Popular Science Monthly 1928-04: Vol 112 Iss 4

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You'd think it was a coating of jewel dust — so brilliant— so scintillating —like the sparkling hues of count- less diamonds, emeralds, rubies and sapphires, flashing in the sunlight. It is the new Rogers “Vogue” finish—the latest and most thrilling idea in artistic lacquer treatment for new and old tables, desks, bookcases, lamps, smoking stands, bookracks, etc. The effect is amazing. Yet to produce it is very, very easy. Com- plete directions come with every can. Simply lacquer the piece with a beautiful Rogers color. Halfan hour later apply the new “Vogue” finish. Many exquisite variations are possi- LACQUER (7 Peleton FUNG S Ey ip SUN GLOW Vv SHANG LACQUER VOGUE FITNSH Our RING LIQuIO “Money-Back” Guaranty Try onecan of Rogers Brushing Lacquer. If not more than satisfied, return what is left to your dealer. He is authorized to refund the entire purchase price. ye Als amazing as it is NEW ROGERS Vogue finish ble. Merely follow the directions. No experience is needed. Anyone can do it. Like “Rogers,” the new “Vogue” finish— “Dries While You Wait.” Dries smooth and hard. Dries free from dust. Dries to a tough, durable surface that wears and wears and WEARS. You will be more than delighted with it. 26 Rogers Colors Rogers Brushing Lacquer comes +—— + Also distributed and guaranteed by Acme White Lead & Color Works Detroit, Michigan Lincoln Paint & Color Company Lincoln, Nebraska The Martin-Senour Company Chicago, Illinois Peninsular Paint & Varnish Company Detroit, Michigan The Sherwin-Williams Company Cleveland, Ohio in 26 exquisite standard colors, also black, white and clear. In ad. dition there are the four new Vogue finishes— Platinum Tone, Sun Glow, Fairy Green and Fire Glow. See your Rogers dealer today. He is the only one who carries the new “Vogue” finishes. You can tell the genuine by the name “Rogers” and the distinctive oriental can. Rogers Lacquers and Vogue finishes are al. ways sold with our “Money-Back” Guaranty. DETROIT WHITE LEAD WORKS Detroit, Michigan Makers of highest grade PAINTS - VARNISHES +» COLORS + LACQUERS ORES oc WAIT! RGGERS> BRO OSH WG LACQOER © 1928, D W.L.W. of the herea: devel.

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D W.L.W. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 1 J\ SINGLE slance at the aristocratic lines and regal appointments of the new Cadillac must of necessity determine at once all question of social supremacy in motoring hereafter. In addition, there is assurance of lithe and lightning=-like performance from the highly developed 90=degree, V-=type, eight=cylinder engine such as no other fine car has ever had. A fore than 50 exclusive body st yles by Fisher and i isher=f Leet wood CADILLA A NOTABLE PRODUCT

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY

Table of Contents for April

April, 199, — > WHAT IS NEW THIS MONTH |

—— a Dancers Tuat Lurk IN THE Famity Icespox .. Testing High Capacity Condensers . 70 By Frederic Damrau, M.D. 22 . BC “tee — Sean 70 Startling conclusions from a Popular Science Institute report on house- ower Unit Built at Low Cost 82 hold refrigerators Sea Wurprets TuriLt In Newest Sport By Ellsworth Bennett 25 FICTION High spots of a sensational outboard motor boat race “Can I Arrorp AN AIRPLANE?” . . . By H.C. Davis 26 ia Must Go On"" . 16 What a nation-wide survey revealed about the dollars and cents of private 1e Movie Maker—Part Three. 46 flying A LoupsPEAKER For A MiLiion Ears By R.C. Upjohn 28 HOME WORKSHOP How engineers tested a horn that can be heard a mile A Real Kiddies’ Pl ; 5 " we ¢ eal Kiddies’ Playground. 79 | Piants Tuat See, Feet anp TuInk _. By Arthur A. Stuart 29 Next We Make the Mayflower. . 89 | Amazing discoveries of a famous Hindu botanist His Shop is Always Orderly 84 | Skyscrapers Burtt Waite Tenants Wair. . By Peter Vischer 31 How to Mount Small Motors. 88 | Wonder feats in modern building construction Radius-Forming Tool for Grinding BeatinG DeatH AT THE SeaA’s Bottom By Robert E. Martin 32 PR ng Tne a * | Divers’ thrilling moments beneath the waves Measuring Siew: Mhaake 3 | Fontatne Fox Insists HE Is an INVENTOR 34 Floor Compound Cleans Hands . 88 A prominent cartoonist’s own story of his ‘ ‘contraptions “i Polishing Attachment for Speed Hypnotism Gives Arp To SuRGEON . By Grover C. Lange 36 sg 7 Banishing pain without anesthetics bee ire tate hid ds Lathe from 88 Keeprne Trains Out or Wrecks . By Jesse F. Gelders 37 Making Your Jackknife Last. 92 | Ye How new inventions have lightened the dis atcher's burden Repairing Canvas Canoes. 94 | : Re Old F | Frying Wounvep Troops THROUGH SNIPERS’ BULLETS . wea i eemanes =F ? crew Eyes Serve as Neat Support | ; ‘ , . —— By Hyatt E. Gibson 39 for Shelves ~ | A marine aviator’s heroic exploit in Nicaragua Furniture for Beginners to Make . 100 How Do Tuery Know Asout Atoms? By George Lee Dowd, Jr. 42 Blueprints for Your Home Work- A simple explanation of the newest conception of matter — ; , - 102 | Hurriine TarovucH Space In A Paracnute By L.G. Pope 48 Template for Block Letter 8 Signs re Hair-raising glimpses of a parachute-jumper’s life Hydrochloric Acid in the — StraNGE Rapio Devices Locate BurteD TREASURE 45 Workshop . 1 By Albert Henry Kingerly Painting a Breakfast Set. 112 Modern divining rods that really work — “a + - a oad Expert . a Pians To Cross Ocean rn 60 Hours By Edwin Ketchum 49 Nidhi anita seine in Will this new craft revolutionize ocean travel? WonDer SroriEs IN THE MAKING By Frank Parker Stockbridge 50 FOR MECHANICS What science . leaders talked ahout when they got together Jobbing Shop Short Cuts 86 How To Start Your Garpen Now . By E. Bade 66 Thread Scraping Tool . 114 Timely pointers on preparing for summer crops Steps to Take in es a Tool- Deapiy GARDENS IN FLy Foorrrints 67 C oe —_,. New dangers in insect tracks revealed by the microscope a a oe amps 2 A Howse Has Its Face Lirrep . By John R. McMahon 71 How ingenuity transformed an old dwelling HOUSEHOLD KINKS UnmaskinG Garace “Gyps” By Myron M. Stearns 74 Replacing a Broken Window Pane . 90 What inexpert car repairs cost you How to Cut Glass. . . 90 Our READERS Say— 10 How to Fill Holes in Plaster Walls . 108 os ; ; Cleaning Shades . 110 How You Can Tet A Goop REFRIGERATOR 8 Scrubbing Fireplaces . 110

Fy 1928, Vol. 112, No. 4. Popular Science Monthly is published month- t 250 Fourth Avenue, New York, N. Y., by the Popular Science Publishing o. Inc. Entered as second-class matter Dee. 28, 1918, at the Post Office at New York under the act of March 3, 1879; additional ‘entry as second-class matter at Chicago, Illinois. mpteres as ——a matter at the Post Office Department, Canada. Printed in le Copyright, 1927, by the Popular Science Pubiishing Co., Ine. Single ‘sane, "25 cents. Yearly ‘subscriptions to science, Popular Science Month Wilson, Vice-President; United States, its possessions, and Canada, $2.50; foreign countries, $3. The contents of this magazine must not be reprinted without permission. senting in its editorial columns numerous stories of new products of applied hly does not underwrite the business methods of the individuals or concerns producing them. The use of Popular Science Monthly articles for me og schemes is never no tar ee me oO. B. President and Treasurer; In pre- Capen L. Cole, Secretary.

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Astronomy 1 Health and Hygiene PA Jigcmnatns Rope Ladder Fire : Eclipse Scheduled to Minute .- . 41 | NewPulmotorRival . . . . . 41 | Tiniest Sewing Kit 56 |} The Moon Makes Clocks Vary . . 52 | Expert Vindicates Coffee . . . 41 “Vulcanizing” Socks Saves Darning 56 | | Meteorite Wrecks —— hanes Vaccine Given in Pills Now. . . 64 Lemon Juice Filters Pipe Smoke 56 a | a 52 A Quick-Drying Shaving Brush . 57 | — * Laboratory Discoveries Now a Player-Accordion . 57 | seinen Duplicating Typewriters 57 || Seek Heat-Proof Walls . . . . 40 | Removable Lights .. 57 | | Toy Cars Teach Traffic Rules . . 52 | Picked Fruit Keeps on Living . . 41 | The Slot-Machine Manicurist Now. 57 we Know Your Car . . . . 52 | Study Blood with Radium Detector 41 New Parcel Sealer. F «ae Stile for Motor Cars Only ‘ 53 | New Poisons Kill Pests Only . . 63 New Motorcycle Machine Gun. 58 | | Old Motor Car Frames Make Break- X-Ray Imparts Luminescence . . 64 Multiple Locomotive Sirens . 58 | water. : 53 | Chicken Heart Still Alive . . . 130 Submarine Safety Device Is Donated | Simple Auto Bearing Test . . . 58 tothe Navy .. 59 , | Loudspeaker Automobile . . . 55 Models and Toys Giant Rotary Plow ; 59 53 A Leg-Operated Accelerator . wae : ; . Food Rises in “ Magic” Table 62 54 An Inside Motor Spotlight . . . 57 | Just Like MacMillanShip . . . 59 | Safety Device Stops Trains. . . 63 58 | | Decline of Railways Seen. 64 | Children Devise New Planes . . 62 | Motor-Driven Wire Stripper . . 63 68 Motor Super-Speedways to Cover Kiddy Car Has Plane Motion . . 63 Umbrella witha Window . . . 64 - | rey ; “ais “a. : = Simple Color Film Invention . . 65 oO |i Rubber Paving Defies Wear . . 65 ° 70 Wooden Blocks as Jacks . . . 76 New Devices f or the Home eT Two-Purpose Light Switch . . . 76 | Closes Window by Clockwork . . 60 Unusual Facts and Ideas 82 | Jack for Extra Light . . + + %6 | Cylinder Jug Chills Beverages . . 60 1 When the Axle Breaks . . . . 76 | New Mop-Wringing Pail . 60 | Social Brain Best. . .. i Ten Dollars for an Idea!. . . . 76 | Pot Whistles When Eggs Are Done. 60 Much of World Unexplored . 40 Safety Beacons in Streets . . ~. 157 | Nonelectric Vacuum Cleaner. 60 | Brains Mean Death, Asserts Dr. | a Shows Who’s at the Door. 60 Carrel. - + + 40 16 | Aviation Pancake Griddle Is Also Waffle Iron 60 | Electric Power by Balloon. 41 46 lla a _ | Electric-Lighted Refrigerator . . 61 | How Much Do You Know of the Largest Dirigible’s First Gas Bag - 15 | Broils on Any Stove . — World You Live In? . . 53 ) Committee Surveys City in Plane to Turns an Orange into a Drink 61 How CyclonesGrow. . . . . 58 Pick Airport Site .. . 15 Cup-and-Sandwich Tray 61 Jumbo of Roller Bearings . . . 54 ane Airplane Cowboys Herd Reindeer . 40 Electric Plate Warmer 61 Your Queries Answered ; 54 19 | Lighter Aluminum for Planes . . 54 Colander Comes Apart ow Cleaning . 61 Bird Flies Across Atlantic Before It 80 | $400 Aero Fare to England . . . 54 | Cooks Doughnuts at Table 61 Is 3 Months Old _.. oS. 68 os || Odd tong ee in Form . 58 ns Soe = t Shoot Quills es - | | Pilotless Plane ps Loop Under Steel Balls Bombard Nonbreakin the Control of Radio . ohn 58 New Processes and Goggles . . : : 55 88 Plane Speedier with Pontoons . . 59 Inventions Lindbergh Epic on Post Card . . 58 Stunt Flyer Takes No Chances. . 64 How Industry Uses Sawdust . . 59 88 | Nondrifting Mail Parachute 64 | New870-Pound Shell . - « + . 15 | A Needle Injects Sauce in Chicken. 59 88 i er hey ll Aids Crops wt 40 Rail Ticket Booth on Wheels . . 59 7 1 echanical Chemist Replaces Human iscoveries Upset Race History . 59 83 | Engineering Analyst . . . . . 40 | Better Fur Cleaning Method . . 62 | New Highway Runs through a vedi Rapid Gun-Sighting Device. . . 40 Chemical Snow Replacing Ice . . 62 88 || scraper . ; 52 | Self-Winding Watch .. 53 | Aero Engineers Aid Farmer 7 Im- 92 | New Bridge Inside Old One. . . 54 Complicated Bottle Machine Makes proving His Windmills. 62 94 | Air Unearthing Buried City > 2 ae One Million in Week .. 54 Mining Record Smashed. . 62 7 | Biggest Shovel Lifts 24 Tons . . 58 | Rail Tickets Printedon Spot . . 54 | Chain Drive Roller Skate Goes to | World Water Power Census . . 59 | Steel Scaffolds Replace Wood . . 55 “Patentees’ Court”. : 63 = | | —- a weg rating § | Harem Buried with Ur’s King . . : ew Telephone Summons Imitates Red Paint Draws Barnacles. . 63 | | Excep tional Peop le Bird’s Call .. . . 55 | Biggest Phonograph Heard ‘Thirty 02 || Edison at Ford’s Show. 15 | Machine Tests Marcel Waves . . 55 Blocks. : 64 06 || Tackles Stupendous Hand- “Sawing New Smoke Alarm... . . 55 | Smoke Dims City’s s Sun . . 64 10 || Job. ; 62 | Hand Bag Atomizer... . 56 | Two Heads Proved to Beat One . 64 | He Takes Stalls to the Cows . . 62 | An Accident-Proof Baby’s Bottle . 56 Electric Yacht Run ed wanes But- ‘- Woman Manufactures Stone 65 ™ Mantel Clock Is a Savings Bank 56 ™ tons. . 65 6 || 0 || | e ° | | Keeping Abreast of the Times 6 | Interesting questions you now will be able to answer rm | | 1. Are “two heads better than one?” (p. 64) 11. Just what will it cost to own and run your own plane? > || 2. What aviator recently performed a spectacular feat in the (p. 27) » mountain fastnesses of Quilali, Nicaragua? (p. 39) 12. What three-quarter-mile tunnel is the roomiest in the 3. How did a famous cartoonist happen to invent an auto- world? (p. 19) matic boat-bailing device? (p. 34) 13. Which American railroad has just installed the first auto- | 4. Where is a new highw ay that runs through a skyscraper? matic train-dispatching machine? (p. 37) _ a (p. 52) 14. Why are sea-faring races of men pygmies? (p. 51) ) | 5. W hat will it cost you to build a newly-demonstrated set to 15. How can you “humor” delicate plants in transplanting? ‘see by radio?” (p. 20) (p. 66) 6. What device has been invented to pass air, food, blankets 16. How much do mistakes of inexpert garage men cost you and heating wires to the trapped crew of a sunken sub- yearly? (p. 74) marine? (p. 33) 17. Do flies leave footprints? (p. 67) | 7. Is coffee really harmful? (p. 41) 18. How high can the bucket of the world’s largest power —— la 8. Who is planning a regular trans-Atlantic air passenger shovel swing? (p. 58) » ia service to England, with a $400 fare? (p. 54) 19. Why did only one outboard motor boat cross the finish line - |] 9. How can scientists photograph atoms? (p. 42) in a recent thrilling race? (p. 25) = | 10. Which of the world’s largest buildings stands upon a forest 20. How does a prospector hunt hidden ores of precious metals | | of pine trees? (p. 31) by radio? (p. 45) i]

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Let us show you how to improve your investment list with a safer and larger return. Write for compli- mentary copy of 4 Investment Bankers-- Founaed 1873 Smith Bidg., Washington, D.C. 285 Madison Ave., New York City : Branch offices in Chicago and other Cities Gentlemen:—-I would like to improve '] my investment list. Kindly send me copy of your new booklet. © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY April, iy on a Par with in this view.”’ scenery and you're not fed up yet,” said Roy Dunn to his wife, Amy, as he brought the car to a halt in the middle of the Bear Mountain Bridge. “T’ll never get fed up on a sight like this,”’ replied Amy, as her eye swept in the magnificent panorama, first down the Hudson and then upstream. ‘*There’s the road we just came over, chiseled right out of the side of Storm King Mountain. This rivals our own Columbia River Highway. It’s dif- ferent, but just as awe-inspiring as anything we have out West. **That’s one of the nice things about this trip. Whether it’s snow-capped Mt. Hood, California’s endless stretches of groves in blossom, cloud- piercing Rockies, corn and wheat ex- panses of Kansas and Iowa, the Hud- son cutting its channel between cliffs and palisades, or sky-scraping Man- hattan itself, each sight and each scene is differently magnificent. How’s that for a speech?” said Roy, with a comical gesture imitating an orator. **How many cables does it take to hold up this bridge, Dad?’’ inquired 12-year-old Tom Dunn, who was more interested in engineering than in rhapsodies on scenery and who, boy- like, thought his father knew every- thing. “Several thousand, I should say,”’ and as the amiable Mr. Dunn was just as willing to talk about cables as scenery he elaborated a little on the former while Mrs. Dunn prepared to take a snap-shot of the latter. “Take a close look at one of those cables, Tom. See how it is made up of a lot of small wires woven and twisted tightly together. You could bend and break one of the individual wires, but you couldn’t break the cable itself. And the combined strength of many cables makes this bridge safe for its endless stream of automobile traffic. “That’s what is meant by the motto, ‘In union there is strength.’ “Are you ready, Amy? We better be going or we'll be pinched for block- ing traffic.’ So the tourists continued across the bridge, wound their way along the cement road that skirts the cliffs of the East shore and that eve- ning they were beginning their visit in the cosy home of relatives who AP/anthat puts thes100 Man By Watuace Ames, Financial Editor “ H ROY! Do stop the car here for a minute and let’s take **Four thousand miles of the Brg Investor lived in a suburb of New York (; Roy Dunn was a forester. For year, his work had kept him in the woods of the Northwest, with only an ¢q. sional 4 into Portland. Living the simple life, —- had been low, s that Roy had saved and invested , goodly portion of his income. At the time we met the family on the Bex Mountain Bridge they were enjoying a four-months’ vacation on their ip. come from investments. Mr. and Mrs. Dunn had always wanted to “see the Country’’ so they had zig-zagged across the continent, camping along the way and taking in all the sights, They had been through copper mines and oil fields, steel plants and sugar refineries, mail-order houses and auto- mobile factories, hydro-electric de. velopments, fruit canneries and all manner of places of interest. The trip had been a liberal education to Roy. It had given him a clear picture of the foundation on Which rests our national prosperity. He had learned the significance of our wide diversification of rich resources. He had seen how each industry, each activity, each community was like the strands in a bridge cable, how all of them woven together created a sound basis of our stability and formed the structure of our further growth. **Well, here we are in the million- aires’ capital,’’ said Roy, half in fun, as the two families gathered in the living room after dinner. Then, turn ing to his brother-in-law, Paul Han- mond, he ventured the thought, “I suppose every day at lunch you mb elbows with the ‘big magnates’ who own all those thriving industries, railroads, utilities, oil refineries and companies that we have been seeing a we motored across the country.’ “You are talking to one of thos ‘big magnates’ now,’ said Hammond. “T own a chunk of a good many of those enterprises myself. Companies who are helping to pay dividends on my investments are located in every state. I i om I am interested in well over a hundred of them.” ‘This is a nice, comfortable place you have here, Paul, but it does not look like my idea of the home of a ‘colossus of finance.’ Where'd you get all the money?”’ Roy inquired. “Who said anything about a lot of money?” replied (Continued on page 6) jpeil, 1928 TT IITITINIT - IMI L LL DOLE LOLOLL LOD MDeCCOEE = TESTTSTTASS Ne EMM MM MN = = Fl)

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 5 A POWER OF TIME AND MONEY a ‘STON | AG teed Plan f 2 = z uarantee an tor Syst tic Investing : stematic investi = City} fz NOW IN ITS 34th YEAR fe) = . F ; , ‘ : se See g Investors Syndicate, under its Accumulative Installment Certificate Plan, guarantees to investors sums in 0045 of E multiples of $1,000 on monthly payments of $6.30 and up for 120 months. The wide appeal of this Plan an OCCa- = and its soundness is reflected in the consistent growth of Investors Syndicate as indicated in the statement ivin o below. These resources are back. of the unconditional guarantee of safety on each Certificate. & the B g y D low, 59 = rel Full information regarding the Investors |e- = 4 ° . vested 2f |B Syndicate Plan mailed upon request ~ Atthel fz ¢ = the Bear |g 34th Annual Statement of Condition, December 31, 1927 enjoying} fz their jp. z ASSETS LIABILITIES and Mrs, = I kn Se a ees $ 560,842.78 Certificate Cash Surrender see the = This consists of actual cash in WENO: 6.44 64 oh ensens $13,336,674.09 = our vaults and deposits in vari- Amount of liability to owners of §-zagged o ous banks, nes our Certificates for cash surren- 1g along = Bonds and Securities.... 1,130,449.48 der values. e sigh = U. S. Government bonds and Contingent Liability..... 3,035,411.48 gl ts. 5 other bonds and securities at Amount set aside to meet addi- er Mines = , current market values. tions to cash surrender values. od su = First Mortgage Loans.... 15,456,661.88 Other Accrued Liabilities. 36,973.09 Sat 4 Consists of First Mortgages upon Amount set aside for taxes, nd auto- o improved city real property death losses and reinstatements tric ‘. = pene payable in monthly in- of Certificates. d = ee ee Other Current Liabilities. 233,422.90 and all FA pool + Rago OT po Fong Balances due on mortgages not = The properties securing our loans oe ee and other current ducation = were conservatively appraised by ae ie = competent real estate experts a Clear 2 when the loans were made at Total Liabilities .. .. . .$16,642,481.56 1 : = approximately $34,000,000.00. Certificate R $1 57 Bs hich = Loans on Certificates... . 804,509.06 A pve a? —— € had | o Loans to our Certificate holders above our legal lia- ur wide = Sens Dy Seen held by bility set aside on a . = Tal, scientific actuarial ses. He = |) PTT eee 382,142.34 basis as added as- 4 each = Properties carried at cost or less surance and as a , a = than cost and at values the total guaranteeofthepay- vas like = of which is less than current ment of Certificates how all Fy conservative appraisals. as they become due. ene = Real Estate Contracts of Capital and Surplus, 946,910.98 cated a 4 0c: aracae akin 746,237.36 Total Capital, Surplus and ty andp fs Contracts secured by real estate, Reserve.......+++++- 2,536,509.55 further} [| Sadly ts comms af ae ania = obligations. Total. .cccccccccc cc ch Dgh Tap oo kone millio = Accounts Receivable. .... 50,165.62 CERTIFICATE gs - a Consists of Tax Certificates pur- We have audited the accounts pertaining to the -1n fun, 4 chased by us on property upon above statement of Assets and Liabilities of the In- in th = which we have loans; accrued vestors Syndicate as of December 31, 1927, as shown by In the 5 interest and other current items its books and records. Our audit included the actual 3 = receivable. verification of evidence of the possession of all its assets, a, = F it d Fixt 42,931.57 together with appraisals of properties wherever such 11 Ham- = ao y saben pecan 5,051.02 connie appeared necessary. We have also investi- rht. “ a Fr eT ee te ? , gated the renewal ——- . the en ee -~ init = of the opinion that the table of reserves adopt y the rou rub = $19,178,991.11 Syndicate, together with the future payments called for oe = by the Certificates and interest accretions at the present “ who o ee EP DEP EN ys rate oo the discharge of all Certificates as they = a ee become due. i. a = E. E, Crabb, being first duly sworn, deposes and says WE HEREBY CERTIFY that, in our opinion, the 1es an = that he is Vice-President and Treasurer of the Investors above balance sheet correctly reflects the financial condi- >eing as a Syndicate, and that the foregoing financial statement is tion of the Investors Syndicate as of December 31, ie & = true to the best of his knowledge, information and belief. 1927. The Syndicate has complied with all of our re- J. = Subscribed and sworn to before me this 10th day of quirements as auditors. f those a January, 1928. 3 nmond. 2 = g 1any of = oes f 2 th npanies = Vice-President and Treagurer -nds on = (Notarial Seal) A. F. Wetter, 1 every a Notary Public, Hennepin Co., Minn. A = My commission expires Sept. 26, 1934. in well | o T Des Not | ‘ ne of a} fe Established 1894 r t = = oon 5 100 NORTH SEVENTH STREET, MINNEAPOLIS, MINN. = =<) 1c lot of : New York Office: 17 East 42nd Street n page t) 5 O F FICE S§ I N PRinctra.s. .-@-£-24.4.84 EAI TT = TM = T | © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY

Here is the ANSWER to questions which bother many investors A Plan that puts the $100 Man on a Par with the Big Investor (Continued from page 4)

Paul. ‘‘Confidentially, we have just $4,500 invested at the present time. But I told you the truth when I said we had an investment interest in many of the biggest, strongest and most prosperous concerns in the United dollar for dollar, that are available to millionaires and such million-dollar institutions as banks and insurance companies. By combining the investment funds How can you tell what gives a first ees... : of many individuals an investment mortgage bond absolute safety?

250 Fourth Ave. New York City

the individual the same opportunities,

5 pec a Re I States, at least one in every state. trust creates huge resources, usual} Write for pt al ed es suo ci a “Our investments include several running into the millions. This ee fil ah én fety? ” Y» railroads and makers of railroad money is invested in a wide diversi. oe : ; equipment; several public utilities and fication of securities. When you by well estab How can you select a safe invest- makers of elec- one share “4 with resot a house? trical equipment; ____- more of an ip. operat ow can you retire in 15 years on food companies, vestment trust your present living budget? a shoe manufac- To Help You Get Ahead you own your This - How can you get 644%—more than turer, the auto- an — listed below = hel red proper propor- omg a ° ° ; ; amily in laying out a financial plan. F aa double the savings bank interest — ——— They will coon ahenumest. tion of put our money Company, 328 Elm Street, Hartford, Conn., diversification. The de © Address 7 in investment will sonst you this henkiet em soqnese. Even with the quainte etcetera ® ey os The Guaranteed Way to Financial In- aschall of Firs > City _... State = trust shares, dependence tells how a definite monthly most Carefully se- | a oad SSSSSSRREReeeeeeeeee Paul explained, savings plan will bring you financial inde- lected invest- onow! and then he re- pendence. Write for this booklet to Inves- ments there is Your M Cochran wy moved the veil tors Syndicate, tco North Seventh Street, always a chance How Firs Minneapolis Minn. money sa z > “ d b of mystery by ex The Common-Sense Test of Invest- _ ae " — C plaining how ment Trusts suggests an easy method by ifmiCulty of some ul investment which you may correctly judge the worth of kind will devel- C trusts enable the any investment trust before putting your op in an indivi- ety 2 Established 1881 average man to mancy inept. United States ecal Corpere- dual security. If Bonds as. Sep aleanammianetas Sele chisel tion, 50 Broadway, New York, will send a ou had all aa The I 46 NORTH DEARBORN STREET free copy if you request Circular CS. you | a. “ Chicago same broad scale The Making of a Good Investment considerable part at as the possessor tells how 614% can “ made on —— of your money in method o in First Mortgage Bonds in units of $50, $100, n invest- as of anaes wealth. $250, $500 and $1000; how the bonds are ig 0 might tt For the $r 00 protected and how simple it is to purchase § Firat Mo e @a state or them. For a copy of this booklet address prove costly. But Ed and the ————— | ee a ’ ’ . your money Ditesce { ucator $rooo Man widel d Ui 3 y sprea telling of ‘i " Bonds . , 7 " . . A most comprehensive yet concise With a com - , ont ea She at arrangement of useful facts about paratively small sum, $100 or $1,000 __rities trouble in one case would be less Sa buying, selling, leasing and sub-letting or more, any individual can acquire an serious. of Real Estate, contracting, for erec- investment interest in a great number The principle of diversification has tion or repairs, mortgaging, transfer- and wide variety of securities by the always been understood and always ring, insuring, etc. easy process of making a single in- been advised by investment authoti- JUME N ised editi : : : 66 ST SOTSSS Coren. vestment in shares of an investment ties. But until the investment trust -.. 288 pp. Price $2.00, postpaid. trust. No matter how limited his — was — the ay of 378 Col means, the investment trust opens to ordinary means had no practical way FIDELY POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY of diversifying his (Continued on Page 7) |

© This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

ee

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Pil, 1999 Ment ¢ ually Write for facts about these United ‘ ds—payment of interest and prin- Thi ve il nd cipal guaranteed by United States versi- Mortgage Bond Company — an old, buy well established financial institution > or with resources of over $20,000,000 . operating under the supervision of the l in- chi si State of Michigan. Tust ‘s mn This Book Tells You How y to start building an income—learn to save this )por- way. You can begin on a small initial invest- the ment, get a greater return than usual. Our book “The Habit of Success” id by shows the way. Write for your hus copy today—use coupon. ’ wns UNITED STATES , oF MORTGAGE rent BOND COMPANY ) Howard C. Wade, President U as Resources $20,000,000 f in 365 U.S. Mortgage Building Detroit, Mich. wn ————————-_ Ss in|} ‘iyireD STATES MORTGAGE BOND CO., ecu- 45 U.S. Mortgage Bldg., Detroit, Mich. Gentlemen: Please mail copy of book, “The Habit | of Success”. ) | Name i- | Address Wy) he State he | — itor ET od }| Free Booklets st: to help Investors Is on. The desire of investors to be- come more _ thoroughly ac- the quainted with the advantages r $e of First Mortgage Real Estate Bonds prompts us to offer the est- following booklets: is Your Money—Its Safe Investment How First Mortgage Bonds keep your nce money safe, Explaining our method of 5 Or doing business. yme A Brief History of yel- Guaranteed Bonds vi- Clearly describing the development and value of First Mortgage Real Estate If Bonds as an investment. ca) The House Behind the Bonds art To help you judge the character of our : Issues by describing our personnel and in method of securing offerings. St Fidelity Bonds are First Mortgages tht Establishing the investment position of Sut First Mortgage Real Estate Bonds. ive Fidelity Service ey and the Morning Mail Letters from people in all walks of life ad telling of their experiences with Fidelity . onds. 0 ay) We will be glad to send at once any booklet included in the above list. Write to las ys * BOND.» MORTGAGE C0. J rl J-U.MENTEER .President exe INCORPORATED 1913 ist 660 Chemical Bldg., St. Louis of 1188 New York Life Bldg., Chicago 378 Colorado Nat’l Bank Bldg., Denver a y FIDELITY MEANS KEEPING FAITH ?) Lii7s a POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY A Planthat putsthe $100 Man on aPar with the Bi g Investor (Continued from page 6) funds. On this ground alone the in- vestment trust is of inestimable value to the general public. But its virtue does not end there. The investment trust gives the individual investor a heretofore unattainable opportunity for extra profits in addition to normal. income. How Diversification Pays Profits If you will take any long list of standard securities and trace back their record for a period of years you will find these things: (1) Some of them have from time to time paid extra dividends. (2) Others have recapital- ized and given additional shares to their stockholders. (3) Still others, who have not given new stock out- right, have granted their shareholders the right to subscribe to new stock on terms that have meant an immediate profit. (4) The market price of many securities has advanced very sub- stantially over a period of time—ad- vanced proportionally to higher levels than the average gain of all securities for the same period. Extra profitable investments are not confined to a few isolated or historic cases like Ford or General Motors. Cases of unusual profits are occurring all the time. A list compiled a few months ago showed 84 securities that had advanced an average of 370% in four years. In the long list of care- fully selected securities held by an investment trust there is reasonable | possibility that some of them will re- turn exceptional profits in one form or another. Such profits raise the yield to the investment trust shareholder above the normal level. a * 4 An interesting characteristic of a am red organized and soundly oper- ated investment trust is that its earn- ing power increases as the trust grows older. Its opportunities for profit are of the type that mature to the fullest extent only with the passage of years. This has not only been the experience in America, where the first trust was organized but a few years ago, but also British experience, after over sixty years of investment trust operation. By referring to the forms of extra adit enumerated a few paragraphs above you will observe that they are not the sort to be expected from some sudden and sensational stock market advance. Rather, they are the result of | the steady growth and development of our Nation’s industries, utilities, en- terprises and institutions. It is this steady growth, year after year, that contributes to the profits of investment trust shareholders. 7 Jim Cary’s $1,000 How an Investment Trust Benefited Him—How It Can Help You “Now, if I had $1,000,000 I’d....” Jim Cary was a statistically-minded dreamer. Musing over some financial tables he noticed that the average price of 40 bonds had advanced 3 points within a year; and that the average price of 100 stocks was up over 20 points. His own investments did not show any such marked increase in market value. “If I had $1,000,000 I’d engage the best brains I could find to study values and con- ditions. I'd have them select a hundred or more of the world’s best securities and I’d invest in all of them. Such a list would in- clude some highly profitable investments and I'd average a nice profit on the entire lot, in addition to interest and dividends. “I'd probably make 8% or 10%, including market profits, instead of 5% or 6% as at a my investments would be safer ause of diversification. “My investment counsel would help me decide when was the right time to invest, as well as what to invest in.” “But,” interrupted Mrs. Cary, “right now we have only $1,000 to invest, so why not come down to earth and figure how to invest that?” Giving the $1,000 Man the Millionaire’s Opportunity If he only knew it, Jim Cary could invest his $1,000 just as scientifically as he could invest $1,000,000. You, too, with your $100, $1,000 or $5,000 can gain all the advantages of safety and a that are open to the millionaire. inancial Investing Co. of New York, Ltd., a British-type general investment trust, gives you this opportunity. Financial Investing Co. hasover $3,000,000 invested in over 200 sound securities. By making one investment of any amount in Financial Investing shares, you own your pro rata part of all these securities. You gain the safety and profits of widely diversified investments under the skilled management of this investment trust. 11.32% Profit in 1927 You would have made 11.32% during 1927 if you had invested in shares of Finan- cial Investing Co. of New York, Ltd. And you could have sold your shares at a profit which would have increased your return to over 32%. Learn How to Make Big Profits Conservatively It is all explained in our booklet, ‘“The Investment Trust—from the Investor’s Viewpoint,” and our circular, ““The Com- mon-Sense Test of Investment Trusts.” Mail the coupon and profit by reading this free literature. UNITED STATES FISCAL CORPORATION Managers of Financial Investing Co. of New York, Ltd. United States Fiscal Corporation 50 Broadway, New York Please send me, immediately, your free & g literature that tells how Ican make big g g profits on conservative investments. t I i nh eae 4PS i Des ap cn en Grerewenan en eee en an ae ames 2 5 3 & © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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= TESTED! AN OQ a VULLLLU ULULULLIL Ga) Lt This shows Prof. R. D. Morrill reading a recording thermometer outside the constant temperature room in which the Institute's refrigerator tests are conducted at New York University The Institute Tests Reveal Astonishing Facts About House- hold Refrigerators OST people realize that they should have a refrigerator in their home. They know that if they do not keep food cold it will spoil, and that this is a waste and expense. But they do not know that they may eat food which, al- though it tastes all right, may have started to spoil and eating it will make them sick. Dr. Frederic Damrau, an able phy- sician, was commissioned by PopuLar Science MonTuty to make a thorough investigation of the effect on health of improper refrigeration, and an im- portant article on this subject appears on page 22 of this issue of Poputar Science MonrHty. Few people know that there is a proper temperature for the proper pena ee of food. Few people now that food kept at a temperature above fifty degrees will spoil fast. Naturally, therefore, few people know what to expect from a refrigerator. The Institute Finds Out For over a year the Institute has been setting up machinery for the test- ing of refrigerators. A room has been po sath in the laboratory of the STEL APPRO BY POPULAR SCIENCE INSTITUTE FT POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY HOW TO TEL A GOOD Apr Institute where the temperature can be raised or lowered at will. The amount of moisture in the air is regu- lated, and instruments installed to make records of temperature and humidity changes. Refrigerators, both for use with ice and mechanical refrigerators, have been placed in this room and tested to find out the all important thing about a refrigerator—will it maintain a temperature inside the box low enough for the proper preservation of food—a temperature low enough to keep bacteria from multiplying, which is what makes food spoil. Most Refrigerators in Use Are Inefficient The tests show that the refrigerators in the average home are very inefh- cient. They will not keep food at a temperature low enough to keep bacteria from multiplying. Apparent- ly, people have been content with such refrigerators because they do not know what a refrigerator should do. If they did know, they would have only an efficient refrigerator and would gladly pay its higher cost. Constant food spoilage and constant REFRIGERATOR danger from disease a high cost to pay f a cheap refrigerator, PopuLAR Scignc Mon THLy a list of g proved refrigerators oj request. A complete manu on refrigeration, wit illustrations, has jus been prepared by th engineers of the Insti tute. This covers th numerous points tha should be considered by anyone investing in a new domestic te frigerator. Full dis cussion of advantage of various types, de finite data on operat ing cost, as well as a list of reliabk makes approved after test, are con tained. Several pages are devoted t precautions in installing, considers tions in placement, and complete a¢- vice on care and upkeep for best results, The price of this booklet, entitlei Refrigeration in the Home, is twenty-fvt cents. It is published by the Popula Science Institute of Standards, 20 Fourth Avenue, New York, N. Y. © Popular Science Monthly GUARANTEE The above seal on an advertisement indicates that the products referred to have been approved after test by the Popular Science Institute of Standards. Poputar Science Montuty guaran- tees every article of merchandise ad- vertised in its columns. Readers who buy products advertised in Poputar Science Montaiy may expect them to give absolute satisfaction under normal and proper use. Our readers in buying these products are guar- anteed this satisfaction by Poputar Science Montuiy. THE PuBLIsHERS apeil, 1928

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April, i april, 1928 Case a Pay fi ‘ator, itors ha highly Tators y fu der TEN] ‘of ap} COrs 07 Nanual » Wit 1S jus py th -Tnstj ts th $ tha idered ing ia IC tel | diss tages $, de perat} liablg COM red uf idera- re ad: sults, titled y-five pular 250 Y, —— —— | POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY . We waited two years to tell America about this grainless wood / Possesses remarkable workability and uniform strength. Very dense and tough. Highly resistive to moisture. Has a very smooth, attrac- tive surface on the face side, and requires no paint for protection. Also takes any finish beautifully. Send for large, free sample. One of the most fascinating chap- ters in recent industrial history is the story of Masonite Presdwood, the grainless wood board from Laurel, Mississippi. We have waited two whole years to tell this story; waited until our product had conclusively proved in actual use that it was as good as we knew it to be. This it has done, and today Masonite Presdwood is efficiently serving mankind in scores of ways. As a lining for safety-deposit vaults, Presdwood plays a vital part in the automatic alarm system of the modern bank. The builder of a soaring terminal tower, desiring an exceptionally fine, smooth surface, uses Presdwood— for concrete forms. A Kansas City baker, wanting to keep his bread and rolls perfectly fresh, packs them in Presdwood boxes. A Nebraska farmer sits down in the evening to enjoy his new radio, and the tension board in back of the loud speaker is Presdwood. Down on the lower Mississippi, a steamboat paneled inside and outside with more Presdwood. OU FOR PANELING Out in Hollywood, Masonite Presdwood again — thousands of feet of it used in making movies. New uses discovered almost every day Masonite Presdwood uses range from doll houses to bridges and flumes. Advertising signs along the high- ways, campers’ tables, a safety wheel for swimming pools, barbecue stands, theater props, starch trays for candy manufacturers—all these, and many other things of Masonite Presdwood. In planing mills and woodworking plants, as in so many other lines of industry, the demand for Presd- wood is increasing by leaps and bounds. Breakfast IN MAKING MOVIES asonite PRESDWOOD Made by the makers of MASONITE STRUCTURAL INSULATION REO. U.S. PAT.OFF. nooks are made of it; so are kitchen cabinets, china closets and shelving. Not forgetting counters, show cases, display booths, work-bench tops! » » » Masonite Presdwood is actually a better product than Nature’s own material; better in four ways. It is grainless, has greater moisture re- sistance, is much denser, and is far tougher! Yet it contains no foreign substance, not even a chemical binder. It is genuine wood—and nothing else—wood torn apart and put together again. Fresh, clean chips are shot from guns at a velocity of about 4,000 feet per second. The long fibres thus produced are packed into hydraulic flat bed presses, and subjected to hundreds of tons of pressure. This super-tough and sturdy material, entirely free from knots and other defects, is then cut by automatic ma- chines into boards four feet wide and twelve feet long. Advantages of Masonite Presdwood Masonite Presdwood won’t crack, check, split or splin- ter. It is highly resistive to wear and moisture, and shows minimum contraction and expansion. It can be used on’ any woodworking machinery: planer, sander, shaper; and because it contains no grit or foreign substance it does not damage tools. Comes in convenient size—four feet wide by twelve feet long. Requires no paint for protection. Yet takes any finish: lacquer, paint, stain or varnish. Why not experiment with Masonite Presdwood your- self? Large free sample will be forwarded promptly on request. Send for it today. MASON FIBRE COMPANY Sales Offices: Dept. 1248,111 W. Washington Street Chicago, Illinois Mills: Laurel, Mississippi IN BUILDING BOATS FOR TENSION BCARDS © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8

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10 - POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY April, 192g Ou Reader Can Radio Harm Us? as READ the other day of two different ex- periments in which it was found that radio waves affect the human body. In one case Professor McLennan of the University of Toronto claimed he discovered that long radio waves raise the body tem- perature and so might be used to kill disease. In the other case, workmen in the General Electric Company were found to suffer from high blood pressure after working with a high frequency tube used for short waves. “T have often thought about the many waves of different frequency from broadcasting stations that are constantly going through our houses and passing through our bodies, and have wondered if they have any effect upon us. Perhaps some of your readers know the an- swer to this.” —L. M. C., Buffalo, N. Y. Give the Man a Chance “4 7OU’RE way behind the times in this ‘back seat driving’ argument,” pens D. B. M., from Newark, N. J. “‘Time was, to be sure, when women drove from the back seat, and were dangerous. Now they drive from the front seat and are murderous. “If you don’t believe this, witness the ap- palling increase in bent fenders and broken collar bones. “May I quote from the letter of Mrs. L. S. which you published last month: ““*Why must the wife sit in the back seat, anyway?’ she asked. ““The answer is, she doesn’t. Once driving was my favorite sport; but now I’m lucky if I’m allowed to do as much as let down the emergency brake. Ask others. *“‘Again, Mrs. L. S. said: ‘Since learning to drive I have found that what looks like an unavoidable smash from the back seat does not remotely suggest one to the driver.’ “*She said it! I know a woman driver who got her front wheels on the railroad track with the train coming. And what did she do? Began fishing in her bag for a compact! “Yours for a square deal for the man.” The War Is On “4 7OUR recent article, ““Can You Say What You Mean?” by Professor Harper, of Princeton University, is an interesting one— interesting chiefly because of its numerous solecisms and inaccura- cies. **He says ‘I rented a house to him’ is wrong. As a matter of fact, it is perfectly good English —see Webster. ‘I built a home’ and ‘He was ) rushed to the hospital’ are also correct. “*Clubmen and others of that ilk’ is wrong, not for the reason given by Professor Harper, but because the pronoun should be in the plural. ‘Ilk” is legitimately used in this con- nection. “*The majority of the eggs proved rotten’ is set down as wrong simply because the word ‘majority’ is ‘pompous,’ whereas the sentence is grammatically wrong in the omission of the verb ‘to be.’ “When a man undertakes to lead others, he should see that he does not himself stumble.” —C. H., Los Angeles, Calif. Ten Years Ago— “T LIKE your magazine in some ways very much, but frankly I do not like the * amount of space given to the latest war mate- rial. I find an article headed, ‘Getting Ready for the Next War,’ so it seems the howl ten years ago about ‘a war to end war’ has turned out to be nothing but a plain lie, as a lot of people thought it was. Why not have some articles regarding world peace?”—K. J. D., Rockport, Tex. “Your article ‘Battleships on Wheels’ brought me surprise and delight. It cer- tainly recalls the old days, for I was radio operator on the U. S. S. Pensacola, which you mention. The story is interesting, because I have often wanted to know the events that led up to our getting a pair of those important naval guns over safely. I remember that we heard of the first ship being torpedoed, and I had always been under the impression that the U.S. S. Pensacola got the first pair of guns over safely. The U. S. S. Bath was in the same convoy, but on arriving in port she had some trouble and we started off from Brest to St. Nazaire without convoy and at night. That was a trick which helped Si’ Plunkett “ big babies quicker.’’—L. D. S., Albany, Why Not Paint the Town? “TO VERY time I read of furniture building in your Home Workshop, I want to start right in and make some of it, it is so interesting. Iam a wom- , an, but am a sort of |! craftsman in a small way. The article on lacquer painting was a great help, as it explained the things that it wouldn’t do or would do under certain conditions. I was one of the first to use lacquer in this city and had to work it out with few directions, but now that I under- stand it I paint everything in sight; in fact, the only way to keep a thing from being lac- quered is to move it out of the house. Tables, chairs, picture frames, boxes—everything and anything which needs repairing or improving gets a coat of it. I am crazy about it.’—G. E. B., Quincy, IIl. Page Mr. Paus “47OUR front cover pages ring the bell every month. But I ask you, in all fair- ness, did Mr. Paus, the artist, ever see a lum- berjack wearing bright green overalls? Or a telescope painted yellow and purple?” —L. B. J., Salem, Ore. “The February cover showing a wrecking crew lifting a locomotive certainly was lifelike. When I worked on a railroad I saw a wreck almost exactly like the picture.’—W. B., Moscow, O. “T hung some of your fine cover pictures on the bare walls of my attic workshop. Believe me, it is some improvement.”—S. N. R., Trenton, N. J. = ~~ Where Germs Lurk . x A member of the Poputar Scrence ' Monty Institute, I wish to call your attention to the extremely poor sanitary con. ditions found in public places. “Cosmeticians, when giving a scalp massage and combing the hair, do not as a rule sterilize their hands or combs; and the barber seldom, if ever, sterilizes his razor or the contaminated tweezers that he is con- stantly using. Visiting nurses who examine school children rarely disinfect their hands after examin- ing teeth or throat—a very easy way to spread infection among large numbers of children. “In respect to the soda fountains, it has been found that a mere rinsing of spoons, knives, forks, etc., in soapy warm water or even hot water back of the counter does not kill the millions of pathogenic organisms found on them. And since they are wiped dry with the same towel, one spoon infected may infect others, so spreading the disease to a healthy person who is looking forward to a little pleasure in a nice sandwich or a dish of ice cream.” —J. O. G., Portland, Ore. Pleasure That Lasts eT hear you gave the specifications for a one-tube radio set, I built several of them which gave good results. I then added two stages of audio-frequency amplification. This set has been in con- ; tinuous use for three years without any repairs or re- placements except bat- teries. Visitors say that they can get no such clear, natural reproduc- tion on their sets, which cost two and three times as much. I must con- gratulate you on the very excellent set you designed.’’—A. E. S., Croghan, N. Y. **As soon as I can scrape the parts together I am going to build your new electric set. Be- lieve me, if it is anything like the other re- ceivers you have told how to build, it’s going to be a knockout.’’—K. D. N., Lincoln, Neb. Courage HIRTY-FIVE years ago an accidental shot in the back paralyzed him from the waist down. But he could move his hands! He studied draftsmanship, and became an expert. Today he does a business with patent at- torneys which runs into a yearly income of five figures. Intensely interested in inventions, he has developed more than fourteen for his own use exclusively—including a hand-operated auto- mobile that substitutes for a pair of helpless legs. This much we gleaned of the life of F. H. B., of Dallas, Texas, from a note of appreciation which arrived in the mail the other day. And then, this last paragraph: “I don’t know whether it would have been possible for me to have lived all this time if it hadn’t been for PopuLAR ScIENCE MONTHLY, which interests me more than any publication in the world.” April, 1928 I a Di Reopwp. ws — Ee. a ee aA + re =I |

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1928 ICE Or April, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY il ; : i Engineers of Popular Science Institute insure accuracy of their tests of electric refrigerators L Bulletins on Request Tycos for the Home \ Tcos Office Thermometers An aid in promoting human efficiency Fycos Bath Thermometers To enable you to get the most good from your bath. Tplor Home Set Bake Oven Thermometer, Candy Thermometer, Sugar Meter. Cooking. Teor Wall Thermometers To help you maintain a temperature in your house conducive to good health. Taylor Quality Compasses To show you the right way in unfamiliar country. Tycos Fever Thermometers A necessity in every home. Tycos Stormoguide Forecasts the weather twenty-four hours ahead with dependable accuracy. Tycos Hygrometer To enable you to keep the humidity of the atmos- phere in your home correct at all times. Tycos for the Medical Profession Tycos Sphygmomanometer, Pocket and Office types. Tyeos Urinalysis Glassware. Tycos Fever Thermometers. The secret of accurate results in Your dealer will show them to you. Ask us, on a postal, for booklets on any of the above. A byusing 7ycos Reconiing Temondes YCOS stat have been selected by the engineers of New York University to use in establishing the standard tests they have developed for Electric Refrigerators. These Engineers know that the Zecs Equipment on the instrument board of their constant temperature room insures them of an accurate check on the tests they are making——that the continuous records of temperature will be automatically accurate to a fraction of a degree. And down in the sub-cellar of the Sage Engineering Laboratories of New York University are dozens of other Zycos Instruments working day and night in what a famous mechanical engineer has called “the finest model furnace room in America.” Where super-accurate indicating, recording or controlling of temperature is required you will find Zeos Instruments—whether in the silent laboratories of science or the roaring gor where steel is fashioned for man’s use. Frcos Instruments are the Sixth Sense of Industry. They are saving labor costs, eliminating loss through spoilage, and insuring uniformity of quality in all branches of industry where the indicating, recording and controlling of heat is required. If you use heat treating processes in your plant there are types and styles of instruments in the Zycos line of 8,000 varieties that will help you. Inform- ative literature on any type of instrument will be sent you, promptly, on request. Our engineer will consult with you on the application of Zyeos to your par- ticular manufacturing problem. Taylor /nstrument Companies Main Office and Factory ROCHESTER, N. Y. U.S.A. Canadian Plant: Sees BUILDING, TORONTO SHORT & MASON, Ltd. Manufacturing Distributors in Great Britain Lycos v THE ~ SI XTH ~ SENSE ~ OF ~ INDUSTRY cos Te emperature Instruments INDICATING ~ RECORDING ~ CONTROLLING IS] This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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12 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Before newspapers were common, news of immediate import- ance wascriedthrough the streets by a town official called a‘Crier.’ ©Born with a heritage of 19 years of out- standing radio leadership; endowed with tonal beauty, selectivity and ease of operation, the Grebe Synchrophase A-C Six is presented—the newest member of a famous family. This receiver uses A-C (alternating current) tubes and entirely eliminates batteries and socket power units. Just plug into the light socket and listen. Incomparable range and selectivity — single illuminated dial— freedom from A-C hum—maximum volume without distortion and other new Grebe improvements enable you to get better local and distance reception. The Grebe Synchrophase A-C Six is truly the battery-less set for which you have been waiting. Hear it today. Then you will have a complete demonstration of what expert pains- taking radio engineering can accomplish. Grebe Natural Speaker (illustrated), $35; Grebe Speaker No. 1750, $17.50. Where alternating current is not available, the Synchrophase Seven, $135; or the Synchrophase Five, $95. You will be interested in Booklet P which fully explains the new Grebe A-C Six. Sent upon request. RE sonnei QS SINCHROPHASR, A-C Six RADIO A. H. Grebe & Company, Inc., 109 West 57th Street, New York City Factory: Richmond Hill, NY. Western Branch: 443 So. San Pedro Street, Los Angeles, California Makers of quality radio since 1909 © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. Charle functic becaus expect

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baal Um 1, 1928 € MN | opull Sclence nu | MONTHLY " Aprit, 1928 SUMNER N.BLOSSOM Editor vou. 114; 0.4 indbergh—How He Does It; An Amazing Revelation ERE are answered the questions everybody has been asking in recent months—How does ‘‘Lindy” always succeed; always fly where he says he will, when he says he will? It is a fascinating story of the two sides of the famous aviator By CALEB JOHNSON = LIM” LINDBERGH, an un- known aviator, took off from Roosevelt Field on the morning of May 20, 1927, and landed at Paris the following night. Colonel Charles A. Lindbergh came back from Paris on the Memphis a world-famous hero. Everybody has been reading about Colonel Lindbergh ever since. He has done things nobody ever did before. He has made forty-eight flights in the United States, one to every state, and always arrived precisely on schedule. He has flown to Mexico, to the capitals of Central America, to Panama, to Colom- bia, to Venezuela and to the West Indies, again always on schedule. And as “ambassador without portfolio” he has displayed a poise, a sense of modesty, a facility in saying and doing the right thing at the right time which have made some wonder whether he was not something more than human. Not a single break. I set out to discover the secret of Lindbergh’s success as a flyer and as an unofficial diplomat and public char- acter. And I found—Slim. ACK of the Colonel, always Slim. Standing off and looking at himself, as it were. Slim Lindbergh, determining in advance how Colonel Lindbergh ought to act, talk, look, in any given set of cir- cumstances. And guiding Colonel Lind- bergh’s hand on the controls of the Spirit of St. Louis was Slim Lindbergh, airman, with everything figured out in advance—how to act, what to do, in any flying emergency. In the air, indeed, Colonel Lindbergh disappears. It is Slim Lindbergh alone up there in the plane. ce 4 > di The Colonel Do I make it clear? Let me illustrate ewes nqenl “ tles A. Lindbergh at a formal public : sok , = Charles A. Lindbergh, world’s matchless genius function, being a personage successfully, not with Li _— _ ba sony told bli “> k of flight—the real Lindbergh. With flying togs because he enjoys it, but because it is the thing was Indbergn s adv ser on public rela- put over evening attire for a quick flight, he expected of him and so he has learned to do it tions after the return from France; they will in a moment be “where he lives,” in the air 13

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14 While “Slim” Lindbergh rests at Hasbrouck Heights, N. J., a mechanic overhauls his plane lived together, ate together, sometimes had to sleep together. One rare eve- ning whén there were no engagements they thought of going to the theater together. “Hold on a minute,” said Slim. “We've got to look at Colonel Lind- bergh. What ought the Colonel to do about this?” “What do you mean?” asked Blythe puzzled. “Why, it’s plain enough,” replied Slim. “If I go to the theater as some- body’s guest, or as one of a special party, there’s no harm done. But if I go on my own initiative that’s my deliberate choice of a show. Some- body’s going to make capital out of it. ‘Lindy picked the ........ as the best show in New York.’ Get me? Slim can do as he pleases, but Colonel Lind- bergh has got to watch his step.” The incident contains the whole secret of Lindbergh’s success, both as a flyer and as an unofficial diplomat. It boils down to one word—forethought. That was the answer I got, in one form or another, from everyone I hunted up who could throw light on the mystery of Lindbergh. Pilots and mechanics who had flown with him, who had serviced his plane and his engine, been with him as cadets at Kelly Field in Texas or gos- sipped with him in the airmen’s favorite occupation of “ground flying”; men who had been on shipboard with him, who have known him intimately in the year since he flew to Paris, who have been his advisers in many ways—all told me sub- stantially the same thing. ORESIGHT — preparedness — con- stant study and_ thought—always looking ahead, to be ready for any situa- tion—any emergency—that’s Slim. Before he took off from Washington for his recent Latin-American flight, he had studied maps of every country he lanned to visit; he knew about every nding field available; and by hours at the Navy Hydrographic Office he had in- POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY formed himself of prevailing weath- er conditions, probable future con- ditions and even possible conditions aloft and on the ground and in be- tween. He had obtained to take with him charts with all this data, prepared by Navy experts. Moreover, he had seen to it that his plane and engine would be prop- erly cared for at the several ports of call. The United States Marines, the Army and Navy and the Wright Company, manufacturers of his engine, all coéperated with Latin- American air experts in providing the mechanical care upon which Lindbergh knows successful flight depends. That’s one picture of Lindbergh’s fore- sight. Add to it a personality which is instantly appealing and attractive, to men as well as to women, and you have accounted for all of Lindbergh’s successes. And in hunting for the secret of these successes, I found another picture of Lindbergh, one which the public has not seen at all—Slim Lindbergh, practical joker. There’s a hint of it in We, Lindbergh’s book, where Lindy tells of a certain epi- sode involving a sergeant, a skunk and WASHINGTO Wa CHATTANOOGA Pa Map of Lindtergh’s air visit to southern neighbors the enforced ventilation of the bar- racks. He doesn’t confess, in his book, but Ted Moseley, who hasn’t been heard from since he left Daytona Beach last January to fly north with films of President ° Coolidge’s visit to Ha- vana, put that episode entirely up to Slim. On the Memphis, coming back from Paris, Slim rigged up a gad- get to work a shower bath from the outside. He tried it first on a newspaperman who, fully clothed and ex- pecting to get a “hu- man interest”’ item out of the “invention” Slim asked him to in- spect, stepped under the shower and got lit- erally “all wet” when Lindbergh pulled the string. Officers in full uniform, hearing the commotion, seeking its source, were enjoying a April, 192g good laugh at the newspaperman’s ex. pense when Slim pulled the string again An irrepressible boy—that’s one side of Slim. A boy whose idea of fun takes such forms as tying Dick Blythe’s toe to the bedpost with a necktie, after Dick haq gone to sleep, and having himself called early so as to be sure to be on hand when Dick, trying to jump out of bed, landed on his head. Go down to one of the great air fields on Long Island and do some ground flying with “Casey” Jones “Merry” Merrill and the other airmen if you want to hear of pitchers of cracked jce emptied into other fellows’ beds, glasses of water carefully spilled on the seats of chairs in which high-hatted and dignified exponents of aviation were about to sit down—and did. ve Slim, according to the men who knew him in the old “ barnstorming” days and at Kelly Field, never was a “‘mixer.’’ A good enough sport, when with the crowd, but seldom with the crowd by preference. He doesn’t drink, and he never exhibited the interest in girls which most young men of his age have. “They interfere with a fellow’s work,” he told a friend. And Slim’s work is flying. “He'd land on the field and say howdy to any other flyers that happened to be there, get the necessary information about gas and supplies and then just flock by himself,” said one who re. membered Slim as a barnstormer. He followed the same habit at Kelly, Ted Moseley said. “A lone bird, al- ways busy, but always by himself when possible. He always some problem working out in his mind. He had to be busy all the time, and would tinker with his plane all day, when he wasn’t flying. Talking to nobody ex- cept about things concerned with fly- ing. When he did join the bunch, as often as not a practical joke was Slim’s way of relieving his mental tension.” E WORKS that way today. Study- ing all the time; thinking out problems of flying. It isn’t a sport, a pastime, or merely a means of livelihood with him; it is his whole life. Everything else bores him. He goes through with formal functions, official visits to foreign countries, because (Continued on page 124) Col. Lindbergh (the tall man in the foreground wearing a soft hat) looks over his plane shortly before hopping off for Latin America April, 1928 Large Fourteen of the R Atlantic : The ship’ Edi Thom: beside the re New operat one o signec

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 15 April, 1928 From the Camera’s Panorama Cin | 5 x 3 s ee ae - " F Rana * : “tae : eS 3 3 : 3 : 4 Se ‘ te 3 «an i Committee Surveys City in Plane to Pick Airport Site New York’s advisory airport committee recently flew over the metropolitan area from Mitchel Field seeking landing field sites closer to the city than those on Long Island and New Jersey Largest Dirigible’s First Gas Bag Fourteen more bags like this, shown in the prow of the R-100, being built in England for trans- Atlantic service, will lift the world’s largest airship. The ship’s total gas capacity is 5,000,000 cubic feet Ether Music Put on Trial Leon Theremin, Russian inventor, recently demon- strated his “ether music’”’ for the first time in America. Sounds are pro- duced by oscillat- ing vacuum tubes. Moving his hands changes the circuit 5 capacity, thereb Edison at Ford’s Show wath the ain Thomas A. Edison (left) stands - £ ~ and the volume of beside his friend, Henry Ford, at ‘ : j , the audible tones the recent Ford industrial show in . . . New York City, both watching operation of a welding machine, one of several mechanisms de- signed to make the new Ford car 4 & New 870-Pound Shell Equipped with timing fuses, these new type high explosive projectiles are seen being tested by the Navy in 12-inch guns at Fort Hancock, Sandy Hook, N. J., where they hit targets eight miles off. A shot takes 285 pounds of powder

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eee ee eee Teens ee ee ee 16 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Dinnie stood like a rock. “Get out,’’ he said to Bonner, “before I throw ye out{” “The Make Must Go On’ A Real Story of a Dramatic Day Amid Flaming Blasts in the Gas Works By F. N. LITTEN [Jilustrated by C. B. Fats NEATH the grimy slate roof of the Twenty-third Street Works, the gas machines roared as the air blast thundered through them. The blast, driving up through the machines, fanned the red coke within to white heat, and flamed out the stack. Then, as the flame died, the run began transforming coke, steam and fire into a genie, greater than Aladdin’s lamp could summon, who, invisible, served a million homes. Gas, the product of a never- ending cycle, blast and run. Gas, rushing through mains below ground to the storage holder towering high above the river, waiting there to feed the city. In the Twenty-third Street Works were seven monster gas machines, upright cylinders, brick-lined, reaching from basement to the steel control floor twenty feet above. Numbered from one to seven, the giants were gooa for five million feet, a mountain =§£——————— . intendent. Too old? Gossip said that the new chief engineer had hinted the old man’s grip was growing slack. No slack in that voice, though, as he wheeled upon the man beside him. **Choked with clinker! An’ the gas goin’ out o’ the holder as fast as we kin make more. Ye let the gang move on an’ lave ye with a dirty fire. I warn ye, Steve, no gas-maker stays on my payroll long, who don’t mind his fire.” Steve Bonner glared, spat violently on the hot floor plates His head went forward in a savage gesture, then he hesitated; his eyes turned to where Dan Hunt, the young works assistant, stood by the gas-maker’s desk, intent on the log sheet. “Warn your young college lad about it, then.”” Steve’s laugh was ugly, and the sweaty woolen shirt sleeve raised to wipe his face only half concealed a sneer. The old man drew up, a cold range of gas each day; but at a price. The price, clean fires, a ORE than two centuries ago an Irish experi- — light in his blue eyes. “Don’t stand there hintin’ bed of fuel unchoked by ash or clinker. On the control floor stood the Works “super,” peering through the open charging door of Num- ber One machine into the blind- ing glare of her fuel bed. Old in years and experience was Dinnie Maroney, twenty years a super- menter, Dr. John Clayton, made a torch by fill- ing a bladder with inflammable gas obtained from coal, pricking the bladder, and lighting the jet of escaping gas. Since then the manufacture of il- luminating gas has revolutionized lighting and heat- ing throughout the world. The author of this story has himself worked in a gas plant. In relating its dramatic incidents he gives us a vivid, accurate picture of modern gas-making.—The Editor. from the wrong side of your mouth, Steve Bonner. What's Hunt to do with this? Talk plain.” “Tl talk plain, Maroney,” the gas-maker answered. “This kid, not me, bossed the cleaning gang on Number One this morn- ing. That’s what he’s got to do with it.” Again he laughed, . With a g harshly, t) kids an’ o bent shufl still pored The old “ UN’ he The col floor at B

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY ee CL A AOE te AM , aa ie t. *¥ ee . _ bn Py 53 oe ne Ge % . et, ¥ ree” . ?. = Seaites ” % we. Fs cl ae at ee ae A ae A ll Ae " ed : 4" . e - e With a gasp, Dan Hunt sank to his knees. The foreman’s arm descended swiftly and the shadow collapsed. The cruel face of Bonner stared up sightless harshly, then turned away, muttering something about “smart kids an’ old cripples.” But Dinnie failed to hear it. His swift, bent shuffle was carrying him to the desk where his. assistant still pored over the gas-maker’s log. The old man halted at Dan’s side. “HST: I’m told ye closed up Number One machine an’ left her full o’ clinkers.” The color rose in Dan Hunt’s face. He shot a glance across the floor at Bonner, who was piloting a coke-filled buggy into place beside the charging door. Then slowly his gaze, troubled, met Maroney’s hard blue eyes. “We're short of gas, sir,”’ his defense began. “The gang was on Steve’s machine two hours.” Then, fearing he might say too much, “I thought she’d go through,” he ended lamely, and waited, conscious of stern condemnation in the other’s silence. The superintendent let the pause grow wide. At length he said: “We've a sayin’ in the gas works, Hunt, ye’ve heard it: ‘the make must go on.’ You’re an engineer and should know that a dirty fire will give no gas. It lets no air blast through, an’ when

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Se ae On Lg EE Ce AD alie a = RESALE ee aL TO teats Pia ET EE EN ta wit na lat ta illlaiti cilities 18 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY the run goes on, the machine is cold—she’ll not take the steam. So ‘the make’ suffers.”” He looked at the young man witheringly. “IT told ye two hours for the cleaning of a fire was aplenty, but thought ye’d use a pinch of judgment with the knowledge.” Dan shifted. He moistened his lips, opened them, as though to answer, then thought better of it. He seemed to hear Steve Bonner’s threats of that morning sounding in his ears again. Perhaps old Dinnie should be told, but then trouble would break loose. Was it the thing to do? At any rate, he'd take the blame while he thought matters over. He hoped the boss hadn’t caught the whiskey on Steve Bonner’s breath, though. Again he moved uneasily and started 'to reply. At that moment he saw Tommy Cullen charging up the iron stairway from the basement, +t and heard his excited cry: “South Station’s on the wire. Switchin’ crew just dumped a string of coke cars off the trestle, busted the big water main and shut her down! We got to feed the whole West Side!” ULLEN’S glance questioned Maroney, but the old man, apparently unmoyed, stared past him down the stairway. “You understand?” The valve man’s voice rose impatiently. “She’s down, I say—her storage holder’s about empty, too. We got to turn gas into her mains by noon —she’s down!” The superintendent swung back quickly: “Your news is over bad to bear the tellin’ of it three times.” Then: “Telephone South Station we'll be ready to pick their pressure up at noon.” Again the valve man interrupt- “We got little gas in the river holder—less than a million on the last hour’s reading.” Once more a chilly glitter in Maroney’s eyes. Cullen fled, but the superintendent’s words chased him down the stair: “Tend your valve room, Thomas Cullen. The gas-makin’ floor’ll watch the make.” ARONEY studied the log sheet a moment, then turned to Dan. “Tell Steve, more down-runs to work the clinker off her linings. ’Tis no lie that we’re short of gas —desp’rit short. Watch them things,”’ he indicated the pyrom- eters, “ you ll know if she’s pickin’ up the heat.” He set a cautious foot upon the sigirs. “T’ll go below and see that Number Two’s — right. We can’t chance another choked machine this ay. Dan watched his halting descent with a sense of bafflement. A tough angle, this was. To come on duty, find Steve Bonner in the blast trench stupid drunk, the fire gang waiting idle, that was bad. To direct the job of cleaning Bonner’s fires and find you’d made a bobble of it, that was worse. But—and beside this last all else faded to an ugly background—the superlative of trouble lay in Bonner’s thick response that morning as he lurched through the basement after Dan Hunt had shaken him to his feet: “Can me? You ain’t got the nerve. Nor Maroney—the old flannel mouth! When I go, the gang goes with me. We're ready. Tell the old man—just start something, kid, we'll finish it—we’re all together, waiting for the break.” A walk-out—the plant closed—South Station down, too. Why, it would mean half the city, a million people without gas. Babies, sick folks, suffering; cold, hunger, industry at a standstill. The significance of it bore down with crushing force. A sudden real- On the control floor stood the “‘super,”’ peering through the open charging door of Number One machine into the blinding glare April, 195 ization of responsibility—his responsibility—sent a cold thril through him. He understood now what lay behind old Dinnie’ oft-repeated slogan. Dan repeated -it underneath his breg “the make must go on”’—and fear ebbed slowly, to be replaced } growing, steadfast courage. He moved across the floor to wh : Bonner now watched the hunkies scooping coke into the char _ door. ” “Steve,” he said firmly, “the boss says try some extra dow, runs.” His voice seemed to affect the gas-maker not at all Punctuated by the scraping clang of scoops, Bonner sang in thick growl: ' “A flannel-mouth Turk in the gas-house muri., Bar down, terriers, down! His back near broke a-shovelliy coke, Down, terriers, down—” The men began to grin. Oy bandy-legged worker set his scog against the floor and leaned idly on the handle to enjoy the me, ody. Dan stepped closer and th song broke off. ° OWN-RUNS, eh?” sais Bonner, and smiled, ij; eyes were shot with tiny re veins and Dan noted that trem. ors shook the heavy hands, “| need a drink, then I'll make ’ey all down-runs.”” He turned sud. denly. “Bear down on them scoops, ye polacks,”’ and as the shovels rang again, he walked heavily away from Hunt and dis. appeared behind the cylinder o the super-heater. When he returned the charg was finished. The helper swun the domelike cap in place, sealing off the purple tongues of flame that licked it hungrily. And a; Bonner spun the blast valves open, with a leaping roar a red flame pillar burst out through the super-heated throat and up th stack. The gas-maker motioned Hunt. “The old man always fires you if you take a drink,” he grinned knowingly. “Not Steve Bonner, though. I got the sign on him, He dassent . . . And so South's shut down? This ’ud be the time to make things good—we’re sick of bein’ handled like a chain gang here.’’ He leaned closer and Da caught the acrid pungence of raw alcohol. “I guess I'll have ’em all go home at noon.” The boy caught his breath in, desperately. His eyes met Bon- ner’s. Then a quick inspiration. a He laughed scornfully. “You said it, Steve! Have ’em go home. You go too. South Station’s gas-makers are all idle now she’s down. One of ’em can bring this machine back. It’s a cinch you can’t—and we need the gas.” Bonner’s face darkened. Dan saw his shot had scored. “We'll picket this works. The man that comes in after we walk out’ll get his—he won’t make no gas for you.”” Thena lowering, suspicious stare. “Can't bring her back?” he muttered. “I could show you something.” Dan forced a smile again. 7 OU better quit now, Steve. The boss can put a good man in your place on Number One.” A conflict of emotions played over Bonner’s sodden face. Hate, jealous pride, revenge. ‘Then slowly his expression changed to crafty cunning. “No, I'll stay with it, boy,” he said. He swung round to his machine, roared at his helper, “Change to a down-run!” and Dan Hunt felt his muscles that had (Continued on page 138) april, 1928 A ’ 1 ] engineer: $4,500,0 Tube, rn mile un arm of § placing which n The achiever vance in cause it kind in because of being waterw: tunnel scribed ScIENCI in twel reinforc floated to the the bed feet be cylinde water-t The feet be under ©

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tion. outh em d we r we en a red, good sion and 138) April, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 19 Tunnel Built, Then Sunk in Bay OUL AIR EXHAUSTS FROM WELLS IN CENTER OF BUILDING \ “SRESH AIR SLOT tame a CAR TRACKS “CSS FRESH AIR oes puCcTS ar ‘ Golden Gate Tube Laid in Sections In Unparalleled Engineering Exploit By H. H. DunN ARLY this summer Californians will celebrate the opening of the most remarkable underwater highway, in many respects, that engineers have ever attempted. It is the $4,500,000 Oakland-Alameda Estuary Tube, running nearly three fourths of a mile under old San Antonio Creek, an arm of San Francisco Bay, and re- placing the Webster Street Bridge, which now links the two cities. The spectacular and daring achievement marks a distinct ad- vance in tunnel building; first be- cause it is the roomiest tube of its kind in the world, and second because of its novel construction. Instead of being driven beneath the bed of the waterway, as was the great Holland tunnel under the Hudson River (de- scribed in last January's PopuLar Science Monruty), it is constructed in twelve separate precast sections of reinforced concrete, built in a dry dock, floated ten miles down San Francisco Bay to the spot, and lowered to a trench in the bed of the estuary. There, forty-two feet below the surface, the mammoth cylinders were joined in a continuous, water-tight line. The completed tube measures 3545 feet between portals, 2400 feet being under water, and its outside diameter is NS i bel a4 ae +83 ~_ ~tt' wr - Tae Na on on A 200-foot, 4500-ton sec- tion of the tunnel being towed to position. The tug at rear is guiding it thirty-seven feet, seven and a half feet wider than the Holland tunnel. It will be capable of accommodating more than 12,000 motor cars daily, and also will contain double lines of street car tracks. In design and scheme of ventilation it resembles the Hudson tunnel. On each side of a twenty-three-foot roadway are sidewalks protected by guardrails. Power- ful sixteen-foot-fans in the portal build- ings at each end of the tube constantly force in fresh air and draw out stale air. The sections, weighing 4500 tons Above: Picture diagram of Oakland-Alameda tunnel, showing novel joints, with interior view and sectional view illustrating the method of ventilation. Below: Building steel reinforce- ment for a section in the dry dock. The com- pleted roadway slab is visible at the bottom apiece, were cast in enormous forms in a 750-foot dry dock at Hunter’s Point, San Francisco. Into each went 250 tons of reinforcing steel, 2500 cubic yards of concrete and 25,000 square feet of three- ply membrane waterproofing. X& EACH ponderous segment was com- pleted, it was made water-tight by bulkheads and towed by tugs to a posi- tion above where it was to rest. Then, with 2000 tons of sand and water ballast inside, it was slowly lowered by winches, being kept in accurate position by guid- ing masts at each end. ‘The final and most difficult problem was that of joining the segments forty- two feet under water. It was solved by the ingenious scheme of casting square collars near the ends of each segment. Where the segments join, these collars are six feet apart. Sheets of steel are locked in place across the collars, forming a steel compartment around each joint. The compartment then is filled with concrete, sealing the joint perfectly.

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY April, 1928 Television Brought Into the VHITE BACKGROUND PHOTO-ELECTRIC CELLS BEHIND SCREEN PICK UP REFLECTED LIGHT FROM FACE LIGHT BEAM EXPLORES FACE SUBJECT This diagram shows how the television sending device works. The size and po- sition of some of the parts are altered for the sake of clearness "ACROSS FACE OW you are to have a see- by-radio outfit of your own —a device that will enable you to view the prima donna and the musician in a distant broadcasting station just as plainly as your radio receiver permits you to hear them. Engineers are putting the finishing touches on a home tele- vision cabinet that they are preparing to make and market by the thousand! Television, or “radio sight’’—only a few months ago a laboratory marvel—has emerged a vital, real fact for the layman. The first few home television sets are already built. In their three-inch win- dows, the first four private owners, in four Schenectady, N. Y., homes, are look- ing at faces miles away by radio. Giant high-power radio television stations at Schenectady and San Francisco will soon replace the little experimental station of the General Electric Company at Sche- nectady that is now broadcasting the first regular television program in radio history. They will hurl faces and moving pictures clear across the continent! FEW weeks ago, radio experts gath- ered in the laboratory of Dr. E. F. W. Alexanderson, inventor of the new home television set, to see its first dem- onstration. They stood before a mahog- any cabinet, its front ornamented with radio dials and an intriguing window three inches square into which they gazed expectantly. “All ready?” came a voice from a loudspeaker near by. A whirring sound came from the cabinet. Light flickered across the window. In it appeared a face—the moving, living face of a man in the broadcasting room adjoining. ““That’s Wilkins!” someone exclaimed, even before THE BROADCASTING RADIO BROADCAST SET TRANSMITS ©: IMAGE 4 We LENS AIMS Mes, = STATION they heard the voice of Dr. Alexander- son’s young assistant on the near-by loud- speaker. It was Wilkins—talking, grimac- ing, smoking a cigarette as plainly as if you were looking at him instead of seeing his image broadcast by radio! Only with elaborate and costly appa ratus had such a feat ever been achieved before. Last year the Bell Telephone Laboratories heralded successful television with a maze of apparatus that success. fully made visible to New York Cit spectators the face of Secretary Renal in Washington, D.C. Dr. Alexanderson meanwhile, was working on an elaborate projector to flash distant events as they occurred on huge theater screens. That idea has been shelved, for the moment, - UR first goal, and our hardest prob- lem, has been to make a cheap television receiver,’ Dr. Alexanderson told me. And engineers who saw it estimated that his latest invention could be sold, in its present form, for four or five hundred dollars. You might make one yourself, they said, and still have change from a hundred-dollar bill! Imagine yourself seated before such a cabinet. Your loudspeaker is already bringing music to your ears; now you want to see the singer. You twirl the television dials; fine black dots appear on the window. You tune more carefully; the dots become coarse ones . . . black streaks . wide splotches ... and a face appears! It is the singer, clear and distinct. You settle back in your easy chair for the weird experience of seeing and hearing by radio. In Dr. Alexanderson’s private home at Schenectady I watched the miracle. I could see R. D. Kell, his chief assistant, playing the harmonica several miles Television transmitter, showing arc light holder, perforated disk and lens casting rays on subject Dr. Alexanderson watches the window as R. D. Kell “tunes in,’’ synchronizing the received image with transmitted scene by means of push button in his right hand away in the broadcasting room. Occasionally the image, tinged with a pinkish glow character- istic of the device, floated off the window, then quickly returned. By pressing on a push button, Dr. Alex- anderson could keep the picture within the window. ‘ Of course, the “picture radio” is not perfect. No one claims it is. It is a April, 1928 ( ALDE ractical sé dollar labe faintly stz are clearly colors by Dr. Alexar large area for instan¢ only pers sitting 1n a fims. But —far mor and hear without le How is SSE} chops those of a to the ret gether aj puzzles a successlor screen at tion pictr of contim At the light skin sitting in bordering skirt wit! have just quick suc RA strate trans to th may | og} om to co serve lectu origi light impt pe of th ing

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Ppa. eved hone ision Cess- City over ‘son, rate they That it. rob- leap told ated 1, in lred self, rom ady you the on lly; la and asy ing > at n. od _ oT April, 1928 Home—The Newest Radio M. arvel By ALDEN P. ARMAGNAC ractical set for you and me, not a million- dollar laboratory curiosity. Black lines faintly streak the image, though faces are clearly recognizable. You cannot see colors by radio. “That will come later,” Dr. Alexanderson said. Outdoor scenes of large area—football games and parades, for instance—cannot yet be transmitted; only persons in the broadcasting studio, sitting in artificial light, or moving picture flms. But this is the first practical step —far more than halfway—toward seeing and hearing distant events perfectly without leaving your chair. How is it all done? SSENTIALLY, the transmitter chops a man’s face into pieces like those of a picture puzzle, and radios them to the receiver where they are put to- gether again. Eighteen such picture puzzles a second follow one another in succession. Flashed on the receiving screen at a speed a little faster than mo- tion pictures,’ they have the same effect of continuity. At the broadcasting station, a beam of light skims over the face of the subject sitting in semidarkness. Another follows, bordering the path of the first just as you skirt with your lawn mower a path you have just traversed. Forty-six more in quick succession scan the man’s features POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 21 HAND PUSH BUTTON CONTROLS SPEED OF DISK TO KEEP PACE WITH TRANS~ MITTING DISK AND HOLD IMAGE IN WINDOW ncnameensien naar ae Saale acme te si Seam WHIRLING DISK | RECONSTRUCTS LIGHT PATTERN OF FACE THE HOME RECEIVER How television receiver works. Size and location of some parts exaggerated for sake of clearness’ completely; they are aimed by a whirling disk pierced with a spiral of holes, each thirty-five thousandths of an inch in diameter. “Some other systems use lenses, or mirrors,” Dr. Alexanderson said, “but a hole is programs, musical scores an lecture hall. RADIO STEREOPTICON, TOO oe eight lenses.”” Mirror Another of Dr. Alexanderson’s inventions, recently demon- strated from the New York broadcasting station WEAF, is a transmitter and a home picture receiver, the latter attachable to the ordinary radio set. By means of this a radio owner may receive “‘still’’ photographs of performers, printed radio the like, which are broadcast om any station having the transmitting equipment. Similar to commercial outfits, but greatly simplified, it is devised to serve radio listeners as a stereopticon serves the audience in a It requires ninety seconds to transmit a single picture. The original picture is scanned by a light beam and the various lights and shades transmitted to the receiver, where they are imptessed through a Moore glow tube on photographic paper. When this is rinsed in chemicals the picture appears. . Alexanderson, who with D. McFarlan Moore, inventor of the glow tube, perfected this device, is shown above work- ing on an experimental model of the picture receiver. cheaper than a lens, and forty-eight holes are cheaper than forty- disks, he said, may eventually transmit outdoor scenes. Sensitive electric cells in front of the subject translate into electric impulses the lightness or darkness that the exploring beam _re- veals. ‘‘ White,” they radio when it strikes the man’s cheek. “Black,” they signal when it strikes his mustache. ‘‘Grey”— a weak impulse—as it passes over a shadow. In your home cab- inet a pinkish electric bulb, a “neon glow tube” that can light or extinguish itself in a millionth of a sec- ond, is glowing mo- mentarily when the signal comes “white” and going out for “black.” In front of it a whirling, pierced disk just like the one at tion, and spinning at exactly the same speed, is aiming the light the broadcasting sta- - flashes at the right places in the window. The picture puzzle is put together again, and what you see isthe face of the sub- ject, miles away! One startling improvement Dr. Alex- anderson has made defies the long-ac- cepted belief that some automatic, com- plicated synchronizing device must be provided to keep the transmitter and the receiver working at exactly the same speed—so that the picture will stay in the receiver's window instead of slipping across it. Instead, through a push button held in your hand, you can regulate the motor that drives the whirling disk in your receiver. When your disk is running at the same speed as the disk in the broadcasting studio, the picture is steady! O, WITH a motor that is the duplicate of the one in your vacuum cleaner or sewing machine; a metal disk that any machinist will make for, say, fifteen dollars; a “‘neon glow tube” that will be inexpensive soon, when it is made in quantity, and a short-wave radio receiver that is easily built—with these you can, some day before long, construct your own television receiving set. Or, if you prefer, you will be able to buy one—for television is going into quantity production! This is the climax of years that Dr. Alexanderson has spent on the problems of radio vision. “We knew how to go about it,”’ he told me, “but we had to be optimists and wait for new ideas, new devices that would make it practical. D. McFarlan Moore, of the Edison Lamp Works, made such a discovery in the neon tube we are using. To avoid eye- strain of the person being broadcast, we adapted to our use the ingenious sys- tem of photo-electric cells that the Bell Telephone (Continued on page 143)

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angers POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY

April, 1993 Over every meal you eat may hover the shadow of an inefficient icebox, an insidious menace to health That Lurk In the Family Icebox Popular Science Investigation Reveals Startling Facts about Household Refrigeration and Your Health By Freperic Damrav, M. D. OOD in nine out of ten families in this country is kept in such a way as to be a menace to their health. That statement is not the cry of an alarmist. It is made only after the most exhaustive investigation into house- hold refrigeration ever undertaken any- where in the world; an investigation which reveals the startling fact that in most American homes food frequently becomes unwholesome and sometimes even poisonous, because of inadequate refrigeration. Distinguished both as a physician and as a research worker, Dr. Damrau brings to this, the first article in an astounding series, a thorough study of the medical aspects of household refrigeration; a study that qualifies him pre-eminently for the inquiry. Every householder and parent should read this. For almost a year the editors of Popu- LAR SCIENCE Montua ty, engineers of the Popular Science Institute of Standards and I have been studying food in the family icebox in its relation to health We have had the help of several thousand investigators, including medical and public health authorities in almost every state in the Union. And as, one by one, the grave facts have been disclosed, it has become apparent that people should be told of the dangers, especially to chil- dren, that lurk in only too many iceboxes These investigations show that in the vast majority of homes there is either no icebox at all or one which is not efficient enough to check the growth of microbes

april, 1928 in milk at they show le are Ph refr butter do doesn’t $ hours, “a ibility a the Unfort ay are — fifte Dr. Johr Rochester Journal 0) ical Asso of the r mon use : and gross Now I jon t r icebc thing as refrigerate tures low do urge tl be sure tl your food 00D at tl Standard: the const tors are S box can | at a price age house than sixty use in th tured to $44; only over $106 Cheap, little or 1 tors. It we are dis are the k American using. People keep food haps the: winter til outside. construct: packed w maintain peratures and milk in the sun temperati an averag shade. And it months tl tor must upon to properly. erly” m nance of that will growth. IGUR be gi on in thi: show ho growth < when the at a tem low as 50 A goc

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1923 X Ith. and ind ery ne, it uld nil- es, che no nt April, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 23 in milk and other foods. And they show, too, that most peo- Je are ignorantly satisfied with refrigerators in which butter doesn’t melt and milk doesn’t sour 11 twenty-four hours, utterly oblivious of the gsibility of insidious treach- ery in the icebox. _ Unfortunately, conditions today are just about what they were fifteen years ago when Dr. John R. Williams, of Rochester, N. Y., wrote in the Journal of the American Med- ical Association that “most of the refrigerators in com- neers of the PopuLar STANDARDS a number of refrigerators which they approve as safe and highly efficient. A list of these will be sent to you on request. A booklet, “‘ Refrig- eration for the Home,” advising how to select and care for a refrigerator, also will be sent on receipt of 25 cents. Address PopuLAR ScrENCE INSTITUTE OF STanparps, 250 Fourth Avenue, New York City. Choosing An Icebox Next month, Doctor Damrau will tell just what happened to food placed in various types of refrigerators. The tests mentioned here have disclosed to engi- SCIENCE INSTITUTE OF 90°, that an efficient refrig- erator is most necessary. At 45° bacterial growth is markedly hindered, although it does not entirely cease. Germs multiply with great rapidity above 50° and food kept at higher temperatures soon begins to spoil. Yet few household refrigerators maintain any such tempera- tures for any length of time, the failure being due either to faulty construction or to in- sufficient ice. Engineering tests of house- hold refrigerators show that temperatures are often ten mon use are almost worthless and grossly uneconomical.’ Now I do not want to convey the im- ion that no icebox is better than a r icebox, or even that there is no such thing as an effective family icebox, a refrigerator that will maintain tempera- tures low enough to check disease. But I do urge that you owe it to your family to be sure that your box properly protects your food and your health. OOD boxes are made and sold. Tests at the Popular Science Institute of Standards show this conclusively. But the construction costs of such refrigera- tors are such that no really effective ice- box can be sold profitably today except at a price which is greater than the aver- age householder has been paying. More than sixty percent of the refrigerators in use in the United States were manufac- tured to meet price demands of $18 to $44; only six percent are sold at prices over $100. Cheap, poorly constructed boxes have little or no practical value as refrigera- tors. It is such boxes we are discussing. They are the kind that most American families are using. People assume they keep food properly. Per- haps they will—in the winter time and if kept outside. But a poorly constructed box, even packed with ice, cannot maintain proper tem- peratures in its food and milk compartments in the summer time with temperatures ranging at an average of 80° in the shade. And it is in summer months that a refrigera- tor must be depended upon to preserve food properly. And “‘prop- erly” means mainte- nance of temperatures that will check bacterial growth. IGURES that will be given further on in this article will show how bacterial growth occurs even when the food is kept at a temperature as low as 50°. A good refrig- erator is more than a beautifully lac- quered box, trimmed with metal, hous- ing a series of conveniently arranged shelves. It must be built properly to keep out heat, and insulated with mate- rial able to resist the heat waves that are constantly trying to creep in. Perhaps the simplest way to test the efficiency of a refrigerator is to place a thermometer in the bottom of the food chamber and keep it there thirty minutes. The temperature should be about 45°, certainly not more than 50° on the Fahrenheit scale, commonly used on household thermometers. Such a test should be made with the box in a room where the temperature is 70° or more, since it is in the summer, when tempera- tures are above 70° and frequently above Expert investigators with thermometers tested iceboxes throughout the country and owners were amazed to see how almost worthless many were degrees or more higher. Such conditions make good incubators and favor bacterial growth. Temperatures above 50° make it possible for billions and billions of germs to grow in food, to feed on it and leave poisonous refuse, making it unfit for human consumption. OME idea of the rapidity with which bacteria multiply may be obtained from experiments made by Dr. William H. Park, Director of Laboratories of the New York City Department of Health, who tested a very fine sample of milk obtained under the best possible condi- tions and containing only 3,000 germs in fifteen drops—less than one tenth the number of bacteria ordinarily found in the Grade A milk used in the tests illus- trated on page 24. Kept twenty-four hours in a temperature of 50°, the bacterial count be- came 11,500; and when raised to 55°, 18,800; to 60°, 180,000; to 68°, 450,000; and to 86°, 1,400,000,000. These figures mean some- thing when we remember that the number of bacteria in milk is the best single index of its general sanitary condition. ND it is just as true that not all bacteria are danger- ous. Many are quite harmless. But if the germs present in food - in a poor icebox should happen to be typhoid bacilli or the microbes of common meat poisoning, seri- ous and immediate illness—perhaps death — may result. And microbes respon- sible for food rot, and certainly the chemi- cal products formed by their action in de- caying food, are also positively injurious to health. The differ- ence between ‘them and those causing more sinister diseases is that their harmful action is slow, subtle and insidious. In either case the development of these germs could be retarded by an icebox that really refrigerates.

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— - emencioaeenet abaammeeemnciathenmens CS AMAR RT 0. ane RI ore eae 24 Typhoid bacilli, the cause of typhoid fever, multiply at temperatures above 50°. Below 50°, growth is checked. Of course, no food should contain typhoid bacilli when purchased; but it sometimes does. And a refrigerator that fails to maintain a temperature below 50° will allow these germs, should they be present, to multiply to dangerous proportions. It is true that a temperature far below 50° will not destroy typhoid bacilli. But with germs, as with drugs, the matter of dosage is very important. The body may resist the onslaught of a relatively small number of microbes but succumb if they are increased a thousandfold. ‘The degree of danger from typhoid in milk is in- creased in direct proportion to the multi- plication of the disease germs. And the icebox food compart- ments in perhaps eighty percent of American homes fail even to approx- imate a temperature as low as 50°. Sometimes food may taste good and still be poisonous. The United States Department of Agriculture recently pointed out, for example, that while food generally shows when it is spoiled by unpleasant look, taste or smell, it may be contami- nated by organisms that make it un- safe even though it appears good. UT comparatively few public health officials have given more than scant attention to household refrigeration. A notable exception is found in Louisiana, where a most efficient official’s investigation of 18,090 family refrigerators proved convincingly: the’ ‘uselessness and danger of the average icebox. Cold storage has been thoroughly investigated and the Government rigidly enforces safe low tempera- tures for food in storage and in transportation. But the care it receives after reaching the family icebox has been left almost entirely to chance. ; Milk offers one of the best and best known illustrations of the fact that good milk may appear whole- some to both taste and smell long after it has become actually unfit for use. Bacteriological tests have re- peatedly shown that milk which even the most delicate taste could not criticize can be so filled with bac- teria that the use of it in any quan- tity would be almost certain to result [. in serious illness. Every hospital re- quires the most careful and exacting tests for milk served to patients, since taste and smell cannot be re- lied upon. Some months ago PopuLar ScIENCcE MontTu_y asked several thousand of its readers to tell what make of icebox each used and the price paid for it. For the purposes of this investigation it was assumed that the boxes used by the largest number of readers were in widest general use throughout the United States. Then: samples of each of three widely sold nonmechanical refrigerators were purchased. HE boxes were bought in the best known department stores in the United States, two in Chicago and one in New York. For the refrigerators ob- REFRIGERATOR ~ TEMPERATURE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY tained in Chicago, $61 and $34 respec- tively were paid; for that in New York, $59.50 was paid. Each box was the product of a different manufacturer and in each case the department store sales- man offered assurances that the box sold would keep food at proper temperatures to safeguard health. HESE boxes, all new and in excellent condition, were taken to the labora- tories of the Popular Science Institute of Standards at New York University. There, in an especially built and equipped room in which a constant temperature can be maintained, they were put through an elaborate and exhaustive series of tests of their efficiency. HOW BACTERIA MULTIPLY IN HIGH yaa = pt KEPT IN A POOR REFRIG- © é x ve ~~ wt i, Reg Bk /\ Y ‘ Pa el eal (15 DROPS) . BACTERIA PER CUBIC CENTIMETER WHEN KEPT AT 668 DEGREES-~ AFTER ONE DAY — 4,000,000; TWO DAYS — 25,000,000,000 What tests by Dr. William H. Park, New York City Health Department expert, show about refrigeration One refrigerator placed in the test room when the temperature was 74° maintained an average temperature of 61° in the food chambers. Another main- tained an average temperature of 57° with a room temperature of 74°. Every possible advantage was given the boxes in the tests. The average family box is usually only partially filled with ice, but these were filled to the limit. Family boxes have their tempera- tures increased by having their doors opened several times daily; but the doors of the boxes under test were kept closed. Warm foods usually increase the tem- peratures in household refrigerators; but BACTERIA AT TIME OF PURCHASE 30,000 PER CUBIC CENTIMETER Aprii, : no warm food was put in th Another test made on the ethan ban erator duplicated as closely as relrg the conditions that exist when a hoy ; in normal use in a household. Heat : produced inside the box equal to the a mal heat from food and from open}, the doors several times a day. _— The room temperature was tained at 78°. In this box the ay, temperature was 62.7°. For food one vation these temperatures proved the py. frigerators little better than ordinan wooden boxes in cool pantries. In fact, they were worse, because offered a false sense of security, a poinj made clear when I recall seeing a numbe of cases of severe sore throat in childry in my neighborhood several yean ago. The condition proved to septic tonsillitis, due to the preseng in milk of the microbes which cayg “blood poisoning.” The little daughter of a neighbe became extremely ill with a hi fever and a very bad throat. “Never again buy poor milk,” | admonished the father. “IT always get Grade A,” answered. “Don’t keep the milk on th window sill. Put it in the icebox,” I insisted. “Yes, and in the milk compart. ment, too,” he added. “I hay always done that.” Then he took me into the kitchen and opened the door of his icebox, The ice chamber was filled. And the milk was in the proper place, in the small compartment just below the ice chamber. I PLACED a thermometer along. side the bottle of milk. The temperature in. what was supposed to be the coolest part of the refrigera- tor for food was 68°. Given the presence of infectious germs, it was small wonder that the microbe thrived! The investigations of Poputar Scrence Montuiy overlooked nm important phase of household rv. frigeration. In the actual tests o refrigerators, the most exact and scientific methods were employed. Several thousand readers of this magazine codperated in supplying information about their experience with iceboxes. Able investigators in fifty typical cities interviewed house keepers to obtain information about actual conditions of refrigeration a they exist in the average home These men, equipped with standard thermometers, tested temperatures it the various compartments of hundreds of refrigerators in actual use. ACH investigation, conducted inde- pendently of the others, revealed the amazing fact that the vast majority d iceboxes in use in American homes ar incapable of maintaining temperatures that will preserve food properly. Am more alarming to me as a physician 3 the fact that most people seem totally ignorant of the menace to their health of such refrigerators. : Indeed, comparatively few learn of it except by bitter experience. April, 1928 Entries sea off winner, spee mos Ame outk *kic coul Isla craf the was pile

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along. . The lpposed frigera- en the! it was Licrobes OPULAR ced no old re ests on ct and ployed. of this plying Tences tors in house | about tion as home. andard res il ndreds | inde. led the rity of es are ‘atures And ian is totally alth of 1 of it April, 1928 Entries “tuning up” for most thrilling of speed boat races in choppy Kneeland Jenkins, the winner, at the finish—drenched to the skin and his craft waterlogged Speedy Little “K ickers”’ Leap Madly Over Waves in Spectacular Contest sea off Santa Catalina Island. In circle: By ELLSWORTH BENNETT EAPING and _ plunging _ reck- lessly through white-capped waves, kicking the choppy sea into spray, more than a score of the world’s smallest speed boats recently engaged in one of the most spectacular contests ever seen in American waters. It was the race of tiny outboard motor boats, familiarly called “kickers,” run over a_ fifty-two-mile course on the lee side of Santa Catalina Island, off the coast of southern California. So light and cranky were the little craft, and so rough the going, that of all the entrants in the sweepstakes only one was able to finish. It was the Sea Sled, piloted as pictured above by Kneeland POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Url Jenkins, of San Diego, which “put- putted” over the course in three hours and fifteen minutes, an average of sixteen miles an hour. Matching these whippets of the sea is one of the newest and most thrilling of sports, as the contest proved. The course had been laid once around the island, including a leg on the ocean side; but a stiff northwester made the ocean trip impossible and the course was changed to two round trips along the land side of the island, starting at Avalon at the south. As it was, the pilots, three of them women, had to call upon all their skill and seamanship to keep their craft right Sea Whippets Thrill Newest Sport A speed boat doing 30 miles an hour — the entire craft out of, the water side up. At the halfway mark Ross McPhee, of Los Angeles, president of the Southern California Outboard Motor Boat Association, was leading when a heavy wave swamped and sank his Gaucho. He barely escaped injury. Most of the boats are designed along special speed lines, some of them of the “sea sled” type, and all of extremely light construction. They weigh from sixty to ninety pounds. Under favorable condi- tions the best of them can be counted on to do from twenty-seven to thirty miles an hour, while the highest recorded speed is thirty-one miles an hour. Numerous models were exhibited at the recent motor boat show in New York City.

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*Can POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY April, 192 “Afford an Airplane es. Amateur Pilots Throughout the Land Explain Here the Dollars and Cents of Private Flying YING for pleasure! Who has not dreamed of owning and running his own airplane? Each morning the papers tell you of airmen’s latest exploits. “I could do that, too,” you con- fide to yourself. After all, why not? Over your head passes the air mail. You thrill with the longing to be up there, to listen to the song of an unbridled, throbbing motor and the tune that the wind plays on singing struts. Of course you would astonish your fellow townsmen. You would loop the loop over Main Street and side-slip above Broadway while they marveled at your daring. With spring in the air, you think of distant haunts you would visit when summer comes—tmiles by road, but only a few hours’ dash by airplane. From such pleasant daydreams you awake rudely. “How could I own a plane? Wouldn't it be far too expensive? Too risky? How could I afford to run it? Where could I keep it?” These and a host of other practical questions assail you with doubts. To answer them, PopuLaR Science Montaiy has just completed a nation-wide sur- vey, the first of its kind, to find the real facts about the dollars and cents of private fly- ing. These facts fill an impos- ing sheaf of letters we have received—letters from dozens of men, among them lawyers, doctors, bank officials and students, whose hobby is fly- ing. And with surprisingly few exceptions, these men who take to the air for pleasure rides, hunting, vacationing, & and business trips combined with pleasure, advise you and the next man by all means to own and operate a plane. What sort of plane? That depends upon your purse. “My plane, a little Waco nine that I take on hunting trips and use to show my friends the beautiful inaccessible country on the other side of the mountains, cost $2,500," says Thomas D. Stimson, of Seattle, Wash.

«, Y SHIP, a three-place Stearman biplane that I use for traveling on personal or company business, cost $3,550,” writes W. Lester Lamkin, of Porterville, Calif. These were new planes. But you might be able to find a bargain, second hand. Or, if you are confident enough of your skill, you might build one. By H. C. DAVIS

J. D. Alexander, Denver, Colo., says he has had no accidents in 25,000 miles of flying his light biplane, in which he is seen at right

After buying a second hand Curtiss motor and other parts required, they fitted them together and found they had a plane that flew perfectly. It would take off easily with three persons on board. At the other extreme of amateur airdom is the business man, the fly- ing enthusiast, whose luxuriously equipped plane costs more to run and is more expensive to repair, H. S. Hilliker, purchasing agent of

A feature of “Airplane Row,” a long street devoted to air- ports in Los Angeles, California, is this office where air- planes are “bought, sold and financed,’’ just like automobiles “T built one of my two small planes,” says Paul Crippen, an engineering student at Northwestern University. “‘Even after I had replaced the rebuilt motorcycle en- gine I used at first with a fifty-horsepower Gnome motor, the whole cost of construc- tion did not exceed $800. My second machine, just like it, I bought second hand for $750. I keep them both in our barn; with their wing spread of only twenty feet, it is easy to get both planes through the normal-sized garage door by manipulating one wing at a time.” E. Park and his brother, of Beloit, Kansas, built their own plane for $1,000. “We bought an unserviceable tail group for $100; and gave $150 for a pair of new, partly completed U. S. A. 27 wings.” a great Buffalo, N. Y., public utility con- cern, prefers traveling by plane to a trip by automobile or train. ““My five-passen- ger Stinson-Detroiter inclosed biplane,” he tells us, “‘sells for $11,000 f.o.b. fac- tory.” J. JOHNSON, a Chicago bank ¢ official and a flyer by hobby for years, owns a $12,000 biplane powered by a Wright Whirlwind motor. “The only use to which I put my ship is pleas- ure,” he says. “Instead of taking my wife and seven-year-old son for a short week- end trip in the family car, as I used to do, we now climb aboard the ship and take a regular trip. On my two-week vacation we went to California, an excursion that limited time had previously rendered out of the question.” There are the figures. Pick your own plane. One outstanding fact emerges— that the actual cost of a plane suitable for an amateur aviator is far less than is pop- ularly supposed. Prices of famous planes may have given you a wholly exaggerated impression of what more modest flying machines may cost. PopuLar ScIENCE MontTuty found among private pilots a distinct preference for small, light planes of the $2,000—$3,000 class. Some more costly machines brought the average up to $3,000. In first cost, at least, airplanes compare favorably with automobiles, pare ticularly when their greater speed and

han A Aan. —- ——— —_—_— —— —_—— — > <I] Hilla. freed sidere Bu catch plane exper for tk ures } “Tr nance run 0 powe ing 1 York avera a hal class store hang; and repai work by at field. woul cove: Han; meck anot! plan

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1, 1928 29 10tor that asily iteur ' fly- usly at of 2 Na ae ee for red ‘he as- rife ek- do, ike ion rat put wn ‘or p- ies April, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY D. E. McDaneld (left), automobile dealer of Pasadena, Calif., receiving ‘“‘the first pilot’s license on the Pacific Coast’’ from Capt. Walter Parkin, U. S. Department of Commerce Inspector. Mc- Daneld is 48 years old, and made his first solo flight when 45. He flies to his place of business freedom from traffic restraint are con- sidered. But the running of them—is that the catch? Does it cost more to operate a plane than a car, or less? Is a plane an expensive luxury, or a practical vehicle for the average man? Here are some fig- ures given by typical owners: “Including insurance, gas, oil, mainte- nance, storage, and depreciation, I can run my Waco biplane with ninety-horse- power motor for six to seven cents a fly- ing mile,” asserts J. Van Wagner of New York City. His is nearly the five cents a mile is the average cost. “TI care for my own plane, keep it in the municipal hangar, and am charged no hangar rent,” says Albert L. Burn- ham, of Hartford, Conn. “It costs me about four cents a mile to fly.” “T store my secondhand Curtiss JN4D at the Buffalo airport during the summer months and at home in the barn during the winter,” writes Earl F. Merlan, of Strykersville, N. Y. “‘My friends and I do most of the repairing and then have one of the mechanics at the airport look “Daddy”’ Montee of Santa Monica, Calif., a licensed pilot at sixty-six, and his three sons, all fliers. ‘‘Daddy” is second from the left Dr. R. R. Ferguson, of Chicago, with plane he flew to meetings of the American Medical Association and used for business and pleasure it over. I estimate it costs me six cents per mile to fly, including gas, oil and repairs.” Most pilots of this class are able to in- clude depreciation and other expenses between these two figures. IG planes? ‘That means expense. Says the owner of the five-passenger inclosed biplane, “It costs me seventeen cents a mile to operate my machine. A smaller, three-passenger Travel Air open biplane costs ten cents a mile to run, in- cluding all items.” These included such mechanical attention as periodical over- hauling of the motor by trained mechan- ics. The man who demands expert service as well as hangar space for his plane will pay from ten to twenty cents for every mile he flies. But “any per- average expense, seven and a half cents a mile, for this class of owner—the man who stores his plane in a public hangar, inspects the plane and perhaps makes minor repairs himself, and has his What the Figures Show Here are the facts about the cost of private flying, com- piled from the reports of representative amateur pilots to PopvuLaR ScrENCE MOnrHLY in response to our survey: son using caution can service and inspect his plane with a small amount of experience,” says 0. C. Capper, of De- witt, Iowa. “There is a pleasure in caring for your own plane.” work checked now and then Low High Average All in all, the average cost by an expert mechanic at the Cost of Plane $400. $12,000. $3,000. for every class of owner is field. That means that it Monthly Hangar nine cents a mile. Some of would cost, say, $750 to Rental 75, - 50. 5. the figures given compare cover 10,000 miles in a year. Flying Cost per favorably with the cost of Hangar rent is a big item in Mile Urkeee.. 02 Qn 09 running a car. Three pilots {VUE included) _ eee 7 declare that their planes cost the budget, and constant mechanical service would be another heavy expense. For pilots who house their planes in their own hangars, Fifty-four percent of the flyers use their planes for pleasure; thirty-six percent for pleasure and business, and ten percent for business only. as little or less to run than their averaged-priced auto- mobiles, pointing out that (Continued on page 154)

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a pa ti a oa Sr Se eS es eR, = eee ee eee ee 28 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY => —— April, 1923 A Loudspeaker for a Million Ears Speaking by telephone from Hoboken, N. J., into loudspeaker across the Hudson in New York City. In five seconds the voice roars back over the river 7 ELLO, ferryboat!” boomed a tremendous voice across the Hudson River the other day, from a horn atop a New York building. Ferry passengers jumped in startled surprise at the Gargantuan shout, then waved at the New York skyline whence the sound had come. But they had guessed wrong as to its original source. On the opposite side of the river, on a Hoboken, N. J., bluff, stood Dr. R. W. King, tech- nical expert of the Bell Telephone Laboratories, speaking into an ordi- nary telephone transmitter in the first demonstration of an improved giant loudspeaker that could be plainly heard a mile away! His voice was flashed almost instantaneously under the river to the New York building of the Bell Laboratories, where it actuated the great horn on the roof. The amazing horn, as E. C. Wente and A. L. Thuras, Bell engineers, Mighty “Hello” Heard a Mile in First Test of New Device for Use of Public Speakers By R. C. Upson have developed it, combines in one in- strument all the latest loudspeaker im- provements. With its aid an orator might address a million persons at once! It is designed primarily for public ad- dresses and, with modified power, for talking movies. In a spectacular demonstration of tone quality, Dr. King had Mrs. King, at her Short Hills, N. J., home—twenty miles away—connected by phone with the horn and put “on the air.” “Believe me, if all those endearing young charms,” she sang, and her tones floated clearly across the river. The new horn is studded at the base with multiple trans- mitter units sounding as one, and is said to convert half the electrical energy it receives into sound. This is made possible by an extremely light aluminum diaphragm, thin as a human hair, in each unit, which re- sponds vigorously to the slight- est whisper electrically im- pressed upon it. It is mounted free to slide back and forth like a piston, together with the cur- STEADY MAGNET----@5 WIRE COILS ‘VOICE COW FITS il MAGNETIZE INTO NARROW j IRON SLOT pelw WEEN CONNECTED HERE Di ope me , Hite Speaking unit mechanism, showing how voice current makes coil and diaphragm oscillate, magnifying sound FLUCTUATING VOICE CURRENT ‘ rent-carrying, telephone-connected “ voice coil” of thin aluminum ribbon that drives it. As it slides, the “‘ voice coil”’ moves in a narrow slot between the poles and in the magnetic field of a powerful electro- magnet. The attraction and repulsion set up between magnet and coil by the fluctuating voice current makes the voice coil and its diaphragm oscillate to repro- duce the voice on a giant scale. Great efficiency under large loads is obtained by keeping both the coil and Dr. R. W. King with new loudspeaker, its base studded with speaking units sounding asone. The horn could reach a million people the magnet very narrowly separated. Last of the new developments that produce the mighty voice is the horn itself. A concave shaping of the ait chamber between the base and the mouth increases its extraordinary power. In another test, inside the Bell building, engineers heard a test of tone quality in which the horn gave musical pitches from the highest to the lowest. April, 1928 S T bro bag She tables a: lations? “ Yes, dis C. E internat quarter doing § things ¥ “ No,’ almost | conserv: The \ say on their | startlin; support Jagadis curves : made — whisper alive!” Once betwee! kingdo! life to 1 ers. B serious! themse declare right, whethe Here tists tl has pre of the ing; th emotio becom and fin and ot humat Se So other has 1° learne his or perim duplic or dis den of! be up who minor Thi dia or In his with | man, poet. some

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Til, 192 : April, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 29 Plants That See, Feel and Think Scientists Stand Amazed as Hindu Botanist Records Emotions of Growing Things by Means of His Strange Electrical Machines By Artuur A. STUART S THE potato a little step- plies to plant life as a whole, the brother to man? Is the cab- bage our second cousin? Should we recognize yege- tables as our poor but honest re- lations? ; “Yes,” calmly asserts Sir Jaga- dis C. Bose, a Hindu scientist of international repute, who for a quarter of a century has been doing sensational and thrilling things with plants. “No,” in a tone indignant and almost outraged, is the reply of conservative plant students. The vegetables have nothing to say on the subject out loud, but their behavior in innumerable startling experiments tends to support the contention of Sir Jagadis. Through dots, dashes, curves and dancing spots of light made with electric pens they whisper: “We are alive! We are alive!” Once there was a deep gulf fixed between the animal and vegetable kingdoms. Only poets ascribed life to trees and emotions to flow- ers. But no one took the poets seriously, perhaps least of all themselves. Then came Bose to declare that the poets are more than half right, that all life is essentially the same whether mobile or rooted in the earth. Here is a botanist, respected by scien- tists throughout the world, who says and has proved that plants have all the senses of the human being except perhaps hear- ing; that they have nervous systems and emotions; that they get tired, feel pain, become excited, drunk and depressed; and finally, that they have hearts, muscles and other anatomical resemblances to the human body. IR JAGADIS is a Fellow of the Royal Society and has, besides knighthood, other honors of the British Empire. He has written a dozen learned books detailing his original research ex- periments which can be duplicated and_ verified or disproved. The bur- den of disproof seems to be upon his opponents, who are an orthodox minority. _This man has put In- dia on the scientific map. In his country he ranks with Gandhi, the states- man, and Tagore, the poet. He is hailed by Some as the Darwin of ; | GALVANOMETER When touched by the probe, plant nerve pulsations are recorded by galvanometer. The index shows the depth of the probe Sir Jagadis Chunder Bose, Hindu botanist, whose discoveries that plants have the equivalents of heart and muscles and experience emotions like men have won him honors in the scientific world plants. But how does he compare with our own Burbank? The disciples reply that the American was indeed a wizard in the practical creation of new and useful plants. Bose, on the other hand, is a pure scientist. He has created nothing. He has only revealed to us a basic knowledge of how plants live and move and have their being. On this foundation a host of practical men will build and work out im- provements in agriculture and many other branches of applied science. The press has sadly exploited Bose, reinforcing his true miracles with trav- elers’ tales of man- eating plants and whatnot. Bose has indeed in his Cal- cutta menagerie such freaks in the vegetable world as the Venus’s-flytrap; with them he seems a. botanical circus master and seems to make us gape at the exceptional. But his science, when we study it closely, ap- ordinary trees in our back yard, the vegetables in our garden and the shrubs on our front lawn. Jagadis Chunder Bose was born seventy years ago in southern India. His parents were Benga- lese, his father a local magistrate, keen for his son’s education and never too busy to answer the boy’s endless “whys?” The home neighborhood had plenty of stimulation, what with river pirates and real tigers in the jungle. At home his life work was perhaps foreshad- owed when he built a miniature garden, in- cluding an ingenious system of irrigation with pipes and a little bridge over a stream. Completing his early education in Indian schools, the youngster went to London and enrolled as a medical student, later entering Cambridge University to take up science. He was graduated with honors and presently found himself professor of physics at the British Government’s Presidency college in Calcutta. At thirty-five Bose first began to pio- neer in science. With makeshift appa- ratus he studied the rays we now call radio. The Royal Society published his work, the University of London gave him a degree and Lord Kelvin wrote to him in 1896 that he was “‘literally filled with wonder and admiration” over his success, Ww Bose did valuable pioneering in radio, it was for him no more than a needed foundation for his great future discoveries in plant life. He did not know it himself, but only a supreme electrician, such as he was becoming, would be able to capture the heartbeats and register the infinitely delicate nervous reactions of our vegetable kindred. Friends advised Bose to take out patents. In 1901 a wireless manufacturer offered to buy his new type of receiver. —— a SS Wim o4 e+ Sie e 4 I= He declined with thanks. Then a friend- patented the invention in his name in America. Bose ignored the chance to profit and let the patent lapse. The Hindu scientist had the queer and, to practical westerners, insane idea that he could not take money for his contributions to knowledge. salsa aniaeipiac td atinr pitta

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Soon he began to apply electrical tests to metals. He found that metals showed fatigue, were affected by poisons and had other lifelike reactions. If this were true of metals, how about plants? “*Full of this idea,” says his biographer, Patrick Geddes, “‘Bose rushed out into the garden plot of his London lodging and gathered the first leaves of its horse- chestnut tree just opening; and on testing one of them, he found it respond vigorous- - ly. He next hastened off to the green- grocer, and found his car- rots and turnips . . . turn- ing out to be highly sensitive, even in their very roots.” Bose told the world about it on June 6, 1901, in a paper he read before the Royal Society. The emi- nent scientists present, who had approved his earlier work in physics, did not now applaud. Sir John Bur- don Sanderson, the foremost physiologist of his day—but whose present title to fame is his denial of Bose’s dis- covery—administered a po- lite rebuke to the Hindu for trespassing from his own Ys plot of physics upon the ground sacred to physiology. Can plants tell their life secrets by electric response? No, no, quoth Sir John; he had tried it and failed; it could not happen. In short, the Royal Society buried in a pigeonhole instead of publishing one of the greatest pieces of scientific news ever presented to it. HIS was “the severest shock of Bose’s life’—more cruel than any he ever inflicted on a plant. He was as sensitive as mimosa that folds its leaves at a touch. But, “It is not for me to sit with folded hands in resignation,” he wrote at this period. “I do not believe in miracles: but the miracle shall happen this time; for I know that I am fighting for the establishment of truth!” In fact the attitude of the Royal Society was a blessing in disguise. The physiol- ogists challenged Bose to prove his thesis by making the plants themselves speak or write their own story. “‘T’ll make them write their story!’ he cried. And for a quarter century he has been publishing a sensational and_ thrilling series that might be called “True Con- fessions of Us Plants, Signed and Sealed by Ourselves.” OSE had to invent the “electric pens” needed by the plants to write with, and the creation of these marvelous de- vices would be sufficient honor for another scientist. Their delicacy is almost incon- ceivable. Some of them magnify growth and other motion from ten to one hundred million times! Is it true? You can see with the naked eye a growth at the rate of 1/100,000 inch a second translated or magnified to a motion of about one foot a second. As the spot of light travels thus briskly across the scale, we can almost hear the plant remark: “See how fast I rp? The happy ending of Bose’s personal ordeal was assured when he gave a private demonstration to a group of English POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY scientists and Howes, successor to the famous Huxley, exclaimed: ““Huxley would have given years of his life to see that experiment!” The rejected Hindu became Sir Jagadis, feted by the Royal Society and acclaimed by the leading scientists of Europe. Some of the more striking discoveries of Bose are these: Plants have a nervous system by which Sir Jagadis proving a plant’s reaction when a chemical is poured into the test tube holding it. Thread tied to leaf moves a lever terminating in a pointer that marks record on smoked glass plate they receive messages and then act upon them—a two-way telegraph line precisely locatable. They have something like muscles to act with, having lively movements of all sorts, internal and external. They are sensitive to a touch, a passing cloud, bad air and about everything ex- cept possibly sound. They react to drugs and poisons like man. They get stimulated, Sir Jagadis’ apparatus to make mimosa plant record its own reactions to electric shock. Shocks, delivered at D through wires from induction coil C, are regulated in degree by distance between coils a and b.and in speed by metronome, A, connected with inducton coil through battery, B. Through thread, E, kept taut by lever, F, leaf transmits reactions to pen, G. Pen writes on smoked glass screen, H, which is moved by mech- anism, K. Above to the right: The stalk of a fern and to the right of it a cross section showing posi- tions of the nerves—much like animal nerves—as found by Sir Jagadis in his long study of plants April, 1923 excited, fatigued, drunk and depre They die with a spasm, emitting high electric voltage at the moment of death They have the equivalent of a heart jr pulsating cells which pump sap upwand through their tissues. How else can a tall tree lift water hundreds of feet from the ground? In fact, Sir Jagadis says in his latest book, “Plant Autographs and Their Revelations,” which summarizes his life work, “there is no life-reaction in even the highest animal which has not beep foreshadowed in the life of the plant.” He goes on to say there is no division between plant and animal. The differ. ence is in degree, not in kind. Plant and animal are “‘a multiform unity in a Single ocean of being.” NE of Bose’s devices he calls the resonant recorder. It writes auto. matically the quivers and shivers of g plant subjected at regular intervals by clockwork to small electrical shocks, 4 fine thread is tied to a plant leaf and then to a jewel-bearing lever that terminates in a pointer which taps on a smoked glass plate a series of dots one hundredth of a second or less apart. The dots make zig- zag lines showing how the plant jumps or shrinks at each shock, recovers itself, gets indifferent and finally fatigued. When too tired it stops answering, but after half an hour’s rest it is “‘fresh as a daisy.”’ One specimen suddenly became languid. Why? “A wisp of cloud passing across the sun” had been perceived in its effects by the plant before the experi- menter noticed it. While plants are practically deaf, their vision surpasses ours at both ends of the spectrum. The tongue of an average person perceives an electric current of six millionths of an ampere, but a plant is eight times more sensitive to electricity, After getting the response of plants in mechanical movement, Sir Jagadis de- vised an apparatus to read their thoughts, as it were, taking down the answer through a galvanometer. They are full of thoughts, or at least inner activities. They sleep, they wake, perhaps they dream. We find that the carrot is an excitable creature, though vigorous. Celery is a delicate character, quite easily fatigued. Some day we may havea vegetable ““who’s who” and the slang ex- pression “knowing your onions” will no longer be a figure of speech. ERHAPS the greatest paradox which Bose offers to the layman is his tale of the death of a pea. All vegetables die hard, but it seems the kind we should not eat with a knife makes its exit with a tremendous electrical spasm. “Take one half of a green pea,” says Bose, “‘and connect its inner and outer surfaces with a galvanometer. The half pea is slowly raised in temperature in a heating bath. At the death-point of 140 deg. F., an intense electric discharge passes through the organism . . . being often as high as one half volt. If 500 pairs of half peas are suitably arranged in series, the terminal electric pressure wi be 500 volts, more than sufficient to cause electrocution of unsuspecting hu- man victims. It is well that the cook does not know the danger she runs in preparing this particular dish, (Continued on page 157) April, 192! op ie old | knee- into t Bel engin pyrat bya sky. the st in th firml; scrap Toe Visit mont into feet « cany ke foun terin they rock floor rect pout foot load in al

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Pril, 1928 Pressed, ng high death, leart } In upward n a tal] om the - latest Their his life 1 even t been lant. ¥ Vision differ. at and Single ich die not 1 3 ays ter alf 1a 40 April, 1928 Skyscrapers Built While Tenants W ait Astounding Engineering Feats Put Giant Buildings Around and Atop One Another and on Pine Log Legs POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 31 anu i" wink a6 Peieieces By PETER VISCHER NE of the mightiest of sky- scrapers—the New York Life Insurance Building nearing completion on the site of the old Madison Square Garden—stands knee-deep in the biggest hole ever dug into the vitals of Manhattan Island. Beholding it, one marvels at the engineering magic that reared this vast pyramid of steel and stone, surmounted by a tower that reaches 610 feet into the sky. Yet its visible greatness is only half the story. The other half lies hidden deep in the rocks where the giant’s feet are firmly planted. This building, like most modern sky- scrapers, began as a hole in the ground. To erect it, men first had to dig for it. Visiting the site a comparatively few months ago, you would have looked down into a great gash in the earth seventy feet deep and nearly two acres in area—a canyon in the heart of a metropolis. AR down in the chasm workmen, looking like pygmies, prepared the foundation. With dynamite blasts, chat- tering power drills and picks and shovels they cut clean and straight through solid rock. At the bottom they chiseled a level floor, and into this they cut a score of rectangular holes, which they filled with poured concrete. And on these concrete footings they distributed the tremendous load of the skyscraper’s massive frame— in all, 24,000 tons of steel! Cutting the foothold for a great building ae ‘Rtas ~ a Th nie ae une Po tS a | a8 wane “eee ELLiei ei ititip Teil all e Bua OB GSe8 oe eee u nine g oeee a - enue gf nas! anes s BE. coe PLL Gasana=eet BEE ea a Three stages of the Murray Hill Building operation in New York City that set a speed record of 81 working days. Top, left: wreck- ing old mansion on site. Middle: Excavation two months later. Bottom: Four months later The twenty-nine-story Murray Hill Building, Madison Avenue and Fortieth Street, at its completion 648 working hours—a few months in elapsed time—after it was started calls for as high a degree of engineering skill as does the erection of the structure above ground. Every step is planned and charted precisely, before a stroke of work is done. Then men with diamond drills drive down through clay, earth, gravel and rock, searching for bottom solid enough to support the enormous weight of the building. ANHATTAN Island’s backbone of solid rock simplifies the problem, but in some cities where bedrock cannot be reached, the feet of skyscrapers rest on poured concrete pillars or on wooden piles that reach down to hardpan. One of the world’s largest buildings, the American Furniture Mart in Chicago, is planted on a veritable forest of southern pine trees on “made” land at the edge of Lake Michigan. The first rock was found to be more than 110 feet below the surface. Some seventy feet down, how- ever, was a heavy layer of hardpan, and to this level 7500 pine tree trunks, averaging sixty feet in length, were driven by twenty-ton blows of a giant pile driver. EW YORK’S Graybar Building, called the biggest office building in the world, is another unusual “city on stilts.” It rises directly over the tracks of the New York Central Railroad at one of the world’s busiest railway centers, while trains rush back and forth among its legs of steel and concrete. Supporting the building are (Continued on page 128)

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Bhsting Death at the Sea’s Bottom Thrilling Exploit That Won Eadie a Medal'as Hero of S-4 Disaster Only a Sample of Divers’ Perilous Tasks— How Ellsberg Twice Faced Death Below NE of America’s highest awards for valor, the Con- gressional Medal of Honor, is to go to a new hero— Chief Torpedoman Thomas Eadie, veteran deep-sea diver of the Navy. It is a tribute to the almost super- human skill and courage of the man who, when the submarine S-4 sank off Prov- incetown, Mass., last December, risked and all but lost his life, first in an attempt to carry aid to the six men imprisoned in the submarine, then to rescue a fel- low diver trapped in the muddy depths. Eadie’s part in that heart-breaking battle against the fury of a storm and the treacherous muck of the ocean floor adds an inspiring chapter to the record of one of the most hazardous of all professions; one which daily calls upon resourceful men to face and con- quer death beneath the waves. More than twenty-four hours had passed since the S-4, dealt a death blow by the destroyer Paulding, had plunged to the bottom with her crew of forty souls. And with the arrival of the salvage ship Falcon in the morning the labor of rescue had begun. Eadie had been the first diver down. Dropping a hundred feet through icy water to the wreck, he had heard the tapping signals that said six men were alive in the torpedo room. And now, as the gale rose in fury, Chief Torpedoman Michaels—‘‘Mike” they call him—was down in that wet, cold blackness, trying to attach a hose that might carry fresh air to the imprisoned men. The Falcon, her decks slippery with frozen spray, strained perilously at the hawsers that held her to a pair of mine sweepers. If they gave way, so would Michaels’ air hose and then .. . ALF an hour had passed since Mike, volunteering, had gone over the side; now he signaled for help. Eadie was exhausted and asleep. Wakened, he leaped from his bunk, rushed into his two-hundred-pound diving suit and, with wire cutters, knife and submarine lamp, slid into the sea. He found the helpless diver lying face down on the forward deck of the sub- marine, his lamp useless with its wires fouled and his tangled air hose and life line on top of him, holding him down. In the beam of his own lamp he saw Mike’s air hose was caught in two places —on the starboard side by a jagged, U-shaped piece of broken angle iron and on the port side by a steel plate evidently torn from the Paulding in the collision. Eadie forced his lamp into Mike’s free hand, thrust his helmet close to his com- POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY By RoBERT E. MARTIN Thomas Eadie, deep sea diver, who fought a desperate and successful battle to save his comrade Michaels, helpless on the S-4 wreck rade’s and shouted, “‘Hold it for me!” Mike tried, but he was only half con- scious, and his uncertain hand flashed the rays into Eadie’s eyes. Eadie reclaimed the lamp and telephoned to the Falcon for a hacksaw, which came down tied to a heavy shackle. Fearful of breaking the precious blade, he sawed slowly for an hour while the chill crept into his bones and numbed his hands. T LAST the iron was cut off. Eadie lifted the air hose free. Mike started to rise and swayed crazily. Eadie shouted a warning, “Wait! You’re caught on the other side!” and climbed off the port. In a minute he had the rest of the line free, but his troubles were not ended. Climbing back he ripped open a leg of his diving suit on another piece of broken metal and the water, two degrees above freezing, soaked him to the chin, though it could not reach his helmet. By the time he reached the S-4’s deck he knew that neither he nor Mike could hold out much longer. “Haul in Mike’s line,” he telephoned to those on the Falcon. As Michaels began to rise, Eadie felt April, 19 a tug on his own line. were tangled! “Stop!” he yelled, and, summonj his remaining strength, he caught Mike in his arms and passed him around his own body until the lines were clear, Believing they would do better by using the descending line near the co tower to help them up, Eadie made for it, beckoning Michaels to follow. Bu when he arrived there and looked back, Mike had vanished! They pulled Eadie to the Falcon and rushed him into the decompression cham- ber where emerging divers are placed to prevent the dreaded caisson disease, the “‘bends.” Michaels lay there un- conscious, wrapped in a blanket. The buoyancy of his diving suit had sent him to the top, and he had been hauled aboard. His struggle in the depths for nearly three and a half hours, followed by his swift ascent, had caused a bad case of the “bends.” The iner violence of the storm made further diving impossible, and so the Falcon hurried the stricken diver to a Provincetown hospital, where his life was saved. The two lines HE S-4 disaster and the subsequent failure to rescue its six survivors has aroused nation-wide criticism of the Navy for what has been termed carelessness for the safety of submarine crews. Yet only praise has come for the divers who gave their best against the buffeting storm. Eadie, a shy, brown-haired hero of forty years, would tell you modestly that such adventures are daily chores in his profession. ‘Thousands of divers the werld over are on the job every day, clearing ship channels of wreckage, vaging fortunes in sunken treasure, exploring the strange life of the deep, mending broken cables, and performing countless other hazardous tasks. Every important shipping center has its expert divers. New York harbor alone em ploys forty. None of our marvelous underwater railway tubes or vehicular tunnels could have been built without their fearless skill. But even the most courageous could not perform their feats were it not for modern inventions which aid them. Eadie might tell you, for example, that the rescue of his comrade would have been hopeless without his 1000-watt undersea lamp which sent its beam through the water for ten feet, even on the blackest night. This lamp was developed from the experiences of divers who raised the sunken submarine S-5/ a little more than two years ago. So also came the under- sea cutting torch devised by Lieut. _—_ Diver Fra con, riski to save m Command facing des Comma raised t the Nav S-4 sals compres ables it. heavy : oxygen Inger pressed ened tk the de extende gas whi air, ser tions tl TIL! div: able to drical ¢ deep-se which 1

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) ry . But back, POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Diver Frank Crilley being dropped off the Fal- con, risking his life, as did others, in vain effort to save men in the sunken S-4. Right: Lieut. Commander Elisberg being hauled aboard after facing death when sunk to his neck in sea mire 33 marine, such a chamber might permit divers to cut a hole in the hull, through which the crew might escape into the chamber. There they could be supplied with diving suits, in which they could be hauled to the surface. Last month’s issue of PopuLAR SclENCE Montaty told of recommendations by Representative Anthony J. Griffin for the installation of grappling rings by which lifting cables might readily be fastened to a sunken submarine. In the absence of any such aids, the plan of rescue undertaken following the sinking of the S-4 was to attach air lines to blow valves in the submarine’s ballast tanks. It was hoped that by blowing the water from the tanks, enough buoy- ancy might be given to raise the bow of the ship, containing the torpedo room, which held the six survivors. But the ballast tanks had been punctured by the collision and the air escaped as fast as it was blown in. The next attempt was that of Michaels to supply fresh air to the torpedo room by attaching an air hose to a compartment air valve. HE only remaining chance of n and salvage, then, was to employ the cham. Commander Edward Ellsberg, who method used by Ellsberg in raising laced raised the S-5/, and, now retired from the S-51—to tunnel benéath the sub- isease, the Navy, volunteered his services in the marine, pass heavy chains round it, and re un- S-4 salvage operations. — An envelope of lift the wreck with huge pontoons. At . The compressed air surrounding the flame en- this writing divers are at this task. 1 sent ables it, when submerged, to cut through Twice during the first efforts to reach auled heavy steel. A German invention uses the S-4, Commander Ellsberg barely es- hs for oxygen in the same way. ; ; . ; caped with his life. On his first dive lowed Ingenious methods of supplying com- applied, to American submarines at least, a faulty valve in his helmet partly cut a bad pressed air to divers have greatly length- any trustworthy, speedy means of rescu- off his air supply. When hauled up he easing ened the time they can work safely in ing crews sent to the bottom in disabled _ fell to the Falcon’s deck in a convulsion living the depths. And this time has been craft. of agony—a severe attack of the “‘bends.’’ od the extended further by the use of helium . A number of such devices have been After spending some time in the “Iron pital, gas which, when added to oxygen in the invented or proposed. Accompanying Doctor,” the decompression chamber, he air, serves to prevent the bodily condi- illustrations, for example, show an in- emerged for a second plunge. tions that cause the “‘bends.” genious rescue tube, devised by I. M. This time a jerk on his life line threw quent Cottrell, of Boston, through which air, him off the S-4 into a deep mud hole. “s TILL other inventions include heavy food, blankets and electric wires for heat- _ As he fell, a piece of wreckage tore a hole Navy diving armor in which men have been ing might be passed to imprisoned men. in his glove and water poured into his - ss for able to go down hundreds of feet, cylin- This would be achieved by an arrange-_ suit. The sticky mire sucked him down - only drical diving bells or chambers for making _ ment of double circular plates in the side _ until he was wholly enveloped. gave deep-sea explorations, and strange cars of the submarine. To attach the tube, Valving air into his suit, he gained “m, which move on wheels over the ocean bed. an outer plate would be opened. The enough buoyancy to get his head out ofthe ro of Submarines are tube then would be pumped dry, after mud. And then he was hauled to safety. that really highly de- which the inner plate would open, giving Such were all the men who fought for n his veloped diving access to the interior of the submarine. _ the dying prisoners of the S-4. the bells, yet with all Other inventions day, their wonderful include escape cham- , sal mechanism, there bers of various types sure, has not yet been containing air under deep, pressure equal to the | ming pressure of the sur- ‘very rounding water. At- Ms xpert tached to a_ sub- ite em- elous cular hout ould t for hadie the been orses the *kest ‘ from than Left: ‘I. M. Cottrell, inventor, sending rolled blanket through .der- his safety tube to a man supposed to be in a submarine. Above: Cottrell being hauled up in tank that demonstrated device

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Fontaine Fox POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY April, 19 Insists He Is an Inventor ERE IS AN Article That Will Make You Smile and Then Stop and Think. In It Mr. Fox, the Newspaper Cartoonist Whose Toonerville Trolley and Other Caricatures Amuse Thousands of Us Daily, Explains What an Understanding of the Human Interest in Mechanical Things Has Meant to Him F THERE is an inventors’ guild I can qualify for membership, but I couldn’t be an officer because I am too busy inventing. Ed- ison, McCormick, Marconi, Bell, Ford, and the forgotten genius who first devised a folding bed are all right in their way, but the lot of them did not invent so many things as (let the band sound flourishes and ruffles) Fon- taine Fox. Every day in the week I have to invent a cartoon. Now your first impulse may be to laugh, and I hope you obey it—because a comic artist’s primary function is to make people laugh—and when you have finished I will try to convince you that I am an in- ventor in the mechanical sense of the word. Because we employ language somewhat carelessly, invention made a mechanics’ heaven in the upstairs chamber where I ya; allowed to play. Better than I was instructed by Judge Dy. Relle in the use of the tools, and if these mechanisms I build noy are mostly on paper, and gep. erally fantastic, nevertheless | want to shout that all of them would work. Some of them haye! | bee me defend my position as an inventor as seriously gs possible now by recalling an idea that occurred to me one time when I watched Mrs. Fox try to ad. minister some medicine to a reluctant Fox baby. I played with that problem of giving med- icine to squirming babies for several hours and then produced a drawing that had for a caption: “Tomboy Taylor claimed that she had not made the baby cry, because he was already crying for has come to mean in the average “= man’s mind the creation of some new mechanical contrivance in- stead of meaning the production of any- thing by the exercise of the imagination. However, I am willing to rest my claims as an inventor on the mechanical con- trivances which I frequently devise to assist certain fanciful characters I use daily in my drawings. DON’T know what Tomboy Taylor, one of my characters, would do with- out that simple little power plant, the bed spring; and the spring at the base of the trolley pole on the Toonerville Trolley is, if you will pardon a pun, a well-spring of ideas. I have had the Skipper using its power to lift his minnow net out of the creek, to lift water in a Fontaine Fox, cartoonist-inventor, at work in studio-laboratory simple irrigation device from the pond on one side of the track to his garden on the other, and, slickest of all, to lift his cumbersome shovel when forced to clear snow from the tracks. I might not be able to patent those ideas; nevertheless they are inventions, and some of them I have actually made and used. As a boy I developed a keen interest in tools and the principles of mechanics. I made Dan Beard traps and learned by heart a handbook on how to be handy- man in the house. Better than this, though, I had an uncle who collected tools as other men collect antiques. He was Judge George DuRelle of Louisville, Kentucky, and his collection of tools a drink of water.” The picture showed Tomboy’s mother hang. ing weakly to the portieres and gazing with horror upon her daughter squirting a stream from a water pistol into the open mouth of the youngest Taylor child, squawling on the floor. Now that was my idea for a comic drawing, but I think I could get a patent on a graduated medicine gun if I should apply for it at Washington. One of the practical devices I figured out for small boatmen is perfectly feasible. One day I watched a flounder fisherman in Long Island Sound bailing frantically with a tin can at intervals of rowing toward shore to escape a storm. I con- ceived an invention on the spot, and em- ployed it in a drawing that showed the Village Halfwit rowing in a small boat Whine WiFEY iS Away The SUCTION CLEANER MAY BE EASILY MADE TO BREAK IN YOUR NEW PIPE FoR You. -» WHICH Wink ALLow THe A Paw OF THE HEAD LINES BEFORE HER HUSBAND TAKES THE PAPER DOWN To [ d [e , A PIECE ON THE PIANO, 1 CAN “Ron” “ MOUSE WIFE To GLANCE OVER key! sis! Give! uS / « ' . WHEN HE HAPPENED To "THINK OF MOTHER’S ELECTRIC VIBRATOP. hose h caption ing com pump, | the act Anot] of mine I was s¢ ice cred one bef My dr freezer pedal fr mantle and ha provide equippt my dra althoug The ventior the me spring boy m: pup. ' plank | other € placed on the gives t reflexe: I call | childre them. M sto called sort of the ki was m than n it. By ventor quaint

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Pril, 19% POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY + 4 hn i Lies m ye ~7 RATORTS HAVE REACHED THe Vibnace. a ABOUT SoM SORT of A WATER SCOOPS DEVICE. Wack THe Smipren 1f SAW Te PR USING Te Tinew P EE chess THE “TRACKS FRom Aveno onlte His GARDEA. 14 with something resembling the handle of a lawn mower projecting above his head, while its shaft was strapped to his back. Bilge water was squirting from a hose hung over the gunwales. The caption explained that the Halfwit, hav- ing come into possession of an old force pump, had rigged up a device to make the act of rowing bail out the boat. Another eminently practical invention of mine dates back to my boyhood when I was sometimes made to turn the family ice cream freezer. I actually built this one before I used the idea in a cartoon. My drawing showed a stout ice cream freezer with two cranks, each fitted with a from an old bicycle. The same dis- mantled vehicle had provided a saddle and handlebars. Except that I did not provide a saddle, the ice cream freezer I equipped with pedals was precisely like my drawing and it did not tire the arms, although it was a little tough on the legs. The great advantage of any Fox in- vention is the simple character of the mechanism, as, for example, the bed spring device whereby the little Murphy boy makes it possible to seesaw with his pup. The child sits at one end of the plank placed astride a sawhorse. At the other end is a soap box in which may be placed a counterweight. The bed spring on the underside of that end of the plank gives the kick that compensates for the reflexes in the muscles of the operator. I call this the “‘one-kid seesaw’’, and my oo have used one that I made for them. A peven months ago I saw in a New York store an ingenious seesaw for babies, called a Jimmy Jumper. There was a sort of breeches buoy at one end to hold the kid and at the other a stout spring was made fast. It was a better seesaw than mine. A kid could not escape from it. By chance I discovered that the in- ventor was another cartoonist, an ac- quaintance, Albert T. Reid, who holds patent rights on several inventions now on the market. It did not surprise me to discover that a cartoonist was also a practical inventor, because the average cartoonist’s mind functions like an in- ventor’s. There is another reason, though, that has impelled me to struggle for humorous effects with strange con- traptions, as when I draw the Village Traffic Officer in deep chagrin because his wife has made him mount his “stop and go” semaphore in her churn so that he makes butter while he controls traffic. That reason is that most Americans seem to be mechanics at heart. America is what it is today because of the mechan- ical instincts of its people, and so I de- termined to address much of my work, intended to be humorous, to people in whom that instinct is awake. An analysis of my mail indicates that these mechan- ical devices have increased the popularity of my cartoons. OME of my inventions are just com- mon sense applications of homely devices to troublesome situations. For example, I deserve credit for having thought of more uses to which vacuum cleaners might be put than have been dreamed of by the manufacturers. In a series of drawings, Hints to Husbands, I have shown how the suction cleaner, while wifey is away, may be easily made to break in a new pipe—just an extra length of rubber gas tubing, one end fitted over the stem of the pipe and the other into the hose of the cleaner. And I have shown the same husband using the suction to take potato bugs off the vines as clean as a whistle. Back in the days when carpet sweepers were regarded as the ultimate in house- hold labor-saving implements, I had Vernon McNutt, the great uncle of the Village Halfwit, using fountain pen methods to whitewash a fence. He poured his whitewash into one pocket of a carpet sweeper. It was just my sense of fairness that kept me from repeating that cartoon with the vacuum cleaner motif in recent years. Then one day I discovered that that is actually the way fences are white- washed in modern times. Instead of slapping it on as in Tom Sawyer’s day, and (later) my own, the whitewashers blow it on with a sprayer. IBRELLAS? I have invented more contrivances with umbrellas than Robinson Crusoe ever did with goatskins. I am not referring to episodes as that in which Tomboy Taylor tears up the beautiful little Christmas. parasol to make a shinny stick. I am thinking of one of the sights of Toonerville, which is Old- Man Addicks carrying his famous windy day umbrella. It is merely an- other Fontaine Fox invention, an um- brella with two handles so that when a high wind turns it inside out, Old Man Addicks just takes hold of the other handle and continues to get shelter. There are always fools in the [world who think it is funny to hand out ex- ploding cigars, so I drew a picture of a yokel enjoying such a gift cigar in com- plete safety. This device included a bamboo tube extending through an um- brella parallel to the handle so that a cigar inserted in the ferrule end might be safely smoked from behind the shelter of the umbrella. As the master mechanic of an electric railway company—the Toonerville Trol- ley That Meets All the Trains—I have to be pretty skillful at improvising ways of keeping the rolling stock (one antedil- uvian car) running and in dealing with myriad traffic problems. Worse than that, I have to create the traffic problems, because the Toonerville Trolley would go into a receiver’s hands if it were not for those odd situations which I must invent by way of justifying its existence. Sometimes the Trolley has to run through floods. That called for some sort of gage with (Continued on page 127) One OF THE CluBs MosT ARDENT GOLFERS APPEARS WEARING A QUEER LOOKING CONTRAPTION. NZ so 3 Rx ‘€% th, AO Gel re PS Me Renhe fe, Tons tne 2,, PREVENT OVER snes! LAWN MOWER HANDLE oN ~ EVERY TRIP SINCE THAT LEFT REAR WHEEL HAS SEEN COMING OFF Go MUCH THE SKIPPER CARRIES AN OL [THE VitLace HALF WIT GoT HOLD oF AN oLo FORCE PUMP ANO HAS RIGGED UP A DEVICE ‘Te MAKE HE ACT OF Rowe Gan out THe BeAr, LAST WEEK THE SKIPPER GOT HOLD OF AM ARTICLE BELONéine TO THE WATER CO. AND REALIZED A LONG ¢”1 TIME PREAM OF BEING ABLE To CONTROL THE GAR FROM THE ROOF CURING THE HUNTING SEASON.

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Hypnotism POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Gives Aid April, 192g tO Surgeon Patient Spared Suffering in Chicago Doctor’s Astounding Ex- periment with Anesthesia —Will Profession Adopt His Method? N ST. LUKE’S HOSPITAL in Chi- cago, a few weeks ago, a young woman facing a major operation for abdominal adhesions was hypno- tized as she lay on the operating table. For almost an hour she rested in wide- eyed hypnotic sleep, while Dr. Harold G. Jones made an incision, severed the adhesions and completed the operation without the use of any drug or anesthetic. And when the patient was awakened, she declared she had suffered no pain what- ever! Nor did she experience the nausea which commonly follows the administra- tion of ether. The operation was success- ful, the patient swiftly regained health, and no apparent harm resulted from her unusual experience. This remarkable surgical experiment, the first of its kind attempted in the ~ United States in many years, has aroused leading medical authorities to the possi- bility of reviving the scientific By GROVER C. LANGE >’ “Sleep.”” He repeated the word softly, again and again. “Think of my moving hand. Think of gently drifting off to sleep.” Not once did his eyes leave hers. Ten minutes passed. Slowly the patient’s eyes lost the luster lent by waking thoughts, she seemed to be dreaming, open-eyed. The hypnotist commanded: “Now, sleep!” At once the subject’s eyes lost the dreamy look and became fixed in an un- winking stare. HE surgeon stabbed the bright, sterile point of a needle into the patient’s arm. Not a quiver of response nor sign of pain. All sensation apparently had vanished. Now the operation. In the silence of the room the surgeon worked with deft fingers. When he finished and the wound was closed and bandaged, the hypnotist clapped his hands sharply, “Now, wake!” he commanded. : The young woman slowly opened her eyes and looked up in surprise. “Tt’s all over;” he assured her. “All over? But I did not know—.” “No, of course not. Now all you have to do is to lie still and get well.” What happened in this case, experts say, is typical of hypnotic technique in surgery. Strange and revolutionary as it may seem, this practice is not a new dis. covery. Almost a hundred years ago it was used fairly extensively, one of the most famous practitioners being James Esdaile, a Scotch surgeon. Today it is still in more or less common use in con- tinental Europe. In the United States, however, the introduction of chloroform in 1848, followed by other anesthetics, almost entirely replaced hypnotism. Moreover, its use as a plaything by magicians and fakers brought it practice of hypnotism as a sub- stitute for anesthetics, particu- larly in cases where a patient’s heart might be affected by drugs, or where there would be likelihood of severe after effects. Just what was the procedure by which the hypnotist was able to produce such a deep sleep that the subject felt no twinge of pain from the knife? In the operating room was no suggestion of the occult or magical. Equipment and meth- ods were surrounded with the scientific care always given to such cases in a great hospital. Attending the patient were the surgeon, the usual nurses and a skilled hypnotist, Dr. Alfred P. Solomon, a member of the hospital’s neurological staff. The young woman, having freely consented to the use of hypnotism, was made as com- fortable as possible, so that she might relax completely. “T want you to go to sleep,” said Dr. Solomon. “You are going to stay asleep until I clap my hands—like this—and say, Your Ears Prove Your Identity into such ill repute that medical men would have none of it. The success of the Chicago operation suggests now that the practice, in the hands of skilled men, again may be raised to the status of a merciful instrument of science. The fact of hypnotic power is universally recognized. A skilled hypnotist can put nine out of ten persons into the mysterious half-sleep. And no less an authority than Dr. James Row- land Angell, president of Yale University, says: “By making appropriate suggestions, the sense organs may be rendered seemingly quite insensitive to stimulation. For example, the skin may become impervious to the pain of burning or pricking or cutting.” Physicians say the practice brings no harmful results. Al- though a subject, once hypno- tized, can be hypnotized more easily a second time, the popular belief that the will is weakened is declared to be unfounded. Again—contrary to general be- ‘Now, wake! Do you under- stand?” The young woman repeated the instructions. Now an attendant darkened the room slightly, and while the patient fixed her gaze on a cer- tain object in the room, the hypnotist began talking to her soothingly. Monotonously he passed his hands slowly before her staring eyes. F YOU are acquainted with twins that you cannot tell I apart, look at their ears. No two pairs of ears in the world are alike, says S. Nelken, a noted German crimi- nologist, who has recommended systematic records of ears— like those of fingerprints— as a new method of identifying criminals. The twin sisters in the accompanying illustrations, for example, are remarkably alike, but their ears show marked difference in the inner convolutions. Ears are of countless sizes and dimensions, as distinctive as a man’s signature. They remain the same throughout life. Only surgery can change them. lief—a patient in the hypnotic sleep cannot be induced into acts which he or she would con- sider wrong when awake. Reputable practitioners warn against the abuse of hypnotism, and especially against its use for mere sport. The human mind, they point out, is a most delicate mechanism, and a little unwise tampering may throw it out of kilter. April, 19 moves tracks track and cl Rai watch ciency recent chine, Ohio | York Sup telegr writte ables trains nals a mile of lig] gram advair mark Wher pulls into a the ; those respo ation direct proce

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arply, d her l have Xperts jue in ras it W dis. ago it of the James it is l con- tates, oform etics, tism. g by cht it adical The ation ctice, men, » the ment ver is killed ut of TOUS Row- Yale aking the Jered e to , the us to king ctice Al- ‘pno- more ular ened ded. | be- notic into con- varn ism, e for ind, cate wise it of April, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 37 In a little office a few men quietly con- trol the destinies of this train and thou- sands of others. They are the dispatchers eeping Trains Out o yf Wrecks Hair-Raising Incidents We Never Hear Of and Ingenious Machines Being Used to Protect Us N FOSTORIA, Ohio, a man sits before a queer machine looking like a combination telephone switchboard and miniature rail- way. Lights flash—the operator moves markers along diagrams of railroad tracks and pulls levers. On sectors of track above the diagrams switches open and close. Railroad men all over the country are watching with intense interest the effi- ciency of this unique instrument. It is a recently constructed dispatching ma- chine, first of its kind, being used on the Ohio Central Lines of the New York Central. Supplanting the old system of telegraph, telephones and orders written by station agents, it en- ables the dispatcher to direct all trains himself, manipulating sig- nals and switches along a forty- mile stretch of road. The flash of lights beneath the track dia- gram informs him of each train’s advance, and he moves the marker which represents it. When two trains must pass, he pulls a lever which sends one into a siding. As the switches on the railway open and _ close, those on the diagram move cor- respondingly. The same oper- ation governs the signals which direct the train crews to stop or proceed. Courtesy N. Y. Central Lines Magazine The new dispatching machine, now under test, that all railroads may eventually use. The dispatcher directs trains electrically by levers By JESSE F, GELDERS Special interlocking devices make it impossible for the dispatcher to order a train to advance unless the way is clear. ESIDES the vital safety advantage for the thirty-four trains which oper- ate daily over this territory, the amazing new system makes greater speed possible. When, with the switches operated by the dispatcher, a train takes a siding, it makes only one stop instead of three. Each month the dispatching machine elimi- nates some 4000 orders that would have to be given under the old plan. The remarkable machine keeps a record of all train movements. Each station and switch is listed on a sheet, and as the train passes a check is made. Horizontal lines across the sheet represent the time at two-minute intervals, and a clock device moves the sheet so that as a train ad- vances, the series of checks which repre- sent its progress range diagonally down- ward. When two trains pass, the diag- onals cross. When a train is delayed, the mark extends vertically downward. In emergency and in handling work trains the dispatcher communicates by telephone, as of old. AILROAD men believe this system, or a similar one, is destined to spread extensively, but they insist that the old train order system of dispatching is bound to remain on some roads for many years. “But that has undergone refinements too,” says C. J. Brent, a veteran dis- patcher on a large eastern railway. ‘‘ You'll find methods much better than they used to be. There aren’t so many thrills. now, but in the old days—. “IT remember the case of a dispatcher up in New England. His heart jumped into his mouth when he saw he’d issued a ‘lap order,’ giving two trains the right-of-way over the same

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38 track! He had sent the eastbound running head-on toward a freight coming from the other direction. **Tt was Sunday and all communicating stations were closed, except every fifty miles, making it impossible to reach either train after he let them in on that stretch of single track. But he didn’t lose his head. He dashed for a public phone, and began trying to call up people he knew along the line. “Finally he got a station agent’s wife, living near the track. She snatched up a tablecloth and by waving it violently stopped the train. It went into a siding and nobody on the other train, which passed, ever knew anything had been wrong. **Out on the line,” went on Brent, “a train crew may see only a few hundred feet ahead or to the rear. They are blind to what may lie around the next curve, or beyond the tunnel. But they know that the dispatcher sees—on his train sheet. They must depend on him—for their lives and those of all their passengers.” Many lines have the additional precau- tion of automatic safety signals, but occasionally, in spite of them, the unexpected happens. There was the case of a runaway locomotive on a certain New York road. “COMEHOW the throttle was jolt- ed,”’ Brent recalled, “and it left the roundhouse track and got out on the main line. There was a job for your dispatcher! A wild engine doesn’t obey stop signals, automatic or otherwise! The dispatcher notified every station and towerman along the way. When the runaway passed the first tower, a man was ready to jump on. But the speed was too great. “‘A passenger train was nearing the next station. The dispatcher ordered it into a siding. Five other trains had to be put on sidings or switched to other tracks. The runaway traveled eighteen miles before failing steam slowed it sufficiently for a trainman to swing aboard and stop it; but the dispatcher kept the traffic safe and moving with only slight delays.” The dispatcher’s ability to avert an accident in this case shows how modern railroading is constant- ly developing ways to prevent wrecks. Me- chanical devices help. Operating systems are so planned that a colli- sion can rarely occur as the result of one mis- take or failure of a mechanism. It takes a whole combination of © blunders or mechanical failures now-a-days— all coming at exactly the same t'me. Few people realize just how valuable the addition of one more safety check may be. Suppose by the law of averages a man or a device fails once in every 100 operations— of course mistakes are in fact much less fre- quent than this. With POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY such an average, the odds would be 100 to one against an accident. Now devise a system whereby no mis- hap can occur unless there are two simul- taneous failures. The odds become, not 200 to one, as might at first appear, but 10,000 to one—because, by the law of averages, the first man or device will fail 100 times before the second suffers a simultaneous failure. A runaway locomotive in New Hamp- shire once gave a thrilling problem to a dispatcher. Word came that the engine had shot out of the roundhouse carrying only a laborer. Nobody knew whether he was insane or drunk, or had started it by accident. For emergencies, and in operation of freight work- trains moving cars about yards, trainmen com- municate with dispatchers by trackside telephones A passenger train was approaching a station, seventeen miles from the wild engine’s starting point. The dispatcher ordered it stopped. Between the runaway and the passenger was a derail siding, ending at a river bank. The dispatcher had to think fast. He ordered the pas- senger engine to uncouple, race to the derail switch and throw it, dumping the runaway into the river. The switch was thrown, but the wild Yards at eastern end of a great railroad. Through this network of tracks the dispatcher is responsible for the movement—safely and on time—of 700 passenger trains a day April, 192g locomotive didn’t appear. They found it stalled, eight miles down the track, from lack of steam. The laborer was taken out of the ilocomotive’s cab, stiff and white from fear. A leaky throttle had started the engine on its wild ride. Lack of precautions, coupled with indj. vidual errors, has proved costly in times past. Back in 1914, five employes were killed and 126 passengers were hurt in q wreck on the Hocking Valley, near Starr, Ohio. ere dispatcher had issued an order “A which read: “No. 134 eng. 74 meet No. 137 eng. 73 at Starr. No. 137 gets this at Starr.” Unfortunately, No. 137 did not get it at Starr. Somebody forgot to deliver jt, When No. 137 reached Starr No. 134 was nine minutes late and hadn’t appeared, so No. 137 went on and, between two curves, the two engines crashed and went rolling down an embankment. “Sending that meet order to the meet. ing point instead of to some point further back on the line made it possible for one man’s oversight to cause a wreck,” Brent pointed out. “‘ Unless there are automatic signals for protection, dispatchers try to avoid this risk whenever possible; though of course it’s perfectly safe as long as everybody is on the job.” There was a case on the Frisco, in 1917, with a somewhat different set of circum- stances. The dispatcher at Oklahoma City issued two orders. Order No. 58 read: “Extra 1322 east has right over No. 407 Depew to Kellyville.”’ No. 61 read: “No. 408 gets this and meet 407 at Kellyville.” No. 407 was a passenger train, from St. Louis to Oklahoma City and Lawton. When it reached Kellyville, the engineer and conductor saw two other trains on the siding. One was No. 408, the Lawton to St. Louis passenger. The other was Extra 1343, but the engineer of 407 took it to be Extra 1322. A fatal error. Extra 1322 was still steaming eastward, with the right-of-way to Kellyville. O. 407 PROCEEDED west, running thirty miles an hour until the engi- neer was startled to see the other train 2500 feet away, rushing toward him. He shut off steam, ap- : plied brakes and sand, . sounded the _ whistle _ and jumped. Twenty- three persons were killed and _ fifty-two were injured when the trains crashed. It was stated after the investigation that the wreck might not have occurred if there had been a rigid rule requiring the dispatch- er, after giving “‘meet” orders, to place a du- plicate, or “middle or- der” at the meeting point as a final pre- caution. In that event, the operator at Kelly- ville probably would have caught the error Extra 1322 arrived. (Continued on page 131) and held No. 407 until’ April, 1928 States m heroism annals ry) showed t a messet instrume Speed; enemy's mountai! at Mana of at lea comrade America: Sandino. too, wer hero of Frank S who has place in shares t Lamson his dart heavy n AR] cle Quilali, America planes, ground fifteen n ly. Only could sa That hole in rim of | to Ocot: twenty- could | Manag trate t Quilali; pack m rounded to get a Airpl ing fielc bordere through marine troops shovels. and set houses . ing gro ing fiel ready f tains. | plane t« field he

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il, 1928 und it > from €n out white ed the h indi. times S Were rt ing Starr, order + Meet 7 gets t it at rer it, 4 Was ed, 80 urves, ‘olling meet. irther or one Brent matic ry to rough ng as 1917, rcum- homa 0. 58 over 0. 61 107 at m St. wton, ineer as on wton - was took Extra h the nning engi- train him. 1, ap- sand, histle enty- ere 7-two n the after that - not there rule atch- reet” 1 du- le or- eting pre- vent, elly- vould error until d. , 191) POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 39 Flying Wounded Troops Through Snipers’ Bullets By Hyatt E. GIBson WO airplanes in Nicaragua, one circling like a wasp to fight off attackers, the other roaring into the air with a load of wounded United States marines, wrote a new chapter of heroism and resourcefulness into the annals of aviation the other day, and showed that an airplane could serve as a messenger of mercy as well as an instrument of warfare. Speedy transportation out of the enemy’s stronghold over impassable mountainous country to the base hospital at Managua, Nicaragua, saved the lives of at least nine marines, who, like their comrades, were engaged in the conflict of American forces with the rebel general Sandino. Two wounded native soldiers, too, were later carried to safety by the hero of the exploit, First Lieutenant C. Frank Schilt, a crack Marine Corps pilot, who has taken a Navy plane to second place in the Schneider Cup Races. He shares the latest honors with Lieutenant Lamson Scribner, who kept guard with his darting fighter plane in the face of heavy machine gun fire. ARDLY had the smoke of battle cleared over the little town of Quilali, after a fiery engagement between American and rebel forces, when U. S. planes, flying overhead, picked up from ground troops the urgent message that fifteen marines lay wounded, nine serious- ly. Only immediate removal to a hospital could save the lives of many. That meant taking them from the deep hole in which Quilali lies, and over the rim of rugged mountains that border it to Ocotal, the last outpost of civilization, twenty-five miles away, whence they could be rushed by cabin plane to Managua. Not even bull carts can pene- trate the mountain fastnesses around Quilali; transportation is on foot or by pack mule. But the bandit forces sur- rounded the mountain town. How, then, to get aid? _ Airplanes! What if there was no land- ing field in Quilali? A fifteen-foot road, bordered with gullies, worms its way through the town. Widen it! Overhead, marine planes swooped. To the American troops below they dropped picks and shovels. While eager hands seized them and set about razing trees, burning the houses on one side of the road, and level- ing ground to make the improvised land- ing field, Lieut. Schilt at Ocotal made ready for his flying dash over the moun- tains. Oversize tires went on his Corsair plane to take the punishment of the rocky field he must land on. At last word came Lieut. C. Frank Schilt, who battered his plane almost to pieces with rocky landings in carrying 18 marines, wounded in Nicaragua, to safety that it was ready, and he was off, flying through fog, rain and clouds. From his plane, skimming over Quilali, Lieut. Schilt surveyed the field he must land on. It was a rough, uninviting clear- ing a bare 300 feet long and seventy wide, terminated by a high bluff at one end and a ditch, trees, and a mile-high moun- tain at the other. He dove at it and rose again; he couldn't make it. It seemed impossible. Again he tried, and this time deliberately set his plane down on the bumpy earth. Marines came running toward him. The plane bounced thirty feet in the air, settled, bounced again, and came to rest in the ditch at the end of the ** field.”’ " Y GOD, Schilt,” cried Lieut. Gould of the ground troops, first to reach him, “an angel from Heaven would be no more welcome than you!” Was the plane wrecked? “ I expected to find half of it spread out on the ground,” The almost suicidal landing that Schilt made ten timés in one day in a rocky field, very little larger than a city lot and bounded by mountains, trees and a ditch Schilt said. But it was whole. Now for the flight back. Lieut. Richal, severely wounded in the head, was the first pas- senger in the air ambulance. Two sturdy marines held the wing tips for the take- off and released them at Schilt’s signal. Others stood guard with machine guns, rifles and pistols to repulse any surprise attack. The rebels had seen the plane . descend, and their machine guns were | already beating a savage tattoo. OvEr a ridge bumped Schilt’s plane, to’ catapult ten feet into the air. Another bounce and he was off. Over the moun- tains roared the plane. Schilt was unarmed, but Lieut. Scribner, his flying escort, fired down at menacing snipers as they passed. Ocotal at last, and the wounded marine, tenderly lifted out, was on his way to the hospital! Ten times in all that day Schilt braved the hail of snipers’ bullets and the perils of the almost suicidal land- ing at Quilali to bring out the rest of the wounded. His eighth landing carried away the tail skid; he took off without one and landed at Ocotal on the rudder. On the ninth descent a wing strut buckled and Schilt straightened it with an axe. For the tenth and last trip he wrapped the offending strut with a hasty bandage of splints and wire, and without accident brought out the last of the wounded. Actually eighteen wounded marines were his passengers, the last sixteen of them two at a time, before Schilt completed. what has since been termed one of the finest feats in military aviation. As if that were not enough for one day of heroism, Lieut. Schilt adds, in a matter- of-fact way, that after landing the last of the wounded at Ocotal, “we proceeded on a patrol flight over the bandit areas.”

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A Month’s POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY April, 1995) Harvest of New Ideas Latest discoveries and in- ventions in varied fields of science, and newest appli- cations of knowledge gained by research—all of peculiar interest because of their direct bearing on our daily life—are re- corded from month to month in these pages. Airplane Cowboys Herd Reindeer get peer are playing still another réle. On the reindeer ranches of Alaska and northern Canada they are serving as swift mounts for the “cowboys” who ride the range. Ralph Lomen, pioneer in the now rapidly growing Alaskan reindeer industry, reports that his head herdsman, riding a plane, recently completed in two hours work which ordinarily would require the services of seven herdsmen for a week. “Magic Carpet” Aids Crops D*: L. H. FLINT, of the U. S. Depart- ment of Agriculture, reports the success, in three years’ experiments, of a “magic carpet”’ which, when spread over the soil, increases the yield of garden crops as much as 500 percent and more. The carpet is of heavy waterproof paper. Covering all of the ground not occupied by the plant stems themselves, it increases the soil temperature, prevents loss of moisture, distributes water among the plants and smothers weeds. The increases in yield have varied from eleven percent for peas, to 516 percent for spinach. The lettuce crop was more than doubled, green corn trebled, and potatoes almost quadrupled. Much of World Unexplored SoF FERING bitter hardships, includ- ing cold of seventy degrees below zero, Russian explorers have discovered a A machine that automatically analyzes chemicals fed to it, dispensing with the services of a human chemist, is the amaz- ing invention of Dr. H. S. Hatfield, of England. The ma- chine contains tubes and bot- tles of reagents; that is, chemi- cal substances that react when they come in contact with the substance to be tested, and record what it contains and in what quantity. The de- vice is operated by electricity A method to sight and fire at a moving object— such as an enemy airplane—in 32 seconds with such accuracy that only one shot is required is claimed by Archibald Hanks, of London, shown here with riflemen testing his plan. With curious measuring devices—like wheels and parts of wheels—height, distance, speed and direction may be gaged, he says. Similar devices on the guns are set to con- form, and through these the marksman sights great 600-mile mountain range rising from tratkless wastes of Siberia. Within a few months an expedition of Tulane Uni- versity, New Orleans, will plunge into unexplored jun- gles of Central America and Mexico, seeking ruins of ancient Maya cities which flourished 1500 years ago. There is a lot of the world that nobody knows any- thing about—many an un- trodden field of adventure. Social Brain Best HAT is the secret of success in life? A new answer to this old question was given recently by Dr. Fred A. Moss, of George Washington University, in a report read to a meeting of the American Psychologi- cal Association in Columbus, Ohio. and Strange Facts According to Dr. Moss, success depends largely on a man’s ability to understand others and to get along with them, This quality, called “social intelligence,” }. declared, is actually more useful thay any amount of knowledge. Doctor Moss devised a social intelli. gence test, which he applied to sever] thousand persons in various occupations, The highest possible score was 160 points, The ‘results showed business executives, as a group, stood highest with an average of 117; teachers came next, with 11% salesmen, 107; clerks and stenographers, 95: sales clerks, 81; nurses, 78; low grade industrial workers, 65. The highest record of all so far, 145, was scored bya college boy who expects to go in. to politics after graduation. Brains Mean Death, Asserts Dr. Carrel i centuries mortals have searched for the fountain of eternal youth. Will it ever be found? Dr. Alexis Carrel, the great biologist of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Re. search, thinks not. *“Death,”” he told the re. cent Race Betterment Con- ference at Battle Creek, Mich., “‘is the price we have to pay for the possession of brains.” In remarkable experiments Doctor Carrel has shown that a single life cell, properly fed and nourished, is apparently immortal. Our bodies, however, are com- plex communities of many cells, reacting How best to keep heat from “leaking”’ through the walls of your house in winter and from leaking into your refrigerator in summer is the question whos answer is sought by new tests by M.S Van Dusen at the U. S. Bureau of Standards. He is shown it serting various materials in a machine that records their efficiency in barring the passage of heat April, 192 Per¢ “Co Sche upon 0! “the g) The int energy Doctor old age Still, Moder found added 1 A re the Un Lasker of life general In 8 has inc Dr. Ev Life E yet be no kno intellis length Pick RE Th as hun of fres in the coal b The the Li A tiny reacts radioas counts velope: electri Hans (¢ tist, b; of th Comp: tient’s Hospit stance instru: the bo tions. the the er

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as ‘ts lepends erstand \. i , e, ” he I! than intelli. several ations, points, utives, Verage h 112; aphers, ’ grade record d bya ) gO in- mn. ath, ‘el April, 1928 ECHANICAL Chemist Serves in Place of Experts — “Magic Carpet” Helps of Plants Five Hundred Percent — Airplanes Used by Reindeer “Cowboys” on Alaskan Ranges — Eclipse Scheduled to the Minute Years in Advance Growth upon one another to produce human life, “the greatest marvel of the universe.” The intricate processes which produce the energy of intelligent thought and action, Doctor Carrel believes, lead inevitably to old age, decay and death. Still, the hope of eternal youth persists. Modern Ponce de Leons, if they have not found the elixir of life, have at least added many years to man’s allotted time. A recent gift of one million dollars to the University of Chicago by Albert D. Lasker is to be devoted to the lengthening of life by preventing and curing the de- generative diseases of old age. In 300 years the average span of life has increased from thirty to sixty years. Dr. Eugene Lyman Fisk, director of the Life Extension Institute, predicts it will yet be increased to 100 years. ‘“There is no known limit,” he said, “‘to what man’s intelligence may effect in the way of life lengthening.” Picked Fruit. Keeps on Living RESH picked fruits are living things. They breathe and give off heat, much as human bodies do. Half a dozen barrels of fresh apples will produce as much heat ° in the course of a day as fifty pounds of coal burned in a stove! Those surprising facts were revealed to the London Physical Society recently by A tiny platinum needle that feacts to the emanations of radioactive substances and counts them has been de- veloped at last from the electrical counter devised by Hans Geiger, German scien- tist, by Dr. C. W. Hewlett, of the General Electric Company. To study a pa- tient’s blood in Boston City Hospital, a radioactive sub- stance is injected, and the instrument, placed against the body, records the emana- tions. The pictures show the apparatus measuring the emanations of uranium POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Dr. Ezer Griffiths, who has been studying methods of shipping perish- able fruits over long distances. Apples and other fruits continue to live after they have been picked, he said. They begin to decay only when the living cells within them cease to breathe. Experiments determining just how much breathing is necessary to keep the fruit fresh have been applied in designing new methods of ventilating the holds of fruit ships. 41 Expert Vindicates Coffee ROF. RALPH H. CHENEY, of the Biology Department of New York University, has completed a study of coffee and its effects on animals and men, and has reached this verdict: Far from being harmful, the cup of coffee, if not abused, is actually beneficial to most people. Indeed, its reasonable use is a “great blessing” to more than ninety percent of normal individuals. The amounts of the drug caffeine that it con- tains are not enough to cause severe injury. He lists the benefits of coffee as follows: Psychologically, it gives a sense of well- being and good cheer. It offers temporary relief from hunger and fatigue. It relieves light headaches. It serves as a mild stimulant of the heart, brain and muscles, “thereby accom- plishing greater power and codrdination in mental and physical endeavors.” **No other beverage,” Professor Cheney concludes, “produces equal stimulation without deleterious after effects.” This strange new device to revive persons appar- ently drowned or asphyxiated is a sort of leather jacket that fits over the chest. Then a pump pro- duces a vacuum that moves the diaphragm, which we normally use in breathing. The power is suited. to the patient by the regulating lever in the opera- tor’s hand. Dr. Eisenmenger, of Vienna, is the in- ventor of the device, which rivals the pulmotor Eclipse Scheduled to Minute ODERN astronomers with their telescopes survey the heavens with uncanny accuracy. The exact path of the next total eclipse of the sun to be seen in the United States has just been charted by Dr. L. J. Comrie, of the British Nautical Almanac office. The eclipse will occur at 3:30 Pp. M. on August 31, 1932, and will be seen in Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire, Que- bec and as far south as Salem, Mass. The central line runs from Pierreville, Quebec, to Biddeford, Maine, passing over the White Mountains. Montreal will be on the edge of the path, as was New York City during the last eclipse in 1925. After forty years of labor, the Ox- ford and Greenwich observatories in England have completed a map of the heavens, including 15,000,000 stars, every one of which has been photographed. Only 6000 of them are visible to the naked eye. Nineteen observatories in various parts of the world have codperated in the enormous task. Stars up to the fourteenth magni- tude are included. To map fainter stars will require thirty years’ more work. The new charts will prove invaluable to future astronomers in studying the movements of stars. Electric Power by Balloon N ITALIAN inventor’s novel solution to the farmer’s prob- lem of supplying electric power to drive plows or tractors by electric- ity is to feed the current over a cable of aluminum wire supported in the air by balloons. Storage battery driven apparatus has been found too expensive to install in experiments conducted abroad.

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ve Do the They Don’t! At Least, There Is No Direct Proof, But Here You Can Find the Answer to Your Question The portable X-ray apparatus with which Laue, Swiss physicist, made the first photos ever taken of atoms. They showed five atoms in a diamond EFORE you lies a pound of cop- per—a reddish, shining metal lump. To your eye, it seems solid enough. If anyone told you that pound of copper was for the most part empty space, that it was inhabited only by countless swarms of tiny buzzing particles of matter that gave it its shape and weight, you could hardly be blamed for incredulity. Nevertheless it is true. Forty-three million million million million separate copper atoms, declares Dr. Paul D. Foote, of the U. S. Bureau of Stand- ards, go to make up that single pound lump! How does he dare to make such a state- ment? What tells him he is right? No one has ever seen an atom. The most powerful microscopes in the world cannot even reveal molecules, which are groups of atoms. After all, just how do experts know definitely the concrete things they tell us about atoms and molecules they have never seen? The answer is that they don’t—there is no direct proof. The scientific evidence as to these innermost secrets of matter is entirely circumstantial. The best ex- planations of the atom’s conduct are only theories—but theories so thoroughly test- ed and demonstrated that now there can be little doubt of their truth. meet say they can measure the heaviness of one atom compared with another far more accurately than a gro- cer weighs his merchandise. Lightest of all is the hydrogen atom, which weighs just twenty-five thousandths of a grain divided by the figure one with twenty-one ciphers after it. Sir Oliver Lodge, eminent English physicist, is responsible for this exact statement, which means simply that the hydrogen atom is a million million mil- lion times as light as the tiniest grain of lycopodium powder, perhaps the least heavy thing you can imagine. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Sir Ernest Rutherford, the world’s greatest authority on the atom, calculates that a cu- bic inch of helium gas contains precisely seventy-seven billion billion atoms. As for molecules, the next thing larger than atoms, as final an authority as Prof. R. A. Millikan, of Pasa- dena, Calif., says, ““We can A Bell Telephone Labora- tories X-ray photograph of the inside of a molecule of a salt known as magnesium platinocyanide. From this experts construct diagram of the molecule’s structure Right: The salt crystal slightly turned gave this picture. The crystal’s posi- tion, the type of X-rays used and the spacing of the atoms composing the molecule de- termine the curious pattern now count the exact number in any given volume or weight of a uniform substance with even more certainty than we can count the population of a city or state.” For instance, he places the number in a cubic centimeter of air (about the size of a large pea) at “exactly 27.05 billions of billions.” How do they know? While Rutherford and Niels Bohr, the Danish wizard, were already delving into the innermost secrets of the atoms they felt sure were there, it remained for Laue, a Swiss physicist, to give the final, conclusive proof that atoms really do exist, grouped into molecules. He took small crystals and turned X-rays on them, seeking to prove that their latticelike atomic structure would deflect the rays in a definite pattern. He succeeded beyond his warmest hopes. Not only did the experiment vin- y Know about Atoms? Apri, By GEORGE LEE DOWD, JR. dicate, brilliantly, his belief, but it gave the first photographs ever taken of atoms themselves! With amazing fidelity ap X-ray picture of a diamond showed a cap. bon atom at the center of a four-sided figure and four other carbon atoms at the corners, just as chemists had already con. ceived it! With such X-ray patterns to work from, it was easy to construct models of molecules that could not be far from the truth. yw a sight would await us if, ‘ with a microscope, we could peer into the unseen realms of the densest solid such as steel, for example! We should discover that it is not a solid at all, but made. up of countless minute electric charges, grouping themselves like suns and planets into infinitesimal solar systems. These solar systems are the atoms, their planets are electrons. They are forever moving in hit-or-miss fashion, a space between each, jostling, colliding, rebounding. We know this because if we suspend minute particles of fine solid substance in liquid, under a powerful micro- scope, we see the particles bounding and colliding. We can observe too, that every now and then the commo- tion causes a few of the tiny solar systems to fly of from the rest! Press gold between two blocks of lead, for example, and you find particles of gold which, shot off, have penetrated far into the lead itself. But how can you count and measure molecules and atoms? By another appli- cation of the X-ray it is possible to measure, with the astounding precision of one one-hundredth of one percent, the distance between two layers of atoms ina crystal! Armed with these measurements, it is an easy step to the actual size of the molecule and of the atom itself, and the number of them that can inhabit any given space. Actually the diameter of @ molecule, a group of atoms, turns out to be less than one one-hundred-and-twenty- five-millionth of an inch—far beyond the reach of the most powerful microscope known. To calculate the size of the atoms themselves, the chemist must help. By the character of the reactions in his test tubes, he can tell how many atoms any molecule contains. (Continued on page 126) April, 1928 K. Ken photogra his paré envelo dizzyit ence, | crack | off the than a Hov scious! open | his life ment « time | Swi liberat cord “umb sensat tury, feet. catap' a-min loomi crazil: the ri dare-« stuck to apy that 1 is no world fore o T a as a the o of fal the c

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ity an | @ car. r-Sided at the ly con. Tns to * from peer ensest | We lid at Linute selves -simal iS are trons, miss spend es of tance ler a icro- the nmo- April, 1928 K. Kenyon of the Navy, photographed from a plane as his parachute was opening Newest Tests Prove Jumper Can Somersault Thousands of Feet Safely; Anyone Can Learn How HREE quarters of a mile straight down, hurtling head over heels through empty space! Then a jerk of a cord, and a great silk envelope opening overhead to check the dizzying plunge. That was the experi- ence, the other day, of John Tranum, crack parachute jumper, when he stepped off the wing of an airplane circling less than a mile above Los Angeles. How far can a man fall before uncon- sciousness seizes him and he is unable to open his parachute? Tranum was taking his life in his hands to find out. Govern- ment officials want to know, and were to time his nervy stunt. Swish! Sssp! Down he plunged, de- liberately keeping his hands off the rip cord that would open his life-saving “umbrella.” Imagine, if you can, his sensations! A second passes, like a cen- tury, and he has dropped about thirty feet. Another, and another—now he is catapulting through the air at a mile- a-minute clip. There is the earth looming up to him, lurching, whirling crazily. Not a second to spare—pull the rip cord! He does, and ends his dare-devil plunge. His stop watch has stuck. The official timers have failed to appear. He swoops to earth to find that the fall he estimates at 4000 feet is not a record after alli—that the world’s record of a 4200-foot drop be- fore opening the parachute still stands! "T novcH you yourself may shudder at the thought of parachute jumping as a hobby, Tranum is far from being the only man to whom life is a succession of falls. Leaping from airplanes far up in the clouds is hardly a stunt any more for POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY James T. Clark, chief machinist’s mate and parachute tester of the U. S. Navy. “Jimmy” Clark is a stocky, hardened man of the air. His face is that of a fear- less adventurer—betraying in every fea- ture courage and determination. Taking-off from a plane a couple of Jimmy Clark, Navy’s parachute tester, with equip- ment harnessed to him, touching rip cord ring, which he says even a panicky jumper always finds 43 ~“ Hurtling through Space In a Parachute By L. G. Pore thousand feet up, somersaulting down at a hundred to two hundred feet a second, and suddenly being jerked back when the parachute opens to the air—all this is simple after you learn, he solemnly declares. And it doesn’t take long to learn. One time is sufficient, he says. Does it give you shivers? It didn’t give him any shivers even the first time, says Clark. His trouble was not in the air, but on the ground before he went up —making up his mind that he would jump when the time came. ie. RATHER get out of an air- plane with a parachute than leap into the ocean from a ship with a life preserver,” he says. “All things considered, the parachute is probably safer. “IT have fallen a thousand feet or more before opening the parachute. You might fall five or ten thousand feet with the parachute folded on your back without being hurt, pro- vided the start was high enough.” The common belief that when any- one falls a great distance the rush of air takes his breath away, bites exposed parts of his body and sometimes causes death through suffocation or shock is all imagination, according to this daring ad- venturer of the sky. The only thing of the kind that he notices is the frightful swish of air past him. It is like being in a - tornado traveling four or five miles a minute. It is a strange picture of the world, ac- cording to Clark, that the somersaulting parachutist sees, now with his eyes to- ward the sky above, now catching a hazy, momentary glimpse of the ground. Color

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44 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY April, 199 almost vanishes. All is a blur of grey. The speed is too great for things to register on the eyes. To show the rest of the world what the jumper sees, Clark and a naval officer, Lieut. G. T. Owen, of the Anacostia Air Station, near Washington, not long ago tried to take a motion pic- ture. An automatically oper- ated camera capable of six- teen pictures a second was strapped to Jimmy’s breast. Lieut. Owen flew his plane up 2000 feet and Jimmy jumped. The fall was far too fast; the camera registered only a flickering blank until the parachute opened; then a fearful hodgepodge of earth, sky, space and water. With the development of aviation, the parachute has been so improved that it is now comparatively safe. Clark, in all his exploits, has never suffered a scratch. without a wallo ken bone or tg — be The safest landing ; in which the parechal comes down feet foremost with body relaxed and slight. ly inclined backward, A posture like this is a gaf. guard —— falling ang consequent draggin the ground. If seal mat occurs, resulting in dragg; the jumper can bring th. parachute toa comparatively quick stop by pulling the lines on the side next to the ground, thereby causing the bag to flatten out and de. flate. RDINARILY, despite the best of precautions the leaper gets something of a shock when he lands, by under favorable conditions the usual landing is lik jumping off a wall six to te, feet high. A parachute might bh As long ago as 1921 Lieut. Arthur G. Hamilton safely dropped 24,400 feet from a plane at the Army’s school for parachute jumpers at Chanute Field, Rantoul, Ill. Sergt. Enoch Chambers plunged 20,000 feet. Miss Phoebe Fair- grove descended nearly three miles— 15,000 feet, to be exact—without harm at Curtiss Field in 1921. Several pilots have been killed in simi- lar leaps, only because their parachute equipment was fouled by some part of the plane as they were taking-off. EVERAL types of parachutes have been devised. One developed by the Army Air Service at McCook Field, Ohio, in 1919 is declared never to have failed through any deficiency of its own. A very small pilot parachute is attached to the top of the familiar huge one. A rip cord, fastened to the small bag, is held by the jumper. When the rip cord is pulled, rubber springs throw open the miniature parachute, and this in turn draws out the main bag, which then in- flates, leaving the miniature one to sag emptily above for want of air. The Army and Navy require all flyers to carry parachute equipment. Before Navy men risk their lives with parachutes the devices are tested with dummies such as the one shown. The pilot of the plane is Jimmy Clark be caught on some part of the plane. In that case you land in eternity. Of course, experience is a great asset to anyone who proposes to leap half a mile or so through the air. “Yes,” you say, “but how is a man going to get it?” Well, the novice usually starts with what is known as the “pull-off.” Instead of de- liberately jumping from the plane, he clings to a wing strut and releases his bundle of silk. It inflates and yanks him out into emptiness. NCE in the air, the jumper may to some extent so guide his course by means of “side-slipping,”’ after the man- ner of aviators who sometimes “side- slip” their planes. It consists in throwing the weight of your body from side to side, so that the parachute takes in more air in one part than in another. Hqwever, the jumper is in danger of making a pendulum of himself—of swinging back and forth until he lands. When this hap- pens, he is a lucky'man if he comes down thought to be a comparative. ly inexpensive stretch of cloth, but g complete outfit actually costs in the neighborhood of $300, and formerly cost more than twice that much. For this reason, in some measure, the Navy Air Service, with its limited appropriations, js inadequately equipped. During the fiscal year 1927 only 213 were purchased, and 1000 more are needed, according to Rear Admiral Moffett, Chief of the Navy Bureau of Aeronautics. Heretofore the high cost of parachutes has been due to the use of an expensive Japanese silk. Now an American weave of imported yarns has been perfected by the Bureau of Aeronautics and the Silk Association of America. It is declared to be even superior to the Japanese in some respects. Parachutes call for exceedingly strong fabrics and intricate seaming. If on should be caught in a high wind, it might rip and deflate, hence they are interlined with stout cords and put together with so many seams that if a rip does occu, it has little chance of extending far. But for the novice it is always difficult and sometimes: impossible to remember the stoutness of the parachute’s In some cases the aviator is supplied with two complete sets of parachutes, lest one set fails. With the parachutes now used is included a set of har- ness. It fastens to the body so as to distribute the shock the jumper gets when the parachute inflates, which would be terrific if centered on one part of his body. Thus, he experiences a sensation like falling into an enormous feath- er bed when he pulls the ring at the end of the rip cord, which hangs handy on his breast. The greatest danger, Clark thinks, is that the jumper will jerk the ring too soon. That construction. Nothing that Jimmy Clark or any one els can say about silk umbrellas being safer than life preservers can overcome the novice’s il- stinctive trepidation. Slow motion pictures of “‘ pull-offs” reveal the shakiness the begin ners invariably experience. They hold on for dear life to the very last, even though knowing that the tremendous force of the air in the pare chutes is certain eventually to drag them off into space. Yet they virtually all agree that, as the veteran says, one learns very quickly. Some say the first time is the hardest. Others say the first time is the only one that is hard at all may cause the bag to open before it is entirely clear, and Expert folding is required for parachutes so that they will open with maximum speed and with no “hitches.”” Seconds lost may mean death fun. After that they find it pur April, 192: various Swedish radio di neath a the rick Huge o1 with pi mite al come | claims - hoards design. HE sitic already electric: of Mins each of detectir in the Max M of the has alre of ore-l well-kni many ¢ Each modern pletely discove ging. - in. * miniatu is set u trate th Near paratus

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‘ing the atively ing the t to the Sing the and de. 'S, one ne say irdest. at all , pure April, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 45 Strange Radio Devices Locate AN radio waves and dyna- mite reveal buried treasures of gold, oil, and copper? “Yes.” is the — startling answer of mining experts in various parts of the world. A prominent Swedish geophysicist, armed with a radio device, has discovered, buried be- neath a swamp, what may prove to be the richest arsenic deposit in the world. Huge oil pools in Texas have been found with pistol shots and earphones, dyna- mite and seismographs. From Panama come reports of an investigator who claims to have unearthed buried pirate hoards through a radio device of his own design. IHE schools of mines at the Univer- sities of Colorado and Utah are already training students in the new electrical prospecting. The U. S. Bureau of Mines is to check the possibilities of each of the recently discovered ways of detecting invisible ore on known ore beds in the Caribou hills of Colorado. Dr. Max Mason, geophysicist and president of the University of Chicago, has already tested the accuracy By ALBERT HENRY KINGERLY pair of earphones. He swings two loop antennas about until there is a murmur in the phones. Carefully he notes down the exact tilt and swing of the loops. Then he repeats his observations again and again at different locations, until the radio, signals are heard no more. Thus a sub- terranean ore body can be charted without a single test drilling! HOSE using the new methods disclaim any hint of magic in their devices, which simply are the applica- tion of sound physical laws. They point out that a certain percentage of failures must be expected, depending on the intelligence, knowledge, and experience of the explor- ers. Striking successes are possible. When Dr. Axel Gavelin, head of the Swedish Geological Survey, tried out an electric ore-locating device recently of ore-locating devices over four well-known ore bodies in as many different mineral regions. Each time, he reports, the modern detector agreed com- pletely with facts previously discovered only by actual dig- ging. In. “radio prospecting” a miniature broadcasting station is set up and radio waves pene- trate the earth. Near the transmitting ap- Pparatus stands a man with a Sending apparatus Lieut. George Williams says locates treasure in Panama. generator. With receiver Williams “‘listens’’ for treasure Left to right: Aerial, transmitter, Buried Treasure When the radio receiving apparatus (right) is set up a little distance from transmitter (left) murmur in phones is said to indicate sulphide ore is near. Below: Radio waves from this device, says inventor, will locate gold invented by two mining engi- neers, he succeeded in locating thirty-four large ore bodies containing gold, silver, copper, sulphur and arsenic—the last of phenomenal richness. All the deposits were covered by swamps, lakes, or glacial drift and might never have been found by the usual methods of prospecting. Searching for buried treasure is the remarkable application that Lieut. George Williams, of Ancon, Canal Zone, says he ey a has made of radio prospecting. = Near Panama City and in - Porto Bello, Panama, he is seeking hidden hoards among ancient ruins with the aid of a radio apparatus that he devised, under a four- year concession from the government. One of his reported discoveries is a hoard of gold found eight feet below the ground on a military officer's estate, besides other quantities of silver on the same land, Lieut. Williams asserts that he has never dug, after locating a supposed treasure with his radio, without finding something of value. ATURAL treasure, in the form of vast oil pools beneath the earth, is being sought by some of our large oil - companies with thirty-pound charges of dynamite as tools. When the explosions shake the earth and send tremors speed- ing through it, a number of seismographs or earthquake recorders spaced in a ten- mile circle about the blast record the miniature earth- (Continued on page 158)

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46 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY te Gt tae ii Hy Into the throng of Swiss villagers rushed Mabel, crying a warning of approaching flood a ; ‘ ‘ : ’ ; r. , 1a F i ‘ sa aes OF 4 The Movie Maker A Thrilling Novel of Screen Magic By S. W. NEWMEYER—Iitustrated by ERNEST FUHR Few fields of invention offer such fascinating opportunities as the motion picture. Only the other day C. Francis Jenkins, noted inventor of Washington, D. C., perfected an amazing cam- era through which movie film can be fed at a speed of three miles a minute! Its purpose is to reveal the movements of high speed ma- An BITIOUS to produce a big feature picture, Don Kennedy, young comedy director of Popular Players’ West Coast Studio, and Judy Burke, his script girl, joined in a gamble for high stakes. Don’s chief asset was an invention for superimposing action photographed in the studio upon scenic backgrounds filmed abroad—an inventiorf that prom- ised great economies. Judy offered her talent as a scenario writer. When Popular Players suspended production Don obtained the use of the “lot” rent free for four months to produce the feature—provided he should assume the contract of Margaret Moreland, a high-salaried but fading screen star. In the wild venture they were joined by Judy’s brother, Jerry, a stunt flyer, and Professor Mahrlenburg, an old photog- rapher. Together they attended the first performance of Margaret More- land’s latest picture. It was a failure. Fleeing disgrace, Margaret attempted to kill herself, but was saved by Jerry. She turned out to be the estranged daughter of the old professor. Margaret joined the new venture, offering her services free, and investing also a costly ring from her finger. Don commissioned “Bozo” Biddle, an expert camera man, to photograph background scenes in Europe and Asia while the others began filming the action on the lot. At the end of a month their money chinery. “The Movie Maker” tells the story of equally remarkable inventions. While the char- acters and plot of this delightful, novel are woven of fancy, they move in the substantial background of actual discovery and ingenuity which have made the motion picture one of the wonders of our age.—The Editor. was almost gone. Failure stared them in the face when Judy evolveds scheme of obtaining the backing of Silas Rogers, a wealthy newspapet owner, in return for giving his daughter, Mabel, a leading part in the big picture. They planned to meet the millionaire and his daughter at Everglade Grove. Now read on: T WAS nearly midnight at Everglade Grove. The orchestra crashed into the final pulsing rhythm of a tango, the whit ing couples on the floor catching the rising lilt in quickened steps. : Don, seated at a table with Judy and her friends, saw Jerry’s dark head bent over coils of gleaming fairness, as he dexterously swung Margaret around the floor. Then his eyes returned to’ study of the girl at his left. Mabel Rogers was seventeen—large, placid, and remarkable for nothing save an economy of words, 8 capacity for food, and a somewhat rough resemblance to Statue of Liberty. Beside her, small and sparkling in a gay yellow which in: the worl pressing waited in a stray lamp thr of his bul the eyes angle’ in eyes, an doming | straw-CcO: peaceful Don. | At this Don felt but befe Rogers’ begun t ciliatory walking | of his ov interpret position: custome wanted : “Perk toa hun ed, and undersh: the stiff “Don't part for give he: picture “Oh, derful!” a more “She’s in a lon “The Don, \ check bh tated, « left har and he knew, | What t “ Sur we dra percent pany?” “Do note J; picture “Fif fatherl UD) gall “ Th shortly market Mr. an obli a hidd “ ry lJ blank draw 1 The pocket

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ved 3 1e big er at stra hirk ened TY 8 usly to a ge, 1s, & llow April, 1928 gown, Judy looked like a bright- anary- : (ees fifty thousand will cover the changes necessary to give my daughter ~ a real chance in the picture?””: - -\ ON-turned his attention to the man across the table, and hesitated. Silas Rogers’ voice was abrupt as his manner, a manner which indicated that he could set the world in motion or stop it by pressing @ private button. As he waited impatiently for Don’s reply, a stray beam from a wall bracket lamp threw a highlight on the nub of his bulbous nose, shot a gleam on the eyeglasses set at a belligerent angle'in front of his deep-set blue eyes, and polished his forehead, doming baldly back into a fringe of straw-colored hair: Not a very “peaceful looking backer, reflected on. a this point in his deliberations, Don felt a smart tap on his ankle, but before he could accept Mr. Rogers’ offer, that gentleman had begun to speak in a more con- ciliatory tone. Accustomed to walking roughshod over the citizens of his own little world, he had mis- interpreted Don's silence as op- position—and Silas Rogers was ac- customed to getting what he wanted at any price. “Perhaps we'd better raise that toa hundred thousand,” he amend- ed, and a genial smile brought his undershot jaw almost into line with the stiff pale brush of his mustache. “Don’t want you to skimp on the part for my little girl. I’m going to give her lots of publicity and the picture will have to live up to it.” “Oh, Mabel's part will be won- derful!” gasped Judy, and Don felt a more violent tap on his ankle. “She’s going to be chief character in a long sequence—a flood scene in an Alpine valley.”’ “That's settled then.” Receiving a nod of confirmation from Don, Mr. Rogers put his hand into his pocket and drew out check book and fountain pen. Then, with pen poised, he hesi- tated, drumming on the table with the spatulate fingers of his left hand. Don saw eagerness fade into anxiety in Judy’s eyes and he himself felt a twinge of apprehension. In any game, he knew, the man with the money always held the high cards. What trumps would the successful bidder declare? “Suppose,” remarked Mr. Rogers contemplatively, “suppose we draw up a little agreement here—a ninety-day note at eight percent, secured by fifty-one percent of the stock in the com- pany?” “Does that mean,”’ faltered Judy, “that if we can’t pay your note January first we must forfeit half the ownership of our picture?” “Fifty-one percent, my dear,” corrected Mr. Rogers with a fatherly smile. pupy looked down at the tablecloth without a word and Don, gallantly but unwisely, hastened to reassure her. “The picture will be finished by January first,” he declared shortly, “‘but we must have an additional month in which to market it. Make it payable February first and I'll sign.” Mr. Rogers fingered his fountain pen and met Don’s eyes in an oblique glance. He seemed to be considering the matter from a hidden angle. “Tll jot down the terms on this,” he said, turning a check blank side up. “‘We can both sign it and tomorrow in my office aw up a formal agreement with the same conditions.” The transaction was concluded almost in silence, and Don pocketed the check— not for the hundred thousand but for a POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY . 47 : , \. Names A spurt of flame shot up through the skylight. Judy screamed in dismay as Don released his hold and swung to the ladder that firemen on the opposite roof top had pushed across to him over the gap quarter of that amount; for the agreement reposing in Mr. Rogers’ pocket stipulated the payment of the remaining sum in two installments: fifty thousand, November first, if Mr. Rogers was at that time satisfied with the progress of the picture, and the final amount December first if he again approved. “And now,” asked the millionaire newspaper proprietor briskly, ““when does Mabel begin? I'll run a little preliminary publicity.” “Can you come tomorrow, Miss Rogers?”. Don asked the object of the financial transaction. R. ROGERS’ “little girl”’ looked up from the third choco- late eclair she was consuming and nodded. For the moment'she was unable to speak. Judy, after one glance, turned quickly toward Mabel’s father. “Mabel will have to reduce!” she warned him. stop eating so much.” “Tl see that she does,” agreed Mr. Rogers. just invested a hundred thousand in you and I expect results! “Yes, Papa,” replied his daughter dutifully; but a peculiar expression came into the large china blue eyes set far apart beneath her tranquil forehead. She looked up at the waiter hovering near. “I think Id like another chocolate eclair,”’ she murmured. Her remark went unnoticed by all except Don, for at that moment Jerry and Margaret rejoined them. When the music started again, Mr. Rogers claimed Margaret. Jerry asked Mabel if she cared to dance, but she pleasantly refused, her eyes on the approaching waiter. Thoughtful and somewhat subdued, Judy took her place. The Professor had not come with them that evening, so Don was left alone with Mabel and her chocolate eclair—left alone to watch this new member of his cast and to **She must “Mabel, I’ve ”

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48 ponder. On his ability to mold Mabel into screen material de- pended the rest of the promised capital, and well he knew that a multitude of whims might be covered by that most important clause in the agreement—if Mr. Rogers is satisfied with the progress of the picture. "T= working title of the picture was “The Crusader,” and now that Judy had cheerfully written in a part that made Mabel Rogers the second woman lead, she decided that her own diminished role as the Saxon lady’s maid should be lightened with a little comic relief. Accordingly, after a discussion with Don, she wrote in a bit showing the maid seated in front of a dying fire in the big banquet hall of the castle. At first asleep, she is wakened by voices on the stairs and overhears the villain plotting a dire deed. At the same time, on a huge settee opposite, the hero is lying asleep in the flickering shadows, partly con- cealed by his long cloak. He is not aroused, and the maid dare not move without being discovered by the villain. Petrified by fear, yet anxious to warn the sleeper, she sits there listening, the expression of her face alone indicating her alarm. In the effort to watch both > the slumbering hero at the left and the villain half hidden on the stairs at the right, Judy planned that the maid’s eyes should roll wildly from one to the other until they finally solved the difficulty by mov- ing simultaneously in opposite directions. To accomplish this double exposure trick more than ordinary care was required, for the two halves of Judy’s face had to be photo- graphed separately. “*I don’t think it’s feasible,” objected Don when she first suggested the idea to him. “The slightest movement of your head would throw the whole thing out of kilter.”’ “But I’m supposed to be too scared to move anything ex- cept my eyes,” Judy pointed out. “‘When I wake up, my head is resting against the side of the fireplace and I won't budge it an inch!” ¢ agin a thirty-second of an inch would be enough to ruin the trick,” replied Don. “You know we'd have to screw the camera and your chair to the floor to take the double ex- posure, but we can’t nail your head to the fireplace. And in spite of yourself—in fact, just because you'll be doing your level best to hold your head rigid—it will waver just a bit.” Judy looked disappointed. “I know it’s only a trifle,’ she admitted, “but we need bits like this to liven the picture, now that Mabel’s going to lumber through it.” Don chuckled, then considered the matter again. “I believe I know a way,” he remarked at last. “It'll be a tedious job for you but we can swing it. There’s an old photo- graphic headrest at home. We can turn the trick with that.” So when the close-up was made, an old-fashioned standard concealed behind Judy gripped her head in iron arms, its clamps hidden by a white mob cap frilled around her face. Several times they tried the exposure with other members of the cast looking on amused, but although the two sides matched evenly, there was always a slight deviation in the doubly exposed expression of the face that made the picture look unnatural. That, of course, stamped the close-up as a trick picture when it was thrown on the screen, and the startling effect of the eyes rolling in opposite directions was lost. “That won’t do,” declared Don, studying it in the projection room. “A trick is no good at all if it shows as a trick. We'll try again tomorrow.” Before the rest of the cast arrived next morning, Don screened off from the main portion of the set the corner of the fireplace, ret) “ita? f, { Pte) ty et, /) | ‘i Le Be .— ‘ Fi) i! niall like this to liven the picture.” POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY “I know it’s only a trifle,” Judy admitted, “but we need bits April, tf) leaving just enough space to operate the camera. he clamped Judy into the standard again and with Tim at the camera, slowly timed the action aloud. “Eyes down left—one—two—three,” he counted rhythnj. cally. “Eyes up left—four—five—six. Cut.” Inclosed by the blank screens and with not even a pac: stagehand to distract her attention, Judy fell into time With th slightly hypnotic rhythm of the count, her face retaining expression of alarm throughout. With this bit of action successfully photographed, Don shot the remaining close-ups and foregrounds scheduled for the ban. quet hall scene. Then followed the medium and long shots, fy which the Professor and his scenic artists had made elabor, preparations. All of the action in this setting was planned to center neary directly beyond the fireplace and lower portion of the grey staircase leading up from the banquet hall. Therefore this of the set had been built on a natural scale proportionate yit, the size of the actors, but it rose in no place to a height greaty than eight feet. The chimney of the wide fireplace abruptly in mid-air, the stairs took a turn behind a yj that reached just two feet above Jerry’s head. The on either side of the fire wey full-sized, but the baronij banquet table, set even wij the fireplace and extendiy beyond the stairs, grew rapj narrower at its farther end, HEN the professor’s ar. istry and technical ski stepped in to complete th setting by illusion. Four fed in front of the camera was sé up a wood-framed glass scree on which had been painte the upper portion of the ban. quet hall. Now, seen throug the camera lens, the roug stone chimney of the fireplace appeared to rise to a high beamed ceiling. On the wal that concealed the stairs, pre sumably rising behind it, hun a large tapestry depicting a allegorical scene. The hall wa now approached through 3 huge Gothic arch in the fore ground, and on the faked wal opposite the fireplace window similarly arched opened te ward a starry sky. To complete the scene, Da had a back drop hung beyonl the banquet table. The drm showed a dim series of arch similar to the one on the glass screen in the foreground. Thea, between the glass screen and the camera, the professor place miniature models of the lower portions of the foreground areh, thus completing the one scene in properties and settings of thre different size scales. “Now the lamps, and we'll be ready to shoot,” announcel Don, raising his head from a satisfactory squint through the finder of the camera. The property man and his assistant were standing by with five hanging lamps varying greatly in size; two large anciemt ones of pierced brass and three imitations one half, one fourth and one eighth the size of the originals. Climbing on laddes to the stage rafters above the set, a stage “grip” hung one of th large lamps halfway between the glass screen and the full-sized set. The second large lamp he hung above the center of the big set. The other three lamps followed in the order of their siz, the tiny lamp immediately in front of the backdrop. All wer arranged so that they seemed to swing on their chains from th beams of the banquet hall. —* Don considered the matter again HE first rushes taken on this set were tremendously im pressive. It seemed incredible that the extensive vista the massive proportions of the scene were merely tricks thal took advantage of eyes accustomed to judge all size and dit tance by comparison. Occasionally, however, the delicately balanced scheme was thrown (Continued on page 14 Apeil, 1928 underta! Already Quen, 1 being aj grew ou April, i accordil into Ne enty kn Impe craft R slow it cabin, s toons ¢ that th throug! In the said ta craft’s | tion, ir lift the the w: hydro crease this pr Ocean; that F marka W will se throus The s enoug quarte horsey

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Speed boat with in- closed cabin between pontoons, as it is expected to look crossing the Atlantic Ocean in 60 hours Plans to Cross Ocean in 60 Hours Frenchman’s Unsinkable Ocean-Glider Will Dash.from France at Seventy Knots an Hour in a Few Weeks, Declares Inventor ARIS to New York in sixty hours! That is the mark set for himself by Adrien Remy, French inventor of a new type of speed boat, whose craft is shortly to undertake the trans-Atlantic passage. Already at a marine works on Saint- Quen, near Paris, finishing touches are being applied to the full-size vessel that grew out of Remy’s first plans. Early this April, if his project is carried through according to scheaule, the craft will snort into New York harbor at a speed of sev- enty knots an hour! Impervious to storms is the unique craft Remy has designed; tempests only slow it down a little, he says. The cabin, slung between two sixty-foot pon- toons or floaters, is entirely inclosed so that the ship can drive its way through the highest of waves. In the pontoons themselves is said to lie the secret of the craft’s speed; when it is in mo- tion, inclined bottom surfaces lift the ship part way out of the water, somewhat like a hydroplane, and thereby de- crease the water’s drag. From this principle comes the name nglisseur, or ocean-glider, that Remy applies to his re- markable invention. WISIN the ship, the Y ¥ six men who operate it will see the outside world only ugh narrow portholes. The space inside is barely enough for their sleeping quarters, the engine room with its 650- orsepower gasoline engine, and a radio By Epwin KEeETcHuUM room provided with sending and receiving apparatus. From the engine room, a shaft leads to the screw propeller of the marine type. Originally it had been planned to use an air propeller, and to steer the rud- derless craft by shifting the weight of three engines in the cabin. Some of the details were altered, however, before the boat stood ready for assembly on the banks of the Seine. N CASE the craft is successful in its first ocean voyage, another like it will immediately be built by its backers, to carry 200 passengers. It will also be able to serve for the quick transport of mail, and may be the forerunner of an Atlantic fleet of mail carriers. Such vessels, it is Diagram drawing showing construction of 650- horsepower ocean-glider in which Adrien Remy, French inventor, says he will soon cross ocean also pointed out, would serve well as fast dispatch boats in the smaller seas of the world. Fg the men who will operate the new boat on its first ocean voyage are its designer, the foreman of the Saint- Quen marine works, and two directors of the company which is financing it. An experienced captain and a wireless op- erator will complete the crew. They plan to follow the steamship lane, leaving Paris at dawn and arriving in New York two and a half days later. Food for ten days will be carried so that if the strange new boat becomes disabled there will be no danger of hunger before some steamship renders aid. Whatever happens, the ship cannot sink, the builders declare. The inventor of this strange craft regards it as a challenge to airplanes in the competi- tion of swift and safe trans- portation, maintaining that the ocean glider develops the maximum speed that is pos- sible without incurring dan- ger. It is enough faster than steamships, he says, to offer an attractive advantage in saving of time; and, while it is slower than an airplane, it can survive the most violent storms, he says, which planes . cannot do. Flying over land with fair conditions, or over small expanses of water, may be all right, he says; but distance sea flights are haz- ardous. Many people would take passage on his type of ship, he says.

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USED to think of scientists as whiskered hermits or spectacled grouches, as most people do who don’t know them. I have just spent a week with two thousand of them at Nashville, Tennessee, at the 84th annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. They resembled noth- ing so much, in the aggregate, as a bunch of school teachers on a picnic. Which is precisely what they were, mostly; college pro- fessors spending their Christmas vacation in renewing acquaint- ances and exchanging reports’ of Wonder St ANATOMY R. BENNETT BEAN By FRANK PARKER STOCKBRIDGE the research work they and their students had been doing. Most of them young; even the older asked himself “How tall isaman,and why?” Then he found the answer: ones acted young. Evolution and genetics— heredity — were the main themes discussed. A fair half of all the scientific research going on in the world is in the éffort to discover the laws governing the transmission of characters from one generation to the next, the reasons why animals and plants develop new species. ORE insect men than specialists in any other one line. “Why so many entomologists?” I asked of Dr. L. O. Howard, the world’s greatest “bug” on bugs, who looks like a rear admiral. Just retired after thirty years service as Chief Entomologist of the United States Government, he is the man who organized and led the war on the house fly which has cut the typhoid death rate to a minimum. “Because there are more insects than any other form of life,” he said. “We know of two million different insects, POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY most of which must be exterminated if man is to continue to live on earth.” HE pet insect of the students of heredity and evolution is a tiny fly with the poetic name of Drosophila—accent on the “soph.” Everybody has seen these tiny midges, a tenth of an inch long; they hover around fruit stands in the summer, feeding mainly on decaying bana- nas. Because they are eas- ily bred and fed, and par- ticularly because they pro- duce a new generation every nine days, they are handy subjects for laboratory ex- periments in heredity. It was his experiments with the fruit fly which won for Dr. H.J. Muller, professor of zoology in the University of Texas, the $1,000 prize of the Association for the most notable paper read at the meeting. Young Dr. Muller, na- tiveNewYorker, Columbia graduate, looking like a store- keeper, has won inter- national fame through his application of the X-ray to speed up the processes of evolution. ANTHROPOLOGY ALES HRDLICKA has traced the ancestry of the North American Indian to Western Europe. ER. MOULTON: “The mind of man is rowing better and better. I got him out of bed to tell him the awards committee had given him the prize. His first thought was to telegraph his wife, also on the faculty of Texas U. “I found that by exposing the fruit flies to X-rays, changes occurred in the cells which control ories in the Makin Marvels Come Not Singly but in Scores as Two Thousand Scientific Leaders in Conference Tell of Discoveries the transmission of characteris tics to their offspring,” he said “I have experimented with 1j generations of flies, probably ha} a million individuals. Some brea young with white eyes instead gf red, some have wing deformitig of various kinds which are trang mitted to offspring through sey. eral generations. What chemigj change occurs and why are thi to be found out; the thing whic has been proved is that the X-ray does affect the parents in such, way that the course of heredity js changed.” Some of the scientists at Nash. ville declared Dr. Muller’s work to be x April, 19y important as Darwin’s. Dr. Frank B. Hanson, professor of 2. dlogy at Washington University, St. Louis, might, from his appearance, be a bond He has been working for 4 year with Dr. Muller in his X-ray exper ments in evolution, but his own pet sub. salesman. ASTRONOMY ject for experiment is white rats. “I have about a thousand ofa highly pedigreed strain on which I make my experiments,” he said. “I have been tryi to find out whether the excessive use of alcohd by one generation has any effect on the next, but so far as I can se it has none whatever I make my parent rats into sots, more thor oughly alcoholized than human beings can get and live. They be come completely de moralized, __ physical wrecks, but their young are always normal in every way. Thousands of experiments have given the same result.” THERS think plants are thing for heredity ex periments. Dr. Edward C. Jeffrey, professor of botany at Harvard, holds that fruit fly e periments are incol clusive. “I have come to the conclusion that the different species of animals and plants are the result of hybridization, he said. ‘Nature is constantly making new species by the crossing of different There is c. Little and plant: other. Bi tention to mmen Dr. Lit of Michig t sch netics. othe An at work § gested. It in differen a differer Prof. Wil sity of Nashville toric ques it spins? waltzing found th: defect in their sens they don This def produced mice by also tral HJ. MU “. R. of Virginie “How 1 analyze groups : average which | feet fiv Austral African next sk fixes t)] Dr. Be sea get to shor lime w The di nourist equato people: fertile grow more a parent stocks. The ones best fitted to their environment survive. Darwin was right.” the se anothe

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ion has e next, can se atever, nt rats > thor. olized 1gs can rey be ly de ly & lusion ion,” ‘erent ed to 1 was April, 1928 There is too wide a gap, Dr. Clarence C. Little maintained, between insects *, plants on one hand and man on the other. Biologists should devote more at- tention to the study of mammals. He mmended dogs and mice as subjects. Dr. Little, president of the University of Michigan, is the youngest head of a t school and is an authority on ST American Mouse Club is already at work along the lines Dr. Little sug- ted. It is composed of fifteen biologists in different universities, each working on a different phase of mouse heredity. Prof. William H. Gates, of the Univer- sity of Louisiana, its spokesman at Nashville, is trying to answer the his- toric question: “Why is a mouse when it spins?” “I am studying the Japanese waltzing mice,” he said, “and have found that what makes them waltz is a defect in an ear canal which destroys their sense of horizontal equilibrium. If they don’t keep spinning they fall down. This defect ° hereditary, and I have produced the same defect in common mice by cross-breeding, these hybrids also transmitting it to their young.” H.J.MULLER Aas x half a million fruit flies tolearn about man. D* R. BENNETT BEAN, professor of anatomy at the University of Virginia, asked himself the question: “How tall is a man, and why?” He has analyzed the measurements of 1022 groups of people on five continents. The average height of all is 164 centimeters, which figures out at almost exactly five feet five inches. ‘The tallest group were Australians, six feet one; the shortest, African Negrillos, four feet three. The next shortest were Eskimos. “Nutrition fixes the stature of races,” said Dr. Bean. “People living near the sea get too much iodine and tend to short stature; inland people get lime which makes for long bones. The difficulty in getting enough nourishment. in the arctic and equatorial regions keeps those peoples short; the dwellers in the fertile temperate zones tend to grow taller because they have more and better food.” “T= continents are floating masses, the land is moving to the sea and another ice age or another continental flood may all human civilization to POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 51 D® ALES HRDLICKA, renowned anthropologist of the Smithso- nian Institution, has the high cheek- bones of the Czech, which his almost unpronounceable name declares him to be. The nearest one can come to his name in English would be “Alice Herdlitchka.”” He has evidence, he said, that the North American Indians come from the same stock as the pre- historic Cro-Magnon man, whose re- mains, discovered in the Aurignacian caves of France, are believed to be those of the parent stock of the West Europeans. Physical characteristics and tribal habits, as indicated by the Cro- Magnon remains, are similar to those of many Indian tribes. This would dispose’ of the theory of Mongolian ancestry of the Indian. “Tate years of gazing at the stars have given Dr. F. R. Moulton, just retired as Professor of Astronomy at the University of Chicago, what may be L.O. HOWARD: “Man must exterminate the insects, or the insects will exterminate man” something which no one now can fore- tell,” said Dr. George H. Ashley, State Geologist of Pennsylvania. Dr. Ashley looks like a sheriff m a Western movie and believes geologists ought to get together on the age of the earth and other points on which they disagree before trying to instruct the public in the changes which are still taking place in the earth’s structure. ROF. W. C. CURTIS, head of the Department of Zodlogy at the University of Missouri and one of the experts for the defense at the famous evolution trial at Day- ton, Tennessee, looks like a bank president, but knows so much about evolution that all the other scien- GEOLOGY tists listen when he speaks. “The — Groce H. ASHLEY: “Are we té have another X-ray has provided science with a Ice Age?” new tool whereby the exact nature of the physical and chemical changes inside the cell can be determined,” he said. The ultra-violet, infra-red and radium rays are also helping to speed up experimental evolution, enabling the biologist to destroy visible substances within the nucleus without destroying the life of the cell. A group of biologists in Cincinnati found that by the applica- tion of the X-ray they could purify yeast by killing certain bacteria, and their revenue from this process maintains their experimental laboratory. called an unusually broad outlook on the universe. Gray-haired but still youthful, he is intensely optimistic about the future of humanity, believing that science will enable man to conquer.his environment and remake the world. ‘‘Science is setting into action forces which will entirely revolutionize the economic, social and political relationships of human beings to one another,” he said. The probable evolution of the human brain into a more efficient organ than it now is will come about, until in a million years or so all men will have greater reasoning powers, creative imagination and esthetic appre- ciation than anyoné now has. iy TOOK the ingenious mind of Dr. Mark H. Liddell, Professor of Philology—which means the study of words—at Purdue Uni- versity, to utilize the newest scientific apparatus for the anal- ysis of speech. By means of a new type of oscillograph, devised at the Bureau of Standards, which sends off a stream of electrons in- stead of a reflection from an oscillating mirror, he was able to photograph sounds. ~ The sound waves control the movements of the electron waves, which trace a com- plicated curve on a strip of photographic paper. “There are eleven distinct vowel sounds in the Indo-European languages, which include English, German, Persian, and Urdu, or (Continued on page 129) ACOUSTICS MARK H. LIDDELL has photographed the human voice.

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52 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY New Highway Runs through aSkyscraper RAFFIC will pass directly through a skyscraper in a unique project now under con- struction in the very heart of New York City. One of the a highways of the city, eading to a great railroad ter- minal, the Grand Central Sta- tion, is to pierce the thirty-two- story structure with twin tun- nels. When the work is finished, you will be able to drive into the building at street level, climb through it on an inclined roadway, and emerge at the other side on an outdoor ele- vated roadway that circles the station itself at a height of one story above the street. When a site for the new build- ing was considered, there seemed no place to put it, in that con- gested district, save in the street itself. The engineers who boldly did that very thing not only provided an outlet for the traffic that would otherwise have been dammed but also laid out an elevated highway plan that will actually improve traffic condi- tions existing before the building was erected! Meteorite Wrecks Garage Repair Car HEN Reese Worick, a Lex- ington, Ky., garage man, was attaching the derrick of his wrecking car to a disabled auto- mobile on a country road recently, there was a loud report, and his machine was struck by what he supposed was a bolt of lightning. Worick was stunned; but when he recovered and investigated, he found the derrick had been broken by a smoking hot ball of metallic substance. about the size of an orange, which lay in the car. It was evidently a fragment fallen from a meteor. Yale University. The convention was told that the spectra of 225,000 stars have now been classified. Professor W. S. Adams, of Mount Wilson Observatory, said his studies convinced him that the atmos- pheres of giant red stars, such as Betel- geuse, were much more dense than the sun’s and might be several hundred thousand miles deep. The Moon Makes Clocks Vary FTER an exhaustive study of the running of clocks through long periods, Dr. Robert R. Morgan, of the Naval Observatory, Washington, reaches the astonishing conclusion that they go more slowly when the moon is in the western part of the sky. The difference, however, can be detected only by the most delicate measuring instruments. When the moon is in the west one half of the day is .005 of a second longer than the other, Dr. Morgan told scientists at the recent astronomical convention at This photograph shows construction of part of the new New York Central Building and a section of one of the motor highways that will run through it, connecting the two sections of Park Avenue that the building breaks April, 199 ——_ Know Your Car Ts modern motor car en. | | gine is equipped with several | devices that materially reduce | the amount of carbon that or. | dinarily would be deposited on | eylinder head and pistons. | In spite of modern improve. | ments, the motor still will car. bonize rapidly if certain pre. | cautions are not observed. The | use of poor oil, for instance, will | result in a heavy carbon deposit, | Adjusting the carburetor to sup. | ply an over-rich mixture also causes rapid carbonization. Gasoline is composed of hy- drogen and carbon. When mixed with the proper quantity of air the carbon burns to car- bon dioxide and the hydrogen burns to water vapor. If, in the attempt to facilitate starting a cold motor, an excessive amount of gasoline is mixed with the air, carbon monoxide is formed and the extra carbon molecules collect on the cylinder head, pistons or valve stems. Toy Cars Teach Traffic Rules OY automobiles and trolleys are the latest devices great cities are using to teach their drivers safety. The ap. plicant for a license to drive a motor ca in Los Angeles must now demonstrate his ability to meet emergencies and hi knowledge of traffic laws by maneuvering a model car on a table representing a busy highway. An inspector sits by his side. “What would you do if this ca came out of a side street?”’ asks the in spector, illustrating with a toy auto ani observing his pupil’s response. Chicago’s drivers of mail trucks, to, learn safety with the aid of models ona miniature street crossing. It includesa traffic light signal and is magnetically operated by an instructor. 10. 11. 12. ———$—$—_— Upper photo: A Chicago mail truck driver being instructed with toy cars on miniature street inter section, equipped with traffic signal. Lower photo: Applicants for driving licenses in Los Angeles” being tested. On model streets full of tiny cars they demonstrate their fitness to drive in traffic a Stile NE farr at Viroq of the ; farmers their fen from th and to trouble closet] twentiet practica prevents When re it serves boards was nee a NS ee These v their cai

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en- eral luce or- 1 on Ve- Car- pre- The will sit, up- also hy- hen tity par- gen the ga unt the ned iles ad, Rules are the e€ using The ap. dtor car strate and his uvering nting a his car the in ito and cs, too, Is ona ludes a etically april, 1928 | How Much Do You Know | "of the World You Live In? these questions, chosen from hundreds sent in by readers. | EST your knowledge with | | Correct answers are on page 156. | 1. What great capital city was built in a swamp? | 2. Where is the densest forest | in the world? | 3. What American island is | more than seven miles | high? | 4. Where do houses have only three sides? 5. Where is radio used in land surveying? 6. What is the rainiest state? 7, Where can you experience summer heat and winter cold in the same day? 8. Where do gorillas live? 9. Where do the lost tribes of Israel live now? 10. Where can winter sports, like tobogganing, be prac- ticed near the equator? 11. What mountain is named from a cloud? 12. Where does timber grow in water? | Stile for Motor Cars Only NEW style stile has appeared on the farms of Willard and John Deaver, at Viroqua, Wis. Utilizing the principle of the garage greasing platform, these farmers have built novel bridges over their fences, thus enabling them to drive from the road into their barnyard and to their garages without the trouble of getting out to open and close the gates. Moreover, this twentieth century stile is just as practical as the old, for it effectually prevents the escape of livestock. When repairs are made under the car it serves as a raised platform. Scrap boards and planks were all that was needed for the structures. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 53 Old Motor Car Frames Make Breakwater HEN the Platte River re- cently became unruly near Fremont, Neb., it was found that discarded automobile frames wired together and anchored to the shore served to catch driftwood and sediment and form a breakwater. How Cyclones Grow ‘Two mysteries about cy- clones and cyclonic storms that have long defied solution have just been explained by Automobile frames, wired together and anchored to the shores, which caught driftwood and debris and made a breakwater to the Platte River flood, averting great damage Simple Auto Bearing Test i IS now possible to test automobile bearings for play or looseness without taking the parts down. A cleverly con- structed gage accomplishes the work easily and quickly, as shown in the pho- tos below, with only the cylinder head of the engine removed. The gage is held in position by a magnetic stand, and a vertical arm at- tached below the dial is rested on the top of the piston to be tested. With a rubber vacuum cup the mechanic moves the entire piston and connecting rod assembly according to its looseness. The motion moves the vertical arm which is connected with the registering mechanism, giving the amount of play in thousandths of ~ an inch. This device \ may be used for a score of other tests. Axi alll ro Two tests for loose- ness in automobile engines. Above: A magnetic stand holds the dial, to which is attached an arm that rests on piston top. When the piston is moved with a vacuum cup the play is registered These wooden ramps on the Deaver brothers’ farms in Wisconsin enable their cars to cross fences without opening and closing the gates, saving time on the dial. Below: Testing sides of pis- ton head by pressure Dr. W. J. Humphreys, meteoro- logical physicist of the U. S. Weather Bureau, who, after study of the records of such storms covering many years, is able to show why they grow in size and intensity as they move northeastward and why the increase is greater by night. Such storms, says Dr. Humphreys, -consist of a swirl between cold air on the northwest side and warm humid air on the southeast. The contrast increases as the storm moves northeast—the cold side becoming colder, although there is little change on the warm side—hence the storm becomes greater. Also at night the cold side, being generally clear, grows colder by radiation, while there is little change in the cloudy warm side. Law Bars Radio Interference ae first law prohibiting the running of machines that interfere with radio reception is claimed by Fairfield, Iowa. As is well known, the operation of elec- trical machinery in the neighborhood of a receiving set often causes interference and spoils an evening’s program; nothing can be done about it unless the offending machine can be turned off. Now this college town of 5000 has an ordinance prohibiting the use between noon and midnight of vacuum cleaners, washing machines and any other devices that may interfere with radio reception. Violators of the law face fines of $100 or thirty days in jail. Self-Winding Watch WATCH that winds itself is the amazing invention just reported by Karl Heinrich Meyer, a Swiss watchmaker, who, if his claims are true, has added one more to the imposing list of achievements of a people whose name has become almost synon- ymous with the word “watch.” The power necessary to keep the minute mainspring at the proper tension is said to be derived from the expansion and contraction of a drop of glycerin contained in a chamber inside _ the watch. The ordinary changes of temperature of any climate are said to sufficient to cause contraction and ex- pansion, since only a two-degree variation keeps the watch ticking accurately. The invention suggests the possibility of operating power machinery by a similar method.

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Bien pee ge 7 ae ee AR RT SD ree rad Senos ERS CEPR ERR SATE Jumbo of Roller Bearings ROBABLY the largest of its kind in the world is the gigantic roller bearing recently completed by an Ohio firm as one of a set to be installed in a huge cement mill. It has a diameter of more than five feet, and two tons of force is required to lift it. Within its rugged rim will rest one end of a thousand-ton grind- ing mill revolving thirty times a minute. Roller bearings, despite their extraordi- nary size, were preferred for this work because, requiring only occasional lubri- cation, they could be completely inclosed to guard against cement dust. New Bridge Inside Old One (OWE of the most singular of modern bridge building exploits has been de- cided upon by engineers who will borrow one of Nature’s peculiar methods in re- placing an old structure at Bound Brook, N. J., that carries interurban lines and vehicles. The method adopted is not unlike that of the snake that grows a new skin and then gets rid of the old. By the arc-welding process, which was described in detail in last December's Popu.ar Science Monruzy, virtually a complete new bridge will be built of steel inside the old one, which will then be taken down. Lighter Aluminum for Planes NEW aluminum alloy so much lighter than any heretofore known that it will revolutionize flying is claimed by Dr. Max Wurmbach, a Munich metallurgist, who declares that while it is lighter than any other metal known, it is stronger than iron. Used in the manufacture of aircraft, ys Dr. Wurmbach, his alloy would materially reduce the weight and con- sequently cut the lifting requirements of the motive power. The inventor refuses to disclose how he produces the metal, which he calls “alneon,” but he does say that his whole secret is in the process of cooling. Other- wise the alloy is much like other alu- minum combinations. Radio Photos by Air Jet ADIO engineers at a recent convention in New York City were amazed when they sat in a theater and saw photographs transmitted by radio and so enlarged that they covered a screen that filled the stage. The demonstration was by Captain \ POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Richard H. Ranger, inventor of the Ranger system of radio photo transmission and an en- gineer of the Radio Corporation of America. The device he used was the “photo-radioscope.” which, responding to the radio signals in much the manner of other radio photograph receiving systems, sends jets of hot and cold air against a sensitive screen, the differences in temper- ature determining which parts of the screen shall appear in various degrees of color. While transmitting and re- cording processes are still too slow to show scenes of actual activity, Captain Ranger has demonstrated that if the speed problem can be solved, events such as prize fights can be recorded in large enough proportions for theaters. $400 Aero Fare to England VEN the rates of fare have been tentatively decided upon, so certain are the builders of the British super-air- ship, the R-100, twice as large as any other dirigible, that they will establish trans- Atlantic service. Commander Charles Burney declared in a recent statement that his company, which built the R-100 for the British Government, had decided to exercise its option to buy the craft for its own oper- ation. The machine is scheduled for comple- tion this present spring, and trials are expected in July. Commander Burney said the flying time will be forty- eight hours westward and thirty-eight hours eastward. Arrange- ments to carry mail have been made with Great Britain, and negotiations with Canada and the United States are under way. The tentative passenger rates are from $400 a berth in a four-berth cabin to $600 for a single-berth cabin. The plan had been to use the huge aircraft in an England-Australia service. Deen This machine prints railroad tickets as they are bought, giving destination, price and date, and also records the sale, saving labor of bookkeeping April, 199 Complicated Bottle Machin, Makes One Million in Week ny than a million bottles & Week each may be manufactured two remarkable machines built jn E land for use in Japan! The mechan; are staggering to the imagination in ¢},: complicated mass, yet Francis Redf their inventor, has had no Previous gy, perience in machine construction, Hej a solicitor in John Walker and Sons In early days, bottles were made blowing into molten glass through tubes; but here we have a machine wi fifteen separate bottle-making units, egg of which automatically picks up liquid glass and forms it into a bottle as th entire device revolves past a large pot containing the raw material. So quid does each unit draw the glass and do its work that 120 pint bottles are turned oy every minute! The Metropolitan Vickers Electric Company, Ltd., made the device. Ty picture below is reprinted th courtesy of The Illustrated London New, aed j = ais Fifteen separate units on this complicated revolving machine pick up molten glass from a container as they pass it and form it into pint bottles. The total capacity of this machine is 120 bottles a minute Rail Tickets Printed on Spot AILWAY stations need no longe go to the trouble of stocking thor sands of tickets, now that an ingenious automatic machine has been introduced that prints the traveler’s ticket as he steps to the window and names the cily to which he is going. Not only does the new machine print the passenger's desti- nation, but it also stamps the mileage and fare on the card and keeps ar of each ticket printed, thus saving a great deal of bookkeeping on the part of the station agent. At left the device i shown delivering a sample ticket. Your Queries Answered HIS magazine is glad whenevet possible to answer reader’s inquif- ies regarding subjects within its scope, April, 1928 Bird F Before N AM A lantic nounced by that even rn from | “ Arct days old wa ig27, at t Labrador, birds’ “% On Oct. I, La Rochell This is 1 mentioned the first bi Steel Sc AFFO than Ww to elimina failures of many fata fitted toge of Blindn Council | in indust hew met falling m the toucl used to nonshatt ern eyep By the gles in o cern alo: sand m accordin Neverth dustry and to supply names and addresses o manufacturers of articles described i its pages. Enclose self-addressed stam envelope and address Information De partment, PopuLar Science MontTuit, 250 Fourth Avenue, New York City. tions. Ih of 6842 industri: Many o would h

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April, 1928 Bird Flies Across Atlantic Before It Is 3 Months Old AS AMAZING 4200-mile trans-At- lantic flight of a bird, recently an- nounced by the Biological Survey, shows that even Lindbergh has something to learn from feathered flyers. An Arctic tern between one and five days old was banded and released July 22, 1927, at the Red Islands, Turnevick, Labrador, by O. L. Austin, visiting the birds’ breeding grounds for the Survey. On Oct. 1, 1927, the bird was found near La Rochelle, France, by Robert Pradier. This is the second transoceanic flight mentioned in the Survey’s records, but the first bird took its time—four years. Steel Scaffolds Replace Wood es hn of steel tubes rather than wood has now been developed to eliminate fire danger, warping, and failures of structure that have caused many fatalities. The long metal tubes, fitted together with couplings and collars, Stronger than wood and more easily transported and erected, this tubular steel scaffolding is also proof against fire and will not warp. It is here shown erected in a great hall for renewal of ceiling decorations POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY as shown below in the photograph, make a framework of great strength. Recently an eight-ton stone block was easily raised to a height of seventy-five feet without menace to the newly invented scaffold. These frameworks are more open and consequently less menaced by the wind. Bracing formerly called for is of little necessity; and since the interchangeable parts are less bulky, they may be easily stored, transported and erected. Wood is used only for platforms and is specially treated to make it fireproof. Hiking Cane Has Tail-Light ROM Europe come reports of three new inventions that, while probably not revolutionary, should certainly take prizes among the month’s quaint and curious products of the inventive mind. Among patents recently granted in England is one for a walking stick with a red tail-light for persons walking on highways. The cane is provided with a tiny bulb and a battery, whose circuit is completed when tapped on the ground. Two French engineers named Vallee and Aupere have in- vented an apparatus that reproduces the notes of the nightin- gale and other birds, which they propose to substitute for ordi- nary telephone bells. The third odd in- vention was _intro- duced to Parisians who stopped to look at a new motor car in a display window and heard the machine say, “‘ Before you, you have the famous B14 1928 model,” and then reel off a fine selling talk. The car contains a phono- graph that talks whenever prospective buyers appear. Steel Balls Bombard Nonbreaking Goggles _— the strength of goggle lenses by dropping a steel ball on them was an unusual experiment per- formed in Chicago recently when the National Committee for the Prevention of Blindness met with the National Safety ( Council to discuss eye hazards é in industrial occupations. The new method, which releases a falling missile from a magnet at the touch of an electric key, was used to show the strength of nonshattering glass used in mod- ern eyepieces. By the systematic use of gog- gles in one great industrial con- cern alone, the eyes of a thou- sand men have been saved, according to a recent estimate. Nevertheless, many men in in- dustry neglect these precau- tions. In Pennsylvania the sight of 6842 eyes has been lost in industrial accidents since 1916. any of these injuries goggles would have prevented. To test lenses of nonshattering goggles that must resist flying metal, steel balls are dropped on them from a magnet at touch of an electric key 55 Machine Tests Marcel Waves ATR tension tests may be the next addition to the staggering list of offerings of barber and beauty shops. Since marcelling is said to make the hair brittle, we now have this highly sensitive machine whose indicators show the de- gree of strain the tresses can undergo. This use of the device is a new one, for its primary purpose was the testing of such delicate pieces as hair springs, filament wires and loudspeaker dia- phragms. In the latter cases, the amount of punishment these fragile units will take while in operation is accurately recorded. P. L. Irwin, research engineer of the Westinghouse Electric and Manufactur- ing Company, is the inventor. Porcupines Don’t Shoot Quills 4) - popular belief that porcupines shoot their quills is a myth, according to Vernon Bailey, distinguished zodélogist, of Washington, D. C. “When met with,” he says, “‘the por- cupine tries to escape, but if crowded it bristles up, erects its quills and stands at bay. As the enemy approaches within reach fierce blows of the heavily armed tail are struck and the barbed quills are thus driven into anything with- in reach.” New Smoke Alarm NOVEL new use for the photo-electric cell has been found in Pittsburgh, where it is employed in a newly invented device to warn engineers of in- dustrial plants when smoke from their chimneys is exceeding the density allowed by law. A beam of light is kept con- stantly in the chimney and pointed at a photo-electric cell, which is so sensitive that it sends to the engine room an exact rec- ord of the density of smoke. The transmission is made by an electric current that the cell op- erates. The engineer constantly has before him an indicator that shows whether he is keeping within the law that limits the density of the smoke.

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY joe & Hand Bag Atomizer Perfume or throat spray is con- veniently carried in this deli- ic New Inventions 4 if That Ever yone an Find Useful cately decorated atomizer from France. The liquid jssues from one end at pressure of a finger on a spring telescoping tube. The construction is leak-proof An Accident-Proof Baby’s Bottie The infant is prevented from spilling, dropping or throwing his bottle by this new holder, which is clamped to crib or carriage and has an arm just flexible enough to permit its proper adjustment. The novel device fits bottles of all sizes and shapes Mantel Clock Is a Savings Bank “Time is money,” we are told, and this novel clock proves it in a new way, for unless two coins are dropped each day into the savings bank attach- ment the timepiece quits running. The clocks are distributed to depositors of a Western bank to en- courage thrift. When the coin repository is filled it is removed at the bank and replaced to be refilled. The savings device that controls the winding of the clock is located in the back where it cannot be seen by qnyone‘teoking at the clock standing on the shelf: 4 s) f *% metry Tiniest Sewing Kit Thimble, scissors and spook screw each into the next in this compact French set and th, A Nonswaying Rope Fire Escape Swaying and twisting, common faults of rope fire escapes, are impossible in this new English ladder. Metal projections, placed at intervals, serve as rungs and grip the wall, making the device almost as rigid as a wood or metal ladder. The ladder, shown in use in a fire drill, folds into small space, and should prove useful in private houses as well as factories, schools, theaters and office. buildings thimble forms the cap for th case. Needles are carried ing compartment inside the spool *“Vulcanizing’’ Socks Saves Darning Utilizing the tire repair method, you can now *“‘darn”’ your socks by cutting pieces of special adhe- sive fabric to cover the holes and sticking them on with a hot iron. The fabric is obtainable in all colors and textures in which socks come Lemon Juice Filters Pipe Smoke Dip the finned tube of this pipe stem in lemoa juice before smoking and the juice is said t absorb more than a third of the nicotine. If wate is used instead of lemon juice 19 percent of the nicotine, it is said, is absorbed in the A Leg This adjust leg, leaving A Quic A novel re Now No stud. accordio any desi roll simi player p by hanc engages A new said to 5 ity of t machine perforat to the on the

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 57 a cit ~ A Leg-Operated Accelerator D thi . . { This adjustable accelerator is worked by the : ° ° ‘ ’ leg, leaving both feet free for the pedals The Slot Machine Manicurist Now fae The latest slot machine device is this nail buffer spools to be used after washing has taken off the polish. The buffer starts operation on pressure of a lever by the patron. Louis W. Schaaf, its German Z inventor, is shown demonstrating the new device { A Quick-Drying Shaving Brush A novel release device permits the bristles to : spread and dry in a hurry—a boon to ee New Parcel Sealer ° travelers. Bristle sets are interchangeable : : ; ‘ Gummed tape is cut in vari- Hl ous widths up to three inches for small and large packages by this machine, whose rapidly adjustable guides control the width. Formerly several machines were need- ed for different widths. Another advantage of this device is that it has no springs to get out of order ing now 7" dhe. Removable 7" Lights = Bother of removing light- ing fixtures for cleaning and repair is eliminated, it is said, by an ingenious connecting socket that makes it possible to hook and unhook the entire fixture as a single unit. Hook is shown in circle Now a Player-Accordion No study is needed to play this new accordion, which is made to produce any desired selection by means of a roll similar to those of the ordinary player piano. The speed is regulated by hand pressure on the lever that engages the roll and makes it turn An Inside Motor Spotlight You needn’t cut a hole in your wind- - shield to install this new spotlight—for it fits inside your car. For c'osed bodies it is attached by a bracke’ just above the instrument board, wher. it is most convenient for the driver’s grasp, and i it shines through the windshield. If perforations on a paper roll. When fed desired, the device can be removed and ae smctine, thn: gieteentions used as a trouble light to find what is Er OO epenate the qeaper tage wrong in any part of the automobile Duplicating Typewriters A new duplicating device (right) is said to give one typewriter the capac- ity of twelve ordinary muttigraphing machines. The letter is recorded in REassB

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Odd Parachute Square in Form — experi- mentation with the new square shaped par- achute pictured below be successful, all the Navy aircraft will soon ‘be equipped with it, for it is said to embody many new safety fea- tures. In the recent tryouts at Lakehurst, N. J., life was not risked; dummies, the weight of a man, made New Motorcycle Machine Gun Bott quick arrival on the scene of action and fast retreat are possible with the new motorcycle machine guns reeently added to French army corps. Besides the important feature of the ease of portability of the light but deadly rifles is a special universal mounting that gives high elevation and enables the gunner to train his weapon on enemy planes as well as infantry. The guns when not in use are carried in cases on the sides of the motorcycles. Demonstration was recently made at the French army maneuvers at Satory Camp. Air Unearthing Buried City Dyas nore air excavating appa- ratus has been pressed into service by men working under the direction of Prof. Amedeo Maiuri, eminent Italian arche- ologist, in the latest effort to uncover the centuries-old ruins of Herculaneum, near Naples, Italy: With this modern aid of science they hope to unearth historic treasures even richer than those of Pom- peii, another Italian city that was buried in the same eruption of the volcano Vesu- vius in A.D. 79. Only ashes covered Pompeii, and most of its treasures were dug up and carried away soon after; but Herculaneum lies beneath masses of solidified mud and lava that have remained undisturbed for eighteen centuries. In recent years hap- hazard diggings revealed relics of inesti- mable value; and the present systematic excavation, under the official auspices of Premier Mussolini, is the result. Biggest Shovel Lifts 24 Tons |. ae pagresiepe could be lifted to the top of a ten-story building by a giant electric shovel, the largest in the world, now being constructed by the General Electric Company. Placed in the center of a football field, it could dig out the entire field without moving from one posi- tion, and deposit the dirt from the ex- cavation in the stands! Its 120-foot boom will be terminated by a dipper stick eighty-two feet long, and a scoop that can pick up fifteen cubic yards of earth or coal, weighing nearly twenty- four tons, at a single stroke. The mam- moth shovel will be used in the open pit mining of coal, at Danville, Ill., where a 1000-foot cable will supply the 4000-volt electric power to run it. the test drops. Parachutes were originally designed for spectacular balloon descents, the first really successful drop being made by Andre Jacques Garnerin, a Frenchman, in 1797. The word “parachute,” it is in- teresting to note, signifies “fall-breaker.” om, The strange square parachute, which may be adopted for Navy aircraft if its claims to safety are sustained, is tried with a dummy Device Aids Short Wave Radio 6 eos the possibilities in short wave radio—considered unimportant a few years ago but now commanding interest by leaders in the new science—are far from exhausted is again indicated by dis- coveries of Abraham Esau, of Jena, Ger- many, that have resulted in April, 1928 Pilotless Plane Loops Loop Under the Control of Radio a planes have just been made successfully to loop the loop by wireless control from the ground, accord. ing to recent reports from England, where intensive research is being made in radio piloting. Other amazing maneuvers are made as easily possible with the delicate new governing system within the plane, operated by radio waves alone. The mechanical pilot’s “brain” is g radio receiving set within the plane de. signed to interpret and act upon impulses transmitted from a ground control sta- tion. The “muscles” are tiny compressed air motors, actuated by the master radio set. These operate the controls. Lindbergh Epic on Post Card Y WRITING, in 10,052 words, the complete story of Col. Lindbergh’s history-making flight to France on one post card of ordinary size, Conrad Kem- per, young German artist, declares he has achieved a world’s record for small and legible chirography. To the naked eye his writing appears simply as very fine, even, wavy lines. Under a magnifying glass the words appear, written in a clear, beautiful hand. The card repre- sents three months’ work, performed with a hard pencil without a glass. Multiple Locomotive Sirens HRILL sirens, much more audible at three miles than the ordinary whistle and designed to lessen the numerous auto- mobile accidents at crossings, were re- cently placed on the locomotives of two local passenger trains of the South- ern Pacific lines in California. Sets of four were installed, each operat- ing as a unit with the others in order to give a single warning tone. The sirens, which are shown below, are fitted immediately behind the en- gine stack and pointed in different direc- tions to insure wide range and thus give greater warning efficiency. Sound is much affected by atmospheric conditions, to- pography and buildings, so that a blast from a single whistle cannot always be heard for any great distance in a specified direction. The four sirens eliminate this. his invention of a method to increase the power of short wave broadcasting. Esau has discovered that a wire gauze placed on the surface of the earth under the antenna reduces the earth-current losses to a minimum, thus conserving virtually all the energy for radiation and giving greater distance. The network must be three or four times the wave length being used. Esau provides also for the saturation of the earth be- neath the antenna with some chemical agent, the nature of which he does not reveal. This improves the conductivity, he says. One of the sets of four sirens on Southern Pacific locomotives, pointing in different directions so warnings will surely be heard April, 1928 Subn Is De DEV A subm to indicate has just Departme Corporati tion of Dr manufacti donated t consider i submarine article in SciENCE | The eq with port: up. The carried 01 ments, sO left alive were in th send wort The sig visible or How | AWDI have many use gather, ¢ Some 30. in meat but also hardwoot more tha more in large bui 4000 ton: are used. on the flo stock is s from dry ( REA fea’ introduc doing m plantatic The operate tractor cutting shares, 1 up in cu again a

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Oo me Go ao == 6 ~ Ve SS April, 1928 Submarine Safety Device Is Donated to the Navy A DEVICE by which a submerged submarine may signal to the surface to indicate its position and avert collisions has just been presented to the Navy Department by the Human Research Corporation, of Philadelphia. The inven- tion of Dr. Isadore Kitsee, it has not been manufactured, but the patents are donated to the Government, which will consider it among other plans for making submarines safer, as mentioned in an article in last month’s issue of PopuLAR ScrencE MONTHLY. The equipment provides a submarine with ports from which signals can be sent up. The operation of the signals can be carried on electrically from all compart- ments, so that in case of accident men left alive in one compartment, as they were in the S-4, would not be powerless to send word to the surface. The signals would be floating indicators visible or audible or both. How Industry Uses Sawdust AWDUST, which some of us may have thought pure waste, has so many uses in industry that large concerns gather, classify and sell it by wholesale. Some 30,000 tons a year are used in meat curing—hickory mainly, but also oak, mahogany and other hardwoods. For filling plaster board more than 22,000 tons are used, and more in composition flooring in large buildings. In packing grapes 4000 tons of spruce and douglas fir are used. Moistened and sprinkled on the floor of cars in which nursery stock is shipped, it keeps the plants from drying to death. Giant Rotary Plow REAT rotating cutters are the new features of a giant plow recently introduced in England and designed for doing much work in a hurry on large plantations. The two powerful digging wheels operate in opposite directions as the tractor moves along and, since each cutting wheel is equipped with three shares, the ground is thoroughly turned up in curving lines that cross each other again and again. Joints permit the POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY cutting wheels to be lifted while the ma- chine proceeds to the ground to be plowed. Plane Speedier With Pontoons RMY engineers were amazed re- cently by tests on Staten Island, N. Y., and Long Island, N. Y., flying fields in which one of the Army’s four observation and attack planes, Curtiss Falcon models, flew faster with pontoons than with wheels at- tached to its landing gear — upsetting all past experience. Equipped with a large float designed by Arthur B. Beisel of the Curtiss engi- neering division and with two small wing tip floats, the plane crossed New York Bay at 148 miles an hour—whereas the best it had ever done with regulation land- ing gear was 147 miles. It took repeated tests to convince the skeptical engineers. Just Like MacMillan Ship ARD rubber forms the entire hull of this new toy sailing ship, which would have a particular appeal for the boy who is stirred by a love for the sea and its romance; for it is a 30-inch model of Donald B. MacMillan’s Arctic schooner the Bowdoin. Great sport, too, is of- fered by the navigating possibilities of this ship, for the three sails may be raised or lowered at will and regulated with the rudder for any desired kind OR BEI of sailing. A Needle Injects Sauce in Chicken AUCES injected into fresh killed chickens just before roasting gave an entirely new flavor to the meat and provided a treat for a recent dinner of the Societe Nationale d’Accli- matization of France. The method was pronounced by cooking experts far superior to the ordinary external sauce method, since in the The digging wheels of this tractor plow, each fitted with three shares, rotate in opposite directions, cutting criss-cross furrows new process the meat itself is flavored in every fiber. Rail Ticket Booth on Wheels Oyen ERS who are tired of going to the station for their tickets will be interested in this German innovation by which the tickets come to the commuters. In order to facilitate the selling of weekly tramcar passes, this traveling ticket booth has been put in operation by the Leipzig tramway and has proved a great success by reason of its greater range of distribution. Discoveries Upset Race History VIDENCES of a tremendous migra- tion of Asiatic peoples to southern Africa and Madagascar more than 2000 years ago have been dis- covered by Dr. Ralph Linton, assistant curator of Oceanic and Malayan ethnology at the Field Museum of Natural History, just returned from more than two years’ research in Madagascar as head of the Captain Marshall Field Expedition. His report up- sets many long accepted theories of racial history. The invaders probably were driven by foreign tribes from their homes in the region of Java. One group braved the 3000-mile voyage to Africa and Madagas- car; the ‘other went to Pacific Islands. The Indonesians exterminated the pyg- mies of Madagascar, Linton says, but those landing on the west coast of Africa were destroyed by Zulus and other African tribesmen. Linton’s conclusions are based on comparisons of cultures of Madagascar, African and Pacific island tribesmen and on revelations from Madagascar natives of history handed down to them. World Water Power Census HE United States leads the world in utilization of water power and in the capacity of its plants using this power it equals nearly the whole of Europe, according to a remarkable world census of water power just issued by the United States Geological Survey. The total in the United States for plants of 100 horsepower or more was — 11,700,000 horsepower; for Europe, pre- sumably for plants of all sizes, 13,100,000. From 1921 to 1926, inclusive, the increase here was 3,800,000 horsepower; in Eu- rope, 4,200,000. However, the rate of increase is growing here and declining over there.

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Aang * ee ee arietdicosaneabied es ne ousehold Duties POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY implifi Ice and drink are kept separate in an ingen- ious new pitcher that has a hollow glass cylin- der at its center. When the tube is filled with cracked ice, the entire contents are chilled, it is said; yet the ice never touches the beverage. No pieces are likely to plop out as you are pouring, and the contents are kept fre¢é from dilution and from any impurities in the ice Set the “alarm” of the clockwork window-closer above for a half hour before your rising time and a powerful little arm shuts the sash, cutting off the breezes that have brought you fresh air all night When your eggs have boiled for a sufficient time, a whistle in the tight-fit- ting lid of the new cook pot pictured below announces the fact. Meantime you go about your housework. Steam pressure operates it Here’s a vacuum cleaner that needs no electricity to run it! Just push it over your carpets and across your floors; it generates its own suction that whisks dust and lint into its capacious bag. Rubber-tired wheels furnish the motive power that creates the vacuum, and the absence of electric wires is said to be an advantage in that it permits greater maneu- verability around furniture and in odd corner Who’s at the door? To tell the housewife who is alone in the home whether it’s a peddler, a tramp, or someone she wants to see, the new device at the right fits in the door panel. Its small, round barred win- dow, opened, permits a look at the visitor and a word with him before the door is unlatched and opened The scrubbing pail seen at the left has a mop wringer built into it—a light, effective affair unlike the heavy lever attachments often used. Twist the mop in its cone-shaped sieve, and the excess water drains back into the pail. It is also said to be proof against splashing. The device is said not only to save time for the busy housewife, but to greatly reduce the labor needed in hand wringing or turning mechanical wringers Pancake griddle and waffle iron in one is this new electric utensil. To adapt the griddle to waffie making, simply turn over the plates, which are flat on one side and on the other marked in the conve tional waffle design. A switch controls curremt No fumb! this new makes sp nates the with full or elbow light. C« is said t stoves, meat it pies. A baking « ing whe

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1928 etn * & April, 1928 New Mechanical Devices POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Dripless and smokeless, this broiler, says the maker, is the last word in cooking conven- lence. It can be used on gas, oil, or electric Stoves, and besides broiling all kinds of meat it bakes apples, potatoes, muffins and pies. A metal oven fits over the food for baking and roasting. It also aids slow boil- ing when the heating appliance is too hot No fumbling in the dark for anything in the back of this new refrigerator. A dome light in the top makes spilled milk a thing of the past. It illumi- nates the entire inside, and can be operated even with full hands. Within convenient reach of an arm or elbow, a toggle switch floods the interior with light. Cork board, used in the refrigerator’s walls, is said to insulate efficiently against outside heat A very hot plate for a sizzling steak—one not so hot, for a roasted joint—others warm or hot, as the food demands, are kept ready in the pantry with a new electric plate warmer that has three heats. It is made like a steel oven, oper- ates from any socket, and is an expensive but practical luxury for housewives—a necessity for restaurants and hotel kitchens 61 Removable from its solid wire stand for cleaning is an improved form of colander. Should its wire mesh become clogged, it can be detached in a few seconds. Wire loop handles facilitate the removal aad insertion of the sieve in this new utensil Delicious, appetizing doughnuts are made at your table by the new electric cooker shown below. Just insert balls of dough, and the novel iron even punches the holes! The even uniform electric heat-is said to make the doughnuts more tasty, and it avoids the inconvenience of frying in deep fat. It makes four at a time, and takes about three minutes for each batch—less time than a trip to the store would take An orange becomes a drink with this speedy fruit juice extractor. Its rubber suc- tion-cup feet are said to hold it firmly in place, yet it is easily removed when you are through. Orange, lemon, or grape- fruit juice is strained as it comes out of the spout What to do with a coffee cup, a couple of sandwiches and some olives is a problem that a hostess may simplify for her guests with the new tray-that-holds- everything seen at the left. It will be hailed by many a person who has felt that anybody but a professional juggler would be out of place at a party. Its spade-shaped design with separate compartments for cup and food makes it specially appropriate for bridge parties. Base of the “spade” is the handle

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Children Devise New Planes UNDREDS of boys—and girls too— of all ages competed in the recent city-wide competition in New York for model airplanes with rubber bands as their sole motive power. Not all the planes were of conventional design. In some the children had developed their own ideas, different from any of real aeronautical engineers, showing several construction plans that may some day be adopted for full size planes. The contests were held in the Sheep Meadow of Central Park. Food Rises in “Magic” Table OON you may enter your favorite restaurant, drop an order in a slot— aud have your meal delivered up through the table! The novel device, which bids fair to make our service waiterless, tip- less and trayless, was recently exhibited as seen at the right, at an exposition in New York; and according to reports it will soon be used by several restaurants. An order is sent through to the kitchen below. Presently a square panel rises in the center of the table, like the top of an elevator with several floors, bearing the soup course. The others follow at the proper times. The check, which even this marvelous device does not do away with, comes last. P. J. O’Rourke is the builder and J. Daschner the inventor. Better Fur Cleaning Method NEW process for removing spots from furs does not destroy the luster or sheen of fur or leather trimmed garments, according to an announcement from the Bureau of Standards. Working with expert cleaners, Government chemists have discovered that a little paraffin added to the naphtha preparations ordinarily used in cleaning establishments protects the garnients against injury. Chemical Snow Replacing Ice “(NHEMICAL snow,” once only a novelty, is finding increasing use in the field of refrigeration, and is now manufactured by the ton. It lasts longer than ice, and when it is all gone, eva- POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Not all the model airplanes in the recent contest limited to rubber band machines in New York were miniatures of standard models. Some children designed their own porated into air, not even a wet spot is left to show where the snow was. With the new refrigerant ice cream is now shipped from New York to Cuba. A shipment of fish to Detroit, which would require 17,000 pounds of ice with two or more stops for re-icing, takes only 1200 pounds of the snow. Ice cream packed with the snow weighs only one third as much as if packed with ice. In ships and storerooms it eliminates the expense of refrigeration plants. Under certain conditions this substance is said to be fifteen times as efficient as water ice. Its temperature is from 110 to 114 degrees below zero. It is produced by liquefying carbon dioxide gas and solidify- ing it under pressure.

After the order is dropped down through a slot to the kitchen, this elevator of several stories hoists the food, course after course, in the center of the table. The builder, P. J. O’- Rourke (left) is seen with the inventor, J. Daschner A. J. Hosier, Wiltshire, England, farmer, hauls milking stalls to his cattle in the fields with a tractor. It is cheaper than herding them to barns and he says their open-air life helps them produce better milk

April, 1923 Aero Engineers Aid Farmey By Improving His Windmill, ERONAUTICS, after adapting the windmill to its own purposes, jg returning it to the farmer greatly jm. proved as a result of the intensive fe. search made by the aircraft industry in the field of aerodynamics. Changes jy the number of blades and the pitch of the propellers used to drive electric genera. tors on airplanes at the Army laboratories at Dayton, Ohio, have resulted in the adaptation of a new type of wheel for ordinary windmills that increases the speed of revolution from six to ten times that of the old-fashioned wheels, Stupendous Hand Sawing Job gp biggest job of hand sawing ever heard of in this age of power machin- ery is being undertaken by Captain Jacob Wilson, sailor-sawyer of Sawyer, Wis., who spent last summer demolishing a breakwater in Green Bay, Wis., in order to saw it up for firewood. It will be about a year in all, he estimates, before he finishes the job of cutting the wood into splitting sizes and getting it ready for the market. The captain is perhaps the oldest liy- ing master of lumber-carrying vessels in the Great Lakes region. He gave up the sea for the firewood business because of his advanced age. Mining Record Smashed ORE than eleven million dollars worth of minerals was produced in North Carolina during 1926, exceeding the previous year’s production by $400,- 000, according to figures of State Geol- ogist H. J. Bryson and the United States Geological Survey. This sets a new mark for the state’s output, although these figures do not include cement products, which were in excess of $1,000,000. He Takes Stalls to the Cows HIS Engiish farmer violates accepted tradition each day—he brings the stable to the cows! But A. J. Hosier, of Wexcombe, Wiltshire, England, has his reason. He has found that living entirely in the open in good weather is healthier for the cows and, moreover, results in better milk. Therefore he has evolved a system of open-air dairying, pulling his portable milking stalls to his herds out in the fields with a tractor. Another advantage of this method is that it costs less and takes less time than herding the cows to the barns at milking time.

April, 1928 Chair Goes URID exhil a “ court 9 Patentees of select display fr jous pr This illus Capt. G examinin; them wel cally reje ical roller Haren XCA rece revealed the ruler In the fo js appare life if he case of 1 besides — dice, wet ther exca of his ser “We Leonard tion, “n but hudc them suc that the of the k They we with hin them he and gold Kiddy EW ch design | seen in motion sort of down tl features center Vv which < down w

An off-c new kid toy a re

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ries April, 1928 Chain Drive Roller Skate Goes to “Patentees’ Court” URING a recent annual international D exhibition of inventions in England a “court” was formed at the Institute of Patentees to deal with the gigantic task of selecting the devices most worthy of display from the mass of odd and ingen- ious products of inventors’ fertile minds. This illustration shows the court, with Capt. G. Drury Coleman presiding, examining some of the models. Among them were a coal shovel that automati- cally rejects small lumps and a mechan- ical roller skate propelled by chain drive. Harem Buried with Ur’s King XCAVATIONS in Mesopotamia made recently at the grave of a king of Ur revealed that other bodies than that of the ruler were buried in the one grave. In the fourth millennium before Christ it is apparent that the state took a woman’s life if her husband died, at least in the case of the monarchs, for in the grave, besides the king’s gaming board and dice, were the bodies of his wives. Fur- ther excavations brought forth the bodies of his servitors and musicians. “We found the bodies,” states C. Leonard Woolley, director of the expedi- tion, “not properly laid out for burial, but huddled up as if death had overtaken them suddenly. There can be little doubt that these women comprised the harem of the king, yet it was not their grave. They were chattels which the king took with him in case he might have need of them hereafter, just as he took his silver and gold vessels and set of spears.” Kiddy Car Has Plane Motion pee among riding toys for small children is a kiddy car of unique design built to represent a monoplane, seen in the illustration below. A rocking motion which gives the young aviator a sort of aeronautical swoop as he rides down the sidewalk is one of the special features and is brought about by an off- center wheel fitted below the “fuselage” which causes the toy to move up and down when in motion. The eccentricities An off-center wheel under the “fuselage” of this new kiddy car in the form of an airplane gives the toy a realistic swooping up and down movement POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 63 The “court” of the Institute of Patentees in England determining whether some of the strange devices deserve exhibition. Capt. G. Drury Coleman (center, rear) is presiding. A coal shovel that automatically rejects small lumps and a chain drive roller skate are among the inventions of the “monoplane” require a “training period” of ten or fifteen minutes, accord- ing to the inventor. Red Paint Draws Barnacles HE American merchant marine may save over $100,000,000 as a result of the researches of Dr. J. Paul Visscher of Western Reserve University, who has ascertained that it is possible to dis- courage barnacles from attaching them- selves to the bottoms of ships by painting the undersea surfaces with a particular shade of light paint. A Government com- mission previously reported that the dark red paint usually employed was what really attracted the clinging crus- taceans. Government chemists are now experimenting to develop a paint of the correct light-colored shade that will not be dissolved in sea water. Safety Device Stops Trains A NEW device that automatically stops trains when they pass a warn- ing signal has been installed in Germany on the Berlin-Dresden line. The inven- tion consists of a magnet affixed to the track at a point just past the signal tower, and an electric control mounted on the locomotive which it oper- ates. Upon observing the warning signal, the engi- neer may throw a lever and disconnect the control, thus permitting the train to pass the signal at a slow speed. However, if for any reason the lever is not thrown, the train is stopped when it passes the point on the track where the magnet is_ placed. When this happens the train cannot proceed until the engineer gets off and operates a releasing mechanism attached to the signal tower. Neither ice, snow, nor water can affect the operation of the de- vice, it is claimed. New Poisons Kill Pests Only Rg msweringn deadliness to parasitic insects and kindred pests and less danger to human beings are claimed for two new spraying chemicals by Dr. Simon Marcovitch of the Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station at Nash- ville. Sodium fluoride and sodium fluosil- icate are the two new chemicals sug- gested as substitutes for the usual arsenic. Motor-Driven Wire Stripper _ is cleanly and quickly removed from wire ends, making them ready for soldering or terminal con- nections, by merely inserting the pieces in this improved stripping machine and pressing the pedal. A productive speed ordinarily requiring eight persons is _ easily attained by this ingenious device, which does away with the tedious and time-wasting methods to which manufac- turers formerly resorted. Electrically driven rotating knives do the work. These may be simply adjusted so that the wire end is polished but never cut during the stripping process.

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| Sane.” ee pea igs PT mney eee ee 2 A TR RRB a mrt tel al la ne 64 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Biggest Phonograph Heard 30 Blocks ERE is a talking machine that sends the strains of a popular melody thirty blocks with perfect ease and de- livery! It is the champion in its line— the world’s largest, strongest, and most distinctive phonograph. Built on the roof of the Victor Talking Machine Company factory in Camden, N. J., it stands thirty-one and a half feet high, and is twenty feet eight inches wide and sixteen feet deep. To every detail it is a colossal replica of a popular model, even to the massive movable doors and screened grillwork. Standard records are played in a room Stunt Flyer Takes No Chances TUNT flying may be breath-taking but it certainly is not reckless devil- try, according to Gerhard Fieseler, German war veteran, who is the second airman to perform a forward loop. The first to perform this hazardous feat was Lieut. J. H. Doolittle, U.S. Army pilot. “‘For two weeks I plan every new stunt most carefully,” explains Fieseler. “I consider every eventuality and leave nothing to chance. The machine may fail to pick up or the steering gear refuse to function, or some physical disability may overtake me in the midst of my stunt. All this must be studied beforehand.” Difficult stunts are practiced part by part until the flyer is master of each execution, and then only does he attempt the entire maneuver. Fieseler is also famous for flying upside down from Co- logne to Bonn in fifteen minutes. Nondrifting Mail Parachute A MAIL parachute that does not open until it is within a few hundred yards of the ground is the invention of Arnold Waldau, Swedish flying expert. When thrown overboard it drops folded for a considerable distance without offer- ing much resistance to the wind, then a spring makes it start to unfold. The old style parachutes opened as soon as they were thrown out and often were blown far afield. With the new mechanically con- trolled type mail can be dropped close to a station. Umbrella with a Window EDESTRIAN ocollisions and _ street crossing accidents due to the umbrella’s obstructing vision would become less frequent if this German porthole idea were followed universally. A clear view is obtained through a mica window. Decline of Railways Seen ORE concrete roads, with fewer railways, are needed, because they are cheaper to construct, cheaper to main- tain, and cost nothing for service, the National Roads and Motorists Associa- tion of New South Wales, Australia, has just told the government. Lieut. Gov. Sir William Cullen told the delegates “the time is rapidly approaching when provision for motor traffic will supersede making of railways. The progress of civilization is always toward simplicity.” immediately beneath the model. Resulting tones are increased to their remarkable volume with the aid of a powerful vacuum tube amplifier which is connected in turn with the enormous sounding chamber in the huge phonograph. So intense is the music that a person cannot remain in the cabi- net for any length of time without suffering temporary deafness. Re- search workers actually became nauseated with a kind of sound sickness during the period in which the machine was tested. Vaccine Given in Pills Now NEW and painless method of vacci- nation is being used in Europe with great success. The vaccine is taken in pills, chocolate covered. Prof. A. Besredka, of the Pasteur Institute in Paris, has de- veloped this means of immunization, and declares it is much more rapid in its effect than the older system. Extensive experiments in India, con- ducted by Lieut. Col. A. J. H. Russell, Director of Public Health in Madras, India, are said to have demonstrated the practical value of the new method. A window of mica in this new German umbrella enables one to use it in severest weather and still see where one is going, thus avoiding collisions The lady standing in it shows by comparison the size of this talking machine, 314 feet high. At left: In a room below a record ig played. The sound is then amplified by vacuum tubes and sent to the instrument Smoke Dims City’s Sun EW YORK CITY’S great smoke screen from factories, locomotives, and steamships cuts out forty-two percent of the morning sunlight that should bring warmth on winter days, say experts of the United States Public Health Service. At noon the loss is re- duced to eighteen percent. The smoke not only dims the sunlight, but it also cuts off the sun’s ultra-violet rays, which are especially healthful. Two Heads Proved to Beat One HAT “two heads are better than one” at thinking out a problem is the conclusion drawn from experiments con- ducted among students at Columbia Uni- versity by Prof. Goodwin B. Watson, who sought to test the familiar saying. Four nine-letter words were selected, “educators,” “‘neurotics,”’ “secondary” and “universal.’”’ Twenty groups of stu- dents each working coéperatively were told to see how many words of three let- ters or more they could make in ten minutes from the letters in these words. Later each individual made words alone. The average for a group was seventy- five words, while individuals attained only an average of thirty-two words, and the highest individual score was forty- nine words. This experiment, Prof. Wat- son says, indicates that speed picks up in group thinking. Further tests will be con- ducted to substantiate the theory. X-Ray Imparts Luminescence HE latest power of the X-ray to be discovered is its property of making certain substances glow in the dark. Dr. Frances G. Wick, of Vassar College, te veals that the substances glow if first treated with the X-ray and then warmed. One such substance is ordinary gypsum mixed with manganese. This phenome non is called thermoluminescence. April, 1928 : Elec The great sw that controls jad devices 0 tric yacht, OF 36 motors f than 4 miles Right: Th sixty-two-f that goes fa 25 miles an | out a crew work being electricity, by three ga HIS is rl tem six motor miles of ¥ its owner, and recrea tons or th the rope Moto IN it contin dash at fe or more channel p across COU without f less they gigantic s} ways, alr mapped, Germany, Italy in a present pl internatio automobil by goverr are fulfille forty mile will be pe terers will and charg traffic! Towns skirted b highways, ance wit! mendatio1 elevated | and will h They are or more i Under will rival uture ai

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il, 1923 un ories, > out alight days, >ublic is re- moke | also which April, 1928 : Electric Yacht Run | by Sti; fj The great switchboard that controls the myr- iad devices of the elec- tric yacht, operated by 36 motors and more than 4 miles of wiring Right: The $83,000 sixty-two-foot yacht that goes faster than 25 miles an hour with- out a crew, all the work being done by electricity, generated by three gas engines is run throughout by a novel sys- tem of electrical control. Thirty- six motors, involving more than four miles of wire, enable Col. H. H. Rogers, its owner, to operate all driving, living, and recreational devices by pressing but- tons or throwing switches. Only tossing the rope to the dock requires human Ts unique yacht, the Fan Kwai, TONLE a POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 65 Pressing Buttons Another switch reverses the operation when he returns. Windows and skylights, ovens, spits, and heaters in the galley, ventilators and ice box unit are electrically operated. A gyro-stabilizer keeps the craft level in rough seas and gives it a gentle rolling motion when the water is monotonously calm. Most surprising of all, an electric piano jumps out of the floor when music is desired by the guests. Three 175-horsepower gasoline engines embody a new departure in a combined motor and generator. unit which creates electrical power. The sixty-two-foot yacht will travel better than twenty-five miles an hour. my hands, and a mortar can- non device is being de- veloped to do this. If Col. Rogers wishes to leave the yacht he throws a switch on the elaborate switch- board shown in the top photograph, and a tender is mechanically lifted from the deck and lowered by the davits to the water. Motor Super-Speedways to Cover Europe N it will be possible for continental motorists to dash at forty miles an hour or more from the French channel ports or the Riviera across country to the Baltic without fear of arrest—un- less they slacken speed! A gigantic system of auto speed-. ways, already planned and mapped, will link France, Germany, Switzerland and Italy in a few years’ time, if present plans proposed by an international conference of automobile clubs and backed by governmental authorities are fulfilled. Any speed from forty miles an hour upward will be permitted — and loi- terers will be haled into court and charged with obstructing traffic! Towns and villages will be skirted by the new super- highways, which, in accord- ance with France’s recom- mendation, will probably be elevated above the ground and will have overhead railway crossings. They are expected to be a hundred feet or more in width. Under the speedw ay system, motors will rival trains for high-speed travel. Future automobiles that use these roads, pe BURG STETTIN L) OGERLIN LEIPZIG ) FRANKFORT OMUNICH VERONA CX GENOA 1CE YOFLOREN CES Proposed network over western Europe of motor speedways, where cars will be stream- lined, minimum speed being 40 miles an hour it is predicted, will be completely stream- lined and inclosed against wind—high- powered, and patterned after the low- hung cars of the race tracks. When a little music is wanted during tea or for a dance a button is pressed. A trapdoor rises and a mechanical device hoists out an electric piano. As the instrument starts playing the trapdoor sinks back to its place in the floor Simple Color Film Invention LENS attachment for cameras that makes possible the photographing and reproducing of natural color motion pictures without special films or special developing solutions is the invention of Harold N. Cox, of Pittsburgh. A cylindrical attachment is used on the lens front of any standard camera, and a similar device on the projector repro- duces the colored movies. In private demonstrations, according . to reports, full colored rainbows, Amer- ican flags, and vivid pictures of flower beds have been flashed on the screen. Rubber Paving Defies Wear UBBER paving lasts longer under heavy traffic, reduces noise and pre- vents skitiding, concludes the report of Col. T. H. Chapman, English engineer, on an experimental rubber pavement laid in London a year and a half ago. In that time it has carried 16,000 vehicles a day without appreciable deterioration. Woman Manufactures Stone NEW process for making artificial stone was described recently to the Institute of Quarrying in England by Mrs. Ann Greaves, the only woman member. She declares she can produce this stone at a third the cost of real stone. It has the added advantage of being workable with hammer and chisel.

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—s Manure, the best fertilizer, should be dugin the depth of the spade and turned at intervals until it cools RE you planning a gar- den this summer? Now is the time to commence making plans and even to start the early plants indoors, if you want a splendid melon patch or aster bed to exhibit to ad- miring friends. Your first operations will be to prepare the inside plant: boxes, for there is still frost in the ground and the prospect of a few more chilly nights. Shallow wooden boxes, éven cigar boxes or shal- low pottery dishes, are serviceable. Fill them with about two inches of light soil, slightly moistened, and your “germinat- ing vessels’’ are ready. Now for the seeds—little brown grains that promise gorgeous blooms and lus- cious vegetables. You sprinkle them up- on the soil and cover them with a layer of soil as thin as the seeds themselves. If they are fine, dustlike seeds they need no covering at all. Away go the seed boxes to any frost-free room, where they will stay at an even, mild temperature. A dark room will do, for the plants need no light to germinate. Keep the soil just moderately moist and you will soon be rewarded by little green shoots sprouting all around. _ transplanting time comes, one precaution may be necessary. You can take no liberties with certain types of plants, like cucumbers, melons, peppers and tomatoes; they resent the disturbing of their roots and do not re- cover from the shock in time to give an early, even crop. To humor them, it is best to use individual paper pots for the seedlings. The whole pot is transplanted without troubling the roots, and with the plant in its new home the paper jacket soon rots away. Warmer weather has come now, and you are taking advantage of a bright Saturday afternoon to get the vegetable garden How to Sta POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY By E. BADE ready. Clever fellow—you are making the rectangular beds just wide enough, so your arm can reach clear to the middle. When the weeds come, as they surely will, you can easily root them out. Your main path, I notice, is wide; that is good, Cord around two stakes guides oval bed marker Folding the seedling’s paper pot diagramed below. The upper cor- ners of the sheet are folded against each other on the diagonal dotted lines; then against right and left rectangles, which form sides. Lower corners are folded in same way and tabs folded over to fasten box together for it means that yoy can walk in com- fort through the garden. When it comes to.the flower garden in your front yard, you must turh landscape gardener and use discretion, particularly if space is restricted. You will remember that a small front yard is most pleasing with a lawn; your flower display will then be one or two formal beds, perhaps circles, squares, ovals or half-moons. Around the house you can place additional flowers without cutting up your lawn, to give a brilliant array of color. Here the little marigolds and bachelor’s buttons are at the front, with the tall hollyhocks or sun- flowers in back. When you have more of a yard to work with, you can flank your center walk with several formal beds of the same size and shape. If the walk is at the side, you can let your fancy run free. To lay out a circular bed, sink a stick in the center, tie a cord to it and tie another stick at the end of the cord to draw the rt Your Garden No Plant in Boxes at Once, Plan and Fertilize Your Beds and You'll Be Ready for Spring border line. It is always a good plan ty dig up a few inches of soil around the of the bed on the line you have drawn; this raises the bed and lowers the walk around it a trifle. For an oval bed typ stakes are driven and a cord placed aroun them and a third stick, which is used a the marker. (See center photograph.) You have dug up the bed, fertilized it, smoothed it, planted the seeds in litth rills and tapped earth gently over them, Now a few days have passed, and the plants are growing splendidly. Soon will need thinning, if your work has been well done. a OW about fertilizers? Soil should enriched when it is first commap deered to make a garden. Meadow @ forest land usually requires only lime sprinkled over it a few weeks before seeds are planted to counteract the natural acidity of its decaying organic matter. Cultivated ground requires substances rich in phosphates, lime, ammonium and potassium salts, such as manure and artifi. cial fertilizers. When ever possible, manure is used, spread and dug in to the ful depth of the spade, Turn it every other day for a week, then two or three times at weekly intervals; this cools it. Then you can start planting. 3 i Diagram, looking at the inside, is seedling pape pot before folding on the dotted lines. Cente rectangle is the bottom; four others, the side When two plz the mold, or picked up and the fly’s feet, with each oth: scientists cal ball spring m greater intric “garden” in

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY . 67 Footprints of a fly photographed and highly magnified by the ultra-rapid lens. In each print are innumerable spores, microscopic plant organisms formed by the decay of food particles adhering to the fly’s feet. The picture above was taken immediately after the footprints were made. That at the left was taken later and shows the spores sprouting out and growing Deadly Gardens in Fly Footprints Amazing Films Show How Decaying Matter That Spreads Disease Sprouts, Grows and Multiplies In Every Track Left by Insect Pest When two plants growing from the mold, or decaying matter, picked up and later dropped by the fly’s feet, come in contact with each other, they form what ; scientists call a ‘“‘plant mar- # riage,” which results in a com- * paratively gigantic ball of spores—although it, too, is so small that it can be seen only with a microscope. From this ball spring more plants, adding greater intricacy to the filigree “garden” in the fly footprint Photographs {rom “Secrets of Nature.” by Educational Dept., British Instructional Films, Lid. One of the plants that grow out of the mar- riage. These plants grow with extreme rapid- ity and bear a kind of “fruit”? that ripens and sends forth more spores, which in turn develop into plants of larger size and continue the chain of reproduction A much more highly magnified photograph of a plant marriage. When the mold plants ap- proach each other they react by sending out special growths, reaching toward each other. When they actually meet the formation of the ball of spores results. This remarkable photo- graph shows the special growths in various stages of approach and in the middle two of them are seen almost at the point of meeting ‘ Pe i Gi This highly magnified photograph shows the growth of mold from cheese The cheese mold “garden” in a fly’s footprint when it has reached its in one of the tiny fly footprints seen in the photograph to the right at the maximum growth. The white area toward the right is the spot of greatest top of this page. This strange process of growth in decaying animal and development of the spores-into plants. Although this growth process, Vegetable matter is one of the most malignant causes of disease, and these which is also a process of decay, is all in accord with Nature’s laws, it still Photographs show what able and dangerous allies flies are in the deadly constitutes a menace to human life, hence the need of constant vigilance to work, picking up and distributing the decaying matter wherever they go exterminate flies as the most industrious carriers of spores that breed disease

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= 7 ~ i ih NN EE a i ah ie Tip dL i { i ee 4 . Location has much to do with tuning problems—selectivity is particularly important in the city——in the country you want ability to bring in stations perhaps hundreds of miles distant POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY April, 19 Tips to Help Get Sharp Tuning How to Increase Selectivity by Good Antenna and Ground— Biasing Radio-Frequency Tubes—What a Wave Trap Will Do UNING-IN the radio station you want is a lot like picking the apple that appeals to you from a dish on the table. But how are you going to pick out one particular apple if the dish happens to be filled with apple sauce? And that, in many cases, is precisely the situation that confronts you when you attempt to tune-in a_ particular broadcasting station from among a number of others. You reach into a dish of radio apple sauce—stations all jumbled together on the same wave length—and you fish out part of the broadcasting you want plus a collection of squeals, howls and garbled bits from the other stations that happen to be broadcasting on practically the same wave length. The sharpest-tuning radio set in the world wouldn’t help you a bit in a case like that. You could tune it till you wore out the controls without getting rid of the interfering sta- tions. Before you condemn your radio receiver for broad tuning be sure, therefore, that the receiver really is to blame and that you are not re- quiring it to do the impossible. Location, too, has much to do with what you can or cannot accomplish in the way of improving the tuning qualities of your re- ceiver. If, for instance, you are located in a city surrounded by many good broadcasting stations and consequently care nothing By JOHN CARR about bringing in distant stations, you can afford to sacrifice sensitiveness for additional selectivity. If, on the other hand, you live a long distance from the nearest broadcasting station, you naturally won't want to do anything that will cause the stations to sound weaker. Fortunately, however, if you are a long way from the stations you do not need the degree of selectivity re- quired by the city man. ISTANCE makes the tuning sharper, so that a set that wouldn’t choose between stations when used in the city HIGH GRADE INSULATORS en KEEP ANTENNA AND LEAD-IN WIRE AWAY FROM ALL METAL OBJECT INSULATOR STICK NAILED UNDER EAVES USE PORCELAIN jij ‘TUBE FOR LEAD-IN |i HIGH QUALITY Ml LIGHTNING ARRESTER LIGHTNING GROUND TO * ‘PIPE DRIVEN iN GROUND Fig. 1. You can improve selectivity of any radio in- stallation by careful attention to aerial and ground might be perfectly satisfactory in the country. The antenna and ground system on any radio receiver have considerable to do with its real and apparent selectivity, The lower the resistance of the antenn and ground to radio-frequency currents, the sharper will be the tuning. Anything you can do to cut down the resistance will, therefore, improve the selectivity. Poor insulation and _ suspending the antenna too near to large masses of metal cause an increase in the radio-frequency resistance. Suppose your antenna is fitted with cheap, leaky insulators and runs for many feet quite close to a metal roof. Replacing the cheap insulators with more efficient ones and moving the antenna away from the roof will make it easier to choose be tween stations and make them louder a well. However, a good antenna is not much better than a poor antenna unless you have a good ground connection. Do not be satisfied merely to connect the ground wire to the most convenient point on a water pipe and let it go a that. Experiment a bit. Try running’ wire straight down into the cellar and ground it on the water pipe at the poit where it enters the house. Run ano ground wire to the galvanized or coppet drain pipe that carries off the rain water from the roof. In fact, it is a wise p to ground your radio set to every large mass of metal in the immediate neighbor hood. Some of these grounds may nd do any apparent good, but it is well to try if onl, have the b locality: Hyou are igno runnin matters Me soil, any mea One of the bury a bare your house fve points where they that leads of your re gldered an cumference under the s breaking }¢ only as a le Apparent cutting dov but you | method. very small tenna accol as cutting d HE st plificat selectivity | condensers ing have : chances ‘to r. contr 10 of th true of ma when a po vent the oscillating. control the system, bu as a volu bound to | the local — selectivity If you h greatly im by installi so that tk only to co set the pot tubes are ¢ point and you will in marked ex HE id streng enters the employed tric set, an with any 500,000-ok metallic a1 nect the « the anten: ing posts o Fig. 2. Add: bias as shoy to the ra. quency ste thr

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‘Pri, 199 i water nbor- - not o try April, 1928 if only to assure yourself that you have the best ground possible in your —. are located in a house where there . no running water supply and if, to make matters worse, the house is built on dry, sandy soil, then you will have to resort to ial means to obtain a good ground. One of the most satisfactory ways Is to bury @ bare copper wire in a circle about your house and run leads from four or fve points on the circle to the center, where they should be soldered to the wire that leads to the ground binding post of your receiver. All joints should be gldered and the wires leading to the cir- mference of the circle should be buried under the surface of the ground. Install- -jng a ground system of this type is a back- breaking job and should be undertaken only as a last resort. ; ; Apparent selectivity is obtained by cutting down the length of the antenna, but you lose signal strength by this method. Connecting a fixed condenser of very small value in series with the an- tenna accomplishes about the same result ascutting down the length of the antenna. HE stages of radio-frequency am- plification have much to do with the selectivity of a receiver. Poor coils, poor condensers and improperly placed shield- ing have some effect in spoiling your chances to choose between stations, but r.control systems are responsible for most of the trouble. This is particularly true of many older sets built in the days when a potentiometer was used to pre- vent the radio-frequency stages from oscillating. As an oscillation or “‘squeal”’ control the potentiometer is a foolproof system, but if you use the potentiometer as a volume control as well, you are bound to broaden out the tuning on all the local stations—where the need for selectivity is greatest. If you have a set of this type, you can greatly improve the sharpness of tuning by installing a separate volume control so that the potentiometer can be used only to control oscillation. Then if you set the potentiometer so that the vacuum tubes are close to the oscillation or squeal point and control volume independently, you will improve the selectivity to a very marked extent. HE ideal place to control the signal strength is at the point where it enters the receiver. This is the method employed in the PopuLar ScIENcE elec- tric set, and the same method can be used with any radio receiver. Purchase a 500,000-ohm potentiometer of the non- metallic and noninductive variety. Con- nect the outside terminals to the antenna and ground bind- ing posts of the set and connect Fig. 2. Adding a C- as shown above to the radio-fre- quency stage will the tuning POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY the antenna ‘to the center tap on the potentiometer. The reason the potentiometer causes broad tuning when you attempt to use it as a volume control as well as a “squeal” control is because the cutting down of the volume is attained by making the grids of the tubes positive, whereas they should be negative for best selectivity. In receivers using other methods of “squeal” control, you can take advantage of the increased selectivity when the radio-frequency tubes are operated with the filaments slightly negative by apply- ing a one and a half to three-volt C- battery to the radio-frequency stages of amplification. The way to do this is shown in Fig. 2. You will find that in the radio-frequency stages of any type of receiver each stage has a tuning coil and a variable con- denser. The fixed plate terminal of the variable condenser always is connected to one end of the tuning coil and to the grid terminal of the tube socket. The other end of the coil always is connected to the rotary plate terminal of the con- denser. Sometimes there is a branch wire that can be traced from the rotary plate terminal of the condenser to some point on the filament wiring. If there is, cut the wire and connect in a C-battery as This Booklet Will Help You ]F YOU expect to buy, install and operate .radio receiving equipment, send for the twenty- page booklet “What Radio Buy- ers Should Know,”’ dealing with these problems. It includes a list of tested and approved radio equipment. The price is twenty- five cents. Send your orders to the Popular Science Institute, 250 Fourth Avenue, New York. indicated in Fig. 2. This cannot be done if the set has a metal panel; in such cases the grid return is by way of the metal panel and perhaps part of the metal chassis. Of course a C-battery can be applied to the radio-frequency stages of such a set, but the method depends on the way in which the filament circuit is worked out and is different with each particular receiver. Fig. 2 also will help you to make another change in your receiver that will, in many cases, improve selectivity and also the tone quality. It is a change, however, that will materially cut down the sensitiveness of the receiver to weak signals and so is of no advantage if you want to bring in distant stations. This change is to substitute a C- battery for the grid condenser and grid leak on the detector tube. With grid bias detection instead of grid condenser detection, the tube also will handle louder signals without distortion. This feature is of relatively little importance in most cases, however, because severe distortion usually occurs in the audio amplifier before the detector tube be- comes overloaded. Look over Fig. 2 and you will note a continuous wire running from the upper end of the coil to the grid terminal of the 69 INNER COIL | in rameren | Cnnmnu’ E BINDING POST STATIONARY PLATE IR BINDING POST “ehpe pees 0005 (23 PLATE VARIA| GROUND CONDENSER = ROTARY PLATE BINDING POST HOSS WIRE Fig. 3. A wave trap circuit that improves the selectivity of the set tube socket. In the radio-frequency stages this wire is continuous, but in the detector stage it always includes a grid condenser with a grid leak connected in parallel with it. To install grid bias de- tection, this grid leak and condenser must be removed. The simplest way to do it is to wrap tin foil around the grid leak and put it back in the clips. ‘The tin foil short-circuits both the grid condenser and grid leak and gives the same effect as a plain piece of wire between the two points. The C-battery is connected in as shown in Fig. 2, except that for the detector cir- cuit, four and a half volts should be used, instead of three as shown. Many types of wave trap circuits have been designed to improve the selectivity of a radio receiver. One of the simplest and most effective is shown in Fig. 3. It will give you as much added selectivity as another stage of radio-frequency amplifi- cation, whether you add it to a simple one-tube set or to a large receiver that already includes two stages of radio- frequency amplification. Of course, this wave trap circuit does not increase the volume, but if you buy a high grade coil or carefully wind one and you use a high grade condenser you will find that there will be no appreciable falling off in signal strength. EITHER the diameters of the coils nor the capacity of the variable con- denser need conform to the specifications given in Fig. 3. The condenser has to be of the correct capacity to work with the larger coil in order that the circuit will operate over the broadcast band of wave lengths. It is entirely practical to purchase the coils. You will note that the diameter .and number of turns correspond to the specifications of many factory-wound coils that are sold for use in various tuned radio-frequency circuits. If you don’t care to wind the coil yourself, take this magazine with you when you go to the radio dealer and he will be glad to pick out for you a stock coil and a condenser that will work with it. If you have a cdndenser on hand that you wish to use that is not of .0005 mfd. capacity (twenty-three plate), you can alter the number of turns on the large coil to fit your condenser. If your con- denser has a capacity of .00035 (seventeen- plate), wind the larger coil with sixty turns of wire instead of the number specified in Fig. 3. With a .00025 mfd. (eleven to thirteen plate) condenser use seventy-two turns of wire.

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Seah pisundiian baba d=2 eats Tele ans Fine Points to Help You in Radio Difficulties of Wiring Simplified Prolonging Life of Tubes by Correct Voltage—Testing Condensers HILE a firmly soldered joint is ideal in electric wiring, there are cases in radio where soldering is not so convenient. For example, you may wish to connect wires to an instrument that is equipped with binding posts instead of lugs. The simplest way is to wind the bared ends of the wires around the binding posts and screw down the nuts, but it is very difficult to do a good, solid job that way. A satisfactory way is to solder a lug to the end of each wire and then clamp the lugs under the binding post nuts. In the illustrations on this page is shown a way to form lugs on the ends of the stranded insulated wire now so popular for radio hook-ups. This method gives a strong lug that will not become detached from the end of the wire. As shown somewhat enlarged in Fig. 2, the procedure is simple. The end of the stranded wire is bared and the strands divided into two groups. These groups of strands are wound around a special eyelet in opposite directions, as shown in the center of Fig. 2, and then the eyelet is compressed in the special pliers shown in Fig. 1. The result is a perfectly formed lug, as shown at the right in Fig. 2. When several binding posts have to be connected to the same wire, this eyelet- lug arrangement is ideal, because the wire can be bared at the point corres- ponding to the locations of the binding posts, the strands divided, and a lug clamped in place without cutting the wire. T-connections also are easily made by removing the insulation from the point on the wire where the T is to join, spreading the strands, and then twisting the strands from the branch wire around the same eyelet before clamping. It is not necessary to solder these con- nections at all, as the clamping gives a positive connection. Use the Correct Voltage HE importance of using the correct A, B and C voltages on a vacuum tube can hardly be emphasized too much. The A-voltage is the voltage applied to the filament of the tube. It may be direct current in the ¢ase of storage bat- tery type tubes or alternating current in the case of the new A C tubes. The same rules apply in both cases. Operat- ing the tube with the A-voltage more than a very small fraction above the rated voltage will shorten the life of the tube by many months in most cases. ‘Operating it at below normal voltage will result in poor tone quality if the tube is used as an audio amplifier or POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Fig. 1. When the eyelet is placed between the jaws of the pliers, the tubular portion is curled outward and pressed against the strands of wire, making a solid connection A B C’s of Radio OW long should a vacuum tube last? One thousand hours, nominally. Actually, the life of a vacuum tube depends on how it is used. Turning the rheostats too far, so that the tubes burn too brightly, may cause them to give out after only a few hours of service. Too low a C-voltage may cause them to stop functioning long be- fore their appointed time. No two vacuum tubes are exactly alike. They may have been manufactured with the same tools and out of the same materials—yet one may last longer than the other. How often should I replace the vacuum tubes? The answer to this must also be qualified. A vacuum tube should be replaced when it no longer functions as it should, but if you have no way of testing the tube, all you can do is to have a spare tube of each variety always on hand and every two months substitute the spare tube for each one of the same kind in the set. If a spare tube im- proves results, the one it replaced should be discarded. If no improve- ment is noted, put the old tube back. Fig. 2. Atleft: Eyelet between parted strands of wire. Center: How the strands should be curled around the tubular portion of the eyelet. Right: The perfect lug formed by the special tool pictured in the top illustration April, 193 weak volume if it is performing the fun, tion of a radio-frequency amplifier, The B-voltage can be less than mari. mum, if desired, but of course the vol will be less. For instance, if the 1714 tube is operated at 150 volts instead ¢ 180 there will be a noticeable decrease ip volume. Applying the proper C-voltage is whey most radio fans make mistakes. Th proper C-voltage depends entirely on th B-voltage, and if the tube is operate with lower than maximum B-voltage th C-voltage should be cut down, otherwig tone quality suffers. Unfortunately, hoy. ever, the tone quality you obtain dog not indicate whether the C-voltage js right. You can cut the C-voltage dom far below the proper value, and th signals may still sound all right, although the tube .may be badly overloaded, | you have no reliable means of measuring the plate current of the tube and, asjs often the case when you are using aB eliminator, you don’t know what th B-voltage actually is, play safe with th C-voltage and run it up as high as yw can without spoiling the tone quality, You may not get just the right com bination for maximum power by this procedure, but you will insure long lif for the tubes. Testing High Capacity Condensers VERY common method of testi connections to see if they are tight and to test wires for broken points is to use a test circuit consisting of an ordinay drop cord with a fifteen-watt lamp in th socket. One of the two wires of the drop} cord is cut. If the two bared ends ar brought together the current will flr and the lamp will light. It follows thi if you touch the two bared ends to ead side of a doubtful connection and tk lamp lights, you can be sure that cur rent is flowing through the doubtful cor nection. Commercially built test ses embodying this idea are for sale. Sud an outfit, either home or factory built is very useful in testing for broken cot nections and for short circuits. However, there is one test where yol are liable to be badly fooled. If the tet circuit is operated by alternating currett you may find that the lamp lights whe you connect the test points to the te minals of large capacity condensers § as are used in filter circuits. This dow not mean that the condenser is shot circuited. A large condenser with 4 capacity of several microfarads will pas enough current to light the lamp alma to full brilliance. A large capacity ¢ denser can be tested for a short ct only by the use of direct current. | } “ INE! prou citize on tl bration. — would a tall who was sta “What's | er. rah. th up architect keeping the! “Some of afford to iin a muddy by his briar pip “Can't, e “] happen t a bank acco and mine pu keeps living old frame when he car “What’s | “Everett. “Yes, tha someone be; “Excuse 1 name is Ev a mild voice There wa mur of apo embarrassec “PHAT’: mind knocks,” s good-hum thought I'd self. I lik and good ay as anybody my means. trouble is | ideal site in many shade practically asite as go the old hor there are ¢ of the lot ai new house diate neigh ambitious :

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wil, 19% ~(| TS le fune. r. | Maxi. von 1+ eal ease ip 3 Where - Th on the erated uge the LeTWise y, how. N does age is > dom 1d the tho od iSLring |, as iy gab at the ith the aS Yol uality, ; COM y this ng life Apeil, 1928 A House Has Its Face Lifted How the Old Everett Home Lost That Pinched Look by a Sweeping Change in Its Roof Lines “ INEST suburb in America, boys!” proudly announced a substantial citizen among a group assembled on the sidewalk to view a local celebration. “It would be if it wasn’t for one thing,” a tall neighbor with a deep voice ho was standing near by. “What’s that, Dan?” asked the first POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY By JOHN R. McMAHON HIS is the second of Mr. McMahon’s series of articles telling of the ex- periences of real people in building and rebuilding houses. Perhaps you or your friends have had interesting problems which Mr. McMahon can discuss in one of his future articles. If so, write a letter telling about them to the Home Building Dept... POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY, 250 Fourth Ave., New York. 71 “Are more houses being altered today than formerly?”’ was my first general question. “Yes,” replied the architect. ‘The increased cost of building is a leading factor. If you can fix up an old house at one quarter to one third the cost of a new one, you will be inclined to do it. People are now more sensitive to looks and have changes made on artistic er. Thy. the fossils who hold up architectural progress by keeping their old houses.” “Some of the owners can’t afford to iimprove,”’ suggested a ruddy bystander, charging his briar pipe. “Can't, eh?” retorted Dan. “T happen to know of one with abank account equal to yours and mine put together. Yet he keeps living in the common old frame shack he bought when he came here.” “What’s his name?” “Everett.” “Yes, that’s a case of——” someone began. “Excuse me, gentlemen, my name is Everett,” interrupted a mild voice in the rear. There was a confused mur- mur of apology mingled with embarrassed laughter. “TPHAT’S all right, I don’t mind a few neighborly knocks,” said Mr. Everett good-humoredly. ‘“‘Just thought I’d speak up for my- self. I like choice materials and good appearance as much asanybody. They are within my means. But my chief trouble is location. I have an ideal site in a quiet street with many shade trees. It would be practically impossible to find asite as good. Now, I might tear down the old house and build a new one, but there are objections, including the size of the lot and the contrast that a swanky new house would make with our imme- diate neighbors. Again, I am not very ambitious at my time of life, with the children growing up and leaving, about having a stylish new residence.” “There is something in that point house today, and, at the right, as it appeared before alterations. See how the narrowing ef- fect of the original hip roof has been broad- ened by the change in- to an extended gable. Four windows of the dormer in the old roof have been increased to six in the gable, adding to the widening effect and supplying the en- larged attic bedroom with much more light too,” agreed an auditor. “Of course all this,” resumed Mr. Everett, “does not justify utter neglect of my ‘common old frame shack,’ as it Was called. Well, I have not neglected the house. It has been twice improved Internally and it has everything inside that is needed for neat and comfortable the Everett living. The outside has bothered me, as well as my friend Dan. The answer is that the outside will be tinkered shortly so as to make a new and better front. An architect is studying on the plans right now. When we get through I hope that my house will have a respectable if modest place among the residences that adorn this town.” It was some months later that I visited the architect in this case, H. Mes- singer Fisher, and asked him to tell me the details. He was willing to do so provided the client’s desire to avoid mention of his name was respected. That was an easy condition. I am sure no reader who is interested in house changes minds that the owner’s name is also changed. grounds alone. Others com- bine the demand for better looks with practical improve- ment. New inventions and discoveries stimulate change; for example, oil burners, wall- board, brushing lacquer and violet-ray glass. These things add space, speed up alteration or put the benefit of the latest discovery within reach of any householder.” 7 OW old is the Everett house? ” “About twenty years, and this is the third time it has been tinkered up,” replied Mr. Fisher. ‘“‘The first alteration consisted of a sleeping porch sun room added in the rear off a bedroom. Some years ago I | put a similar addition of sleep- ing porch sun room on the south side of the house. Noth- ing had been done about the general architectural lines of the original dwelling and I was not surprised when the owner came to me recently and said: “**My house has a narrow look. What can I do to make it look wider?’ “I replied to his question: “The roof is the key to this problem, as it is in many other cases. It is the most conspic- uous part of a house and may either enhance or detract from the general appearance. The present roof is like a small hat on a big man. We can increase it to a dignified size while taking advan- tage of broadening lines and at the same time incorporating interior improvements. The front view effect of the present roof is a small triangle with crowded space below. We could make a large triangle, if necessary, but your requirements and the appearance will be satisfied by extending the triangle line on one side.’ ” ° F COURSE you went into more detail,” I suggested. “Yes,” said the architect, “‘the specific recipe was like this: The main roof being a hip, bring the ridge to the plane of the

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72 front wall, making a gable. Continue the south gable line to the top of the sun room, which will increase the front wall space of the second floor. This will make the house look wider. The present front with its bay window and hip roof is lacking in the contrasting element of wall surface. We will gain the latter and get rid of the crowded effects. Horizontal lines tend to give a wider appearance and in the same way vertical lines make a house seem tall or narrow.” “What do you mean by lines, architecturally speaking?” “Anything that the eye notices as such. Paint may give the desired effect, but the eye is better con- vinced by structural lines, as of roof, walls, doors and windows. Now, the old hip roof of the Everett house had a dormer with four win- POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY y= wi AN with Two DOORS >. ox BATH WALLS AND OEIUNG 7 ow, HIGH Reon NEW x = SSS oo4i ‘ ee aed ATTIC PLAN The new attic floor plan, showing enlargement of the bedroom, increased window “A change in plumbing in an old house is likely to be troublesome,” I sug- gested. “Yes, as in a new bathroom in an at- tic,” replied the ar- chitect. “‘ People say, ‘I want a new bath- room here,’ and they never think that there may be a problem to connect the soil pipe down through the house to the old drain line in the cellar. In this case the location was fortunate, since the soil pipe from the attic fixtures went through a_ second floor closet and then through the kitchen, dows in a row. I saw that we could use these windows in the new space, and a new bathroom where it could be boxed alongside a April, 19 rafters were used to frame the new and the original attic windows staye4 to keep company with the new op. When a chimney is torn down the ,y bricks can be cleaned and used again ¢ rough masonry or backing for face brick The economy of salvage depends largely on labor cost and also on quality and condition of the old material. It does pay to save cheap or damaged stuff jij, warped shingles, weathered siding, ms tin and galvanized iron. It might be wel for the owner to ask for two bids, One based on salvage and the other on all ney stuff. If the difference is slight, take the new material.” ht = is real economy in standapi. size doors and windows?” “Certainly,” agreed the architeg, “whether on a new house or an alten, tion job. It is the same as buying ready. made shoes versus made-to-order foot, wear. There is a wide range of stock size that will fit practically every need, anj you save time as well as money. Evena architect sometimes overlools gable; and, by adding two more windows, one on each side, we would gain more of the horizontal line broadening effect. And while the extra windows improved the exterior aspect, they benefited the en- larged attic bedroom with more light. This improved bedroom was to be used as a guest cham- ber with a small room near by turned into a bathroom.” 7 ID you have everything figured out in advance?” **No, and it doesn’t usually happen that way, especially with a remodeling job,” said Mr. Fisher. ‘The owner first talks it over with the archi- tect. Then the architect looks Le this point in some detail, | did myself on the Everest house when-I specified a pair of eighteen-light glass dooy for the new sleeping porch m the second floor. The carpen. ter reminded me that this wa a special size and that fifteep. light doors, being stock, would cost less. No one would eve notice the trifling difference between the two sets of door, and I readily gave permission for the change. Of cour the owner is credited with such an economy when i develops after the contract is signed for the work to be don at a given figure. If the chang in plans is made before the over the scene, studies the plans and makes preliminary sketches. Everybody con- cerned talks a lot more. The sketches are revised and approved. The plans are drawn to scale and a contract is made with a builder. Then when the work is started the owner has a new idea, and we may have to change a number of things. One of these ideas in this case had to do with the question of connecting rooms. The original house had three intercon- necting rooms, used by parents and chil- dren for sleeping quarters. As children grow up, more privacy is required. There- fore the extra doors between these rooms were removed and the spaces were filled u a “There is no difficulty in shifting doors and windows, I believe.” % SUALLY not with frame con- struction. To close an opening, remove trim, insert two-by-four-inch studs spaced on sixteen-inch centers, cover both sides to match wall surfaces, and there you are. To make an opening the wall material must be sawed out, and studs doubled at the sides and top of the opening. A truss may be needed at the top if the span is wide and the partition carries much weight. Then the trim goes on, and the new door or window is fitted in. It costs a little more in material and labor to add than to subtract an opening.” A view of the remodeled house on the south side. house has been widened and its appearance improved by the addition of the sleeping porch on the second floor, above first floor sun room — Notice how the contract is signed, the co tractor presumably lowers his bid accordingly. There is not a great saving on one detail wall. Sometimes a soil pipe is hidden by making a partition wider than usual with studs two by six instead of two by four inch. There is another occasional like that, but a number of de tail economies may add up to a tidy sum.” “DLASTERING rooms i an occupied house ust problem—to avoid showing the 7 exposed top of soil pipe upon a front roof. ,The answer is to carry the soil pipe between the attic raft- ers to the rear and let the exposed part project from a back roof. This method is generally allowed by the plumbing codes. But it is necessary to specify such a detail in a contract and to see that it is observed, since the average plumber will overlook it. Of course it takes more time and ma- terial to run pipe at an angle through the attic in- stead of vertically.” **How much old material is salvaged on a job like this?” I asked. SECOND FLOOR PLAN to be quite a bugbear,” Ir marked. **It was and is, but has nov become unnecessary, thanks to new material and methods,” said Mr, Fisher. “‘ The first inver tion toward abatim this nuisance was th development of wall- board, sections of mate rial four feet wide ani the height of any room, that could be nailed direct to studding. Thu we got rid of lath aml quantities of wet plat ter. The job was dy, clean and speedy. course the joints b tween sections had t “That depends on cir- cumstances, including the cost of new stuff. In this case some of the original In the remodeled second floor, three interconnecting rooms were separated by removing the doors and filling in the spaces as shown. A new sleeping porch was added be filled with a_plasti substance. The: quet tion of finish then ares (Continued on page 19 April, 1928 S J

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il, 195 April, 1928 EW roof Stayed N Ones, the olj Zain for e brick largely ity and les not Uff like g, Tusty De Wel ds, One all ney ake the andard. chitect, alter. y Teady. oT foot. CK sizes ed, and oven an "erlooks tail, | Everett l ‘ pair + doors Right Bean orch on macs Carpen- his was fifteen. » Would Id ever ference f doors, Mission cours d_ with hen i tract is be done change ore. the 1e Col. vers his > is not > detail Lawt r of de. Right Bearing d up to Right Place = SS". SEEE gas a” =F o> ak POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY do 145 machine tool manufacturers use SKF bearings as standard equipment ) Because nothing is apt to cost so much as a bearing that cost so little ! aK Ball Bearings .~ . Roller Bearings It costs more to replace a poor bearing than to buy the best that SSIS ever produced. SSS on a bearing, like the sterling mark on silver, represents a definite standard of quality, and you can depend on one just as surely as you can depend upon the other. Pp PP p SKF INDUSTRIES, INC., 40 E. 34th St., New York, N. Y. ee Coe ee , 2 a —— : 1. “3 EE \. s . Me J = i, Gh ee sigs oi # 73 1981 ; FS] This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE*OFSSTANDARDS. See page 8.

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Ditinking Garage “Gyps” POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY How to Save the $20.66 You Waste Yearly on Useless Auto Repairs and » Poor Workmanship ‘| , By Myron M. STEARNS The owner kicked like a steer at a $7.15 bill when the job took only ten minutes SHORT time ago the following letter came to the editor of PopuLaR SCIENCE MontTHLy: “Dear Sir: *“What is the matter with our garage men? ‘Last week I took my car to a garage, and left word what I thought the trouble might be. When I went to get it they told me the trouble had evidently been what I had intimated, and that they had fixed it. The bill amounted to only $3.45, but on looking it over I found they had replaced a part that had been put in new only a short time before, and which I knew was working perfectly. The car ran no better than it had before. The real trouble had not been touched. ““Do these things happen because the garage men are trying to get out of their business more than there is in it, or is it a case of being plain dumb? “Sincerely yours, “Carl Granquist, “Rockford, Ill.” The editor turned that letter over to me. “Three dollars and forty-five cents,” he said, “‘is no great matter. But nearly everybody has had that same experience in one way or another. Let’s learn the truth about it. What are the chances, when a man takes his car to a garage for repairs, that he'll get an honest, efficient job? See if you can’t get the facts.” I found out that there are approxi- mately 50,000 garages in the United States today doing repair work, and that something like $1,000,000,000 a year is spent in them on such work. But the startling thing is this: Inquiries among garage men, repair shops, automobile owners and mechanics led me to believe something like half the total is wasted! Five hundred million dollars a wasted on unnecessary motor repairs and inefficient work, or worse! At that I found nothing to indicate that garage men or repair shop men as a -whole are naturally any less honest or well meaning than men in other occu- year pations. The average garage owner feels that he is running a perfectly honest business, competently and efficiently. I found car owners as a rule slow to criti- cise, and usually quite loyal to their par- ticular repair men—just as people are to a doctor—but I got, bit by bit, the real facts behind this huge waste. Finally I went to one mechanic I’ve known for a couple of years, a veteran and an expert. We sat outside his garage, twenty miles outside of New York City on the Boston Post Road, went over the information I had obtained, and outlined the main causes of the tremendous waste in motor repairing. HE table we worked out, on the basisof what the losses of $500,000,000 a year cost the average owner of one of the 23,000,000 cars in the United States, subdivided the losses under five heads: Bad diagnosis, $4.04. Bad management, $8.08. Bad judgment, $3.26. Bad workmanship, $3.26. Bad faith, $2.02. And here is what Fred Gartner, as I shall call him, told me with specific illus- trations of each of the different kinds of waste, gleaned from his long experience in auto repair shops: “One of the biggest losses comes from not being able to locate the trouble. Any mechanic who is a good diagnos- tician, who can tell by the sound just what the trouble probably is, is worth big April, 192 wages. They all think they can, but if we say one mechanic in five is a good trouble shooter, we're being liberal. “Once I was working in a garage out- side Glendora, in Southern California, when a man walked into the shop. “*Have you got a good carburetor man here?’ he asked. ‘I’ve got a car stuck down the road here; and I think the trouble is in the carburetor.’ “**Jim, here,’ says the boss, ‘is our car- buretor man. He invented carburetors.’ Like a lot of garage proprietors, the boss was a great kidder but didn’t know an awful lot about machines himself. Jim was hardly more than an apprentice. He goes out with the man, and after an hour comes back. He hasn’t been able to get the car started, so we tow it in. Y THIS time Jim has decided the trouble is with the ignition. He scrapes all the spark plugs and goes over the wiring. No result, so Jim decides it’s the timing and gets after the distributor. There goes another hour. Finally, when they can’t get the motor to show a sign of life, Jim opens up the gasoline tank and smells the gas. “*There’s your trouble,’ he says. ‘Smell that! That stuff they've sold you wouldn't fire in a tractor!’ “They drain out about seven gallons of the stuff and put in new gas. ‘Now you're O. K.,’ says Jim. “The owner gets in and steps on the starter. Nothing doing. “Now it’s almost quitting time and they call me over to see if I can help out. | The owner thinks there’s dirt stuck in the needle valve of the carburetor. “*It’s possible you're right,’ I said, ‘although that’s a mighty unusual thing to have happen. (Continued on page 152) To

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 75 A Radiotron for every purpose RADIOTRON UX-201-A Detector Amplifier RADIOTRON UV-199 Detector Amplifier RADIOTRON UX-199 Detector Amplifier RADIOTRON WD-11 Detector Amplifier RADIOTRON WX-12 Detector Amplifier RADIOTRON UX-200-A Detector Only RADIOTRON UX-120 Power Ampliper Last Audvo Staye Only RADIOTRON UX-222 Screen Grid Radio Frequency Amplifier RADIOTRON UX-112-a Power Amplifier RADIOTRON UX-171-A Power Amplifier Last Audio Stage Only RADIOTRON UX-210 Power Amplifier Oscillator ‘ RADIOTRON UX-240 "loca Amplification t- RADIOTRON UX-226 RC A R di h b RCA HOUR a, A.C. Filament a 10trons ave een . RADIOTRON UY-227 Every Saturday Night or a. Sane ° * d e Through the following i a ay Lo a Imitated 1M appCaLrance, — seNmcnt proscar 7 RADIOTRON UX-281 ing Company: aij- have ectifier - . r. h d = 8 to 9 p. m. aeemeewe ape 2S ee Cree Eater Tine ' WJZ WEEL WTIC : RADIOTRON UV-876 1. A b h . h . WIJAR WTAG 1 RADIOTRON UV-886 thing but the main thing WCSH WBAL WRC e Ballast Tube WLW WIR ‘ nie ; The standard _ P d bl Pp f 7 to 8 p. m. FP fo ee ependapie perrormance. Contral Time tubes are rated Look for this mark on every Radiotron the same great laboratories where the principles of modern broadcasting were developed. You can rely on Radiotrons. Never use new tubes with old ones that have been in use a year or more. See that your set is completely equipped with RCA Radiotrons once a year at least. KYW KSD WCCO WOC WHO WDAF WOW WHAS WSM : _ Every Radiotron is made and tested by the engineers WMC WSB of RCA, Westinghouse and General Electric, in 8 to 9 p. m. Pacific Time KPO KGO KFI KGW KFOA-KOMO KHQ RCA Radiotron MADE B MAKERS OF THE RADIOLA RADIO CORPORATION OF AMERICA - NEW YORK ;: CHICAGO - SAN FRANCISCO mee a wee ———~} © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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Sisetul Ki POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY April, 1923 nks for the Motorist Double Purpose Light Switch and Other New Ideas ODERN __ automobiles are built so close to the ground that it is no longer easy to crawl underneath them to do any neces- sary repair work. Of course, it is easy enough to jack up either the front or rear wheels to make it easier to work under the car, but there always is the possibility that the jack mechanism will break or that the car will roll off the jack in response to a sudden pull with a wrench or other tool applied to some part of the chassis. Wooden blocks made up as shown in Fig. 1 will eliminate both these possibili- ties and also save time. It is desirable to hinge the tapering ends so that they can -7 be swung around out ; of the way after the car has been run up on the blocks. This arrangement will give you more room and make it easier to move around. BLOCK AND HINGED INCLINE Two-Purpose Light Switch A NOVEL switch arrangement that can be used for two purposes is shown in Fig. 2. The switch is mounted on a small block placed just in front of the gear shift lever. In the drawing the size of the switch has been exaggerated to show the construction more clearly. The switch should be mounted so that the gear lever will push in the block to which the switch spring is attached only when the gear shift lever is moved to the left and forward, in which position the gears are in reverse on all new cars. The switch can be wired in parallel to the regular stop light switch so that the stop light will be lighted at all times when the car is in reverse. Or if you have to back your automobile out of a long drive- way in the night time, you can fit a small spot light on the back of your car and wire it by way of this switch to the storage battery or the ammeter. Then when you push the lever into reverse in Fig. 3. On modern cars with indirectly lighted instrument panels, a radio jack and plug will prove useful for connecting up a trouble or camp light Fig 1. By using wooden blocks you can get more space in which to work under your car and eliminate the danger of the car rolling off the jack. Cutting the blocks at the incline and hinging them facilitates moving around CONTROL LEVER IN REVERSE POSITION \ TO AMMETER / / FY SWITCH SPRING ~~ Y. 1 LLL PLAN VIEW WITH TOP OFF Fig. 2. A switch like this can be wired to turn on a spot light fastened to the back of the car so that you can see your way when backing Ten Dollars for an Idea! ICHARD GRAUER, of Aus- tin, Minn., is the winner of the $10 prize this month for his suggestion of the novel two-pur- pose light switch that is shown in Fig. 2. Each month POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY awards $10, in addition to the regular space rates, for the best sugges- tion for motorists sent in by any reader. Other contributions that are published on this page are paid for at the usual rates. order to back at night, the light will show you the way. Jack for Extra Light g b= usual method of connect. ing up a trouble light is to plug it into the dash-light socket in place of the dash-light bulb, but with so many of the new cars fitted with panels that are jp. directly lighted, this method is no longer practical. Of course, you can fit a metal spring clip to each of the two wires from the trouble light, but it is a nuisance to lo. cate the proper points in the wir. ing each time you want to use the light. A simple solution of this problem is to fit to the panel an ordinary open-circuit jack such as is used for the loudspeaker of a radio receiver and then fit a regular loudspeaker plug to the end of the trouble cord. This arrangement, as shown in Fig. 3, is partic. ularly handy if the extra light happens to be a light for your tent when camping. When the Axle Breaks HEN the axle breaks on many types of cars it is impossible te tow them because the broken axle works out of the housing. If the break is close to the differential gear, the axle will sup- port the wheel so that it will run true enough to tow the car if the device pictured in Fig. 4 is used. A wooden bar of two-by-four-inch cross section is placed as shown and wired to the rear end of the running board and to the rear end of the rear spring. A hole large enough to accommodate the end of the axle should be bored in the wooden bar. Of course extra strain is imposed on several parts of the rear axle assembly, so the car should be towed slowly and carefully, especially around corners. 77), \ AXLE END Fig. 4. Provided the axle is not broken too nea the wheel, you can tow your car to the repaif station by using a wooden bar as shown above April, 19.

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ny rks G aka April, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 77 — N FRIGIDAIR G EN E R A L sore a s A New Sense of Security Comes with the Use of Frigidaire {| Choice of more than half a million | Yes, Frigidaire, the electric refrigerator eliminates all doubt and uncertainty as to the healthful preservation of food. The most perishable foods stay fresh and wholesome. Even milk and cream stay sweet for days. It is the greatest of all safeguards to heaith. Frigidaire is an economy, too. It costs little to operate. Quantity production has made prices surprisingly low. More than half a million ate now in use—more than all other makes combined. FRIGIDAIRE ° PRODUCT OF GENERAL MOTORS i See the new models now on dis- play at Frigidaire show rooms everywhere. Find out about the convenient General Motors terms. If you have a good ice-box, let us tell you howeastly and quickly it can be converted into a Frigidaire. Or mail coupon for an interesting and valuable booklet on refrigeration. FRIGIDAIRE CORPORATION DAYTON » » » OHIO FRIGIDAIRE CORPORATION Dept. Y-7, Dayton, Ohio. Please send me free booklet on healthful refrigeration. Name Address © This neal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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No. DG 23—!4” Standard Duty © No. DJ 6—1!2” Heavy Duty POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY m ‘ exp No. DB 14—14,” Heavy Duty we aa _ASINWLS ANNOUNCING— a line of better electric drills with new standards of performance Before offering these new Stanley Drills to you, we have placed a number of them in woodworking shops and manufacturing plants Without exception, the carpenters and for a practical trial. mechanics who have worked with them report that Stanley Electric Drills are superior to any similar tool they have used. They have commented particularly on their power, high efficiency and ease of operation. These Stanley Electric Drills are the result of two years of research, STANLEY TOOLS The choice of most carpenters experiments, and exacting tests, ’ You can examine the new Stanley Electric Drills at your dealer’s. Our booklet Se59 con- tains full information on these new drills. We will be glad to send you a copy upon receipt of the coupon below. THE STANLEY WORKS New Britain, Conn. Please send me Booklet Se59, describ- ing the new Stanley Electric Drills. Name —_— City State © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. it? Th that, fo these si cost anc The } dren off sands of With a not diff dren at mates a portuni’ is indee to knov happy, that the - being it The trapeze. ter-tott plane tl long an tank fo every because using t pose. 7] trimme chine g mill are In f

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1, 1928 ur m- Se to of b- - being improved. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 79 A Real Kiddies’ Playground Convert Your Back Yard into a Child’s Paradise with Simply Made Equipment By H. V. PATTERSON NY boy or girl, I am sure, would like to come and play in this yard. But wouldn’t it be better still to make a playground like it? There is nothing impossible about that, for any father or brother can build these simple toys and apparatus at small cost and with little work on his part. The pressing problem of keeping chil- dren off the street, with its thou- sands of dangers, is most serious. With a playground like this it is not difficult to interest the chil- dren at home, and their play- mates are always glad of an op- portunity to be with them. It is indeed a satisfaction to mother to know that the children are happy, contented and safe, and that their health and morals are The playground contains a trapeze, swing, rings, tent, tee- ter-totter and flagpole; an air- plane that runs on a wire 100 ft. long and gives a real thrill; and a tank for miniature boats, which every mother will appreciate because almost all boys insist on using the bathtub for this pur- pose. The apparatus is painted white and trimmed in green. Incidentally, the ma- chine gun, sailboat, battleship and wind- mill are all homemade toys. In purchasing the lumber for play- ground apparatus, choose clear, straight-grained oak and yellow pine for all parts that must be strong and durable. Common grades of spruce and hemlock are cheaper, but you will ex- perience a great deal of difficulty if you purchase them for this work. Strength and durability At the right is the airplane shown above. The teeter-totter, swing and trapeze in the foreground and the boat tank at the left will provide hours of healthful outdoor amusement for the children The dimensions for the airplane. Make Sure that the chains are securely fastened and adjust it so that the tail skid strikes the ground first, thereby acting as a brake are of the utmost importance in this work. The materials necessary for the trapeze, swing and rings are as fol- 4 lows: 1 pe. 1 by 2 in. by 12 | ft., 1 pe. 2 by 3 in. by 8 ft., and 4 pes. 2 by 2 in. by 8 ft., all oak; 1 pe. 3% in. by 1 in. strap iron, 6 ft. long; 16 carriage bolts, 54 by 314 in.; 2 carriage bolts, 5 by 5 in.; 2 car- riage bolts, 4% by 5 in.; 2 pes. 4%-in. gas pipe, 4 in. long; 4 washers, 14 in.; 6 porch swing hooks; 1 set porch swing chains; 2-114-in. eyebolts. It simplifies the construction greatly if you have a planing mill cut and plane the lumber. This airplane, sliding down a 100-ft. wire, will provide a fascinating thrill without danger if properly constructed First cut the 2 by 3 in. cross- beam to a length of 7 ft. and bore a %-in. hole 30 in. from each end. Now lay out the four 2 by 2 in. legs, which are 7 ft. 10 in. long. Cut the upper end of each on an angle so that they will spread 6 ft. 8.in. apart at the bottom. When in place, bore a %-in. hole at the upper end of each, 11% in. from the top, to cor- respond with the holes in the crossbeam; also bore a %-in. hole 13 in. from the upper end. Cut two 1 by 2 in. braces 32 in. long and bore a %-in. hole 1% in. from either end. Bolt them in place as indicated in the drawing on page 98. Cut four pieces of the 1-in. strap iron 18 in. long, drill a hole in each end, and bolt them in place. Cut two 1 by 2 in. pieces 28 in. long and bolt them 20 in. below the top of the crossbeam. Place the six screw hooks in the crossbeam at the locations shown in the drawing. Cut two chains 70 in. long for the swing. The seat is a piece of 1 by 6 in. oak 18 in. long. Bore holes for the two eyebolts and fasten the chains in place. The trapeze is made of two pieces of chain 32 in. long and a_ broomstick grooved to hold (Continued on page 98)

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Next We an Exceptionally Beautiful Model of the |; Pilgrims’ Ship—The Work Is Relatively ~ Easy and the Materials Cost Little By E. ARMITAGE McCann As seventh in its series of famous ship models, PopuLaR SCIENCE MONTHLY presents the Mayflower. This stanch little vessel, because of its historical sig- nificance and its fame in song and story, has perhaps a more personal and human appeal than any other. Whether or not you have built a model before, you can construct our simplified version of the Mayflower without difficulty. You will find the task a pleasant one, and the finished ship will be a constant source of satisfaction; indeed, it will increase in decorative quality with the years, like all good craftwork. HILE there have been and still are several ves- sels called ‘‘Mayflower,” we think of only one ship when the Mayflower is mentioned—that which bore the Pilgrim Fathers to Plymouth in 1620. Detailed instructions will be given in this and succeeding articles to help you build a model of this famous ship. Those who desire may, of course, omit many of the less important details, although when one sees a model growing beneath one’s hands it is rarely one cares to sacrifice anything that may add to its beauty and perfection. There is an unescapable fascination in ship model making. If you undertake the construction of this ship, your enthusiasm will increase as you proceed. It is, indeed, an exceptionally interesting model on which to work. Many of those who have seen the original have ranked it first in BULWARKS BULKHEADS LIFT -J The hull is constructed of layers that are sawed out, and shaped; then bulkheads, bulwarks and overlays are added 2A OV =stT hx = POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY April, 193 Make the Mayflower Step-by-Step Instructions for’ Building Model of the May- flower designed for the readers of PoputarR SciENcE MontHiy by Cap- tain McCann with data made available by the courtesy of the Pilgrim Society beauty among all the ships in our series of historic models. Should you still be working on a previous model, be sure to save each article about the Mayflower for future use. Not much is known about the May- flower. She was of about 180 tons and was not very new at the time of her voy- age to the New World. It.is claimed that she was a whaler before and after her sev- eral trips with the English settlers; it is more likely that she was the Mayflower which was registered as trading to western European ports in 1588, but she may have gone whaling in her later days under American ownership. Y THE measurement of that time, 180 tons gives us a vessel of about 90 ft. from stem to sternpost, which would indicate a beam of about 28 ft. These are the measurements adopted here. Re- duced to the scale of 3% in. equals 1 ft., or 1 in 64, they give us a model 1634 in. long on the waterline with an.extreme beam of 5% in., or 22% in. by 19 in. high, overall. As for the shape of her hull, deck fittings, rigging and the like, one can be guided only by the practice of the time and build a typical English merchant ship of her size and period. For the lines and details used, I am indebted to R. C. Anderson, Vice Presi- dent of the English Society for Nautical Research, who spent nearly three years in research and in building a model for the Pilgrim So- ciety of this country. That model is housed at Pilgrim Hall, Plymouth, Mass. The Pilgrim Society has been kind enough to lend me the data from which I built my glued together model. One cannot, of course, expect to build as fine a model in three months as one that took years; thus, although I am only too glad to acknowledge the source of my information (impossible to find elsewhere in this country), I do not wish to make Mr. Anderson or the Pilgrim So. ciety in any way responsible for my ef- forts. I can; however, claim that my model, as illustrated and described, is 3 reasonably correct model of a ship such as the Pilgrims probably used, with as much detail as most model makers will wish to embody. Those who carefully follow in- structions will have a worthy representa- tive of the Pilgrim Fathers’ Mayflower. To make this model, the first necessity is full sized drawings of all parts. These may be enlarged from the plans given here, but this laborious work is not worth while when one can obtain them to full scale by sending to PopuLaRr Scrence Monta y for Blueprints Nos. 83, 84 and 85 (see page 102). HE usual domestic kit of tools will be sufficient with, in addition, a fret saw, small wooden spokeshave, a half- round file or rasp or a convex spokeshave, a'small toothed tenon saw, or, better, a jeweler’s saw, some small C-clamps, 8 very light hammer, a small nail set, and some very small wire twist drills (say Nos. 55 to 80), with a pin-vise handle. A set of die-sinker’s files are handy for mak- ing small parts, and some small round- nosed and side-cutting pliers. For the rigging there will be needed tweezers, em- broidery scissors, a crochet hook and some crewel or fine darning needles. The material needed will be referred te as required. A complete bill of materials — will be found on blueprint No. 83. The important items are the pine for the hull, thin three-ply wood or pine for the bul- warks, rattan (cane) spline for the wales and handrails, a few dowel sticks for the spars, several thicknesses of fish line for April, 197 the rigg! sails. To s pecessal use naul have bi will hav nizing who are them w! are defi abridg* and oft well. F majorit) dicated blueprin The h outh I built :-w planks, entail amount instance deck al treenail Our mo on the | tem.’ who ha\ sary exp to buil beam al use the For white pi dressed 6 in.) an could, h from a { N 1 the eight lif are shor Jisash the ster edges of the keel creases point it home; t upper | while at that are from th body pl:

Page 83

Soul t to S$ as urce find vish - ef. is 3 h as uch h to nta- sity ese ven rth full NCE and

April, 1928 the rigging, and canvas for the ik . ' . To save space, it will be necessary in some instances to use nautical terms. ‘Those who have built models previously

POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY

PLAN OF a | LOWER LIFTS / |

will have no difficulty in recog- nizing their meaning; those who are not familiar with them will find that they are defined in all un- abridged dictionaries

| | 6 7 3

and often illustrated as

; E well. Furthermore, the =, —_ aa majority of them are in- = [=a = ; c KL ODON blueprints. Ir eX The hull of the Plym- SSS |_| . outh Hall planks, but this method entails a tremendous amount of work. For instance, on the lower model is We [| Pit —__| i Wi) — puilt:-with frames and —_N ‘isa 1 + 4 A

deck alone some 1509 treenail pegs were used. Our model will be built an on the lift, or layer, sys- a —S

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ‘eri } al | 31 : if |" Bil i (\ lolm|

| | | | sq | | | |o | | ia Lior eal

tem. Those, however, who have had the neces- BASE LINE~, L_ mt ne ae lote

3) 4] 5 él 2 _al 9 10! a w N iS i2| 13) 141 15) 161 wz

sary experience and wish aiiiil al to build with frame, beam and planking, can use the lines here given. For the lifts, clear white pine is the best wood. One board dressed to % in., 51% in. wide (nominally 6 in.) and 10 ft. long will be wanted. They could, however, be cut more economically from a 9 or 10 in. board 6 ft. long. 84 and 85 (see N THE board mark the outlines of the lifts from the plan of lifts. The eight lifts A to G are full length; H and K are short pieces to form the forecastle, and J isa short piece to make the lower part of the stern. It will be noted that the upper edges of A to E are given, because from the keel to the middle of E the hull in- creases in beam as it rises. From that point it starts to narrow, or tumble- home; therefore, the lower edges of the upper lifts are the widest amidships, while at their ends it is the upper edges that are shown, because, as may be seen from the line of greatest beam, and the body plan, the beam continues to increase : The lifts or layers, only half of each being shown; the body plan, which represents the cross section at the various construc- tion lines; and the side elevation or sheer plan of the hull. These and other drawings appear full size on Blueprints Nos. 83, page 102). The blueprints will save you the tedious task of making your own full size layouts at the ends. It is the middle of lift E that is given. In a word, it is the greatest width of each lift at any place that is shown. There is only room to show one half of each lift. To get them from Blueprint No. 83 to the wood, the easiest and safest plan is to transfer them first to tracing paper. Carefully mark the center line and the cross construction lines, turn the trac- ing paper over, pin it down with the con- struction lines coinciding, and mark in the other half of the lifts. You will now have drawings of the complete lifts, which, in turn, can be transferred to the wood by scribing through carbon paper, using a sharp, hard pencil. Mark the midship lines and crosslines on each piece and extend them over the edges, using a square. The lifts above G are better cut somewhat long, to be sawed down correctly when all are glued up. To reduce the weight and

*

make the hull less liable to warp and show cracks at the sides, it is advisable to hollow lifts B to F to within about 4 in. of the upper edges of the lifts below. Lift J may also have about a square inch cut out from the sides where the gun ports come, between lines 7 and 8, if it is desired to have those ports open with guns inside. Glue lifts A to G together, with all construction lines coinciding, and leave them in clamps or under heavy weights for a day. Then nail and glue the other pieces in position. The piece K-brings one a trifle short of the height shown in

Captain McCann shows how the bulwarks are fastened to the hull of his model of the Mayflower.- Note the after bulkheads the sheer plan. The fore- castle may be reduced by

that amount, but it is better to glue on a thin wedge-shaped piece to bring it up. From a piece of stiff cardboard cut templates to the bow and stern lines (sheer plan) and to the body lines (body plan). On eaclk carefully mark the mid- ship line and where the top edge of lift D cuts it. Plane the bottom away from line 6 for- ward, \% in. deep at line 3. The keel will later extend up to the bottom of this lift, aft. Continue the midship line from stem to stern along the bottom. Ww a colored pencil mark in the line of greatest beam, to be left visible until the final sandpapering. Cut away the projecting corners until the bow and stern templates fit at the ends when held at a right angle to the hull, with the D-E mark at the correct position. Simi- larly shave away the projecting corners at the sides until the templates fit at their respective positions 1 to 9. Start amid- ships and bring the whole down gradually. Shave down the middle of the midship deck to the line shown in the sheer plan, leaving it a full in. higher in the center than at the sides. A similar camber should be given to all decks, but this deck can more easily be shaped before the upper lifts are glued on. The sharp semicircular curve of the counter—the curve at the stern, above the rudder—can best be cut with a gouge, but the rasp will serve. Note its slight curve up and aft to the middle. The ends of the lifts should be flat 3% in. across, to take the stem and stern- posts. Leave the after ends of the lower lifts very full until the keel and sternpost are on; then shave them down to meet. Cut H down to the deck line as shown, right forward. The stem, stern and keel are best made from hardwood (Continued on page 119)

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY April, 1933 P ower Unit Built at Low Cost For Use with the New Popular Science Electric Set— Amplifies and Supplies Current

ERE is the low power amplifier and current sup- ply unit to com- plete the electric radio receiver described in the February issue of PoPpuLAR Science Montutiy. We call this a low power unit because it is capable of only half the volume with good quality obtainable from the high power unit described in the March number. But the term “low power” is only relative. Actually this unit employs two type-171 power tubes in a push-pull circuit and consequently it will give as much volume with perfect tone quality as can be obtained from even the most powerful factory built receiver. The construction of the electric set of Blueprint 79 is exactly the same whether you want to operate it with the high power amplifier and current supply unit of Blueprint 80 or with this lower powered unit, which is illustrated in greater detail in Blueprint 81. All these blueprints are listed on page 102. It is up to you to decide which com- bination you want to build, but in order to help you choose we can sum up in a few words their essential advantages. The high powered unit will give you more volume than you will ever want to use except to supply music for dancing by a large crowd, and the tone quality will be marvelous. The low powered outfit will give you about half the volume with almost as perfect tone quality at a saving of about thirty dollars in the cost of the parts plus the use of less expensive tubes.

OTE, however, that if you are located where radio reception is poor or you are a long distance away from sta- tions, the high powered outfit has an advantage aside from its ability to handle plenty of volume; that is, it actually ampli- fies weak, distant signals more than twice as much as the lower powered outfit. This is because the 210-type power tube amplifies more than twice as much as the 171-type tube used in the am- plifier and current supply By AtrrepD P. LANE

Fig. 1. The power amplifier and current supply unit as seen from above. You can identify the parts by referring to the diagram below

Blueprint 81 Will Help! OO Blueprint 81 (see page 102). It gives large, clear wiring diagrams as well as many of the lesser details that could not be included here. The Popular Science low power unit for electric radio set and the receiver itself (Blueprint No. 79) have been tested and approved by the Popular Science Institute of Standards.

> <teescctite

unit described in this article, Study Figs. 1 and 3 and yoy will agree that this unit looks simple to build. It is just as simple as it looks—merely q matter of building a good, solid baseboard, screwing the ap. paratus to it in the positions shown and following the diagram for the relatively few connec. tions. The construction of the base. board follows the design given last month for the more power. ful unit except that it is shorter and consequently requires only two crosspieces. It is 11% in, wide and 18 in. long, made of two or three narrower pieces of 7-in. board screwed to cross- pieces of the same thickness, This allows room underneath for some of the wires. You will need these parts to build this low power amplifier and current supply unit for the PopuLar SctENce electric radio set: A—Power supply unit, which includes Al, the high voltage transformer; A2 and A3, choke coils; A4 and Aj, buffer condensers. B—Filament heating transformer with 5-volt, 214%4-volt and 11%4-volt windings. C—Condenser block with the following five sections: 2-mfd. 600-volt; 2-mfd, 400-volt; 8-mfd. 400-volt; 1-mfd. 400- volt; 1-mfd. 400-volt. D1—Input transformer. D2—Output choke. R1—13,000-ohm heavy duty fixed resist- ance, tapped at 11,000, 8000, 5000 and 2000.

R2—20-ohm __potentiom- eter. R3—6-ohm_potention- eter. R4—1000-ohm fixed re sistance rated to carry not less than 40 milli- amperes. R5—25,000-ohm fixed re- sistance. $1, S2, and S83—Standard , X-type vacuum tube sockets. Six binding posts, flexible enameled fabric-covered wire, 1 type-BH rectifying tube and two UX 171 am- \\ plifying tubes. EFORE you start as- sembling the appa- LOUDSPEAKER

Fig. 2. In this picture wiring diagram the binding post side of transformer B has been turned around so that you can see the connections. The 2)2- and 1%- volt leads from electric set are clamped under the binding post on transformer B ratus, study the picture wiring diagram of Fig. 2 (Continued on page 96)

April, 1928 b Yot there you b sides | side w blow-t work | If y one, | Lamb: you re you w style, value Anc torche good « *

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 83 C & L Everedy 158 a This blow-torch is especially made and priced for the man who likes to do odd jobs around the house, or to tinker with mechanical things. It is very substamially made, produces a hot flame quickly, and gives real satisfaction. It will last a lifetime if it is not abused. Most hardware, electrical and automobile accessory stores have itor can get it for you quickly. When you «| plank down =| your money = | fora ywer- orter only “| blow-torch... leces TOSs- ness, eath ial You’p be surprised what a lot of things pply | there are inside of a blow-torch. When etre | you buy one you have to take those in- udes f sides pretty much for granted—the out- MAR side won’t tell you a thing. Yet the insides of blow-torches differ considerably, making one a better one—and that’s the way we’ve felt about it all these years. As a result we’ve hen work better and last longer than another. developed a list of improvements as long as or your arm, and we hold patents on them. "7 Pe aS tale = feccl,. enek Siane ee Those are real improvements. So real that the ome, and make sure the same Cinytos * better performance of Clayton & Lambert it. | Lambert is on it, you can be mighty certain 14 torches has made us the largest manu- and | you’re getting the torch that will do the job iom | you want it to do, will keep on doing it in fine style, and that the price represents the best facturer of blow-torches in the world, with volume production that permits giving better quality at any given price and in every wanted ‘iom- a value you can buy. type and size. nil And here’s why. We’ve been making blow- So when you plank down your money for a sa torches for forty odd years. Our first one wasa —_ blow-torch—make sure the name Clayton & dad | S0Od one. But that just made us want tomake Lambert is on it. ding led © e, 1 tube C am- CLAYTON & LAMBERT MFG. CO. t as ippa- cture en DETROIT, MICHIGAN © This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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84 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY April, 19, | april, 1928 His Shop Is Always Orderly q Each Tool Has Its Place in Homemade Racks That Can Be Closed and Locked You would find it difficult to name a single woodworking tool that is not in the basement workshop of J. G. Van Arsdale, who is vice president of a New York company manufactur- ing leather belting. The tools were bequeathed to him by William H. Sale, another business man, who spent years gathering the collection 7, a> The woodworking bench open for use is shown above; the same bench closed is illustrated at the right. The top is made of three planks nominally 12 in. wide, actually 11 in. The outer plank is maple, as most of the heavy work is done on it. The extension at the right, which is removable, holds the miter box. A similar extension on the left is for a cabinetmaker’s shoot board and plane. The upper rack, containing the saws, chisels, bits, try-squares, framing eee ae A general view of the workshop. The wood- working bench at the left and the general utility bench to the right of it are 2 ft. 9 in. wide, 7 ft. long and 2 ft. 9in. high. Mr. Van Arsdale made the bench legs of 1-in. galvanized pipe, pipe fittings and floor flanges. They could be quickly taken apart if it were necessary to move them Back of the bench upon which the lathe and jig saw are mounted is a rack with turning tools, centers, chucks, circular saws, cutters and various fittings. The circular saw, which is at the right, is driven by its own motor -- Mm H™ sa Always childhoc they’re lem eve Don’t making children they ar again . . make yi You | ning. . in their can cap to flash quiet of Ever gesture persona to enjo’ on yout Just will me ten yea Home! The h: square, draw knife, mortise gage and To close the woodworking bench, as shown at months other tools, is hinged so that when it is the left, the front and end panels are put in have p: shut down it forms the top of a unique position and held with hooks and eyes on the , and ingeniously arranged tool box. The inside. Then the top, which is hinged to the effort of tool rack on the floor, which ordinarily back of the bench, is turned down so that its Movies serves as the back board of the other rim fits over the edges of the front and end the on d 7-ft. bench, is used as the front of the box, and the removable extensions at each end of the bench are taken off and utilized to form the ends of the box pieces and rests on their cleats. The tool con- tainer is then locked. A narrow strip of the bench top is left exposed so that odd jobs can be done without opening the tool box The |

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a d ig or Reataeadsnve a a ee ee - be.be.be be be be a BS Ve) £ u ' a gigs a ba POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY keep this PRICELESS RECORD of their ..in a Wonderful Movie that you make yourself Crildbood Days Hw fast they grow! Never the same from one day to another. Always changing . . . from babyhood to childhood, to adolescence . . . and then they’re gone forever. It’s the one prob- lem every mother has to face. Don’t let another day slip by without making this priceless record of your children. Keep them forever just as they are today . . . as they never will be again... in a wonderful movie that you make yourself. You photograph them in action! Run- ning... romping .. . laughing. . . living in their happy, carefree way. Today you can capture it all on a thin strip of film, to flash into light and live again in the quiet of your darkened room. Every little motion is there. Every gesture... every smile... every flash of personality . . . you get each expression, to enjoy over and over again in a movie on your own silver screen. Just think of what this priceless film will mean to you . . . in three, in five, in ten years’ time. Home Movie-Making Simplified The hard work is done. The months and years of research have passed. Now, thanks to the effort of Eastman Scientists, Home Movies are as easy to make as the ordinary snap-shot. The camera is simplicity itself. No need to focus. No grinding crank. Just sight it either from waist height or eye level. Then press the button. A shutter whirls inside and the film slides quickly behind the lens. Instantly every action within the scene before you, every chang- ig sequence of light and shadow, every expression of individuality, is registered for all time on a thin strip of film. Easy to show in your own home Now comes the greatest thrill of all. When the films are taken, your work is done. We develop them for you at no extra cost, and return them ready to run on your own silver screen. You simply place them in a Kodascope Projector . . . a remarkably ingenious device for throwing the moving pictures you have made on the portable screen that comes with your Ciné-Kodak outfit. Just thread this projector and turn the switch. Then instantly . . . almost magically . . . your screen leaps into action. Home Movies have been simplified at last. Official United States Govern- ment movies of the World War are also available. War Cine- graphs—200 feet per reel—$i5 each. Special authentic war pic- ture, “America Goes Over”’— 2,000 feet (an hour and a quarter show- ing), $150. In addition, feature films with famous stars may be rented from a Kodascope Library. To supplement your movie program, Kodak Cinegraphs, 100- and 200-foot reels covering a variety of subjects... comedy, drama, cartoons, travel . . . are available at your dealer’s. Price $7.50 per 100 feet, the reel becoming a per- manent part of your film library. Big production brings low prices Today, because of the vast production facilitiesof the Eastman Kodak Company, acompleteoutfit, Ciné-Kodak, Kodascope Projector and-Screen, may be had for as little as $140. Ciné-Kodak weighs only 5 Ibs. Loads in daylight with amateur standard (16 m/m) Ciné-Kodak safety film, in familiar yellow box. See the Ciné-Kodak display at your nearest Kodak dealer’s. Also clip coupon below for booklet. y v : EASTMAN KODAK CO., Dept. PS-4 Rochester, N. Y. Please send me, FREE and without obliga- tion, the booklet telling me how I can easily make my own movies. © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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Jobbing Shop Short Cuts POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Keep Vertical and Horizontal Turret Lathes Set Up to Save on Short Runs By ALBERT A. DOWD m ERE’S a good job for you to start off with,” said Jones, the foreman, as he handed the new workman a blue- print of the flywheel shown in Fig. 1. “You can use that 20-in. lathe by the window. Twenty-five of the flywheels are piled up alongside of the lathe, and there are twenty-five more coming from the foundry tomorrow, fifty pieces in all. We figured the job pretty cheap to get the work, so see what you can do with it. You'd better hold it in a three-jaw chuck by the inside of the rim and machine the center hole and recess, and turn and face the rim. There is a grooving tool already made for the groove in the rim. After you have finished this side of the work, you can bore cut a set of soft jaws to sixteen-inch diameter, turn the work over and hold it by the outside. Then face the other side of the rim and the center hub. The only close limit is the center recess. A good commercial finish on the rest of it will be satisfactory.” John Donlon, the new machinist, was a progressive young fellow who had been working for several years in another shop where high production machines and methods were employed. Over-produc- tion had brought about shorter hours and only four days a week. The oppor- tunity for putting in full time in a jobbing shop had seemed better in every way than Fig. 1. The finished dimensions of the grooved flywheel. Fig. 2. The sct-up for a bushing of this type can easily be altered for other similar pieces. Fig. 3. Tool set-up for machining flywheel the old job on part time. While the foreman walked down toward the other end of the shop, John stepped quickly across the room, looked at the pile of cast- iron flywheels, examined the 20-in. lathe—which was a new one apparently in fine condition—and then set to work. Acting first on the fore- man’s suggestion, he placed a flywheel on the chuck and adjusted the jaws to catch the inside of the rim. Not finding just the assortment of tools required, he sought the tool crib, passing on his way two vertical turret lathes, one 24-in. and the other 42-in. The fact that both machines were standing idle gave him an idea. He hustled to get the tools and re- turned to his lathe, where he set to work. Facing, boring, turning, recessing, and grooving the first flywheel took him a little over three hours, which included the time necessary to get the tools, adjust jaws, and so on. He figured that he could do the next one in about two hours, but the method seemed altogether too slow. He hunted up the foreman. “About how long, Mr. Jones,” he asked, “do you figure it ought to take to machine these flywheels the way you spoke of on the twenty-inch lathe, both operations?” “T estimated about two hours apiece for the lot of fifty pieces. We've got to get them out at about this rate or lose money, and we don’t want to do that. Don’t you think you can average as good or better than this?” “Yes,” answered John thoughtfully, “I can do it all right, but I have an idea that [ can make bet- ter time if you'll let me machine the work another “If you leave the machine this way, Mr. Jones, and another similar job comes along in a day or two, I could get started on it in a very short time, and wouldn’t have to make many changes”’ way. I would like to use that twenty. four-inch vertical turret lathe instead of the engine lathe.” “Go to it!’ responded the foreman heartily. “‘We don’t use those machines once a month unless we have some big job that we can’t do in any other way. If you can do the work quicker on one d them, I'll be tickled to death. It will take you several hours to get set up and that's all lost time, but if you are sure you cal average better than two hours apiece o the lot, go right ahead.” OHN had a helper move the casting over to the vertical turret lathe, and while this was going on he arranged his tools as shown in Fig. 3. He spent about four hours cleaning up the machine and getting stops set so that he was ready to go ahead. This time included the machining of one flywheel, which he had about finished at quitting time. The foreman left him entirely alone the next morning until just before noot, when he came (Continued on page 118) (pte timesaving shop ideas aft contained in the continuation of the Better Shop Methods Department on pages 88, 112, 114 and 115. April, 1928

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ril, 1995 wenty- ead of reman chines ne big ay. If one of Il take that’s Ou Call ece ol astings ey and ed his about re and ready od the he had ne the noon, ge 118) is are of the ‘ment, april, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 87 No. 153 A popular priced, pistol grip frame. Choose them as carefully as your tools— Starrett Hacksaw Blades and Frames have the same enduring quality of materials and workmanship that have made Starrett Tools the choice of tool users the world over. No. 169 Easy grip frame, excep- tionally rigid and witha wonderful ‘hang.’ There is a Starrett Hacksaw for every job. Use the famous Starrett Hack- saw Chart to select the one best blade for the work. We'll gladly supply you with a free copy. A Starrett Blade in a Starrett Frame gives you the ideal combination for clean, quick cuts at lowest cost per cut. It pays to insist on Starrett’s. Your tool dealer carries them. Write for Starrett Hacksaw Chart and Catalog No. 24‘W’describing and © illustrating all types of blades and frames as well as 2500 fine tools. THE L. S. STARRETT CO. World’s Greatest Toolmakers Manufacturers of Hacksaws Unexcelled Steel Tapes—Standard for Accuracy ATHOL, MASS., U. S. A. Use Starrett H acksaws 1650 © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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88 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY How to Mount Small Motors By Greorce A. WILLOUGHBY HEN motor-driven ma- chines are installed in a home workshop, as is so often the case nowadays, the prob- lem of mounting the motor is of considerable importance. The secret of a satisfactory motor installation— one in which the motor will run quietly—is a good, solid foundation. Most of the noise caused by a motor is due to the vibration of the mounting rather than of the motor itself. It is often possible to mount a small motor directly on a brick or concrete wall as illustrated, or on a concrete floor. As damp places should be avoided, the wall is often preferable to the floor. When mounting a motor on brick or concrete, expansion screw anchors or shields can be used, or expansion bolts for larger motors. These are so arranged that when placed in holes in the wall and then tightened by turning in the screw or bolt, they expand and provide a rigid and permanent attachment. First mark the points where holes are required for the expansion shields or bolts, either by holding the motor against the wall or by measuring. Then put the holes in the wall or floor with a star drill. The hole formed by the drill must After marking the loca- tion of the holes for mounting the motor, drill them just large enough for the expan- sion shields or bolts Gi EXPANSION BOLT be just large enough to receive the shield or bolt before it is expanded. Attach the motor by inserting the bolts or screws and turning them down tightly. Make sure that the base of the motor is held tightly against the surface. If this method cannot be used, select -a heavy timber or build a heavy frame to which the motor can be bolted. Radius-Forming Tool for Grinding Wheels HE tool illus- trated was de- signed to form radii on the wheel of a surface grinder. It is 6 in. long over all and 4 in. high. It can be set for any concave or convex radius up to} in. by thousandths. It is so made that the neu- tral point is at the .500 in. reading on the head, which was The diamond in this radius-forming device is set into a sleeve over a micrometer spindle Measuring and Marking Bar Stock Quickly W OST shop storemen or stockroom employees have a 4-ft. rule fas- tened to the bench for measuring off the length of rods and other stock as required. To insure more accurate measurements, ' a piece of flat tool steel is bent at one end, sharpened to a chisel edge, and fastened The rod is tapped against a chisel edge at the end of the rule to mark it for cutting made from a stand- ard micrometer. A small diamond is set into the sleeve that fits over the spindle, a part of which has been cut off. The setting is such that the dia- mond is central. The bottom plate can be removed and the tool set in the vise at any angle desired.—H. C. near the end of the bench with four screws. The rule then is screwed down on this, as shown. The rod to be measured is pushed along to the required measure- ment and tapped with a hammer over the sharp edge, which makes a #efinite mark for the hack saw.—ArTHUR KENDALL. Floor Compound Cleans Stains from Hands N OUR shop we have found that the best way to remove ink and grease from the hands is to rub them with the floor com- pound used to keep dust down when sweeping. A pan of it is kept in the sink for this purpose. We rub on a little soap first to start a lather, and then use the compound. This cuts away stains better than anything we have used and costs little.—M. B. G. April, 19 _ ————— Polishing Attachment _ for Speed Lathe pew pg irregularly shaped Dieos of metal is a somewhat tiresome jo}; done by hand. The illustration beloy shows a device for finishing and polish work that is quite easy to construct an satisfactory in operation. It is used jy connection with an ordinary speed lath. The hub of a suitable pulley is threadg to fit the live spindle; another Pulley the same size is mounted on a slid bracket, which is carried on a f clamped to the ways of the lathe. Tj bracket is provided with a spring to k the abrasive belt at proper tension. The abrasive or polishing belt may purchased or made of a strip of abrasiy, (emery) cloth cut to the proper lengt) and glued to form a belt. In the latte The polishing belt is carried on two pulleys, one of which is driven directly by the lathe case the joint is prepared by first soaking an inch or a little more of one end of th strip in hot water and scraping off th glue and emery. Then the part just cleaned is coated with glue, as is the plain side of the opposite end of the strip. The joint is pressed together and left to dry. For irregularly shaped work, a belt without a guide, as illustrated, is th most practical, but for flat work it is de sirable to place a flat guide under th upper part of the belt.—Epwin Kizptn, Window Shade Shields Lathe from Grinding Dust As the carriage moves, the shade rolls and unrolls, protecting the ways of the lathe RINDING in the lathe, although not advisable, is sometimes necessary. The illustration shows a practical and convenient way of keeping the emer from the ways. A common window shade is cut th necessary width. After removing small dogs that act as checks for raisin and lowering the shade, the roller is fitted in a convenient holder, which is clampel to the lathe, and the shade is fastened t0 the tool post under the grinder. spring keeps the shade stretched as th carriage moves.—H. J. C. l) \i

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, Pn ¢ 4 $ soaking 1 of the off the rt just ne plain p. . The to dry. a belt is the t is de. der the LBURY, Lathe } and lathe gh not essary. al and emery ut the ig the raising ; fitted amped ned to as the April, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 89 ' FOR ACCURACY YOU NEED GOOD TOOLS Ya nen Goth ee o 3 w eI é u a & Zz z Fa > PROVIDENCE, RI. U. \|\BS 5 Adjustable Square No. 554 has blades which may be adjusted to any length and are reversible. This square can be used in places where it would be impossible to use a square with a fixed blade. Complete tool includes blade shown in square, blade for narrow slots and bevel blade for 60° and 45° angles. The Work of the World Depends Upon Fine Tools The manufacturers of hundreds of devices that do the daily routine of the world depend upon precision tools to make accu- rate measurements. Brown & Sharpe precision tools are con- stantly proving their dependability in everyday use, maintaining their accuracy under hard usage in every civilized nation. Catalog No. 30 contains detailed descriptions of over 5,000 items. Copy at your hardware dealer’s or sent free on request. Dept. P. S. Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co., Providence, R.1.,U.S. A. ® * SCRIBER STYLE 1, No. 778 > * CENTER GAUGE No. 650 * MICROMETER CALIPER No. 10 * THICKNESS GAUGE No. 640 = * GRADUATED STEEL SQUARE, No. 544 * FLEXIBLE STAINLESS STEEL RULE, No. 356 * HANDY BLOCK AND CLAMP, No. 751 * This tool shown in Catalog No. 30 IBS WORLD’S STANDARD OF ACCURACY © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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The No. 30 Star Rivet, Box Joint, Forged Steel Plier is one of the popular PEXTO line. There are over sixty styles to choose from and you are sure to find a plier for your pur- pose. Just ask your dealer to show you the PEXTO line and write us for booklet. Peck, Stow & WILcox Co. SOUTHINGTON, CONN. U.S. A. | avoid the POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY April, 192g THE SHIPSHAPE HOME Replacing a Broken Window Pane—How to Cut Glass—Glaziers’ Points and Putty By E. E. Ericson HE breaking of win- dow glass is a fre- quent mishap, par- ticularly in any home where there are small children. Fortunately, it isa com- paratively easy process to replace a window pane. Any home owner who is at all handy can not only save a large part of the cost . of such work but also discomfort of having to wait for the job to be done by a glazier. In the January, 1928, issue of PopuLaR Science Mon uty, page 86, appeared an article on handling glass that can be re- _ read with profit in this connection. The first problem is to get out the old glass. This is sometimes not an easy task. Where it is at all possible, it is better to take the window out of the opening so that it may be placed on a table while the work is being done. To remove the old putty, use a chisel about 1 in. in width as shown in Fig. 1. Fig. 3. A piece of paper ruled into 1l-in. squares is useful if many panes are to be cut Incidentally, a chisel of this size is a good one to keep on hand for general work. Care must be exercised not to allow the chisel to cut into the wood. If the putty is set very tight, there is danger that pieces of wood will come off with the putty. If the vood is cut raggedly along the edges, the ap- pearance will be bad when new putty is applied. Take off the putty piece by piece, and remove the “glaziers’ points” (small triangular pieces of metal that hold in the glass) as they are encountered. In Fig. 2 is shown how to clean out the Fig. 4. To break the glass after it is cut, place the handle of the cutter as shown, and press down rabbet or recess for the glass after the old glass has been taken out. This op- eration is important, for jf there are ever’ so small particles of putty left, they may cause the glass to break when it is put in place. Next comes the cutting of the glass. If careful measure- ments have been Figs. 1 and 2. Use a chisel to remove the old putty (lower view) and clean out the rabbet (upper view). Take care not to cut into the wood taken it is possible to have the glass cut to size by the dealer who sells it. If ordered in this way, it will very often need additional trimming before it will fit properly. It is well to make a habit of storing old glass in a protected place. When repair work is to be done, there may be an old piece on hand that can be used for cutting a small panel. For all the smaller panes, the glass can be cut right over the frame. Place it in position and run the glass cutter directly over the edge. This is often done without a straightedge by the experienced mechan- ic, but it is best for the amateur to lay a yardstick along the edge as a guide for the cutter. Care must be taken not to press too hard on the cut- ter. A piece of paper ruled into one-inch squares is useful in cutting. The use of it is shown in Fig. 3. The exact measurements of the frame are taken and transferred to the paper. The glass is then so placed upon the paper that the cutting line falls directly over one of the lines. The cut can made free-hand or with the use of a straightedge. (Continued on page 107) © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. April, 1 q ® " 7 I $

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April, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 1 Here, Man, isa O WRENCH fits the nut quite so quickly nor so snug- ly as this B& C No. 48. Just flick the adjusting screw till the jaws fit tight and you have a grip that will let you work on the most stubborn nut. Examine one of these handy wrenches at your dealers. A hundred jobs about the house, the car, the farm, and the shop can be handled quicker and easier with this sturdy tool. BEMIS & CALL COMPANY 125 Main Street SPRINGFIELD, MASS. © SUPER VALUE ) No. 48 Adjustable “S” Nut Wrench > > ~~ WRENCHES Sizes 6”, 8”, 10", 12”, 14”. Capacities to 2” Sold by the Best Hardware Stores Everywhere BEMIS & CALL © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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92 The big light boards are easy to work with eAn extra room... More comfort paid for by fuel savings HY not line your attic with Celotex? You can do it ina few hours. It will give you an attrac- tive extra room that will be comfort- able and livable all year ‘round. In addition, a Celotex attic lining makes the whole house more comfortable. For it keeps furnace heat from leak- ing through the roof—saves about Y% of your heating bill. And in Sum- mer it keeps sun heat out. The fuel savings alone will quickly pay for the Celotex. There are many other improve- ments that you can make with Celo- tex. Mail the coupon for a 36-page illustrated book thatshows how Celo- tex makes insulated attics, garages, porches, basement rooms, etc. Also ask for the booklet ‘‘Artistic and Use- ful Things You Can Make at Home with Celotex.” THE CELOTEX COMPANY Chicago, Illinois CELOTEX. — [INSULATING LUMBER | THE CELOTEX COMPANY 645 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois Send me the books described above. SEA ee eee ee nen ET HT CB rccastcensnnscmmecccssesoecncseesece ee POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY April, 193 Making Your Jackknite Last Initialing to Prevent Loss—Simple Ways to Restore Broken Blades—Upkeep Hints OW long does a jackknife last? Statistics | show the average knife carried by man abides with him only ten months. It is my purpose to suggest easy remedies for the general run of knife troubles. By adopting them you can make your own jackknife stand by you ‘longer than the | average. Initialing:a Knife. If your ini- tials are on your knife, it is more likely to be returned to you in case you lose it. You can By CHELSEA FRASER remedy these it is necessary only to grind or file off the projecting nub of the blade tang, as in Fig. 2 In Fig. 3 are shown four different points you can produce by grindi and honing a broken blade tip You may find that you will like one of these better than you did the original one. Be careful not to draw the temper of the blade dur. at the same time, you roll -you | hand from side to side. The rock. | ing creates a series of V-shaped cuts, as at D. Projecting Blade Points. T) Repointing a Broken Blade, ing the grinding proc. Knife blades that have been broken off short can be ground into emergency screw dri- vers such as that shown above. At the right is indicated a method of filing a thumb grip make the graver ess. Folding Screw Driver. When a pen-blade has been broken off too hope. lessly for redemption as a cutting tool (A, Fig. 4), it can he transformed into a neat folding screw | driver for light work. | from an old chisel or any good piece of tool steel. Grind the chisel or blade down to the dimensions given at A, Fig. 1, and hone the cutting edge or point on an oilstone until it is keen. Whittle out a short handle, as at B. Outline the initials with a soft pencil or a sharpened piece of soap. Set the graver as at C and push it forward, while, GRAVER WORK @é ~ RAVER’ INITIALS OR MONOGRAMS ermine CAN BE GRAVEN IN THE ¥iG. 1 BOLSTER WHEN A SHIELD 15 T00 SMALL OR IS LACKING HE: cuT- PONT POINT. «(OFF FIG. 3 REHEAD THE ET USE A LONGER LOOSE RIV RIVET F1G.6 Fig. 1 shows the simple graver used for initialing. Grinding the nub is shown in Fig. 2. The evolution of a screw driver blade is indicated in Fig. 4. Other suggestions are given in Figs. 5, 6 and 7 end until it is square as at B, taper the cutting edge and the back edge as at C, and slightly bevel the sides of the blade as at D. Stiffening a Wobbly Blade. After a knife | has beert in use for some time, especially in | heavy whittling, the heads of the rivets upon | which the blades are pivoted often crumble off. | Grind off the broken | | The simplest remedy is to} countersink the hole sligk’ly | at the loose end, then rehead | the rivet in the cavity by using | a nail set or blunt punch as at A, Fig. 5. Another method consists in withdrawing the rivet and inserting a slightly | larger one made from a piece | of brass wire or a wire brad | as at B. This should then be headed at both ends by tapping | while the knife rests on a piece | of iron. Providing a Thumb-and- Finger Grip. Sometimes it is desirable to provide a way o lifting the blade of a knife | by gripping it with the thumb | and forefinger as in Fig. 6. With a round file, make 4 curving notch about 1 in wide in the handle of the knife, reducing bo:h wood and lining plates. Relieving Sticking Blades. You can usually r- new the easy action of a blade that sticks by putting a few drops of kerosene oil between the bolsters and the bladeas in Fig. 7 and working the blade back and forth for a ‘few moments. Repeat the process if necessary. ad © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. April, 192 E* I ve Resear fuel for It is f of anti- fluid) t amount compre posits « “ET liquid which | the cor a paten Onl: license mix “E line. I “ETH to mee knock the Et! Ethy identif whate It take knock Eth: forma whate the cl dition If y

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il, 192 st April, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY } CORPORATION ff NEW VORK. US A Facts about Ethyl Gasoline THYL GASOLINE was de- veloped by General Motors Research to provide a more efficient fuel for internal combustion engines. It is formed by adding Ethyl brand of anti-knock compound (“ETHYL” fluid) to selected motor gasoline in an amount sufficient to utilize the higher compression created by carbon de- posits or advanced engine design. “ETHYL” fluid is a concentrated liquid containing tetraethyl lead which has the property of controlling the combustion rate of gasoline. It is a patented product. Only oil refining companies licensed to sell Ethyl Gasoline can mix “ETHYL” fluid with their gaso- line. In every case the amount of “ETHYL” fluid must be sufficient to meet a definite standard of “anti- knock” quality rigidly controlled by the Ethyl Gasoline Corporation. Ethyl Gasoline is colored red for identification. The color has nothing whatever to do with its performance. It takes more than dye to make “anti- knock” gasoline. Ethyl Gasoline increases the per- formance of any automobile engine— whatever its compression—whatever the climate or other driving con- ditions. If your car is designed to operate © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. on ordinary gasoline, the use of Ethyl Gasoline will: Eliminate “ that knock” and power loss. Make carbon deposits a source of extra power. For carbon increases compres- sion and Ethyl Gasoline is the high compression fuel. Give a smoother and better pulling en- gine, particularly on hills and heavy roads. Reduce gear-shifting and increase ac- celeration, thereby making traffic driv- ing easier. Cut down vibration, thereby reducing engine wear and tear and depreciation. Save you the expense of carbon removal and other repairs caused by “knocking” and carbon formation Give more power per gallon for your fuel bills—and more mileage as compres- sion is increased by carbon deposits. If your car is a high compression car, just remember that Ethyl Gaso- line made it possible and its use is necessary to obtain maximum per- formance. Ethyl Gasoline is sold only at pumps which display the “ETHYL” trademark shown above. Ethyl Gasoline is the yardstick by which other gasolines are measured. More than a million "PUEDES as lg a tie LE ZL” eZ td tt ij > v 3 are riding with ETHYL it took seven years to de- velop Ethyl Gasoline—but it took only months for. the motoring public to discover its advantages. Today more than a million car owners are riding with Ethyl. They are enjoying a new standard of engine performance —more power on hills and heavy roads, faster pick-up, reduced gear-shifting, a cooler, smoother motor under all driving conditions. And to the owners of the new high compression automobiles, Ethyl is giving a still bigger thrill. Follow the army of Ethyl users to the nearest Ethyl pump. It is identified by the trademark shown above. And the price of Ethyl Gasoline is simply the price of good gaso- line, plus the few extra pennies the “ETHYL” ingredient costs. Ethyl makes good gasoline better. ETHYL GASOLINE CORPORATION 25 Broadway, New York City ETHYL GASOLINE 93

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Home Cra/tsmen

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Co 1 lote your a, Kits ithth Carborundum Combination Stone T surely is important for you to keep your edge tools keen and clean cutting. Dull tools will never handicap you when you have a Carborundum “Com- bination” Stone. It is a double duty stone; the coarse grit side quickly takes out nicks and starts your edge. Then you finish off the edge keen and smooth on the fine grit side. ‘Made of genuine Carborundum, the manufactured abrasive— hard, sharp and fast-cutting. Send for Catalog P-1 THE CARBORUNDUM COMPANY NIAGARA FALLS, N. Y. Carb di is the Regi d Trade Name used by The Carberundum Company for Silicon Carbide. This Trade Mark is the exclusive property of The Carborundum Company.

Carborundum REG.U,S. PAT. OFF. ABRASIVE PRODUCTS

POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY

Repairing

A patch is applied with marine or water- proof glue and pressed down with a flatiron Beers now and then one runs across a canoe built years ago for serious backwoods service rather than pleasure. Rounder in cross section, sharper of stem and narrower of beam than present-day craft, these old canoes travel faster and easier. They are true thoroughbreds of canoedom, the nearest approach in form and construction to the Indian’s birch bark, and the enthusiast views them with a thrill. The repair of a worn-out craft of this kind, being an extreme example, will serve admirably to illustrate the proper methods of approaching less extensive general maintenance work on canvas coy- ered canoes. The old canvas skin must be taken off to allow broken ribs and cracked planks: to be mended. When the outwales have been removed, pry out the small copper tacks with a sharp knife and peel off the old covering. The easiest way to strengthen a cracked rib is to screw on a piece of 1/32-in. brass as wide as the rib and long enough to lap the cracked portion generously. Counter- sink the screw heads and carefully round the edges of the brass. If, however, the crack is not too serious, open it by apply- ing pressure from outside the hull, run in some waterproof glue and allow it to close. A rib broken in two places, or one producing a bulge in the planking at the point of fracture, must usually be re- moved—either the entire rib or that half in which the breaks appear. © OBTAIN a pattern for the form necessary for bending the new rib, prop a paper covered board in the canoe | over the removed rib. Then, by using a pair of dividers as indicated in the illus- tration on page 105, you will be able to produce the correct outline. ‘Transfer this to the floor and drive along it at 2-in. intervals a row of tenpenny nails. Steaming the rib will not prove difficult; any box, even though roughly made, will hold enough steam to soften so small a piece. It may even be sufficient to wrap the rib in cloths and pour boiling water over it. Place the softened rib against the nails and, working from the Canvas Caneal Broken Ribs—Cracked Planks—Loose Bolts— Covering and Patching

By J. V. Hazzarp center, drive additional nails to hold jt there until dry, when it can be put in the’ canoe in the usual manner. Longitudinal cracks or checks in the| planking of canvas covered canoes need but little attention, as the ribs are gy close and wide as to take up the strain; | but splintered or badly broken planks should be cut with a sharp chisel over the center of a rib well back from the break and a new piece of similar wood sub. stituted. It should be well seasoned. Unless the new plank has to fit the tum of the tumble home or the reverse curve near the bow, it will be unnecessary to steam it. Dig into the plank and cut off the nailheads in the damaged portion of the planking, so the nails can he! driven back with a small punch and drawn through from inside without | damaging the ribs. Shaping the new piece will be a case of fit and try, al- though if the nails near the edges are countersunk a bit when clenched, a plane can be used to fair up the surfaces after

the piece is in place. | _All bolts and screws must now he | tightened. When they are rusty they are| LONG NOSE PLIERS,

REMOVING BROKEN SCREW To remove a broken screw, it is necessary to gouge out the wood around it, twist it out with pliers, and bore out the gouged place in the wood so that a plug may be glued in the cavity and a new screw driven | } capable of causing all manner of annoy-| ance. Before attempting to turn a single | nut, squirt a little kerosene on each and | leave it a day or so to soak in. Even} galvanized iron wood screws rust occa-| sionally and when in this condition can be twisted off. However, a red-hot iron held to the head will loosen a screw. Brass screws seldom stick, but when they do they usually twist off unexpect- edly. In this event cut into the wood alongside the screw until it is possible to grasp it firmly with long nose pliers and twist it out. Bore out the gouged spol, cut and glue in a neat plug and places new screw. Sometimes it is possible to put in a new screw alongside the old one and plug the hole over the broken end. Where bolts holding seats and thwarts have become loose in the holes, the holes should be plugged and rebored or new) fastenings made. (A method was given Poruar ScreENcE Montuty for October,

April, 1928 |

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1927.) (Continued on page 103)

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© This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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il, 194 April, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Write for the FREE book on ‘How to Judge a Used Car”— coupon below! “| First rate Studebaker values ‘i for the Second buyer 3 We the guerean, ng rey oa cone «i| | Pledge to the Public on Used | Car Sales 1 Renpeenteenlisensibiaaamaitatetinie price in plain figures, and that price, just as the has exhausted its mileage possibilities. The car has scores of thousands of miles of un- used transportation. His sacrifice opens the way to an exceptionally good buy for somebody else. The fact that nearly a thousand Stude- baker owners have driven their cars from he| 100,000 to 300,000 miles is convincing evi- rice of our new cars, idl t 8 are | P ah, Sy SNE, | dence of theexcess mileage built into Stude- > | All Studebaker automobiles which are sold baker cars by One-Profit manufacture. as CERTIFIED CARS have been properly reconditioned, and carry a 30-day guarantee for replacement of defective parts and free service on adjustments. Buy a cheaply-built new car and you'll always know it was cheaply-built. So will your neighbors. Buta Certified Studebaker will give you satisfaction and pride of ownership that no cheaply-built car could ever give. 4 3 Every purchaser of a used car may drive it The Samane Studsiakor Plodas shown ~ for five days, and then, if not satisfied for any here not only expresses the dealer Sapiens " reason, turn it back and apply the money fidence in the enduring performance of ill paid as a credit on the purchase of any other Studebaker cars, but backs up the quality ingle | car in stock—new or used. (It is assumed of his own work in reconditioning Certi- and | that the car has not been damaged in the fied Studebakers. vel | meantime.) cCa- a e e can| ae Mail this coupon today! iron 27, The Studebaker Cosporation of America EER. SABI»! THE STUDEBAKER CORPORATION OF AMERICA a vhen Department Ds56, South Bend, Indiana rect- : Please send me valuable free booklet, “How to Judge a Used Car.” rood | A Free Book That Will Save You Money le to | ere and | Experts who buy used cars for Studebaker om spot, | dealers have furnished material for this a ee ce a frank and helpful book. No such valuable ; to guide was ever before offered at any price. ES PT Dilan omeye SM TT ; d. varts holes new en ill | aber, 1) The Great Independent aE © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

Page 98

Aluminum Box Shield Three of these shields are specified for ’. the Popular Science Electric Set For Your Popular Science Electric Set The designers of the Popular Science Electric Set, like other leading radio designers, have chosen Aluminum Box Shields because Aluminum Shielding most efficiently performs the following functions, all of which make for better quality, greater selectivity — closer tuning — finer reception: 1. Reduction of interference. 2. Elimination of electrostatic and electro-magnetic interaction be- tween various stages of radio- frequency amplification. 3. Elimination of “hand capacity” on tuning dials. 4. Elimination of modulation of radio-frequency stages by feed- back from audio-frequency am- plifier. Aluminum Company of America’s standard box shields, designed espe- cially for amateur sets, are made of heavy Alcoa Aluminum with satin-dip finish, size 5 in. x 9 in. x 6 in. high. They are easy to assemble, require no soldering and are permanent and at- tractive in appearance. If your dealer cannot supply you with Standard Aluminum Box Shields send us your order and we will have an authorized dealer ship promptly by parcel post at $3.50 each. You simply pay the postman. Write for free copy of the book, “Aluminum for Radio.” ALUMINUM COMPANY OF AMERICA 2438 Oliver Bldg., Pittsburgh, Pa. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY April 199 a Power Unit Built at Low Cost (Continued from page 82) and note where holes must be drilled to pass wire underneath the baseboard. The solid lines in the diagram represent wires above the baseboard and the dotted lines the wires beneath it. Remember that you are dealing with voltages that run somewhat over 200, so be careful to see that all wires are carefully soldered and that the insulation is not damaged. Be sure to twist the leads carrying the low voltage fila- ment current together as in- dicated. No other special instructions are necessary. Simply follow the diagram and carefully check each wire as you put it in to be sure that you are right. A socket is provided in the case of the filament heating transformer B so that the plug from power unit A can _ be pushed into it. Transformer B is pro- vided with two twisted cords. One is connected to a plug, which is to be inserted into the most convenient light socket, and the other ends in a panel mounting type of toggle switch. This cord is long enough so that, if desired, you can mount this switch on the panel of the electric set or in the side of the console cabinet. This switch controls the entire electric receiver, as snapping it on allows current to flow through the filament transformer B and by way of the socket in B to power unit A. Separate binding posts are not pro- vided for the 214-volt and 114-volt leads from the electric set because these leads can be clamped under the proper binding posts on filament heating transformer B. Each 2'%-volt binding post holds two wires, one that goes up to the set and A2 A3 Fig. 3. Two crosspieces are used under the baseboard, Fixed resistances R1 and R2 should be supported about ¥% in. above the baseboard by passing a long No. 6-32 machine screw through the baseboard and locking the resistances at the desired height by nuts on the screw | another that goes to potentiometer RQ, Use lugs on the ends of wires. therefore, to make sure of a solid connection. Three binding posts on power unit A are left unconnected. They are the ter. minals and center tap of a 5-volt winding that is not used in this circuit. In the usual B-eliminator filter circuit, it is customary to arrange the condensers in the 2, 2, 8 order. It will be found that the arrangement used in this circuit, in which the 8-mfd. section of the condenser block is placed in the center, gives less, hum and better voltage regulation for) the power tubes in the push-pull stage. Do not forget to ground the cases of power unit A, transformer B and con- denser block C. This means that you are to bare the end of a piece of wire and clamp it under one of the screws that holds each of the three instruments to. the baseboard. The other end of each of the three wires should be connected to the wire that goes to the bind-|. ing post marked minus-B. Resistance R1 is connected with one end to the minus-B wire and the other end to the wire from the binding post marked 2 on power unit A. The detector voltage is taken off at 5000 ohms from the minus end (the second tap). The 90-volt binding post is connected Fig. 4. This theoretical wiring diagram shows the internal circuit of the power unit A. Note that a socket in the case of filament transformer B accommodates the plug from power unit A so that both units are supplied with current from the plug on the cord connected to B at the 8000-ohm point (the third tap) and the plus-B terminal of input transformer D1 is connected at 11,000 ohms (the fourth tap). When you have finished the wiring and have checked each connection at least twice to make doubly sure that you have made no mistakes, you can proceed to mount the amplifier and current supply unit in the lower compartment of a console cabinet with the electric set of Blueprint 79 mounted in the upper compartment. Of course, it is not (Continued on page 121) © This seal on an advertiser-ent in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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ipe SMOKeCTS: Here, gentlemen, 1s tobacco that like an old friend, wears exceedingly well! “Tobacco smoke.” Says Carlyle is the one ITH some tobaccos, as element in which men can sit silent with some people, you always feel a ener without enna nt ory completely at ease. Just so with 3 where > man ; ya fo * a Granger Rough Cut. rew al Ww pa ont t rr ne ras actually Here, gentlemen, is one down- Re es I eee right comfortable pipe tobacco. ore, Pack up your pipe with Granger , and you're at peace with theworld. i 4 d you're at p hth ld ter. Granger gives just that kind of ting smoking satisfaction. uit, Not too “stout” but full of hat | character, Granger has that full- » in| bodied richness that marks a truly la fine tobacco. Rough cut for cool- be ness and carefully mellowed ac- a cording to an old tobacco secret, pi it’s the smoothest smoke that ever and floated out from your old pet pipe. - What’s more, Granger is not the a temperamental tobacco. You'll _ like it as much a year from now a as you do the very first puff. ith | und the wer is the a pt NOTE-—GRANGER is packed in heavy of foil instead of costly tin and is priced ed accordingly, at ten cents the package. he Do not let this modest price mislead ch you, but judge GRANGER solely on its ke good taste and fine smoking qualities. a LIGGETT & MYERS TOBACCO CO. sly of rie he it 1) A TOBACCO MADE AND CUT FOR PIPES...10 CENTS

Page 100

Electric Drill No. 612 —14’ ) we the MILLERS FALLS talk to you in your own language. Its story is one of power for tough work— speed to get through quickly—strength to stand up under hard service. MILLERS FALLS is easily adapted to the many varied jobs your electric drill will be required to perform. We have prepared a neat booklet telling some of the new uses others have found for it— particularly in automo- tive work. Send coupon today for this free book and the complete MILLERS FALLS catalog covering 10 major lines ot useful tools. Please indicate what drill interests you most. Three sizes—14,", 34”, 1/2”. The best dealers sell Millers Falls Tools MILLERS FALLS COMPANY .. Millers Falls, Massachusetts MILLERS FALLS TOOLS EFC B fur pla antique. at Jeast 1 original. antique, é free of | abroad tl faction 0 more thai Collect Jar in re their purc very carel nothing more that cent reste rule ap} American as well as So, acco! this stan piece of | 150 or € years old than ten renewed | terial nc originally antique. The or also cons’ ‘| ample, a with a st plain fee straight 1 and the ; ones. Th have bee the chan; not affect of the wl changed, from the and to a secondhai NYTI size antique, 1 the chan; azain be panels for handles fe to change in a door teen—an) the origin its ever be A lady bought a table (cor those wh Two of tl glued ba ee (

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April, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY — ~ Restoring Old Furniture | How to Preserve the Original Wood—Worn furniture, it might be well to ex- plain what constitutes an original antique. It is, ina general way, anything at least 100 years old and ninety percent original. Our Government recognizes as antique, and allows to enter the country free of duty, anything shipped from abroad that can be proved, to the satis- faction of the customs officials, to be more than 100 years old. Collectors of antiques who are particu- lar in regard to their purchases are very careful to buy nothing that is more than ten per- cent restored; this rule applies to American antiques as well as foreign. So, according to this standard, a piece of furniture 150 or even 200 years old, if more than ten percent renewed with ma- terial not in it originally, is not entitled to be called antique. The original size and shape must be also considered. One may have, for ex- ample, a corner cupboard or a secretary with a straight molding at the top and plain feet under it and replace the straight molding with a broken arch top, and the plain feet with more elaborate ones. The piece in its original form may have been centuries old, and probably the changes and replacements made do not affect more than two or three percent of the whole. But the design has been changed, so in its new form the age dates from the time the changes were made, and to all intent and purposes it is a secondhand piece of furniture. NYTHING in which the design or size has been changed is not an antique, not even 100 years or more after the changes are made, for it can never again be original. ‘To substitute wood panels for glass, or glass for wood; drawer handles for knobs, or knobs for handles; to change the number of panes of glass in a door, say from eight or ten to thir- teen—any of these slight changes destroy the originality of an antique and prevent its ever becoming valuable as an antique. A lady of the writer’s acquaintance bought a very fine old snake-foot round table (commonly called candlestands by those who don’t know the difference). Iwo of the feet were split, but could be glued back and the piece would have | | Bieri taking up the repair of old Drawers—Clamps—Blind Nailing By R. C. STANLEY Fig. 1. A framework of rough boards, made as shown in Fig. 4, page 117, is used for clamping furniture parts that have been glued. Note the cross members, which keep the work flat Fig. 2. A similar frame with iron C-clamps instead of wooden wedges for applying pressure to keep boards flat been 100 percent original. It was un- doubtedly many years past the 100 mark, but the lady insisted that the repair man make two new feet and discard the damaged ones. He went ahead according to instruc- tions, but before he had progressed far the lady returned to say that she did not like the design of the turned post. Couldn’t he make her a new post, turned to her own design? Sure! So a new post was turned, but then she decided the top was not large enough for the spread of the feet. Couldn't she have a new top a little larger? She got it! The table can’t be regarded as a year old yet, but the lady boasts of her “antique” candle- stand she “bought up in the mountains.” The repair man had more than ninety percent of the table left on his hands. He made one new foot, repaired the two damaged ones, reassembled the table, and sold it as an original antique table, which it was, without question. All this is to warn against changes which destroy originality. You can’t possibly have antiques made to order. Of course, where several are missing and can't be duplicated, wood knobs may be changed for glass knobs and vice versa, or one design of handles may be changed for another, but wherever possible to do so, every part of the piece that is original should be preserved, although to preserve it may take much more time and work than to replace it with new material. The (Continued on page 117) 97 SSE NP LR AP ee ae TPMT 40s arse ART se iar aa Be ~~ . SUGARY ENT Foe oes % DAY, still more than ever before, Champion merits the world-preference which enables it to outsell, two to one, everywhere that motor cars are used. Champion, the better spark plug, has always led in spark plug de- velopment and has contributed vitally to the progress of the in- ternal combustion engine. For five years this preponderance of sales has belonged toChampion by right of superior spark plug performance; and it is Champion’s pledge that nothing shall ever be left undone to increase the satis- faction of the millions of Cham- pion users. Champion—for all cars other than Model T Ford 730 « bitin ys Champion X= for Ford Model T b, 7 yy: if 3 npion

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY

WOOD CARVING An instruction book on wood carving, containing many illustrations and full descris. tions of the woods and tools n ‘or this io craft. Postpaid $1.00. The fun of owning a Set of Wood Carving Tools wrt a lot of interesting things can be carved out of wood! There’s no end of ways to enjoy yourself if you have a really good set of tools. Here is a set that answers that description in full.

Genuine J. B. ADDIS, Sheffield, England Set No. 12, as illustrated, in polished oak case, with 12 Sheffield made tools, 4 sharpening stones, marker and book of instructions, $13.20. Set No. 14 with 6 tools, 2 stones, marker and book of instructions, $7.60. Postage extra. Shipping weight approx. 4 lbs.

Typical of other things we are able to supply from our stock of tools of every description is this Magnetic Brad Set. The magnetized ram picks up a brad and holds it in place. A push on the handle easily drives it home. Each, postpaid, 75¢. Hammacher Schiemmer Co. 4th Ave.at13th St. New York, N. Y. € re aaa a SeR Have you sent for our new A Tool fo ead 100 pages on i~ ran _— tools for home use?

a ims il Hammacher, Schlemmer & Co. "Kindly send me your free catalog No. 615-P— all about Tools for the Home Workshop. Name Address nies City State —

A Real Kiddies’ Playground (Continued from page 79) them. Merely widen the end link of each chain, slip it over the end and bend it back in the groove. For the rings cut two pieces of chain 32 in. long and two pieces 7 in. long. Join these to form a V. Next take one of the 5-in. bolts, slip a 44-in. washer over it and put it through one side of the chain. Slip the bolt through one of the 4-in. lengths of gas pipe and out on the other side of the chain; add another washer and the nut. In finishing the ap- paratus, you can use either white paint or spar varnish. The boat tank is so simple in construc- tion that it is hardly necessary to go into any details. The materials necessary are: 3 pes. 1 by 12 in. by 8 ft., 1 pe. 1 by 12 in. by 2 ft., 1 pe. 1 by 6 in. by 8 ft., and 1 pe. 1 by 4 in. by 8 ft., yellow pine or cypress. Square up the 1 by 12 by 8 ft. pieces and plane to a smooth edge. Cut the two

LEGS AND GRACES x4" \.

Be sure that the edges of the boat tank boards are heavily coated with white lead before being nailed together. This will be of help in making the joints water-tight

t L—- 7 7 | dit ty L Loy ' a

attach the wheels next. ing gear. plane, be sure that it is firm.

Make sure that the gas pipe shaft cannot work out and allow the teeter-totter to spill the Two cotter pins will prevent that children. ends 1014 by 11% in. and nail ends and sides together. Now take the other 8-ft. board and nail it in place for the bottom. It is well to put a heavy coat of white lead on the edge of the sides and ends before the bottom is nailed in place. This will insure a more waterproof tank. Next cut four 1 by 4 in. piecés 16 in. long and nail them on the four corners to form the legs. Cut a 1 by 4 in. piece to fit across the top of the tank at each end to rein- force it and keep it from spreading. Cut two 1 by 6 in. pieces and nail in place across each end at the top. Bore a 1-in. hole 1 in. from the top to keep the tank from overflowing. While the construction of the airplane is comparative- ly simple, it must be built up properly or it will be dangerous for the smaller children. The landing gear and tail skid must be strongly built so that the plane will not be broken when it lands. The materials necessary are: 1 pe. 1 by 12 in. by 12 just ahead of the cockpit. The seat is made of any light wood and cut as shown in the drawing. The tail is made of two pieces 1 by 3 by 84 in., cut as shown, and nailed in place. The radiator is a piece of oak 1 by 1) by 6 in,, | end chains.

7:0" ' [et — 16 foci} 20} \0-}+-— 16-14} ciand C = : ae : . — SWINGING .! \. , 2 ib) TRAPEZE / GAS pipe HANDLE) \d/

SWING

ft. yellow pine; 1 pe, ] 1% in. by 10 ft. ae by 2 by 4 in. by 3 ft. yelloy pine; 2 pes. % by 1 in strap iron, 18 in. long: | set of porch swing chains. 4 screw hooks, 1 in,; 9 disk wheels, 5 in.; 100 No. 9 galvanized wire; 9| pulleys, 114 in. The wing, which is 4 ft from tip to tip, and the| fuselage, which is 4 ft, 3 in. long, are cut from 12-in. board. Join. the wings and fuselage with 114-in. wood. screws. Cut an 18-in. piece of two-by.| four and fastea it to the bottom of the fuselage or body directly under the wing | to form the axle or landing gear. To this. If you can'| obtain disk wheels conveniently, saw out| wheels of 1-in. oak. Be sure the landing gear and wheels are strongly made. There is considerable strain on these parts when | the ship lands. Fasten the two pieces of 1-in. strap iron in place to brace the land. — _ The tail skid is made of two 15 in. long| pieces cut from 1 by 1% in. oak and) bolted in place on the fuselage. As this| is used as a brake in stopping the air-| You will notice in the drawing that the| fuselage also is reinforced with 1 by 1% in. strips. Cut two pieces 14 in. long and fasten them on each side of the fuselage | in back of the seat. They extend about | 2 in. above to give a place for attaching the rear chain. Bolt two pieces of wood 12 in. long between the axle and the wing held in place with two screws. The. propeller is cut from white pine and! pivoted on a 2-in. wood screw. A porch swing chain set usually con- tains two large hooks; these are screwed into the 2 by 4 in. axle for the two front (Continued on page 99) |

April, 19

-———-5-0— The frame for the swing, trapeze and rings is made from planed lumber bolted together. Porch swing chains and hooks are used

——

@ This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STAIsDARDS. See page 8.

April, 1928 — Jn paint any colors is white, W on the win The trol 1% by V7 iamte she Slip the p = te th shut the lower hoo chains car height. Now cor the whole flight. _ ulleys in oon the h or any ot necessary great heigl) sufficient | After the ' plaae to t the tail sk ground be will bring plete stop of the wire at one en time it w the slack. The tee’ of apparat endless pl by 12 in. k and 1 pe. 1 pe. of 3 side diame First cv board as 98. Nail at the cen after bori end to en 2 by 4 by top of eas pieces 2 b and nail t! piece of 2 tween the the base. 1 by 4 i diagram. and slip | and throu cotter pin made of small bloc HE} conv use regula ports, scre' will serve it Small shel rested on eyes just a shelf sup large shel held by d screws up screw eye wood as sl

Page 103

il, 1% 1 by elloy 1 in| ng; || ans, 0 fe re; 2 | | the | ft. 3 Join by. | f the Wing | ) this pant | f.. ding | here vhen | es of | and. long | and this ; the | 1k and lage | bout | hing | rood | ving | and il is cut | The | in., The and: -on- | wed | ront 99) Pile. ag April, 1928 “A Real Kiddies’ Playground (Continued from page 98) In painting the airplane you can use any colors you desire. ‘The one illustrated is white, with red, white and blue targets on the wing and a black radiator. The trolley is made of a piece of 1 or 1% by 1% by 16 in. oak. Screw two hooks above and two on the underside. Slip the pulleys in place and, to make certain they will not come loose, bend shut the hooks that hold them. The lower hooks are left open so that the chains can be adjusted to the desired height. : : Now comes the most interesting part of the whole job—making ready for our test fight. Take 100 ft. of No. 9 wire, slip the pulleys into position, and stretch the wire from the house to the garage, or to a tree or any other suitable place. It is not necessary to have the upper end to any great height; a very small incline will give sufficient speed to thrill any youngster. After the wire is stretched, fasten the air- plane to the hooks and adjust it so that the tail skid will come in contact with the ground before the wheels touch. This will bring the airplane almost to a com- plete stop before it reaches the lower end of the wire. It is well to use a turnbuckle at one end of the wire, as from time to time it will be necessary to take up the slack. The teeter-totter is a very simple piece | of apparatus, but it will give the children | endless pleasure. The materials: 1 pe. 1 by 12 in. by 8 ft., 1 pe. 2 by 4 in. by 12 ft., and 1 pe. 1 by 4 in. by 8 ft. yellow pine; 1 pe. of 34-in. gas pipe (about 1 in. out- side diameter) 24 in. long. First cut out the 1 by 12 in. by 8 ft. board as shown in the drawing on page 98. Nail or screw across the board at the center one piece 2 by 4 by 17 in., after boring « 1-in. hole through it from end to end. Cut two pieces for uprights 2 by 4 by 19 in. long and 5 in. from the top of each bore a 1-in. hole. Cut two pieces 2 by 4 by 27 in. to form the base and nail them in place as shown. Cut one piece of 2 by 4 by 18 in. and nail it be- tween the uprights at right angles with the base. Now brace the stand with two 1 by 4 in. pieces as indicated in the diagram. Place the top board in position and slip the pipe through the uprights and through the hole in the cross member, cotter pinning it in place. The handles are made of 1 by 1 by 7 in. pieces with a small block of 2 by 4 in. as the base. Screw Eyes Serve as Neat Supports for Shelves \ HEN it is not convenient to use regular shelf sup- ports, screw eyes often willservein their place. J Small shelves can be f SS rested on the screw eyes just as on regular shelf supports, but large shelves can be ~ NY held by driving short | Rews | screws up through the —— * SCREW EYES } screw eyes into the A shelf fastened with | Wood as shown. screw eyes and screws POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 99 he finest tool of its kind Try This Test Put Auger Bit into chuck of ‘‘Yankee”’ Brace. Bore deep into tough wood. Then pull upward with all your strength. Bit will not come out of chuck. Guaranteed by the name ‘‘YANKEE’’ See this wonderful “‘ Yan- kee”’ Ratchet Brace at your hardware dealer’s. Like all “Yankee” Tools it saves time and labor. Try it and you will appreciate the economy of paying a little more to own the finest tool of its kind. For No. 2100 is made and finished like a precision tool. The famous “‘Yan- kee” Ratchet is smooth, powerful, si- lent; as smooth-working as the stem- wind of a watch—yet unbreakable. No need to hold chuck to keep it from turn- ing back on ratchet movement. A finger touch on easy-acting Ratchet Shifter gives right or left ratchet, or rigid. Positive visible adjustment. Dust-proof. Moisture-proof. Price (10-inch sweep) ns $8.20 i EW “Yankee” Chuck—most efficient ever made. Ball-bearing, quick centering, and accu- rate. Holds any bit (round, square, any taper) in vise-like grip. Yet chuck releases bit at a turn of wrist. ; Handles are hard rubber and indestructible. Top handle, steel clad, ball-bearing. Sweep handle caps held by patented “‘ Yankee” # method, preventing excessive handle play. Brace is finished beau- 4 tifully in keeping with its perfect mechanism. **Yankee’”’ Bit Extension No. 2150 Price (18-inch) $2.30 Stands abuse and follows through. Bit held by socket. No jaws to break. No loosening and pulling out of bit in work. And bit in “Vankee” Socket can’t jam. Fits any brace. Lengths: 15, 18, 21, 24 inches. Holds large range of bit shanks. “Yankee’’ on the tool you buy means the utmost in quality, efficiency and durability. Write for FREE ‘‘Yankee’’ Tool Book Shows how “Yankee’’ Tools make work easier: | Spiral Screw-drivers. Plain Screw-drivers. Auto- = matic Push Drills. Ratchet Breast, Hand, Chain, 4 and Bench Drills. Ratchet Tap Wrenches. Vises with removable base, etc. Dealers Everywhere Sell ‘‘Yankee’’ Tools . NortuBros. Mrce.Co., Philadelphia, U.S.A. * ~ YANKEE TOOLS" Make Beller Nechanics © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8

Page 104

100 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY

(o Ay ~ 7 BELL SYSTEM

GOING HERCULES ONE BETTER ® © It is not on record that among the labors of Hercules he faced any so hard as this: To make every year a million telephones, thousands of miles of telephone cable using more than 35 billion feet of wire, and over 100,000 items of various kinds of telephone apparatus to meet the nation’s communica- tion needs. What this company does not make for the Bell System it must supply as the System’s purchasing agents. To buy poles by the forest, construction material by the train- load, involves an activity which covers nationwide and even worldwide markets. Western Electric not only makes or buys substantially everything the Bell System uses but it also stores and distributes this material from centrally located warehouses. Your telephone company for its regular needs or for emergency requirements after some destructive storm, looks to Western Electric for prompt delivery. To this threefold responsibility Western Electric brings an experience ripened through two generations and an abiding purpose to make the services of supply worthy of the highest ideals of telephone service to the public.

Western ElJecfric Purchasers...Manufacturers.. Distributors SINCE 1862 FOR THE Get System

© This seal ori a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. . — —— Furniture for Beginners to Make By VERNON W. PaLen NYONE who can saw wood and driye | nails with fair accuracy will find it g| simple matter to construct the four usefy| little pieces of furniture illustrated on this and the following pages—a magazine holder, a night or bedside table, a smoking stand and a corner shelf or rack. To make the — magazine holder a | (Figs. 1 and 2) re- quires but one board of any easi- ly worked wood, \% by 12 in. and 7 ft. in length, and another, 144 by 8 in. by 4 ft. 6 in. From the wide board cut two fronts and two partitions, each 14 in. long, and one middle partition 1934 in. long. From the other board cut the bottom, 7 by 12 in, and the two ends, 8 by 20 in. Excepting the bottom, either one or two ends of all pieces will be curved and the middle partition will have a handhole, These curves may be marked and worked | out separately with a scroll saw, or the! two fronts, the ends and the two parti- tions may be fastened in pairs with small | brads, marked, and taken to a mill to! be bandsawed. The handhole must be! sawed with a scroll saw. Smooth and sandpaper all surfaces and curves. Assemble the ends, bottom and_ middle partition, then the short parti-

Fig. 1. Magazine hold- | er lacquered in green

t

fa 12° gr ‘ bh 13 Fig. 2. Front and end views of the holder. fhe lightly drawn squares are 1 in. each | .

tions, and the fronts last. Use 114-in. No. 17 brads and be sure they are so drivel) that they will not come out of the sides of | the partitions. Holding a piece of wood, 134 in. wide between the partitions while nailing will help. The magazine holder and the other) pieces to be described may be finished in) avariety of ways. (Continued on page 101) |

April, 1928 ——— | Furni | Perhaps th ‘ent, and © the home | ‘tained wit | quers. i | coats ol Ja “With. Chin | simple ster | To mak _ shown or ¢ r and sharp knife the stencil adhere clo:

4 | Fig. 3. A stand of ir simple c< chased, th ' and blende A finish beauty of a coat of ‘rubbed w sandpaper ished with is to be u with clean perfectly « 00 sandpa block, to « | To mal

Fig. 4. table ar | shown in from whi cut econo /4 to a | worked t I by 1 by RY in.; by 14 in.: | 3 by 101 ae Sa

Page 105

——as° Furniture for Beginners (Continued from page 100) Perhaps the most popular finish at pres- | ent, and ce rtainly one of the easiest for the home worker to apply, is that ob- tained with quick drying brushing lac- ;. The original pieces were given two quers. The original p g t ‘coats of jade green lacquer and decorated ‘with Chinese red, applied through a “ stencil. che a stencil, draw the designs shown or other suitable designs on oiled r and cut out the pattern with a sharp knife or razor blade. If the back of the stencil is covered with paste, it will adhere closely to the surface being deco- rated and no color will creep under. _ When the lacquer . is dry, the stencil can be peeled off and any small pieces which stick may be removed by rubbing gently with a wet rag. Transfer (decal- comania) designs could be used in- stead of a stencil. If one of the new lacquer hand sprayers is pur- chased, the lacquer can be sprayed on Fig. 3. A bedside stand of inexpensive, simple construction _and blended effects may be obtained. A finish that will preserve the original beauty of the wood can be produced with a coat of stain and two coats of shellac ‘rubbed with No. 4/0 or other very fine } | | | | sandpaper or steel wool and finally pol- ished with furniture wax. If a water stain is to be used, wet the table thoroughly with clean water before staining and when perfectly dry smooth the wood with No. 00 sandpaper, using the hand only, not a block, to cut down the raised grain. To make the night table, which is ~e % 2 oy Ha i x cS. z= PA 2: ay 1S 30 y eos z - © x» : — Fig. 4. Front and end views of the night table and sectional details of the drawer shown in Figs. 3 and 4, purchase boards from which the following pieces may be cut economically, or take the list and Fig. 4 to a lumber mill to have the stock worked to the given dimensions: 4 legs, 1 by 1 by 30 in.; 4 shelves, 4 by 124% by 124% in.; 4 sides and door, % by 10% by 14 in.; 4 sides and drawer front, 34 by 3 by 1014 in.; 2 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY How We GENTLEMEN: No man is ever convinced against his will. And extravagant claims fail to im- press when the product itself cannot live up to them. So in introducing our new shaving cream to you we discard bombast and boasting, and rest our case flatly on your decision after you have made a suitable trial of the product itself. Now we offer you a ten-day test, at our expense. We expect it to prove to you in your own bathroom that this is the finest shaving cream you have ever used. Our whole case rests on merit alone convincing you. We take the risk—not you If we are right, surely you want to know about it. And, since the big majority of those who make this test become wedded Win Men To Our New Shaving Cream that proves to 85% — fe —- to Palmolive Shaving Cream, we feel we have a good chance to win you. Palmolive Shaving Cream is no accident. We started by asking 1000 men what they most desired ina shaving preparation. Then set out to give it to them. Formula after formula failed in the com- plete result—1zg in all. Then success came- Our great laboratories, skilled for 60 years in soap supremacy, had created another leader. These 5 things you wish 1. Multiplies itself in lather 250 times. 2. Softens the beard in one minute. 3. Maintains its creamy fullness for 10 minutes on the face. 4. Strong bubbles hold the hairs erect for cutting. 5. Fine after-effects due to palm and olive oil content. Now mail the coupon We take the risk—not you. We under- take to please you. . . to win you in ten shaves. Won't you mail the coupon, please? THE PALMOLIVE-PEET COMPANY, CHICAGO, ILL. 3930 35¢ 10 Shaves FREE and acan of Palmolive After Shaving T: alc A 10-day test at our expense of those who try it that the claims we make are based on fact (Continued on page 103) . To add the final touch to shaving luxury, we have created Palmolive After Shaving Talc—especially for men. Doesn't show. Leaves the skin smooth and fresh, and gives that well-groomed look. Try the sample we are sending free with the tube of Shaving Cream. There are new delights here for every man. Please let us prove them to you. Clip the coupon now. Simply insert your name and address and mail to Dept. B-1474, Palmolive, 3702 Iron St., Chicago, Ill. ; e Residents of Wisconsin should address Palmolive, Milwaukee, Wis. © This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

Page 106

102 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY NICHOLSON F ILES Save Time 7 Files Must Be “Handled” Right For Good Work Roig Oo —A File for Every Purpose © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. Files that are improperly inserted in their wooden handles—so that they slip or are out of line—make good filing work difficult. Here is how the experienced tool user will tell you to “handle” your files: Heat the tang of an old file of the same size as the one to be “handled.” Burn out the hole in the wooden handle, taking care that it is “in line.’ Then drive in the new file up to the shoulder, completely embedding the tang. One more thing to remember: Before you “handle” the file, look for the NICHOLSON trade mark on the tang. Good filing work demands good files properly used. Our booklet, “File Filosophy,” gives many practic suggestions for better filing. A copy will be sent free on request. NICHOLSON FILE CO. U S A Providence, R.1., U.S.A. - e oe © * iTRADE MARK! Aor Apeil, 1928 in Blueprints for You; || Fe Home W orkshop dia 2 ? wer yg ONE of the blueprints liste 1 pon | below can be obtained for 95 cents 1 Wh oa The blueprints are complete jn them. sed, | selves, but if you wish the correspond; Th ones back issue of the magazine in which the fa ten wil project was described in detail, it can by “~ on 1 had for 25 cents additional so long 4; -— peels copies are available. with hanc Popular Science Monthly 250 Fourth Avenue, New York IT! Send me the blueprint, or blueprints, Thaye the underlined below, for which I inclose..._ fit the leg PTS EOE Ee: eS, the surfac - 4 Described 10%1 No. Title tn Issues of Pri ch 1. Sewing Table Feb., 22 %e reclly 2. Smoking Cabinet Mar., '22 Plane : 3. End Table Apr., 22 faces. Pla 5. Kitchen Cabinet May, ’22 % 9. Arbor, Gate and Seats July, °'22 4} | between 10. Porch Swing Aug., 22 them bac! 11. Bench and Tilt Table Sept., ’22 %) |: c 13. Tea Wagon Nov., °22 45.) | 10. aS at 14. Christmas Toys Dec., '22 9 the ends ¢ 15. Workshop Bench Jan. = =°23 ah | ay b 17. Cedar Chest Mar., °23 9,| | No. 16 br 18. Phone Table and Stool Mar., °23 91 | sides coin 19. Grandfather’s Clock Apr., 23 %e h 20. Flat Top Desk Apr., °23 9% of the she 21. Colonial Desk Apr., °23 9% the two t 23. One-Car Garage May, '23 9% ve 24. Gateleg Table June, '23 95.) | 10/41. s 25. Canoe Sailing Outfit July, °23 91 the shelv 26. Baby’s Crib and Pen Sept., °23 9% fini 27. Kitchen-Cabinet Table Oct., 23 9.5 | penny Mn! 29. Toy Tea Cart, etc. Dec., '23 9% | the legs. 30. Tool Cabinet, etc. Jan., "24 h ] 31. Sewing Cabinets Feb., 24 9%) | legs shou 33. Dining Alcove Apr., °24 — % The ba 34. Garden Trellises May, °24 %& tat 35. Simple Radio Cabinet Oct., 24 95 | cutouta 37. Simplified Bookcase Dec., °24 28 | sidesasat 38. Small Drop-Leaf Table Jan., "25 he bot 39. Salem Chest of Drawers Feb., °25 9%:5 | at the bo 40. Small Drop-Front Desk Mar., °25 % Y-in. dra 41. One-Tube Radio Set May, ‘25 % A bl 42. Three-Stage Amplifier | June, '25 9%) | Assemble 43. Four-Tube Receiver July, ’25 2%8.| sides to t 44, Pirate Ship Model—Hull Feb., '26 2% brads, k 45. Pirate Ship—Details Mar., °26 S, Kee 46. Galleon Model—Hull May, °26 2% flush wit] 47. Galleon Model—Details June, ’'26 2% ith the | 48. Sailing Yacht Model July, °26 2%) | withthe 49. Broom Cabinet Aug., °26 %%&§| the 14 in. 50. Airplane Model (Flying) Sept., °’26 % ith 1-i 51. Clipper Ship Model—Hull Oct., °26 | With 1-in. 52. Clipper Model—Details Oct., °26 2&8! so that it 53. Clipper Model—Rigging Nov., °26 2c lidi 54. Five-Tube Radio Set Oct., '26 | Sliding sw 55. Five-Tube Set—Details Oct. °26 %} | will help. 56. Bird and Animal Toys Dec., '26 %& f the f 57. Constitution Model—fiull Jan., “a7 4 | Ol the Ire 58: Constit ution—Rigging Feb., °27 %& Hang t] 59. Constitution—Rigging Mar., ’27 Mee}: di 60. Welsh Dresser Mar., ’27 2p | Wl. Medi 61. Viking Ship Model—Hull Apr., ’27 %&E | fit a sma 62. Viking Ship—Details Apr., °27 %& tch 63. Toy Motor Boat—Hull May, °27 %&)| catch, | 64. Toy Motor Boat—Details May, '27 %&§| 4 by 1h 65. Six Simple Block Puzzles June, ’27 ee : ] 66. Ship-Model Weather Vane Aug., ’27 a5 | 10 P ace é 67. Toy Model of Lindbergh’s The co. New York-to-Paris Plane Aug., ’27 2 smoki : 68. Magazine-Rack Table and MOKINg | Book-Trough Table Sept., °27. %& (Contin 69. Flying Model (3 ft.) of Lindbergh’s Monoplane Oct., ’27 de 70. Console Radio Cabinet Nov., °27 % 71. Console Cabinet—Details Nov., ’27 % 13] 72. Doll’s House Dec., °27 73. Doll’s House Furniture & 74. Santa Maria Model—Hull Dec., ’27 % 75. Santa Maria—Rigging Se 76. Santa Maria—Details ax 77. Simple Pier Cabinet and Decorative Wall Shelves Jan., ’28 2% 78. Simple Treasure Chests . 79. Electric Radio Set Feb., ’28 a 80. High Power Unit for Elec- tric Radio Set 81. Low Power Unit for Elec- tric Radio Set 82. Simple Single-Stick Air- plane Model (30-in.) 83. Mayflower Model—Hull Apr., ’28 rh 84. May flower—Details q 85. May flower—Rigging Apr., ’28 2c pO Ee ee eee i +-——_—__— -+———-~- Fig. 5. bled wi

Page 107

April, i April, 1928 ae aii a | SUUTTITEUUUAEUTETUOAEAEAUAE AAA UUM UAELGUGUUEUGLUUUGEUOUOnNHy LU fit a small cupboard lock or catch, make a door stop Y by 1 by 3 in. and brad in place at H. The construction of the ‘ou Furniture for Beginners r (Continued from page 101) 0 er sides, 4% by 234 by 10% in.; P owe back, 144 by 23% by 9% in.; Its lista i drawer bottom, 4 by 10% by 101% in. 25 cents1| When all pieces have been cut and 10 them. squared, place the four shelves together sponding} | with corners and edges coinciding and Which the fasten with 7%-in. brads (not more than It Can be three or four to each piece) driven near ' long & || the corners, Or hold the bunch together with hand screws. ITH knife marks lay out accurately nts, [hy the corners that are to be cut out to e. || ft the legs. Square across the edges and call ceni, || the surfaces of the shelves. Be sure that ed the 1014 in. between the shoulders is cor- *of Prat | rectly marked. Cut with a fine saw. 12 = Plane and sandpaper all outside sur- 22 9-1 | faces. Place the three 1014 by 14 in. sides x | | between the two lower shelves, setting 22 1 | them back from the edge of the shelf 14 22 H jn. asat C. Nail through the shelves into 22-1 | the ends of the sides as at D with 114-in. 4 : No. 16 brads, being sure the edges of the 23 9} | sides coincide with the cuts in the corners 23 > of the shelves. Repeat this process with 23 %1 | the two top shelves and the three 3 by 23 1 | 104 in. sides. Assemble the legs and all 23 9&1 | the shelves by nailing as at E with six- = eT | penny finishing nails, first drilling through 23 a8 | the legs. The inside of the sides and the 24 | | legs should be flush. 24% The back of the drawer front should be = = cut out at each end to receive the drawer 24 = %&F | sidesas at F of section A, and a rabbet cut = s at the bottom 14 by 3¢ in. to receive the 25%} | Y/-in. drawer bottom as at G of section B. | 3 . Assemble the drawer by fastening the | ~ %}.| sides to the back and front with 114-in. 26 F brads, keeping the lower edge of the sides | . %} | flush with the rabbet of the front and | 6 = with the bottom edge of the back. Fasten | ~ %&} | the 4 in. bottom to the sides and back 6 : with l-in. No. 17 brads. Fit the drawer . : so that it will slide easily; touching the 6 %4 | Sliding surfaces with a wax candle or soap : : will help. Piace a brass knob in the center 7 4 | of the front. ; 2 Hang the door with 114- 7 || i. medium brass butts, i %& 2% % % 7 4s smoking stand, Fig. 5, is 7 & (Continued on page 104) ] % | ro —t—a | 7 | 941151 2 | r = 29 “ . % ms fe a 1 2% } % rd 2 al || A 2% ; ‘ , 8 2% re “, A \. te = | ¢@ 4 ; ap | PH tet Th " Bt at C FAT ISR LJ ik i Pee iad { i) oo . whl || On TE Stig eh} ft! ray | fee f' a ne ween | a fe es ¢o. Z t a arly) 1 | 4 LI Lat Ld | Fig. 5. The smoking stand may be assem- bled with nails or screws in the easiest way POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 1 > w “KYANIZE makes the old like new. I have used KYANIZE to redec- orate my house, with wonderful results. .. . KYANIZE Celoid for the walls and Floor Enamel for the floors. ... They make the old as bright and beautiful as the new.” — J. Thornton, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. From Kitchen to Attic Ayanize Brightens and Beautifies Keep your home charming and attractive with KYANIZE Floor Finish. This easily applied, economical finish is ideal for furniture and woodwork, as well as for floors. It is transparent, yet it comes in several beautiful shades from Light Oak to Dark Mahogany, as well as in the “clear” or natural. In applying KYANIZE Floor Finish you need not even stir it. Simply brush it on. It dries overnight, brilliant and smooth and even. KYANIZE Decal Transfers—fully described in our book, The Charm of Painted Things,” add the final touch of beauty to articles refinished with KYANIZE. These exquisite floral and silhouette decorations can be applied in a minute or two by just slipping them off the moistened paper directly onto the surface you have finished. Send 10 cents for our new booklet The Charm of Painted Things.”’ Special $1.00 Offer: If your dealer cannot supply you, send us his nanie and ONE OLLAR and we will forward, charges prepaid, a full pint of KYANIZE Floor Finish, a good brush to apply it, and our new Instruction Book, ““The Charm of Painted Things” weet —all for $1.00. Mention color desired. Light Oak, Walnut or Brown Mahogany, Dark Oak, Mahogany, Golden Oak, Colonial Green, Cherry, Natural or Clear, Rosewood or Dark Mahogany. BOSTON VARNISH COMPANY 46 Everett Statioa Boston, Mass., U.S.A. @— VARNISHES & ENAMELS for Floors~Furniture-Woodwork FO TUT TUT TLL LALLA LALLA LLL LLL LULL LUELLA LULU LULL Le LULL LULL LOUK LULL LLL LLL LL FE TUTE LLL LL LA LALA ALLA LL MALL LALLA LLU MALLU LA ILLUMI UM MUM MMMM MMM UMMM MMMM ULM UM LM MMU MUL MMMIUMIIMUMMM MMMM AUUHONVOUNVNSNANEOUHAAOUAAADUSEAGUUAUUAU AAA 2 Sy] © This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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104 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY You Don’t Have to Coddle an INGERSOLL ALARM CLOCK An alarm clock is meant to serve rather than to be served. Nobody wants to make it the pet of the family. Everybody wants it to give reliable service, both in time and alarm, and stand uncomplainingly the ordinary amount of abuse that every necessary article receives during a long and honorable life. Ingersoll Alarm Clocks combine the accuracy of more delicate timepieces with a sturdiness that comes from sound, solid construction. These clocks tell time correctly and ring on time. They ring clearly and pene- tratingly. They save effort and annoyance, because their knob alarm switches make the alarm easy to find and easy to stop by merely a flick of the finger. And all this is only a part of Ingersoll Alarm Clock value. It wouldn’t be com- plete without Ingersoll “good looks” to round out the picture. Beautifully shaped handles that are part of the design; mat finish metal dials with artistic, readable numerals; heavy rolled edge cases; and graceful curved feet make Ingersolls pleasing to look upon. Reliability . . . sturdiness... style... low price ...and value! These are the Ingersoll “big five” ~ and they mean alarm A clock satisfaction for y you! Look for the name INGERSOLL on the dial—justto make sure. Should an accident occur, and a jeweler not be close at hand, send your Ingersoll Alarm Clock to our Service Department at Waterbury, Conn. It will be repaired promptly ata nominal cost. A Really Dependable Alarm Clock for $1.50 Ingersoll Type-T. Endowed with a half dozen good looks features such as mat finish metal dial, antique handle, heavy rolled edge and specially designed top bell. Height 558”. Radiolite $2.25. INGERSOLL WATCH CO.,Inc., New York Chicago San Francisco Service Department, Waterbury, Conn. N Made by the Makers of an April, 1) BETTER BOATS fi at Lower Prices The BEST that Skill and Experience can Produce TWO BIG FACTORIES Our complete line of 22 models offers you a variety to choose from. Prompt shipment from we be you, Please state kind of boat in which you are interested. H ON BROS. BOAT MFG. CO. 219 eee otras) 12 eevee TAN © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. The Midget ® ‘‘Five-in-One” Slide Rule \ is a combination Mannheim, Polymet- \ ric, 5 . Binary, Add and Sub- tract Slide Rule. It will instantly add, subtract, multiply and divide any com- bination of whole numbers, fractions, mix b imals. Gives every root and power, also Logs, Sin and Tangents. ade of aluminum with scales on white celluloid. Size 4 in. Ap- prov adopted by collewes- Price with instructions, re .. Leather Case 50c extra, Sent C.O.D.if desired. Cat- alogue Free. SLIDE RULE CO.. Stuart. Florida (Patented 1-17-22) $$$ $$ $$ TOOL CHESTS for TOOLMAKERS and Machinists Finest quality, best material, strong con- struction make them worth much more than they cost. Catalog free H. GERSTNER &- SON 552 Columbia St., Dayton, Ohi — Furniture for Beginners (Continued from page 103) about as simple and strong as it can be All that is required is one piece 1% iin square and 8 ft. long, one %4-in, board 12 in. wide and 3 ft. 2 in. long, and oye | 34-in. board 10 in. wide and the same | length. Cut four legs 2334 in. long from the square piece, three shelves 115, by ny in. from the 12-in. board, and the the sides and one door 94% in. wide by 9 in, long from the 10-in. board. Fasten the three shelves together with 114-in. brags so that the edges and angles are eyep: then all can be worked as one shelf. Mark the surfaces and edges accurately with g knife 13 in. from each corner and use q| sharp, smooth-cutting saw to cut out the | waste wood. Smooth and sandpaper all outside sy. faces and fasten the three sides and two | et IL a i es > Fig. 6. A rack that even young home workers can make. Each square represents 1 in. shelves with 1%-in. No. 15 brads as at B, being sure the edges of the sides coincide with the corner cuts of the shelves. Assemble the entire stand with 21%-in, No. 8 round-head screws; drive them a little slantingly as at A to clear each other. Tenpenny finishing nails may be used in- stead of screws, but the latter are better. Hang the door with 1-in. brass butts and fit a small cupboard catch or lock. Place a 44 by 1 by 3 in. stop at C. The smoker’s tray may be purchased in any novelty shop. In a corner of a nursery or den, the) little shelves illustrated in Fig. 6 are just | the thing for holding small articles. Their | simplicity of construction invites the| youngest home worker to try his hand at | making them. Make one wing piece 4% by 414 in. and the other 14 by 5 in., and both 164% in long. Lay out the curves and saw them with a scroll or fret saw. Cut out one quarter-circle shelf of 43 in. radius and two others of 23¢ in. radius. If preferred, the pair of wings and the two smaller! shelves may be bradded lightly together | and taken to the mill and bandsawed. | Smooth and sandpaper all pieces. For the curved edges use a half-round file and sandpaper. Assemble the 414-in. wing) and the shelves with 1 14-in. brads, keep- ing the back edges flush; then fasten the 5-in. wing. With little, if any, extra work, the) shelves may be made larger, following the | same proportions and general design, oF an original design for the wing pieces may | be developed. | Lars are oft sary t pressic geome surface wood; similai leave | dimen tie it Jane, aor made would It i: desira tying

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s at B, incide 2 14-in, hem a other, ed in- ret ter. butts » lock. . The n any a, the e just Their s the nd at . and V6 in. them t one $; and Tred, raller | ether | l. For > and Wing | <eep- 1 the | | the | g the n, OF | may | j —$—" April, 1928

e (Continued from page 94) Repairing Canoes Large splinters broken from the wales are often lost, and it then becomes neces- sary to inlay another piece to fill the de- pression. Work out the gouged place to geometrical dimensions with smooth surfaces against which to glue the inset wood; cut, file and sandpaper a piece of similar wood to fit the prepared faces but leave it somewhat oversize as to its other dimensions; glue it in place, clamp or tie it firmly and, when the glue has set, plane, file and sand the inlay to an even surface. If the outside of the inlay were made to fit exactly at first, it probably would be damaged when clamped. It is usually possible, and in most cases desirable, to hold such pieces in place by tying and then tightening the lashing, if STICK OR Zin. ”)

DRAWING BOARD ~,

OUTLINE OF RIB i. DIVIDERS —— MAKING PATTERN TEMPORARY FOR NEW RIB BLOCK Two methods of clamping cracked parts together and how to make a rib pattern necessary, with a Yankee windlass as shown; but sometimes this is not feasible and a board clamp is better. Tie loosely face to face two pieces of board at least 34 by 6 by 24 in. The turns of rope or wire should be 6 in. from one end. Apply glue to the patch or break, adjust the short end of the clamp to hold the work and spread the long end of the clamp by driving one or more wedges. It is possible to crush the wood or to squeeze all the glue out of the break with this very powerful clamp, so be cautious. The clamp can be used in the most inaccessible places by shaping the ends as necessary. All glue used in canoe work should be of the waterproof variety and, as there are numbers of these, the instructions of the manufacturer should be followed. When the ribs, planking and hardware have been attended to, it is time to re- place the canvas. Measure across the hull amidships. This dimension repre- sents the extreme width of the piece of 8-oz. canvas needed for the covering. It may be brown or white, provided that it is of good close weave and one piece from end to end. Remove the outer stems, or bang- plates, and the keel, if there is one. Coat the entire hull with marine glue laid on hot, and, when the glue hardens, stretch the canvas along (Continued on page 106)

Renee

POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 105 Smooth and Clean when beard is softened at the base

ORDINARY LATHER Photomicrograph of or- dinary lather surround- ing single hair. Note how the large bubbles hold air instead of water against the beard. COLGATE LATHER Under identical condi- tions note the closely knit texture of Colgate lather. Thesmall bubbles hold water instead of air against your beard. HERE'S a smoother shave, men! Here’s speed and comfort too. A new type of lather, that soaks whiskers soft in a strictly scientific way ...a lather that makes shaving serene and comfortable without razor-pull, sting or smart. The secret? Small bubbles.' And oh, what a difference they make! Your face feels clean . . . de- lightfully refreshed. You can sense the difference instantly + » « see it in your mirror. “Makes your skin feel smooth as velvet”... that’s what thousands tell us. Now, to introduce this Colgate product to men who haven't tried it, a test is being ° offered. See complete details in coupon below. Colgate lather is designed to absorb more water... to scientifically drench your beard with moisture right at the whisker base, where the razor work is done. You'll see the difference quickly It’s a ‘‘small-bubble”’ lather. For small bubbles hold more water. They carry it closer to the base of your beard. A glance at the photographs above proves this better than words. Note how the large, air-filled bubbles of ordinary lather fail to settle close to the whisker. Now contrast them with the closely knit, moisture-laden Colgate bubbles packed close around the whisker. The minute you lather up with Colgate’s, two things happen: 1. The soap in the lather breaks up the oil film that covers each hair. . . floats it quickly away. 2. Then billions of tiny, moisture-laden bubbles seep down through your beard... Colgate & Co., Dept, 500-D, $95 Fifth Ave., New York Please send me FREE Also sample of Colgate’s Talc for

Bell Boy knew what he wanted! Asked for Small Bubble Lather . . . and he got Colgate’s. Razor-pull? Not on your life! There’s a world of comfort in a small bubble shave. crowd around each whisker... soak it soft with water. Instantly your beard gets moist and pliable... limp and lifeless . .. scientifically softened right down at the base ... ready for the razor. Thus your whiskers come off clean and smooth. No razor-pull. No stinging and smarting. Twice-over shaves aren’t needed now. Your face feels clean, fresh, smooth, invigorated. Please don’t confuse Colgate’s with ordi- nary shave preparations. Once you try it, you'll see the improvement over old-fash- ioned methods. You’ve never had a shave like this before. You’ve never known such comfort ... never known such smoothness in all your shaving days. You be the judge... for seven days We'll gladly send a seven-day trial tube of Colgate’s to any fair-minded man. Compare it with the shaving cream in your bathroom now. As an extra dividend we will also send you a sample box of Colgate Tale for Men. Just try it after shaving. le of Co *s Rapid Shave Cream. —

© This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. RAs As aA pA Off..come Whiskers , + + + Small Bubble Wey +++

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106 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY April, 193 April, 1 ee TRIMO Template for Block Letter Signs VEN if you have had no experience in sign painting, you can make present- able block letter signs or cut neat stencils with the aid of a sheet metal or cardboard template made as illustrated. The letters are made five squares high; the extra square on the template is to give a place to hold it down while drawing around it and also to provide a long edge C SQUARES WIDE l which are open in appearance, should be placed as close together as possible, where- as “MH,” which has a solid, tight look, should be spread apart a full square or even a little more. Speed in using the template is quickly gained by practice. How Many Laps to Go? Have you any machines a few laps behind in the race for speedier, cheaper production? | Let Veeder Counters measure their gait; indj- cate their proper stride; aid in developing faster work by keeping track of the gains. Quick t ee Re.Set V4 -size Above is small Set-Back Ratchet © This seal on a radio, tool or oil k arner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8 sar) RSsaunes4 Set the pace, watch the | ‘ie BOARD count and run your ma- nec > an chines for production- T RECORDS on is m This metal or cardboard template speeds up laid the laying out of well-proportioned letters ion for ruling the diagonals of “N” and simi- in F lar letters. dire In width the letters vary between “TI,” beg which is one square, and “W,” which is COUNTERS apa five squares. The letters are ordinarily _% spaced one square and words two squares ’ © it 1s apart, but some adjustment should be if i made to give the appearance of uniform- tem ity; that is, combinations like “LA.” So, Repairing Canvas Canoes Counter, which indicates one for each (Continued from page 105) — ? pg anne — through ” + angie o! egrees. eset to zero To do er work the hull, its center over the keel marks. oa turn of com: requires very little quick and do it Tack it there with copper tacks every few power to actuate it. Applicable to a wide right there is no inches. Work each way from the midship range of light machinery. Price, $6.00. wrench like a | section, first on one side and then on the Equipped with lock and key to prevent TRIMO. Pipes other, and stretch and tack the canvas AL hoe with the record, $2.00 extra. so furnished in a Revolution Counter. move and move at the wales. fast when To insure a close fit near the ends, it The Revolution Set-Back Counter TRIMO _sgrips may be necessary to wet the covering in below records the output of the larger them. places and exercise a little patience. When machines where a shaft-revolution TRIMO iaws the canvas is thoroughly dry, go over the indicates an operation. ‘Hal i hull inch by inch with a moderately hot WE aiwe ys RANE flatiron so as to bring the glue up through on. New ones the pores of the cloth. * - can be inserted It is a wise precaution to give the hull when the old two coats of shellac before painting, as a ones are worn. this prevents the glue from “bleeding” ins TRIMO all-steel con- through the’color in hot weather. After ~ Ew. of b > > r© ne age aan. howe oe — stems, and outwales may be Pt back ' ane from ay igure by : ; a turning knob once around. Supplied wit wl age. TRIMO nut guards Patching damaged canvas is a much ae sone i io al os a ch save precious time by keep- casier matter. ; Work up the edges S f the quired. Price with four figure-wheels an ing the adjustment true. rent with a knife, run in glue and slip in a as illustrated, $10.00—subject to dis- pr At your hardware dealer’s piece of drilling or unbleached muslin count. Cut less than one-half size. Set- bu ask for a TRIMO, not mere- large enough to cover the hole. Put more Back Rotary Ratchet Counter, to record th ly “a pipe-wrench.” glue on this and, after trimming off any reciprocating movements as on punch ya When you want a pipe loose threads, press the canvas back in presses, $11.50 (list). is wrench, buy a TRIMO place, holding it with thread if necessary. a Co th ‘ Rub a flatiron, or other smooth weight, struments that “count every- he TR D | with paraffin to keep it from sticking to thing on earth.”’ See them— of : the glue and set it on the patch. by sending for the book. TRIMONT MEFG.(CO., Inc. Roxbury, (Boston), Mass. Jn another article scheduled for early The Veeder Mfg. Co. af For Forty Years the Leading publication, Mr. Hazzard, who is a ti Wrench Makers of America well-known racing canoeist, will tell 44 Sargeant St. Hartford, Conn. re how to paint and decorate canoes. pe

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= nes the pe -T'§ fer April, 1928 The Shipshape Home (Continued from page 90) Fig. 5. See that the glass fits loosely. If necessary, remove small strips, as indicated To break the glass apart after the cut is made, the handle of the cutter may be laid directly under the cut at the edge of the glass and pressure applied as shown in Fig. 4. Another good method is to tap directly under the cut until the glass begins to crack and then break the piece apart with the hands. Glass must fit loosely in the frame. If it is set tight it may break in time, even if it does not do so at once, because of temperature changes and jars and shocks. So, if it crowds in the opening, it is better Figs. 6 and 7. The new pane is held in place with glaziers’ points driven into the wood firmly with a chisel, then putty is applied as shown at left to make a cut and remove a narrow strip as shown in Fig. 5. Do not make the mistake of trying to cut away the wood instead of the glass. It ruins the looks of the job. Figure 6 shows how the glass is fastened with glaziers’ points. Do not lift the chisel from the glass; simply slide it back and forth. If you lift it once, you will probably have ‘another piece of glass to buy. Points should be placed not more than 6 in. apart. Do not press down too much on the glass. The seat for the glass is, at the best, somewhat uneven after the glass has once been removed. It is better to leave some openings on the opposite side. A neat job of puttying can be done after a trial or two if speed is not essen- tial, although considerable practice is required before one becomes really ex- pert. How to (Continued on page 108) © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY act You Can Afford this Motor Driven Scroll Saw Aside from the joy in owning such a tool — one you’ve wanted a long time — from the standpoint of eco- nomy alone, you'll find it a good in- vestment. You have two or three jobs now that this No. 1075 Scroll Saw will enable you to do yourself and not have to have done. A con- siderable portion of the cost of the saw will be offset by what you’d have to pay to have these jobs done—and you'll have the pleasure of following your bent and doing the work your- self. But better yet, you'll have the saw for the many, many jobs you’ll want to do in future. A number of uses are suggested in this advertise- ment. Other uses are so numerous we could not begin to make a com- plete list. Being a Goodell-Pratt Tool, it’s a good tool and will last indefinitely, for the Goodell-Pratt name on any tool is a guarantee of quality and correctness in design. Ask your local tool dealer to show you the New No. 1075 Motor Driven ScrollSawinoperation. Ifhehasn’t one in stock, write us for detailed specifications and price. 107 Sa COMPANY ~%edmithosiGREENFIELD, MASS.US.A. | GOODELL~PRATT For OL OR ClOle] Oia gel oe) B— =

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108

Do You Get $2.00 to $3.00 an Hour for Your Time? You can make that much in an hour easily with a Foley Automatic Saw Filer. “I filed six saws in 40 minutes at $.50 each”—Chas. E. Fuller, Lima, Ohio. H. F. Myers at Burlington, Iowa, says: “I get all the work I can a I receive $.50 for each saw I i A Business of Your Own Build up a big year around business of your own, if you get a Foley. File saws for carpenters, contractors, schools, factories, meat markets, farmers and homes. You'll get. their business, because your Foley will make their saws cut better than new. You can give them quicker service. The Foley files more than twice as fast as the best hand filer. No eyestrain— just clamp the saw in it and snap the switch. No experience needed. No canvassing. Hardware stores and lumber yards will collect saws for you on a@ commission basis. Make big extra money while at your present work. ‘TFFOLEY Automatic SAW FILER You can file hand, band and circular saws with this machine. It’s the only one that will file them all. Retooth old hand saws and get $1.25 and more a w. We'll help you get started in a money-making saw filing business of your own. Mail this coupon for the valuable FREE Plan and a special demonstration offer in addition to a complete description of what you can do with a Foley. Mail this coupon now—

Foley Saw Tool Co., Inc. 1000 Foley Bid¢., 9 Main St., N. E. Minneapolis, Minnesota ed et ee ee] REE Plan and —_ = me the Teh will get = started in a money-making saw filing | business. | Ba ac ci nusatsecevonsessessee ss ] rs ; | Bg Le gancnssees<s0esesste es : | a maemendiaale POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY

The Shipshape Home (Continued from page 107) apply putty is shown in Fig.7. The putty —which must be soft and pliable and of the best obtainable grade—is fed under the putty knife as indicated. An ex- perienced person using putty of good consistency will run a continuous joint with one stroke. One stroke forward and one going back, followed by a light stroke with the finger to take off the little scraps left by the knife, complete the job. It is well, however, particularly on old work, to put putty on the other side of the glass in order to fill any irregular open places left between the glass and the wood. Just a stroke with the putty knife will do this, and the sash is ready to be put back in place. Wooden strips, called glass stops, are often used to fasten large pieces of glass and plate glass. When these are used it is seldom necessary to take the sash out of the frame for repair. How to Fill Holes in Plaster Walls By F. N. Vanderwalker ee in plaster walls from one to six inches in diameter as well as all wide cracks can easily be patched by any handy man. Cut out all loose pieces right down to the lath and undercut the edges all around. When the patch is to be large, it is easier to make the material remain in place if galvanized nails are driven into the wood studs or laths. Sink the heads well below the surface of the wall. The tools are a putty knife and a flat paddle whittled from soft pine. The wood paddle is best for putting on the finishing touches, because it smooths over the filling with- out leaving any ridges such as are left by a _ metal blade. A small pointed trowel is handy for inserting the material and for smoothing over it repeatedly. The material best suited for the ama- oe hole dag ya Cross section of a wall ’ showing how the plas- pared patching ter is undercut to re- plaster, but common ceive a durable patch plaster of Paris can also be used satisfactorily. It is best to do large fillings in two stages to allow for shrinkage. Add a little coarse sand to the plaster for the first filling only. First wet the laths and the edges of the old plaster. Then fill the opening to a depth that will bring it up to within about \% in. of the old plaster surface about it. Let that dry hard; overnight is usually time (Continued on page 109)

DGES OF PLASTER UNDERCUT THE E&

made to run the full race! SS oe Any horse can make a good start..... But it takes real stamina to finish! So it is with batteries. Stay- ing power is the quality to look for—unfailing power over a long period of serv- ice. Millions prefer Burgess Chrome Batteries for just this reason. They holdup..... They Jast. Next time, buy black and white striped Burgess Chrome Batteries. You are certain to get longer and better service for your money. C hrom e —the preserving ele- ment used in leather, metals, paints and other materials subject to wear, is also used in Burgess Batteries. It gives them un- usual staying power. Burgess Chrome Batteries are patented. CAsk Any Radio Engineer BURGESS BATTERY COMPANY General Sales Office: CHICAGO Canadian Factories and Offices: Niagara Falls and Winnipeg

BURGESS FLASHLIGHT & RADIO

BATTERIES © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

April, 192 Se Th enoug] the jo sandpé with s of fla paint, cover aint. . Wh filling: filling When the st becau: throu; A por aint Shella porou A { ] pared first lead-i whitil little kneac or W' mixec stopp filling and | maki coat aroulr sand] touck Ro treat both crack to th torpe conc! latte Wha Hav putt; mak the | kind any Use

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wenwei April, 1928 The Shipshape Home (Continued from page 108) h. Apply a second filling to finish rag an this to dry hard and then sandpaper lightly with fine paper. Coat with shellac and, when dry, with a coat of flat paint; then you are ready to paint, enamel or calcimine the wall, or to cover it with wall paper, fabric or plastic aint. ra When plaster of Paris is used for such fillings, it is well to brush water over the filling after it has set a few minutes. When it comes to sandpapering, confine the strokes to the edges about the filling, because sanding the filling itself cuts through the glaze and makes a porous area. A porous filling absorbs the liquid out of paint or paste to the injury of the job. Shellacking the filling overcomes such porousness. GOOD second filling for holes when A plaster of Paris and sand or pre- pared patching plaster is used for the first filling is one mixed from white lead-in-oil paste to which enough dry whiting is added to make it stiff. Add a little japan drier or floor varnish and knead or pound the mixture with a club or wood mallet until smooth and well mixed. Then apply with a wide putty, stopping or glazing knife. Such a filling smooths up nicely, is nonporous and can be sandpapered freely without making it porous. It requires no shellac coat to seal it, but the margin of plaster around it, if cut through with the sandpaper, ought to be shellacked and touched up with flat paint. Rough sand-finished plaster walls are treated in the same way except that in both the first and second filling of large cracks and holes, sand should be added to the putty. Beach sand is too fine and torpedo sand such as is used for mixing concrete is too coarse. Take some of the latter and sift it through a fly screen. What goes through will be just right. Have it dry before adding it to an oil putty, but for water putty dampness makes no difference. When finishing up the last filling of cracks and holes in this kind of surface, it is important to wipe any surplus putty from the old plaster. Use a dry brush for this purpose. Wwe the filling is soft, stipple it, that is, pound it with any stiff, dry brush, such as a painter’s duster brush or whisk broom. This is to make the filling rough enough to match the texture of the wall about it. A smooth patch would be very conspicuous. If color is wanted in the putty, add dry colors such as raw sienna for yellow, burnt sienna for reds and pinks, raw umber for grayish brown and burnt sienna for walnut brown. Vandyke brown also is used and mixtures of these colors can be made to gain the exact shades. The color changes with the drying of the putty, so that you must allow for that. Usually it gets lighter. Dry colors are used to tint both water and oil putties. Colors in oil will not do. _ For patching areas one yard or more in size the prepared patching plaster may used, or you (Continued on page 110) POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 109 . those SomeDay’ Trips Rapier a you haven't visited — yet! Tours you've long planned. Fishing jaunts to lakes and streams where “big ones” have waited too long — for you! Make those “some-day” trips this summer. You can afford them all with a Harley-David- son. Fifty miles costs you only one dollar — just 2¢ per mile for gas, oil, tires, everything! A Harley-Davidson Twin has power that laughs at hills — comfort that smooths out rough roads — safety features that make you complete master of every highway and trail. Know the thrill of motorcycling. Let your local dealer demonstrate the Twin. Ask him, too, about his convenient Pay-As-You-Ride Plan. Send the coupon for literature and full details. Hartey-Davipson Motor Co. Department P. S. Milwaukee, Wis. HARLEY-DAVIDSON ’ Ss SF The Single The famous low-cost, high- powered solo mount. 80 safe, quick miles per gallon of gas- oline — one cent per mile! Completely equipped, f. o. b. factory, $235. © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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110 MEDUSA CEMENT PAINT ITS PATENTED

ERE is the finest cov- ering material for masonry surfaces now on the market. Transform your basement workshop into a dry, bright room. You'll be pleased with the results and so will your family. Send in the coupon be- low for free information and sample—or better still pin a dollar bill or a check to the coupon for a large working sample. The SANDUSKY CEMENT Co. 1002 The Engineers’ Bldg., Cleveland, Ohio Manufacturers of Medusa Portland Cement Paint; Medusa White Portland Cement (plain and water- proofed); Medusa Gray Portland Cement (plain and waterproofed); and Medusa Integral Waterproofing.

Attached Send me find dollar free for large sample working and sample literature C) C) THE SANDUSKY CEMENT COMPANY 1002 The Engineers’ Bldg., Cleveland, Ohio

POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY

The Shipshape Home (Continued from page 109) can go to any building material yard and get a sack of dry prepared plaster, which needs only to be mixed with water. The hole to be plastered should be cleaned as described and thoroughly wetted. <A square plasterer’s trowel of steel is the best tool, but a similar one can be made of wood to serve the purpose. The plaster is forced into contact with the lath and pressed between the laths in order to form a key or wedge. The plaster is applied in two coats, the first one being finished off about \ in. below the level of the old plaster. When set, scratch the plaster in both directions with a stick to give anchorage to the finishing coat. Allow it to dry hard. The finishing coat of plaster may be the same as the first coat or you may add some screened torpedo sand to it to give the desired texture. This is the second of a series of arti- cles on putties, fillers and cements. The third will appear in an early issue.

WANTING several Hot Bed | hot beds without Sash the expense o f buying stock sash for them, I made the necessary sash myself at little cost. The glass I cut from broken window panes, the pieces being 61% in. wide and from 1 to 3 ft.

long. I made the sash bars by nailing three common laths together side by side, keeping the upper edge of the center lath % in. higher than the two outer ones. One end of these laths were cut like the ends of common rafters and nailed into a frame made of 1 in. thick lumber. The glass was then laid in the rabbets formed by the laths and puttied.—Harry P. Botsrorp. “—” NAILED TOGETHER

Laths are used for making the sash bars

WALL paper cleaners can be Shades used for freshening up slightly soiled window shades. It is possible to clean linen shades of good quality by stretching them tightly on a curtain stretcher frame or tacking them on the floor and scrubbing them with warm soapsuds. They should be rinsed with warm water applied with a brush and ironed before they are entirely dry.—L.T:S. Cleaning

FrrePiace bricks can be cleaned of soot and dirt, even if in very bad condition, by brushing them vigorously with a broom and applying a mixture of 1 pt. strong household ammonia and 2 lbs. of powdered pumice stone in a gallon of soft soap. Apply this with a brush and let it stand for an hour before scrubbing it into the surface. Rinse with water. Scrubbing Fireplaces

Pipe-loving Doctor Re-discovers His Favorite Tobacco

One whiff from another’s Pipe makes him stick to his good old standby

Just as the grass looks greener on the other side of the fence, smokers sometimes think the other man’s tobacco smells sweeter than their own. Recently a Charleston optometrist found himself enticed from the fold, only to dig cover that his old favorite had led him astray: Charleston, W. Va., March 4, 1927 Larus & Bro. Co., : Richmond, Va. Gentlemen: Recently I stopped in a little village that consisted of about nine houses and a small hotel, which I entered. A little old man wearing a skull cap was seated in a rocking-chair smoking an enormous pipe. I had come to buy a can of Edgeworth, but when I caught a whiff of the tobacco he was smoking I changed my mind. The aroma of that tobacco was so delightful that I made up my mind rigit then and there that I wanted some of the same brand, regardless of the cost. I began with: “I beg your pardon, sir, but I came in to buy a can of tobacco, and I would like the same brand you are smoking if you don't mind telling me.” He looked at me for a moment, grasped his pipe with one hand and said: “I'm smoking Edgeworth. Would you like some?” Of course I did, and I secured a supply from the old fellow. The joke, of course, was on me, but I went on my way re joicing. Yours very truly, Dr. John R. Koch

To those who have never tried Edgeworth, we make this offer: Let us send you free samples of Edge worth so that you may put it to the pipe test. If you like the samples, you'l’ like Edge worth wherever and whenever you buy it, for it never changes in quality. Write your name and address to Larus & Brother Company, 10 S. 2lst Street, Richmond, Va. : Edgeworth is sold in various sizes to suit the needs and means of all purchasers. Both Edgeworth Plug Slice and Edgeworth Ready-Rubbed are packed in small, pocket- size packages, in handsome humidors hold- ing a pound, and also in several handy in- between sizes. —the Edgeworth Station. Wave

{° your radio—tune in on WRVA, ne asec } meters. Frequency 1180 kil © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

YD acl the pri industry acid is water. is yellov it is wat acid is § ses al e fixtures ting th means ¢ is small Then 1% remove Brick mortar brick fi another mortar The metal The ac or two stick. the ac to hat action. still be scrap | bottle acid. metals as the Ad one pé water, slow « parts « it wit] scrate! right 1 Apply has b thorot wax W The placec Hyp han stopper preferr Keer comes | water | burns | with t ammor To « and sir wash | with tl The a better much | Dilu The m scratcl

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e Other 3 think Wweeter found to dig. d him at ever ver or it s in ame | to 21st Home Workshop Chemistry Simple Formulas that Will Save Time and Money V7 YDROCHLORIC acid—or muriatic H acid, as it is also called—is one of the primary chemicals used both in industry and the trades. Hydrochloric acid is a gas and is easily absorbed by water. The ordinary concentrated acid is vellow in color; when chemically pure itis water white. The yellow or technical acid is sufficiently pure for ordinary pur- poses at home or in the shop. Brown stains on porcelain bathroom fixtures or sinks may be removed by let- ting the concentrated acid trickle (by means of a medicine dropper if the stain is small) on the stain until it is removed. Then wash thoroughly with water to remove all trace of acid. Bricklayers use the acid for cleaning mortar or cement from face brick and brick fireplaces. The acid is applied and another brick used to rub the excess mortar from the face of the brick. The tinsmith uses it for cleaning metal surfaces to be soldered together. The acid is applied to the metal, a drop or two at a time, usually with a thin stick. Such an acid soldering flux—for the acid acts like a flux—is very easy to handle and is extremely rapid in action. A “cut” soldering flux that is still better is made by dissolving as much scrap zinc as will go into solution in a bottle containing a little hydrochloric acid. This flux does not attack the metals to be soldered to any such extent as the straight acid. A dilute solution of hydrochloric acid, one part of acid in one or two parts of water, etches aluminum rapidly. For slow etching, dilute the acid with five parts of water. Heat the metal and cool it with molten wax. When this is cold, scratch on the design or lettering, cutting right through the wax film to the metal. Apply the solution and when the metal has been etched deeply enough, wash thoroughly with water and remove the wax with boiling water. The following label is intended to be placed on the hydrochloric acid bottle: Hydrochloric Acid (Muriatic Acid) HCl Hyprocatoric acid is so very strong that it must be handled with care. The bottle should be kept stoppered or corked. A glass stopper is much to be preferred. Keep the acid away from the skin. If the acid comes in contact with the skin, wash copiously with water at once. If this is not done, it will produce burns and itching. If your clothes come in contact with the acid, wash the spots immediately with ammonia. To clean stains from porcelain bathroom fixtures and sinks, drip the acid on the stain until clean and wash thoroughly with water. Bricks are washed with the acid to clean them from mortar or cement. e acid may be used as a flux for soldering. A better flux is the acid “killed” with scrap zinc—as much zine as will go into solution. Diluted with water, the acid etches aluminum. The metal is first covered with wax, and the design scratched through the wax. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Quick Change Back Geared Screw Cutting Lathe, 8 foot Bed. With countershaft and equipment - - - $570 13 inch—Weight 1560 lbs. Tool Room Quick Change Back Geared Screw Cutting Lathe, 4 ft. Bed. With motor and electrical equipment. Price = - = = $525 urn Be 11 inch — Weight 675 Ibs. Quick Change Back Geared Screw Cutting Lathe, 3 foot Bed. With countershaft and equipment - - -- $325 16 inch—Weight 2175 Ibs. Gap Bed, Quick Change, Back Geared Screw Cutting Lathe, 8 ft. Bed. With coun- tershaftandequipment,$650 111 New Model South Bend LATHES Manufacturing Plant Machine Shop — Service Station and Electrical Shop Write for Catalog No. 88 showing complete line of New Model South Bend Lathes ranging from 9 inch to 24 inch swing and from 2% to 16 foot beds—with countershaft or choice of 3-types of electric drives, all at surprisingly low prices. Precision yi picd'in the manutacture of cach South Bend Lathe insure its accuracy. Ss ed Simplest adjustment and absence of allunnecessary pe parts enable operator to work at highest efficiency. South Bend Lathes are sturdily built of Durability most durable materials. ro es > > Weight 375 Ibs, 9" x 21! Back Geared Quick Change Screw Cutting Complete with $ Countershaft and Equipment Built in the same plant where 38,000 other fine Precision Lathes have been manufactured for the United States Government, Ford, Features Power Feed to Carriage —=Set-over for Taper Turning Hole through spindle 34 in. Restinenouse. , ae — Precision Lead Screw .. U.S. Steel Corporation, an A hundreds of other large industries —Cat threads 4 to 40 paglaaged in the United Statesand64 Foreign —~Maximum draw-in Collet Countries. It is the world’s largest size % in, Lathe value. Easy Payments If Desired A small down payment brings you the Lathe to use while you are paying for it. In this way it earns its own cost by the work it does and the savings it makes. FREE—Write for No. 88 Catalog and New Bocklets Check off in the squares below, indicating the Lathes in which you are interested. Cut out and mail to us. Special booklets and cata- log No, 88 mailed free postpaid on request. O 9in. Junior Booklet 22k ( 16in, Lathe Booklet O 9in. Lathe Booklet O 18in. Lathe Booklet OD 11in. Lathe Booklet 0 General Catalog No. 88 0 13 in. Lathe Booklet 0 **How to Runa Lathe” 0 15in. Lathe Booklet price 25c, postpaid SOUTH BEND LATHE WORKS 845 E. Madison Street South Bend,Ind., U.S.A. New York City Salesroom: 183 Centre Street ‘TP 24.MEOIUM FLAME TIP 26. LARCE FLAME TIP 23. FOR HEATING SOLDERING COPPER SOLDE Ring copeen USE WiTh TIP NO22 jobs. only. No air or oxygen necessary. mnection for Presto auto tank: ‘TIP 20,FOR RADIATOR GSATTERY WORK AaaPT' us TORIT TORCH No. 23 connected to your Presto auto tank will do soldering, radiator repairing, lead burning, and numerous small No fussing and no lost time. Uses acetylene Torch No. 23 ith fi ips, solderi » hi — prin tips, soldering copper, hose $7.50 ST.PAUL WELDING & MFG. CO. 169 W. 3d St.. St. Paul, Minn. E witht TiPS 204286 | ) Tha j Profitable spare time work for winter. Turn idle hours into welcome dollars building clocks from our instructions. We furnish plans, instructions, blue- prints, works, dials and all materials at surprising low prices. You make a big profit building artis- tic clocks for your friends. Banjo Clocks, Mantel Clocks, Beautiful Grandfather Clocks with Chimes. Complete works as low as $5.00. Many styles, all rices. ASK FOR OUR ATTRAC- IVE FREE BLUEPRINT PLAN AND CATALOG. American Chime Clock Co. 1691 Ruffner Street, Philadelphia © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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112 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY April, 194 An ideal vise for thehome workshop You'll find Williams’ ‘‘Vul- can” Pipe Vise mighty handy in your workshop. A turn of the handle locks pipe rigidly in a slipless grip. Made wholly of wrought steel with drop- forged jaws, base and handle. Light, unbreak- able, rapid, positive, easily attached to bench. Write for literature. J. H. WILLIAMS & CO. “The Drop-Forging People” 246 Vulcan St. 4 sizes for 1/8’ to 8” pipe Buffalo, N.Y. SU Ois If you want financial independence read the story ‘‘A Plan that Puts the $100 Man on a Par with the Big Investor’’ on page four of this issue. FANCY WOODS We have on stock all kinds of hard and soft fancy woods for Inlaying, Models, and Scroll Work. Send 2¢ postage for List No. 48. Set of Fancy Wood p— Atm may $1.00. Also a 184-page Illustrated erect describing our 800 designs for Scroll Work, 70 cent H. L. WILD 510 East 1ith Street New York City en A WELDING AND BATTERY SHOP — Soldering & Brazing Outfits . $8.00 Dept. P. S New Features £4 Witte, master engine emazing ~The ms 3 "Ss ereake. i €. "felis « felis about. ea like it ever published. = |Lead Burning a $18.00 up Power at Little Cost aes Come -- - - SE8.60 op “aemash qasctaatinatthaite | Welding Torches . - $10.50 up marvelous flow of WITTE Power. ey te yourslt, Cutting Torches . - $30.00 up Reguiators and Gauges - $9.50 vp Write for full details Superior Oxy-Acetylene Mach. Co. 110°:-E-Hi-Str. Hamilton, Ohio All Separate Machines in Boice’s , Home Work-Shop! Compare Boice’s Work-Shop with any other for size, capacity and price! Hundreds of jobs can easily be done SA with the saw, jig saw, lathe and the three books of : designs it includes. New Low Cue Bricse. ENGINE WORKS. 2224 Oakieand Avenue, Kansas ae Mo. 2224 Liberty oe Pittsburg Pa. Here's Boice’s new Work-Shop! Three indiviiual machines— not mere attachments—each separate and complete in itself. Always ready at any time to do three different jobs.—saw- lathe Uni / jiversal Handisaw. Heavy Table 15x17 inches =e tor silts pe for beveling. ves -inch saw cu e aeey of wy 2 1-2-inch thick.Equip power. 1 1- my: -inch stroke. Saw to frame, Oe inches. ] ve has 3 speeds, 8- inch swing: ; 19-inch C. t j wood or iight * metal turning. Send 10c for New 1928 Catalog de- scribing complete line of Boice machines and »ks of designs, etc. W.B.& J.E. Boice, Dept. P. S. 4-D Toledo, Ohio One inated al Jobbing Shop Short Cuts (Continued from page 86) TURRET HOLDERS FOR BARS Fig. 4. Tool set-up in the horizontal turret lathe for rough turning and boring the bush. ing dimensioned in Fig. 2. The job is drilled, turned, bored, reamed, faced and grooved around and found John making the chips fly. On the floor beside the machine were twelve flywheels finished on one side only and the thirteenth was nearly fin. ished on the machine. “You certainly are moving along!” the foreman exclaimed. “You seem to know how to handle the machine pretty well.” “T ought to,” laughed John, pleased at | the impression his work had made. “] ran one on production work for over a year. You can’t take a chip like this ong twenty-inch lathe; ’'m using a feed of one eighth inch per revolution for roughing and one sixteenth for finishing. Is the finish good enough for those I’ve already done?” The foreman looked them over and expressed satisfaction, and then called the inspector to check the sizes, which were found within the limits specified. As he turned to walk away, John spoke quickly. “If you leave the machine this way, Mr. Jones, and another similar job comes along in a day or two, I could get started on it in a very short time, and would not have to make many changes in the tools.” HE foreman studied the way the tools were set up on the machine. There were two husky boring bars A and B for rough- and finish-boring and two tool holders C and D, carrying facing tools II and K. In the side head weze the roughing and finishing tools for facing and turning (EF and F) and a grooving tool ZL. The work was held by the inside in jaws G, and there were three blocks under the rim at M to keep the work up, away from the table. To finish the other side of the rim and the hub, the work was turned over, put in another set of jaws and held by the finished outside, where- upon tools H] and K were used for facing the hub and E and F in the side head for finishing the rim. All that was necessary was to change the stops for the second operation. This kind of set-up obviously would be useful for a good many jobs. “This is good work,” acknowledged the foreman. “You sce, we have never had a man here who really understood these big machines and therefore we didn’t realize their possibilities. Let me know when you finish up the lot.” The fifty pieces (Continued on page 114) © This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. Writ Establi

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wil, 19% April, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 113 ATKINS Stee: SAWS FOR THE HOME WORKSHOP Buy them from your hardware dealer A suggestion for saws and tools needed— specify ATKINS. Atkins No. 53 Hand Saw Atkins No. 53 Rip Saw Atkins Coping Saw Atkins Compass Saw Atkins No. 2 Hack Saw Atkins Handy Saw Atkins Scraper Blades Atkins Slim Taper and Mill B. Files Atkins Saw Set Atkins Hack Saw Frame and Blades Have the fun and the satisfaction of making things for the home. Get these books ..e FREE! His FIRST LESSON WITH ATKINS SLILVFE!t STEEI, SAWS “A PERFECT SAW FOR EVERY PURPOSE” Write to our general offices at Indianapolis for the name of your near- est dealer. Use Atkins Famous Silver Steel Saws and get your money’s worth E.C. ATKINS & COMPANY Established 1857 The Silver Steel Saw People ‘ Home Office and Factory ——_ ; 402 South Illinois Street, INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA “Saw Sense’ tells about Canadian Factory: a Ontario — Knife eran Lancaster, N. Y. © saws an d tools; ee The nar ppenaneiiiaies —_— — cena San Francisco Saw in the Home” with his ew Seattle 1 maki Chicago ee Paris, France suggestions for ng Minneapolis Vancouver, B. C, articles of utility. Atkins Saws and Saw Tools are for sale by all first-class hardware jobbers and dealers the world over © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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114 You never know when or where you may need SMOOTH-ON NO. wie so keep acan in the house A 50-Ib. block of ice dropped on this icebox handle, bent the cast brass lever, stripped the screws out and splintered the wood. As larger screws could not be used and the lock could not be shifted, a new door seemed necessary. Instead the owner fitted the splinters back, filled the screw holes with about 5 cents worth of Smooth-On No. 1 and put back the screws. When the Smooth-On metal- lized, the lock became strong as new. The repair will last as long as the ice- box. Any handy man ean make hun- dreds of equally practical home and automobile repairs with Smooth-On No. 1 and avoid a repair bill every time. Use it to stop leaks in steam, water, gas, oil or stove pipes, mend cracks, breaks or leaks in furnaces and boilers, radiators, tanks, sinks, pots and pails, make loose handles tight on umbrellas, knives, hammers, brushes, drawers, etc., tighten loose screws, hooks, locks, door knobs, etc., Automobile repairs:— Making bursted water jack- ets and pumps good as new, stopping leaks in radiator, hose connections, gas tank and gas, oil and exhaust lines, making a fume-proof joint between exhaust pipe and tonneau heater, tight- ening loose headlight posts, keeping grease cups, hub caps and nuts from loosen- ing and falling off, etc. To get perfect results, write to us for and use the Smooth-On Repair Book. | Get Smooth-On No. 1 in 7-02., I-lb. or 5-lb. tins at any hardware store, or if neces- sary direct from us. Smooth-On Mfg. Co. . 58, 574 Communipaw Ave. Ot ERSEY CITY, N. J. Write for FREE BOOK SMOOTH-ON MFG. CO., Dept. 58, 574 Communipaw Ave., Jersey City, N. J. Please send the free Smooth-On Repair Book. Return this coupon for a .2F REE copy of Booklet _ POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Jobbing Shop Short Cuts (Continued from page 112) were completed in thirty-five hours, which included the first piece machined on the 20-in. lathe. The average time per piece was forty-two minutes. The next job John had was to make the twelve bushings as shown in Fig. 2. “You must allow finish for grinding, both inside and out, at least fifteen thousandths on each dimension,” the foreman explained. “The pieces are al- ready cut off in short lengths. Do the job in any way you like, only let me know how you plan to work it out.” John selected a horizontal turret lathe for this job, setting it up as shown in Fig. 4. In talking it over with the foreman he said: “I figure we can keep a machine like this partly set up all the time for short jobs. I can hold the work (A) in chuck jaws and drill part way through while turning part of the outside with the car- riage tools. Then I will remove the work and hold it by the finished end and com- plete the drilling from the opposite end, turning the remainder of the outside at the same time. The next step will be to bore and ream the hole all the way through. With this kind of set-up, other jobs of a similar kind can be easily handled by using various sizes of drills, boring bars and reamers when only a few pieces are required. It is quicker than an engine lathe, and stops can be set for duplicate work with less chance cf error. After this operation, I would place the work on an arbor and finish-turn the outside, face the ends square and cut the groove.” The foreman nodded his head in ap- proval and remarked, “If you can apply production methods on some of our short jobs, it is going to help us get more busi- ness while things are quiet, as they are now. A jobbing shop must always plan ways to get out. good work cheaper than the other fellow, at the same time making a profit. If you can help us this way, you will find a substantial increase in the contents of your pay envelope before long.” And he gave John a friendly slap on the back and a wink and strolled on through the shop. Thread Cleaning Tool The threads to be scraped are gripped near the back, or inner, end and screwed outwards Ww fitting screws will bind unless the threads are perfectly clean. When a screw thread is blocked up with small particles or hard grease, I use a scraper of my own manufacture. It con- sists of two arms cut from No. 10 gage sheet metal and riveted together with a caliper joint, as shown. The blades which inclose the thread are filed to a 60- degree angle and left rough so as to fort many minute scraping edges.—H. Moore. tS} This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. A . P wy, (HAY) 1 \a BY) New Model Pocket Gen The busier you are, the more you need a reli- able watch. This new model Pocket Ben is that kind —and it’s not only good- looking but sturdy— dependable. Sold everywhere for $1.50. With night-and- day dial, $2.25. Built by the makers of Big Ben and other Westclox WESTERN CLOCK _ COMPANY md La Salle, Illinois ——, NewAuto Clock Attractive, convenient, fe liable, Fits any car. Quickly attached on dash or above wind-shield. peer center pu holder, k twist dril die. The of For bot of 114-in. Center enc 14-in. di 7. Make ti of body.’ Drill $5-i centers). ard tap (o 12. Drill 3 For scr long. 2. C 4. Knurl. cut to 35-1 diameter, using 3-1 9. Drill 44 For to of 34-in. s 4. Drill } 45-degree wide (on together. It sho be caseh rough, si This i that yor fourth 1 H. B. K Co XC) pa: small cl; slipping ring the polished can be by gor the t]

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CK vis Steps to Take in Making a Toolmaker’s Jack AKING a toolmaker’s jack is a use- ful and instructive project for the school shop. It involves the use of a number of tools and requires considerable care in machining; it also offers an opportunity for workmanlike finishing. The jack is made of soft steel. The tools required are hack saw, hammer, M4 _| 9 #4 zz “2 | Ij Bl.6 S| |veravere 5. MADE OF OVER}, [$)%| SOFT STEEL ¢ 3] (MAY BE CASE €Z% HARDENED) Working drawing and sketch of a toolrraker’s jack, t which is an in- x structive project for machine shop work in vocational and high schools bear“ DRILL | iY center punch, 6-in. steel rule, scriber, tool holder, knurling tool, 14, %¢ and %-in. twist drills, 34-in. U. S. standard tap and die. The operations are as follows: For body—1. Chuck in engine lathe a piece of 1%in. stock. 2. Face end off true. 3. Centerend. 4. Turn 34-in. diameter. 5. Turn 14-in. diameter. 6. Knurl %4-in. diameter. 7. Make tin or cardboard template to fit design of body.’ 8. Turn body to fit template. 9. Drill #-in. hole, 214 in. deep (on lathe centers). 10. Tap hole with 34-in. U.S. stand- ard tap (on lathe). 11. Cut off work in lathe. 12. Drill 34-in. hole, 1% in. deep. For screw—1. Cut off a piece of stock 214 in. long. 2. Center ends. 3. Turn 5%-in. diameter. 4. Knurl. 5. Turn 3-in. diameter. 6. Under- cut to ;-in. diameter at head. 7. Turn 4-in. diameter, 3 in. long. 8. Cut thread on screw, using 3-in. U. S. standard die for finishing. 9. Drill %-in. holes in head. For top—1. Chuck in engine lathe a piece of 34-in. stock. 2. Face end off true. 3. Center. 4. Drill 14-in. hole. 5. Countersink. 6. Turn 45-degree beveled edge. 7. Cut off work 3; in. wide (on lathe). 8. Rivet top and screw together. 9. Assemble to body. It should be noted that the screw may be casehardened and the top may be filed rough, similar to a knurl. This is the third of. a series of projects that young machinists can make. ‘The fourth will appear in an early issue.— H. B. Keiiam. Cork Pads for Clamps XCELLENT © 7] pads to keep small clamps from slipping or mar- ring the surface of polished metal can be obtained by gouging out the thin cork Pieces in the caps \— of soda water bot- tles.—F, B. Corks protect the sur- face from beiz g marred POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 115 NDS NIVES STEEL with a reputation for excellence bs eee you use a Sifhonds File, you are using a superior product—a tool that has long life and dependable erformance built right into it. Simonds Files are made of — specially heat-treated steel, Send for “_ cut with scientific accuracy. free booklet, “~ Specify Simonds for economy! \ ~ “File Facts” “~_ SIMONDS SAW, AND STEEL COMPANY, ‘ “The Saw Makers" ‘Fitchbyrg, Mass. ished 1832 BRANCH OFFICES AND SERVICE soe A el criss HOME MECHANICS MADE EASY WITH THE NEW UP-TO-DATE HOME-CRAFTSMAN SHOP If upon receipt and return ex- Press charges paid. ae THE UP-TO-DATE ELECTRICAL HOME CRAFTSMAN SHOP This shop can be used in any home lighting fixture, thus making of your old-fashioned work bench a complete machine shop, which is purtable, convenient and so inexpensive that anyone can afford such equipment. The Shop Complete consists of a Super-power Motor, an accurate Lathe (10” x34”), a 6” circular saw which features the bevel, miter, side and depth gauges, a Tilting Table, Jig Saw, and all accessories for buffing, grinding, cleaning and all portable or stationary drilling and sawing. Blueprints and Cra urse Free to Users. Under super- vision of Master Craftsman Eugene Maurey, blueprints and craftscourse giving complete information on home handicraft and details for making hundreds of pieces of wood-work. This ig FOR FULL PAR- s MAIL THIS FX fo" 4 UP-TO-DATE MACHINE WORKS, service Free to Up-to-Date Home Craftsman Shop users. x yt Ee yd. Your own terms on purchase $10.00 down. Liberal discountfor # grease es gh Oy yt wy Py? shop cash. e EB course. Also $10.00 down payment offer. OUR LITERATURE GIVES ALL DETAILS : AG ah ial ott. ive) ty EM : Address..... 00 0008400066606 506665066 ° © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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hammer’’ said David Maydole eighty-five years ago when he fashioned the first adz-eye hammer; and it was the best hammer. We have tried to keep it the best. No patent gadgets or trick features, but a head of press-forged tool steel, tem- pered separately at each end, and a handle of clear, second- growth air-dried hickory, put on “for keeps” and with a superb “hang.” Its resistance to long, hard use, even abuse, is truly remarkable. Own a genuine Maydole. Your dealer has it in the style and weight you prefer. Ask us to mail you a free copy of inter- esting and useful Pocket Hand- book 23 “B.” YouR HAMMER, SINCE 718643 aydole Hammers The David Maydole Hammer Co. Norwich NY POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY How to Fit Hinges Like an Expert EW problems give a more accurate measurement of a home worker’s skill than the fitting of a pair of hinges. In doing this the only mark or cut that is “good enough” is that which is as near absolute accuracy as the worker can make it. The exact length of the hinge AA should be marked from the hinge itself with a knife point. Never use pencil lines where accuracy is required. Line B should be made with a sharp gage set about the thickness of a piece of paper less than the parallel thickness of the hinge from the joint as shown at E, which will prevent the joint from becoming hinge bound. The gage line C should equal the distance between the edge of the hinge plate and the pin, as shown at E; if very fine work is desired, the dis- tance should be as at C', but C is com- monly used. In cutting to the lines, use a thin edged chisel about % in. wider than the dis- AGE MARK C, DISTANCE FROM BIN TO EDGE OF HINGE PLATE ARK_B, SCANT_ THICKNESS SrOHINGE FROM JOINT EDGE The steps to follow in marking and chiseling hinge mortises on box lids and cabinet doors tance C. Make the first cuts as shown at 2, which will allow cuts A to be made accurately as at 3. Cut the wood away by using the chisel as at 4 and work care- fully to depth line B. Place the edge of the chisel in line B, as shown at 5. Cut the wood away back to the line C; hold the chisel as at 6 and cut gently, for there | oo of breaking out the wood back of C. ° Trim the cuts carefully, making the lower surface or bed of the hinge ABC and the back cut straight and smooth as at 7. Fasten the hinges with screws as at 8. Be sure the pin is in accurate align- ment with the corner D. Lay out the distance C where each hinge is to be placed on the other member of the joint, and locate the exact endwise relationship. Set the hinges at these marks and drill a hole in the wood at the center of one hole in each hinge. Drive the screws until each hinge is pulled down to its place. Inspect the surface relations of the members of the joint. Small inaccuracies may be remedied by loosening the first screw of one or both hinges as may be necessary and drilling a hole for the other screw of each hinge close to that side of the hole, which will tend to forceethe hinge endways or side- ways as may be needed.—C. A. K. 1S] This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8 Roofs that le now easily fixed O TROUBLE at all to mak roofs watertight with Ru. land No-Tar-In Roof Coating You can apply it easily and quickly, And there is no maintenance expense, Rutlandi No-Tar-In_ provides a pert coat of asphalt and asbestos—a toy, mineral covering. Not a drop of tari it. It will not crawl, sag, harden, pel or blister. For every kiaj —7—~ Sy of roof (except shingles’, Se Insist on Rutland at yor hardware or paint stor mM Save money by mailing th coupon today. Rutlay Fire Clay Co., Dept. Rey ) Rutland. Vermont. dls makers of Rutland Pah ing Plaster. Rutland No-Tar-In ROOF COATING RUTLAND FIRE CLAY CO., Dept. R-19, Rutland, Vermont. Send me more information about No-Tar-In. WOODWORKING MACHINES Cabinet Shop No. 10 $290 with Motor You ought to have this handy Parks in | your shop. Compact, | complete machine de- 5 signed like a big production outfit at 1/5 the® Fits in a corner of your basement. Does any® of cabinet or joinery work. Write for circular The Parks Woodworking Machine Co nowlton St., Cincinnati, Ohio Canadian Factory: 208 Notre Dame East, Montreal instruct tunes if Get into theinstru Then a Vv and prof FREE 1 any Cont et, trom coupon | C.G. ¢ Elk Gentlen of free 1 (CInstru: Name. St.orR City, Si County aT Ther dinghies, Outboard Tov Town, M Ola leanne

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? Las, withaCoyin le ved to mak ith Rut Coating d quickh, XPense, a perf s—4 toys) of tar irden, ped every king hingles, id at you int stor nailing th Rutland lept. Reig mnt. Aly nd Patt id ING ——— Tar-[n. Every CONN instrument tor band or orchestra has exclusive features which make it easy to play. With a Conn and the new simple instruction methods you play tunes in your first lessons! Get into a band or orchestra. Choose the instrument that appeals to you most. Then a whole new world of pleasure and profit opens to you. FREE TRIAL; Easy Payments on any Conn— saxophone, cornet, trump- et, trombone, flute, clarinet, etc. Send coupon for free literature. =F INSTRUMENTS WORLD'S LARGEST MANUFACTURERS c.G. CONN, fi d., 432 Conn Bldg., Elkhart, Indiana Gentlemen : Please send literature and details of free trial offer on (Instrument) ( Name. St.orR.F.D. City, State County 5 the 3 any irculat. treal i ne Co o ee There where the big fish strike Your favorite fly flicks for a second on the quiet water... . Twice, three times you cast. ++. Then whirrl . .. You’ve hooked a big one, Quickly and easily ba partner brings the “Old Town” around and holds it in position ao atte. . ‘4 owns” respond instantly to every dip of the blade. Sturdy in construction and light in weight too. When you go out where the big Ones strike, be sure that you go in an “Old one Prices as low as $67. From dealer or New catalog gives prices and complete infor- mation about sailing canoes, square-stern canoes, dinghies, etc. Also fast, seaworthy boats for Outboard Motors. Write for free copy today. Town Ca Main S$ Town, Maing NOE Co., 1894 Main Street, Old Old Town Canoes I 6 eco © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Restoring Old Furniture (Continued from page 97) Fig. 3. How a badly worn drawer may be built up by gluing a strip to the bottom size and every detail of design should be pre- served, regardless of the desire to change it. In repairing a piece with drawers, where the drawer slides have worn beyond their useful- ness, they may often be used by turning them end for end and putting the bottom side up, or shifting them from one end of the drawer to the other. The end of the drawer being worn down so that the bottom of the drawer chafes on the parting rail, the drawer end should be built up by gluing a strip to it, and then refitted to the opening. Figure 3 shows a drawer repaired in this manner. Figure 4 is a clamp made from rough 1 by 3 in. oak (crating lumber). It may be made for a few cents, but is worth many dollars. It can be of any size to suit the particular needs of the maker, so no dimensions are given. This was used to clamp up the drawer end in Fig. 3, but several other ends were clamped at the same time. Figure 2 shows the same clamp with the work glued up in it. Note that irregular work may be glued up, and that pressure is exerted by driving pairs of wooden wedges between one side rail and the work. For narrow work, part of the clamp is filled in with pieces of board. The wedge away from the work is set in place and nailed to a crosspiece to avoid slipping, and the work is clamped to the crosspiece to avoid buckling. In Fig. 1 is shown the same type of work clamped up without the use of metal clamps. A clamp of this kind may seem slow and JOINTS NAILED Hil] HARD WOOD FRAME OF RAILS AND CROSSPIECES I'x3 Fig. 4. A clamp such as those illustrated on page 97. It is made of crating lumber unwieldy to one who has never used it, but it is not. The writer has several different sizes; they save time and money, especially in the home workshop. Old dovetailed joints will become loose and *‘rickety.””. These should not be nailed until every joint has been disassembled, cleaned of accumulated dust and dirt, and glued (one of the best glues for all-round repair work was described on page 87 of Poputar Science Montniy for January, 1927). If the old joints are loose enough to require nailing as well as gluing, use cut (Continued on page 118) — 117 Just Point the Camera Are Taking PERFECT MOVIES T’S as easy as that to take mov- I ies with the DeVry. There’s no cranking, no focusing, no difficult rules to remember. With a touch of a button the scene you see in the view finder is registered for- ever on the magic strip of film. And DeVry-made movies are just as sharp, as perfect, as true to life as those you see in the theatre. For the DeVry is ‘** Hollywood’s Own” movie camera and its mov- ies are made on the same kind of film professional cameramen use. See the DeVry at your camera store or write for FREE book. The DeVry Corporation, Dept.4-PX, 1111 Center Street, Chicago, Ill.

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY In Building Model Ships Sovereign of the Seas, built by Mr. John F. Nichols of New Rochelle, N. Y., from Popular Science Blueprints. When brads and pins are not small enough, when joints do not fit and when a filler is needed, when a tool slips, or when special modeling is necessary, use PLASTIC WOOD Reg. U. S. Pat. Off. Iu the building of the clipper-ship model shown above, Mr. Nichols says: “Plastic Wood aided me in many ways: it was used in filling up the cracks between the seven layers of %-inch board used for the hull; it was used in the tops, caps, and crosstrees to make them secure to the masts, and in making the bul- warks fit tightly to the hull. Plastic Wood was also used to fill openings around the masts and bowsprit, and for such minor uses as securing be- laying pins, pumps and deck fittings to the deck. Also for moulding the figure head and decorations.”’ For Home Uses, Too Plastic Wood is of particular value for many household repairs, which are made simple by this amaz- ing product. Free descriptive book- let on request. It is waterproof, weatherproof and greaseproof, will not disintegrate, and takes paint, varnish or lacquer. Handles like Putty 1 Ib. can $1.00 X% lb. can 35 cts. At Hardware and Paint Stores ADDISON-LESLIE COMPANY 302 Bolivar Street Canton, Mass. Restoring Old Furniture (Continued from page 117) CARRIAGE BOLT-—* ADJUSTABLE TAIL BLOCK CLAMP BAR COUNTERSU NUT BAND IRON a Fig. 5. How to make inexpen- sive wooden substitutes for regular cabinetmaker’s clamps nails of a length not more than three times the thickness of the board being nailed. Cut nails hold better and longer and also drive straighter than finishing nails. It appears that nearly all glue used 100 years ago or more was of the rosin varieties, very little hide glue being used. The best glue joints made with rosin glue will part after a number of years. When rosin glue is dis- covered in old joints, every joint in the piece should be parted and reglued with good hide glue, after all the old glue has been cleaned off. Where nails are found to have been driven in the face of the work, they should be re- moved without marring the piece, if possible. Some may be backed out with a nail set, others removed with a claw hammer or pincers. If this cannot be done, they should be set deep enough to allow a small patch to be placed over them. Patching will be discussed in detail in a later article. All woodworking mechanics know that nails should not be driven in the face of good cabinetwork, if it can be avoiaed. Wherever possible, face material should be fastened from the back with screws, but where it becomes necessary to do face nailing, secret nailing should be employed. One method of secret face nailing is as follows: Drive a chisel of medium width and with an extra long bevel and razor edge into the wood about % in. deep at an angle of about 45 degrees to the face of the work. Lift a wedge- shaped piece of the wood high enough to allow a nail to be driven under it. Be careful not to tear the piece out. Remove the chisel and drive the nail in the incision; put a little glue in the cut and press the piece back in place. . THE chisel has been properly ground and the work carefully done, no clamping will be necessary. With ordinary care this kind of nailing may be done in the face of fine work and be invisible in the’ finished job, but it requires a certain amount of skill, so it is good policy to keep in practice on scrap material. Another inexpensive but valuable clamp that the home worker can make for himself is shown in Fig. 5. Every shop needs at least three clamps of this kind. They may be made in many sizes, but a good heavy-duty bar is of 134 by 2 in. stock. Yellow pine, maple and oak are excellent materials to use. The head block construction shown at A is for the use of wedges, but the second method of head block construction, indicated at B, is for a bolt, which passes through a counter- sunk nut. If the second method is used, the hole for the bolt should be the same size as the bolt, so as to keep the bolt in a straight line with the clamp bar. Clamps of this kind may be made with 4 by 4 in. bars and set on legs the same as saw horses. These are for the heaviest of work. This is the second of a series of ar- ticles that reveal the secrets of an ex- pert restorer of antique furniture. The next will appear in an early issue. ADE 11) sprit, 1928 KNIVES THAT BIT “BR —L RADIO“ A aaa ELectrician s “NiFr NEW! A REMINGTON KNIFE FOR ELECTRICIANS | AND RADIO FANS cris new Remington Knife jg just what electricians and radio tinkers have been waiting for, A knife for real work, yet light and good-looking. Can't be beat for scraping insulation from wires, mak- ing connections, tightening up, do- ing odd jobs. Has one 3-inch sheep foot blade, and a 24-inch screw driver. The blade is forged from high carbon steel, razor sharp and holds its edge a long time. One side of the screw driver is ground toa cutting edge. Safety catch prevents screw driver from closing when in use. Nickel silver bolsters, brass linings. We cannot do justice to this knife in an advertisement. So ask your deal- er to show you the Remington Ra- dio Electrician's Knife. Note its hard, handsome cocobolo handle, Test its razor-sharp blade. Note the screw driver .. . see strong it is. You wouldn't sell this knife for ten times what you paid for it if you couldn't get another. Knife No. R4548 is a wonderful value for $2.00. If your dealer hasn't it in stock send us his name and the price. The knife will be for- warded at once, postpaid. Remington Arms Company, Inc. NEW YORK CITY 25 BROADWAY Makes Ford a Tractor We furnish everything for eon- ~ Ford = Chassis inte ‘arm Tractor fer truck grewers, emalifarms, i . 36-in. Plow, Discs,Seeds,Cul- ;RunsBeltMachinery. We also build Garden Trac- and Bar Mower pitachments. Write for Free; -% AW MFG. CO. 5704 Center St. Galesburg, Kansa © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. Takes off by own power. Travels 40 feet. Very fascinating and educational. ! Easy construction set, complete materials, paid U.S. 50c (no stamps). Satisfaction guarar teed or money cchenied. 3 Model Aircraft Co., Box 331, Chillicothe, Ohio 12-Inch Cross-Atlantic Model, “‘Lindy” type FOO , ios of all minutes. Scie weakened con Now an amaz port and str Prong, super FoR SEVE! —with cus 0 BANNER ( D VICTOR (i —_—_—_—_—_—— 0D Money enc! Shoe Size..+e- age door—c and other v: combinatior constructio! absolutely Does away keys. Saves best insura office or fa cost aa year. c non-pickabl ns in fo millions of Wherever 0 neighbors s tointroduce al wo without ca) time to one full details. DUDL! 107 N. Wi Thrilling fun!

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we fe is radio for nak. crew from side toa ents n in fe in eal Ra- its lote this aid ner rful aler me for- april, 1928 FOOT PAINS _ ENDED or you pay nothing acing fet —foot calluses, P' , ball in on oy in ankle, calf or sooting pains, feet, sagging 90% of all foot minutes. Science weakene poor rt strengthen these muscles. It’s 2 erelastic, yet amazingly thin band srieeed and tensioned with scientific preci- sion. You slip it on. That is all. Pain stops like magic. Stand, run or dance with delight—wear stylish shoes comfortably. goon band may be discarded. Feet are well to stay. 2,000,000 now are worn. Specialists are amazed at results, urge it widely — Test it 10 days, if not amazed and delighted your money returned. Go to druggist, shoe knee—: flattening and spreading of the arches—all now quickly ended. pains can be stopped in 10 attributes the cause to the d condition of a vital set of muscles. amazing device acts instantly to sup- store or chiropodist. e If they can’t supply JU N G S you, use coupon oo pA and pay postman. Sen eo PACES for free book on foot ARC and leg troubles. _--u---FREE if it fails-------4 - Arch Brace Co., 234 Jung Bldg., Cincinnati, Ohio 4 Send one pair of braces marked below: (Persons over 145 lbs. require long braces) FOR SEVERE CASES FOR MILD CASES —with cushion lift —without cushion lift 0 BANNER (medium) $2 | O WONDER (medium) $1 O VICTOR (long) $2.50 O MIRACLE (long) $1.50 D Money enclosed. 0) Send C. O. D. plus postage. Shoe Size...eseceseceeeeeee SHOE Width..... saeeeosseeses Name ..cccccccccccccccccccscccccccccccsecceeseseesss veseee lee ee ae a as OS Canada: M. L. C. Bldg., Montreal. Add 25c to above prices, Give House and Garage Doors BANK VAULT a Protection Put a Dudley Keyless Combin- ation Lock on your front door, your basement door, your gar- age door—on the cabinets where you store silver and other valuables. Nearly four million Dudley combination padlocks with same mechanical construction now in successful use. The first utely successful combination door lock. Does away with lost, misplaced and forgotten keys. Saves all expense for duplicate keys. Your best insurance on home, garage, store, shop, office or factory—against burglary losses that cost the country tens of millions of dollars a year. Thousands of possible combinations— non-pickable. ns in four seconds. Easy to learn and use— millions of children now use Dudley locks at school. Opens by feel or sound—in the dark. The same number and combination may be had for all pe Seep and padlocks. rd of your lock combination always on file in our vaults. Forget that bulky bunch of keys—once for all. Give yourself and your family the advantages of this amazing new invention and combination. Easily and quickly installed—an investment, not an expense. Your hardware dealer has it, or can get it. OPPORTUNITY FOR REPRESENTATIVES Wherever one Dudley combination lock is installed, neighbors see and buy it. We want representatives tointroduce the Dudley Combination Lock to owners dealers in every city and town. An extraordinary opportunity for men who know building hardware and millwork to go into business for themselves wimoms capital or +-¥ Free jock mr fre i rson in eac ace. e today for full details. Ro obligations. - DUDLEY LOCK CORPORATION 107 N. Wacker Drive, Dept. 44, Chicago, II. 4 SHIP MODEL PLANS $1 Plans and instructions for Ma- ellan’s VICTORIA, Hudson's ALF MOON, Pirate Ship, Clip- per ship—all for $1. For a limited time; send NOW. Interesting 32- page catalog, 6c. SEA ARTS GUILD 730-N WINNEBAGO ST., MILWAUKEE, WIS. aN POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY The Mayflower (Continued from page 81) 3% in. thick. They may be glued and nailed on the surface of the hull, but are better -abbeted into it, that is, set in grooves. They should really be scarfed together as shown by dotted lines on Blueprint No. 83, but it is easier to ex- tend the keel the whole way and to nail through it. Note that our keel extends above its right- ful position at the stern to meet lift A. The chief difficulty here is at the stem be- cause of the long, extending cutwater. If the cutwater is laid out so that the grain of the wood runs diagonally along it, the whole can be in one piece. Some may prefer to make it and the knee in one piece and the stem proper in another, or three-ply wood might be used, ir which case the grain could be ignored. The cutwater will be well supported when the head- rails are on. The lead for the tacks under it may be part of it or glued on. The hole for the gammoning should be cut before fixing. (See Blueprint No. 84 for these details.) Do not let the knee extend any farther than shown. UR bulwarks and the sides of the fore and stern castles will be in one piece. The best material for this is three-ply wood from ¥% to )¥ in. thick, each 4 by 17 in. If this is not available, thin straight grained pine will do; this will need steaming at the forward end. If you can obtain 7; in. thick airplane stock (three-ply wood) you will find it invaluable for this and many other purposes. Whatever the thickness, cut a _ rabbet (groove) no deeper than necessary. The rab- bet should extend from the top of the lifts down to the dotted line shown. Cut your bul- warks as shown on page 80, leaving plenty at the ends to allow for the curve and fitting. It is best to try out all parts in cardboard before cutting the wood. Cut out the two gun ports and three win- dows and glue celluloid film back of the windows. Across lift J at its forward edge and between lines 6 and 7 and lines 8 and 81% erect bulk- heads cut from your 14-in. wood, with their edges shaped to conform to the body plan, less the thickness of the rabbet, and their heights as shown; their upper edges must have the required camber. Across the after one nail a batten or block with the same camber. Right aft cut a piece to the shape of the tran- som with its top and bottom edges beveled so that it stands at the right angle. Cut its after edge to the profile of the sheer plan. These are firmly glued and nailed in position. Now glue the bulwark pieces on and nail them very firmly, first along the lower edges, then work up so that they fit snugly to the hull and conform with the body plan lines. Nail them, so far as possible, where the wales will ccver the nailheads. Leave the after ends extending until the stern boards are in position. From thin pieces of pine fit the poop deck and half deck aft, with their forward edges ex- tending 3¢ in., or more, beyond the bulkheads, and rounded. The deck plank markings may be scribed with a very hard pencil. They should be truly fore and aft at about 1%-in. intervals. The longitudinal strengthening pieces, called wales, go on next. They may be strips of straight pine, but chairmaker’s rattan spline is the easiest material to use. The three lower wales should be 4 by 3¢ in. and the two upper ones about one third less each way. They are glued and nailed at the positions shown, their forward ends being beveled to butt against the stem and the after ends, square. The upper one aft should be steamed and sharply bent to mor- tise into the waist rail. Another wale goes across the stern just above the level of the sec- ond side wale. There is a plan of the wales on Blueprint No. 85. The lower deck gun (Continued on page 120) 119 SHIP BINNACLES Pol. Brass 4" Scale $4.00 Pol, Brass 14° Scale $5.00 Fittings for Ship Models Steam & Sail—Ancient & Modern RIFLES make perfection but perfection is no trifle as makers of ship models know from first hand experience. Many a model that is Senesiied in hull and spars is spoiled by the fittings being out of propor- tion or poorly made. By using Boucher fittings you can get a perfection in your details that is almost impossible if you make these tiny parts by hand. In this advertisement we have reproduced just a few of the scores of fit- tings that are available at Boucher, Inc. Our bocklet, Scare Mopzts, shows exactly how these fittings look, sizes, ma- terials of which they are made, and prices. ANCHORS Made in actual scale size Single Blocks plain or strapped - Double Blocks plain or strap- ped. Full descriptions ices on page 50 ale Models.** and of “ from 13" to 334" long, White range from 4c to $3.50. See AND WINDOWS wherever desired. Price .os per sheet of 30. will find dozens of plans for Metal Brass Casting of Finished Brass; the prices page 53 of “Scale Models." CABIN Doors These doors and windows are made of paper and can be glued to the cabins Model Makers In Scare Mopets you ships—merchant, historic, Na- val; construction sets for scale Model Marine Steam Engines, Motors and Boilers. Then for the loner of railroading Copeman there are Boucher-built Locomotives, Boxwood rolling stock, track and equipment. If you are building, or planning to build 14" Scale . S$ .s0 each any ship model be sure to:— YA" Scale .. 1.00 each Send for Booklet “Scale Models” This booklet-—SCALE MODELS--~has 92 pages of useful infor- mation for model makers. Contains history of steam engines, nautical terms, knots, hitches and splices commonly used on boats. Recommendations for finishing and painting model - ships and hundreds deter ideas you will find useful. Whatever type of ship—sail or steam-—ancient or modern—you are building, or planning to build, you will fiad the booklet, SCALE MOD- ELS, of tremendous help. Send 25¢ today for your beautifully illus- trated copy. It will be sent you by return mail, postage prepaid. Gentlemen:—Enclosed is 25¢ for which please send me im- mediately your 92-page illustrated booklet, SCALE MODELS. TION: .00.5000s00006ndedardednderdhesen senna sees Headquarters for Model Makers for 23 Years 415 Madison Ave. Dept. MA N. Y. © This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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© iets BLADES save uS money in two ways—by cut- ting in half the number of blades used on the power machines in our shops and by saving the time of the men out- side on the job in replac- ing broken and worn out blades. Naturally I am enthusiastic about Star Blades—I recommend them highly every chance I get.” When buying hack saw blades always look for the Star ®@ on blade and box. Millions of Star Blades are used every year by Americas best mechanics. ARTERS for HACK Saw ov Since 188 l WeCLEMSON OROSHERS, Inet MIDDLETOWN, NEW YORK STAR HACK SAW BLADES POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY The Mayflower (Continued from page 119) ports may be indicated with V-cuts or fitted with open shutters, as will be later described for the upper deck ports, or as I made my stern ports, which is with a wedge-shaped piece glued on, as if the shutter were just a little open; this clearly defines them, but saves the work of fitting them with guns inside. Their positions are shown on Blueprint No. 85. To cover the end grain across the bulkheads and stern, thin wood overlays should be fitted. A fine grained hardwood looks best. They should fit very snugly all round. On either side of the forward one there should be a heavily hinged door. The second may have double doors in the middle. The first aft, a more ornate door, with arched center on each side but clear of the ladders. The after one should have a door in the center. The doors should have neatly carved panels and trim. HE upper board across the stern extends Vf in. above the bulwarks at the sides and curves up nearly 4 in. in the middle. It fits between the bulwarks, which are then trimmed to it. There must be, of course, a second board to fit on the flat surface below the upper board. No one knows what design there was on these two boards, which form the finished stern. You may put what you wish, provided it is reasonable. The Pilgrim Society model has painted on the upper part a marigold, to represent a mayflower, surrounded with a tri- angular border, and below, the name and dolphins. It is the one part of the model I do not like, so above I carved a Tudor rose (he- raldic) surrounded with a rope design, and be- low I carved dolphins that infold the windows. These details are shown on Blueprint No. 84. The dolphins I fret-sawed out of a very thin piece of wood and glued on to another in which the windows were cut, trimming the edges and adding some surface carving. This is just an easy method of obiaining the effect of deep carving, which ts perhaps more workmanlike. Across the lower edge of the upper board I painted the name in red on the wood, which I had previously stained black. I stained the rose red and white, the rope and dolphins dark green and the ground dark brown, and lightly varnished the wood to bring the colors up. Next month we will finish the inside of the bulwarks, make deck fittings, and do some coloring. How to Make Small Pulleys STOVE BOLTS WASHERS 7 Fs p = = J L GLUED A pulley for light work made from syrup can lids; another formed from the flanges of a spool N THE workshop a pulley for light work or for a temporary model is sometimes needed. It can be made from tin lids taken from syrup cans, or smaller lids of the same style. Two lids placed together form one grooved pulley. A washer is placed on each side and holes are drilled through so that the parts can be fas- tened with stove bolts. On pulleys more than 3 or 4 in. in diameter, a steel disk or extra large washer will keep the lids from buckling. How to key, screw or wedge the pulley on the shaft depends upon the character of each job. A small pulley for models or toys is obtained by sawing out the center from a good sized spool, as illustrated, and glueing the ends together.—Enric B. Roperts. A Better Home for YOU The Bennett Better Built Homes Book actually is worth hundreds of dollars to you. It contains photographs of 75 beautiful homes with floor plans. Pick out the house you like. See how its room plans meet your family needs. Every home is designed by an architect, Complete plans are furnished FREE with each house. Yet you pay no architect's fees, Framing materials are cut to fit in the great Bennett Mills, instead of being sawed on the job. There is no ‘‘waste’’ to ay for, There are no “‘extras’’ to upset your financial plans. You buy materials at WHOLESALE PRICES. No wonder you save money! Bennett Homes are homes through and through—neither quality nor quantity has been sacrificed just to meet a price. We invite you to get the Bennett Book. Study i Understand Bennett . Compare costs. If you do this you surely will build this modern, eco- nomical Bennett way. Bitter CLAS Mail med coupon poi Bennett Homes, 1048 Main St., N. Tonawanda, N. Y. Please send me the 84-page Bennett Book. Free only in Ohio, N. Y., N. J., Pa., and New England. Elsewhere $1.00. 6 catccneridnd rh chawenipansdetesadeseasmee TR WE ORs ih: 5006 065 450eniensecnekiadeapncaeeee Town and State........... Am interested in house...... E4rage........summer Cottage. eoee Model Ship Bulléen Construction Sets And All Sorts of Separate Parts for the c MAYFLOWER Think of the pleasure of being able to work rig along on your model without any worrying abot suitable material for every part. Our valusb Mayflower construction set contains all the iit of the proper thickness cut close to shape as wi as all material for deck fittings, masts, yards, al cloth, finest rigging lines, etc. Everything to prope specifications. You can save time and money § purchasing one of these sets. Our large illustratif catalog describing this set and showing reprodwy tion of photos of various other models together wil! prices on rough hulls, blocks, dead eyes, guns, # chors, capstans, etc., sent postpaid upon recep of 10 cents (coin preferred). We can also construction sets for other Popular Science m and the world’s most famous clipper ship, t Beautiful Flying Cloud. Be sure and send for # catalog before starting your model. MODEL SHIP SUPPLY CO. Dept. A Mineola, N. !: Breed squabs make money. by millions at prices thi bree free ook ing how t it. One is 40 pages printed in colors, other 32 for Books 3 and 4. You will be surprised. Ply Rock Squab Company, 616 H Street, Melrose lands, Massachusetts. Established 27 years. ence, any bank or trust company. r1S] This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. necessar of with the ceiver. in a sta an ordi and pov The ¢ plifier a so mucl unit de ventilat not nec! compar in the k and anc be a cl augur t “yom am matter. the set posts c minus-| down t wer tne Pb all the The electric Ak the then t! heara | This w second silence in, in’ it does the off you ha Neve and ct turned unless Not no vis When just as ances mally ; a bur from | switch Of cor or any once 1 year 0 All power plates draw in the same when first ¢ unit t to its plate « The eters

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aes 2 noney by lustrate eprodi ther witl zuns, i 1 receipt 0 8 hip, te | for 00 , N. ¥, April, 1928 Power Unit Built at Low Cost (Continued from page 96) necessary to have a console cabinet. The type of cabinet has absolutely nothing to do with the correct operation of the electric re- ceiver. If you prefer to mount the electric set in a standard type cabinet and place it on an ordinary table, you can put the amplifier and power unit on a lower shelf. ; The amount of heat developed by this am- plifier and current supply unit is not nearly so much as that produced by the high power unit described last month. However, some ventilation must be provided for, and while it is not necessary to cut out the back of the lower compartment, you should bore a row of holes in the- back near the floor of the compartment and another near the top of it so that there will be a circulation of air. Use a %4- or 1-in. augur bit for these holes. ONNECTING the electric set to the amplifier and power unit is a_ simple matter. The 114- and 2!4-volt leads from the set are clamped under the proper binding posts on the filament transformer B. The minus-B, 45-volt and 90-volt leads are brought down to the binding post thus marked on the power unit, and the P lead is brought to the P binding post. Keep this wire away from all the others. The loudspeaker cord tips are connected to the binding posts marked “loudspeaker.” Now insert UX 226 tubes in sockets Gl, G2, G3 and G5 of the electric set and place a UX 227 tube in socket G4. Put a type-BH rectifier tube in socket S1 of the power unit and put UX 171 power tubes in sockets S2 and S3. Make sure that the switch on the end of the cord from transformer B is in the off position and insert the plug on the end of the other cord from transformer B in the nearest electric light socket. AKE a last look around to make sure that you have made no mistakes and then throw the switch. You should at once heara high pitched squeal from the loudspeaker. This will continue for from thirty to forty-five seconds and then it will die away to complete silence unless a station happens to be tuned in, in which case the music will be heard. If it does not work this way, turn the switch to the off position and do not turn it on until you have located what is wrong. Never touch any part of the power amplifier and current supply unit while the current is turned on. Never attempt to operate the outfit | unless the specified tubes are in all sockets. Note that the type-BH rectifier tube gives no visible indication that it is in operation. When it is working at full capacity it looks just as it does when it is standing idle. Appear- ances are deceiving, however; the tube nor- mally gets very hot while in use, so do not risk a burned hand by attempting to remove it from the socket right after you turn off the switch. Give it a minute or two to cool off. Of course, there is no occasion to remove this or any other tube in the complete outfit after once it is installed until it gives out after a year or two of use. All operating voltages are fixed. The 171 power tubes operate with 180 volts on their plates and with a 40-volt C-bias, and they draw from 32 to 40 milliamperes. The tubes in the electric set operate at practically the same voltages as were specified last month when the high power unit is used except the first audio amplifier tube. With this power unit the first audio tube has 150 volts applied to its plate, the C-bias is ten volts and the plate current is 414 milliamperes. The first operation is to set the potentiom- eters for the (Continued on page 122) POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 121 BUILD WITH PRECISION XZ HAMMARLUND PRODUCTS (1 The Famous Mid- ) KG (4 Illuminated % line Condenser Drum Dial Radio-Frequency Equalizing Con- - Choke Coil 5 denser Flexible Coup- Auto-Couple i? ling ) - Coil J (3) Hammarlund Precision Products are officially specified for most of the popularcustom-built circuits oftheseason. There are many reasons why you should follow the lead of radio’s most successful designers and build with Hammarlund Parts for best results, HAMMARLUND MFG. CO. 424-438 W. 33rd.St. | New York Jor Botton Radic ammarlund PRECISION PRODUCTS If Your Dealer Cannot Supply You Write to Us Write For Folders > \\ THIS 100 PAGE CATALOG ’ AMPERITE alone keeps tube filament voltage FREE ite variationsin “A” supply, — ‘ Proposition for . FREE— — Book of latest cmnenreaiion data oa % andcircuits. Write Dept. P. S. 4. © RADIALL CO., 50 Franklin St., New York “Build your own with ‘RASCO’ Parts” BPE RS } E { Radlo Specialty Co., 96-P Park Place, New York, N.Y. Ree US PAT ore —— | The“SELF-ADJUSTING” Rheastat MAKES A COMPLETE MACHINE SHOP EVRY - USE Electric fag Polishing, Sewing, ‘Dail Motor Attachment ing, preparing metals for Weld- ing, Tires for Patching, and countless other uses which arise daily in the home, garage, hotel, restaurant, repair and service stations of any nature. Reversing the flanges of the Evry-Use Attachment forms a handy grooved pulley which will drive small lathes, dyna- mos, washing and ironing machines and other household or shop appliances. The Evry-Use Attachment fastens directly on motor shaft in a jiffy, no belts or pulleys necessary. Made of highest grade cold rolled steel with machined cast flanges and three jaw 0 to % inch drill chuck. Made to fit 34, 4% and & inch shafts. State size. We supply excentional bargains in motors of any type. “rite us your requirements. United Electric Motor Co. 178 P3.centre Street Forwarding charges prepaid if remittance ac companies order. SRY

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122 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY

TRADE MARK REG US TRI RA Quality Radio Products

© | F building the Popular Science Electric Set described by Alfred P. Lane the following AmerTran radio products are used:— 1. AmerTran’ Power Transform- er, Type PF 281. This power trans- former is designed to operate at full load continuously with a very low temperature rise. It supplies exactly the voltage specified by the tube manu- facturers. A tapped primary allows you to adjust for differences in line voltage. All center taps are at exact electrical center. Price, $25.00. 2. AmerChoke, Type 709. This AmerTran reactance is designed to be used in the first step of filter circuits where an inductance of 20 Henries at 125 m.a. is required, as in the power circuit described by Mr. Lane. Price, $6.00. 3. AmerChoke, Type 854, is simi- lar to AmerChoke, Type 709, except that its rating is such that it has an inductance of 50 Henries at 50 m.a., and is designed for the second step in filter circuits such as the Popular Science Electric Set, where such a re- actance is required. Price, $6.00. AmerTran Tapped Resistance, R. 400. This resistance, used to reduce the high voltage supplied to the plates of the power tubes, to voltage suitable for the plates of the other tubes, is especially designed for this purpose. Price, $7.50. Other AmerTran products used in this popular circuit are the AmerTran De Luxe first stage audio transformer, ($10), AmerTran Input Transformer, Type 151, ($15) and AmerTran Output Transformer, to work out of a pair of UX 210 tubes into a 2000 ohm speaker, Type 152 ($15), or the Type 271 Out- put, the primary of which is matched to a pair of UX 171 tubes, and its sec- ondary to a 2000 ohm speaker. ized AmerTran dealer, or [ised to your nearest ier or | direct, for full information AMERICAN TRANSFORMER CO. 177 Emmet Street - Newark, N. J. “Transformer Builders for over 27 Years”’

Power Unit Built at Low Cost (Continued from page 121) minimum hum in a quiet room with the loudspeaker close to your ear. Set the poten- tiometers R2 and R3 in the power unit so that the contact arms are approximately at the center of the windings and slowly turn the contact arm of E5 in the electric set until the hum is as weak as possible. Then adjust potentiometers R2 and R3. You will find that the adjustment of these two potentiometers is not at all critical. The next step is to adjust the balancing condensers C4 and C5 in the electric set to get rid of the squeal. This procedure was de- scribed last month. It is exactly the same no matter which power amplifier and current supply unit you use. You must use a wooden screw driver made up from a piece of wood that has been slotted and a metal washer forced into the slot and filed to fit the adjusting screws of balancing condensers C4 and C5. This screw driver is necessary to eliminate hand capacity and the possibility of short circuits. Turn the drums to about thirty degrees and get the squeal as loud as possible. Put the covers on shields N2 and N3. Slowly turn the adjusting screw of condenser C4 until you strike a point where there seems to be a radical change in the squeal—a broken or fluttering effect. Put the top on shield N1 and remove the one on N2. Turn the adjusting screw of C5 until the squeal disappears. If you can’t find a point where this happens, change the setting of C4 slightly and try again. When the adjustments are completed, the receiver will require no further attention until the tubes eventually give out and have to be replaced. And as the tubes are rated at 1000 hours of service, this means that you probably won't have to touch the set except to turn it on and off and tune it for at least a year. If you encounter any difficulties, either as to the details of the construction, wiring, and operation or in obtaining the proper parts, explain your troubles as clearly as_possible in a letter addressed: Radio Editor, PopuLar Science Monrtaty, 250 Fourth Avenue, New York. Simple Holder Aids in Gluing Ship Model Ladders N SHIP model or work, finding that - the little ‘ladders were difficult to make, I devised a holder to aid in assembling the parts. It is made of maple 4 by 2 by 4 in. One end is cut off at an angle of about 35 degrees, and with a fine back saw slots are cut 34 in. deep and about 3s in. apart on this The jig has slots edge. The cuts are to hold the steps made, of course, parallel with the long edges of the piece. Of very thin wood cut the number of steps desired, Make the two sides of the ladder con- siderably oversize. Then place the steps in the slots of the holder, coat one face of each of the sides with glue, set them against the projecting ends of the steps, and fasten the whole with a C-clamp. I discovered that it is even more satisfactory to cut the ends of the steps V-shape and make corresponding V’s in the sidepieces before gluing the ladders together. This makes a stronger joint.—C.iinton F. Guiucx.

V-ENDS OF STEPS

April, 1928 TRU VOLT ALL-WIRE RESISTANCES Radio receivers and power units are now so perfected you will not want to replace yours for a good long time. Therefore, insist on resistances also that won't have to be replaced— Electrad Truvolt Resistances. All-wire constructed, with far greater heat radiation surface, they do not heat up, hence are permanently accu- rate. Long life assured. A Full Line of Variable, Fixed and Tapped Resistances for all Radio Purposes. Write for complete Free Truvolt Resistance Circular Dept. 64-G 175 Varick Street, New York, N. Y.

LECTRAD, «=<.

Send for Free Blue Print of the New Victoreen A. C. Circuit The “last word" in Super Circuits—a Vic- toreen using the new A. C. Tubes. Here is sensitivity, selectivity and tone ‘quality such as you have never known before. If you want to build the most remarkable receiver of the age, send for Free Blue Print, and com- plete constructional details,

Victoreen R. F. Transformers Matched and tuned to a precision of 14 of one per cent, they are largely responsible for the matchless performance of the New A.C. Circuit—each, $7.00. Victoreen “112” Audio Unit Combines two stages in the one case. Produces marvelous tone quality. Price, $22.00. New Victoreen Filament Tran:fo-mer, for use in the A. C. Set. Price, $22.00, New Victoreen Switch and Plug Unit—for use in the A. C. Set. Price, $4.75.

[he GEORGE MERC HAMDUE RS ‘WALKER Co, VICTORS RADIO Bttothr 262% CHESTER AVENUE CLEVELAND OHIO

© This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

April, 1928 VE] lat most e need fi grinder odd-siz cutters mandre The small ¢ mental versal workin: the fou bolts, i

To up zontal mount For cold d pende at one This ° motor lathe plate was r correc The h shank “ sweé Th so a drilles and a the e dista1 thick nut. in.-1l¢ for ty it to Wi speec of th this s beau work accu Wut icals you | a gle Whe of m banc ami

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192g april, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 123 Tool-Post Grinder for Your Lathe By J. Carroll Tobias : VERY mechanic who owns an engine ! lathe and attempts anything but the most elementary work appreciates the need for a tool-post grinder. Such a v grinder is often a necessity when making odd-sized reamers, forming tools, milling cutters and other special tools, as well as mandrels, drill-chuck arbors and the like. } The grinder illustrated was made at small cost for a lathe used in an experi- mental laboratory. A small 110-volt uni- versal motor, formerly used to drive a ee , working model, was utilized. In place of \ eee DIRECT the four feet usually supplied for vertical eet i= FROM bolts, it has two projecting lugs for hori- j _ FACTORY Think of it! Just $1.00 down brings you the famous Fxtra Thin 21-Jewel Studebaker Watch direct from factory. Balance in easy monthly payments. Lowest prices ever named for equa out. By buying direct ees — you save 30% to 50%. Your choice of 80 magnificent, new Art Beauty cases and dials. Latest des’ = : , . in yellow, green and white gold effects. Exquisite thin models. 12 Size and 16 Size. Send coupon for Tool-post grinder with fine-grit wheel set catalog of Advance Watch Styles and full particulars. up for finishing a hardened lathe center The Studebaker Watch Company is directed by members of the famous Studebaker nt q own throughout the world for dhecoequastans of a century of honest d g. Studebaker Watches _ have 21 Jewels, 8 Adjustments—Insured for your lifetime! zontal screws. This complicated the mounting to some extent. For the shank a piece of 4% in. square cold drawn steel was chucked in an inde- pendent jaw chuck and turned down at one end to 3 in. and threaded 3% in.-16. This was held in the tool post and the motor spindle ends were supported on the lathe centers; then, with the mounting plate in place on the motor, the carriage was racked back and forth to mark the correct height for the hole in the plate. The hole was drilled and tapped to fit the shank, which was screwed in tightly and “sweated” fast to insure rigidity. The motor shaft is % in. in diameter, so a piece of 34-in. steel was chucked, drilled and reamed to 5% in. plus .001 in., and a shoulder 3¢ in. in diameter turned on the end beyond the spindle recess for a distance long enough to accommodate the thickness of the wheel plus a flange and it to the motor spindle. With a 3 in. diameter wheel at a motor speed of 2,500 R.P.M., the surface speed : Ladies’ Brac let Sine ats - PR sintstsccesosmanniad nut. The shoulder was then threaded 3% Watches, —- Watches ae in.-16 and the body drilled and tapped for Men, and Jewelry. Sold Leite ee | eererrrrrrrrrrrrr rrr ttt ttt ttt for two No. 8-32 set screws for fastening on the easiest kind of payments! City a Insurance Policy FREE! Ladies’ Bracelet Watches, Men's Strap Watches, Diamonds and Jewelry also sold at lowest prices and easymonthly payments. Sendcoupon ford Mail Coupon for 6-Color Catalog? Let us send you a copy of our beautiful new 6-color catal It contains complete information on watch making. It tel how you can buy a 21-J Studebaker Insu: Watch direct from the maker—save big money and pay for it in q easy monthly payments. Mail thecoupon. be ici Over 100,000 satisfied customers own Studebaker it; Watches—and saved money by buying them direct. We ship anywhere. SPECIAL OFFER! Watch Chain FREE! For a limited time we are offering a magnificent Watch Chain Free. To all who write immediately we will include particulars of this astounding offer. Time is limited. Send the coupon NOW STUDEBAKER WATCH COMPANY Watches « Diamonds + Jewelry Dept. K906 « South Bend, Indiana Canadian Address: Windsor, Ontario SS ED CD GEES GED GED GHEE GENES OSES GE ee ee Ge Gee STUDEBAKER WATCH COMPANY Dept. K906 South Bend, Indiana Please send me free catalog Please send me free of Advance Watch Styles and de- cata! of Jewelry tails of your $1.00 jer. and e Portable electric planer for wood-working of the wheel is 1,963 feet a minute. At this speed a fine-grit wheel will produce a beautiful polish on hardened steel, and work can be performed with extreme accuracy. WHEN mixing small quantities of chem- iccls or paints in the home workshop, you can improvise a measuring glass from a glass jar or tumbler and a rubber band. When you have decided what your unit of measurement is to be, put the rubber band around the glass so that it will be a mark for duplicating the measurement. i - eg reuse $25 2 Waarace 7 | Write today for large illustration, complete description and terms. Propuct or J.D. &Ca. planing operation. This Workace light-weight portable electric planer is specially built for amateur and professional wood- workers who want to do accurate work at the least cost and in the shortest time. It speeds up every Pulley drive or direct motor drive from any socket Improved design includes many features. Steel cutter- head, three high 5 steel knives, bronze bearings, rab- bets 4” deep, | 7 takes any stock up to 4". Amazing low price of $25 (with pulley drive) puts this money-saver and time-saver within any- one’s means. With 4% H. drive), with 10 ft. plug providing instant power from any light socket, complete. Better work done quicker Tables raise and lower by hand wheels—quick and easy to Operate. Makes possible better, cleaner, more accurate work. Woodworking plants and piece workers use these machines on each bench to speed up production—you can work wood for and all purposes with the ‘‘Workace.” Easy terms—=money back guarantee We'll send you the ‘‘Workace’’ for a small down ment J.D. , Wallace Co. Wilcox and California Sts. Chicago, Ill, © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8

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124 A brand new dress for your present home ADD BEAUTY:s+,ADD VALUE SAVE PAINT++r,SAVE FUEL | ow Creo-Dipt Stained Shingles right over the old siding or stucco of your present home. Re-roof with them, too. Costs only a little more than two thor- ough re-paintings—actually pays foritself in 5 to 7 years in reduced upkeep. Saves paint—because Creo-Dipts are selected, straight-grained cedar shingles —thoroughly weatherproofed in advance with preservative creosotive oils. Saves fuel—most owners say 15% to 25% each year—by adding two complete coats of additional insulation. Mail the coupon today. Or, ask your lumber dealer about genuine Creo-Dipts; for 20 years endorsed by prominent archi- tects and builders. When you buy, look for the name Creo-Dipt on each bundle. CREO-DIPT Stained Shingles SEND FOR PHOTOS Creo-Dipt Co., Inc., 1331 Oliver St., No. Tona- wanda, N. Y. (In Canada: Creo-Dipt Co., Ltd., 1610 Royal Bank Bldg., Toronto.) Sales offices in principal cities. Enclosed find 25c¢ for twenty-eight large-size photographs of new Creo-Dipt homes by leading architects, old homes rebeautified, booklet of color suggestions, and name of local Creo-Dipt dealer who will recommend a reliable carpenter- contractor. Check CJ Covering siding OD Covering stucco CT Building new Cc] Re-roofing POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Lindbergh—How He Does It (Continued from page 14) those are part of the program of promoting public interest in flying. But once the curtain drops, Col. Charles A. Lindbergh, public char- acter, disappears and Slim takes his place. “Let’s beat it out of here,’’ said Col. Lind- bergh one night at a theater party recently in New York. “I’m tired to death, I want to go to bed.’’ On the way to his hotel someone started to talk about aviation: it was half past four in the morning when Slim turned in! “He'd have been talking yet if we hadn’t gone away and left him,” one of his friends told me. And how the man can ask questions when he comes across anybody who appears to know more than he does about any phase of aviation! “The only time I ever saw Lindbergh when he seemed completely happy was when he was getting into his plane to start off on a flight— any flight,’ Casey Jones, veteran pilot and head of the Curtiss Aviation Service, told me. “He doesn’t feel at home or seem at ease any- where except in the air.” HAT’S just it. He isn’t at home any- where except in the air; but in the air is where he lives. “Few people know that Lindbergh planned his Paris flight for more than a year,” J. T. Hartson, of the Wright Company, told me. “He went at his preparations quietly but thor- oughly. The first thing he did was to come East and talk with all the experts he could find as to the best type of plane to use. He con- cluded a monoplane was the thing, because of its lift and speed, and asked us to sell him the Bellanca which Chamberlin later flew across in. We had thought of going into the plane business as well as making engines, and had engaged Bellanca to design a ship for us, which we built. We wouldn’t sell it to Lindbergh though he offered a good deal more for it than we afterwards got from Levine. We just didn’t think anybody ought to try to cross the Atlan- tic in a single-motored plane. We didn’t know Slim then. So he went out to the Coast and got the Ryan people to build him a plane. And if you don’t believe that he knew just what he wanted, and stood over the job to make sure that he got it, you don’t know Slim. There isn’t anything about a plane or an engine that he doesn’t know. “We didn’t want to sell him an engine, either; we thought he was taking too long a chance. If B. Franklin Mahoney, president of the Ryan Airlines, hadn’t had a contract with us under which we were bound to deliver a Whirlwind engine whenever he had a customer for it, Slim never would have got his. Mahoney called me up on the telephone from San Diego and talked me into shipping the engine, but believe me, we gave it an extra inspection and a few prayers before we shipped it.”’ LANNING, studying navigation, learning everything he could about weather and reading weather maps, getting pictures of the terrain and the landing fields so that he would know where he was and how to land, he is a flyer who takes few chances. There’s nothing of the daredevil about Slim. He has had every kind of experience an airman can have, except war; he has met and conquered every kind of emergency which can happen to a flyer. Noth- ing frightens him, because he knows what his plane can do, what his engine can do, and what he, Slim Lindbergh, can do. “Before I ever saw Lindbergh’s face I was sold on him,’’ Eddie Mulligan, dean of the Wright service corps, told me. “I had been sent to look over his motor, and the minute I saw that shiny nose of his plane circling around for a landing, I knew there was a flyer inside of her. Don’t ask me how I knew it; you can’t tell it in words, but (Continued on page 125) Aprij 194 made good as new J UST mix Rutland Patching Plaster with a little water.Then fill the crack or hole. wall is as good as new! Rutland Patching Plaster makes a perfect patch that’s as lasting as the wall itself. It will not crack, crumble, shrink or fall out. And it’s so easy to apply—no muss or bother. Anyone can use it. Paint, wall paper and hardware stores sell Rutland Patching Plaster, If your dealer hasn’t it, we will mail a package direct and you can pay the soge 30c plus postage. Rattead ire Clay Co., Dept. R-18, Rutland Also makers of Rutland Your Vermont. Roof Coating. e for those 38 home uses already found for brushing Duco and other brushing lacquers. Quicker, easier, no muss or fuss. Smoother, richer finishes. > But That’s Not All Lacquer-Well Sprayer has 8 other uses: oiling car springs, whitewash- ing, regilding radiators, disinfecting, i a | i * Well SPRAYER spraying gardens, ete. Automatic continu- ous spray action. Equal in material and results to any outfit §Qwirvnin three times its Sa price. We Pay Postage Master outfit (at top), $4.50. Same, less tire pump, 2.75. Hand outfit (at left), $2.50. ox with screw .tops for keeping various colors or liqui ae SOC ence Send cheek or money order. e pay postage anywhere in U.S. or Canada, Litera- ture free on request. The Lacquer-Well Sovey Co. 2018 E. 105th Street Cleveland, Ohie A definite program for getting ahead financially will be found on page four of this issue. © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. tiner sout!

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April, 1928

i . 4 d me RED JACKET all free fotormetion and literatu MASTER DRILL : Red Jacket Assemblies, re The most elaborate and unusual drill mo- . DN 13540d4e0nshabdodaddxmencs oa driving powers iF Micinencasadehbebnaiicninasnt

Of Course! CARTER Adapter Harness Without wiring change in the set. Change can be made in a few minutes. nates ‘“‘C”’ batteries. Write for illustrated folder giving full information RIA

Ready? ©

for converting battery sets to A. C. Tube Operation “Spirit of St. Louis’’ Plans for This IDEAL New York-Paris Mono- M Airplanes pismo is a perfect , 8-ft. size, of ts Ty Se - e antic ean. ny ir FOKKER North Pole boy can build this model: ‘The IDEAL ane Construction t contains every- CURTISSJN4D-2Biplane fitti: mate- thing needed; al 5 ings, DeHAVILLANDBiplane rials and onnpues. including careful NC-4 Naval Seaplane id . e instructions, P jans an Bleriot, Taube or model is wonderful; has many fea’ Nieuport yn pg i of the original and ie guaran to Gec ‘ ‘ struction ae ie on $7.50 (West of Denver, Goio., and in Canada, price is $8.00) F Ask your dealer or order direct. New 64-page Book of Model Airplanes Teaches the principles of fying: contains plens and directions for building gliders and racers, and full information scale Models of real planes; also complete catalog of materials for 5c model builders. Sent postpaid for IDEAL AEROPLANE & SUPPLY CO., Inc. 28 W. 19th Street New York Ci any structural or Complete, elimi- BUILD AND FLY MODEL AIRPLANES \ Woe » | NY | t

[Cass Radio Col CHICAGO

© This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

Page 130

126 ; Copeland | DEPENDABLI Elect REFRIGERATION Protect Your Family’s Health —keep your food in a Copeland! Science tells us that foods must be kept in a dry atmosphere and at a temperature that is constant- ly below 50° Fahrenheit in order to check the rapid growth of bacteria. A Copeland Dependable Electric Refrig- erator meets these essential condi- tions exactly, for the air within a Copeland is always dry and the temperature is automati- cally held below the danger line. There are other features, too, which recommend Copeland — a model for every type and size of home... prices as low as $195 at factory ... easy pur- chase terms ...shelves placed to re- quire no bending . . . double-depth dessert drawer ...cold tray for chill- ing food or storing ice cubes .. . no insanitary drain pipe .. . quiet, economical operation. . . mag- nificent new de luxe models in six optional color combinations. Be sure and talk with your Copeland dealer—or mail the attached coupon for free illustrated booklet showing the complete Copeland line of healthful, dependable elec- tric refrigerators. SS COPELAND - = 630 Lycaste Ave., Detroit, Mich. Please send complete information to:" —} POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY | Sew Do They Know About Atoms? (Continued from page 42) Too, he can make an excellent estimate of the distance between them from his studies of the frequency with which a radioactive pro- jectile like a radium ray collides with them, a collision that actually gives a visible flash of light. Immediately he can get out his pencil and paper and tell you the size of the atom itself. It is the chemist, again, who weighs the atoms against each other. All he requires is the relative weights in which the atoms of the elements enter into combination with each other, and that he can determine with the ut- most accuracy. There is the relative weight of the atoms established, and their size measured. But what does the inside of the individual atom look like? Suppose we had a microscope that could look farther into the molecule and see the atom itself. Let it be such a giant among micro- scopes that it will magnify atoms ten billion times. HAT do we see? A miniature solar sys- tem of planetary “electrons,” miniature satellites, revolving about a central sun. We look again and see between the electrons and the central nucleus great dreary wastes of empty space, vaster even than the spaces be- tween the stars in the heavens. Into the nu- cleus is crowded practically all of the atom’s mass, yet on the scale we are imagining it is no larger than a pin point—the most paradoxical unit in all creation. That is the modern conception of the atom we have never seen. For years we believed it was the smallest possible indivisible particle of matter. Now we know differently. For that we have a whole line of experiment- ers to thank. Sir Ernest Rutherford led the latest attack on the atom’s mysteries, after pioneers such as Mendeleef, Dalton, Meyer, Thomson, Becquerel and Madame Curie had started the experimental ball rolling. Ruther- ford proved the complicated radium atom, far from being “‘indivisible,”’ blew up of its own accord to spew forth re-formed atoms of helium, an entirely different element. What was more, he used the flying missiles to bombard and wreck atoms of familiar substances, thus becom- ing the first hundred percent alchemist. By knocking atoms to pieces with the big guns of radium, he discovered the “proton,” the atom’s nucleus, that finally shattered the idea of an “indivisible atom.” Meanwhile Thomson actually weighed the electron by observing its swerving flight on an electric tube. And Rutherford showed with his exploding radium atoms that all electrons within atoms must be whirling so rapidly as to reach, at times, velocities as high as ninety- three thousand miles a second—half the speed of light itself! They must spin in orbits around the nucleus, like satellites, since otherwise they would fall into it, as the earth would fall into the sun, and the atom would be annihilated when its electric charges neutralized each other. ROM this brilliant work and his own as well, Niels Bohr harmonized all existing discoveries in one masterly mathematical ex- planation of the whole structure of atoms—the conception that with few changes is now ac- cepted. Millikan and others helped prove Bohr’s conclusion that all atoms, like those Rutherford observed, are built of positively electrified “protons” with negatively electri- fied “‘electrons”’ whirling about them; and that the number alone determines whether the atom is of iron, phosphorus, or iodin. For many years it was believed that every element was distinct, unique, like nothing else on earth. Now we know that all the elements are second cousins to each other, differing only in the num- ber of the particles of which they are made! April, 19 . ae Dubilier CONDENSERS For High Voltage Circuits Dubilier condensers are specified in the new Popu- lar Science Electric Radio Set. When building a new pow- er amplifier remember Du- bilier type 904. Or you can also use type PL-666 and type PL-667—1000 volts D. C. rating, supplied in either 2 mfd. or 4 mfd. sizes. This arrangement permits greater flexibility from both electrical and mechanical assembly standpoints. TYPE PL 666 on i ‘ vx et cKder | fri. Tuees Type PL-666 2 mfd. capacity—1000 volts D. C. rating Type 907 For “By-Pass” Purposes Electrically Ideal Our engineering department will gladly furnish wiring diagrams and full information for using Dubilier Condensers. Dubilier Condenser Corp. 4377 Bronx Blvd., New York Dubilier ONDENSERS © This seal on an advertisement in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. april, 1928 — Font He which the | the water Jatform a aoe Tha’ mensely Vv operation. erly gradu pole desig! pers arm. I cite a: bent of m | had the an old iro order to g T WAS picture wheel soc and had ssenger ding sigh American such a SI rewarded evolved trouble ¢ weather : the rails, the first } men to b plow. I cross arn a coal he enabled | rails. royalties offer fro! which ay ago. Th an elect brella so and hav manage and sole find out wrote t umbrell DO: unde lem wit inventi¢ nursem: out of i absent- the han explain installe ness wl] tor. A from t weight rolling profess a curb the di slighte admon profes: upper the pr to the Daj a com mechs homel Uncle ing it cheris tors 1 office. are ¢c ning,

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Tr re lle see eae TF « April, 1928 Fontaine Fox Insists He Is an Inventor (Continued from page 35) which the Skipper could measure the depth of the water in front of him without leaving his platform and before disaster had overtaken the car, That was comparatively simple and im- mensely valuable, but I’ve never seen it in operation. I showed the measuring rod, prop- , graduated, set at right angles from a long orl : : i designed to be an extension of the Skip- per's arm. ” ; I cite as additional proof of the mechanical bent of my mind another drawing in which [ had the Skipper salvaging the head board of an old iron bed from the Toonerville dump in order to give his car a fender. T WAS just a comic drawing when I made a | picture of the Skipper with a runaway car wheel socketed in an old lawn mower handle and had him explaining to a flabbergasted ssenger that “‘these here car wheels are a ding sight heavier than they look.” In many American factories the workman who proposed such a simple labor-saving device would be rewarded with a bonus. Another device evolved by me, to save the Skipper the trouble of stopping the car during slippery weather and walking ahead to throw ashes on the rails, was just as definitely an invention as the first crooked stick used by some primitive men to break the soil was the invention of the plow. I worked out a wooden tongue with a cross arm, at each end of which was suspended a coal hod. Reins held in the Skipper’s hands enabled him to throw ashes and cinders on the rails. No one has offered to pay me any royalties on that one, but I did receive an offer from a manufacturer for a device of mine which appeared in a drawing made some years ago. This showed a commuter who had fitted an electric torch into the handle of his um- brella so that he could keep out of mud puddles and have one hand free on rainy nights to manage his bundles. These are being made and sold today, but I have not troubled to find out if the manufacturer is the one who wrote to me. If he is he owes me a dozen umbrellas. | DO not mean to boast, but I am willing to undertake to solve any minor domestic prob- lem with a workable contrivance of my own invention. One of our neighbors had a stupid nursemaid who sometimes tipped their baby out of its cart by pushing it into ditches while absent-mindedly looking over her shoulder at the handsome ice man. I drew a cartoon which explained the device the professor’s wife had installed to compensate for his absent-minded- ness when pushing the baby in its perambula- tor. A pole with a fork at the end projected from the chassis. Held in that fork was a weighted rod with a wheel at the lower end, rolling along as a leading fifth wheel until the professor, with his nose in a book, approached a curbstone or other sharp depression. Then the drop of the fifth wheel, without the slightest jar to the baby, gave a severe and admonitory yank to the thin arm of the professor by means of a rope attached to the upper end of the weighted rod and fed back to the professor’s wrist over a trolley pole secured to the front of the baby carriage. Day in and day out I am obliged to produce a comic drawing. In them I poke fun at my mechanical contrivances fashioned out of homely articles, such as a cake pan adjusted to Uncle Peleg’s wooden leg to keep it from sink- ing into the snow, but down underneath I cherish a sense of kinship for all those inven- tors who file their discoveries at the patent office. Even if mine, instead of being patented, are copyrighted, still, as I said at the begin- ning, | am an inventor. sai » . fyo Lge ; : ie - W. : new 1928 Catalog. JOHNSON MOTOR COMPANY World's Largest Manufacturer of Outboard Motors 2557 Pershing Rd., Waukegan, Ill. Export Division: 75 West St., New York City Canadian Distributor: syeemegqe Conse Co, Peterborough, Ont., ee fall-outboard @otoring will be / Mftike in a few years /” ~~ try one of the new 1928 ~~ _ Johnsons 35% more power. Lynite pistons give quicker pick- up. New mufiler makes exhaust quieter. Easier to start because of improved magneto. Send for the 127 ~ v 4 ¥v The New Standard Twin ONNSOD exe secs ree priced from $115 to $275, F.O.B. Outboard Motors Waukegan. Sold on free trial and easy payment plan. SS JOHNSON HAS GIVEN WINGS TO WATER TRAVEL Modern plumbing comforts for unsewered homes Enjoy the comforts, conveniences and health protection of a modern toilet and bath in your country home orcamp. The sewage disposal pro- blem can be solved safely, etficiently and economically with SareEquip SEPTIC TANKS They follow the U. S. Public Health Service aannecene. Absolutely dependable—no failures amon thousands in use. Easily installed, Before You Order Any System Write for free plan sheets and folders “How to be safe without sewers.” CHEMICAL TOILET CORP. 887 E. Brighton Avenue Syracuse, N.Y. Makers also of San-Equip Self-Drain Waterless Toilets ae Play ‘Your Way to — Social Popularity YOU CAN BE SOCIALLY PROMINENT. No matter what your present rank, you can become an ace among men and women when you learn to play a Buescher True Tone Saxophone. It’s So Easy to Play It is not uncommon for beginners to master scales in an hour and play tunes the first week. Many have in afeety ~~ taken their places with Dance or Vaudeville Bands at good pay. True Tone eAssures Success But only with a Buescher True Tone is rapid progress assured. Buescher patented features simplify fingering and give every tone a , 4 voice. You just open or close the key and blow normally for the most beautiful music. Easy to Play, Easy to Pay Three lessons given On request with each new True Tone Saxophone. Any Instrument sent on six days’ trial. Convenient monthly terms of pay- ment. Mail coupon below for catalog and further details. You can be successful with a Buescher. BUESCHER BAND INSTRUMENT CO. 2362 Buescher Block Elkhart, Indiana pusecuen BAND INSTRUMENT CO., it 2362 Buescher Block, Elkhart, Ind. Gentlemen: Without obligating me in any way please send | me your free literature. Mention instrument interested in. | | ae Name instrument | | I iiiccnddoncesincasnabunsondas | Address _____-_- td ~onn © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. -.

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123 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY i i i i F enrype you see the stern view of America’s favorite out- board, the Mullins Standard Seahawk. It’s a characteristic view. People see them this way more than from any other angle. So, unless you want to spend your summer look- ing at the sterns of other people’s Sea Hawks, you’d better order yours now. This view is also an excellent way to show you the corrugated bottom plates. They let you ride on air runners. Also the reinforced transom that provides great strength where great strength is needed. Also you can see (beneath the seat) one of the life boat air chambers with which every Mullins boat is equipped. Note the heavy, well fastened framing. This, with its covering of corrosion resisting Armco plates gives you years and years of strenuous service free from checking, rotting, water logging or drying out, and without the annual overhauling that wooden boats must have. And as for speed—as we said be- fore, all most people see of the Seahawk is its stern. If you want more speed yet—you can have this wonder hull in glistening polished aluminum. But here we are, close to the bot- tom of the page, and we haven’t told you the half of it—so you’d better send for the handsome new Mullins catalog today, now! po-- anne MULLINS MANUFACTURING CORP. 300 Depot Street, Salem, Ohio Gentlemen: May I have a copy of your four color 1928 “Book of Boats’? Thank you. Name St. & No. (or R.F.D.) City (or County). MULLINS MANUFACTURING CORPORATION SALEM, OHIO as scien Geek lb tis deities Skyscrapers Built While Tenants Wait (Continued from page 31) more than 250 steel pillars which sink into the rock fifty feet below the street level. Remarkable, too, was the erection of a sky- scraper on top of an existing building—a feat accomplished in the construction of a new Travelers Insurance Building at Hartford, Conn. Since the old building was not sturdy enough to support the weight of the skyscraper, four immense columns of pcured concrete were inserted through the heart of it, from foundation to roof. Upon these columns was laid a powerful cantilever truss, and from the truss rose the new tower, as if resting on a bridge, so that the two buildings appear as one. So closely and neatly are they joined that only an eighth of an inch separates the ponderous top weight from the weaker structure below. NSIDERING the herculean labor of build- ing skyscrapers, the speed with which they rise seems almost miraculous. An old building vanishes in a few weeks and in its place is a gaping hole. Then, in a few months, a skeleton of steel climbs to the sky. Masons add flesh and skin of brick or stone, plumbers and steam fitters provide veins and arteries of steel and brass, electricians string nerves of copper wire. The secret of this speed lies in scientific planning. Materials are assembled at the spots where and when they are needed, and are quickly fitted like blocks into the scheme by a thousand workers. A record for speed still unsurpassed in New York City was made with the new Murray Hill Building at Madison Avenue and Fortieth Street. In eighty-one working days—648 working hours—this twenty-nine-story office building, with floor space equal to six times the playing field at the Polo Grounds, was com- pleted to a height of 359 feet, more than twice that of the Statue of Liberty! The recently completed Paramount Building, the world’s largest theater building, at Forty- third Street and Broadway, went up with marvelous speed, although the job required the heaviest trusses in history, and the builders had to send to the corners of the earth for special materials. The towering giant was completed in less than a year. HE site was that of the old Putnam Building, and the very day the tenants moved out the wreckers started work. Soon the excavation reached fifty-two feet below the level of the street and Times Square became a bedlam as the first steel columns thrust their heads above the barricade. Then came the difficult and dangerous ,task of placing eight enormous steel trusses, weighing 144 tons each, into the roof of the auditorium, 115 feet in the air; a task accomplished by a huge traveling crane. In all, 10,000 tons of steel were placed and made secure by 400,000 rivets. Then in front of the theater and above it rose a great office tower, thirty-five stories high, reared by an army of more than 1200 men. Every new skyscraper is a challenge to ingenuity. It is also a fascinating adventure, not without its thrills and hazards. Not long ago a derrick was lifting heavy steel girders into place for the twenty-six story Equitable Trust Company building, when a boom snapped. The entire derrick mechanism weighing more than two tons, toppled and crashed into the excavation, tearing away planking and steel beams, and sending four men to death. Such severe accidents, however, are compar- atively rare nowadays, even on the most diffi- cult and hazardous jobs. The combination of speed and safety attained in the science of skyscraper building is one of the wonders of our day. © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. . With life and power and sure. April, 19) A handful g daylight A good flashlight is worth ap. other pair of eyes. Especially wien there’s a neat little re. pair job to do. It hits thes with bright, white light. Noth. ing like it for investigating the “innards” of a _ radio trouble-hunting around a mg. chine, solving mechanical mys. teries or just plain tinkering, And don’t forget that to make your flashlight a real go. getter, load up with Eveready Batteries. They are brimming enough LIGHT. ‘Get the flashlight habit, Work with a handful of day. light. And always use Eveready Batteries—the same make that you find on the best radio sets, 250 POWER PCR OSC OPE ty 0") Educational, entertaining, this lg fine microscope helps all to know life that can’t be seen with unaided eye. - Tiny insects look like monsters. Plant and mineral life~ reveal new wonders 'in form and color. Used_.by students, dentists, hysicians, . scientists — in home, office, school and laboratory. Precise optical qualities. : Magnifies 100 to 250 times. -Tilting stand, fine. finish, nickel trim, plush- lined case, prepared slide. instructions. At your dealer or direct postpaid. Money back guar- antee. Other mod- els $2.50 and $8.50, Catalog Free Wollensak Optical Company 855 Hudson Ave. Rochester, N. Y. 4487 LONGER ‘LOOK BETTER Ww pameeias), SAVE you METAL ROOFS EDWARD CTLLh TILL CLILLLATT CELE MONEY Edwards Metal roofing, shingles, Spanish tile, sid- ready-made garages and farm buildings, are rust- proof, fire - proof, f lightning - proof. Last ii three times as long as or dinary kind. Quality in ev- q ery detail. Styles and types for every purpose. Easy and economi to apply. Lifetime satisfaction. We are the world’s largest manulacturers of sheet metal building materials. We control every oD eration from the raw metal to the finished product. You can buy from us at manufacturer’s prices and save all intermediate Hindustani. them all. yowel but 2 “ a” and the HE po t sc rubber thus best grade has been pc is needed, of. the Bo; Research, © alcohol, wh CHU} what ' seven seas | the magne nacle rocks sippi_ flood into consid er Nichola able beha' chologist voluntary self of the cured him instead of ately writ reminding not do. H thumb-suc to demon: habits duc “TF CO no m Mees intr in photos latin e e explair record th ‘were pure impuritie: sulphus mo th the anim contain s The whit ans, T to the “a tary, an profits. FR E E Write today for our Free Sam- les and prices. Ask for Roofing SAMPLE ook No. 19S0r for Garage Book. Books and The EDWARDS MFG. CO. Estimates 448-498 Butler St., Cincinnati, 0.

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Apri, iy ay, 1998 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 129 of Wonder Stories in the Making (Continued from page 51)

cially Hindustani,” he said, and he has photographed le re them all. The sound of long “‘i’’ is not a pure : yowel but a diphthong composed of the broad Ny Pat “4” and the long “e.””

L tato may prove to be the world’s = | ame of rubber. The best synthetic rubber thus far produced is about equal to the best grade of reclaimed rubber, but the way mys- has been pointed out for improvement. “What ring. | js needed,” said Dr: William Crocker, director You can buy this home $7 Q70 NOW for as low as Month of.the Boyce-Thompson Institute for Plant Wait no longer to build your new home. This year, reduced prices and extra liberal terms make it easy for anyone to own a home who it to oee = y al Research, 1S @ large supply of cheap amyl wants one. If you are able to pay rent, you are able to buy a Ster- g0- alcohol, which can be obtained from potatoes. » ling Home on our easy-payment plan. Our customers claim average 4 We Advance You Cash pariaee, of 47% by buying from us instead of from their local ming CHUNKY, broad-shouldered and some- fe]; % il Other Homes at $15 to $60 Per Month what ——— ho — — the oO [Pp OU DU. You can buy a Sterling Home for as low a8 $15 3 r years, hunting for aberrations in per month or as as $60 per month. A great @ - apo ‘compass wal denen for pin- | Wecg PP RDVANCE YOU CASH torhciy $2888. Prices. include everything. complet e rect, an pu ADVANCE YOU CASH to elp $2888. Prices include everything complete, abit nacle rocks, said that future plans for Missis- | you build. You pay us in smail amounts FREIGHT PAID to your railroad station. K monthly, just as you pay your rent—and your penny’s expense for extras—not even for nails, paint

‘ppi flood control should take earthquakes | rent money is saved instead of spent. Any OF putty. Send 25¢ in coin today for beautiful day- sippl floo : * TT: ‘ Sterling home, from a cozy 5-room cottage Color Book of Sterling Home Plans and you can be- ead into consideration. He is Lie utenant ommand- = - oumete Fe sweateny dwelling, aa i living in @ home of your own before another month i8 y er Nicholas H. Heck, chief of the Division of purchased in this easy way. And, at the same Over. ae . : Seis time, you get a home at a much lower price International Mil imber Co. that Terrestrial Magnetism and Seismology of than your local builders would charge. 8410 S. Wenona Ave., Bay City, Mich.

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Sipe GEARS ee All i - ONG, rangy and _ stoop-shouldered, Dr. The Benen a -_ 0 Knight Dunlap, Professor of psychology line of wears in stock for immediate J at Johns Hopkins, said habits are not formed by repetition, but by attention, anticipation or desire; their repetition may be used to cure them. The patient must repeat the objection- able behavior under the direction of the psy- chologist while distinctly thinking that this voluntary repetition will help him to rid him- self of the habit. In his own case, Dr. Dunlap 2 gears of all kinds, Send us your in- quiries. Write for Catalogue 214 a AND SHOUL CHICAGO STOCK GEAR WORKS ae END NO 105 South Jefferson Street Chicago He Be A Qn srrival ney p FERRY a LO DEST ea chase Ook: Good Bookcase

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ately writing a sheet or more of “hte” while reminding himself that was something he must MAN O’ SPORTS not do. He has used the same method to cure DESIGNED for BUSINESS-wear, thumb-sucking and stammering and expects NW DRESS-wear, SPORTS-wear, to demonstrate its power to overcome other | ine WINTER-Aibe ANY habits due to emotional maladjustment. time! Worn by leading Ex- | 7 ecutives, great Sports- ‘ “TF COWS didn’t lik d we'd have | ators. Phey ate , JS didn’t like mustard we’d have | 2tors. They are thee 9 © | AMAZED at i no movies,” is the way that Dr. C. E. K. performance. : Mees introduced the latest scientific discovery

{iN 7? ? Hi in photography. Films are coated with a PPhitevaag A gelatin emulsion containing silver bromide, he explained, but the silver bromide would not record the photographic image if the gelatin ‘were pure. He analyzed the little specks of impurities in the gelatin, and found they were sulphus Hunting for the source of the sul- phur, he found it:in the cattle hides from which the gelatin is made. It goes into the skins of 3-Piece Case the animals because they eat plants which PECIALLY tensioned mainepring to absorb shocks. 2 ee hy } contain sulphur, such as wild mustard; and Three-plece eave that virtually seals the 13-jewel Mew: see sec SEL 'De cian Ennion witha | Gen cea ae director of the + Bl nl ne” pectin for LIMITED TIME......--+- Mv ens conse 30200 laboratory, and his fellow chemists at Nashville | SOLD DIRECT! Try It At Our Expense elected him a vice president of the A.A.A.S. Ram It ix arousing a eo On Approval— Direct to User - : nt. e as M in advance! JN ie ,; R. REGINALD G. HARRIS was one of Dighrent! Hoeryl Devil fest se! Wear the party of explorers who discovered nn nh . =]

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The Distinguished House is Built of Face Brick = %). ee Build the home of your dreams —send for these helpful books and plans “The Story of Brick”—an attractive booklet with beautiful illustrations of modern homes and chapters on such mat- ters as Comparative Costs, Basic Require- ments in Building, The Extravagance of Cheapness and kindred subjects. Sent free on request. “Face Brick Bungalow and Small House Plans” embrace 128 designs of houses, unusual and distinctive in design, convenient in floor plan and economical to build. Four booklets showing 3 to 4- room, 5-room, 6-room and 7 to 8-room houses. Each 25 cents. Entire set $1.00. “The Home of Beauty” contains 50 two-story, six-room houses, submitted by architects in a nation-wide competition. Sent for 50 cents. “A New House for the Old.” Stop repairing and painting by veneering the old house with beautiful Face Brick. This instructive booklet sent free. AMERICAN FACE BRICK ASSOCIATION 2157 City State Bank Building, Chicago, III. FACE BRICK —requires no paint or whitewash Sport Bodies for Fords at FACTORY PRICES! This Model inGrey a Prime Write for Booklet A-10 Showing Other Models SPORT FACTORIES, Aurora, Illinois AIRPLANE 12-inch scale model of Lindbergh's Spirit of St. Louis. Scientifically de- signed and very realistic. Rises from ground by own 30 ft. or more. MANN & BENTON, Chillicothe, Ohio POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY A House a Its Face Lifted (Continued from page 72) The surface was calcimined, painted or pa- pered. But many of us were not quite satisfied. We wanted the old plaster effect without plastering.” “And now you have it in plastic paint.” “Exactly. It is put on by a painter with a trowel instead of a brush, is done without mess and moisture, has any desired tint and an artistic texture of irregularity that gives light and shade. I specified this for the new interiors in the Everett house. The wallboard beneath is sugar cane fiber, which has insulation value besides its routine function to inclose space and serve as a backing. Of course there are other wallboards of merit which can be given a similar finish with plastic paint.” “Were there any problems in regard to the heating system of this house?” “NOTHING very important. The owner complained that a certain radiator did not give sufficient heat. I suggested a simple remedy, which was that an air valve, sometimes called a ‘bleeder,’ be placed on a main in the cellar. There was no more trouble with the radiator. It would pay many owners who have heating trouble to install that air valve.” ** Alteration of an occupied house should be done at the right season,” I suggested. **Yes, indeed. Too many people tear down a chimney at the beginning of cold weather and have a new roof put on in the midst of the rainy season. The consequences may be disas- trous. It is a first principle to put on a roof first and to close all openings immediately; then proceed with inside work. In the case we are discussing, work was begun in early sum- mer. All openings were covered with water- proof paper at the end of each day. And an extra force of mechanics was employed to speed up the critical parts of the job.” “Bids on alteration contracts vary widely, do they not?”’ “That is true; more so than on a new build- ing. This is because alteration involves more uncertain factors, both in labor and materials. Thus, an alteration estimate may be half a guess, and the bidder usually guesses on the safe side. The owner should not be discouraged by the first estimate, for the next one may be a third less.” “How long did the Everett job take and what was the cost?” **Two months, and about $2000,” replied the architect. Mr. Fisher laughed when I told him that was not so bad for dolling up an old residence so as to fit the scenery of “the premier suburb of America.” Chicken Heart Still Alive BIRTHDAY party was recently held at the Rockefeller Institute in New York City to celebrate the sixteenth anniversary of the famous bit of chicken heart tissue which has been kept alive since early in 1912. Each day the heart is bathed in a special preparation known.as “Ringer’s solution”’ for forty-five seconds. Then it is treated to a meal of chicken plasma and chicken embryo extract. The plasma is chicken blood with certain of the cells removed. When the sixteen-year-old tissue, in the plasma mixture, is placed in an incubator it doubles in size in forty-eight hours. If left to grow unrestricted it would soon occupy an enormous space. Parts are cut off each day to provide material for experiments to determine just what is best suited for its growth and health. Thus scientists hope to determine the most favorable conditions for life. © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. Aj PAL yD pet, 1928 eS ae Keep | : “But yo that railro maki or walking And - s olul pleasure— ney tv / before have Evineud, indeed few / motors given so much ot recently Cc “each. Four remarkab, f | States she », twin cylinder models; collisions 1 ; | sae yg H.P., only 8; 114, and 9 S.56 to 35 » he increased sooth. . Powe of the ae Fastwin — 12 H. P., only | | EY MEE Ibs., 5 to 30 m. p. h. Power ators to de increased 200%. lap order. Fleetwin—6 H.P., only 55 lbs, “Somet new motor ideal for famj row boat. 4 to 25 m.p,h, as well ast 4 Sportwin — 2/2 H.P. . Ibs. World’s finest light twin, cosa aigte younger children use motor. 3 to 13 m.p.h, hel ‘ Evinrude Boat Speed Guide tells you exactly whic Francisco motor to buy to give you the speed you want on minutes the boat you own. Insurance policy against fire and S theft from $1.25 to $3.00, depending on your mode, Golden Time payments — as small down payment as $30.09 with som: puts an Evinrude on your boat. the Argot Write for 1928 Evinrude Year Book ther ‘ EVINRUDE MOTOR CO, aw ; 2514 27th Street Milwaukee, Wis, bridal cot had slipp 18) tion wher EVINRUDE ji) “A dis AALIP-ZIP SHOOTER} | Sition TW TE station 0 J LET’S GO, BOYS: | | / Hunting, fishing or camping, whe HE ever you go you will need a Zip-lip it Y Shooter, elastic and lasting wih plenty of pep and force, scientifically wasn’t al and practically made. See your dealer, I he can't supply you, order from us Zip-lip But he ] Shooter 35c or three for $1.00, send stamps, log cars 1 coin or money order. main lin Z AUTOMATIC RUGEER ur f Columbia, S.C. wes@iiins ad. vl ; AROUND THE WORLD WITH esantel THE INTERNATIONAL QUIp | Fist abc Exchange letters, post cards, magazines; form interesting al train. educational friendships with members in Old Mexico, Spain, City about w Porto Rico, Central and South America. Language student, railing travelers, educated young people everywhere, send 10 cenbi scart yt stamps for booklet and full particulars Sone ol INTERNATIONAL CLUB, BOX 670, HAVANA, CUBh The « SPEAKERS LIBRARY one dis ublic? Start Now. Allit , SPEAKERS 4 Seats vercese Soa determi LIBRARY : Write tor st. Contents: 4 some si rse in Fifteen Lessons. Hil. How well Ov to eside at Meetings. IV. i fal Wes ig A Public Speakers. v.§ treme, ROPIPMEE Wii. Coicbracca Pacsaces for sion ju Fifty Short Speeches peakers. . Live ideas and Stunts ie t ty Entertainment Committee. IX. Humores wenty } Sna Stories for Speakers. xe eee ° for All Occasions. PUBLIC $ dispate BOOK CO., Dept. 315, Box 304, Harrisburg, Pa. carryin DIESEL ENGINES} | Ter: “ % 8400 re Marine and Stationary shaske- By ENSIGN DAVID L. Jones, U. S. Nay merous The most complete, thor matic | . oughly practical and up+te bet ik 22 date treatise on the \———— ae «=Engine ever published. A Brent, explains their constructi go to s NGINES troubles, remedies, operatiot lESEL —_ ——— Ay , trials and tests and the MARINE mentary thermodynamics Hov LocoMOTIVE all types of the Diesel Engine H PCLT Gaae The book is fully illustrated 7 - with drawings of wot to parts and detail engraving th 400 pages. other Price, $5.00 round Popular Science Monthly munut 250 Fourth Ave. New York, hh

Page 135

2 = braatlit | | Gilde

April, 1928

——— Keeping Trains Out of Wrecks (Continued from page 38) “But you mustn't get the idea, now, that railroading is full of wrecks,” Brent insisted. “Train travel is safer than walking or driving downtown.” — And he was right. Considering the t volume of rail traffic, accidents are indeed few. Figures on interstate traffic recently compiled for the entire United States show that there were sixty-one collisions in a year. The death toll was 114, and 945 persons were injured. Eight of the wrecks were caused by failure to obey meet orders, two by failure of oper- ators to deliver meet orders and one by a lap order. ; ; “Sometimes there’s a little sentiment aswellas thrills,” said Brent. “Once Glenn Stewart, a Southern Pacific dispatcher, held the Argonaut, bound from San Francisco to New Orleans, for fifteen minutes at Mescal, Ariz., until the Golden State Limited could overtake it with some goat’s milk for a sick baby on the Argonaut. And a Massachusetts dis- patcher stopped an express train for a bridal couple who, to outwit their friends, had slipped away to a small outlying sta- tion where that train probably never had stopped before and never will again. “A dispatcher on a mountain line up in New England received a message from a station operator: ‘Log train west.’ “rTHE dispatcher had to laugh, though it was a nervous laugh. There wasn’t any log train on the line just then. But he had just been informed that ten log cars that had been left standing on the main line while a switch engine went into a spur for more had slipped their hand brakes and were running wild down the mountain. The operator must have been just about asleep and taken them for a train. But the dispatcher figured out about what had happened and had a de- railing switch thrown, hurtling the logs nearly a half mile across an open field. Some of them cracked like tooth picks.” The extent of the territory fo.. which one dispatcher is responsible is usually determined by the density of traffic. On some single-track roads dispatchers cover well over 150 miles. At the opposite ex- treme, the New York Central has a divi- sion just out of New York City. where twenty-four miles are enough to keep a dispatcher busy. There are four tracks, carrying over 700 passenger trains daily. There are twelve reporting points, making 8400 reports to be recorded on the train sheets—and besides these there are nu- merous freight trains. There are auto- matic signals all along. “That’s a pretty busy place,” said Brent, “but no dispatcher, anywhere, can go to sleep on the job.” How Fast Does Blood Flow? — average time taken by the blood to circulate from one arm to the other is eighteen seconds. It makes the

round trip three and a third times a minute.

a 1 1927 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 131

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Which Instrument Would You - Like to Play? Choose your bandinstrument. It means profit and popularity for you—school band, jazz orchestra, or solo. ‘Take your pick—saxo- phone, trumpet, clarinet, sousa- phone, orothers—Ten days free trial, no obligation—a Pan-American, of course, best known, moderately priced, factory guaranteed, quality instrument. Endorsed by artists, rec- ommended by professionals, stand- ard for school bands and orchestras. Tell us your choice—we will give . a wonderful opportunity— Why Not the Trumpet? Theinstrument for “red-blooded ” men, the clarion note of the band, From the “Big, Friendly Radio House” PO geet 1928 Book offers finest, newest, well-known sets; ts, eliminators, accessories at owest prices. DEALERS— TE for this CATALOG! 130 West Lake St., Dept. 24==Chicago, Ils RIN1 YOUR

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© This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page &

Page 136

POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY MONEY-MAKI DEPARTMENT , $1.00 to $7.00 Per Hour for Your Full or Spare Time

Pick Your Money-Making Opportunities Now! Agents—big seller—$20 daily selling Taylor Rain Proof Caps—made-to- ure— every man buys—samples rite for ton. Taylor € Cee Man- -6, Cincinnati, show catia 8 finest lines , coats and lingerie, we will show you how to make $25 to $12 125 a "om. Style book and detai ~! free. Write Har- ford Frocks, P. C. Dept., 215 Walnut Street Indianapolis, ind. (A ‘subsidiary of Real Silk Hosiery Mills.) Great neckwear line now free! Features finest ~~ neckwear at factory prices. Collect big commissions daily. Write for FREE tie offer and FREE outfit. Neckwear, D-125, Covington, Ky. $150 weekly s ty newly-invented i ~ Ey Razor Blade Stropper. Makes new

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Cash in Advance for Spare or Full time. $100 weekly easy with Carlton plan. NO investment. Free ae —. Amaz- Men’s Wear Values Start once, tite Carlton Mills, 114 “Fifth *AvenUe, Dept. 348-J, New York

Don’t worry with small profits and un- known articles ked by tremendous x tional advertising. hundreds of Nogar sales are making $500 to $1,000 monthly Right Now. World's longest wearing suits, $12.50. Amaz- pn wae emonstration makes Of eat? certain. Write today for Kit full starting Instructions. Nogat Clothing Mig. Co., Dept: CS-4, Reading, Pa. We pay women $6.00 an hour to wear exquisite Fifth Avenue dresses and show oes to ie | ae neighbors. Experience nnecessary. te today ** Fifth Avenue Styles. Dept. 1004. Scranton, Pa. “Want Ad Catal a Over 1000 puptestions, 10c. -.. 2 combination oa. Insertion guara: kerhoff, ine. 37 W. Van Buren, Chicago. “Why not sell us ur re time? $2 an hour, $19. 70 dally sey full ime ime. Socass 33 ue ~_ KX ae Boers — 47 styles, men, men, L including latest’ “Siik to the Top” ‘Ladies’ viene. No capital or experience Ls mg samples. . hose a 4, | your pm tse Free New Plan acochee Hosiery Co., Park 9284.

Men—Build a permanent secon to Qua) ity Suits, Top-coats any 2 for commission each sale. % Day D Doteasy, yare swatches. $20 Sales Out-Fit Free. pa —,. B eiend Tailors, 64 West 23rd guest ew Y Wome Representatives Wanted. New invention prevents shoulder straps slipping. No more discomfort. Women adore it. Write for particulars and free offer. _ Lingerie ““V"’ Com- pany, 94 Oak St., North Windham, Cun. We Start You Without A Dollar, Soaps, Extracts, nh ae Goods, Carnation

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minute gist Stores. Novelty

Be

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April, 1928 MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION Ship Models - ° 1 Building Profusely illustrated; cir- e 1re Ww 1C aS SHIP | Movarine Research Society, Dept. S, Salem, cular f Mass. CE

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MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION

“The Make Must Go On” (Continued from page 18) tightened with the crisis suddenly grow slack. The first round was his. There would be a second, he knew. It had shown from every line in Bonner’s face. When? How would the gas-maker strike? Old Dinnie’s grim face re- curred to him. Dan shook his head. A walk- out—just about kill the old man, it would. The Twenty-third Street Works had been his life. Forty years he’d worked inside the gray gates. Strict; hard; too hard, perhaps. But Dan was uncertain about that. No doubt there were many who would follow Bonner. He sought Fred Gardner, the floor foreman, for advice. “A bad man is Steve, with an enticin’ tongue. The young lads ’ud follow him. They'd never close us down, but *twould make a black mark for Dinnie swith the new chief es He should ’a’ fired Bonner long ag ect I tell him what’s gone on today—what Bonner said—” EVER tell him, Hunt.”” Old Gardner shook his head emphatically. “I’ve been with Dinnie thirty year an’ I know him. He'd feel it lay in duty to fire Bonner—come what would. No, better wait. When the drink wears off, Steve may feel different. An’ things might take a turn. The men know Dinnie’s just—it’s only Bonner’s constant stirrin’ of em up.” The day wore on. Dan, as he passed among the men, felt an intangible unrest; nothing that he could define, but it was there, that some- thing like forest fire, smoldering, ready to burst into flame. On Number One machine Bonner labored tirelessly. The big machine responded to his coaxing, the pointers of the heat gages crept up, and slowly the lifts of the gas holder on the river mounted. Twenty-third Street Works was coming through. As he walked through the basement of the gas house, Dan heard the five-thirty whistle calling hoarsely from the lumberyard across the load- ing slip, and felt the tension ease—a half hour now until the night shift would be on. And tomorrow—that would be another day. HEN old Dinnie stepped out from behind a generator shell and beckoned him. Dan followed the stiff figure threading through the dim shadowy maze, dodging pipe lines over- head. Along the rear wall of the basement, half below the level of the floor, ran the huge main that supplied the air blast to the gas machines —a forty-eight-inch pipe of spiral, riveted steel. From it came a steady hiss, drowning all other noises. As they drew near, the sound became a scalding roar. Maroney stopped, turned his flashlight on the big air pipe, and centered it upon a sort of trap cut into the upper segment of the pipe. Dan felt a sudden blast of air paste the heavy shirt against his breast. Maroney climbed awkwardly into the trough beside the pipe, tinkered with a weight on a sliding arm, and the roar of escaping air trailed off to a whisper. The old man grasped Dan’s extended hand in his gnarled, hard fingers and with surprising strength hoisted himself back to the floor level. “Wasted air,”’ he said shortly. “As I told ye, Hunt, these explosion traps must be kept so normal pressure will just fail to lift em. Takes but little time to regulate the weights; you saw me do it. The traps should be inspected at the start of every shift. Ye mind I told ye this before.” Dan felt his face grow hot, was grateful for the semidarkness that concealed it. Here was the spot where he had found Steve Bonner stupid and inert that morning; he felt under- foot the short bar which had tripped him when he had bent to lift the gas-maker upright. He recalled how the air had roared, remember now its fanning on his (Continued on page 139)

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198 | “ed 7 263 5 OV S5E8351 1 mu 5 sesim FTae Be .Y. Gag38 : ls : April, 1928 “The Make Must Go On” (Continued from page 138) back as he had driven the lurching figure out before him. Yes, he'd forgotten. He stood there, and the superintendent, misinterpreting is Si , went on: — no “offense, Hunt. Your books has give you many things I'll never know; but forty hard years in a gas works learns you, too. I seen this air line blow up once—in ’98— | was an oiler then. She tore one side out the old buildin’ that stood here, followed clean into the engine room, an’ wrecked the blowin engine—four men dead—and the make stopped.” No superlatives, just a simple statement, but there in the gloom Dan could vision walls of prick and mortar crashing down about him, could hear the cries of trapped, dying men. A sense of the imponderable, chained forces waiting always for the single mistake to release them to destruction, sent a chill through him. He said quickly: “What happened, sir?” “ DRINK-FUDDLED lad, Pat Manion, left his air blast valve open when he put his gas machine.on run. The raw gas, instead of goin’ to the holder, backed in through the air main—air and gas mixed. Then she caught. Them days we had no explosion traps whatever. Couldn’t wreck us now; ‘less the traps was wired down. It ‘ud be bad enough, though. Whiskey’s no good in a gas works.” He started back, his torch light bobbing up and down the brick floor ahead. Something at one side of their path glittered as it caught the light. Maroney stopped and bent down. He grunted as he rose and held up to Dan a flat whiskey bottle—empty. Dan flushed again, as though the guilt had been his own, at the superintendent's question: “Ts Bonner bringin’ liquor in the gas works? Seems I’ve smelled it on his breath today.” And when Dan nodded miserably, Dinnie swung his bent shoulders back and marched grimly to the iron stairs and up them to the gas- making floor. But Bonner was not there. The night shift’s first job was to clean fires, and Number One was laid by, waiting. Only the helper, leaning on the big wheel of the main blast valve, re- mained to man her. “Steve’s washin’ up,”’ he said with a curious look at old Dinnie’s set face. HE works whistle blew, summoning the night shift, as the superintendent, with Dan Hunt behind him, stepped inside the wash room door. Bonner, already dressed for the street, set his lunch bucket back upon the radiator as Maroney headed toward him. “You brought this in today, Steve?”’ began the superintendent, his voice crisp and chal- lenging. Something of indomitable courage in the voice, it seemed to Dan. Its impression on the gas-maker was dynamic. “T did, old man,”’ he answered loudly. The splashing din and chatter of the men in the wash room stopped. “Fire me, will you? I’m hopin’ your nerve'll let you.’’ His voice rose to a defiant challenge. “You're fired,” said Dinnie simply. Bonner swept his arm around like a signal. ’ “Come on, men.”” Then to Maroney, stand- ing like a rock. “You're too old to run a gas works. We'll leave you with your shirt tail out, old man. Twenty-third Street’s down!” He eyed with confidence the incoming crew, changing to their work clothes at the lockers. Dinnie’s fingers closed. He covered half the distance to the radiator in three jerky steps, then stopped, conscious of a sudden hush, re- lieved only by a heavy droning of the blowing engines. Half-naked bodies under the glare of clustered lights poised in grotesque attitudes. Dan clenched his hands, too; his breath quick- ened. He felt a sudden nausea, but as the figure of Steve Bonner (Continued on page 140) » Can you copy it? Try it. How you copy it may give me some idea of what kind of a draftsman you would be. old or older and will mail me your sketch at once, I will send you, free, and prepaid, a draftsman’s Ivor- ine Pocket rule, shown here. 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“The Make Must Go On” (Continued from page 139) tensed in menace, the boy, pressing his lips tightly, stepped up beside his superintendent. But Dinnie clasped his coat sleeve, pulled him back and, contemptuous of the threaten- ing approach of Bonner, turned and flung the door wide, letting in a blast of freezing air. “Get out,”’ he said softly to Bonner, “ before I throw ye out.” The gas-maker, bewildered by the unexpect- ed threat and the mildness of its utterance, hesitated, moved half a step backward. Old Dinnie, with a movement sweetly timed, thrust one foot out and hooked it behind Bonner’s ankles; jerked. The insurrecto’s head crashed against a radiator column; he sat down with spine-cracking emphasis to hazily inspect his two legs suddenly laid out before him. Maroney seized his collar, quickly dragged him past the door and closed it. im i rest of ye that’s quittin’,”’ he asked, returning to brogue as thick as cream, “are ye wishful for a shindy?”’ The sharp blue eyes glared at them. A group about the wash- stands shifted. Some one struck a steel locker door and at its shivering “tang” the old man looked about quickly, but no man met the frosty glinting of his eyes. He held up a wrinkled hand for attention, though every man within the room was watching. “TI been superintendent twenty year come June,” said Dinnie. “Twenty years it took me to work up to the job. More’n forty years in all. I can’t read a blueprint, but I can dig within a spade-length of every valve and fittin’ in the yard. Mr. Hunt here has books as tells how to run a gas works, but I never read ’em. What learned me things was doin’ ’em. ’Tis the way I’ve learned you men as well. It’s kept the make feedin’ to the holder nearly twenty year.” He looked away from them and paused, as if he saw those years passing in review. ““You’re quittin—why? Some of you I’ve counted as my friends for long. Old—sure. I’m no longer young, but I’ve not asked ye once to do what I feared to try meself. I can’t think you’d put disgrace on me as Bonner says. Who among ye has a grievance? Speak up, men!” Each man looked furtively at his neighbor. They shuffled, coughed uneasily. Then Peter Zacoski, of the night shift, whose rake and slice bar kept the Hawley down-drafts burning clean beneath the boilers, grinned till his white molars showed. si pa Maroney good man. Steve, he dronk —no good for vork. Vass matter ve not vork? Night boss holler quick, ‘Steam hunky!’ Sure, t’anks.”’ And feeling that this covered all and sundry points, he started for the boiler house, touching his wool cap with a neat duck- ing salute as he passed his superintendent. The tension was gone. The night shift slammed their hobbed shoes floorward in emo- tional relief. They noisily donned overalls and jumpers and, grinning sheepishly, fled out into the darkness. Old Gardner stopped. “You done a good job, Dinnie—Steve was overripe for firin’.”’ “Whiskey. Steve’s been a good man in his time.” Gardner shrugged and passed out, too, and the superintendent sat down wearily upon a bench. “Would ye stay till they bar down Number One, Hunt? I'm fair tired. But we must keep the holder risin’. Twenty-third Street’s got to feed the town this night.” A picture of old Dinnie standing there fear- lessly confronting Bonner, the physical encoun- ter with the gas-maker, the moral victory that he had just now achieved—all were screened on young Dan Hunt’s mind. He felt suddenly humbled by this simple man who with un- questioned faith (Continued on page 141)

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April, 1928 al “Th lived st “ Mr. | make w’ From looked 1 “ You stood w! t the Still an’ be sure stubbor be gone You Ilb Dan! a Maro “ N Oo whiskey TW: Mac bull-bas and let hot. As floor, t! waste V “ We’ ve away f first lif The the ster a light note b Data, data fr by me “Doin down i ity Da pyrom spares Hi th door v and D way I hours Yet, 1 throug ing st chines “ A The v he sav insurr came | till sh the ra the lif the h water There thoug and ¢ bliste smart down leape explo (Mar Ed “ V Neve phon be wi the n D: =i

Page 141

il, 1929 tee ~~".

April, 1928

~~ “The Make Must Go On” (Continued from page 140) lived’ steadfast to the only creed he knew. “Mr. Maroney,” he said earnestly, “the will go on. ay os the locker bench the bright old eyes up at him. —s. a good lad, Hunt. I remember ye stood with me. You'll go far and fast—you've t the learnin’—and the brains to use it. Still an’ all, you have to do it—how else can ye be sure ye know?” The old man’s jaw closed stubbornly. He rose. “Ill pay off Bonner and be gone. He’s left Number One in bad shape. You'll be stayin’ till she’s on the main again?” Dan nodded. Then hesitantly: “T'll go with you to the office?” Maroney shook his head. “No need. Steve Bonner—ah, it’s just bad whiskey talkin’.”’ T WAS close to midnight when big Tony | Machek and his helpers drew the three-inch bull-bar from the clinker door of Number One and let it fall, its chisel point sputtering, white hot. As it hissed and crackled on the basement floor, the men drew back and with lumps of waste wiped away the sweat streaming in their eyes. y Lotsa clinker, Mr. Boss,”’ said Tony. Dan nodded. “She'll do now, Tony. Close the doors; don’t forget to dope “em.” Ed Nelson, the night foreman, hurried by through the shadowy basement. “Ready?” the latter called anxiously. “We've got to get her on—they’re pullin’ gas away from us tonight—holder’s down to the first lift—lower’n she’s been for months.” The clang of the coal passers’ scoops rang on the steel floor above him as Dan Hunt, beneath a light cluster, stopped and leafed through his note book to the page heading “Operation Data, Water Gas Machines.” It was mostly data from an English textbook, supplemented by memos gathered at old Dinnie’s school of “Doin’ it.” He checked the list—but halfway down it Nelson again interrupted him. “Dan, the thermocouple on the Number One pyrometer’s burned out. You know where the spares are kept?”’ = gas-maker’s helper was screwing down the cotter bar above the domed charging door when he returned. The blast roared on and Dan perched himself upon the iron stair- way railing for a rest. A long day—eighteen hours or thereabouts. Some job, this was! Yet, unaccountably, he felt a warmth surge through him as he watched the floormen mov- ing steadily, methodically, about the huge ma- chines. “A man’s job, anyway,” he said, half aloud. The words recalled his superintendent. Again he saw the bent figure, fearless, conquering the insurrection in the locker room. Then to him came old Dinnie’s words: *‘ You'll stay with her till she’s on the main again?” He slipped from the railing and moved out on the floor, checking the lift of the air blast valves, the oil pressure, the heat which the pyrometers indicated, the water volume flowing through the seal pot. There was a lack of enthusiasm about it, though. His legs ached from much running up and down the steep iron stairs, his feet were blistered by the hot floor plates, and his eyes smarted. He paused at the stairhead, glanced down again at his notebook and a sentence leaped out at him: “Inspect adjustment of explosion traps on air main. Every shift (Maroney).”” Ed Nelson shuffled up the stairs. “We be on in half a minute. Time we was. Never seen a drag like this. Old man just tele- phoned. Told him everything was jake. He'd be wild if he saw that holder crowdin’ down into the mud.” Dan shut the book. (Continued on page 142)

MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION 141

Thousands Cooke + Ne Trained Men Farn & os Za F 4 H «é 4 - 4 ‘ = 12 POO oe! "= # ae gi? ja = ee / , ELECTRIC! tog into a big pay roe Cooke “BIG PAY FIELD G*tT a real job—be able to afford the better things Look What I’ve Done for These Two Men } ; of life—learn to make $70 to $200 every week instead of a mere $25 to $35—jump into Electricity and join my thousands of “boys” who are now earnin - $3,500 to $10,000 a year! You can do it—it’s easy—I’ show you how in so short a time you’ll be amazed! Electrical Men in Big Demand Even ordinary electricians—the common “screw driver” kind, are making big money. But the Trained Man-—the man who can plan and boss and supervise the work of others—is needed everywhere today at $300 to $900 a month! And thousands of ‘‘Cooke”’ Trained Men are getting this big money right along! Don’t YOU be satisfied with any- thing less!

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Page 142

They make $6,000 a year The facts prove that YOU can achieve Success in Radio! Radio News writes us: “In looking over the dealer mail received in the last three months we find that the average income of all dealers who gave us their income figures, 38 in number, averages more than $6,000 a year.” {Signed} C. W. EMERSON RADIO NEWS Why don’t you think this over and say to yourself, “These dealers are no smarter than I am. If I knew radio thoroughly, I could make that much and more. I know that the Radio In- stitute of America is America’s oldest radio school—that it gives the fin- est radio instruction obtainable any- where, and the finest and fullest radio equipment. “I know that RIA is conducted by the Radio Corporation of America and is backed by General Electric and Westinghouse—that their course in radio is complete and entirely covers every phase of radio, including op- erating, broadcasting, in fact every- thing in radio. I know thatI can make progress because everything is told so clearly. I can get this instruction at home, and prepare for success in radio without giving up my present job. I can study when I please and as long as I please. With the tremendous Opportunities opening up in radio today, I certainly can’t pass up this opportun- ‘ity to learn more about the RIA course. Here’s one coupon I will clip. I want the full facts.” Tear out the coupon and mail it now. RADIO INSTITUTE OF AMERICA Dept. J-4 326 Broadway, New York City —— SS a a RADIO INSTITUTE OF AMERICA, Dept. J-4 326 Broadway, New York City Dear Mr. Duncan: Please send me your new catalog. I want to know more about your new radio course. MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION “The Make Must Go On” (Continued from page 141) “Anybody take a look at the traps on the air line, Ed?” The foreman shrugged carelessly. “That's another of the old man’s notions. Too busy. Them traps ain't been regulated once a year. A dirty job, too, crawlin’ through the trench—and hot.” The boy watched him hurry off to open the big header gate into the relief holder. He slipped the book in his pocket. Just another notion. . . . He yawned, then shook himself and moved stiffly down the stairs. Again that sentence in the note book printed itself large across his mind. Once a year—well, the boss's words were, “every shift.” He stumbled through the dark lane of the basement, groped in among the hot machines, searching for the path which he had traversed that afternoon. His foot struck the concrete curbing of the pipe trench and he slid along it, reaching upward. A familiar weighted arm made contact with his hand. He fumbled for his flashlight; its beam focused on the mecha- nism and with a startled gasp he fell back. The explosion trap was wired shut! AWAKE now, he crawled rapidly along the trench, deafened by the trembling roar of madly rushing air within the pipe. He reached the second trap—wired shut; the third—wired shut! The last trap just before the big pipe vanished underneath the wall of the engine room—wired shut, too! Strangely breathless, he leaned against the steel pipe, tried to drive his thoughts. He could only think of Dinnie’s story and its conclusion—“couldn’t wreck us—unless the traps were wired down!” The threatening face of Bonner passed before him. A blast valve forgotten and left open on the generator floor above, the explosion traps wired down—he could almost hear the devas- tating roar of the explosion, see the crumbling masonry, the agony of maimed and dying men. Old Dinnie’s words, “ Keep the make feedin’ to the holder.” They came to him too. He felt weak, his hands seemed paralyzed. Then, above, rods clanked, and descending valve stems clattered. The roaring air blast played a higher whining tune. A thud—the stack cap seating. Bubbling, gurgling gases in the header—Number Two was on her run. And if a blast valve were open, the run would be her last! HE thought sprung him free. He scram- bled in blind haste for the trench end, for the bar which he remembered had lain there that afternoon. To wrench free the traps, that came first. His fingers scraped the rough floor, a steam pipe seared them—then he felt the smooth bar, grasped it and once more drew back into the trench. At midnight in the gas works men move about the floor like sleep walkers, ghostly, silent. Reason sleeps. They perform their tasks propelled by instinct. They make known their wants by signs. The only sounds are the groans and bellowed protests of the forces prisoned in the great machines where man has trapped them. To Ed Nelson, drowsing at the gas-maker’s desk, his eyes following the revolutions of the oil meter, nothing was amiss. Number One was gurgling angrily as she hurled great vol- umes of crude green gas through the seal pipe. The gas-maker and his helper squatted on an empty coke cart to divide their midnight snack. About them on the floor, other wraiths attended silently to other giants. None saw a dim shape hover at the super-heater valve of Number One, and quickly spin the wheel, or noted that the ratchet stem had lifted. Nor did they see the figure of Dan Hunt poised at the stairhead, until, with a cry that carried to the smoky trusses of the roof, he hurled himself upon (Continued on page 143) $ 00 DRAWING 25% COURSE for Haven't you often wished that you could draw cartoons, illustrate some idea, sketch some pretty face, etc? You can do all of these things. One of America’s most fa- mous Cartoonists and Illustrators has tionized the entire theory of draw- ing. It means that drawing can be as easy for you as writing—much simpler than learning shorthand, § bookkeeping or typewriting. 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McSWEENY AUTO, TRACTOR AND LECTRICAL SCHOOLS Dept. 20.D-W Sincinnati, Ohio Cleveland, Ohio ete” “The the open V met the ¢ from the Ed Nel: broken stu with a che foreman S spun bene hpsetatle u sig’ e: _" the | bal @ Laboratc short-wa in¢oncei\ vision de in our gr As lor the telev broadcas lar wave and radi 37.8 met broadcas cisco, W twenty-t for long- ance of ¢ out the an excep transmis or “gho many of Ta rT

Page 143

Onpa rSS Ta @ ge ety dy ish b- nt. we for to ill te. | mf nen ‘ish ing for Pe April, 1928 “The Make Must Go On” (Continued from page 142) lve, jammed it down, and turning, ary Ts a a sinister ghost that stole from the cloaking shadows. Ed Nelson waked to action, snatched up a broken stud bolt and ran in just as Dan Hunt, with a choking gasp, sank to his knees. The foreman’s arm descended swiftly, the shadow un beneath the purple arc light, then col- lapsed, and the cruel face of Bonner stared up sightless in the flickering light. In the gas works office Dinnie absently re- moved the jacket from a boiled potato and sprayed the tuber with a pinch of salt. The daily paper lay across his knees, and while he ate he spelled the news out laboriously, his lips moving to a soundless rhythm. ; At length he paused, laid the remainder of his’ meal in the tin tray of his lunch box, and looked out in meditation through the window at a string of tank cars shunting noisily along the yard spur. His eyes swung back as Dan Hunt entered, and he stared for a long moment at the boy and the tight bandages about his head. HEN, picking up the paper, he motioned for attention, set his silver spectacles and read aloud with painful effort: FREIGHT CAR CRIPPLES GAS WORKS The South Works of the Consumers Com- pany went out of business at noon when a freight car left the Works loading trestle and, plunging to the street, sheared off a ten-inch water main six feet below ground. As this was the only source of water to the plant, all operations were suspended. No gas shortage occurred, however, as the Twenty-third Street Works across the river supplied the South Side customers until the damage was repaired. As the superintendent finished, he glanced at Dan again above the sheet. Crinkly lines radi- ated from his deep-set eyes; in his creamy brogue, he said: “Dr-ry as dust. Ye spoiled a splendid story for the newspapers, Dan Hunt.”’ Television Brought into the Home (Continued from page 21) Laboratories worked out. With successful short-wave radio, necessary to transmit the in¢onceivably high-speed impulses that tele- vision demands, practical television was with- in our grasp.” As long ago as last December, the first of the television sets was ready and experimental broadcasting commenced—voices on the regu- lar wave length of station WG Y, Schenectady, and radio images down on the low wave of 37.8 meters. Within a few weeks long-distance broadcasters at Schenectady and San Fran- cisco, with “checkerboard” aerials and a twenty-two-meter wave—found most efficient for long-range television—will test the perform- ance of dozens of receivers scattered through- out the country. Television itself has proved an exceptionally good instrument to test radio transmission. Dr. Alexanderson says blurred or “ghost” television images are explaining ray Ao the mysteries of static, fading and the radio roof.”’ «._Vhen will the sets be ready to be marketed? ‘ nably soon,”’ is all David Sarnoff, of the Radio Corporation of America, who saw the demonstration, will say. But he adds: “Within five years television will be an art and an industry.’ heme tae y MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION 143 Say boy, how would you like to be headed toward an opportunity to win your own baseball, football and camping equipment, or your choice of over 300 dandy prizes from our prize department? You can win these prizes as well as your own spending money by being a Crowell Junior Salesman and deliver to regular customers three of the best known magazines. You need no experience, and it will take only a few min- utes of your spare time. I es BATT S & Bm MR. JIM THAYER, Dept. 52 The Crowell Publishing Co. 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—~ School ai h.~ Sat 4 lt ‘a sanammasetnentinn ae HIGH SCHOOL COURSE IN TWO YEARS YOU ARE BADLY if yo tack ig. 00. HANDICAPPED fiieh School You cannot attain business or social the leading professions, from well- paid civil service jobs, from teaching and college entrance. In fact, em- ployers of practically all worth-while itions demand High School train- ing. You can’t hope to succeed in the face of this handicap. But you can remove it. Let the American School help you. FIT YOURSELF FOR A FUTURE This course, which has been prepared by some of America’s leading professors, will broaden your mind, and make you keen, alert and capable. It is com- plete, simplified and up-to-date. It covers all subjects given in a resident school and meets all requirements of a High School training. From the first lesson to the last you are care- fully examined and coached, USE SPARE TIMEONLY Most people idle away fifty hours a week, Probably you do. Use only one-fifth of your wasted hours for study and you can remove your present handicap within two years. You will enjoy the lessons and the knowledge you will gain will well repay the time spent in study. Check and mail the coupon NOW for full particulars and Free Bulletin. MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION The Movie Maker (Continued from page 48) ludicrously out of alignment by Jerry's inex- rience. All of the action had to be taken within strictly defined limits—the central portion of the full-sized set—but once Jerry inadver- tently stepped a little too far into the fore- per © When this appeared on the screen, e suddenly shot up to giant height, his head apparently touching the ceiling beams. Again, in dodging a blow from one of the villain’s henchmen, he swerved beyond the camera deadline at the right, and the upper part of his body, enlarged to huge proportions, pierced the wall of the room without damage to either. UT these were minor difficulties, easily rem- edied by careful cutting and splicing. The picture was advancing steadily. Each night, after the others had gone home, Don spent an hour or more checking off the completed scenes and planning further details of his campaign, as a genera! moves up the pin soldiers on the battle line of a map. Other motion picture directors, spending unlimited company money, might afford to squander time and materials in producing a picture by the cut-and-try method, but Don was forced to substitute brains for dollars and foresight for footage. As the weeks passed, the young director grew leaner, his fighting jaw more prominent, and the race narrowed between the picture and the studio bogeyman—overhead. During the days that Don was working over other scenes and sequences, a cer- tain portion of his time and attention, as well as a great deal of his energy, was devoted to coaching Mabel’s acting. She had foresightedly taken a course in a motion picture “school” and was blandly certain that she was well equipped. And after seeing the first close-ups of herself, she went about in a happy trance. The fact that her face was absolutely devoid of expression was of little moment to her. She looked beautiful and that was sufficient. Don first worked alone with her and then called in other members of the cast to arouse some ani- mation in that placid mask, but the very weight of Mabel’s inertia wore them all out. One evening during the third week of Octo- ber, the five gathered at Margaret’s home for dinner and a conference. - YOU give Mabel plenty of long shots,” Jerry demanded impatiently, “why bother with close-ups? You'll never get any real expression on that blank cartridge face in a million years.” “But she is the second lead, you know,” commented Margaret, “and she looks very beautiful in the close-ups. Her face is strikingly ' unusual.”’ “Yes—on the screen—since Menzies straightened her nose with charcoal,” ad- mitted Jerry. “That man is a wonder.” “Straightened her nose?’’ questioned the Practical educators for gy all Engineers, Firemen, ¥ Machinists, Electriciang and engineer students, Eight valuable, up-to- 2 date Guides treating on the theory and practice of modern Engineering in all its branches. © 1 Fi OLLOL SIL 6 A COMPLETE HOME STUDY Cours: AND REFERENCE LIBRARY 8 pocket numbers with Ready Ref Index.8754 pages. 4750 illustrations, Easy toread. Highly endorsed. A good help, securing Engineer’s License. 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Send now—today: this standard library for Engineers and Mecha a a ee he ry FREE Send me AUDELS ENGINEER AND MECHANICS GUIDES. § COUPON If satisfactor i y, I will. send in 7 days, then $1 monthly until $12 Pepa = oe eee Co.,65W.23 St,N.Y, EXAMINATION numbers, $12, for free examination, Ceeees ce a e' le Imt. leather, gold edges, nd four bal ie 100 A i» / EARN MONEY /MMEDIATELY- * : | / WE FURNISH EQUIPMENT TO STA professor, coming out of a brown study. “How could he do so remarkable an operation with charcoal? I have been too busy making models for the Alpine village to notice noses.”’ “But surely you've observed that her nose is rather thick and irregular, haven’t you?” asked Jerry. The professor nodded. American School Dest le H-475, Drexel Ave. and $8th $t., Chicade Se Ne SS A St Se FA VT A oO ee eS eS American School Dept. H-475, Drexel Ave. & 58th St., Chicago Sena me full information on the j oe kw yd — FOREST RANGERS Do you enjoy outdoor life close to Nature? Get Fa est Ranger job; salary $125-$200 month and hom furnished; plenty fishing, hunting, trapping; no strike orshut-downs; vacations on full pay. For f particulars, write NORTON INST. *Benver cou. 2540 Temple “Well, Louis Menzies showed her how to n Doday — Write _ my FREE Write for my FREE BOOK," time. Write for C 0 ‘els a Good Penman.”’ It contains specimens and how others mastered penmanship by my System. card if you enclose stamp to pay pos for Book. FW. TAMBLYN, 437 Ridge Bldg. ,Kansas ity, USA BOOK. lc ou at home dura ia the i written os Your name will be elegantly rewrite te ——— «+ Architect _ Law 4 > F a. shade it on each side with charcoal, then he tied Automobile Repairman ut shadows entirely around her eyes, but ca jefe the lids white,” explained Jerry enthu- seseee Rumnese Wensoer siastically. “And instead of trying to make her “= Aeeountant and ‘Auditor mouth look smaller, he pep the ~ of ——Deaftemnre and Designer her lower lip by putting a small charcoal line Bleetrtea ‘Eng! right under the center of it. And now she looks ae like a big-eyed Greek goddess on the screen— coe ance beautiful classic nose, full round lips, noble brow—and just as dumb as a marble statue!” Name ------ “But I believe she will really make a sen- sation,”’ insisted (Continued on page 146) will be found on page four of this issue. A definite program for getting ahead financial]

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At the right isa view of my draft- ing and specification offices where® large staff of experienced expertsare in my constant employ. Patent Law My Offices From Protect Your Ideas Take the First Step Today—<Action Counts If you have a useful, practical, novel idea for any new article or for an improvement on an old one, you should communicate with a competent Registered Patent Attorney AT ONCE. Every year thousands of applica- tions for patents are filed in the U. S. Patent Office. Frequently two or more applications are made for the same or substantially the same idea (even though the inventors may live in different sections of the country and be entirely unknown to one another). In such a case, the burden of proof rests upon the last application filed. Delays of even a few days in filing the application sometimes mean the loss of a patent. So lose no time. Get in touch with me at once by mailing the coupon below. Prompt, Careful, Efficient Service This large, experienced organization devotes its entire time and attention to patent and trademark cases. Our offices are directly across the street from the U. S. Patent Office. We understand the technicalities of patent law. We know the rules and requirements of the Patent Office. We can proceed in the quickest, safest and best ways in preparing an application for a patent covering your idea. Our success has been built on the strength of careful, efficient, satisfactory service to inventors and trade- mark owners located in every state in the Union. Strict Secrecy Preserved—Write Me in Confidence All communications, sketches, drawings, etc., are held in strictest confi- dence in strong, steel, fireproof files, which are accessible only to author- ized members of my staff. Feel free to write me fully and frankly. Your case will have my personal attention. It is probable that I can help you. Highest references. But FIRST—clip the coupon and get my free book. Do THAT right now. No Charge for Information On How to Proceed The booklet shown here contains valuable information relating to patent procedure that every inventor should have. And with it I will send you my “Record of Invention’’ form, on which you can sketch your idea and establish its date before a witness. Such evidence may later prove valu- able to you. Simply mail the coupon and I will send you the booklet, and the “Record of Invention” form, together with detailed information on how to proceed and the costs involved. Do this NOW. No need to lose a minute's time. The coupon will bring you complete information entirely without charge or obligation. Clarence A. O’Brien Registered Patent Attorney Member of Bar of: Supreme Court of the United States; Court of i District of Columbia; Supreme Court, District of Columbia; United States Court of Claims, PRACTICE CONFINED EXCLUSIVELY TO PATENTS, TRADEMARKS AND COPYRIGHTS eee) MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION nventors Wnile for Thore Free Books

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146 MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION April, jyy april, 1928

— ———_ Booklet Free Highest References The Movie M ker | Th e Movie Maker Promptness Assured Best Results Send drawing or model for preliminary (Continued from page 144) ; ; examination of Patent Office records. Margaret, ... she can only be taught to expres Janting t All Business Given Prompt and Proper Attention alittle emotion.” as they @ “You might write in an eating scene,” J photograP Listed Patent Lawyer in the latest editions of the Rand-McNally Directory of Bank- suggested to his sister. “ Mabel would re, mid To get | ers and Attorneys, of Chicago, Ill.; The Baggott & Ryall Directory of Attor- pure rapture playing oppositea chocolateechn® double ex] neys, New York City; The Lawyers Guaranteed Directory, Detroit, Michigan; “There’s an idea!” exclaimed Don, as 4 bination ' The Lawyers and Bankers Quarterly, published by the Legal Directory Publish- shout of laughter went up. “But first T'll ug placed tw' ing Company of St. Louis, Mo.; the American Lawyers Annual, Cleveland, Ohio. Jerry’s suggestion and give Mabel just the on which ; a shots—now, at any rate. If her father kicks being half W. ATSON E. COLEM AN, Victor Building, 724 Ninth Street, N. W. we'll have to figure out some way to take th second ca REGISTERED PATENT LAWYER WASHINGTON, a a. close-ups later. We'll start the Alpine Scenes professor tomorrow. I can at least make Mabel the lands! even if she can’t act, and Judy tells me she’s then the an expert swimmer. Those two things are all became @ ovmous _ Manufacturing she needs for the long shots.” doudbure the clou i; ofils SPECIALTY 4 }.. few days needed to complete th bath spra

ow O89) 8S construction of the Alpine scenes wer while add Men and women, earn $35 to $100 week! employed by Don in photographing the rapidly fr Factories. Start at home with sfeeanlnn We progress of the little group of crusaders over held behi tb ing ready for’ immediate» vasuctlane the Alps. These shots of the actors against a rushed on NisS'o¢ Your own. le PERE ee bos blank white background on the lot at Cinem swept aw W-HILLYER RAGSDALE Drawer éi East Orange, Ng. | City> were, of course, to be combined on Don's cattle we universal background machine with the really we se a0 Alpine views Bozo had sent from UT w Switzerland. sequ Trad Pp AT E N TS ti Later in the week, the group in the projeo. meyer a rade-marks, Copyrights, Patent Litigation, | tion room exclaimed over the beaut rt 0 Sey as Cae | Handbook with illustrations, 1oomechanical | towering Alps. eo" por ce ' movements. Sent free on request. “You'd swear we were in Switzerland,” madly on PATE NTS | ALBERT E. DIETERICH | murmured Jerry, watching his own image on white ba Formerly — ee Corp. 9. . S. Patent Office | the screen ride through a valley at the foot of for the t1 DON’T LOSE YOUR RIGHTS ‘aaa gr youre expe ‘ene a preteen x ae ange His —< band of - _~ -A Ouray Bldg. ashington, D.C. | crusaders followed him, some on foot, some on u SORES FREES Tee horseback, but all with the cross of their mis J} | toward ! Before disclosing your invention to anyone sion showing on coat of mail or pilgrim’s within el send for blank form “EVIDENCE OF CON- cloak. Near a little stream that wandered At th CEPTION” to be signed and witnessed. As registered patent attorneys we represent hundreds of inventors all over the United

As one of the oldest pat- down the mountain, Margaret, a blond and grinding P ATENTS pad dD, A suspiciously feminine knight, and Judy, her in front servi

States and Canada in the advancement of in- Sle depaaanh A Mn cherge. & boyish page, climbed from their horses to pick was hois Scnpleinstractions relating to obtaining ot | Essmrgessinocie"Paryemebetcentress: | Violets. ‘The violets were from a Hollywond|{ | water ft patents and schedule of fees sent upon request. ies . od florist and had been planted on the lot at finished Cinema — against the white canvas back- pr tw ground only a few moments before Margaret and poul LANCASTER & ALLWINE jumped from her horse to gather them; but the cam 274 Ouray Building ar in the picture they appeared to grow at the As the WASHINGTON, D. C. INVE ION & Smee _ of a anmey Jungfrau, six thousand miles and Ma’ Originators of forms “Evidence of Conception.” seals rom Hollywood. 6 young ee ey mmercialized any agi cae) ON A CASH OR ROYALTY BASIS “ ANYONE who has been in Switzerland,” adequat Sie PATENTED or UNPATENTED commented the old professor proudly, in a wind 1 0 fe ay ay E E D E D 'n Business 25 Years Complete Facilities- References. the darkened projection room, “will know that which s\ drie ADAM FISHER Mrs. Co. is Jungfrau herself and not some trumpery sub- made he i inl V E mh T J oO Pay % 183-D Enright Ave. St. Louis.Mo. stitute snow peak in Colorado or Alaska.” The t

“But what I’m anxious to see,’’ remarked after th enor. "5 oe Phousaad nesied taventions ‘st ed and Jerry as the rush was finished and the lights baste y ‘Automotive; Mechanical: Electrical: Chemical; “Radio; TO went up, - h ow the floo d | sequence will the trea — Srqerete gL - J the bya Most, Needed y i“, screen. That will be some job! e win you "a fortune, Nothing else like it has ever been ‘I hope to get at it before the end of the Seely % ublished. Compiled at enormous expense. Edited by week,’ Don stated. “Tomorrow we spend on — aymond Francis Yates, formerly Managing Editor of ill ival.’”” felt, wo a leading scientific magazine. Over 100 pages, durably : the village carnival. f Mab bound. 20 Choose ANY The next few days were strenuous ones y Tones Cut out this ane a A to us with our $ Suarnes ee More than : hundred one beer’ employed, . a. name and address plainly written and your copy of this Ler Sale Wankss Ganio-Guiter: Corman Golan hndetn thirty of whom composed Jerry’s straggling on Ge remarkable book will be sent immediately. Pay the | or Mandolin. Learn to play by note. We teach men, women, band of crusaders passing through the village like the stman only $1.25 plus postage on arrival. Money and girls by mail. Amazing new, sim lified method. A few cents : ° : water ack after 10 days’ examination if desired. " Limited | $,fX 73 for Lessons. Instrument and frst lesson sent on F. at carnival time. The rest appeared as Swiss . edition. Write NOW. (Outside U.S. $1.46 cash with order.) CHICAGO CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOL OF MUSIC, INC, mountaineers. They were to be dancing at would BUREAU OF INVENTIVE SCIENCE ee the fair grounds in the center of the village and ing Ma Dept. 24 Rochester, New_York Mabel was to rush in among them and wam of a cloudburst and onrushing waters. She HI p ROTECT was to be represented as having fled down the the mountain side before the advancing flood, task fe YOUR IDEAS after a landslide had fallen into a lake above of the : the village. ; wd ” Send for our Guide Book, HOW TO GET YOUR PATENT, To work out this sequence two sets wee|| | lagers and Evidence of Invention Blank, sent Free on request. Tells required. The larger one, where the acto fiddler Pag: danced, showed only the center of the village. : our terms, methods, etc. Send model or sketch and description A miniature set, modeled exactly to scale, not burst i of your invention for Inspec- SSS mre only duplicated the large set but carried out * tion and Instructions Free. 1 aie the entire surrounding scene in complete on Terms Reasonable. Best Ref- : cee eee eeeceeeeeseeceeee eee eseeeseeesseeceees detail, being a careful and artistic reproduction wane’ : of a small Swiss village in a valley between we erences. I icciinssnisnininaniiaduentiannceianenilada 4 high mountain ranges. The professor and his = ' workers had faithfully copied its to phy «gp "tg S from one: of Bozo’s Alpine heceanealae and g EE, Ee : : Dept.130, Washington, D.C. ' — modeling mountains, (Continued on page 147) platfo

Page 147

ADril, i9y .er © expres, e,” J 1 reg; een on, as g t T'll up er ke take the le Scenes me she’s S are all MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION April, 1928 147. } The Movie Maker | (Continued from page 146) : s, and putting in lake and river ~~ iemeed in the reel and the still photographs Bozo had sent. To get the complete long shots, as well asa double exposure series to be used later in com- bination with the full-sized village set, Don laced two cameras near the edge of the table a which the model was built, the lens of one being half masked. Then, while Tim and the second camera man turned the cranks, the fessor slowly inundated the village. First, the landslide toppled into the miniature lake; then the water, trickling down the roadway, became a mighty torrent a moment after the coudburst on the mountain tops. To produce the cloudburst, the professor operated a shower bath spray above the range of the cameras, while additional water, flowing more and more rapidly from a small hose which the professor held behind the top of a miniature mountain, rushed on toward the village. Tiny trees were swept away and miniature herds of goats and cattle were caught in the swirling flood. UT what was to be the real thrill of this B sequence, when superimposed on the miniature flood scene, was taken on another part of the lot. There Mabel, urged on by the entire cast, extras and technical force, ran madly on an inclined treadmill against a blank white background. And Mabel had to run, for the treadmill was moving rapidly; Don had seen to that. The shots were made by a trucked- up camera, cranked as it was rolled slowly toward her from a distance of eighty feet to within eight feet. At this point the camera man _ stopped grinding and a platform was hastily erected in front of and above the treadmill. A tank was hoisted upon the platform and filled with water from a fire hose. The sequence was finished with Tim cranking at double speed while two stage hands slowly tipped the tank and poured the water into a second tank below the camera angle. As the curtain of water fell between the lens and Mabel, she gave a very good imitation of a young woman engulfed by a flood. Almost any agitated motions she might make were adequate, for reality was lent to the scene by a wind machine outside the camera deadline, which swirled her long hair across her face and made her voluminous skirts billow about her. The treadmill had been stopped a moment after the stagehands began to pour the water. The final touch of realism was added when, as Mabel threw herself gracefully upon the incline, the treadmill was started very slowly and she rose out of the range of the camera, which was slowly being backed away from her. This, Don felt, would give the appearance on the screen of Mabel rising to the top of the flood, while of course the high speed of the cranking would, on the screen, give a slow-motion effect very like the gently floating motion of a body in the water. At the same time the wind machine would give the effect of rushing waters sweep- ing Mabel’s draperies and hair about her. TE greatest excitement for members of the cast, however, and the most difficult task for Don, came in taking the closer shots of the flood. In the center of the Swiss village was a platform for dancing. There the vil- lagers in their gay costumes were whirling to the music of lively folksongs played by an old fiddler, when Mabel, drenched and disheveled, burst into their midst to give the alarm. Don directed the scene through a mega- phone from a small platform built immediately in front of the set. With him on the platform were Tim and the second camera man. Two assistants and a third camera man worked from other angles, catching all the movement TRADE-MARKS COPYRIGHTS OUR OFFER: Vour invention YOUR FIRST STEP. The inventor should write for our blank form—‘‘RECORD OF IN- VENTION.”’ This should be signed, witnessed, and returned to us, together with model or sketch and description of the invention for INSPECTION and ADVICE FREE! Our FIVE Books Mailed Free to Inventors Our Illustrated Guide Book HOW TO OBTAIN A PATENT Contains full instructions regarding U. S. Pat- ents, Our Methods, Terms, and 100 Mechanical Movements illustrated and described. OUR TRADE-MARK BOOK Shows value and necessity of Trade-Mark Pro- tection. Information regarding Trade-Marks and unfair competition in trade; OUR FOREIGN BOOK We have Direct Agencies in Foreign Countries and secure Foreign Patents in shortest time and at lowest cost. PROGRESS OF INVENTION Description of World’s Most Pressing Prob- lems by Leading Scientists and Inventors All Communications and Data Strictly Corfidential. Interference and Infringe- ment Suits Prosecuted. IMPORTANT TO AVOID DELAY MAKE YOUR CASE SPECIAL. YOU SHOULD HAVE YOUR CASE MADE SPECIAL IN OUR OFFICE to save correspondence, secure protection and early filing date in the Patent Office. To secure special preparation of your case send $25.00 on account with model or sketch and description of your invention. Our Lawyers Practice in all U. S. Courts and defend Clients in Suits involving Patents, Trade-Marks and Copyrights OUR ORGANIZATION OFFERS PERSONAL SERVICE By Experienced Patent Lawyers, Solicitors, and Draftsmen We regard a satisfied client as our best advertisement, and furnish, upon request, lists of clients in any state for whom we have secured patents. Highest References—Prompt Service—Reasonable Terms and gaiety of the scene—the dancers on the platform, the crusaders (Continued on page 148) See 1eeeeeeecseessesenae re | VICTOR J. EVANS & CO. MAIN OFFICES: 921 Ninth St., Washington, D.C. Registered Patent Attorneys BRANCH OFFICES: 1007 Woolworth Bidg., New York City; 518-519 Liberty Bidg., Philadelphia, Pa.; 514 Empire Bidg., Pittsburgh, Pa.; 1114 Tacoma Blidg., Chicago, III.; 1010 Hobart Bldg., San Francisco, Calif. Gentlemen: Please send me FREE OF CHARGE your books as described above. FREE COUPON TN eee ee ee Tre ee re es oe hI) me ng St

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“'There’s One Man We're Going to Keep” “Ep Wison, there, is one of the most ambitious men in the plant. I notice that he never fools away his spare time. He studies his International Correspondence Schools course every chance he gets. “It’s been the making of him, too. He hasn’t been here nearly so long as Tom Downey, who was laid off yesterday, but he knows ten times as much about this business. “I’m going to give him Tom’s job at a raise in salary. He’s the kind of man we want around here.” How do you stand in your shop or office? Are you an Ed Wilson or a Tom Downey? Are you going up? Or down? No matter where you live, the International Correspondence Schools will come to you. No matter what your handicaps or how small your means, we have a plan to meet your circumstances. This is all we ask: Without cost, without obligating yourself in any way, put it up to us to prove how we can help you. Just mark and mail this coupon. INTERNATIONAL CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOLS “The Universal University” Box 7669-E, Scranton, Penna. Without cost or obligation, Please send me a copy of your let, “‘Who Wins and Why,” and full particulars about the subject before which I- have marked X: Industrial Management Business Correspondence Personnel Management Show Card and Sign Lettering Stenography and Typing vil Service Traffic Management Accounting and C.P.A, Coaching r Cost Accounting Railway Mail Clerk Bookkeeping Common School Subjects Salesmanshi High School Subjects Secretarial Work Magazine and Book Spanish {( French Illustrator Advertising O Cartooning TECHNICAL AND INDUSTRIAL COURSES Electrical Engineer Architect Electric Lighting Architects’ Blueprints Mechanical Engineer Contractor and Builder Mechanical Draftsman Architectural Draftsman Machine Shop Practice Concrete Builder Railroad Positions Structural Engineer Gas Engine Operating Chemistry ©) Pharmacy Civil Engineer Automobile Work Surveying and Mapping Airplane Engines Metallurgy 0 Mining ——- and Poultry Steam Engineering (1) Radio ‘athematics If you reside in Canada, send this coupon to the Interna- tional Correspondence Schools Canadian, Limited, Montreag Agents/4 Times as much Profit a MORLEY TAILORS EZ 64 W. 23 ST.NY. MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION The Movie Maker (Continued from page 147) mingling with the crowds at the fair booths, children playing games on the village green. And then—water rushing, roaring down from the mountains! At the point in the story where the villagers first learned their danger, Don had the lens of one of the cameras on the platform half masked and used the same film on which he had made the other part of the double exposure footage of the miniature set. When developed, the upper part of the small set—mountains, lake and river—would show on the completed film with the lower part of the large set where the actors were, both sets appearing as a single uninterrupted scene on account of the illusion of perspective. The other two cameras were used for straight foreground and semi-long shots of the large set and covered the scene as the villagers, looking with horror at the approaching flood, struggled to the platform to escape the onrush- ing water. : ‘O PRODUCE the flood in the large village set’, three powerful fire hoses shot a com- bined stream that was temporarily dammed within the area of the set by a rough wooden curbing Don had built around it. As the water rose, everyone scrambled for safety to the dance platform, mothers fighting madly to push their children to safety even if they themselves could find no foothold. And then the platform crumpled, while its burden of humanity was tossed out upon the waters. As a matter of fact, the water reached a it could go before overflowing the wooden dam and losing itself on the lot, but the scene was completed the next day at one of the California beach resorts, closed for the winter. All along one side of an enormous tank, back drops and scenery were erected. Don arranged the actors, extra people and principals on a large unsteady raft made to represent the top of the platform floating away on the flood. Then the muddied water was stirred violently by a wave machine outside the camera deadline, while around the raft struggled the drowning villagers, the crusaders and their horses, and occasional livestock. Uprooted tree trunks were swept along in the current. A child floated past the camera clinging to a pet goat; a few chickens fluttered atop of a bobbing henhouse; a little donkey swam valiantly by. T THE end of the day, when the last extra had departed from the bath house in dry clothing and the trucks had rumbled off with their loads of trained animals, damaged scenery and motion picture paraphernalia, the five most concerned with the picture drove slowly home in Jerry’s car, weary but exultant over a good day’s work. “Now you'll have something to show Mr. Rogers on Friday!”’ exclaimed Judy. “Yes, I'm going to stay away from the studio and spend the next two days combining the shots,’’ Don told the group. “Canfield can carry on for the time being with Judy’s help.”’ Canfield was his first assistant and had already proved his value, so Don settled down in his studio to the more pressing work of preparing the Alpine sequences for Mr. Rogers’ approval. So many extra people, tech- nical as well as professional, had been employed during October that Don knew it was imperative to get the second installment on the note. The delicate, intricate work of combining the background scenes taken abroad with the shots made in California he always did at home. He was overanxious about his triple-print machine and preferred to keep it where it could not be tampered with. It was the original and only model—he had never been able to afford to have (Continued on page 149) height of only two feet, which was as high as. Compare these Drawi Notice the_improvement in the Art Nelson. He made No. 1 before frying at eral School training. No. 2 he completed receane Today he is on a ge newspaper at a ty, salary. xe sare, MK. »- Federal Schools possi as ad only ave i fors enrolling as a student.’”’ rage ability by, Opportunities for artists have never been ter. Magazines and newspapers pay millions of dollars every year for illustrations, If you lik to draw, let your talent make your living, J easy to learn the ‘‘Federal Way”—at home is your spare time. 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WANTED to tide and exhibit els a second oO cated exce every part pattern mi Frame ploits, the new rib precisely ' square len: set for a b dick of tl the upper ntle drig uiled Do: fought off for it. He where he barter all for a few | E JE hise tered excl time to st in darknes sed ceased. “ Anoth red-lensed dragged b of the dar heard the his footst darkness the baser grieved al things see “Blame | entrance | breath. “e in the da and breal At the and sniffe he wasn’ noticed ¢ stairs lea the draft night res mind puz it was ju in the he had chop evening 1 back. UT \ sens smoke, a the living forward’ | flame fla: marble n but with filled fire and saw inner len seeping t He w: realized but he bh asleep o mable ok Fiskes o1 door, an up the s Not 1 pletely, | an over started | beginnin were alr Fiske cl; as he fu the door out’ ont

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MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION April, 1928 The Movie Maker (Continued from page 148) nd one made—and it could not be dupli- ted except after weeks of labor, as nearly oy part had to be built to order by expert pattern makers. a seco’ * * after frame of film—Mabel’s ex- uae the Alpine backgrounds, and a fresh om ribbon of celluloid—rolled swiftly into recisely calculated position under the tiny : uare lens that focused the light on each triple set for a brief instant. The monotonous click- dick of the machine, the soft red glow from the upper side of the printing light, and the gentle drip of the faucet in the sink behind him juiled Don’s tired senses as he desperately fought off sleep. His cheated body cried out for it. He had reached an agony of weariness where he almost would have been willing to barter all the fruits of his labors, still to come, for a few hours’ slumber. E JERKED his head suddenly upright as H his chin hit the table sharply. With a mut- tered exclamation, he opened his eyes just in time to see the illuminated square disappear in darkness. The whirr and click of the machine Tn fuse,” he groaned, feeling for his red-lensed flashlight. Snapping it on, he dragged himself to his feet and stumbled out of the dark room. In the bedroom, close by, he heard the professor’s gentle snore. Muffling his footsteps, he turned automatically in the darkness toward the staircase for his trip to the basement. In his weariness he felt ag- grieved at the world. Animate and inanimate things seemed in league against him. “Blame that architect! Sticking the cellar entrance outdoors,” he muttered under his breath. “Two doors to unlock, stumble around in the dark, fall down the cellar steps maybe and break my neck!”’ At the second floor he paused for a moment and sniffed questioningly. Smoke? No—yes— he wasn’t quite sure. As he stood still, he noticed an open window at the top of the stairs leading to the first floor. That was it— the draft drawing in smoke from that all- | night restaurant next door. Or maybe—his mind puzzling vaguely over the matter—maybe it was just the odor of smoke still lingering | in the house from the Fiskes’ grate fire. He | had chopped the wood for them earlier in the ot in an effort to get the kinks out of his ck. UT when Don reached the first floor his senses became violently alert. That was smoke, all right! He jerked open the door into the living room at the foot of the stairs. Pulled forward’ by the sudden draft, a little tongue of flame flared down the chimney and licked the marble mantelpiece. It was gone in an instant, but with a bound Don was beside the ash- filled fireplace. Shielding his eyes, he looked up and saw a ragged sweep of flame edging the inner length of the chimney as though it were seeping through cracks in the flue. He was halfway up the stairs before he realized he should have telephoned an alarm; but he had thought only of the old professor, asleep on that third floor filled with inflam- mable objects. As he passed the bedroom of the Fiskes on his upward flight, he banged at their door, and without pausing for answer sped up the second flight. Not waiting to rouse the old man com- pletely, he bundled him like a sleepy child into an Overcoat, pushed his feet into shoes and started downstairs with him. The house was beginning to fill with smoke, and the Fiskes were already standing in the lower hall, Mrs. Fiske clinging to her husband and whimpering as he fumbled with the door latch. Don flung door open and pushed the three old people out onto the porch. (Continued on page 150) ce 149 z= — PATENTS TRADE-MARKS +, DESIGNS FOREIGN PATENTS MUNN @ CO. PATENT ATTORNEYS Associated since 1846 with the Scientific American ScIENTIFIC AMERICAN BuILDING Washington, D. C. ScIENTIFIC AMERICAN BuILDING 24 W. 40th St., New York City Hosart BuiLtp1nG San Francisco, Cal. Van Noys Buritp1nc Los Angeles, Cal. CrkQOEZD Books and Information on Patents and Trade-Marks by Request Tower BuILDING Chicago, Ill. Associates in all Foreign Countries PROMOTION EARN Ni COLLEGE CREDIT through the HOME-STUDY COURSES in 40 different subjects given by The Anibersity of Chicago 235 Ellis Hall, University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill. To the Man With an Idea I offer a_ most comprehensive, experi- enced, efficient service for his prompt, legal protection and the development of his proposition. Send sketch, or model and description, for advice as to cost. Preliminary advice gladly SE BELGIAN HARES furnished without charge. My experience and familiarity with various arts, frequently enable me to accurately ad- vice clients as to probable patentability be- fore they go to any expense. Booklet of valuable information and form for properly disclosing your idea, free on re- quest. 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You learn by doing—by personal instruc- tion on full size standard electrical equip- ment under the personal supervision of trained instructors. At N. Y. E. 8. you train oy: hands and mind at the same time. You learn the theories of electricity —and then you are shown how to put the theories into actual practice by solving the problems with your own hands. The man who has learned electricity by actually doing electrical work under intelligent personal in- structors can go to any part of the world and be sure of a g living. ere are N. Y. E. S. Gradu- ates in all the countries of the world. Write today for the 48-page booklet giving full information about the N. Y. E. S. Course and show- ing pictures of the equipment available for your personal use in our two seven-story buildings. The NEW YORK ELECTRICAL SCHOOL 40 W. 17th Street, New York MAIL TODAY THE NEW YORK ELECTRICAL SCHOOL 40 W. 17th Street, New York. Please send me FREE — 48-page booklet. It is understood that this request puts me under no obligation. Name..... Pe ee TT eT eT Tee ETT Te eT ee TT TT eT PP iitcdserenenchedecnkescevsacasacuse COREE REE EERE HEHEHE HH HEHEHE OHHH EEE The Movie Maker (Continued from page 149) But there they stood, apparently incapable of thinking or acting for themselves. Afraid that they would try to enter the house again, Don led them down the porch steps and started them across the lawn toward the next-door neighbor. ' “Rouse them—give the alarm. I'll be with you soon.” He glanced quickly up and down the street. It was deserted and the houses dark. Tearing into the house again, he made for the telephone in the living room. As his fingers gripped the instrument he could hear the roar in the chim- ney. His thoughts raced upward with the flames. Could he get his precious machine, with the irreplaceable background negative half unwound on it, before those licking red tongues reached it? Frantically he jiggled the receiver hook as he mapped out a plan of action. The axe—that was his only hope now. He was alert enough to know he could never unscrew his triple-print machine from the table in time. “Number, please.” LT ’S racing thoughts were jerked up so suddenly his tongue could not form the words. For a moment he stuttered unintel- ligibly. Then— “FIRE!” he shouted at last, and would have flung the telephone down had not the opera- tor’s short-clipped words recalled him to his senses. He rattled off street and house number and let the instrument clatter to the floor. With one swift motion, almost as though he were gliding rather than taking steps, he was out in the kitchen, his hand gripped the axe behind the door, and again he was leaping up the stairs to the third floor. Somewhere, long ago, he had dropped his flashlight, but there was no groping on his way up the smoke-filled stairs. As he tore through the studio, a red eye gleamed at him from the bedroom doorway. His flashlight! He snatched it up from the floor and burst open the door of the darkroom. Smoke seemed to ooze out from the walls. With a deft movement he propped the flashlight on the sink and by its feeble rays swung the axe down on the table. When he raised it for the next swing he sud- denly choked. Coughing and strangling, he lost a precious minute while he wet a towel in the sink and tied it, soaking, about his nose and mouth. His eyes smarted, but he hacked away with the axe. How warm the room was growing! A SLIGHT scratching noise, like a mouse breaking through plaster, made him look to his left as a flutter of flame ran up the wall at his side. With a final mighty blow, the corner of the table tottered and fell. Don grabbed it. Making a wide sweep with his other arm, he caught up the clumsy film rack on which the reels were now warmly dry. Dragging the unwieldy thing along, he tore into the bedroom just as he heard the wail of a fire siren, followed by the clamor of. the engine. In the pitch dark bedroom, his every motion was deft and sure. His fingers flew as he laid his precious machine on a thick pillow and, holding a second pillow securely in place on top of it and a third and a fourth at each side, he rolled all tightly into a sheet and quickly tied the end of another sheet around the bundle. Again dragging the film rack along, he dashed to the front window of the studio. He jammed the rack through the window first and let it clatter to the street, and as he swung his large bundle out, the rapidly increasing crowd below looked up—men and women in night clothes wrapped up in blankets and coats, several policemen, and helmeted firemen dragging a fire hose. 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Fully Illustrated POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHL! 250 Fourth Ave. New York City it and lifted it He had inten those spikes. out for him. and, pressing made for the There was @ thick sea of § the window fill his lungs ‘ OW a lac but on could not ge’ then Don b familiar honk There agains' with Judy s waved the t arms in the « glance follow carrying & si And now « shouting to | him. Sudder phone, he ca’ “The roof, banged the shattering it loose a larg frame, and | realized at t of motion, b himself on t! breaths of fr skylight, he the rickety o at the edge | T= roo almost where he cl tance—twel a leap anyt those iron sy shuddered. inferno alm the bedroo: around awa | corner to | | longer! Do | smoke belo | called. “Don—I Judy ran t she held ov shout back, dry throat. deck in tir late with 1 the easy e1 And foreve remark to out Judy Without h long ago. Suddenl else in the was too la‘ he appreci yes! how h as Judy st is Voice \

Page 151

ses peeks s8cakve =a g fas z Zi EY n'y ee fie wail teen April, 1928 MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION 151 The Movie Maker (Continued from page 150) his bundle gently, letting it nam a, it would from the end of the sheet he held in his hand. Then he released it and watched the bundle hit the steep short roof of the porch two stories below and bounce off, impaled on the large sharp pickets of an ‘amental iron fence. A dozen hands steadied it and lifted it off, but Don drew back horrified. He had intended to jump after it—forgetting those spikes. There must be some other way out for him. He turned back into the room and, pressing the now dry towel against his face, made for the stairs. But he staggered back. There was an ominous yellow tinge in that thick sea of smoke. He flung himself toward the window again, leaning halfway out ‘to fill his lungs with air. OW a ladder was rising against the house, N but on account of the porch roof it could not get in line with the window. And then Don became aware of the insistent, familiar honk of a strident automobile horn. There against the far curb was Jerry’s old car with Judy signaling to him violently. He waved the towel. In answer she swung her arms in the direction of the next house. His glance followed and he saw a group of firemen carrying a small ladder into the house. And now Judy was cupping her hands and shouting to him. But the words did not reach him. Suddenly, through the fire chief’s mega- phone, he caught the message. “The roof, the roof! Get on the roof!” As Don stepped back from the window and grasped a chair, the studio became suddenly illuminated as the wallboard partition of the dark room burst into a sheet of flame. Afterward, he recalled that he had climbed on another chair beneath the skylight, had banged the first chair against the glass pane, shattering it in one crash, that he had jerked loose a large piece of glass that clung to the frame, and had swung himself up. But all he realized at the moment was a swift confusion of motion, bleeding hands, and, as he balanced himself on the outer edge of the skylight, deep breaths of fresh air. Clinging to the sash of the skylight, he braced his feet cautiously against the rickety old gutter fastened none too securely at the edge of the roof. HE roof of the next house was flat, and almost even with the steep-angled one where he crouched. Don calculated the dis- tance—twelve or fifteen feet—too far to make a leap anything but suicidal. He thought of those iron spikes that surrounded the house and shuddered. Then he looked down into the inferno almost below him. Due to the gap of | the bedroom doorway, the fire was working | corner to burn. around away from him. His would be the last But—only a few moments longer! Don turned away from the flame and smoke below. And then he heard his name called. “Don—Don!"’ Across on the other roof Judy ran toward him. Stopping at the edge, she held out her arms in despair. He tried to shout back, but his voice was lost in his smoke- dry throat. Faithful little Judy—always on deck in time of trouble. Working early and late with never a whimper—never expecting the easy end of a job because she was a girl! And forever rea ly with a bright smile and a gay remark to lift him out of despair. Why, with- out Judy he'd never have gotten anywhere! Without her the picture would have flopped ng ago. Suddenly, Don wanted more than anything else in the world to tell Judy now, before it was too late, how grateful he was to her—how he appreciated her help, her loyalty—how he, yes! how he loved her! He tried agzin to shout, as Judy stood opposite wringing her hands, but voice was only a (Continued on page 152) ‘Learn Radio pouring into this new business. in Radio.” There’s no obligation. Investigate! for Bigger Pay ET into this new big-pay live-wire field. Its rapid, enor- mous growth has astounded the world. 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MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION

The Movie Maker (Continued from page 151) hail and maybe farewell! toward Don. squirmed to one side. ners over the lower sash of the skylight. posite. firmness of the ladder. spurt of flame shot up through the skylight. struck Don another blow. from the stallment, on the news stands April 2.

| “Gyps” (Continued from page 74) How come you didn’t have Jim take a look at ***He knew that couldn't be the trouble,’ he | ' | | it before?’ answered. car was fixed. like a steer, but the boss made him waste. if they know it’s wrong.” biggest of all. “To understand garage management,”

| what he pays. | dollar and a half. where I’m working. « year. repair bills and parts and the profit mainly in the labor charge. charges $1.50 an hour for labor. hoarse croak. Well, he would wave at her— He lifted his hand, but the gesture ended in a wild clutch at the skylight frame as he slipped. Judy screamed. But at that moment hope came toward them over the roof. A ladder was pushed out of a small shed and several firemen, with Jerry a conspicuous figure in white pajamas and dark bathrobe, rushed it With three men steadying it on each side, the ladder was shoved out over the gap. Don heard it graze the metal of the gutter. Sprawled slantwise as he was, he could not quite see its position at the edge of the roof and he dared not lean forward. But when he felt the ladder push against his feet, he shifted them and At last the welcome ends rose near his grasp and he cautiously gripped them. With one hand he tugged the ladder into place, catching the heavy steel hooks at the ends of the run- pulled at it with his free hand and it held firm. Then he glanced across to the roof op- “THE men shouted to him and flung them- selves down flat against the scant three feet of ladder that remained on their roof. For- getting for a moment the hell beneath him and with only a ghastly picture of himself spitted like a fowl on those terrible iron spikes three stories below, Don paused again to test the But a sharply terrible scream from Judy, a sudden stinging of his left hand, made him release his hold on the roof and swing out into space on the rungs of the ladder as a bright Just when success was in sight, fate has Can he swing fire of misfortune to'a new foothold in his fight to the top? More thrilling adventures in next month’s in- “The charge was $7.15. The owner kicked y up. All but ten minutes of the time, as well as the gasoline that had been thrown out, was pure “In this case the owner guessed right. But usually the owner doesn’t guess right, and a whole lot of garage men do what he says even We moved on to the next big leak—the Gart- ner explained, “‘let’s take this place right here ITH land, buildings, machinery, elec- tric current, clerk hire and so on, the boss has an overhead of more than $5,000 a Now, his only return comes from The boss here That isn’t Nobody gets as much as a (Continued on page 153)

**We cleaned out the needle valve, and the

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Page 153

ef RaSiie wa April, 1928 T Unmasking Garage “Gyps” (Continued from page 152) “ se a man brings in a car to be re- ore find that new parts will come to 320 and the job will take perhaps twelve hours work. We add twenty percent to our labor estimate, just to play safe, and say we can do the job for ‘around forty-five dollars. “Then I put a good man on the job. He works steadily for a couple of hours. Then he’s called to another job to hold a wrench for a minute on a troublesome bolt. After that he goes to look at a bad wreck that’s just been towed in, and smokes a couple of cigarettes. But all the —, the car owner is being 1.50 an hour. “7 ed he takes and the more time he wastes, the more money the garage man makes.” Now we came to the next leak—bad judg- ment. “AST winter,” Gartner told me, “an old 7 Cadillac was run in here. It was six years old. The owner had the front end and the motor overhauled. It came to almost $500— about as much as the car would bring in the secondhand market. “Then, less than a month later, he got stuck ina snow bank and tore out the whole rear end. Rather than spend any more money on it, he turned it in and got an allowance of $300. His total loss was approximately $700. “The mistake was one of judgment. The car never should have had that much money put into the motor and front end unless the rear end was put in good shape too, and that would have been too expensive. “Then,” said Gartner, “there is bad work- manship. I remember a job in a garage where I was working at Adrian, Michigan, in 1922. It was a rebuilding job on a light car—a Scripps-Booth. Instead of working the new bearings down until they were running smooth- ly and safely, the job was turned over to the owner while the bearings, and rebored cylin- ders too, were still too tight. “He took the car out and it ‘froze’ suddenly on him before he’d gone ten miles. “You know what ‘freezing’ means! The whole motor gets too hot, the metal expands, and the tight bearings and cylinders suddenly stick and jam. In this case the ‘freeze’ came so suddenly on the front cylinders that the crankshaft broke, smashing the crank case and everything. Three hundred dollars gone at a lick!” eget we got down to the ugliest count of all—bad faith. If you prefer, you can call it straight “‘ graft.” “T don’t believe,” Gartner told me reflec- tively, “there’s nearly as much downright dis- honesty in the repair game as a lot of people think; but even at that there’s plenty. I worked for a couple of weeks in Los Angeles at a garage where they had a regular stunt of giving the carburetor adjustment a twist when nobody was looking. Then the boss would deliver a song and dance about the motor being in a bad way. “The trouble would start as soon as the car left the garage. Frequently they’d get a chance to work on the car, if the owner didn’t me suspicious, and run up quite a bill. Pe My advice to car owners,” Gartner ended, “is to learn three things about their cars: “How to test the spark. “How to adjust the carburetor. “How to clean and test the timer. “Those are the three most likely causes of trouble, and the three most easily remedied. Millions of dollars are spent in repair shops every year because owners don’t know those three simple things.”’ ¥ spare time. Also earn while you learn. Send at once for free book, Op Photography, and full particulars. ICAN SCH Dept. 1364-3604 Michigan |GET Fare and Board Included No books to buy—no extras to pay for. Your railroad fare from your home to either of = b schools, also your board includ under remarkable offer. One amazingly reasonable fee covers ' everything. Many McSweeny- Trained men now making thou- sands of dollars as a result of my training. When you see my new big FREE BOOK, you'll see why mastering electricity is easy when it is taught the McSweeny way. 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154 MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION

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“Can I Afford an Airplane?” (Continued from page 27) though the hourly cost is higher, so is the speed. course, the upkeep fluctuates violently, as one man points out, if costly repairs are neces- sary. One forced landing, for instance, cost a Jacksonville, Fla., physician six hundred dol- lars for repairs. Where do they keep their planes, these pilots who fly for pleasure? Two out of three keep them at a state, Government, municipal or private airport, in rented hangar space. “I keep my plane at Hadley Field, New Brunswick, N. J.,” says J. Van Wagner, of New York City, “because it is the only officially accredited airport within the metropolitan dis- trict, being lighted, as it is, for night flying. If I choose to visit a friend in Boston, or Washing- ton, I drive to New Brunswick in my car, park it on the field, get my ship out, and in a couple of hours I am at my destination. No dust, no dirt, no grime, traffic jams or flat tires. Some- thing interesting to see every minute. I arrive feeling mentally keen and alert instead of weary and fatigued.” L. LAMKIN, of Porterville, Calif., * writes: “My home is located on an orange grove three and one half miles from town, and the plane is stored in a hangar about 600 feet from the house on the edge of a large open field. It is kept clean and filled with gas and oil by a ranch hand in my employ. This man is also capable of making minor repairs.” A Pasadena, Calif., man, D. E. McDaneld, keeps his plane with two others in a private hangar within a twenty-minute ride from his place of business. “‘It is serviced,”’ he says, “by two grammar school boys who have become interested in aviation, having taken up both a ground course and a course in flying.” All ages, all walks of life are represented among the pilots who take to flying as a hobby. At one end of the scale, for example, is the Northwestern University student with his two planes; at the other, there is “Daddy’’ Montee of Santa Monica, Calif., a licensed pilot at sixty-six. His three sons are all flyers. “Don’t think, because you are thirty-five, forty, or even fifty years old, that you are too old to learn to run an airplane,” he says, “if you are healthy and have good eyesight. I am talking from experience. I-made my first solo flight after I was sixty years old. I have driven every- thing from an ox team to an airplane, and of all I like the airplane best.” Is private flying safe? “ HAVE had no accidents in 25,000 miles,” says J. D. Alexander, of Denver, Colo., who flies an Eaglerock biplane. Nor have most of the others who replied. Dr. Sterling Bunnell, of San Francisco, Calif., who says that he uses his plane for hunting and fishing trips and in answering distant calls for surgical operations, has had two crashes, “the first from inexpe- rience and the second from unusual conditions encountered in the mountains.”’ Carelessness, a New York man says, landed his plane once nose down in mud. Another score for inexperience goes to Paul Crippen, the Northwestern University student, who explains: “I taught myself to fly by the grass-cutting method (step by step) and con- sequently have had a few bumps. The only serious one was the result of taking-off in a side wind and making a faulty low altitude turn. A dive and crash luckily ended when the wings hit two fence posts and bore most of the shock, saving me from serious injury. Inexperience was to blame. No person should attempt to fly alone until he has thoroughly qualified as a finished pilot.” Remington Rogers, a Tulsa, Okla., attorney, says that piloting a (Continued on page 155) April, 193

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In 1703 Peter the Great of Russia de- cided to build himself a capital on the banks of the River Neva, shortly above where this river empties into the Gulf of Finland. The land was swamp. It was necessary to fill it in and to drive piles before the city of St. Peters- burg could be built. as Leningrad. 2. The great forest of the Amazon valley. 3. Santo Domingo, in the West Indies, has a mountain peak, Loma Tina, that is more than 10,000 feet high. Just northeast of this island the depth of the Atlantic is 31,666 feet. Accordingly, the island really consists of a great volcanic mountain rising from the sea bottom to a height of nearly seven and a half miles, nearly two miles higher than the height above sea level of the world’s greatest moun- tain, Everest. 4. This kind of house is used by the native Indians all over Mexico, but especially on the west coast. The climate of this country is mild all the year round. Accordingly, one side of the house is left out, leaving the rooms exposed to the open air. 5. It has been used recently in several surveying projects, but its chief successes have been in Alaska. In order to determine the longitude of a place, it formerly was necessary for the surveyor to carry an accurate chronom- eter, from which he knew the standard time. Nowadays, surveyors carry radio sets by which they pick up the extremely accurate time signals from some of the large radio sta- tions, notably from the United States Govern- ment station at Arlington. 6. There is some question whether this dis- tinction belongs to Louisiana or to Mississippi. In both the annual rainfall is from fifty-five to sixty inches. 7. West of Death Valley are the high mountains of the Panamint Range. During the winter these mountains are snow-covered. It is an easy day’s trip on horseback from the bottom of Death Valley, where even winter days are hot, up into the snow-covered ridges of the Panamints. 8. The great ape called the gorilla, the larg- est and strongest of all the apes, is a native of the equatorial part of Africa, including French Equatorial Africa and the Belgian Congo. Gorillas never were very plentiful and they are still less so now. 9. There has been an enormous amount of speculation concerning the whereabouts of the Jewish tribes who were driven out of the Holy Land and who disappeared from history. The most probable theory is that the tribes merely dispersed into northern Syria and Asia Minor and were gradually absorbed into the other peoples there. 10. This is possible in the mountainous part of Kenya Colony, east of the great lake of Victoria Nyanza, now commonly called Lake Victoria, and in Tanganyika Colony, directly to the south. On the snow-clad slopes of the mountains residents of these colonies enjoy winter sports. 11. Mount Hood, in Oregon. A cap of cloud usually covers the mountain. It is said the fancied resemblance of this cloud to a hood was what gave the mountain its name. 12. All along the Gulf Coast of the United States there are forests composed of the re- markable cypress tree. This tree lives very well with its roots covered more or less con- tinuously by water. This city is now known Say the word and we’ll send C. Smith (world’s only ball beari to test 10 days. All thi tachments; beautifully rebuilt; GU YEARS, Sensationally priced; 40% saving; easy terag SEND Fae ‘iting Course, Tools, W; No”, Stig reece MONEY 534 .360 E. Grand Ave. Phe BOW LEGS? om [oe — akes Trousers Hang Strai If Legs Bend In or Out ont Free Booklet—Plain Sealed Envelope } THE T. GARTER Co., Dept. 16 South Bend, Ind, TUDY LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTUD: Success and substantial earnings for you in thiy uncrowded profession. Very few well-trained meq in U. S., despite unusual demand. We tend you by correspondence, fully, Personal supervision by Francis A nationally - known authority, Pleasant, spare time course. I tue and vital f. Mpent Adecrticns Find out cle ou at home, in your spare time, for the op; Fascinating business. ' tical Worn ‘No Fext school. Success era: s ave always wanted. Write today. No obligation. PAGE-DAVIS SCHOOL OF ADVERTISING Dept. 1364, 3601 Michigan Ave., Chicago, U.$.4, DRAWINGS aes SPECIAL SERVICE FOR tom Inventors and Foret A to take place of working mod made from your sketches or blue prints in pen é ink or shaded photographic drawings - 15yrs.Exp, ARMINAREINKE STUDIOS °* wise TWENTIETH CENTURY BOOK OF Recipes, Formulas and Processes This book of 800 pages is the most com- plete Book of Recipes ever published, givi thousands of recipes for the manufacture valuable articles for everyday use. Hints, Helps, Practical Ideas and Secret Processes covering every branch of the useful arts are given. 10,000 PRACTICAL FORMULAS—THE BEST WAY TO MAKE EVERYTHING A book to which.you may turn with confidence that you will find what you are looking for. A mine of information, up-to-date in every respect. tains an immense number of formulas that every one ought to have, that are not found in any ot _ Price, $4.00 Popular Science Monthly and it is fort not arran The reader smile with th or to remain statement. It tains the ene a battles! propel an aut HE elect Tiagedis robe consist: galvanometer an electric ¢ muscle, the g he says. “Br beating heart corresponding In locating th step by step, in contact Wi signals were ‘ One contac probe which intervals of a At this dept! happens at tv inch, “the Pp crease; this » record went « had come in’ Beyond there section revea internal laye! young vasct tried out th ether, cobra poisons, find similar to tha HE mo: devices i plants tell t crescograph. earlier mode ten thousand had the fault new machine arm of which plant. The but since it is deflects a su: attached to : long arm, th flects a bea: distant scale is magnified times, accor: from the mi would be pi faster than a But there scientist to rushing acro some twelve actually gre period, or at for the sunn Safety AFETY lights p near trolley Places in B; sides are o signals. On zone, a sha destrians ste trolley cars bottom of | motorists ca 250 Fourth Avenue, New York ee

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» 1925 e- RAF a, | ff SS aoe QS le Ss iheie ee! be SGP SEE Ed! MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION april, 1928 plants That See, Feel and Think (Continued from page 30) and it is fortunate for her that the peas are not arranged in series! The reader and I do not know whether to smile with the scientist over the last sentence to remain dizzily amazed over the main pre ery It appears that a sack of peas con- tains the energy of a power house and could run a battleship, and a pocketful of peas could propel an automobile! HE electric probe was devised by Sir Jagadis to locate the nerves and the pulsating heartlike cells of the plant. The robe consists of a wired point in circuit with a galvanometer and recording apparatus. “When an electric contact is made with a resting muscle, the galvanometer remains quiescent,” he says. “But if the contact be made with a beating heart, electric pulsations are generated corresponding to the mechanical pulsations. In locating the ‘heart’ I introduced the probe, step by step, into the organ; as soon as it came in contact with the pulsating layer, electric signals were sent out.” ; One contact is with a leaf, the other with the probe which enters the stem transversely at intervals of about one twenty-fifth of an inch. At this depth there is feeble pulsation. More happensat twice the depth. Then, at one-eighth inch, “the pulsations exhibited a sudden in- crease; this was so great that a part of the record went off the plate; evidently the probe had come into contact with pulsating cells.’ Beyond there was diminishing response. Dis- section revealed the plant heart as being “‘the internal layer of the cortex abutting upon the young vascular tissue.” The experimenter tried out the plant heart with chloroform, ether, cobra venom and other drugs and poisons, finding that it reacted in a manner similar to that of an animal heart. Le most spectacular of the numerous devices invented by Sir Jagadis to help the plants tell their life secrets is the magnetic crescograph. This makes growth visible. An earlier model used levers to magnify growth ten thousand times; this was not enough and had the fault of mechanical clumsiness. In the new machine there is a single lever, the short arm of which is attached to the tip of a potted plant. The long arm is free and frictionless, but since it is a magnetized rod,-its pointer end deflects a suspended magnetic needle which is attached to a tiny mirror. Growth lowers the long arm, the mirror tilts increasingly and re- flects a beam of light that moves across a distant scale. Thus the movement of growth is magnified from ten to a hundred million times, according to the distance of the scale from the mirror. In fact, with this device it would be possible to show a plant growing faster than an airplane travels. But there is enough thrill for layman or scientist to see “the indicating line of light rushing across a ten-foot scale in the course of some twelve seconds,’ when the plant has actually grown about 1/8,333 inch in that period, or at the rate of less than half an inch for the sunniest and longest summer day. Safety Beacons in Streets =: traffic posts with built-in flood- lights protect pedestrians from traffic near trolley loading platforms at 130 different places in Baltimore, Md. The lights on three sides are ordinary amber, fiashing caution signals. On the fourth side, toward the safety zone, a shaded white floodlight reveals pe- destrians standing on the platform where the trolley cars stop. Another floodlight at the bottom of the signal lights up the base, so motorists can see the whole beacon. From $8 to $125 a Week $7200 a Year 600% Increase is what Mark Barichievich of or four times his former sal- now reported 5 | a former San Francisco reports. Unable ary, is what L. D. Mather, of stenographer, L. H. Lundstedt to speak the English language, Richmond, Va. reports. N. Ss. of Chicago. He says N.S. T. he worked as a dishwasher un- T. A. training and free em- A. developed the self-confi- til N. S. T. A. showed him the ployment service helped him dence and ability that he way to success in salesman- to quickly reach his goal. needed to make good. - S. ship. T. A. methods bring results! ~and They Started By Readi This Amazing Book! ABOOK! Just seven ounces of paper and printer’s ink—but it contains a most vivid and inspiring message that every ambitious man should read Hundreds of surprising and little-known facts about Salesmanship — the highest-paid profession in the world are revealed fact, so powerful and far-reaching has been the influence of this amazing volume that the men who have increased their earning capacities as a direct result of reading it are numbered in the thousands. There was nothing “different” about these men when they started. Re- sults show that any man of average intelligence can duplicate their success. If you wish to enjoy the good things of life, learn how to sell! Master the fundamental laws, learn how to present a proposition clearly and forcefully, how to batter down prejudices, overcome objections, secure action! Thousands of big-pay positions are waiting for men who have learned these things. It is no longer necessary to spend years on the road to acquire the knowledge and experience that makes star salesmen. In addition to containing a wealth of priceless general information about selling, “Modern Salesmanship” outlines a simple plan that enables you to get this training at home—without losing a day or a dollar from your present position. And since this book is now free, you risk nothing in taking the first step that has started so many men on the road to big earnings. Mail the coupon for your free copy of “‘Modern Salesmanship”’ today! within its pages. In Now Free—Mail Coupon Today! — _— — —_—_— —_— —_ —_ — National Salesmen’s Training Association. | Dept. D-190, N.S.T.A. Bidg., Chicago, Ill. Send me a free copy of ‘‘Modern Salesmanship” and details of your sales training and free employ- | ment service. I am not,obligated in any way. BEOMAG. ».0.0.0.0:0:000000660 0006006 s0000es0eeeesesce NN 0, 6:010.0:0:0:6088450068660Rn eS RESee SSS | ES ee ere Tr re eee BORO. . ccccecccces EEE CeCe rere OOsePAhOR. .c0cccccsecesecs A definite program for getting ahead financially will be found on page four of this issue. 351" None pay So writes W. H. Adams of Ohio. Letter from California man reports $11275 sales in three months; New Jersey $4000 pro- fits in two months; Pennsylvania $ profits in four months. Ira Shook $365 sales in one day. Bram bought one outfit April 5 and 7 more by August. Iwata = bought one outfit and 10 more within a ear. J. R. Bert says “only thing I ever that equaled advertisement.” John says: “Everything going lovely. rispette wrappers all over town. It’s a good old world after all’’. T Kellog, $700 ahead d of second week. -/ Wholesale or re- tail. Big profits either way. No town too small. Business is pleasant, fasci- nating and dignified. You manufacture afood product WE START YOU IN BUSINESS Furnish secret formulas, raw material and equip- ment. Little capital required; no experience needed. Build a Business of Your Own No limit to the sale of Crispettes. Everybody likes them. It’s a delicious food confection. Write for facts about a business that will make you independ- ent. Start now, in your own town, Profits $1000 a Month Easily Possible Send postal for illustrated book of facts. It contains enthusiastic letters from others—shows their places of business, tells how and when to start, and all ime formation needed. Free. Write now! LONG-EAKINS COMPANY 447 High Street Springfield, Ohle Home-Stupy “°° COURSES & THAT LEAD TO BUSINESS CAREERS O YOU WANT an important, high-salaried position? Zenesntagoens® vou ens do the ee Ms ex wi ow you how, 8 y step pe: y guide you - to success | ayes thro the time-saving Method. increasin, durin, r salary- desire success, and we will scribing the opportunities in tline of our salary- ‘hil. you to plan P our spare hours, without interference with prese! Sut Ay Simply mark on the cou the field fh which you you a valuable book de- that field, together with an copy of ‘‘Ten ou Zz Also Years’ Promotion in One.’’ There is no cost or obligation. Find out how the sa Zz plan starts a men and women on the high road to success and independence. Check and mail the coupon NOW. — —= — Find Yourself Through LaSalle — —— — LASALLE EXTENSION UNIVERSITY The World’s Largest Business Institution Dept. 483-R checked below. O Business Management OHigher Accountancy OTraffic Management O Modern Salesmanship ment “ og OLaw—Degree of LL.B. OCommercial Law OlIndustrial Management O Modern Foremanship OPersonnel Management OBanking and Finance O Modern Business Corre- o Oc. P. A. Coaching Chicago up aeecing sen wane sa as appli mya pepe the business field OBusiness English OCommercial Spanish O Effective Speaking OStenotypy—Stenography OTelegraphy OCredit and Collection Correspondence Present Position Address

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Finish this drawing of the girl dancing, and send it to us. It’s fun! If you like to draw, you should by all means train and develop your talent. Good draw- ings and designs for advertise- ments, posters, booklets, cata- logs, etc. are a necessity to modern advertising, and men and women with ability to make them are well paid. Test Your Art Ability Free When we receive your drawing, we will send you a correct print of the complete original drawing, and also our Art Ability Ques- tionnaire. This interesting test reveals your natural sense of design, color, proportion, per- spective, etc. It will be criti- cized by Federal instructors, and you will be frankly told what your score is.

Learn in Your Spare Time at Home The Federal Course has trans- formed hundreds of amateurs in- to successful Commercial Artists earning $2000, $4000, $5000, and $6000 a year—some much more. Federal Training is thorough, practical, gives you the finest of personal criticism, and brings you to the earning point in the shortest possible time. Send us your drawing, and be ‘sure to write your name, address, age and oc- cupation in the mar-

1356 Federal Schools Bldg., Minneapolis, Minn.

Strange Radio Devices Locate Buried Treasure (Continued from page 45) quakes photographically. If a “‘salt dome’’—a huge subterranean plug of rock salt and as- sociated rocks that geologists have learned generally means a rich oil well near by—lies hidden in the path of the tremors, the seismo- graphs will show it by their altered records. Ina recent development of this process a pistol- shot a few feet below the earth’s surface re- places the dynamite blast, and the transmission of the sound through the earth is listened to through earphones. This device, invented by Dr. Samuel Spitz and secretly used by the United States in another form during the war as a sounding device and submarine detector, is called a “petrolometer” or oil-determiner; and with it, Dr. Spitz says, he has located during the last eighteen months ninéteen pro- ducing wells and twelve or more separate oil pools. EIGHING the underlying earth, to see if it contains oil—which is lighter than rock—and to aid the geologist in studying its structure, is the amazing feat performed by an inconceivably sensitive balance designed to measure the force of gravity at any point on the earth’s surface. Each cubic foot of rock, ore, or soil exerts a gravitational pull in proportion to its weight, and the automatic balance invented by the European physicist, Baron von Eétvis, is therefore able to tell whether heavy rock or light oil is likely to lie beneath. So sensitive is the balance that any near-by trees, boulders, or ditches will hopelessly confuse the photo- graphic measurements it makes. It cannot be used in mountainous country, but in the flatter sections of Texas and Louis- iana, the Eétvés torsion balance has located twenty-three “salt domes” in the last four years, ten of which have been proved by drilling. In the previous fifteen years, by way of comparison, geologists had been able to locate but six. Each of the new prospecting methods has its own specific usefulness. Radio prospecting, for example, is limited to metal ores known as “sulphides,’’ such as galena, which contains -lead and sulphur in combination; zinc-blende, or zinc and sulphur; and other sulphur ores of such metals as silver and, occasionally, gold. UT therearestill other electricalways of find- ing ores. A sulphide ore deposit, it has been known for years, is really a great low-power storage battery. Its natural chemical action with surrounding substances in the earth, noticed especially in copper sulphide deposits near Cornwall, England, maintains in it a flowing electric current about equal in power to one of the batteries that runs your doorbell. Professor Conrad Schlumberger, of the Paris School of Mines, and his brother Marcel de- vised a portable sensitive electric meter no larger than a cigar box that would detect such a current, now widely used on heavily timbered lands in the United States and abroad. Previously they had worked out successfully a scheme of shooting electricity through the earth to locate hidden ore by its lower re- sistance to the current’s passage. This system is being used successfully in Canada. Now that the oldest method of all, the magnetic compass needle—used as long ago as 1760, in New Jersey, to detect magnetic iron ore—has been brought up to date in the form of a highly sensitive “magnetometer”’ used today with great results in the iron areas of Lake Superior shores, the equipment of the modern prospector is complete. We can actually “‘see underground,” and predict and detect buried treasures at depths ranging from 100 to 500 feet. Though we cannot tell just how rich a hidden deposit will prove to be, we know at least where to dig. MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION Finish this t RAW NG to our Students ThisHawaiianGuitarex- pert and professor wants he opportunity to welcome you as a student so you will quickly learn how to play Hawaiian Guitar --yes, you will be able to play just like the native Hawaiians. To get you started and help your musical] success which will bring you popu- 4 larity, you will receive a beauti- y ii ful Hawaiian Guitar, thesame / , as the one pictured, when yoy , | enroll. Our short cut method f of instruction will enable you to playa piece al- J4 most from the first 1 é lesson, Rush coupon for full particulars to- <q day and we will re- serve a Hawaiian Guitar for you. Learn to Play Quickly With our short cut method ; of instruction you will quick]. a learn how to play Hawaiian Guitar which will bring you popularity and social success, You learn to play from notes. If you never hadany musical training, you will quickly et on, because our experts have perfected a ¢ | og instruction which is as simple as learning A,B,C PICTUREand PHONOGRAPH RECOS ETHOD EASY We don’t depend ug M printed lessons only fi your success, but we furnish pictur our professors puece, diagrams, and phonograph records for each This practically brings our professe our studio to your home and enables mally fn froatet yous fo prove this eemmy wall end you your frst lesson free. RUSH COUPON — Send No Me So positive are we that you will become one of our stud will send free without obligation, our first lesson. Also our free big book which gives particulars about our Write for your free book and your free lesson HAWAIIAN STUDIO No. 56048 of New York Academy of Music 100 Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y. G itar and tytn, yoy - iam Fewaties # n. reserv: Guitar for me. This obligates me in no way whatever. Name Address

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ELECTRIC REFRIGERAT Calis You? The over-night develog billion dollar industry bh é shortage of trained men. service, installation and sales positions are crying for co to fill them. Our home study course will prepare you. ic Refrigeration is today’s bi est opportunity. G Electri its than auto, electricity or radio! arn at home—be HIGH PAY POSITION in just a few months. Get in on ground floor! Illustrated book of Zt i portunities in this magic new industry FREE. . e first in your neighborhood to learn about it. Write today. UTILITIES ENGINEERING INSTITUTE Dept. 24,3120 N. Clark St., Chicago, I.

A definite program for getting alte financially will be found on page @# of this issue. ; Be