clothes hampers, bread boxes, patented dairy containers, barbecue stands, bedroom screens and invalid trays. Where will this grainless wood be used next? No- body knows. For its range of adaptability seems to have almost no limit! Send for sample—try Presdwood yourself Users of Masonite Presdwood—and there are now thousands of them!—have found that it often effects marked economies; such as doing away with the ex- pense of painting, reducing the number of manufactur- ing processes, and eliminating waste in cutting. They have found, too, that it is very easy to work with, and that it is entirely free from knots and other defects. Why not put Presdwood to the test yourself? It may be exactly the material you are looking for. It may make it possible for you to improve your own product in a number of worthwhile ways or to cut down your operating costs. Or both. In any event it will cost you nothing to find out. For we will gladly send you a large sample of Masonite Presdwood without placing you under any obligation. Send for it today. MASONITE CORPORATION Sales Offices: Dept. 1268, 111 W. Washington St. Chicago, Illinois © This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Ow Readers 7 eees— Thoughtful Mr. Paus $ M GLAD Mr. Paus, your artist, ex- plained in his article what the cover picture on your May number was all about. Otherwise we might be guess- ing yet.” —K. D. V., Topeka, Kans. “I am delighted with the very decorative covers by Paus on Popunar Science. They are wonderfully effective, while preserving the necessary mechanical details. In a long life among artists I have found that many of them are pos- sessed of more mechanical knowledge than the man on the street gives them credit for.’"—E. T., Bearsville, i & 2 “It would be hard indeed to say which part of Pop- ULAR ScreNcE MonrurLy is most interesting, as every article contains something of value to a person interested in mechanics or science. I think the fiction stories help to make the magazine bet- ter, if possible.”-—A. W. R., Oskaloosa, Ia. “The magazine is deteriorating since you included fiction. The stories are poor especially where women are included, as in the ‘Movie Maker.’ One scientific article on that subject would serve better.” —C. H., Reardon, Wash. Fool or Hero? “M* ONE objection to Fitzhugh Green’s story of “Dick Byrd—Adventurer”’ is that it tries to turn foolhardiness into heroism. Of course I was thrilled when Byrd risked his neck over the North Pole, but what good was it? He found a lot of ice. “That wasn’t so bad. But now, when he takes the pick of college boys and trains them to face starvation and death with him on a trip to the South Pole, I want to protest. This isn't anything heroic. It’s little ‘short of crim- inal. What will he discover? A lot more ice— of no earthly use to anybody. ““Nevertheless, I must say that Green’s story has gripped me, and I am glad enough to have my boys read it. Soft men who always play safe are common as sand. The Dick Byrds are scarcer than diamonds.’’—A. L. M., New York. Was Elinor Right? 4% All this advertising twaddle about knowl- edge making a good conversationalist is the bunk. I have read your valuable magazine along time. I have spent all my spare time for twenty-five years reading good books, includ- ing Dr. Eliot’s Five- Foot Shelf. I have studied all the religions of the world. I know algebra, trigonometry, logarithms, geometry, etc. I have studied physical culture, chirop- ody, osteopathy, ‘ mental healing and medicine. I can converse in geology, physics, astronomy, chemistry, biol- ogy, zoblogy, evolution, the fourth dimension, socialism, anarchy, single tax, tariff, ethics, logic. I know half the fossils by their first names. Have studied all the branches of pho- tography, made church windows, studied elec- tricity. I understand a slide rule. I have been around the world, spent a week in San Fran- cisco, nine months in Texas, a year in Atlanta, four years in Springfield, O., three months in Chattanooga, Tenn., six in Savannah, Ga., fif- teen in Florida—all since I was eighteen years old. I have written four moving pictures (and never sent them in) built three houses by my- self without any helper but my wife, learned how to dance (but never go), took two courses in public speaking, and a lot more things. “And still, after all this, I can’t interest any- body with my talk. I am firmly convinced there is only one thing that makes anyone pop- ular, and that was explained by Elinor Glyn— ‘ITY ’—J. E. N., Tampa, Fla. But It Saved Marian! “PHAT story of ‘The Electric Pilot’ in your May number is fiction, all right. It is true, as you say, that push-button control of air- planes has been tested. The only trouble is, it won't work. To be a good flyer you have to have the feel of the machine, and every one of your movements becomes second nature, like swimming or riding a bicycle. Think what it would be like if you had to press certain but- tons to ride a bike! Well, the same thing is true of an airplane. I happen to be a flyer and know what I am talking about. For all that, I liked the story. Give us some more as good.” —E. B. M., Dallas. Tex. We Second the Motion “DLEASE,” writes J. B. D., of San Francisco, “add this to your ‘What’s Wanted’ book: “Plates, knives, forks, spoons, cups and saucers made out of material cheaply enough to be thrown away after each meal instead of being washed and wiped. This would be a boon to tired husbands who don’t play bridge.” Friends Worth Knowing 7 A FRIEND left a dozen copies of PopuLar Science Montuiy at my home a few months ago and I am living in a new world. I take much interest in the mechanical news, the machine shop and Old Bill, as you call him, and his proverbs, and his ideas of doing things that other machinists pronounced impossible, such as cutting a thread on a twelve-inch pipe that was bent at right angles, and removing a crank from a steel shaft that had been shrunk on. “TIT am getting quite well acquainted with Old Bill and Grimes and Harvey, and I like them, very much, for a man that can teach me something is always an interesting person.” — A. K. S., Richmond, Maine. But There’s Jack Dempsey “TL YOU want my honest opinion,” writes J. J. B., of Springfield, Mass., “‘the ‘house that had its face lifted’ in your April number was much better looking before the ‘lifting’ process began. It is always the same. Once I was inspired to put an eyebrow window in the front of my house. The result was a one-eyed monstrosity. Will housebuilders and women never learn to let well enough alone?” “Mr. McMahon’s articles on housebuilding have given me the best fun of my life,” post- cards A. G. R., Boonton, N. J. “Thanks to some of his suggestions, I have just turned an old stable into an attractive summer home.” A “Duffer’’ Learns to Drive “TZAVING raised five blood blisters anq shocked my wife, I finally got a cay penter to show me how to drive a nail. I was surprised to find the trick is much like drivin a golf ball. Grip the end of the handle, keep your eye on the ball (which in this case is the head of the nail) and swi with an effortless ‘follow through’ stroke. Always be fore, I tried to pound with short pushing strokes and half the time ‘ I pulled, sliced or missed altogether. Now hammering has turned out to be fun, and every nail goes into the hole for a par four. I am writing now to suggest that you might help us duffers a lot by giving us a few elementary lessons in Home Work- shopping, hammering, sawing, planing, chisel- ing, ete. ’—D. B.S., Duluth, Minn. Well, There Are Two Sides—! * ALLOW me to suggest that you have dis- covered a mare’s-nest in the family ice- box. The assumption of the writer of “Dangers that Lurk in the Family Icebox’”’ is that a re- frigerator is bought for the purpose of killing putrefactive bacteria in food. In this I believe he is wrong, as only incidentally does it act as a bacteria killer or inhibitor. Your writer entirely overlooks the fact that food, after it is removed from the icebox, is almost always heat treated, and any harm- producing microbes are thus killed. Our ice- box at present contains eggs, roast meat, corn, cheese, bacon, milk, butter. All are heat treated before consumption except cheese, milk and butter. The salt protects the butter; milk is consumed the day received, and cheese simply dries out.” —G. H. T., Philadelphia, Pa. “Congratulations on your activity in the in- vestigation of the household icebox. This is a subject that is very important, and the pity of it is that your circulation is not ten times as great so that all might learn of the menace of the warm icebox.’”’—G. J. Z., New York City. A Ship for a Car “yo may be interested to learn that I am one of the fortunate ones to finish a Span- ish Galleon as per your blueprints, and having finished it I traded it in for a closed car, 1925 model, valued at $600. And now I shall make another galleon for the home.” —E. T. S., Chi- cago, IIl. sat “IT was much grati- @ fied to find, in leafing through Poputar Sct- ENCE Monrtuy, the first of your four articles telling how to construct the Wayflower. Frankly, I will say that though all of your preceding models interested me immensely, none caused my hand to actually itch for a tool as does the Mayflower. The only thing that keeps me from starting to build it immediately is the fact that I am in the midst of constructing your fine model of the Pirate Galley.” —W. R. A., New York City.

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tal ee Beer OV 98S BSS Uae EF EB. AANA POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY TIME - TEMPERATURE - HUMIDITY - WATER - BEARD « SLEEP - SKIN CONDITION - HEALTH « NERVES - LATHER UTM Gillette must do a different job for you each day —with a blade which does all of them superbly HE weather may be fair or foul, warm or freezing; the water may be hot or cold, hard or soft; your digestion, too, affects the comfort of your shave; so do your nerves —how well you slept, and how long you lather. There are at least forty different reasons why your Gillette Blade never gets precisely the same kind of shaving job to do twice. There is just one reason why you can always get a smooth, clean, comfortable shave under any conditions—the invincible, even-tempered smoothness of the Gillette Blade — the one con- stant thing about your daily shave. Gillette could safely make this statement in the To be sure of a smooth, com- fortable shave under any condi- tions, slip a fresh Gillette Blade in your razor. beginning when the daily output of blades was less than a hundred. We can make it now with far greater positiveness, when over two million perfectly honed and delicately stropped Gillette Blades leave the plant every day. For these blades are made by delicate machines adjusted to one ten-thousandth of an inch. Human skill could never hope for such accuracy. The blades receive most rigid inspection at every step. To make this possible, four out of every nine employees are skilled inspectors who actually receive a bonus for every blade they discard. When you slip your fresh Gillette Blade into your razor tomorrow morning, remember that it has a different job to do each day—and does it with comfortable smoothness. GILLETTE SAFETY RAZOR CO., BOSTON, U. S. A Vm wo i © This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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12 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY The simple signal given by two lanterns hung in the belfry of Boston's Old North Church, started Paul Revere on that famous ride of April 18, by Factory: Richmond Fail, N. Y. land and Sa 1775). immortalized Longfellow’s poem. Ease of Operation — simplicity, as simple, indeed, as the signals which played so important a part in the birth of our nation; that is naturally expected in any A-C (alternating current) light-socket operated receiver. But the Grebe Synchrophase A-C Six offers far more than mere ease of operation; far more than relief from bother with batteries. In addition to the convenience of light- socket operation, you have freedom from A-C hum (so annoying in many A-C sets), incomparable tonal beauty, range and selectivity, and exclusive Grebe improvements resulting from nineteen years of outstanding leadership in the radio field. Grebe Synchrophase Seven, $145; Grebe Synchrophase Five, $105; Grebe Natural Speaker, $385; Grebe No. 1750 Speaker, $17.50. A demonstration of the Grebe Synchro- phase A-C Six will convince you of its superiority. The features of this new receiver are fully explained in Booklet P, which we'll be glad to send you. EBE.. TRAOE MARK AEG US PAT OFF, AC Six RADIO A. H. Grebe & Company, Inc., 109 West 57th Street, New York City inten Branch: 443 So. San Pedro Street, Los Angeles, California Makers of guality radio since 1909 © This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. their | Chica Mo men cadet Air C A start grow beyo for f: ing : dust) worl Al to fl Edit aski avia sanc ~ the Por

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An Article by EDGAR C. WHEELER, Who Asked Every Licensed Pilot in the United States to Tell of His Experiences in the Flying Game, How He Got Into It, and What He Thinks of Its Opportunities WO students of the New York University School of Aeronau- tics, Walter Hartung and Wil- bert H. Steinkamp, are, at this writing, preparing to round out their course by flying from New York to Chicago! More than a thousand other young men have just applied for entrance as cadets in the flying schools of the Army Air Corps. A whole army of people today are starting into the thrilling and swiftly growing new industry of aviation. Just beyond the horizon they see opportunity for fame and fortune in a field as promis- ing as was the budding automobile in- dustry two decades ago. The rest of the world envies them; and who would not? Almost everybody, these days, wants to fly. Every mail brings letters to the Editor of Poputar Science Monruty, asking for advice on ways to get into aviation. And since the questions thou- sands are asking can best be answered by ~ the men who are already in aviation, Popu.ar Science Montuty asked every licensed pilot in the United States to tell our readers of his experiences—how he began his career, and how he reached his present position in the air. These men are commercial pilots, aircraft manufac- turers and designers, executives of com- mercial air services, flying instructors, heads of aviation schools, aerial photog- raphers, flying salesmen and advertising men, airplane dealers—in fact, they rep- resent virtually every branch of the industry. In this, and in a succeeding article next month, will be related some of the stories they tell, and the judgments they have formed after years of flying. Never before, we believe, has there been assem- bled such a remarkable volume of expert advice on aviation and its opportunities. “Broke most of the time, and having narrow escapes from crack-ups.”’ That, from Pilot Arthur J. Davis of East Lansing, Mich., tells, in a nutshell, of the early struggles of most of the flyers who have made good. That was the story of Lindbergh and Chamberlin and a host of others. There, for example, is Nick Mamer, a former Army pilot who made a name for himself in Uncle Sam’s Aerial Forest Fire Patrol, and who was third place winner last year in the New York-Spokane Air Races. When, in 1919, Mamer was dis- charged from the Army Air Service, he was an expert pilot, who as a boy had launched miniature gliders. From pio- neers of the game in California he had received his first training. But now, to his surprise, there was no position to be had. For a month he searched in vain. ‘Then the manager of a flying company showed him a huge pile of parts of disassembled war planes and said, “If you can make a plane out of this junk I'll give you a chance to fly.” “Fair enough,” said Mamer, and in a few weeks was cutting the sky with breath-taking loops, rolls and other stunts that only a war-time pilot knew. After wearing out the plane with two years’ exhibition flying in the Middle West, he bought a machine and put in three similar years in the Pacific North- west. He got the first private aerial fire 13

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Ruth Rowland Nichols, woman pilot and aviation company executive, who has made a notable success of commercial aviation. “I made my first solo flight in 1923,’’ she says patrol contract over timbered areas of Washington, Idaho, and Montana and achieved famous newspaper “scoops” by flying with photographs of the Dempsey- Gibbons prize fight, the Japanese earth- quake, and the Amund- sen transpolar flight. For three seasons he has been senior pilot in the U. S. Aerial Forest Fire Patrol stationed at Spokane. Over timber and mountains he has car- ried approximately 12,000. passengers in 4,000 hours without in- jury to them or himself. And-today he has estab- lished his own flying company. — ““Any young man in- tending to take up flying today,” said Mamer, “has an infinitely great- er opportunity, because Military pilot, commercial operator and he can profit from the aerial mailman, Lieut. Robert S. Fogg, experiences of those who of Concord, N. H. (above), now heads have learned and built up the business. Today’s airplanes are safer and Most pilots urge a thorough ground- work in the theory and mechanics of flight. At right: Testing a model plane at California Institute of Technology easier to fly.” Still, nine out of ten his own company. He flew 15,000 miles with mail for flooded Vermont towns POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY of the pilots, when questioned on the subject, warned young men against set- ting their hopes too high. Their advice, in effect, was this: Aviation is like any other highly spe- cialized business or profession. To reach the top you must learn from the bottom. And this takes time, study, enthusiasm, ambition. If you think you can learn to fly in ten hours or so, then land a thrilling job in the air at a large salary, don’t try tt. But if you are enthusiastic enough to spend two or three years learning the business, without expecting financial re- turn, then go to it. The rewards are well worth the price you pay. The first essential is a thorough groundwork in aviation theory and mechanics; you've got to know the ma- chine you work with. The next is to learn to fly. The third is to get enough experience in the air to win a commercial or transportation pilot’s license. The fourth is to apply your flying knowledge to profitable ends. First, then, what is the best way to learn to fly? Let’s see how these pilots learned. Sixty-five percent were trained in the Army and Navy Air Services. Ten -_ —— r) cag aviation A thers learned from private ijn 1 A few broke in as pe eae mecha in aircraft construction plants, taki part of their pay in flying instruction. still others learned while working at od jobs around flying fields; five taugh; themselves, and one was an aerial ‘ former and parachute jumper who learned from his pilot between stunts. The advice they offer to young men who want to fly follows largely their own experience. The majority judgment Was best expressed, perhaps, by Walter McH. Moore, of Louisville, Kentucky. “JTF YOU can afford it,” he said, “take the full aeronautical course at some school such as the Massachusetts Jp. stitute of Technology or New York University, and in conjunction take a course at some good flying school, ff you are not so fortunately situated as to finances, but have a good supply of ‘guts’ and the desire to get the best flying training in the world, apply for training as a cadet in one of the Arm Air Corps flying schools. ‘This is the toughest course known, but if a man can finish it he knows the game thoroughly.’ It might be termed the ‘Lindbergh Route.’ For the man who just wants to fly, there are good flying schools all over the country.” “Learning to fly is not so easy as some people think, and consequently I do not believe flying will ever be. come as popular as autoing,” said Wesley L, Smith, of Cleveland, one of the most famous of Air Mail pilots. “Flying is becoming safer and easier every day, but it still di- vides all pilots into two classes: the quick and the dead. All records seem to show that only one man in ten thousand has the eee FF ea = — os: —— necessary mental and physical qualifications to become a successful flyer.” Among the few men who virtually taught themselves is one of the greatest of Army pilots, Maj. Herbert A. Dargue, who commanded the pick of the Army Air corps on the Pan-American Good Will Flight about a year ago. He learned in early Wright planes in a few One way to break into the game—as mechanic in an aircraft factory. This illustration shows the assembly of a giant Fokker plane fuselage in the Atlantic Aircraft Corporation plant, Passaic, N. J. hours, when little was known of flying or. instruction methods. Those daring and hazardous early ex- periments are not at all recommended to youths of today. Another who had many narrow escapes teaching himself is John K. “Tex” LaGrone, now a distributor of airplanes in Kansas City. “Back in 1911,” he recalled, “I joined with a couple of other fellows in building our own crude plane and tried to learn. After a year of hard work and a good many ‘crack-ups’, I finally succeeded. Later I became instructor of flying in the Army.” Previous mechanical experience, par- ticularly with automobiles, has opened

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June, ig, Ten per. Schools Structors. LCS op ;, taking struction: & at odd > , taught rial per. O learned Ing Men eir Own er McH 1, “take at some tts Tn. y York take a ool. If d as to ply of 1e best ply for Army Is the an Can ughly, dbergh ints to ll Over ISY as ntly I r be. Lr ag ey L, l, one of Air ng ls easier ill di- . two d the 7m to man 3 the and Is to yer,” men ght the lots, gue, pick $ on ood year arly few was ds, ex- | to June, 1928 e sky for many _—- pd . Ray Fortner, test pilot for the Saenel Airways System at Lomax, Ill who as a passenger paid $20 for his first air ride in 1920. might as well be making that money, he figured and, disgusted with unprofitable automobile racing, traded his car to a flyer for his plane and two hours’ instruction. Soon he was carrying passengers. Luck was with him until his motor quit. “That crash,” he recalled, “taught me more than ten years’ experience. Since then I’ve flown 2500 hours without in- jury to anyone. ary Rogers, head of the Rogers Air Lines, operating seaplanes between Florida and the West Indies and an air taxi service around New York, had this to say: “My first experience was with a private owner who had taken a course of in- struction. I played around with him in 1915 and 1916, learning to fly in the mean- time. Being of a mechan- ical nature, I was familiar with internal combustion motors and the mechanical part came easy.” the way to th N 1917 Rogers enlisted in the Naval Air Service as one of the first civilian instructors and for four years flew almost every type of military plane. Incidentally, one of Rogers’ pupils was Ruth R. Nichols, who is now a licensed pilot and director of general promotion for one of the largest aviation companies in the United States. Basil Sims, now president of his own aircraft company at Bloomington, IIL, hung around a commercial field near his home, doing odd jobs for pilots who in return taught him to fly. While serving as aerial chauffeur, and teaching his em- ployer to fly, Sims himself acquired the — “Flying is not so easy as some people think; it still divides all Pilots into two classes, the quick and the dead,” warns Wesley L. Smith, famous Air Mail pilot of Cleveland, Ohio POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY “Get technical knowledge, then apply it practically,’’ advises Harry Rogers, of Rogers Air Lines. Here he is in- structing Miami high school students Maj. Herbert A. Dargue (left), famous Army pilot and com- mander of the Pan-American Good ‘Will Flight, virtually taught himself in early Wright planes. He is seen talking with Maj. Gen. M. M. Patrick, former chief of the Army Air Service necessary experience to obtain a com- mercial license. A few pilots learned in spare hours, while attending school or college. One was Fred E. Davis, now connected with a flying service at Columbus, O. He and a classmate at the University of Cincin- nati obtained jobs with a newly formed aviation company, taking part of their wages in instruction. “In this way,” he said, “we finally received enough time to solo. After that the company gave us enough solo time to enable us to get commercial licenses.” Perhaps the record for speed in mastering a plane goes to Harold J. Forshay, of Dayton, O. He learned to fly in forty- five minutes! *‘At the time I learned,” he said, “the Air Service needed men and had to get pilots through in a hurry; so I was given only forty-five minutes —ten minutes’ joy ride and the rest of solid instruction. I had never been in a plane before.” M. B. Freeburg, head of a commercial flying service at Shenandoah, Ia., began by purchasing a plane of his own and engaging a pilot to teach him. “Without doubt,” he said, “this is one of the best and quickest ways to learn.” After a man has learned to handle a plane, the problem of gaining necessary experience in the air is, most of the pi- lots believe, one of the most 15 mae difficult problems he has yet to face. “The quickest way,” said Irwin K. McWilliams, a former Army pilot who is now an aircraft distributor at Brooklyn, N. Y., “is to buy your own plane and get instructions on it. Most of my students have their own planes and I believe it is the most satisfactory way of learning.” But airplanes are costly and there are less expensive solutions. John Miller, former Army pilot who runs a flying school at New Brunswick, N. J., says: ‘Get a job as a mechanic’s helper at a flying field or airplane factory, and, as opportunity offers, get in some flying experience, possibly as assistant pilot on one of the larger types of machines.” Joining a flying club at a cost of twenty-five to fifty dollars, and obtaining the use of the club plane for the cost of gas and oil, is a solution suggested by a number of pilots, and Capt. John B. Homberg, head of an aerial photographic service in Chicago, suggests: ‘*TF A young man has no money he can probably make arrangements with a reputable flying school to get his in- struction at odd hours. This will permit him to work in the vicinity and earn the money to pay for his course as he goes.” Here are other interesting bits of ad- vice and comments: “Yes, I’m the man that proved you can’t fly through the woods.’”’—Kellogg Sloan, Bolling Field, Washington, D. C. “T flew alone before I knew how to fly. That’s bad practice.”—Edwin H. Bassett, Langley Field, Va. “Take a comprehensive course in maintenance of planes before attempting actual flying. In other words, know what it’s all about.”—Roy P. Applegate, Palm Beach, Fla. “Select the man whom you wish to train you, investigate his ability as a pilot, also as an instructor, for there are many good pilots who are poor instruc- tors. An apt pupil will become much the same flyer as his instructor.”—Glenn E. Messer,. Birmingham, Ala. “Keep on the plow!”—W. C. Maus, San Antonio, Tex. In another article next month the pilots will tell how they reached their present positions in the industry, and of the opportunities open to young men who are determined to fly.

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16 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY i irst Plane from Kjurope CCEPTING a Challenge Which had Already Cost Seven Lives, German Plane Wings its Way to a Glorious Conquest when it Battles Through a Wall of Winds Over the Raging Atlantic and Lands Three Brave Flyers on the American Continent HE uphill sky trail over the growling Atlantic from Europe to North America has been blazed at last! Struggling against bitter headwinds that seemed bent on flinging them back, plunging through storm and fog, three daring flyers in the single-engined Junkers monoplane Bremen completed the perilous east-to-west ocean flight, the Atlantic’s greatest challenge. They have achieved what seven other brave aviators—five CM Bice ds aeil : ‘ . ae an eon ge ae * > « By H. C. Davis men and two women—gave their lives in a vain effort to accomplish. When the Bremen with its crew of three —Captain Hermann Koehl, chief pilot; Col. James Fitzmaurice, and Baron Ehrenfried Gunther von Huenefeld— hopped from Ireland to attempt the west- ward flight, the world held its breath. Millions recalled the tragic fate of Nun- gesser and Coli in the White Bird; of Hamilton and Minchin and Princess Lowenstein-Wertheim in the St. Raphael; of Hinchliffe and the Hon. Elsie Mackay in the Adventure—all swal- lowed in the silence of the unknown. The Atlantic’s challenge remained. Then a radio message: “German plane Bremen landed at Greenly Island noon today. Slightly damaged. Crew safe.” RIVEN hundreds of miles off their course by headwinds and fog, and with their 520-gallon supply of fuel gone, the flyers had been forced down on the bleak, ice-bound Greenly Island in the Straits of Belle Isle close to the southern Labrador coast. They were a thousand miles from their goal —Mitchel Field, Long Island. But they were safely across! They had flown for nearly thirty-five hours, covering 2200 miles! The chief factor which made possible this great conquest was the same which carried Lindbergh, Chamberlin, and Byrd safely on their eastward journeys to Europe—careful, scientific planning. For months Captain Koehl and his financial backer, Baron von Huenefeld, prepared for the attempt. They knew that the odds were heavily against them; that they would fly into the teeth of death. Once, last year, Captain Koehl had hopped off in the Bremen for the westward journey, only to be driven back by storm. Now he considered every pos- sible chance of failure, and prepared to meet it with every device known to science. At last, near the end of March, the Bremen was ready. Unheralded, they hopped off from the Tempelhofer Air- drome near Berlin, and flew to the Bal- donnel Field, near Dublin, Ireland, where the start was to be made. There they were joined by Colonel Fitzmaurice, head of the Irish Free State Air Force. Probably the Bremen was one of the best-fitted planes in the world to attempt june, 19 The Bremen, which flew from Baldonnel Airdrome, Ireland, and made the first successful east-to-west flight across the north Atlantic even though it ended in a forced landing on Greenly Island, Canadian Labrador. Above: The cabin of the sturdy aircraft that battled headwinds to accomplish the epochal feat

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IC flown ering ssible which Byrd Ss to 1 his feld, knew hem; h of ‘oeh] the back pos- 1 to | to the hey Air- Bal- ere hey ead the apt it

June, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 17

JUNKERS L5 ENGINE 6-CYLINDER WATER-COOLED

COCKPIT FOR 2 PILOTS SEATED SIDE-BY-SIDE 4 FUEL TANKS IN CABIN Passageway between

LANDING GEAR Ae sock apsorsers ‘JUNKERS TYPE W33L TRANSATLANTIC AIRPLAN” ©

—— WEIGHT LOADED, 8,140 POUNDS == RADIATOR rag y ==> — TANK |] TANK CABIN =< —— ) = —S SPACE ’ seat, ==, iT TANK, TANK Weg __———— <+—~TAIL SKID nine WING SPAN 58 feet 6 inches UBE FOR AIR SPEED . - $ TRIANGULAR GASOLINE ALL METAL “7 INDICATOR LENGTH ~ 34 feet G inches | TANKS IN INNER ENDS THICK WING HEIGHT — 9 feet Ginches — GERMANY To UNITED STATES

Diagram showing the construction of the ocean-conquering Junkers the difficult, hitherto unachieved west- ward crossing. It is a sister ship of the Junkers plane Europa, in which a few months ago the German pilots Johann Risticz and Cornelius Edzard broke the . world’s endurance flight record; and is like it in every detail. pi two pilots sat side by side in the glass-enclosed pilot’s cockpit. Dual controls enabled them to take turns with- out a perilous moment of uncontrolled flight. Before them roared the solitary Junkers six-cylinder motor, a duplicate of the one that hummed for fifty-two hours in the Europa, to the tune of 310 horsepower. An overhanging radiator cooled it with water, unlike the air- fanned motors of American trans-Atlantic planes. Behind the pilots, and separated from them by a fire wall, were the great tanks that carried their precious gasoline—520 gallons of it. Back there, too, was the “cabin and freight compartment,” now serving aS a map compartment and a

Baron Ehrenfried von Huenefeld, passenger and financial backer of the Bremen’s historic flight bunk for the third adventurer, for the Bremen is a standard Junkers plane, and others of its type are used for freight and passenger service. Many of the modern ships that cruise the air would dwarf the Bremen by com- parison. Its sturdy monoplane wings measure but fifty-eight feet from tip to tip. A man standing alongside it, on the ground, could all but touch the top of the cabin with his fingertips. From pro- Courtesy Aero Digest peller to tail, a tape line would barely read thirty-five feet. That was the machine that sped over the Atlantic at a normal cruising speed of nearly a hundred miles an hour—which could be increased to 115 miles on occasion, not reckoning, of course, upon adverse

headwinds that would slow it down considerably. Low-set wings combine with the corru- gated metal sheathing of the fuselage to give the Bremen a distinctive appearance. Seen from the side, it looks humpbacked —a cabin beneath which, it would seem, wings have been added as an after- thought. Unusual, too, is the landing gear; so much so that it seriously worried witnesses to the take-off in Ireland, and caused them to stand by with axes and fire extinguishers to rescue the fliers from fire in case the gear should crumple under the plane’s loaded weight of more than two tons and the gasoline tanks should break. To keep the airmen on their course, a new pneumatic “‘telecompass,” a sort of mechanical pilot, was designed for the Bremen. With this to guide them, and the knowledge that their gasoline supply Captain Hermann Koehl, famous veteran Ger- man aviator, co-pilot on Bremen’ s gallant exploit

Colonel James Fitzmaurice, Irish Free State Air Force chief, and co-pilot of the Bremen would dwindle less than twenty gallons for every hour they were in the air, the airmen were prepared for their su- preme attempt to reach the shores of America. Weather conditions are almost al- ways dead against an east-to-west flight. Fliers from Europe to America usually face hazardous odds estimated at eighty per cent greater than are encountered in the west-to-east flight. Headwinds and freezing fogs— clouds laden with sleet and ice that form a heavy coat on the wings: these are the great menaces that the flyers from Europe must always meet. These two hazards have brought dis- aster to every airman who made the at- tempt before the Bremen succeeded. The prevailing winds are almost al- ways—nine days out of ten—blowing from west to east—straight in the face of the European flyers. The greatest danger of all is in the freezing fogs and ice-laden clouds off the coasts of Nova Scotia, Newfoundland and Labrador. These ice laden clouds can so weight a plane as to force it from the air in 15 minutes. IHE coasts of Newfoundland and Labrador have been the graveyard, perhaps, of all the flyers who preceded the Bremen’s brave crew. The Weather Bureau foresaw overcast skies with rain around Nova Scotia, and winds of gale velocity off the Grand Banks, as a re- ception committee for the German plane. These adverse conditions the Bremen met and conquered—but they were lucky to escape the ice clouds. The fog and the clouds held only rain when they met them!

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WO men wriggled their way along the ground, stirring up a thin fog of white dust as they dug with elbows and heels to push themselves toward a low ridge just ahead. A naked sun scorched their backs. Leafless branches of thorn tree and dom palm by which they paused gave no shade. Across the cloudless sky a vulture wheeled. In British East Africa, above the Kaisoot Desert, a vulture means death—some creature has died or is about to die. One of the crawling men was nearly twice the size of the other. He was above six feet and broad in comparison. His sweat- soaked shirt revealed heavy muscles underneath. Twenty years of African travel, and more than twice that number of hair- raising escapes from death, had settled his clear features into an angular evenness. This was Marvin Thompson, noted American - POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY HOUDINI of the Desert Face to Face with Savage Elephaniy A Thrilling Story of African Wilds HIS st ; y fms on a - adventures which are recorded in the diary of Martin Johnson, the noted African explorer, “Houdini, don’t you know me?” Thompson pleaded. ‘‘ Don’t you re- member what I used to do for you?” By FRED GRAVES Illustrated by B. J. Rosenmeyer explorer, who for two decades had made Africa his hobby. ‘There they are now,” he suddenly whispered, and nodded toward a growth of low thorn brush. The hand of Vanderpool, Thompson’s companion, trem- bled as he shaded his eyes from the glaring sun. “Twenty of *em at least,” he panted. As if in response, a score of huge black forms slowly emerged from the brush ahead and moved ponderously toward the men. A herd of wild African elephants, probably the most sagacious and savage beasts in the whole animal world. **Shall I shoot?” } But Marvin Thompson laid a restraining hand on the rifle Vanderpool was about to bring to bear upon the leading ele- phants. “No,” he said curtly in an undertone. a ease? ~

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June, iyy iw me?” t you re- or you?” 10bby. odded trem- ity of erged men. cious » rifle z ele- POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 19 The massive tusker leading the herd stopped in his tracks. His ears went out, his long sinuous trunk up. To windward he sniffed noisily, as if he had caught some slight vibration that betokened danger. His gigantic comrades ranged quietly on each side of him and waited. “But I’ve come for this!”’ hissed Vanderpool. Thompson nodded, jerking his head with annoyance, but without taking his eyes from the menacing bull elephant. AX TANDERPOOL was right when he said he’d “come for this.” The fat, rich, sporting little banker had traveled all the way out from New York just for this moment. He had spent two hundred dollars on cables to Marvin Thompson arranging for the small army of porters, syces and camels now encamped five miles in their rear. He had steamed nearly six thousand miles to Cherbourg, Marseilles, Port Said, Mom- basa, before embarking in British East Africa his lavish equip- ment for this hunt. Then he had uncomfortably rolled up the little rickety railway to Nairobi where he had met Thompson. Now for a fortnight he had struggled across the burning Athi Plains, gone to dirty, stinking Kitui, thence down to the native manyetta at Mutha where the hot level country is spotted with ugly Bab-Bab trees and overrun with thorn brush—all for this moment when he could shoot a wild African elephant. And now he was being told he couldn’t shoot! Thompson continued to stare at the elephant leader “Why can’t I shoot?” whispered the rich man angrily. Thompson did not turn. He held his heavy .470 elephant gun at “ready,” safety catch open and sights set point-blank. “Because if they charge we’re goners.” Vanderpool looked longingly from his own rifle to the ele- phants, then at the broad back and thick shoulder of the great hunter whom he had paid to guide him to this vantage point. Vanderpool was not afraid of the elephants. This was be- cause he did not realize, as Thompson knew, that if the herd charged there was no retreat, no tree to climb, no defense. He did not know it was inconceivable that all twenty elephants could be stopped even with two rifles. Each animal would have to be hit in his small brain to drop him. Vanderpool wasn’t afraid, simply because he didn’t know any better. In little mincing steps the mammoth bull came on. Gradually the distance between him and the white men closed to a hundred feet, fifty feet, thirty. In anger his huge elephant ears spread tensely fanwise to catch the slightest sound. His waving trunk strained outward to gather a telltale scent. Fury showed in the curious rhythmic swaying of his prodigious body. oe lay frozen. Vanderpool, now impressed by the enraged black giant towering almost over them, also lay silent and unmoving. Occasionally his fingers twitched at his gun trigger. But he made no motion to shoot. The same vulture overhead circled lazily watching the scene— waiting. Marvin Thompson’s thoughts were on his friend Lindsay who had been killed the year before by this very herd. Lindsay had shot with odds against him, just as the odds were now against these two; failed to kill his elephant; had been trampled horribly before his gunbearers could rescue him. Then there was Thorpe, who had been picked up bodily in a tusker’s trunk and thrown against a tree trunk twice before the furious elephant saw fit to A score of huge black forms emerged from the brush. Thompson laid a restraining hand on Vanderpool’s rifle kneel upon him and squeeze out the last bit of breath the dying man’s crushed lungs contained. All the world, even Vanderpool, knew Carl Akeley had been set upon from behind by an elephant; had swung himself between the big fellow’s tusks and miraculously lived to tell the tale. Though the beast had thrust downward, Akeley’s body luckily lay between the ivory prongs. ‘Hard earth or rock saved him. Now, at thirty feet, the big bull stopped stock still. The other elephants stamped angrily in his rear. Slowly Thompson raised his rifle. If he must shoot, he must. Vanderpool raised his gun, happily unaware of the terrible peril before him. Every fiber of him yearned to pull the trigger. HEN, as if by an act of Providence, disorder broke out in the rear of the herd. Perhaps a youngster stepped on the heels of an old one; or a crowding female unwittingly nudged one of her irritable sisters. A loud snort broke the strained silence of a moment before. Instantly the big bull turned and trum- peted angrily. With a single long stride he reached the nearest elephant behind him.and butted him heavily with his head. At this the whole herd began screeching and blowing, roaring and stamping, pushing this way and that. Thompson sprang half-crouching to his feet. “Quick! We'll get out while we have a chance!” Running low, he led the way back through the brush. Van- derpool, blowing hard and streaming sweat, followed him. “Absurd,” he panted when Thompson let him catch up. “Here we travel half across Africa to get an elephant and are | afraid to shoot when the time comes.” Thompson shrugged, grinning a relief Vanderpool did not understand. “If I’d known they were so close I wouldn’t have gone up where we did. Heat made ’em irritable. That’s the reason we got away so easily.” ““Well, what are you going to do now?” “Go back to camp.”” Thompson glanced at his wrist watch. “In a hurry, too. We left those black devils six hours ago.” “Six months, from the way I feel,’”’ put in Vanderpool, mop- ping his brow. “T don’t like the way they were whispering around among themselves this morning,” continued Thompson. “Anyway we'll get out early tomorrow and run a line of beaters to break up the herd. Then you can get your tusker.”

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+ eT eee ee ——————— Eee 20 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY “Hope so,’ snapped Vanderpool. He felt keenly he had been cheated. ° . “Five thousand dollars to look at an elephant! Phew! I can do that in New York for a five-cent subway ride to the Bronx Zoo.” Suddenly he looked up. Then he stopped dead in his tracks. “Hang that bird!” he ejaculated petulantly. “Just a vulture,” said Thompson. Vanderpool raised his rifle. “I’m going to shoot him,” he announced. “FT WOULDN'T. Just means that the natives have killed some- thing in camp; or that something is dying out here—perhaps an animal half-gutted by a lion. Why waste a cartridge on him?” Muttering, Vanderpool put up his weapon and pledded stolidly on after his companion. Their way led across an ancient outcrop of lava. The raw cinder mass thrust up out of the dry desert like a crusted spot of diseased earth’s sur- face. It was gray-black, baking-hot with the sun and gnarled with the original fire that had forced it through the desert floor. This mass was a good quarter of a mile in diameter. To go around meant a much longer walk back to camp. Without discussion the white men chose to cut through the rutted space. Halfway across Vanderpool, lead- ing, slipped. His booted foot caught in a cinder crack and twisted. He grunted with pain and sat down. “Nice trick that,” he observed, feeling of the ankle. Thompson ran the sweat off his wet brow with a dusty finger before replying. “Bad?” he asked. Vanderpool tried to rise, then hastily sat down again. “Ouch!” he grunted. “No, only a twist. An old weakness. Broke it years ago when a horse fell on me.” Thompson looked hopefully across the gray, uneven plain toward the camp still hidden in the depression in which it lay. It was too far to shout. Per- haps one of the boys would ride out and see them. Unlikely, though. The native is not an energetic soul when out of sight of his white master. Lucky if the devils had properly made camp by this time. “Got to do something. Sorry,” murmured Vanderpool. T WAS true. The heat was beginning to “get” the older man. Two swigs at the tepid water in his canteen only seemed to accentuate his thirst and his nervousness. Overhead still circled the vulture, meaning death. Thompson did the only thing he could do. By short stages he half carried, half dragged the injured man back. The extra effort in the merciless sun cost him much strength. But within his powerful heart and deep lungs lay a reservoir of energy equal to that of two average human beings. An hour passed before the slow-moving pair reached the edge of the depressed area in which lay the camp. Such a depression was chosen because it contained a clump of dom palms and because there might be a water seepage in the sand if the men dug deep enough. Thompson seemed to listen as he paused for rest. “Mighty quiet,”’ he observed. Then suddenly, as if struck by a thought, he added sharply: “‘ You sit here.”’ He hurried on the last fifty yards that would bring the camp into sight. Abruptly he stopped, as if stunned by what he saw. **Come on, let’s get in,’ whined Vanderpool behind him. Thompson almost ran back to his man. With slight ceremony he dragged Vanderpool to his feet. “They've gone!” he snapped out. “he black devils have deserted us!” “What!” yelped Vanderpool. “Looks that way. Not one in sight.” ** Maybe they’re after water.” “Nope, the camels and donkeys are gone, to.» As the enormity of the offense came over him, Vanderpool began to sputter. “But it’s mutiny! You said these men could be trusted, - Haven’ » we enough water?” : “Plenty to get back to the last hole. And easily enough for three days’ hunting here.” “Then why should they leave us?” Thompson shook his head. He looked very grave. “No reason that I know of. This gaps, like children. But they don’t de white men in the middle of a desert, It’s not like them. Anyway, they'd be to frightened—”’ The big hunter broke off with a queer gasp as he rounded th corner of the main tent that had been left stand. ing. His grip on Vander. pool relaxed. His eye, focused upon a huddled figure propped against the single mangy thorn tree under which the tent was pitched. ITH growing horror: Vanderpool also gazed upon the appari- tion that confronted them, It was a native; dead, to judge by the complete im- mobility of his twisted limbs and contorted fea- tures. But even as they looked a low moan came from the parted lips of the wretch and a slight con- vulsion ran through his frame. Despite his injury, Van- derpool started forward in an impulse to aid the stricken man. But Thompson seized him with a grip of iron. “For God's sake, don’t touch him!” In irritation Vanderpool yanked his arm to free it. But his stronger companion did not loose his hold. “You fool! Have you never heard of Ghandu fever?” cried Thompson. **Never. Has this man got it?” The other shrugged his irritation. ‘Most virulent disease known to man. At least so Gregg, the medico at Nairobi, tells me. See that fellow’s chest?” Vanderpool, who had not been able to take his eyes off the gruesome spectacle, nodded slightly. “Those gray patches are the first stage. Rapidly they turn white. A sort of swift leprosy sets in. In a few hours the flesh disintegrates. Then death. Ugh!” A sigh of despair escaped Vanderpool. Feeling the other's grip on him cease, he sat down weakly. ‘What are we going to do?” he asked. The banker was up a tree, and standing guard under him was Houdini the elephant UT Thompson was already in action. First he ran to the top of a slight rise behind the tent and scanned the desert with his glasses. Once his gaze stayed some time on a quarter that was nearly due west. But the faint dust cloud he thought he saw, might or might not have been stirred up by a motley collection of madly fleeing savages, terror-stricken at sight of a traditional scourge. Overhead still wheeled the vulture. But the bird of death was lower now and gliding gently with neck out-craned as if preparing to alight. He returned to the tent, giving the dying native a wide berth. Quickly he gathered up a few items of — (Continued on page 139)

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lesert, Jy’ vd be te th a q inded the main tent eft stand. n Vander. His eyes » huddled Zainst the horn. tree ; tent Was ng horror ol also + appari- ed them, dead, to plete im. twisted rted fea. as they an came ps of the tht con- ugh his ry, Van- forward aid the \. But 1m with >, don’t t. But ” cried disease i, tells off the y turn e flesh ther’s ing to o the lesert larter ought otley : of a leath as if erth. 139) POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY @ tragedy was described in the March The Doomed S-4 Raised The submarine that sank with 40 men emerges as water is pumped from the dry dock at Boston to which she was towed after pontoons lifted her. The issue of Poputar SciENcCE MONTHLY wae =* — be ¥ 2. * A - “g es s: tines, “e 2 Pe, o “ : =e w wee : ass * Rey Ret ps a % . 7 8 4 pate ae ~ fae ~~, Breaking Dam’s Heavy Toll Four hundred persons are believed to have perished when the St. Francis Dam in California burst at both ends, leaving the middle standing, and from the canyon re- leased a sea of water 100 feet deep on the inhabitants of the Santa Clara River Valley. The torrent carried tremendous blocks of concrete from the broken dam. Above and at the right the wreck of the dam is shown 21 he Camera Tells A Seagoing Auto Dr. T. A. Jaggar, of Hawaii, will use this strange sea- and-land craft in exploring Pavloff Volcano in Alaska “ier Lindbergh Designs a New Plane Placing the engine in the Colonel’s new cabin mono- plane. Unlike his famous Spirit of St. Louis, this has fuel and oil tanks in the wings. Appointments sug- gested by “Slim” include headlights in wings, night landing flares, wheel brakes, and heater for the cabin cei Edison on Job The “Wizard”? examines specimens in his Florida laboratory in his tireless search for a new rubber, Testing Rubber as told in the December issue of this magazine Wright Airplane Here is the first machine that flew with man, at Kitty Hawk, N. C., in 1903, recently lent to the Shown in London science Museum, London, by Orville Wright

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SS See | | ; : } / | : / Radio Brings Politics HIS year radio will elect a Presi- dent. There is eminent authority for that statement. Calvin Coolidge believes radio is in large measure responsible for his popularity; and the White House view is that if radio can popularize a President it can elect one. John W. Davis looks upon radio as one of the decisive factors four years ago. General James G. Harbord—a radio authority who knows his political Wash- ington—makes the flat declaration with which this article opens. Beyond a doubt the most important litical event of the last four years has n the development of radio and the “radio network.” In 1924 a really comprehensive radio campaign was impossible. Broadcasting stations were scattered and without cen- tral organization for program purposes. Receiving sets were fewer and such speeches as were broadcast frequently hit only the ear of an experimenter in his workshop, entirely missing most of the voters. UT now the radio set has been brought into the living room, ac- cepted by the women; and the radio chain has been perfected. You can link up three big radio networks today and broadcast at once through sixty of the biggest stations. If you are important enough, or clever enough, your voice will be heard through receiving sets in five million homes. It is even possible, with interesting enough material and with the price—something between $20,000 and $25,000—to keep this colossal radio ear cocked in your direction for an hour at a time. Four years ago the attempts at political POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY S rs F ot E ae , “Ws a President Cool- : idge reaching in a single speech more voters than Roosevelt, one of the greatest “7 campaigners, addressed in a, In a nation full of aer- be ials politics will enter ty millionsofhomes fe. his entire career Into Your Home By EARL REEVES broadcasting were limited to emergency arrangements for the small, lower- powered stations. This year, with ma- chinery available to fill the air and with 20,000 or more candidates seeking the 7,000 local, state and national offices to be filled, it is going to be difficult to dodge politics. Let’s have a look at this new machinery. N ONE chain are stations in New York City, Boston, Hartford, Provi- dence, Worcester, Portland, Philadel- phia, Washington, Schenectady, Buffalo, Pittsburgh, Cleveland, Detroit, Cincinna- ti, and Chicago. In a second hookup are stations in Boston, Springfield, Mass., Baltimore, Rochester, Pittsburgh, De- troit, Cincinnati, and Chicago. To either of these chains new links can be added, stations in nineteen more cities, Charlotte, Atlanta, Memphis, Nashville, Louisville, St. Louis, Minneapolis, Milwaukee, Dav- enport, Des Moines, Omaha, Kansas City, Oklahoma City, Ft. Worth, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Portland, Seattle, Spokane. A third group has stations in Boston, Providence, Syracuse, Buffalo, Philadel- phia, Pittsburgh, Akron, Columbus, Cin- cinnati, Detroit, Chicago, St. Louis, Fort Wayne, Council Bluffs, Kansas City, and Baltimore. Behind these chains what political audiences wait? Stunt broadcasts, in which the chains were used simultaneously, have re. sulted in claims that 7,000,000 radio sets and 35,000,000 listeners were reached. But the big commercial stations prefer to use a base figure of 6,000,000 sets; and to take into account the fact that, al- though theoretically all sets are in range and the whole nation “covered” by the networks, actually this is not quite true, and certainly not in all weathers. It seems fair to say, however, that there are within range of the sixty chained stations 5,000,000 sets, a probable 10,000,000 voters. By radio networks you have a chance of taking a political argument to them in their homes. OOSEVELT lives in our memories as our most strenuous campaigner. But, standing quietly in the White House, Coolidge probably has spoken directly to more persons than “‘T. R.” ever addressed in all his active and joyous campaigning career. I do not know how many were numbered in the Roosevelt audiences, but the “stumping capacity” of James M. Cox, candidate for President in 1920, was figured at a million and a half listeners. At that rate he would have to campaign through a quarter of a century to meet from the rostrum and train plat- form the equivalent of a single Coolidge radio audience. The “unchained” stations and their individual audiences are still with us, being some six hundred in number; but d Pp 0 d eet mt a me mel mmm

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ave fe. udio sets reached, S prefer ets; and hat, al- n range by the te true, rs. It rere are stations 000,000 have a nent to ries as r. But, House, ctly to lressed Ligning y were iences, James . 1920, 2 half ave to sntury . plat- olidge their h us, *; but POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY a great many—such as stations operated by colleges, commercial houses, and many even by newspapers—are not open to politics. Some, however, will be used during the campaign soon to open; but probably they are relatively less im- portant, since concentration of high- priced programs on the circuits has given the “chained”’ station the greater number of “constant listeners.” What, specifically, will this vast new publicity vehicle do in the impending campaign? The detail cannot yet be charted, but its outlines are visible, espe- cially to such careful observers as M. H. Aylesworth, president of the National Broadcasting Company, which controls two of the three radio chains. His Roosevelt as he ap- peared in his famous campaigns. He couldn’t reach as many people in a whole campaign as candidates now ad- dress in an evening ple and direct in wording. The use of the radio net- work, he says, will de-bunk campaign methods. General Harbord pointed his contention that radio will elect the next President as follows: “Though Coolidge has been a President of few words, millions of people are familiar with his voice and have first-hand opinions of the policies for which he stands. No little share of his great popularity is due to radio. This lesson will not be lost on the Pres- idential candidates in the next campaign.” 23 that the President’s appeal to voters the night before the last election brought out many thousands who otherwise would have stayed at home,” says a statement that comes to me from the White House. “They further think that the most of these votes went to the man who did not blow his own horn.” If campaigners of 1928 believe that last statement, we may look for a new type of campaigning this year. The Na- tional Democratic Committee—that is to say, the organization holding over from the last campaign—offers this pre- diction: “Radio will be used quite ex- tensively. Service will not be bought for every two-by-four cam- paigner, but the large central rallies will be broadcast; and on oc- casions when the can- didate for President is to speak there will be extensive hookups. The service will be supple- mented by the broad- casting of local rallies over local stations.” Each national com- mittee will have in its Speakers’ Bureau a man who is in fact if not in title a radio cam- paign manager. He will have to plot out the programs of big radio events and stretch the inadequate dollar to reach the largest pos- sible “audiences.” He will face a gigantic jig- saw puzzle also in planning use of single stations for purposes of gaining “accent” in doubtful districts. Somehow; he will have to turn on different types of ar- gument in different districts, according to the sentiments of the auditors. company plans, he tells me, to offer facilities to all the national commit- tees, seeking to find in codperation with them some equitable division of time. He expects to confine these na- tional radio political meetings to a comparatively small number, believ- ing that to be effective they must not be too frequent. . E SHALL recommend,” he said, “that these meetings be designed as radio meetings only, probably broadcast from our studio, or possibly from the home of the candi- date, without any visible audience.” Aylesworth may recommend as he likes, but a Speakers’ Bureau headed by men well schooled in rally politics is likely to give us entertainments in which we hear not only the candidate, but cheers, catcalls, and the blare of bands. Edward Husing, head of another The Radio Stump at Your Fireside Should— 1. Increase the “silent vote.”’ 2. Compel facts and reasoning in- stead of oratorical flag-waving. 3. Give people a wider understanding of concrete governmental problems. 4. Increase the women’s vote. 5. Develop new campaign leaders who have the “‘radio appeal.”’ 6. Break up party lines in some sec- tions. - 7. AND, by enabling speakers to talk directly to millions, make it possible for a man to be bigger than his party, as in the nation’s early decades. The most positive forecast I have obtained came from Joseph R. Mc- Cuen, in charge of the radio-speaker detail in the Republican Speakers’ Bureau four years ago. ‘In the Presidential campaign,”’ he said, “I believe broadcasting must be on a chain basis. All the chains should be utilized, as well as smaller stations not in chains. No opportunity to use broadcasting should be passed up. “As for hours, we should use all the time we have the money to buy; but not more than fifteen minutes at once, except perhaps for a few broad- casts by the candidates for President and Vice President. “Radio has changed campaigning. It gives a better chance to the com- mon sense type of individual who is not an orator.” It was Senator Dill, author of the radio bill, who directed my attention to the most intensive .use of radio in a po- chain, points out that the band is likely to be used as the classic “frame” for a Presidential candidate. The band, he believes, will take its place on the air as successor to the torchlight procession, the drum corps, the Grand Army or the gray uniform, the bunting and the ban- ners of earlier political eras. Speech making, he contends, will have to be unemotional, tightly reasoned, sim- Virtually all of Coolidge’s speeches have been broadcast. He has reached more people with his voice than any other man in history. Several of his addresses have been relayed abroad and rebroad- cast there. Letters pour in by the hun- dreds to each station in the hookup after each address. *“White House attaches are convinced litical fight in history, the recent mayor- alty battle in San Francisco. Thousands . who had never attended a political meeting were drawn in through the radio appeal. Talking directly to a family at home, un- affected by the ballyhoo of the mass meeting, the candidate had to appeal on his merits or not at all. And as San Francisco was, so the na- tion will be this Presidential year.

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e utting the N A laboratory-cave, thirty- five feet underground, Dr. Paul R. Heyl, a physicist of the U. S. Bureau of Stand- ards in Washington, D. C., is weighing the earth! Twice in the last five years this modern Atlas has figura- tively placed the mass of our globe on _ delicate scales. His last figures, announced about a year ago, gave its weight as 6,- §92,000,000,000,000,000, - 000 tons—a figure so enor- mous that it is beyond the grasp of most of us; so great, in fact, that if all the people were suddenly swept off the earth, the change in weight could not be detected. Now, with more sensitive apparatus, he is busy replacing some of the round numbers with more precise figures. The task will take several months, but in the end he expects to arrive at a measurement which will stand as the last word in accuracy for years. That man, a mere speck standing on a globe 8,000 miles in diameter, should be able to weigh that globe, seems almost beyond belief. Yet, actually, the way in which Dr. Heyl does it is fairly simple and understandable. He merely applies the law of gravitation discovered by Isaac Newton more than two centuries ago. HIS law, you recall, states that every particle of matter in the universe is attracted toward every other particle with a force varying directly as the prod- uct of their masses and POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Earth on the Scale With Apparatus Only 3 Feet Tall, Physicist in an Underground Cave Measures the Pull of Gravity By EDWIN KETCHUM proving precision instruments, haye approached nearer and nearer to an accurate measurement, and figures have been revised accordingly, Doctor Heyl tackles the problem first by placing, side by side, two small objects which can be handled readily, and measuring the gravita- tional attraction between them. Then he applies the result propor. tionately to larger bodies, such as the earth. Most of us, if we think of gravita- tion at all when we weigh ourselves, think of it as a downward force. That is because we think of ourselves as on top of the earth. As a matter of fact, though, gravitation operates in all directions. ETWEEN the pen and inkwell on your desk there is a constant horizontal “pull.”’ All the objects in your room are tugging at one another. If the earth’s gravitation were sud- denly removed, the comb on your Through a telescope Dr. Heyl watches a beam of light reflected from a swinging pendulum. The movement of the pendulum, recorded by the light, shows the gravitational “‘pull’’ of near-by objects on pendulum body at its surface, 4,000 miles distant from its center?”’ And he finds the answer to this question by first measuring the value of the force of attraction—a value which is known as the “constant of grav- itation.”’ This force of gravitation is the most vital, yet most mysterious, force in the universe. It holds the stars in place in the heavens, and it keeps inversely as the square of the distance between them. In other words, the force of gravitation acting between two bod- ies depends on two fac- tors—their distance apart and their mass or weight. It must follow, then, that if we know the value of this force, the mass of one of the bodies, and the distance between the two, then we can cal- culate the mass of the other body. This is exactly how Dr. Heyl calculates the mass of the earth. He asks the question: ““How the planets on their courses. Without it, we and our possessions would fly off helter- skelter through space. It is the only known force which is abso- lutely unchanging, and which cannot be halted or obstructed. Elec- tricity can be blocked by insulation, light can be excluded by any opaque substance; but nothing has ever been found that will shut out gravitation. New- ton, while defining the universal law of its op- eration, never found a 1RO CONTAINING fae PENDULUM much mass must the earth have to exert the attraction it does upon a The machine that measures the gravitational pull of cylinders on a pendulum, helping weigh the earth way to measure ic. Within the last century or so, scientists, im- dresser might rush over to shake hands with the brush, and pictures on the walls might jump across the room to meet. Similarly, a rocket aimed at the moon, once it passed beyond the earth’s sphere of gravitation, probably would fly clear off its course to some more massive heavenly body. The more massive the object, the greater its power of attraction. Your house and the one across the street pull at each other with a force of less than fifty pounds. When you step on the scales and find that you weigh, say, 150 pounds, you are simply measuring the earth’s attraction for your body. If the earth were three times as massive as it is, you would weigh three times as much. To obtain the greatest accuracy, Dr. Heyl does his “ weighing”’ in a small room beneath the earth’s surface. This not only assures the constant temperature neces- sary for the use of delicate instruments, but it prevents the upsetting of his calcu- lations by the gravitational attraction of moving objects, such as automobiles and people. If you should visit this underground laboratory, you would be surprised to find that his earth-weighing “scale” is an apparatus only about three feet tall. It consists of an instrument known as a “‘tor-. tion balance,” which measures the gravi- tational attraction between little glass balls weighing about two ounces each and steel cylinders weighing 140 pounds. In a vacuum within an iron case hangs a light aluminum (Continued on page 127) | I t 8 f c 1

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June, 195 ats, have Problem ide, two handled gravita- | them. Propor- such as gravita- Irselyes, e. That elves as atter of Tates in inkwell onstant jects in nother, re sud- Nn your shake ictures oss the rocket passed tation, urse to . The iter its nd the _ other ounds. d that uare action three weigh r, Dr. room t only 1eces- 1ents, ralcu- on of s and ound » find S an |. It “tor- ravi- glass and angs 127) June, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 25 A Great Dream Opens an Empire So 3 GRADE —__ == MOOG SN SNSS09 MILES RQ SQ _gc@s SERRA 6.09 * Diagrammatic drawing of the Moffat Tunnel, straight through the Con- tinental Divide, cutting off 23 miles of circuitous railroad climbing up and down Corona Pass, and shortening transcontinental travel by 180 miles. The new and old routes are seen on the map at the right. The completed project provides easy access to a region rich in precious metals, oil, and timber whose value is in millions beyond estimation FEW weeks ago, officials and citi- zens of Colorado and Utah cele- brated the passage of the first train through the new Moffat Tunnel in the Continental Divide. Through the six-mile bore, longest in the Western Hemisphere, a special train of forty cars sped in twelve minutes, completing a trip which previously required seven hours of tortuous climb over the Rocky Mountain barrier. It was an event worthy of celebration. It opened a new gateway be- tween East and West. It marked the culmination of one of the mightiest engineering feats of modern times, a colossal $18,000,000 labor, in which men and machinery pierced the solid granite of lofty James Peak. It assured the opening of a vast inland empire, a walled-in treas- ure land of coal, oil, timber, and orecious metals, greater in area than all of France. T GAVE to Denver a lorg- sought place in the line of transcontinental rail traffic, and shortened travel across the conti- nent by 180 miles. HE Story Last of America’s Pioneers, Whose Daring Spirit Pierces the Rockies to of David Moffat, Railroad an Area Large as France SSS By HOMER DYE, JR. RES FRASER KEE DOODLE CORONA KE A NTELOPE VASQUEZ ee F} —a IDLEWILD®- MOF FATS) TUN NEL D a friend had conceived the strange idea of a stationery store in the frontier settle- ment that is now Denver. With six wagons and mule teams they had crossed the plains with their stock and provisions. on every hand with railroad lines into the mountains and over the plains. He fed merchandise and supplies to the new camps that sprang up, he acquired rich mining properties, and his trains bore him back gold and silver ore. He was the first in Denver to feel the thrill of great gold discoveries hundreds of miles away. He saw Gregory, Gulch, Boulder, Leadville, Aspen, Creede, and Cripple Creek—each a romance of the West— boom and die and boom again. Because of his schemes of empire, friends and colleagues often called him a visionary. Time and again, when others ridiculed his proposals to extend new railway lines into new mining regions, he replied, “I'll build it myself.” ND he did. Those words became famous. Men learned not to laugh at Moffat’s visions. But one mighty obstacle to Denver’s future remained a perpetual and baffling challenge to Moffat’s pioneering spirit. It was the rocky wall of mountains stretching across Colorado from north to south—the Continental Divide, whose rampartlike peaks, wreathed in snow, towered to the sky. And locked behind that forbidding barrier, to the westward, But beyond all, it fulfilled the splendid dream of a Western pioneer and builder of indomitable spirit, who spent his fortune and gave the best of his life to make ; en. * ie ‘ —: d ae ss A portal of the Moffat Tunnel, $18,- 000,000 vision of the last great railroad builder, realized only after his death the dream come true. The man was David Halliday Moffat. The story of his struggles against overwhelming odds, of his superb triumphs and his tragic defeats, is one of the most stirring chap- ters in the history of American conquest. It was back in 1860 that David Moffat, a lanky youth of twenty, arrived in the little town of Denver to seek his fortune. Born in Orange County, New York, he had started at the age of twelve as a messenger in a New York City bank and risen to be assistant teller at sixteen, and cashier of a bank in Omaha at seventeen. Then, moving to St. Joseph, Mo., he and The stationery store prospered. Moffat was a likable youth and_ his energy was untiring. In ten years he became presi- dent of Denver's First National Bank. In five more he was elected presi- dent of the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad. He had become a financial power. To build up his bank, Moffat undertook to build up Denver, reaching out ing the tunnel. One of the powerful electric locomotives used by workmen construct- Electric power materially hastened the project

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qT | i] : i} Hf : 26 lay a great untouched land of natural treasure. Other men accepted the barrier as in- surmountable. Westward-moving wagon trains of the early days had veered north- ward through Wyoming or southward through New Mexico, for a way around. Railway builders later had followed the same trails. And there stood Denver, a hundred miles removed from transcon- tinental railway arteries to the north and south. There was one partial remedy, and Moffat took it. With John Evans, the first Governor of Colorado Territory, he built a branch line connecting Denver with the Union Pacific at Cheyenne, Wyo., 100 miles to the north. But the wall of the Continental Divide still challenged. It was a quarter of a century ago that Moffat, standing on a street in Denver and looking toward the setting sun, saw the vision which today has been realized. He was sixty-four years old. What of it? He had the faith and vigor of youth. He summoned engineers and seiz- ing a ruler, laid it across a map. “4 YN ENTLEMEN,” he exclaimed, “a straight line is the shortest distance between two points. I am going to build a railroad along the line of that ruler, west from Denver to Salt Lake City! Some day I intend to build a tunnel under the Divide, but if for the present we can’t go through, we’ll go over!” There were protests. A railroad line across that rugged mountain range? Impossible! Why, the lowest pass was more than 12,000 feet above sea level! Moffat dismissed the engineers and got others. These reported the grades and curves prohibitive, but they had found a pass—at what is now Corona—11,600 feet above sea level. “That’s 400 feet lower than the other fellows’ figures,” said Moffat. “We'll build the line.” The result was the Denver and Salt Lake Railroad—now the famous Moffat road—famous for its scenic beauty and as the line where tourists can get off the train in July and throw snowballs. It never reached the goal to the west, but it did scale the mountain wall. Winding up and around James Peak and through Corona pass, engines. struggled with their burdens. Fighting the snow represented Caimemmettaned comeceenemrsee te ccm ce Governor Adams of Colorado (left) and former Governor Shoup on the way to drive a golden spike completing tunnel railroad POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY forty-one percent of the operating cost. And even then the line was impassable thirty to sixty days every year. The tremendous grades and curves made it impossible to draw long trains which could yield adequate revenue. The line itself was a losing venture, but it was the germ of a greater venture—the tunnel. ERHAPS Moffat foresaw something of the disappointments and failures that would beset him, and that death would come before his dream could be realized. But not once did he falter. Into the project he poured his fortune of millions. When he first went East to finance the Moffat road in 1902, men won- dered why he should at- tempt to blaze such a difficult trail, but his proj- ect’s financial basis was sound and powerful mon- ey interests promised to see him through. He returned to Denver and began the unprece- dented battle with the cliffs. Along a twenty- mile route, thirty-one tun- nels had to be driven. To ergy footing, workmen ad to descend precipices on rope ladders and anchor logs to the sides of cliffs. Spectators arriving at east portal of the Moffat Tunnel to see the first train start through the new tube, cutting a seven-hour trip to twelve minutes, Below: David H. Moffat, great railway pioneer But this was only half of the battle. The powerful Harriman interests which dominated the Union Pacific system to the north, and the Gould interests which controlled the Denver & Rio Grande at the south, were not willing to suffer the competition of a rival line. Towns and cities which had sprung up along these routes likewise were hostile. Unex- pected obstacles rose mysteriously to block the advance of the Moffat project. UT Moffat went ahead. He built his line into Sulphur Springs. More money was needed to build down Gore Canyon. Again he went to New York for aid and was given promises, on the strength of which he gathered funds to build to Yampa. But when still more money was needed to go on to Steamboat Springs, he was told point-blank that “certain interests” had threatened to withdraw their deposits from “certain banks” if a penny was invested in the Moffat road. In all his life, this was the greatest sting of failure Moffat had ever felt, and it was delivered when he was approaching three score years and ten. One day the big Westerner entered the old Hotel Belmont in New York and had a friendly head waiter conduct him to a secluded table where he might think out his problem alone. In the kindly face of the waiter Moffat recognized a fellow dreamer. They talked of their ambitions. That was the Westerner’s way. Pros- pector, stage driver, mule “skinner,” mine laborer, merchant, capitalist—all were the same to Moffat, so far as human values were concerned. “You're right, sir,” the waiter was saying. “‘But most of us must leave our dreams and go on with our work. Me, I dream of a ranch in the West—where I could be a producer—but most of us must compromise; I stay here with the work I have.” The Westerner rose. “Don’t compromise, my friend,” he said. “For every dream, backed by will- ingness to pay (Continued on page 131) June, 2. a, —_ wei mlCUtlrrllCOe

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June, 19 © Moffat n the new minutes, Y pioneer battle. | which tem to 3 which Grande » suffer Towns along Unex- sly to roject, 1ilt his More | Gore rk for n the ids to more nboat that ed to ertain n the is the | ever > was en. d the 1 had toa k out ce of ellow ions. Pros- ner,” —all man our le, I re I f us the he vill- 131) June, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 27 Seventeen - Year Locusts Coming Insects Which Live Sixteen Years Underground And One Above to Visit Ten States This Season ROOD II of the “seven- teen-year locust,” or periodical cicada, is ex- pected to make its debut this year. A coming-out party of these denizens of the under- world has been predicted for this summer by authorities, and we have been tipped off that cicada conventions will be held in portions of Connecticut, the District of Columbia, Indiana, Maryland, Michigan, New Jer- sey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Virginia and West Virginia. Something like thirty broods of the so-called seventeen-yvear locust are known in this country, and the cycles of their appear- ances have been tabulated in the territories occupied by each. Thus we may predict the ap- pearance in any area of these Methuselahs of Bugdom. Brood I was with us last year, a trifle east of our expected Brood II. Brood III is mid- western, centering mainly in Iowa, and is expected in 1929. Brood X carried on in grand style in 1919 over the eastern and middle areas, extending southward to Georgia and Alabama, and will again appear in 1936. Brood XIV, an out- standing swarm, last seen in 1923, is due again in 1940. The general region covered by the different broods together is east of cen- tral Kansas and north of northern Florida. No broods have been found in northern New England, except a doubt- ful record in Vermont, nor west of the Mississippi above Iowa. F COURSE, the ‘“seventeen-year locust” is not a locust at all, but i siesta i ater age Se OY A photograph of “a seventeen-year locust” and a map of the territory it will visit this summer. Below: Eggs of the insect laid in a branch seaboard. The experience of this terri- tory in 1911 will tell us what to expect in 1928. Some of us, at least, will remember certain districts where the “locusts” swarmed at their best. As we approach some wooded region we hear the purring rattle of their air drums, becoming almost deafening as we draw nearer. Closer, we hear individual sounds that vary from the “Pharaoh note’—which the general song is called—to the rasping squawk of alarm, when one of the males is disturbed. For, strange to relate, only the males can “sing.” It was the ancient Rhodian poet, Xenarchoa, who said, “Happy the cicadas’ lives, “For all have voiceless wives.” Why only the males have the sound- producing organ, on the underside of their abdomens at the base, no one knows. After we are accustomed to the chatter, other surprises are in store for us. Thousands of the creatures are on tree trunks, on foliage on the ground, jostling each other to find a comfortable perch; others are fluttering clumsily about. Let us look at one. The periodical cicada is not “knee-high to a grasshopper,” but from one and a quarter to one and a half inches in length. It is black, banded, and marked with some orange on the abdo- men, and has six reddish legs. Bright red spots like headlights artistically adorn the front, while four shiny transparent wings look well with their edges a network of orange-colored veins. Emblazoned on each forewing is a dark brown mark- ing. To the imaginative mind this represents the letter “W,” and popular fallacies invest it with the prediction of war. But “seventeen-year locusts” have always worn this emblem, regard- less of human history. HEIR working tools are, first, the mouth parts, but they cannot bite; they have no jaws. A reddish-colored beak, located on the underside of the head, is used to pierce tender plant tissue and suck out the juices. It is not thought that any great damage is done plants in this respect. On the other end, however, the females are each equipped with a long, curved, horny egg-laying apparatus or Ovipositor, with which they cut slits in tender twigs or stalks. Into these slits the eggs are placed in nice vertical rows. Naturally this severe treatment injures the twigs, many of which break. In orchards it often causes the loss of newly set fruit. a cicada, one of the bug family. The true locust belongs to a different “breed of cats,” and is a close relative of the grasshoppers, crickets, and roaches. To be scientifically correct, we should call the *“‘seventeen-year lo- cust”—the most famous and popular member of the cicada family—by its proper name, periodical cicada. Most insects “‘grow up” in from less than one to three or four years. This renowned species remains in underground burrows sixteen years in the middle and northern states before emerging and transforming into the winged adult stage; while in the more southerly states maturity ls reached in thirteen years. Brood II occupies chiefly the more densely settled areas of the Atlantic YW HEN men now eligible to vote were four-year-old babies, some insects laid eggs and died. The story of those eggs is told here by Mr. Champlain, State Entomologist of Pennsylvania. In hundreds of places, thousands of insects will come from the ground at nearly the same time. Why didn’t they come last spring? Or wait until next spring? Flowers are brought out by the arrival of warm weather. But six- teen springs, all alike, have passed over these buried insects. What is the mysterious, infallible alarm-clock Nature planted with those eggs seventeen years ago? Science can’t answer. to know. It would like About the middle of June the eggs have all been laid, and the span of life for father and mother cicada draws to its conclusion. Soon the ground is strewn with their bodies. But the vast progeny hatching and dropping from the tree tops delve into the soil with remarkable ex- cavating machinery. Their forelegs are enormously developed for trench work, and as time goes on they attain a depth of twelve to eighteen inches. Here they while away their child- hood and youth, sipping sap from rootlets and growing larger as the years roll by. During this nymphal stage, cicadas are light brown or tan color, and this “coat of tan” is shed every two or three years to allow growth (Continued on page 130)

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FEI TOe en Be eae ela PE TIT YEP —— POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY MILITARY Ai od, [ole] & YEARS OLD ANNAPOLIS GRADUATION POLAR FLIGHT DICK BYRD—Adventurer A Real Modern Romance, More Thrilling Than Fiction—In This Chapter: The Boy Who Dared N A hot morning of July, 1902, Dick Byrd, age twelve, stood before his mother, his delicate narrow face showing pale through its boyish freckles. “But I have to go, mother,” he said in a low voice. Mrs. Byrd glanced at the letter in her hand to hide the tears in her eyes. The letter was from a friend of the Byrd family, Judge Carlson, who had written asking if Dick could visit him in the Philippines. “But you can’t go alone,” she objected. Yet she knew the futility of her pro- test. For there before her stood the embodiment of five centuries of voy- aging. In her son’s veins ran the blood of the Norman, le Brid, who in 1540 had landed at the same Ver-sur-Mer upon which his descendant was in 1927 to come roaring from the skies to the coast of France. There before her was the reincarnation of old Colonel William Byrd, who had found England too small for him in 1671 and had burst the fetters of social con- vention by ferrying his family to the new continent Columbus had added to the mariner’s chart. Well might Mrs. Byrd weep in despair at the ruthlessness of birth as well as death. For in young Dick’s thin lips, sharp eyes, and sharper mind were the conglomerate lips and eyes and minds of a score of enterprising Byrds to whom time and distance, men and money, were but trifling factors to be juggled to suit their vaulting fancy: Colonel William Byrd II, who had founded the city of Richmond; Francis Otway Byrd, who had won his fame at Tripoli; John Byrd, By FITZHUGH GREEN F YOU know the call of the open road, the lure of adven- ture, you won’t want to miss a single installment of this absorb- ing biography. Here a lifelong friend and fellow Naval Officer reveals the real Commander Byrd. We follow him through perils and amazing conquests. We learn to know and love the slim arrow of a lad, in whose veins ran the spirit of voyagers of old, and who shot through barriers of the un- known to gain the heights of world renown.—The Editor. caused her to roll deeply and yaw from side to side. “Storm due,” was the laconic notice posted by the captain in the saloon. “Passengers will keep to their state- rooms.” It was young Dick Byrd's first meeting with the respect brave men have for a real storm at sea. The typhoon arrived at midnight. Came a machine-gun rattle of rain across the deck, followed by a sharp gust of wind like that in the wake of a great gun’s discharge. Then with full force the tempest broke. At dawn the ship was leaping like a crazy thing. Howl of the gale forced men to roar to make their voices who in the heat of battle had given his life for his country in the War of 1812; patriots, seafarers, builders of empire, all of them. “ All right, my boy,” suddenly said the mother, and, bravely smiling through her tears, clasped him to her breast as she must do again this summer when he sails away for the cruel Antarctic. That same month the twelve-year-old adventurer set forth, to make the journey from Virginia to Manila unaccompanied. He had a new bag in which were neatly stowed a spare set of underwear, two Sunday ties, a jackknife, and a ball of string. “T had a sort of feeling the train or ship might break down,” laughed Byrd as he recalled this boyish whim. The ship nearly did break down. He boarded her at San Francisco. On the twenty-third day out the sky became darkly overcast. A heavy ground swell heard. “Fore hatches tight?”’ boomed the captain to his watch officer on the bridge. “Yes, sir.” “Deck gear lashed down?” “Since yesterday, sir.” The old seafarer peered forward through an open port on the lee of the bridge, his eyes narrowed against the purple spray. “TINHEN what’s that?” he suddenly roared, and pointed to a blot of something huddled near the port chains above which green seas menacingly towered each time the ship rolled. Two powerful seamen worked their way forward over the wet and rolling decks to investigate the “blot,” which might have been a valuable hatch-cover or the like. The blot turned out to be the huddled, wiry young body of the ship’s twelve- year-old passenger from Richmond, Vir- ginia, listed as R. E. Byrd, Jr. “Wanted to see the storm,” was the he m ant ._@ tthe o> teed bed Oe sere np o> 2c

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d yaw notice aloon. State- > men night. = sharp ike of with t like orced ‘Oices 1 the idge. vard the the only , of gly vay 3 to ave ce. ed, ve- ir- the June, 1928 his having disobeyed orders. ae pearing which, the old skipper fo ed an oath and directed the swallow ck the young lunatic in his steward to “lo room. ew skipper did not know a future “performer” was getting his first lesson. N THE second morning after Byrd’s arrival in Manila, a native messenger burst into Judge Carlson’s front hall. He thrust an official dispatch into a serv- ant’s hands and waited while the judge ran his eyes over the sheet. “Big row down in the province below us,” said Judge Carlson to his young visi- tor from the States. “Hum. Guess we'll o down.” The battle was over by the time the judge and his guest reached the scene. But while a guard of three American soldiers and a valuable Filipino prisoner wereriding home through the thick tropical jungle, a native scout suddenly came dashing towards the party. «Aguinaldo’s men!” he shouted in his native tongue. ; The ambush was serious, though the enemy’s num- ber was small. Without hesitating, Dick Byrd took the revolver one of the guard shoved at him and pointed it at the prisoner. Rifle shots pinged through the air, but he did not wince. The judge, an old soldier of distinction, took instant command. Presently a volley rang out from the Yankees. A scream followed, and a pattering of bare feet across the carpeted floor of the tropical forest. One prisoner with a flesh wound was taken and the cavaleade moved on through the jungle. Dick Byrd had seen his first action. For his part in this brush with the enemy Dick was commissioned a deputy scout. “JT SPEAK for that lad now,” said General Frederick Funston when he heard of the incident. “He has the makings of a man.” After Manila, Dick went on through the Indian Ocean, Suez Canal, and home, completely circumnavigating the globe. At the Battery in New York he was met by twenty reporters from big newspapers and news services. Twenty-four years later, in 1926, the same Dick Byrd re- turned from the North Pole and was met by some of the same reporters. At about the time Dick returned from his world voyage the paths of the three Byrd boys began to diverge. Richard Evelyn Byrd, Sr., lawyer, orator and Democratic state committeeman, lived to see his own sons uphold their country’s flag, but each in his own particular way. The father chose his eldest, Harry, to learn law, a profession that led the young man to governorship of Virginia by the largest majority in history. Tom, the youngest, also would have followed in Harry’s footsteps had not the World War intervened. Long months POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY of hardship in the trenches taught this Byrd the joy of rich earth and sunshine. When he returned he could no longer endure an office life; so he fell to raising apples and is now a gentleman farmer of affluence. Dick never recovered from his trip around the world. Wanderlust, first in his blood, then nourished by his boyhood voyage, carried him inevitably to the sea, thence to the air and to the ends of the earth. Contrary to biographical tradition, Over the Arctic’s icy wastes: Commander Byrd using the special sextant of his own invention, with which he first proved aerial navigation practica- ble. At right: Midship- man Byrd swinging down royal stay of the training ship. “He just couldn’t keep on the ground’”’ we do not find him inspired by famous men or startling events. Rather did he emerge from a gentle shadowy pe- riod of devouring tales of romance by the winter's fire and flying kites or ex- ploring Virginia’s natural caves by day; both, indeed, clear guideposts to the boy's future. Now came the swift inevitable years of school, Virginia Military Institute, Uni- versity of Virginia, and Annapolis—all culminating in the agony of two broken legs, one in football and one in the gymnasium. UT lesson by lesson Byrd was laying a foundation for the future. And it wasn’t all in the classroom, either. For he learned the cunning art of bending another man to his will by use of fists, bared or padded, angered or cool, as cir- cumstances demanded. Between wooden goalposts he learned the vrecious power 29 of grouped physical effort; as crack quarterback of the Navy team he learned to direct that effort. Probably his physical self found surest expression at Annapolis in his gymnasium work. The writer remembers him clearly, nearly twenty years ago, a slender agile youth, more the rapier than the staff. E RECALL one Saturday afternoon, day of a meet with Yale University. “Midshipman Byrd on the bars!” cries the announcer. Out he comes, willowy and erect, finely-tempered human steel. A ripple of admiration runs down the galleries— the girls, for a middy famed as a superb dancer and fabulously hand- some; the boys, for a middy who is humanly average in studies, amiable to his mates, and already marked as a football player and trackman of more than average ability. Up he goes—swift, si- lent, poised. “ Ah-h-h!” from the au- dience, as he executes a sudden twist and swing that shoots his curving body out to a graceful landing on the mat. Even then, in midair, he must have exhibited some- thing of the birdman’s deft subconscious feel of falling. As we remember him, he couldn’t keep on the ground. When gym days passed and the spring expanded, it was Dick Byrd who was always clambering during drill hours to the masthead to “spike his hat’’; to the high roof of mid- shipman quarters to-sun himself; to the brink of the River Severn’s cliffs. NE final view we had of him the year he graduated—adjutant of the midshipman regi- ment, exalted to a place before a thousand other blue-clad ramrods— reading orders in his fine, clear, ringing voice that was later to call across an icy desert to his desperate fellows. At sea, an officer in the battleship fleet, he enlarged upon his knowledge when war- fare ceased to be a game between teams, but was a clash between races. Slipping through tropical jungles and fording malarial rivers, he twice helped lead American bluejackets in putting down native rebellions, one in the Central American country of Nicaragua and one in the island of Haiti. He began to know the meaning of emergency. . “It’s the unexpected crisis,” Peary once declared to me, “that takes the heart out of a man and numbs his judgment.” First-hand we know of two of Dick Byrd’s lessons along this line, lessons that taught the young performer better balance and quicker recovery when >

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30 things went suddenly sour and black. The first was in a battleship’s turret which Byrd commanded for a gunnery season of two years. One evening the man-of-war was in the region of the trade winds in the Atlantic Ocean just above the Caribbean Sea. A half-gale was blowing at the time, though the sky was clear. A West Indian hurri- cane had passed close aboard the night before and kicked up»a_ heavy sea. Now the big ship was doing a good old-fashioned corkscrew. ATE that night Byrd was yanked awake by a quartermaster with a feverish message that the shells in his “handling room” were adrift. This room was directly under the turret proper and contained many of the pro- jectiles used for drill with the great guns ‘ directly overhead. Other ammunition was stowed away in rooms opening out from the cen- tral space. As Byrd ran forward, a big tool chest that had broken adrift lurched sidewise in the darkness and crashed — a bulkhead not six inches behind im. Outside the door to the handling room he paused. From within came _ the thunderous pounding of major caliber shells being thrown about. At that minute a hand fell heavily on his shoulder. “Man in there, sir!” It was the gunner’s mate. “Hurt. Can’t get him out account them shells.” The entrance door was jammed. A massive loading slug had broken loose first and wrecked it. Byrd dashed back up the ladder and ducked into his turret. Like a snake he wormed his way down through the trunk that led below. Three men fol- lowed him. HE handling room was dark when the rescuers peered into it from the turret hatch. Then by a hand light they could make out a dozen black bodies plunging to and fro with terrific momen- tum whenever the ship rolled. They looked like monstrous black rats darting about in hopes of escape. The injured man had crawled to a beam over- head. He could hold on only a little longer; then he must fall and be crushed by the steel projectiles. There were plenty of sug- gestions about how to cap- ture the shells and save the man so close to death. Lasso- ing, wedging, shoring and hoisting out with falls were all spoken of. But Byrd did the trick with neatness and dispatch. He passed word back to hand down all ham- mocks and mattresses close at hand. In ten minutes he had ingeniously and effec- tively smothered the projec- tiles from above! As there was “live” am- munition just on the other volunteer fire brigade. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY side of a thin bulkhead, his action may have saved not only one life, but even the whole ship with her thousand-odd souls aboard. Another little party that helped teach Byrd to think quickly happened off the Virginia Capes one raw, dark morning in early April. His ship, the U.S.S. Dela- “Tom (left), Dick (right), and Harry,” famous trio of Byrd brothers, at the begin- ning of their careers. Harry became governor of Virginia and Tom a gentleman farmer. At right: Dick hobbling on crutches after smashing a leg in gym ware, was testing plane pon- toons in a seaway. A spring nor’easter came striding down the coast and put an end to the tests. As the pontoon gear was being hoisted aboard, a seaman lost his balance and fell into the boiling seas alongside. Dick Byrd was standing near the rail when it happened. “Man over- board!” someone yelled. But Byrd, quick-witted, shouted the right words first : “ Hold that winch!” The officer-of-the-deck did the thing he was trained to do. He sang out: “Away starboard lifeboat!” Correct but futile; for the man in the sea was drowning. Moreover, there was no lee for the whaleboat on either side of the man-of-war. ; After that first shout Byrd was quiet. He scarcely moved. Then, suddenly, like a trained acrobat he peeled off his coat and kicked off June, 193 his shoes. On the armored counter poised for a dive. As the quarter deck steadied at the top of a giant upward heave, he went over. His thin, wiry body curved out down. Cleanly he slipped through the face of a big green wave, and was ently out the other side not ten feet from the drowning man. “He's got him!” screamed an excited sailor from the upper deck. Byrd had; and neatly he held the lucky devil untij a lifeboat coxswain eventually hauled the dripping pair over his gunwale. 7 times Byrd saved drowning men. And his country gave him the famous Congressional Life Saving Medal. But the medal and the achievement were unimportant compared to the practice the young officer had in judging a tough break promptly, act- ing on the spur of the mo- ment, and coming out of the jam alive. Those were the things that were to make him a competent performer when his big day came. In 1916 the doctors de- cided that despite his fine record, Byrd’s bad leg (the one he had smashed in the Annapolis gym) was too fragile to permit him to continue on active duty. He was retired. Retirement, or shift to ry inactive duty, meant that \e he was listed with the use- ae less cripples. He was a Gov- ernment pensioner on a sti- pend of about $100 a month; nothing to do and plenty of time in which to do it. Then came the war. By medical judg- ment unfit for sea service, Byrd decided he must still serve his country. An avia- tor sits down, he reasoned. And he had long cherished a dream of flying across the Atlantic. “No use,” the doctors told him, “you are not fit for such work.”’ The verdict hurt deeply. “ ( NIVE me a chance,” he begged them. “The trouble is only a bad ankle. Let me have a month of training and I'll show you what I can do.” The high ranking naval surgeon blinked. rg before had he been talked to like this. Byrd was passed conditionally. He was put back temporarily on active duty and ordered to the naval air station at Pensacola, Florida. Now began a new phase of his training, exploratory as well as naval. As were the sledge and the covered wagon, the ship and the bark canoe, the vehicles of the early explorers, so today is the plane the one swift craft that carries the sci- entific pioneer across the fron- Dick’s early yearning for adventure made him an ardent follower of the As usual, he has climbed to the front seat (far side) tiers of the unknown. Chris- topher Columbus without his ship could not have been more (Continued on page 120) June, | EI

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Out and Ough the WAS pres. n excited neatly he il until g ventually ing pair $s Byrd & men, ave him ressional But the evement »mpared Young Iging tly, act. the mo- it of the ere the > make rformer me, ors de- his fine eg (the In the as too im to duty. nift to it that 1€ use- a Goy- 1 a sti- ing to oO it. | judg. ecided | avia- ie had ss the “ you them. inkle. id I'll nked. ) like e was 7 and ation se of ; well ledge the _ the rers, one Sci- ron- hris- his nore June, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 31 Ship Swallows Whole Trains By ELLSWORTH BENNETT The seagoing ferryboat that carries 100 passen- gers and two entire steam trains is shown here with one of its jaws raised to receive a train ammoth Seagoing Ferryboat, Strangest Craft Afloat, Carries Two Whole Railroad Trains Gulped in by Its Cavernous Jaws ‘\ TIDE open swing the jaws of the newest monster of the deep—and a railroad train disappears within! Like a fairy tale dragon is the German deep-sea ferry Schwerin, launched a few weeks ago, that plies across the Baltic Sea between Denmark and Germany with whole freight trains in its hold. People crowd the wharves at Gjedser, Denmark, to see the strange vessel dock. Slowly, with the muffled chugging of con- cealed steam engines, the great hinged bow splits open—rises in the air—and yawns wide. Out of the black maw puffs a locomotive with a load of twenty freight cars. While the spectators are still rubbing their eyes, another train rolls down the wharf and vanishes into the hull. Now the “jaw” descends, making once more an ordinary-looking ship with no trace of the engine and cars swallowed up inside! From either bow or stern it will disgorge its cargo upon its return to Warne- muende, Germany. When the German Federal Rail- roads sought a single vessel to re- place two paddle-wheel ferries then serving Berlin-Copenhagen traffic, their first demand was for a vessel that could take on cars from either end. Ice often clogged the harbor and made it impossible for ferries Looking through the Schwerin with both bow and stern jaws, trains straight through the boat they hit upon the bold idea of hinging the whole bow, a few feet above the waterline. Steam engines would swing it open. An enterprising German shipbuilder, F. Schichau, of Elbing, tackled the for- midable order. When the 350-foot Schwerin was launched, it embodied all the latest ideas in ferry design. Both bow and stern are fitted to break the ice at the narrow entrances to the harbors and both have rudders. Thus it is a true double-ended “ferryboat,”’ despite its resemblance to-a standard vessel of the sea. Double railroad tracks on the main deck accommodate twenty European passenger cars, or forty freight cars with their locomotives. In addition there are dining rooms and sleeping cabins for more than a hundred passengers. Should the ship list when but one track is filled with cars, water is pumped from “careening” and “trimming” tanks on one side of the hold in- to those on the other, until the vessel’s loaded weight of 3,600 tons is evenly balanced. The Schwerin’s speed is eighteen miles an hour. Its 4,400-horse- power battery of two steam engines gets power from oil-fired boilers, as do three dynamos to supply electric to turn around. In order to run through which trains enter and leave, opened their widest light, heat, and ventilation. “The Monster of the Baltic” crossing the sea under 4,400 horsepower of steam with a couple of railroad trains besides a hundred people as cargo The main deck interior showing the single track becoming double. Trains can enter at either end and could pass each other on the boat if desired

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aE +o er er eee oe : etn ers LASHING silver against the sun, the giant dirigible heads out to sea. A hundred people on her passenger list, and every cabin full! On the streets below crowds strain their eyes and wave their farewells as the drone of the motors of the flying hotel recedes. The “Queen of the Air” melts into a cloud. She is gone! Day after tomorrow, soon after dawn, she will arrive in London. Thirty-eight hours from New York to Europe—the fare is $400. That is no dream of the far distant future, for within a few months the trans- ocean passenger-carrying dirigible should be undergoing its great test. Two na- tions, England and Germany, are racing for the glory of sending the first air liner, with fourscore or more passengers, across the Atlantic to New York. That feat accomplished, the dream of a cruise by air to Europe and back approaches actuality. ERONAUTICAL authorities agree that when the dream comes true, it first will be through the development of the rigid airship. The airplane's capacity as a passenger carrier is necessarily limited by its type of construction, its fuel requirements, and the vagaries of weather. As a means of transportation it is to the dirigible as the speedboat is to the ocean liner; or, in the equation of comfortable travel, as a motorcycle to the Twentieth Century Limited. At this writing it seems likely that the British air liner, R-100, the biggest air- POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY By CARL HELM ship ever constructed, will be the first to cross the Atlantic. The U. S. Post Office Department is already looking to the use of her facilities. Comparison with her aquatic rivals is in order. She is 709 feet long, forty-nine feet longer than the Los Angeles and a scant fifty feet less than the S. S. Mauretania. She is 133 feet in diameter, greater by thirty-three feet than the width of the Leviathan or the Majestic, the world’s largest steamships. In weight, fully loaded, she is 166 ato | Ss i nie June, 19 GE Flying Hotels Race For First Overseas Flight like a first-class steamship cabin for which you would pay $250 on a good trans. Atlantic liner. Steamer trunks are stowed under the berths. The lavatory has hot and cold running water. Heat is fy. nished by electricity. A porthole looks out through the “view windows” to the ocean. The bath, with showers, is just outside the cabin. You walk through the lounge. Passengers sit in club chairs, chatting, or at refreshment tables. You go down the tons. On her nose, she would come within eighty- three feet of the tip of the sixty- story Woolworth Building. She weighs six tons more than an express locomotive. HE ship has thirty-nine cabins to accommodate her 100 passengers. A crew of forty mans her. She has a cruising radius of 4,000 miles and a speed of eighty-three miles an hour. She will carry ten tons of baggage, mail, and freight. As for crossing in comfort, the passen- ger scarcely will realize the ship is in motion, her builders say. There will be no noise of engines, no vibration, and of course no “white caps.” The trans- Atlantic voyager will need no pills for mal-de-mer, nor, for that matter, for mal-d air! Suppose you are on your first trip. You and your luggage have, come up an elevator inside the towerlike mooring mast just outside New York. You enter from the mast through a door in the bow, and walk along a wide com- panionway in the hull of the ship to the passengers’ sa- loon, about a third of the way back in the structure. You are inside the great ship, but the interi- or is flooded with sunlight through huge plate glass windows. A steward guides you to your cabin. An actual photograph of the saloon in the interior of the R-100. One would think the picture was taken in a hotel or some great ocean liner As to size and equip- ment, it is exactly el PASSAGEWAY Drawing by ~ ‘ seicheditaeaaiaae &, STARBOARD Ami central staircase { to the dining sa- | loon. Stewards are setting the tables for dinner. Accommodations are for fifty din- ers at a time. There are two long tables seating eight persons each; six that seat four each, and five that seat two. The electric range, with the busy chefs, is in one end of the saloon. Now out on the promenade deck. It is thirty-six feet long and seventeen feet wide, on both sides of the passengers’ saloon. A broad and strong walk, it ex- tends from the sides of the cabins over to the huge “view windows.” These are sections of clear plate glass rising out- ward at an angle of forty-five degrees. Easy chairs and tables are here for those who would sit and watch the panorama unfolding below. At night you will dance on this polished deck to radio music from New York and London. ALF of the cabins are on this deck, half on the deck above. We go down the last flight of stairs to the crew's quarters. Here are the captain’s cabin, the chart room, and the quarters of the three navigating officers, the coxswain, the elevator coxswains, the riggers, fuel tender, the chef, and the stewards. Their dining room is just below. Jun fc

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June, 19 , is in It is 1 feet ngers’ it ex- over se are out- zrees. those rama lance from leck, lown ew's ibin, ain, June, 1928 ANCING, Real Beds, and Hot and Cold Water Are Among the Luxuries of the Great Sky Liners Being Constructed for Trans-Atlantic Passenger Service. Trip Will Cost the Traveler $400 and the First Flight Is to Be Made in Early Fall Down a ladder to the control car, where the helmsman is at the wheel and the captain-commander stands over his in- struments. Immediately aft is the wire- less cabin, with a radio operator on duty night and day. ; Another gangway runs along just above the keel to the amidships and after engine cars, and to the freight rooms between them. But passengers are not permitted to wander that far. There is plenty to see up above, to be sure! paige ok CABINS ON TWO DECKS CUBIC FEET. HORSEPOWER NSeOF FUEL — POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 33 The quarters, and two large ventilating shafts provide a constant circulation of fresh air. The interior of the great hull re- sembles the skeleton of a modern steel skyscraper with its maze of beams and girders and _ braces. Whereas the earlier airships were made of duralumin girdering, the framework of the R-100 is of dura- lumin tubing, ten miles of it, re- markably light and enormously strong. The outer envelope is made of The huge framework of the German LZ-127, being built by Dr. Hugo Eckener, builder of the Los An- geles. cee LOUNGE WINDOWS PROMENADE DECK A drawing of the R-100, with parts cut away to show the interior. The picture is a realistic con- ception of the first flight of the air liner from Eng- land to America, expected within a few months The structure housing these three decks is slung from the framework of the hull. It is fifty-three feet wide, thirty-six feet fore and aft, and twenty-seven feet high. The passengers’ quarters are com- pletely contained within the dirigible proper, and only the control car, set directly under the keel, and the three engine cars are exposed. The framework of the structure, reinforced with dura- lumin at points of greatest stress, is built of fireproofed balsa wood and fireproof fabric. A tight fabric ceiling keeps gas from escaping down into the passengers’ / - ° Pe ROL CAR ‘ oe | ns 2 ee BRS tg ae: A striking diagram comparing the Brit- ish air liner with the U. S. Navy’s great aircraft carrier This Zeppelin may beat the R-100 to America f°USS SARATOGA » AMERICAS GREAT NEW AIRPLANE CARRIER-888 FT. LONG, 106 FT. WIDE R-100 709 FT.LONG,I33. FT; DIAMETER ~~~.) “ls P, src) BY.GANG PLANK FROM 225,000 square feet of specially treated fabric. Up in the framework are the fifteen mammoth gas envelopes which give the ship a gas capacity of 5,000,000 cubic feet. Thesix engines, each of 650-horsepower, are the Rolls-Royce Condor type. There are two in each of the three engine cars— two abreast on port and starboard of the lower frame, and the third further aft, slung below the center line. In these cars also are the smaller motors for lighting and heating the ship and for driving the dynamos. . MOORING MAST Specially-made tanks in the rear of the ship hold fifty tons of fuel. At the stern are the upper and lower rudders, upper and lower fins, the two “elevators,” and the elevator fins. In the bow, above the mooring eye, is a lookout station, reached by a ladder, from which the navigating officers take their observations. This is the good ship R-100, in truth a three-story “flying hotel,” destined, un- less all signs fail, to be the first across. The makers of the German passenger dirigible, LZ-127, still hope to be first, but delays in (Continued on page 122)

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34 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY The million square miles where two nations seek land Man Against Man, Nation Against Nation, Dirigible Against Plane, and the Unknown Arctic Against All By BURT M. MCCONNELL General Umberto Nobile, builder and navigator of the Norge, who constructed a new and better dirigible to beat Captain Wilkins to the goal WO men prepared to fly this sum- mer into the last “Unknown Re- gion” of the frozen north, prepared for a hazardous race to explore the top of the world—to read the secrets of the north polar basin. One, in a monoplane, carried the Stars and Stripes. The other, in a dirigible, the Italian flag, to plant on whatever land he may find. Captain George H. Wilkins, veteran of two Arctic expeditions, commanded the plane; and General Umberto Nobile, Italian aviation expert, designer and commander of the dirigible Norge that flew over the Pole, his new ship, the last word in dirigible construction. They planned to start from-opposite sides of the world—Wilkins from Point Barrow, Alaska, northernmost tip of the American continent; Nobile from Spitz- bergen, almost midway between Green- land and Norway. Their announced ob- jective was an‘unexplored area 1,000,000 miles in extent between Alaska and the North Pole. It is a contest between the plane and dirigible, between the American and Italian flags. But both could win, each without the other knowing it! The area which beckoned them is al- most a third the size of the United States. Either could land and plant his flag, claim whatever territory his eye encompassed, and be hundreds of miles from his aerial rival. Whether land exists in this vast un- known region has long been a moot ques- tion. Arctic legends say it holds the “Lost Continent.” Old mariners say it is another Sargasso Sea in which iong- missing ships, locked in the ice, sail endlessly around the Pole. It is quite as important to science, Dr. Isaiah Bowman, director of the American Geographical Society, has said, to know that land does not exist there as to know that it does. The few proofs that are offered tend to indicate that land in some mass, an archipelago at least, does lie in that desolate region. F LAND is found it may mean the opening of new lanes of commerce, of time-saving flights over the top of the world, and a system of transpolar air travel. The nation possessing such land, a requisite for polar air bases, would hold a strategic position. In the absence of unquestioned proofs, scientists have for years studied all avail- able data relative to the geography of this mysterious waste. Their findings, however, have been relatively meager. The late Dr. R. A. Russell, American geographer, attracted attention some time ago by offering a table of the tides in the Arctic Ocean as proof that a large mass of land lay to the north of Alaska. Vilhjalmur Stefansson on one of his last ventures into the Circle took meteoro- logical observations which indicated that the prevailing winds along the north coast of Alaska come from a common center or pole. These “wind poles” are usually higher than the surrounding terri- tory, a fact which led scientists to believe land may lie “somewhere in the center of the ice pack.” ASTERS of old Arctic whaling ships point to the springtime cruises of the bowhead whale as indicating that at least an archipelago exists far north of Alaska. This whale, which feeds only in shallow water, goes north in the spring Captain George H. Wilkins, veteran explorer who chose a monoplane for the race to explore the mysteries of the unknown Arctic region through the Bering Strait and sets a course to the eastward of Wrangel Island. Reaching that point his whereabouts be- come a mystery until he is seen, weeks later, off the west coast of Banks Land, 900 miles to the east. If no land exists in that unexplored region, the old whalers ask, where does the bowhead find shallow water in which to feed during his long journey? _ Geese and ducks have been seen flying directly north from Point Barrow during the early summer. A few months later they fly back with their young. They must have a feeding ground in some place not yet discovered. No one will hazard a definite state- ment as to this northern vastness. One guess, explorers admit, is as good as an- other. They will recite the saga of the **Lost Continent,” handed down through hundreds of years by the natives of Siberia, or repeat the tales of old Arctic skippers of a “phantom fleet” of scores of whaling vessels, gripped in the eternal ice pack. Stories, these, to fire the imag- ination—to challenge the flying explorers on their dangerous quest! It is true that the Norge cut a swath 100 miles wide across this unknown region when she flew over the Pole from Spitz- bergen to Point Barrow two years ago, and that her lookouts sighted no land. But the dirigible flew in a dense fog that all but obscured the vision. On the other hand, Commodore Robert E. Peary, after his discovery of the North Pole in 1909, declared the (Continued on page 137)

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Plorer ‘plore egion sets a ‘sland, its be- weeks Land, exists halers iallow ; long flying uring later They place ‘tate- One $ an- ' the ough s of rctic ores rnal nag- rers ath rion itz- 80, hat her ter 09, 37) June, 1928 team turbine locomotive - being tried ex- ‘admill-like turbine (on t) is driven by poo) blasts of steam POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Huge New Super-Locomotives Three-Power “Iron Horses” of Electricity and Incredible Steam Pressure Make Giants of a Few Years Ago Look Like Toys By GEORGE LEE Down, Jr. ECENT tests of a three-power locomotive, first of its kind, emphasize the amazing progress that locomotive designers have made since their chugging toys of nearly a century ago. No throttle does the engineer of this modern “iron horse”’ grasp. Instead he closes one of a row of electric switches and the steel giant glides forward and picks up speed. A click of relays, a flash of light in the cab—and now it is drawing its silent power from the third rail, instead of from its own huge storage battery. Styles for locomotives in 1928 reveal radical departures. Electric engines like this versatile new one built for the New York Central Railroad herald a new era of smokeless and noiseless travel. Steam engines bigger than ever before challenge them. Meanwhile the Diesel locomotive looms as a formidable future rival. The Central’s new electric is for service in New York freight yards where the tracks are as yet only partly electrified. Its huge storage battery—one of the largest ever put in a locomotive, a seven- teen-ton affair as heavy as a small dwell- ing—will drive it where there is no out- side power. An oil engine and dynamo provide power when the battery needs recharging. One of the outstanding novelties—in- cidentally, the heaviest locomotive Eu- rope has built—is an en- gine whose driving wheels are not beneath it at all, but under double tenders at the front and rear. This oddity is built by I. A. Maffel, of Munich, to twist its hinged frame over the South African Rail- way, noted for its tortu- ous curves. _ With a gasoline engine like an automobile’s where you would expect a boiler to be, and a sawed-off “smokestack” that serves as an exhaust pipe, a new locomotive recently cre- ated a sensation when ex- The world’s biggest electric locomotive—150 feet long. hibited at Los Angeles. Generally gaso- line fuel is too expensive, but for short runs with a few cars, where oil is plenti- ful, this odd engine is expected to pay. Steam turbines—whirling “windmills” driven by powerful jets of steam—have long since replaced cylinder steam engines in great power houses; now they are being tried in locomotives in Europe. When the locomotive Horatio Allen was built for the Delaware and Hudson Rail- road three years ago, some engineers con- sidered its 350-pound steam pressure ex- cessive and dangerous. But it gave greater power and saved fuel, and now the John B. Jervis, with a pressure of 400 pounds, is in use by the same road. Meanwhile a locomotive on the German State Railways develops pressure of 800 pounds, and the exhaust is reused in additional cylinders. Such high pressures tomorrow may be the rule. HE largest electric locomotive in the world is the mammoth on the Vir- ginian Railway that yanks strings of ponderous coal cars from Mullens, W. Va., to the coal docks at Roanoke, Va. From his compartment in the front cab, the engineer can see the engine’s rear end, more than 150 feet away from him, round- ing a curve. His locomotive is in three sections so that it can turn its great length on a sharp curve easily. A single engine In three sections, it bends to negotiate curves, hauling 9,000-ton trains, two miles long, on the Virginian Railway of this type hauls a string of loaded freight cars nearly two miles iong, weigh- ing 9,000 tons! And on the Cascade Mountain route in the state of Washing- ton, two-piece electric locomotives of the same general type whisk huge trains up terrific grades. Four sections could be joined together to make a still greater locomotive. Another huge locomotive of a novel type is the Diesel-electric recently adopt- ed for light traffic by the Chicago and Alton Railroad. It has passenger com- partments and a baggage room and hauls one or two standard passenger cars when traffic warrants at speeds up to sixty- eight miles an hour. Search for new fuels cheaper than coal has speeded the development of the Diesel engine used here and in other of the new locomotives; and many engineers see it as the leading engine of the future. The Diesel is substantially like the motor in your automobile, adapted to use cheap oil for fuel instead of gasoline. It is an internal combustion engine whose fuel explodes in its cylinders. Due to the terrific compression of its flying pistons, it explodes its oil fuel without spark plugs. Such a Diesel engine is generally coupled directly to an electric dynamo, and runs nearly at full speed all the time. The locomotive can be controlled by a switch; there is no need of “shifting gears” for varying load% In Germany, a new type of locomotive has success- fully burned powdered coal, which may be pre- pared from the cheapest grades. It sprays furious- ly burning coal dust into the fire chamber. These are a few samples of what the locomotive engineer drives in 1928. A long way the “iron horse” has traveled since George Stephenson in the original Rocket chugged between Liverpool and Manchester, England, just ninety-nine years ago.

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Catching | tenets Chel ry. a CT LF. Pa de Newart. 6. 3. { i Lb. 3b i 1 poniin ee 7Y HANQVIA CHEMICAL & MANUFACTURING PANY ee Ne ate Art Af fies ee . ener 4 ites or onder 37, Y = DOLLARS i U.S Coin value revetved with interest at 6 per cent. per snow until pokt 4 i , wi: | Payatte at LF £44) A aap J cae nan tet ee ee hie ak smart hts tle si ae me | SS oe a SE Wasae S CEG = a No. Fe es LMA 4 msm = A $59 note raised to $509. The trick was detected when ultra-violet light revealed the true amount in invisible ink, as shown below NM eray-t a weary-footed pony a gray-bearded mountaineer rode through the main street of the old Spanish town of San Felipe in the chaparral]-covered foot- hills of southern California. A tat- tered and shapeless hat shaded his grizzled features from the midsum- mer sun and hid his face from the men who stood in knots along the street talking with violent animation about the cold-blooded murder of the two Rosencrans brothers, shot to death the day before in their cabin twenty miles up a lonely gulch. A deer rifle teetered from the coat strap on the pommel of his saddle. His head drooped and his shoulders swayed to the pony’s lazy jog. Pres- ently he reined the animal into the Court House yard and, a miserable and dejected figure, tottered up the steps to the sheriff’s office. “Guess I’m the man that killed my brothers,” he sobbed as his head fell across his weather-hardened arms on the desk railing. “You guess!” exclaimed the sher- iff, amazed. “Don’t you know?” He caught the old man’s chin and raised his head until he could look into its tear-filled eyes. A breath heavy with the fumes of raw moonshine whiskey came with the answer. “Must ’a’ been me... . . - must ’a” been me... . must ’a’.” “But we’ve got a fellow in jail for the killing,” the sheriff said. ain’t sure TILL the old man maintained his probable guilt. He had awakened in the cabin after a night of heavy drinking to find his brothers dead and the rifle clasped in his arms. He insisted on being locked up. In his cell that night he tried in vain to kill himself. Meantime a young Mexican in an ad- joining cell also lay sleepless, dreading the doom the old mountaineer had fash- ioned for himself. At dawn the Mexican looked out his cell window and saw a crowd of angry townsmen pointing up to the cross arm of a telephone pole. Two carried lariats. There was talk... POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY True Tales of Modern Master Detectives Who, With Light Rays and Chemicals, Solve Crime Mysteries—Science Beats Sherlock Holmes in Finding Hidden Clues By HOWARD MCLELLAN Photomicrograph of fake suicide note forged by woman who killed her husband. It shows traced-over signature and evidences of erasures. The woman finally confessed “String him up there!” . ‘greaser’ out!” The young Mexican had not yet been formally accused of the murders, but he had been told that his thumb print had been found on one of the whiskey flasks from which the brothers had been drinking. Out of this tragic situation there de- veloped one of the weirdest cases in the annals of American criminology. While lynchers were getting ready to string up a man for a crime which another believed he had committed, and human faculties had failed to fix the crime on either, there stepped into the picture a man who had more faith in a microscope and an ordi- nary camera ‘than in the human eye. This man, Chauncey McGovern, is a well-known San Francisco criminologist whose specialty is looking at bits of evi- dence—human hairs, fingerprints, foot- prints, papers—through his cameras and, by an uncanny manipulation of chemicals, . . “bring the June, 19 Crooks with a Camera Photomicrograph of a check, showing finger. prints in acid by the cashier who failed to wipe the acid from his finger tips after erasing the payee’s name and substitut. ing his own. Below: Reverse side with erased signature faintly discernible at left photographic films and papers, get. ting at the hidden truth of things which the human eye cannot per. ceive. McGovern dusted the outside of the whiskey flask with fine aluminum powder, then filled it with black ink, The fateful thumb print stood out clearly. Under a _ microscope it looked precisely like the thumb prints he had taken that day from the Mexican. Then he “took” the thumb print through the _photo- micrographic lens. In this process, details which even the microscope had failed to reveal were brought out—details that proved the im- print on the flask was not that of the Mexican’s thumb! ROKEN ridges and small “is- lands” were found in the print on the flask, but no such details were made by the Mexican’s thumb, He was immediately discharged. The old mountaineer, too, was freed; and subsequent developments have con- vinced the authorities that they were right in absolving both men from participation in the murders. Thus it is seen that justice, which is sometimes accused of being blind, has in the sciences of photography and micros- copy allies with unfailing sight. Indeed, the near tragedy in San Felipe indicates that these sciences, aided by recent de- velopments in light, are approaching the point where the fine line of doubt in many instances of disputed evidence will disappear. This is illustrated by another chapter from McGovern’s book of mys- teries which are, of course, no longer mysteries. A San Francisco manufacturer found his office had been entered and chairs broken, typewriters smashed, desks scratched, and papers smeared with to- bacco juice. Nothing had been stolen; vengeance seemed to have been the motive. One clue was found but proved to be too remote to lead anywhere. The marauder, wearing gloves, left not a fingerprint. Clever—but he still had feet! ea, 42 > & _ — _ . ga oe eee Ge Ee

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June, 19 ing finger. ) failed to Lips after substitut. jide with le at left TS, get- of things not per- itside of uminum lack ink, ood out cope it thumb ay from ok” the photo- process, TOscope brought he im- t of the ill i. e print ils were ib, He . The d; and e con- y were - from Lich is has in 1icros- ndeed, licates it de- e will other mys- onger ‘ound hairs lesks h to- olen; the ‘0 be The ot a feet! - was foun Jane, 1928 McGovern threw a strong light on the top of a mahogany desk, ‘aged his micrographic camera eas the desk top, and “shot” down at it. Even under a magni- fying glass, the highly polished sur- face revealed nothing; but the all- seeing lens showed the prints of a leather shoe sole and rubber heel where the culprit had stepped on the desk to reach filing cases on a i If. ME ssing a panchromatic film and a G-filter in the camera, a negative was produced which gave the actual size of the shoe—number nine! ETECTIVES checked up on all D wearers of number nine shoes in the factory. A disgruntled foreman d who wore that size. McGovern put on his shoes, step- into thinly laid lampblack, and walked on several sheets of white paper, making prints corresponding with those on the desk. The foreman was convicted by a jury that saw the test repeated in the courtroom. The largest item in the nation’s bill is the loss at the hands of check operators—the printers of counterfeit checks, check raisers, and forgers—all members of the tribe known to the underworld as “paper hangers.” Each year they take more than $20,000,000 from the American public. The schemes they de- vise to get easy money frequently go un- disclosed for years. Except for McGovern and his micro- scopic camera, one of the most baffling check mysteries on record might have gone unsolved to this day. After twenty years of friendly business intercourse, a large Pacific Coast wholesale paper firm came to loggerheads with a customer over what appeared to be unpaid bills of more than $100,000. The customer firm pro- duced its payment checks, properly en- dorsed by the paper firm and marked paid and canceled by the bank through which they had passed. Yet the firm to which the money was due insisted it had never received any of the amounts. INALLY the heads of the two companies met. “Somebody’s lying,” said one. “ Yes,’’ said the other, “and it isn’t us.” So the wholesaler sued and the customer called in McGovern. A few days after word got out that the crim- inologist was on the job the unsuspected cashier of the cus- tomer firm killed him- self. The $100,000 had found its way in- to his pockets through an amazing check manipulation. The secret of his scheme was thought to have n buried with him, but the camera POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Chauncey McGovern at his glass topped, so-called ghost table on which he makes light and the micro- graph camera reveal secrets of crime documents brought it to light. The cashier had made out the checks as usual and had his president sign them. Then with chemicals he had erased the paper house’s name as payee, substituted his own, and cashed the checks. When they came back canceled from his firm’s bank he had erased his own name and endorsements and in their place had forged the name and endorse- ments of the paper firm. The checks were then placed with others in the “‘dead”’ files. Examination of the checks by the eye and microscope failed to disclose the alterations. Left: Vandal’s shoe print detected by photomicrograph on a desk after study with a magnifying glass had revealed nothing. Right: Test footprints that were made with the suspect’s shoe and established his guilt 37 McGovern put them under his micrographic camera. By using a hard glossy contrast photographic paper and a process film, the eradi- cated signatures of the cashier were brought out. By the same process a mystery was untangled after the foreman of a lumber mill was found dead in his home, a revolver by his side and a “suicide note” in one hand. “The handwriting is all his,” said the prosecuting attorney. “That remains to be seen,” said McGovern. He went into his dark room and emerged with a photo- micrographic negative of the note. The only writing in the foreman’s hand was his signature. The criminologist accused the foreman’s wife, who retaliated by suing him for libel; but before the suit came to trial, she confessed and began serving a twenty-year sentence for his death. HE had erased an old note from her husband, all but the sig- nature, which she traced over and above which she wrote the suicide note. The camera had recorded enough of the erased letters to ex- pose the deceit. Where the camera is making progress in the scientific detection of crime, an ultra-violet ray lamp is lending aid to crime prevention. A short time ago a traveling “check printer” skilled in the crooked art of faking pay-roll checks used by large corporations turned up in New York City. One of the fakes fell into the hands of Dr. Her- man Goodman, who had such an ultra-violet lamp, used to detect im- pure chemicals. In his possession he chanced to have a check given by the company on whose account the fake check had been drawn. Holding the two checks under his lamp, he saw an_ invisible safety symbol like a water mark, in the paper of the genuine check; the fake had no such symbol and its pa- per under the pen- etrating rays was of an entirely dif- ferent texture and color. The ultra-violet rays had caused a fluorescence to appear in the genuine check and the protective markings printed in a secret ink were brought to light. Among new inventions, the Knowles grid-glow tube strikes terror to the ban- dit heart. The faintest shadow passing near the tube makes it sound an alarm. Recently burglars in an attempt to enter a jewelry store raised a window curtain. The tube caught the movement of light and registered an alarm. A photomicrograph of the thumb print seen through the peephole cleared two innocent men held on murder charges

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Galileo Galilei, .~ ‘Immortal Fool” 2. Paid in Persecution, He Made Over Half of Science, and His Inventions Changed the World’s Entire Course By ARTHUR A. STUART BOUT the time New York was born, a city of 500 souls, there lived near the Italian city of Florence a broken old man, banished from the world, an exile within his own house, soon to die of fever. Once the vigor of his mind had overthrown the dictates of wise men, had commanded the respect—and enmity—of the most powerful; now he was racked with pain and misery. Once his keen eyes had peered farther into space and seen more wonders than any man; now those eyes were blind. With groping hand he wrote: “Alas, your dear friend and serv- ant Galileo has been for the last month perfectly blind, so that this heaven, this earth, this universe, which I have enlarged a hundred thousand times beyond the belief of the wise men of bygone ages, hencefor- POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY

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ward is for me shrunk into such small space as is filled by my own bodily sensations.” Today, after nearly three . cen- turies, this tragic figure is revered as one of the immortals of science. In a modern world of wonders which grew largely from his restless brain, almost every school child knows his name and deeds—Galileo Galilei, the inventor who gave us the pendulum, thermometer and telescope; the as- tronomer who first revealed the majesty of countless stars in bound- less space; the philosopher who broke the shackles which had retarded the progress of knowledge for centuries, and who put a self-exalted world in

PROM the day when with the beat of his pulse he timed the swinging cathedral lamp in Pisa until his death, Galileo never lost enthusiasm for his experiments. Luther Burbank, when a young man, used to return from his walks with his handkerchief gone, his shoes flapping, and the end torn off his necktie. He would explain that the string with which he marked unusual wild flowers in order to find them at seed-time had given out. So he had used his shoe strings, strips of his handkerchief, and bits of his necktie for markers. Great men of science find their work so interesting that they give it their whole attention. And that trait is commonly called genius.

its place as a little rotating ball in a mighty creation of suns and planets. IHE genius who did all these things achieved greatness by daring to kick over the traces of tradition to discover facts and prove them. Throughout a dramatic life he was scoffed at and even persecuted for his pains. But the net result was to give to future generations a new understanding of the laws of energy and motion, without which mechanical marvels of our time might never have been possible. Galileo began life in 1564, the son of an impoverished Florentine nobleman. He was a “regular boy,” whittling, hammer- ing, contriving ingenious mechanical toys out of odds and ends. He was especially fond of drawing and playing the lute. Some day, he thought, he might become a great artist. But his father thought otherwise and, scraping together his meager savings, sent the lad, at seventeen, to the Uni- versity of Pisa to become a physician. Here Galileo was quickly marked among his fellows for originality. He was ever- lastingly curious. He refused to accept anything as fact, unless shown the proofs. He disturbed his instructors. They, like scholars for centuries before them, accepted without question the words of Aristotle as to the foundations of natural law. Who was this bold young upstart?

Galileo amazes scientists and gains fame that will endure longer than the tower of Pisa by dropping stones from it to disprove the theory that weight determines speed of falling bodies “Fool,” they said, “do you think your- self wiser than Aristotle?” But the mind of Galileo drove on; One day he overheard an_ instructor teaching geometry to court pages. A passion to master the subject fired him, Forgetting his medicine and his father’s admonitions, he plunged through six books of Euclid and the works of Archi- medes, then asked for more. ROM this study emerged the inventor. One evening in the cathedral of Pisa the swinging of a high chandelier caught his attention. Closely he watched as its dis- tance of travel gradually diminished. Suddenly he observed a significant fact— no matter how wide the are described by the chandelier, the time consumed in one complete oscillation was always the same. Here, he saw, was a new principle which might be used to control the measure- ment of time. But he must verify his observation. Returning to his room, he whittled out a crude contrivance of cog- wheels controlled by a swinging pendu- lum. It worked. First he applied his dis- covery to aid physicians in measuring the pulses of patients. Later he constructed a clock. Thus, out of a swinging lamp and a brain, came the forerunner of modern pendulum timepieces. Meanwhile Galileo’s work in mathe- matics and physics was receiving recog- nition. Friends called him “a second Archimedes.” Treatises on the center of gravity and on the behavior of floating bodies won for him, at twenty-five, a professorship in mathematics in the uni- versity. But as his fame increased, so did his enemies—people (Continued on page 126)

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ve on; rructor es. A d him. ather’s th six Archi- entor. isa the ht his ts dis- ished. fact— ed by in one same. which isure- 'y his 1, he f cog- endu- s dis- g the ucted lamp r of athe- 2COg- cond er of iting re, @ uni- 1 his 126) ngs drawn (above) by ordinary magnet and new hollow magnet with half the he power, and more uniform force Iron fili (below) by the weight, twice t A big magnet in a Chicago plant moving with ease half a ton of steel staves like so much straw from a delivery car oy tes Six workmen hang from a steel bar held by a magnetic pulley while a seventh, with iton-soled shoes, hangs from it head down POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY MAGNETS— Strangest Tool of Man MASS of steel rises upward in ap- parent defiance of gravity—you can see it on the cover of this magazine—to drop neatly to the spot where it is wanted. From a pile of ore great chunks of dross leap up as if alive and sapphires and diamonds remain. These are but samples of man’s achieve- ments developed from the toy horseshoe magnet of his childhood. Magnets serve in your telephone, your motorcycle, or automobile, your doorbell, your radio loudspeaker—in virtually everything you use that is electrical. And the end is not yet. In the Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C., a huge magnet helps study the mysterious atomic structure of rare metals. In England, P. L. Kapitza plans to short-circuit all the power of a four-ton dynamo through a two-inch coil, making it momentarily the most powerful magnet in the world! Drawing metal splinters from an injured worker’s hand with the cobalt steel *‘magnetic pencil’? de- veloped by Dr. R. C. Hartsough, of the Chicago Western Electric Co. Discarding nine steel strips composing a solid magnet, Joseph Zacher, German, makes a hollow magnet twice as strong of the remaining four strips See | Smashing obsolete U. S. ships for junk at Alexandria, Va. A magnet drops a 2-ton steel ball on the worn-out hulks ie e* “= ets : « - 45 ee : Bee 1 Sas wi te aa SD 8, res Half a ton of iron filings rush to a magnei to be carried away by it when a crane lowers it into their bin in Paterson, N. J., junk yard W. F. Meggers of the U. S. Bureau of Stand- ards and his powerful electromagnet, which is cooled by water in its hollow windings

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40 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY ; 4 x eee Mov orm “ARKANSAS ay INNS “Qe RIVER x ¢@ Pe TAMING .. a This map exaggerates the height of the river channels in order to make the Mississippi problem clearer THE MISSISSIPPI Sete L Sissigsivrs rivet ZA ‘ e~ MISSISSIPP! RIVER— RED RIVER \ ™ LEVEL HIGHER THAN THAT S]--c OF SURRGUNDING COUNTRY ¥ es age x — Ma JF ae ~ . a i eee Fr GULF -OF MEXICO’ > : By Myron M. STEARNS pe I ' Na HOUSE swirls along in a mighty was two feet higher than last year. And being raised a little at the upper end! ma current. A man clings desper- in 1844, with virtually no levees, the “Across this flat valley,” Prof. Lane Th ately to the roof. A huge up-_ waters spread over the whole vast valley. went on, “‘the Mississippi has had to cut, ust rooted tree courses alongside, I went to Boston to consult Alfred C. through thousands of years, its twisting, an Drowned cattle and horsessweep Lane, Professor of Geology at Tufts shallow channel to the Gulf. bu along in the rush of water. On either side College, an authority on flood control. “Now, to make it worse, a lot of the an inland sea stretches thirty miles, In 1889 he was hydrographic engineer on _ silt dug from the channel has never been flo wide as Lake Michigan, with a devastat- the Rio Grande. He has had a long, carried out to sea. It has merely been th ing current a hundred feet deep down the — successful record as State Geologist of piled on the land near the banks in the on middle. Michigan and is vice president of the countless overflows. So the middle of lai The Mississippi River in flood! Geological Society of America and a_ the valley, where the Mississippi itself pe Will this be the last? How are those member of the National Research Coun- twists down, is now actually higher than th hundreds of square miles of mad water cil. “Why,” I asked him, “does the _ the land at the sides of the valley.” to in a flat, densely populated plain to be Mississippi, with other rivers in its valley, controlled? The states most vitally make so much trouble? Others don’t. HUS it happens that hundreds of N affected have appealed desperately for The Colorado doesn’t—or didn’t until thousands of houses are ten to thirty fi help. Congress spent weeks debating the man interfered with its natural course.” feet lower than the river itself when it is o problem and set about spending hundreds “The explanation is not so difficult,” in flood. al of millions of dollars to meet it. Prof. Lane said. “Geologically speaking, From the edges of the river, Prof. Lane ke For more than a year scientists have the whole Mississippi valley is new land. _ told me, the land slopes away downward, t! been grappling with it. It is the greatest It is still rising from the bottom of the _ fifteen or twenty feet in four or five miles, I challenge of Nature that science has_ sea. In ten years it may rise an inch; in until you come here and there to smaller ( ever accepted. Can science win? How? a hundred, a foot or two. rivers and watercourses at levels lower Those are the questions whose answers “Geologists’ opinions differ, but the than the Mississippi, and more or less ‘ the editors of PopuLaArR ScrencE MontTHLY dominant theory is that the earth’s crust _ parallel to it. ' set me to find for you. The Mississippi valley flood problem is not, as many suppose, the result of man’s interfering with Nature. It is all Nature’s own doing. Long before man appeared in the Mississippi valley, the floods were there. In 1543, according to the Spanish historian La Vega, when the flood took forty days to reach its height, only the tops of the tallest trees were visible for twenty leagues on either side of the Mississippi. The greatest flood, accord- ing to traditional belief, was in 1785. The greatest of which there is definite record was in 1844,:when the water at Cairo in.the whole region around where the Great Lakes now are was depressed by the tremendous weight of ice in the glacial period and is now gradually springing back into place. Thus the lower valley, instead of being a true delta, made wholly by mud deposited by the river itself, is a plain raised by great natural forces across what once was the river’s mouth. “470U can see today, five hundred miles inland, sand dunes that were or- iginally on the shore of the Gulf of Mexico. ‘The lower Mississippi valley is slowly being tipped upward, like a washboard No wonder man has had trouble controlling the Mississippi! To all intents and purposes the river is flowing along a_ low ridge in the middle of a flat plain! As Prof. Lane referred to the Merrimac and other relatively small rivers of New England, I realized that to a degree all flood control problems are similar. Last year was unprecedented for storms and floods. There were floods even in mountainous districts all over the world, where such things are almost unknown—in the hills of New England, in the Engadine Mountains at the eastern edge of the Alps. In this country alone —— Ss - o- -—

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June, 192 a. FS tT channels m clearer or end! to cut, visting, of the r been ’ been in the dle of itself r than 99 ds of thirty 1 it is Lane ward, niles, aller ower less uble ents ng a mac New all for ver ost nd, ern one NELS CARRY iS WATER SAFELY JO THE SEAS R°DEVELOPMEN TRIBUTARIE. WITHHOLD WATER FROM MAIN STREAB Maps prepared and drawn by Frank H ubbard the damage was more than half a billion dollars, and hundreds of lives were lost. Every year, in one place or another, Nature smashes’ forth and overturns man’s greatest efforts to control her. There is a cloudburst in Colorado! Un- usually high tides back up in the Thames, and flood part of London! A great dam bursts in Pennsylvania or California! Nowhere on earth, however, is the food control problem greater than in the Mississippi valley, with its thousands on thousands of square miles of fertile farm land, where more than a million and a half people live in homes below the level of the river. Through science, Prof. Lane told me, those homes will soon be safe! Man’s first effort to control the Mississippi was by building levees. The first planters thus sought to protect their own plantations and passed the danger along to the next fellows. Gradually the levees were enlarged and extended until they now form a set of parallel banks long enough to reach from New York to Chicago! They have cost, so far, more than $250,000,000! HEN, last year, came the flood again to show their inadequacy. Every few years, after more millions have raised the levees another foot higher, a new flood overflows them! A stream as big as a barrel bursts through the side of the levee! A few minutes later it is a torrent! Great dikes crumble. A new crevasse is formed, perhaps miles wide. The river goes flooding away again across the plantations. Again, as in 1543, only the tops of trees can be seen for miles above the flood! “For a hundred years,” said Prof. Lane, “only this one effort has been made * ie _ GULF OF MEXICO POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY ._. MISSISSIPPI pene tS RIVER = A re, YF are +: ‘ Xt WSS 41 The flood control measures are not located precisely, but approximately, merely to illustrate the plan How Ages of Ruthless Flood Devastation Can Be Ended Forever and Murderous Water Made to Do Man’s Work to control the Mississippi, but that is not enough. There is more than one way of skinning a cat.” “TI suppose,” I ventured, ‘ ‘one of the THE EARTH’S TIDES MOSQUITO, perched ona steam- er, might tell you how solid and immovable was its resting place. All the while, the ship would be rising and falling in the water. Men, walking on the earth’s sur- face, think of it as solid. Yet the very continents we live on, like floating islands, are riding on a fluid layer below the earth’s outer crust. They, like the mosquito’s ship, rise and fall on waves that take centuries to reach a crest. Mr. Stearns here tells, in a few words, a thrilling story of a mov- ing continent. Centuries ago, ice, pressing down on the Great Lakes region, as your thumb presses down on a soft tennis ball, pushed itin. Now it is springing back and the whole Mississippi valley is slowly rising. To understand this world we live in requires imagination. next steps will be to dredge a deeper channel.” “No,” he said emphatically. “That's another popular misconception of the Mississippi problem. It’s true that the channel gradually silts up, during low water, when the current is slow; but what people don’t know is the amazing lifting power of a stream of water. “Each time the speed of a current doubles, its lifting power multiplies sixty-four times. If water traveling at three miles an hour can lift or roll along a stone an inch in diameter, then by the time the current is rushing at twelve miles an hour, it can lift or roll a rock more than a foot through. In times of flood a river like the Mississippi dredges out its own channel. Usually, for every rise of a foot in the height of a great river like the Mississippi, there is another foot added at the bottom of the channel until bedrock is reached. “Near Kansas City there is a place where the Missouri is about twenty feet deep. The bottom usually is another forty feet‘above bedrock. In flood times when the river reaches a forty-foot stage, all the mud in the channel is dredged out so that the stream is a hundred feet deep.” “TPVHEN what,” I wanted to know, “is the next big step to control the Mississippi, if levees and dredging will not avail?” “Two additional useful measures are already contemplated,” was the answer, “spillways and floodways. The 1927 flood showed their necessity, and their effectiveness as well. You remember how, to safeguard the city of New Orleans, the levee was dynamited and a great area below the city inundated. That, with modifications, is the idea of a spillway. ““When the river reaches a stage to endanger the levees, safety ¢an be se- cured only by providing some outlet for the extra water. Clearly, it is better to provide an outlet at some given point - than to let the river make its own break at some unexpected spot. Spillways here and there along the levees will take a share of the flood water—just as with reservoirs and dams—and prevent the river from rising beyond a certain stage. “But that (Continued on page 125)

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Forts on Wheels Defy Bandit * aie Sa os el How an armored car con- ductor, with guards, delivers a million dollars in bonds RAVELING arsenals to be seen nowadays in the streets of many cities have dealt a hard blow to the holdup business. Not so long ago it was a regular thing to read of the robbery of bank messengers and payroll carriers; now criminals prefer to try hold- ing up cashiers in their cages or cracking safes. Armor plate and bullet-proof glass have pretty effectually curbed the two- gun boys who used to ply their trade in the streets. In scores of cities it is a common sight for one of these steel cars to roll up in front of a bank or other business house, deliver or load up with money bags, and dash away. The armored cars cost nearly $10,000 and haul money by the millions— actually by the ton. In New York a fair day’s business with the banks alone is from $5,000,000 to $10,000,000. Pay- rolls transferred amount frequently to $250,000 each. It is no uncommon thing to move a whole bank—twenty-five, fifty, or a hundred million dollars hauled through the streets! The latest armored cars are fabricated of double layers of steel, with a stuffing of laminated wool between to stop, or at least slow up, any bullet that might pierce the outer layer. They are spotted in the sides and back with loopholes, covered with steel disks and provided with bullet-proof glass peepers. When a marksman inside puts the muzzle of his automatic pistol, shotgun, or machine gun to one of these loopholes, the disk auto- matically drops far enough aside to let the barrel through. When he withdraws the gun, the disk slips back into place. INCE the men in the car must keep a sharp lookout, a clerestory, or eleva- tion of the roof, is provided to give room for windows. I examined a sample of their bullet-proof glass which had been used for pistol practice. Two shots from a .45-caliber pistol, fired from a distance of fifteen feet—the approximate distance it takes a bullet to reach maximum velocity—hitting virtually the same spot, had simply bounced off, leaving POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY only two frosty smears where they had ruffed the surface and a few jagged cracks. The glass, an inch thick, is fashioned in accordance with an interesting principle. The hu- - man body, especially the stom- ach, offers a peculiar resistance to bullets. The resilience, or [| “give,” like that of a cushion, | breaks the velocity of the bullet and so reduces its power to pene- trate. The glass is in three layers—thin ones for the sur- faces and a thick and compara- tively soft one between. When a shot hits a surface, the middle layer “gives” and the bullet drops to the ground, though it may crack the surface glass. The windshield, too, is made of this glass. Some of the cars use approximately $300 worth of it. Thwarted at one point, your modern bandit may turn to another. If he cannot shoot his way to the money, he may try poison gas. But the armored cars of the U. S. Trucking Corporation, of New York, as well as many others, are equipped with gas ventilators to clear them of fumes. % \ TYPICAL car is manned by a uni- formed crew of four—the driver, in a separate, inclosed compartment, from which he does not emerge during the trip; the conductor, who carries the money or other valuables; and two guards. Each man has an automatic pistol and in the car one or more sawed- off shotguns loaded with buckshot, and a machine gun—or two—that rains. out steel or buckshot at twenty-one dis- charges a second. The sawed-off shotguns can be held up and fired like a pistol. You can’t buy one of these fellows. They are sold only to police departments and to others who combat crime. On reaching the destination, the con- ductor throws on a special emergency Peering through a bullet-proof glass peephole of his armored car, the express car guard can fire at bandits through one of the loopholes protected by steel shields An Inside Story of the Cars Armored with Steel, Wool, and Glass Tha Carry Safely Huge Sums In Crime-Ridden Streets By P. A. CARMICHAEL brake, which locks the wheels. It is designed primarily for use in case the driver should be shot while the car is in motion. One guard, his hand on his automatic, gets out. Then comes the conductor, carrying the money. After him strides the other guard. All ar ready to shoot on the instant. Inside the car the driver is likewise ready to shoot through loopholes. So the delivery is made. Despite the seeming invulnerability of steel to bullets, instances of armored cat holdups are not lacking. In Pittsburgh car was dynamited by thugs, who escaped with a payroll of approximately $100,000. On a main street of Buffalo bandits got “the drop” on such a car, killed two of the crew, and got away with $93,000, An express company which moves many millions of dollars a day offers its men $1,000 for any bandit they kill. Not the least sufferer at the hands of the holdup men has been the U. S. Gov ernment. It is not so long ago marines were guarding railway mail cars and post office trucks. Now the Post Office Department has (Continued on page 12)

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> of his bandits shields ls. It is case the Car is in 1 on his omes the y. After All are nside the to shoot livery is bility of ored car sburgha escaped 100,000, bandits lled two 93,000, moves »ffers its <ill, ands of S. Gov- marines nd post Office age 198) june, 1928

SIDE the encircling black wire grating of a short-wave radio re-

* , & y a POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 43 Giant Mystery Tube Promises New Radio Marvels

6.27 j ’ v7 ae. | ks, The mystery tube in its wooden cage with the maze of equipment that feeds its tremendous power. The copper bar with its glass insula- tor at the lower right is the trans- mitting aerial of the strange ZT-6

search laboratory, en- gineers of the General Elec- tre Company, at Schenec- tady, N. Y., have just The fifty-million-waves-a-sec- ond radio tube that warms the blood of anyone standing near it and may prove of incalcu- lable value to medical science turned loose the most won- derful radio tube in the world—the mystery “‘ZT- 6.” And while experts are still trying to acount for the startling events that occur when its short waves run wild, engineers under the direction of Dr. W. R. Whitney are launching a new investi- gation with longer radio waves that promises fresh wonders. Electric lamps glow without sockets or wires when near the mystery tube. Meters in rooms all over the building run wild. Approach the glass flask when its current is on, and you will feel your- self being baked from the inside out. Apples and sausages, placed on a copper tod “antenna” which is a duplicate of the tube’s transmitting aerial ten feet away, are cooked to a turn in a few sec- onds! Sparks appear out of thin air to crackle about the wire netting that in- closes the laboratory; and the engineers stand on wooden platforms because there is metal in the reinforced concrete floor. A metal bar lying on the floor blisters the aa that picks it up, though the bar is cold. O ONE could foresee what would \ happen when an engineer pulled the switch that set the five-inch-thick, two-

as well as to industrial world foot-high ZT-6 tube glowing in its wooden cage at the south side of the laboratory. That was what Dr. Whitney wanted to find out. Weak radio waves, when their length is short compared with the quarter- mile waves that broadcasting stations use, are known to perform feats that seem magical to the layman. Only last year Dr. Phillips Thomas, research en- gineer of the Westinghouse Company, lighted lamps by radio to demonstrate the possibility of radio power transmis- sion—he used extremely short waves pro- duced by a “mouse-power” tube of a mere thirty watts power. But Dr. Whitney strove to create, and try out, a tube that would loose short waves of enormous power simply to see what they would do. His new ZT-6 tube is a titan that hurls into the ether fifteen thousand watts of power—probably fifty times as much as has ever jarred a laboratory on as short a wave as it generates, and enough to kill rats placed in a cage near the mystery tube. Even now that it has been tested, its possibilities are still unknown. Will it prove the long-sought key to radio power transmission? Does there lie hidden within

It Generates Strange Rays That Kill Animals and Cook Food and May Reveal the Secret of Wireless Power By RoBert E. MARTIN it the principle on which may be based some future terrible “death ray?” Dr. Whitney, director of the research labo- ratory in which the tube was developed, warns against such sensational conclu- sions at this time. “No one can safely predict or promise a utility for such new things,” he says. “It is clear that further experiments must first be carried out.” Only one prediction he is willing to make —the surprising fact that medicine may have a new tool in the ZT-6 tube. ERSONS approaching the tube have felt a warm glow not unlike that pro- duced by an alcoholic stimulant—and, if they remained too close, pain in their limbs and joints. With a doctor present, several laboratory workers volunteered to stand in front of the tube for tests of its effects on them. In fifteen minutes’ time, the physician had observed what were probably the first cases on record of artificial “electric fever.””’ The subjects’ blood temperatures had risen to nearly 100 degrees before the tube was shut off. “Fevers are sometimes artificially pro- duced to start convalescence,” Dr. Whitney points out, “and it may be

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44 assumed that if we had here a perfectly harmless method for warming the blood it might have value.” Fruit flies, and also rats, were placed before the tube in an effort to learn more about the strange radiations. When a cage of rats was placed near the antenna that hurled the tube’s waves into the air, the rats became excessively ani- mated. Exposed longer, they died. Engineers set about finding why the mysterious waves warmed the blood. They placed vessels of salt water near the antenna, and found that when the solutions were of similar consistency to hu- man blood—with about one teaspoonful of salt to a pint POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY HOW your friend, who thinks science is only a cold-blooded thing dealing with mathemat- ical formulas, this story. Everything was ready. The tube was connected. The engineer stood with his hand on _ the switch. ‘‘And,”’ says Mr. Martin, ‘nobody knew what would hap- pen when the switch clicked!’ Not even the men who con- structed the tube could prophesy the weird, unbelievable things June, 1923. ratory with a way. delicate. radio nein Suddenly the wave meter he was holding became red-ho and blew up! . When a sausage, pl i a glass tube, is eng mate the copper bar that serves as a receiving aerial, it imme. diately begins ‘to steam, A few seconds later, it is beau. tifully cooked by the stray electric currents that have coursed through it. An apple impaled on the rod is speed. ily baked. Cookies are baked that followed. that. of water—they, too, grew hot under the radio bombardment. Salt water would do, then, as a substitute for blood in the unique tests of the new tube. The tests disclosed that, at the ex- tremely short wave length of six meters— a wave no longer than the laboratory it- self—the salt water reached its greatest heat. T THE particular wave length of six meters, the human blood becomes a veritable electric network teeming with stray currents. For the comfort and safety of the experimenters, therefore, the tube has been readjusted to produce a longer, and hence harmless, wave. All the weird phenomena have not yet been photographed for scientific record. Some of the most spectacular ones, though, have been recorded. Picture a dazzling, sputtering plume of greenish-white electric flame, hurling molten copper in all directions, until it is blown out! When the experimenters touch a_ metal-tipped pole to the copper transmitting aerial—or even to the receiving rod, connected only invisibly, by radio, to the glowing tube ten feet away—this electric flame, more than two feet high at the transmit- ting end, shoots into the air! They take the pole away. The mysterious flame When a metal-tip pole touched the ZT-6’s aerial this two-foot flame burned until blown out Pacific. remains, sputtering as it melts the copper bar. It resembles the “ball of fire”’ re- puted to accompany tropical thunder- storms. By skillful manipulation they raise three or four such flames on a single rod. Some are higher than others, and their heights make a spectacular graph of the voltage or electrical pressure at points along the rod! Not an electrical instrument in the entire building that houses the short-wave laboratory can be used while the ZT-6 tube is in operation. Through walls and ceilings, delicate measuring instruments feel the tube’s force. Their dial needles quiver and run wild, just as the compass plays strange pranks during a brilliant display of northern lights. The story is told of a man who came into the labo- Picking radio power'out of the air to light a high-power electric lamp with the aid of the mysterious ZT-6 tube, which also can bake apples and sausage and even fry eggs in a few seconds. E. D. McArthur (right) holds a receiving antenna while his assist- ant holds another of the same type. When the antennae touch, the high-frequency waves pass through the body of the assistant and light the 250-watt incandescent bulb. The cage of the mystery tube is at the rear left and the horizontal transmitting antenna of the only half understood marvel is at the rear in other tests with slightly altered apparatus. jr = wonder room where these things happen is a bare-looking, screened labo- ratory; inside its sliding door wooden tables stand _ piled with electrical apparatus, while wooden gratings bridge the concrete floor between them. The tube rests in its framework cage, surrounded by an intri- cate-looking maze of wires, condensers, and oscillators that feed it its titanic power. Beside it hangs the ten-fost, horizontal piece of copper tubing that projects its mysterious “rays” straight Nothing cut-and-dried about It was a moment of ad- venture as thrilling as the one in which Columbus sailed into un- known seas or Balboa looked over a mountain rim and saw the blue ’ through the air, to be picked up by anoth- er ten-foot rod four or five paces away, mounted upon a table. This is the rod on which the experimenters cook sausages and fry eggs. Not very different in appearance from the ordinary high-power vacuum ‘tube that radio broadcasting stations use is the new ZT-6, or high-frequency tube as it is called because of its fifty-million-wave-a- second speed. Its ability to pack its whole fifteen kilowatts of power—enough to light brilliantly half a dozen dwellings and run their toasters and vacuum cleaners as well—into the short wave length of six meters is the real secret of its as- tounding effects. face | marin Jeffer: These gir-bo the fu pulve

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fuel! Recent successful trial voy- ages of the freighter Mercer, first ocean ship to burn coal dust as fine as face powder, herald a new epoch in marine engineering, according to Carl J. Jefferson, of the U. S. Shipping Board. These tests, yet incomplete, indicate that sir-borne jets of powdered coal may cut the fuel cost for trans-Atlantic liners. On this page our artist depicts the amazing machinery with which the Mercer pulverizes and burns her own coal, fie pulverized coal—the new sea POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Coal Runs a Ship The Mercer dispensing with the customary two- score straining, sweating stokers. Or- dinary “run-of-mine” coal, crushed to chestnut size by a steam engine, drops into hoppers, and revolving six- foot pulverizers rain more than a ton of cast-iron balls on the coal, smash- ing it to dust. Now a “primary” jet of hot air lifts the powder through a pipe and hurls it whirling into the fire. Perfect combustion is assured by a “secondary” blast of hot air that mixes with the incoming fuel. | Pasaanaumess UPTAKE TO STACK

FOR PREHEATED -- \ SECONDARY AIR i i i SCOTCH ‘BOILER [ DOUBLE FRONT & HEATED AIR TO PULVERIZER a te: et fey . ge if j { oY | ss all, 7] y/ XX : . 4 \l Ge OTATING SECONDARY HOT AIR O BURNER THROUGH LOUVERS f TUBULAR FURNACE FUELANDAIR ®& TATING IN “WR PPOSITE DIRECTION ) THE PREHEATED ON DARY AIR OF SCOTCH BOILER cts att, : 5 <=

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no % BUNKER CONTAINING DAYS RUN OF CRUSHED COAL FOR ONE BOILER (IZ INCH MAXIMUM Si1ZE ) PRIMARY AIR AND PULVERIZED COAL ENGINE DRIVING \ PULVERIZING © MILL ‘yy FEEDER —

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Harvest O Following the discovery that cornstalk pulp can be utilized in the manufacture of at least 309 articles, including paper and artificial silk, Dr. Bela Dorner, Hungarian chemist, has devised a ma- | chine for refining the pulp. Officials of ' afirm making the pulp at Danville, Iil., are seen examining the finished product EWEST discoveries and jj inventions in the varied fields of science that are of special importance be- cause of their bearing on our everyday life, and the present and projected researches looking toward further scientific advances and human benefits, are chronicled for you from month to month in these pages. Watching a Star Explode NE of the rare spectacles of the heavens—the explosion of a star— is being observed through the Harvard College Observatory telescope at Bloem- fontein, South Africa. The star, called Nova Pictoris, was until three years ago invisible to the naked eye. Suddenly it flared to ten thousand times its former brightness. Around its edge appeared a ring of cloudy matter evidently shot out by the blast. This cloud has steadily grown larger. Now, astronomers say, the star is doomed to fade and die. This mighty celestial event has added interest to the study of what the stars, including our sun, are made of. The gen- erally accepted theory has been that they are masses of flaming gases. But now one of the world’s foremost astronomers, Professor J. H. Jeans, advances the sur- prising theory that they have liquid cen- ters, surrounded by gas. He argues that if the sun and other stars were entirely of gas, they would collapse. Moreover, there exist double stars, undoubtedly created by the breaking apart of single stars. Gas could not so split apart. Liquid could. Recent research has given a clearer idea of the energy sent out by the sun. Imagine a globe with a radius of 93,000,- 000 miles, the distance from the earth to the sun. If the sun’s energy were put to POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY June, 1975 { the Laboratories Microscope Movie Camera Films Bacteria jp Action—Effects of Sun Spots on Atmosphere Proved—Audible Sounds of Nerve Impulse Can Be Radioed—Erysipelas Antitoxin Found Examining refined cornstalk pulp dry- ing on the huge cyl- inder of one of Dor- ner’s machines in the first plant to make cornstalk products mechanical work, it could supply one horsepower to every square yard over the surface of such a globe. For all that, it will take at least 15,000,- 000,000,000 years for the sun to burn out, says Dr. C. G. Abbot, astrophysicist and secretary of the Smith- sonian Institution. assistant professor of physiology in the University of Chicago, has completed tests which indicate that the origin of nerve impulses, and of thinking itself, jg a heat-producing chemical process—just as the source of electric currents oye power wires lies in the boilers of the gen. erating plant. This discovery has heey called “an achievement in the field of nerve physiology comparable to those of Prof. Albert A. Michelson in physics.” Dr. Carl Voegtlin and Dr. Floyd De Eds of the U. S. Public Health Seryig have perfected a radio vacuum instrument which detects and m electric changes inside single living They have found, for example, that a living muscle cell contracts, its é voltage decreases; when it relaxes, voltage increases. : First Welded Steel Bridge WEST of engineering marvels i first steel railway bridge to be without a rivet or a bolt, opened Chicopee Falls, near Springfield, on the Boston and Maine Railroad. The span was constructed entirely by ar welding, with a saving of one third in steel. The parts could be made smaller and lighter because they were not weak- ened by rivet and bolt holes. Moreover, much time and expense were saved. The completion of the bridge marks a step away from the noisy riveting gun. Nerve Impulses Heard in Tests ECENT discoveries have revealed human life as a wonderful electric power plant and system of transmission lines. Two experimenters in psychology at the Univer- sity of Iowa, Lee E. Travis and Theodore Hunter, say they have listened to mes- sages flashed over the net- work of nerves in the hu- man body, translating the impulses of nerve currents into sound waves that human ears can hear. Elec- trodes attached to the body detect the impulses. Mag- nified 800 times by a pow- erful amplifier, these nerve messages, we are told, can be broadcast by radio! Dr. Ralph Waldo Gerard, On a “human treadmill” at Harvard University, Prof. L. J. Henderson and Dr. Dill test an athlete’s lungs while running and walking to learn new facts about fatigue. His oxygen de are found by measuring the carbon dioxide in his exhaled breath In E IX to th eler jyve fou gttall no very», # the Univ itamin ] Doctor foo viously k . still: pal size. jo bring jver Pr that the:

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June, 193 1€s eTia in Sphere pulses Found logy iin the completed € origin of ng itself, jg ‘OCeSs— just rrents Over of the gen. y has beep pone. 1928 New Vitamin Discovered In Experiments on Rats SIXTH vitamin has just been added to that growing list of mysterious elements without which, experts jgve found, men and animals cannot jttain normal, healthy growth. The dis- very, made by Herbert M. Evans of the University of California, and called ritamin F, is found in lettuce and liver. Doctor Evans gave rats chemically foods containing all the five pre- viously known vitamins, A, B, C, D, and B. Still the rats failed to reach half nor- pal size. Natural foods had to be given to bring normal growth. Lettuce and jver proved most effective, indicating that these foods contained vitamin F. Dr. W. F. Gericke, University of California, may revolutionize floriculture by his growing of plants simply in water treated with the food they require. The co-ed holds growing roses Medicine’s Great Advances E other day anatomists from Johns Hopkins Medical School went to Cape Hatteras on the most remarkable whaling expedition in history. Their object was to find a way to prevent caisson disease, or ““bends,” the dread mal- ady which attacks deep-sea divers. By studying the anatomy of whales and porpoises, whose organs and tissues closely correspond to those of man, they hope to learn how these mammals manage to keep alive and healthy at great depths, and then to apply the secret to the safeguarding divers. An advance in medicine which “promises to rank in importance with insulin” was announced recently by five of the faculty of Northwestern University Medical school, who reported they had learned Nature’s method of emptying the gall bladder —a discovery which may be used to cure gallstones and similar ailments. The secret lies in a secretion in the intestines, lack of which produces gallstones. They lieve they can extract the secretion and use it as a remedy by injecting it into patients. Erysipelas is another baffling dis- POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 47 ease that soon may be vanquished. After four years’ research Dr. Kon- rad E. Birkhaug, of the University of Rochester School of Medicine, has developed an antitoxin which, he says, has proved as effective in the early stages of the disease as has the antitoxin for diphtheria. An important gain in the fight on cancer is the discovery, at the McGill Pathological Institute and Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal, that nerves are present in human cancer. This fact, heretofore denied, indi- cates that cancer is not an indepen- dent growth of cells, and that there is a possible connection of cancer with the nervous system. Living Bacteria Filmed By Micro-Movie Camera HE newest wonder of motion pic- tures is that of showing the in- visible world on the screen. A microscope movie camera now is employed by Heinz Rosenberger, of the Rockefeller Institute of Medical Research, New York, to reveal the remarkable form of perpetual motion which begins when clay or other fine powder is suspended in water. The tiny particles are seen to dart and whirl ceaselessly. This motion, called the Brownian movement, is believed to be caused by continual bom- bardment of the particles by molecules of the liquid in which they are suspended. Microscopic bacteria, too, are filmed in action. Dr. S. Bayne-Jones, of the Uni- versity of Rochester Medical School, “shoots” countless invisible creatures that war on mankind, spoil food, and attack our bodies. He produces a feature film which in a few minutes depicts their private lives, from birth to death. The same sort of ingenuity which has brought the motion picture drama to the stage of perfection described in PopuLar SctencE Monruty’s current novel, The Movie Maker, thus is being applied to unfold the drama of the unseen world. Dr. Ward E. Kuentzel, of the U. S. Department of Agricylture, has materially reduced the cost of making hydrogen gas by devising a simpler way of taking the deadly carbon monoxide out of it Lightning Bolt Put to Work *“(‘REAT, but what use is it?” was the question asked recently when 3,600,000 volts of electricity, stored in artificial “clouds” in the General Elec- tric Company laboratory at Pittsfield, Mass., were let loose in a tremendous man-made lightning bolt. An answer, illustrated by this photo- graph, came a few days later. In Phila- delphia, engineers of the same company sent million-volt lightning bolts, jumping and sputtering in irregular ares eighteen feet long, to test the efficiency of huge oil circuit breakers, designed to safeguard power transmission lines. The flashes played about the circuit breakers, ex- posing them to much the same condi- tions encountered in a lightning storm. A spectacle of the laboratory thus proved its practical value by revealing the possible defects which might cause severe loss. Sun Spots Affect Radio HE sun’s present attack of “spotted fever,” believed to influence vitally weather, health, crops, and other earthly interests, is lasting longer than usual, experts say. Sun spot outbreaks come in cycles, eleven years apart. Usually they continue only a few months. This time, however, they are lasting many months. At the Harvard Astronomical Labora- tory at Cambridge, Mass., observers photograph the sun daily to record the number and size of its spots. At the same time they measure variations in the intensity of radio signals from Chicago. These records have established a direct relationship between the spots and dis- turbances in the earth’s atmosphere. Dr. Harlan T. Stetson, in charge of the observations, says the method may be developed for use in weather forecasting.

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Hugging the camera un- der one arm, Don leaped The appeal of the screen lies in its powerful realism, achieved by the magic of invention. Latest of marvels is the talking picture, recently carried to high perfection by engineers of the Bell Laboratories, by translating sounds into [THE attempt of Don Kennedy, young movie director, to produce a big feature picture of his own was a series of thrilling adventures, in which he managed, by ingenuity and almost reckless courage, to keep just one lap ahead of disaster. Standing with him through thick and thin was a group of faithful friends—Judy Burke, a script girl and scenario writer; Jerry, her brother, a stunt flyer; Margaret Moreland, a once famous but fading screen star, and Professor Mahrlenburg, an aged photographer. When the “shoe-string’’ venture was almost on the rocks, they barely escaped failure by winning the financial backing of Silas Rogers, wealthy newspaper owner, in return for giving his spoiled daughter, Mabel, a leading réle in the picture. Don’s chief asset was a money-saving invention of his own, a process for superimposing studio action upon scenic backgrounds filmed abroad. Thus, while his little company worked on the “lot,” he sent “Bozo,’’ an expert photographer, to Europe and Asia to shoot the backgrounds. Once more disaster loomed when word came that Bozo had been kidnaped by an Arab chieftain, Sheik Ali Radul, who demanded a million francs and a phonograph as ransom. Now read on: EFORE the train had rolled to a stop in the Los Angeles station, Don caught sight of Professor Mahrlenburg eagerly scanning the cars. As he jumped off, almost at the professor’s side, the old man waved a sheet of paper at him and shouted: “They’ ve come—Bozo’s reels!” “What!” Don exclaimed. ‘Read this.”’ The professor thrust the letter into his hand. **It came with the films.” It was an urgent note from Bozo—characteristic, yet strangely complimentary to his captors. “**Greatest fellows on earth. Treat me fine.’’” Don skimmed the letter rapidly, jerking out the sentences to his audience. ***Ben Nadir, one of them, a prince of a fellow, did a lot for the French in the World War. He knows trench English, so he told me all about it.’” “Evidently Ben reads English, too,” murmured Jerry. “That’s why Bozo’s not expressing his real feelings.” Don continued reading aloud: “*Told ’em they captured the wrong camera man. My com- pany dirt poor. They can’t hardly understand that because this is the same bunch that captured some of Carleton’s stuff. But \ POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY he Movie Maker Adventures of An Inventor On the “Lot’ By S. W. NEWMEYER Illustrated by ERNEST FUHR light and so recording them on the film for reproduction. In The Movie Maker the delightful people of the story lead you back-stage and reveal many other discoveries which have brought the world of make-believe to life. —The Editor. they got a lot more than costumes. They got some asetilin tanks and drug ’em all the way up the mountains with other junk because they thought they were torpedos. So I rigged up my projection outfit and run off a show for them. Screen was a big rock on the side of a mountain but not so bad. And now this bunch is crazy to have their own movie theater here in the mountains. So I been dickerin’ with ’em and they'll knock of the million francs if you send a big projection machine ands dozen reels. Get mostly news reels or army stuff, plenty of action and battleships. And send them quick to Ben Nadir, American Express, Morocco. Better shoot a cable to him same addres soon as you get this saying stuff is on the way. And don’t ty any funny biz like sending the marines to do the well-knowm rescuing act, or they’ll toss my carcass over the edge of a moun- tain. And don’t forget the phonograph and records. They got to have music with their pictures.’’ Bozo’s instructions were followed to the letter, and no amount of digging on the part of Silas Roger’s staff of reporters could pry out of the group any information concerning Bozo. It was not alone his star camera man Don was considering; he also wanted to reserve such good publicity until he was ready to release it for the big picture. HE evening of their return from Montana was given toa long-drawn conference, with Judy, Don and the professor wrestling mightily over the scenario and technical scheme of the play, shifting and rearranging action and location to suit the changed conditions. They could count on receiving no mor background reels from Bozo in time to use for the completion d the picture, though they were jubilant that his Arabian films would save them the trip to the Mohave Desert. ; “If we could only get these shots,” mourned Judy, spreading out a sheaf of photographs and reproductions of paintings 0 scenes in the Holy Land—the Damascus Gate, the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, and views of ancient landmarks and time worn roads. “Too expensive to build for such short sequences,” Don remarked, “unless the professor could fake most of them with the painted giass screens.” “Not for the long shots,”’ responded the professor, “‘and you

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June, 19 Lot” YER JHR etilin tanks other junk ged up my 1 Was a big d now this ere in the | knock of uine and a y of action American ne address | don’t try rell-known f a moun- They got 10 amount ers could o. It was r; he also ready to iven toa professor me of the suit the no mor pletion of ian films preading ntings. of hurch of nd time- s,” Don em with and you POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 49 Over the strip of no man’s land, with its tangle of barbed wire and yawning shell holes, Jerry crawled from hole to hole want them for the march of the crusaders’ army, don’t you?” “Most of them,” Judy replied. “‘Part are for the siege of Jerusalem.” The professor took out his pocket magnifying glass and squinted carefully at the photographs. “T can give you almost as good background negatives of these scenes as Bozo himself might,”’ he announced, a gleam of triumph inhiseyes. “I will take motion pictures of the still photographs— and you can use them just like Bozo's background negatives!” JINDREDS of crusaders encamped along the River Jor- dan, rugged, weary Knights of the Cross, building their camp fires. And standing on the side of a hill where he could overlook the fires dotting one side of the curving river, a young man with a megaphone shouted commands, while three camera men stationed at vantage points cranked their machines steadily. But only on the screen would the river make its appearance as the Jordan. It was the Los Angeles, that river of many aliases, now fairly sizable with early winter rains. The sun was bright and high overhead, the day clear and golden, and at the young director’s elbow a stocky man with a straw-colored mus- tache beamed over the scene with a proprietary air. Since viewing the projection room rushes of his daughter’s close-ups with a satisfaction he could not conceal, Mr. Rogers was disposed to be more amiable. “Tell you what, Kennedy,” he said abruptly. “I'll raise my offer to a hundred thousand for half interest in your thingumbob machine. Been thinking some of getting into the game myself— make you head of the producing end if I do—” But he was interrupted by a shrill double whistle at his side as Don gave the signal to stop action and cameras. And while the assistant directors herded the extra people together, the two men walked down the hill, Don apparently listening to Mr. Rogers’ half-formed but full-blown plans for a new motion picture company. In reality, though, he was engaged in an imer conflict—as success beckoned round the corner, the hecessity for immediate money was becoming daily more grim. He had finally drawn from Margaret the fact that unless she could pay a twenty-thousand-dollar note by the first of January, everything she had would be swept away. He needed, also, an additional thirty thousand or more to exploit the big picture, for he had decided, rather than hawk it around from one exhib- itors’ group to another, that he himself would put it on Broad- way, if it were at all possible to raise the money. And here at his elbow Mr. Rogers dangled a tempting hundred thousand. But at what a price! In the big picture they were making, his background machine had already demonstrated its ability to save hundreds of thousands of dollars, with the assurance of an increasing harvest as the years passed. Yet it was not reluctance to divide the profits with Mr. Rogers that made Don hesitate. It was his fear that in surrendering half control to the wily older man it might be only a short time before the original owner would be squeezed out. Hearing again the rising inflection in the voice at his elbow, Don turned and answered it decisively. ““No, Mr. Rogers, I won’t sell a half interest to anyone, but I'll give you a quarter interest for fifty thousand dollars.” But Silas Rogers stood firm—a half interest or nothing. His manner indicated that he might even be persuaded to raise his bid a trifle, but only for control equal to Don’s. On that they parted, regret expressed on both sides. Mr. Rogers, undefeated and willing to bide his time, hurried to his waiting car which had been parked beyond the range of the cameras. ISMISSING momentarily the unsolved financial problem, Don turned briskly to the business at hand. He was determined to get all the crusade mob scenes that day, so after the lunch wagons had fed the hungry hundreds scattered at ease on the hillside, he and his assistants marshaled them all into line, eight abreast. Then, along an infrequently traveled stretch of narrow rough road, they marched toward Los Angeles, the sun glinting on helmets, shields, and lances. Ahead of them traveled a slow stream of trucks and busses. A heavy moving van rumbled along at the tail of the vehicles, the cameras clamped on to its rear end. One was focused to shoot the

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i There was a tremendous crash as the plane shot squarely between the two trees, sheared its wings off, and dived into the cabin advancing army from exactly center position, the lens being very slightly masked on both sides to cut down the angle of exposure so that it would include only the figures marching down the middle of the road. This shot would be combined in the labora- tory with a background negative the professor had made from one of the still photographs of the approach to Jerusalem. A second camera, clamped to the top of the van, tilted its lens to photograph the tops of the crusaders’ heads. At the side ef the roadway was the third camera, stationary, its tripod spread low to the ground. Its lens caught only the feet of the marching men, with an occasional queer angled upward shot for variety. ‘These cameras were unmasked, since the position of their lenses prevented either from taking any appreciable amount of background. EXT day, with about thirty extras and the chief members of the cast, Don returned to the river for close-ups and foreground shots. In the studio he had previously prepared the shots to be combined with these, for it was to be a sequence showing the war-weary knights seated around their camp fires, dreaming of home. Rising above the flickering lights and shadows cast by the fires, their dreams were to take hazy form in scenes and loved ones left behind. This effect would be obtained merely by a double-printing operation, the actual picture of the camping crusaders to be printed strongly, the visions superimposed faintly, with ghostlike transparency. The latter were photographed through a silk diffusing lens screen which blocked out most of the background. For good measure, because he was obliged to cut down on the Holy Land footage owing to Bozo’s defection, Don had worked out another scene to take place in the big banquet hall of the English castle. The sequence involving the return of Jerry and his bride to the castle after their crusade to the Holy Land had long ago been taken, but Don decided to insert a banquet scene. To give the illusion of great size and distance, everything in the banquet hall had been built on a graduated scale, growing smaller and narrower as the scene stretched away from the POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY camera. Don selected the banquet guests on the same plan, The taller men he seated at the end of the table in the fore. ground, the medium sized men next, while very short, slight men were placed at the extreme end of the table, the seating dis- tance between them growing less and less down the queerly con- structed table, which was large and square at the foreground end but narrowed considerably at the other. “Honestly, Don, this looks absurd to me,” protested Jerry from his seat at the head of the table. “‘It’s so obvious to any- one with eyes that we're just a collection of talls and shorts going into a huddle at one end.” “That’s because you’re right in the picture and are looking at it with both eyes,” retorted Don. “Get several yards away, squint at it through this reducing glass with one eye, and then tell me what you see.” Obviously unconvinced, Jerry stalked some distance away and squinted, frowning. “Well?” “It does look pretty good,” Jerry admitted reluctantly, “but I’m still able to see that you're just faking that effect of size and distance.” “FPVHAT’S partly because you know it’s faked and your mind is subconsciously correcting the illusion, and partly be- cause you can see beyond and around the set. where things are not arranged to continue the illusion. When the scene is shown on the screen it will include nothing that is not exactly according to scale and—” “But the audience won't be squinting at it with only one eye!” Jerry resumed his seat and continued his argument while Tim measured the focus distance. “‘How about that?” “The audience sees: the.picture on the screen as if through: one eye because that’s the only way a single-lensed camera cat take the picture,” Don explained. ‘That's why we can avoid flatness and get depth-only by manipulating light and shadow effects. There’s been a two-lensed camera invented on the pril- ciple of the old-fashioned stereoscope. (Continued on page 144) a SESEE 4 fF oe

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY ; 51 june, 1928 §200,000,000 for Research; What Do We Get? q For months two research workers in the Bell Telephone Laboratories in New York studied the electrical properties of quartz crystals. Their work was purely scientific. Yet out of it, a few weeks ago, came a small crystal of quartz which virtually has solved one of the most difficult problems of vision at a distance —that of synchronizing the transmitting and receiving apparatus to assure perfect images. In the following article Mr. Stockbridge tells of many other amazing ways in which research in pure science has been applied to the use of mankind. By FRANK PARKER STOCKBRIDGE “ AT good is science, anyway?” Invention is obvious. Every- body can see the use of a machine. But the chemist fiddling with solutions in test tubes, the physicist playing with electrons in a vacuum—they are dealing with mysteries that do not seem to have any practical application to human affairs. Maybe so. Lat’s see. Last year business and industrial corpo- rations in the United States spent $200,000,000 for scientific research in 999 different laboratories, according to Secre- Silken garments, leather slippers, vel- vet draperies, uphol- stery, paper book bindings—all are syn- thetic products of research laboratories Scientists have made startling dis- coveries about the constitution of matter. The atom of every substance is made up of particles of positive and negative electricity, which are called protons and electrons. The atom is a miniature solar system, with a proton nucleus like a sun discoveries at $20,000,000 a year in this application alone. To you and me it means that we can talk across the conti- nent at a trifling cost without raising our voices. Professor Irving Langmuir, of the University of Chicago, got leave of me plan, tary Hoover and the National Research and the electrons revolving about like absence and in the research laboratory of the fore- Council. Let’s see what they got for their planets. Amazing discoveries, but of a great electrical company he played with rt, slight money. And what we, the consuming what practical use? gases in vacuum tubes for a year. Then iting dis- public, got out of it. Well, the scientists found that when a the company asked him to show its erly con- Well, better bread for one thing. A piece of metal is heated electrically in a engineers what he had found out. The reground big company, with bakeries all over the vacuum it shoots off a stream of electrons, result was the modern gas-filled electric United States, asked the Mellon Institute and another piece of metal for the elec- light bulb which gives more and better ed Jerry of Industrial Research of the University trons to bounce against will detect the light at lower cost and lasts longer. } to any- of Pittsburgh why its formula when used waves set up by electrical discharges at a Is science practical? rts going in Cleveland did not produce the same_ distance. That was the beginning of the Let’s see what the chemists have dis- j bread as when used elsewhere, and offered audion tube which has made radio broad- covered about wood. oking at a bonus of $10,000 to the three research casting possible. Its application in a The slang term “a wooden kimono” Is away, workers assigned to the problem. slightly different form gave us long- means a coffin, but women today literally nd then They discovered that Lake Erie water distance telephony; experts value these wear wooden kimonos—wood pulp, which lacked certain mineral salts. They added is cellulose, converted by chemical means e away them. By adding more to any water, they into precisely the same substance into found, the action of the yeast was so which the silkworm converts accelerated that half as much as the the mulberry leaves, and spun ctantly, formula called for would raise and woven into a perfect effect of the dough; there was a sav- imitation of natural silk. . ing, moreover, of almost two The artificial silk filaments, ; percent in the amount of treated withcertainchemicals, ur mind flour, sugar, and shortening become artificial wool. One rtly be- needed to produce full-weight factory is already turning out Ings are loaves: The salt compound a hundred thousand pounds a s shown was patented. It had cost day; soon half the men in the cording the bakery, including the world will be wearing wooden a $10,000 bonus, not more than overcoats. And the fabric le eye: $25,000 for a saving of a will cost not much more than ile Tim million dollars a year. And a quarter as much as natural now the patent has been sold wool. hrough toa yeast company for some- The new lacquer finishes, cra thing like two millions. which are filling the streets n avoid That application of pure with brilliantly colored motor shadow science has given the whole cars, are made of cellulose. 1e prin- country better bread than we ever had Cain Manse eondannsiens, 5. Maudie, dhe One coat, or two at the most, serves the age 144) before, and it has kept the cost down. uses chemistry to improve the nation’s sweets same purpose (Continued on page 124)

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Aviation Reaches New Heights June, 1973 Deadliest War Plane Can Climb Five Miles in Ten Minutes; Aircraft Carry Hospital Wards and Big Radio Laboratory; Americans Smash Endurance Record; Italian Sets World Speed Mark \ Vv . 4 * Jere ee eae . see ese * © & F OO ge ga erect rete eee Britain has her own ideas of aircraft carriers, as this photograph of the converted battleship Cou- rageous shows. It differs radically from the new American carrier Lexington, sister ship of the Saratoga, which was pictured on the cover and described in the May Poputar Science Montuty, yet the British craft is one of the mightiest. A scene on the Lexington is shown on the adjoining page Nations Share Air Triumphs UROPE shares honors with America for aviation exploits in 1927 and 1928, an analysis of recent great flights shows, though Americans were supreme in spanning the Atlantic and the Pacific. Foremost among long-distance flights was that of the Italian airman De Pinedo, who twice spanned the Atlantic to cover 25,200 miles, going from Rome to the Americas and home again. Costes and Lebrix, French flyers, have done more than 25,000 miles on their round-the- world trip, reaching San Francisco from Paris. The American Dargue’s tour of South America covered 20,500 miles; and a Dutch flyer, Koppen, took a 17,400-mile jaunt from Amsterdam to Batavia, Dutch East Indies, and back. Among speed kings of the air who made long flights were the Frenchmen Pelletier d’Oisy and Gonin, who flew 6,750 miles threugh Egypt, Morocco, and back to Paris in six days. A Russian, Skestakoff, flew from Moscow to Tokio and return, 10,250 miles, in twelve days. Two Englishmen, Kingsford Smith and Ulm, took ten days to journey 8,075 miles around Australia by plane. And the Americans, Brock and Schlee, in their round-the-world flight, flew the 15,850 miles from Detroit eastward to Tokio and thence, omitting the Pacific hop, home in twenty-one days. New Air Surveying Exploits PORTANT advances in surveying by airplane are under way in England and America. The English have com- pleted a new giant surveying plane with a cruising range of 600 miles to chart impassable regions in Africa. Landings at twenty-mile intervals hitherto have been required in surveying by airplane. The American Army is ready for the first test, over 2,500 miles of territory along the Florida east coast, of a new four-lens airplane camera which will record landscape details from four angles. Planes Rise Like Rockets INY planes that can dart upward at a steep slant, rocketlike, five miles in ten minutes, are the latest amazing war The plane, crew, and four-lens camera for the Army’s Florida aerial survey operations. Left to right: Pri- vate Irving Kallmeyer, mechanic; Master Sergt. Andrew Matos, photographer; and Lieut. Julian Dexter, pilot craft of the British Air Force. Known as “intercepter” planes, they are believed to be the most deadly weapons for short range attack in the world, so fast can the leap into the air to hurl themselves with. out warning upon huge enemy bombi planes or invading airship fleets from q favorable high fighting position that they can speedily attain. Just great roaring engines, with tiny wasplike bodies and knife-edge wings— that much is known of the planes’ con. struction, which isa closely guarded secret, So light in weight are the machines that search must be made for lightweight pilots with unusually sensitive hands, to guide the tricky craft. They will hurl a rain of incendiary bullets from special lightweight machine guns, it is said; and when all other means of attack fail the pilot will deliberately collide at full speed with an enemy machine, trusting to save himself by parachute. Radio Laboratory in Plane AN * AIRPLANE full of radio sets” is the giant tri-motored Fokker plane that the Army Air Corps, at Wright Field, has just fitted up as an experimental flying laboratory. While it soars above the clouds, technical experts within its spacious cabin are able to take delicate measurements, change electric circuits; and make tests with all the con- venience of a workshop on the ground. Such tests will aid the development of new, improved radio devices for airplanes, as well as other flying equipment, for try-outs made in_ actual flight have a practical value that no ground trials can equal. In the cabin are two short- wave radio transmitters under test, a new code-message trans- mitter that works like a dial telephone, and standard radio- beacon sending and: receiving sets that are installed just behind the pilot’s cockpit. Three types of power supply—a wind-driven generator, a storage-battery: generator set powered from the left engine, and a new two- voltage generator hooked to the right engine—are being com- pared. In addition, the experts are testing various types of radio antennas for plane use at a capacity altimeter—a device that tells electrically, rega of intervening fog, the height of a plane above the ground, thus warning pilots flying over moun- tainous regions of impen danger before it is too late. Plane Blas W ANDI deep at pome Air Fore in the ' eway the Air foreseen ss cout Wher daring } ster OD chutes t too un’ T ai is fe

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June, 192 ts Marl; ‘NOWN as believed for short can they ves with. bombing } from a hat they wings— les” Con. d secret, nes that ht pilots, to guide 4 rain of itweight vhen all ilot will with an himself lane sets” is r plane Wright imental ; above thin its delicate “ircuits, he con- on the aid the iproved nes, ag pment, actual ue that al. short- - under » trans- a dial radio- ceiving behind e types -driven ym the june, 1928 Plane with 150-Foot Spread fas Wheels Bigger Than Man {NDING wheels taller than a man, and a massive fuselage twelve feet deep at the cabin section, mark as phe- menal the new Inflexible of the British iit Force, probably the largest land plane in the world. With its 150-foot wing read, it must be skillfully maneuvered sideways into even the largest hangars of the Air Force. Such a giant plane, it is n, may prove a passenger-carry- are citar of future dirigibles. When Squadron Leader J. Nakes and a ‘ng mechanic recently took the mon- der on its trial flight, they carried para- chutes to save themselves should it prove too unwieldy to control. But the flight yas successful and the huge bird taxied to a graceful landing. Balloon Dwarfs All Others T high altitudes do to motors \ and men, and what uncharted winds exist in the upper stories of the atmos- phere, are questions Germany is investi- gating with the largest balloon in the world—the spherical 353,000-cubic-foot monster Bartsch von Siegfeld, recently completed. Carrying four passengers and an experimental motor in the basket be- neath its eighty-five-foot gas bag, it is making repeated ascensions miles high. U.S. Retains Altitude Mark IEUT. CARLETON C. CHAMPION, U. S. Navy flyer, holds the official world’s altitude record, according to the Federation Aeronautique Internationale, despite the Italian airman Renato Dona- tis recent reported feat of a 38,559-foot airplane ascent. Donati failed to exceed Champion’s height by 100 meters (328 feet), the distance required to establish a new mark. Champion’s record, made in a flight that ended in a spectacular flaming descent, has been re-checked as 38,474 feet by the world-governing aeronautical body. Other aspirants’ standings are: Lieut. J. A. Macready, ex-U. S. Army Air Corps; second place, 37,569 feet. The U.S. Bureau of Standards reduced to this figure his originally reported world’s mark of 38,704 feet. Jean Callizo, former French record POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Aerial ambulances are in use between London and rural districts. Here a patient on a stretcher is passed through a tunnel in the nose of a Vickers ‘‘Vimy”’ ambulance plane. The airplane’s cabin is provided with comfort- able cots—being a miniature hospital ward holder; disqualified by F. A. I. for fraud and records voided. Capt. H. C. Gray, Army Air Corps; 42,470 feet in each of two balloon ascen- sions, of which the second cost him his life. Either would have been a world’s record for all aircraft; but the F. A. I. dis- allowed the first because of a forced para- chute drop and the second because he did not have “possession” of his instruments. Their wings folded back, the fighting brood of the Lexington, one of the U. S. Navy’s new giant airplane carriers, wait the command that will send them flying. An idea of the huge size of this vessel is Obtained when you consider that 88 planes similar to the few shown fit on her deck. She is 888 feet in length, the longest naval craft afloat. Her maximum speed is thirty-nine miles an hour 53 Here is the Su ne-Nepier racing sea- plane S-5 in which Flight Lieutenant S. M. Kinkead, of England, met his death while trying to break the record of 297 miles an hour held by Major Mario Di Bernardi. It is shown being prepared for the effort. Di Bernardi since made a new 318-mile record Two Records Shattered MERICA has regained the air endurance record with a 53%- hour flight and an Italian airman has shattered the world’s speed record at the amazing pace of 318 miles an hour. At Jacksonville Beach, Fla., Edward Stinson, veteran pilot, and George Hal- deman, hero of the trans-Atlantic venture with Ruth Elder, soared aloft in their single-motored monoplane, circling a dis- tance estimated equal to a New York- Dublin trip and return. They broke the 52-hour record held by the Germans, Johann Risticz and Cornelius Edzard. On the same day, Major Mario Di Bernardi, Italy’s speed king, smashed his world’s record at Venice, going 318 miles an hour. At one point he was clocked at 350 miles an hour, the highest officially recorded speed ever reached by a human being. New “Gear-Shift’”’ Propeller ITH blades that can be set, even in full flight, to any desired angle, an amazing new type of propeller adapts an airplane for speed, for climbing, or for load-lifting at the will of the pilot. The variable pitch propeller, as the device is called, is said to be in effect a “ gear-shift” for airplanes similar to the gear changes by which an automobile increases pulling power at the sacrifice of speed. Hitherto, says W. R. Turnbull, Cana- dian inventor of the device, an airplane’s use has been limited hy the type of. its propeller. Racing, for instance, requires a propeller with extremely tilted blades; load lifting, flattened blades; and altitude climbing, still another type. In Turnbull’s invention,the propeller is adapted,through an electric motor at the pilot’s control, to any of these uses. The plane could even fly backward; though Turnbull has de- cided to eliminate this feature lest too reckless stunt flyers try it.

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54 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Sean soe 19 ” | A a . Sind ae Alaska, America’s Bargain, Plan’ strates the new " If-acting safety Yields lli agg Over a Billion Prof | st the saragarendh re cold and barren, was sold A} es the crossing it the United States in ise ¢° | [bee an electrical ap- $7,200,000, one of the largest real ellie Dr. B. caren oa transactions ever completed, Russia, in the | drops she bares perhaps, was glad to get rid of auc |i tremendous “white elephant,” and y jointed doubt many thought that the United among Below: One end States was throwing its money away, yet tree, 8! of a life line is since that time, reports reveal, Alaska existed — a Bon has produced more than $500,000,099 | reachit from a cylinder, Worth of fish alone. With furs, copper able to which a flyer gold, platinum, and other preci , jg a ne precious prod. 8 drops, as shown ucts, the “barren” territory has yielded | white in ne pctn: more than $1,133,000,000 over the orig. | ‘ropiee nal investment, it is estimated, Aute Lost Sheen of Silk Restored 00: ; : ILK, mercerized cotton, and artificial ba Self-Acting Crossing Gate se may be restored to their orig. a ; ae inal gloss, lost by washing, by a new | by ry gt: wit — oes rad chemical preparation perfected in Berlin by blo Roses ae a a6 rs psa te according to reports. The new fluid j, | Baltin gate was recently demonstrated to the said also to disinfect the cloth contre National Safety Council at Chicago. At : operal the approach of a train an electric appa- —— ‘ olice ratus makes the gate descend. In this Peril in Some Public Baths an way grade crossings throughout the UBLIC pool bathi f The » oft country now unguarded could be made asa wth to healthy is being Sel fie op safe for motorists. A unique feature of with suspicion by public health officials fare, the new gate is its jointed construction, after a recent survey by 2,000 doctors in the ¢ so designed that no damage will be done if it should hit the car of a careless driver who has failed to see the descending forty-one states which revealed that cross several epidemics of tonsillitis, colds, and Th Moa, ; skin diseases were traced to public bath. | % 8° —-ss houses. Bacteriological counts in some yon pools revealed 4,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter of water, said to be from the skin and saliva of bathers. Except when rigid standards are set up, public bath- houses may be a menace to public health instead of a boon, medical authorities say, Planes Aid Wrecked Ships YLINDERS dropped by airplanes to wrecked ships will carry life lines to the survivors if the invention of Lieut. Commander Carl C. von Paulsen, dem- onstrated at the right, is installed on all coast guard aircraft, as it is already on some. Flying over the shore, the aviator drops the weighted line near the coast guardsmen, then he swoops out to the stranded ship. The line pays out of a cylinder which he drops on the ship. Experiments with the device have shown this to be a great improvement over the old method of firing a line out to the disabled ship with a cannon. Street Car Camp for Tourists HAT can be done with veteran street cars after they have become too old or too unfashionable to { jouncing over the thoroughfares?” enterprising man in Lawrence, Kans., has solved the problem. He bought six of them, removed their trucks, refittedthem, and set them up as a tourist camp. Equip ped with hot and cold water, showers, electric fans and lights, kitchenettes and libraries, the cars, seen below, have been turned into comfortable “cabins.” sleet are melted from the antenna by electric currents. The enormous coast defense guns at Sandy Hook, N. J., are raised, fired, and lowered by the same kind of electricity that is used to sort white potatoes in Maryland. While many beauty parlors remove superfluous hair with electricity, sonie Latin American barber shops claim a method of using the current to grow hair on bald heads, Pillow Cures Sleeplessness CTIMS of insomnia may now be lulled to sleep, it is said, by opening a small window in a newly invented pillow and inhaling evaporating liquid previous- ly dropped on absorbent cotton inside. No anesthetic or narcotic is used, the inventors state, the liquid being aharm- | #4 mn i less vegetable oil. 2% Electricity’s Strange Uses OM making ice cream out of cold- sterage butter in the mountains of Virginia to electrocuting bugs in a peach orchard, the uses of electricity are widely varied, a recent survey discloses. Mush- rooms thrive best right after storms, and so enterprising growers in Pennsylvania create electric thunderstorms in their mushroom cellars with electricity from the light socket. At the Government radio station at Arlington, Va., ice and E h At Lawrence, Kans., motor tourists find six old street cars which have been renovated and divided into e cabins provided with hot and cold water, kitchenettes, and many other comforts of the modern home

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June, 199, Vas sold 1867 f Teal estate Russia, of such g and ni he United away » yet , Alasks 00,000,009 rS, Copper, ‘ious prod. as yielded hae origi. 2stored d artificial their orig. Y @ new in Berlin, W fluid is Baths | regarded 1g viewed h officials doctors in aled that colds, and blic bath. 3 in some per cubic from the cept when blic bath. lic health rities say, ourists | veteran e become le to go res?” An Cans., has june, 1928 Plants Growing in Tree Tops Extend Roots to the Ground ANTS that perch on tree tops have n discovered in British Guiana by B. E. Dahlgren and are on exhibition + the Field Museum in Chicago. Air ‘1 ts of the pineapple family, a flat- tinted cactus, and a yellow orchid are ymong those found in the top of a fig tree, growing in a mass which apparently existed as a parasite until its long roots, reaching down from the branches, were able to find the ground. Among the plants iga nest that was built by a colony of white ants, it is said, below which is a tropical variety of mistletoe. Auto Horn Sets Traffic Light OON impatient motorists at subur- S ban street intersections may change the red signals to green ones and drive by them at will, as shown below, simply by blowing their horns! Charles Adler, a Baltimore signal engineer, has devised a control for the traffic lights that can be operated by the horn’s sound waves. Police are testing one trial installation on the outskirts of Baltimore. The effect of the device is to keep traf- fic open constantly on a main thorough- fare, except when it is halted by one of the comparatively few drivers on the cross streets who wishes to pass. The standard normally shows the green or go signal to cars on the main highway and the red or stop to those on the cross streets. A cross street driver, wishing to POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY pass, sounds his horn directly into an ordinary telephone transmitter. This device picks up the sound and operates an electric relay that changes the green light on the main line to red and the red light on the cross street to green. ‘The cross street driver passes. The device is adjusted to return automatically to normal at any determined time, say thirty seconds, after a cross street driver has changed it. If the test system proves success- ful, other cities may adopt it. Astronomy’s Silver Ball NGRAVED with the heavenly bodies known to sixteenth cen- tury astronomers, a solid silver globe, nearly a foot in diameter, valued at $108,000, which was fashioned by the Swedish astron- omer, Tycho Brahe, was recently exhibited at the American Museum of Natural History in New York. First to assign comets their place in the scheme of the universe, Brahe accurately recorded, too, the movement of the moon around the earth. Yet, curiously, he believed the earth the center of the universe, with the sun revolving about it, although the other planets, he said, moved around the sun. Metal «Ears’’ Detect Planes UGE mechanical “ears,” perfected by the Army, are now able to hear airplanes and dirigibles fifteen miles away, and find the range for heavy | sass, a = es ee e Pe SOUND WAVES FROM HORN STRIKE TRANSMITTER.WORKING THE LIGHTS antiaircraft artillery, according to reports from the Frankford Arsenal, ~*| Philadelphia. Large horns, fifteen feet long, pick up the sounds, which are then amplified by vacuum tubes so listeners may hear the whirring propellers. Experts can tell the di- rection of the approaching planes by using two horns at once, one to oper- ate vertically and the other bori- zontally. Searchlights took the place of guns in a recent sham battle when seven out of eight planes were “spotted” by synchronizing the movements of the lights as the metal “ears” detected the speeding planes. How Charles Adler’s device enables a motorist on a cross street to change the traffic lights by tooting his horn, halting traffic on the main highway to let him pass. Above: A demonstration of the electric mechanism by which sound waves of the horn are turned into impulses that operate the light Novel Test for Steel Bridge OW strong is asteel bridge? Railway engineers at Essen, Germany, re- cently tested the amount of vibration that this steel bridge will stand. Special recording instruments were designed and built for ‘the tests, in which two loco- motives furnished the action. An accu- rate knowledge of the structure’s tensile strength was thus obtained. First World Weather Maps R the first time, the weather of the world is being mapped on a single chart to discover the laws of Nature which govern it. Scientists of the Smithsonian Institution at Washington have prepared large outline maps for compiling weather data such as wind ve- locity, barometric pressure, temperature, and rainfall,‘ reported by 387 observ- ing stations in both hemispheres, ac- cording to Dr. C. G. Abbot, secretary. “Influences which affect a large area like North America will likewise affect areas like Australia,” Dr. Abbot says. By observing changes in climatic con- ditions, the effect of solar disturbances such as sun spots may be revealed. Helping Nature Color Fruit Y PROVIDING a means of deepen- ing the color of pale yellow oranges so that they look more like the deep- hued variety, science has again come to the aid of Nature. Color in fruit is not always a sign of the flavor, but people seem to prefer the more brilliant toned oranges, although the lighter ones are often more tasty. By treating the fruit with ethylene gas, chemists have found it possible to develop a much deeper color in the protective covering without affect- ing the edible quality of the oranges, according to reports from the Agricultural Experiment Station of the State of New York. Apples may also be beautified by treating the soil with colorless chemicals like ordinary saltpeter, it is said.

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY June, 197g The “Iron Cashier” The new German machine (left) opens letters, counts and sorts coins and coupons, and records totals in a book, doing a man’s four hour task in one New Sealing Tool This device (right) moistens the mucilage and seals the flap of an envelope in a mini- mum of time and with a max- imum of efficiency, according to its inventor, and it saves wear and tear on the tongue Fourteen New Products of Hunters and tourists can carry in their vest pockets a new kind of kindling wood which is said to start a roaring fire in windy or wet weather. The kindling consists of small composition cubes. A match is_ thrust through a hole in a cube, struck in the usual way, and the cube ignites as the flame touches it Helping the Deaf Hear Radio Deaf persons “hear” radio programs through their teeth with this device. A piece of hard rubber, resembling a pipe stem, is connected to the drive pin of a loudspeaker unit. It transmits the sound vibrations to the deaf person’s auditory nerves when held behind ear Pocket Kindling Wood Tool for Many Tasks This combination block, vise, anvil, and clamp has one square and a triangular groove for holding metal objects. It will grip round bars and is useful for a variety of jobs Lawn Mower Carries a Light A new electrically driven lawn mower (left) has a spotlight attachment that permits its use at night. The motor turns the blades at a fast, uniform rate no matter how slowly the mower is pushed, an advantage when using it in odd corners Seven-Cylinder Plane Motor | Improvements over all other air-cooled motors are claimed for this new seven-cylinder airplane engine by Edward S. Cameron, of New York, its inventor, shown with it. The engine shown is said to develop more than a hundred horse- power with only 1,800 revolutions a minute oseaepwesft. 2 4 = -—.as © © «2?

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June, 1993 sight mower t that ite no ed, an orners June, 1928 Overshoes That Fit in Pocket Men who have a habit of losing rubbers will appre- ciate the latest protection for their shoes, a light- weight rubber ‘‘oversole”? that can be folded up and carried in the raincoat pocket for ready use when streets are wet. They slip on in a jiffy, and are inconspicuous enough to satisfy the person who objects to the inconvenience of ordinary rubbers This Boat Rolls on Water This curious boat is propelled by a small outboard motor. “Uncle Ed’’ R. Thomas, the inventor, con- ceived the idea of the galvanized iron drums by watching a tin can as it tossed about near his home at Miami Beach, Florida. In the pictvre below we see the craft being piloted by the inventor’s son POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 57 Cigarette Lights Without Match To light this new ciga- rette (left) you simply pull the paper tab pro- truding from the end. This novelty resulte | after many exper ments by John W. Leon, of Ventnor City, N. J., who invented it. The tab, impregnated with a chemical, rubs against another bit of treated paper when it is pulled; flame results Easy Motor Signal Hand signaling from the window of a closed car is made possible by this de- vice recently brought out by a Western manufac- turer. It is a “‘porthole” which can be _ installed quickly with special tools supplied by the manufac- turer. When not in use the opening closes tightly Automatic Lighthouse Can’t Fail At Burnham-on-the-Sea, England, acetylene and electricity combine in this new system. If one electric light fails, the failure makes the other flash into service. And if that becomes disatled it causes a magnetic relay to light the acetylene burner Folding Screen for Home Movies A box hoids the screen with its supports. When you press a button the screen unrolls like a window shade, and folding pieces of wood hold it taut Air Mail Signal Air mail planes are beckoned toward their destinations by these traffic lights of the air lanes. Power- ful searchlights, spun by electric motors, sweep the sky from seventy-foot steel masts. In the picture is one installed at the Trenton Junc- tion, N. J., airport Se Toe

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58 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY and Auto Tire Tubes Novel Boat of Canvas AS boat of can- vas, that weighs only 150 pounds when it is stuffed with inflated rubber tire tubes, is the invention of Al Faussett, of Monroe, Wash. It may be folded into a flat case for transportation in a railroad baggage car like ordinary luggage. The inventor plans a leap over Niagara Falls with the novel craft. He says the tubes will protect him from the severe jolt and make sinking of the boat impossible. Best Telepathy Letters HE awards offered in February for let- ters on telepathy are on page 138 of this number, with the letters that earned the awards. All Boys in 4 Generations FAMILY has been discovered in San Pedro, Calif., in which the male tendency is so strong that in four genera- tions thirty-five sons have been born, but no daughters. Some mysterious physical factor that is fatal to female embryos and is handed down from generation to gener- ation might be responsible for this, Dr. C. B. Davenport, Director of the Eugen- ics Records Office of the Carnegie Insti- tution, suggests. He would welcome re- ports of other such families to aid in find- ing the true cause. There have always been more males than females born, it is said, but the average does not explain the case of the San Pedro family. Statistics show 106 boys born to every 100 girls. Huge Concrete Wall Moved ASSIVE blocks of reinforced con- crete, larger than freight cars and weighing seventy tons apiece, were re- cently cut from a twelve-foot wall more than eleven feet high and a quarter of a mile long, moved upwards of one thou- sand feet on rails to a new location at Long Beach, Calif., and cemented to- gether again. Hydraulic jacks lifted each section out of a five-foot trench onto flat cars. Two spacious gas tanks, originally sur- rounded by the wall, were floated into their new inclosure over an artificial lake which engineers made by constructing dikes along the route and flooding the ground with sea water. The unique canvas boat at the left is being filled with in- flated motor car tire tubes by its inventor, Al Faussett, who say- the craft is unsink- able anc declares the tubes will protect him from jolts in his projected trip over Niagara Falls. The boat, which can be folded into a traveling case, weighs but 50 pounds and only 150 when filled with the tubes. Faus- sett is shown below demon- strating his strange device Radium Substitute Promised HEN scientists have learned how to harness artificial. lightning in the laboratory, radium, now worth more than $2,500,000 an ounce, may be prac- tically valueless, since a new and more powerful X-ray tube will do its work, de- clares Dr. William D. Coolidge, inventor, of the present X-ray tube. Three million volts of electricity are needed to operate a powerful vacuum tube in order to pro- duce rays as penetrating as those shot off by the particles of radium, and Dr. Coolidge has already found a way of using three ordinary X-ray tubes together at a capacity of 900,000 volts. If larger tubes can be made to withstand the artificial lightning, it will be possible to develop more emanations than a whole ton of radium would produce, according to Dr. Coolidge. A short time ago, at the General Elec- tric Laboratories at Pittsfield, Mass., F. W. Peek, Jr., produced artificial light- ning of 3,600,000 volts, the highest volt- age ever obtained. Strings Control Model Auto SPEED of nearly seventeen miles an hour has been made by the car shown below, called the smallest real automobile in the world—a_ working model with a four-cylinder, water-cooled gasoline engine, brakes, clutch, differen- tial, and accelerator. Jans Schutz, its builder, is a German mechanic. He con- trols his light four—it weighs but twenty pounds—with a set of strings, since getting in and driving the car is quite out of the question. A German mechanic’s twenty-pound auto with four-cylin- der, water-cooled engine, whose speed is 17 miles an hour June, 19 Temperature of Mars Taken: ? Fifty Above at the Equator OES life exist on Mars? Would w. be able to live there if we could bic the millions of miles that separate us j the red planet? Scientists have ae - various conclusions about the probabil. ity of life on Mars, and now Dr, W W. Coblentz, of the U. S. Bureau of Stand. ards, says—after observations at the sal ell Observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona—that if we should find on the planet sufficient air to breathe we should be rather uncom. fortable without our winter overcoats, At the north and south poles of the planet, Dr. Coblentz says, the average tempera. ture is seventy-six degrees below zero while even at the equator the thermometer would hover around a chilly fifty degrees above. Rays of light and heat reflected from the sun by Mars and its own invisible “temperature” rays were separated by screens of glass, water, rock salt, and fluorspar; and the “temperature” rays were concentrated on an electric ther. mometer in a vacuum. Two pieces of metal, joined together in the vacuum, turned the rays into minute electric cur- rents, which, when measured by delicate instruments, disclosed the planet's tem- perature. Tree Rings Reveal History IANT pine trees are growing in New Mexico which were saplings when Columbus discovered America, according to Dr. Albert E. Douglass, of the Uni- versity of Arizona, who has made a study of the “fingerprints of time,” the yearly rings of tree growth, in an effort to connect long past events in the region with the calendar of the civilized world. Similarities between the rings of these pines and the 2,000-year-old sequoia trees of California are expected to reveal seasons of drought or rainfall. Brain Surgery Effects Cure Y LIFTING a patient's scalp with keen-edged instruments, breaking skull bones with forceps, and then cutting away certain brain tissues, a case of epilepsy, dreaded disease of the brain, was recently cured by the famous Dr. Foerster, Professor of Surgery at Breslau, Germany, it is reported. Throughout the a astounding operation the patient, who had trav- eled from Australia to consult the German scientist, remained con- scious, while eager stu- dents crowded about to watch each move of the celebrated surgeon. Al- though his left hand is now paralyzed as a re- sult of the removal of the brain nerves controlling it, the patient has com- pletely recovered from epilepsy; and skin from his thigh has been graft- ed over the open cut m the bone under his scalp, which is once more sé- curely in place.

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June, 1993 ‘aken; ]Uator ld we id bride > US from come to robabil. WW. f Stand. ‘he Low. 1a—that ufficient uncom. ‘ercoats, * planet, empera- W zero, nometer degrees od from NVisible ted by It, and >” rays cc ther. eces of acuum, ric cur- delicate ’s tem. tory in New ; when ording e Uni- ade a >.” the _ effort region world. these equoia reveal ‘ ure » with ~aking utting ise of brain, s Dr. eslau, it the om the trav- ia to ‘man con- ' stu- ut to f the Al- nd is a re- »f the ling com- from from raft- it in calp, » Se- POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 59 gam Scientists Risk Death in Lava Lake » to Film Volcano Kilauea in Action and films are recording thrill- ing pictures as the mighty yoleano Kilauea, in the Hawaiian Islands, seethes in its latest erup- tin. Daring volcanologists, on precarious overlooking eminences, brave noxious fumes from the boil- ing lava beneath them to train cameras on the mammoth show and preserve it for science. They have come from the near-by volcano ob- servatory to make this the best observed eruption in history. An unearthly glow over Kilauea’s crater not long ago terrified Hawai- ian natives. ‘“‘The goddess Pele is angry,” they said. The crater sprang into action. Lava poured into its great basin, (Yanan shutters are clicking several miles across, to transform the normally small lava lake at the center into a huge caldron of boiling rock. A huge island of rock sank in a cloud of vapor; and Frank A. Perret, noted volcanologist on a jutting piece of rock above it, got a snapshot. At night he risked the terrible consequence of a misstep to film one of the fire-spattering fountains in the lava lake itself. Dr. T. A. Jaggar, in charge of the ob- servatory, says the present eruption is one of a series that commenced in 1924. Novel Cockpit on Ground Tests Flyers’ Ability HETHER prospective pilots will feel at home in an airplane is quickly determined even before they have left the ground by a novel apparatus recently adopted by the Brit- dence. But if he has kept his wits and reacted speedily and accurately to every situation, he is adjudged to have “flying sense” and has qualified as a pilot. ish Air Ministry for testing their fitness. Sitting in a seat like that of an airplane’s cockpit, the hopeful candi- date grasps realistic controls while an inspector barks at him, “Left bank! Spin! Nose dive! Stall!’”? What the would-be pilot does with his joy stick and rudder bar, in response to these imaginary emergencies, is graphically recorded on a charting device. From an examination of the graphic record, the in- spector can tell in a moment whether the applicant can fly a plane. If he has be- come excited and pulled the wrong control when he im- agined himself in a nose dive, he is summarily rejected on € machine’s recorded evi- In this stationary plane cockpit the pilot must act as if in the air when the examiner describes various flying situations to him. Every movement is recorded In circle: A U.S. Government scientist pho- tographing the Kilauea eruption from a rock ledge with a telephoto lens. Above: Night view of a fiery fountain in the lava lake. Below: Island of rock snapped as it sank in lava lake A Subway Without Trainmen re DON’S new all-mechanical sub- way runs for six miles underground between branches of the Post Office Department, carrying forty-five tons of mail at a speed of thirty-five miles an hour without engineers, conductors, brakemen, or guards. Small signal lights in a control room show the progress of the trains, and operators at the switches start and stop the cars by pushing buttons. Costing $7,500,000, after fifteen years in the making, the subway will save $200,000 a year, it is claimed. Old Paper Money Made Over HAT becomes ‘of all the worn- out paper money? Formerly all old bills that became too ragged for use were cut up, ground into pulp and pressed into souvenirs for tourists who visited Washington. A new process of cleansing the pulp, however, makes it possible to remove the durable inks so that the pulp may be used over again for other pur- poses, it is said. A very fine grade of writing paper is one of the products of the new salvaging process, according to reports. Any Questions? HIS magazine is more than glad, whenever pos- sible, to answer readers’ questions on subjects within its scope and also to supply names and addresses of manu- facturers of devices mentioned in its pages. Responses are made as quickly as possible, considering the time often required for research. In- close stamped, self-addressed envelope and address Infor- mation Department, Pop- ULAR SCIENCE MonTua y, 250 Fourth Avenue, New York.

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60 Grain Transplanting Device Increases Crop Five Times NEW German grain transplanting machine sets out more than 12,000 plants an hour, one to each square foot, using one thirtieth as much seed as ordi- narily used, and yielding from three to five times as many bushels to the acre, besides saving many times its cost in labor, according to the inventors. Sprout- ed seedlings planted in this way, having greater freedom for vigorous root growth, are said to usually develop from thirty to forty stalks a plant. No Gear Shift in New Auto LL gear shifts may be eliminated from automobiles if the design of a new motor demonstrated in Philadelphia re- cently is universally adopted. One pedal feeds gas to the motor. Instead of being geared to the rear axle, this motor drives an electric generator, which supplies pow- er to an electric motor to turn the rear wheels. Great flexibility and rapid pick- up are claimed by its backers for the new combination motor. Blue Paint Joke on Baboons ILD animals are being repulsed in the British Crown Colony of Kenya by grotesque but humane treatment which does away with the necessity of shooting them. Elephants, hippopotami, bushpigs, and baboons were recently sur- prised to find among their number .a queer animal that resembled a baboon, except that it seemed to have had all its hair shaved off, and wore a coat of bright blue. So startled were they with this apparition that they no longer return to raid the colonists, according to the official who captured the baboon and released him after transforming his appearance with a razor and paint brush. Transplanting Hawaii’s Fish “TMRANSPLANTING’”’ Hawaiian fish, prized for their food quality, to other parts of the world is the difficult feat being attempted by the trans-Pacific liner Calawaii. During the next voyage to the United States 500 fish will swim and leap in a specially con- structed tank in the hold, as shown at right. Their water will be constantly replaced through pipes leading directly from the sea, and their comfort as- sured by an elaborate heating system. Should the fish survive this journey and removal to American waters via similar tanks on shore, it will be the first time in history that the trop- ical sea denizens have been successfully “transplanted.” First tests of the apparatus were made with 700 different kinds of fish in preparation for the actual voyage. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Smallest Fire Boats Fastest HAT are said to be the smallest and swiftest fire boats in the coun- try have recently been put into service by the fire department of Portland, Ore., for use along the Willamette River. The boats, two of which are shown in action in the photograph, are but eighty-six feet long, but the three can concentrate 9,000 gallons of water a minute on a waterfront fire. Driven by 565-horse- power Diesel engines, they are capable of twenty miles an hour. The boats cost $100,000 each. If Men Had Bats’ Wings ATS have such large wings in pro- portion to their bodies that man, to equal them, would have to develop ten- foot-long fingers with webbing between. Radio Aids in Paper Making RADIO fan’s idle trick of tuning out stations received on his radio set by slipping pieces of paper between the plates of his tuning condenser has resulted in the design of special radio apparatus to test the thickness and moisture content of paper manufactured in the mills at Bangor, Maine. As the paper is made, the fluctuations in the radio wave of a low-power sending set tell the machine tender whether the dryer is removing the Trying the tank of heated sea water installed in the liner Calawaii to “transplant” 500 kinds of tasty Hawaiian fish to American waters proper amount of moisture from the pulp; thus the quality of the paper can he instantly and accurately regulated, How Rocks Fan Mine Fires Py mine fires that rage underground long after all attempts to suffocate them have failed are kept alive by “breathing rocks,” in the opinion of Prof. W. Spencer Hutchinson, metal- lurgist of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. By “inhaling” air when the barometric pressure is high, these porous rocks fan the fires in mines such as that at Butte, Mont. Although completely sealed by concrete walls, the mine continues to burn deep under the ground while miners work in new tunnels alongside. How Much Do You Know of the World You Live In? HESE questions are select- ed from hundreds sent in by our readers. Test your knowledge with them. Correct answers are on page 129. 1. What ancient American people anticipated modern astronomy? 2. Where is asphalt taken out of lakes? 3. What South American country was traded for New York City? 4. Where do railway cars run upside down? 5. Why are there no trees in northern Canada? 6. What is the Great Basin? 7. Where are the largest fossil bones found? 8. What grain crop grows under water? 9. What is a dingo? 10. What is the lowest place on the earth’s surface? 11. Where are the helium wells of America? 12. Why was the gold of the Mayas and Aztecs purer than that of modern coins? sev wal a fl Th Cit

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June, 199 he pulp; can he d. Fires Tground suffocate live by nion of metal- ‘itute of ‘ometric cks fan t Butte, aled by nues to : miners en an or Biggest Electric Ocean Liner June, 1928 — sone ER maiden voyage successfully com- pleted at a nineteen-knot clip, the 99,000-ton ocean liner California, largest merchant vessel ever built in this country and the largest in the world boasting an electric drive, was recently pronounced ready to go into commission. Three engine room men, instead of the usual “black gang”’ of 150, manned the twin steam turbines on the vessel’s trial trip. Coupled to generators, they furnish seventeen thousand horsepower to the electric propeller motors. With the steam- electric power, the vessel will leap for- ward instantly at the touch of a control— a flexibility impossible with steam alone. The ship will ply between New York City and Pacific Coast ports. Know Your Car BROKEN-DOWN con- denser leaves you abso- lutely stranded on the road. The condenser consists of two strips of tin foil wound into a compact roll with a piece of paper to insulate them from each other. One piece is connected by way of a wire to one of the breaker contacts, and the other to the remaining breaker con- tact. When the contacts are forced apart by the cam, the flow of current through the con- tact points and the primary winding of the spark coil is interrupted. The magnetic field created in the coil by the flow of current collapses and the mov- ing lines of force produce a very high voltage current in the secondary winding of the spark coil. When the condenser breaks down, it no longer acts to store up the current that would other- wise flow through the contact points in the form of aspark; and so a strong spark occurs at the contact points and insufficient voltage is generated in the secondary winding to jump the gap of the spark plug. As there is no way of repairing a broken-down condenser, it is a wise precaution to carry a spare. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY The turbines that develop 17,000 horsepower of electricity in the California’s engine room. Above: The new 601-foot electric ocean liner Monorail Motor Bus Trains 7 OTOR trains,” large automobile busses that balance themselves as they speed over a single rail track trailing a second car after them, have been introduced in Hungary to replace the usual railroads, according to latest reports from Vienna. ‘Twenty-one of these gasoline driven monorail trains are already in operation on the State Rail- ways, and are said to be more economical and a great deal faster than steam engines for light passenger service. Communication with planes either by Morse code or speech is possible with this new portable radio set, developed by the Army Signal Corps. It can be set up anywhere and be ready for operation in a few minutes 61 Sounds Have Their Colors, Says Psychology Professor O YOU see a vivid color in your mind’s eye when you hear a pleasant sound? Does a brilliant kaleidoscope flash through your mind when you hear a jazz orchestra, and do you see soft, vel- vety waves of a particular shade of blue when the church organ throbs? Lawrence W. Cole, Professor of Psy- chology at the University of Colorado, declares at least two percent of human beings associate a particular color with each sound they hear, and sometimes this extends to the names of days of the week, and even to different odors. Children especially are likely to think of different sounds as having colors of their own. Harsh noises often seem black, while mellow notes will suggest a fantasy of golden color, says Cole. Life Rafts Made of Kapok ATTRESSES of kapok, a floating floss resembling cotton, will soon be used on some ocean liners in place of the usual lifeboats, according to reports from Paris. Rafts made of four or more of the mattresses will be easier to handle than lifeboats because they will not be swamped by huge waves, it is_ said. Capt. Warneck, of the French Navy, suggested this use of the down obtained from tropical trees. Theater Seats of Rubber HEATER seats, chairs, table tops, and mats of rubber, all beautifully designed, were displayed at an exposition of the rubber industry in England re- cently to demonstrate new uses of the sub- stance. The first rubber overshoes, with their original mold, which Thomas Han- cock made nearly a century ago, were also displayed. New Radio Talks to Flyers lay aircraft far up in the skies may be directed from a dugout in the ground with the new portable radio set shown in the illustration below, devel- oped by the Signal Corps. It may be packed up and carried from place to place as easily as an ordinary trunk. Only a few minutes are re- quired to install it and put it in operation. Morse code is used ordinarily, but the op- erator can throw his voice into the air sim- ply by turning a switch and talking into a tele- phone _ mouthpiece. Both receiving and transmitting sets with electric generators to supply the power are combined inte one com- pact unit. Although it uses little more energy than an ordinary elec- tric light bulb, this small radio transmitter has a range of several hundred miles.

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62 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY A Host of New Devices for the Household Stockings, dresses, coats— You can’t lock yourself out a all hang securely from this with this new keyless lock, novel hook. Slide them into Your door opens when you it from the bottom, and twirl the knob to a series of when you want them, they positions known to slip out sideways! A rolling yourself and the family, ]t marble in a slot holds them can be worked in the dark June, 192 Food won’t burn, it is said, when one of a new set of aluminum plates is placed beneath the pot. It diffuses the heat and preserves the food’s flavor. Three sizes fit various pots and burners. When’ Breakfast in your bedroom is made more silver is to be cleaned of tarnish, put one of the luxurious, and reading in bed a real pleasure, plates in a dish with hot water, salt and soda, drop _ by a novel table-tray with folding legs. Placed the silver on top of it, and the silver is cleaned, sideways across the bed, it holds dishes and j through an electric reaction with the aluminum food; lengthwise, with the near leg closed, it % becomes an inclined reading table. In the ‘ sickroom, says the maker, such a device is : invaluable. It closes compactly for storage Because its back is made of cork, a new bath brush is light and easy to handle. Its hump-backed shape is curved to fit the hand con- veniently. And of course it can’t get lost in the bathtub, since it has the incurable habit of floating, The bristles are securely embedded in the brush so that they will not bother you by their “shedding” aR Every housewife knows that milk and cream will not sour quickly if air does not reach them. The new milk bottle stopper above, made entirely of rubber, effectively seals the bottle and keeps out air. A knob serves as a convenient handle. A moment's rinsing in hot water suffices to clean it Two glasses rest convenient- ly in this new tray that clamps to the side of your bridge table. They cannot tip over, or spill to soil your playing cards; for they are out of the way, and two metal rings inclose them se- curely. An instant pressure of the fingers attaches or removes the ingenious tray - H In the latest kitchen cabinet, a row of sanitary metal This new attachment for your vacuum cleaner is also a squeak- y bins with convenient spigots holds such materials as remover for the springs of the automobile—but it makes a dandy u sugar, salt, and coffee. A touch of a handle and you air brush as well to paint your furniture. It all depends on what It fill a measuring cup in a jiffy. There is also a flour sieve you put in the jar, whose spray nozzle hooks onto your cleanet dl 0)

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H POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 63 | | : You can save a few precious seconds in the morning with an ingenious new toilet article that enables you to comb and brush your hair with a single motion! Within its compact closed shape, released by the ssure of a button, are two small combs that slip and lock into the sides for instant, rapid use. Press another button, and a hand mirror slides out urself out from the top. Travelers will appreciate this device yless lock, when you Soa. & series of ‘ a Apparently as soft as a sponge is this new kitchen appliance, a curly mass of copper for cleaning and polishing pots and pans; but its ability is marvelous, according to the maker, to remove rust, discolora- tion, and sticky food. It is said not to scratch Screw a lamp with this new lock into your socket— and it will stay there for the life of the bulb. It cannot loosen with jarring or vibration, and no one ignorant of the secret can remove it, for it won’t screw out in the ordinary way. Pull it down- ward a fraction of an inch and it can be released only family, It \ the dark You can drop these electric plugs, for lamp or toaster, on the floor—step on them—even hit them with a hammer and they won’t break. They’re made of soft rubber, and survive innumer- able falls. The extra collar of rubber protects wires against fraying and minimizes danger of short circuits When you want a pitcher with a strainer, this new household appliance with a sieve built into the lid serves the purpose. If you don’t-want it, twist the lid just a little and the strainer disappears. It saves the nuisance of looking for a strainer when you need it You won’t burn your fingers, wrists, or arms if your oven is equip- ped with these new safety shelves. A tug on one, and it slides nilk and out, bringing the roast does not or the cake with it. » stopper The shelves are mount- ffectively * ed on a framework that A knob fits any cooking stove noment’s clean it ———— Here’s a brand-new way to keep the air in squeak- your home moist and fresh! The cabinet fits To all appearances, this piece of furniture, when closed, is an ordinary upholstered | dandy im your wall. Running water sprays through couch. But lift its hinged lid, and presto! a complete wardrobe swings out, on n what itand sucks in air at the upperregister, to dis- handy bars that serve as a stand. Fifteen holes are provided for as many dress cleanes charge a veritable “lake breeze”’ at the lower hangers, making the novel chest a full-equipped closet-on-its-side. It was recently one, The water pipes run behind the wall shown at a model home exposition and was praised for its space-saving features

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Bow to Ad oe =e sts Fig. 1. Testing A. C. adaptor harnesses in commercial setsin Institute of Standards laboratory AN I change my bat- tery-operated radio receiver into a full electric model? Is A. C. conversion practical? What does it cost? What parts do I need? Is there much hum? Those questions, and oth- ers on the same subject, are on the lips of radio set owners everywhere. Probably you have asked them yourself. Extensive experiments have been car- ried out in the laboratory of the Popular Science Institute of Standards to find out definitely and accurately just what you can do in the way of A. C. conversion and what results you may expect when the conversion is properly carried out. These experiments prove conclusively that you can, by the use of the proper apparatus, easily adapt your old receiver for full electric operation, thereby mak- ing it as simple to operate and care for as any other household electrical appliance. ITH full electric operation, you eliminate entirely the necessity of testing, charging, and filling the storage A-battery, and of replacing the B-bat- teries at regular intervals. In fact, you _ get rid of every attention and replace- ment required by the battery-operated set except the replacement of the vacuum tubes. On the other hand, A. C. tubes are more expensive than those used in the battery-operated set and do not last quite so long. It isreasonable to expect, though, that both these disadvantages will be remedied in the near future. Converting your set for full electric op- POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY eration will not give you more dis- tance nor make the set more selec- tive. Neither will it bring any improvement in tone or volume if you are now using a type 171 power tube in the last stage. The sole gain is in freeing yourself from the work of taking care of a battery-operated set. Experiments at the Institute of Standards have shown that almost any standard type of factory-built or Fig. 2. converted for full electric operation. nator, antenna, ground, and speaker complete it An old home-assembled radio receiver A B-elimi- home-constructed radio receiver may be converted for electric operation. In many cases the conversion can be accomplished without changing a single wire inside the radio receiver. Such receivers as the ordi- nary neutrodyne or balanced radio- frequency type, which are already ar- ranged to use a type 171 power tube, can be converted without change. If they are of the older type, the B-supply wires inside the set must be changed to provide for the necessary separate high voltage to the power tube. Of course, where balancing condensers are used to keep the radio-frequency stages from oscillating, these condensers must be readjusted because of the slightly different capacity of the UX 226 alter- nating current tube as compared with the standard 201A battery tube. ECEIVERS using the grid resistance method of preventing oscillation, where a high resistance is inserted in the grid lead of each radio-frequency ampli- fier tube, require no special treatment. In older type sets, however, where the potentiometer method ‘of preventing oscillation is employed, conversion to June, 1928 apt Your Set to A.C. A Complete, Practical and Simple Way to Electrify Your Old Receiver—A Method "I Approved by Our Institute’s Engineers By ALFRED P. LANE electric operation necessitates the intra. duction of some other means of control. ling oscillation, because you can’t use q potentiometer connected across the alter. nating current filament leads of the tubes, Inserting grid resistances will solve the problem with the least trouble. There seems to be considerable con fusion as to what constitutes complete electrification as that term is popularly understood. There are two distinct meth- ods. One is to employ the new alternating current tubes such as the UX 226 and UX 227, using low voltage alternating current from a step-down transformer, the other is to build an A-eliminator consisting of a step-down trans. former, chokes, and filter condensers which will take the alternating cur- rent and convert it into low voltage direct cur- rent suitable for use on the filaments of ordinary storage battery tubes. N THIS article we consider only the first system—the use of the new A. C. tubes. Ina future article we hope to cover the experiments now being carried on at the Institute of Standards labora- tory with A-eliminator systems. In converting a battery-operated radio receiver to full electric operation, certain parts of your present equipment are dis- carded and certain new apparatus must be purchased. Assume, for example, that you have a five- or six-tube radio receiver with the usual equipment. This means that the sockets in the receiver are sup- plied with 201A tubes except in the last stage of audio amplification. You prob ably have a 112 or 171 power tube in that socket. There is a six-volt storage battery under the table or in the lower compart- ment of the console cabinet. Next to itis a trickle charger or, perhaps, a full-rate charger. And beside the charger there will be three or possibly four 45-volt B- batteries. In addition, there will be one or more C-batteries. When you convert your set to electrie operation, you will discard all the 201A tubes, the storage battery and charger, and all the dry cell B and C batteries. Obviously, if these parts are all nearly new and in perfect condition, throwing them away is wasteful, so the ideal time to consider converting your set to electrie operation is when your tubes are no longer as good as they might be, the storage

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June, 199, ‘ay to ethod neers the intro. f control. n’t use a the alter. the tubes, solve the able con complete popularly nct meth- ternati 226 aa ternating isformer, build an onsisting n trans. and filter ich will ting cur. rt it into ect cur- r ‘din on ordin: tube? ticle we the first > of the s. Ina hope to t carried labora- od radio certain are dis- 18 must le, that receiver ; means re sup- the last u prob- in that battery ym part- to itis ull-rate r there volt B- be one lectric > 201A harger, tteries. nearly rowing il time lectrie longer torage June, 1928 battery 20 longer holds its charge and nsequently requires too frequent charg- # the charger no longer works efficient- ‘and the dry cell batteries are dead. In electric operation, you retain the wer tube and purchase new equipment gs follows: UX 226 tubes to replace each of the 201A tubes except one, the de- tector. That one 1s replaced by a UY 227 tube. The next item is an A. C. adaptor ess kit such as is shown in the fore- ground of the illustration in Fig. 3. In place of the storage battery and charger you need a special filament transformer with the primary wound for 115 volts and three secondary windings—one 1}4-volt, one 244-volt, and one 5-volt. A high- e B-eliminator completes the needed conversion equipment. SSENTIALLY, conversion to full electric operation means substituting A.C. type tubes and a step-down filament heating transformer for the storage battery type tubes and the storage battery. It sill is, and probably always will be, necessary to use high voltage direct cur- rent for the plate or B-circuits of the tubes and you can, of course, obtain this kind of current from the light socket only by the use of a B-eliminator. All the newest factory-built electric receivers use precisely the same equip- ment outlined for the conversion of battery sets except that in many of them the auxiliary equipment is housed in Pid the cabinet with the rest es of the receiver. pea * Of course it is entirely practical to convert a battery-operated re- ceiver to full electric operation without pur- chasing a special adaptor harness. If you are suffi- ciently familiar with radio equipment to know what each wire is for, you can rewire the fila- ment circuits for the A.C. tubes. A kit of heavy twisted wire pairs such as shown in the background of Fig. 3 will save a lot of time in such a rewiring job. - EVERAL types of A. C. harnesses have been tested and approved by the Popular Science Institute of Standards. These harnesses have been designed for the greatest possible adaptability, so that they can be used in a great many different types of sets. The harness consists of a cable with several branches. Along this cable, like beads on a necklace, are strung a number of adaptors as illustrated in Fig. 3. These adaptors really are sockets fitted with prongs on the bases. They are placed in the regular sockets, and the A. C. tubes are placed in them as shown in Fig. 4. The internal wiring of the adaptor con- nects the grid and plate prongs of the tube straight through to the grid and plate contact springs in the socket in the receiver. The set socket filament termi- nals which in the battery hookup carried storage battery current to the filament terminals of the tube are joined together inside the adaptor and are connected to e center tap of a biasing resistance Placed across the A. C. filament terminals of the adaptor. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Send for This List. A special list of apparatus ap- proved by the Popular Science Institute of Standards for use in converting battery-operated radio receivers for full electric operation will be sent to readers without charge. Address: Radio Editor, PopularScience Monthly, 250 Fourth Avenue, New York. A special branch on the cable or a separate cable is provided for the five- prong UX 227 heater type detector tube and another, fitted with a biasing resis- tance, is used for the 171 power tube. The regular battery type 171 power tube has been found to be perfectly satisfac- tory for operation on alternating filament current. After the adaptors have been placed in the receiver sockets and the A. C. tubes have been placed in the adaptors, the cable ends are connected to the binding posts on the filament heating transformer. Short-circuiting the C-battery binding posts on the receiver and connécting up the B-eliminator to the regular binding posts on the set complete the work if the Fig. 3. In the foreground is a com- plete A. C. harness adaptor outfit. In the background is a simplified kit of only the necessary twisted wires receiver is adapted for use with the 171 type tube, which means prac- tically all the good radio sets made recently. With older sets, either factory built or home assembled, _ additional problems are _ encoun- tered. If the set is fitted with the old type sockets, care must be taken to select a harness fitted with adaptors that have pins so that they will stay in place. 65 Locate the lug on the loudspeaker jack that is wired to the ninety-volt binding post. Disconnect the lug from the wire. If it is a branch that goes nowhere else, take it out entirely. If the wire continues to some other part of the set, merely un- solder it and move it out of contact, making sure that it does not touch any other wire and that the ninety-volt sup- ply to the balance of the set is kept intact. OW run a wire from the lug that you have disconnected to a new binding post for the 180-volt supply. Fig. 2 shows a typical example of an old home-built radio receiver converted to full electric operation. This receiver is the original model from which was prepared the radio construction article which appeared in Poputar ScrENCE Monta ty for July, 1925. It has been in daily use since that time and no changes have been made in it since it was built except to substitute a new first-stage audio transformer for the original one which burned out. ‘This set in revised form, allowing the use of the 112 type power tube, is detailed in PopuLar ScrencE Montuiy Blueprint No. 43. The original circuit did not provide for a power tube so one change in the wir- ing was necessary. The loudspeaker jack was wired to one of the unused A-bat- tery binding posts so that 180 volts could be applied to the power tube type 171. The illustration of Fig. 2 shows the A. C. conversion har- ness and adaptors in place with the A. C. tubes in the sockets and the ends of the cable connected to a filament heating transformer. The output transformer. is con- nected in the loud-speaker cord. One way to avoid making any wiring changes in oii. even an old set is 3 to operate it with either of the power amplifier and cur- rent supply units described in detail in the March and April numbers of PorpuLaR SCIENCE MontHiy and in Blueprints 80 and 81. As these power units include the second stage of au- dio amplification, you can forget about the output trans- former and entirely eliminate the last stage in the set. All you need do is locate the P termi- nal of the first audio amplifier socket and _ In order to take full Fig. 4. The tube prongs fit into the run a wire from it to advantage of full electric adaptor and adaptor fits into socket the P terminal of the operation in an old set, at least one change in the wiring is abso- lutely necessary. Such receivers usually are wired so that ninety volts is applied to both the first and second stages of audio amplification. The 171 type power tube requires 180 volts on the plate for maxi- mum results, so you will have to locate the plate supply wire to the last tube and bring it out to a separate binding post. power unit. If you desire additional information on some particular point, the staff of the radio laboratory of the Popular Science Institute of Standards will be glad to help you; provided, of course, that you state your problem clearly and in full detail. Address your letters: Radio Editor, Poputar Science MowntTu_y, 250 Fourth Avenue, New York.

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY June, 192 Right and Wrong Ways in Radio Work Repairing Your Own Set How to Use Solder—Fixing Parts That Fail—Choosing Special Tools AKING a good soldered connec- tion is simple andeasy, yet most beginners approach a soldering job with fear and trembling. They anticipate failure and, in most cases, unhappily, their worst fears are fully realized. The beginner constructing his first radio receiver may be ever so careful to get each connection exactly right. He can spend hours of time mak- ing sure that mechanical assembly and all other details are properly carried out, and then the set will refuse to operate merely because the soldered connections are like the one shown at the left in the accompanying illustration; whereas if they had been made as shown at the right, the set would have functioned perfectly until the tubes or batteries gave out. These two connections, showing the joining of a piece of bus wire to another one at right angles, were specially pre- pared in the laboratory of the Popular Science Institute of Standards. The same solder, the same electric soldering iron, and sections cut from the same piece of bus wire were used in both cases. Y is one connection hopelessly poor and the other perfect? The an- swer lies in the amount of heat applied to the joint. It is absolutely necessary to get the metal surfaces to which the solder is expected to stick just as hot as the molten solder. Of course, you can’t expect solder to flow on to a dirty, corroded metal sur- face and make a perfect joint, but even if the surface-is clean and fresh you simply cannot get a good joint unless you keep the iron in contact long enough to get the metal properly heated. Nearly all ama- teur soldering troubles are due to “cold” joints—mere gobs of half congealed solder stuck to the surface of the metal by rosin or soldering paste. Don’t be afraid that you will get the joint too hot. The only chance for trouble is that the heat will run up the wires and singe the insulation, and it is better to singe the insulation than to have a poor connection. Solder- ing really is much easier than it looks. Watch out for cold joints, keep your iron well tinned and hot, use good solder, use rosin or good soldering paste as a flux, make sure that the metal surfaces are clean, and you will master the art in a surprisingly short time. Repairing Radio Parts HEN your radio receiver stops working the first problem is, of course, to find out what has gone wrong. The next is to remedy the trouble. If it happens to be a broken connection, the remedy is obvious, assuming that you can get at the connection. But if the connec- tion has broken inside a sealed-in part Two joints made with the same solder and sol- dering iron from pieces of the same wire. The left one is a failure because of insufficient heat suchas an audio transformer, it really pays to send the part back to the factory for repair. Audio transformers are wound with very fine wire, and unless you have had considerable experience in fine elec- trical work, don’t tackle repairing one. However, there are a number of troubles that can be remedied by anyone with a knowledge of ordinary mechanical principles. For example, if you discover that the spring contacts in the socket are not making contact with the tube prongs as well as they should, you can bend the springs upward if the sockets are of the old type. With the new “X” type sockets where the prongs of the tubes push through holes in a plate and the contact springs press against the sides of the prongs, it is not so easy to make repairs. But fortunately, the new “X” type sockets rarely give trouble. If one does, ‘the best remedy is to replace the part. A B C’s of Radio i THE early days of radio broad- casting, when ordinary vacuum tubes were hard to get, cost from six to nine dollars apiéce, and used four times as much current from the A-battery as modern tubes, re- flex type circuits were popular. In the typical reflex circuit, one or more tubes were made to do double duty. They were called on to act both as_ radio-frequency amplifiers and as audio amplifiers. With this system, better results than could be had when each tube did just one job were obtained. How- ever, this advantage was very largely offset by the fact that reflex circuits were hard to adjust, prone to mysterious squeals, and rarely gave the results of which they were theoretically capable. Obviously, it is impossible to ob- tain by reflex methods results that cannot also be obtained by simpler circuits where each tube does one thing only. In these days of cheap, easily obtainable vacuum tubes that use only a small amount of current, reflex circuits are no longer popular. Variable condensers are so well made today that trouble with them is extremely rare. Bearings practically never wear out but sometimes an adjusting nut will come loose and allow the shaft to wobble in its bearing. When this happens, you yilj have great difficulty in tuning-in the weaker stations. The setting will never be the same two days running, and often a light touch on the dial, without turning it at all, will throw the set out of tune. T= cure is to tighten up the loose nut. Study the construction carefully and do not apply more force than is needed to make the nut tight. You may find that the whole adjustment has come loose so that the plates touch each other at some point on the dial. Be sure to center the plates as closely as possible before you tighten the lock nut. Old type rheostats often give trouble. The contact arm loses its tension and thereafter makes a poor contact with the resistance wire. The remedy is to bend the contact arm so that it will press more tightly against the resistance wire. With some types of rheostats, this can be done by a slight blow on the contact arm close to the hub. In most cases, however, this results only in making the condition worse, and a repair can be effected only by taking the rheostat apart. Special Tools Save Time ANY difficult jobs in assembling radio parts into a set become easy if a long, thin-shanked screw driver is in your tool kit. It will permit you to get at mounting screws that are down be- tween two parts where there is no space for fingers or a hand holding an ordinary length driver. A very short, small screw driver also is useful in cases where there is but little room back of the screw. In extreme cases of this kind, the right angle screw driver can be used. Many amateur radio fans attempt to get along with only one pair of pliers, and frequently it is one borrowed from the automobile tool kit, in which case it is almost always much too large and clumsy for work on a radio receiver. Generally you can cut wire with it only by opening the jaws to the full extent and placing the wire to be cut in shearing notches near the hub. You might struggle for half an hour to figure out a way to accomplish with such pliers a particular job that could be done easily in a few seconds with either side-cutting wire pliers, a round nose plier, or a small flat nose plier. It may seem extravagant to purchase special tools for radio work, but you will find that they will eventually more than pay for themselves in time saved in the many odd jobs around the house. SFagTEF SS New “ 181: hou into

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June, 199 et Tools vell Made extremely wear out, will come »ble in its you will 1Z-In_ the vill never rer often it turni sf teu” the loose carefully Is needed find that loose So ‘at some enter the fore you trouble. sion and with the to bend ess more e. With be done rm close ver, this ondition ted only ve ume embling me easy ver is in u to get »wn be- 10 space rdinary Il screw re there ‘ew. In e right mpt to ers, and ‘om the se it is clumsy nerally pening sing the es near half an »mplish b that ds with round er. irchase ou will -e than in the june, 1928 T building prob- lems do you face? Mr. McMahon will be to help you solve m. Write to him in care of the Home Build- ing Department, Popu- lar Science Monthly, 950 Fourth Avenue, New York, New York. A photograph made in 1860, and, at right, another made recently POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 67 HEN Napoleon Took Moscow This Home Was New, When Lee Surrendered to Grant It Was Old, and Now, After 116 Years, the Noble Old ouse Starts Life Over Again " ARTHA, how about building that new house?” “Times are unsettled, Hi- ram,” replied his wife. “The almanac says, ‘Don’t start anything in 1812.’ ” “Well, we’ve just started a new war ' with England,” chuckled the head of the house. ‘‘I hear Napoleon has started into Russia, and maybe that is what the warning applies to.” “Tt might apply to us too.” “Nonsense, Martha. ‘These disturb- ances last for a little while. A good dwel- ling lasts a hundred years or better.” “Then you think this house will be still useful in—say—1928?” “Yes, my dear. People will be living in it and thanking us for putting up such a substantial, cozy struc- ture.” By Joun R. McManon years the homestead is still going strong. True, the house has been recondi- tioned, but the main elements remain. Time has levied lightly on the brown- stone foundations, the hand-hewn oak framework, joists, and rafters; and planks put down as flooring. Most of the win- dows are in the original state. “ How did you come across this place?” I asked the present owner, Carl E. Dingfelder. “We lived in the neighborhood for several years,” was the reply, “and I always liked the quaint appearance of the old house. Then I went through it and fell in love with it—but my wife didn’t.” “IT said, ‘For heav- en’s sake, don’t buy “What an optimist you are, Hiram! If betting were not sinful, I would wager against you. However, let us build, and time will tell.”’ It is the duty of the Writer to record that Hiram won the theoretical bet by a wide margin. His house stands today, a showplace I a picturesque suburb, Bogota, N. J. America got through with the War of 1812 and Napoleon got good and through with w, but after 116 FOR VEGETABLES it,’”’ corroborated Mrs. Dingfelder, smil- ing. “It was dark and spooky looking. The upstairs was cut up into about ten little bedrooms with open rafters for ceiling. Queer nooks and corners, creaky floors.” “It didn’t look promising to a spick- and-span housekeeper,” agreed the hus- band, “but I knew everything could be fixed up. So I bought it and called in some artist friends to advise.” ** And they suggested the changes?” “No, their final verdict was: ‘Don’t touch it! It is more beautiful now than you can ever make it.’ They saw the house as a picture, not as a habitation. I called in an architect to reconcile the old with the modern. I think he enhanced its dignity and beauty, notably by adding dormer windows and replacing an undis- tinguished front entrance with one that is pure Colonial—curving stone steps and iron railing, white pillars and deftly carved lintel. It has the charm of yester- year’s divided door, upper and lower halves separately hinged. “It would be hard to trace the entire life history of this house,” said Mr. Dingfelder. “Here’s a photograph of it taken in 1860 that shows clapboards on the outside walls. These First FLOOR PLAN How the first floor was enlarged to make spacious living room, living porch, dining room, breakfast room, ample kitchen, pantry, and convenient extra lavatory were covered with hand- made wood shingles when I bought the place and we

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY The living room. With rather low ceilings, bracket lights serve better than central illumination. The interesting windows of 1812 have been retained with wisdom and with appreciation of their beauty kept them intact. The photograph shows three chimneys, which were reduced to two when we arrived. I replaced them with one large outside chimney.” “It was a good idea,” I observed, “as helpful to the general appearance as the new front entrance. How did you start alterations?” “We began at the ground floor and transformed two adjacent bedrooms into a large living room. I wanted an open fireplace here and that fixed the location of the new chimney. The walls and ceiling got new wood lath and cement plaster instead of the old lime mixture. You notice the inner wall has large deco- rative panels in cream plaster with slate gray wood moldings. The object is to avoid the effect of long bareness, breaking up the lines of surplus length. On account of the rather low ceiling—eight feet or so —we have no center light but depend on wall brackets and other lamps.” **Was this oak floor laid over the old surface?” I inquired. “Yes, and the original white pine planks made a good base,” replied Mr. Ding- felder. ‘They were a foot wide and three inches thick. The modern subfloor is one inch thick. About the only change in the windows of the living room was to shift the location of one on the west side to balance its mate.” “Balance means equal distribution of light as well as looks.” “TYXACTLY—a point many persons overlook. A curious detail of the windows is that they are hung not with cord but with brass strips that roll up on springs. No doubt this was a fancy im- provement added to the house half a century or more after it was built. We have added storm windows on the north and west sides of both floors. This takes the place of weather stripping. They are, naturally, more expensive than strip- ping, but may be economical when you consider fuel saving.” ** About five times as much heat escapes through a window as through an average solid wall,” I remarked, “and you cut that loss in two by having double win- dows. I mean loss through the glass itself, not air leakage around the sash, which may be as much again.” “There is a chance for an inventor on that problem,” said Mr. Dingfelder. “What did you tackle after the living room?” “The hall, but we did not change its dimensions. ‘The old stairway was re- placed with a new one—mainly an im- provement in materials. A coat closet was built in and of course the walls were replastered and oak flooring laid. We converted the old sitting room into a dining room. As elsewhere the original small-paned windows were left intact. An inside partition wall was rebuilt to contain a pair of inset china closets with arched tops in the Colonial style, spaced to give room for a sideboard between. They do not project into the next room, thanks to the architect’s ingenuity in housing between them in that next room, the kitchen, an inset kitchen cabinet. TERE RTI A dining room corner, showing one of the built-in china closets and part of sideboard fitting between them June, 193 “The kitchen occupies w , a bedroom, and has “a m hat was g including an electric refri entry hall.” The present owner extende floor to provide for a butievs a breakfast porch anda sun parlor, the latt . practically all glass on two sides with French doors, and floored with English quarry tile of irregular outline and colo ful combinations. : The butler’s pantry contains q cold-ai closet—one of those lost inventions sel covered by a bright modern mind, body can afford it and the handy man can make it. You keep vegetables, fruit and such like in it, saving many steps to the cellar. This particular model is six feet high and two feet square inside. At the back two screened openings about ten inches square extend through the house wall to let in cold air. O*. OUR way upstairs I took note of g lavatory in the rear hall. Besides this, there are now three complete bath. rooms in the house. Shades of the ances. tor of 1812! He did not have one bath. room. “How did you deal with the spooks upstairs?” I asked Mr. Dingfelder. “They were easily abolished by letting in more light,” was the reply. “This was done by taking down partitions, adding a few windows, supplying a ceiling, and raising the rear roof. There is a master bedroom seventeen by twenty-six feet with its bath, and two guest chambers with another bath. Then there is simply the hall with large linen closet and a cedar closet. On the north side the roof was raised to give a level ceiling. The attic space is small and unused. Insulation of the attic against heat and cold was unnecessary because of the extra heavy sheet copper roof covering.” “Copper is the reverse of a good insu- lator,” I remarked. “Yes, but it is laid over wood shingles, I had the entire house covered with cre- osoted wood shingles. They were all right except on the north roof, which had been raised to an angle that gave too low a pitch for shingles. Rain would get under the shin- gles and cause leakage. There are different pitches suitable for vari- ous types of roofs and the least allowable for shingles of any kind is six inches per horizontal foot. Copper is most expensive, but more enduring than tin and more fire-safe than zinc. If zinc had been used there might have been a question about contact with the red cedar shingles, since the acid in this wood affects the metal.” odern feature Serator in ay Every. - ELL, your roof problem is solved for another hundred years,” was my comment. “No painting or repairs. The standing seam style which you have 3s generally safer against leakage than flat seam. Since the job was done by competent men, I know care was taken to avoid expal- sion trouble and the roof is properly grounded to carry electrical discharges.” It may interest the reader to know that (Continued on page 130) june, 19 M buildin there private the use Each equipp nickele

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June, 193 Was Once n feature, tor in an | the first Pantry, a the latter des, with h English and color. & Cold-air ONs redis. d. Every. 7 Man can fruit, and PS to the S SIX feet >» At the bout ten the house note of a Besides ete bath. he ances. one bath. © spooks ler. ry lett his me. 3, adding ling, and & master -SIx feet -hambers is simply d a cedar roof was The attic 1sulation 2old was "a heavy od insu- shingles, vith cre- all right f, which gle that shingles, he shin- ‘here are for vari- he least ny kind tal foot. ve, but nd more June, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 69 Why Most Home Refrigerators Are Really Worthless By FREDERIC DAMRAU, M.D. MONG other Juxuries in a great new apart - ent ilding near my home rts beautiful private ballroom for the use of the tenants. Fach apartment is equipped with prettily nickeled white enam- ded refrigerators. But nice as they are to look at, as refrigerators they are about as effective asso many white soap boxes, Actually, they will endanger the health of the families that use them. Your icebox—or the one owned by the rich- est man in the United States—is good only in proportion to its abil- ity to perform its ap- pointed function. And the one function of an icebox is to keep food cold. If it does that it’s a good icebox. If it doesn’t, it isn’t, and no amount of enamel wil make up for its failure. Of course, if people knew the dangers that lurk in improper re- frigeration, it would take a good deal more than a ballroom to offset those por refrigerators. Really alarming is the fact that most refrigerators now in use are practically worthless. This fact, mentioned in my previous articles, has been amply substantiated. Millions of refrigerators do not perform the necessary function of a refrigerator at all. A icebox to be efficient and safe for food preservation should maintain temperatures of fifty degrees or less in all compartments and forty-five degrees or less in the milk compartment. Good refrigerators are made and sold. The Popular Science Institute of Stand- ards tests many good as well as bad ones for use either with ice or with automatic units. However, wide public ignorance of the importance of effective household refrigeration has brought about a demand for cheap refrigerators, and so even reliable manufacturers have been orced to save on materials and to produce refrigerators which do not at all do the job they are intended to do. ulation is the most important and, The arrow lines indicate the course of air through the refrigerator, showing why open shelves aid circulation and why various foods should have certain places in the box perhaps to the average householder, the least considered feature of an icebox. It is to the icebox what the vacuum jacket is to the thermos bottle. When a re- frigerator is poorly insulated, heat rapidly penetrates its walls—melts the ice and raises the temperature to unsafe and even dangerous levels. Proper insulation means lining the ice- box with a material, preferably two inches or more in thickness, which con- ducts heat very poorly and allows the food compartments to remain cold in spite of high temperatures outside. Insulation should be so effective that when the room temperature is eighty degrees a thermometer placed in the food compartment will not register above fifty. Wood, felt, paper, or just ordinary air are “insulators” commonly found in cheap iceboxes and are grossly inefficient, especially when they become moist. Moisture is another foe to effective refrigeration. Bacteria thrive on it, and it also favors heat conduction. In poor re- frigerators moisture causes the inner lining to become corroded and covered with slime. Cir- culation of the air with- in a refrigerator is also important in maintain- ing low temperatures and in removing odors. Without it warm pock- ets of air may accumu- late. Solid shelves of glass or galvanized iron hamper refrigeration. Shelves built of wire or other materials to per- mit free circulation are found in well-built re- frigerators. Weall know how cold a poorly heated room without weather strips may become during bit- ter winter weather. The - reverse situation is brought about by poor- ly constructed or care- lessly fitted refrigerator doors. In fact, this de- fect may be responsible for from twenty to thir- ty percent of the total loss of refrigeration. The better types of re- frigerators overcome this possibility with one or more gaskets fitted snugly in the door opening. Many people cover ice in a refrigerator with newspapers. This is senseless. Covering the ice with anything at all prevents it from cool- ing the air inside the box. You get no refrigeration. It would be equally sensible to buy no ice at all. LEANLINESS in a refrigerator is vitally important, and any refrigera- tor so constructed that it cannot be cleaned easily is a source of danger. A few drops of milk or a morsel of meat in a crevice may cause microbe growth. Efficiency is also promoted by placing each kind of food in its proper location. Milk, the children’s food in which germs multiply rapidly, should be kept in the coldest compartment. Next to milk, butter, meat broths, arid left-over soups require the coldest place. In fact, any milk dish should be kept where it is as cold as possible. Vegetables and fruits require the least refrigeration. Americans, discriminating about plumbing, heating systems, automobiles, and other aids to comfort, convenience and sanitation, should spend a little time investigating their refrigerators.

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Gus Explains a Broken Axle How Your Car Turns a Corner in Safety and Why EveryAutomobile Requires Differential Gears in the Rear End By Martin BuNN a OU might know we’d get stuck behind a bunch of cars on a hill like this,”’ grumbled Gus Wilson as he shifted into low and pre- pared for the long grind up Smoke Hill. It was Sunday, and the string of cars constantly passing in the other direction forced Gus and his partner Joe Clark to stay in line. They had left young Bill to tend the gas pump at their Model Garage while they drove to Windsor for dinner with Gus’s sister and her family. “This is a sure enough bad hill,” said Joe, “but that’s no excuse for crawling up it like a snail. What’s the matter with those two cars right ahead? They're not even keeping up with the procession.” ‘Looks to me like the rear one is being towed,’ Gus observed. “‘The front car is filled with people, and if it’s trying to pull that extra load, I don’t wonder they’re going slow. We'll be lucky if they don’t get stuck right in the middle of the hill. We’re late enough for dinner as it is.” “I don’t care much for soup anyway,” grinned Joe. “Humph!” Gus grunted, suddenly sit- ting up straight and gazing intently ahead. “We'll be lucky if we get there for dessert—look at that rear wheel! The axle is busted and it’s coming out by the roots!” As Joe looked the rear wheel of the car ahead moved out from under the mud- guard till it was actually traveling into the path of the cars coming the other way. US and Joe shouted to warn the oc- cupants of the car ahead, but the roar of the racing motor in the front car drowned their voices. Passing cars veered out to avoid hitting the projecting wheel. Now the rear of the towed car settled with a crash on the concrete road; the jar snapped the tow rope and the first car, relieved of its burden, leaped ahead. Gus, knowing what was about to hap- pen, had lagged behind so he could avoid a collision. As he stopped his own car, a short and exceedingly fat man eased himself out of the disabled car, and right behind him came a skinny, freckle-faced youth. “Pa!” croaked young freckle-face. “The wheel come off!” “You don’t say so!”’ puffed the fat man sarcastically. “‘Now, son, suppose you tell me how to get the blame thing on POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY “a8 xi a Se By a again if you’re so confounded bright?” ‘By this time a string of cars were stalled behind Gus and curious drivers had stopped to look, thus tying up the cars proceeding down the hill. “There goes the dessert, too,” growled Gus. “I thought maybé we could sneak around and get on, but we might as well help this fat bonehead out of his trouble. Anybody got any tire chains?”’ he called out. “And jacks?” Willing drivers offered them. “A] OW,” Gus said, “I’m going to loop these chains around the brake drum with enough slack so I can hook the loop over the jack. Then when I get it as high as the jack will go, somebody stand by to shove the foot of one of those other jacks edgewise under the drum. That will hold it while I slack off and put some- thing under this jack—the tire on the wheel that came off will do. Pushing the jack up to the top again ought to raise it high enough to let you get a jack under the axle in the regular way. You under- stand? Watch it now!” Three men put their shoulders to the back of the car lest it start backing off the queer chain sling arrangement, and in no time at all Gus had the axle housing high “Look at that rear wheel!’ exclaimed Gus. “The axle is busted and it’s coming out by the roots!” Gus and Joe shouted to warn the occupants of the car enough to slip the shaft back in place, ““Where are you headed for?” asked Gus. “Cooperstown,” the fat man replied glumly. “I guess we'll have to walk it. No use trying to tow this wagon any more. The wheel’d just fall off again. Can you folks help me push it off the road and then maybe give us a lift to Cooperstown?” “(NET in our car,” Gus offered. ‘““We’re going that way anyhow. “We'll be back after dinner and pick you up if you want. Then we'll get the wreck- ing car and tow you to the Mode Garage.” “Suits me,” the fat one grunted as he heaved himself in beside Gus. “The bird that was towing me must have got cold feet. He didn’t come back. What made that wheel come off, anyhow? There’sa lot about this automobile business I don’t get, somehow.” “You're in pretty good company,” Gus laughed. “‘I suppose most auto owners on the road don’t know what the differential gear is. As for why the axle broke—that was your fault. The wheel was loose on the axle. I guess you never tightened up the nut that holds the wheel on the tapered part of (Continued on page 128) te

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June, i975 rus. ‘The he roots!” of the car n place, ” asked replied kit. No y more, an you ind then wn?” offered. inyhow. ick you » wreck- Model d as he ‘he bird ‘ot cold t made lere’s & I don’t ,”’ Gus ners on ential —that ose On ned up ym the ge 128) POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 71 Pointing a 10,000-pound Gun As Easily As You Might Point a Pistol—with the Help of SKF Bearings June, 1928 2 =MPWENTY-TWO barks a minute from this dog of war OZ that keeps watch over the heavens—each with a muzzle energy of 704-foot tons—each with a pull on the recoil mechanism of twenty-five thousand pounds! And yet, two GBiSF Spherical Bearings located in the trunnions stand up under the crushing shock and wait for more! All the automobiles that you could cram on ten miles of the bumpiest highway in the country could not deliver that sort of shock to a bearing. EROS Anti-Friction Bearings are used throughout our U. S. Army Anti-Aircraft Guns. Elevating and travers- ing shafts—connecting shafts for recording instruments —azimuth control—fuse setter—all operate on the og highest priced bearings in the world. Ny For Uncle Sam, also, has found that “Nothing Is Apt : to Cost So Much As a Bearing That Cost So Little.” \ A SKF INDUSTRIES, INCORPORATED ha 7 40 East 34th Street : - New York, N. Y. BALL AND ROLLER BEARINGS | U.S. Army Anti-Aircraft Gun in which 20 SACS Anti-Friction Bearings are used. It can be trained on a moving target either manually or automatically from a central station, in unison with other guns in the battery. The Sperry Torque Amplifiers, used on these guns, are also SA0SIF equipped. “THE HIGHEST PRICED BEARING IN THE WORLD” © This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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ie = rf oe |} NS Hy rd HH ot - { Handy Ki ASY starting for the automobile motor depends on the proper mixture of gasoline and air and on a strong, hot spark, assuming of course that the mechanical condition of the motor is good. By pulling out the choke knob you can be sure that there will be plenty of gaso- line in the mixture, and by using the arrangement shown in Fig. 1 you can get a stronger and hotter spark than normal, even though the storage battery is not fully charged. A fixed resistance coil is connected in the circuit in series- with the spark coil to limit the amount of current that will flow in the coil and prevent it from burn- ing out if you accidentally leave the igni- tion switch turned on when the motor is not running. The idea is to connect a stop light switch as shown in Fig. 1 so that when the plunger of the switch is pulled out the resistance coil will be short- circuited. The plunger of the stop light switch is connected by means of a piece , CHOKE

Fig. 1. Easy starting is insured by connecting a stop light switch with the choke button so thata resistance coil on the spark coil is short-circuited when the choke is out, giving a strong, hot spark of wire and a spring to the choke rod, so that when you pull out the choke the resistance coil will be short-circuited and an abnormally large amount of current will flow through the spark coil, producing a fine spark even with the starting motor drawing a large amount of current from the battery. Pushing in the choke rod again after the motor starts restores the circuit to normal running condition. Novel Ash Disposal YOU have ever tried to knock the ashes from your cigar- ette or cigar by putting your hand out of the window and have had the ashes blown back into your face and all over the inside of the car, you will appreciate the ash dis- posal system detailed in Fig. 2. It consists, essentially, of a piece of one-inch flexible tubing such as is used in elec- tric wiring. A flared nozzle

POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY June, 199 nks for Car Owners Strong Start on Weak Battery—Other Useful Hints

BX TUBING 11IN. DIAMETER WHEN CAR IS IN MOTION, SUCTION CARRIES ASHES AWAY

Fig. 2. A flexible tube placed as shown above will solve the driver’s cigarette and cigar ash problem Fig. 3. Right: When the hose clamp breaks or the bolt strips, a piece of old inner tube makes a water-tight emergency repair

Ten Dollars for an Idea! ARRY W. PETERSON, of Seattle, Wash., wins the $10 prize this month with his suggestion for overcoming bat- tery weakness, shown in Fig. 1. Each month Popular Science Monthly awards $10, in addition to customary space rates, for the best suggestion for motorists sent in by a reader. Other pub- lished contributions are paid for at the usual rates.

is fastened to the top. Part of a small tin funnel will do nicely after the small end has been cut off. The lower end of the flexible tubing is passed through a hole in the floor boards and clamped by means of a sheet iron bracket with the open end pointing toward the rear of the car. The motion of the car will create a draft of air downward through the pipe to car- ry the ashes away. It is desirable to locate the lower end of the pipe Fig. 4. An old screen door spring connected at the ends will operate the fan until you can replace a worn-out belt

so the ashes will not get on the sto battery. A couple of coats of any dark brushing lacquer makes the tubing incon. spicuous. Emergency Hose Repair F THE water-hose clamp-screw be. comes stripped or the clamp cannot be tightened any more, you can make an emergency repair with a long strip of rub. ber cut from an old inner tube. Slide the clamp down out of the way and wind the strip of inner tube tight around the end of the hose and down onto the pipe. If the rubber is wound carefully and tight and the ends knotted as shown in Fig. 3, you will get a water-tight connection that may last for a long time. Spring as Fan Belt 2 the only proper thing to do with a worn-out fan belt is to re. place it with a new one, you can make a screen door spring serve in an emergency, as shown in Fig. 4. Two springs may be hooked to- gether to take the place of a very long spring. Of course it is desirable to replace the spring belt with a regular leather belt at the earliest opportunity, as the spring belt will wear a groove in the pulley if used for any length of time and the groove will cause excessive wear on the new leather or composition rubber belt when you eventually fit it. Round the Spring Edges pie pagan springs will wear in such a way that the car will ride with a peculiar bumpy motion. This occurs when the shorter leaves are formed s0 that the edge gradually wears a section

SHARP EDGE ~_—<—< GROUND OFF Fig. 5. Rounding the edge at the lower end of each leaf of the spring will prevent wearing away & depression in the leaf below and preserve smooth spring action even when riding ove large bumps of the leaf below it. When the wheel strikes a bump slightly larger than nor- mal the edge of the spring is forced to ride up over the corner of the depression worn in the lower spring. The cure for this is to round the sharp edge at the lower end of each leaf as shown in Fig. 5

er

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 73

June, 1993 jone, 1928 a } j S b . f ed to. RADIOTRON. UX-240 eC 11n ger In 4 vibrations O ce of a Pfteiancecounie - steal be RADIOTRON UX.20 the fine-toned “E” string regular Power Amplifier Oscillator . RADIOTRON UX-226 in th weiner come to you on the air. Their RADIOTRON UY-227 ne and A.C. Heater bbe RADIOTRON UX-200 exquisite modulations will RADIOTRON UX 2 ' ‘i epoioraoN uxer be faithfully reproduced if a RADIOTRON UV-876 wl a... the tubes of your receiving — Latjra mor Ballast Tube on every Radiotron ed 80 — ° cto tn on set are RCA Radiotrons. which other vacuum tubes are rated é RCA Radiotronsare developed and perfected in the great labo- ratories of RCA, Westinghouse, and General Electric, by the same experts who made modern broadcasting possible. Every Radiotron is tested before it comes to you. For fuller enjoyment of your radio set equip it throughout with RCA is) Radiotrons. Never use new tubes with old ones that have been in use a year or more. See that your set is completely equipped with RCA Radiotrons once a year at least.

of each way 8 mooth J RCA Radiotron nor- d to MADE MAKER S THRE BAG? B.-A ssion e for 4, RADIO CORPORATION OF AMERICA © NEW YORK + CHICAGO ¢* SAN FRANCISCO g. o ——

© This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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Se ee ee aa —— SR FIFI E 4 A side bud, which is de- manding some of the plant’s nourishment and thus retarding growth of the chief bud, is pinched off. Now, with all the nourishment, the principal bud grows more sturdily and only six days later (right) it is ready to open F YOU would have success with your garden the green plants which begin to flourish in May and June must be treated like babies. They have their troubles, their sicknesses, their likes and dislikes. Though a sick plant, like an ill baby, may live, only the healthy, sturdy flowers and vegetables will pro- duce large flowers and fruits. Watering, cultivating, weeding—these are your major cares. Judicious use of the pruning knife, and transplanting, too, may sometimes increase the yield. And many plants respond gratefully to a little liquid manure added during their time of fastest growth. Wet your garden only when the rain clouds have completely fallen down on the job—when the soil is very dry, and powders easily. Then water it thor- oughly. You may best turn rain-maker in the cool of early dusk, when the water will soak into the soil. The best time not to do it is in the middle of the day, when the sun is beating down; then the plants will turn out weaklings. LOWERS and vegetables alike de- mand that their soil be loose and weed- less. Air and moisture must penetrate to the roots. Garden plants will not toler- ate crowding by weeds, nor robbery of the soil of its salts and moisture. After heavy rains or prolonged watering, break the crust of soil around the plants to keep it soft. Beware of weed-killing chemicals, in general. They are so “good” that they will kill your plants too! It is true that a few chemicals are safe to use in very special cases. For in- stance, you can eradicate yellow dandelion heads from your lawn POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY June, 1928 Treat Your Plants Like Babies Study Their Illnesses, Their Likes, and Their Dislikes, and from Your Garden You Should Get Rare Results in Flowers and Vegetables By E. BADE with a spray that will not harm the grass at all. Dissolve two pounds of iron sul- phate in a gallon of water to make a dandelion-killing spray that will cover a plot about thirty feet square. Three applications of the prepara- tion—in May, June, and early fall—are best. Crowding the plants is as bad as letting them be- come overrun with weeds. Take advantage of their different space require- ments. Radishes and let- tuce, for instance, mature quickly, and need little room; you can grow them between rows of larger plants, such as tomatoes. When ill luck spots your garden with vacant spaces where crops did not appear, fill the gaps with seedlings of the same crops—or with the seeds of other quick-growing crops—timed so that they mature at the same season as the original planting. outside air for a few days before transfer to the garden. An hour before trans. planting they are watered thoroughly and again after they have been placed in their new home. Keep them shaded a few days to keep them from wilting, and they will flourish thenceforth. Care must be taken not to injure the roots, lest the plant die. Some plants need a little pruning, training, or pinching. Tomatoes, for example, should be trained—tied to up- rights—and side branches that develop no flowers should be pinched off early, Bigger tomatoes result. vz. can make almost any plant pro- duce larger fruit or blooms by letting only a few mature, pruning or pinching off the others. Flowers yield magnificent long-stemmed blossoms when side buds are pinched off. Vegetables, incidentally, thrive best when you pick their fruit just before it is ripe, and allow it to ripen for several days in a cool place before use. Your pruning knife is handy, too, in trimming orna- mental hedges and bushes, in cutting off decaying twigs of shrubs and trees, and in lightening trees or bushes—taking care not to injure fruiting spurs of fruit trees nor the flower buds Artificial fertilization to produce next year’s seeds. stamens from a tomato flower and rub them on the pistil of the flower of another plant. Right: Remove the cucumber “male’’ flower from the vine and brush the yellow dust from it on the pistil of a “‘female’’ flower Transplanting is a delicate operation made safe by intelligent treatment. Seedlings grown indoors are “‘ hardened” by increasing daily periods of exposure to of shrubs. There are also tricks to every trade, and in none more so than gardening. One of them, for instance, may help you to produce better vegetables. Watch a commercial seed grower cut- ting the small yellow stamens from to- mato flowers and rubbing the central Left: Cut the yellow In fruit pruning, spare flower-bear- ing twigs. Each species has its own features. Cherries (right) are clustered oe, pistils of other flowers with them, or tearing “male” cucumber flowers from the vine, removing the yellow floral envelope, and brushing the | yellow dust lightly on the pistil of ; the “female” flower which he recog- nizes by the small cucumber at its base. He is preparing for a harvest of seeds. Insects usually accomplish this “fertilization,” and on the farm are left to do it in their haphazard way. But the small gardener, if he is One of the impor- tant fruit spurs of the apple tree is ringed, as seen at the left. When you are prun- ing your fruit trees do not remove these wise, selects one variety of a plant and by artificial fertilization “crosses” it with the best individuals of this type. Such a scheme assures him of vigorous seed for the next planting that will yield the finest crops. eat it co ne er ak be st ic

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Ne, 192g | tral , or POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Frigidaire - - guardian of good health for half a mutlion users remeron demands no time or thought. Yet, throughout each hour of the day and night, it automatically provides the constant, clean, dry cold that’s necessary to safeguard food and insure priceless health protection. This system of electric refrig- eration keeps the most perish- able foods as fresh and whole- some as they were the day you bought them. Thus spoilage is stopped. And since there’s no ice to buy, Frigidaire pays for itself in the economies it effects. Twenty-two Frigidaire cabi- net models are offered now— one of which is sure to meet your needs precisely. All are available under General Motors liberal terms. Ask about this easy plan of payment at the near- est Frigidaire Display Room. Or mail coupon for interesting illus- trated booklet—now sent free. FRIGIDAIRE CORPORATION Dept. Y-71, Dayton, Ohio FRIGIDAIRE CORPORATION Dept. Y-71, Dayton, Ohio Send Free Book as offered. EE eT re ac ed FRIGIDAIRE PRODUCT OF GENERAL MOTORS © This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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76 A ie a ik Plan No. 18e POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Plan No. le June, 19g Plan No. 4e For hands that are “All Thumbs” Stanley Plans make woodworking easy OTHING compares with the satisfaction and pleas- ure you will get from making articles like these with your own hands and your own tools. With Stanley Plans to work from, the job is easy and inexpensive. There are 25 different Stanley Plans. The list is shown in the center of this page. Each plan tells you just how to make the object, covering every step— how to select and cut the wood, how to assemble the job, how to The best tools are the cheapest to use No. le—Book Rack 2e—Candle Stick 3e—Pipe Rack 4e—Flower Box 5e—Table Lamp 6e—Toy Automobile 7e—Sconce 8e—Dinner Gong 9e—Bird Houses 10e—Dog House 1le—Book Stand 12e—Smoking Cabinet 13e—Kitchen Cabinet 14e—Sewing Cabinet 15e—Cedar Chest 16e—End Table 17e—Tea Wagon 18e—Model Sailboat 19e—Combination Sail- and Row-boat 20e—Combination Kitchen Seat and Step Ladder 21e—Garden Seat 22e—Garden Trellises ° 70e—Small Tool Chest 71e—Large Tool Chest 72e—Work Bench This book, “How to work with tools and wood,” takes all the mystery out of wood- working. Tellshowtomake useful objects, do odd jobs, and care for tools. 185 pages 150 illustrations cloth binding At your dealer’s or direct, $1.00. sandpaper, paint and finish it. To do your best work you need good tools—of course! Practical- ly every carpenter uses Stanley Tools. Manual Training classes, too. Stanley makes the most complete line. Buy your Stanley Plans from your hardware dealer. If he can- not supply you, write to us. Send 10c for each plan and ask for a free catalog of Stanley . Tools. Address The Stanley Works. New Britain, Conn. Ask your hardware dealer STANLEY TOOLS The choice of most carpenters @ This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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3. k y y FE SE | A Aan Ae — By J. DANNER BuNCcH and Avison F. Kocu KIMMING over the water on the steps of its forward pontoons and with its tail pontoon entirely out of the Seaplane M. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY han N 2H " all MES eS “s odel That It Rises from the Water toGive —.., Amazing Performance in the Air a —Has 30-in. Wing and Three Pontoons—Easy to Construct WING 4)°x 30" lies 4 STRANDS PROPELLER “x 3. PARA xk xi ‘2 ‘© RUBBER %14*"2 WHITE_PINE SPARS %* * 26 the tiny seaplane model BAMBOO ee S water, g Pp 16 6 Fs ped Diagram showing how the tractor seaplane is assembled and speeds forward. - Faster and faster REAR—- —~ (2 > —e the dimensions of the principal parts. The forward pontoons it goes. Then, with a graceful skip, PONTOON ~ =~ are of the step type, and the whole design represents the latest practice it rises into the air and flies like a real seaplane. With good luck, six feet to leave the water and a thousand feet of free flight! There is no thrill like it in all the range of model flying. A well-designed seaplane model is, in the opinion of the writers, the most interesting type of all. Its flying characteristics reproduce in miniature the actual way in which a full size seaplane gets off the water and flies. By constructing and experimenting with a model of the kind illustrated, you will not only enjoy the sport of flying it, but you will also make a start in the study of the aero- nautics of the sea- plane. The design in- corporates the latest practice in model air- plane construction, simplified in some re- spects to make the construction easier for the novice. The model has been care- fully proportioned, the weight and re- sistance have been kept down, and the slowly revolving pro- peller is of large diam- eter so that the plane will remain aloft a long time. The model has a high center of gravity, a negative tail, and a rudder of generous size. The dihedral angle—up- ward slaut—of the wing is so arranged that the model is inherently stable in the air. You should study the drawings care- fully and keep closely to the dimensions. If you do so, you will be able to produce a model that will rise quickly and fly high and far. To make th work easier for you, a blueprint has been prepared showing the pontoons and many of the details full size. These working drawings, because of The model takes to the air. Model airplane enthusiasts are agreed that their hobby holds no greater thrill than the flying of a well-designed seaplane in model airplane construction. The model flies like a real seaplane their clearness and number, can be followed better than the necessarily smaller illustrations which accompany this article. Unless you are a thoroughly experienced model maker, it will be ad- visable to send for the blueprint, using the coupon on page 99. It is No. 87 in the list. For tools you will need pliers, a sharp knife, a razor blade, a small plane, and shears. Materials needed are: 1 or 2 oz. of the ambroid variety of cement or glue, which is waterproof, or its equivalent; 4 strips of split bamboo by \% by 12 in.; 1 pe. balsa (or scant !-in. white pine) veneer !/29 by 6 by 12 in.; 2 pes. white pine 3@ by % by 26 in. and 1 pe. &% by 4% by 24 in., all three with a slight grain showing to indicate stiffness; 1 pe. soft . white pine 4 by 14 by 12 in.; 3 ft. of 1% in. ‘diameter piano wire; 1 pe. Japanese tissue paper large enough to cover the wing, tail, and pon- toon surfaces; 1 spool of silk thread; 1 cop- per washer with a \,-in. center hole; 4 (Continued on page 111)

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r POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY June, 192g imple Workbench Kinks Wood Carving You Can Do Quickly—A Tool Rack —Planing Strips for Models—Handmade Hinges Y A surprisingly simple method, folding screen frames and other pieces of homemade furniture and novelties can be decorated with artistic wood carving. Choose a soft, clear, straight-grained wood such as red cedar, and, if you wish to make a three- fold screen with frames such as those il- lustrated in Fig. 1, buy 3% by 1% in. strips—regular screen stock. After the frames have been made, lay one on a bench or any firm support and place a cushioning piece of corrugated pasteboard beneath the spot you are to begin carving. With a knife or any tool that will scratch the wood \% in. deep, mark the border mm

lines A, Fig. 2. Next §& ——= prepare a cardboard pat- ane Yee may be any appropriate leaf or flower form, and || use it to mark the de- [i/V{K¥ sign on the frame. Cut around the edges ‘ik of the leaves or flowers, except where they over- AY LA lap, with a 4-in. chisel, | | Ny driving it in perpen- | dicularly about 4 in. |}; | with a mallet or the flat |) of your hammer. To |[S! trace the veins of the || ie | leaves or the flower | ) markings, use a small, dull screw driver about % in. wide and hammer it lightly into the wood. Then chisel out the background (the shaded areas in Fig. 2) without attempting to smooth the recesses; they look better if left a little rough, just as the leaf edges are more artistic when the cuttings are slightly zigzag. Brush out the chips with a whisk broom, and keep a can of liquid glue handy to replace any small pieces that may break across the design. Battering down the wood slightly along the lines marked C with a blunt tool will give an overlapping effect. For this I used the 4 in. square shank of an old drill, held slantwise.—Cuar.es F. MIs.

R the tinker who works in the kitchen of an evening as well as for the home mechanic who has a well-equipped shop, a turntable tool rack of the type shown in Fig. 3 will prove a timesaving accessory. It can be carried easily from place to place. An old lollipop stand found in a grocer’s junk pile was used for the turntable, but three disks of wood sawed from a % or 1% in. board

HUB CAP

: aan? Ad Fig. 1. Carvi threefold screen frames tern such as B, which }\ on = om Fig. 2 (at left). The tyre of carving used and glued together as in Fig. 4 would serve as well. Holes are drilled as required to receive the various tools. The rack turns upon a -in. bolt about 41% in. long, which is a driving fit in the wooden base. A %-in. hole is drilled in the center of the underside of the turntable, and a -in. steel ball is dropped into it before the rack is mounted. The hub cap, which holds small wrench- es and similar tools, is riveted to a 4-in. length of iron rod (or heavy wire nail) \% in. in diameter, one end of which is first filed down to form 4 shoulder upon which the cap can rest. A hole is drilled in the top of the turntable to receive the other end. — E. T. MAKING blocks for the Chinese cross or block puzzles of similar char- acter, or, indeed, in preparing accurately

Fig. 3. One hundred tools within a cubic foot Fig. 4 (at left). How the tool rack is made

dimensioned strips of wood for model making or any other purpose, the planj guide illustrated in Fig. 5 will be found convenient. It is well to have several of the devices for strips of different thick. nesses. An iron jack plane such as the amateur is likely to have is about 214 in. wide, 15 in. long, with a blade 2 in. wide. Blocks for puzzles are usually 14 in. square and vary in length. For this size plane and blocks we cut out a strip of board % by 21% by 15 in. and nail on one end a stop \% by 1 by 2 in.; this forms the bottom SAW GUIDE CUTS ——_—— _,|* [WIDTH OF e}/PLANE ~> = = SS, GUIDE STRIPS

THICKNESS STOCK 1S TO & N BE PLANED TO™= GUIDE Doe Fig. 5. Planing and sawing guide for pre- paring small strips and blocks with accuracy for the plane guide. Two pieces for the sides are cut out of 4- or 34-in. wood, 2\ by 15 in. Along these sides and % in above the bottom edge are nailed two strips 44 by \% by 15 in. The two sides with strips attached are now nailed to the bottom so as to make a box in which the plane can slide easily 4% in. above the bottom. Right-angle cuts are sawed 1, 2, and 3 in. from the edge of the end stop for sawing off blocks of those lengths.

SUCCESSIVE STEPS IN FORMING THE LONG MEMBER OF THE HINGE Hi Bao THE COMPLETED HINGE

a Fig. 6. Steps in making a decorative hinge from copper or brass without special tools

The plane blade should be sharp, per- fectly horizontal, and set for a fine cut —ArtTuor L. Situ. PRACTICAL handmade hinge, which may be adapted to many kinds of craft work, can be made as shown in Fig. 6. First prepare a cardboard pattern like A and trace around it on the metal— preferably brass or copper—with a pencil. Cut the piece out with tin snips, hack saw, or cold chisel, as the thickness of the metal may (Continued on page 9)

of styl the one cessful Califor shown size—A ing at how to A pl cause | that it ga |/ le - 2) 7 i EN

FET Mm.

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 79 Surf Sleds Simple Ways to Build Them—One Type Is Only a Piece of Plywood, yet and Boards It Gives Thrilling Sport By H1 Srpiey

Fig. 1. Most suc- model cessful of the many ’ ; . laning parc -agelie vd It may be purchased from any cabinet- facing the surf and looking for an accom- found breakers of south. ™aker and from many lumber yards. A modating wave (Fig. 4). When it comes opr » ern California is three-layer piece about 4% in. thick is he quickly swings the light board around thick. thislight model satisfactory, although a thicker piece of and climbs aboard for a swift and merry made of plywood five-ply wood will make a more substan- trip. rateur im tial board. ’ Take great care that the nose of the de, 15 HERE used to be a tradition that Saw the outlines as shown with a good board is always tilted up. If it goes down 3locks no one but a native Hawaiian keyhole or turning saw. Asharpsaw with and strikes the sand, with a big breaker e and could ride a surf board. Young comparatively fine teeth is to be pre- behind, painful injury may result. : e and America, expert in the sports of all ferred, as there will be less likelihood of With a surf sled such as illustrated in % by nations, soon exploded that myth. Now tearing the wood. The hand slot is made Fig. 2 and the drawings in the upper 1 stop nearly every beach on the Atlantic and by boring two %-in. holes about 5 in. part of Fig. 3, the rankest amateur is ottom Pacific Coasts, as well as on the Great apart and sawing out between them. guaranteed a_ successful, hair-raising lakes, has its devotees, some of whom The slot is only for convenience in carry- trip, provided he once gets it out to the have developed a fine skill. ing the board; it is not used in the surf. starting point. Being sufficiently buoy- Persistence and enthusiasm are re- The rider grips the sides of the board ant to support a heavy adult, the sled quired to master this exciting sport; it is where he can shift his grip or let it go calls for little skill except in the matter a matter of catching the right roller at entirely if disaster looms. of getting under way and has a great IPS the right time—of climbing aboard just advantage in that it can be used suc- | as the comber is going over. One can T IS highly important to round off all cessfully in much lighter surf than the arn by practice better than by being sharp corners and edges to prevent cuts surf board. It even can be used as a float = jold how to do it, but to start with one and bruises while in the turbulent surf. or raft in calm weather and will always arn must have a suitable surf board or surf You must also give the edges several be in demand. , ded. A sled requires a little more work coats of spar varnish so there will be This type of sled is fairly light for a -_ to construct, but it will give the less no possibility of the water’s soaking in grown person to manage, but it is not the = skilled or less daring bather a sure-fire between the layers and loosening them. thing for a youngster to tackle, except in ride on the crest of the foam. Both types As the plywood usually has a beautiful moderate seas, because of the tremendous r the are illustrated. grain, a natural finish with spar varnish force with which waves may strike it 1,24 Surf boards are made in a large variety produces the most at- broadside. Note that all edges and cor- 4 in. of styles to suit individual tastes, but tractive appearance. ners are rounded, so that if one has a spill _ two the one which has proved the most suc- and is struck by his mount, it will not sides cessful on the breakers of southern leave any appreciable dents. The vital o the California is the light plywood model importance of removing all protruding h the shown in Fig. 1. This illustrates a boy’s angles was learned after several beginners > the size—about 414 ft. long. A draw- had become conspicuously bruised by 1% ing at the bottom of Fig. 3 shows screw eyes used in our first model. stop how to make its adult prototype. S.

A plywood board is desirable be- cause of its lightness and the fact that it is not likely to split or warp.

IHE proper way to maneuver the surf sled is to walk into the surf at right angles, towing the sled behind you by the sash cord provided for that purpose. It

— oe ae will slide over the oncoming breakers 3" % : % ay Oo a e . . . ———— * Receive | easily if the stern is lifted slightly. | GAL. SHEET @ 5) — KNOT Fig. 2. The surf _ can be wat Use light white pine for the framework H 4 : : 2 in any sea not to» dangerous for ; 7) me OF AND COTTOM |; @ 7 GROOVE ordinary bathing. The rider holds 224 fasten it — (Two PIECES) H INSIDE OF himself by the handgrips or lies flat-head woo SASH CORD BLOCK flat on the deck. In Fig. 3 is screws, well a0" a P “SS (Continued on page 98) DRIVE NAILS IN TO LEAVE First, however, paint in ail DOTH SURFACE your star at the forward NISSAN _ HAMMER : 5 end. Brilliant vermilion, or ge N : . : ols NV Ea ; a bright green with an out- RAV IDE ca WHITE PINE line of gold, is effective. On a Se per- WA Ny PIECE one board the writer made licht » - cut. ra ROMDED PLYWOOD SURFBOARD a gold-leaf star with green wood surf rm =| border. It isa goodideato board is rere put your initials and ad- ay to han- + dle. The hich dress at the lower end of jower end is s of the board, for anything as cut so as to Fig. much in demand as a surf 4 the —_. like board has a tendency to bee | — yd |— h h akes this — al- wander from the home position 2 ncil. == strand. when walk- ack h 6-0- STAR LAYOUT Because the lower end is ~ ny” ape 3 of Fig. 3. The surf sled is a frame of light white pine covered with cut to fit the body, the < 2 95) tilvanized iron; the surf board is merely sawed from ply:vood bather is able to walk out .

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Rigging the Mayflower Simple as it is to build, this model of the Mayflower is exceptionally beautiful and his- torically accurate > , ° lowed the instructions given in the April and May issues will realize by this time that she is becoming a beau- tiful little ship and will be eager to fit her with spars, rigging, and sails. Any who have missed the preceding installments but would like to build the model will find it no great task to do so. The hull and deck furnishings previously described can be constructed easily from the full size drawings contained in Blue- prints Nos. 83, 84 and 85, which may be obtained from the Blueprint Service De- partment of PopuLar Science Monru.y, 250 Fourth Avenue, New York, for 75 cents (see page 99). They show every detail of the construction and rigging and contain a complete bill of materials. The April and May issues of the magazine, with the complete instructions, may also be had at 25 cents each while the supply lasts, As previously explained, little is known about the Mayflower except her size. All that has been learned about ships of her period, however, has been carefully col- lected, and this model is the embodiment of that research. It is thus believed that one of her sailors, although perhaps not recognizing the model as his own ship, would acknowledge it to be a correct ves- sel of that time. The spars should be made next, so that the varnish on them can become dry while we are getting ready to fit them. They can be made from straight- grained dowel sticks. The masts and bowsprit taper to about one quarter less than their full diameter at the upper ends and the yards to about one half at each end, with a slight shoulder at the yard- arms (where the braces fit on). The HOSE who are building our model of the Mayflower and have fol- POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Tune, 1923 How to Prepare the Spars for heads of the masts, from the lower edges of the trestletrees to the ends, will be square, their extreme ends having a slightly smaller square to take the caps. Only the fore and main lowermasts will have their sides flattened below the trestletrees to take the cheeks. These and the following details of construction are shown full size on Blueprints Nos. 84 and 85, to which reference should be made. If the hull is hollow, the lowermasts will have to be long enough to reach to the bottom and should have a short nail point sticking out of them to retain their ends in position; if the hull is solid, they should be set 1 in. into it. , Rigging plan of the Mayflower with scale in inches beneath. This drawing, considerably amplified, appears full size on Popular Scrence MonTHLY Blueprint No. 85, and other rigging details on Blueprint No. 84 we Our New Ship Model—Setting U the Masts—The Third Article P By E. ARMITAGE McCann The dimensions of the spars in inches are as follows. The length of the lower. masts is measured from the deck, Mainmast, 5% by 814; foremast, YM by 6; mizzenmast, 3 by 6; main topmast, Yy by 6; fore topmast, 4 by 434; bowsprit, y by 736; flagpoles, 4% by 24 or 214; main yard, 3@ by 95; fore yard, 5¢ by 7%; mizzen yard, 4 by 84; main-topsail yard, ¥% by 456; fore-topsail yard, 3% by 3%; spritsail yard, 4% by 5%. All the spars should be stained and varnished a reddish brown and should have as many as possible of their fittings in place before they are erected. On the lowermasts glue and nail the cheeks and bore sizable holes through them to take the ties of the halyards. To be fastened above these are the cross- trees, which consist of two fore-and-aft trestletrees with the three crosstrees half lapped into them. The trestletrees and two after crosstrees fit tightly the square part of the masthead, and the forward crosstree lies sufficiently apart to allow the heel of the topmast to pass. It is bet- ter in a model to have them so close that the heel of the topmast has to be slightly squared to fit through them, with a fid (piece of wire) through the heel, to rest on the trestletrees. Both fore- and mainmast have two be- laying cleats fastened on either side of them about % in. from the deck. On the mainmast 1 in. from the deck there will be a wedge-shaped cleat, to prevent the mizzen stay from (Continued on page 94)

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 81 une, 1928 June, 1928 This is the Clayton & Lambert No. 70 fire-pot with tinner’s hood. Produces a working flame in ninety seconds. Flame controlled ) as easily as a lamp. The burner orifice cannot be enlarged by y tightening the needle valve. No chance of ruining the fire-pot that way—that’s an exclusive C & L feature. Will heat a pair of soldering coppers and melt a pot of metal at the same time. inches lower. \% by ast, brit, 4 > Main y 7%; l yard, y 3%; d and should ittings il the rough s. To CTross- nd-aft s half S and quare Ready for use ina minute and a half! —and that’s only part of the story You’RE going to get a real kick out of it—the first time you light up one of these new Clayton & Lambert fire-pots. No hanging around wait- ing for it to warm up—ready for business in a minute and a half in any weather. Cold and wind make no difference. Clayton & Lambert took care of that in designing these new fire-pots. And after you get that hot, blue flame you can control it as easily as a lamp. Turn it up or down, just where you want it. There’s a chance to save a lot of fuel. You can use it on inside jobs without annoying anybody—it’s noiseless, odorless and smokeless. If you have to haul it around a lot, you'll appreciate its lighter weight before the day’s over. And the rougher the work the more you'll be thankful for that husky red rim around the base which protects the tank from dent- ing and leaking, 2 CLAYTON & LAMBERT MANUFACTURING CO. Detroit, MICHIGAN Either of the two Clayton & Lambert fire-pots shown on this page will burn at full capa~ity for six hours on a single filling, which means you can stay right with your job instead of chasing up more fuel and letting your metal go cold. Most hardware and supply stores sell these Ciay- ° ton & Lambert fire-pots. You can identify them by the bright, red band around the base of the fuel tank. If they don’t have them in stock they can get them for you quickly. And you'll certainly be well repaid for being particular and asking for them by name. For the performance of Clayton & Lam- bert products has made this company the largest producer of fire-pots and blow-torches in the world, giving you quality articles at the savings permitted by quantity production. © This is the Clayton & Lam- bert No. 60 fire-pot with plumber’s shield. Tank capac- ity one gallon of gasoline. Burns six hours full capacity without refilling. The shield can be detached, and the han- dle locked, so that coppers cam easily be heated. @ This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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How to Pa POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY June, 192g int a Breakfast Set Five Ways to Finish Tables and Chairs in Bright, Cheerful Colors—The Use of Stencils and Art Transfers sold unpainted today in almost every furniture store, and countless families are buying com- plete five-piece sets and decorating them at home. There are also many who buy simply a table, to be used with odd chairs already on hand, or who desire to make use of an old kitch- en table and unmatched chairs. Then, too, the home craftsman can often buy an old table or set of chairs second hand B ssid copain room furniture is Fig. 2. A table with rectangular leaves decorated with cor- mer transfers and a trimming color around the edges siderably less cost, in a shorter time, and with more satisfaction than he can build and paint a new set of furniture. The beauty of breakfast sets depends largely upon their color treatment. As Fig. 3. Half-round table leaves with a stencil transfer or a stenciled design look very well the breakfast room is a chummy place where the family gathers, breakfast sets should avoid every semblance of for- mality and be painted in bright, refresh- ing colors. Effective color schemes depend upon both the proper combina- tion of colors and the right proportion and location of each color. Here are combinations that go well together, any of which could be used in any one of the five schemes of decoration illustrated: Lettuce green, trimmed with gold; Chinese red, trimmed with black; twilight blue, trimmed with orange; French gray, trimmed with turquoise blue; stem green, trimmed with white; French gray, trimmed with orange. ° ° aiid perrna . and refinish them himself at con- i - By BERTON ELLIOT ad Fig. 1. Mr. Elliot is shown demonstrating where to apply the trim color on the turnings of a chair As to the proportions of each, one color should definitely predominate. The location depends largely upon turnings and ornamental work that happen to be on the piece (Fig. 1). Careful thought should always be given to the “spotting” of trim color, as this is an important factor. Try to visualize in advance how the piece will look when it is finished. A group of odd pieces may be developed into a harmonious set as shown in Fig. 4. Fig. 4. How a group of odd pieces may be de- veloped into a pleasing and harmonious set A table with half-round leaves, Fig. 3, looks especially well when the leaves are dropped, but is not so practicable when more than two are to be seated, as the rounding corners take away considerable space. It may be prettily decorated with a transfer design in the center of the drop leaves and stripings on the legs. The trim color can follow edge if desired One method of decorating a square. cornered drop-leaf table is shown in Fig. 2. A table of octagonal shape, Fig. 6,. may have a border design going around each leaf as a unit. A transfer design may be centered in the border as Fig. 5. A border de- sign carried entire- ly around an ir- regularly curved top. Compare with Fig. 6 at bottom _. shown, or placed in the middle of the _ drop leaf. j Figure 5 is typical of many fancy | drop-leaf table designs available. It can _ be treated as shown or stippled. , be produced by transfer strips, which may be obtained in lengths espe- cially for this purpose, or by stenciling. As to the materials to use, either brush- ing lacquer or enamel is especially suit- able for this purpose. In the application of the finish, the table tops and the chair seats, being the largest and conspicuous surfaces, should be done last. Asa rule they ought to have one more coat than the rest of the surface. If lacquer is used, three coats for the table top and chair seats and two coats for the remainder will ordinarily produce a first-class finish, although sometimes a good job may be produced with two coats throughout; on the other hand, four coats may sometimes be necessary on the large flat surfaces. The surface should be sandpapered thoroughly before starting to apply lacquer, but not between coats. If enamel is used, the first coat or coats should be flat undercoater, followed by one or two coats of enamel. Sandpaper lightly between coats. The use of trans- fers was described in July, 1927, PopuLar Scrence Montuty. Fig. 6. A table of octagonal s hape with each leaf treat- ed asa separate unit Borders clear around any table may ]

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' POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 83 joe, he NEW 34INCH ‘lt | “MILLERS FALLS ELECTRIC DRILL sired, No. 634 3" Electric Drill uare. 2 in ig. 6, ound ‘sign r as A worthy addition to the MILLERS FALLS line of good electric drills. % H.P. delivered at the chuck.... continuously available because this new drill keeps cool under hard service. Long life and power are characteristic of MILLERS FALLS products. You will find them cheaper to use. the cy ‘ NEW Motor Maintenance Kit ay for the convenient grinding of ch valve seats is now ready. Two ot, types—one including the MIL- i LERS FALLS %’ Electric Drill. it You can make money with this kit and the investment is small. . Send today for full details. e ¥ . yen a ith MILLERS FALLS Ss _ C= TOOLS e , a Ss r e e ; Some of the Features ; of this Drill r Light weight with strength assured by . aluminum die cast housings. Ventila- tion provided by exclusive fan design. Jacobs chuck. Chrome nickel steel gears and spindle with ball bearing motor shaft assure long life. Double pole, double brake safety switch; armored attachment plug, and 15 feet of best quality rubber insulated cord. MILLERS FALLS manufactures a complete line of electric drills in sizes from 14 inch to % inch. 9 South Clinton Street MILLERS FALLS COMPANY on ile MILLERS FALLS, MASSACHUSETTS OSM 2:Weren Stee IS} This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. a _ ©M.F.C.’°28 The Best Dealers Sell MILLERS FALLS Tools. CHICAGO

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Hints on Using Portable ‘Tools Wie How They Lighten Work in the Shop if Utilized to Full Capacity—Keeping Them in Order ” HALL we take the tool to the job, or take the job to the tool?” is a question often asked in machine shops, now that: portable tools have come into general use in all lines of industry. The task of transferring a heavy job to some machine for a simple operation may i. . often be saved by using > pee a portable drill, grind- oe er, tapper, buffer, or bs other motor-driven tool. ; Most mechanics have at least a speaking ac- quaintance with port- able tools, and some workmen are very ex- pert in operating them. It is possible, however, for everyone to dis- cover new uses for these little machines. My main idea in this article is to stimulate thought in this direc- tion with a view of lightening the labor of Py machine shop work. a I have a keen recol- lection of an awkward job that once came into the shop with a red rush order attached. It was a well drill-bit forging weighing about 600 Ibs. and of unusual irregularity. This huge chunk of steel had to be turned and threaded on the shank end. Naturally, the first thing that had to be done was to drill and ream a center in the shank end. The idea was to hold the heavy wedge-shaped end in the lathe chuck and let the small end run on the tailstock center. At first thought, the operation appeared to be a simple mat- ter. And it was—with a portable drill. By blocking the end of the forging on the floor as illustrated, the machinist lo- cated the center in the usual way and marked it with a center punch. A center reamer and the drill did the rest. Al- together it was about a half-hour job, te CSR By H. L. WHEELER while without the portable it might have taken four or five hours, for the forging was 6 ft. long and so rough and irregular that it would have been difficult to man- age in either lathe or drill press. wenkes The huge well bit forging was blocked up on the floor so that a center could be drilled and reamed in the shank with a portable electric drill How often have you taken a big shaft out of a lathe to drill one or two holes on a drill press some distance away, and then lugged it back again to the lathe to do some more work upon it? Perhaps you spent some time in hunting for bolts and straps to hold it on the drill press; you had to go to the crib for a drill; you had to adjust the machine; finally, you had to move the shaft again. Now, did the shop have a portable drill? Would it have been possible for you to have drilled the hole without removing it from the lathe? If so, you would have saved your time and labor. Motor drills are by no means intended for, or limited to, the drilling of an oc- casional hole. They are good production | ala tools. Drilling structural parts and sheet metal work is only one of a thousand ways they are brought into use. One or more drills can be suspended from a convenient point overhead with a cable or rope, a stiff coil spring being placed as a lifter or shock absorber between the motor and cable. This arrangement relieves the operator of the weight of the { tool and gives it much better balance. Sheet . = metal work can be sine drilled on the floor, bench, or suitable tables. Structural : — parts, consisting of va- ve —— rious shapes of struc- a L tural iron, heavy cast- ings and the like, may rest on wooden horses, with the drill motor ee hung conveniently overhead or attached to the trolley of a floor crane or an I-beam so that it can be moved over a wide area. Clamped in a wooden cradle as shown on page 101, or gripped in a bench vise, the motor drill may be used for polishing, buffing, or light grinding by providing appropriate attachments held in the drill chuck. A small grooved pulley on the drill spindle converts it into a motor for driving small machines for ex- perimental or test purposes. Have you ever operated a milling ma- chine with a large face mill that screws onto the spindle? After running the cut- ter until it was becoming dull, did you, perhaps, try to grind it on the one little light cutter (Continued on page 101) MAY timesaving shop ideas are contained in the continuation of the Better Shop Methods Department, to be found on pages 86 and 101 to 103. a

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ine, 192g ousand pended with a a stiff placed shock [ween cable, >ment perator of the t much Sheet an be floor, itable ctural of va- struc- y cast- e, may horses, motor iently ‘tached a floor eam so moved \. wooden on page 1 in a ye used ling by ts held | pulley into a for ex- ng ma- screws he cut- id you, e little ige 101) as are tion of tment, to 103. u @ This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTH POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY “Why shouldn’t Starrett have the right dope! “The World’s Greatest Toolmakers certainly ought to know how good, accurate work is done.” Starrett Volume I for Machinists’ Apprentices gives you just the information you need in interesting, get-at-able form. Volume II for Machinists gives more advanced in- formation for experienced tool users. Volume III for Motor Machinists and Auto Repair Men is just the thing for men who work on cars. Your tool dealer will show you the Starrett Books and the Starrett No. 900 Apprentice Set. Write us for your copy of the new Starrett Catalog No. 24:w illustrating and describing more than 2500 Starrett Tools. THE L. S. STARRETT CO. World’s Greatest Toolmakers Manufacturers of Hacksaws Unexcelled Steel Tapes—Standard for Accuracy ATHOL, MASS., VU. Ss. A. 799 Starrett Apprentice Set No. 900, ina handsome folding leather case, is made up of 6 inch Combination Square, com- plete; center punch, 6 inch flexible steel rule in pocket case, center gage, 4 inch caliper, 4 inch inside and 4 inch outside calipers with solid nuts, and 4 inch dividers with solid nut. — LY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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Small Plan E foreman looked at the casting on the floor in disgust. An error had been made in the pattern shop or the foundry, he did not care where, and there was four inches too much iron on the bottom of a huge cast-iron press frame. The casting was twelve feet high, almost four feet square on the bottom, and weighed about eight tons. How he wished for an open-side planer! How he wished some one had been a little more careful! But wishes would not take iron off. The machinist who had the job in hand ventured a suggestion. “We might swing it in a lathe,” he said, “but I don’t believe we have one large enough.” “Our largest machine would not swing it, and anyway, it would take all the power in the shop just to keep the weight moving,” the harassed foreman replied. “Now, if we had a milling attachment that we could put on the rail of the planer, we might be able to put the cast- ing on the table, and face it off that way,” the machinist added. foreman nodded assent, saying nothing. An idea was developing in his mind. If the milling attachment scheme were carried out, the work would be stationary and the tool would move. But why mill it when it would be done on a planer? “How would it do,” he said, “to put the casting on some blecking on the floor at the side of the planer, and mount a tool in some way so that it would be carried t the casting by the planer table?” “We could certainly cut a groove in it that way,” the machinist returned, “but how are you going to get the entire sur- face faced off?” “The table moving back and forth will POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY

An ingenious set-up in a general jobbing shop for planing the base of a huge casting provide one motion, and we can arrange a slide of some kind to feed the tool up and down. In fact, I have the idea. We will take the cross rail off of the planer and mount it on a large angle plate, which we will bolt to the planer table. Then we will have something like a traveling head shaper that I once saw in a great engine works.” The machinist looked at the work and then went off to the planer, which was 36 by 36 in. under the rail and had a 12- ft. table. It looked like a pretty big undertaking. He had fleeting visions of complicated set-ups, and trouble, but suddenly the idea clarified itself. He set about to rig up the job as shown in the illustration. The casting was dragged over to the side of the planer and jacked up so that its center was about June, 1928 er Does Heavy Work By GEORGE M. GILBERT on a level with the table. He obta; the required blocking from the sa fitted it in so that it was pretty solid He made a couple of holes in the floo, for bolts to hold the casting in place for although it was very heavy, he knew that it might move under the strain. From the tool room he brought a bi angle plate that was usually used - radial drill work. It was about thirt inches on each face and had numeroe, holes for bolts. He bolted this to the platen of the planer and arranged stops to prevent it from moving, just as if he were going to plane it. The entire cross rail of the planer was next taken off. This was bolted on the angle plate so that it hung over the side of the planer table as shown. It required quite a few bolts and a good many blocks and shims to get the rail fitted to the angle plate, for the back of the rail was not flat. However, he finally had it fastened in place so that it would not move, He had to make a special tool holder to hold the tool. It did not seem neces. sary to have a clapper box action, so the tool holder was merely a block. TH this done, he lined up the cast- ing with the travel of the table. The tool was fed into the cut by pushing it out of the holder the required amount. He put the planer table in motion, the dogs being set so that the tool just passed by the casting. For the down feed, he mounted the table, and rode with it, while he fed the tool by hand at the end of each stroke. When the job was finally done, the machinist and his foreman shook their heads with a “never again” expression, but still they had a satisfying feeling of having triumphed over an unusually dif- ficult problem.

Worn-Out Milling Cutter Used for Light Shaping JCH is said about the versatility of the lathe, but some of our other friends among the familiar machine tools possess much of that quality. How an ordinary hand miller can be employed for light shaping with the use of an old,

How an ordinary hand miller is used in shaping small work worn-out, or damaged milling cutter is shown in the accompanying illustration. A few teeth are ground out of the mill- ing cutter ahead of the tooth that is to be used. The cutter is mounted on the spindle as usual, and the arbor support used to clamp the cutter against rotation. To do this, the center is re- moved from the support and replaced by a machine bolt fitting the center hole as nearly as possible, and the cutter clamped under the head of the bolt. In order to allow more surface for gripping, it is well to grind a shallow notch into the cutter near where the bolt head will come. The lever handle is used to move the mill- ing machine table. It will be seen that the particular piece shown in the illustration could not be completely milled even with an end mill. It is a shaping job. There are many such cases. In the small shop that does not boast of a shaper, or where the shaper is tied up on more important work, this simple expedient will often be found handy. It will be clear, of course, that even in a groove as shallow as that in the part shown, several light cuts must be taken to complete the job,—H. Simon. Spring Improves Old Grinder N THE accompanying illustration is shown an easy and accurate way of grinding the side of a piece of work ona surface grinder without the chattering that often happens when a spindle is worn. An arm of 1/32-in. spring brass presses a ball bearing against the center of the spindle with sufficient force to take up the end play. This method has been used a number of times.—JosEpuH C. FisHEr.

SPRING - PRESSED vy ZZ y BALL BEARING geet lima ( A : hs 3 A way to prevent chatter when grinding the side of a piece of work on a surface grinder

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Ne, 1928 k tained rd and ’ solid, € floor ce, for w that , & bi ed m thirty nerous to the | stops as if eT Was on the le side quired many ted to he rail had it move, holder neces- so the > cast- . The ing it it. He > dogs ed by d, he th it, e end », the their ‘sion, ing of y dif. der on is ay of ona ering lle is brass ter of ke up used ER. JARO A 4AFT POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 87 Planer and Shaper Gauge No. 625 saves time in ad- justing the cutting too The design of the gauge makes it easy to set to a micrometer and permits a tool setting from 4" to 84” with only one extension. Users of Tools Are Good Judges of Value Men who use precision tools have the mechanical training that enables them to judge mechanics’ tools fairly. They appreciate that fine finish, clean cut graduations, and good design indi- cate tools of high quality. They know that accuracy and reliability can come only from the most exacting standards of workmanship. That’s why mech- anics everywhere respect Brown & Sharpe Tools so highly when they judge tool values. Ask your dealer for Small Tool Cata- log No. 30 listing over 5,000 items. If he cannot supply you, write us direct. Dept. P. S., Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co., Providence, R. L., U.S. A. BrROwnN * MICROMETER CALIPER No.8 * SAL SURFACE GAUGE No. 620 * SCREW PITCH GAUGE No. 630 hoon * TOOLMAKERS’ BUTTONS No. 758 * MICROMETER CALIPER No. 55 * For description of this tool see Catalog No. 30 [BS WORLD’S STANDARD OF ACCURACT © This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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It is quite nec- essary to have a hammer whether you are a Mechanic or just Handy-man- around-the-house. But get a good one, it will do the work properly and last you so much longer. You can’t go wrong on a PEXTO Hammer. Ask your dealer to show you the PEXTO line of tools and write us for booklet. PECK, STOW & WILCOX CO SOUTHINGTON, CONN. U.S. A. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Rubber-Driven By Dick H1rxon HIS realistic little tugboat is driven by the simplest of all power plants —a rubber band motor. It is, there- fore, easy to build and inexpensive. Clear white pine is the best material for the hull, although any other soft, close grained wood will do. Shape the hull as g | shown from a block 1% by 4 by 15 in. and hollow out the inside for buoyancy as in Fig. 2. Turn the hull upside down on a 3% in. thick piece of wood and mark around it. Saw out the deck thus marked, but keep \ in. within the outline every- where except at the very stern, as shown in Fig. 3. Then, when the deck has been nailed in place, there will be a natural rabbet or recess into which the bulwarks can be fastened. ° The forward ends of the bulwarks can be steamed or soaked in boiling water until the wood bends easily. Before fastening on the bulwarks, however, build up the bow and stern with blocks shaped as shown in Fig. 3. A piece of tin Pre in +7 ELE EE | ' ' 1 ’ ni rf m4 ~ eh — ot eK ~~ i _- ee ——_——____— \ PILOT HOUSE nig ee” the rubber bands. A nut PROPELLER from a dry battery will serve Fig. 1. Careful painting makes the little boat look more like a real model than a toy Bore a hole at the stern at a slight angle as indicated to receive the 14-in. dowel stick for the propeller support, which should be forced in tightly. Attach a keel made from a scrap of lea) obtained at a plumber’s shop. Have the keel too large to begin with and cut it down until the boat floats properly, Make a wooden rudder and fasten it to the hull. Cut the propeller from tin, galvanized iron or sheet copper and solder it on a length of stiff brass wire. Bend one end into a crank for winding and the other into a hook to hold RELEASE as a washer. Strands of rubber such as are sold for airplane models are the best source of power, but heavy rubber bands bought at a ee ee we oe wee ee stationery shop will serve the 7 (oUG our) ausess = en : 4 = oO x “vy —O-dheww none Leds sesm betesess --4- Louk . STRANDS 4’ x2" DOWEL purpose. The effectiveness of this toy depends largely upon the painting (Fig. 1). The hull may be black and green, black and vermilion, or all black; the cabin or pilot SY house, green or vermilion BULWARKS with white, black and gray _/ WOODEN RUDDER | _ Caras N~ N CU TO RAIL iN Fig. 2. Side view and deck plan of the tug- boat and sectional views which show how the hull members are shaped and assembled or sheet copper is fastened over the joint of the bulwarks at the bow and a }\ in. square molding of cardboard or wood is applied to cover the joint between the bulwarks and the hull. A rail is made for the top of the bul- warks by sawing out one wishbone-shaped piece of heavy cardboard or thin wood and another semicircular piece for the bow and stern portions respectively; straight strips are used for the sections between. The superstructure and fittings are made as shown in the illustrations, which are very nearly self-explanatory. 4 SQUARE MOLDING trimmings; the funnel, black with a white star on each side and perhaps a red or green band with orange or gold stripes at the top. Give the entire boat a coat of spar varnish, and, if you can letter well, paint a name on the stern in bronze or orange. 3, DECK, ky SMALLER THAN OUTLINE OF HULL Fig. 3. Details showing method of assem- bling the hull, applying the thin bulwarks, and making the propeller and smokestack @ _ This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. Al

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1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 89 Ne, 1928 June,

ELECTRIC Woodworker COMPLETE OUTFIT INCLUDING PLANER, SAW, LATHE & ELECTRIC MOTOR AND MANY USEFUL ATTACHMENTS at

| SANDING, BUFFING, GRINDING, hold costs a lot less than most other outfits—and for working operation, make furniture or other useful . nut every dollar you pay, you're getting THE and decorative things for your own home or for a BIGGEST VALUE—you can’t beat it, any- profit. Planing, sawing, turning, drilling, grinding, d fo where! You can prove every word of this by sanding or buffing—it is all the same to the . hed actually using the Workace Woodworker at Workace Woodworker. You can save time on every helene home or in business You'll find it fast operation, do the work better and cleaner, too! at a * ° 7 e othe A l - lud / “a mMazing OW price - +a~e + © + UNCIUAEeS everyl Ling | ps, That’s because all the modern up-to-date thing. Every unit works from the motor. The m the manufacturing facilities of the J. D. Wallace parts are sturdy and well-fashioned. The regu- > hull Company, suppliers of standard woodworking lar Wallace UNQUALIFIED GUARANTEE green, | equipment for industrial and commercial assures replacement of defective parts for one or all | uses, are utilized to produce the Workace year. ilot | Woodworker. Materials and workmanship [mm B ov are 100% and the designing of the Workace Includes all this: E A S 4 T E R M S gray is strictly professional. Woodworking plants, Get th Hit rial black pattern shops, carpenter and cabinet shops all 4” Planer et the outfit right away - over the world use Wallace equipment. It’s 8” Circular Saw SEND TODAY Ye the kind of machinery you want—you can’t 6” x 36” Lathe ed or afford to own any other. 8” Dise Sander The terms are all in your favor. In fact, this ge or 6” Buffing Wheel whole advertisement, the merchandise offered Give Become an expert woodwor ker 5 Emery Grinder and the easy method of purchasing is new f spar There is no end to the number of useful and ‘pp ag “ss and revolutionary. letter decorative things you can make with the 4 M atin ” 110 A small down payment brings the complete n the Workace. Tables, chairs, footstools, screens, Volt, A. C Workace All-Electric Woodworker ready to ge. lamps, lattices, fences, cabinets, doll houses, 60 ev din a set up and use right away. The monthly bookcases, chests—you’ll soon become an En dless’ V Belt payments are so small you'll scarcely miss expert. Woodworking is the greatest hobby nik a? all poo them. Many pay for their Workace Shop a mancan have—hundreds turn it to profit too. 24," V Belt Pul- out of profits from the work it does. So can you. The Workace Woodworker has power, leys, Cast Iron Get it—use it—you’ll find the Workace strength and capacity to handle quickly and Sub Base and 10 Electric Woodworker the best investment economically any job you'll ever want to do ft. Cable with you ever made. Send this coupon now— ...mitering, tapering, rabbeting, beveling, separatable Plug. today—and we’ll see that you get full details slotting, turning, crosscutting, ripping—any- and a complete description right away!

The name Wallace

ly. D. Wallace & Co., stands for leadership in the commercial Wilcox and California Sts., Chicago, Illinois. That Workace Electric Woodworker sure looks good to me I want to know ALL about it, including your easy terms, | right away. | | | woodworking ma- chinery field, not only in the U. S. but all over the world. You can't go wrong

on any machine | | Perera rind Py eee ee ee ee — that's made by the | 4 J. D. Wallace Com- Sittin pany, Wilcox and | d SPP EVEREET TTL. Tere. ae ere re “m- California Streets, ks Chicago, Illinois | ae RS Fe Pee

© This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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Even When Blind- folded It Is Easy to Distinguish a Star Blade The features of a Star Blade are recognized by the ease of cutting and the set of the teeth, producing true, straight-edged work, with- out any side pulling. Mechanics today have a decided preference for STAR BLADES, as they have proven under all con- ditions to be a better blade during the last half cen- tury. Let us send you free sample blades. Clemson Brothers, Inc. Middletown. N. Y. MAKERS SINCE 1883 © STAR HACK SAWS

POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY

Concave and Convex Turning Hints for the Woodworker Who Has a Lathe— Beading—Chisel Handles and Mallets By HerMan Hsortu S SOON as the amateur wood turner has learned how to turn a cylinder and make shoulder and taper cuts, he is ready to undertake work that requires concave and convex cuts. To practice mak- ing concave cuts, first turn a cylinder 1% in. in diameter and 8 in. long and lay it out as shown in Fig. 1. Set the calipers to 4 in. more than the smallest finished diameter and cut down with the parting tool at the center of the curves. Use the round-nose chisel for making the concave cuts, hold it perfectly flat on the T-rest (see Fig. 3). Begin the cuts a little inside the lines and gradually work down to the bottom of the cuts made with the parting tool. Another exercise is shown in Fig. 2

deb rdthrdgbedgh cdc rage A414 ' } 8" -<f *1G.4 x a Vi t CHO b Leclll bE+ 5+ Hee teh r-F4 Jo | ‘ te fof

+% Lig abiz aed 4g

In Figs. 1 and 2 (above) are shown two simple exercises in making concave Nose cuts. Once mastered, however, they give the wood turner pow- er to do ornamental work as in Fig. 4 (below). The chisels are manipulated as in Fig. 3 (at left)

A round-nosed turning chisel held flat on the T-rest is used for shaping concave surfaces

Use a cylinder with shoulder cuts made as suggested in the second article © of this series (May ig. sue, page 94, Fig, 9) and lay off the measurements in- dicated in Fig, 9, Make the concave cuts with the round. nose chisel. The supplementary ex. ercise, Fig. 4, is designed to give practice on curves of longer and shorter sweep. Convex cuts come next. Turn a cylinder 1 in. in diameter and 8 in. long, lay out measurements according to Fig. 5, SUUUCUUUT TTT 48 Pink | a a0 i - an ? \ 48 2 2)

c ‘ ws , FIG.5 od — 7 SJUIEETEEETTTT Ht J3je SLL a mw! qtonsonsonea Ea . 75. j 7 FIG. 6 Useful exercises in making beads, which are frequently used in ornamental wood turning and make small V-cuts with the diamond- point chisel. Round off the sharp corners with the diamond-point or skew chisel. For a second exercise (Fig. 6) lay out a cylinder as shown and cut down to the smallest diameter with the parting tool; then round off the corners with the diamond-point (see Fig. 3) or the skew chisel. Beads of different diameters, such as the ones shown in Fig. 6 and on the sup- plementary exercise, Fig. 7, are used ex- tensively on turned work. It is therefore important to be able to make smooth and well- =f rounded beads. Specially : tj called beading tools, from 4 to &% in. in width, can also be obtained and used

for this purpose.

“+e shaped turning chisels, |

(Continued on page 92) ——

© This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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Page 93

une, 1935 oe, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 1 \ NS = | RN %, 4, ~ 4 eee, 144 RSS SY \ , aa | GY a , , 4 4 SS N SS 47 Y SS Wi. =. SSS SSS SS SSS Sg NS \\ WS S MS SS AAAS 7 7 Y SSS "Uy Y 29741141414 1G71414149 MM YY, aa: Ula) aif} MALS SSS The Thordarson Z-Coupler, Screen grid audio amplification, most ah Ps Bayo yg rome revolutionary development in audio ; ip grid tubes; price each, $12. systems since the introduction of the ie. 2. power tube, is now an established fact. ak The Thordarson Z-Coupler is a special The audio coupling device designed for use ‘ we: with the screen grid tube UX-222. give With the remarkable amplification a thus obtained a mere whisper from the m a detector is stepped up to a point that long, gives the power tube all it can handle "IB. 9; in the way of signal voltage. In fact, —- one stage Z-Coupled audio has the am- pase plification equivalent of two, or even * three, stages of ordinary coupling. Sig- nals barely audible before may now be — “A heard at normal room volume. — In tone quality, too, the Z-Coupler is unexcelled. Despite the high amplifi- © = cation the tonal reproduction is as ne nearly perfect as any audio amplifier lk yet developed. Both high and low notes come through with the same vol- Th ume increase. Even at 60 cycles the ay amplification is over 95% of maximum. Regardless of the type of your receiver you can vastly improve its perform- pe ance by including this new system of amplification. The Z-Coupler replaces ond- the second audio transformer, with hisel very few changes in the wiring. The , sel. : ; ~ ‘ ws screen grid tube is used in the first ( UVYute ire) ji 2) Ae audio stage. No shielding is required. ay OOOO (or Complete y ormatio ne Mil ify Vi pcg DOOM . o 9 f 7 Yi, Gentlemen: y, R Without obligation on my part, please send Y// 1 4 j V/ 4a.O Gin G4. me complete information on screen grid audio ws: Yy amplifiers using your new Z-Coupler. —_(3678-E) = UPPED Monn: yyy Y aot used Yi, EE SS IANS) Yi 6 Street and No 1 BPP AAD ses IS} This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS, See page 8.

Page 94

POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY June, 193

SP Well Need a TRIMO to Turn This One, td A TRIMO will do it, if it’s possible for a monkey wrench to do the job. You can count on this heavy duty tool for the utmost in wrench perform- ance. TRIMO design gives you extra leverage for big nuts and bolts be- cause the jaw opens outward from the handle. TRIMO nut guards and lock-proof threads, by keeping the wrench in ad- _justment, will save time and annoyance. You cannot buy a better monkey wrench.

TRIMONT MFG. CO. Roxbury (Boston), Mass. When You Want a Monkey’ Wrench, Buy a TRIMO

Concave and Convex Turning (Continued from page 90) remove the T-rest. TI paper is folded into sane a2 —““S* and moved rapidly back is jt } forth over the work. If it is held LS in one place, rings will appear on the object being sanded. Care

should be taken not to sharp edges. When the toca

Te as ee ---"- -——-=- kept sharp very little sanding ; needed. Ordinarily sandpaper No. ¥% or 0 and No. 00 should be used.

Stocking darners are made in many different shapes, The one illustrated in Fig. 9 may be made in either one or two pieces. A clamp as shown in Fig. 10 may be made out of an old clock o

FIG. & In Fig. 7 is shown another exercise in turning; in Fig. 8, a tapered handle for a socket chisel For the purposes of illustratien, each of the preceding exercises has been de- signed to deal with only one type of cut. In most turned work, however, two or more of these cuts are combined, as in the simple projects illustrated in Figs. 8 to 11. Chisel handles are of two kinds. One type, illustrated in Fig. 8, is tapered to fit into the socket of a chisel. As these tapers vary, it is necessary to verify or change the dimensions of the taper, as the case may be. It should be remembered that the smaller end of all turned work should be run on the dead center, so that the end may be squared or rounded more easily and safely. In this case, therefore, the tapered end of the handle should run on the dead center. As the hole made by the dead center will not be objectionable in the finished product, it is better not to cut it away. IS recommended to turn the taper first. The stock may be removed from the lathe and tried as often as necessary, until it fits the socket. The rest of the handle is then finished in the usual way, the concave part with the round-nose chisel and the convex part with the diamond-point or the skew chisel. The three lines on the handle near the end are cut for ornamentation. They are made with the point of the skew chisel. The other kind of chisel handle is for the tang type of wood chisel. Each handle is fitted with a brass ring called a “‘fer- rule,’ which prevents the wood from splitting when the tang of the chisel is driven into the handle. Ferrules can be bought in different diameters, according to the size of the chisel. They should fit so tightly on the chisel handle that they must be driven in place with a mallet. All handles should be sandpapered as smooth as possible. When sanding in the lathe, it is best to phonograph spring and fitted around the head of the darner, This will hold the stocking tightly over the convex face during the darning process. If the ends of the spring are heated, they may be bent as shown, The edges should be smoothed with file and emery paper. The mallet, Fig. 11, is a serviceable tool for any woodworker. It is made in An Wl ae

A time-honored wood turning project —a stocking darn- er (Fig. 9) with a springy steel clamp for holding the stock- ing in place (Fig. 10) F1IG.10 two pieces. The end of the handle enter- ing the mallet head should be turned very accurately to the diameter indicated. To do this, a gage is made by boring a ¥%& in. hole in a thin piece of wood. This gage may be hung on the dead center while the handle is being turned, so that it is not necessary to remove the stock when testing the accuracy of the diameter. When the head has been turned to size, the exact center between the ends is

measured anda _ (Continued on page 98) ec

@ This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8-

Page 95

he sand. OW strips ack and it is held Ppear on 1. Care 1) round tools are nding jg nd paper hould be made in bes. The Fig. 9 ther one lamp as may he lock or | fitted darner, ‘ly over darning ‘ing are shown, vith file viceable nade in an ™ i enter- 1 very 1. To a 4 This enter » that stock neter. d to ids is joe. 1928 Concave and Convex | | - Wood Turning (Continued from page 92) 7 | PA | me AP WEDGE 3 st oe FIG. U 3" Adesign for a hickory mallet, which will give beginners good practice in accurate turning line marked around the head at this point. Wrap a narrow strip of paper around the mallet head on this center line and cut it so that the two ends just meet. Remove the paper and fold it once. Wrap it around the mallet head again and mark a point on the center line at each extremity of the folded paper. These pints, directly opposite each other, indicate the centers of the hole to be bored for the handle. The hole should be bored halfway from each side in order to get it true. If the halves should not meet exactly in the center, any unevenness may be removed with an in- side-bevel gouge. The mallet head may be held between the lathe centers or in a vise while the hole is being bored. In any case it is well to have someone “watch” the bit to see that it is held hor- = and parallel to the ends of the mallet Before joining the pieces, the end of the handle should be split along the center with a hack saw. When the handle and head are ready to be glued together, a wedge is made and driven into this saw cut. The end of the handle may be allowed to project a little, or it may be cut off flush with the head. Hickory isthe best of the commonly available woods for this project. This is the third in a series of articles on wood turning. The fourth will ap- pear in an early issue. Waen bolted together back to back, channel ton sills from junked automobile frames make strong I-beams for use in house building. They will serve as a column, a beam, or a lintel over or or window openings in brick or tile buildings. —W. ww. 5. ; a POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 93 NKEE ee a ese | } Up or down is the same to “Yankee” Spiral Screw-driver No. 130-A. Just push! The spring in the handle, with the “Yankee” Spiral, does the work for you. One hand is enough to drive, or draw, screws in tight places. SPIRAL | DRIVER OUR only way to get “YANKEE” efficiency is to get “ Yankee’”’ tools. There is no “‘just-as-good.” Every mechanic knows this! “Yankee” Spiral Ratchet Screw- drivers are the standard of the world. To drive screws, just push the handle. The spiral does the work, smoothly, silently, instantly. A touch of the ratch- et shifter, and you draw screws like a flash. Another touch gives you a rigid driver, long or short, as you want it. “Yankee” No. 130-A seems almost alive. A spring in the handle brings it back for each stroke, speeding up the work. Especially valuable in driving screws in narrow places, where only one hand can be used. With three bits, $3.45. “Yankee” No. 30-A, without “quick return” spring in handle, $3.00. Be sure. Look for “YANKEE” on the tools. Their appearance is copied, but not their precision and workmanship. “Yankee’’ on the tool you buy means the utmost in quality, efficiency and durability Dealers Everywhere Sell ‘*Yankee” Tools ee FYANKEE} a uele) &) Write for Free ‘* Yankee” Tool Book Shows how ‘‘Yankee” Tools make work easier. Push Drills Spiral and Plain Screw-drivers. Ratchet Bit Braces. Ratchet Breast, Hand, Bench and Chain Drills. Ratchet Tap Wrenches. Vises with removable base, etc. NortH Bros. Merc. Co. Philadelphia, U.S. A. YANKEE” TOOLS Make Betlv Mechanica © This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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94 YouCanBuild this modded High-speed Power Boat for *10™ Exact reproduction of a full-sized power boat. Light rigid hull 36 inches long, 8-inch beam, 3- ply waterproof veneer sides and deck, mahog- any keel, sternboard and coaming. Everything complete except motor—price $10. Scale Model WILL SAIL AS FAST AS YOU CAN ROW Construction Set Complete $8.00 Boucher Star Boat Construction Set includes all the lumber and fittings necessary to build a real model Star Class Racing Yacht. Length, 28 inches—Beam, 7 inches—Draft, 6 inches—Sai. Area, 404 sq. in. The beautiful lines and simple rigging enables even the novice to create a real yacht in a quarter of the time it takes to build a decorative antique model. You will find the few hours spent in assembling a Star Racing Yacht as enjoyable as sailing it when finished. Added to the joy of creating is the real thrill of seeing your han- diwork in action. All the beauty and speed of the Lad Star Class racing boats, or speed boats, is combined in these models, designed to scale and perfect in every detail. These are not ordi- nary boats, but when completed offer a beauty of line and general appearance which is only equaled by decorative models—and the important thing is you can actually sail them. Complete models, exactly like the above, sell for from twenty to fifty dollars when bought ready made. These sets are fine examples of the excellent value Boucher, Inc., offers on knock-down models. Easy to assemble in a short time, you have a boat built to scale which you can sail or run during the coming summer months and the enjoyment of building the boat is doubled by the fun of secing it in action. Fill in the coupon below and attach money order or check speci- fying whether you desire speed boat or Star boat. Act now and have your boat ready for the warm months. Scale Models, Boucher booklet, worth 25¢ will be sent with each order for Star oh or speed boat. Clip coupon belo “SCALE MODELS"’—92 pages of useful information for model makers. Complete plans and prices on all types of model boats, ancient and modern, marine engines (motors for speed boats) locomotives, battle ships, etc. Whatever type of ship ou are building, this booklet will be of tremendous help. Price 25c. Please send me complete construction set for the boat I have checked below: D Star Racing Yacht, $8.00 () Model Speed Boat, $10.00 It is understood that I am to receive free your g2-page booklet “SCALE MODELS.” Gentlemen: Enclosed is my remittance for $.... ... Address ........ — Silendiquactess oo Model Makers tee 22 ‘Wense 415 Madison Ave. Dept. J2 N. Y. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY June, 192 Rigging the Mayflower (Continued from page 80) rt uta ‘AAAs, 4 AARAbaa SS The standing rigging. Note the evenness of the deadeyes. Each lower shroud passes up through the lubber’s hole in the mast top, goes around the mast, and returns to the same side of the ship slipping up (shown on Blueprint No. 84). Fastened to the crosstrees at both fore and main there will be circular tops. The best material for the floor and rim of these is thin three-ply wood, but two thinner pieces of wood glued together with the grain crossing may be used; or celluloid or even stout cardboard will serve. Tilt your fret-saw table and cut the outer circle; then cut off a 3¢-in. rim. Cut the square lubber’s hole out of the centerpiece and bore four holes in the middle of the rim, on each side, the forward ones being in line with the middle crosstree; three will be sufficient at the foré, if you prefer. Have the grain of the wood in line with the holes. OW cut a semicircular piece of thin cardboard with its lower edge ser- rated so that the serrations may be turned up and glued to the upper side of the top, to leave a bare \-in. rim. Set the cardboard sloping out so that when the upper rim is set on, it will be about 5 in. higher than the floor. Glue the two ends of this together; then glue the turned-under points to the top. Press a bottle or other circular disk onto them until dry. Take the top and press the glued inner edge of the rim onto it, mak- ing sure that the two wooden parts are parallel and that the edge holes are in the right position with reference to the lub- ber’s hole. Thin strips of wood may be glued on the outside to represent sup- porting timbers. The completed top is firmly fixed to the crosstrees with the after edge of the lub- ber’s hole against the mast. The caps are next fitted; they are ob- long pieces of wood made from two pieces of plywood glued together, or solid hard- wood. The square holes fit the lowermast heads, and the round take the topmasts. The mizzenmast is different. It has the masthead squared and has no cheeks, but instead a fore-and-aft hole through it for the halyard tie; the trestletrees are as before, but with two crosstrees. It is well to fit a cap to take the flagpole, although this may be lashed instead. The position of thé masts can be taken from the deck plan. The masts and bow- sprit will, of course, be in line with the stem, but the mainmast will slope aft at an angle of one in thirty; the foremast will slope forward at the same angle and the mizzen aft at an angle of one in twenty. The bowsprit slopes up at an angle of thirty-two degrees. HE topmasts should have very small wedge cleats on either side to support the rigging, and just below them a hole for the halyards, or, preferably, these masts may have the mastheads squ and small crosstrees fitted, as well as caps for the flagpoles. These do not show im the photographs, where the flagpoles are merely lashed on, but the model would be better for them. At about 3% in. from the heels bore athwart holes for the fids. The bowsprit will require one or more wedge cleats to retain the gammoning, 90 that it will be (Continued on page 114) tS] This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. require and, if hand-w with a and ha bent a: both la steel re in the in the jaws, a nail wi vise, a as at ] tween The the saz the na off an have | as at

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June, 192 he lub- ure ob- pieces | hard- ermast masts, It has +heeks, . yugh it is well hough 1 bow- th the aft at emast nd the venty. gle of small pport a hole uared 5 caps ow in 3 are ild be m the ng, 90 Jone, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Book Ends Embellished with Inlaid Designs 00K ends always make a welcome gift, especially if they are dove- tailed, inlaid and finished with the best eraftsmanship the home worker can ly. A design for book ends of this “A is illustrated, but it can be modified inmany ways by the maker, if he prefers work out an original scheme. The wood should be mahogany, black walnut, or dark, finely figured red gum. to =, a [ | U MANN BUN How the book ends are made; a detail of the design on squares representing }4 in. each The inlay may be of any woods which give sufficient contrast of light and dark— holly, walnut, dark mahogany, satin wood, maple, or sycamore. Make the inlay by placing pieces of the desired woods together, usually more than are required to allow for breakage and to give a choice of color. These should be of veneer thickness, consider- ably larger than needed, and all of the same size. Apply a light and narrow line of glue at the end of each surface but cear of the space from which the design is to be cut, and fasten together by pressure. Transfer the design to the top piece and cut carefully on the lines with a fine, sharp fret or coping saw. Select and assemble the pieces face up on a piece of paper, and hold them in place with the smallest possible touch of gue. Glue a piece of thin paper com- pletely over the face; later trim the out- side edges to the desired circle. Remove the loose paper and glue from the back, sink the inlay in the face of the book end, and glue thoroughly. Clean off and finish with a sharp scraper.—C. A. K. Simple Workbench Kinks (Continued from page 78) require. Clean up the edges with a file and, if you desire to give the hinge a hand-wrought appearance, hammer it with a ball-pein hammer, half on one side and half on the other, so that when it is bent as at C the hammering will show on both laps. Do the bending over a small round steel rod in the vise as at B. Place a nail in the loop thus formed, drop both legs in the vise until only the nail is above the jaws, and squeeze them flat. Pull out the nail without removing the hinge from the vise, and with a hack saw cut two slots asat D. Remove the central portion be- tween the cuts with a cold chisel as at E. The other half of the hinge is made in Same general way, as shown at F and The parts are fitted together and the nail is driven through the loops, cut off and headed over. When the holes have been drilled, the hinge is complete, 11h oa a at H.—D. H. Keep Your Money —— till you’re convinced. We offer a free 10-day test of this amazing shaving cream to prove our case. You risk nothin 1g . When we first told you Gentlemen: of the remarkable de- lights of Palmolive Shaving Cream, we ad- vanced our claims modestly, leaving it to the product itself to “‘sell’’ you. We told you ‘Don’t buy—yet."” We asked you first to let us prove our case at our expense. To the hundreds of thousands of men who mailed the coupon in, we sent a 10-day test of the shaving cream as its own best ad. For you cannot shave with beautiful ad ver- tising, and no ad can succeed unless the product is outstandingly right itself. Once won, men have boosted it Eighty-five per cent of men, we find, who once give Palmolive Shaving Cream a trial, become wedded to it. And these boosters have spread our fame in every city and town. Today we make the fastest selling shaving cream in the world. When we decided to create a new shaving product we first fourd out just where other preparations were lacking. 1000 men told us their wishes, and we set out to fill them. When, after 129 experiments, we found our present formula, we exceeded the four things they asked, by adding a fifth. Our vast laboratories, skilled for 65 years in soap making, developed a shaving cream that men tell us is truly remarkable in its action and effect. These 5 unique features . Multiplies itself in lather 250 times. . Softens the beard in one minute. . Maintains its creamy fullness for 10 minutes on the face. . Strong bubbles hold the hairs erect for cutting. . Fine after-effects due to palm and olive oil content. wn ae one Now mail the coupon We take the risk—not you. We undertake to please you. . . to win you in ten shaves. Give us the opportunity to prove our case. The coupon is for your convenience —to prevent your forgetting. Won't you use it, please? THE PALMOLIVE-PEET COMPANY, CHICAGO, ILL, To add the final touch to shaving luxury, we have created Palmolive After Shaving Talc—especially for men. Doesn't show. Leaves the skin smooth and fresh, and gives that well-groomed look. Try the sample we are sending free with the tube of Shaving Cream. There are new delights here for every man. Please let us prove them to you. PALMOLIVE 5 = Shaving Cream 3973 10 SHAVES FREE and a can of Palmolive After Shaving Talc Simply insert your name and address and mail to Dept. B-1505, Palmolive, 3702 Iron St., Chicago, Ill. Residents of Wisconsin should address Palmolive, Mil- waukee, Wis. (Please print your name and address) © This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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AnotherPipeSmoker Voices Tobacco Joy in Flowery Verse His love of certain tobacco makes this New Jerseyite break into philosophic poetry When a man writes poetry it’s a sure sign he’s in love with someone—or something. Some men are inspired by beautiful woman- hood, some by a gorgeous sunset. Here’s a man inspired by his favorite smoking to- bacco: THE BLUE TIN CAN I’ve tried the brands from every clime; Choice mixtures with Perique; But long—oh, long ago! I learned The only brand to seek. Each day our useless worries mount, ° Our evenings to provoke; But through the alchemy of fire They vanish into smoke. They vanish when our spirit holds No enmity toward man, And smoke the sunshine bottled up In Edgeworth’s Blue Tin Can. So smoke away! This loyal friend Is void of bite or sting For He is monarch of a world Where Happiness is King. Irving H. Walker, Newark, N. J. April 7, 1927 To those who have never tried Edgeworth, we make this offer: Let us send you free samples of Edge- worth so that you may put it to the pipe test. If you like the samples, you'll like Edge- worth wherever and whenever you buy it, for it never changes in quality. Write your name and address to Larus & Brother Company, 10 S. 2lst Street, Richmond, Va. Edgeworth is sold everywhere in various sizes to suit the needs and means of all purchasers. Both Edgeworth Plug Slice and Edgeworth Ready-Rubbed are packed in small, pocket-size packages, in hand- some humidors holding a pound, and also in several handy in-between sizes. On your radio—tune in on WRVA, Richmond, Va. —the Edgeworth Station. Wave length 254.1 meters. Frequency 1180 kilocycles POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY June, 198 Our Boy Rides the Air Mail. i ieee toy plane he uses cost less than four dollars to build— Is pedal driven and has wings and everything By Joun P. DUNN has had with the auto-plane illus- trated and the pleasure I had mak- ing it for him, the actual cost was very small—two dollars for wheels, sixty cents for iron, and not over one dollar for all other materials, including lumber, bolts, screws, and paint. The body was made from a white pine board 1 by 12 in. by 8 ft. 6 in., cut as shown in Fig. 3. A %-in. hole for the steering rod was bored through at the angle indicated. The two wings, seat and rudder were made from packing case lumber. The wings are 3% by 7 by 12 in., rounded on the outside edges. The seat is 5% by 7% by 12 in., edged with a piece of galvanized tin 4 by 22% in., which was beaded over wire and the cor- ners rounded down to the front of the seat for neatness. Wire spoke wheels, two 12 in. in diam- eter and one 10 in., all with \%-in. holes for the axles, were obtained. The driv- ing axle was made from % in. round iron, formed cold in the bench vise. Threads were not run on any parts, but cotter pins and washers were used where necessary. The two brackets that support the driving axle were made from \% by 1 in. strap iron, bent cold; each was drilled at one end to receive the 1%-in. axle. The (Fis hat with the fun our boy Fig. 2. Not only does the propeller turn, but the wings vibrate rapidly as the toy ‘“‘flies” i Fig. 1. Front view. The propeller blades are wedged into the hub with half-round sticks brackets were bolted to the body (see Figs. 1 and 3). Each wing was attached with two small hinges so that it could be operated vertically by means of an _ eccentric attached to the axle by a set screw. The eccentrics (Fig. 4) were made from two 1 by 3 by 83 in. hardwood blocks turned on the shaft of a small motor. A 34-in. recess was cut in the edge of each block, leaving a \-in. collar on both sides, A connecting ring was bent from % by % in, strap iron to fit in the recess of each eccen- tric. The strap iron was extended up to the wings and at- tached with a loose coupling. The mech- anism depresses the wings about $ in with each revolution of the wheels (Fig. 2), The foot pedals (Fig. 4) were made from two blocks 2 by 2 by 8 in., drilled ¥ in. lengthwise and split. The halves were then screwed together over the axle. The rear wheel bracket was made of Y{ by 1 in. strap iron, drilled % in. at the lower end and 5% in. at the upper end. The bracket was attached to the body by two straps, bolted through (Fig. 8). Two screws were driven in lengthwise of the body to prevent (Continued on page 97) oe a “e oe 2 \ STEERING = [P ROD . ECCENTRIC STRA ff WINGS 3x7 12 ew IRON BRACKET }'x 1" SEAT~_STEERING WHEEL —_ WING 3-6 =» GALV.TIN WITH | PROPELLER SEAT %x74xI2 BEADED EDGE} yuB NS BRACKET jx meen . \ | SEAT BRACKETS. oenttt: i + 2 I2 WHEEL J 10° WHEEL CHAIN ECCENTRIC BODY OF WHITE PINE 1" x12" x 3'-6" SIDE VIEW Fig. 3. Side and front views of the auto plane with the dimensions followed by Mr. Dunn; these could be changed, if necessary, to suit the size of the rider, and the wings could be stationary FRONT VIEW — @ This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8-

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June, 193 ri ee een This solves the Graduation Gift problem Tus pay of a lifetime should be honored by a life- time gift. And what sounder choice could you make than an Elgin watch! It has all the qualities you would have in that graduation presentation to your boy or girl . . . Modern beauty, new-day style, un- failing accuracy and lifelong usefulness. These and other new models may be seen at your jeweler’s . - - Elgin prices range from $15 to $1500; and each watch, at whatever price, carries the Elgin guarantee .- » Elgin National Watch Company, Elgin, U. S. A. 17 jewels, gold filled case si 4 ll THE WATCHWORD FOR EFFICIENCY AND ELEGANCE z = ro Bas / 17 jewels, diamond studded, white yold case $150 | fia 7 ~ 7 Copyright, ELGIN, 1928 E.. YA J eyo | [All Prices slightly higher in Canada so VFB

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Ze A LOT OF SMOKERS STILL SHOP. PING AROUND, HERE'S A FACT OF NO SMALL INTEREST: THE EVERLASTING DEMAND FOR A REALLY DIFFERENT ONE KEEPS FATIMA RIGHT UP AMONG THE BIG BRANDS, IN SPITE OF ITS HIGHER COST. FAT IM

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ae | a june, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 97 ~ The Air Mail (Continued from page 96) the bracket from sliding up. A %-in. rod yas run through the bracket to support the rear wheel. This rod was filed 5% in. round at the upper end and filed square at the lower end to fit the square hole in top of the inverted U-axle support. The rod was riveted solidly to the support. The steering wheel (Fig. 4) was made from an 8-in. square of %-in. birch. ; A y,in. hole was drilled in the block, which yas slipped over the shaft of a small motor and turned to 7)4 in. diameter gith a wood chisel, rasp, and sandpaper. The inner edge was turned with a 14-in. chisel part way; then the block was re- CRANK Yi x" BRACKET i“ “ “a ZDIA. \STEERIN 6 CHAINS” TEERING WHEEL 8" DIA, BIRCH % THICK Fig. 4. How to make the wing eccentrics, pedals, steering wheel, and rear U-frame versed on the motor shaft and cut until the ring slipped off. The spider was cut from an old Ford steering wheel, obtained from a junk yard for ten cents. The ends of the | spider arms were drilled and countersunk ‘to fit the back of the wooden rim. A bushing 214 in. long of gas pipe was forced through the hole in the steering wheel spider and attached to the steering rod with a stove bolt. Another piece of |pipe was used on the lower end of the steering rod as a spacer to the strap iron crosspiece. The lower end of the rod was squared and riveted to the cross- piece. Two lengths of furnace chains were attached to the crosspiece, crossed under the body, and fastened to the rear wheel U-support by means of two key rings. The propeller blades were made from two strips of white pine 3 by 3 by 8 in., with a }4-in. shank or tenon, which was inserted in the hub and wedged with two pieces of split dowel rod. The hub itself was turned from a 214 by 21% by 3 in. block of hardwood. The body, wings and rudder were painted with dark red, and the ironwork and seat with black brushing lacquer. The top of the wings were decorated with a 5-in. black circle with a black star in the center. One warning might be added: Fasten only one front wheel to the axle, or it will be impossible to turn in a small radius. heels may be purchased in pairs, one with a round and the other with a squared e; otherwise a cotter pin or other ‘Means must be used to fasten one wheel to the axle. BLACK & DECKER Electric Tool Chests For drilling holes in—Metal, Fibre or Wood—or any ma- terial which can be cut with an ordinary hacksaw. For light grinding, buffing or sanding. No.1 Electric Tool Chest A heavy metal tool chest containing— Black & Decker Light Duty Quarter-Inch Elec- tric Drill, Bench Stand for light grinding, buff- ing and sanding, set of twist drills up to 4 inch, wire wheel for rust and paint removing, rag buff- ing wheel, grinding wheel, and sanding disc. VU. S. Price, $43.50 Canadian Price, $56.50 The same type of chest as the No. 1 but consider- ably larger. Contains— ——the famous Black & Decker Half-Inch Special Ball-Bearing Electric Drill, twist drills from 4 to 2 inch, wood augers from % to 1% inches and Black &% Decker hole saws from 1% to3 inches. The hole saws are a special Black & Decker tool for use with the electric drill, which enable you to bore holes in metal, wood, fibre etc., up to 3 inches in diameter. U. S. Price, $76.50 Canadian Price, $99.50 Everything at your finger tips when you want it. The automatic tray, which contains the accessories, is sealed tight by the cover when the chest is closed, so that inany position the contents of the tray cannot spill out or get mixed up. Mail this coupon today THE BLACK &#@ DECKER MFG. CO., TOWSON, MARYLAND, U.S. A. Please enter my order fora No. 4 Electric Tool Chest, as illustrated and.described above. My Hardware Dealer is Name of Purchaser Address Street City State © This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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98 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY June, 1928 “Tuckaway” Shelf Serves as Table feu ij : OR a small house or apartment, this simple “tuckaway” shelf is an ob- viously convenient contrivance. It may Once a damp, uninvitin g be made any desired size and of any ' moderately hard wood, whitewood for | The bl example, to fit at the end of a passage or eee selves, B ASEMEN I to be fastened to any wall where it will }. = . = back is: be of the most use. It may be used asan | SS. Tie" OS NLS project __| emergency table, a serving or sewing +4 ~~ = had for GER Cae table, or a study table for a schoolboy. ys copies When open, a surface of 15 by 24 in. is ‘A Popula available, but when closed it projects less = 250 Fou than 2% in. from the wall. To make it wide Send 1 of this - get out the back 5% by 12 by We | underlin 24 in., the shelf 54 by 14 by 23% in., the ° WN |B peters back strip % by 1 by 23% in., and the pene tte arta _— No. arm 5% by 8 by 12 in. 1, Sewit Saw the corner curves and the arm, fastened securely with 5%-in. screws a) and smooth and sandpaper the surfaces Finish by staining to suit and applying 5, Kite and edges. Assemble by driving 114-in. _ two or three. coats of shellac. Rub with = Pore No. 8 screws through the back into the No. 4/0 sandpaper and polish with wax. 11. Benc 54 by 1 in. strip, and attach two pairs of Selected colors of lacquer may be used ’ La 2 by 2 in. stout brass butts (hinges), after the first coat of shellac, if preferred 11. Ceda Turn your basement space into a cheerful . 18. re recreation room like this one. . Flat N most homes the basement represents Amusin g Ju mpin g Jack Has spindle of the polishing head upon which ~ a full third of the room space. Only a . it is to be screwed. ‘Another way to mount i Kite part of this space is required for furnace, Clothespin for Body it is to drive a nail into the head of the > ~ fuel bins or laundry. Have you ever . - , mop and grip the nail in the jaws of the 2. — thought of the desirable rooms you can A young or agg es to ~~ —_ chuck on the polishing head.—R. W. . sin make from the remainder of your base- . Or ene fee ate sae act = is an old and familiar type of the toy and 39. Sale ment space? ; ; can be made easily. i Thr The cheerful recreation room pictured A clothespin is used for the body, while Fou above was once a damp and uninviting corner of the cellar. Celotex has converted IK UPHOLSTERER'S = it into the most popular room in the be a Saili air cl 42. 43. “4. 45. 46. 41. 48. house. ; it Celotex is the ideal material for turning _ =e to mount a five-cent dish-mop on a ‘ basement space into a comfortable room RE SEE ee eS 3. Clip for the maid or chauffeur, a workshop uP ; 54. Five for Dad er a playroom for the children. Surf Sleds and Boards 55. Five , 56. Bird E _ build (Continued from page 79) 1. Con a. J ‘sy ends should be rounded so that the §9. Con With a hammer, nails and saw you can galvanized sheet bottom can be carried S ny build these rooms yourself. For Celotex fe up around them and fitted snugly at Vik boards are big, light and easy to handle. I SMALL CORD (GREEN) every point. Have the top and bottom to And Celotex insulates—stops heat, cold i galvanized sheets cut about % in. nar- J This jumping jack performs rower than the width of the frame, so and dampness. It makes rooms warm in winter and cool in summer. It is the only insulation made from cane fibres. It combines lightness with great bracing strength. All reliable lumber dealers can supply Celotex. Fill in and mail the coupon and we will send you FREE, two interesting, illustrated books. The Celotex Com- pany, Chicago, Ill. In Canada: Alexander Murray & Co., Ltd., Montreal. amusing acrobatic stunts when the two sticks are pressed at their lower ends the legs and arms are shaped as shown from very thin wood. The legs and arms are con- nected to the body with rivets made from thin wire as indicated in one of the details. The sidepieces may be of varying thickness, but the sizes shown in the that there will be no possibility of their protruding and injuring the bather. Likewise, the corners of the sidepieces and handgrips must be rounded smoothly. Before setting the sheet metal, paint the edges of the side boards with white lead and lay a strip of muslin or elec- trician’s tape the entire length, taking care that there are no folds or wrinkles. Cover this with a coat of white lead. Then fasten the galvanized iron with nails about 34 in. long, staggered about Drive them in well; then S3e SFPFSESS S R ARATEP Smee eeppovoe a LEooF q : , . 1 in. apart. : 81. = OTE. d drawing will be found generally satis- depress the edges of the metal into the es, sear me, Ba 2D factory. The man is suspended between wood (Fig. 3). t CINSULATING LUMBER the sidepieces with bright-colored twine. The cleats over the places where the b. Ms - — —F. Clarke Hughes. galvanized sheets join ae “— . M a be drawn down tightly with screws, bu , Ms taseh baechioss Ane Chicceo, Illinois Dish-Mop Buffing Wheel ‘ first nail the ends of the sheets to the 87 sc Please send me FREE your 40-page illustrated book crosspieces to make the joints water-tight. showing how Celotex is used to make insulated attics, RAG dish-mop, commonly sold for Follow your own taste in painting x garages, sun-porches, etc., also a copy of “Artistic and five cents, has been found to make and trimming; green with orange striping ais Ubefal Things You Can Make at Home with Celotez."| good buffing wheel when fixed to a_ is effective. In any case, be sure the first polishing head driven by a motor. The coat dries thoroughly before applying the Street . oe mop is cut off just back of the cot- second. Several coats of spar varnish ton strings and then bored to fit the will add to the life of the sled. [oe © This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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Une, 1928 t the arried ly at »ttom 1e, $0 their ther. rieces rthly. | paint white elec- aking ikles. lead. with ibout then > the » the 10uld , but » the ight. nting iping hs g the rnish june, 1928 Blueprints for Your Home Workshop NY ONE of the blueprints listed A below can be obtained for 25 cents. The blueprints are complete in them- gives, but if you wish the corresponding hack issue of the magazine in which the ‘ect was described in detail, it can be had for 25 cents additional so long as copies are available. Popular Science Monthly, 250 Fourth Avenue, New York Send me the blueprint, or blueprints, I have underlined below, for which I inclose........ a | ence ene cents Described No. Title inIssuesof Price ing Table Feb., 722 25c . ee He Cabinet *Mar., °22 25c 3, End Table *Apr., 722 25c itchen Cabinet . ten Gate and Seats july, °22 25c 10. Porch Swing | 7 11. Bench and Tilt Table Sept., 22 25c Tea Wagon Nov., °22 25c ie Workshop Bench Jen., *23 25c 17. Cedar Chest *Mar., 23 25c 18. Phone Table and Stool *Mar., *23 25c 19, Grandfather’s Clock *Apr., 23 25c 0. Flat Top Desk *Apr., °23 25c 91. Colonial Desk *Apr., 230, 25 23. One-Car Garage *May, 23 25c 4, Gateleg Table June, *23 25c 95. Canoe Sailing Outfit july, °23 25c 97, Kitchen-Cabinet Table Oct., °23 25c 30. Tool Cabinet, etc. Jan., 24 25c 31. Sewing Cabinets Feb., °24 25c 33. Dining Alcove Apr., °24 25c 34. Garden Trellises May, ’°24 25c 37. Simplified Bookcase Dec., °24 25c Small Drop-Leaf Table Jan., *35 25c . Salem Chest of Drawers’ Feb., "25 25c 41, One-Tube Radio Set May, ’25 25c 42. Three-Stage Amplifier June, °’25 25c 43. Four-Tube Receiver *jJuly, "25 25c 44, Pirate Ship Model—Hull ‘*Feb., °26 25c 45. Pirate Ship—Details Mar., ’°26 25c 4%. Galleon Model—Hull May, °26 25c 47, Galleon Model—Details ‘June, ’°26 25c 48, Sailing Yacht Model *July, °26 25c 49, Broom Cabinet Aug., °26 25c 50. Airplane Model (Rise-off- ground tractor, 36in.) Sept., °26 25c 51. Clipper Ship Model—Huli *Oct., 26 25c 52. Clipper Model—Details ‘*Oct., 26 25c 53. Clipper Model—Rigging Nov., °26 25¢ $4. Five-Tube Radio Set Oct., "26 25c 55. Five-Tube Set— Details Oct., °26 25c §6. Bird and Animal Toys Dec., °26 25c $7. Constitution Model—Hull Jan., °27 25c 58. Constit ution— Rigging Feb., °27 25c¢ 59. Constit ution—Rigging Mar., °27 25c 60, Welsh Dresser Mar., °27 25c 61, Viking Ship Model—Hull Apr., ’27 25c 62. Viking Ship— Details Apr., °27 25c 63. Toy Motor Boat—Hull May, ’27 25c 65. Six Simple Block Puzzles June, ’27 25c¢ 66. Ship-Model Weather Vane Aug., ’27 25c 67. Toy Model of Lindbergh’s New York-to-Paris Plane Aug., ’27 25¢ 68. Magazine-Rack Table and Book-Trough Table Sept., °27 25c 9. Flying Model (3 ft.) of Lindbergh’s Monoplane Oct., ’27 25c¢ 70. Console Radio Cabinet Nov., °’27 25c 71. Console Cabinet—Details Nov., ’27 25c 72. Doll’s House Eee., | ‘a7 25c 73. Doll’s House Furniture Dec., °27 25c 4, Santa Maria Model—Hull Dec., 27 25c 15, Santa Maria—Rigging Feb., ’28 25c 16. Santa Maria—Details Jan., ’28 25c¢ 71. Simple Pier Cabinet and Decorative Wall Shelves Jan., ’28 25c %. Simple Treasure Chests Feb., ’28 25¢ 79. Electric Radio Set Feb., ’28 25c %. High Power Unit for Elec- tric Radio Set Mar., °28 25c 81. Low Power Unit for Elec- tric Radio Set Apr., ’28 25c 82. Simple Single-Stick Air- ofiane Model (30-in.) Mar., ’28 25c 8&3. May flo wer Model—Hull Apr., ’28 25c 84. May flower—Details Apr., ’28 25c 85. May fower—Rigging Apr., °28 25c 8. Racing Airplane Model (35-in. twin-pusher type) May, ’28 25c 87. Seaplane Model (30 in.) June, ’28 25c *Ouc of print. BOER ee ee ee eee ee ee eee eeeeeeeeeseeesseeeseesses tthe eee eee eee ee ee eee ee ee ee eee ee ee 2 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY BUYING WITH A BIG B & wy wy Mo of the energy which most in- dustries devote to selling, at Western Electric, is concentrated in buying. To provide practically every- thing which the Bell Telephone System needs, Western Electric must buy in the markets of the entire world. It must buy only materials of high and known quality— It must buy at prices which are fair to the Bell System and hence to you, its customers— It must buy at prices which are fair to the seller, because he must be able to continue in business and prosper, to re- main a reliable source of supply— It must buy at the right time in order to have stocks ready at hand when needed, and only when needed— All this explains why Western Elec- tric has made buying a function of major importance—of equal importance with the manufacture and the distribu- tion of telephones and telephone appa- ratus. It is part of a responsibility, unique in industry, to see that the world’s greatest public service organ- ization shall never be hampered by a lack of supplies. Western Elsecfric Purchasers... Manufacturers... Distributors SELL SYSTEM IS] This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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Colorful C POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY June, 1928 raft-Work Novelties How to Convert Scraps of Wood into Ornamental Desk Sets. Clock Cases and Candle Sconces HE popular brushing lacquer finishes have opened up a new field of craft work in wood. It is now easy to make colorful and beau- tiful novelties such as those il- lustrated. And itis not neces- sary to own a woodworking shop to turn out a few of these pieces. Many can be made with a few hand tools and, at most, a small lathe. If you prefer to work in company with others, you may be able to do in your own lo- cality what many others have done—enroll in an evening course in craft work in the manual training department of a near-by school. There you will find available all the & ma machinery necessary to carry om the work. You will also The pen tray has a circular recess for stamps, which is covered by the turned inkwell holder have the advantage of excellent super- vision and a splendid opportunity to develop projects like the ones to be de- scribed in the following outline: Blotter Pad. Constructed of junk board, which may be procured at any wholesale paper house, 15 by 20 in. It is bound with %-in. black gummed cloth tape, after which a sheet of nut-brown paper (catalog cover stock) 1454 by 195% The set consists of a desk pad, pen tray and inkwell, calendar case, blotter and letter knife > In By Dick HutcHInson in. is glued evenly on each side, leaving a 3¢-in. margin. The corners are cut from 4-in. wood, routed out on the back to receive the corners of the blotter, and glued and nailed to the pad. Pen Tray. Size 5 by 7 in. Cut out on band saw if possi- ble. The groove for pens really should be cut on a “sticker,” but can be cut with dado saws and finished by hand. Turn stamp box in lathe; it is 2 in. in diameter, 4% in. deep, and has a shoulder \% in. deep and 2 %% in. in diameter to receive the inkwell. Inkwell. Turned from a solid block; it is 2 % in. in di- ameter at the base, 1% in. at the top, and 134 in. high. A recess is turned in- side to receive a small round glass ink cup. The cap is turned from \4-in. stock, a snug fit on the inkwell itself. A hole is drilled through the cap, and a turned handle glued on. Calendar. Approximately 414 in. wide and 34% in. high, with an opening to accommodate a perpetual calendar, which may be obtained at a stationery store. The uprights should be glued and nailed to the base so as to tip back slightly, and A mirror serves as the reflector of this decorative sconce A barrel-shaped container for cigarettes and an ash tray, brightly decorated with lacquer either a metal or a wooden pocket should be fitted over the calendar opening to hold the calendar and keep it clean. Rocker Blotter. It is 24% in. wide and 5 in. long, rounded on the bottom. A slit is sawed into each end to receive the blot- ter. Drill a hole in the center of the top and glue in a turned handle. Paper Knife. It may be made entirely of wood, or a hammered copper blade can be made and attached to a wooden handle with brass escutcheon pins, as in the case of the knife illustrated. The length is 714 Candle Sconce. Length 10 in.; width 4% in. at the base. The opening is cut out with a coping, fret or jj and the back is mae to receive the mirror. The arm may be straight or curved and about 3 in. long. The saucer is 3 in. in diameter; it is glued and nailed to the arm. The candle cup is 1X in high with a slight flange at the top, and a %-in. hole for the candle. e€ mirror is held with small brads, after which a piece of heavy paper is glued over the back of the plate. Desk Clock. Make a pattern from cardboard so that all pieces will be uni- form. Lay out front and back on \-in, Wooden case for holding a watch. It can be used either as a desk or a bedside clock wood and the centerpiece on %-in. stock. Glue the back to the centerpiece and let stand until perfectly dry. Make a spring from thin sheet spring brass and fasten it in the center of the backboard with flat- head screws. This is to hold a watch in place in the pocket, which should be lined with either leather or felt. Glue on the front, sandpaper well and finish with brushing lacquer. In decorating the finished pieces, a two-color scheme, that is, a plain body color with a harmonizing line, can be carried out, or a little floral design or a medallion may be applied with artists’ oil paints, as in the case of the candle sconce illustrated. SPRING TO FASTENON [| BACK BOARD {|| = Pe“ / - 1 ' iH) Ui » J | a il CENTER , / so i ay / AMIS AN, Z| \ Sor) eee Z HANI A | / : HAMA ll, UAUNAOANIAIH TN Three pieces of wood are sawed to shape and glued together to form the tiny case

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une, 1928 Cs jig saw Ive the ight or Saucer 1 nailed 1% in. op, and mirror vhich a ver the n from uni- 1 Yuin, can lock . stock. and let ‘spring isten it th flat- atch in e lined on the 1 with ces, & 1 body an be n or a@ sts’ oil sconce oe 8 june, 1928 Portable Tools (Continued from page 8 4) grinder in the shop and make a botch of it, so that the cutter hit on about six teeth when it started to cut? If the shop had one of these sturdy little portable ‘nders, the cutter could have been sharpened without removing it from the ne. “se method used for sharpening cut- ters is to bolt the grinder to the machine table, if it happens to be of the angle- plate type, or hold it in the vise, if it should be one of the tool-post type. The spindle then is freed from the power con- nection by the drive pin or back gears so GRINDING OR BUFFING WHEEL In an emergency a portable drill can be used for polishing or even light grinding that it may be turned by hand. Set up a makeshift tooth rest for indexing the teeth. Bring the wheel into proper tooth contact by the horizontal and vertical adjustments while feeding the cut across the face by means of the longitudinal feed screw. The sides of the teeth may be ground by resetting the wheel and feeding it in or out with the in-and-out feed screw. I have often watched a mechanic try- ing to put a finish on a hard piece of steel in a shaper or planer and have won- dered why he had not tried grinding the finish with the tool-post grinder. End mills, shell mills, slab mills, ream- ers, taps, and the like can be sharpened readily on the lathe with the aid of a portable grinder, often as well and almost as quickly as might be done with a special cutter grinder. Many cylindrical grinding jobs also can be done on the lathe when the shop is not equipped with a regular grinding machine. This is an economical practice for the shop that has only an occasional job that must be ground, and it also saves the delay of sending the work out to another shop. We might go on indefinitely discussing what can be done with the portable grinder, but it is not the ordinary jobs that require emphasizing. Look around the shop and see if there is not some “tough” job you can put them to work on. Too many of the little machines are tucked away in some dark corner of the tool crib and only see the light when Tom or Bill wants to grind a center. Get them out in the light and keep them oiled up and ready for business. - In the well-equipped machine shop we find portable drills, both electric and air driven; key cutters; filing, grinding and buffing machines; chisels, scrapers, and portable boring machines for boring (Continued on page 102) engine cylinders iia POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY remanent 101 A better used car °° for fewer dollars This valuable free book tells how to save money —send for it! HREWD buyers are taking advantage of today’s low used car prices to enjoy a qual- ity “6” for less than the cost of a new ‘“‘4.” You can buy a used car safely with the information pictured and explained in our valuable book, “‘“How to Judge a Used Car.” The coupon below brings you this fund of facts without cost. Experts who buy thou- sands of used cars for dealers tell you what to look for and what to avoid. Much of this trade information has never before been made public. Since its first printing a few months ago, 125,000 motorists have sent for this time and money-saving buyer’s guide. The coupon below will bring a copy of the second edition of “How to Judge a Used Car” to you without cost. A 2c stamp may save you $200. Send the coupon NOW! THE STUDEBAKER CORPORATION OF AMERICA, Dept. F-56, South Bend, Ind. Please send me my copy of your valuable free booklet, ““How to Judge a Used Car.” Name Street STUDEBAKER. The Great Independent 5 © This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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102 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Ingersoll YANKEE The most famous and popular watch in the world! Over sixty million -” in the last thirty- ve years have had de- pendable time and sturdy service from their Ingersoll Yan- kee Watches. A handful of value ata pinch of cost. Radiolite $2.25 Sngerskt TYPE-T ALARM CLOCK It’s going to be just as popular in the alarm clock field as es Yosine is in the watch world. It is priced the same and it has the Yankee qualities of re- 7 and sturdiness. A half dozen good looks features such as hea rolled edge case; mat finish metal dial; antique handle. Knob alarm switch for convenience. Height 53x”. Radiolite $2.25. —And both are Serviced If either your Yankee or Typz-t should get broken, you can have it repaired quickly at small cost by sending it to the Ingersoll Service Department. A mighty important point! INGERSOLL WATCH CoO., Inc. New York Chicago SanFrancisco Service Dept, Waterbury, Conn. a 9 UE RGR GOOLE IEEE INE, LORI June, 1928 A definite program for getting ahead financially will be found on page four of this issue. BOICE LEADS IN SAW VALUES Compare the two Boice berich machines illustrated here with similar saws for size, capacity and price. Only enlarged produc- tion facilities and big demand for Boice products .could permit such prices for this high quality. Universal Handisaw Table 15” x 17” tilts 45 degrees. Elevates for grooving. Swings 9” saw, cuts 214° stock. Insert takes dado head 6" x 1", cope heads and 8” sand disc. Guides always remain parallel to saw regardless of elevation or tilt of table. No other saw of equal cost this feature. Sold with or without motor and base. ‘ Universal Jig Saw Table 8 in. dia. tilts 45 dezrees both p ways. Saw-to-frame 10in. Vertical stroke 144 in. Uses blades 1-8 in. to 3-8 in. wide. Bronze bearings. Speed 650 00 RP. Ms Height 14 in. Sold with or without motor and belt. §] 2° All Boice machines driven from light socket.Sendl0cfor new “*B’’ describing and illustrating Boice’s complete line 4, ilins- of band saws, circular saws, jig saws, mortisers, jointers, “sted lathes and the Boice Home Workshop. Ww. B.@ J. E. Boice, Dept. P. S. 6-D, Toledo, Ohio Portable Tok. | (Continued from page 101) and similar work. In the lar are portable tools of the reser pe ety, such as drilling, milling, and ba, ing machines. The latter are found in shops that make a specialty of unusual} large work. The job is set up pen planed cast-iron floor having T-slots and bolt holes spaced as on machine bases and tables and serving the same purpose, Instead of moving the work about from one machine to another, the machines are taken to the work without disturbing its original setting until all boring, drilling, milling, and tapping have been completed. ie THE manufacturing plants producing lighter work, portable tools such as power screw drivers, socket wrenches grinders, drills, riveters, hammers, chisels, and calkers are great aids to production, In the railroad shops, cylinder boring and crank-pin turning machines save a great deal of time. Tool- and die-makers are finding new uses for portable grinders and filing ma- chines every day. Certainly in the auto- mobile repair shops portable tools have come into their own. Cylinder boring and valve grinding, in particular, are done as a rule with the aid of electric drills. Simple and inexpensive attachments quickly convert a portable drill into a respectable drill press whenever needed. Because the nature of their work often prohibits the use of stationary tools, re- pair machinists and millwrights probably find more constant use for the general utility tools than other mechanics. Even the carpenters have their power hand tools, including saws, drills, screw drivers, and lock and hinge mortising machines; and in the cabinet and furniture factories are to be found routing, shaping, sanding, and other special portable tools in large variety. So valuable are these portable tools, not because of what they cost but what they do, that it is not pleasant to think of how often they are carelessly handled | and abused. The result of misuse is that | they are sometimes found out of order | and fail to function at a critical moment, | when things are rushing. They will stand | a surprising amount of rough handling, | but don’t expect too much of them. If an electric drill is only rated for a \-in. drill, don’t try to use a 3%- or 4-in. drill by turning down the shank. This is a practice that eventually ruins the tool. The motors are designed for a drill of a certain maximum size, and this rating should never be exceeded. If it is, the motor speed will be too fast and the power too low. And a burned armature Is an | expensive repair! Furthermore, the drill is out of commission until the repair 1s made. If the motor fails to run, it may be only a minor trouble, such as a blown line fuse, a short circuit, broken connec- tion, gummed commutator, or sticking or worn brushes. First, make certain that the trouble is not in the power line. Try a lamp in the socket; if you get light with the switch (Continued on page 108) © This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8-

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June, 1928 Plants T Vari. d_ bor. und in usually » On a T-slots achine © Same e work er, the rithout til all g have ducing uch as nches, chisels, uction. boring save a ig new ig ma- > auto- ; have ng and one as drills. ments into a ded. - often Is, re- bably eneral Even hand rivers, hines; tories nding, large tools, what think s the | . drill | ating , the ower | is an | - drill | air 1s Vv be lown nnec- king rtain line. light best jane, 1928 —— Portable Tools (Continued from page 102) on the trouble is inside of the motor. Remove the brush end of the motor and ine the condition of the commutator, brushes, brush holders, and connections. If the brushes stick in the holder, that is me trouble; if they are worn down they need renewing. Worn-out brushes are also a cause of stalling or loss of power. If the commutator is dirty or gummed up, it should be cleaned. Use a rag dipped in kerosene and then polish the com- mutator with fine sandpaper while the motor is running. Examine the connec- tions for broken field wires; have any you find connected by an electrician, if you cannot do it yourself. With a clean and polished commu- tator, brushes and holders in good con- dition, and no broken wires, the motor should run unless the armature has been burned. This is usually indicated by the appearance of rough black spots between the commutator bars. In this case the repairs should be made by an electrician. Drill motors having a capacity of 4% in. and above are usually provided with afuse. In case of trouble with the larger sizes, this fuse also should be examined. Whether or not these hints have given you any new ideas on the use and care of portable tools, I hope that you will at least make a careful study of the labor-saving possibilities of all the port- able tools that come your way. In that way you will be able constantly to dis- cover new uses for them. How to Stamp Index Arrows Neat index arrows may be stamped quickly on steel by combining the letters Y, V and O letters Y and V of any stencil set can be utilized to make neat and symmetrical arrow or index marks. The VY, which makes the point or head, is followed by one or more impressions of the Y. Stamping an end of an O or the loop of a U in the V makes the head a bit more artistic.—F. W. B. The key stock is bent over to form a head fitting of keys in the hubs of pul- leys and gears may be speeded up by using a piece of key stock about four times the length of the key with a hook bent at one end to provide means for tapping the key in and out. The extra stock is cut off and saved.—H. W. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 103 Why Does Underwear Wear Out? Because it is being continually subjected in wear and washing to physical, chem- ical and bacteriological destructive forces. Of all textile materials, white woven cotton has the highest wash durability. “B.V. D.” underwear combines the ad- vantage of a fabric especially designed for lightness and durability with skilful garment design and high-grade tailor- ing, thereby assuring the utmost service. taining scientific information on underwear, by E. R. Clark, In- dustrial Fellow, Mellon Institute of Industrial Research, sent upon request. f A booklet con- “B.V.D.” offers more than longer wear. The way in which it combines correct fit with cool, roomy ease, and holds its shapeliness through long usage, are equally exceptional. Exclusive features in “B.V.D.” garment design— plus specially created nainsook and highly spe- cialized methods of manufacture—give “B.V.D.” an all-around quality of world-recognized dis- tinction. Satisfaction ana service make that quality worth in- sisting on. It comes only with this Red Woven Label! MADE FOR THE “Wale Mork Ref US. Pat Off and Foreify: Countries) Men’s Union Suit $1.50 Shirtsand Drawers the garment 85c¢ Youths’ Union Suit 85c Shirts, Drawers, Shorts, Men’s and Youths’ Union Suits obtainable in fancy materials at various prices. Children’s Reinforced Taped Waist Suits 75c the suit, The B. V. D. Company, Inc., N. Y. Sole Makers “‘B. V. D.’’ Underwear © 1928 The B.V.D. Company, Inc. Se ey _ “Next to Myself I Like ‘B.V. D.’ Best!” | © This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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I dinply tush itn! ™ FLOOR ENAMEL I used o Ayanize FLOOR ENAMEL ‘It made a finish on my floors as easy to ‘clean as a china plate.”

Cover The Old Floor With Kyanize CAN of KYANIZE Floor Enamel is the most satisfying investment you can make. Just brush on a coat or two of this wonder enamel and the old floor disappears. All scratches, scars, blemishes and stains vanish as Kyanize flows smooth- ly from your brush and covers your floors with a rich coating of tough, ever-wear lustrous enamel. Waterproof, of course! Use Kyanize Floor Enamel for floors outdoors, too—for the porch, lawn and garden furniture, for wagons, cement, pattern-worn linoleum, all kinds of wood- work, walls—in fact anywhere you want a brilliant, hard-drying, long-wearing en- amel. It beautifies and preserves. Send 10 cents for our new booklet, ‘*The Charm of Painted Things,’”’ or send for the trial offer below. Special $1.00 Offer If your dealer does not carry Kyanize Floor Enamel (solid covering) send us his name and ONE DOLLAR and we will forward to you stpaid a full pint can of this master enamel old floors including brush to apply it. ention color you desire—Dust Drab, Light Yellow, Warm Gray, Navy Gray, Dark Yel- low, Rich Red, Tile Green, Golden Brown Mahogany Red. ° BOSTON VARNISH COMPANY 66 Everett Station, Boston, Mass., U. S. A.

POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY June, 192

Tools for Metal Working The Outfit You Need for Hammering Copper and Brass and Making Jewelry and Models UCH decorative metal work—hammered copper and brass, jewelry and models— can be made at the bench with the tools shown in the accom- panying illustrations. Some of these you may already have, particularly if you do radio or model work. While some of the special tools must be purchased at a jew- elers’ tool supply house, others may be obtained from any well-stocked hard- ware store or large mail-order firm. Get the best grade of tools you possibly can and you will be proud to own them. By Epwarp THATCHER

An excellent “‘raising’’ hammer made from a common brick hammer. Many hints on the choice of tools are contained in this article, the fourth in a series on decorative metal work by Mr. Thatcher, who taught the subject at Columbia University for fifteen years and is a skilled craftsman No. 2. Jewenzp’ Saw Frame. For general bench work this should be about 5 or 6 in. deep from the saw blade to the back of the frame. Fitted with a suitable metal- piercing. or jeweler’s saw blade, this saw is used to cut out shapes from flat sheet metal. A large variety of work may be done with jeweler’s saw blades held in a cop- ing-saw frame of the better grade. The writer uses one about 8 in. deep for large work. For very small jewelry or similar work, a jeweler’s light saw frame 4 in. or even 2 in. deep is use-

The tools shown, which are the essential ones for bench use, are numbered to correspond with the fol- lowing list: No. 1. Snips or SHears. For very small work at the bench, light snips, 8 in. long over all, are best. If only one pair is purchased to start with, get a pair of 10- in. snips. The ideal equipment is one pair of 8-in. snips, one pair of 10- or 12-in., and one pair of heavy bench shears with a 6-in. cut and a length of perhaps 24 in.

ENLARGED <<

ful; these frames may be obtained from 2 to 18 in. deep. No. 3. JEWELER’s Saw Buapes. These are sold in bundles of one dozen or by the gross, which is the cheaper way to buy them. They should not be confused with coping or scroll saw blades for wood; they are very hard and made like tiny hack saws. There are eighteen sizes running from Nos. 8/0 to 12, the largest. No. 4 is a good size to begin with, and at least two or three dozen

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Some of the more essential tools: shears, jeweler’s saw, drill, center punch, files, hammers, pliers, tweezers, burnisher, dividers, scriber, scraper, drawplate, ring clamp, anvil, borax slate,

@ This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. (Continued on page 105) |

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June, 1933 ELER’s For work bout 5 om the e back Fitted metal- veler’s Saw is shapes metal, ty of done } Saw a cop- of the The about large small milar 3 light n. or S use- rames deep. These ry the > buy | with ; they hack nning ». 4 is it two | e 105) Pe 2 ln A A ml june, 1928 E Metal Working (Continued from page 104) should be purchased if you are far from a source of these supplies. Some of the finer sizes may be purchased later on for very small york, Nos. 0 and 1 are much used. No. 4. Hanp Dri... This should have an accurate chuck for holding twist drills at least up to % in. in diameter and it should be rather small and compact in design for bench work. As you will have much use for it, it should be a good one. No. 5. Twist Dritis. These are made for drilling holes in metal. The fluted drills usu- ally furnished with. hand drills are not hard enough for drilling metal. To start with, drills +, ts» vy, and )% in. in diameter should be purchased and perhaps one or two larger ones, if your hand drill will take them. Several each of the smaller sizes should be obtained as they will break now and then. The 7¢-in. diameter size is much used to pierce metal when sawing inside work. No. 6. CENTER Puncu. The small cone- shaped point is used to make a slight depression in which the point of a drill is rested when starting to drill. The metal to be center punched is placed on a steel or iron anvil. 0. 7. Fiat Fire. An 8- or 10-in. flat file about 11% in. wide, rough or bastard cut, is used for filing work roughly to shape before the smoother files are used. No. 8. Fiat Five. An 8-in. flat file, about lin. wide, smooth milled cut, is used to smooth up all sorts of metal work and particularly to round or chamfer edges. The wooden handles for these files are sold separately and should be purchased for them. No. 9. Crossine Fite. A 6-in. crossing file, cut No. 3-5 (fairly smooth) is useful for a variety of work such as smoothing up the inside of curves. Pointed half-round files are more common and are almost as good. Nos. 10-13. NEEDLE Fites. These are used for finishing small work. At least four should be purchased, one knife shape, one round, one half-round or crossing (elliptical), and one three-square (triangular) in section. These files are very slender, from 41% to 5 in. long, and each is provided with a smooth round shank and does not require a wooden handle. It is worth while to get a dozen assorted shapes. Smaller files much like these are called escape- ment files and are most useful for very small jewelry and model work. No. 14. Woopen Maier. Much used for flattening out and shaping sheet metal. A good thing to remember is “Do it with wood, on wood, when you can.”’ The mallet may be purchased or made at home. It should be of beech or hard maple with a head about 24% in. in diameter and 4 in. long, either square or round. Carpenter's mallets are rather clumsy for metal work. Sometimes hardware stores earry lighter ones, as the jewelers’ supply houses always do. No. 15. Macutntst’s Ligut Batt Peen Ham- mer. The head should weigh 4 lb. or slightly less. This tool should be of a very high grade. 0. 16. Cuastnc Hammer. This has a broad, flat face and an elongated ball peen, and is mounted on a peculiarly shaped handle, which is thin in the shank. The handles are scraped or filed down to the individual craftsman’s liking. Hammers such as this are used for repoussé work or metal modeling. While not absolutely essential for some beginners’ work, it is well worth purchas- ing. If you are to do any small work, particu- larly jewelry making, you are sure to need one. A chasing hammer with a 1-in. face is suitable for light work. Both the hammer and the handle must be purchased at a jeweler’s or silversmith’s supply house. No. 17. Fuat-Nosep Puters. This tool should be from 3% to (Continued on page 107) POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 105 Good Shop Practice Arnale {2 Inexperienced file users some- times make the mistake of usin the same file for work on Soak wood and metal. This is not good shop practice. For filing jobs on wood, such as rounding corners and other places where a plane would not fit, use a Nicholson Cabinet File or a Nicholson Wood Rasp— these are especially designed for this work. The little time it takes to switch files will be more than offset by the cutting speed of Nicholson Files. Nicholson Files save time. NICHOLSON FILE COMPANY |. Providence, R. I., U. S. A. Ol See USA (TRADE MARK —A File for Every Purpose © This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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Closet Door Hooks and Shoe Rack HO has lived in an apartment house, a dormitory, a cottage, or in any close quarters and not longed for more hanging space for wearing apparel and a place where shoes and slippers might be placed off the floor and safely out of the way? Often a hook or two or a few nails are driven into the inside of a closet door, but the things hung thereon are always swinging between the edge of the door and the door jamb and are more or less of a nuisance. The method of treating a closet door shown here is one solution of the problem. Four cleats, 5 by 3 in. and 2 in. less in length than the width of the door, are fas- tened to the inside of the door with screws. These cleats will carry as many as fourteen hooks, if necessary, for articles which do not need hangers. It is obvious that the more hooks on the door, the more clothes there will be to swing between the door and the jamb. This is prevented by gluing a dowel in a hole in each end of all but the lower cleats. If more clothes are hung on the door than the dowels will control, tie a piece of tape to one dowel and fasten a stout rubber band to the other end of the tape so that it may be stretched over the clothes to reach the opposite dowel. If preferred, a piece of tape may be tied to Keeping Y POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY How to increase the capacity of a clothes closet with extra hooks and a shoe rack each dowel, passed over the clothes and tied in the middle with a bowknot. Make the ends of the shoe rack 5% by 41% by 12 in., the two front rails 34 by 2 in. and the same length as the cleats, and the back % by 12 and 1% in. less than the length of the front rails. Assemble with brads and fasten to the inside of the door with screws. Simple Folding Cot for Emergencies ay): | HOOKS FOR HOLDING = g. — COT IN FOLDED-UP —} POSITION CONSTRUCTION Even a back porch will provide extra sleep- ing quarters with this space-saving berth HEN visitors compel one to find extra sleeping quarters, a comfort- able “Pullman berth” can be fitted up on the back porch, or even in a crowded laundry. The writer started making one at three in the afternoon and was sleeping on it at nine that evening. The width of the cot is governed by any one of three items—the space avail- able, the width of duck or canvas, or the size of the occupant. The framework con- sists of % by 3 in. pieces screwed together and fastened to the wall with three hinges. In’ tacking on the fabric, lap over the edges as shown.—H. S. . Neat Trellis Supports Porch Flower Box N PLACING a porch flower box, it was found necessary to sup- port the outer edge of the box. As simple props would have em- phasized the height and bare- ness of the wall, a support was made in the form of a trellis, as illustra- ted. The uprights are 1 in. square; the cross members are 4% by 1 in. The idea presents opportunities for many variations in design.—A. E. ANDERSON. A suggestion for sup- porting flower boxes June, 1928 our Home Shipshape How to Fit Drawer Locks Expertly i po first step in fitting an ordinary drawer lock of the type shown re- gardless of the size, is to lay off distance X of the lock from the top edge of the drawer front, adding a trifle, say in.—just enough so that the face of the lock will set below the edge of the drawer to allow planing if necessary. Mark this point with an awl, and through the front bore a hole as at A. This may be a \-in. hole or smaller, depending upon the size of the lock. Push the pro- jecting key pin of the lock into the hole from the back, center it, and pencil-mark around the front plate of the lock as at B. Lay the drawer front face down on the bench and with a fine saw make tri- angular cuts as at C. Cut the wood out to receive the body of the lock as at D. Lay the lock in this space as at E and knife-mark around the @)," @)) RIM ESCUTCHEON \Qo, PLATE ESCUTCHEONS By following these steps, the amateur cabinetmaker can fit drawer locks easily faceplate. The back plate is seldom set flush with the inside of the drawer front, but this may be done, if desired. Cut out for the faceplate as at F. and finish the keyhole with a pad saw or key- . hole saw. If the work has been done accurately, the lock should appear about as at G when it is fastened in place. Run the drawer partially in its case. With the key turn the bolt out and touch the face with black grease or paint. Close the drawer and turn the key until the bolt stops against the partition, as at H. This will leave a black mark on the w Remove the drawer and with a chisel 4 little wider than the thickness of the bolt, cut out the bolt hole.—C. A. K.

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nary > Te- ‘ance i the y i f the awer Mark ough may ding hole nark is at n on : tri- ody this | the H. rd. ee lite 3 A A LEN Ae Ait A ee Jone, 1928 Metal Working (Continued from page 105) gin. in length over all without side cutters or deep scoring on the jaws. It is better if the points of the jaws taper down to rather ‘, ends, to get into small places. No. 18. RoUND-NOSED PLIERS. The jaws or nose are round in section and should taper down to rather fine points. No. 19. CHAIN-NOSE Purers. These have “vs which are half round or D-shape in sec- tion and taper to fine points. They should be 34 or 4 in. in length, and if the jaws are long and slender, so much the better. For pro- fessional work these and the other types of jiers mentioned may be obtained with long noses, Which are useful for many delicate operations, but they should not be purchased first. oe. 20. Sipe CutTtrnc Nrppers. It is gener- ally better to have a separate pair of side cutting nippers. The other types of pliers are so much used for forming metal shapes that cutters are apt to get in the way or mar the metal. The nippers illustrated are provided with jaws that cut right up to the ends, making it easy to reach in small places and snip off excess metal or wire. 0. 21. Twrerezers. These are much used by the metal worker for picking up tiny bits of silver solder and small parts. They should be of spring steel 314 in. long and taper down to very fine points. They usually have to be purchased at a jeweler’s supply house. No. 22. Ova STEEL BurnisHEerR, CuRVED Brave. These burnishers, which are made with hard, polished steel blades, are used for smooth- ing the edges of bezels or bandlike forms which are used to set precious or semiprecious stones. They are necessary if you are to do any of this work. Burnishers are also used for smoothing or polishing certain portions of metal work. The blade should be 114 or 2 in. long. Many other types of burnishers are sold under the name of silversmith’s burnishers. No. 23. Sprinc Divipers. These form an important part of the metal worker’s equip- ment for scribing circles in the metal and for accurately spacing division marks. No. 24. MAcHINIStT’s OR ENGRAVER’S ScRIB- zk oR Marker. These tools are like a thick needle and some of the best ones have one end bent over at right angles to enable the user to reach difficult places. A common ice pick of the shorter variety makes an excellent scriber and a common steel knitting needle may be ground to a sharp point and used. Large steel sewing needles, provided with a wooden handle made of a short length of dowel stick, are useful in laying out extremely small work. 0. 25. Hottow Scraper. The 24% or 3 in. long blade is three sided or bayonet shaped, each side being hollowed out and each edge for the entire length of the blade being ground sharp. Scrapers are used to brighten up metal before soldering and for other pur- poses. Many mechanics make their own scrapers by grinding triangular files smooth and sharp. A knife blade makes a fairly good seraper, but it is handier to have a real one, if you do much work. No. 26. Rounp-noLe Drawp.aTe. Draw- plates are used in making wire and tubes. While copper, brass, silver, and gold wire may purchased in practically any desired diam- eter, it is often necessary to draw down a wire toa smaller diameter, or to take a length of flat sheet metal and draw it out intu smooth round wire. Then, too, if you have a wplate you can make thin sheet metal into very accurate small tubes for hinge work and sps. As a model maker I have found many uses for drawplates. It is not essential that a beginner own one, but most well equipped shops have one. The holes in drawplates are made in many shapes (Continued on page 108) SSS SSS Ss pssst POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY The Single —the famous solo mount that trav- els**80 miles per gallon,’’ and is priced at only $235 f. o. b. factory. All models have both front and rear-wheel brakes and complete elec- trical equipment. 107 HOUSANDS Of trail-wise, pleasure: bent sportsmen ride the Harley- Davidson Twin — because it fits their needs, fits their pocketbooks, and multiplies their sport. Join them this year! Crowd your after- work hours and vacation days with happy, carefree sport. You'll thrill tothe Harley-Davidson’s power. You'll admire its low cost of operation—2¢ per mile pays for everything! You can buy a Twin for $310f.0.b. factory, on easy Pay-As-You-Ride terms. Ask your dealer. Mail the coupon for our latest catalog. HaArRLEy-Davipson Motor Co. DEPARTMENT P. S. MILWAUKEE, Wis. HARLEY-DAVIDSON Motorcycles HARLEY-DAVIDSON MOTOR CO. Dept. P. S., Milwaukee, Wis. Interested » Oo —_ CA Name Single [] Interested in sell- ing motorcycles. Address City State ) Mail this Coupon © This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY MAKES THEMWEAR BETTER i. ORE-than-average tung- sten is introduced into honds Hack Saw steel, with the result that Simonds blades | have better edge-holding prop- ties—greater toughness and Blades durability—than other hack saw. blades on the market. For low- er costs and faster production -‘onallt Spe mc cutting jobs, SPECI Y Simonds Hack Saw for economy. ( V SIMONDS SAW AND STEEL COMPANY The Saw Makers’? Fitchburg, Mass. Established 1832 BRANCH OFFICES_AND SERVICE SHOPS IN’ PRINCIPAL CITIES June, 192 Dept. A871 108 N. State St. BROS.&CO. i553 Chicago, ul. DIAMONDS —WATCHES pnuine Diamonds Guaranteed EAT For 70 years Loftis Bros. & Co. have served the Amer- ican public with better gifts at lower prices. Let us help you make some lo one happy. Our Diamonds are exquisitely beautiful gems set in solid 18-k white gold hand-engraved rings. Buy from a house of estab- lished reputation—our prices defy competition. Modern plumbing brings new comforts to your country home or camp Out in the open, away from the noise and confusion of city life, you can enjoy the comforts, conveniences and health protection of a modern toilet and bath. Install Si arrEquip SEPTIC TANKS for safe sewage disposal for homes beyond the sewer lines. They follow U. S. Public Health Service designs. Absolutely depend- able. Easily installed at a low cost. Before You Order Any System— Send for free plan sheets and booklet ““How to be Safe avithout Sewers’. CHEMICAL TOILET CORP. 857 E. Brighton Ave. Syracuse, N.Y. Makers also of San-Equip Self-Drain Waterless Toilets Metal Working (Continued from page 107) lela T Set of stakes and raising and planishing hammers. A shoemaker’s | ammer will serve for planishing, and a brick hammer makes an excellent hammer for raising operations —round, square, triangular, star shape and so on. For general use a drawplate having from twenty to forty holes, from 3 in. in diameter to a mere pinhole, are best. No. 27. Eneuish Draw Tongs. These special tongs are used to grip the end of the wire as it is pulled through the drayw- plate. Common pliers are of no use, so if you get one or more drawplates you had better buy a pair of 8-in. draw tongs. No. 28. Rina Cramp, DovuBLE Enp. This tool, which works much like a hand vise, is made of two hinged pieces of wood faced with leather jaws; one end is rounded over and the other is square across. A wooden wedge is pushed in one end to force the opposite jaws together. This tool is much used by craftsmen when making jewelry, particularly silver or gold rings. No. 29. Steet Rute. A good 6-in. steel rule is splendid for laying out designs on metal, as it is more accurate than the cheaper wooden rules. For larger operations, a steel rule 12 in. in length is useful. Thin flexible corset steels, or pieces of clock spring, make excellent rulers for bending about cylindrical or curved work as a guide for scribing lines. No. 30. ANvit witH Bass. This tiny bench anvil, about 314 in. long, is much used by jewelers and craftsmen for light work. One horn is round and the other square in section. An old flatiron with the handle removed makes an excellent bench anvil for flat work. The heads of large round steel nails may be cut off and the nails gripped firmly in the vise so that the shanks can be used as anvils. Small round or square iron or steel bars or nails may be filed tapering at the ends to make anvils or mandrels. No. 31. Borax State. A thick piece of slate about 3 in. square with a circular hollow ground in it is indispensable for hard or silver soldering. A little water is placed in the hollow and a lump of especially prepared borax is rubbed in it to make a creamy borax solution for use as a flux. ; No. 32. Emsossinc Hammers. For raising and embossing the larger pieces of metal work such as bowls, trays and lanterns, specially shaped hammers and stakes or anvils are re- quired. Embossing hammers are usually for inside work; that is, work placed over & hollow form or cushion and hammered to deepen it one way or another. The lightest one weighs about 3 oz. and the heaviest one 234 Ibs.; they vary in length from $ to 6 in. It is handy to have at least five of them, but if only one is to be purchased, it should weigh from % to 1 lb. A good blacksmith can forge excellent hammers of this kind (Continued on page 109 This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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Se ee ARE J Se San a soe POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY June, 1928 June, 1928 109 a aa - : Metal Working (Continued from page 198) —S> from mild or tool steel, provided a suitable ri model is furnished him. Sometimes a tack STI j \ 7 ER. | hammer with a long head can be used asa ] gall embossing hammer for light work. The edges of the head must be well rounded over, &. 4% EE ‘ , or the head filed slightly dome shape and . polished with emery cloth. " 2 No. 33. STAKES AND AnvIts. This is a good a st of stakes for a beginner. They are of malleable iron or cast steel and all the working wurfaces are highly polished. The object of 34 the strange shapes is to provide a number of or flat surfaces for supporting metal while it is — Deg ome with a raising . mer (quite different from an embossing ae). The craftsman may find material Save Time = at junk yards = a we arg heaps of a Jumbing or machine shops that will serve as Sy) | and Money Js No. 34. bape ot age thar Stake. The P long horn or mandrel is about 18 in. in length , = tapers to a fine point. The other end is in YOUR half cone shape and ~— - handy when making lantern tops. A blow-horn stake may \ ¥, 4 be obtained from dealers in tinners’ tools; any Home orkshop plumber can tell you where to get one. Be 0. 35. Trnner’s Hatcnet Stake. The in. in craftsman will find this stake with its 10-in. blade a help when making sharp angles or These bends in sheet metal, as when making lanterns. © ond of Alength of hard maple board with a sharply draw- beveled edge may be used for making angles in if you light sheet metal. better No. 36. Ratstnc Hammer. Strictly speak- ing, “raising’’ means in metal craft work the This placing of a disk of sheet metal over a stake and ise, is hammering around -* around on it — a 1 with raising hammer. By this process the metal is “aes ae id the raised up into bowl or other forms. This Silver Steel Hack Saw Blades dge is hammer . oe ee — the ends » Jaws tempered for hard use. It is 6 in. long, 1 in. TW F tsmen wide, % in. high or thick; one end is 5 in. ut ICE aS ast er or thick = —— end is about ;%; in. a The ends of these hammers are most carefully ] rule formed. First they are filed or ground off yy Hardware Dealer can show you the al, as =, — = the —o = goes ane . wonderful NEW Atkins Silver Steel ooden slan in slightly toward the handle. en : “ le 19 all sharp edges and corners at each end are Hack Saw Blades that revolutionize metal ora ere Sea ae. 6 De, Soe See oe cutting. Made of perfected steel that cuts ellent mains quite fiat. ese may orged by a : : 5 urved good blacksmith or purchased of a dealer in twice as fast and six times as long as any neta craftsmen’s tools. . ordinary blades. You save time, money and yench o. 37. HomeMAapDE Hammers. A common : “ d by brick hammer, such as used by masons, makes labor on every metal cutting job. ’ : One * excellent raising hammer. tied back the The display illustrated above shows Atkins ty, ction. isel-like end until this part of the hammer is ssa: » “— oved about 35 in. thick; then round off the edges and Silver Steel Hack Saw Blades for ever y hand ork. the corners. Grind the other hammer end metal cutting operation. Power blades are y be square across and round over the edges an ° . vise comers. ‘Then you will have a fine planishing made of the same material! We will gladly avils. pane. a well dadpeny ree ews send information showing savings on any kind rs or hammers have a large eye in which the handle te Is to is firmly set—a decided advantage in a raising of sawing wood or metal. a. A good drop forged shoemaker’s e of mmer serves well as a planishing hammer. low After work has been shaped up with the raising Booklets FREE ilver hammer, planishing hammers are used to It will pay you to write us and get the flatten the marks into the beautiful glittering epee ee ared facets seen in fine copper and silverware. make in your home workshop. “Saw oraXx No. 38. SiiversmitH’s PLanisHinc Ham- Sense” tells about saws and their care , ee — is flat “" the ewe slightly —both FREE. sing rounded or dome shape. One weighing 14 or vork % lb. is commonly used. A machinist’s ham- E. C. ATKINS & CO. ally mer with a smoothly polished face may well be Established 1857 y used for planishing. 428 So. Ills. St., Indianapolis, U.S. A. ra In the next installment of his series Leading Manufacturers of Highest Grade Saws for | to of articles on decorative metal working, Every Use; Saw Tools, Saw Specialties, Plastering test Mr. Thatcher will give step-by-step in- Trowels, Machine Knives, Grinding Wheels and Files 2% structions for making simple but effec- t is tive candlesticks and trays. If you are nly interested in metal craftwork, which is , 1% constantly becoming more popular in Sold by First Class Hardware Dealers the World Over both school and home shops, do not 108 | fail to preserve the entire series. cS] This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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110 POPULAR SCIFNCE MONTHLY | HOME MECHANICS MADE EASY WITH THE | NEW UP-10- DATE HOME- CRAFTSMAN SHOP GUARANTEE ! If upon receipt of the Up-to- Date Home Craftsman Shop you are not sat- isfied, without question every cent refunded and return ex- press charges paid. THE UP-TO-DATE ELECTRICAL HOME CRAFTSMAN SHOP This shop can be used in any home Reing fixture, thus making of your old-fashioned work bench a complete machine shop, which is portable, convenient and so inexpensive that anyone can afford such equipment. The Shop Complete consists of a Super-power Motor, an accurate Lathe (10’ x34”), a 6” circular saw which features the bevel, miter, side and depth gauges, a Tilting Table, Jig Saw, and all accessories for buffing, grinding, cleaning and all portable or stationary drilling and sawing. Blueprints and Craftscourse Free to Users. Under super- sean eee eee ines vision of Master Craftsman Eugene Maurey, pet rints and § FOR Fut PAR- craftscourse giving complete information on home handicraft § MAIL THIS TICULARS TO and details for making hundreds of pieces of wood-work. This 4g ee wine MACHINE OES. service Free to Up-to-Date Home Craftsman Shop users. S MANAGER Dost a ae. : Your own terms on purchase $10.00 down. Liberal discount for - ye me fall particulars about ta ~ cash. course. Also $10.00 down payment offer. OUR LITERATURE GIVES ALL DETAILS ee eee ee Neme........... Pitkin id te atedemabiniannemers MAKE YOUR OWN RADIO SET PopuLar SctENCE MONTHLY publishes reliable blueprints of radio sets. These sets give excellent results and can be made by anyone who is handy with tools. amplification, a regenerative detector, and two stages of transformer coupled audio amplification. It gives the greatest power for distance and volume that is obtainable from four tubes. Easy to build, uses any standard parts except the coils, which are simple to wind by hand. Two control tun- ing and regeneration does not affect wavelength adjustment. One-Tube Radio Set Blueprint No. 41—Price, 25 cents Describes a simple, one-tube regenerative receiver of the fixed coil type. The regener- ation is controlled by a variable condenser and does not affect the wavelength adjust- ment. Quality of reproduction is excellent because no audio frequency current flows through the tickler coil. The coil is hand wound and the rest of the parts can be of Three-Stage Amplifier any standard make. i Blueprint No. 42—Price, 25 cents Describes a three-stage audio amplifier to be added to one-tube set of No. 41 to obtain loudspeaker results. Is equally useful with any other standard one-tube detector cir- cuit. Consists of one stage of transformer coupling, followed by two stages of resist- ance coupling. Volume control is simple and does not affect quality of reproduction. This blueprint does not describe a radio receiver —it is simply an audio amplifier to be used Four-Tube Radio Receiver Blueprint No. 43—Price, 25 cents Describes a four-tube radio receiver con- in connection with a one-tube radio re- sisting of one stage of radio frequency ceiver. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY, 250 Fourth Avenue New York City June, 193g Stepping the Mauea of a Canoe By J. V. Hazzard the canoeist who enjoys sailing, yet desires to keep his craft clear be entangling gear, the mast step pre problem. The solution illustrated haa several advantages. The Crosspiece or thwart which supports the mast is easil made, solid in use, fair to look upon ian = removable. y Make a wrapping paper templat marking the wood, which may ie we: any kind, not less than 34 in. thick. Bore the hole for the mast, ‘on round and smooth the fore-and-aft edges. Obtain four brass angles, cut off all but 34 in. of one side of each, round the corners, and drill a \%- or 3¢-in. hole in each of the short ends. Drill and counter. sink two holes in the long ends. Two of these angles are screwed under the inner wale just where the fore side of OF; LENGTH TO FIT THE CANOE SCREW HOLES 4-ANGLES REQUIRED The crosspiece that supports the mast can be removed simply by withdrawing four pins the crosspiece is to come. The wood is held against them and marked so that short pieces of brass or bronze rod can be inserted as shown. The pins should pro- ject about 14 in. Slip these through the holes in the two angles already in place and screw the other two angles to the wale so that they fit against the after edge of the thwart. Again the holes are marked, and the wood drilled so that re- movable pins may be thrust through the angles into the thwart to hold it firmly. Short chains or cords may be attached to the pins to prevent loss, and the holes wear better if bushed; certain types of paper fasteners will supply the bushings. The foot of the mast is equipped witha long brass pin, which runs up inside several inches and projects \% in.; this drops into a hole in a 4% by % by 3 in. brass plate which is screwed to the keel. This method of stepping the mast proved so satisfactory that I later manu- factured a thwart, fastened in the same manner, about 4 in. wide at its greatest dimension, flat on the underside, but rounded on top. Because of its width, it is much more comfortable to rest on than the regular thwart, and its position, some 14 in. aft of the center, permits paddler to trim his canoe to a nicety. Another feature of this thwart is that it can be bored in convenient places to carry blocks and cleats for halyard and sheet lines when sailing, both blocks and cleats being fitted with bolts and thumb- screws for the purpose. © This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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sailing, lear of sents a *d_ has ece or easily n, and ite for almost Bees d and all but id the ole in unter. under ‘ide of 1 be bins od is that an be pro- 1 the place » the after 3 are t re- | the mly. 10les s of ings. th a side this rass joe, 1928 a oe —— | A Seaplane Model (Continued from page 77) os. airplane dope or bamboo varnish, 4 oz. gectone, and 10 ft. % by 3¢ in. model airplane , All these materials can be purchased from model airplane houses, and some of them may be able to buy locally. Before taking up the construction of the nodel, it might be well to point out that a great forward movement in seaplane development is now going on.. At the time this is being written, Alan Cobham, the noted British air- man, is making an_ extended trip in the ‘antic Singapore. The Royal Air Force has afight of four great Supermarines under way. The Japanese Air Ministry is planning a trans-Pacific flight in four Dornier-Wal sea- planes. The outstanding speed records of the r were made in Italian Macchi and British Gloster and Supermarine racing seaplanes. Every battleship of the United States Navy is now being equipped with the new Vought Corsair seaplanes and Loening Amphibians. The Loening, too, is now being offered com- mercially. The new Fairchild monoplane, the new Fokker Universal, as well as the lighter commercial planes, such as the Eaglerock, Swallow, Travelair and Waco, are available as gaplanes through the use of Edo, Hamilton, and Fairchild pontoons. Incidentally, to one accustomed only to land planes, it is a delight to fly in a seaplane. wht construct the fuselage, or body, which is a single stick of white pine 4% by Y, by 24 in., sanded smooth. Make a propeller hanger of piano wire. Bend a small loop just large enough for the propeller shaft to go through; then bend the ends together rear- wards and downwards % in., and parallel to the fuselage 14 in. The propeller hanger is then bound to the fuselage with thread and also cemented. It should hold the shaft 4 in. above the fuselage. Make a rear rubber hook as shown and bind and cement in a hole 3% in. from the rear of the fuselage. The cans or rubber guides are of piano wire. Make a ring 5 in. in diameter; bend the wires parallel 14 in. and then parallel to the fuselage Yin. Bind and cement to the fuselage, one 614 in. and one 15 in. from the nose. The undercarriage is made as shown of bamboo 1% in. in diameter; it should hold the top deck of the pontoons 5 in. below the fuselage. The top ends of the struts are bent parallel to the fuselage 14 in. by heating them over a candle flame. They are bound in place with cement and thread—the front struts 21% in. from the nose, the rear struts 614 in. The lower ends of the struts on each side are bornd together and cemented. The two vees should spread 41% in. apart at the bottom. The L-shaped fittings which hold the pon- toons are piano wire. Bend the wire in a tight loop 34 in. long. Next bend one end down- ward vertically 14 in.; this is later cemented to the side of the pontoon. Bend the other end outward horizontally 13 in.; this is later fastened to the top of the pontoon. The loop of the fittings should be bound to the under- carriage vees with thread and cement. Care should be exercised to align the fittings, as they govern the pontoon alignment. THE tail plane is triangular; the rear side is bamboo 1% by 1% by 10 in. Bind and ce- ment this spar in a notch on the undercarriage of the fuselage. Be sure the spar is horizontal before the cement sets. Make a knife slit 5144 in. from the rear end of the fuselage on the under side. Into this slit fit and cement the thread that forms the other two sides of the tail. The two ends of the thread are then tied and cemented to the ends of the tail spar. The tail spar should be sprung slightly forward to the thread taut. Be sure the tail is symmetrical. (Continued on page 112) POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 111 Shaler Vulcanizing is the simplest and quickest way to fix punctures, as well as the most permanent. “We cant take Chances-Shaler Pa “Under the driver’s seat of every one of our 237 Yelloway Busses is a Shaler Vulcanizer. Itisthere because we know from experience that no other type of quick puncture repairing is so posi- tive, so absolutely dependable. This dependability is extremely important tous. Because we can have confidence in Shaler vulcanized repairs, our busses can always maintain schedules with- out hazard to our passengers. **Many people may not have thought of this, but it is positively true that a front tire blow-out can wrench the steering wheel from a driver’s hands in any fast moving car. We guard against this by insisting on vulcanized puncture repairs—and Yelloway pas- sengers always have been and always will be safe. “I make this statement in regard to Shaler Vulcanizers of my own free will and without pay because I feel that we, the Yelloway System, owe a es Hold” ayy of PRES. YELLOWAY SYSTEM Worlds Longest Bus Line debt of thanks to this little device. At practically negligiblecost, ithas played a definite part in a us build a reputation for fast, reliable, and safe transportation.- Furthermore, I feel that we, who have made so thorougha study of puncture repairing under all conditions of travel, cando much good by making our findings public property. “I firmly believe that America’s highways would be much safer and many lives would be saved each year if every motorist would insist on vul- canized puncture repairs.” (Signed) R. W. TAGGART, Pres. Yelloway System The SHALER Company World’s Largest and Oldest Manufacturers of Tire Vulcanizers General Offices: Milwaukee, Wisconsin Manufacturing Plant: Waupun, Wisconsin Branches: Montreal, Canada; Beeston, England 7 Export Office: Shaler Export Corp.,17 Moore St., New York City and yourself. Extra Shaler patch units, per can Prices slightly higher in Canada a ar West Carry a Shaler in your car The whole Shaler outfit—vulcanizer, tire roughener, and a liberal supply of both round and oblong patch units— costs less than one average tankful of gas. At this low cost you can’t afford to be without the protection that only a Shaler Vulcanizer gives your tires Shaler Vulcanizer, complete. . . $1. 33 REG. U.S. PAT. OFF. 5 -MINUTE VULCANIZERS IS] This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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112 Charles Rogers, Paramount Star 35 mm camera $150.00 “Hollywood’s Own” Movie Camera Tron there is scarcely a studio Hollywood that does not use the DeVry for filming “difficult shots”’ in feature productions. In fact, so many famous cameramen and directors use the DeVry for pro- fessional and personal movie taking, it has become known as “Holly- wood’s Own’? movie camera. Why not take your own precious movies with the chosen camera of experts and be assured of professional re- sults? Anyone can take perfect movies with the DeVry. It’s as easy as taking snapshots. Just point the camera and press a button—the movies take themselves. And DeVry-made movies are just as true to life as those you see in the theatre. For the DeVry embodies advanced features found in no other amateur camera and its movies are recorded on professional 35mm film. See the DeVry at your camera store or write for Free book. DeVry Corp., Dept. 6-PX, 1111 Center St., Chicago, IIl. DeVry movies can be shown on the DeVry 35 mm projector or by reduction prints on the new 16 mm projector, price $93.00 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY A Seaplane Model (Continued from page 111) The rudder is made of bamboo 14 by 14 in. The outline piece is 1234 in. long. Bind and cement 4 in. of the lower end to the under- side of the fuselage, bend the other end around in a ring and cement it vertically to the rear end of the fuselage. It may be necessary to heat the outline over a candle to get the curve to work out properly. The rudder rib is bamboo l@ by 1% by 35% in. It is forced into place and cemented. Let the cement set with the rudder slightly to the right. This is to counteract the propeller torque, which turns the model to the left when in flight. HE support for tne tail pontoon is bamboo 1% in. in diameter and 1) in. long. The top is sharpened to a wedge and cemented in a slit in the underside of the fuselage 114 in. from the rear end. The strut should point at a slight angle to the rear for the sake of appear- ance. To the lower end of this strut a fitting of piano wire to hold the rear pontoon is ce- mented. Make a small loop ) in. long to run parallel to the strut; then bend the wire for- ward and upward 4 in., spread the forward ends 44 in., and cement them astraddle the rear support. The rear pontoon should have about twice the angle to the horizontal that the front pontoons have. The rear pontoon, however, should not be attached to the fuse- lage until the tail wing is covered. The main wing has two white pine spars a scant 3% by a scant % by 26 in. There are seven ribs, one located at the center line and the others spaced 4 in. apart progressively toward the tips, leaving a spar overhang of 1 in. to which the tip outlines are attached. The ribs are bamboo a scant }% in. square and 414 in. long. They are curved over a candle flame. The highest part of the curve, which is 5¢ in. high, is located one third the rib length from the leading edge. The center rib should have a barely perceptible curve. The ribs should be bound to the spars with silk thread, four wraps each way. First put a drop of cement on each rib location. Bind the six outer ribs in place, then true up the wing and allow the cement to set. Goak the spars at the center line with water and bend the dihedral angle over a candle flame. The tips of the front spars should be 2% in. higher than the center and the tips of the rear spar should be 2% i higher than the center. Care must be exercised not to char the spars in the bending process. It might be well to practice a few bends on scrap before attempting to bend the spars themselves. made, bind the center rib into place. The wing clips or supports are made of piano wire. Make two bends at the center of a piece of wire straight downward } in. apart; then, 4 in. down each end, make a bend up- ward so the wires will meet the spars 3 in. on each side of the center line. Here at each end, the wire is bent parallel to the spar in a tight loop 3% in. long. These clips are shown clearly on Blueprint No. 87. Make two of the clips and fasten them to the spars with thread and cement. Align them carefully along the center line. The tip outlines of the wings are bamboo 1% by 1% in. and extend 134 in. beyond the spar ends. They are bound and cemented to the inner faces of the white pine spars. You can heat them over a candle and form them per- fectly. The propeller is made of soft white pine, 5% by 14 by 11% in. Make a paper pattern of the blade outline and use it to draw the outline on the block. Cut around this outline to form the propeller blank. The hole for the propeller shaft should be drilled accurately in the center. Carve (Continued on page 113) After the dihedral has been | Build and Fly a 3-ft. eae of LINDBERGH'S “Spirit of St. Louis” Plans for This IDEAL New York-P, Model Airplanes plane is a perfec Mono. 25c per set the machine in wi which Ling z fe beweh ae of New York-Paris Plane ed the Atlantic Oc FOKKER North Pole boy can build Geen, ‘ae ane onstruction thi CURTISSJN4D-2Biplane thing needed; all parts, ftthas, wey” DeHAVIL LANDBi sane rials and supplies, including carefel 3-4 Naval Seaplane instructions, plans 5 fal Bleriot Taube or nd Nieuport Monoplanes 3 the original an Cecil Peoli Racer. a, Complete ends oaran TE 50 (West of Denver, Golo.” and in Canada, price is $8. 00} Ask your dealer or order direct, New 64-page Book of Model Airplanes Teaches the principles of flyin, tains plans and directions for b built lier and racers, and full information scale Models of real planes; also sent complete catalog of materials for model builders. Sent postpaid for 5c IDEAL AEROPLANE & SUPPLY CO. Ine. 28 West 19th Street New Yerk City ete A 1, Hi. P. Polyphase A.C. MOTO J ht f all hine shi i hop, laboratory ust right for small machine shop, work shop, : garage, printing office, paint mee mon De outfits, ete. 1,000 et andt built b ard, under whose supervision lectric Motors a ie built. Equipped 3% with A, . gs, pe, eqeptenaty =. trouble-free and effici 7 pe = contained in dust-proof housings and packed in grease | fore shipping. 1 H. P.—$37.15 2 Ht. B-—$44.50 5H. P. 1-73 14 H.P.— 40.00 3H. 50.00 g2 a (Freight Maid "East of Rockies Accessories as needed are furnished at srevestios prices. Similar lo’ ww prices on alt size Motors up to 100 H. P., A.C, or DS., for =echine shops, industrial plants oneraein air a elevators, conveyors, etc. Write State size of Motor n MARBLE-CARD ELECTRIC CO. Gladstone Miche USA MARBLE-CARD MOTORS Y% to 1OO H.P.— A.C.or D.C See Miles es Ava) with Big Fa Fe ee and objects lew pleas- xe with each wonder telescope. = ~ . PocndNobtoncy "a forteeen outfi for © This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. | EEE Se SES TETT EFSF ESS

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an cee eee sone, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 113 Ne, 1928 — | [A Seaplane Model ‘The TOOL HOLDER zs = (Continued from page 112) uz vin sum incite te! ~ be heart of lath 88 oer ee ear our e Me contour of the cross section of the blades - — ' should resemble a wing curve. The propeller be cut rather thin and then carefully ded smooth and balanced. athe ntoons have balsa wood sides ! /29 hick. The front pontoons are of the step in. t : i Ae which is now common in seaplane and

No matter how accurate the lathe, the quality and speed of its work depend upon the cutting tool. Williams’ ‘‘Agrippa’’ Tool Holders, with many exclusive features, provide a clean-

racing boat practice. They are 1 in. deep at cutting, chatter-proof tool for every oper- the step, 114 in. wide, and 6 in. long. The step, | ation. They are practical, economical and ghich allows the pontoons to skim the surface efficient, and are supplied as single tools, of asily, is 3 in. high, and occurs 21 in. from hh or in handy SETS, as desired. Let us send 5 the bow. Reproduce the shape carefully or + tga you literature. follow the full size drawing on the blueprint of go you will have a good streamline pontoon. : IS) J. H. WILLIAMS & CO. “The Drop-Forging People” 3 246 Vulcan St., Buffalo, N.Y. HE cross braces, which are bamboo 1% by lg in., are fitted into notches or recesses in the veneer sides and cemented into place. is a brace at the bow and the stern. On thetop deck there are three braces, one 1)4 in. from the bow, one 2 in. from the stern, and one vertically above the step. It is to the last the undercarriage fittings are attached. On the bottom of the pontoon there is a brace at the upper and lower end of the step, one 1Y/ in. from the bow and one 21% in. from the stern. When assembling the pontoons, be sure they are exactly true before allowing the cement to set. The rear pontoon is a simple streamline lin. deep at the greatest depth, 114 in. wide, and 314 ~ long. The rear half of the pottom is slightly concave. There is a brace : , at the bow and the stern. On the top deck eer yoo off there are two braces, one 1) in. from the bow and one 114 in. from the bow; on the bottom, TOOL HOLD | a vee, a ieee brace 11% in. f the bow. ~ D> after ahaa ce = assembled, Gq: THE Ht OLDERS THAT HOLD - a. ScD? give the entire frame of the airplane one coat of \ MCCCCCHHCCCHHCCHCC@ZCHCC@CHCHHCHCHHHZCCCHHCCHHZCZHHHHCHHC@qCMMMtlreg

The “Agrippa” Line covers every regular operation on lathe, planer and shaper: turning _ boring

dope or bamboo varnish inside and out, pontoons, propeller and all. The next step is the covering. Cover the topand bottom of the pontoons with Japanese tissue, sticking the paper in place with dope or bamboo varnish. Follow the contour of the Z < E@@CVE@E@@E@E@@@e@H@ M@CCHEEEEttttttlllllt We Vda | MM@@CC@€@®CC@Mm«qwlllllttt | VMVVCZCCHHCHHHEHZCZHHHCH€¢@lléé

with ball ficient in surface carefully and get the steps covered ange ane neatly. You can allow a slight margin over 31.78 the edges and, when the dope dries, trim it "50 . # - ca away with a razor blade. Give the finished . or DC., pontoons three coats of dope or bamboo slog Fold: varnish. iia | Two of every three Ney USA, are sold from rec- ommendations of users! Tz rudder is covered on both sides with Japanese tissue. Cover the tail with tissue on the bottom side only, and cover the main wing On the top side. Stick the covering on with dope one section at a time. Be sure the covering is neat. After the dope dries, trim away the margins and give the rudder, tail, main wing one coat of dope or bamboo vanish diluted with acetone—about 3 or 4 parts acetone to one part of dope. To assemble the parts of the model, first mount the pontoons. These are fastened to the undercarriage fittings with cement. Glue carefully and block the model up so the pon- toons will be in alignment after the cement sets. The front pontoons should be at a slight upward angle and the rear pontoon, as men- toned before, should point upward at an angle thout twice that of the front pair. The propeller shaft is piano wire 1% in. long. one end into a tight loop, pass it through the hole at the center of the propeller, and sink the loop into the wood at the hub. Put a drop of cement over the end: Now turn the other tad into a rubber hook as shown and put on a Oo wn GCA. your ambition to make beautiful things—you can with the DELTA Handi-Shop. No need to hamper your ability with inferior tools when it’s so easy to own this scientifically designed and exceptionally well built, big husky workshop that is winning words of praise from users all over the country. Tou wt instantly appreciate the many novel and worthwhile exclusive features of this practical workshop that permits you to easily and quickly do many unusual things, as well as the simple operations you would naturally expect a workshop to do. Through the use of a DELTA Handi-Shop you can easily broaden the scope of your activities—accomplish many things you have believed beyond you. fies | Wz 1H We

DELTA SPECIALTY CO. (Dept. MSP 628) 858 3rd St., Milwaukee, Wis. Send your illustrated color folder describing Delta Handi-Shop. Tell me about your Free Trial Offer, Free Blue Prints and Easy Pay- Dn ili = w r Send the Coupon NOW! washer. Make a piano wire “S”’ as Learn the many advantages of the two- ment Plan. shown for the rear of the rubber. Thread the shaft motor that permits having as many propeller shaft through the propeller hanger as three tools ready for work at one time. IRE 0scss. 5:0 o:o boa vs sare ans Ae nee ee or bearing and loop on four strands of 1% by 3% Son ep Meee ts the Eas ane i NG ss nisicc ed adaninnsassed coer . : P ‘ 5S $2 DY 716 accessories—every one oversized, every os , airplane rubber. Do not loop the one a nationally-known product. Ee eer REE

tubber on tightly; it is better to have a little slack. (Continued on page 114)

Sa as | WH Y/MeEqeqqqeEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEELELLS Y

IS) This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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114 MARK Drawer Lock Padlock / / OR } ; Yale Automatic Deadlatch | j Yale Pin-ttumbler [Yate Lever-tumbler Yale Door Closer Jackson Design Yale Builders’ Hardware From modest cottage to massive building, and for every door, chest, closet and cabinet, Yale provides Locks, Hardware and Door Closers, each recognized for its inherent possession of Yale attributes. Because Yale's facilities, personnel and experience are so vast in varied fields of accomplishment, each Yale product has back of it cumulative value that could not otherwise be available. Materials are pur- chased to Yale exacting standards and tested by Yale’s own chemists and metallurgists. Careful inspection each step of the way in- sures perfection and precision, for no fea- ture is too slight for strict adherence to Yale’s rigid specifications. When you purchase Hardware, Locks, Door Closers, Chain Blocks, Hoists and Electric Industrial Trucks marked Yale, you know that from stat to finish everything humanly and meci:a..ically possible has been co-ordinated that Yale may serve you better. Men, methods and metals have combined to maintain Yale leadership. The Yale & Towne Mfg. Co. Stamford, Conn., U. S. A. Canadian Branch at St. Catharines, Ont. YALE MARKED IS YALE MADE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY A Seaplane Model (Continued from page 113) The main wing clips straddle the fuselage and are held on by passing a rubber band over the wing and under the fuselage. The front spar will go about 8 in. from the front end of the fuselage. To fly the model, set the wing so it will make a smooth, easy glide to the water. If it shoots up and stalls, slide the wing a little to the rear; if it glides too steeply, slide the wing forward. It is best to fly the model down wind. You may hand-launch the model and let it alight in the water or you may wind it up fully (about 325 turns) and it will take-off exactly as a large plane. This model, if properly made, will fly 1,000 ft. You can start it from small ponds or streams or any calm water. It will not be damaged in landing in grass or on sand. FEW final hints might be added: Let the ambroid type of cement or glue set well before disturbing or jarring it. If you do not obtain Blueprint No. 87, you will find it best to make a paper pattern of the outline of the pontoon sides and the propeller blank outline. The pontoons and frame are, of course, water- proof, but the wing tail and rudder are not fully waterproof. They will stand wetting, but do not unnecessarily drench them. The com- plete model should weigh about 114 oz. The Mayflower (Continued from page 94) vertical or sloping slightly forward of the hole in the stem. Abaft this, on the starboard (right) side, there is a cleat for the halyards. To fix the lowermasts in position there will be needed 28 deadeyes with chain plates (wires) and the same number without. These should be heart-shaped, but circular ones may be used. They should be 4 in. long and have grooves around them and three holes large enough to take the thinnest cord, which will be referred to later. Boxwood, holly, and gum are the best woods for the deadeyes and blocks. There are several ways of making the chain plates which hold them down. One is with No. 22 brass wire sprung round them; this is a neat method if well done, but the easiest way is to use No. 22 copper wire, twisting it under the deadeye and making a twisted eye in the lower end to take an escutcheon pin nailed into the hull. The correct chain plate would be a half- round band around the deadeye with eyes below to take a bolt to fasten it to a flat bar bolted to the hull. Be careful that the dead- eyes sit close on the channels and that the lower eyes are nailed in a ttue line with the sheer. The mizzen deadeyes should be some- what smaller. For the rigging at least three thicknesses of cord are needed. Linen fishline is undoubtedly the most suitable kind. The thickest, for shrouds and the like, should be 18 thread; the medium, 9 thread (some 6 thread is also desirable); and the thin should be about as course as buttonhole thread. The best is a Jacquard 80/6, but this can be obtained only in large quantities or from firms which specialize in ship model supplies. A similar thread might be found at a bookbinder’s. White sewing thread will do but it is not so good. All of the heavy and some of the medium thickness should be stained a very dark brown; the remainder should be a light tan color—white or jet black does not look well on a model of this type. We shall call these cords A, B, C, and D (the thinnest). The bowsprit having been glued in its hole, pass the gammoning, which is a heavy lashing to hold it down to the beakhead. This must be very tight, so it is a good plan to hang a heavy weight near the end of the bowsprit with an- other on the poop to = (Continued on page 116) | Sport Bodies for Fords June, 192g MODEL SHIPs If you desire to bui Mayflower or other Pogmcdel of the models our construction Sets ished parts will be of great = =. to you. If you have one under warauee will want to equip your mode} wit = anchors, guns, special heart shaped ~ iS togethe: hints for the model mak jet the above and list of Sbecial nate Cents (coin eC tools, etc. sent postpaid upon recej preferred). pt of 10 MODEL SHIP SUPPLY Co, DEPT. F. MINEOLA, N. Y, The Vest Pocket Lawyer A complete law course—clearly analy i standable English. Itisa ja pede reference for the business man—the law student4ie justice of the peace—the notary public—the fetua the clergyman —the merchant —the banker —th doctor. . 360 pp. Price $1.50, postpaid POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 250 Fourth Avenue, New York City MAKES A COMPLETE MACHINE SHop EVRY-USE Electric MOTOR ATTACHMENT An original, practical tool. Fastens direct}, motor shaft, no pe eys or belts. Holds grindstones, buffs. saws, drills, scratch brushes, etc. Serves as pulley, Fits 3-8,1-2 and 5-8-inch shafts, Shi : ar ft State Size £ oe et ig for abaclal ber UNITED ELECTRIC MO} 178D6 Centre Street. New You’ at FACTORY PRICES! This Model net $39 50 Prime b Write for Booklet A-10 Showing Other Modes. SPORT FACTORIES, Aurora, Illinois 3 on all MEAD Bicycles } New 1928 Models now ready for deliv rect from our factory Astonishing new prices until you get th 12-inch scale model of Lindbergh's Spirit of St, Louis. Scientifically de Eecipped with [abhor ba i ith ral motor. Rises from ground or more. Easily built with- out tools. Construction set, with all parts and full rections, apr .$., ¢ no 8’ . ———_ faction or money back. Send MANN & BENTON, Chillicothe, Ohio RINT YOUR Cards, Station ery, labels, paper, circulars, tags, menus, book, ete Out- Save money and time, cut cost in half. from factory. Pays for itself in short time. o . Ro $149. Print Bikers: big profits, ‘Eass ros Sent" Wote for cued S| t » paper, carda, oy sis: THE KELSEY Company,” €-33; “Meriden, Com The Midget ““Five-in-One” Slide Rule is a gumbjnation, Lng | Pe alogue Free. Gi (Patented 1-17-22) co... Stuart. Florida A SHIP MODEL FOR %4% . Build an exact replica of the historie a 7] Santa Maria, the Mayflower or the il Pinta with your own hands. We cal furnish the parts complete for a oe 9 ¥, eemte for y No tools n except a Parts for the Constitution (Old ey 4 sides) may be had for $6.98. Write our illustrated catalog. MINIATURE SHIP MODELS Dept. 0-8, 3819-24 Baring St., Phila, P& © This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. B fe af Fe +H o ef i to lie at = = ge RES =f Ee. Bp an & > 5 se8 22 TEP Peesi2 eer _ | eye

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Se Ne pe 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 115 » 1928 june, a. South Bend Lathes PS The Mayflower New Model Back Geared Screw Cutting Lathes , Science (Continued from page 114) for the 16 inch— Weight 2035 Ibs. “Quick Change Back Geared Screw Cutting Lathe, 8 foot Bed. With countershaftandequipment $§70 Manufacturing Plant Machine Shop Laboratory and Service Station Engineering Shop Write for Catalog No. 89A showing complete line of New Model South Bend Lathes ranging from 9 inch to 24 inch swing and from 2% to 16 foot beds—with countershaft or choice of 3 types of electric drives, all at surprisingly low prices. Electrical Shop Precision 64 accuracy tests with precision instru- ments applied in the manufacture of each South Bend Lathe insure its accuracy. S$ ed Simplest adjustment and absence of all unnecessary pe parts enable operator to work at highest efficiency. Durabilit South Bend Lathes are sturdily built of ¥ most durable materials. 13 inch— Weight 1460 Ibs. Tool Room Quick Change Back Weight 875 lbs. Geared Screw Cutting Lathe, 4 JUNIORS” x2\,’ t. Bed. With motor andelectrica equipment. Price - - - BackGeared-=Screw Cutting Complete with WA. Rigging of foremast and bowsprit showing fore, Countershaft and $] 50 fore-top mast, main and main-top mast stays Equipment Features Built in the same plant where 40,000 other fine Precision Lathes —Power Feed to Carriage ° . . have been manufactured for the . counterbalance it. The gammoning starts with United States Goversenent, Ford —Set-over for Taper Turning 39.50 am eye or hitch around the bowsprit against Westinghouse, Bethlehem Steel Hole through spindle 34 in. Booklet the cleat, goes through the slit from port to Co., U.S. Steel Corporation, and 11" Between Centers ‘sade | \qubyard, and soon round and round for hurls of euner eras s2gustce® Cus treads 4 te 40 peri from seven to ten turns. Note that the turns Countries. It is the world’s larg- Maximum draw-in Collet [llinois dart from aft on the bowsprit and forward in est Lathe value. size 1/2 in. slit, thus crossing themselves every turn. Frish off by taking a turn round each half and then several turns round the whole. For the lower rigging (shrouds) at the main, apiece of A cord on the starboard side, up tough the lubber’s hole, around the mast, and down again. With fine sewing cotton, size (bind) a deadeye in one end. Put a knot in the end of a length of D cord, pass it through a lower hole of the upper deadeye— the one opposite the left eye, looking from the inside out—through the corresponding eye in the lower deadeye, and so on; draw this down util the deadeyes are about three times their length apart and let the end hang with a spring dothespin or similar clamp for a weight. Seize a deadeye in the other end of the shroud to lie at the same height when the shroud is tight and snug to the mast; pass the lanyard and draw both down tight and even; and with @tton seize the two parts together close up Easy Payments If Desired A small down payment brings you the Lathe to use while you are paying for it. In this way it earns its own cost by the work it does and the savings it makes. FREE—Write for No. 89A Catalog and New Booklets Check off in the squares below, indicating the Lathes in which you are interested. Cut out and mail tous. Special booklets and Catalog No. 89A showing 216 Sizes and Types of New Model Lathes mailed free postpaid on request. O 9in. Junior Booklet 22k 0 16in. Lathe Booklet ODO 9in. Lathe Booklet 0 18in. Lathe Booklet 0 11 in. Lathe Booklet 0D General Catalog No. 89A D 13in,. Lathe Booklet D ‘*‘How to Run a Lathe” D0 15in. Lathe Booklet price 25c, postpaid SOUTH BEND LATHE WORKS 847 E. Madison Street South Bend, Ind., U.S.A. New York City Salesroom: 183 Centre Street Carried in Stock by Machinery Supply Dealers in Principal Cities Throughout the World ATLANTA, GA.—Fulton Supply Co., 70 Nelson St. NEW ORLEANS, LA.—Oliver H. VanHorn Co.Inc.,522-534 CampSt. BALTIMORE, MD. — Carey Mach. & Supply Co., 119 E. Lombard St NEW YORK CITY, N.Y.—J.E. Beggs Co., 183 Centre Street 11 inch—Weight 675 Ibs. Quick Change Back Geared Screw Cutting Lathe, 3 foot Bed. With countershaftandequipment $325 16 inch— Weight 2175 Ibs. Gap Bed, Quick Change, Back Geared Screw Cutting Lathe, 8 ft. Bed. With countershaft and equipment. - $650 under the top. BezAT this on the port side; then do the BIRMINGHAM, ALA.—Moore-Handley Hdwe Co,,21st & Ave. “‘A’’ BOSTON, MASS.—Joseph Beal & Co., 465-71 Atlantic Ave. CHICAGO, ILL.—Scott Bansbach Mach. Co,, 130 8, Clinton St. CINCINNATI, OH10—The E. A. Kinsey Co,, 335 Fourth St., W. CLEVELAND, OHIO—Clark Machinery Co,, 1235-45 St, Clair Ave, DALLAS, TEX.—Huey & Philp Hardware Co., 1029 Elm St. OMARA, NEB. —Interstate Mach. & Supply Co,, 1006-10 Douglas St. PHILADELPHIA, PENN, — Delta Equipment Co., 148 N. Third St. PITTSBURGH, PENN. — Somers, Fitler & Todd Co., 329 Water Ste PORTLAND, ORE.—The Portland Machinery Co., First St. PROVIDENCE,R.1.—The E.A.Eddy Mach. Co., Eddy & Clifford Sts. ST. LOUIS, MO.—Blackman-Hill & Co,, Inc,, 1513 N, Broadway next pair to starboard, and continue until Station : : DENVER, COL, — Hendrie & Bolthoff Supply Co., 1621 17th St, ST. PAUL, MINN.—Robinson-Cary & Sands Co,,4th& Wacouta Sts. book, ete, alare on, with the mast standing central but | peTRorr, MICH.—Lee Machinery Co.. S171 Bellevue Ave, SAN FRANCISCO,CALIF.-C. F, Bulot’l Mach: Co., 829 Folsom St sold direct dra just hade too far aft, so that it can be HOUSTON, TEX.—Brazelton-Wessendorff & Nelms, 317 Preston Av. SEATTLE, WASH, — Perine Machinery Co., Inc., 209 First Ave., S. nplete Ont- wn Just a shade too far alt, KANSAS CITY, MO.,—H.J. Brunner Mach. Sup.Co., 1512GrandAv. | TOLEDO, OHIO—The Kirkby Mach.& Supply Co., 20-22 St,Clair St. crn tet brought back later with the stays. LOS ANGELES, CALIF.—Eccles& DaviesMach.Co.,320 San PedroSt. | MONTREAL, QUE.—Can. Fairbanks-Morse Co., 84 St. Antoine x cotales * 4 MILWAUKEE. WISC.—Western Iron Stores Co., 145 W. Water St. TORONTO, ONT.—A. R. Williams Machinery Co., 66 Front St., W. jen, Conn meee and missen shrouds go on in the . |_| A definite program for getting ahead financially Eee way, except that as there 4 ye be te Get This Motor Attachment! will be found on page four of this issue. le Rule oon ggy first ones go up one side and down Complete aMithout, oe YOUR OWN C other. with dri rill chuc’ - and SS : . chuck ONLY : ) LOCK antly The stays come next. The fore and main 1.75 = BU i wiTH QUR HEL ee should be of three parts of A cord laid together $2 75 ’ ie a a y . ; ons, by twisting each part and letting the whole ultiplies the Service . acer |, Profitable spare time work. Turn inum with ee = P 5 Holds grinding and polishing wheels, wire brushes, drills, saws, etc. idle hours into welcome dollars build- . imstitself into a tiny rope. The mizzen should | ree pee camel icea with aril chuck only $4.16. Without drill ing clocks from our instructions, We e betwo cords similarly laid up. Their upper ends | chuck 31.75. ‘Send check of money order—we pay postage. furnish plans, instructions, blue- i between the crosstrees around abaft THE BARSTEEL PRODUCTS CO., 1112 Power Ave., Cleveland, Ohio —, works, ey and all mate- ae F rials at surprising low prices. —— ~ eae a Soe are spliced or seized ® You make a big profit building asthe. 428 o their standing parts. ic clocks for your friends. Por the mizzen stay a deadeye is seized into f= Banjo Clocks, Mantel Clocks. wus ao long strap (loop) round the mainmast, a . Completeworks as lowas $1.65. OF the la a is seized into the stay, * the two RipSaw -—- Wood Lathe % Many styles, all prices. _ We ate drawn together with a lanyard. The main- G INTO THE \ oe stay comes p cane wo to : very long strap Cut-G Saw TORT SOCKET 5BandSaw - sarees Coentey Clocks, Le ro goes through the hole in the stem and with HGA weagwemnns Sade sax pom camunerhsanias vend Write for passes on both sides of the foremast, with a plug inte nearest lamp socket NSpeedy; efficient save 76 of BLUEPRINT PLAN AND CATALOG. ants e seized in, (Continued on page 116) | | inprincipal cities. Write for description and prices." AMERICAN CHIME CLOCK CO. Prita., Pie _—— Heston & Anderson, 806 Western Ave., Fairfield, lowa 1691-F.-Ruffner St., Philadelphia > © This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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New Model Pocket Gen

Westclox watch $150 ERE’S full value in a good-looking watch! The makers of Big Ben built it. The name Westclox on the dial stands for sturdy construction, long life and excellent time-keeping.

Millions all over the world rely on Pocket Ben with confidence. So can you. It’s an ideal watch for your vacation. Sold every- where for $1.50. WESTERN CLOCK COM PANY La Salle, Illinois

oe New Westclox » Auto Clock Attractive, convenient, reliable. Fits any car. Quickly attached on dash

POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY

The Mayflower (Continued from page 115) abaft. The forestay has its lower deadeye strapped to the bowsprit, 214 in. from the end. The sheer poles are stiff wires lying along the upper edges of the deadeyes and are seized to the shrouds outside; they prevent the deadeyes from twisting. The ratlines (steps) may be of No. 24 black sewing cotton. They are clove-hitched to each shroud and must be tight across but not so much so as to draw the shrouds out of line. The easiest method of putting on the ratlines is to use a bent needle and start at the left. They come to within about 1 in. of the top where a wooden batten is seized to the shrouds inside. This futtock stave should be put in position after the sheer pole and should stretch the shrouds slightly apart. When hitching on the ratlines, leave the ends long. Brush glue or shellac into the end hitches and cut off the ends close when dry. For the topmast rigging, twist smaller dead- eyes into wires, pass them through the holes in the edges of the tops, and make eyes in the lower ends to seize to the futtock staves under the lower rigging. Make the topmast rigging similar to the lower, with eyes in the bights, to rest on the cleats, or to pass through the crosstrees, if you have them. Do not strain it too tight or you will pull the lower shrouds and tops out of line. Put on sheer poles and ratlines; keep the latter the same distance apart as those below. The backstays are of the “running” type, that is, they have an eye over the masthead and are set up with two single blocks each and fastened to eyebolts in the channels. Blocks are oval bits of wood with grooves round them and holes through them toward one end. The sizes required will be not larger than 3¢, 4% and 4 in. The main-topmast stay starts with the usual eye and sets up to a deadeye strapped to the fore-lowermast head. The fore-topmast stay has.a block in its lower end, and its hauling part starts at the end of the bowsprit, goes through the stay block, through another block strapped to the bowsprit, and belays (fastens) to the center pin on the forecastle. That is all that may be strictly termed the standing rigging. Meanwhile, those who have finished this much before the next installment may make the base to stand the model in and fix the boat, guns and the like in position. The boat is lashed down to four ringbolts in the deck near the corners of the hatch. Suitable rings for ringbolts are found in fishing tackle stores. The staple parts can be made from black glass-headed pins, which are soft enough to be bent into a loop, yet stiff enough to be ham- mered into the wood. ° The next and final installment will describe the running rigging, sails, and finishing touches. Books on Woodworking READ ERS who have taken up woodworking as a hobby but did not have the benefit of manual training instruction at school when they were boys, often ask for a general hand- book on woodworking. They say that they are sometimes puzzled by questions which they could answer themselves if they could consult a good reference book. There are many ex- cellent books on this subject, among them “How to Work with Tools and Wood,”’ $1; ‘Essentials of Woodwork and Construction,” by Charles A. King, $1.08, and “ Woodwork for Secondary Schools,” by Ira S. Griffith, $2. As a service for readers the Book Department of Poputar Science Montaty, 250 Fourth Avenue, New York, will supply any of these for the prices mentioned. By referring to these books, the beginner ean solve practically any ordinary problem in construction that is apt to come up in mak- ing furniture and woodworking projects.

June, 1928 You Need Tisir The Liquid Solder

Le

TISIT removes all the fuss and bother from soldering. It is a jj quid solder which is applied cold with a Stick, no heat or soldering iro dries in 20 minutes. acid-proof—not The only known solder for al a rs used gee al fo: <itchen utensils, gasoli radiators, pore Ys or henracted aerials, radio connections—in fact ev-

* ey and eat-proof a affected Vy can uminum, ir repairing cylinder heads, tadio ery place a solder is used. Thousands of bottles in use, with- out one dissatisfied user prove the efficiency of TISIT. Ask your dealer for TISIT. If he cannot supply you, send us 50C—money order or ogee we will send you a bottle postpaid. M back if dissatisfied. 4 ald Letellier Labora tories, Inc o weg, tiacturing Chomtate ; ept. 19 Mai Rochester, N.Y. =s

Story of the Saxophone —pictures cher Models and many prominent al players.

of all Bues- profession- Contains

trial. any other in: are interested. Buescher Band Instrument(a.] 2521 Buescher Block, Elkhart, Ind,

Build a Glider Fly It Yourself We will furnish you complete blue prints and instruction manual to build your own glider. Easy to build—very simple—any boy can do it. inexpensive way to learn to fly. Complete blue prints and $200 manual. . 5 GOTHA GLIDER COMPANY 739 South Clark St. 10REGC CO HES 610 4 6 6. Guaranteed to fly. A thrilling sport and Chicago, Ill.

LET’S GO, BOYS: Hunting, fishing or camping, wher- ever you go you will need a Zip-Zip Shooter, elastic and lasting with # plenty of pep and force, scientifically and practically made. See your dealer, If he can’t supply you, order from us Zip-Zip Shooter 35c or three for $1.00, send stamps, coin or money order. AUTOMATIC RUBBER Cco., Dept. B. B. Columbia, S.c, atin.

for BOOK CO.,Wept. 315, Box SPEAKERS LIBRARY | Be ee ae a panic. od for executives, . Bankers, Teachers. Occasions. 304, Harrisburg, Pa.

A definite program for getting ahead financially will be found on page fout of this issue. ————

© . This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

Page 121

une, 1923 SIT | uid solder L Stick, no sary, and Proof and 'Y Water, minum, Tepairing S, Cracked ads, radio 1 fact ey. d. use, with. Prove the Ask your he cannot C—money > will send Money ies, Inc, mists tin St. E, ko] raat i; | 28| tes Home Workshop Chemistry Simple Formulas that Y Will Save Time : and Money LYCERIN is a thick, viscous fluid, sweet to the taste and soluble in all proportions in water and alcohol. It is almost always found in the family medi- cine chest because it relieves chapped hands. But it has other uses. It dissolves alum, ammonium chloride, ammonium carbonate, benzoic acid, lead acetate, iodine, copper sulphate, sodium bicar- bonate, oxalic acid, and other chemicals. A small, clean rag, moistened with glycerin and placed in a small container, is useful to have in your auto. If the windshield is wiped with this rag, a very thin film of glycerin is deposited on the glass. This prevents the formation of drops of water in rainy weather and therefore increases the visibility through the glass. Glycerin will also prevent window glass from frosting. For this purpose one part of glycerin is thinned with one part of alcohol and one part of water. A rag is dipped into the mixture and applied to the glass. Tobacco stains can be removed from doth with warm glycerin, even when the cloth is colored. An air-proofing compound to be placed in a tire can be made easily. One applica- tion costs from 10 to 15 cents and often lasts the life of the tire. As an example, a bicycle tire, discarded because of air hole leaks twelve years ago, was recently filled with a small quantity of the com- pound; it has held its air, under constant use, for over four months. The leak-proof tire compound consists of glycerin, water glass, and hydrochloric acid. For a bicycle tire use 50 cc. of water glass, 25 cc. of glycerin, and 5 cc. of hydro- chloric acid; or use 6 tablespoons of water glass, 3 tablespoons of glycerin, and ¥ tablespoon of the acid. First mix the glycerin and water glass and stir thor- oughly; then add the acid, mix carefully, and stir. Break the big lumps with the stirring rod into tiny granular pieces of a more or less soft texture. When of a uniform consistency, pump the mixture into the tire with a grease gun. For auto- mobile inner tubes use the same propor- tions, but increase the quantity. The following label is intended to be pasted on the glycerin bottle: Glycerin Keep glycerin in a tightly corked bottle. Glycerin absorbs about 50 percent of its weight in moisture from the air if uncorked. To relieve chapped hands, rub on a few drops of slightly diluted glycerin (3 parts glycerin and one part water) and let soak into the skin. Wiping a windshield with a rag di - in glycerin will keep it free from raindrops. G ycerin diluted with equal parts of water and alcohol will prevent glass from frosting. An air-proofing tire compound is made of 50 parts of water glass, 25 parts of glycerin, and 5 parts of hydrochloric acid. Tobacco stains can be removed even from colored fabrics with hot glycerin. YouCantLose «4 die elem Cost — | i POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY N a O more fumbling, searching for the right size wrench, THE amazingly simple B & C Adjust- able will take most ordinary sizes. SAVES time. Saves your disposition, too UST flick adjusting-screw. And presto . . . you’ve got a real grip that does the job. EVERY good mechanic, handy man or farmer needs this wrench. At the best hardware stores, everywhere. © BEMIS & CALL CO. SPRINGFIELD, Massachusetts pa 5 models of Johnson Motors briced from $115 to $275. Sold on free trial and time bayment plan. All prices f. o. b. Waukegan, Ill. we VORLD'S LARGEST MANUFACTURER OF OUTBOARD MOTORS OHNSON HAS GIVEN WINGS TO WATER TRAVEL m1 : ~_ pot Rowi Where is the thrill ofangling when: your 3 heart is leashed to an oar? But the a job to a powerful Johnson motor and you | will wing your way to fishing haunts as _ freely as you. choose. “Johnson’s un- _ ~ board’ Motor.” JOHNSON MOT 2561 Pershing Roa Export Division: 75. West § Canadian Distributor, East of t Peterborough Canoe Co., Peterbo ada. West of the Rocky Mountains: Vancouver, B. C, Johnson Outboard iy Motors @® This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. #

Page 122

Da oper tee Se “eee 5 i ‘ q O Champion re- minds you that to enjoy perfect engine performance during the next twelve months you should install a complete new set of spark plugs now. You should renew even Cham- pion Spark Plugs, which give much better service for a much longer period than any other spark plug. If you have used your spark plugs more than 10,000 miles, a new set of dependable Cham- pions will noticeably improve power and speed and save their cost many times over in less gas and oil used. Make Champion National Change Week— May 6th to12th —your yearly reminder to in- stall a complete new set of Champions. Any one of more than 100,000 dealers will be glad to serve you. Champion-— for all cars other than Model T Ford—75c Champion X— for odel T rd—60c CHAMPION Spark Plugs TOLEDO OHIO. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Paper Strip Indicates Moisture in the Air T IS often desirable to know the rel- ative moisture in the air in order to be able to determine approximately the time necessary to dry photographic prints and, no doubt, for many other purposes. I have found that the very simple homemade hygrometer illustrated is a trustworthy indicator in this connec- tion. All that is necessary is a rubber band, a narrow wooden or thin metal pointer about 8 in. long, a small wire brad, and a long strip of good rag-content writing paper. The apparatus should be mounted on a well-painted board or any other suitable PAINTED BOARD —, CALIBRATED SCALE il POINTER 8” LONG — RUBBER BAND mu PIVOT (BRAD) I} - en PAPER ATTACHED TO POINTER HERE A simple hygrometer, the actuating member of which is a strip of rag-content paper PAPER STRIP “x 2'-0" 1 (lh; lis) Hilly material that is not greatly affected by moisture. Make a hole through the point- er at the base about 44 in. from the end and just large enough to fit the brad. As near the lower end of the pointer as possible, attach the rubber band and one end of the paper strip so they will pull against each other in opposite directions. The other end of the rubber band should be fastened to the mount so that a slight tension will be exerted on the pointer when the other end of the strip of paper (preferably 2 ft. long) is pulled out until the pointer stands approximately at right angles to the line of band and paper. The sharp end of the pointer will cover a range of 114 or 2 in., and a scale may be drawn and calibrated after observing the action over a period in which extremely dry and extremely wet weather are en- countered.—E. N. MuscGrave. Repairing Loose Chair Rungs HEN the rung of a chair has become so loose that regluing is not sufficient to make it hold securely, a re- pair can be made by inserting a nail or a piece of wire through the tenon CUT OFF of the rung as shown. Drill a hole through the tenon as near the end as_ possible. Through this push the wire or nail, which should be cut off and org bent as indicated. When the rung has been glued and pushed into place the wire ends hold it. Regular rung fasteners are made for this purpose and do not require the drill- ing of any holes, but if they cannot be obtained the method outlined will serve the purpose almost as well. 4 a7, "4 oT) be Uti The nail keeps the rung firmly fixed before have Evinrude ¥ motors given so much of ie h. F ‘wins each. Four remarkab] 2a i 16 , twin cylinder models: ? Speeditwin—16 H.P., only 85 -» 6 to 35 m. p.h. increased 100%, " ome Fastwin — 12 H. P., only 69 Ibs., 5 to 30 m. p. h. P increased 200%. — Fleetwin—6 H.P., A new motor ideal ee family - row boat. 4 to 25 m.p.h. ‘ Sportwin — 2/2 H.P. Ibs. World’s finest light twin, secant younger children use motor. 3 to 13 m.p.h. Evinrude Boat Speed Guide tells you exactly which motor to buy to give you the s you want on the boat you own. Insurance policy against fire and theft from $1.10 to $2.10 depending on your model, Time payments — as small down payment as$31.10 puts an Evinrude on your boat. Write for 1928 Evinrude Year Book EVINRUDE MOTOR CO, 2516 27th Street Milwaukee, Wis, (/ EVINRUDE | PARKS WOODWORKING MACHINES with Motor You ought to have this handy Parks in your shop. Compact, complete machine de- signed like a big production outfit at 1/5 the cost. Fits in a corner of your basement. Does any kind of cabinet or joinery work. Write for circular. |} Build Business With =| Only $12 monthly for a few mon , brings best business builder your ' can have. Tire stores, Garages, tery Shops, Filling Stations, are mak | ing BIG MONEY with new low pri i HB Automatic Air Compressor. j Costs $75 to $100 Less than similar equipment. Ask f bulletin P681— tells all about it. ~ Hobart Bros. Co., Box P681, Troy, SPINNING AUTO LIGHT patenre Red, white and blue. Red & Green for Cowk Spins with wind. Everybody wants one. Noth ‘ ing like it—most beautiful light used on auto, motorcycle, airplane, radi tor, mudguards, side or top—rust proof, self-lubricating—easily at tached any auto. Great mail-order article. Trade discounts. Be first. Pay mailman $1 plus postage for sample. = : Money back guarantee. GHT CO., 74 Milford Ave., Newark, N.J. 2 T GERSTNER CASE a e a right. Toolmakers and Machinists damage. A sty just suit you is shown in our ree catalog. J Write for it H. GERSTNER & 554 Columbia St., Dayten, tS] This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. The Parks Woodworking Machine Co. 1547 Knowlton St., Cincinnati, Ohio Canadian Factory: 208 Notre Dame East, Montreal These ar guide Pp! vis complet SCR ELt

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fomemade Vise Has Guide Bars Made of Pipes STRONG vise is a necessity in any ‘A home workshop. In the accompany- ‘ing jlustrations is shown how I con- gracted an exceptionally substantial yjse with a framework of pipe and pipe First one should obtain two hard, close- ined blocks of wood for the vise jaws. These are bored at each side for the 34-in. guide pipes and in the middle to take the deel vise screw, which can be bought complete with nut, flange and handle at

Aheavy-duty woodworker’s vise with guides to insure the parallelism of the wooden jaws 5 ay large hardware store. The holes i each block should correspond exactly so that the movable jaw will slide easily. The two guide pipes are threaded on me end and screwed into floor flanges, which are fastened to the front of the movable block. ‘These may be made secure with pins, and a plug can be in- serted in the open ends of the pipes. The guide pipes slide in two 1-in. pipes that are fastened to the back of the stationary jaw by means of flanges and braced at the back by a short cross pipe and two flanges screwed to the underside of the bench top, as shown. The two tees screwed in the ends of the 1-in. pipes are of the type that has two 1-in. outlets and oe %-in, outlet. A screw-in elbow and small nipple are used to connect the out- lets with the flanges fastened under the bench top. All pipe dimensions are, of course, inside diameters. The vise screw is assembled in the usual manner. The flange is screwed to the front block, and the nut to the back of the stationary block. The stationary jaw is fastened to the edge of the bench top.— Witson G. WaALTERs. BENCH TOP

a

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WE wap fished far up the lake and were loath to stop, for how those trout were rising. But the cook’s grim warning—why are cooks always rim ?—to back before six, persuaded us to ead the “Old Town’ back toward camp. As we glided easily over the water, we were grateful to this fleet canoe which brought us back with time to spare, An “Old Town” is the ideal canoe for every fishing trip. Light in weight and perfect in balance. Strong and durable too. Priced as low as $67. From dealer or factory. New catalog gives prices and complete in- formation about sailing canoes, square-stern canoes, dinghies, etc. Write for free copy today. OLD Town Canoe Co., 1896 Main Street, Old Town, Maine, ‘Old Town Canoes ee eee © This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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SOB avast mM yilaikem yilata you may need SMOOTH-ON NOI DSS so keepacan in the house A 50-lb. block of ice dropped on this icebox handle, bent the cast brass lever, stripped the screws out and splintered the wood. As larger screws could not be used and the lock could not be shifted, a new door seemed necessary. Instead the owner fitted the splinters back, filled the screw holes with about -5 cents worth of Smooth-On No. 1 and put back the screws. When the Smooth-On metal- lized, the lock became strong as new. The repair will last as long as the ice- box. Any handy man can make hun- dreds of equally practical home and automobile repairs with Smooth-On No. 1 and avoid a repair bill every time. Use it to stop leaks in steam, water, gas, oil or stove pipes, mend cracks, breaks or leaks in furnaces and boilers, radiators, tanks, sinks, pots and pails, make loose handles tight on umbrellas, knives, hammers, brushes, drawers, etc., tighten loose screws, hooks, locks, door knobs, etc. Automobile repairs:— Making bursted water jack- ets and pumps good as new, stopping leaks in radiator, hose connections, gas tank and gas, oil and exhaust lines, making a fume-proof joint between exhaust pipe and tonneau heater, tight- ening loose headlight posts, keeping grease cups, hub caps and nuts from loosen- ing and falling off, etc. To get perfect results, write to us for and use the Smooth-On Repair Book. Get Smooth-On No. 1 in 7-o2., I-lb. or 5-lb. tins at any hardware store, or if neces- sary direct from us. Smooth-On Mfg. Co. Dept. 58, 574 Communipaw Ave. JERSEY CITY, N. J. i rp ut Doit with SMOOTHON SMOOTH-ON MFG. CO., Dept. 58, 574 Communipaw Ave., Jersey City, N. J. Please send the free Smooth-On Repair Book. Return this coupon for a «os REE copy of Booklet eee eee ee eee ee eee eee ee | POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Dick Byrd—Adventurer (Continued from page 30) obscure than Richard Byrd without his plane. Indeed, so preéminent is Byrd today as the scientist and air navigator that few know of the apprenticeship he served as a thrilling pre- lude to his later triumphs, an apprenticeship that classes him today with Commanders Towers and Read and Whiting, noted pioneers of naval aviation. He took the usual seaplane course; taxied up and down the Bay with an instructor; flew with dual controls; tried a few landings; learned to judge distances by seeing how close he could bring his machine down near a buoy; and all the rest of it—but never without an instructor. The great day came for his solo flight. With taut lips and a heavy grip on the stick he left the seawall, “gave her the gun,” and was up. For a good five miles he flew straight ahead. At last he was alone. The great man-built bird that carried him re- sponded to the slightest touch of his hand. He held his breath and tried a turn. He glanced tremulously over the side of his fuselage. Below him twinkled the blue waters of the Bay. On one side lay the sun-bleached station, its buildings flattened by his altitude; on the other the beckoning sea—the Atlantic Ocean which he hoped some day to fly. Down he came. He’d done it a dozen times before with an instructor. But this was dif- ferent. He flattened out a little too soon. Losing flying speed, his plane dropped a dozen feet with a crash. “ Rotten!”’ he muttered. next one.” Again he “gave her the gun,” watched her speed rise, her body “lift to the step” —that is, to the wave crests. Roar of the engine, still fairly new in his ears, somehow added to his intense concentration on the job of getting his plane into the air. He drew back his stick. The last throb be- neath told him he was clear. Ah, up again! Joyfully he glanced up and ahead. His tanned face blanched at what he saw. Right in front, not fifty yards away and coming di- rectly for him at top speed, was another sea- plane in the act of landing; another student, it turned out later, like Byrd so concentrated on the job in hand that he had no eyes for neighboring traffic. PRBANTICALLY Byrd threw his control up. He knew if he could present the bottom of his fuselage he might cushion the impact. But he was too late. With a fearful crash the two machines met in midair. Splinters flew. A burst of smoke spouted from the shattered en- gines. The next instant the locked planes plunged into the Bay. Before the rescue boat arrived the two stu- dent flyers, pale with fright and bleeding from a score of wounds, struggled to keep their heads above water. Soon willing hands pulled them out. Both lived to tell the tale. And both had learned that death was lurking just around the corner for the unwary pilot. Two months later, in early 1918, he’d won his wings. And on the same day he confided a great scheme to his superiors. An explorer must “‘sell’’ his plans to his backers. “Tf you will let me take one of our big Navy planes across the Atlantic by air and deliver it to our commander in the war zone, it is bound to have an effect on the enemy’s morale.” As has so often happened in the annals of exploration, the backers were at once enthralled by the idea—only later to be thwarted by circumstances beyond their control. Byrd was sent to Halifax with a handful of officers and men to establish a base, sup- posedly for patrol against submarines by air. “Now watch this In truth, the men and the base w move in carrying out Dick Byrd's oeteaee to conquer the Atlantic and stun the enem 4 ~ triumphal flight. vey ut some Washington doubters pro “How about navigation? Can'tdo tan ; do in a ship. Plane goes too fast. By the ha you've got your sight worked out you pr there any more. And if you make a crooked course your fuel won’t last.” Byrd met his critics by an acid test. He devised a special sextant for use in a pla evolved a new and shorter method of cnne tation in his plane’s cockpit, and installed two special compasses of his own choosing. With full fuel tanks he headed out to sea for the first authentic flight in an airplane out of sight of land. VEN his closest friends were anxious. “We knew he’d go out so far he'd have to navigate to get back,” one told me. “If his navigation failed he'd drown long before we could find him. Besides it was war.” Byrd’s navigation didn't fail. But the unex. pected happened—as so often does to the pio- neer—-adding one more lesson again to the long and thorough training of our man. Fog came. Wind changed. Darkness began to fall. No sun, no stars; dead reckoning thrown out; fuel oozing through the exhaust. It looked as if Washington critics were to be justified on the first test. But the compasses worked. Byrd's ingen- ious compensation to counteract effect of the metal in his plane proved magically accurate. He steadied on his course back to his base and went roaring through the early subarctic night. His fuel gage fell lower and lower. But he did not falter. His engine began to miss. He closed his throttle and dipped toward the sea, The great test was at hand. In the gray dusk he landed. If he were wrong he should drift and die. If right— “Boat ahoy!” A launch from his own base! Dick Byrd had proved for the first time in aviation history that air navigation was practicable. The Armistice—uncontrollable circumstance —thwarted his plan to deliver a Navy plane direct to our commander in Europe. Still a new phase in his learning to be an explorer began about this time and lasted for three bitter years. “VET I think they were the most useful years in my life,’ Byrd says today, “for they taught me the true meaning of disap pointment.” They began, of course, with the Armistice. But the Navy went ahead and built three NC flying boats fit for ocean flight. Each of these huge aircraft had a speed of seventy-five miles an hour, a gross weight of 25,000 pounds, four engines, and a crew of six men. They were intended to be flown across the Atlantic via Newfoundland and the Azores, with a naval patrol beneath them of more than 200 vessels. Commander Towers, senior of the little | squadron, chose Byrd first of all to go with him on that historic trip. But in Newfoundland Byrd was detached with others who had had foreign service in the war, in order to make way for those who had been forced to stay home. This was the first blow. Then he was ordered to the (-5, a small dirigible, to take her across the Atlantic. Two days later the C-5 was blown away and never heard from again. In despair Byrd returned to Washington. The NC boats got safely to the Azores, though two landed in the water. One, the NC-4, went on to Portugal. “But that isn’t a real flight across the ocean,” pleaded (Continued on page 181) © This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. Dicl Byrd of hi 59 stops a the W He is & the end © the Bure aviation. of Opera for @ 101 Denby was “ his pl wT uWait fying bu: “But v somuch f Byrd. True, | enormou 00s] He | faced By had his f feeling. “We « say you But I w idea for engine y sand mil [am gol These they we soars er for is ¥ young f 1927 to started The ] ment wi then be States. to join before in the t At de her hai friends R® shi an ome ward, : sudden could | She th loud e flames hurtlin Whe the ru pionee Now a man vital a sweeth cheste! in the love. —mu Byrd first b Ne venti

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 121 ie b Dick Byrd—Adventurer (Continued from page 120) gyrd of his superiors; “ the long patrol and the the § go stops on the way. Let me take a plane rot , the way from New York to Paris.” nem he He is a tenacious fellow when he starts. By Y by the end of a week Byrd had the permission of ested Bureau of Navigation and Engineering, t as y \dmiral William A. Moffett, head of naval a sviation. and his immediate senior in Bureau 1 itn’ of Operations, all of whom approved his plan crooked for a nonstop flight to Europe. There only remained the Secretary of the Navy. st. Denby was away. Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., He you seen these our garage may be your : plane, yas acting secretary. He asked Byrd to give “boats on wheels’’? hoatinann too, and your compu. up his plan. ; : Before Summer is Over, Seahawk will follow you lled two “Wait until we have gone further with this you will probably see to the lake or river or sea- . With fying business.” many of them for Mullins shore at forty miles an for the “But why wait when such a flight would do has made the Portable hour if you want to drive of sight much for aviation in this country?” persisted Boat popular by means that fast. Once there, you Byrd. ; re of the Mullins Boat Conveyor. back the conveyor into the water True, public interest in flying had slumped No longer are you compelled to and your Seahawk floats free. It’s s. “We enormously right after the war. ow your boat on one particular as simple as that. lave to ‘ ae ’ . yofwater. Loadupyourcamp “Tf his ROY ELT’S official manner left him. uipment and take your boat And since there’s no longer any ore we mee ga - from a te —_ ~_ pene ny Bes ord reaches of excuse for doing without a boat, fi yrd, man-to-man. S ist clenched as sparkling e and river are yours e unex- had his father’s before him to emphasize deep to explore. . — se gp _—- aoe he pio- feeling. This si +i : : ing a ' ; is simple, ridiculously inex- Mullinshas prepared for you. Get pee, say rs on 1 “i ue pan pen — ——_ removes the last the dope onthe fifteen new models > . > . . ll. No But I want you to know that I oppose the obstacle to boat ownership. Now —and theconveyor. Write today. ut; fuel idea for the reason that we have not got an as if engine yet that we know will fly three thou- on the sand miles. When we shall have such an engine [am going to help you in every way I can.” ingen- These words and the earnestness with which of the they were said persuaded Byrd not to go. curate. Colonel Roosevelt no doubt saved the young sas) (Gin oneal ne dene saved the seme | MANUFACTURING CORPORATION ‘night. to his word, Roosevelt unstintingly gave the 02 DEPOT STREET — S ? he did young flyer time and energy and money in » He 1927 to help his close friend, Dick, get properly 1€ Sea, started to Paris. y dusk The Department salved Byrd’s disappoint- 1 drift ment with orders to the ZR-2, the big dirigible then being built in England for the United OW 4 States. In August, 1921, he hurried abroad L . ~ 1 t h had to join her and help fly her back. u1c wl story He reached the British air station the night earn Q y ieore the trial flight, too late to be included a Conn stance in the test crew. ONN instruments are world-famous plane At dawn the huge airship was taken out of 3 for easy playing. Improved, gimpli- her hangar. Enviously Byrd watched his el asan. toa aumyaneeaananee be an frends climb aboard. His last minute efforts ods, fun from the start. Play a tune ed for to secure a place had met only a curt refusal. ce a “ye a a ‘6 ‘ on any Conn. Organize a Pk py rg RY rays of the rising sun painted the chestre in your communal 1 Conn ar: | useful shining body of the dirigible a blood-red, .- ; pon. A an omen of death, it proved; for shortly after- isap- ward, at an altitude of 1,200 feet, the craft ; suddenly gave forth a loud tearing noise which insBAND Us ae could be heard over the whole countryside. We ship you this modern home complete, lum- ony UaotsT BUDTVTRCTURERS e Ni She then broke cleanly across her middle. A 4 Fy BH, A A. ae PE ee pi ge i — these} J |loud explosion followed and she burst into ee | BR ne miles flames while the bodies of her crew came a \' Sis citim averae savings of 47 per cent com- 1 trial ~ -mgaltmaitatacde ay ~ AE 1 , four hurtling down to instant death. \ Pav as $ MONTH pon ng ~ TB scinrncinaccninincadansenswngnennsinianiien _¢ were Wherein Byrd learned another great lesson; \ homes. Send 25c in coin poe { St. or R.F.D....... s c ‘ the ruthlessness of fate in dealing with the peed g fy yp ee po agp eae Sapesossensatiedenmetep tombe estnes ! nav ioneer. M\ come truc. Ch kh if interes! ted ‘tn ormantabner ‘band! ] SUMITEE Tr, os 00 chien happened in the midet of | . A°aNTERaTIONAL mu. a yumpeR co, | |_Checkihereif interested in organizing aband( } a ips most crowded years, Byrd found him- A . wi self in a swirl of new events, infinitely more mM S d Pl lland vital and personal. He married his boyhood planar aziIng pee ane | had sweetheart, Marie Ames of Boston and Win- gliding po Rg Bm gy ® tyve i make chester. Children came—one, two, three, four ever. You can have it free! * stay —in blithely rapid succession; budding roses I, Greet Gen te pp "he i f Py ° 18 ane as -1n v1 spre . es asl — garden of a young man’s youth and ( omnia? aN forward. Wings made of genuine balsa wood. Almost un- ma ve. Yet, the older love was not to be denied la breakable. Great performer in air. No tedious hours construct- Two —much as he adored his wife and babies, Dick 12 Fat Issues es iit ng. 2 my won after postman ore your vee poo . ° ° ° ou send it into air diving and dippin ing t t ights. tator 8 Lever Be found _ wild was —r hi with each plane is a special helmet designed along lines used by great pilots. F mong 2d reover, he was now ready to perform his so Free ton. first big act upon the vast stage of exploration. THRILLING BOYS’ MAGAZINE ough ad mage oe rg pe 50 pages yap: Ree ws aes stories of aviation, sport, mystery, hig vent " i i t., st ° went Next Month—Commander Byrd’s ad- correspondence club, hunting, Sehing. ote. "Gubswigtion | price ‘e én your, ventures in the Far North, and his BIG SPECIAL OFF. ER. by By send you thie am aviator’s helmet, and the . magazine for a whole year, t ’ ° S . Spectacular flight across the Pole. Grab this great offer, boys! fash enter he 6% ALL FOR $1 I ' Flight Division, Open Road for Boys Magazine, 248 Boylston St., Boston, Mass. © This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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122 THE DISTINGUISHED HOUSE IS BUILT OF FACE BRICK Build the home of your dreams rr send for these helpful books and plans “The Story of Brick” —an attractive booklet with beautiful illustrations of modern homes and chapters on such mat- ters as Comparative Costs, Basic Require- ments in Building, The Extravagance of Cheapness and kindred subjects. Sent free on request. ‘’ “Face Brick Bungalow and Small House Plans” embrace 128 designs of houses, unusual and distinctive in design, convenient in floor plan and economical to build. Four booklets showing 3 to 4- room, 5-room, 6-room and 7 to 8-room houses. Each 25 cents. Entire set $1.00. “The Home of Beauty” contains 50 two-story, six-room houses, submitted by architects in a nation-wide competition. Sent for 50 cents. “A New House for the Old.” Stop repairing and painting by vencering the old house with beautiful Face Brick. This instructive booklet is sent free. AMERICAN FACE BRICK ASSOCIATION 2157 City State Bank Bldg., Chicago, Il. a F-BA U— ‘USE FACE BRICK) | —it Pays | World famous Cross-Atlantic “Spirit of St. Louis” model. Guaranteed to fly under own power. Very fascinating, educational. thrilling fun! Sim plified easy construction set put together in an eve- ning, wood spars, waterproof wing cover- ing, all difficult parts formed, 10-inch propeller, metal fittings, complete ma- terials and directions, postpai at Special introductory Price, $3. 18-inch size—$2. 1-ft. Model—$1. 18-in. Sm x pe plane, 50c. 12-in. Simplex, only 25c. All models guaranteed to to your satisfaction or purchase price refunded. EL AIRCRAFT CO., BOX A, CHILLICOTHE, OHIO POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Huge Flying Hotels Race For First Overseas Flight (Continued from page $8) construction have beset them the last few months. Their air liner is to be about the size and gas capacity of the R-100, but will be capable of a nonstop flight of 7,200 miles. It will have twenty double-bed cabins, a big saloon and dining room, lounges, and “com- plete hotel facilities.’"” A new gas—etanogas, a carbohydrate of the same weight as air and _ to be cheaper than gasoline—will be its uel. The ZZ-127 has been designed for a regular passenger route between Seville, Spain, and Buenos Aires, a fifteen-day run by steamships but only a three-day cruise for the air liner. Its builders say it could circle the globe in thirteen or fourteen days, making stops for fuel at Vladivostok, Vancouver, B. C., and Los Angeles. [THE British are making less extravagant claims for the R-100. They talx confidently of her first flight to New York and of her return, and then of a regular trans-Atlantic service that will be a part of a world-wide air passenger system—an imperial airship service from London to Egypt, India, Australia, South Africa, New Zealand, and Canada. Airship bases are being erected in Egypt and India, South Africa and Canada at this moment. Others are in projection. On its first trip the R-100 will moor at the Navy mast at Lakehurst, N. J., or at the big mast going up at Montreal. In the proposed schedule for the R-100, New York will be thirty-eight hours from London; Bombay, fifty-two; and South Africa, eighty. Australia will be seven days from New York, via San Francisco. What a vista this opens for the summer tourist! Even with only a two-weeks’ leave of absence the vacationist can spend ten days in Europe. Four hundred dollars pays for passage in a four-berth cabin. Five hundred dollars buys a two-berth cabin, and a cabin for one can be had for $600. Has the dirigible proved itself capable of these long distance flights? We will review its history and see. Before the World War airships in Germany carried 40,000 passengers without a mishap. Immediately after the war the Germans oper- ated an airship line between Berlin and the Zeppelin factory at Friedrichshafen, and 101 flights were made in the 103 days of its operation. URING the war the German rigid L-9 flew without a stop from Bulgaria to Central Africa and back, a distance of 4,225 miles. In 1919 the R-34 crossed the Atlantic, Lon- don to New York, refueled and flew back. The Norge flew from Rome to England, to Russia, to Norway, and across the North Pole to Alaska, a total of 6,280 miles through the temperate and frigid zones. The ill-starred Shenandoah had flowna total of 30,000 miles before she was destroyed. She made one 9,000-mile trip from Lakehurst, N. J., to Fort Worth, Texas; to San Diego, Calif., and to Seattle, Wash., and returned to New York. The Los Angeles has flown 10,000 miles without a major accident. She crossed the Atlantic from Germany in 1924, a distance of 5,066 miles in eighty-one hours. Her last long flight, from New York to the Panama Canal and back, was made between a Sunday and Friday—4,000 miles—at an average speed of fifty-seven miles an hour. To be sure, this history must consider the disaster of the American-built and operated Navy dirigible Shenandoah, broken in two by a storm over Ohio (Continued on page 123) KNIVES ERE’S a knife especially de. signed and built for mn ters and skilled mechanics, profession. al or amateur. It belongs in every too] kit. Remington steel is hardened and tem. 2 by a — process, to produce lades with keen, uniform, and lastin cutting edges. Every blade is hand- honed at the factory. When you buy your Remington every blade will bite, and you can keep a biting edge on Remington blades. R4223 has a heavy spear blade for general use; a sheep foot blade for scribing or coping, and a pen blade for delicate work. Ask to see this knife at your dealer's, Get your hand around the fine stag handle and test the ‘‘feel’’ of it. 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Watch Chain FREE! F":"=: DOWN rftsng 2 Daniel uth, Cann dees Se sce tats free chain offer today--while it lasts. ” sTURERAKER WATCH COMPANY three-quarters of a century ri air pn ta Dept. M906 South Bend, Indiana Canadian Address: Windsor, Ont. Statement of Ownership, Management, Circulation, ete. required by the Act of Congress of August 24, 1912, or Popular Science Monthly, published monthly at New ork, N. Y., for April 1 28, State of New York, County of New York, ss. Before me, a notary public in and for the State and county aforesaid, personally ap- peared Sumner N. Blossom, who, having nm duly sworn secording to law, deposes and says that he is the Editor of Popular Science Monthly and that the following is, to the best of his knowledge and belief, a true statement of the ownership, management, etc., of the aforesaid publication for the date shown in the above caption, required by the Act of August 24, 1912, embodied in Section 411, Postal Laws and Regulations, printed on the reverse of this form to wit: 1. That the names and addresses of the publisher, editor, managing editor, and business managers are: ublisher, Popular Science Publishing Co., Inc., 250 Fourth Avenue, New York, N. Y., Editor, Sumner N. m, 250 Fourth Avenue, New York, N. Y., Manag- ing Editor, Raymond J. Brown, 250 Fourth Avenue, New York, N. Y., Business Manager, O. B. Capen, 250 Fourth Avenue, New York, N. Y. 2. That the owners are: Popular Science Publishing Company, Inc., 250 Fourth Avenue, New York, N. Y., Stockholders of Popular Science Publishing Company, Inc., Henry J. Fisher, 22 William Street, New York, N. Y.; Oliver B. Capen, 250 Fourth Avenue, New York, N. Y.; Robert Cade Wilson, 683 Springfield Avenue, Summit, N. J.; Ada B. Wilson, 683 Springfield Ave., Summit, N. J.; L. B. Tunison, 6 N. Michigan Ave., Chicago, lll.; A. L. Cole, 250 Fourth Avenue, New York, N. Y.; Godfrey Hammond, 250 Fourth Avenue, New York, N. Y.; Sumner N. Blossom, 250 Fourth Ave., New York, N. Y.; John Nichols, 250 Fourth Ave., New York, N. Y. 3. That the known bondholders, mortgagees and other security holders owning or holding 1 per cent or more of the total amount of bonds, mortgages, or other securities are: none. 4. That the two paragraphs next above, giving the names of the owners, stockholders and security holders, if any, contain not only the list of stockholders and security holders as they appear upon the books of the company, but . in cases where the stockholder or security holder appears upon the books of the company as trustee orin any other fiduciary relation, the name of the person or corporation for whom such trustee is acting, is given; the said two paragraphs contain statements embracing af- fiant’s full knowledge and belief as to the circumstances and condi- ler which stockholders and security holders who do not upon the books of the company as trustees, hold stock and securities in a capacity other than that of a bona fide owner, and this affiant has no reason to believe that any other person, association, or ration has any interest direct or indirect in the said stock, , or other securities than as so stated i (Signed) Sumner N. Blossom, Editor, Sworn to and subscribed before me this 22nd day of March, 1928. Bertha Strauss, Notary Public, New York County.

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uge Flying Hotels Race For First Overseas Flight (Continued from page 122) in 1925, and destroyed with a loss of fourteen men. And the fate before that of the German- built, French-operated military dirigible Diz- mude, lost in a storm over the Mediterranean. And that of the Italian-built, American- operated Roma, military dirigible, which, forced down by rudder trouble, struck a high tension wire and burned when the hydrogen in its gas bags exploded. There have been costly errors in construction and operation of the first great ships. But the builders have profited by all these mistakes. Each disaster has taught a new lesson. The Shenandoah, it has been said, could have flown around or above the storm that was her ruin, had her officers had radio weather reports such as are now available to aerial navigators. In the recent trip of the Los Angeles to the Canal, the U. S. Weather Bureau kept the ether crackling with radio reports to the diri- gible’s chart room! The designers will admit that the earlier ships were of too light construction. Military- minded, they aimed for minimum weight, that the dirigible could attain a maximum height and thus avoid antiaircraft gunfire. Now, aiming at peace-time commercial navigation, they are building the air giants as sturdy and strong as mechanical science can make them. Commander Charles E. Rosendahl, command- er of the Los Angeles, asserted recently that this ship is already out of date in the light of present engineering knowledge. HILE England and Germany are building their great air liners, our own nation has been marking time. But the signs are hopeful again. Edsel Ford, president of the Ford Motor Company, revealed a few weeks ago that he and his father are investigating meta] dirigibles and their possible use for ocean passenger service. Congress has authorized the construction of two new dirigibles for the Navy, each of them three times the gas capacity of the Los Angeles and twice as long. Present plans provide that each ship will carry a hangar large enough for four service airplanes. These will be military ships entirely, but it is probable that their advent will bolster up public confidence in the safety of the big rigids, and certain it is that the arrival of the R-100 will give a new impetus to American airship construction. The first steamboat plowed its way through the water in 1807. The public wouldn’t believe that steamers ever would cross the Atlantic. Twelve years later the little Savannah steamed proudly into Liverpool from New York harbor, just as a learned lecturer was telling his audi- ence that such a thing was impossible!

Indian War Temple Restored USIC, dancing, and the sacrifice of a black hog recently marked one of the strangest celebrations ever held—a jovial party in which grave scientists of the Carnegie Institution mingled with full-blooded Maya Indians. The occasion was the completion of the restored ancient Maya “temple of the warriors,” near Meridan, in the Mexican province of Yucatan, where the archeologists have finished months of work studying and restoring the temple and have dedicated it to the modern descendants of its original builders. The scientists believed the example of the great white structure built by their forefathers would inspire the Mayas to great deeds. Therefore, with thé codperation of the Mexican Government, they gave a great party for the tribes. Native women in their best “‘huipiles,” carrying babies, and men in white cotton pajamas, came from villages for miles around.

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124 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY a a . How. High Is the $200,000,000 for Research WorK-P ressu re? (Continued from page 51) H ts hoe d is your machine that four or five coats of paintandasmanyasa where the growing season between treats i

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dozen of varnish used to serve. Now the automobile maker can deliver the finished car within twenty-four hours after construction is completed, and that is one of the principal reasons why cars now are cheaper than they used to be. Not all scientific discoveries are the result of deliberate search—sometimes they occur by accident. To research chemists the lacquer problem seemed hopeless at one stage because the liquid persisted in setting into a jelly. A breakdown of apparatus forced abandonment of one experiment. In a few days the jelly of its own accord turned fluid—just the con- sistency desired. a HONOGRAPH records are made bystamp- ing disks with copper electrotypes of the original records. Once a batch of electrotypes was found harder and more durable than usual. They would stamp more records. Chemists analyzed the chemical mixtures used in making the electroplates and found a foreign substance. A. workman, eating his lunch, had accidentally dropped a bit of cheese into the mixture. Now casein—an essential constituent of cheese—is regularly used, reducing the cost of making records. Scientists were seeking something to add to gasoline to prevent knocking in an automobile motor. One thought color might have some relation to the problem. Out of ten thousand chemicals that had some color or other, the storekeeper handed him—at random—iodine. It worked! Of all the subjects occupying the attention of scientists today, that of radiation of all kinds is in the first place. As a result of the investiga- tion of light from the sun, it was found that there are two kinds of light rays which are invisible to the human eye—ultra-violet and infra-red. Ultra-violet rays cause sunburn, and now physicists, chemists, biologists, and botan- ists, working together, have discovered that they germinate the vitamins in our food which are essential to health. Hundreds of practical applications of the ultra-violet rays have al- ready been developed. By exposing different kinds of food to ultra-violet rays, either in direct sunlight or under specially designed elec- tric lamps, their nutritive qualities are greatly increased. The growth of young animals and plants is speeded up in the same way and many forms of nervous diseases and illness due to improper nutrition are relieved. ND now the chemists have found a way of making window panes through which the ultra-violet rays will pass. Fev if any will go through ordinary glass, but 92 percent will go through sheets of fused quartz glass, which is now obtainable for about a dollar a square foot, and through some patented glass substitutes. Anybody can have, at a cost of ten or twelve dollars, a south window through which these life-giving rays will penetrate, and so can take a daily sun bath even in midwinter. One big office building in New York has at least one quartz crystal window in each office. The infra-red rays have no effect upon the surface of the body, but penetrate into the deep tissues and, generated in another type of elec- tric lamp, are now being widely used to relieve rheumatism and other deep-seated pains. Scientists working in the realm of botany have probably contributed more dollars and cents value to the human race than those in all other lines combined. As a result of their re- search and its applicationto agriculture, produc- tion of foodstuffs in America has increased fifty- eight percent while population was increasing only forty. Modern methods of seed selection have increased the average yield of potatoes by nearly fifty bushels to the acre. In Canada, short, the development of a wheat which would ripen in ten days less time than the fo standard varieties has added hundreds of millions to the value of wheat lands. Astronomers studying the solar discovered indications of an element Rn on earth, which they called helium, menaias derived from or related to the sun—a gas 6 little heavier than hydrogen but less volatile and lighter than any other known substance This set geologists to hunting helium in the | earth. In the natural gas from certain wells ip | Texas a chemist who had been called in by the | geologists found a material percentage of helium. Now engineers have devised ways of separating the helium from the other gas by use of another purely scientific discovery, liquid air, the coldest refrigerant known. So we have helium, the noninflammable gas for fillin dirigibles in place of the highly inflammable hydrogen. And experiments now look toward the possi- bility of producing helium synthetically from hydrogen. This would be accompanied by such a release of atomic energy, the physicists Say, as to furnish the world with an almost illimita- ble source of power. Then the energy generated from a teacupful of water would drive the Leviathan from New York to England and back! It was Professor Dewar’s discovery of liquid air which resulted in the invention of the thermos bottle. Dr. Dewar, seeking for some way of carrying liquid air from his laboratory to a lecture hall, conceived the idea of a vessel with vacuum walls to insulate against heat and cold. The familiar vacuum bottle which nearly everyone uses is the result. :

GERMAN scientist discovered that a mixture of iron rust and aluminum powder, ignited, would fuse at a temperature of nearly 5,000° Fahrenheit. This mixture, known as thermit, has been used for a number of years for welding together broken parts of steel machinery. Now a professor at McGill University, at Montreal, has discovered a way of keeping that harbor and others navigable the year round with thermit. Sudden applica- tion of intense heat at or near the center of an ice field starts crystalline fractures throughout the entire field. A comparatively small amount of thermit, ignited in the middle of Montreal's harbor, broke up of the entire field into small blocks through which a ship could safely navigate. One of the most important fields of scientific research today is the study of corrosion in metals. Here is an example of results. Duralu- min, the lightweight metal now extensively used in the construction of airplanes, corrodes when exposed to sea water or salt spray. Physicists of the U. S. Bureau of Standards found that by coating the surface of duralumin | with a thin film of pure aluminum, which does | not corrode, the problem was solved; and engineers quickly invented a process of spray- ing melted aluminum over the duralumin surfaces. NOTHER metallurgical problem solved by the Bureau of Standards was to devise a silver alloy for making coins which would not tarnish, but always remain bright. They did this by alloying the silver with cadmium instead of copper, producing a metal which will not turn black even when exposed to sulphur fumes. This research, adapted to jewelry and silverware manufacture, has proved to be more than worth its cost. Be Dollars and cents from science! Practical service to humanity! No wonder industry 18 | putting the ablest young professors an graduate students to work in great research

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The book is fully illustrated STATIONARY with drawings of working parts and detail engravings. 400 pages. Price, $5.00. Popular Science Monthly 250 Fourth Ave. New York, N. Y. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 125 STATIONARY Taming the Mississippi (Continued from page 41) brings up a new problem—or rather, another part of this same one. Channels must be pro- vided for this flood water from spillways, so that it can reach the sea, or eventually get back to the main stream. That is where flood- ways come in.” Here, Prof. Lane explained, the old forma- tion of the Mississippi valley can be used to good advantage. The lowlands at the sides of the valley form natural watercourses. By utilizing rivers and streams already in exist- ence, cutting occasional channels here and building new levees there, floodways can be provided that wil! parallel the Mississippi itself, taking some of the surplus water from the spillways safely down to the sea! “‘Spillways and floodways,” said Prof. Lane, ‘will take years to complete. And even that will probably not fully solve the problem. ‘As far as plans for great reservoirs in the lower Mississippi valley itself go,” he said, “they sound to me pretty impractical. The Mississippi basin is so great that excessive rainfall in even one fifth of the total area will cause a flood. If unusually heavy storms occur in Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, and western New York and Pennsylvania, there is a Mississippi flood. If Iowa, Kansas, Nebraska, and Mis- souri have heavy rains, there may be just as great a flood. ““Now, suppose there is an extra two inches of rain in Minnesota, the Dakotas, and Iowa. To take care of even that much additional water, over that limited portion of the Mis- sissippi valley, would mean a reservoir as big as Connecticut, with water eight feet deep.” T MIGHT be practical, however, to provide for reservoirs of a somewhat different nature. Prof. Lane explained: “Certain areas could be made ‘emergency districts’ to accommodate flood waters. They could be farmed during years of low water, but they would have to be cleared of permanent homes and all resident population. People required to move out might be compensated by state or nation. “Another new type of reservoir could be created where the main tributaries join the Mississippi. The angles between the two streams could be allowed to overflow, making a series of triangle-shaped flood reservoirs.” But Prof. Lane was not through. “I have left the most important thing of all,”’ he said, “until the last. Levees, spillways, floodways, and emergency reservoirs could all be rendered useless by a really great flood such as that of 1785. Eventually, the flood water must be controlled at its source.” This was amazing. “But how can it be done?”’ I asked. “The simplest thing in the world,” he answered, ‘‘only it will take time. Incident- ally, it will take a lot of money, too—although the money will prove a good investment and pay real dividends, quite aside from the saving in flood damage. Power reservoirs are the final answer to the Mississippi floods. “Tn the future, Mississippi valley floods will be prevented by the control of a sufficient amount of flood water in power reservoirs far up along the tributaries. Each reservoir will have an emergency capacity which cannot be filled except as a flood control measure. Let us say the normal water level will be two feet below an emergency level. Then in times of flood the reservoirs will be filled to emergency capacity. Water can be held back from the Mississippi through a dozen states, while the flood waters of half a dozen more are being accommodated. The water held back may be worth for power the extra cost of the emer- gency dams of the reservoirs. “Those dams—hundreds of them—are the real answer, but until enough are built levees, spillways, floodways, and emergency reservoir areas will give partial relief.” = —— *THERE'S NONE EXACTLY LIKE IT” BRIGHT, DRY BASEMENTS are made possible with | MEDUSA | CEMENT PAINT (/ts Patented) OUR whole family will appreciate your painting the interior Pt, walls with Medusa Portland Cement Paint. Your wife will take pleasure in the clean, dry, brightness it will bring to the whole base- ment, while the kiddies will thank you for a new play- ground, warm in the winter, cool in the summer; bright and dry always. Selfishly, you'll find your workshop has taken on a new meaning with two coats of Medusa Portland Cement Paint on the walls. 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126 Men who buy Maydole Ham- mers never have to explain their choice Heads press-forged from the finest tool steel— Handles fashioned from clear, second-growth hick- ory, air dried for years— A “hang” that no other hammer can equal— Balance, toughness and wear are built in. Driving, or pulling, there’s more in a Maydole than in any ordinary hammer. Ask your hardware dealer to show you a Maydole Hammer in what- ever style and weight you need. Write us for a free copy of our valuable and interesting Pocket Handbook No. 23B. You’ll find it useful. Maydole Hammers The David Maydole Hammer Co..Norwich NY 1894 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Jane, 1928 Galileo Galilei. An Immortal Fool (Continued from page 38) who could not see the error of their old beliefs. And Galileo’s new position gave him the chance to knock in the head some of the prevalent notions of physical laws. One of these, part of the accepted theory of moving bodies, was that the speed of a falling stone depended on its weight; the heavier the stone, the quicker it would reach the ground. To Galileo this was absurd; he could disprove it by the simplest experiments; he chose, how- ever, to stage an impressive public demonstra- tion. Summoning a great crowd of professors and students beneath the famous leaning tower of Pisa, the young professor dropped from | its top two stones, one large and heavy, the other small and light. To the astonishment of the throng, the stones fell side by side and hit the ground at almost the same time; whereupon Galileo demonstrated that the slight differ- ence in time of descent was due entirely to resistance of the air. Whether they realized it or not, the spectators witnessed, in that experiment, the beginning of a new era of scientific knowledge. "TRADITION dies hard, though, even in the face of proof. In his first important victory Galileo aroused a host of new foes whose attacks But friends obtained for him a position in the University of Padua and there Galileo made his greatest discoveries. of which indicated the temperature. Later it was improved by replacing the water with spirits, then with mercury. There, too, Galileo, in 1609, learning that a Dutchman had invented an instru- ment which made distant objects seem near, undertook to solve the mystery. In a single night, he produced a telescope which magnified | a leaden organ pipe with a glass | | three times at each end, one glass convex on one side, the other concave. Soon he improved it to mag- nify eight times, then thirty. The instrument became the sensation of the day, amazing scientists and laymen alike. Soon everybody wanted telescopes. manufacturing the instruments in his small workshop, could not supply the demand. Now: turning his new spyglass on the night skies, he found wonders never dreamed of. | The surface of the moon, instead of being smooth as everyone thought, revealed high mountains and deep valleys., The glowing haze of the Milky Way showed myriads of separate stars which might be counted. Around Jupiter were four little moons, or satellites, rotating on regular courses. Incredible! Did not everyone know that the earth was the center of the universe; that the stars were fixed like jewels on a vast surround- ing sphere, all at equal distances from the earth? Yet now, Galileo claimed to count ten times as many stars as had ever before been seen. What could this mean except that the new stars were more distant objects suddenly brought into view? The discovery of Jupiter's satellites added | strength to the new and bitterly assailed | theory of Copernicus that the sun, and not the earth, was the center of the heavenly system; that the earth rotated on its axis once a day and revolved around the sun once a year. To astronomers, teachers and religious men blasphemous. From all sides they began to level ridicule and insults at Galileo. To explain away Jupiter's satellites as mere phantom images in the telescope caused by reflected light, one professor at (Continued on page 127) forced him to resign his professorship at Pisa. | There he made the first crude thermometer— | simply a tube containing water, the expansion | Galileo, | OX EVINRUDE’S sensational new achievement, Develops | 18 H. P. — easily drives stock rac. ) ing boats better than 35 miles per hour. Drives sturdy runabouts 25 “ m.p.h. Absolutely vibrationless, Dual ignition, dual carburetion, instant start- ing. Terrific, zooming acceleration, tional handling ease. Weighs only 92 sal Send for free book on the Three Great Super Eltos. Describes the 4-cylinder Quad, the new B Class Speedster and the famous Service Twin. Write today. ELTO OUTBOARD MOTOR CO, Ole Evinrude, President Mason Street Department W Milwaukee LOGICAL AMPERITE is the only self-variable filament control, Automatically does the work of hand rheostats and deli- cate meters Proved for6 years. Specified in everycircuit, Entirely different from fixed filament resistors. A rit), of the season’s best circuits and latest construction data. Write Dept. 5.6 RADIALL COMPANY 60 Franklin St., New York RITE Ea. U.S. PAT. OFF. = The "SELF-ADJUSTING’ Rhcastat FOLLOW THE LEADERS Build your receiver or transmitter with the quality parts specified by the world’s leading radio designers. Write for folders. HAMMARLUND MFG. CO. 424-438 W. 33rd St., New York Write for this catalog. New Summer and Fall Book. Save money _ on newest hookups. Sets, kits, parts, sccet sories at lowest prices. The ** Big, Friendly Radio House’’ WESTERN RADIO MFG CO 13” W. Lake St. Dept. 26 Chicago, Il. Bring Your Electrical of the old school, all this was unbelievable and | Problems to Huntley FROM my thirty years’ experience as an electrical engineer I can help you in your electrical problems—whether it is @ electrical installation or a simple question that has been ering you. Write today for literature and prices. | A. C. Huntley, Consulting Engineer HUNTLEY ELECTRIC CoO., INC. 501 Lith St. Brooklyn, N. ¥- © This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. june, 192 HH | bee be bb | Fas A fina: of tl

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: money go, ill. ns BL; NOTHING MORE TO PAY! One of the most sensational radio values in years! Gen- tewart-Warner rich-toned Loud Speak- ers now offered for Jess than one-fifth of regular price! dealers paid $16.00 for this speaker, wholesale. Through @ fortunate purchase they are now offered for $4.95, less than the cost of manufacture! No ‘‘seconds’’ but brand new, with Stewart-Warner guarantee and mark. Measure 22 inches high, with 15 inch in beautiful crackled finish. Have genuine Kellog; bell, Mhich gives deep, rich, bell-like tone. Wondertu yolume. Each is packed in original factory-sealed carton. Quantity— Act Quick! This is no sales talk, but the real truth. Only a limited pumber of these genuine $25 Stewart-Warner Speakers are available at this ridiculously low price! When these there will be no more. uu tine $25.00 Stewart-Warner Speaker arrives, pay the postman —s price of $4.95, plus the postage, "NOT a penny more to pay. Then test Spseker to your heart’s content. hted, return the speaker and money will be refunded. Satisfaction guaran Benson-Alien Co.,504S. State, Dept. 20, Chicago ARTE NEW Adapter Harness ° . > 6 oo Makes possible the using of new A. C. tubes in present set without any structural altera- tion. Change can be made in ten minutes, Eliminates ‘‘A” batteries. Use your present “B” and ‘“‘C” supply. Complete with auxiliary volume control, $7.50 to $9.50 according to number of tubes. Write for illustrated folder [Carter Radio Co} CHICAGO © THIS 148 PAGE RADIO CATALOG Containing 75 radio hook-ups, 500 illustrations, 1000 articles. Build your own with Rasco parts. The lowest prices in the country. Radio Specialty Co., 96-P Park Place, New York, N.Y. A definite program for getting ahead ncially will be found on page four of this issue. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Galileo Galilei, An Immortal Fool (Continued from page 126) Padua said, ‘“‘We know that there are only seven metals, seven days in the week, and seven apertures in a man’s head; therefore there can be but seven planets.” And even when, looking through the teles- cope, he was forced to admit the appearance of the satellites, he argued that since they were invisible to the naked eye, they were useless and consequently did not exist! Galileo answered the attacks by extending his observations, discovering, among other things, the presence of spots on the sun, the phases of Venus, and the rings of Saturn. All the while hostility grew. The upshot was that in 1616, when he was fifty-two years old, Galileo was commanded by religious authorities to cease advocating the Copernican theory on pain of punishment as a heretic. At first he obeyed; but seventeen years later, after pub- lishing his Dialogue on the Two Principal Systems of the World, he was summoned before the Inquisition at Rome and sentenced to imprisonment—though the penalty was never ratified. Kneeling in the sackcloth of a penitent, be- fore brilliantly-robed rulers of the Church, Galileo swore never again to teach that the earth moved around the sun. Then, rising to his feet, he whispered to himself: “E pur st muove.’—It does move, for all that! Putting the Earth on the Scales (Continued from page 24) rod, suspended in horizontal position from an exceedingly fine tungsten wire; and at each end of the rod is a glass ball. This pendulum arrangement is made to swing back and forth, twisting and untwisting the wire. On opposite sides of the iron case, and as close as possible to the balls, hang the two steel cylinders. The attraction between cylinders and balls affects the swinging time of the pendulum. Thus, when the cylinders are shifted to positions somewhat farther from the balls, the gravita- tional attraction is correspondingly lessened, and the time of swing is changed accordingly. By measuring this difference in time with a moving beam of light on a scale, Dr. Heyl calculates the actual value of the attraction. This value is found to be amazingly small— about equal, he says, to the weight of the ink in one of the printed periods on this page. YF with this tiny measurement completed, weighing the earth becomes simply a prob- lem in proportion—an application of the result on a huge scale. Through Dr. Heyl’s patient work, the ac- curacy of measuring gravitation already has been increased ten times. But of what use is it to know the mass of the earth? Well, for one thing, it has enabled geologists to learn much about the earth’s structure. They have found, for example, that its average density is about five and a half times that of water. And since they know that the earth’s crust has only about half this density, they can conclude that the interior is far denser—a core of iron, perhaps. Moreover, it is of tremendous importance to astronomers. Knowing the mass of the earth, they can calculate the masses of the sun, planets and other celestial bodies. Like a hermit in his cave, Dr. Heyl has spent years of painstaking labor to perfect the most remarkable weighing machine in the world— a machine that now gives us fascinating new knowledge of the strange universal force which keeps our feet on the ground. 127 Radio + Is * BETTER * With + Dry * Battery *.Powee made to run the full race / AN Y horse can make a good start..... But it takes real stamina to finish! So it is with batteries. Stay- ing power is the quality to look for—unfailing power over a long period of serv- ice. Millions prefer Burgess Chrome Batteries for just this reason. They holdup..... They /ast. Next time, buy black and white striped Burgess Chrome Batteries. You are certain to get longer and better service for your money. C hrome —the preserving ele- ment used in leather, metals, paints and other materials subject to wear, is also used in Burgess Batteries. It gives them un- usual staying power. Burgess Chrome Batteries are patented. cAsk Any Radio Engineer BURGESS BATTERY COMPANY General Sales Office: CHICAGO Canadian Factories and Offices: Niagara Falls and Winnipeg a\—~ IE . BATTERY Craw TE BURGESS a BATTERY if : - FLASHLIGHT & RADIO BATTERIES © This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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128 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY June, 1993

Wheres the can of- PLASTIC WOOD? [Reg. U. S. Pat. Off.] Spring is here—time to make things ship-shape for the summer. Begin the job with Plastic Wood. Furniture that has dried and loos- ened from furnace heat—casters that have come out—baseboard, floor and door sill cracks that have opened up —old screw holes to be filled for re- hanging the screen doors—repairs in- doors and outdoors—most of them you can easily do yourself with PLASTIC WOOD (Reg. U. S. Pat. Off.] And don’t forget the bathroom. For tiles that are loose, cracked por- celain or enamel, open rie WOO? | Emp mol

cracks where the tub has } ( ROT settled from the tile or the id tg it tile has parted from the door frame—use Plastic Qo Wood White Waterproof Tile Cement, which dries out hard and white. Plastic Wood from the can is easily worked with the fingers or a knife. When hard it will not disintegrate, has all the properties of wood except the grain, can be painted, varnished or acquered, and is waterproof, grease- proof and weatherproof.

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Gus Explains a Broken Axle (Continued from page 70) the axle, did you? A loose wheel jars the axle badly every time you let in the clutch or put on the brake. In time this breaks the axle— usually at the end of the taper. This time it happened to break near the other end. “The time to tighten the wheels is after you have driven the new car a few hundred miles. By that time they should seat so solid they won't come loose again. ; **The reason the wheel came off is because in your car it is held in place entirely by the axle, and when the axle breaks there's nothing to keep the axle,. with the wheel on the end of it, from sliding out except the retainers—and they were loose, too. If you had kept the retainer bolts tight, the wheel wouldn’t have come off, although if the break had been right at the hub the wheel would have dropped off right away. “The only cars you can tow, no matter where the axle breaks, are the high priced models that are fitted with real, genuine, full floating axles in which the wheel rides on bearings on the axle housing and the axle does nothing but turn the wheel. The axles they generally call ‘full floating’ these days are really only three quarter floating.” “It’s all too deep for me,” sighed the fat man. “Why don’t they put in one axle that s right through from one rear wheel to the other? What good is the differential, anyway?” “Ever hear a freight train going round a sharp curve,” questioned Gus, “‘and notice that shriek the wheels make? The wheels on freight cars are fastened to a solid axle. If you measured the rails on the curve you'd find the outside rail quite a bit longer than the inside one. That means that the wheel on the outside rail ought to turn faster. The shriek is caused by the wheels slipping on the rails because, being fastened to the solid axle, they can’t turn at different speeds. “When an automobile goes around a cury the outside wheel turns faster. Wheels ‘att slip on steel rails but the rubber tire wouldn't slip on the road and the axle would be twisted in two by the strain. The differential gear lets ‘em turn at different speeds. Did yoy ever drive a team of horses?” . “I surely have, I was brought up drivin horses.” The fat man visibly brightened up “There’s nothing you can tell me about han. dling horses. But what's that got to do with differential gears?” “Then you know how a whiffletree equal- izes the load on the two horses of a team. If one horse starts loafing his side of the whiffle tree moves back toward the wagon. A differen. tial gear in an auto is simply the whiffletree idea made up in gears so that the motion js continuous. Of course the action is the other way round. The motor applies power to what would be equivalent to the wagon tongue and the wheels are connected by gears just as though they were hooked to the ends of the whiffletree.”’ “By cracky! Now I see it,” Gus’s passenger exclaimed. “That explains why the car won’t run if just one of the axles is busted. It’s just as though the harness broke loose on one side. Then, of course, the whiffletree would sag back on that end; and if it’s gears, instead of a lever like the whiffletree, why you never could get any pull on the wagon tongue!” “You've got it exactly,”’ smiled Gus. “But remember that even if differential gears work like a whiffletree, you can't treat them like one. Gears wear out unless they’re lubricated, so clean out the rear end and put in fresh lub- ricant once in a while—say about every five thousand miles. Well, here’s Cooperstown. So long, we'll be back for you in a couple of hours.”

Forts on Wheels Defy Bandits (Continued from page 42) resorted to armament. A modified form of armored car has been adopted by the depart- ment and is now in wide use in the postal service. Banks are not the only customers of ar- mored car service. Chain stores, filling sta- tions, theaters and ball parks, any concerns having large sums of money or quantities of valuables to transport, use the armored car as a safety measure. When the Federal Reserve Bank of New York moved into new quarters, forty-five armored cars carried four billion dollars through busy streets under supervision of the U. S. Secret Service. They hauled 700 tons of gold and silver, to say nothing of huge amounts in paper. Each money car was preceded by a pilot car and followed by a trailer. A hundred and fifty policemen lined the few blocks of the route and kept watch at strategic points near by. Riflemen stood by on the tops of build- ings. Secret Service agents swarmed in the streets. No bandit was bold enough to brave that network. The same thing was done in Chicago, where the cargo was $25,000,000. Armored car crews are taught to make every trip with the expectation of an at- tempted holdup. The trucking corporations require practice every week in their shooting galleries. There crews fire at the silhouette of a man—and always “from the hip,” since it is not expected that they will have time to aim when confronted by bandits. They fire at two parts of the silhouette—the head and the trunk, and when it is the trunk, they spot the approximate position of the third button from the top of the vest. Neces- sarily, they are first-rate marksmen. Their scores are kept, and if a man goes below a certain mark for a month, he loses his job. One company, like others, has assembled a group of exceptional men for its crews. Among them is, or was, a former Russian general, to say nothing of a dozen or more former cap- tains of various armies. Besides these, there is the former commander of a Russian ship who in an encounter with a German submarine was gravely wounded and was nursed by the Czarina. A nobleman or two have also served on armored car crews. Every man is bonded for the extraordinary sum of $5,010,000, and every armored car is insured for $5,000,000. The company will not haul a load in excess of the latter amount, so it is always protected. " Since the introduction of the armored car some years ago the business has grown to enormous proportions. The New York con- cern recently was operating sixty-seven cars; and from its shop, where it manufactures the bodies, was turning out a new one every ten days. The cars have routes, some serving fifty customers in a day. Their whereabouts are known constantly by the dispatcher, who sits amidst a battery of telephones, and each can be reached by headquarters within fifteen or twenty minutes at any time. Despite its billions of business, carried on over a period of several years, the company has never had a holdup, W. R. Huntington, vice president, told me; yet he keeps his men trained to expect one. He was in the railway express business in the west in the days of Jesse James. In his opinion, bandits then were gentlemanly compared to those of today. “ At least they didn’t shoot till they had to,” he recalled. “They took the money and went on their way, shooting only as a last resort. Nowadays they first kill their man and then

get the money.”

— @ This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8 1, Both pied Jater the; that_offs tly in years ag0 of the sta relations st ancl * of th 2, Ont 'Venezuel: | gsphalt js dug ou from the countries and othe 13, In 1 Amsterd: ‘lish. for , Guiana

4, Con Barmen of Colog) railway. runs ove construc silts an’ this rail | departm 5. Thi winter a there at break tl enemies 6. Neé States t Sierra these cc the Roc tain wa 7. Bef found, some fo large re are as | themse! The loc by the near th by the 8. Th tice, India, » Ti dog the Austra supial pouche 10. I that a’ the si Palest m | Texas ment | est pe the we a) coins. of alle alloys how t =

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bled a mong ral, to r cap- rere Is » who larine yy the erved inary car is Il not nt, so d car vn to cars; s the y ten fifty S are 0 sits 1 can on or d on pany gton, men lway ys of then day. to, went sort. then june, 1928 — flere Are Correct Answers to Questions on Page 60 r Both the Aztecs a nd the Mayas must have yen good astronomers. The Mayas originally ied a part of what is now Guatemala. [ater they moved to Yucatan. It is probable t offshoots from the Maya civilization tly influenced the Aztecs. More than 2,000 “ears 220 the Mayas had observed the motions if the stars, the recurrence of eclipses, and the relations of the phases of the moon. One of the | best. ancient calendars devised anywhere is ‘that of the Mayas. ‘2, On the island of Trinidad, off the coast of Venezuela, there are some natural lakes of ‘asphalt or mineral pitch. The crude asphalt |is dug out of these lakes, melted to separate it | from the dirt, and then is shipped to northern | countries for use in paving streets and for roofs | and other similar purposes. '3, In 1674 Holland traded the colony of New | Amsterdam on Manhattan Island to the Eng- ‘jsh for the country now called “Dutch Guiana” in northern South America. 4, Connecting the towns of Elberfeld and Rarmen in western Germany, north of the city of Cologne, there is a famous monorail elevated railway. For a part of its course this railway runs over a river. As a convenient method of enastruction, the single rail is supported on | stilts and the cars of the railway are hung from ‘this rail, just as the package carriers are in | department stores. 5. This is a joint result of the great cold of winter and of the absence of mountains. Since there are no mountains, there is nothing to break the winds, and wind and cold are great enemies of trees. 6. Near the western coast of the United States there is the great mountain ridge of the Sierra Nevadas. Five hundred miles east of these comes the other great mountain range of the Rockies. Between these two great moun- tain walls lies the saucer-shaped Great Basin. 7. Before the Great War a German naturalist found, in what was then German East Africa, some fossil bones of dinosaurs, a variety of very large reptile, long extinct. Some of the bones areas much as seven feet long. The animals themselves were probably nearly 100 feet long. The locality was transferred to Great Britain by the war and is now in Tanganyika Territory, near the town of Lindi. It is being excavated by the British Museum. 8 This is the customary method of growing ice, the chief grain crop of China, Japan, India, and other eastern countries. 9. This is the name of the remarkable wild dog that inhabits Australia. It is one of the few Australian animals not belonging to the mar- supial class. Marsupials carry their young in pouches. 10. If one neglects the parts of the earth that are covered by oceans, the lowest spot is the surface of the Dead Sea, in southern Palestine—1,290 feet below sea level. li. In southern Oklahoma and northeastern Texas there has been a considerable develop- ment of natural gas which contains the high- est percentage of helium found anywhere in the world. 2. Pure gold is too soft for satisfactory coins. Modern coinage is composed, usually, of alloys of gold, with either copper or silver, alloys that the ancient peoples did not know how to make. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY AMERTRAN QUALITY RADIO PRODUCTS Standards of Excellence for Radio Reproduction The real worth of any radio set depends upon ‘“‘tone quality’’—the ability to reproduce music as it is broadcast from the studio. The problem has never been one of refining the radio frequency amplifier —it has always been the manufacturers of audio systems who have had to develop their products to reach the pin- nacle of natural reproduction. AmerTran products are never built down to a price— the procedure has always been reversed — ‘“‘How good can it be made—then reduce the cost by apply- ing economies in manufacture.” The products shown on this page are but a few of the thi AmerTran ABC Hi-Power Box — soovolts DC plate voltage, current up to 110 ma; AC ament current. Adjustable _ bias odd AmerTran voltages, Price, devices in the field of radio reproduction, each of which has attained the — of Rockies— degree of perfection necessary to be introduced as an AmerTran product. oa — le The facilities of our engineering department are at the service of every one ase nS interested in better radio reproduction. We will answer to the best of our v P AmerTran DeLuxe Audio Transformer, Standard of Excel- lence rstStage; Tura Radio, 3: 2nd Stage; Turn Radio, 4 Price, cach $10.00. AmerTran Push- Pull Amplifier — First stage Amer h Trac. DeLuxe and second stage AmerTran Push- Pull for two Pow- er Tubes, AC or DCsets,1710r 210 tubes. Price, | eastof Rockies— less tubes, $60.00. ability any question in the audio or power fields AMERICAN TRANSFORMER COMPANY Transformer Builders for more than 28 years 101 Emmet St. : Newark, N. J- © Si r MUAY RVR AU Se se An yy Ab Push-Pull Amplifier, ABC Hi- Power Box and P ush-Pull Power Stage licensed under RCA patents and may be bought complete with tubes, NoDILAS MAKE THIS ARTISTIC NUT BOWL & MALLET 2nyeur tome workshop lathe Send 10c for full-size working drawing and de- tailed instructions for making this beautiful Nut Bowl and et. lete set of Nickel and instructions sent to ay game on receipt of R.K. Bailey & Co. 1331 Phelps Ave., Cleveland, Ohio. + 4000 MASTER SPEECHES 4,000 15-Minute prepared speeches, orations, ddresses and lectures on the RAISE BELGIAN HARES MAKE BIG MONEY—We Supply Stock and ou following prices for a New Each. Send 10c postage Fenlands $3 sack . ca and contract, ats, all'for l0e. Address 66, ‘Holmes Park, Missourt Dept. J 5511 Eucl ' This Workace Fast Accurate $25 Economical planing operation. Improved design includes features. Steel qe. any stock up to 4’. zing low price of $25 (with pulley drive) puts this money-saver and time-saver_ within 7 7. cee'e, means. ‘a 7 = oe Write today for large illustratio . E. motor rect mo complete description and terms.” drive), with 10 ft. cord and lug Seewiting jnsmees power rom any light socket, $60 complete. Better work done quicker Tables raise and lower by hand wheels—quick and easy Paopuct or J.D. &Ca Wa Lacquer Sprey ,,, A finely built, fully guaranteed, spray gun fop sSays, “ae the quick and easy application of lacquer paint. Politicsitand Social Gecanioris, speeche: for ban: Produces a uniform, smooth, lasting ‘‘duco’’ wets, Church Societies, Club Ta Ks Reunions and finish in fraction of the time needed to brush nniversaries, After-Dinner Talks, Noonday Lunch on. Anyone can operate it. Adjustable atom- eon gccasions, 150 Stunts. — izing head affords a continuous spray. tary and Kl ants, ste. Mor Ke ot P., Masonic, For auto, furniture, woodwork, r: 1. 8. &; Lf ems.) V3 of S-- American — es ee = . — oy ee etc.—a ers. e ists an: 5 ° 10 Volumes of Speakers Library—$3.98. —_ = danny Pa yA my pg ~ed PUBLIC SPEAKERS BOOK CO. fectants, insecticides. $ DEPT. 315 BOX 304 HARRISBURG, PA. Type B nee =~ oo he 7 - ~—_ aii 8 ft. anne ye = pump 536 5 ‘ype B—less foot pump, with tubing for your Sa nlite ae antsle «abe ok 2.25 Postpaid anywhere with booklet of instructions on re- ceipt of price. Extra Glass or Metal Tanks—25 Cents for 3000 word book: “How To Do Lacquer” NEW WAY SPRAY GUN COMPANY id Ave. Cleveland, O. nsonaietia 2 LT LCR 4 Portable electric planer for wood-working ht-weight portable electric planer is specially built for amateur and professional wood- workers who want to do accurate work at the least cost and in the shortest time. It speeds up every oy drive or direct motor drive from any socket to operate. Makes possible better, cleaner, more accurate work. Woodworking plants and joe workers use these machines on each bench to speed up production—you can work wood for A al purposes with the ““Workace.” Easy terms=-money back guarantee We'll send zou the mf for oa easy terme. it pare for in cette Fost Coeresably pleased the ““Workace’ back and you don’s lose a cent. J. D. Wallace Co. Wilcox and California Sts. Chicago, Il, IS} This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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130 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY

‘FREE To Men Past 40 well-known scientist’s new book about old age reveals facts, which to many men, will be amazing. Did you know that two-thirds of all men past middle age are said to have a certain seldom mentioned disorder? Do you know the frequent cause of this decline in vitality? Common Old-Age Symptoms Medical men know this condition as hypertrophy of the prostate gland. Science now reveals that this swollen gland— painless in itself—not only often cheats men of vitality, but also bears on the bladder and is often directly responsible for sciatica, backache, pains in the legs and feet, frequent nightly risings, and dizziness denoting high blood pressure. When allowed to run on it is frequently the cause of the dreaded disease cystitis, a very severe bladder inflammation. 65% Have This Gland Disorder Prostate trouble is now reached immediately by a new kind of home treatment—a new, safe hygiene that goes directly to the gland itself, without drugs, medicine, massage, lessons, diet or the application of electricity. It is absolutely safe. 40,000 men have it to restore the prostate gland to normal functioning. The principle involved in this treat- ment is recommended by practically all the physi- cians in America. Amazing recoveries are often made in six days. Another grateful effect is usually the immediate disappearance of chronic constipa- tion. Usually the entire body is toned up, as much

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WANTED— To these men we offer a valuable FREE plan that will help them get into a good, steady paying business of their own. File saws by machine! Start right out this summer making $15 to $20 a week extra cash in your spare time and build re, up to a full time business. No canvassing. Carpenters, {7 @ 4% contractors, woodworking plants, schools, factories, farm- < , ers and homes will give you saws to file because you can turn out the fastest, cleanest, truest cutting saws they ever FOLEY Automatic SAW FILER Don’t worry about the future,—get started with a Foley this summer. It’s the only machine that files, hand, band, and circular saws. Automatic,—more than No experience needed. Easy work—no eyestrain. We help you get started. Send right now for FREE plan and complete in- Foley Saw Tool Co., Inc., 1002 Foley Bldg. Minneapolis, Minn.

Men Who Have ! Reached the Age of 40.

Soventeen-Veas alae Coming (Continued from page 2” from the size of a flea up to an inch j This spring Brood II hes felt the aut upper atmosphere. Restlessness grips An “souls,” and the migration to the sur, begins. They are now wearing their ar “coat,” and the rudiments of their wing: bt appeared. At some unseen signal, up they wl come in eager anticipation, thousands and thousands of them. Perhaps some tree or will be in their way, and a long detour n sary. Perhaps a house has been built pony site of their childhood home. Consternation and catastrophe—death. ‘THE more fortunate, deliberate and dete. mined, crawl up any .convenient object~, plant, a fence, a tree or a house—and there undergo that remarkable transformation to the perfect winged adult. The pupal “coat,” o skin, splits along the middle of the back and across the head, and through this T-shaped aperture the periodical cicada makes jj; debut, at first pale and limp from this try; process, but quickly coloring and hardening and flying away. The density of the swarms is often tacular. Once they completely covered g newly white-washed fence, the pride of its owner. Again, it is said that a party of motop. ists skidded into a tree on a road literally coy. ered with these insect hordes, some of the riders being injured. These pranks remind us of the locusts that once covered railroad tracks for miles in a cer. tain locality, and demoralized traffic for hours, A rotten sense of humor on the part of our ip- sect choristers and their taciturn wives. House Starts Life Over (Continued from page 68) copper is available also in shingles and also in strip shingles of asphalt base surfaced with the metal. The recommended weight in the first two forms is sixteen ounces per square foot. Sheets are more economical than all-copper shingles and may be had in widths of twenty or thirty inches with a length of eight feet. They are fastened by turning the upright lengthwise edges over copper cleats nailed to the roof surface, so there are no nail holes. End joints are crimped and may be soldered, but on the long seams it is sufficient to fill them with white lead before turning over. All details of a copper job, including nails, should be of the same metal. Soft copper is prescribed for the roof covering, while gutters and leadets with their hangers should be hard tempered. A green effect, artificially produced, does not last, but anticipates the natural patina that develops in time and is protective rather than otherwise. Zinc also can be had in shingles and sheet form. Somewhat recently aluminum has appeared in the form of large shingles. It has a distinctive luster and weighs half a pound to the square foot compared with twice te twenty times as much for other substances Flashings and other roof accessories in alum num are obtainable. “This is still a mystery if not a spook house,” I observed. ‘Where is the maid's room and bath?” “Come down into the basement,” laughed the owner. Sure enough, there was plenty of space left below and the maid’s neat quarters had the best corner, almost on the outside grade level, with three ample windows in brownstone walls. Wholly a fascinating place that old house. With all credit to the modern improvements, I take off my hat to the far-sighted builder 1812.

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ver nd also in d with the n the first uare foot. all-copper of twenty ‘ight feet, e upnii nailed to ail holes. soldered, nt to fill over. All Is, should prescribed 1d leaders tempered. does not tina that ther than ind sheet 2um_ has s. It has a pound twice to bstances. in alumi a spook e maid's laughed lenty of quarters - outside vs in the d house, verments, uilder of an june, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 131 FA Great Dream Opens an Empire (Continued from page 26) the prices there’s a way of making it come ime. Big or little, the world has room for + Out where I come from, there are mil- fons of idle acres waiting for men like you. Don't compromise! ". ; Next day a head waiter at the Belmont re- eived a gift from David H. Moffat—a deed to a $15,000 ranch in Colorado. _ The empire huilder, broken in pursuit of his vision, harassed jy difficulties, still had sympathy for another man’s dream. Soon afterward, on March 18, 1911, Moffat, seventy-two years” old, died in New York among strangers, his own dream unfulfilled. The Moffat road went into the hands of receivers. But Denver did not forget the man gho had done so much to build it. Engineers at last caught “Dave” Moffat’s vision. They saw that his railroad could be operated profit- ably by boring a tunnel and cutting off twenty- three miles of circuitous climbing. GROUP of fighting men decided to raise A the money by a state-wide bond issue. Once more there was bitter opposition, but at last the bond issue was authorized by the Colorado Legislature. In 1923 boring began on each side of the Divide. The engineers met and conquered gigantic problems. Much of the boring was through solid rock. Under- ground rivers were encountered. A little more than a year ago President Coolidge, touching a golden telegraph key in Washington, set off the blast that opened the first free passage through the tunnel. Workmen from East and West clasped hands, nearly a nile below the summit of James Peak. This first opening was in the so-called “pioneer bore,” an exploring tunnel eight feet in diameter, paralleling the main tunnel and connecting with it by cross-cuts. This smaller tunnel will carry water supply into Denver. The main tunnel, twenty-four by sixteen feet, enters the Continental Divide fifty miles west of Denver, at an elevation of 9,190 feet. It rises on a 0.8 grade to a peak of 9,242 feet eevation, then drops on a 0.9 grade to the western portal near Irving, Colo., 9,100 feet. N ADDITION to two railway tracks, the tunnel will carry telephone, telegraph and leectric power lines for the service of the Rocky Mountain section. Automobiles will be carried through on flat cars, avoiding the sow-blocked mountain passes. The undeveloped territory opened by the tunnel contains enough coal, geologists say, to supply the United States for 1,500 years. Its timber resources are enormous. Immense beds of oil shale, experts say, contain enough oil to supply the United States, at its present tate of consumption, for a thousand years. There are practically inexhaustible stores of marble, millions of acres of rich farming land, range for hundreds of thousands of sheep and cattle, stores of precious metals, and millions of kilowatts of undeveloped water power. Moffat’s railroad, emerged from receiver- ship, is on a strong financial basis. It extends %5 miles westward from Denver toward Salt lake City. A branch turns southward toward Dotsero, on the Denver & Rio Grande West- en, only forty-one miles away. Connection of se lines will complete a new route from Chicago to California, cutting five to six hours off the time schedule. Proposed extension of the Moffat road to Salt Lake City would create sill another route, 167 miles shorter than the Denver & Rio Grande, and fifty-six miles shorter than the Union Pacific. Thus is being realized the vision of the last America’s great railroad pioneers who, hen a mountain stood between him and his ms, refused to compromise but exclaimed: “T intend to go through that mountain.” You can make your old home : warmer in winter and cooler in summer by laying WEATHERBEST tained Shingles right over the old side- walls. You save painting and repair costs and you give the house an up-to-date appearance. The cost including material and § labor is little more than one good painting job with repairs. a Many old houses require little or no change of exterior for shingling over sidewalls. A book has been prepared that shows many examples of such work and tells how to proceed to do the work most economically. Mail coupon today to WEATHERBEST STAINED SHINGLE Co. Inc., Island St., North Tonawanda, N. Y. West- ern Plant—St. Paul, Minn. Distributing Ware- houses in Leading Centers. If you are interested in building a new home, check the coupon for literature, | How to Ral an old home and Yave money, Hundreds of old houses of this type are easily modernized at little cost. Bert W. Tennant, West Pittston, Pa. put 24-in. WEATHER- BEST Stained Shingles with wide For new Homes exposure right over old clapboards be sure to consid- and enclosed old porch. er WEATHER- BEST for sidewalls as well as roofs. | WEATHERBEST STAINED SHINGLE Co., INC. Remodeling Service Dept. 2446 Island St., No. Tonawanda, N.Y. Enclosed is 10c (stamps or coin) to cover postage and handling. [ } Send Free Book- et aking Old Houses Into Charming Homes.’’ . ] For a new house, send Color Chart with ‘ortfolio of 4-color Photogravures showing EATHERBEST Stained Shingles in differ- ent color combinations for sidewalls and roofs. Name. SE STAINED SHINGLES For Roors and Sine Wau Address. 3 a - - A definite program for getting ahead | For safety financially will be found on page four | of this issue. in Exercise Wear a PAL ATHLETIC SUPPORTER © B. &B., 1928 You men who sit in swivel chairs five days a week ; ; ; And then play O | N fo Cx, Cy S e now golf or tennis on Saturday ; ¢ « Can you afford to take bodily-chances which a trained athlete will not take? cracked walls ae pe age oo cagpense a holes in — At all colleges, no boy dares to step spon ee eo ee the “gym,” without the protection of an shabby. With Rutland Patching Plaster sdulelie supporter... Ae exercise of any you can easily fix them like new. kind ... Wear a PAL and play safe... PAL is the safest and most comfortable You just mix this handy plaster with : : supporter — so recognized by leading water and fill the crack or hole. The oo cal trainers. Light, cool, porous, patch will be as lasting as the wall itself. phy ‘ - Rutland Patching Plaster does not crack, —_ ae ner *"j doll. crumble, shrink or fall out. Slightly Pn Menage Paint, wall paper and hardware stores yy a Patching zee. If —_ ealer hasn’t it, we will mail a package direct and you can pay the postman 30c a a u e r & B | a ¢€ k plus postage. Rutland Fire Clay Co., Dept. R-22, Rutland, Vermont. Also | C#'C4G9---NEW YORK... TORONTO makers of Ruttand Roof Coating. Also makers of the famous O=-P=C A PRODUCT OF — The suspensory for daily wear IS) This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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132

POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY

Advertising Services ADVERTISE in 24 metropolitan dailies, 24 words, $15.00. Helpful Guide listing 1000 pabeeetens. 4¢ stamps. Wade Company, Baltimore Bldg., Chicago 34 WORDS,-151 rural weeklies, $6.04. Ad-Meyer, 4112P Hartford, St. Louis, Mo

Rates 30 Cents a Word. A 10% discount is allowed on all contracts for six consecutive inser- tions. Advertisements intended for the August, 1928, issue should be received by June 5th.

ALL Advertisers should not be without the im- portant facts on Money Making. Write today for the FQuick -Action Advertising Rate Folder’ which contains information of value to you. If you are anxious for quick rofit returns, do it now! Address your inquiry to: anager, Classified wg reper Science Monthly. 242 Fourth Ave., New Y ADVERTISERS: Your “Ad” = 27 Rural News- moors. 28 words, $10. Other bargains. Lists Free. Ro s’ Agency, Forreston, Il. Archery Tackle YEW Bows. $10 to $25. Delivered. Write for Geeneere prices. Olympic Archery Co., Port Angeles,

Authors of Song Poems T WANT C Nathan, J-3544 No. 2, Chenega poems. asper athban., 0.

cAutomobile Accessories SPINNING auto light—Red, white and blue. Red and green for cowl. Most beautiful light in the world. Everybody wants =. Just patented. See page 118. Any auto. Pay mailman $1.50 plus postage fot for sample. Go Light Co., 74 Milford Aver Newark

cAviation THE American School of Aviation announces a new correspondence course in Mechanics of Aviation. A thorough training in Practical Aeronautics. American School "om Dept. 6741, 3601 Michigan Ave., ‘hi nois.

spcEs. Best Catalog Model Airplanes, Parts Supplies; 5c tpaid. Ideal Company, 21 West 18th Street, New York.

Business Opportumities

BECOME a Foot Correctionist. A New Profession not medical nor chiro y. All the trade you can attend to; many are making $3,000 to $10,000 yearly, easy terms for training by mail, no further capital needed or goods to buy, no agency or soliciting. — Stephenson Labora- tory, 10 Back Bay, Boston, Mas:

MAKE More Money in Mail eis Business. Particu- lars Free. M. McCann, 2771 Morris Ave., N. Y. C. USED correspondence school courses sold on re- — basis. Also rented and exchanged. Money- ack guarantee. Catalog free. (Courses bought.) Lee Mountain, Pisgah, Alabama. INVENTIONS commercialized. Patented or re Write Adam Fisher Mfg. Co., 183 Enright, uis, Mo. PRINT 250 signs or pictures an hour without press, type or machinery. Eeangte and particulars 10c. Sartco, 1014, Springfield, Ohio. ONE of the biggest mails on earth. Sent to any address for 10c. Louisiana Distributing Service, Dept. PMX, Harmon, “La.

SUCCEED With Your Own Products. Make them ourself. Formulas, Processes, Trade-Secrets. All lines, Catalog, circulars free. C. Thaxly Co., Washington,

MIRRORS Resilvered at Home. Costs Less 5 cents per square foot; you charge 75 cents. Immense profits, fog autoparts, reflectors, yee stoves, refinish- metalware, etc., outfits furnished. Details Free. Write, Sprinkle, Plater, 94, Marion, Indiana. THIS Advertisement may make you Thousands of Dollars, if you'll write immediate for my “Eye- pening’ Literature describing Guaranteed Formulas; Valuable Trade Processes, Money-Making Information vy to easily make the World’s Best-Selling S alties.

y Make the Good Money you're entitled to. Dr. Liscombe Miller, Chemist, Tampa, Florida.

MODEL Airplane Engines: % H. P. in 3 lbs.; 1 H. P. in 5 lbs. We ~ i improvements in enginess Circulars free. ynamic Mfg. Co., First Nat'l Bldg., Chicago. SEND dime for 12-inch mounted propeller and circu- lars on free three-foot model aeroplane. No selling. Aero Shop, 3050 Hurlbut Ave., Detroit, Mich. FLYING eaeeruswons. Two lessons. $1.00 each. Church, Box 2518, San Francisco.

ALL Advertisers should not be Vag 3 the im- portant facts on Money Making. W today for the rs uick-Action Adv ertising Rate older” “which contains information of value to you. If you are anxious for quick profit returns, do it now! Address your inquiry to:

Manager, Classified Advertising, oo Science Monthly, 250 Fourth Ave., New Yor SELL by Mail!—Books, ee Bargain! Large outh Dear- tomy ; 8 ee Free! C—Elfco, 525 born, Chicago.

FLYERS, Students: Send 4 coin for our lete Pastrase’ course in designi building and flying. James Aircraft. 1029 Walnut Street, Allentown, Penna. “SKYWARD HO.”—New book by Derek White on our future in Aviation. Opens road to career, tame, ortun>. Sent free—write at once. Parks Air College, 215 Missouri Theatre Bldg., St. Louis, Mo. MODEL Plane and Motor. Complete construction details and plang for 4-ft. flying model Monoplane and Gecot Motor. Consisting of 5 large blue prints, $2.00. 8. & E. Engineering Co., Dept. A., Ottawa, Ohio. Bending Machines HE Famous Hossfeld ‘“Wrenchless” Universal Iron Bender is the last word in bending machines. Bends metal cold or hot into most any conceivable shape, in- a op | Eye Bolts and Automobile Spring Eyes. Bends * bars or 14%” pipe cold. Thousands in use by al cl - Raa. of trade, from the smallest shops to the largest railway systems. Write for circular and prices. Hossfeld Mfg. Co., Winona, Minn. Boats and Launches BUILD your own boat. Outboard motor speedster, runabout, cruiser, row or sail using our knock-down materials. 55 Models. Send 25c for ones. eeeee Boat Co., Inc., Salt Street, Saginaw W.S., Mich Books PRESS and public concede it to be the best_ever roduced. “ o Theory and Operating,” by Mary ‘exanna Loomis, member Institute of Radio Engineers, lecturer on radio, Loomis Radio College. Thorough text and eo coat: = 6 pages 700 illustrations, price y Radio Schools, Technical os A of Commerce, Gov't

io te Fe arises, Schocls and Engineers. At bookdealers, or sent on receipt check or meee. order. Loomis Publishing Company, Dept. E, 405 9th St., Washington, D. C. WHAT the Radio Buyer should know—a 24-page booklet with full information on selecting and o rating. Price 25 cents. Popular Science Institute, 246 Fourth Ave., New York. A PERFECT Life—$3.00—Henry Hoffman, Box 814, Omaha, Nebraska. HUNTING, trapping and fur farming. Send 10c for 3 monthly issues. Hunting and Trapping Magazine. Summit Hill, Ohio. Business Opportunities suite. Inter sting booklet, *Shiinful Collecting,” tree. results. Interest ~, wotenss Collector's Association, Science Building, New- ark, Ohio.

PETENTS procured; Trade Marks Registered—A comprehensive, experienced, Poa service for the pro- tection and development of your ideas. Preliminary advice gladly furnished without charge. Booklet of in- formation and form for disclosing idea free on request. Irving L. MeCathran, 201 Owen Bidg., Washington, D.C., or 41-Z Park Row, New York.

BIG bunch mail. Year 15c. Magazines, catalogues, Kentucky Agency, Covington, Kentucky. WANTED—Mechanical Lea’her Specialties to manufacture on royalty or outright purchase. F. Rani- = Company, 241 Pearl Street, Grand Rapids, Mich- gan. GO INTO business for yourself. Make $30 daily, be- coming a photographer. Previous experience unneces- sary. Catalogs free. Benson Camera Co., 25-L Delancey Street, New York. AN OPPORTUNITY for real independence. Small capital sufficient. Learn privilege trading. Free in- formation, Paul Kaye, 11 West 42nd Street, New York.

SIGNS and showcards easily painted with Letter Patterns, Samples for Stamps John Rahn, D2120 Neva Ave., Chicago.

Chalk Talks LAUGH producing program, $1.00. Catalog free. Cartoonist. Balda, Oshkosh, Wisconsin.

Chemicals

OUR new catalog listing 5000 chemicals, 2500 illustra- tions. Laboratory Apparatus and 1000 Books sent on receipt of 50c. sameratety Materials Company, 641 East 71st Street, Chicago, U.S. A. BOOKLET of experiments and chemical catalogue, 10c. George Ott, 1218 Chestnut, Reading, Penna.

STUDY Spectrum Analysis, Director vision spectro- scope $5.00. Other models, write. Scientific Specialties Co., P Madison, Wisc.

Correspondence Stationery 200 LETTERSHEETS and 100 Envelopes, postpaid. Obe: Y

$1.10, rman Company, Box 1268, Chicago.

Dogs, Birds, Fish

BEAUTIFUL registered bull pups, $15. Bulldogs, 501 Rockwood, Dallas, Texas.

1928 Tune, 1923 June, c-) — sent mer write for fu — NTE! one ‘ i bane Education and Instruction be word, popular DON'T prepare for any Civil § without seeing our free catalogue. <Cohumbhan ate “OBTAIN spondence College, Washington, D. Corre. quickly, = “DOUBLE entry bookkeeping maste: 0 with 8 keys; guaranteed; diploma.” Intormacnast Le pours ts, Bo keeping Institute, Desk 10, Springfield, Ma. ENE FOR Sale: I. C.S. course in were, vests 73rd Ave., Oakiand, Cal rine, OE | eee LABORATORY ex te earn $300 to $500 “ZTBAME Study microbiology, acteriology, sa sanitesee monthiy oo ae we granted, 71-piece out free. ree prospectus, - In; gelf-address College ‘of hteroplology, 722 Calumet Ave., H It. vernon, N. nd, ‘ammond, — —_— ‘ —= Engines— Motors—Dynamos nIMN MAKE, Electric Motors—halt and one horse-powe vented P ee Ng ee RK Ee tions plain sig rn quick, eas MEN— Bros., Gainesville, Texas. ¥- Dept. B, Gaines fae exper . it " ‘ uy ——— Financing ORGANIZE and Finance Your Business. Bond Issum Negotiated. United Brokerage Com D Clark St., Chicago, Ill ee y. Y. Me a TREM] For Electricians and Helpers wre), 8 9250 mont THE Electrician's Wiring Manual, By F. E. Sen. Bureau, Ea stock, E. E. Contains all the information 2 needed for BE A se pow eee ft ees and power systems ut town. ouses and other b ngs. completely cov ie gone —_ ons a in accor — ~d, the Nationa ony e. Pocke size—flexible bint T ing. 448 pp. 50. Popular Science M $1140 250 Fourth Ave., New York City. onthily, eat — sufficient. ——= list posit For Inventors inmediate UNPATENTED Ideas Can be Sold. i tell you how IMPOR’ and help you —_— she sale. Free particulars (Copy. jad nary righted). Write W. T. Greene, 805° Baltic Building, “Quick-Ac ashington, D. C You ag INVENTIONS _Commercialized. Patented or um | (Hpi tented. Write Adam Fisher Mfg. Co., 183 Enright, st. York. uis, Mo. i I AM in touch with hundreds of moneyed men and manufacturers who wish to buy good inventions. Hart- ley, 38 Court St., Bangor, Maine. ase INVENTORS’ Universal Educator—contains 90) DELAW mechanical movements; 50 perpetual motions. Tells ct how to obtain and sell patents. Suggests new a ton, Delay Explains how to select ¥, f- Ranta avoid ——— sharks. Special Price, $ Albert E. — ich, 681 Ouray Blidg., Washinoten 5. INVENTORS—we build Se “Bend _ rough idea. Our master mechanics will develop it! for you way } into a practical working model. Thirty years’ s' butterflies experience doing this very thing. Best shop equipment, ons. § Expert advice. Confidential service cusrantes Bank with my it reference furnished. Send for free booklet “The Road for Iustr: to Success.’’ Crescent Tool Co., Dept. 3. Cincinnati, Dept. 7,_B Ohio. —_ I SELL Patents. A personal, experienced, —— ed Service = Patent may be worthy of. Establ in 1900. harles A. Scott, 773PS Garson Avenue, Rochester, ra b INVEN IDEAS—How to get them. Marvelous new method gre tells how to succeed at inventing. Complete details 50c. : ° No stamps. L. Harold Dunlap, Box 703, Sherman, Calif, ALL Advertisers should not be without the im portant facts on Money Making. Write today for the “Quick-Action Advertising Rate Folder’’ which contains information of value to you. If you are anxious for quick LABEL profit returns, do it now! Address your inquiry t& Street, Ne Manager, C lassified Advertising, Popular Science Mont hly; 250 Fourth Ave., New York. Le YOUR For Men and Women ot process Richards, DETECTIVES—Work home or travel. Experience —— unnecessary. Particulars free. Write, George Wagner, — 2190-P Broadway, N. Y ig = Formulas diem SUCCEED With Your Own Products. Make them yourself. Formulas, Processes, Trade-Secrets. All lines. Catalog, circulars free. C. Thaxly Co., Washington, D.C. WRITI GUARANTEED Formulas: “Exclusive But Not § ‘ells and Expensive” For Making Largest Selling Specialties. All Umited, Lines. Play Safe, get my Valuable, “‘Eye-opening: =e Literature ‘before buying common Catalogue Stock os Formulas. Miller, Manufacturer’s Chemist, Tampa, Florida. _. FORMULAS—170 Moneymakers and Big Tlustraed FORM Catalog 20c. Ideal Book Shop, (P), Park Ridge, Il. an SAVE Money; Formulae, 50c, 3 forl $1.00. Sell sy Pharmacal Co., 603 N. 8th, Allentown, Pa. “Quicken —— ‘ome real and valus For Sale ~All Classi fied ou TRIGHT or Royalty, Grades all kinds G Fourth A Grass Seeds, Rice. W. H. Freeman, Peebles, O., Box l

Page 137

juoe, 1928 For the Home

n tap, $6. Make your own Automatic. BOT Tm Kirkeby. San Luis Obispo, Calif. ee a y HER clock works, $5.00. Build your own GRANDFATS free; make good profits selling your aie, Instrtock works with chimes for old or new cases.

aot full particulars. Clock Co., Nicetown, Penn. COCO Help Wanted

D—Live foreman or mechanic or clerk in Ly tory inthe United States to act as subscrip- ry resentative for the most popular magazine in tion rer ‘Address Manager of Representatives, iar Science Monthly, 250 Fourth Ave., New York.

eXam loyment! Get positions you want, bian tnatlon OBTAIN ere. ‘Use clever ‘‘Ways That Win.’’ One rre- quickly, an offered 70 Jobs! Complete Methods, 50 in 60 howz person Money promptly returned if wanted. New Idea ‘onal houry Owe Box 39-4, Station K, New York. . < =x Experience unnecessary; travel; make secret "$60. oa MEN ions; reports; salaries; expenses. Write » 2754 brea Foreign Detective Inst., 303, St. Louis, Mo. 00 manna 7 Positions—Men—Women. Good pay. x monthly, STEAM BAY Free. Experience unnecessary. Send ectus Int Sjaddressed envelope for list. Box, 122-Z, Mount Hammond Vernon, N. Y. ——__ Help Wanted =— os —MENSE profits making French plate mirrors, cow gol easily learned. Plans free. Wear, tented pr ’ OT8@-Dower, Prcelsior Springs, Mo. oy, wanes WEN—Big pay working romantic South America. * B, Gaines ve. expenses paid. South American Service Bureau, ee riju0 Alma, Detroit, Mich. =— Help Wanted Instruction Bond ES Earn Big Money. Excellent oppor- y, “as x ere Tavel Fascinating work. Experience un- necessary. Write, George Wagner, 2190-P Broadway, —__ y. Y. Re: - FIREMEN, Brakemen, Baggagemen, (white or ‘ car, train porters (colored), a weremonthly, oxperience unnecessary. 838 Railway ’. BE. " pureau, East St. Louis, Ill ' Vs ded for BE A secret service man! Represent our System in Systems ip your town. Experience unnecessary. Particulars free. dar, inalde Write Continental Secret Service System, Box 81P, ance with kegan, Ill. exible bind. wa TO $3000 YEAR. Steady work. U.S. Govern- © Monthly, nent Life Positions. Men—women, 18 to 50. Short hours. Pleasant duties. Common — = ef ae and, full’ particulare—rree. Write inmediately. Franklin Institute, Dept. D28, Rochester, N.Y. 50h piel Bib MPORTANT to advertisers! Are you deriving profit ~ Hoon om our advertising? Write today for a copy of the Bua wuick-Action Advertising Rate Folder’ showing “How ru Can Use Popular Science Monthly Profitably.” You Address your inquiry to: Manager, Classified Advertis- ted OF Un ing, Popular Science Monthly, 250 Fourth Ave., New Enright, St. rs » " ork. d men and a ons. Hart- Incorporations ntains 900 DELAWARE Incorporator, Charters: Fees Small; ons. Tells forms. Chas. G. Guyer, 901 Market Street, Wilming- new ideas, ton, Delaware. void paten LE. " Insects Wanted i us yp it fee pen WHY Not spend Spring, Summer, Fall gathering "8 butterflles, insects? 1 buy hundreds of kinds for col- equipment, ons. Some worth $1 to $7. Simple outdoor work eed. Bank with my instructions, illustrations, price-list. Send 10c “The Road for Illustrated sreameoees. ——— Dealer in Insects, Dept. 7, Box 1424, San Diego, Calif. established Inventions Wanted yn Avenue, INVENTIONS oman neg yD eres mR - ew method 4 Write Adam Fisher Mfg. Co., Enright, details 50e. . Louis, Mo. man, Calif,

Labels LABELS designed and printed. Escoe, 562 W. 168th Street, New York City.

Laboratory and Chemical Services

YOUR chemical problem solved and working formula of process furnished for $5.00. Write me. W. Stedman Richards, Industrial Chemist, Box 2402, Boston, Mass.

—— se Wagner, Lathes : SPEED Lathe $10.50 complete. 7 inch swing, 3 speed tone. Jefferson Mfg. Co., Fairfield, Lowa. Aake them -—" . All Letter Specialists WRITE your own sales letters! “Grains of Gumption”’ But Not tells and shows you how. Now 25c. Cutler-Scarboro jalties, All limited, Reading, Pennsylvania. gue Stock . = Miscellaneous liust rated FORMS to cast Lead Soldiers, Indians, Marines, Trap- ge, Ill. fee, Animals, 151 kinds. Send 10c for Illustrated Cata- 1.00. Seti Henry C. Schiercke, 1034 72nd St., Brooklyn, N.Y. MR. ADVERTISER: Ask today for a copy of the k-Action Advertising Rate Folder.” It contains eee Teally important facts which will prove interesting aad valuable to you. It also tells “How You Can Use jepular seaanee “ye a poem bong like to win ouldn’t you? Address your inquiry to: Manager, ds Grails Cuasitted Advertising, Popular Science Monthly, 250 \ ourth Avenue, New York. -, BOX I

MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION 133 No Tire Compares With DICKINSON Our Salesmen Agents are Cleaning Up” -the Chance of a Lifetime/ Selling the tire that went at the rate of 230 miles per hour in the recent Florida races.

Our Salesmen-AGENTS are “cleaning up” on Dickinson Cord Tires, for they solve the biggest replacement-cost of every car owner. Unbelievable as it may seem, no other tire begins to compare with this, “The World’s Perfect Tire”—for Strength—for Speed—for Service. No wonder that every car owner is a willing buyer. Sales are made quick and profits are large. You don’t have to be an extraordinary Salesman to make $40 a day. Through our Na- tional Advertising you have an estab- lished business ready and waiting for you right in your own locality. This is the chance of a lifetime to get into business for yourself. Immediate big money and future income assured from repeat orders. No investment. We start you—FREE. The Dickinson Cord Tire is a tire for the classes—those who want only the best. Costs user nothing, as saving in gas ranges from 10% to 17%, It has no competition. dave new and embodies correct motor-traction principles never before applied. Every Dickinson Cord Tire is made on the Dickinson Automatic Tire Building Machine, of which we are the exclusive users. From core to tread it is built with automatic precision. There are no “slip-ups,” no hand mistakes, and no guesswork flaws. Every Tire Perfect and a Racing Tire. “Stone bruise” is impossible. “Blowouts” are back numbers. 100% pure “live” rubber, cabled-cord construction, precise alignment and scientific accuracy make it “The World’s Perfect Tire” for Longest Life—Greatest Comfort and Strictest Economy. Guaranteed for one year against all road-hazards regardless of mileage. Write today for Information about Exclusive Representation in Territory still open. Dept. 16, $40 a day PROFIT... This case makes the sales, sets you up in a lifetime business and makes you independ- ent. Show the quality of a Dickinson Cord Tire and the prospect sells himself. Sales easy. Satisfaction brings automatic re- orders. First Applicants receive pref erence for Exclusive Territory. No investment. Write Now. Dept. 16. IR ask: is 00: 66 a 0d, 04 50 sks 85 ae A at Antti ta MI, cn-00.06.46, 0040.06.00 06 Cas eee Hydro-United Tire Corporation J. G. FEIST, President Pottstown, Pa. Chicago, Ill. Address Nearest Branch

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134 Models and Model Supplies SPECIAL Machinery or parts, Dies, Tools, Metal Specialties, Model special gears, stock gears and Model Supplies. Send 5c for Catalogue. The Pierce Model Works, Tinley Park, Ill. SHIP Model Fittings: Steering Wheels, Capstans, Anchors, Propellers, ett. Send dime for booklet. A. J. Fisher, 1002 Etowah Ave., Royal Oak, Mich. SHIP Modelsupplies. Scale fittings for historic vessels and powerboats. Catalog 25c (silver). Roy Hancock, 323 Douglas Ave., Portsmouth, Va. ALL Advertisers should not be without the im- portant facts on Money Making. Write today for the ‘Quick-Action Advertising Rate Folder’’ which contains information of value to you. If you are anxious for quick rofit returns, do it now! Address your inquiry to: anager, Classified Advertising, Popular Science Monthly, 250 Fourth Ave., New York. Motorcycles USED Motorcycle Bargains. All makes. Lowest prices. Guaranteed. Sh on approval. New easy ent plan. Motorcycle parts—supplies. Catalog ree. Floyd Clymer, “Largest Motorcycle Dealer in the West.”’ Denver, Colo. Moving Picture Business “BE A Movie Exhibitor’—Big Opportunity, Only Moderate Capital Required—Complete Equipment at Remarkably Low Prices. Write. Atlas Moving Picture Co., 624 South Michigan Ave., Chicago, Ill. Music and Musical Instruments SAXOPHONISTS — Clgrinetists — Cornetists — Trombonists—get “Free Pointers.” Virtuoso Music School, 36, Buffalo, N. Y. Patents TIME Is important in applying for Foreign Patents. Informa*ion free. Inquiries solicited. Chester Brown, Registered Patent Attorney, 510 Van Buren St., Chicago. Patent Attorneys PATENTS—tTime counts in 7 lying for patents. Don't risk delay in protecting your ideas. Send sketch or model for instructions or write for FREE book, “How to Obtain a Patent” and “Record of Invention” form. No charge for information on how to pr - Communica- tions strictly confidential. Prompt, careful, efficient service. Clarence A. O’Brien, Registered Patent Attorney, Security Bank Building (directly across street from Patent Office), Washington, D. C. (See page 143) PATENTS. Booklet free. Highest references. Best results. Promptness assured. Watson E. Coleman, Patent Lawyer, 724 9th Street, Washington, D. C. UNPATENTED Ideas Can Be Sold. I tell you how and help you make the sale. Free particulars (Copy- righted). Write W. T. Greene, 811 Baltic Building, Washington, D. C. RICHARD E. BABCOCK, Patent Lawyer, Washington Loan & Trust Bidg.. Washington, D. C. Booklet. PATENT, trade-marks, copyrights. Reliable services by an experienced practitioner devoting personal at- tention to each case. Inquiries invited. References furnished. B. P. Fishburne, Patent Lawyer. 525-C McGill Building, Washington, D. C. LANCASTER AND ALLWINE, 232 Ouray Building, Washington, D. C. “Originators of the Form Evidence of Conception.” Before disclosing your invention to anyone send for blank form to be signed and witnessed. Form and patent information bulletin free. PATENTS. Free advice, personal service of registered Attorney, former Patent Office Examiner. ooklet. Albert Jacobs, 725 Barrister Bldg., Washington. MR. ADVERTISER: Ask today for a copy of the “Quick-Action Advertising Rate Folder.” It contains some really important facts which will prove interesting and valuable to you. It also tells “‘How You Can Use Popular Science Monthly Profitably.”” You'd like to know, wouldn't you? Address your inquiry to: Man- ager Classified Advertising, Popular Science Monthly, 250 Fourth Avenue, New York. ADAM E, FISHER, Registered Patent Attorney in business 25 years; references; personal attention and > cranes assured; Dept. E, 183 Enright, St. Louis, o. INVENTORS. Consult Edgar M. Kitchin, Attorney at Law; Twenty years a specialist on Patents and Trade Marks. 805 G Street, N. W., Washington, D. C. MONROE E., MILLER, Ouray Bldg., Washington, D. C., Patent Lawyer, Mechanical, Electricai Expert. Book- let and Priority Record blank gratis. INVENTOR’S Gulde sent free. Contains valuable information. Frank Ledermann, Registered Attorney- Engineer, Woolworth Building. 1714, New York. CARL MILLER, Registered Patent Attorney (former Patent Office examiner), 211-M, McGill Building, Wash- ington, D. C. Write for Instructions. PATENTS Procured. Trade Marks Registered.—A comprehensive, experienced, pone service for the pro- tection and development of your ideas. Preliminary advice gladly furnished without charge. Booklet of in- formation and form for disclosing idea free on request. Irving L. MeCathran, 201 Owen Bidg., Washington, D. C., or 41-Z Park Row, New York. MASON, Fenwick & Lawrence, Washington, D. C. New York and Chicago. Established 1861. Inventions protected, Trade-Marks Registered. Information given —write promptly. JOHN PATTEN DUFFIE, registered patent attor- ney, Victor Bull . Washington, D. C. Reasonable rates. Advice free. klet. IMPORTANT to advertisers! Are you deriving profit from your advertising? Write today for a copy of the “Quick-Action Advertising Rate Folder’’ sho “How You Can Use ———— clence Monthly Profitably.” Address your inquiry to: Manager, Classified Advertis- us. Foputar Science Monthly, 250 Fourth Ave., New ork. PATENTS procured at reasonable rates with time to Pay. Sales negotiated. Staff of registered attorneys and engineers. A complete service for inventors. Write for rticulars. Inventors Service Bureau, Box 1648, Was on, D. C. Patent Attorneys MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION June, 1973 Salesmen and Agents Wanted INVENTORS who derive largest profits know and need certain simple but vital facts before applying for tents. Our book “Patent Sense’’ gives those facts free. Lacey, 648 F, St., Washington, D. C., Estab- lished 1869. PATENTS, Free valuable book sent upon request. Save time. Forward sketch or model for our free con- fidential report. Favorable report rendered only when we conscientiously believe your invention contains merit and is of commercial value. American Industries, Inc., 223 Victor Bldg., Washington, D. C. Patents for Sale INVENTIONS Commercialized. Patented or un- patented. Write Adam Fisher Mfg. Co., 183 Enright, St. Louis, Mo. CANADIAN Patent Right for sale—Pure Infra-Red Therapeutic Unit. B. B. Fortney, 121 West Barbee Ave., Louisville, Ky. WE COMMERCIALIZE Inventions. Communicate with us if you have patent to sell or wish to buy one. North American Finance and Development Corp., 915 15th St., N. W., Washington, D. C. Photographic Instructions HAVE you acamera? Write for free sample of our big magazine, showing how to make better pictures and earn money. American Photography, 117 Camera House, Boston, 17, Massachusetts. MAKE money in Photography. Learn quickly at home. Spare or full time. New Plan. Nothing like it. Experience unnecessary. American School of Photog- raphy, Dept. 1744, 3601 Michigan Avenue, Chicago. THERE'S good money in your camera. ‘Hundred Best Markets for Your Photographs.’’ Booklet, 20c. R. Snyder Company, Guilford, Connecticut. AGENTS. $60—$200 a week. Genuine ey for store windows easily applied. Focnuine old letters sam offer to general agents. Metallic so LAberal Clark, Chicago. letter Co., 434-4° Ny, $10 DAILY silvering mirrors, plating and ao lamps, reflectors, autos, beds, chandeliecs bynew meat '» Ave, EF Outfits furnished. Write Gunmetal Decatur, Illinois. AGENTS—Best seller; Jem Rubber Repair and tubes; supersedes vulcanization at Repair for tires 800 per cent; put it on cold, it vulcanizeg iteelt 9 et minutes. and is guaranteed to last the life of the ¢ two tube; sells to every auto owner and accesso ire or particulars how to make big money and free Pron r. For dress Amazon Rubber Co., 504 Amazon Building ad- delphia, Pennsylvania. " A BUSINESS of your own—Making 8 Name and Number Plates, Checkerboard reAne Clas Book and Sample free. E. Palmer, 513, Wooster, Ohio AGENTS—Make a dollar an hour. Sell M patent on for ager Tending leaks in all w Sample package free. ollette 3 ‘i Amsterdam, N. Y. S- Co., Dept, 467, ALL Advertisers should not be with ‘the im: portant facts on Money Making. Write today’ ter ie “Quick-Action Advertising Rate Folder’ which Containg information of value to you. If you are anxious for quick pte neg, e A = saerets your inquiry to; Manager, Class vertising, Popula; Scene Monthly, 250 Fourth Ave., New York. , IMPORTANT to advertisers! Are you de from your advertising? Write today for a copy atte “Quick-Action Advertising Rate Folder” sho “How You Can Use Popular Science Monthly Pro tably,.” Address your inquiry to: Manager, Classified Advertis- oe. segumne Science Monthly, 244 Fourth Ave,, Ney ork. CALIFORNIA perfumed beads selling like cakes, Agents coining money. Big rofite. Ca ~~ free, Mission Factory, R_ 2328 W. Pico, Los Angeles, Calif ALL Advertisers should not be without the important facts on Money Making. Write today for the “Quick- Action Advertising Rate Folder” which contains in- formation of value to you. If you are anxious for quick rofit returns, do it now! Address your inquiry, to: anager, Classified Advertising, Popular Science Monthly, 250 Fourth Ave., New York. JUST Out—New Patented Apron. No strings of straps—$20.00 a day every day; over 100% profit; com. missions daily. Write for free offer. Sta-Put Co., Dept, 906, St. Louis, Mo. BANKRUPT and Rummage sales. $50.00 dally. We start you, furnishing everything. Distributors, Dept, 34, 429 W. Superior, Chicago. Photoplays Wanted $1250 FOR a Photoplay story by an unknown writer and sold through our Sales Department. We revise, copyright and market. Located in the heart of the Motion Picture Industry. We know the demand. Established 1917. Postal brings Free Booklet with full particulars. Universal Scenario Company, 214 Western _ and Santa Monica Bldg., Hollywood, California. Post Card Views POST-CARD—Views of the Panama Canal during construction days. 25 assorted for $1.00. W. Ramey, Box 571, Cristobal Canal Zone, Printing and Engraving BETTER Printing for Less Money. Write us about your printing needs, and you will save money. Ernest Fantus Company, 525 South Dearborn Street, Chicago. 500 ENVELOPES, $1.75; 500 Letterheads, $2.25; 500 Billheads, $2.35; 500 Business Cards, $2.00. Clarence Morrison, Glenolden, Pennsylvania. THOUSAND Hammernmill Bond letterheads four dol- lars, Multigraphing, two. Miscellaneous printing. Mayray, Monmouth, Illinois. 200 LETTERHEADS correspondence size 5% x 7, 100 envelopes, 75c, 200 letterheads, executive size, 100 envelopes, $1. Dollar Bills 9 ey Shipped post paid. Personal Stationery Company, P. O. Box 517, Fairmont, w.v a. STATIONERY—If partfcular—‘“‘ Neargravure” proc- esses samples (stamp). Sollidays, Knox, Indiana. 500 LETTERHEADS and envelopes $3.25 prepaid, Hub Printery, 129 11th, Lincoln, Nebr. 100 BOND Letterheads and 100 envelopes printed, 98c. Kalata Printing Company, Ironwood, Mich. BUSINESS Cards of Quality, 3000, $5.00. Winder- mere Press, Box 2457, East Cleveland, Ohio. IMPORTANT to advertisers! Are you deriving profit from your advertising? Write today for a copy of the “Quick-Action Advertising Rate Folder’ showing *‘How You Can Use Popular Science Monthly Profitably.” Address your inquiry to: Manager, Classified Advertis- ing, Popular Seience Monthly, 250 Fourth Ave., New York. SUCCEED With Your Own Products. Make them yourself. Formulas, Processes, Trade-Secrets. All lines, rs ee circulars free. C. Thaxly Co., Washington YOU Are Wanted To Resilver Mirrors at Home, Immense profits plating autoparts, tableware, ete, ak for information. Sprinkle, Plater, 96, Marion, ndiana. BIG money and fast sales. Every owner buys fold initials for his auto. You charge $1.50; make $1.35, Ten orders daily easy. Write for particulars free samples. American Monogram Co., Dept. 47, East Orange, New Jersey. WERE You Ever Offered A Grocery Store? Our proposition is better. Let us tell you how you can handle groceries, auto oil, tires and paint. No rent, no invest- ment in goods. Big Rey. Write—Just say “‘Show me.” Hitchcock, Hill Co., Wholesale Grocers, 38 Kinzie, Dept. 81, Chicago. AGENTS Wanted to sell Men's Hats direct from factory. Write for a a Model Hat Mfg. Co., Dept, M-9, East Orange, N. A PAYING position open to representative of char- acter. Take orders shoes-hosiery direct to wearer. income. Permanent. Write now for free book “Getting Er ead.’’ Tanners Shoe Mfg. Co., 375 So. C. St., Boston, Mass. BIG Pay Every Day! Complete guaranteed line direct to wearer. Dress Shirts, Work Shirts, Overalls, Cover- alls, Work Pants, Sweaters, Underwear, Playsuits, $10-$15 daily; experience unnecessary. Big Outfit Free! Nimrod Co., Dept. 25, 4922-28 Lincoln Ave. Chicago. INSTANT Weld Welds Rubber Instantly. Steck’s Profit One Day $72.25. Enormous demand, Ex territory. Free sample. Tourists Pride Manufacturing Co., Desk H, Minneapolis, Minn. MAGIC polishing cloth—great seller. Big t. Free sample. Get this proposition. Newton Co., 56 Main St., Newark, New York. AGENTS Money Maker. Sell Lab Polishing Cloths. Particulars and Sample Free. P. McCann, 2771 Mortis c. Ave., N. Y. ANY salesman can sell them! Merchants everywhere use punchboards. Someone sells them, why not you? Collect big commissions daily. Newest, largest elaborate catalog sent upon request. Lincoln Sales Co., 9 8, Cll ton, Chicago, Dept. G. $50.00 WEEKLY easy, applying goid Initials on Auto- mobiles. No experience needed, $1.45 profit every $1.50 job. Free Samples. ‘“Ralco Monograms,” 1041 Wash- ington, Boston, Mass. Rabbits MAKE big profits with Chinchilla Rabbits, Real Money Makers. Write for facts. Conrad's, 860 Con- rad’s Ranch, Denver, Colorado. Radio HINTS on buying, installing and operating a radio outfit with list of tested reliable equipment contained in 24-page radio booklet of Popular Science Institute, 248 Fourth Avenue, New York. Price 25 cents. MR. ADVERTISER: Ask today for a copy of the “Quick-Action Advertising Rate Folder.’’ It contains some really important facts which will prove interesting and valuable to you. It also tells “How You Can Use Popular Science Monthly Profitably."" You'd like to know, wouldn’t you? Address your inquiry to: Man- er, Classified Advertising, Popular Science Monthly, 380 Fourth Avenue, New York. Salesmen and Agents Wanted AGENTS—Clever invention! eg 2 makes every = a fountain pen. Fast office seller, big profit, demand nereasing everywhere. Exclusive territory offered. Sample free. H. Marui Company,Tribune Blidg., New York. GET our free sample case, toilet articles, perfumes and ties. Wonderfully profitable. La Derma Co., t. F., St. Louis, Missourt. | AGENTS Brush and Broom Catalog with Sample Case Assortment of 50 different kinds of Brushes sent without deposit to responsible Brush Salesmen. Na tional Fibre Broom Co., St. Louis, Mo. AGENTS—Sell stores 5c candy Specialties. Lorrae Products, Albany, N. Y. AGENTS: Fixit Rubber Repair is the wonder of the age. It is semi-liquid, chemically prepared pure up-rivet Para Rubber. Applied cold, without heat or it quickly vulcanizes itself to tube or casing. punctures or blowouts. Agents make big money—best season now. Auto owners, garages, service stations, fleet owners will welcome the opportunity of sa 800% on tire repairs and of increasing mileage of ther tubes and casings. Send $1.00 for full size sample or write for free particulars. Marquette Rubber Co. 2325R Wolfram St., Chicago. TWO Money Makers for Agents. ‘Francia’ Pocket Adding Machine Retails $4.85. To you $1.00. “Excello- graph” Rotary Stencil Duplicator $37.50 Retail. Write Typewriter Supply, 104 Hersch Bldg., Fittsburgh, Pa SEND name, address on postcard. Free introductory copy Modern Salesology Magazine: 1000 money making ——— offered by big reliable firms: no obliga- tion. Salesology Magazine, Desk B-229, 500 No. Dear- born, Chicago. IMPORTANT to advertisers! Are you deriving profit from your advertising? Write today for a copy of the “Quick-Action Advertising Rate Folder” sho ‘How You Can Use Popular Science Monthly Profitably. Address your inquiry to: Manager, Classified Advertls- ing. Popular Science Monthly, 250 Fourth Ave., New or

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y. Steck's Exclusive ifacturing ig profit. n & Co, ig Cloths. 71 Morris June, 1928 Salesmen and Agents Wanted covery, Whirlwind seller, exclusive territory, new oe free sample. American Co., 1260 Cali- big Z St., San Francisco. poNn’T sell for others. Employ agents yourself. “your own products. Toilet Articles, Household Make ties, etc. 500% profit. Valuable booklet free. Stal Scientific Laboratories, 1970W Broad, Rich- Va. AGENTS—A Golden Opportunity. New interchange- automobile monograms are the latest accessory. able thing of its kind in the world. Silvered—never t. Attach in two minutes. No competition. Send for any three initials. Write for exclusive territory. ei evice Sales Co., Box 1193, New Haven, Conn. AGENTS—Earn $10.00 daily. Taking orders for cos- metics, extracts, household necessities. Lefflers, Inc., Mid Queen Ave., Seattle, Wash. IMITATION Ice Cream. Amazing new product. No treesi . Made at home in 2 minutes. Solidifies milk eerialicious dessert, 8-dish sample with money making - 10c. Creamojell Co., St. Paul, Minn. A D Line: Suitable for all or part time. Can pe sold in big cities or small towns, any place. Every business house needs envelopes in different sizes, weights ualities. Many buy in large quantities. Our line es stationery and is very complete. The samples at, carry easily, weigh little, look good, prices Commission liberal and paid promptly. American Envelope Co., wre Sable you would like our offer. Mexico, Missouri. TOOL Salesmen—Sell to auto mechanics, guaranteed line of 120 Oldforge tools—wrenches, pliers, chisels, serew drivers, punches, tool boxes. Exclusive territory. Give complete information about yourselt, first letter. ity Tools Corporation, New. Wilmington, Pa. ese tools approved by Institute of Standards.) THOUSANDS carry_ Lindbergh Souvenir Medals. lucky Pocket Pieces. Look like Gold. Easy to Sell. Write today, Particulars Free. M. W. Smith—2, Mill- N. J. GENTS—Engraved name plates, signs, numbers, euily sold, profits large. Brett Bros., Emmes Building, Boston 20, Mass. NO TROUBLE selling new changeable signs. Every merchant buys. Big profits. Changeable Letter Sign Company, Department P, Redlands, California. HAIR tonic powdered. Great seller! Immense profits! Charles Bucknam, Box 383, Madison Square Station, New York. 40% PROFIT Enormous Demand. Washes Clothes without Rubbing or Boiling. Sample Free. Utilities Mig. Co., Chippewa Falls, Wis. AGENTS: Another Hit patented gas range safety device, nothing like it on the market in years, over twenty million prospects, sells on sight, 100% profit. Rolland & Neubarth, 202 Barton Street, Flint, Mich. AGENTS: Be a thousand miles ahead of competition. Patented products housewives want. Commission in advance if wanted. Vice-President, Box 929, New Orleans jana. AGENTS wanted every where to sell marvelous Com- bination Pen-Pencil. made in beautiful color combina- tions, details free, Mon Co., 59 Park Place, New York City. AUTOS washed without water for 6c; amazing chem- ieal cloth removes mud like magic; 250,000 sold by agents; more wanted. Security Mfg. Co., Dept. 12, Toledo, O. GET This. $100 auto’ necessity. 100% _ profit. Repeats like gasoline. Guaranteed. Taylor Products Mig. Co., Columbus, Ohio. MAKE Money—Spare Time. Men, Women, Boys, Girls—Easiest Method—Absolutely something different —No Selling— No Canvassing. Free Particulars. Federal; 561 B-B Broadway, New York. NOTHING Succeeds like Success! Make these world’s Biggest-selling Specialties. Investment small. Profits great. Have others selling them. Write today for valuable literature for making, Loid-Lac, Instant Automobile Refinish; Sorb-Zit, absorbs refrigerator odors; Tuf-Nit prevents hosiery runs; Silverex polishes, tes all metals; buGASide Guaranteed Fly Spray; copol unequalled Automobile Polish, Lightning Glass Cleaner, $1 pays $40 and other new, honest-to-goodness Money Makers. Here are the profits are entitled to. Miller, Industrial Chemist, Tampa, Florida. GUARANTEED Salary and commission selling specialty retailers. Liberal permanent income from repeats. Q. A. Tucker, Cedar Rapids, Iowa, Box 1029. THE Little Gem Oven Scoop. A wonderful help to the housekeeper every day. Removes all baking pans and dishes from the oven without danger of burning the ds. Write for terms to agents. Little Gem Mfg. Co., Van Wert, Ohio. GOLD leaf window letters and script signs. No expe- tience; 500% profit. Samples free. Meyer writes 5 days profits $141.36. Consolidated, 69-Y, West Van Buren, Chicago. PROFIT $4,930—was Chas. Hickey’s for 6 months selling Face-A-Lite, the new scientific all metal glare shield. Face-A-Lite makes glare from’ passing autos impossible. Write for territory. Fill in coupon. No obligations to you. Face-A-Lite Mfg. Co., G-266 Logan Bidg.. Mitchell, S. Dak. Ship Models 4 SHIP Model plans for $1. Everything for the ship model builder. Send 6c for interesting 32-page catalog of Ta nings. Sea Arts Guild, 405-J 11th Ave., Milwaukee, isconsin. Song Writers SONG Writers, substantial advance royalties are ay on publishable work. Anyone having original ideas r songs may submit poems for examination and free advice. Walter Newcomer, 1674 Broadway, New York. SONGWRITERS submit poems; professional music composing services. Brennen, Dept. 100, 1654 Broad- way, New York. SONG Poem Writers—Bona fide proposition Hibbeler, D10, 2104 N. Keystone Ave., Chicago. SONG Poem Writers. Address, Monarch. 236 W. 55th Dept. 126, New York. MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION 135 Amazing Liquid Discovery Restores Auto Finish And Color Like Magic! Goodbye, Shabby-Looking Auto Bodies! ' The Original Beauty of Your Car In 60 Short Minutes—Easy As A. B. C.! Color Returns Like Magic—And Every Square Inch Glistens With a Mirror-Like Lustre That Can’t Come Off! Test It Free of Risk! NAVON Brings Back GENEROUS NO-RISK TRIAL OFFER! J MAGINE being able to restore your old car to original show- room lustre in less than an hour! Imagine being able to bring back all the beauty of its original color by a few sweeps of the hand across its surface No wonder experts say that NAVON is the most sur- prising auto discovery in the past ten years! NNAVON has often been called “liquid magic” because of the speed with which it draws forth original color and makes dull surfaces gleam like burnished glass! It is not a polish—not a wax—not a paint — not acleaner! You just put it on the car right out of the can, guiding its flow with a pad of cheese-cloth. No fussing with brushes or tire- some rubbing. (It’s more like pleasure than work, especially when you see your car regaining its original rich beauty and gloss right before your very eyes!) SAFE—DURABLE— SURE! Results with NAVON are easy to secure. You can do it right in your own garage without the slight- est difficulty. It’s almost as easy as washing —dries smooth as glass without streaks. Even a 14-year old boy who follows the printed | Without obligation, send me complete illust rated description of NAVON, together with your special No-Risk TrialOF FER, INSTANT REFINISH - FOR ALL SURFACES BND, 0: 00:6.0:5.60.5:0606404600.00046460506965046000000005446080000 Flows On—Stays On—Easy to Apply | REGIOEB «0 « 0. 0.0.0.0:0:6.0:06000060060060060006080066000000600006 CONSOLIDATED SPECIALTIES CORPORATION EEE ED IE Re re CUS io iaest ae Dept. G-63 CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 21 West Elm Street directions can achieve a flawless finish with NAVON! And not only that, NAVON con- tains no acids, alcohol, benzol or any other injurious substance. Won’t hurt metal, leather or wood. _Make big money with Acts both o a pousective ond pre- fo thin ‘ rye servative. ot ect vy zero cold, freezing snowstorms, burning pn oa ee ae a sun or driving rain. ‘Can’t check, every 10 motorists want it crack or peel. And retains its on sight! H. Geiss of Illinois radiant gloss for months and mete $500 in a single week! months! thers are making big money just chowte NAVON to TEST IT FREE ends, neighbors, etc. OF RISK! ie NAVON represent- ative in your locality—and get your share of the !arge rofits that are just waiting. ° . ‘ e give you the most liberal Right now—to gain new friends proposition you can imagine for NAVON—we are making a .. . There’s wonderful special trial offer to auto owners. money, aoe: in qperating 3 This generous proposition gives Service Station—from $5, : to $10,000 a year, Navon-izing you a chance to test this marvelous cars for people in your town discovery and see for yourself just at $12.50 to $30 a job. }You exactly what wonders it can per- can start out right in your form. It doesn’t cost you a red “Tr S, tenting as high cent unless it improves the looks of as & your car 100% toyour satisfaction. So take advantage of the oppor- tunity by getting details at once! No obligation. Simply tear out the handy coupon below and mail it today! Why not doit now! Send for details of our 14 Mail This Valuable Coupon NOW! Tested Money-Making Gane ,AVON | Co Make $150 A WEEK OR MORE trial offer that will amaze you! Check bottom line of coupon snd mail it today! —together with a N nsolidated Specialties Corp., Dept. G-63, 1 W. Elm St., Chicago, I1l1. . ) Check here if interested in NAVON Money-Making plans. wonderful smooth-glass-like anything in and around Hand Operated SPRAY Amazing Spray Gun Paints By Air! No Brush! New, Easy—Quick Way NOW anyone can own and operate a spray outfit and apply lacquers, brushing lac- quers, varnishes, enamels, paints, etc. 3 gets into the most intricate ae ag where it would be im nish is applied with this New Hand Operated KB SPRAY GUN on Automobiles, Furniture, Wicker Ware, Screens, etc., in fact, on the house. Women are delighted with it. Makes painting a pleasure. THROW AWAY THE OLD BRUSH. Earn Up to $100 a Week Doing All Kinds of Paint Jobs On account of the unusual demand for this wonderful KB GUN it opens big money-making possibilities in every locality, everyone is interested in this marvelous outfit when they see the excellent work it does. A great many homes have been brightened with this amazing outfit and thousands of homes are anxious to get it. Be the first in your locality. Write for Free Folder KOCH BROS. MFG.CO., 1515 Lawrence Ave., Dept. 15 CHICAGO Werte onty UN makes painting easy; The KB SPRAY a brush. A ssible wit Special Offer Complete Outfit Only $9.75

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3, ors, 1) Ip- Ss 4 a tea ia 5 4 vol, fetnlduistia sre | sone, 1928 — . . e | Airmen Again Fight Arctic (Continued from page 34) ‘tence of what he called “Crocker Land,” territory not seen by subsequent explorers and hence doubted by them. ; Captain Wilkins expected that his _mono- ne would have several laps on General Nobile before the Italian could maneuver his Jirigible into favorable position. The plane is aLockheed Special, capable of a 3,000-mile nonstop flight. ; . jt carried a short-wave radio transmitter, and the most modern of avigation instruments. Wilkins’ pilot was to be Lieutenant Ben Filson, Alaska’s pioneer air mail flyer. He was with Wilkins in the 1926 flights into the Arctic, and has flown his mail plane on the 600- nile circuit between Fairbanks and McGrath, Alaska, on regular two-a-day schedule. He has held the controls in temperatures as low as twenty-eight below zero. FTER his take-off from Point Barrow in this spectacular race, Wilkins planned a course 600 miles to the northwest. If he did not discover land en route, he was prepared to come down on the ice and take soundings. Deep soundings indicate no land within a great radius. Medium or shallow soundings tell the explorer that he has only to seek a bit further and perhaps find a “Lost Continent.” Additional flights, then, were to radiate fan- like out over the ice pack, until the unknown region had been thoroughly covered. ; Nobile planned to fly to the Pole, anchor his big airship there, establish a base, and send out exploring parties. Then he intended to fly on into the northwest, anchor in the air again, and repeat the explorations on foot. An ice-breaking steamship was to be the Italian’s mobile base out of Spitzbergen. The dirigible’s laboratory contains the latest of scientific instruments. These include a light recorder so sensitive that it will accurately record all light intensities between starlight and direct sunlight—a giant photo-electric cell, 100 times more sensitive than the usual cell of this type, and a recording meter. Whether there is less light over the Pole than in other parts of the world, and whether the light is more uniform or subject to fluctuations, will be of interest to scientists. Wilkins and his pilot carry rifles and camp equipment, enabling them to stay wherever they may come down. Captain Wilkins announced his mission as fourfold: “1. To explore as much as possible of the million square miles of unknown area to the north of Alaska. “2. To claim for the United States any land that may be found. (Although he is a native of Australia, American money finances his ex- pedition.) “3. If land is found, to establish bases for _—— and the compilation of scientific ata. “4. To demonstrate the existence of a short commercial air route over the top of the world, since it is shorter to fly across the top of the globe than around it from the centers of civilization.” pee the next twenty-five years it is logical to assume the Arctic will be covered with a network of airways as intricate as the steamship lines that now cover the Atlantic and Pacific. The value of meteoro- logical and commercial flying data that the explorers may gather at the top of the world may have untold importance. Circumpolar nations can, without doubt, be interested in establishing meteorological stations in the Arctic and Antarctic, and in working out a system of observations by means of which weather conditions for the entire world may be forecast in reports sent by radio from the polar areas, weeks in advance. —_, MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION " canl get into Viation? Walter Hinton, The man who is ready to help YOU get into Aviation is the man who has four times been one of the world’s out- standing fliers. Walter Hinton was pilot of the famous NC-4, first plane to fly the Atlantic: He piloted the first plane from North to South America. He was first to fly to the headwaters of the Amazon. He was the hero of the runaway Navy balloon that was swept halfway to the North Pole. But in addition to being an explorer, pioneer and aviator, Hinton also has the rare ability to teach others the knowledge he has gained. During the War he was a crack flying instructor for the Navy. Today—with a course which experts agree is the most com- plete and practical ever produced — Hinton is training keen-sighted men for the Big-Pay jobs in Aviation. bet.his FREE Book. The FREE Book below is YOUR first step to Success. Take this step—send for this book—NOW! Read this Answer from AWorld Famous Trans-Atlantic Pilot VIATION is waiting for no one. Too many millions of capital are already invested—the demand for air service of every kind is increasing too fast. Aviation demands men who KNOW. Men who can DO. Men who can step into the real jobs and command the real salaries. Plane production today is ten times what it was a year ago. And a year from now it will be twenty times what it is today! Landing fields, municipal airports, plane and equipment factories, air mail and passenger lines, service and sales organizations—all are leaping ahead in the fast- est, most amazing development that any industry has ever known. In such racing, feverish activity, where is there any room for a man who has nothing to offer? An empty pocketbook is no drawback—but Aviation has no place, no patience, no time for empty hands or empty heads! Aviation is taking-off for the greatest non-stop flight in history—and the men who will go along and climb to the top are the men with a foundation of FACTS under them. You Don’t Have to Fly; 40 Different Jobs on the Ground PAY BIG Too! To succeed in Aviation—make BIG MONEY—you need not necessarily be a pilot. There must be thousands of pilots, cer- tainly. But for every plane that flies, there’s an immediate need for trained men in more than forty different important jobs on the ground. Construction, motor and instrument experts—airport managers, service foremen, sales- men—and many more all make real money. Some of them even bigger pay than pilots earn. But every last one of them must have the FACTS. Today's problem— YOUR problem—is to LEARN Aviation quick. And right there is where Walter Hinton is achiev- ing the biggest success of his career. Get Your Ground Work NOW Right at Home— Hinton Is Ready to Train You YOU can train at home in spare- time for the best paid jobs in the industry. Hinton’'s proved course starts you: at the beginning, trains you fast. You get all the facts about construction, rigging, motors, repairs, instruments, theory of flight, navigation, com- mercial Aviation—facts that every man must have to intelli- gently and profitably fill ANY job in the Industry. With this Institute’s training you'll have your foundation, your start, for real accomplishment. Serious- minded—air-minded—men are reading and acting on the Free Book shown below. I want YOU to have a copy too! Send the coupon NOW. Walter Hinton, President AVIATION INSTITUTE OF U.S.A. 1115 Connecticut Ave. Washington, D. C. Walter Hinton, Pres. P Aviation Institute of U. S. A. 1115 Connecticut Ave., Washington, D. C Street. 55 2 SSneoien niate 2-F Please send me at once your FREE Book “Rich Rewards in Aviation’’ showing how I can get into this tremendous field. | ] | | } | ]

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138 MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION } COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY Home Study Courses and Adult Education i THESE DAYS of widespread educational expansion, schools are crowded; our leading universities must turn away many applicants for entrance; and thousands of adults are studying in their kisure time. Columbia University welcomes this educational expansion, for through broader, deeper and more exact knowledge come wider culture, more vital social life, more intelligent training of youth, and _ greater _— in business or professional life Many of the hopes for a fuller life that are visions in school and college days are carried to completion by adult education. Since 1919 the University has been developing its facilities to meet adequately this increasing desire for study at home by individuals or groups. Carefully prepared courses for home study are offered in the following subjects: Accounting Algebra American Government American History English Literature Essay Writing European History ‘ire Insurance American Literature French Applied Grammar Geometry —_ German Banki Government Biblical Literature Grammar Biology Greek Botany Harmony Boy Scoucing History Business Administravion Italian Business English Juvenile Story Writing Business Law Latin Business Organizacion Literature Business Mathematics Magazine Article Writing Chemistry Marketing Child Psychology Mathematics Classics Personnel Administration Contemporary Novel Philosophy m position Photoplay Composition Dramatic Physics English Psychology Psychology in Business Public Speaking Religion Secretarial Studies Short Story Writing Slide Rule Sociology 8 panish, etc..e c. Various Languages Lyric Poetry Drafting rama Drawing and Painting Economics Economic Geogravhy English [ase courses have been eet by our instructors for study at home by in- dividuals or groups. Everyone who enrolls is instructed by a member of the University teaching staff; and while each course covers all material essential to a full understanding of the subject, the close personal relation between teacher and student makes it possible to adapt the instruction to the in- dividual needs of each student. The University will send on request full in- formation about these home study courses. A coupon is printed below for your con- venience. you care to write a letter briefly outlining your educational interests our instructors may be able to offer helpful suggestions. Mention subjects which are of interest to you, even if they are not listed above, because additions to the courses of- fered are made from time to time. HIGH SCHOOL AND COLLEGE PREPARATORY COURSES (covumara University Home Study De- partment has prepared courses covering the equivalent of four years of High School study. This complete High School or College Preparatory training is available to those who cannot conveniently undertake class room work. We shall be glad to send you our special bulleti :. SSSSCSSSSSSSESESSSSSSSSSTESSSSEEESESeeeeeeeeaee COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, University oe — Home Study Department, New York, N. Please send me full information about Ceiumbis University Home Study Courses. I am interested in the following subject: Pop. Sci. 6-28 | Pee Te Tree QRCRBREER. cccccccevccecesec Street and Number ...... Peer Babes 06 cccee Letters on Telepathy That Win Awards N ITS February number Popttar SctENCE Monruacy published under the heading “Is Telepathy All Bunk?” the conflicting dis- coveries of scientists on this widely discussed subject, and invited readers to write their per- sonal experiences. Thousands of letters came from readers in every state in the Union and many foreign countries. The awards offered for the best three letters are announced as follows: First, $25—Adelaide V. Fisher, Vineland, New Jersey. Second, $15—Mrs. Helene Martin, Gaines- ville, Ga. Third Prize, $5—Margaret Bailey Moore, Los Angeles, Calif. Their letters follow: A Sister’s Call In December of 1918 I visited my mother in Sioux City, Iowa. My younger sister had taken a position in Minneapolis. She said, “Tf anything happens to me, I'll call you by telepathy,” which, of course, was a joke. She sent us her address; then, after her care- less fashion, never wrote another word. A week—two weeks passed and we were worried. Some skeptics may say this was the cause of the following experience, but they can hardly reconcile it with the results. One night I was suddenly awakened by hearing her call, “‘Mamma! Come! Addie! Mamma! Come! Come!"’ My mother opened my door and, with frightened eyes, said, ** Addie, Stella is calling us to come, I heard her call both of us.” I flew into my clothes and caught the two o'clock train for Minneapolis. At Stella’s address the landlady said, “ Well, you must be ‘Addie’. She is very sick with influenza and was taken to the hospital about three o'clock this morning. She called for her mother and you constantly.” I hurried to the hospital where I found my sister in delirium. I donned cap and apron and went to work over Stella and she lived. ADELAIDE V. FISHER. Caught in the Storm I believe I received a telepathic message from Oklahoma a few years ago. My daughter was teaching out there. She had written me that she was going out camping Friday night. I awoke Saturday night. An insistent some- thing kept coming to me: I finally woke my husband. He only laughed, saying. “‘Go back to sleep and quit thinking such things.” Three days later I received a letter from her saying a terrific storm had come up Friday afternoon. All the streams were swollen so they could not cross them. So the party was stranded for two nights and part of three days without much food, little clothes. She had really called me that night. HELENE MARTIN. The Prospector’s Message Some years ago, my husband and myself were living in Southern California when he decided on a prospecting trip. He started for the state of Washington. He met a man who loaned him Hudson’s “Law of Psychic Phe- nomena.” He wrote me of his wish to experi- ment and told me to remain passive at ten P.M. On a certain evening. At the exact hour I distinctly heard the words, like the chime of silver bells afar off. My name was repeated several times and the words, “I love you, I love you, I love you. He wrote me in a few days, telling me just the message he had sent (but it was more and longer) and the words were the exact ones I had received. MARGARET BAILEY MOORE. 25thYear Ba COLLEGE Expert draftsmeneam 6g py maak of Sarre e DRAFTING Eeaes— icago T Id aftera short course. with practical ete and be a big-pay Manyem| loyment oppor days or evenings. Athletics — — 2 —y AY - 3-yr. B.S. Degree Courses in Emgineertoe' ploma and Architecture. for 3 free 84-page “Blue Book: Chicago Technical College Dent. G-411 118 E. 26th St. rotecto tic in aye ay eartri “oy Guaranteed Sas and id pomertal money, eapine feather rstrap. ' 10.00. Satisfaction th money. 3 Ss ze. 621 Broadway, New York, AGENTS 500% PROFIT GENUINE GOLD LEAF LETTERS fs Guaranteed to never tarnish. Anyone can put them on stores and office windows s — Enormous demand, large profits, Paul Clark * WW says: smallest day $28.70. R.L. Reel made y $920 in two months. Write today for free sample and liberal offer to general agents, $end your address for free booklet ‘ormation and vital facts about Advertising. Find ou! at home, in your Mn a th fascinating business. ‘Ww ~ No text’ Soenes hool. Successful po bay: Plan fished school, & i may yA ells PAGE - DAVIS SCHOOL OF ADVERTISING Dept. 136-A, 3601 Michigan Ave., Chicago, U.S.A. Skin Troubles Cleared Up—often in 24 hours, Be rid of Pimples, Blackheads, Acne Eruptions on the face or body, Barbers’ Itch, Eczema, Enlarged Pores, Oily or shiny Skin. CLEAR-TONE since 1910 over 500,000 users — simply magical in prompt results. Just send namefor TRIAL rere an Booklet, “‘A CLEAR-TONE SKIN tells allabout this quick, simple, canyon toCLEAR OURS E. S. GIVENS, 558 Chemical Bldg., Kansas City, Mo. TN beeps: Learn Auto Mechanic, Auto Electrical, oa Machine, Electrical, Radio Mechanic, Tiling’ Plastering, timating, Show Card, Sign w Dressing, Write for Catalog 50. BROOKLYN ENGINEERING INSTITUTE (Operated by Bedford Br. Y. M. C. AJ 1125 Bedford Ave., Brooklyn. New York Cap Fine And Com At —i-- . v4 DETROIT SCHOOL “OF LETTERING 159 Stimson Ave. _ Est. 1899 DETROIT, MICH. ee pee ll | = a Ft

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June, 1935

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Houdini of the Desert (Continued from page 20) equipment: an ammunition belt, four tins of condensed rations, knife, sewing kit, light blanket, and trench shovel. From the bottom of his duffel bag he extracted a flask of whiskey. Twice he rummaged among the water con- tainers at the back of the tent. But all were empty. “Wait until I get back. What I won’t do to those black dogs!”” he muttered; then added, “If I do get back.” A shadow fell athwart the tent’s door. “Thought of anything to do yet?” asked Vanderpool. “Long ago,” said Thompson grimly. ““We’ve got to get out of here and get fast. I figure we have about two quarts of water between us. On that we’ve got to walk to the next water hole.” “But I can’t walk.” “You've got to. I am going to strap your ankle. I'll fix you up some sort of crutch. Of course I'll carry gun and gear. Give you a hand besides.” “But won't they come for us if we wait here?” SLIGHT sound like a smothered choking cough came from the dom palm where squatted the Ghandu victim. Almost instantly the two men heard the fluttering of great wings, and a wheezy croak. “Dead, and the vultures began to come,” said Thompson tersely. “And you're going to leave him in camp?” “Going to leave the whole shooting match, camp and him and the birds, just as soon as we can. White men don’t often get Ghandu. But I’m taking no chances with the vile thing. Come on.” One gun, one knife, one camp axe, a little food, an aluminum bottle of water, and two men—a man and a half would be more ac- curate—a pitiful party moving with micro- scopic slowness across a dreary waste of sand-baked clay, burnt grass and thorn-bush scrub. They had set out just before sunset. Thomp- son explained to his miserable companion that they must not travel in the heat of the day. With so little water available, and so many miles ahead to the next hole, they must not waste their bodies’ precious liquid by strug- gling forward when the sun was at its- height. After about three painful miles they camped. This process consisted of building a small boma or shelter in the shadowy dusk. Not shelter against the heavens; myriad stars overhead belied the possibility of rain that would have meant so much. But against the prowling carnivores of the night, the lion and the leopard, both of which infested these plains even in the dreadful dry season. “There’s one of the cats now,” said Thomp- son as a strident bloodcurdling “Ah-rurr-urf- urf!”’ rose from a narrow bush-filled donga not a hundred yards away. “You think it’s safe to sleep?” inquired Vanderpool, puffing over the bandages that encased his game leg. “Decide for yourself,” said Thompson curt- ly. “I know I'm going to.” S THE white hunter worked, the banker be- came more hopeful. He saw a three-sided thick thorny wall grow as Thompson deftly cut the heavily armored bushes, native-fashion, and dragged them together. Even Vanderpool did not appreciate the skill it took to handle the spiked branches without tearing one’s flesh to ribbons. In half an hour Thompson, with his skin intact, announced the job complete. Now it was dark. A camp fire built of dom palm branches and other debris raked from the dry bed of a near-by creek reflected the glowing eyes of night prowlers already closing in upon the men. The fire was (Continued on page 140) MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION

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MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION | Houdini of the Desert (Continued from page 139) placed on the third and open side of the boma, completing the defenses behind which both could sleep in reasonable safety. Vanderpool was game. He knew the last water hole had been but three short marches behind on the way out. Surely they could reach it in double that even on foot. But he had not counted on the blistering heat, on the torment of the sun-baked nubbles underfoot, the constant strain of being on the outlook against lions, or on traveling on far less water than the body craved. Already it was June. The rainy season was over. The damp sand in which Thompson dug could not be made to yield a single drop of water. Vanderpool had camped in America. To him water meant a sparkling spring. On the way out from Nairobi he would not believe Marvin Thompson when the latter took him to a muddy, scummy pond and pointed it out as the goal of two days’ marching. That was when they had their still and could boil out some clear liquid from the soupy mess in which a thousand head of game had recently trampled. RAGEDY now came upon them. By su- perhuman ‘effort they reached the water hole. But ten days had passed since their last visit. Also had passed their own deserters, camels and donkeys. And in addition there had come and gone from the hole countless herds of African game, all with hot bodies and parched hooves. As a result of all this, coupled with the dead- ly sun, the water hole had dried up. Only mudcakes remained. Edges of the mudcakes were curled up grotesquely by the roasting heat. Vanderpool was very weak. When he saw there was no water in the hole he sat down and wept without shame or reservation. Marvin Thompson’s face was drawn with suffering. But there was no sign of weakness in it. “Buck up,” he croaked through a throat dry as cardboard. “We're not lost yet.” **Mu- might as well be,” blubbered Vander- pool, “‘as to suffer like this.” “No. There’s Kalna hole two days further on.” Vanderpool mouthed his swollen tongue be- fore he could retort: “* Yes, two days by mule. We can’t even stand up for two days longer.” At this moment Thompson, who had been sitting disconsolately by his miserable friend, suddenly scrambled to his feet. He swayed slightly as he stood up, but he gripped his rifle and half brought it to his shoulder. Van- derpool looked up with little interest. He had already shot two lions, on the way. No longer did their presence faze him. * The herd again!”’ cried Thompson. AcRoss the little clearing in which lay the dry pool came a stamping and noisy breathing. An elephant strode out of the bush. Another, and another. “Elephants!” cackled Vanderpool in half delirious laughter. ‘“‘What we came after! Now [I'll get one. What?” At the noise of the men’s voices the elephants backed cautiously into the bush from which they had emerged. Thompson stood alert, watching to see if they would appear again, his rifle swung ready in the crotch of his arm. Well he knew that if the elephants took a notion to investigate them there was no possible way toescape. Vanderpool was far too weak to run. There were no trees. Probably neither could shoot straight in the present condition of their nerves. The elephants did not reappear. For half an hour Thompson waited, hope growing with- in him. “Maybe they’ve got (Continued on page 141) Be a muscular marvel. Have the muscles of a superman. Become stron: for your health’s sake or to astouni . y 3 as to : solid muscles, then full strength. HOW IT IS MADE Made of new, live, sprin: rubber so as to give it long wearing and great resisting qualities. Do not pay more for an exerciser that has forty or less rubber strands to each . 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June, 1975 de sha he ONLY or safety hat gives ar} of_bar- 1¢ REAL of shaving im bruction u care to mily $2.50 2.50 plus D geles, Cal. June, 1928 — Houdini of the Desert (Continued from page 140) asand hole over there, * he said. ‘* You know they scrape under a river bed when the water 3 dry up ne sometimes bring in a spring. it. ] ll go and see. Preetiously he walked over to the spot where the elephants had disappeared. Entering the h he followed their trail made plain by broken branches and heavy footprints in the sandy dust. Then the ground became hard- haked again, the bush widened and the trail faded out. For half an hour he hunted cautiously for spore or footprint to help him follow on to the water he knew the herd must have near by. But without success. He grew afraid for Vanderpool. The man was in no shape to be left alone on an open African plain. He turned back toward the » hole. As he came out upon its clearing a startling sight met his eyes. HERE on the ground where he had left him sat Vanderpool. But he had turned with his back to the water hole. Facing him, and not twenty feet away, was a monstrous bull elephant, gorgeous white tusks curving down and out from his jaw, a good ten feet from root to tip. The elephant’s trunk was outstretched and sniffing loudly. His ears spread vertically from his shoulders. His fet were doing a curious mincing dance, and his gigantic body swayed from side to ide in fury. “Come on! Come on!” screamed Vander- | in the madness of his thirst. He then ke into a volley of profanity mixed with maniacal laughter. Thompson's first impulse was to run to the assistance of his friend. But he knew by | experience that such a move might only bring | on the charge that would almost instantly be fatal to the sick man. “Shoot low! Aim for his eye!” he called as loudly as he dared. “You big black bully, you!’’ screeched | Vanderpool, rocking with insane mirth. “One | more step and I'll kill you!” “lf he only could,’ was the anguished thought that crossed Thompson's mind as he realized how small the chance was that the fevered and untrained eye of Vanderpool could direct his bullet to a fatal spot in the beast 's mountainous carcass. UDDENLY Thompson himself seemed to go mad. He stiffened as if the elephant had begun to charge him. He took a faltering step forward, then broke into a run directly for Vanderpool, at the very instant the latter raised his rifle to his shoulder to shoot. “No.” shouted Thompson. “No, don’t shoot him. I know him!” To an onlooker the words would have seemed those of a hopeless lunatic. For a man to claim acquaintanceship with a wild African elephant, especially one that threatened the life of a helpless man dying of thirst, was beyond the limits of wildest imagination. But Vanderpool was anything but an on- looker. Also he was hardly himself. Thompson teached him before he fired and jerked the gun out of his hands. At this second failure to be allowed to shoot an elephant after all his sufferings and hard- ships, Vanderpool behaved exactly as a child would have done under similar circumstances enacted in the nursery. He rolled over on his face, dug his fingers into the dry soil, and bawled as lustily as- his weakened condition would allow. “Oh, you always spoil it! Always!” he sobbed. ‘What's the use?’’ Thompson stood quietly, his eyes fixed on the bull. “Houdini,” he said, his voice shaking sightly in his effort at self-control. “ Houdini, don’t you know me? (Continued on page 142) ee | MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION 141 money as a draftsman See FREE Draftsman's Rule offer, just for copying a Jack so I will have some idea what ind of a draftsman you would make. You can start earning extra money a few weeks after beginning my training. 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142 MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION

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Houdini of the Desert (Continued from page 141) Don’t you remember what I used to do for you?” At the sound of the man’s voice the big elephant’s little beady eyes blinked incredu- lously. Again Thompson spoke, this time pleadingly. The elephant’s ears flattened slowly against his massive head. In deliberate steps Thompson walked around the animal until he stood to windward in order that it might get full value of his scent. Houdini grunted loudly, swaying his head to and fro in an absurd negative sort of motion and slowly backed toward the bush, into which a moment later he seemed to melt. Thompson turned to Vanderpool. “Quick, t up!’ he commanded. “Why?” asked Vanderpool, rolling to a sitting posture and controlling himself some- what. “TI think we're saved.” “you mean you saved the elephant.” The banker seemed about to break down again. “TI know him. Did you notice that the tip of his left tusk was broken slantwise?”’ Vanderpool nodded foolishly. ** Yes.” “Well, he’s an old fellow that used to hang around my camp up at Tuni Lake. Came there for three years straight. Used to dig up our sweet potatoes until I began planting some for his own use. He got to know which potatoes were his and let ours alone. Absolute- ly the only African elephant I ever heard of that showed any signs of becoming tame.” Suddenly, and as if by magic, the big bull stood before the two men again. He had emerged from the brush so silently that neither had heard him come. “There!” cried Thompson. “That’s why we called him Houdini! Watch him.” A moment later the elephant moved leisure- ly back into the brush. Not a twig cracked under his huge feet, not a branch broke against his rough back. His movements were as silent as if he were only a monstrous black shadow melting in and out of the thorn trees through which not even a man could pass unscratzhed. “No one but Houdini could do it!”’ exulted Thompson. Again the elephant appeared, as mysterious- ly as before. He put his trunk out when Thompson spoke to him. But he came no nearer. Deliberately he turned around and began to nibble at some of the more tender shoots on the ends of the hard dry branches. Presently, and without looking around, he infiltrated into the brush again. “Bu you said we were saved,” broke out Vanderpool, his weakness and fever coming back again after the momentary stim- ulant of the scene. “A hunch,” said Thompson a little ruefully. “Let's see if I’m right. Come on, I'll help you. Together they followed the heavy trail left by the miraculously friendly Houdini. Every now and then they would come upon the big fellow standing silently just ahead, as if waiting for them to catch up. At such moments Thompson motioned silence while he spoke aloud in friendly fashion to the elephant. But his heart sank when he saw that Houdini was leading them along an upgrade in the plains. No water could lie on a rise. Their one chance to find the life-giving liquid lay in the dry river beds at the lowest point of the land. Thompson knew he couldn’t go on much longer. Vanderpool was fretting and mildly raving again in his delirium that had returned. Nearly the full weight of the man was on his shoulders. He might struggle on for a few oa hundred yards farther. Certain] They had now reached the top af pote de Once more Houdini had melted away into the thorn bush. Dropping with exhaustion Thompson laid Vanderpool gently upon the ground and worked forward a few g toward an opening in the brush through which it appeared he might gain a view of the plain The level of the table-land was sixty feet or 59 below the vantage point to which Houdini had led a Carefully avoiding the sha ri Thompson peered out. His hentia po skirted the ugly desert land for halfway around the horizon. Suddenly they stopped, widened. He gave a cry, turned and rushed back to Vanderpool. Seizing the man’s shoulders he lifted his head into his lap and poured the last remainin, water from his canteen down his throat, “Pull yourself together, man,” he frantically. “I’ve found our gang! They're right below us. Here, take my arm.” That night Boculy, native headman, had many alibis. He explained that the Ndoto Mountain men had gone into a panic when the case of Ghandu fever had shown up. He could not restrain them. Now they were gone— gone forever he hoped. His own people, the natives Thompson trusted, were about to start back for the white men. He went on to say that there was plenty of water half a mile ahead; a special hole his brother had found. “Do not beat me, master,” he entreated. Vanderpool came up at this moment. He was not himself yet. But he had an urgent job to do. He explained to Thompson what this job was, but the latter was too busy berating his black men to care or to under- stand. \ HEREUPON, an_ hour later, when Vanderpool was still missing, a search party was sent out to find him. “White Chief left on his mule with bucket of water,” testified one of the natives. “That's a lie,” commented Thompson. But the native was right. Half an hour later Marvin Thompson himself located Vander- pool. The banker was up a tree, an empty water bucket on the ground below him. Standing guard under the tree was Houdini. Combined shoutings of six men drove the elephant away. “Thought I'd take the old fellow a drink,” | explained Vanderpool sheepishly, “but he | wouldn’t stand for it.” Which ends the yarn except for the fact | that Vanderpool left Africa three weeks later | without an elephant head to prove his valor. | “After meeting Houdini,” he later explained | at his club, “I couldn’t quite bring myself to | kill an elephant.”

Tesla, Wizard, Designs Air Flivver D®*: NIKOLA TESLA, New York City electrical wizard and pioneer radio ex- perimenter, has just taken out patents on a vertical-rising helicopter of his own design. He is certain it will fly, he says, although no model has been built. ; The machine, a combined airplane-heli- copter, would be the ideal air flivver, Dr. Tesla says. It has a wing spread of eight feet, and the same width and height. Two persons could fly in the craft, which is to weigh 500 pounds. A hybrid motor, a sort of turbine that embodies the principles of the present internal-combus- tion aero engine, would lift the craft vertically until it was clear of the ground through a lift- ing propeller that would then tilt forward for lateral flight.

A d i c E I

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144 Aviation

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| To heighten the effect,

The Movie Maker (Continued .from page 50) It does give wonderful depth to the picture, but it has some drawbacks. For one thing, we couldn’t fake perspective with a double- lensed camera.” Don concluded his technical lecture with a final squint through the finder and gave the order for lights, action, and camera. The sequence was very short, but it gave a bit of twelfth-century life and comedy which Don knew would add richness and reality to the presentation of medieval England. His final touch of trickery to complete the illusion of distance was the placing of two tall, stalwart men-at-arms on each side of the foreground arch; while in line with them he had two small boys in duplicate costume, make-up, and weapons stand just before the painted back drop of a similar, though much smaller, arch. * * BIT of war-torn France behind the enemy lines. A strip of no man’s land with tangled vines of barbed wire, and yawning shell holes. And around and about this carefully arranged horror and confusion, assistant directors and workmen moved, making shell holes more perilous, the whole scene more ghastly. As the war sequence was only a shell holding the main story, the battlefield sets did not need to be extensive, but Don wanted them realistic, and by working out a combination of miniature and large sets he contrived several hundred feet of thrilling war drama. And because it involved only a straggling bit of a lost battalion that had gotten too far ahead of the main line of battle, he used not more than a hundred extras for the scenes. The big set was designed primarily for Jerry’s exploits, in which he was to crawl from hole to hole over the strip of no man’s land, while an occasional carefully planned explosion was set off by an electrician some distance away. The powder charge had been planted just below the surface of the field, and when the fake bombs landed on certain specific spots they were blown to pieces by the hidden explosives, amid clouds of flying dirt. The location of the several explosions had been carefully charted and were marked in such a way that the actors knew how near they dared approach. They appeared to dash over the field in wild charges, but the action and ex- plosions were timed with extreme accuracy. several dummy “‘corpses’’ were tossed into the air, and some of the doughboys advanced near enough to the charted areas to get covered with the flying earth, a few doubling up apparently in death arony. (THERE were three big moments in the war sequence. For one Don used the entire force of extras and marched them across a field. Their objective was a small grove of trees on the other side, but before they could make it an enemy plane was to swoop low. As Don planned it, the sequence on the screen would show the airplane passing not more than four feet above the heads of the soldiers. But when the cameras shot the scene on the lot, they photographed merely the terrified soldiers stooping to dodge an invisible menace, their ranks thinned by machine-gun bullets as imaginary as the airplane. Several days later Don would photograph the plane in action over the Los Angeles air field. Then the two shots would be combined on his background machine, leaving a narrow strip of sky be- tween the plane and the marching soldiers. Another exciting bit was to depict the shell- ing of a French village while soldiers were passing through. For this the soldiers walked in rather irregular line of march down a strip of the field cut off from the rest of the lot by white canvas backgrounds. When the men in the front ranks had reached a designated place, Don, with stop = (Continued on page 145)

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Page 149

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June. 1928 MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION 145

The Movie Maker (Centinued from page 144) gatch in hand, shouted an order. All who had reached a certain point fled on toward the camera. ‘Those in the rear, who had not passed , second point, drew back in terror; while the majority, caught between the two points, fung themselves flat on the ground. And the next day, camera men, timing their exposures proportionately, photographed the shelling of a miniature village in which a large, half- wrecked church collapsed and crashed down over the roadway, burying part of the line of soldiers. When Don later combined the two shots, he was obliged to send the resulting negative to the laboratory for the painting out of a number of the extras who had not quite landed in any of the three zones when the church toppled over. And then the services of “Buck” Lacey, the screen's greatest stunt pilot, were called upon. He lived a charmed life and would ride any- thing that took the air, no matter how old or wobbly. He had a collection of ancient “Jen- nies,” sold him as junk, which he patched up and used in any stunt that required wrecking a plane. LTHOUGH most of the airplane shots were to be taken above the field in Los Angeles, Lacey's stunt had to be performed on the lot at Cinema City. One bright morning early in December his plane arrived by truck —even he did not care to bring it very far through the air—and he roared in on a motor- evele an hour later. After he had rolled the plane into position on the lot, he stood aside while a bit of footage was made of Jerry getting into the plane. The propeller was swung and the machine started down the field, stopping, however, after a short distance. Jerry stepped out, and Lacey, a caricature of a football player, bulging with leather pads, shin and nose guards, breast, arm and shoulder pro- tectors, and a crash helmet, climbed into the cockpit and jammed three large pillows into the forward part. His objective was a small cabin at the edge of a little grove, before which stood two tall trees, skeleton sentinels blackened and stripped almost bare of branches by shells and gunfire. Don had bought them from a contractor who supplied poles for telephone lines. After being doctored realistically by the scenic depart- ment, they had been set in concrete before the cabin, the space between their trunks being hardly more than the width of the fuselage of Lacey's plane. GAIN the plane started down the field, lifted, and after a short straightaway fight, returned to circle about two hundred feet overhead. Knowing there could be no retakes, Don had six cameras working on the seene. Then Lacey swooped down, appar- ently losing control of the plane, but in reality guiding its fall toward the cabin. Straight between the two sentinel trees plunged the mad plane, while the cameras clicked. There was a tremendous crash as it shot squarely between, shearing its wings off clean, and diving head-on into the cabin. The tree trunks were snapped like toothpicks and the cabin crumpled under the bulletlike impact of the fuselage. Almost before the camera men had stopped cranking and while everyone rushed toward the wreck, Lacey rolled out and grinned, tossing his helmet into the air. A shout of congratulation went up from the spectators. Feeling somewhat ashamed of his own safe tle, Jerry clapped the reckless one on the back. “And now the handsome hero does his death- defying stunt of fooling the dear public!” announced Jerry as he minced up to the cabin and wriggled into the hole out of which Lacey had wormed himself.

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146 MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION

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June, 193

colors. This does not put me under any | | rade. | take in a day—some days maybe only twenty,”

| process, and by having the scene photographed

| frames in each foot of film, this involved more Ps The Movie Maker (Continued from page 145) completely disappeared, the cam started again and a moment later = plies painfully out of the cabin. Made up to look distressingly wounded, he dragged himself across a few feet of ground. Then he rose and walked briskly beside the camera men the me of the distance to no man’s land, where he again resumed his crawling position and col lapsed, unconscious, beside a wounded an, * * * “Not more than twenty-five feet can we remarked Professor Mahrlenburg as he bent the tail of the largest dinosaur a fraction of an inch, stretched the ugly mouth a trifle wider and shifted the tiny wires controlling the eyes, “Then it'll take about ten days to finish this sequence,” estimated Don, watching the old man adjust in a similar manner a miniature brontosaurus engaged in deadly combat with its prehistoric neighbor. HE professor nodded, absorbed in his task. At Don’s request, he had turned director and with two assistants he had been at work for several days on the process, known as “animation,” by which the models would ap- pear ferociously alive when projected on the screen. The animals were being photographed on a long, low table that held a miniature battle. ground set, scarred and torn by war. Jagged, tangled barbed wire barriers, shell holes two inches deep, stumps of uprooted pygmy trees, abandoned toy rifles, lay on the field; and over this waste and destruction another conflict now raged—the battle of the beasts. Screwed into place around the table was a battery of motion picture cameras, electrically operated. After each tiny adjustment the pro- fessor and his assistants stood away from the table. The professor pressed a button and the shutters of the ten cameras opened simultane- ously just long enough to expose one frame of film. Then another laborious fractional adjust- ment of the animals on the battlefield, and another exposure. ON had been liberal in his use of cameras, for “animation” is a long and tedious from every possible angle he hoped to get an abundance of fine shots without the necessity for any retakes. To allow for extensive spoil- age and cutting, if necessary, he had made a rough estimate of two hundred feet of film from each camera, and since there are sixteen than three thousand separate exposures, with the patient, laborious operation of changing each time, ever so slightly, the position of the dozen or more animals covering the battlefield. Although the largest animal was only two feet long, they were gigantic in relation to the miniature battlefield, and would appear even more terrifying when combined with negatives made of actual soldiers. To allow for these double exposure shots, the lenses of several of the cameras were partially masked. Well above the range of the lenses, but with- in reach of the professor and his assistants, hung a framework as long as the table. From it was suspended a network of tiny pulleys, weights, and wires so fine as to be almost im visible, the ends of the wires being attached to various portions of each beast’s anatomy. Even as Don watched, he saw one of the assistants start a pterodactyl, a hideous flying reptile, on a slow-motion flight to the opposite side the battlefield. It would take more than thirty separate exposures to get the fantastically horrible creature across that three-foot span, but when the picture was finished and pre jected, Don knew that the flight would appear

a vulture swoop. (Continued on page 147)

2S Le COREE

such n¢ all put you ar out bot “ U' tl “T felt

Page 151

June, 199g i er as Were crawled » to look himself rose and | the rest vhere he and col. ed com. can we twenty,” he bent on of an le wider, the eyes, nish this the old uniature bat with his task, director, at work 10WN as ould ap- i on the 1ed on a > battle. Jagged, oles two 1y trees, und over conflict le was a ctrically the pro- rom the and the nultane- ‘rame of | adjust- Id, and ameras, tedious graphed ) get an ecessity ve spoil- made a of film : sixteen ed more es, with hanging n of the ttlefield. two feet to the ar even egatives or these veral of ut with- ‘istants, . From pulleys, nost in- iched to y. Even sistants reptile, _ side of n thirty stically t span, nd pro- appear age 147) —_—————— june, 1928 The Movie Maker (Continued from page 146) The wires were useful, also, in balancing the gimals in any position as they turned and yssled and tore at each other, ripping great _gahes in one another's bodies, from which thick molasses, inserted at the proper moment squeezed out with calculated slowness, gushed forth in the guise of blood. At the end of the long day’s work, Don ' stopped for a few moments in his office to check | the receipted November bills against his bank | halance. There was no longer any doubt about | money enough to finish the picture, for Silas ‘Rogers had sent in his final twenty-five-thou- | sand-dollar check promptly on the first of the month. /T\ON snapped the rubber band on his bank DV book thoughtfully. He had an appoint- | ment with Rogers for the following evening and /he wondered who would emerge victor. For he ‘had decided to play another game of chess with | Mabel’s father and offer him a third share in ‘his invention for fifty thousand dollars. That ‘would leave the control in Don’s hands, yet |it would be a better deal, financially, for the | newspaper owner than a half interest at one ‘hundred thousand. Don hoped that the,lure ‘of a bargain would influence Silas Rogers to ‘accept the offer, for Margaret must be assured gs soon as possible that the money would be ‘ready when she needed it. ie | “Don, won't you come home to dinner with \ys?” The object of the young director's ‘thoughts paused in the doorway. “Father is | waiting in the car.” “Thanks a lot, Margaret, but I’m getting | just a sandwich and a cup of coffee at the drug ‘store. I’m due back at the laboratory. Canfield | and I have a full night’s session.” | As Margaret entered the room and stood |near his desk, Don rose to chat with her a moment. Unconsciously, he still fingered his bank book and her gaze was attracted to it. She smiled at him with quizzical understanding. “It’s something of a strain, isn’t it?’’ she asked. “Being director, producer and financier all at once.” “Only when I think how much I owe you “Don, I’ve told you I won't listen to any such nonsense!’ Margaret interrupted. ““We’re all putting everything into this picture just as you are—because it belongs to us!’ She held out both hands and he gripped them heartily. “Bet it was you and your sapphire ring that started us last summer,” he insisted. “I felt like a cad, selling your ring, but I’ve debited twice the amount of its sale against the picture and—”’ “Foolish!” Margaret laughed up at him and tried to withdraw her hands, but he held them firmly a moment longer. “And with my first check from the profits I'm going to buy you a ring that will—” “Oh! I beg your pardon!” The two looked up in surprise as Judy, hurrying into the office, stopped so abruptly that she almost tripped. | “Come in, come in!” called Don, as she turned quickly to leave the room. Though his hands had automatically relinquished Mar- garet’s at the sound of another’s voice, there was constraint in the air—Judy had stared as though she had unexpectedly come upon a pair of lovers. Absurd! Anyone could tell that Margaret and he were only very good friends. et he couldn't clear the atmosphere by crude- Y announcing that, could he? Somewhat embarrassed, he glanced from udy, standing awkwardly in the center of the room, to Margaret beside him, and caught the latter’s eyes dancing with suppressed laughter. own twinkled a response. Margaret un- derstood, of course. (Continued on page 148) _—_— MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION 147 ScrenTIFIC AMERICAN BUILDING 24 W. 40th St., New York City Tower BuiLDING Chicago, Ill. PATENTS TRADE-MARKS FOREIGN PATENTS MUNN @& CO. 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148 MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION 7-7

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The Movie Maker | (Continued from page 147) Judy was a dear little dunce to be so blind perhaps he’d tell her so tonight—he felt a less! et ey to her expectantly after Mas garet had left the room with a mu ; night. Tmured good But Judy met his eager eyes with a pleas ly impersonal gaze. = “I just stopped in to tell you Jerry and I are going out to the ranch a little before noo tomorrow. Jerry will be at the field in time for the airplane shots in the afternoon. Yo, won't need me there, will you?” . “Why, no, but I—” Don’s sentence trailed off unfinished, for turning briskly on the heels of her trim small riding boots, Judy had departed. * * * With somber, unseeing eyes, Judy looked out across the dry sandy fields edging the road Here and there a green square marked a crop of alfalfa, the fourth and last of the year, stil unharvested. A few miles farther on, Jerry’s ranch was an unirrigated sandy area that gradually narrowed into a sliver of canyon between the first low ridges of the foothills, ERRY’S ranch! And yet, because he had so generously deeded it over to protect her in emergency, she was stubbornly blocking its sale. Selfish! Not sparing herself at all in her doleful mental monologue, Judy sat silent and de- jected beside her brother as they sped along. She had never really considered the ranch hers, but now that Don and Margaret were to be married—“ with my first check from the profits I'm going to buy you a ring!”’—she must have some place to which she could retreat while the wound was still raw and smarting. And then she’d have to find some way to support herself. She couldn't go back to the pictures— she couldn't! “Celebrating national gloom week, ss?” Jerry nudged her shoulder and she glanced up at his smiling face. But she did not respond. “I'm not going to sell the ranch, Jerry.” Her head drooped. In spite of her misery, she felt ashamed to be such a stubborn little beast, A coward, too! LL Jerry’s coaxing and argument were in vain. And when they found the two real estate men they had promised to meet, waiting for them at the ranch, Judy still refused to give her consent. A tall real estate broker in dusty gray suit added his persuasions. His equally dusty, brown-suited partner pointed out ad- vantages. All the flimsy reasons which Judy advanced for keeping the ranch were re before her and knocked flat like paper do until the only thing she could cling to was the central stubborn fact that she would not sell the ranch! And she clung to that so persist- ently, so unreasonably, and finally so hysteri- cally that the brown and gray partners were obliged to play their trump card. “Thirty thousand dollars for the place!” announced the tall gray one, and he loo hard at Jerry. j “Judy! There was an imploring note Jerry’s voice. Never again could he hope to have such a ridiculous offer. But the small figure of dejection seated on the cottage steps shook its head in passionate refusal. : Jerry muttered an exclamation of disgust, then looked at his watch. . “Sorry,” he told the partners, “but were due on the flying field within an hour. Suppose you telephone me tonight at the hotel after my sister and I have had a chance to talk this thing over.” The men looked at each other warily, then the shorter one spoke. “Sure we'll call you, but the offer ain't good

after tonight. (Continued on page 149)

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June, 193 Seer ie cr | ind, and elt reck. leasant- nd I are re noon in time m. You ied, for, mM small * looked he road. 1 a cro sar, stil | erry’s ea that canyon hills, e had so t her in king its doleful ind de- 1 along. ch hers, e to be > profits st have t while g. And support tures— were in wo real waiting to give n dusty equall put ad- h Judy — r do vas the 10t sell persist- iysteri- rs were ‘had place looked .ote in ope to ted on sionate lisgust, ; we're uppose ter my Ik this r, then t good ge 149) —$—$———

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The Movie Maker (Continued from page 1 48) Your sister better hurry and make up her—” *Then I'll expect to hear from you tonight.” Jerry curtly terminated the other’s unasked advice. **Mind if we look over the place again?” asked the broker. *Stay as long as you please,” Jerry replied. “We're leaving in a moment.” They walked off in the direction of the can- yon, and Jerry went around to the back of the cottage. He returned with a dipperful of water which he presented to his tear-stained, dishev- eled sister. “Don't drink it,” he warned her. “We'll have to get the well cleaned out—the water tastes queer. But you can sop your face with it. I don’t want to take you back to town look- ing like a ripe tomato.” **I—I’m not going back now,” she replied feebly. “I’m not needed this afternoon, so I'll just go into the cottage and take a nap. You can come for me when you're through with the = stuff, or I'll walk to the road and take the us in. “Tit come back for you, of course.” Jerry rumpled his sister’s hair with a roughly affectionate hand. The kid did look miserable, but he had no time now to stop and dig out the cause. With a well calculated leap from the steps, he landed on the running board of his car and was soon bumping along the mile strip of ruts and holes that ran from his front door to the Los Angeles highway. Thirty thousand dollars for the ranch! More than twice what it was worth, especially with that freight line running through it. Some- how, he couldn’t believe that the real estate people wanted the ranch for an allotment—it was too far out and lacking in landscape fea- tures for that. Were they trying, under cover, | to buy up a huge acreage for a new motion picture city? Rumors of that sort were always flying about. Not twenty minutes after Jerry had dis- appeared in his own cloud of dust, his sister, exhausted by emotion, was drifting off to sleep in the bedroom at the rear of the cottage. But a grinding, clanking sound recalled her drowsy senses and she listened annoyed—those real estate men pumping water from the well. Would they never go and leave her in peace? And then she heard one word that banished sleep and weariness and even sorrow for the moment—oil! With a quick, silent motion she was out of bed and stooping down beside the shade-drawn window. HERE stood the dusty pair, the dipper in the hand of the taller one. And as he turned it slightly to get the sun’s full rays on the scummy surface of the water, he gazed at it hungrily and talked in low, eager tones. Judy crouched by the window until they went around to the front of the house, where they had parked their car. She heard the hum of their starter, the explosions of the engine. Then she leisurely bathed her face and hands, combed her hair, and got into her riding suit. She wanted to give the partners plenty of time to reach the Los Angeles highway before she set out on her dusty, one-mile trek. Naturally, they thought she had returned to the city with her brother, and she did not care to have them suspect otherwise. Fifteen minutes later she set out along the same road. If she were lucky enough to make the next bus, she would reach the air field before Jerry was through. When, after his last crash, Jerry had prom- ised his sister to “quit the game,” he had re- ferred only to stunting. Judy knew as well as he that he could never give up flying. In the studio, during the close-ups of the air scenes, Jerry had fretted and fumed constantly, his desire for a real (Continued on page 150)

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I know that I can make progress because everything is told so clearly. I can get this instruction at home, and prepare for success in radio without giving up my present job. I can study when I please and as long as I please. With the tremendous opportunities opening up in radio today, I certainly can’t pass up this opportun- ity to learn more about the RIA course. Here’s one coupon I will clip. I want the full facts.” Tear out the coupon and mail it now. RADIO INSTITUTE OF AMERICA Dept. J-6 326 Broadway, New York City —— = oe oe eee eee eee eee eee ee ee ee ee oe Gee RADIO INSTITUTE OF AMERICA, Dept. J-G 326 Broadway, New York City Dear Mr. Duncan: . Please send me your new catalog. I want to know more about your new radio course. * MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION The Movie Maker (Continued from page 149) airplane revived by the studio imitation in which he did his acting. It was only a part of a plane in which he sat—the cockpit and central por- tion of the wings—mounted on a turntable platform which could be tilted at almost any angle to indicate an airplane in flight. Beyond the camera deadline a wind machine was oper- ated at such high speed that when Jerry, con- temptuous of its force, removed his helmet, his smarting eyes filled with tears and he had to duck his head to escape the cutting blast. But it only made him homesick for the real thing; so when Don, in planning the shots to be taken actually in the air, had decided to go up with the camera himself, Jerry had eagerly volunteered to pilot the plane. “It gives me a pain in the neck,” he had growled, “sitting like a Hollywood doll in this sawed-off studio cockpit while some stage hand unrolls cloud effects back of me! When I aviate I want to leave the ground.” HEN I aviate I want to leave the ground. A thousand feet above the flying field that afternoon, Don recalled those words of Jerry’s and chuckled—chuckled in spite of their precarious, even dangerous, situation. For Jerry had certainly left the ground—and had left a wheel of the plane below him. Striking a bump near the end of the field, just as they had taken off more than an hour be- fore, they had lurched sharply and then had lifted to the smooth velvet of the air. Not until one of the stunting planes, rising after them, had dangled their lost wheel before their eyes and pantomimed the accident, had they known that anything was wrong. But time enough to think of that after the air scenes had been taken. So for an hour they had been cruising above the field, Don cranking the camera while Jerry jockeyed for positions that would give startling camera angles of the other planes. The flying itself was not un- usually spectacular, for the most thrilling stunts had been worked out on the lot or in the laboratory. One of these was a fight in the air, in which the vanquished plane spun flaming to the earth. The spectacular and apparently hazardous part of this sequence took place entirely on paper, for the professor and his artists had prepared nearly three hundred wash drawings—each drawing advancing the action an imperceptible trifle—of a plane bursting into flames as it fell. Photographed in sequence, a frame of film being exposed for each drawing, the action appeared continuous and thrilling. The scene had actually been photographed in the air to the point where the defeated plane dropped like a skyrocket; there would be the joining between the “faked” and the real shots, while a close-up of the wounded aviator, made in the studio, would be spliced in between. ND now, all the camera work done, Jerry Tune, 192 was turning and banking a thousand feet | above the field—getting ready to land, evident- ly. With his arm shielding his face from the backrush of air from the propeller, Don leaned over the edge of the cockpit for a view of the revolving panorama beneath. To the west, toy battleships floated at anchor in San Pedro harbor. Green and brown and red, almost directly below him, the squares and sections of Los Angeles were an irregularly pat- terned chessboard, bordered in one direction by a yellow expanse of desert, in another by Hollywood, rising gradually to merge with the shadowy green of Beverly Hills. Dull brown in the distance, the uneven line of the foothills curved eastward like the broken rim of an old earthenware bowl worn smooth by age. “But the earth was not rising to meet them. Was Jerry going to cruise around for the rest of the afternoon? 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une, 1923 June, 1928 | The Movie Maker (Continued from page 150) | pon settled back into the cockpit, he caught in that Jerry flashed at him and saw hishand go up in a reckless, gay salute. Then, its nose to the sun, the plane gathered tremen- dous speed and roared in an ascending spiral toward the ceiling of the sky. As they rushed upward, Don had the sensa- tion of staring down, not up, and instead of fying they seemed to be diving smoothly, jyoyantly, into the turquoise ocean of the sky. The blood tingled in his fingertips. His heart heat double quick and gaily, while under his kin a thousand little needles pricked and quivered. In spite of the icy velocity of the gale, colder than anything he had ever ex- rienced, he again leaned out over the edge of the cockpit. Far, far below, the earth was flat dark mass, where people grubbed for a living. He seemed never to have belonged to it; always he had been suspended in this shining void. And then the earth began to rise. As it drew nearer, Don felt suddenly very tired. The exhilaration of the sky had passed, leaving him numb and weary. Now for the test of Jery’s skill—or luck! Of course they would scrape through all right, Jerry always had; but Don thought of his will with a faint sense of relief. The others were protected, the picture was taken care of—just in case . EMEMBERING the picture, Don’s hand went out to the camera. No matter what happened, he might be able to save it and the senes on the reel. In a moment he had loosened the handscrews that held the camera damped tight to the edge of the cockpit. He lifted the camera out of its socket and adjusted it firmly in the curve of his left arm, tight against his chest. Then with his right hand on the safety belt ring that would release him from his seat, he glanced downward. They were perhaps three hundred feet from the ground now, he judged. Below, two motor- cycle policemen rode up and down, holding back the crowd. Don's eyes followed the sene indifferently. Everything was blurred, as in a dream. Any moment, now... And yet there was nothing to do but wait passively. The plane tilted slightly toward the left, gliding lower. Don noticed a hearselike vehicle at each end of the field. Ambulances . white-suited internes standing ready with stretchers. It was like looking down on prepa- rations for your own funeral. But none of it semed real. Airplane crashes, pile-ups, and explosions happened to people in newspapers— something to read about but never to ex- perience. Yesterday’s headlines flashed through his mind: CRIPPLED PLANE CRASHES ...GAS TANK EXPLODES... CHARRED AND BLACKENED BODIES Now they were down below the tree line. Now faces swirled past them, streaked to- gether in a flying circle. Now they must be just skimming the ground . HE plane rocked into a side-slip — lifted ‘slightly. Jerry's arm swung up as if in a al. Obeying blindly, Don with one swift move was on the edge of the cockpit, hugging the heavy camera close. As he crouched for a jump, the plane scraped and lurched violently tothe right. Rising in a somersault, the plane tossed Don like a springboard as he leaped out and forward. What is the fate of Don and Jerry? ‘How will it all end? The final install- ment next month will be the greatest Yall, Ask your dealer to reserve your copy of the July issue—on the news stands June 2. ee W. seaso! ly $2100 which is not bad for a side line.” Ww . F. Kendt, Buffalo, writes: “I sharpened 994 lawn mowers last Zeno Brandon, Middletown, O., rites: ‘I made $820.70 in 55 days with my ‘Ideal.’ Have made as high as $38.70 in one day.” MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION $2100 LAST SEASON n and the receipts were near- $820 IN 55 DAYS OVER 15,000 IN USE Mower slips into sharpener without being dismantled " HERE’S YOUR CHANCE! The big opportunity you’ve always wanted—to make extra money, BIG MONEY, in your spare time, at home. W. T. Moore, Twin Falls, Idaho, made a net profit of $1200 in 90 days. can do it too—turn every spare hour into $4 to $6 profit with the IDEAL LAWN MOWER SHARPENER You, too, can make yourself independent, build a permanent, honorable, big-paying business with this ‘‘Ideal’’ Grinder—a wonder- fully simple machine that sharpens all makes of lawn mowers per- fectly, scientifically, without taking the mowers apart. up the mower, set it in the “‘Ideal,”” make a few simple adjustments and proceed to sharpen. In 15 minutes the mower is ready for the lawn, and you have made $1.50 to $2.00—depending on the charge you fix. Man, It’s Amazing How Easy {t's.tomake ble money with it! H. J. Nulick, El Dorado, Kans., turned his grinder business over to his 14 year old son. Hundreds of Dull Mowers be sharpened. No town too small. R. S. Newcomer. Vinton, Ia., writes: and other towns to get the’ customers stay with you, too. ens mowers to razor edge. Owners are delighted; tell their friends; your business grows by leaps and bounds. You Make Money Right Away. $°°;,,=: Stillwater, Minn., writes: ‘‘We set the machine up 2 weeks ago Friday; since that time have sharp- ened 102 mowers.” That's close to $200 in Kearney's pocket for 2 weeks’ work! This Is Your Chance, Man! Our FREE BOOK, “Let 151 SEND FOR THIS BOOK You Just pick he “‘Ideal.”” Anyone can do in your locality are waiting to “People come for miles around r mowers ground.” Your The “‘Ideal’’ sharp- Geo. e oP sich Make Us Prove It. @ and MAIL George Say It’’ contains ot f of . procs Ss oy hae a THIS TODAY THE EATE-ROOT- @ THE FATE-ROOT-HEATH CO. 744 Bell St.” 718-744 Bell St., Plymouth, Ohio Plymouth, - You'll have to prove that I can make Ohio big money with the “Ideal’’ Grinder. ee Send me your FREE BOOK. RS 6. 5:cin dbp pektae add dia didatekt eanked ones oe eee LEARN BY DOING Every phase of all Lenaies ELECTRICITY taught by Actual Practice In America’s foremost and oldest institution for trade training No Books Used Individual Instruction Start Any Day Write for FREE 64-page catalog THE NEW YORK ELECTRICAL SCHOOL 40 West 17th St., New York City ADDING MACHINE VEST POCKET SIZE DDS, SUBTRACTS, LTIPLIES, DIVIDES a Does work of s 00 machine. Guaranteed 5 ade of steel and indestructible. Million dol- lar ci ity. Fitsin pocket. Will not make es. So simple child can operate it. Everybody should carry one for figuring. Mu | SUBTRACTION |. | Mugripticarion eet Oivi N le ttm: Tew cents S10 iti Pay postman $&. e) 10c additional for Handsome Leather - ette Case. (If outside U.S. send cash.) If not = a satisfied after 10-day tial yee back. SHOUSANDS OF SATISFIED USERS. e priced practical calculator made. ‘‘Why pay more for inferior imitations?’’ Order from thi «s Mail Coupon Today cassssessssess BABY CALCULATOR SALES COMPANY, Dept. 61, P. O. Box 1118, CHICAGO, ILL., U.S. A. {] Iam enclosing $2.50—send adding machine prepaid. { ] Send adding machine C. O. D. $2.50 plus postage. 2.00 (rius Write for big commission and exclusive territory proposition. A definite program for getting ahead financially will be found on page four of this issue. MEN—BOYS, 17 UP | Steady Work. Travel on “Uncle Sam’s” Payroll RAILWAY POSTAL CLERKS MAIL CARRIERS (City and Rural) $1700 to $3000 Year— IMMEDIATELY No Layoffs. SHOULD MAIL COUPON Paid Vacations. FRANKLIN INSTITUTE Dept. C-275, Rochester, N.Y. :_ Rush to me WITH- > OUT CHARGE FREE 32- page book with list of U.S. Gov- cS) ernment positions open to men and Sg boys, sample coaching, and full partic- o ulars telling how to get them. f £ pT EPP Eero eres rere eee Serer

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| | t | | 152 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY June; tame Tycos Instruments help speed to you the News of the World! EN minutes after the last batter is out the final score of the game is J Tycos for i he — 7 printed and newsboys are sellin ng the “final sporting extra.” Hot from the printing presses the news of the world comes pouring to you. As one afternoon edition follows another at hourly and half-hourly intervals, changes in the weather forecast are made in the “ears” of the front page. Organization, plus machinery, makes it possible for the great metropolitan dailies to print the news almost eos Office Thermometers An aid in promoting human efficiency. Tycos Bath Thermometers To enable you to get the most good from your bath. while it is happening. Tapler oe Set In the newspaper world as in every other industry, where heat has to be controlled, Bake Oven Thermometer, Candy Thermometer, Sugar Meter. The secret of accurate results in Tyeos Instruments are used to speed up production and insure the quality of the product. Cooking. = the composing x wg ~ Instruments are bw to eee the temperature of the hot Sloss Wit Thennemenee ead in the casting box of the type casting machines where the operators are putting “copy” "Teo tip veo aulatnine tempemense in yous into type. conducive to good health. The type is locked up in page form and rushed to the stereotyping room. There the Tapler Quality Compasses mat is made and shoved into the stereotyping machine. The door is clamped shut and the To show you the right way in unfamiliar country. hot lead swishes and gurgles over the face of the mat to make the press plate from which Seas Fever Thaomnmetere the newspaper is printed. A necessity in every home. Controlling the heat of the lead, holding it to exactly the temperature that will make Sons themnmmaiil the best press plates is a eos Electric-Contact Temperature Control. And in making the Sennent> Gx sentes wmeetae tenn Ge paper itself Tyeos temperature and humidity instruments are an important factor. with dependable accuracy. Whether it it is control of heat you want for a manufacturing process that takes fractions Sjoce Hygrometer of a minute or instruments for indicating, recording or controlling heat over a period of To enable you to keep the humidity of the atmos- hours, days, or months, there are Zyeos Instruments that are designed for your particular phere in your home correct at all times. needs. Informative literature on any type of instrument will be sent you promptly on request—or our engineer will consult with you on the application of J¥eoe to your pattic- Tycos for the Medical Profession ular manufacturing problem. Tycos Sphygmomanometer, Pocket and Office types. Tycos Urinalysis Glassware. S Zaylor [Instrument Companies | re Fon Toone Main Office and Factory bag oA dealer will re os oe sk us, on a postal, for booklets ROCHESTER, N.Y. - - U.S.A. on any of the above. Canadian Plant: See BUILDING, TORONTO SHORT & MASON, Ltd. Manufacturing Distributors in Great Britain i Bulletins on Request { FS OE TTS THE ~ SIXTH ~ SENSE ~ OF ~ INDUSTRY cos Te mperature Instruments INDICATING - RECORDING ~ CONTROLLING © This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. R. R. DONNELLEY & SONS CO., CHICAGO

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ime, 1928 Wy a ANYON, can do artistic work with “ROGERS” ” SHABBY 7 -RGGERS> BRUSHING LACQUER cAlso distributed and guaranteed by Acme Wurrte Leap AND Cotor Works DETROIT, MICHIGAN Lincotn Paint AND Coton CoMPANY LINCOLN, NEBRASKA Tue Martin-‘Senour CoMPANY CHICAGO, ILLINOIS Peninsutar Paint AND VARNISH Co. DETROIT, MICHIGAN Tue SHeRwin-WittiAMs CoMPANY CLEVELAND, OHIO See es) aH mA" That is the marvelous thing about this wonderful “Rogers” —the guaranteed home lacquer. Anyone can use it artistically. For example, no expert preparatory work is needed when “Rogers” is used. You merely flow the beautiful color on with a full brush. “Rogers” quickly levels itself, forming a lustrous, colorful coating over any old or “unpainted” surface. Then it— “DRIES WHILE YOU WAIT.” Dries smooth, without laps or brush marks. Dries before dust can settle in. Dries toa hard, tough, porcelain-like finish that wears and wears and WEARS. 26 Rich “Rogers” Colors There are twenty-six “Rogers” colors from which to choose, also black, white and clear. In addi- tion there are four new “‘Vogue” finishes for producing the latest iridescent effects as shown upon the red porch table illustrated. Leading hardware, paint and vari- ety stores, department stores and art shops everywhere carry ““Rog- ers.” To be sure of smart colors and smooth finish, insist upon the genuine in the “Oriental” can shown here. Every can of “Rogers” is sold with our publicly adver- tised ““Money-Back” Guaranty. DETROIT WHITE LEAD WORKS, Detroit, Michigan Makers of highest grade Paints, Varnishes, Colors, Lacquers Bl LACQUER IT | BRUSHING ORIES 5 WAIT! Fé Our : LACQUERED "ene © 1928 D.W.L.W. NAVY BLUE Try one can of Rogers Brushing Lacquer. If satis-

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{ { Here are some reasons for its astonishing results a I OL 1 se, a, an nea pe d| bp <tr en F you were asked to name the one or- ganization in the entire world which, And wouldn’t you expect that the com- pany which for years had made the finest cameras for “still” photography would make the finest cameras for movies? That’s why people everywhere rightly regard the Ciné-Kodak as the last word in amateur movie equipment. Specifically, it is the follow- ing features that make it so: (1) Next to the lens mount is a semi-auto- matic diaphragm scale, a permanent part of the camera, which tells you just what to do under each light condition. (2) There is the usual eye-level sight finder but in the Ciné-Kodak it is so placed that you. don’t need to squint or remove hat or glasses. In addition, (3) there is a ecitorel reflecting finder, invaluable when taking pictures of children or pets. (4) The winding handle for the motor is ewe attached. You can’t lose it or orget it. The very shape of the Ciné-Kodak is convenient; (5) it is easy to carry and (6) can be rested anywhere. Because of this and because (7) the release can be locked in running position, you can actually take movies of yourself, (8) Loading \ such in your opinion, knew most about photog- ~ raphy, wouldn’t your answer surely be J , H M the Eastman Kodak Company? bas Om e the Ciné-Kodak takes \ \ ¥ i PA eR dec aaa and unloading are done with the greatest ease. There are no tight fits and the film is also com- pletely protected. Everything is so arranged as to make threading the film and cleaning the mechanism simplicity itself. Moreover, no pains have been spared to make this mecha- nism strong and durable as well as convenient. (9) The materials used are of the finest, the gate, for example, being chromium-plated, and (10) the camera itself handsomely covered with leather. (11) Ciné-Kodaks are Eastman-made throughout. The lenses are made for the camera, not fitted to it and (12) not only is this oeeiment backed by the Kodak reputation but the user has the benefit of Eastman service, world-wide in scope. Wonderful ‘ / home movie making equally simple for ~ Ovi1eS 7 you. The result is that the Ciné Kodak is 17 7 } \ we ¥ This is Ciné-Kodak Model B with f. 1.9 lens, the fastest lens supplied as stock equipment with any home movie camera. Two other lens equipments are available — f, 6.5 and f, 3.5. } ) ) ,) ) ) . 2 } (13) Ciné-Kodak embodies Eastman’s } forty years’ experience in devising } ‘easy picture making methods for the 3 amateur. Unbiased by the precedents } and prejudices of professional cinema } camera design, the men who made still 2 photography so easy have now made the simplest home movie camera. (14) As an example of this simplicity, the f.6.5 and f. 3.5 models require no focusing. And while the f.1.9 pictured above, because of its extreme speed, does require focusing, this is easily accomplished by a simple twist of the lens barrel. And, now, finally, add to these fourteen oints of excellence a fifteenth. Instead ot keine much higher in price than other cameras of its type, the Ciné-Kodak (15) actually costs less. So see your Kodak dealer for interesting demonstration and clip coupon below for booklet. LALA A SS, A, A, EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY Dept. PS-6, Rochester, N. Y. Please send me, FREE and without obligation, the booklet telling me how I can easily make my own movies. MINE. 00:60 d66sdsssecdncdes eeeeeee ee

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