Popular Science Monthly 1928-03: Vol 112 Iss 3

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OORT MICH. Popular » March Science scans MONTHLY Founded 1872 GENERAL LIBRARY Wy. oF PRRAIODIC -.: Why the Navy Lost the S-4 All the New Discoveries and Inventions

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY ~ WHAT IT MEANS TO BUY A USED CAR FROM A CADILLAC- LASALLE DEALER Good Used cars bought from a reliable dealer represent highest dollar value. Used cars bought from a Cadillac-La Salle dealer represent much more than dollar value. They are so sold as to build Good Will. Unless the Cadillac-La Salle dealer is a reliable used car merchant, his reputation will suffer. In the same ratio, his _ value to the Cadillac Motor Car Company lessens. The Cadillac Motor Car Company insists upon honest merchandising practices. CADILLAC MOTOR CAR COMPANY Division of General Motors Corporation DETROIT, MICHIGAN You will find some interesting facts in the booklet “‘What a Good Used Car Can Give You." Re- questing a copy does not obligate you in any way. CONVENIENT TERMS ARE ALWAYS AVAILABLE = —

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY March, 19 2 === WHAT IS NEW THIS MONTH Table of Contents for March LEADING ARTICLES , Automobiles MAKING SuBMARINES Sare . . . . By John Walker Harrington 13 “Road Yacht” Complete Home. . 59 The tragedy of the S-4 sinking, and what it taught the Navy Who Is Father of Automobile? . . 54 Is Lost Exptorer Now JunGLE Gop? . . By Francis Gow Smith 16 Paving PuttoTest . . . . . 5% Weird possibilities hinted by a mysterious disappearance ; Open Car and Sedanin One. . . 59 Way WE Are Immune To Some Diseases . . . By Lidda Kay 21 Garage Door Dogs. 61 First steps that foretell greater medical conquests to come ee Luggage Carrier “We” SmasH More Recorpbs. . . . By Ellsworth Bennett 28 K wed aad — oo 61 The amazing mechanical performance of Col. Lindbergh’ s plane ao P cw Stri =. 62 Romance JAMS THE Loc Jams... . . By Arthur Grahame 2% ,4 peng ee. | : evice Lets What veteran lumbermen do when the spring drive comes down A Bed j ios Wheater C - 63 ‘ Sg Sperry—Competitor oF THE SuN . By Frank Parker Stockbridge 26 A Quick-Acting Auto Jack 7 The story of a mechanical genius, his searchlights, and his gyros Back Through Garage Descs. 77 Wuere Dip You Catcu Coto? . . . . . By P.A.Carmichael 28 Tool Boxes in the Floor tony New things doctors are learning about contagion and overeating Swinging Stop Light . [7 A New Broop or LInpBERGHS 'y Maj. Gen. James E. Fechet 29 Ten Dollars for an Idea . 7 How the Army is teaching fledglings to fly Bits or Otp Ciay Kick Up a Bie Row... By George Lee Dowd, Jr. 31 An archeological “find” that started a scientific battle Astronomy Tue Rea Story BEHIND THE New Forp Car . By Edwin Ketchum 32 Sun’s Collapse Predicted 50 How one man’s ingenuity met a great industrial crisis Big New Meteorite Studied. a 59 Wuat WE Owe To NeEwrTon . .. By Arthur A. Stuart 34 Star a Pulsating Gas Bubble. . . 59 The story of a young farm boy who explained the universe Triumpus or Rapio’s “Hams” . By Alden P. Armagnac 39 — How amateur tie-ups span continents and serve nations Aviation Sea Waves to Drive Nove, Power PLant 41 Oil Engine and Cheap Helium May How a Navy engineer would harness the ocean’s energy Start New Flying Epoch . . . 51 Tue Worvp’s Greatest TIMBER Crop . 42 Navy Issues Ocean Air Maps. 55 A single island’s colossal industry Globe-Circling Dirigible Nears Con. Our BatrLesuips ON WHEELS .. 44 pletion . 4 57 By Rear Admiral Charles P. Plunkett, U. S.N. First Aquatic Air Glider. . . . 57 How American naval guns turned the tide in France Barbed Anchor Aids Airships. . . 57 Rossine Foc or Its Perits . . . By Norman C. McLoud 47 Caterpillar Landing Gear — Latest strides of progress to aid navigators First Floating Dock for Seaplanes . 57 Coat Too Userut to Burn . . . By A.C. Fieldner 49 “ Aerial Signpost’ Directs Flyers. 57 A noted chemist’s vision of the treasures within black fund Seaplane Can Go 4000 Miles. . 58 Piants Mape sy CHEMISTRY . 56 Planes Use Costliest Wood at $600 Laboratory creations that almost outdo nature for Thousand Feet. . 58 He Resuitt His House ann Saved $6,000 . By John R. McMahon 171 New Light's Colored Rays Fight Fog 61 Making a gr home for one or two families Wuen You Buy a Car— . By Martin Bunn 74 : . Gus and Joe tell how “service” and “trade allowance” affect your choice Engineering DecipInc WHat Toots ArE Goop. . . . . ByF.G. Pryor 8 Artificial Gales Test Sky anal Our Reapers Say— . aa ar a ae ae ee ee Models. , 50 Dam Holds Water with Water . . 53 . Plan to Utilize Moon Power . . 8 F I & - I O N . Twin Lg wer Canal Foreseen . . 54 Aut METAL. . . . By Andrew A. Caffrey 18 ae a —— i 2. as a A high-geared story of an air liner, a girl, and a dramatic rescue at sea Steam Well Power Unlimited . . 58 Tue Movie Maxer— —Part amo... ‘ By S. W. Newmeyer 36 A $275,000 Floating Road . . . 58 Thrills that the cinema audience never sees, in a fascinating novel Bridge Nearly 500 Feet High . . 58 ee ae rom Service. . 64 Monorail Cars Under River. . . 64 RADIO Locatine Your Rapio Trovusie By Alexander Senauke 68 . A Guwe tn Cuoostnc A RapioSer . . . . By John Carr 70 Health and Hygiene Powertnc Your Exectric Ser . . . . By Alfred P. Lane 82 Skeletons That Teach Health . . 50 Blood Pressure and Motoring . . 51 How Colors Aid Eyesight . «an THE HOME WORKSHOP Hooet ie my Sage ane S Wh ys Eat So Muc . . 6 Tue Smpcest Frying Mopet . [Ly J.D. Bunch and A. F. Koch 81 New Gains in War on Disease . . 138 Tricks OF THE TOOLMAKER . By Hector J. Chamberland 88 yg Perfumed Anesthetic Is Latest . . 142 March, 1928, Vol. 112, No. 3. Popular Science Monthly is published month- United States, its possessions, and Canada, $2.50; foreign countries, $3. The ly at 250 Fourth Avenue, New York, N.Y., by the Popular Science Publishing es of this m magazine must not be reprinted without permission. In pre- , Inc. Entered as second-class matter Dec. 28, 1918, at the Post Office at senting in its editorial columns numerous stories of new products of applied New York under the act of March 3, 1879; additional entry as second-class science, Popular Science Monthly does not underwrite the business methods matter at Catenee, Illinois. Eotered as second-class matter at the Post Office of the individuals , Printed in U. 8S. A. Copyright, 1927, ed the Popular Monthly articles for stock scriptions to President and Treasurer; R. C. Wilson, Vice-President; Department Science Publishing Co . Inc. Single “copy, 25 cents. Yearly ‘ su or conce veel roducing them. The use of Popuies Sgiense schemes is never outhorwser. oO. Capen, . L. Cole, Socreter’.

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 3

March, 1928 . y k S F : 67 as America ans Dl piace e Makes Siphon of Your Ginger Ale Creeping Baby Is Trotter. . . . 51 Ideas f or the Handy Man Bottle : 67 | Mummies Sought in Arctic . . . 51 | HowtoCarefor Your Tools. . . 86 New Laundry Bag Beite . _ 67 | Insects Turned to Metal. . . . 51 | Howto Lay Out Your Own Shop for Mends Sagging Upholstered Chairs. 67 | Bottle Traces Ocean Current . . 52 Decorative Metal Work How ty Namea New Animal . . 52 ss ge Exterior Set. . . 94 New Processes and Swastika May Trace Races to Lost ools—Pride of My Farm . . . 96 ° Pacific Continent. re. 52 | Wood Turning Simplified . . 98 Inventions Self-Sprinkling Roads Built . . . 53 Minepeints | for Your Home Work- — Sound to Light to ode Deaf am on a he owt wal . oe 7 shop P. i daa hile . 106 ear . 51 ive-Mile Road of Go a. Sl Oe ‘aint Removers You Can Ma e . 112 Saw Uses Sand to Cut Rock. . . 52 | Junk Makes Queer Golf Links . . 53 | How to Remedy White Paint’s Gear-Wheeled Roller Skates. . . 53 | Mail Trapped by the Desert. . . 55 | Yellow Tint. . 112 Portable Track for aed a Oil Ditch a Fabric Pattern . . . 55 | Horseshoe Magnet an Aid in 1» Home hounds. : 54 | Smaller Dollars Save Millions . . 55 Workshop _. 114 Wheels Made of Cotton. . . . 54 Making All Russia Gas-Proof . . 55 | Keeping Nickel- Plated Hardware New Way to Tell Time in Bed . . 58 | Building W reckers Imitate send Bright 114 New Chemical “Ice” for Rink . . 58 sion . 55 | A Small Plant Stand Anyoi one Can Steel House Erected in Little Over Hens Smash Laying Records . . 55 Make. .. —s Three Hours... 59 | Toy Car Claims Speed Mark . . 58 | Dowel Sticks As Xylophone Keys . 195 Foolproof Elevator. . . . 69 | Baboons As Servants.Advised . . 58 | Carpenters’ Level Used for Signing Magnifying Your Strength , . 59 | Trees Gage Wind Velocity . . . 134 Long Lines . . t. > nn Phonograph Relieves ’Phone Girls . 60 Any Questicns? _ . 89 | Razor Blades Aid Modelers . . . 129 A Vest Pocket Ash Tray . 60 Bright Children Not ‘ “Queer” . . 69 | Plumbing Hints for Home Owners . 130 Eggs Kept Fresh vil Daily Ride on Old Maps Make Lamp Shades . . 62 | Walnut Shell Made into “Comicull’”’ Ferris Wheel . . 60 g Fingerprints Identify Races . . . 62 4 Elephant. .. ; . 131 Are You Abreast of the Times? 9 . * e If you can’t answer the questions below, turn to the page indicated 1. Has blood pressure any connection with auto accidents? 13. Who is said to have a prior claim over that of Gottlieb (p. 51) Daimler, German engineer, as the “father of the 2. Who will transmit for you, without charge, a radio message automobile? (p. 54) " . to anyone, anywhere? (p. 39) 14. To what diseases can man, today, make himself immune ? (p. 22) 8. What kind of a cold is not contagious? (p. 28) 15. What is the proper way to bend bamboo, in making model 4. For what is Sir Isaac Newton famous? (p. 34) airplanes? (p. 81) 5. Why are we to have smaller dollar bills? (p. 55) 16. em eae shoots huge volcanic bombs into space? p. . a is believed to be a pulsating bubble of gas? 17. How do new species of animals get their names? (p. 52) if ae did Henry Ford take small boys riding in the first 18. —. . > hnaiee factory which, payee. —— of his 2 (p. 32 alcohol from coal by a new process, may supply the Dong , vo 4 ao a a whole United States? (p. 49) $50 000 iavest Sih i “ind sf : “t = * ste? 19. What “important archeological discovery”’ is called a (p. 63) 8 — annie hoax by scientists of high repute? (p. 31) : ar 20. What chemist has at last duplicated nature’s feat of mak- 9. Where is the coldest spot on earth? (p. 65) ing sugar and starch, as plants do, from water, sunshine, -10. How can you use imaginary lines to make your house a and carbon dioxide? (p. 64) convertible one or two-family dwelling? (p. 71) 21. Where does the Army Air Service teach young men to 11. What is the latest invention of Elmer Sperry, perfecter fly? (p. 29) of the gyro? (p. 27) 22. How do lumberjacks break a log jam when they can’t 12. How does a new type of dam hold back water with water? find the key-log? (p. 24) (p. 53) 23. Can the waves be harnessed for electric power? (p. 41)

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY "& Independence Hall_at Philadelphia, glorious in its historic surroundings stands as an ever present reminder of every American’s desire. Independence The courage and determination of our forefathers made possible our present National well-being. Thrift and the continuous pur- chase of sound securities will make ‘possible for the provident, mone- tary independence in their declin- ing years. This old-established investment banking institution has earned the confidence of thousands of inves- tors in every state of the United States and in more than 50 coun- tries and territories abroad. It merits your confidence too, and the securities which we rec- ommend to you may be regarded as a safe investment for your funds. Let us furnish detailed informa- tion concerning this House and the sound investments it offers. + ‘ Send for Booklet “1-75” “YAe F.H.SMITH Oo. ‘Founded 1873 Investment Bankers Smith Building, Washington, D.C. 285 Madison Ave., New York City Branch Offices in — Chicago — and Other Cities Kindly send without obligation your investment booklet and information relative to investments you offer, Name ApprEss “1-75” S e, — ue March oh parc, 19 —_—— How a Bre Load Was Lifted| | Cd frot rom Harry Wilson’s Mind atry Wilsons Mind} |... ; | loan V By Watuiace Amgss, Financial Editor the = 5 | over HE family had finished its din- “Mrs. Bender was telling me al have P ner early. Harry Wilson had about it this afternoon. - The Jy! eferr about exhausted his evening were supposed to be right on the tou compa paper and was ready for what- leading to the new bridge and th, Paul I ever might turn up. His wife was > mining stock promised to pay ny $10,00 stairs going through the nightly The stock proposition tuned deed lot of tussle with two lively youngsters, a fake and she will probably lose qj while getting them stowed away to bed. she put init. As you know, they§. Afte Ding-a-ling a-ling rang the tele- nally changed the location for the ney and ps hone. Mr. Wilson answered. ‘‘Gee, bridge. Some day Mrs. Bender wij} | U™° ‘dlike to, Bob, but just hold the wire probably be able to sell her lots, by picture a minute while I check up with Vi."’ she will hardly get as much as she must | “Oh, Vi!’’ Wilson called upstairs, aid for them. In the meantime, sh month ‘‘Bob Collins is on the ‘phone. He to pay taxes and she is getting my @ mon and Nan want us to come over this income from her investment.” ~ | fore w evening. How about it?”’ “That’s tough,’’ mused outrig ‘Mercy, I wish we could, Harry,’’ ‘‘But you’d think she'd have know house called his wife. ‘‘We always have better. I'll bet you wouldn't was, If a good time at the Collinses. But there our insurance money like that.” posse is something I must get done tonight. ‘I hope not,”’ said Vi, with semi. i Ask him to excuse us this time. Tell assurance, ‘“‘but I remember wha ave Nan I'll call her up tomorrow.” Mrs. Bender made her investments | now | “What's the big rush job for to- agreed with her that she was maki What night, Vi2?’’ inquired her husband, as a clever deal. It is too bad she di the m she came down stairs. not have someone with a wise busing |f_ . “err : ‘“‘Betty’s new dress. I must get it head to advise her.”’ $ finished so she can wear it at her birth- “She should have known enough ty about day party tomorrow.” make a safe 6% investment,” sail childs ‘‘Why, I thought Mrs. Bender was_ Harry, as though to dismiss the sub $16,0 taking care of all your sewing,”’ re- ject with a few words of wisdom. base marked Harry. **Yes,"” agreed his wife. “She about ‘“‘She was over all day,’’ explained thought something of that at th * $5¢ Mrs. Wilson, .‘‘but there was so much _ time, but 6% on the $8,000 she had bat $ to do she couldn't finish. Betty is so left is only $40 a month and you can't taxes excited over this new dressthatI want support a family on that. So sh only to finish it for her myself tonight. thought in some way she had to make educa ‘“‘Mrs. Bender wanted to stay until the money go farther.”’ eG the work was done. She’s so willing, “Too bad,’ said Harry, as he but I couldn’t let her do it. She has out the cards for a game of solitair, mt, three children of her own, you know. But he could not get the subject a The youngest is only five. There is no life insurance and that inexperi noths one at home to look after them while mother’s predicament off his mind “1 their mother is out sewing andI had- Thinking more of the future poss- a n't the heart to let her stay after five. bilities in his own family than of the P - ‘It’s too bad Mrs. Bender has tobe cards, he overlooked many plays, in | away from her children all day, but finally lost interest in the game ant f 7 she must go out sewing to feed her -gave it up. ody family and keepa roof over their heads. “Vi, I can’t get Mrs. Bender out of ll I feel so sorry for her.”’ my mind, and for the first time sinc fined ‘According to neighborhood gos- we were married, I am beginning “l sip,’’ observed Mr. Wilson, ‘‘Mrs. wonder what would a to you 2 Bender got a lot of insurance money and our kiddies if I should die.” h . when her husband died.”’ ‘Nonsense, Harry, get such ut or “She did,”’ replied Mrs. Wilson, as pleasant thoughts out of your mind sigh her flying fingers were finishing button vou are perfectly healthy. Lets N holes and sewing on buttons. ‘“‘There change the subject.”’ é I aad was $10,000 and that és a lot of money. “No, let’s not change the subject, But the cemetery plot, burial expenses insisted Harry. ‘‘Let’s be serious. and other bills ate up over $2,000. “You know, I think we have both It and she invested the rest partly in looked at this matter in the a ond | vacant lots and partly in’ mining way. We have been pretty careful a we) stock that didn’t turn out so good. are getting along © (Continued on pag))\§ \ © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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id me 4. he Joy the road and the Y ny, Ut to be wron ul a » page 1) —— parch, 1928 How a Big Load Was Lifted “from Harry Wilson’s Mind (Continued from page 4) nicely. Thanks to the building and loan we have over $4,000 paid on the house, my last deposit gave us over $900 in the savings bank, we have paid $3,800 on our 50 shares of eferred stock in the electric light company, Betty has $300 in the bank, Paul has over $200 and there's the $10,000 insurance. That seems like a jot of money. But just wait a minute while I do some figuring.”’ After Harry had worked with pencil and paper for a few minutes he re- sumed his discussion. ‘‘Here is our icture for the next few years. We must pay $83.33 on the house every month for six years more. And $75 a month for the next ten months be- fore we own our public utility stock outright. Taxes and upkeep on the house are about $300 a year. “If I should die, you ought to be in position to pay off the mortgage and y up the stock so you wouldn't ll to worry about them. Right now that would take about $5,900. What would be left, considering ‘all the money you would have, including even the children’s bank accounts? “$10,000 insurance, stock worth about $4,500, savings $900 and the children’s money $500 make not quite $16,000. So after paying up the mort- gage and the stock, you would have about $10,000 left. That would bring in $50 a month at 6%. Right off the bat $25 of it would be eaten up by taxes and house repairs. That leaves only $25 for food, clothes, coal, educating the children and other necessary expenses. “Gee, Vi, you'd be as bad off as Mrs. Bender,’’ said Harry. “Oh, we'd get along some way, but nothing like that is going to hap- pen,”’ Vi tried to reassure Harry. “T am just as hopeful as you are, Vi, about the future, but just the same it would take a load off my mind to know that you were better provided for in case of the unexpected. And so,"’ said Harry with credible de- termination, ‘‘I am going to get this fixed up right away. “In fact, I guess I'll go over now and see Bob Collins myself. He is in the insurance business. “Tl get him to help work out the right program for us. And I'll send Nan over here to keep you company as Iprobably won't get back until we have ashed out all the pros and cons.”’ * * * * * It was a long session that Wilson and Collins had together that evening, and one thoroughly. (Continued on page 6) POPULAR SCIENCE MON THLY Get rid of money worries for good! —— MEN were talking in a club-house reading room. “Everything’s going pretty well with me —now,” said one of them. “I make enough money to pay the bills, enough even to take a vacation now and then. But I sometimes wonder how it would be if anything hap- pened tome. I know perfectly well the house might be sold, my son taken out of school...” The other man smiled. . **That’s just the way I was fixed,” he said. “And then a funny thing happened. I answered an advertisement and got hold of a copy of the Phoenix Mutual ‘Prosperity Plan.’ Maybe you’ ve heard of it. I filled it out. “*I was paying 6 % interest on our mortgageat the time. The Phoenix people showed me how by paying only about 114% more I could fix it so the bank would hand the home over to my wife clear of debt. That was the end of that worry. Home Office: Hartford, Conn. * “Then they made a special arrangement that will put Jimmie through college. That fixed that. And just recently they fixed up what they call an ‘income agreement’— and now the family will have an income of $100 a month after I’m gone. “So the only things I had been worrying about are taken care of—and all because I filled out that little piece of paper!” \Y sy \Y Wowutpn’r you like to make your life plan financially foolproof? Wouldn’t yow like to get rid of money worries for good? You can, ‘The coupon at the bottom of this page will bring to you, free, the remark- able Phoenix Mutual “Prosperity Plan.” Sending for it is the first step towards real independence —pro- tection for you and your family no matter what happens—an educa- tion and every advantage for your children—-leisure and comfort for yourself in your later years. There’s no obligation. Send for your copy “oz. PHOENIX, MUTUAL LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY . First Policy Issued 2851 oss TO GET THESE .. « MAIL THIS >? 2 REALLY own your home. | NAME HERE are just a few of the qi things you can do under the Phoenix Mutual Plan: | 1 Retire with an income when you | are 60 or 65. | Puooenix Mutvat Lire Insurance Co. 328 Elm Street, Hartford, Conn, Send me by mail, without obligation, my copy of your ‘*Prospenity Pian” 3 Senp your children to college. 4 CREATE an estate. 5 Maxe sure your income will go on even though you become totally OR BUSINESS ADDRESS | HOME ADDRESS | CITY disabled, 6 Leave an income for your family. © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. Ee eee vosntnscciidnesnasonspnsahantaianile | I cneniiccmnetinennt

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They don’t like to talk about them to others. Perhaps it is because we like to make believe that we are better off than we really are. But they called a spade a one that night discussing the facts just as they were and the result was a very sound and sensible insurance program for Harry Collins. In outline form it was as follows: Immediate obligations in event of Wilson's death: Sickness, burial and other Gupemees............... G&,§00 Retirement of mortgage (estimated)............ Balance due on securities being purchased........ 750 Immediate cash outlay. . $8,250 (Continued on page 7) To Help You Get Ahead HE Booklets listed below will help every family in laying out a financial plan. They will be sent on request. “Ideal Investments” is the designation universally accorded Smith First Mortgage 6%% Bonds which carry attractive tax refund features. 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» 19% POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY That spirit will carry anyone to his goal. No matter how high your objective—no matter how difficult its conquest may seem—the simple, solemn determination, “_ will,” is sure to carry you far. To those who would like a little encouragement and advice on in- vesting money, the Fidelity Bond and Mortgage Co. is sending an understandable booklet called “The House Behind the Bonds.” It shows how “Fidelity Guarantees every Bond’’ and will be sent to you if you will write. I BOND MORTGAGE ry o4.U.MENTEER ow INCORPORATED WR 660 Chemical Bldg., St. Louis 1188 New York Life Bldg., Chicago 378 Colorado Nat’l Bank Bldg., Denver FIDELITY MEANS KEEPING FAITH Send now for the book that tells how you can buy bonds with small regular payments. You can deposit small sums with us and get 6% interest on these deposits while paying for the bonds—you can buy $50—$100—$250 or $1000 bonds one at a time or in large numbers. You can fit your investment program to your pocket book, make your fortune grow steadily, and build a permanent income. We will send full list and description of United First Mortgage Bond issues with the booklet. When you start clipping coupons you start toward a substan- income and freedom from financial worry. You get a good yield with safety. You enjoy ing with us as your fortune grows. Get the book today. Just send coupon. WRITE “4 States Mortgage Bond Company Howard C. Wade, President TODAY Resources $24,000,000 365 U.S. Mortgage Building Detroit, Mich, iL ee ee ee D UNITED-STATES MORTGAGE BOND CO., 365 U.S. Mortgage Bldg., Detroit, Mich. Gentlemen ag Please mail copy of book, “The Habit Name___ Address, City__ State —_ heeene eee eeneeaeneeewawad How a Big Load Was Lifted from Harry Wilson’s Mind (Continued from page 6) To meet this outlay and provide something extra, Wilson's present $10,000 policy was reserved, to be paid in one sum. It was planned to invest whatever remained ($1,000 to $1,750 or more) in high-grade bonds as a sort of permanent emergency fund. * * * * * Estimated minimum monthly income needed by Mrs. Wilson to get along SPOTS os crsccatenbas $275 Average monthly dividends on public utility stock.. 2.5 Interest on savings bank | re /. Income from invested bal- ance of original insurance ER ers 5 Balance of monthly income to be provided by new Ee 240 Total monthly income from insurance and in- eee $275 * * * * New insurance was taken on the “monthly income’ plan which pro- vided that $240 would be paid to Mrs. Wilson each month for 20 years (or to the children in the event of her death within that time). In the event of Mr. Wilson surviv- ing for 25 years, at which time he would be 60 and his children probably self-supporting, the cash surrender value of his insurance would purchase a life annuity for himself and Mrs. Wilson of about $1,400. Instead of one large policy, several smaller ones were taken out with premiums evenly distributed through the year. The average monthly de- posit after the first year was $75. This premium item is not an expense to the Wilsons, but an investment, because, if the insured lives he and his wife will in later years enjoy an inde- pendent income from insurance. The two most important features of the Wilson insurance program were (1) that he provided adequately for his family, and (2) after providing for immediate expenses he semana for the insurance money to be paid as monthly income. . The figures used in this outline are approximate and necessarily general. Each case calls for its own figures and plans. Poputar ScieNce MontHty recom- mends that you regard your insurance representative as a professional adviser. Let him help you work out your individual problem. More and more insurance is being taken out on this basis. And it pays. 7 This Book Telis How You Can Share in Today’s Prosperity > & Make it the Foundation of Your Financial Independence You have read and heard a lot about prosperity in America. What does it all mean. to you—just a steady job, a little more spending money, a few more luxuries? Or does it mean your opportunity to acquire independent means and an independent income— something permanent and worth while? As you know, rich men have many oppor- tunities and many ways to invest safely and at the same time make big profits. But you may not realize that you now have the same oppor- tunity. The Investment Trust gives you, with your hundreds, every investment advantage that the rich man has with his millions. A Tested Pian The investment trust idea originated in Great Britain over sixty years ago. As a result, canny Scots and conservative Englishmen have been making 15%, 20% and 25% on their money. The same plan is now gaining wide-spread popularity in America. You can learn all about investment trusts by reading our new booklet. In every-day language it explains what investment trusts se = they operate and how you can nelit. Learn How YOU Can Make Big Profits Conservatively You will learn from this booklet how to invest $100 or more and own a share in over 150 of the world’s best securities; how this wide diversification gives you not only extreme safety, but many opportunities for unusual profit; how 10%, 15% and more is made on conservative 5% and 6% investments. You will learn how an investment trust is managed by men who are experts with every facility at their eimai ym they know, without any guessing, which securities are best to buy and when the best time to buy em. Take the First Step Today. Make this booklet the beginning of your financial independence. Mail the coupon now. UNITED STATES FISCAL CORPORATION ohh Ll leltalatelaleteteeteteltalsteeettataebetseletats 50 Broadway, New York Please send me, immediately, your free booklet that tells how I can invest for financial independence. ~ Address....+ woccceccccccccecess== 3-P.S. WERRERERRREREREE RR RR EERE RRR RRR eo United States Fiscal Corporation a * © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Illustrated above is the proposed engineering group at New York University. The building on the right is already erected and it is here that the tests of the Popular Science Institute are conducted Deciaing What Tools Are Good ee T IS a fine tool; it represents good value; it will give you satisfactory service,"’"—this is what the Popular Science Insti- tute of Standards’ insignia of approval tells you when you see it on a tool advertisement. Such statements mean much or little according to what lies in back of them and the tool user will rightfully ask, “‘How do you know that?”’ As a matter. of fact, the Institute had no easy task determining this and it took considerable time, work and study before it was felt to be in a posi- tion to speak authoritatively on the subject i diels In the first place, while the Popular Science Institute was fortunate in hav- ing some very prominent engineering experts on its staff and in having at its disposal the $350,000 Sage Re- search Laboratory testing equipment at New York University, it had little to go by in the matter of test methods and still less in the case of standards. This meant two things. Test meth- ods had to be worked out and in many cases equipment had to be specially designed for use in making such tests. There are machines like the Rockwell, Brinell and Scleroscope, for instance, that can be used in testing the hard- ness of the steel in a tool, but when it comes to putting a hammer through a test of so many thousand blows there is no machine that one can go out and urchase for the purpose. So, in a case ike this, the Institute's testing ex- perts had to devise an arrangement that would accurately serve, just as it By F. G. PRYOR, Secretary Popular Science Institute of Standards was necessary to rig out an ingenious reciprocating machine that would put an automatic or spiral screw driver through the equivalent of several years of heavy everyday usage in only a few days’ time. Then, an even harder task con- fronted the Popular Science Institute of Standards when it came to gaging the test results and determining where to. draw the line in the matter of ap- provals. The Institute’s testing ex- rts relied upon whatever could be found in Government bureaus and elsewhere, but the difficulty lay in the fact that they were not trying to set © Popular Science Monthly GUARANTEE The above seal on an advertisement indicates that the products referred to have been approved after test by the Popular Science Institute of Standards. Popucar Science MonTHty guaran- tees every article of merchandise ad- vertised in its columns. Readers who buy products advertised in Poputar Science Montaty may expect them to give absolute satisfaction under normal and proper use. Our readers in buying these products are guaran- teed this ‘aislotinn by Poputar Sctence Montaty. Tue PuBLisHers up any absolute standard that every tool or product must attain in order to be a _ one, but were endeavor. ing to devise tests to suit the use to which each product is put. The Popular Science Institute's tests are not perfect yet—not by a great deal—but just how far we have gone and just how worth while the work has been can be judged by the recogni- tion that has come from _ highest sources. The U. S. Bureau of Standards in Washington has recently appointed the Institute’s director, Dean Collins P. Bliss of New, York University, asa consulting mechanical engineer ‘for their organization, and the belief has been expressed by officials of the Fed- eral Specifications Board that the af- filiation of the U. S. Bureau of Stand- ards and the Popular Science Institute of Standards will result in mutual help and benefit. Our Assistant Director in charge of tool testing is Major Carlos deZafra, Chief of the Testing Laboratory Sec- tion of the New York Ordnance Dis trict. This appointment means that all tools of the U. S. Army will be tested, prior to writing of soe tions of purchase, in the Sage Labora tory where the Popular Science Inst tute’s tests are conducted. These tests. are conducted for the benefit of Poputar Science MontTaLY readers with no charge nor advertis ing obligation to manufacturers. list of approved tools may be had by writing the Popular Science Institute, 250 Fourth Ave., New York, N. Y. march, 19:

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March, 1928 fradio is better with Battery Power hy pay for waste space ? Buy the Kverrapy LAYE RBILT —it’s every inch a battery IN DRY cell “B” batteries made up of cylindrical cells more than one- third of the space is wasted. That’s inevitable. No eee — u pack a group of cylinders, veal always will be spaces be- tween them. Usually these spaces are filled in with pitch or other substances, to prevent movement of the cells during shipment and breakage of the wires connecting cell to cell. Think of it—over a third of the space inside the or- dinary battery is filled with inert packing material! POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY © In the Eveready Layerbilt “B”’ Battery No. 486 there are no waste spaces between the cells and no useless materials. Instead of cylin- drical cells, this extraordinary battery uses flat cells. It is built in layers and assembled under pressure into a solid block. Elec- trical connection between cell and cell is automatic, by pressure of the entire side of each cell against its neighbor. The most surprising thing about this construction is that it actually makes the active mate- rials more efficient. A given weight of them produces more current, and lasts longer, than the same amount when put in the cylindrical cell form. This was the unexpected result of researches into meth- ods of utilizing the hitherto waste spaces. Scientists now know that the flat shape is the most efficient form for the cells in a “B” battery. No wonder the IUustrated to the left is the cylin- drical cell type of “B’ battery construction, Note the waste space between the cells. This is the Eveready Layerbilt, the unique “‘B” battery that con- tains no waste spaces or mate- rials between the cells; the long- est lasting of all Evereadys. Eveready Layerbilt is the longest lasting and therefore most eco- nomical of all the Evereadys. Only Eveready makes the Lay- erbilt. Its exclusive, patented construction is Eveready’s great- est contribution to radio enjoy- ment, giving new economy and convenience to battery users. The Eveready Layerbilt, of course, provides Battery Power—-silent, reliable, independent, guarantor of the best reception. For modern sets, use the Eveready Layerbilt. NATIONAL CARBON CO., INC. New York San Francisco Unit of Union Carbide and Carbon Corporation Tuesday night is Eveready Hour Night East of the Rockies 9 P. M., Eastern Standard Time Through WEAF and associated N. B. C. stations On the Pacific Coast 8 P. M., Pacific Standard Time Through N. B. C. Pacific Coast network meres Radio Batteries -they last longer The air is full of things you shouldn’t miss IS) This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY US and Joe, those in- imitable FQ garage eX- a7) perts who are with yr us each month, felt justified, a few issues ago, in roundly blaming the woman who “drives” from the back seat. Letters from many readers agreed with them. But listen to Mrs. L. S., of Walton, N. Y. ““Why must the wife sit in the back seat, anyway? From that position every- thing looks much more dangerous. Since learning to drive I have found that what looks like an unavoidable smash from the back seat does not remotely suggest one to the driver, and very rarely to the other occupant of the front seat. This is just a plea for a square deal for the woman.” A Place of Honor *“DERMIT me to take this opportunity to express my appreciation of Captain McCann’s plans and directions for. ship model building. Not only are these plans clear and correct in ev- ery detail, but they produce beautiful and ar- tistic results. I presented a model of the Spanish gal- leon to a cousin who, among other gifts,. received a new grand piano; and my Spanish galleon now has the place of honor on the piano.” —W. C. R., South Pasadena, Calif. What Hope for Inventors? “T WAS surprised, recently, to read that Maurice Holland, of the National Research Council, says the independent inventor has seen his best days. Mr. Holland pointed out that less than five percent of the inventions in the Patent Office which receive commercial recogni- tion are the products of men who labor single handed. And he concluded that the ‘garret genius,’ as he calls hinn, can- not hope to compete nowadays with the Collective work of men in highly organ- ized industrial research laboratories. “Is this true? I doubt it. Count over the inventions which have given us most of our modern wonders. The telephone, electric light, automobiles, airplanes, wireless, the machinery of farm and factory—every one sprang from the hand of a lone worker, often struggling with poverty, but inspired by a great idea. “Hired workers in great laboratories are necessary for the application of inven- tions to industry; but the greatest inven- tions themselves come from the labors of the ‘garret genius.” Am I right?”—N. B. Y., Detroit, Mich. The Debate Goes On *“ DROHIBITION —Is It Good for Us?” in our January issue drew many let- ters from readers. For example, A. S., of Dwight, North Da- kota, writes: **I have in a most unbiased manner compared and ana- lyzed the indictment of prohibition by Dr. Charles A. L. Reed, and the defense by Dr. Haven Emerson. Dr. Emerson brought forth twenty-nine major reasons why prohibition is a benefit to our na- tion. For each reason he offered unim- peachable evidence. Dr. Reed, on the other hand, failed to make a point.” And then: “Dr. Reed wins the debate by long odds,” observes S. M. T., of Cleveland, Ohio. “‘ Dr. Emerson uses the circumstantial evidence of general mor- tality rates to show that prohibition is good for us. His whole argument falls before the undisputed direct evidence of increasing deaths from poisonous prohibi- tion liquor. And does he realize how many people are dying for a good drink?” What Do You Think? *¥ OBJECT to fiction in your magazine. Leave fiction to others. Some of your articles seem to be pretty good fic- tion, anyway.” —R. T., Lincoln, Neb. “The stories are interesting, instruc- tive, and make the magazine more en- joyable than ever.” —L A. T., Peoria, Ill. ‘**Let’s have more stories of the ‘Bare Hands’ type.”—P. C. K., Minneapolis, Minn. ** PopULAR SCIENCE is not quite so pop- ular at our home with the boys since you have introduced so much reading matter in the way of storie s.”— T. E. D., Cleve- land, O. “Your idea of fiction science is excellent, and should prove immensely popular with the reading public.” —C. E. R., Toronto, Canada. **When there is so much bad fiction on the market, why do you have to add to it?’”—S. M. T., Fargo, N. D. “Your story, ‘Midge’, tells enough about the making of steel so that it holds a person’s interest better than many articles could.””—H. R., Edgerton, Wis. Glad You Like It “TT HAVE a free season ticket to the opera, and I go every week. “T have a clock which I never need ty wind, yet it strikes the correct time every day in the year. “T follow all the ball games and boxi matches free without crashing the gate.’ “I go to church every Sunday and never drop a dime into the plate. “Every so often the President of the United States tells me his troubles. “In fact, I am quite a privileged citizen. And all because I built that PopuLaR ScrENcE five-tube radio. | must say it has exceeded my fondest hopes.”’—J. L. M., Pittsburgh, Pa. Apes and Ostriches “T AM not a Darwin ape; neither are my friends,” writes C. H. of Los Angeles, Calif., one of the readers who commented on Sir Arthur Keith’s recent summary in PopuLar SciENCE Monraty of the proofs of Darwinian theory. In the same mail S. L. T. wrote from Nash- ville, Tenn.: ‘Though I live in a state which has’a law against the teach- ing of evolution, the clear explanation of the evidences for evo- lution contained in your article was con- vincing enough for me. As Dr. A. A. Noyes, president of the Amer- ican Association for the Advancement of Science, said recently, ‘Evolution can only be doubted by an individual who, like an ostrich, buries his head in the sand out of dread that he may see some- thing shocking.’ ” Not Dead Yet . HE other day Glenn Frank, tlie noted educator, expressed the fear that modern science, while creating wonders, is killing our capacity for wonder and curiosity—in other words, making the universe all matter-of-fact. “He never saw my kids and me read- ing our copy of Poputar ScIENCE Montuty together. Those pictures and stories of the mysterious far-away stars, of great deeds and adventures, of giant buildings and machines, of the magic of electricity and flying machines—all make Porputar ScreNcE a wonder book that never grows old. “As for curiosity—well, I’m here to state that the editor of an encyclo would faint away if he had to answer al the questions they ask me in one sitting. —M. J. L., St. Louis, Mo. Inve the” Fou Intern questic the bo “He of the perish ways | the fr under

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ch, 19% Lo the VOL. 112, NO. 3 ae aking Submarines Safe Inventions That Might Have Prevented the Tragic Loss of the Crew of the S-4 That Fought for Life at the Bottom of the Sea By Joun Wacker HarrINGTON N A gale-swept bay of the New England coast one of the greatest rescue fleets ever mobilized closed about the spot where forty men had been buried in a crushed coffin of steel, flung to the bottom of the sea. The living tomb was the submarine §-4, one of the largest of Uncle Sam’s undersea fighting machines, which had been rammed and sunk by the U. S. destroyer Paulding. A sensitive listening instrument on the §-/’s sister ship, the S-8, caught the sound of sharp rapping on the metal hull of the stricken ship. The S-8 answered and then the rescue ship Falcon with its oscillator took up communication. The rapping spelled a message in Morse International telegraph code—a pitiful question from six of the men trapped at the bottom of the sea: “How long will you be now?” T= question found no answer; it remains unanswered. Yet from out of the depths where those six brave men perished may yet come a response in new ways for the deliverance of sailors who in e future may face the perils of the underseas. The S-4 disaster off Provincetown, -» &@ few weeks ago, following as it did upon similar accidents to sub- marines, brought to the nation the sharp reminder that although meas- ures to prevent such horrors had been proposed, none had been adopted. This newest catastrophe aroused the American public and its officials to give heed to that query, “How long will you be?” and to demand that the lives of submarine crews be safeguarded in days of peace. A VESSEL of one thousand tons, the S-4 was so near like the S-51 which met a similar fate in 1925, that she might well be called a sister ship. She had been at the Portsmouth Navy Yard, and after slight repairs had been sent on a testing cruise before being overhauled. She was rising from a dive when the U. S. S. Paulding, one of the swiftest vessels in the world, came cutting the wintry sea at eighteen knots, a little more than half speed. Suddenly the helmsman of the destroyer caught sight of a slender object, the submarine’s periscope emerging. A stake of fishermen’s nets, he thought. He changed his course, rang for full speed ahead, thinking only to keep the propellers of the Paulding from being fouled by the obstacle. Too late! The conning tower of the S-4 lifted in sight. Me —" ya sexe fo Buoy marking spot where S-4 sank and sister ship, the S-8 signalling with her oscillating device to doomed crew. Above: The lost vessel The Paulding struck—a blow so terrific that her own bow rose high out of the water—crumpling the tower like a shell and tearing a gaping hole in the star- board side of the submarine’s battery room. Almost instantly the S-4 filled and went down by the head into the gray ooze of the Atlantic floor. B gece what happened aboard the doomed vessel during those few desperate mo- ments none will ever know. But from the record of code messages exchanged between the rescuers and the doomed men it is not hard to imagine the scene. A seaman in the tower, gazing through glazed portholes to report the first glimpse of green surface, is killed outright at the collapse of his sentry box. The waters, pouring through the gaping wound in the vessel’s side, roar into the battery room. — Brine-flooded cells of the storage batteries 13

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4 send forth stifling chlorine fumes. Swirl- ing torrents sweep into the control room —the brains of the ship just under the conning tower—overwhelming seamen at their stations before wheel and valve. A few struggling men seek refuge in the stern or in the motor compartment, wad- ing waist high in the flood in a vain at- tempt to close a bulkhead door. Six men, a lieutenant, three torpedo men and two seamen, gain the forward torpedo room, and are safe, for a time, in this steel-girt prison cell—a bubble of air twenty-three POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY and telegraph spread the news to Wash- ington, to the Navy yards, to the sub- marine base at New London, Conn. Salvage experts in New York, Boston, Norfolk, hurry by fast trains, by auto- mobiles, even by hydroplane. Crack divers, eager volunteers, hurry to the scene. UT how slowly come the salvage vessels. What ages the hours have seemed to the six captives in the torpedo room, while twenty-six vessels, battered by heavy seas, can do nothing to bring them hope! ~ Twenty-four hours pass. A diver descends from the rescue ship Falcon to the broken wreck, 101 feet below the surface. He is Tom Eadie, swathed three times in wool under his waterproof diving suit. To him comes a faint sound. Is it only the echo of his own leaden tread, or does it come from the shattered hulk? Whirling a hammer, he strikes the steel shell a resounding blow. There March, 199g sible? Have we a chance?” .. Th of the S-51, cut down by the $$ ¢ Rome off Block Island in 1925 ang with her thirty-three dead nine later. American submersibles hays outside fastenings to provide holds fo, lifting chains or cables. The onl possible now, as with the S-51, is by pontoons. Divers with air blow tunnels under the hulk. Ag writing none had been able to do thet the silt of Provincetown, althoiigh, had nearly died in the attempt. | tunnels are made, chains are through and attached to pontoons can lift the wreck—a long and process at best. CIENCE has done much to provide the means of life for the crews of sunken submarines, yet that much is fap from enough. Their own resources ej pled, the trapped men had only the fiye bottles of oxygen to keep them alive until the promise of rescue was made good. The last bottle gave out on the third day, as they tapped in one of the last piteous pleas for help. Then the tapping signals grew fainter, and finally ceased. They had perished. The tragedy brought Central control room of the S-4. Among these instruments—an ironic symbol of the power of man over the forces of nature—some of the men of the submarine perished with many would-be rescuers close by feet long, ten wide and seven high. What thoughts come first a to the minds of these six? Not such as a landsman might think, for these are men whose every day is a hazard. The fate of the S-51 flashes before them. One - chance in a thousand to be : saved! But they are fighters > - all, and they will fight to the ’ end for that chance. Now the nerves of the S-4 ° cease to throb. Her lights Engine room of doomed S-4. Here others fade. Her heart is stilled. of the submarine’s officers and crew were ° . trapped hopelessly when the crash no ma- Heat dies aw ay and the chinery could resist sent her to the bottom narrow chamber grows as cold as the water that presses against its walls. With blankets taken from the shelflike beds, the shivering men fight off the tomblike chill. Scant emergency rations are doled out. Water seeps in, covering the floor of their black prison. The air they breathe grows stale and will soon be poison, but they pin their hope on five small steel cylinders of condensed oxygen to keep life in their bodies until aid comes from they know not where. Saving their energy, they breathe as lightly as they can—and wait through hours that seem days. In their minds—for speech wastes breath—they turn over and over again the chances of coming out alive. EANWHILE the world above is alive with activity. The Paulding, having thrown a buoy to mark the place where the submarine went down, and having sent lifeboats to search—vainly —for survivors, has limped to Province- town to report the collision. Telephone comes back an answermg rap. He telephones from his copper helmet to the Falcon: “There is life aboard!” Then the Falcon above, using an oscillator for communication, begins an exchange of tapping mes- sages in Morse code—a quick tap for a dot, two flood of criticisms of the Navy Department for failing to provide better means of tas rescue. Even the harshest critics, however, have praised the officers and men who made every effort within their power for the doomed men. Considering the lim. ited facilities at his disposal, it was generally conceded that Rear Admiral Frank 1. Brumby, in charge of the rescue fleet, did his utmost. Certainly Lieutenant Com- mander Ellsberg, now retired from the Navy, the salvage q expert who directed the rais- ee ing of the S-51 and who, taps for a dash. “*Ts there anv gas?” View of aft end of the S-4’s torpedo room, showing ‘the four tor- “No.” is — steady pedo tubes in the middle of the photograph. From these quar- answer, “but the air is bad. How long will you be now?” “How many are there?” “There are six. Please hurry! Will you raise us soon?” “Everything possible is being done,” is the reply. ““Good God!” we can hear them say. “Everything possible! Js anything pos- ters six of the crew signalled for 3 days that they still lived volunteering his services anew, nearly lost his life in diving about the wreck, is deserving only of honor. The heroism of the divers seemed superhuman. Among those who think so is U. S. Represen- tative Anthony J. Griffin of New York who introduced a resolution asking for a Congressional inquiry of the whole march, 1928 and has in’ appliances = rey be marines. bands we’ believes t cable. Mr. Gr life raft or superstruc deck and ‘ crew coul low throu releasing : ing air ce rise to th Some o have air | towers, fr when the some con as emerg ure ¢ to which escapes V poses lig fitted wit reservoir: fying dey in the G Danish, Spanish NID cap designed taventor has pro Men wh leave 1] enter t which pheres air are fc proper q injected in the opened water, r in the check | of the

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March, 1928 AUXILIARY MOTOR 5 MACHINE ROOM BNGINE ROOM { CENTRAL CONTROL CHAMBER POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY COMPRESSED BATTERIES AIR BOTTLES WATER BALLAST AND OIL TANKS CREWS QUARTERS A longitudinal sectional drawing of the S-4 submerged so that only the conning tower, periscope and part of the exterior rigging rises above the surface. The artist has shown all the interior, including the torpedo compartment, where life was last known to exist subject of safety for submarine crews with special reference to the loss of the §-J. He moved in. vain for a similar in- ‘ev when the S-5/ was sunk. Representative Griffin is an engineer and has invented several submarine safety appliances, which he has offered to the Government. He and others have pro- that eyelets by which the vessels may be lifted be attached to all sub- marines. By fastening such rings to bands welded to the hulls Mr. Griffin believes they would be entirely practi- le. oun Griffin also is the inventor of a liferaft or chamber designed to fit into the superstructure of a submarine between the deck and the hull. In case of accident the crew could enter this chamber from be- low through a hatch and set it free by releasing a pinion. The device, contain- ing air cells, would be buoyant enough to rise to the surface. Some of the newer types of submarines have air locks connected with the conning towers, from which the men can emerge when the vessel is badly injured. Under some conditions torpedo tubes may serve as emergency exits. Owing to heavy pressure of water at such a depth as that to which the S-4 sank, the crews in such escapes would need diving helmets and protection for their cape through the hatch. Since help must be prompt, a signal buoy, which can be released from its housing on the deck of a sunken submarine and remains anchored to the distressed ves- sel is standard equipment in several navies. In addition, a telephone wire run- ning from an instrument in the floating buoy to the interior of the submarine provides ready communication. ETTER methods of connecting air lines toa disabled submarine are demanded. Instead of only one inlet, leading to the interior air system of the vessel, an inlet for each compartment has been urged. Not only could fresh air be pumped in through these, but coffee and _ liquid foods. The undersea tragedies of the last few years have shown that the American Navy does not own salvage vessels and pontoons large enough for speedy rescue of large submarines. In the German and Italian navies are super-salvage vessels ready to go where the government re- quires them. A German salvage ship, the Vulcan, which raised the U-3 at Kiel in 1911, can lift the largest types of sub- marines with ease. She consists of two hulls, which are really huge pontoons that can be lowered or raised by ad- mitting or releasing water ballast, as does a submersible. The sections are joined together by a heavy steel bridge on which powerful cranes are mounted. ig’ IS estimated that effective salvage vessels of this type could be built in the United States for $1,500,000 each, Even at a higher figure, their use would seem to be justified, for large submarines cost about $3,000,000 apiece, and carry gallant men. Representative Griffin has suggested that many of the Shipping Board vessels, now moored in cdut-of-way places, might well be converted into salvage outfits similar to the Vulcan by joining two of them catamaran fashion. Adequate equipment of all kinds should be built and ready to respond when the need arises, not made “to order.” H. little prepared the Government has been for such disasters was illustrated in the now almost forgotten loss of the submarine F-4 near Honolulu. Since no salvage vessel was available, one was made up from two scows and a crane, requiring three weeks labor. Then it failed. So expert divers were sum- moned from the Brooklyn Navy Yard, 5000 miles away; and pontoons were built in San Francisco chests. For such pur- poses light diving suits, fitted with small oxygen reservoirs and air puri- fying devices, are in use in the German, Dutch, Danish, Swedish and Spanish navies. N INGENIOUS es- cape compartment designed by Simon Lake, mventor of submarines, has proved practicable. Men who are about to leave the vessel first enter this room into which several atmos- pheres of compressed airare forced. When the proper quantity has been injected a hatch cover m the bottom caa be opened and the sea Water, rising only a little POF r Me “a, ‘ie ll and shipped on a cruiser. The F-4 was raised at last—-with the bodies of its crew of twenty-one. Definite action to- ward greater safety now seems pretty well as- sured. In addition to the formal Navy Board of Inquiry, and a Con- gressional investigation into the S-4 disaster, Secretary of the Navy Wilbur has announced he will ask a commission composed of both naval officers and civilians to study the situation. Possibly never before have the American peo- ple become so aroused over a naval disaster. If the lesson serves to safeguard the lives of middies of the undersea i ee in the well, is kept in check by the pressure ofthe air, allowing es- Diver Wickwire, being lowered from the rescue ship Falcon in one of the efforts to pierce the shell of the S-4 in such a way as to carry life-saving air to her valiant crew without admitting at the same time water that would instantly cause their deaths in the future, the gallant crew of the S-4 will not have perished in vain.

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16 Col. P. H. Fawcett, of whose party nothing has been heard since he and his son and a friend entered Brazilian jungle three years ago UYABA, Brazil—Freed from romantic captivity as the living idol of a remote Indian tribe hitherto un- known to science, Col. P. H. Fawcett, the noted British explorer who in 1925 vanished into the jungles of Matto Grosso, is now being brought out to civilization. ““Messages from Commander Dyott, leader of the Fawcett relief expedition, indicate the rescue was accomplished by a clever raid upon the savages’ village in which airplane and overland party codperated.” ITHIN the next eighteen months I expect to read a news despatch worded much as above. It will mark the climax of an adventure rivaling the most sensational exploring feat of the last half century. In 1871, the world waited breathless while Henry M. Stanley fought his way hundreds of miles through equatorial Africa to rescue the long lost Scottish missionary, Dr. David Livingstone. Francis Gow Smith near River of Death, Bororo. Above: Indians near Tapirapuann, savages of the type Col. Fawcett believed himself able to get on with in entire safety. Right: Bororo Indians, typical of the tribesmen Col. Fawcett must have encountered travers- ing the wild and forbidding region of the River of Death POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Is Lost Explorer Now Jungle God? By FRANCIS GOW SMITH Today, Commander George M. Dyott, explorer and lecturer, has set forth on an even more daring mission—to wring from the jungles of Brazil some clue to the mysterious fate of the vanished British war veteran, Lieut. Col. P. H. Fawcett, D.S.O. After a life dedicated chiefly to South American exploration—as Living- stone’s was dedicated to discoveries in Africa—Col. Fawcett undertook, three years ago, to survey and map the least- known fastnesses of Matto Grosso. At the age of fifty-eight, accompanied only by his son Jack and one other white com- panion, he plunged northward from Cuyaba into the wilderness—and he has not been heard of since except through romantic rumors that only increase the mystery of his disappearance. OMMANDER DYOTT is a fellow Englishman who has already made two spectacular trips through the heart of South America—one over the Andes from the Pacific and down the Amazon; the other last year along Roosevelt’s trail and down the River of Doubt. But this time Commander Dyott, financed as Stanley was by American capital, must penetrate a gloomy wilderness more for- bidding than he has formerly traversed, and even less known than Africa was when it swallowed up Livingstone; and Dyott in Brazil will have no such clues as helped Stanley on his historic quest. The name of Henry M. Stanley fifty years ago was a synonym for daring ad- venture. After exploits on both sides in the Civil War, he was commissioned by ‘missionary but these, “Dr. Livingstone March, 199 James Gordon Bennett of the New Yop Herald to find Dr. Livingstone, who jy 1865 had set out to discover the lon. sought sources of the Nile and for n seven years had not been heard of. Stanley, leading 200 men inland from Zanzibar through the densest of African jungles, soon began to get word from the natives of a strange, bearded white ma lying ill and helpless at the slave-trad; town of Ujiji, on Lake Tanganyika. And there, on November 10, 1871, § exhausted by his eight months of hard. ship, had no words to greet the venerable I presume?’’—which still echo in th pages of history. But Commander Dyott is faced by the apparently insurmountable task of |p cating three solitary exiles somewhere ip 350,000 square miles of trackless jungle~ which Col. Fawcett called the last great blind spot on the habitable globe. It is greater in extent than the combine states of Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Missouri and Michigan. Native frontier. men fear to cross its fringes, beyond which roam perhaps half a million naked Indians, some of whom have never out- grown the stone age. T IS true that Col. Fawcett has been for years at home in just such country, A British artillery officer who served dur ing his youth in Ceylon, Malta, China and Morocco, he was lent by his goven- ment in 1906 to Bolivia to act as boundary commissioner. Having helped clear the disputed line between Bolivia and Peru, he gave himself up to Brazilian March, 1928 A} ing Col. | sough Joratic World W he brill manded é field artill In 192 American and the B Geograph he pluns V only his s one frie Rimmell, pany hin ESI] ping ritories 1 borhood natinga Rivers, ! of an 2 Egypt's. who wer wil the Cola cover th of the \ turies SI coverers slaves— where n¢ tween th OW Fa last rep toward | ous tra\ had reas Indians. dreading to leave fected fr 5 Me ea, ; Bhti 4 ‘ i 2 } f Pia

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here in ingle— ntiers. yeyond Tr out. March, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY AMOUS authority on Brazil offers here an amaz- ing explanation of the mysterious disappearance of Col. Fawcett, British adventurer, who is now being sought by rescuers in the South American wilderness Joration until the World War, in which he brilliantly com- manded a brigade of feld artillery. In 1925, backed by rican newspapers and the British Royal Geographical Society, he plunged on his venture with only his son Jack and one friend, Raleigh Rimmell, to accom- pany him. train of fourteen un- ruly animals was causing infinite trouble. Since then, nearly three years of utter silence. And as Com- mander Dyott sets out, the question Fawcett is still alive. A French engineer, Roger Courteville, was reported to have found Fawcett living as a hermit in a ESIDES map- ping unknown ter- ritories in the neigh- borhood of the Para- natinga and ‘T-apajos Rivers, his plan was to seek the remains of an ancient civilization, antedating Egypt’s. But Brazilians in Matto Grosso who were among the last to discuss his plans with him tell me and I believe that the Colonel’s real intention was to dis- cover the fabulously rich lost Gold Mine of the Martyrs—unworked for two cen- turies since its early Portuguese dis- coverers were murdered by their Indian slaves—which is supposed to be some- where north of the River of Death, be- tween the Xingu and the Araguaya. who has OW in the late spring of 1925 Colonel Fawcett sent back by messenger his last report, and it showed him veering toward that region. In a month’s ardu- ous travel northward from Cuyaba, he had reached the domain of the Bakairi Indians. His two native camaradas, dreading the savages ahead, were about to leave him. Raleigh Rimmell was in- fected from an insect sting and the pack Where Fawcett and his party vanished. His possible adventures are pictured in the accompanying article by an expert penetrated the “jungle paradise” a hundred miles from Cuyaba, but this re- port has been thor- oughly discredited. Another English explorer, Captain Alfred Henry Morris, later visited the same ter- ritory, hunting Fawcett, and found not a trace of him. wilderness — my own practical experience in the region I have reached certain con- clusions as to his fate. I believe Col. Fawcett is still alive, and when I say that he is today probably the captive tribal divinity of a band of sav- ages, I am supported not only by my own experiences but by historical and ethnological data’ and by the opinions of Brazilian frontiersmen with whom I talked less than a year ago. Mrs. Fawcett, the Colonel’s wife, who has been living at St. Malo, France, says telepathic messages from him convince her he is alive and she has said: “IT believe-my husband is the prisoner of some tribe of Indians who are treating him well because of their superstitious awe of his powers. Curiously, Com- Left: Semicivilized Indians northwest of Cuyaba, more hostile than the uncivilized ones of the interior. Above: Indians near Rio Tapagos show- ing in pantomime how they killed members of a government Indian commission. Afterward their arms were taken away. Right: A Bororo behind a tree, luring a bird by imitating its cry to kill it 17 arises whether Col.. Commander George M. Dyott, himself an experienced explorer of Brazil, who is setting out into the wilderness to find his lost fellow explorer and compatriot, Col. P. H. Fawcett mander Dyott’s own experiences have been similar. He was once missing for months—all that time being kept prisoner by Indians. Col.: Fawcett will yet be found.” From Col. Fawcett’s last letters the Royal Geographical Society’s experts deduce that the explorer had altered his originally announced. plans and, having reached the Rio Sao Manoel, tributary of the Tapajos, was swinging northeast- ward. It seems certain that he had hit on the plan of traveling overland, south of the tenth parallel, along a route that would have brought him to the Araguaya River. And this route would take him directly through the traditional region of the Martyrs’ Gold Mine. OW had Colonel Fawcett continued northward toward the Amazon be- tween the Xingu and Tapajos Rivers, he would have run into the hands of the Mundurucus, who are industrious head- hunters. Or, had he sought to avoid them by descending (Continued on page 139)

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18 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY “A climbing fool!’’. Cheese shouted from where he was squatting beside Jack and the girl. “‘She’s what'I call a rocket, and nothing : Sees else but?” ll Metal ANDREW March, 19 A. CAFFREY What Happened When the Big Air Liner Took Its First Trip—A Story of Ingenuity, Parachutes —and a Girl UST mention all metal aircraft construction and you are sure to start some sort of argument. But ask for the best all métal pilot in the game, and the flying world points him out—Jack Page. This yarn has to do with an all metal combination—Jack and his all metal airliner, the Pacific Gull. The three-engined, ten-passenger flying cruiser—the Pacific Gull—was the first multimotored superplane to attempt seriously to ply the air as a common carrier between Los Angeles and San Francisco. But the Pacific Gull’s career was brief, epic and brave. Like so many other pioneering tries, the log of the Gull goes unsung, and unremembered save by a possible ten. The ten passengers and two others—Pilot Jack Page and his worthy flying mechanic, ““Cheese” Farling. Pilot Jack Page was the owner, designer and builder of the great craft, which was Jack’s oldest and best dream come true. More than a year’s hard work had gone into the construction. Jack, Cheese and half a dozen others had done the sweating. How Jack promoted the cash—she cost upward of sixty thousand dollars—no one knows. But, from here and there, the money came; and the plane had taken shape. Great shape, too. Every truss that went into the Gull was hand-picked and tested by Jack. Every yard of dural was the best. All fittings were hand-sawed from cold-rolled stock, ample, reinforced and A-1 pieces of workmanship. Jack Page squeezed the old brain dry trying to make things right. That was Jack every time— air-sized and air-wise in the exacting things of airways. He was big in every way possible; big in the boots from which he towered; and big in his handling of a tough game—air. So he gave something worthy to the air when he trundled the Pacific Gull out for its first hop. And the aeronautical world realized that Jack and coworkers had sounded a new note in aviation. The job was good! The big craft was of orthodox biplane design. It had a wing spread of eighty-five feet, the top of the upper plane was about two stories aloft, and its overall length would make the average big plane appear stubbed. The ten-place, glassed-in cabin was luxuriously appointed and entirely protected the voyagers from any contact with the elements. Behind and above, side by side and in the open, were the pilot’s and flying mechanic’s seats, For psychological effect, Jack Page had arranged this cockpit’s segregation; if the passengers were unable to watch the pilot, in the event of anxious moments, they—the passengers—would never guess that anything was amiss. A stepdown and short gangway connected this rear control pit with the main saloon. Each of the ten seats of this fuselage cabin was boothlike- pretty much after the design of a Ferris wheel’s caged car. To become seated, the passenger stepped down from a narrow cat walk which centered the compartment. The brief dropof made one feel that the legs were hanging through the floor, and maybe they were. When in the seat, the side cushions came just about shoulder-high. Comfortable. that’s what it was. This new seating idea was one of many other important in- *‘novations. But Jack Page, always short on talk, allowed them to go unmentioned. And it was these unmentioned things— surprise parts—that, as was noted before, the ten passengers will never forget. No, never! Yet—and make note—Page never “‘lost”’ a fare. HE powering of the great Pacific Gull was unique in tha two types of motors were used. On each lower wing, at the first interplane struts, was a power nacelle hiding a cowled-in Wright engine of one hundred and eighty horsepower. These two motors were worked as “‘ pushers,” that is, with the propeller behind the trailing-edge of the wing. The third power unit, the central motor in the nose of the fuselage, was a Liberty “12” 0 four hundred and fifty horsepower. In all, the Gull had upward of eight hundred measures of that much-desired stuff—horse power. The big Liberty engine was solidly bedded on a four-pronged tubular carrier that was firmly bolted—each of the four prongs with a large drift pin—to the fire-shield bulkhead which was the nose of the fuselage. It was a fine mounting. Simply remove two drift wires and drive back four pins and, hooking a block tackle to the whole works, out came the heavy power unit~ motor, water radiator, oil tanks and all. From a point efficient field service you couldn’t beat it; and Jack Page, sayimé plane’s ce somewher should the the matt stubs and oversi understoo “But m are they?” “Now | exclaimed “Where a: “What Jack aske brothers t “ 0, ; gol tickets wl “There’ informed. doubt. the “You'll “Yes, n “When How far i Will we | Islands? © the Hilo.” “When “This | company’ of shore | get me to my sister. ‘Till ge good fait! Just as and lined all hand | three boy The ne bent, Tt cult “When

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larch, 19, REY ’s seats, ‘ockpit's 1€ pilot, —would id_ short loon. thlike— ed cars, narrow dropoff or, and me just tant in- d them ssengers —Page in tha , at the wled-in These ropeller nit, the ‘ 12” of upward —horse- yronged was the »ve two ck and unit— int of saying POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 19 : he installation, took great itl abo in this piece of clean-cut silen am . The mention of this . t is important! avd ssorning of the Pacific Gull’s rst scheduled Los Angeles-San Fran- cjsco flight, the first passenger to arrive Was plural. It was a man and fe wherein the man was irrelevant. ind at first, you didn’t see him, but, n second thought, you knew that all those hand bags weren’t carrying ves. — do we sit?” the lady de- manded, and waved two good one- yay tickets. , Cheese Farling—he was doing the gating—waited till he got a good look at the man before making answer. “About ninety pounds wringing wet,” Cheese speculated under his breath. “4nd she,” he thought, “does not yeigh much more. . . “TN THE two rear seats, madam,” Cheese said. “But the front seats,” said the lady, “they're empty; why can’t we have them?” : Cheese was just about to pull that old gag, to wit: that both ends of the plane arrive at the same time. But Jack Page, knowing how to handle women, came to the front and ex- plained that a ship must be loaded in sucha way as to best favor its longi- tudinal balance, and insofar as the plane’s center of gravity always falls somewhere in the wing bay, there too should the craft’s load be carried. In the matter of passenger loading— stubs and thins to the rear; fats and oversized to the front. The lady understood perfectly. “But my brothers,” she said, “where are they?” “Now there’s a hot one!’ Cheese exclaimed, inwardly, as he listened. “Where are her brothers?” “What do you mean, madam?” Jak asked. “‘Did you expect your brothers to see you off?” “\70, NO, NO! My brothers are going, too. They bought their tickets when I got ours.” “There’s half an hour yet,” Jack informed the agitated one, “‘and no doubt theyll be on the next bus.” “You'll seat them next to us?” “Yes, madam.” “When do we depart? When will we be in San Francisco? How far is it to Frisco? How long does it take to get there? Will we be there before the steamship Hilo arrives from the Wands? Will we? We must. My sister and her family are on the Hilo.” “When is the Hilo due?” Jack inquired. “This afternoon,” the lady told him. “According to the company’s Los Angeles office, the Hilo was two hundred miles ff shore at six o’clock this morning. ... . Will you promise to gt me to the Hilo? We must be there when she docks, to meet ny sister.”’ ‘Tl get you to the Hilo,” Jack Page promised in perfectly good faith. Just as this conversation terminated, the two brothers arrived ind lined up with the luggage-carrying husband. Cheese stowed d baggage in the tail-bay compartment, and marched the boys into the plane. e next four passengers came in a body; all men, on duty = They were government agents of the Bureau of Agri- ure, “When do we get into Frisco?” the chief asked. The plane circled down over the Tokio. Already the big liner had sighted the five parachutes and —judging by the white foam along her sides—had reversed her screws and was standing by “Take off at eleven,” Jack said, “‘and arrive at three; four hours all told.” “Tf you make it by three,” said the chief, “‘that will be jake! We've got to be there when the Tokio Maru makes port. She’s loaded with silk, you know, and we’ve got a big job ahead of us— a new silk bug has been coming in from the Orient. Another plant pest. The Tokio Maru was three hundred miles off shore early this morning, or late last night. She’s fast. -You’re sure we'll get her before quarantine?” “Easy!” Jack cheered. ORE luggage was packed away in the box behind the 1 pilot’s cockpit and the four government men _ took their seats. Then the last two voyagers stepped from a taxi, came through the ropes, and dropped their bags at Cheese’s feet. These two, a large man and a small girl—small but oh, boy!—were openly excited: ‘Just got under the wire, eh, Sis?” the big man grinned as he dug up his tickets. ‘Bet we did, Dad,” the girl answered. “And if we missed

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20 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY this, we’d miss the Tokio.” See—two more running for the Tokio. ““When do we make Frisco?” the father asked as Jack forced him through the small door. “‘ You've got to get us there before the Tokio Maru shoves her nose up against The Embarcadero. . . . This little girl’s ma and sister are on that Jap boat and they don’t expect us... . / And if you don’t get us to them—well, boy, your insurance is the best thing you ever did.” “T’ll put you right down on her nose,” Jack laughed. “‘ You and the young lady will sit up front.” “With the pilot?” the girl exclaimed and enthused. ? O,” JACK smiled. “On this plane, the pilot rides the -~ tail.” “But I’ve always wanted to ride with the engineer,” the girl recited. And, presently, she was moving in the direction of desire. When the American girl wills, she will! “Sure,” the fat old boy said as Cheese and Jack showed him to his tight-fitting seat, “‘let Sis ride with the pilot on the tail.” Cheese busily readjusted the safety belt which fell several inches short of circumnavigating the fat one’s equator—‘ What do I want this belly-band for anyway?” the big man finally asked. “Boys, you're not going to loop this flying hangar, are you?” , ““Just an ordinary pre- caution, Mr. Deuss,’”’—Jack had quickly robbed the name from the tickets which he still held, and, also, noted that the girl’s name was Almira Deuss. “Are all these people trussed up too?” Mr. Deuss asked and laughingly looked about. He discovered that they were. “O.K., boys, tie me tight! . . . And how about it—can Sis ride the tail?” “It’s jake with me,” Cheese agreed. “I don’t need a seat.” Almira— Cheese knew—was not the kind to be in anybody’s way. To cut loose the “It’s settled, Mr. Deuss,” es — Jack consented. “I'll show jefore attempted your daughter howit’sdone.” . . . Cheese moved Jack didn’t mind if she was _ across the wing and in the way. a the se- “Thanks,” Mr. Deuss — a smiled; “‘ but you flatter your- self, boy. Before you’re in the air five minutes, she’ll be showing you how it should be done! Then we will need these here form- fitting girdles!” From passenger to passenger, working aft, Jack and Cheese moved and inspected their safety belts. Also they made certain that the aisle door of each small booth was firmly closed. Then they were ready to shove off and Jack moved back and up to his controls. Cheese went overside to assist the ground crew with the starting of the motors. NE by one, the side motors barked into action, then settled down to their warming-up purr; and with a bang, the Liberty came to life, howled for a moment, then fell to “‘cuttin’ em off” as only a well-behaved Liberty can do. A cloud of dust paraded back to the rear, the crowd of spectators gave way, and the Pacific Gull was a throbbing thing of splendid life. While the motors warmed, Jack called Cheese to the cockpit and pointed to his instrument-board compass. ““Look at it!’ Jack exclaimed. ‘“‘The darned thing is sure gyrating like a merry-go-round, eh?” Cheese watched the dancing compass float. “‘She’s sure hay- wire, but what can you do?” “Not a thing,” Jack resigned. “But it gets my goat! One minute your compass is in perfect orientation, and the next minute the motor generators have turned it intoa pinwheel. . . . Hold onto everything; I’m going to give these motors a run.” For thirty seconds the three motors, at top speed, made the world awful with their combined roar, then, slowly, Jack closed the throttles and the power units fell to a muffled silence once more. “Pull the blocks!’ Cheese yelled, and climbed aboard. The March, 19y ground crew removed the wheel chocks, warned back the cro the motors sent up their wail again, and the Pacific Gull tine its tail and was gone. ad Getting off the ground, Pilot Jack “poked” his ship’s nose Hollywood and the hills beyond, to the north. The craft altitude easily. mate “A climbing fool!’ Cheese shouted from where he was g ting beside Jack and the girl. “She’s what I call a rocket. + nothing else but!” — “It looks like heavy going ahead for the rocket,” Tack answered and pointed to cloud banks far afront. “Pray a littl Cheese.” : ; The Pacific Gull was in clouds before she had lost sight of Hollywood. And those clouds were getting heavier every minute. They seemed to be heaviest inland, so Jack eased of toward the sea. “Tl have to work along the coast,” Jack yelled. “We'l| cut ) over Santa Barbara and keep just west of the ridge.” The coast was picked up a little south of Ventura, but the clouds were heavy as ever. Visibility over the Pacific was yer poor, and the mountains—now all at their right hand—were carrying the black sky on their tops But they had the water below and could sneak along under the hard going, and, for the time being things were not too bad. Not too bad, but bad enough, The Pacific Gull’s first hop wasn’t going to be all joy. And Jack Page was holding that ship “in his lap” “| silently cussing one bad com. pass that he was going to need, and need badly. EYOND Santa Barbara a pall of black drapery fell over the Gull and sent out shapeless arms of sinister her nose, the sea fog came up, and, in that gray-green mess, three propellers cut their whirling disks of white.’ Be- low, the sea had also gone out. And Jack Page drew i the big ship a little closer to him. I a Now, with all earthly Clayton Knight marks gone, Jack flew entire- ly by altimeter and instinct. He held an altitude of three hundred feet, tried to visualize the lay of the shore, at his right, and ever and ever gave way to the left. He knew that the open sea was better than mountains. Anyway, this fog could not last long. Rain was falling now, perhaps she’d clear. But the thick going did last. One hour payed out, and another. By that time, the Pacific Gull was in a sad plight: Jack Page— without the aid of a compass—was lost. But, when lost—you fight! The cabin passengers also realized that all was not well. At first, Cheese had tried to tell the back-seat four that the cloud effect was only smoke from burning rubbish; but he couldn't make it stick. Mr. Deuss and the four government men silently tapped the arm rests of their snug booths and stared out the side windows. “Everything will be jake,” Cheese told them. “We've got gasoline enough for three hours more. Long before the end of that time, we'll ride out of this stuff.” This was a reasonable hope. ', “Yes, but where?” Jack asked himself as he listened to Cheese’s voice come up the companionway. . . . “ You afraid? he asked the girl. “Do I look it?”’ she smiled back. “No.” As he spoke, Jack studied her face. And knew. | “Well, that’s the correct answer, Jack Page. Lead on!” _ HE Pacific Coast, from Los Angeles through Santa Barbara to Point Pedernales, runs nearly due west for one hund and fifty miles. But at that point—Point Pedernales—the mainland quits its westward push and the shoreline points almost straight north to San Francisco, two hundred and sixty miles away. So, at the end of his second (Continued on page 156) omen. Beyond, right over} March, 1928 How the Som I]]ne Cart OU son in ¢ wit traced to conventio Why v drank the to the ons And why. conventio poison-lac weeks, pc In the « the most in the hi well as © experime! teur’s inc old chole: toward e: tract the as those i miraculot Two m phone re deposited patron. ease, the children measles; Such ir nitely. munity bh Yet only ment of t —have : been offe to make the next tell us, tl and seru diseases « ily docte immunol Their In our of tiny antibodi ing force body ha: or subst: ical affin antigen | each in) antibod} antibody selves dc a victor: Your

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» 194 Owd, ifted juat. Fac ttle, it of very 1 off very ight Ops. eak ing, Not igh, hop joy. ling and ster ver .eir ct. ree ht, en ast ht: en ud n't tly de ‘ot le de ra he ts ty March, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 21 Why We Are Immune to Some Diseases How Tiny Bodies in the Blood Protect Some Men Against IIInesses That Others Cannot Survive By LIDDA KAY OUR men of Buffalo, returning some years ago from a convention in a neighboring city, were stricken with typhoid. The infection was traced to the water they had drunk in the convention city. Why was a fifth Buffalo man who drank the same water apparently immune to the onslaughts of the typhoid bacteria? And why had all but a few residents of the convention city been able to drink the poison-laden water with impunity for weeks, possibly months? In the answers lie the results of some of the most important discoveries in the history of medicine, as well as of a series of amazing experiments dating from Pas- teur’s inoculation of hens with old cholera germs. They go far toward explaining why we con- tract the diseases we do, as well as those instances of apparently miraculous escape. Two men using a public tele- phone receive influenza germs deposited there by a previous patron. One develops the dis- ease, the other doesn’t. Three children in a family come down. with measles; the fourth is immune. Such instances can be multiplied indefi- nitely. The phenomena of natural im- munity have been observed for centuries. Yet only recently—since the establish- ment of the bacterial origin of disease —have any workable explanations been offered. The discovery of ways to make us artificially immune was the next step. Some day, the doctors tell us, they will have found vaccines and serums to immunize us all to all diseases of bacterial origin. The fam- ily doctor of the future will be an immunologist. Their theory is this: In our bodies are countless armies of tiny chemical substances called antibodies—our chief front-line fight- ing force against disease. Each anti- y has its own particular antigen, or substance for which it has a chem- ical affinity. Any disease germ is an antigen for a certain antibody, and if each invading germ finds its particular antibody in our bodies a battle ensues, the antibody destroys the germ, and we our- selves do not even know that we have won a victory. Your body may at this moment be well Above: Boston school children ready to receive the Schick test for diphtheria. If slight injection of the disease toxin causes inflammation, one is suscep- tible. Middle: A child receiving injection for test. Below: Preparing diphtheria toxin to test im- munity. Scarlet fever and smallpox toxins also are made to test immunity against these diseases fortified with diphtheria antibodies and have none at all of value against typhoid. Consequently the diphtheria bacilli are met and conquered before they can gain a foothold, and you are “immune” to diphtheria. Your hope against typhoid would be in the speed with which, once you were taken ill, your body created enough antibodies to destroy the typhoid bacteria. : The Buffalo man who escaped had suf- ficient typhoid antibodies. Residents of the affected city had apparently been able to develop immunity through the growth of antibodies in their blood, on a city-wide scale, the water pollution being probably a very gradual process. For centuries, of course, men had puz- zled over two kinds of immunity—one natural or innate, the other acquired after one had survived a particular dis- ease. Cholera, for example, conferred immunity for life on him who survived. Curious preventive measures followed these observations. Asiatics made chil- dren wear shirts of sufferers from the light form of smallpox, reasoning that the children would also acquire the disease in light form and thereafter be immune from a possibly fatal attack. The Turks, on the same theory, inoculated themselves with pus from mild cases of smallpox. Then, one day in 1880, Pasteur by accident inoculated several hens with old cholera germs—with a culture made a few weeks before instead of the usual fresh one. The hens sickened and then recovered. And they were henceforth immune. That was the beginning of laboratory- made vaccines. Pasteur had shown, in effect, that when weakened bacteria are injected into our bodies, they work no serious harm but cause creation of anti- pe reece Bs sa SEES Lim aia era 5 Na a res H

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22 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY portance of the announcement lies in the fact that heart disease causes more deaths than any other malady; and rheumatism, according to Dr. Henry Albert, commissioner of health of Iowa, causes from fifteen to twenty-five percent of heart disease. ORE lately two Denver physicians, Roy P. Forbes and Berryman Green, demon- strated that a child with measles can, by giving a few drops of his immune blood, protect his young- er brothers and sisters from the disease. When the patient’s fever begins to decline the blood is taken. Serum made from it pro- duces a very mild form of modi- How disease antitoxins are prepared. A slight injection of a disease toxin, as above, causes the development of antibodies in the blood of a horse bodies which protect us against virulent bacteria of the same species. The immu- nity so conferred is called active immunity, because our own bodies create the pro- tecting antibodies. A few years later other scientists dis- covered that the blood of immunized ani- mals, transferred to other animals, con- ferred temporary immunity to the same disease. That was the beginning of serum prevention and treatment of disease. The immunity thus conferred is called passive, because the antibodies contained in such blood or serum are transferred ready-made into our bodies. RAVE men have risked their lives and many have died, these last forty years, in the search for new vaccines and new serums—for always some human be- ing had to be the first on whom the new preventive was tried. When Jack Kibbe, a private in the Army, was honorably discharged from the service recently, it was revealed that Kibbe, with a few other American soldiers in the Philippines, sub- mitted voluntarily to inoculation with the germs of dengue fever. Doctors studied the progress of the disease among the patients, with a result that the fever rate among American troops was reduced from eighty per thousand to twenty. When a squad of American Army en- listed men who had volunteered to risk their lives in a similar way were told that provision had been made to compensate them, they joined in refusing to go on if they were to be paid. In one of the most dramatic military scenes away from a battlefield the high officer to whom they gave their ultimatum rose and bowed and lifted his hand. ““Gentlemen,”’ he said, “‘I salute you.” You will be glad to know they survived. Recently a Philadelphia doctor an- nounced a serum treatment for rheuma- tism, which is not due to old age, but is as much an infection as measles. The im- March, 1% With the accumulation of new data immunity, other questions rose. Are an munity and susceptibility hereditary? 7 no member of your family ever had ¢ measles, can you assume that your chil dren are safe? ’ “No, you can’t inherit permanent jy munity to infectious diseases,” one doctor puts it, “any more than you can inherit susceptibility. Children acquire tubere, losis and other infectious diseases from parents only as a result of close contag with them. The same goes for immunity” Dr. L. W. Famulener, well-known jn, munologist of New York City, told mn that city people develop a markedly greater degree of immunity and resistane to diseases than their apparently healthie, country cousins. “The explanation,” he said, “is tha constant exposure to disease germs jy cities over a period of years stimulates the gradual production of antibodies, Yo, know that the injection of gradually jp. creasing doses of diphtheria toxin into a horse will eventually make him immune to a dose that would ordinarily prove fatal, Much the same process of jm. munization is constantly hap. pening to city dwellers. You get a few pneumonia germs, say just enough to stimulate the produc. tion of a few antibodies in your body. A few weeks later, you get a slightly increased dose and build up still more antibodies, Eventually in this way you may build up complete immuniza- tion to the disease. OT being constantly ex. posed to infection in crowded streets and places, the tissues of country people do not have to build up the antibody protection. “Similarly, the children of certain private schools in New Jersey showed a far greater sus- Blood of the inoculated horse is later drawn painlessly, and the serum is extracted and administered to human beings, either to confer immunity against illness or as a treatment ceptibility to diphtheria than public school children.” fied measles in the children who have been exposed to the disease, and so con- fers immunity without making them ill. Today man can make himself immune, by vaccines or serums, to typhoid, small- pox, rabies, diphtheria (temporarily or permanently, depending on whether anti- toxin or toxin-antitoxin treatment is used), dysentery, plague, cholera, lock- jaw (temporarily), scarlet fever and measles (temporarily). NFLUENZA, infantile paralysis, pneu- monia and tuberculosis are diseases against which immunization is still being sought by laboratory workers. Yet we have only just begun to combat infections. We treat symptoms instead of treating root causes and effects. Frankly, we are ignorant to a large degree of the chemical constitution of living matter. If the time and energy and ability that have been spent on metallurgy were spent on medicine we could manufacture anti-~ toxin as readily as we can make cobalt steel. There lies a great field for the chemist who will turn his attention from dyes to biochemistry. As we grow older, of course, no matter where we live, we acquire a certain degree of immunity to infectious diseases by the same process—constant exposure and the gradual creation of anti- bodies. But this does not apply to pneu- monia and the common cold, Most of us make the mistake of think- ing that good health alone confers a cer- tain immunity to infection. “Give me perfect health and I'll ride the worst epidemic,” you hear. Yet the percentage of baseball players who fall victims to typhoid is above the average. Their top- notch physical condition provides no im- munity against the polluted water many of them carelessly drink while traveling around the country. Interesting experiments were made by the late Dr. Reynold A. Spaeth, of the Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health. Of forty white rats, twenty were regu- larly exercised by forced running in motor- driven drums. The other twenty were left to their own devices. After twenty- one weeks all forty were inoculated with pneumonia germs. Next day the unexer- cised rats were alert, bright-eyed and normal. But the (Continued on page 161) March, 1928 6 SALT SAN FR SAN DI hop, his fe the Spirit him, altog equal to around th sign of fal minor rep: While t Lindberg! were accli Colonel buena Ai

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h, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 23 “We” Smash More Records \ SEATTLE SELFRIDGE FIELD) Ny Fu, SPOKANE petro) / AuFFALO Pigs eels \ / OTTAWA FARGO ta Qe, Lindbergh’s Plane By ELLSWORTH BENNETT EN Col. Charles A. WP: VA p 7 BUTTE PIERR' onl: f. al won MILWAUKE! OE Sh NEW YORK CHICAG lt PS SALT LAKE CITY cA (op eo WASHINGTON \|san FRANCISCO KANSAS CITY, gee | AF \ RICHMOND ir iii ae DENVER tbe?” iT TSBURGH pespolt STLOUIS =” peo Q - 7" CHATTANOOGA /* ie - y po OKLAHOMA CITY Y SAN DEG RE ATLANTA ' ns, hn ees JACKSONVILLE { \ - NEW ORLEANS \ : \\ CORPUS CHRIST! “f ATAMPICO 8 ey 6 =— 4 / . z \ ) * EXIDCITY \ J y BELIZE ag . ba i, -——_ (BRITISH HONDURAS) , “ - _ in i jt = me —LEGEND ~ SS HR THGNBURAS) SAN DIEGO TO PARIS==e—-e=|| GUATEMALA CITY NS [7 ff) (HONDURAS) PHASHINGTON 70 MEXICO -—-o—| (GUATEMALA) Swe ft —anacun 7 }AROUND AMERICA ~>—>—>— | Ss \ RAGUA) MISCELLANEOUS ssetes-2----=-tene | SAN SRVABOR) S$ re, CENTRAL AMERICA ROUTE -*----»-| N JOSE SP SSF COLON — (COSTA RICA) = (PANAMA CANAL) Me eh Mahe SS He 43 “ wipe 4 Road Lindbergh touched the soil of Central America on his latest “‘ good will” hop, his famous mechanical partner, the Spirit of St. Louis, had carried him, altogether, 35,580 miles—nearly equal to one and one-half times around the globe! And this without sign of faltering, and with only a few minor repairs. While the world renewed its tribute to The Spirit of St. Louis, Lindbergh at the controls, map of their 35,580-mile travels, and Gen. Obregon (with glasses) and President Calles watching them in Mexico 300 hours. And it was still turning smoothly. Indeed, just before the 2000- mile trip from Washington to Mexico City, the master mechanic at Bolling Field, Washington, had gone over the plane and had pronounced it in as perfect condition as the day it left the factory! monoplane as one of the amazing The accompanying map shows the Lindbergh as a genius of flight, engineers mechanical performances of all time. were acclaiming the triumph of his silver Roaring at a speed far faster than an ex- Colonel Lindbergh and the Spirit of St. Louis landing at the Val- buena Airport, Mexico City on “good will’ flight to Central America press train’s, the ma- chine had within seven months borne its pilot across the American continent, over the At- lantic Ocean, through every state in the Union, and then to Mexico City and Gua- temala. And here it was, safe and sound, apparently as fit as ever! Its air-cooled Whirl- wind motor had run for more than 370 hours without a failure, sur- viving well beyond the average life span of modern power plants of its type, reckoned at long trail of Lindbergh’s remarkable flights since the day, last May, when he hopped off from San Diego on his great adventure. It constitutes a _picture- record of unequaled mechanical and hu- man endurance. | Brg return from France was quickly followed by a 22,350-mile tour of the country. This was completed without a single overhauling, and with no mechanical difficulties or forced land- ings. Only one failure of schedule oc- curred, when Lindbergh decided not to risk a landing in the fog at Portland, Me. When, at the end of the tour, the motor was taken down, mechanics found it necessary to replace only bushings, a rocker arm and two valves—after more than 32,000 miles. Today the Spirit of St. Louis is still good for many more months of service. ee vce Se TCE ana on e552 vem Ayer aaae bee yee pee OP ws eas RS ERS Te a tran ep ee ne aga ae

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Joe Mcllroy, veteran lumberjack, teaches the author how to saw a log. Right: Map of Androscoggin drive HE drive! Pulp logs—four- foot lengths of spruce des- tined for the pulp crushers of the voracious paper mills down river. Saw logs— twenty-foot lengths of pine for the band saws of ever-hungry mills. Thousands and thousands of feet of rushing timber, wet and slick, sometimes tossed half hidden by sheets of white spray into the thin spring sunshine, sometimes tumbled end-over-end down breath-taking rapids by the fierce swirling waters of well- named Rapid River. Above all, appro- priate music—the sullen roar of the river and the harsh crashing and splintering of timber hurled viciously against boulders and rock ledges. Cld Joe McIlroy, veteran of forty-odd years of river driving, my guide when I went into the logging country to report a drive for the readers of PopuLar SciENCE MonTHLY, gripped my arm with a weath- er-darkened hand and pointed two hun- dred yards upstream to a long saw log, its butt jammed hard into some crevice in the river’s rock bottom. It had swung across the current and lodged its other end behind a boulder. Held in place by the terrific rush of water, it had become a rallying point for other logs, which, hurled against it and up-ended, were transformed swiftly into a _ confused, spray-drenched pile of gigantic jackstraws. ° OU’VE been wantin’ to see a log jam,” old Joe shouted in my ear. “Well, there’s the beginnin’ of a dandy. That there ledge is the worst spot in this whole six-mile stretch of white water POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY March, 19 | NEW HAMPSHIRE By ARTHUR GRAHAME : ania ~ ' SCALE OF MILES Romance Jams the Log Jams Lumberjacks Risk Lives Playing with Twenty-foot Jackstrauws And Dynamite to Keep Timber Moving in Lakes, Rivers and Rapids * ~« t £ # that’s been the devil’s own delight ever since they began to drive down it. If the tender-out don't get on the job in a hurry and make the boys sweat blood, you'll see as bad a jam as there’s ever been on this river—and there's been plenty, Want to see it closer to? Come on with you, then.” Sixty-odd years and rheumatism —the riverman’s deadliest enemy —notwithstanding, he set off along the rough trail at a pace it taxed me In these modern days dynamite breaks up log jams that formerly took hours of labor to end, sometimes costing lives of lumber- jacks. At right: Preparing a charge of “canned thunder” to end a jam on the Androscoggin. Above: The tlast hurls logs in the airand their journey down the river to the mills at Berlin is resumed March, 192! to follow. river—bu jnto the ¥ after a ht In the fe of it, the was an u groaning river. many cre more wal iling up High « broke int a rough | brush ac! was @ le solemn f: seasons brown of a brief g eyes to spoke, Ww gentle v: “yo ri\ out mal piece to hang-up strode t shack ai formed river het free. C tenders- right im The t his pic foot ash tip fast so a mi into a | and the as he sc bank. | logs wa most of and the changes mur th the cra ing of the ter little v low th tender- leap f boulde: Then, | erous, timber 2 above soaked water | spitefu gan tc at the jam’s" ms | said o ago, u mond.

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h, 19y S Us 1s light lrive lon’t 1ake € as 1 on nty. e on ‘ism emy long March, 1928 tofollow. The trail swung away from the river—but not out of earshot of its roar— into the warm stillness of the woods; then, after a hundred yards, back to the river. In the few minutes that we had lost sight of it, the jam had increased tenfold. It was an uneven, bulging wall of grinding, roaning logs extending across the narrow river. Water shot its way through the many crevices in this wall. but behind it more water, and thousands of logs, were jling up. ' High on the bank above the jam, we broke into a small clearing in which stood a rough shack; a man emerged from the brush across the open space from us. He was ‘a lean, slabsided man, whose long, solemn face the winds and suns of many seasons had tanned to the rich, even brown of a long-used saddle. He gave us a brief glance, then turned his clear gray eves to the jam. After a moment he spoke, with a Yankee drawl and in the gentle voice of the Maine woodsman. « OU can’t trust this old devil of a river a minute,” he observed with- out malice. “‘I just went upstream a piece to help the boys out with a little hang-up—and now look at this.” He strode to a telephone on the side of the shack and spoke calmly into the trans- mitter. “He’s the tender-out.”’ old Joe in- formed me. “It’s his job to watch the river here and see that the logs are runnin’ free. Old-timer on the river—all the tenders-out are. It’s a right important job.” The tender-out took up his pickpole—a_twelve- foot ash shaft with a steel] tip fashioned auger-wise. so a man could thrust it into a log, give it a twist, and then pull the timber as he scrambled down the bank. Now the wall of logs was damming back most of the river's flow, and the water’s roar was changed to a sullen mur- mur that mingled with the cracking and groan- ing of the logs beneath the terrific pressure. So little water flowed be- low the jam that the tender-out was able to leap from boulder to boulder into midstream. Then, facing the treach- erous, trembling ‘ timber rising far above his head, soaked by the icy water that spurted spitefully from between the logs, he be- gan to prod and pull with his pickpole at the tangled mass, searching for the jam’s key log. “TI saw my brother killed that way,” said old Joe. “‘That was twenty years ago, up north of here on the Swift Dia- mond. He found the key log all right, and POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 25 loosened it—but he couldn't [% get clear in time. Little the [7 logs and the rocks left of | him. We picked his body out of a shallow ten miles down. . . Mighty close that I came to going the same way down there on the Androscoggin, right below Errol Dam. I was on top of a jam, shovin’ logs over, when out she went with me. All hell broke loose. I saw nothin’ but white water and grindin’ logs—and then there I was standin’ on a big saw log with my peavy in my hands and ridin’ pretty in a quiet pool. “ID ACK in those days there was none better than me at ridin’ the logs. Why, I mind once I rode one through an ofen sluice-gate, just to show off to my best girl. There’s few that knows the trick now. Drives ain’t what they used to be, and lumber- jacks ain’t either. There’s not many left in these here woods that can use an ax even. A feller with a cross-cut saw can fell three trees to a good Z ? nae 7 fy = “ys ® wr Eg —P © A log jam on the River Joli in : Quebec, where the most skillful lumberjacks in the world are claimed. At left: One of the jacks rolling a log with feet axman’s one. I mind when—” I had been listening to old Joe with my eyes on the tender-out, play- ing his desperate game of jack- straws down there below the face of the jam, pushing and pulling until the sweat ran down his brown cheeks end the pickpole bent in his hands. Now, as he came leaping toward shore, there was a great to-do of shouting and singing in *he brush, and a dozen _ lumberjacks strode into the clear- ing. Most of them were French-Cana- dians—husky young fellows, with dark faces and straight black hair and big- chested bodies—who wore gaudy mack- inaw shirts, and carried pickpoles or peavies. The tender-out came up the bank as they prepared to descead. “It’s no good,” he said to their foreman. “I'll A flume built where natural waterways do not serve to carry logs to the nearest river or lake that will carry them on their way to the mill have to blow her.”” From a box stand- ’ ing opened and handy at the door of his shack he took three yellow sticks of dynamite and a length of fuse, then went calmly back to the jam. Work- ing unhurriedly and with method, he placed the “‘canned thunder” where it would do the most good, bent over the fuse a moment, and came unexcitedly back to shore. We took to shelter. It seemed a long time before anything happened. Then dull thunder shook the earth, and giant logs, rent and splintered, were hurled high into the air. Before they could splash down again the eager current liad seized on the logs behind them and hurried them on downstream. In a few minutes, old Joe admitted unwillingly, the tender-out, with a few sticks of dyna- mite, had broken a jam that in “the good old days” would have resisted an entire driving crew for hours, and perhaps hung up the drive for days. an HEY’RE using dynamite more every year,” he grumbled. “It busts up a few logs, but it saves time, and time is worth more than logs these days, with lumberjacks paid higher than they used to.” Many times on the drives I listened to that plaint of the old-timers, “‘ Lumber- jacks ain’t what they used to be.” Per- haps they aren’t, but they still do a man’s job in driving the logs down white water from where they are cut in the woods to the mills. Those that I watched at work and talked with in their wangans— ““wangan”™ is (Continued on page 143) Se Peeecanpeninareenpeseeaaae i ae Se ae

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY March, 19 By FRANK PARKER STOCK- BRIDGE Lower Manhattan bathed in a billion and a quarter candlepower of light from a Sperry searchlight in Brooklyn— illumination of efficiency greater than the sun’s. Left: The machine that casts the light perry—( \ompetitor of Dramatic Story of Modern Worker of Mirac!-* Which Vastly Increase Safety of Land, Sea and Air Travel SPARE, blue-eyed man with a close-cropped, white mus- tache stood on the roof of a tall building on the Brooklyn side of the East River and looked across a mile and a half of space at the skyline of Man- hattan. Except for a few illuminated windows here and there, behind which workers lingered at their tasks, the bat- tlements of downtown New York were black against the midnight blue beyond the Jersey hills. Two men wheeled a stubby cylinder mounted on a rubber-tired truck across the roof. “* All set, Mr. Sperry,” called one. The white-mustached man pulled a switch lever and across to the over to “Metal Mike.”’ For twenty-one days, except for an hour in detouring the Savage Islands, no human hand touched the helm. There were cobwebs on her steering wheel when the Auckland pilot clambered aboard. The Sperry gyrocompass and gyro- steering device, applications to useful work of what was merely a physicist’s toy, would alone mark their inventor as one of the world’s most original thinkers. UT the acclaim of the scientific world for Elmer Ambrose Sperry is not based upon those achievements alone. Some call him the greatest living inventor; others, second only to Edison. There are men with more patents to their credit— the Sun he has only four hundred or a few more— but no other man has covered such a va- riety of fields, and certainly not more than one or two others have made inven- tions so fundamental and revolutionary. Most inventions are adaptations or im- provements. Sperry’s are basic. NCE in a while the public hears of Elmer Sperry, as a vague figure be- hind some demonstration of a new light or a new application of the gyroscope (soft “‘g,” please), or when his profes- sional associates honor him with the Collier medal for aviation, or the John Fritz Medal, the highest honor that can be paid an American engineer by his fellows, which was awarded to him for 1927. But the public never towers of Manhattan shot a blinding beam. HE Sperry searchlight, culmination of forty years and more of one man’s life work, giving a light that is actually brighter, unit for unit of radiating surface, than the sunlight which reaches the earth, would be enough in it- self to stamp Elmer Ambrose Sperry as one of the world’s great inventors. On August 30, 1927, the steam tanker Pulpit Point cleared from San Francisco for Auckland, New Zealand. Cap- sees him. It is not of record that he ever presided at a public dinner or made a public speech. But he will head the com- mission of seventy engineers representing the United States at the International World Congress of Engineers at Tokio in 1929. In Chicago there is a four- teen-acre plant devoted to the manufacture of electric coal- mining machinery invented by Sperry. In Niagara Falls are two great electrochemical indus- tries making caustic soda tain Owens set his great circle course true South 38 degrees West by his gyroscopic compass and turned the wheel One of the early Sperry street cars, first that could climb steep grades, built about 1894. Sperry, in derby hat, holds lever on track behind the car and chlorine salt, based upon Sperry inventions. In Baltimore a factory utilizes the March, 192% scrap fror of Ameri selling it | ing down such thin based on The ¢ bought tl street Cal rades. In Bro Company compass, stabilizer Sperry se story bul hattan B Every fleet in tl ventions and. mos searchlig) pedo and some of ment’s @ stand to W HI gre tions of tance in light equ ments, I Sperry a The ni airports their be from the quarter | Practi are mad Sperry « better li edly. out Why, ments t know m I went t I fou Brookly springy seven y¢ “ (5° C long pe “golf we He did all of h any ma Sperr clubs o magnifi at Bell than m: this san than ar The : invento electric cover a rails by made v instrun On a le up in b Wha is a rad which

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h, 193 tin, ght ir- il- March, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY scrap from all of the tin can factories of America, recovering the tin and selling it to the silk weavers and melt- ing down the remaining Iron scrap into such things as sash-weights—entirely based on Sperry patents. The General Electric Company bought the Sperry patents on electric street cars capable of climbing steep rades. In Brooklyn the Sperry Gyroscope Company, which makes the gyro- compass, the gyrosteerer and the gyro- stabilizer for ships, and builds the Sperry searchlights, occupies a twelve- story building at the end of the Man- hattdn Bridge. Every navy and great merchant fleet in the world uses these Sperry in- yentions for navigation. Every navy and. most of the armies use Sperry searchlights. The Sperry aerial tor- pedo and a dozen other war machines, some of them among our Govern- ment’s most carefully guarded secrets, stand to his credit. HEN Prof. A. A. Michelson, the great physicist whose investiga- tions of light are of extreme impor- tance in scientific research, needed a light equal to sunlight for his experi- ments, Elmer Sperry alone could furnish it. And when Professor Michelson’s work called for flywheels with the incredible speed of 46,000 revolutions a minute, Sperry alone could design and build them. The night flyers of the air mail find their airports by the aid of Sperry searchlights, their beams visible as far as 140 miles from their source, shooting a billion and a quarter candlepower into the sky. Practically all motion pictures today are made in windowless studios, for the Sperry carbide are light makes possible better lighting effects, even for suppos- edly. outdoor scenes, than the sun itself. Why, I wondered, with such achieve- ments to his credit, doesn’t the public know more about Elmer Sperry the man? I went to see. I found him at his desk in Brooklyn. His tanned face and springy step belied his sixty- Elmer Ambrose Sperry, one of the greatest living inventors and one of the least known to the public, because his engineering genius and creative power are equaled by his modesty Below: An _ electric automobile built by Sperry before gasoline became the standard for “‘horseless carriage” propulsion. For this he devised a capacious storage battery still utilized today for other purposes 4 Les a irra Dias f } : 11h, 27 than the best now in use, which re- quires a third less fuel to produce the same power, and that fuel costing only a tenth as much as gasoline and non- inflammable. It doesn’t take much imagination to appreciate what such an engine will do for aviation, espe- cially as it has no complex electrical equipment to get out of order. HAT is the supercharged Diesel type airplane engine which Sperry has developed after nearly thirty years of experiment. He has built a num- ber of supercharged engines of other types, many of them being success- fully used in racing cars and airplanes, but he never was satisfied with the four-cycle gasoline engine; it seemed too complicated. “The Diesel engine is simplicity itself, once the weight factor can be cut down,” he told me. ““Everybody realizes now that the failure of so many long-distance flights was due to the weight of the gasoline which had to be carried. Crude oil or distillate, which is the Diesel engine’s fuel, weighs a third less, and my problem has been to Sperry and “Metal Mike,” automatic steers a ship by the gyro- find a way to make it give more power per gallon with no increase in the weight of the engine over the best of the gasoline type.” There were many com- plications in the prob- lem, but the present en- gine, the eighth in the experimental series, is said to have solved them all. ™ yw is your lat- est application of the gyro?” I asked. “The automatic track recorder,” he _ replied. “That was finished about a year ago. It is used by railroads to determine the condition helmsman __ that compass. It resists every wave that turns the ship from its course of the roadbed. The seven years. at a IS pee “(\OLF,” he said, as we spoke of a mutual friend, now long passed into the beyond, “golf would have kept him alive. He didn’t know how to play. He spent all of his time working—the worst thing any man can do.” Sperry is a member of three country clubs on Long Island, where his own magnificent summer home is also situated, at Bellport. And he plays better golf than many men of his years. Yet this same man works longer hours than any other man but Edison. The thing on which the great inventor is working now is an electric fissure detector, to dis- cover and mark faults in railroad rails by electrical measurements made while a car containing the instrument passes over the line. On a length of railroad track set up in his factory tests are being made. What may prove his greatest invention is a radically new type of aviation engine, which weighs no more per horsepower cmH KZ 4 ‘ The first Sperry arc lamp and, at the left, the first Sperry elec- tric dynamo which provided the current. From a tower in Chicago, a battery of these arc lamps cast 48,000 candlepower, a marvel of the nineties gyroscope, as you know, can tell if the object with which it is in contact is moving, and in what direction: and if tilted, just how many degrees This track-recorder mechanism is mount- ed on a railroad car and run at any speed. It makes a record on paper, telling . just the degree of banking on every curve, vhether the rails have spread at any point, whether the ties are firmly bedded or are center-bound, so that one end sinks under the weight of the train. The engineers can take the picture the gyro- scope draws and send their repair gangs to the precise points where things are wrong.” The recorder has been in use on the Santa Fe railroad for about a year, and is now being adopted by other roads. “I wish you'd explain the working of the gyroscope to me,” I persisted. “What can it do? And how did you come to think of putting it to work?” He picked up a brass model from his desk. Just a little flywheel, heavy at the rim, light at the hub. Each end of the long axle was held in a bearing in a ring of brass, just big (Continued on page 162) ee | ST 1 ar ec poe FR pre ape mre ony x meta + tr i

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28 Where Did You Catch Cold? POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Maybe from Heavy Meals, Smoking, Kissing, or From Your Neighbor—Some New Discoveries about Our National Malady By P. A. CARMICHAEL HOMAS A. EDISON has said that the American people eat too much. The great inventor speaks with authority; he knows the importance of right eating. To the fact that he has long kept to a light diet he attributes much of his ability to work more hours a day than most men. If it is true, as many doctors maintain, that we literally eat ourselves to death, it is not surprising that we sometimes eat ourselves sick. But how often does it occur to the man, woman, or child suffer- ing with a cold that he or she has caught it from eating? Yet what we eat has been found to be the primary cause of many of the colds with which we as a nation suffer. Take, for example, the banquets, parties, and Sunday dinners when we are tempted to overindulge our appetites for rich food. We may soon suffer from siuggishness or indigestion, but we also are inviting that insidious ailment for which we usually blame the weather or somebody’s sneez- ing—the common cold. Dr. Volney S. Cheney, medical director of a Chicago packing plant, suspecting that colds among the employees were due largely to overeating, kept a record of them and found strong evidence that his suspicions were correct. On days after banquets and on Mondays and days fol- lowing holidays, the prevalence of colds was greatest. The explanation, Dr. Cheney said, was fundamentally the eating of too much meat and other protein-containing food. This unbalanced the system, generated acid poisoning, and combined with lack of exercise and perhaps with other ail- ments already present in the body, paved the way for colds. The remedy, he said, is a diet containing plenty of vegetables. We not only eat ourselves into colds, but some of us smoke ourselves into them. Many a man, intent on some task, excitedly lights one cigarette after an- other and presently finds himself hoarse. = HAT have I done to catch this infernal cold?” he asks. He runs over the events of yesterday and the day before, but can think of nothing he did then to induce a cold. The consequence is, he ascribes it to some mystery in Nature. Let us suppose he had gone to a doctor. The latter would have examined his throat and, finding it inflamed, probably asked whether he smoked. When the patient had recalled his excessive smoking of the day before, the explanation would CHANGES IN DRESS AND LIVING CONDITIONS RATHER THAN IN THE WEATHER CAUSE THESE "SEASONAL COLDS have been clear. It would have been this: The smoke irritated the delicate mucous membrane of his throat, allow- ing the germs constantly inhabiting the mouth and throat to penetrate the flesh and set up the inflammation. Sometimes a surprisingly small amount of precaution will prevent such a cold. For instance, Dr. Russell L. Cecil, pro- fessor of clinical medicine at the Cornell University Medical College, reports cases in which even a change in the brand of cigarettes has been effective. Cc of this kind show how it is pos- sible to contract the ailment without exposure to other sufferers or to bad weather. The reason is that we are con- stantly beset by an army of microbes camped in our mouths and throats. These invisible invaders are always ready to attack. Of course, they do not succeed at every opportunity, for there is an opposing army of corpuscular defenders in the blood which, when the system is in good order, usually repulses them. Not only excessive smoking, but such things as dust and gases, extremely cold, dry air, over-use of the voice by speakers and singers, and digestive disorders, which send up substances that roughen the membrane, may cause colds. This is one kind of cold. There is an- other. When you kiss your maiden aunt—or, for that matter, your best girl—when you shake hands with a friend you haven’t seen for six months; and, of course, when you fall within range of the fellow who charges the atmosphere with germs by coughing and sneezing—when, in other words, you come in contact with carriers of the germ, you are in danger of catch- ing this second variety of the disease. Strange to say, this kind is contagious; March, 19% whereas the other kind, which we catch without contact and without exposure, is not. To demonstrate the contagiousness of the second variety, Dr. Peter K. Olitsky, of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, conducted a series of interesting experiments. He took washings, or cul- tures, from the throats of cold sufferers and with these swabbed the throats of several well persons. The result was, with few exceptions, that he produced typical colds. In the cases where the colds failed to “take,” the persons from whom the cultures were obtained had been infected eighteen to twenty hours, whereas, in the other cases, the infections were only a few hours old. All of which indicated that colds are communicable in the early stages but not in the later. So far as medical science knows, the agent which causes colds may be 80 minute as to be invisible under the most powerful microscope. Dr. Olitsky put all the washings he used through the finest filter, thus straining out all the known bacteria, and yet transmitted the disease. He concluded, therefore, that the cause is apparently a filterable virus. ENERATIONS of warnings against exposure have left in most of us an almost instinctive dread of cold or damp weather, in which, we think, there lurks our death of cold. Lately this idea has been widely challenged. Colds, we have been told, are not caused by exposure, but by germs. The question has been investi- gated experimentally, just as was that of the transmission of colds, with the result that we now have the findings of science for a guide. In St. Louis, at the Washington Uni- versity Medical School, a group of volun- teers submitted (Continued on page 136) IF’ Bre a | wit cockpit ¢ right han feet movl controls, | strange P Here h flight—ar could not Worse? sti ning dans For fu been chas endless ¢ below he little bird barracks yond, to farm lan: the Gulf OW repé often giv tried to the ship when wit pilot had simple it he woulc himself t On tl signaled “Tf tl there w: one, “he Almos plane m officers sickenins pen now they sav sink slov a graceft winged « a perfec The c grinning vastly their h “grounc rise to with ins find hi: brought self, but claim to every ¢ stinct. With cadet t landed,

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h, 193 It 1- n- 6) March, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 29 A New Brood of Lindberghs How Uncle Sam’s Sky Classrooms Are Teaching Awkward Fledglings to Become Great Flyers By MAJ. GEN. JAMES E. FECHET Chief of Air Corps, U. S. Army IFTEEN hundred feet above Brooks Field, San Antonio, Texas, a biplane skidded uncertainly in wide-sweeping circles. In the cockpit a goggled young flying cadet, right hand clutching the “stick,” feet moving gingerly on the rudder controls, struggled in the grip of a strange predicament. Here he was, up on his first solo flight—and for the life of him he could not get down to earth again! Wors® still, the fuel tank was run- ning dangerously low! For fully half an hour he had been chasing round and round that endless circle, hawklike. Directly below he could see a curving row of little bird houses—the hangars and barracks of the flying school. Be- yond, to the southwest, miles of farm land stretched away toward the Gulf of Mexico. OW to get down? He tried to repeat to himself the directions often given by his instructor. He tried to bring back the “feel” of the ship on previous occasions when with dual controls the veteran pilot had demonstrated to him how simple it was to land. But try as he would now, he could not bring himself to make the dive to earth. On the ground a group of officers signaled frantically. “If that boy is sitting around up there waiting to fall down,” grumbled one, ““he won't have to wait long.” Almost as he spoke, the engine of the plane missed, sputtered and died. The officers watched anxiously. A _ stall—a sickening tail spin—anything might hap- pen now. Instead, to their surprise, they saw the nose of the machine % ane 2 ~ One of the many thrilling experiences of the ad- vanced air students, some- times for practice and sometimes to save their lives when they get into difficulties —‘a parachute jump. The flyer is seen below the airplane, which speeds on; the parachute is just beginning to unfold Major General James E. Fechet, Chief of the Air Corps of the U. S. Army at the two Primary Flying Schools of the Army Air Serv- ice—at Brooks Field and at March Field, Riverside, Cali- fornia. tually every state in the Union. Most of them never They are from vir- have ridden ‘an air- plane, nor have they a clear idea of how it is built or how it works. But all are fired by the desire to fly and by the ambi- tion to find a success- ful career in the air. OME are destined to succeed spec- tacularly; some will prove to be naturally unfit and will turn to other pursuits for which they are better adapted. From this raw bunch of ground- lings, however, will emergé men who will be among the great pilots of tomorrow— men trained in the same thrilling school of experience that helped to produce a Lindbergh, a Cham- berlin, and many an- other successful flyer oat EES fe abe ee we Time and again he repeated the perform- ance until his original shyness of the earth had been conquered. Today, hav- ing completed his schooling, he is a crack pilot of a large eastern air line. N the first of this March more than two hundred ambitious young men, like this cadet, set out to try their wings of today. They will find many opportunities— as officers in Army flying units, in mail or the varied commercial air lines, in design- ing and building airplanes. The whole fascinating realm of aviation, you see, opens before these prospective pilots. Under the Government’s five-year pro- gram of expansion in aviation, the Air Service stands in need of skilled officers. That is a chief reason these youths are being given the great chance. sink slowly and deliberately. With a graceful glide, the powerless plane winged downward until it swept to a perfect landing! The cadet stepped from his ship, grinning sheepishly. The officers, vastly relieved, could only shake their heads and laugh at this “ground shy” fledgling who could rise to the do-or-die emergency with instinctive resourcefulness and . find his wings. True, he had brought the emergency upon him- self, but in meeting it he had laid claim to that coveted possession of every great pilot—the flying in- stinct. With a fresh supply of fuel the At present our air forces are under- manned. We have less than a thou- sand pilots, less than 9000 enlisted men, and 205 flying cadets. Under the new program we shall require at least 1650 commissioned officers, 1800 serviceable airplanes, and 15,000 enlisted men, including 500 flying cadets. UT to enter a Primary Flying School one must measure up to definite qualifications. He must be between twenty and twenty-seven years old with two years’ college training or its equivalent, sound as a dollar physically, with perfect hearing and sight; and well recom- cadet took off again, and again Training planes lined up at Brooks Field, Tex., Primary Flying landed, this time under power. School, ready to start the day’s flights shortly after 6 o’clock A.M. mended as to character. Arrived at the flying field the ware ee eee

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY March, 1yy March, 1928 ronemene ee, a somehow had escaped the qualification inquiry. The first two weeks—all “ground work’’—pass some- what tediously for the boy who is impatient for the air. In the first week he must Jearn mili- tary fundamentals; during the second he gains his first knowl- edge of the theory and me- chanics of flight. HEN the third week brings the great day when he goes up for his first actual © flying instruction. Proudly he appraises the machine he is to ride. It is a PT-1 special training biplane, designed for stability and low Janding speed, and driven by a 150-horse. power motor. Its fuselage is all metal, with strength to withstand a severe crash. The instructor climbs into the front seat, and the student takes his place in the rear. That first flight is little more than a sight-seeing tour, with the jn. structor presiding; but the pupil acquires something of the feel of the ship. Next morning the cadet has his first lesson: jn handling the controls. These are jp duplicate, one set for the instructor, the other for the pupil. On the edge of the upper wing are mounted the instruments in view of both men—air speed indicator altimeter, tachometer and oil gage. Ag they fly the men converse through speak. ing tubes connected with the earpieces of their helmets. “Hold the stick—lightly now... Now your feet on the rudder bar,” The future pilot obeys the commands, co ‘> so /pmembe | studying the movements of the mech. | = anism and the response of the ship, | R ag oe sort of training con. tinues. Then at last, a i / Testing student’s reactions to rarefied atmosphere of about two thousand ae such as he will have to breathe in high flight structor holds up his hands to show beginners are brimful of enthusiasm and _ = - gy og ° “a d A Glozel fin confidence, but before many days they as af ; sie “Ni s tlenen ea a clay block | iin to wonder if this fying thine is 0s _ : opportunity. Nine times out of ten, may have h bent ‘t looked >, = the plane begins to skid and slide Stone Age a i she l ra m ; , Zney €3 " crazily about the sky and the in- ogee Bo mpeg ey =e military pilot a man must fly instinctively, " hace eee , —— ‘Ge Lf pg Tor , ro nene one ae called “inherent flying ability” that en- rss pi ta sg "thas mee ables a military pilot to make half a dozen turns,’ spirals, and landings: then — Been gy the aged sc og “4 aerial acrobatics, especially the tail day have photography with eli “thought. of — oe Almost invariably, when a pilot into two b Ph an Se toes of tae | stalls his plane, it goes into one of versy to ¢ the mechanical operations of flig ae ‘| these vertical spins. The controls go new chap — ae oh i limp, and have no effect. Eventually history of ea mage y i. a . ear os the student learns the trick of getting One gre exper sg * the d ying cadet out of a tail spin by kicking over the rud- relics the = . “4 or S the ae der to form a pocket which catches the archeolog \ w a er i € Chetan oe elu- air, lifts the tail of the ship and brings the ancient st | a pe ity—whether he 1s a nose down. sels, carv: | em Hyer. After about twenty half-hour flights they find | g ee with his instructor the pupil, if he has Age civiliz . eh : oe need a eh shown steady progress, is ready for “‘solo in Wester | tater, which reveals the man’s work.” If he has failed to progress, he 10,000 ye | ability to “find himself” when faces the “benzine board.” Other in- Egypt. | hiae and Sealiied cheut ley structors go up (Continued on page 152) Opposi the evolutions of a plane. In pl | a cockpit suspended within “Bnd? ji | three concentric rings, the etrat ) “pilot” is looped, rolled and spun - . ‘ e ustrious through every conceivable experience and must bring himself back to an even HE . keel after each upset. head There are other ingenious testing de- i the re vices—for example, a whirling chair that eis determines a man’s sense of equilibrium, Anthro : instruments that test his judgment of dis- duesher E tance, machines that measure how readily Gde if rf his muscles respond to a sharp command une. T' or a flashing signal. In addition, search- _ a ing questions disclose his family and per-. @ dasin sonal history, his habits, peculiatities and a. temperament—all this to reveal any nerv- fanned t] ous weaknesses which later might cause Root Ton a Yin break under trying circum- believers Some time ago one of the most brilliant : = Tie tea le ieee ao Sg ag and. led | cadets crashed hcg day s after his gradua- pre wR ewe eo dugllente the pee Be a a ghie te euaticdaruiiehoun ng "Middle: Director tion. Later it was discovered he had been Testing vision. A cadet at either flying school must see perfectly without glasses. Lower: Flying Saint Ge subject to occasional fainting spells which cadets learning how to repair wings, fuselage and propellers in the woodworking shop of the school

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—-— SS oO Se ae NK ee T © Ee Ss SS DDS OOS ST Oe ee lCUmee—C‘< Ci Ce al ll

March, 1928 Bits of Old Clay ick upa Big Row Bitter Dispute Divides French Archeologists—Are Carvings Dug Up 10,000 or Only 10 Years Old? By GEORGE LEE DOWD, JR. AGlozel find. A clay block that may have held a Stone Age idol. Did caveman or a joker make it?

HREE thousand so-called prehistoric relics, dug from clay two feet under the soil of a peasant’s farm in the hamlet of Glozel, France, to- day have divided French archeologists into two bitterly hostile camps in a contro- versy to determine whether a fascinating new chapter shall be added to the early history of mankind. One group of experts pronounces the relics the most important of European archeological discoveries. In seemingly ancient stone implements, weapons, ves- sels, carved bones and inscribed tablets they find evidence of a remarkable Stone Age civilization which they believe existed in Western Europe perhaps as long ago as 10,000 years—more remote than ancient Egypt. Opposing these Glozel believers are equally respected experts

POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 31

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their grievances to the French courts. There the matter boils at the present writing. It all began in 1924, when the plow of a French peasant, Emile Fradin, turned up a number of curious and apparently ancient implements and inscribed clay tablets. Dr. Morlet, a physician and antiquarian living near by in Vichy, be- came interested. Searching farther, he and others unearthed thousands of vases, axes, flint arrowheads, bone harpoons, stones with ground edges, fragments of glass vessels, and also evidences of an ancient tomb. Chief interest centered on the carved tablets, seeming to indicate that pre- historic cave men used an alphabet cen- turies before the ancient Phoenicians, generally credited with the invention of the ABC’s. The inscriptions included Part of the “‘ Museum of Glozel,’’ showing some of the relics of which it is the crude temporary repository. The most interest- ing feature of this group is constituted by the strange bowls which represent human faces with eyes but without mouths more than a hundred signs and charac- ters. Curiously, half of these bore strik- ing resemblance to Phoenician, old Greek, Etruscan, Latin, and other ancient writ- ings. Certain symbols were similar to those found in such far separated parts of the world as ‘Peru, New Zealand, Scandinavia and Mexico. Others: were entirely unrecognizable. MONG other surprising discoveries were more than a dozen clay figures representing the human face, with round eyes, but without trace of a mouth! Carvings of reindeer heads appeared on small stones and pieces of bone. Reinach attributed the relics to primi- tive people who probably were common to what are now France, Spain and Portugal. Later they vanished, possibly migrating to the east under pressure of invaders from the north.

who contend that the entire “find” is a gigantic hoax perpetrated by some _ in- dustrious jokesmith. HE conflict came to a head a few weeks ago in the report of a special In- ternational Commission of Anthropologists, eight in number, appointed to de- cide if the relics were gen- uine. The report called the “discovery” little more than a daring and ingenious fake. But this finding only fanned the conflict to greater heat. Immediately the Glozel believers charged the com- mission with bias and fraud and, led by Saloman Reinach,

This, he says, might explain the similarities between the Glozel inscriptions and the writings of early Mediter- ranean peoples. “The collection,” says the commission, “is simply the invention of someone who had wit enough to place some genuinely old axeheads and other fragments with others of bone and pottery which he had carefully and patiently fashioned himself.” The commission contended that the carvings bore every evidence of having been cut with modern metal chisels; that an “ancient” oven un- earthed was not over seven- tv-five years old; that many

Director of the Museum of Saint Germain-en-Laye, took The scientific jury gets first-hand information by visiting the scene of the find - or the “‘crime”’ of fakery, as they adjudged it—on the farm at Glozel, France of the “prehistoric” bones actually were new. Poa wg 3 1 ES Sag i are ee

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en OWN a Michigan road, not long ago, rattled a dilapidated “tin lizzie.” Over the steering wheel crouched a tall, gaunt, gray- haired man; a small boy at his side. Henry Ford was the man. The car was a new Ford, secretly built and disguised under a body of ancient vintage. The small boy had been picked up along the roadside because Henry Ford wanted from his lips an unbiased opinion of his new car—an opinion he could get in no other way. Ford’s new cars, already dotting the highways, are the climax of the most spectacular drama in the history of the automobile. One man, by sheer driving personality, dominated it. Success, wealth, fame were his, yet he would not sit idle and let others build his new car. Ruth- lessly he scrapped men and machines and started over again. At sixty-four he undertook the hardest task of his life, harder even than the production of his first car more than a quarter of a century ago. He was everywhere at once, passed POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Tre Real Story Behind the New Ford (a By EDWIN KETCHUM The new car and its 64-year-old maker, who just smiles when some engineers say he cannot make profit even if he sells 10,000 a day on every idea, tested most of them per- sonally. Never before has there been such a story of an emergéncy autocratic control of a mammoth industry—of in- ventive persistence, and inventions made to order on a huge scale. Ford seized the first new model as it came from the assembly line at the great Fordson, Illinois factory. “Is this the best you can do?”’ he asked his engineers. “Yes,” they told him. “T’ll represent the public, then,” he said; and a second later the car, with Ford at the wheel, leaped out upon a near-by field. When he re- turned, after bumping over stones and logs, he declared, “Pretty good, but it bounces. Put on hydraulic shock ab- sorbers.” ND so, day after day, the new Ford was changed and modified and im- proved. Ideas for integral parts came from chance remarks of his aides, some- times on country drives far from. the designer’s room. Frequently Ford would enter his factory, already engaged on production, and say, “This part is nt right. Let’s try it this way!” A part would be built and tried. If it aint work, the idea was scrapped and a ney one developed. ‘Trial and error on g titanic scale! I went out to the great Ford exper. mental laboratory near Detroit a fey days after the new car was announced to the public to find out the unpublished de. tails of the gigantic new start of the Ford Company. Yet at that great plant few people really knew anything about the things I wanted to know. But Sorensep knew—Charles E. Sorensen, Ford's right. hand man, in charge of production. And it was to him I went first. Better steel at lower cost would be needed for a better car. That was decided several years ago when the new car was first discussed. Mr. Sorensen and a few others, a very few others, knew, therefore, ‘just why Ford purchased obsolete vessels from the Shipping Board and acquired a glass factory and new timber lands, Henry Ford was going to produce a new car from his own raw materials in his own factories. HAT was the program Ford outlined for himself in 1922. To carry it out he had to scrap the costly machinery of the largest and most successful automo- bile factory in the world. For weeks great machines had to stand idle. Thousands of men had to be thrown out of work temporarily. Ask any business man what it means in dollars and cents to stop sucha plant for even a day, and you will have some idea of the courage it took Ford to determine to build a new car whose suc- cess no one could foretell. First there was talk of making the momentous shift after the ten millionth “lizzie” had been made; but “there never seemed to be an opportunity to get the new car started,” Ford said, so the fifteen millionth Ford was set as a tentative turning point. Meanwhile Ford laid down his funda- mental orders. “Build a car designed for a need, not any definite price,” he told his engineers. Specifically, he demanded a machine that could go sixty miles an hour. A mileaminute! That called fora forty- horsepower motor., Shall it be a four- cylinder car or a six? Ford demanded a low speed motor. Such an engine, spin- ning its crankshaft 2600 times a minute, cen develop forty horsepower with four cylinders. A four it was to be, then. “Better make the cylinder chambers about as wide as the distance the pistons Henry For places of t aarti travel up explaining engine, wit So Ford built into © creation— ground up keynote ¢ looped, ¥ power fro to spin th Was it at rest? | was even would, vit A precisi balance. HE « right, car aroun will hold neers ma; task was Henry F« It is tl the weigh thing not bounces ° Ford fou unsprung spun ste the fron mechani out loss themselv by their their ow Now : quired— edent. " out, for body—I the two sand-col Accesso! the old scrapper HE ther that co the thi

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4 , witaheereaeed « ‘ Ba I few re, da ds, ew wh ed ut 10- rk at la ve to c- =" Swe 6 March, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 33 travel up and down,” Ford directed, explaining that he favored the “square” engine, with bore and stroke nearly equal. So Ford, master engineer, had his ideas built into the motor that was to drive his creation—an entirely new motor from the ground up. Strength! That must be the keynote of the crankshaft—the sturdy, looped, whirling shaft through which power from the aluminum pistons flows to spin the car’s wheels. Was it balanced? In action as well as at rest? Ford wanted to know, for if it was even a trifle unevenly weighted, it would, vibrate and shake the whole car. A precision testing machine proved its balance. HE engine was satisfactory. “All right,” Ford said. “Build a compact car around it. A light car, but one that will hold the road.”” Some of those engi- neers may have told their wives that the task was impossible, but they didn’t tell Henry Ford. It is the ““unsprung weight” of a car, the weight of the wheels, axles and every- thing not hung on springs, that jolts and bounces when it strikes holes in the road. Ford found unsuspected ways to eliminate unsprung weight—a rear axle housing of spun steel, steel-spoke wheels, changes in the front axle and the new four-wheel mechanical brake system, all lighter with- out loss of strength. Even the springs themselves, usually attached to the axle by their heavy end, were reversed so that their own weight would be “sprung”! Now an up-to-date gear shift was re- quired—a break with years of Ford prec- edent. The frame itself, forged through- out, for strength. Colors, too, for the body—Edsel Ford chose for his father the two shades of blue, the gray, and the sand-color that became the new finishes. Accessories? “‘ The best,” Ford said. Even the old familiar “squawker” horn was scrapped. HERE was the car—on paper, but there were no machines in existence that could make, in quantity, some of the things that Ford had put in it—a Henry Ford’s River Rouge plant, which in 1924 covered 65 acres and now, as one of the birth- of the new Ford cars, occupies more than 115 acres. This does not include the area devoted to breaking up 199 old ships to utilize their material in making the new Fords gasoline tank electrically weld- ed of steel covered with anti- rust lead alloy, for example. “We'll invent our own ma- chines,” Ford decided. Ordinary electric welding machines couldn’t make the gas- oline tanks because the current sputtered and failed momen- tarily as it flowed through the bearings to the welding disks. One of Ford’s men hit upon the scheme of running the bearings in mercury, a good conductor of electricity, and that problem was solved. To spin hot metal ‘into rear axle housings, a device like a huge potter's wheel was _ in- vented. Instead of clay, it whirls a red-hot forging; a special forming tool pressed against the metal flattens it into the dish-shaped housing. Now that machine makes three a minute. Thus new machines were invented. Existing ones were modified. Ford found that he must scrap and replace a quarter of all his machines, valued at forty-five million dollars! Half could be made over, the remaining quarter could be used as they stood. The secret of the Ford success has been mass production, devel: ved to a degree that left men of lesser imagination gasp- ing. Now he would make them, gasp again. He would not only make the cars, but make the materials that went into them. Besides his own steel plant, he built a factory to manufacture unbreak- able, three-ply glass for his windshields. Fuel for his plants came from his coal properties in Kentucky and West Vir- ginia. His Michigan timber lands sup- plied him with wood. Obsolete vessels went into his furnaces and emerged as metal for his cars. Then Ford faced the greatest decision of his life. Should he stop the plant in the midst of production and go ahead with the new model? Or play the safe course; stick to the old familiar car and the parts business? Millions were at stake. Welding gasoline tanks with machine invented for the purpose. Mercury keeps the current constant “We'll make the new car now,” he said, and one spring day of 1927 he drove the fifteen millionth old-type car off the Higbland Park assembly line. Then the plant shut down. Out came the old machines at Highland Park and Fordson. New machines sprang up—among them forging presses that shaped frames of cars at one mighty blow. Then came the Fordson plant’s gala day. Down the assembly line rolled a shining new car with Sorensen at the wheel. Behind it came a second, a third. Here was the new Ford! And yet Henry Ford wasn't satisfied. He disguised a few of these first cars and started picking up small boys around Dearborn to get their verdict. He got it and gave the machine to the public. How much did it cost? No one knows. A staff of accountants could easily find . out, of course. The: point is that they don’t. Ford apparently doesn’t care how much it cost and obviously he isn’t worried about those engineers who say he can’t make money on the new car. “When we began work on the new model, we had $350,000,000 in the bank. Now we have $250,000,000,” he said. That is the story of how one man built a car that set the world talking. a ae Bind iin de 3) BeOS tee ne th UT TE cae 4 AN NS RE CEREAL EY LOE ELS ABLE —————— rn rf

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———————————— What We Owe to Newton The Story of a Farm Boy Who Built Queer Toys, Made the Universe Hang Together, and Became One of the Supreme Discoverers of All Time carved his name on a stone window sill when he should have been conning his lessons and spent his leisure at home in making doll furni- ture for girls and queer toys N ENGLISH farmer’s son, rather dull in his early school days, who POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY By ARTHUR A. STUART to find its exact law. Why then do we honor him? The answer is given by Dr. Paul R. Heyl of the U. S. Bureau of Standards: “Newton stood head and shoulders above his conteimporaries because he had March, 19% forth in it is part of our common heritage, almost innate. Some reader may wish me to clarify further the seeming contradiction be tween Newton’s greatness and his stated lack of originality. Let us put it thus; Others guessed; he proved,

for himself, received the hom- age of the civilized world dur- ing the last year on the two hundredth anniversary of his death. He was acclaimed as one of the supreme discoverers of all time, a scientist with few equals through human his- it Darwin and Aristotle are excepted, who else can | stand beside him who found | the laws underlying the move- ments of all celestial bodies and put into mathematical form the poet’s music of the spheres? Sir Isaac Newton made the universe hang together by the bonds of gravitation. He guaranteed the scheduled ar-

rival and departure of every | heavenly body, whether | speeding hundreds or <* —— 4 sands of miles an hour proved the reign of physical | law on earth and extended it | to the utmost abyss of space. He replaced chance with | certainty, fear with rational | assurance and superstition | with knowledge. Hein- | creased the dignity and stat- ure of man. Someone has said that all of us today are standing on Newton's shoul- ders.

NEWTON’S SIX GREATEST WORKS By discovering gravitation as a uni- versal law, he brought order out of chaos, knowledge out of superstition. His improved methods of caiculation placed knowledge and achievement on a basis of mathematical precision. Others collected bits of knowl. edge mingled with error; he selected the elements of truth and assembled them into a mighty edifice. AT THE age of twelve Isaac Newton stood near the bottom of his clasg in public school. One day another boy “gave him a kick on the stomach, which occasioned a great deal of pain.” This was the most salutary and useful kick in history. It woke up Isaac completely and was the tum. He guaranteed the movements and positions of heavenly bodies, and so made safe, exact navigation possible. ing point in his career. He saw more red than he ever discovered later in the spec.

for all modern physics. His spectrum analysis of white light paved the way for a host of useful optical discoveries and inventions. He originated a mathematical basis For isolated facts he substituted the rule of law. He invented the reflector telescope. By study of the stars he gave to the world a wider view of the universe. trum, pummeled his assailant to a standstill and, as a neat finish, took him by the ears and rubbed his face against the churchyard wall. Isaac's chest expanded. Then he realized that the boy he had whipped stood above him in school. This would not do. He resolved to win a mental as well as physical victory over his foe. He began to study and earned first Place in school. At home Isaac had a kit of tools and amused himself building models. One of these was a windmill like a

E HEAR that Ein- stein, who discovered relativity, has made Newton a back number, out of date and obsolete. Nevertheless the uni- verse still proceeds according tothe daily time table devised by the English mathe- matician. Einstein himself concedes that the laws of his predecessor continue to have a practical validity. Planets yet swing in their orderly paths and are spaced with relation to their fellow plan- ets and their suns by the rules of mass, motion and gravity as laid down by New- ton. Doubtless Einstein has found new truths. They do not cancel but extend the old ones. Despite the popular idea, Newton was not the first to discover gravitation nor vision, a broad mental grasp. Scientific knowledge before his day consisted chiefly of isolated facts. . . But Newton was able to visualize all the moving bodies in the universe from comets to falling apples, and to demonstrate that they all obeyed a single law—universal gravita- tion. He brought order out of chaos; he had constructive talent; he was a builder.” No book as epoch-making as Newton’s “Principia” appeared until Darwin's “Origin of Species’’ was published in the middle of the last century. The first book dealt with physics, or matter, and the second with biology, or life. Today the “Principia” is taken for granted; the picture of the universe set big one in the neighborhood. To make the windmill per form inside the house, the boy inventor rigged up a treadwheel on which he im stalled a mouse, which was lured to travel forward by a bait of grain hung just beyond its reach. Isaac also madea water clock. This was framed in an old box and stood four feet high. i SB dripping of water on paddles or the like was the motive force am caused the dial hands to register. The boy kept the device in his bedroom and gave it a day’s allowance of water every morning. It was such a practical clock that everyone in the house kept time by it. As an improvement on the water clock, Isaac turned to sundials. The first ones

Fed two of his home came arour by what w HE rez ancien! and watche of radio tit second the Isaac New' radio time moment of ment folloy Young I which was occupant. ball beari vehicles | better Juc paper kite: to figure t where bes hooking a lighted cai he launch: country p another c portend di There wv ing doll | boards, fc furniture — girls, a M Mrs. New financially period of whichever drew dias colored ar

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Ls 19% rify ited 1US: wl. uth da lve od ich

March, 1928 were based on rough observation of where shadows fell on house walls and roof at different times of the day. Wooden pegs were placed “to mark by their shadows the hours and half hours.” With increas- ing knowledge and skill, the youngster roduced more accurate sundials. He carved two of them on the masonry walls of his home, and it was said the neighbors came around to ascertain the correct time by what was known as “Isaac’s Dial.” HE reader and I may smile over this ancient crudeness; we have clocks and watches galore and the daily check-up of radio time from Washington. Yet on second thought we get our time from Isaac Newton as did his neighbors. That radio time signal is merely the transit moment of a star whose apparent move- ment follows Newtonian law. Young Isaac made a horseless carriage which was propelled by the power of the occupant. ball bearings, this ancestor of modern vehicles had no chance. There was better Juck with the manufacture of paper kites. Somehow the boy knew how to figure the proper shapes of kites and where best to attach the strings. By hooking a paper lantern containing a lighted candle to the tail of a kite which he launched at night, Isaac scared the country people into thinking they saw another comet, which was supposed to portend disaster. There was the gentle pastime of mak- ing doll furniture, as tables and cup- boards, for girl friends. No doubt this furniture was done to scale. One of the girls, a Miss Storey, might have become Mrs. Newton if the young man had been financially able to marry. While in the period of catering to the dolls or girls, whichever it was, Isaac wrote verses and drew diagrams and pictures which he colored and framed to decorate his room.

The discovery of the spectrum. Newton let sunlight pass through a hole in the window shutter and then through a glass prism, thus separating the white light into its color elements Lacking smooth roads and . POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY

Sir Isaac Newton, from an old por- trait. “I seem to have been only like a boy playing on the seashore, while the great ocean of truth Dtreres lay all undiscovered before me” moped The verses were probably a i re Z aS total loss. Color in pictures ihe pointed to optical discov- ‘ ery. Diagrams were the peleng essence of his.life work. Se Isaac’s father had died <Frm. GOehantrdp. before he was born. Rela- tives thought the boy had the makings of a farmer, but when he showed no interest in agriculture, brightened up in school, and was found one day doing a mathe- matical problem under a hedge, they decided to further his education. Around nineteen he en- tered Cambridge University. At a village fair he bought a book on astrology, and in order to understand this dubious but popular sister of astronomy he saw that he needed more mathe- matics. So he invested in a copy of Euclid. And like many youngsters before and since, he felt that the father of geometry dealt in self- evident kindergarten truths and tossed Euclid away “‘as a trifling book.” ‘Newton then proceeded to bog him- self in the advanced geom- etry of Descartes. At length he realized that kin- dergarten truths were the necessary foundations of knowledge, went back to Euclid and from that time made more orderly prog- ress. As with other geniuses, the germs of great discovery came to Newton when he was young, a college stu- dent in the early twenties. He then invented the mathe- matical method of fluxions or calculus, analyzed white light into the rays of the spectrum and had his first glimpse of the law of gravi- tation. It was probably in the autumn of 1665, when go ae ibex. 35 Newton was twenty-three, “that the apple is said to have fallen from the tree at Woolsthorpe, and suggested to Newton the idea of gravity.” Voltaire had the apple story from the favorite niece of the great Englishman, and we might as well believe it. ‘When sitting alone in the garden and speculating on the power of gravity,” writes Sir David Brewster, Newton’s gg. Faiiiaar sf Prcaralrny St Meashind tag ton.

ago kee ‘ta i ae Pe ea eed r A letter written by Newton from Trinity College, Cambridge, at the age of forty, describing his studies of the theory of vision biographer, “it occurred to him (Newton) that as the same power by which the apple fell to the ground was not sensibly dimin- ished at the greatest distance from the center of the earth to which we can reach . . . it might extend to the moon and retain her in her orbit, in the same manner as it bends into a curve a stone or a cannon ball, when projected in a straight line from the surface of the earth. “JF THE moon was thus kept in her orbit by gravitation to the earth . . it was equally probable, he thought, that the planets were kept in their orbits by gravitating towards the sun. Kepler had discovered the great law of the planetary motions, that the squares of their periodic times were as the cubes of their distances from the sun, and hence Newton drew the important conclusion that the force of gravity or attraction by which the planets were retained in their orbits, varied as the square of their dis- tances from the sun. “Knowing the force of gravity at the earth’s surface, he was, therefore, led to compare it with the force exhibited in the actual motion of the moon in a circular orbit; but having assumed the distance of the moon at a certain figure, he found that the force by which the moon was drawn from its rectilineal path in a sec- ond of time was only 13.9 feet, whereas at the surface of the earth it was 16.1 ina second.” (Continued on page 133) oe Hy | | i i i i | "

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36 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY \ =" —\ sie The professor, tears streaming down his cheeks, knelt beside the girl. And there, under: the moon, the strange story tumbled out in broken English, while Judy bathed Margaret’s face ‘The Movie Maker A Close-Up of Mechanical Magic Behind the Screen Revealed in This Romance of Courage and Ingenuity By S. W. NEWMEYER ON KENNEDY, red-headed young director of the comedy section of Popular Players’ West Coast Studio, and Judy Burke, his script girl, shared the high ambition of some day producing a big feature picture. Toward this goal Judy had written an excellent scenario, while Don had invented a new photographic process by which action photographed in a studio might be superimposed on backgrounds taken anywhere in the world, thus effecting enormous economies in production. Jacob Eckstein, president of Popular Players, had promised Don his chance; but just when the young director’s hopes seemed about to be realized, they were dashed by news that Popular Players was forced to suspend operations because of financial difficulties. The trouble was due to enormous expenses incurred by the famous but temperamental director, Carleton, in filming a gigantic historical spectacle in the Orient. Eckstein, however, offered to turn the “‘lot”’ over to Don for six months, rent free— provided he would assume also the high-salary contract of Margaret Moreland, a beautiful but fading screen star. Though Don had only a few dollars to his name, he accepted. It was a wild gamble against big odds. Judy offered her scenario and her services without pay; then induced ber brother Jerry, a stunt flyer, to join them. That night the three young partners attended the first performance of Margaret Moreland’s latest picture, “Frozen Hearts.” With them was Professor Mahrlen- ~

Illustrated by Ernest Fuhr ¥ ™ * ’ burg, an eccentric old photographer whom Don had befriended, and whose admira- tion for Margaret Moreland amounted almost to a passion. The picture was a failure—a pitiful anticlimax to the screen star’s brilliant career. The show ended, they saw the star, in disgrace, hurry from the theater and speed away in her sport roadster. Suspicious of her manner, they followed in Jerry’ car—out into the country at breakneck speed. At last, near the crest of a hill, Margaret pulled to the side of the road and stopped. Still following, they found her standing on the edge of a declivity. She raised her right arm. Steel gleamed in the moonlight. Jerry leaped from the edge of the road and flung himself upon her. A shot, a spurt of flame, and the two strug- gling figures plunged forward. Now read on: sk girl, fighting so desperately for death, became a limp weight in Jerry’s arms as the fence ripped loose and they } toppled forward. With the instinct of an airman, Jerry threw himself and his burden into a side-slip, and they shot along the dirt at the edge of the precipice. As they rocked on the edge, Jerry struggling to turn the balance to safety, strong arms pulled them to the road. Jerry sat up as Don knelt beside them, but Margaret lay motionless on the road. “Dead?” gasped Don.

“Not so. “Only fainte fired. Bette manners of < ‘In spite « Margaret to both men we down his ch And there out in broke water from t HE tho penniles English. boa tened Marg: home like a Hollywood | only a near- alike were tl Jerry, wh pulled it up his daughte: solved their Certainly for which NV the abandor father, her control. Jus drove caref1 Where th when Jerry’ in Beverly ] with small “Tried te sleeping like “There’s car, quiet a her manner

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np ey I ot on iy POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY ’ Before the white background rode Jerry and Margaret, in medieval garb. Don took his place at the camera man’s elbow. “Not so you'd notice it!” Jerry rubbed his aching side. “Only fainted. I knocked the gun out of her hand just as she fired. Better tie her up before she comes to. She’s got the manners of a wildcat.” In spite of his remarks, however, he was gently shifting Margaret to a more comfortable position, with Don’s aid, when both men were pushed aside and the professor, tears streaming down his cheeks, knelt beside the unconscious girl. And there, under the cold moon, the strange story tumbled out in broken English, while Judy bathed Margaret’s face with water from the radiator of her car. HE thousand-dollar-a-week star was the daughter of the penniless old professor! A runaway at sixteen from an English boarding school, Margaretha Mahrlenburg, self-chris- tened Margaret Moreland, had refused to be forgiven and taken home like a naughty child when her father had found her in Hollywood two years later. As Don listened, he realized that only a near-tragedy could have brought those two together, so alike were they in their fierce pride. Jerry, who had disappeared down the road to get his car, now pulled it up beside them, and as Don helped the old man and his daughter into it, he felt sure the events of the night had dis- solved their bitter stubbornness and reconciled them completely. Certainly something had melted the almost haughty reserve for which Margaret Moreland was famous, for as Judy tucked the abandoned ermine cape around her, she leaned against her father, her body occasionally shaken by sobs she could not control. Judy settled herself on Margaret’s other side and Jerry drove carefully away, leaving Don to follow in the big racer. Where the road widened, however, Don passed them, and when Jerry’s car trundled into the drive of Margaret’s home in Beverly Hills, he was waiting there for them, his arms loaded with small bundles. “Tried to rouse someone,” he told Margaret, “but they’re sleeping like the dea—like logs,” he finished hastily. “There’s no one in the house.” Margaret stepped from the car, quiet and composed as usual, but with a new gentleness in tT manner. ‘‘My servants are out.” *“‘Ready—action!”’ he called through the megaphone to the two “Well, I don’t know how you folks feel,” remarked Don heartily, “but I’m starved, so I went on to the delicatessen and got the makings of a Dutch lunch. How about some hot coffee and a bite to eat?” “Righto!” Jerry took the key from Margaret’s hand and sprang to the porch. He flung open the door with a flourish. “Opening the Moreland Cafeteria, ladies and gents. Line forms to your right.” Margaret stepped past him, snapping on the lights from room to room as she went through the house to the kitchen. They trooped after her, Jerry and Don keeping up a stream of lively comments and would-be jokes, none of them very funny but all lending cheer to the coldly silent house. Judy’s eyes were too busy for her tongue to function. She stared round-eyed at the beauty of Margaret’s home—not large, but as exquisitely fitted and furnished as a jewel box. Silk dam- ask wall coverings, old rose in the living room, golden-brown in the library, dull blue in the dining room. The inlaid grand piano in the pale blue and gold music room, where Judy paused for a prolonged peek, must have cost twenty-five thousand dollars, she estimated. But the kitchen was a gay little place shining with Delft blue and white tiles, a porcelain clock like a Dutch plate ticking away on the wall. Margaret enveloped them all in voluminous white aprons and set them to work. Soon the appetizing fragrance of hot coffee mingled with the savory incense rising from a Welsh rarebit, and they all crowded around a small table in the break- fast alcove: As Margaret ladled out the thick yellow mixture, she looked up at the professor with a smile. *T‘ATHER, do you remember the marionette theater you made me one Christmas?” “One of my happy memories, it is,” he replied. “But I now have made you something finer—something that will astonish the critics when they see your next picture!” Margaret shook her head slowly. “The critics—and my dear friends—will wait a long time be- fore they see my next picture,”’ she remarked in a low tone, ‘perhaps forever.”

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38 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY . Fumbling at length in his pocket, the old professor drew out a long slip of paper and handed it to Don. It was a certified check for twelve thousand dollars! “But no!” exclaimed her father. “Have they not notified you at the studio that Don—” “Mr. Kennedy must know that I have no feeling against him as a director,’ Margaret looked across at Don with a friendly smile, “but I’m sure he will understand that I cannot allow my face to be used as a stop for custard pies—even if I am = — passé, as Eckstein told me this morning,” she finished itterly. “Eckstein!” roared the old man, pounding the table. “‘ What does he—” ‘Let me explain.” Don’s voice was quiet, but it had a note of authority that silenced Professor Mahrlenburg. “I want Miss Moreland to understand the entire situation before she decides.” Margaret listened attentively, though without enthusiasm, while Don outlined Eckstein’s terms and conditions. But her attitude began to warm as, aided by Judy, he told her of the picture they had planned. When he spoke of the screens designed by the professor to make her look younger, Margaret flashed her father a grateful smile. “And you have backers?” she asked Don as he finished. m O,” HE replied frankly, “‘and I may not be able to find any. In fact, without you we have nothing at all but Judy’s story and my invention. I don’t even know, now, how I’m going to pay your first week’s salary—so it might be more profitable for you to hold Eckstein to your present contract, even if you have to sue him.” Margaret looked down thoughtfully at the huge sapphire on her little finger. “If I sue Eckstein,” she said slowly, “‘he will drag the case through the courts, humiliate me—and I’ve had as much humil- iation as I can stand. For months I’ve been taking powders to put me to sleep at night, but they’ve lost their effect. Night after night I’ve lain awake looking at my life, watching myself grow old, losing beauty, love, even respect. That is why . tonight . . . ” She paused, the shadow of terror in her eyes, then raised her head gallantly and looked at Don. “Tonight I thought I had nothing left that the world wanted, but if you need me in your picture, Mr. Kennedy, I'll donate this—” she drew from her finger the large sapphire ring and handed it to him—‘“and the amount of my salary to the venture!” Judy clapped her hands and Jerry waved his paper napkin with a mild hurray; but Don, usually the silent, serious member of any group, thumped the table with a large spoon and jumped to his feet. “That calls for a speech,” he declared. ‘Tonight I almost lost hope for the big picture, but now Miss Moreland’s given it March, i9y a fighting chance—an fight, the five of us! Welty things they say can’t he done, and with just Ourselye, owning the picture, Writing, directing, acting, selling it we won't have to buck inte ference from higher-ups, It be like the old days of Bio. graph, twenty years when Griffith himself a directed, cranked the shifted scenes, and wrt, scenarios; when Mack } nett carried the camera and played heavies—” “WARY _Pickronp wrote scenarios, too,” chimed in Judy, “anf ab leads without her name oy the program, and her family and friends in gs extras—Jack and Lottie Pickford, the Gish : girk, and—’”’ re i ’ “And began giving | public what it wanted ae rupted Don, taking the again. ““That’s what' wee going to do. Now, ‘hems my scheme for starting the big picture.” . It was dawn when three men drove away in Jerry’s old car, leaving Judy to finish the night, or rather the day, with Margaret. It had been agreed that all should work without salary, the amount due each tobe charged against the picture and deducted from its first profits, the remaining profits to be split equally among them. From the money Jerry had planned to spend for his new airplane, he advanced Don a thousand dollars to pay his and the professor's living expenses during the making of the picture. Now to raise the money for production expenses! Don esti- mated they would run well over a hundred thousand, in spite of the great economy his universal background device would make possible, for the picture was to be a super-special of the type that often means an outlay of close to a million dollars. Sunday afternoon the group met again at Margaret’s home, This time a sixth and very important individual was added to the conference—“Bozq” Biddle, camera man of the unit that had produced “Frozen Hearts.”” Bozo had been Carleton’s first camera man until that temperamental director had picked an entirely new company to take across the Atlantic for his big historical picture. And as everyone on the lot was aware, Bow was still sore because he had been rejected. He not only knew his lights and lenses, but all the queer corners and beauty spots of the world were charted in his memory, for he had been a news- reel photographer many years before being employed by Popular. Bozo was the man Don had selected to take the camera ona jaunt thfough Europe and part of Asia to record the location on the reels, while the cast was to stay at home and do the acting against blank backgrounds and specially prepared sets. Then Don’s universal background device would combine the two into a big spectacle picture. : ** All you’ve got to do,” explained Don, “is to carry the camera, plenty of film, and a stop watch. Shoot three or four reels in England—an old Norman castle that looks pretty much as it did in the twelfth century, a few miles of English countryside without any modern landmarks, a river scene—anything that has ancient atmosphere. Give us plenty of long and medium shots and foregrounds, with a lot of detail such as moats, draw- bridges, massive doorways, and old courtyards. And don’t for- get to take as mai:y stills as possible, interiors especially. Well need them for our scene painters.” ” ge what’s the stop watch for?” asked Bozo, puzzled. “To keep a record of the exact time you crank eac shot, so I can duplicate it here on the lot,”” Don replied. “And be sure you inclose the time record with each reel.” Bozo was delighted with the assignment. At the railway sta- tion next noon Don met him with money for the trip, a detailed script of the scenario, and-a long list of (Continued on page 167) . March, 1928 MA i tha me sto rac appeal to happened mer, of I penned a Radio Co “Pleas operate | father w1 seen the transmits and eats the boy v lack of sl victim of Dots ¢ ether thi tion of : through Palmer, their ho he did, 1 “ AN te speaker will find shack,” made tr shelf be sleeves | are clan his key thousan acknow] Not «

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F258 E #2228 ob Fe Pee S 638.2 Fr ree na 1 on ting hen into 3 in s it side hat aW- for- ach ta- led March, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 39 ‘Triumphs of Radio’s “Hams” MAGINE a hobby so fascinating ' that it can keep a boy from his meals—and his father, unable to stop him even by demolishing his radio transmitting set, has to appeal to the Government for aid! That happened the other day. Eric H. Pal- mer, of Brooklyn, N. Y., sat down and penned an urgent letter to the Federal Radio Commission at Washington, D. C. “Please revoke my son’s license to operate his amateur station 2ATZ,” the father wrote. ‘“‘I do not believe he has seen the sunlight in three months. He transmits all night, sleeps in the daytime, and eats but one meal a day. I believe the boy will die of undernourishment and lack of sleep, and his mother will fall the victim of a nervous breakdown.’ Dots and dashes flashing through the ether this very moment are the conversa- tion of sixteen thousand boys and men throughout the country. Like young Palmer, they have made amateur radio their hobby—if more temperately than he did, no less enthusiastically. “LJAMS” they call themselves. No tame evening spent before a loud- speaker satisfies them. After supper you will find one of them in his attic “radio shack,” clicking the key of his home- made transmitter mounted on a desk- shelf beside the hissing radiator. - His sleeves are rolled up, and head phones are clamped on his ears; as he presses key he converses with a friend thousands of miles away. Call cards acknowledging the talks are exchanged. Not every one knows that the radio 4 ac PORTE joa | By ALDEN P. ARMAGNAC are ~ MH ,Bidy } ; Meet tem - i “*hams:’ are part of a coast-to- coast, and, lately, a world radio network, as highly developed as any commercial radio chain. Here are a few of their ‘msgs’: news from the polar exploration ship Bowdoin, win- tering at Labrador; an appeal for help from Vermont, stricken by flood; Army advices from Fort Monmouth, N. J.; an America-Europe conversation be- tween two “hams,” and incidental chats among the several thousand amateurs who were not already busy sending, re- ceiving, and forwarding those messages. ‘ HAT was the meaning of some of those dots and dashes you could have heard on Palmer’s short wave length re- ceiver, far below the waves of broad- casting stations. And so the Federal Radio Commission, while it suspended Eric Palmer, Jr.’s license for ninety days, told him in a letter: ““America is looking to its 16,000 amateur operators, in which group you stand out, to keep it in the foreground of development. Those of us who were pioneers will soon be forced to turn over the reins of radio to you boys, and we want you to be strong and healthy, as the burdens will undoubtedly increase as new avenues for radio are opened by you and your colleagues. This is a marvelous field for the American boy, and such entbusiasm as you have displayed should as a rule be commended rather than dis- couraged, but in order to develop into a big, strong, healthy boy you must have regular meals and your full quota of sleep.” Fergus McKeever, Kans., talks with the world, as the call cards on his wall indicate Appeals for Flood Relief News from Explorers and World-Wide Signaling All the Amateur’s Work Lawrence, What part do amateurs play in radio? Independently of all commercial stations, they link the United States and most of the world. They will gladly transmit for you, without charge, a message to anyone, anywhere. They keep newspapers in- formed of what is happening in isolated places, promote world fellowship by the friendly interchange of messages between continents, and by experiment constantly raise the art and science of radio above the high point where they have already largely helped to place it. IRES were down in Vermont, not long ago. Through the crackling static flashed a sputtering CQ—“ anybody answer.” Arthur Kent, at Binghamton, N. Y., spun his dials by chance to forty meters. “CQ,” came a faint call, and Kent seized his key. “8BTO standing by,” he shot back. “‘Go ahead.” In a whir of dots and dashes, from Ralph Harris, 1BEB, came the first . direct news out of Montpelier, Vt., since the flood hit it—of people marooned on the roofs of houses, Lieut.-Governor Jackson dead in Barre, bridges, roads, rails washed out. 8BTO acknowledged ° message after message, some for help and others to relieve anxiety of relatives,

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pO ean a — —— Saas until one o'clock in the morning, when Harris sent, “You are my only contact out of this city. Power off, electric light plant under water. Using doorbell batteries. Done all we can. Guess . . .” His messages, forwarded to Washington, set in motion the agencies that brought relief to the stricken area. Another amateur, at. station 1BDX, flashed the first direct news from Barre, Vt.; another, in Connecticut, quit sending only when the water was coming over the top of his table! When city electric power failed, some amateurs sputtered away with motor car spark coils. A Vermont amateur’s signals weak- ened, then came back as 2CUQ, New York City amateur, copied them. “Just kicked the batteries out of water on to dry place,” was the laconic explanation. The Army Signal Corps is compiling the names of amateurs who will be officially com- mended. for the part they played in the crisis. N BLIZZARDS, when railroad trains are stalled and wires down, the radio amateur gets the message through to the dispatcher’s office. A special radio call, “QRR,”’ is the railroad SOS. When a tornado raged down on Murphysboro, Ill., an emergency call appealed to C. B. Harrison, operator of the only radio transmitter near by. Up into the forbidden wave channels of broadcasting stations the amateur tuned his.wave. Every listener heard a ghostly voice break into the evening program, giving news of the calamity and urging doctors and nurses to board a relief train on its way to the stricken town. How that train, jammed _ with workers, brought relief to stricken Murphysboro is now history. During the ill-fated Dole flights from California to Honolulu last summer, an amateur “‘tie-up”’ of local stations flashed last-minute news between Hawaii and the mainland. And through the modern miracle of the “‘ham’s’’ short waves, he has rendered a service that is exclusively his—keeping the world in touch with explorers. Donald Cadzow, ethnologist of the Putnam Baffin Island Expedition on the schooner Bowdoin, flashed a radiogram from polar seas to amateur station 8DNE, Auburn, N. Y., to give the first news of Arctic discoveries that change the map of North America. “Per- sonal messages from home,” the explorer said, “ were flashed over the mountains and ice fields to the expedition by Charles Heiser’s radio station, - as , ey) AAD — wh BF - Auburn, in an uncanny way, when even the greatest stations of the country could not be heard.” They gave the ex- plorers the novel experience of reporting their discoveries min- ute by minute and receiving radioed congratulations from This amateur station looks crude enough in comparison with that above, but with such apparatus radio ‘‘hams”’ have girdled the earth | wy rs ey AFy i 2ass (shiv nu2re si a (m-2Fe 28 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY home. What a contrast to the old days of months-long treks with dog teams to carry news to the nearest outpost! Thousands of personal messages are sped on their way over the “hams” carefully worked out “traffic routes” through stations all over the country. HEIR call letters, such as 1BEB and 8DNE, are assigned by the Super- visor of Licenses. The number that precedes the radio call letters designates in which of the nine radio districts of the country the amateur station is operating. In national emergency, such as war, the ‘“‘hams”’ will instantly place them- selves at the disposal of the Govern- ment with a reserve communication chain of inestimable importance. The Navy Department has disclosed plans to organize expert amateurs of the Eastern district for training in handling Navy . Eric H. Palmer, Jr., Brooklyn, N. Y., boy amateur radio operator, whose > license was suspended for 90 days so he could get some sleep and meals me: March, 19% Transmitting and power plants of 3XN, American Tel. and Tel. Co. experimental station, Whippany N. J., probably the most powerful in the world messages. In a year the Army, which introduced the scheme, has handled through the amateurs 15,000 m : It uses its Fort Monmouth, N. J, station, 2CXL, as a hub. The world is a little too small for radio amateurs, any “ham” will tell you, William A. Mackay, distinguished New York mural painter, converses regularly with a friend in Cape Town, South Africa, G. F. Gaede, of Paterson, N. J., recently picked up a message from Liberia and, notifying the U. S. Department of State, sent back its official greetings. Many American “hams” belong to the “WAC Club,” composed of those who have “worked” all continents. Let your mind wander back to July, 1914, when the boy fortunate enough to have a “wireless set” commanded awe from his acquaintances, and no one dreamed that more than 5000 new am- ateurs a year would be applying for l- censes by 1928. HAT month came an _ important announcement. The American Radio Relay League was being organized under the auspices of the Hartford, Conn., Radio Club. This league, now the back- bone of organized amateur radio, directed the entire series of epoch-making tests that led to trans-Atlantic amateur radio and greater conquests. Wireless fans rushed to join the League, and before long a new language had sprung up—a curious, abbre- viated code. You might be puzzled by this sample: “Ur sigs QSA OM fb... hw do u lik mi spk?. . . tt’s gd cuming fm u . . . sounds lik mi YL singing hiC . . . hi . sa cudn’t u drop in sum nite es wk sum DX wit me? ...tonite?...cul.. . best 736." When translated, this be- comes: “Your signals are coming in strong here. old man—fine business! How do like my spark? That’s good coming from you—sounds like my young lady friend singing high C (laugh). Say, couldn’t you drop in some night and talk to some distant stations with (Continued on page 141) PPLY AND EXHAUST ra HYDRAULIC JACK OL the ing hyd: enant Smith, | ment’s — has desi genious trated b accomp: The « funnels up the «

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY

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O LET the ocean waves do the work of man by provid- ing hydroelectric power, Lieut- enant Commander Lybrand Smith, of the Navy Depart- ment’s Bureau of Engineering, has designed an amazingly in- genious battery of hydraulic rams, illus- trated by this schematic drawing and the accompanying diagram. The drive of the waves into the great nels forces the water through pipes up the cliff into the long flume along the Sea Waves to Drive Novel Power Plant wave. Each valve, like a door that opens but one way, is pushed open by the wa- edge of the cliff. This flume carries the water into the reservoir, from which the accumulated water pours down larger pipes with sufficient force to operate the gener- aiing machinery in the power house below. The hydraulic rams operate hydraulic 41

jacks which are simply valves so arranged that the water forced into them by each successive wave does not fall back when the wave’s strength is spent, but is locked in to remain until more water is forced in by the next ter’s force. When the force is exhausted the weight of the water closes the valve, holding it shut until the next wave presses hard enough to open it.

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Surveyors exploring and mapping the | hitherto virtually unknown interior of mysterious island which shelters one of the world’s most romantic enterprises The World’s Greatest Timber Crop Amazing Machines Help Glean 150,000 Cords a Year on Strange Island A typical Anticosti lumberman, who seems to have stepped from the pages of fiction. This man, like many of his fellows, is especially fond of fine but comfortable clothing and par- ticularly delights in wearing the richest colors The rigors of Anticosti’s deepest winters are faced by the surveyors, whose work must go on regardless of weather. Snow shoes, fur and wool boots help them to resist severest cold In camps of this sort the bushmen, as the lumber- jacks are called, live for months without visiting even the little settlement of Port Menier. Provi- sions are brought to them partly by rail and partly by foot to replenish their store, which is always sufficient for many weeks. Right: Construction work on pier at Port Menier, showing part of the $0,000 cords of wood on hand in the retaining basin A “limy,” one of the queer locomotives built for Anticosti lumbering. The double-jointed, leose- hung engine runs on eight drivers, operated by bevel gears and universal joints, driven by cylinders set amidships and slanting downward. Not speedy, by any means, but the engines are incomparable when working on grades and curves and in carrying tonnage that would make ordinary engines jealous Through v able miles Above a of the p called 1 load 50 night a make uj in whic

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j

March, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 43

Through winter almost innumer- able miles of pulpwood are piled on the snow along railroads to be transported to Port Menier in the summer time. This is the huge industry built by Henri Menier, Brench chocolate manufacturer

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Map showing Anticosti’s distant location N THE little forest-covered island of Anti- costi at the mouth of the St. Lawrence River the largest lumbering operation in the world to- day is running full blast, supplying 150,000 cords of pulpwood a year to American industries. There is nothing like it anywhere. Only 140 miles long by forty wide, this island contains close to 15,000,000 cords of pulpwood. These pictures give an idea of the huge enter- prise, to develop which ingenious inventions have been made. Besides seventeen miles of railroad, with locomotives and rolling stock, the equip- ment includes a fleet of caterpillar tractors, cu- rious “alligator boats” for use on land or water, and powerful dredging and loading machines.

Cape Observation, Anticosti. The Picture gives one some idea of the bleak character of the queer place

The pulpwood “trapper,” invent- ed for Anticosti—a sort of steam shovel for wood. The shovel picks up a cord and a quarter at one bite

Above and at the right are two views of the pulpwood loading machinery, called loading towers, devised to load 50 cords an hour. They work night and day when they can to make up for the three winter months in which no ships reach Anticosti

The “ trapper into the concentrating basin, where a sea of logs in 4-foot lengths is about 4 feet deep. The “trapper” fills with logs as if with water. Then the operator shuts it and hoists invented to plunge

Unusually built pier at Port Menier, where work goes on the year round to improve and extend facilities to harvest the 12,000,000 or 15,000,000 cords of pulpwood and one of the island’s peculiar ships used for this work One of the powerful caterpillar tractors that haul trains of sleds loaded with pulpwood through the snows of Anticosti. These machines make it possible to do some harvesting of the wood even during the winter time

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY March, 1993 One of the battleships on wheels with its crew, photo. graphed after its assembling at St. Nazaire, France, just before it left for the front to hurl 1400-pound shelly ur Battleships on Wheels How American Navy, Firing “Off the Map; Shattered and Set Aflame Germany’s Vital Rail Centers, Hastening Victory By REAR ADMIRAL CHARLES P. PLUNKETT, U. S. N. In Collaboration with THOMAS M. JOHNSON N THE war map you stuck pins in ten years ago, Laon was northeast of Soissons, with so many radiating railroads that it looked like a spider. Gun No. 1 cut off the spider’s legs in eight days’ bombardment, though news came at the end of the first day that the German retreat from before Laon was commencing. That was September 28, and we had just given the Germans a continuous per- formance from 1:00 until 5:30 in the afternoon. We only stopped then because it was dark and they could easily locate us by the great flash the gun made. We had dropped forty-seven fourteen-inch shells at 34,320 yards on their railroad sidings—about one every six minutes. On September 30 we commenced at - 11:57, fired five shots, knocked off for dinner, and between 2:36 and 6:27 fired twenty-five more. Enemy airplanes came over, looking for our exact position. O WONDER. Nothing so big as our shells had ever before burst in their midst. On October 1 the Germans threw more shells into St. Christophe cemetery. We squared up next day by dropping thirty on the Laon west railroad. We had hooked up our telephone to a French sausage balloon and on October 3 we began firing with airplane observa- - tion. In this, the third and final part of the amazing story of the American Navy’s long-range guns that helped turn the tide of World War battle against the German, Admiral Plunkett, who com- manded the guns, and Mr. Johnson, who as a war correspondent watched their campaign, reach a smashing climax. We fired ten shots, and the ob- server saw six land, two on the military railroad we were after. We knew that meant a tie-up on the subway for the Germans, so at 6:30 we knocked off, having thrown nine more shells after correction by the observer’s reports. Next morning German shells landed between us and Soissons. We sent the ammunition cars into safe retirement. N OCTOBER 5 the Germans cracked down on us hot and heavy in the afternoon, and again in the evening. One shell struck sixteen feet from the gun, and fragments cut the train air line and broke off a piece of casting. One struck a clothes bucket in which a gob had been doing his washing. We sent the men back out of danger and moved the gun back. The Germans, unaware, opened up again in the evening on our old position. The total damage was nil, but next time we might not be so lucky. We dug holes for ourselves, and made dugouts near the gun to hold fifty men. Our battleships on wheels drew a lot of attention. Allied officers were continu- ally inspecting them and military visitors bothered our firing until we had to build a rope fence around the gun. American Congressmen visited us, and one wrote his name on a shell before it was fired. Our most delightful and delighted visi- tors were French and American nurses from a hospital at Villers-Cotterets that the Germans were bombing, who came to see us get even. UR two guns fired every clear day and some that weren’t. Gun 1 on the Laon railroads, Gun 2 on Mortiers, until at dinner time October 12 the French sent word their infantry were entering Laon. To see the effect of our shelling, Ensign Roger Allen and I fol- lowed on October 14. It was easy to tell where our shells had hit. No other shell holes were so large and deep as ours, which averaged forty to seventy feet across, and in some we found fragments that we recognized. We found the nose of one shell three miles from where the shell had exploded. One hit was enough to wreck a three-track rail- road line for at least 100 feet, blowing an enormous crater in the roadbed. Although the Germans had repaired the damage at night, their use of the rail- roads had been greatly curtailed. A freight train was on a siding just as it theater 1 soldiers. Germans wounded. We fou the .map, effective I observatic shots wer plane ob percent : France. . Gun I's many mc were fired were usua HORT of fir usual reas an observ feet had German artillery | planes ™ effort to § often on Longuyo! center of ‘ strategic ra which was alized by fired from Naval guns away in the period of Argonne Photo show icans mov after the A

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Lt ed Ss SS Fs HS had been struck, one car thrown on top of another, a third thrown thirty feet. Three shells had wrecked completely a storehouse used for electrical material. The French people told us that the Germans had a large moving picture theater in Laon, always crowded with soldiers. One shell struck it. Forty Germans were killed and sixty severely wounded. We found that when we had fired “off the map,” shots were almost always effective hits, but where we had airplane observation and applied corrections, later shots were perfectly placed. We had air- plane observation on only about ten percent of the 782 shots we fired in France. The fall of only twenty-three of Gun I’s 199 shots could be observed; many more shots called “unobserved” were fired following corrections and these were usually direct hits. HORTAGE of aircraft or necessity of firing on cloudy days were the ysual reasons for firing off the map. And an observation aviator up 5000 or 6000 feet had his troubles. Not only did German . antiaircraft artillery and fighting planes make special effort to get him, but POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY often on a seemingly Longuyon, vital center of German strategic railroads, which was demor- alized by shells fired from U. S. Rear Admiral Charles P. Plunkett, com- mander of the Amer- ican Navy’s famous battleships on wheels clear day a ground mist made it impos- sible for him to see shell bursts. One French aviator worked against a sixty-mile gale that blew him over the German lines and had a hand and his face frozen. Naval guns 23 miles away in the critical period of Meuse- Argonne battle. Photo shows Amer- icans moving in after the Armistice One of the dugouts that sheltered American gobs in France from the answering shells of the Germans while the Americans were wrecking enemy railroads with the biggest guns that France had ever seen on land. This artillery duel lasted more than a month, when the war ended Firing off the map is not hard for anyone who has been a navigator. We considered the problem a dead reckoning course and distance cal- culation. We used only a map showing the vicinity of the gun position and another showing that of the target posi- tion. be OVERCOME the difficulty of representing a spherical surface like the earth on such maps a projection called the “Lambert projection” was used to give a correction applied to astronomical observations of sun or stars or of polaris by theodolite, to obtain a “‘ Lambert bearing”; by this a traverse could be run over the gun sight to orient the gun according to the Lambert system. You wouldn’t think you would have to take solar observations before you could shoot up Germans—sounds like astrol- ogy. Another curious thing about our battle- ship on wheels was that we got weather reports radioed frequently from stations along the front. These gave in code baro- metric pressure, temperature, force of ballistic wind, its direction, and height of observing station. They got wind direction by watching small free balloor.s rise and drift. At night the balloons were loaded with powder, set to explode at different heights, and their positions in the air determined by sound ranging. That is one of many illustrations of the complicated and scientific procedure of firing long range guns. Of course, to fire a 1400-pound shell as far as 48,000 yards at something you can’t see, going up 35,000 feet into atmos- pheric conditions that must be largely guessed, is a real task. But miraculously,

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46 we found the range error averaged only 151 yards and the deflection error only fifty-one, and, as most of our targets, such as railroad yards and ammunition dumps, were of great extent, and as one gun fired as many as fifty shots in one day, we believed we had worked out a method of scattering shots so as to do the greatest possible damage. Commander Schuyler has suggested that a math- ematician might discover how long- range guns without observation can do the greatest damage. That would be POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY In a minute or two there was a deafen- ing crash as every French gun for miles, it seemed, burst into action. For per- haps a half hour they fired continuously, the general meantime talking on about other things. He only nodded when a second note told him a strong German counter-attack had been repulsed. S SOON as General Pershing heard that we had definitely succeeded, he sent for us to help win the biggest battle in American history and the last days of : a March, 192 we had learned, to carry a second “ fleet” of five guns to France. Before th there the war Was Over. v Bot Our guns were in at the death. Unde the hammer blows of all the Allied armies, the Germans were retreat} slowly from Belgium and Northern France. The pivot of their retreat was the Meuse-Argonne region north of Ver. dun, where the Americans were attack. ing. Here General Pershing was trying to reach a web of railroads of vital im. portance to all the German armies. These lines connected the Rhine and Germany with the front in France by wa of Metz, Montmedy and Sedan, all big railroad depots. Mont. medy had a large railroad yard usually filled with cars. It was on the main line from Metz to Sedan, It was headquarters of the German Seventh Army, All the railroads in the locality were part of the German solar plexus and you couldn’t cut one without making trouble for all. Our secret field orders from Brigadier General William Cham- berlaine, the American something worth knowing in the next war. In the last one we marked off about 400 meters beyond the near edge and 400 be- fore the far edge of the target, then drew lines 200 meters inside the right and left edges. Within that area we drew a spiral on which we marked one point for each shot to be fired, putting more in the middle. Then we would calculate each shot to fall on one of these points. It worked so well that General Mangin was well pleased. The headquarters of this celebrated French general were only a few hundred yards from one of our gun positions. Once I was at dinner there when an orderly brought a note and the General and his Chief of Staff went into the next room where the maps were. When they re- turned, the General remarked: “Well, Admiral, you have been making a good deal of noise with your guns. Now it is my turn to make some.” tion car. Top photograph: One of the American naval guns that helped make German retreat almost a rout, wrecking railroads, ammunition stores and headquarters. MiddJe: Pit and foundation under gun that permitted maximum elevation and range of 42,000 yards with old shells, nearly 50,000 with new, which never reached France. Bottom: loading ammuni- Drawings show a berthing car and the shattering of a train October saw our highest ambition realized —all five of our battleships on wheels assembled in a “‘fleet” under immediate command of myself, an American ad- miral, working with the American Army to win the war. Another proof that we had made good was an order to the Navy designers in Washington to commence planning a new gun car, using the lessons heavy artillery comman- der, said: “The towns of Montmedy, Longuyon, Spincourt and Con- flans-en-Jarny are among the most important railroad cen- ters of the enemy’s. transporta- tion system for the supply of the Western Front. ” GROUP of long-range guns more powerful than heretofore assembled for a single operation is now being em- placed to attack the above centers.” So we started out to do it. The place selected was the nearest point on the front to Longuyon and Montmedy, where they had built the curved tracks from which our guns fired. At Thierville, two miles northwest of Verdun and at Charny, three miles north of Thierville, both rather hidden among the heights of the Meuse, were our positions. The first guns to get there and join the American Army in battle were Num- bers 3, 4 and 5, which came up from Haussimont without many Jonahs for their first trip to any front. Pits were dug at Thierville and Charny for guns 1 and 2, en route. The same day that I was counting the big holes Gun 1 had made around Laon, Guns 3, 4 and 5 were digging their pits at Thierville, nearly 100 miles ‘southeast. A couple of days later the Germans gave the village such a shelling that Lieut. J. R. Hayden took fifty cans of powder in out of the wet and put them in bombproof. At 12:22 on October 21 Gun 8 fired the first shot, and just one hour later six Ger- man airplanes were flying overhead, and about 4:30 seven shells fell near the gun. On October 23 Guns 4 and 5 fired one shot each, ranging on Longuyon at about 38,500 yards, and (Continued on page 158) toner enmamewes Commodo taking its rotates thi nals from indicating ™ For three continuall mournfi whistle. 1 of whistle craft indic in the vic York h: where? The eng anchors board, a1 een hou liner lay to move. “T dor where .w skipper “But we’ as I’m wi this pea : That 1 ten years Recex bound fr to New other sh

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n- RP PS er he T- ad ne ut 3)

March, 1928 obbing Fog of Its

Commodore Hartley, Leviathan’s master, taking its bearings with radio compass. He rotates the antenna loop above deck until sig- nals from the beacon are weakest. Then the indicating device shows ship’s exact position © WERE nearing the Ameri- can coast in a fog which had blanketed us a good part of the way across the Atlantic. For three days our ship had barely crept, continually sounding its mournful warning whistle. Now a chorus of whistles from other craft indicated we were in the vicinity of New. York harbor. But f 9 BLANCO 'L Ww on ’ otoRce vid L e engines stopped, ind anchors went over- j 7 board, and for eight- een hours the big liner lay there, afraid to move. “I don’t: know just where .we are,” the skipper explained. “But we’ve gone as far as I’m willing to go in this pea soup.” ° hat was less than ten years ago. Recently I was bound from Bordeaux to New York on an- other ship—and in a POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Waves of Radio and of Light and Sound Guide Planes and Steamships Through Blinding Vapor By NORMAN C. McLOUD

NEW YORK

G NEW JERSEY) | DRIVE SHAFT <~ COMPENSATOR DIRECTION INDICATOR BASE RECEIVER

Courtesy Radio Corp. of America The “ears” of the radio compass—the ball bearing rotatable loop antenna, mounted on deck and controlled from the pilot house by a shaft. The loop consists of a number of turns of wire inclosed in water-tight tubes from a coast radio beacon. That’s where the red one came from. You see, we can’t go far wrong.” In those merging dots was written a remarkable story of the use of waves of radio, light, and sound to banish within the last decade much of the old terror of fog at sea, on land and in the air. Newest of these triumphs are the radio beacon and radio com- pass. Radio beacons of the U. S. Light- house Service radiate wireless signals, and a single beacon enables the navigator to steer a safe course, even when fog completely shuts off visibility. Sig- nals from two or more beacons in , divergent directions enable him to chart his position accurately by triangu- lation of cross bearings. Moreover, the com- pass will tell him the

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 48 location : of another vessel hidden in fog, by deter- mining the direction of her wireless signals. Along the Atlantic and Pacific coasts, the Gulf of Mexico and the Great Lakes, Uncle Sam now maintains more than forty radio beacon stations. Coastwise steamers never are out of their range. Recently, for example, a veteran shipmaster, Capt. Frederick W. Jones of the U. S. Shipping Board, guided entirely by radio compass, took his ship safely from Delaware Breakwater to Boston—all the way through heavy fog—though his route lay along Nantucket Shoals and around Cape Cod reefs lost in a thick fog, the ship was in grave peril when radio compass picked yp nals from the wirelesg sta at Nome, Alaska, tum possible disaster int epoch-making achievement ’ I ‘HE Government’s pres. _ent program calls fo radio beacons at intervals along the country’s main routes. Unlike the marine beacons, howeyer these send out directed beams of radio signals, like the beam of a searchlight along the course to be tr, versed. For an air pilot t follow the path of the beam is simply a matter of inter. preting Morse code signals where many a vessel has come to grief. AVIGATED once from New York to Boston through en- veloping fog, the great liner Majestic was directed almost entirely by radio bear- ings, so accurately that she passed be- tween Nantucket Lightship and a near- by marking buoy! Most large ships now are equipped with a radio compass, which is used con- tinually not only to take bearings but to avoid collisions. In heavy fog off the Pacific coast the steamship H. F. Alexander not long ago picked up the wireless signals of the steamer Everett, a slower vessel, showing the Everett directly ahead. Thus, as in many like instances, a disastrous collision was averted. The radio beacons, with equipment much the same as that for ordinary wire- less transmission, send out signals auto- matically at regular intervals by a motor- driven mechanism. Each beacon has its own identifying signal—a certain simple combination of dots and dashes of the Morse code. The navigator rotates the loop antenna of his radio compass until the signals are strong enough to establish the identity of the sending station. He then turns the loop again to the point where the signals Fog over the mountain range no longer terrifies the aviator, for signals from radio beacons tell him if he is on his course or if he is at the left or right of it are weakest. At this point, which is more sharply defined than that of maximum intensity, the plane of the loop is exactly at right angles to the direction of the beacon. An indicator on the instrument shows at a glance the direction with relation to the magnetic compass. ADIO dramatically proved its worth as a guide during the flight of Amundsen’s dirigible Norge across the North Pole two sum- mers ago. Bearings A fog bank rolling in on the sea to test the powers of modern science in guiding shipping. Above: Coast Guardsmen burning flares on the Massachusetts coast to aid in making rescues from a ship wrecked in a dense fog. In emergencies primitive methods still often serve. Seven men were saved If the plane is on its course, the signal is the single dash of the letter T. If the cours is to the right, the signal be. comes the dash dot representing the letter N. If to the left, it becomes the dot dash of A. An elaboration of this system, recently introduced along the Government air mail route between New Brunswick, N. J., and Cleveland, O., combines the radio beacon with radio telephone facili. ties for the pilot. Not only is he guided, but he reports his position by telephone every five minutes. Another improve. ment, developed by the Radio Research Board of Great Br- tain, is a device which translates the radio waves from a beacon into light waves that are visible on the fluorescent screen of an oscillograph in the pilot’s cabin. REDERICK A. Kolster, inven tor of the radio con- pass, has gone ‘his own device one better with a “mobile radio beacon.” This ae- tually is. a “radio foghorn” for ships, in the form of a low power automatic ra dio transmitter which sends out a charae- teristic signal audible for ten miles. Of late, however, inventors have greatly increased the efficiency of audible fog warnings. One important advance is in the transmission of sound under water, where it travels with much less variation than in the air. Many submarine bells have been installed along-our coasts. Ships pick up the submarine signals by means . microphones, placed below the water ne. Light signals, likewise, have been greatly improved. A powerful new ray which penetrates dense fog is supplied from vacuum tubes by neon gas. To safeguard the passage of vessels through rock-ribbed channels, under- water beacons have been developed. These consist of submerged searchlights powerful enough to reveal hidden perils no matter how dense the fog. Bitumi specimen nified times, formatior proves tl originate plant chemists Station | busy, at smokele the tar « More discover change valuable everybo —and t begun— how to tars va preserv: excellen automo The « an indi tifie re revoluti use of thus cl face of 1 At p million mined United cent is light a recover cious b

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# re ~~ BB - = . a Pee Fae ae BPE #3 BEE SS urse, dash Ourse il be. the e dot ently wick, 3 the ided, hone rove: 1 by arch Br- Thich radio acon that the n of 1 the ater een lied ssels der- ped. ghts erils March, 1928 Bituminous imen, mag- wified 200 times, shows formation that proves that it originated as plant life POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 3 4 ; Dr. Reinhardt Thiessen, paleobotanist of the U. S. Bureau of Mines, whose research has aided inval- uably in putting coal to new uses, examines a spec- imen of bituminous coal foal Too Useful to Burn Chemists Already Make Bituminous into Medicines, Dyes and Fertilizers and May Make Tile and Rubber VERYONE who has tried to keep clean in any neighborhood when soft coal was burned will be interested to know that research chemists in the Pittsburgh Experimental Station of the U. S. Bureau of Mines are busy, at the present moment, making it smokeless. Literally, they are knocking the tar out of it! More important, in so doing they are discovering new ways to change the smoke into valuable new products that everybody can use. Already —and their work has just begun—they have found how to extract from coal tars valuable material for preservation of wood and excellent antiknock fuel for automobiles. The experiments are but an indication of how scien- tific research is swiftly revolutionizing the world’s use of coal resources, and thus changing the whole face of industry. At present, of the 578 million tons of bituminous mined annually in the United States, ninety per- cent is burned for heat, light and power, without recovering any of its pre- cious by-products. The Me gi Courtesy of Carnegie Institute of Technology Making methanol from coal and gas by the Patart method. Under pressure and heat in cylinders zinc and chromium compounds change water-gas to wood alcohol By A. C. FIELDNER Chief Chemist, U. S. Bureau of Mines other ten percent is converted into gas and coke. From two thirds of this, other by-products such as tar, ammonia, and light oils are recovered. A’ THE present rate of progress, however, we may expect to see the ratio reversed before many years. Com- paratively little coal will be shoveled into the fire. It will be deemed too valu- a > able as raw stuff for the manufacture of vital necessaries of life, as well as a source of more efficient fuels. Even now the list of everyday things derived from coal runs into the hundreds, includ- ing dyes, fertilizers, explosives like TNT, medicines, drugs, solvents and preserva- tives. . ; It took about a lifetime to build up Germany’s great coal tar dye industry, r based on by-products of i coke manufacture. But, thanks to modern research q laboratories, it required only a few years for Ger- many to develop the com- mercial manufacture of wood alcohol from water- gas—a product of coal and water—to the point where it rang the death knell of the great wood-distillation industry. yyw American chem- ists, in another two years, developed a process of their own which is now operating at Belle, West Virginia, in the heart. of the bituminous field. Plans are being made to enlarge this plant to supply the entire American yearly demand of ten million gallons! (Continued on page 164)

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY March, 1928 - . This is no nightmare, but a German health exhibit calculated to impress forever on people’s minds the importance of maintaining cor- rect posturé. The skeletons are shown in the correct and incorrect attitudes for daily human activities at work as well as at play ewest Harvest of Research Skull of California“ Ape Man” May Be Half Million Years Old— Heart's Electricity Photographed—“ Death” of the Sun Predicted Advances in many and widely diverse fields of scientific research, discover- ies, inventions and theories, impor- tant because of their bearing on » everyday life, are chronicled each month in these pages. Sun’s Collapse Predicted GREAT British astronomer, Pro- fessor J. H. Jeans, says the sun is ready to collapse at any moment. When it does, the earth will be frozen so cold nobody can live on it. A French astronomer, M. F. Baldet, finds evidence that the planet Jupiter, largest in the sun’s family, is shooting enormous volcanic bombs into space. Some of the comets and fire balls that sometimes hit the earth may come from Jupiter. In our own universe of the Milky Way, and in countless others like it, such bombardments signalize mo- mentous changes as time moves on. Of the many stars in our universe system—possibly thirty billion—mod- ern reflecting telescopes are capable of photographing three billion. Each is a sun. Most of them are larger and brighter than ours. Each sheds energy until it burns out. Stars at old age, called “white dwarfs,” give little heat and light. To determine the effect of wind on buildings, this and other models of skyscrapers are subjected to artificial hurricanes in a wind tunnel by the U. S. Bureau of Standards, as described in the February Poputar Science Montnuiy. By varying the pres- sure on various parts of the structure it is possible to find where it is too weak and where unneces- sarily strong. The tests are invaluable to builders Professor Jeans calculates that our sun is perilously near the “white dwarf” stage. Any day it may totter. But, since a day in the universe may be millions of years, this is nothing to worry about. America Man’s Birthplace? ORKMEN, laying a sewer in Santa Barbara, Calif., found a skull buried eighteen feet a few weeks ago. To them it was only a somewhat gruesome mass of bone: but to Dr. A. H. Ousdal, an archeologist, it was a rare historic document. For his examination indicated, he said, that the skull was the nearest thing so far found to the “missing link” connect- ing man and the apes with common ancestry. Undoubtedly, he said, it is older than the skull of the famous Java ape man believed to have lived nearly half a million years ago. The primitive ape man who possessed it could not have been able to speak except in grunts. If Dr. Ousdal is right—and_ there seems excellent reason to believe that he is—the find will add important weight to the theory, recently advanced, that the birthplace of the human race was in the New World. that heliu the air in These | an impor’ aerial tra A succeé will rem¢ stands 1n in flying. power th reduces f An unl helium fc would ret to develo In ordina part of I But there Cree CAN a bu nursery 0 assemble in the fF laborator Hopkins to deter sort of s use when The ar Babies Watch camera, the dog | Only by v appreciabl rays, accor in the U. § ing throug action. T] Percent. | least, says on various

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ur te NY a) March, 1928 Oil Engine and Cheap Helium May Start New Flying Epoch VIATION engineers of England have rfected a new airplane engine of the Diesel type, which burns heavy oil in place of gasoline. From the Fixed Nitrogen Laboratory, at Washington, D. C., comes the state- ment of Dr. Frederick G. Cottrell, ex- rt on the chemistry of the atmosphere, that helium gas may be obtainable from ’ the air in unlimited quantities. These two recent developments have an important bearing on the advance of aerial transportation. A successful noninflammable oil engine will remove the fear of fire that now stands in the way of public confidence in flying. The new engine delivers less wer than a gasoline motor, but also reduces fuel consumption. An unlimited supply of noninflammable helium for the safe inflation of airships would remove the most serious handicap to development of lighter-than-air craft. In ordinary atmosphere there is only one part of helium to 180,000 parts of air. But there is plenty of air. Creeping Baby Is Trotter CAMERA, acat, a bulldog and a nursery of babies were assembled recently in the psychological laboratories of Johns Hopkins University to determine what sort of stride babies use when they creep. The answer was: Babies are trotters. Watched by the camera, the cat and the dog proved to be Only by wearing open-weave fabrics can you get appreciable benefits from the sun’s ultra-violet Tays, according to tests made by this device recently in the U. S. Bureau of Standards. Only rays pass- ing through the meshes have sufficient healthful action. The solid part lets through only five to ten Percent. Dyed and aged thread let through the least, says R. Stair, who is pictured making tests on various samples in the Bureau’s laboratories POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY pacers, the weight of the body being alternately borne by the two legs on each side. The babies, however, in almost every instance kept their weight balanced diagonally between a leg on one side and an arm on the other, in the manner of true trotters. Dr. Lenoir H. Burnside found that usually the first attempts at loco- motion consist of flounderings and waving of arms or legs. Later the baby’s arms begin to work alter- nately while the legs are still dragged. At last the infant raises his body and strikes out in a trot. Photos of Heart Electricity HOTOGRAPHY’S latest achieve- ment, announced by Dr. C. E. Kenneth Mees, Director of Research in the Eastman Laboratories, is in recording faint electric currents of the human heart! The process, em- ploying a string galvanometer, a delicate instrument for measuring electric currents, promises useful- ness in diagnosing heart ailments. Deaf children’s voices are transformed into light waves so that they may see what they say and improve their articulation. The sound waves, striking the receiver dia- phragms, set up tiny currents in an elec- tric circuit, which causes beams of light, refiected through mirrors, to represent the sounds exactly as they were uttered Accidents Due to Blood HE reason some auto drivers constantly have accidents while others have little trouble may be largely a matter of blood pressure. Dr. Walter V. Bingham and C.S. Slocombe, psychologists of the Personnel Research Federation, New York City, have just com- pleted experiments in which they find a definite relation between health and motor accidents. Among bus drivers and motormen more than fifty years old, men with high blood pressure were found to have more than twice as many 'acci- dents as those with normal pressure. This excessive pressure, the psycholo- gists say, apparently affects health and temperament to a point where it inter- feres with safe driving. Their investiga- tions also showed that the longer a man drives the fewer accidents he has. 51 The towering new tobacco plant developed by Professors T. H. Goodspeed (left) and A. R. Olson of the University of California by the action of X-rays on sex cells of the parent plant from which the giant was produced. The com- mon tobacco plant is shown between them. Their experiments confirm those of Prof. H. J. Muller, noted in this magazine last month Mummies Sought in Arctic Je peony of long-forgotten men of the Far North, older than those found in ancient Egyptian tombs, will be sought by an expedition of the American Museum of Natural History, this spring, exploring the Arctic Coast of Siberia. The remains are those of primitive Mongolians, believed to have been the first settlers of North America. Their existence was reported by the late Dr. William H. Dall of the Smithsonian Institution. For thousands of years they have been preserved by Nature in caves in the Aleutian Islands, where they were buried. They are believed to date to the postglacial period. Natives of the Aleutian Islands believe the mummies hold a curse, and fear to go near them. It is related that a Swedish fisherman who attempted to remove a mummy to the United States in a boat was never heard of after he set sail. This year’s expedition is led by Harold McCracken, who has spent five years in the Arctic. Insects Turned into Metal OME months ago a German chemist, Dr. N. D. Zelinsky, was making chemi- cal analysis of certain insects. The proc- ess involved covering them with pow- dered copper oxide and heating them in small platinum crucibles in an atmosphere of carbon dioxide. He was astonished to discover that the insects turned to metal, with the delicate markings and structure preserved. As a result, museums mav preserve rare specimens indefinitely.

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52 The “road yacht” touring car with living accommodations for five persons. Below: luncheon from _ the “galley” is spread for the auto’s driver “Road Yacht”Complete Home HE man who drives with one hand will find that he may use the other to reach for a sandwich and a cup of coffee in a “road yacht” developed in London. The vehicle, which looks like a large metal bug on wheels, is the latest in touring luxury. Speed of forty-five miles an hour may be easily attained. An electric “‘galley,”’ completely fitted lava- tory, two sleeping cabins, book shelves, writing tables, and a radio complete the equipment of this automotive innovation, which accommodates five persons. Big New Meteorite Studied wir is thought to be the largest meteorite preserved intact for which the date of fall is definitely known is being studied by experts at the Uni- versity of Iowa. It is a 110-pound chip from a celestial visitor that exploded about fifteen miles above Iowa City, Ia., according to Prof. Charles C. Wylie, one of the investigators. The chip buried itself in hard clay. Bottle Traces Ocean Current FLOATING bottle’s journeys ended the other day when William Han- napin, walking along the west coast of Ireland, picked it from the water and read the note it contained, “No. 1059. Please return to William Beebe, New York Zoélogical Park; or to the Hydro- graphic Bureau, Washington.” Nearly a year ago the noted explorer Beebe had thrown the bottle into the Caribbean sea 2800 miles away; the Gulf Stream had carried it to its journey’s end. More .than a thousand such bottles were dropped by Beebe during this cruise. Thirty-one were recovered, mostly from Central American shores, but this one revealed caprices of ocean streams. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY How to Name a New Animal T’S harder to name a new animal than a new baby, according to Dr. C. W. Stiles, secretary of an international com- mission that has sought for years to work out a standard naming procedure. The creature runs the risk of being named several times by independent discoverers. According to the commission, if you discover a new species of bird, beast, or butterfly, you must publish the news of your discovery and give it whatever technical Latin name you wish. This alone, rules the commission, is the name by which it will always be known. Commencing with 1931, you must not only name it, but also describe it so fully that no other species may be mistaken for it. Nearly half a million species of animals have been named since the pioneer studies of the great naturalist Linnaeus, says Dr. Stiles. Saw Uses Sand to Cut Rock LONG steel cable, drawn at high speed and fed continually with wet sand, cuts through solid rock in a new type of quarry saw developed by Dr. Oliver Bowles, of the U. S. Bureau of Mines. Tiny grains of sand, dragged across the rock face, serve as abrasives to groove it at a rate hitherto unknown. In Pennsylvania quarries the device, known as a wire saw, cut quantities of rock without need of the costlier methods of drilling, blasting, and cutting. March, 19% Swastika May Trace Races To Lost Pacific Continen; MAY thousands of years ago there stood in the Pacific Ocean a cop, tinent where thrived a remarkable ciyjj. zation. In a tremendous earth upheaval the continent vanished, swallowed by the waters. But before the catastrophe, aq. venturers from that lost land drifted ty other continents and left their marks, Such is the fascinating theory advanced by Col. James Churchward, of India, to explain the origin of mysterious symbols found carved and painted on rocks, Most famous of the symbols is the swas. tika cross found on rocks in America Asia, Europe and Africa. In North America the rock writings, or petro. graphs, have been generally attributed to comparatively recent tribes of Indians, - Colonel Churchward, however, contends that many of them are very ancient, and that their original source was the lost continent. With the aid of key symbols discovered in India, he claims ability to translate some of the mysterious writings, Interest in tracing the family tree of modern man has been heightened by the recent statement of Dr. Ales Hrdlicka, noted anthropologist, that the low. browed grisly Neanderthal man, who lived some 40,000 years ago, may have been our direct ancestor, instead of a distant cousin of a different species. The belief has been that this prehistoric race was exterminated by the later Cro-Magnon men and left no descendants. In the remains of Neanderthal man, however, Doctor Hrdlicka finds new evidence that he formed a definite link in the long chain of human evolution. Motorcycle Drives Sea Sled OW would you like to go for a motor- cycle ride on the river? E. A. Cul- lum, pictured below, thinks river cycling a plausible idea even though his first attempt to cross the Thames resulted in the sinking of his queer machine and the second fared little better. His vehicle consists of a motorcycle built into a float of the sea sled type. With a motorcycle built into a sea sled, E. A. Cullum has a remarkable water craft, which runs on tran- quil surfaces, but the Englishman’s efforts to cross the Thames River have so far been unsuccessful the skater’s The nat was given shown at Exhibition proved to I the many ! Self-S, LAY re elastic cracks in | to the cla of an od water fror compact 0D ordinary t Burridge, Departme novel idea Calcium used, has ¢ gravel TO? dressing ¢ dustproof the highw cal seize ¢ tons of t mile of ro Sea Li HES! to be for heret« animal ha in with 1 a small : Mexico \ first haul of treme! om bse a

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, 19% nt here Vili. aval ‘the ad. 1 to ef mn he f, at in 8 st ie t March, 1928 Gear-Wheeled Roller Skates like those seen below would Sp cag to drink that extra cup of coffee and still get to work with time to , for the remarkable speed of thirty miles an hour is claimed for them. The effective motive power for these up- to-date “seven-league boots’’ is furnished by the downward step of the skater through a ratchet gear wheel. Springs that operate automatically return the carriage to the original position ready for the skater’s next stride. © The name of “walking machinery” was given to the skates when they were shown at the International Inventions Exhibition at London. The novel skates proved to be one of ‘the most popular of the many interesting exhibits. Self-Sprinkling Roads LAY roads are kept moist, firmly elastic, and free from sun-dried cracks in Michigan by the addition to the clay used in building them of an odd chemical that absorbs water from the air. The resulting compact mass stands up well under ordinary traffic, according to A. L. Burridge, of the State Highway Department, who developed the POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY novel idea. Calcium chloride, the chemical used, has already proved its usefulness for gravel roads as well. Used in the top dressing of gravel, it renders the road dustproof. No water wagons need sprinkle the highway, for the grains of the chemi- cal seize droplets from the air itself. Six tons of the chemical are used on each mile of road. Sea Lions Caught with Nets HESE seals and sea lions are said to be experiencing a new sensation, for heretofore, it is declared, this type of animal has never been caught and brought in with nets. The picture below shows a small schooner off the west coast of Mexico with what is reputed to be the first haul of this kind, made with netting of tremendous strength. Thirty miles an hour is claimed for roller skates, called walking machines, which are driven by rat- chet gear wheels that act whenever you take a step Five-Mile Road of Gold Ore ITHIN the concrete paving of a five-mile stretch of Colorado road, just laid, lies $20,000 worth of gold. High- way engineers found that rock from mine ore dumps was the nearest at hand and most plentiful for mixing the concrete. Despite the quantity of gold it contained, there was not enough to pay for the ex- pensive process for its extraction. How Colors Aid Eyesight. D ge sniper 9 blue light is best for close work, an investigation reveals. Red is preferred for seeing distant ob- jects; ordinary white for all-around work. : a Fi aT , . The first seals and sea lions ever caught, so far as known, in nets, hauled in by a schooner off the Coast of Mexico. Special netting of tremendous strength is said to have made the feat possible Junk Makes Queer Golf Links HAE you a dump heap near your home? If so you might lay out a golf course, for therein are the “ makin’s.” Pipe fittings, a number of loose bricks, and a variety of crockery went to form hazards for this sporty nine-hole course that a large gas company at Hell Gate, N. Y., laid out in its front yard. Upon these links the player must be careful not to send his ball out of the yard with an unexpected bounce off a piece of steel tubing. Dam Holds Water with Water ATER holds back water in an amazing new type of dam, said to be extremely economical to construct, proposed by French engineers. If success- ful tests of a plaster model are confirmed, a 230-foot dam will be erected near Mar- ege, France. Instead of one solid masonry wall, the dam will consist of five thin concrete ones across the Haute-Dordogne Valley. Each, looking down the valley, is lower than the last, the farthest downstream being only forty-six feet high. When water is running over their tops they will appear like cascades. Water fills the space between them, to make up the bulk of the dam. Its weight partly equalizes the pressure on opposite sides of each partition, unlike an ordinary dam that has nothing but its own strength to oppose the water’s down- stream push. Hence, the partitions can be made exceedingly thin with safety, and the total cost of the whole five is said to be far less than that of one massive wall. Plan to Utilize Moon Power UTTING the moon to work for us is the not far distant prospect held out by the National Geogra hic Society, by the use of the same force that creates the tides and that makes the great liner Leviathan weigh ten or twelve pounds less when the moon is directly over it. “In years to come,” the society announ- ces, “‘this moon-force may be harnessed to create power; already plans are under way for the construction of tidal power stations.”

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54 Portable Track for Racing Greyhounds POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY

8

Above: Releasing grey- hounds for race on port- able track. Below: Ad- ~~ F justing “electric hare” = on wheel carrying it ~ afar ~ ‘ - ye ee i LEET greyhounds records as they pursue the “electric hare”’ of a new racing outfit, designed by an English inventor and recently suc- vie for speed cessful in tests at Beddington. Though in design it resembles the standard race tracks that have popularized greyhound racing in Britain, the latest apparatus is portable and can be set up at any sports meet or fair. At the starting signal the hare is set in motion; a second later the hounds are in full pursuit. Though the operator sees that they never catch the hare (for one was torn to pieces when this happened at Southend) they are spurred to great bursts of speed. Their quarry darts along in a lifelike manner at the side of its motive power—a car that is an electric motor on wheels, running along a mini- ature railway ef narrow gage. Electricity to run the outfit is gener- ated by a gas motor and a dynamo. Twin Panama Canal Foreseen D° WE need another Panama Canal? Although the great waterway is now operating on a sixteen-hour schedule, it may eventually require constant use, indicates a report of the governor, M. L. Walker, to the Secretary of War. During the last fiscal year shipping passing through the canal set a new high record of 5475 commercial vessels alone, not to mention other craft that brought up the average to nearly seventeen a day. Total cargo carried through the canal was nearly 28,000,000 long tons. Tolls exceeded $24,000,000. This is five times the traffic of twelve years ago; and if it continues to increase, enlarging of the canal or the digging of a supplemental waterway across Nicaragua may be necessary. Additional locks in the pres- ent canal, a suggested remedy, could increase its capacity only about fifty percent, it has been estimated. eate’s 3 Xe * 2 / (6 a wo : -— Sigs ae ‘ a = e wg |

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Who Is Father Of Automobile? HAT the real in- ventor of the gas- oline automobile was Siegfried Marcus, Aus- trian mechanic, is the contention of authorities who plan a statue in his memory at Vienna. As early as 1864, it is said, the man who won the Golden Cross of Merit for incandescent lamps and rotary pumps he invented made the world’s first motor car. Eleven years later he perfected a model and car- ried passengers. Not until 1885 did Gott- lieb Daimler, the German, invent the gasoline engine that assured its success. In the first engines the gasoline was exploded by heating the outside of a closed tube connected with the cylinder; it was impossible to time the explosions properly, since they lagged behind the piston’s motion. Later the electrically ignited motor became forerunner of to- day’s efficient power plants. Paving Put to Test ARD surfaced highways are the most economical to motorist and town or state alike, according to W. H. Rhodes, New Orleans engi- neer. “The efficiency expert of a tri-state bus company,” he recently told the American Society of Mu- nicipal Improvements, “found that their heavy busses running over gravel cost two cents a mile more in tires than those running over aspha’ A conservative estimate of the suving in wear to the tires of an average car is at least six tenths of a cent a mile.” On all roads carrying more than 1000 cars a day, he declared, the providing of a hard surface would be a real economy, less costly than repairing the worn-down highway. Wheels Made of Cotton HEN cotton manufacturers sought to find new uses for their fabric, they decided to make wheels of it! Now these odd wheels, used on hand trucks to enable them to roll quietly through factories and offices, have proved successful in recent tests conducted at the War Operator at the motor watches the race and, by regulating power, controls the speed of “¢! hare,” keeping it beyond reach of pursuing dogs Department. One of them, revolved. against a grinding surface, showed po appreciable wear after running an equiva. lent of more than 350 miles. Experiments are being made to see if they can be adapted to automobile trucks. Average Auto Lasts 7 Years yre average luck, you might ex. pect your car to last seven years, concludes Prof. C. E. Griffin, of the Uni. versity of Michigan, who investigated the history of 100,000 cars. Half of them were out of commission at the end of seven years, but, after twelve years, more than 5000 were going strong. Dam Is Engineering Feat HE great Pacoima Canyon Dam, three hundred and eighty-five feet high, six hundred feet long and a hundred feet thick at the base, considered one of the outstanding engineering feats of our time, will protect California's fertile San Fernando Valley.

‘em » # < ic Sa ” mh? A remarkable view looking down on the $2,500,000 Pacoima Dam, 385 feet high, which presented tremen- dous engineering problems and is two years in building

Mail T REAC legend potamia be seasons, @ cross it ar ber like fli in spite of forbidding Mesopota port of Sy cial mail on its wa digging ou Navy I. OR th the graphic © lication 0 air,” shov route for issued thr Oil D ASHI terns the unus It is the who saw

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Mail Trapped by the Desert REACHEROUS at all times, the ied Sazncd Irak Desert of Meso- potamia becomes a sea of mud in rainy seasons, and motor cars attempting to cross it are trapped times without num- ber like flies on flypaper. But mail must in spite of all circumstances traverse the forbidding wastes between Bagdad, in Mesopotamia, and Beirut, Mediterranean port of Syria. In the illustration the offi- cial mail is being “‘rescued” and sped on its way by sturdy natives, who are digging out a marooned transport car. Navy Issues Ocean Air Maps OR the aid of trans-Atlantic flyers, the Navy Department’s hydro- graphic office has commenced the pub- lication of “pilot charts of the upper air,” showing the most feasible aviation route for each month. They will be issued throughout the year. Oil Ditch a Fabric Pattern ASHION designers seeking new pat- terns may well turn to Nature, as the unusual photograph below shows. It is the chance shot of a photographer who saw in the curious mosaic of circles #nowgraph by S. Uyeda Formation of ovals and circles in many iridescent colors on the surface of an oil ditch—one of the loveliest pictures in an English exhibition 55 Building Wreckers Imitate Explosion The collapse of buildings almost 100 years old looked like an explosion and sounded like one, being heard for blocks, when the ancient structures yielded to wreckers’ sledges and ovals of an oil ditch an out-of-the- ordinary camera subject well worth re- cording. The striking record he obtained was one of the best exhibits at the Lon- don Salon of Photography. Sailer Dollars Save Millions WO thirds the size of the old cur- rency, the small new dollar bill just designed by the U. S. Treasury is ex- pected to save the Government four mil- lion dollars a year. You will soon be car- rying the new-size notes, which were scheduled to be ready by the time this magazine is printed—although it is said that half a billion will be printed before the first is issued. Since twelve of these can be printed at once on a single sheet, as compared with eight of the old kind, the cost of printing is reduced. Another important feature, studies have shown, is that the smaller bills last much longer. They can be put in the ordinary wallet without folding. Ordinary dollar bills have an estimated life of eight months, before, limp and soiled, they return to Washington to be destroyed and made into souvenirs. Making All Russia Gas-Proof IVILIAN inhabitants of Moscow, Leningrad, and other Russian cities— men, women and children—are now being provided by the government with “per- sonal gas masks” and instructed in their use, according to reports. “It is our duty to supply them not only to every soldier but also to every working man and in- habitant of the districts behind the war front,”’ Commissar of War Voroshilov told the Fourth Soviet Congress, urging that in the unlikely event of war Russia should not be unprepared. Other suggested plans for protection against possible future air attack by gas include dwellings with gas-tight rooms, supplied by pipe with fresh air from plants with stacks reaching into the air. O, YOU’RE wrong, this is not a pic- ture of an explosion, although it may look like one. In reality, the photo- graph was made when wreckers demol- ished several ancient buildings in Jersey City, New Jersey. The old structures were almost 100 years old and very solidly built. The crash when they finally surrendered to the razers’ sledge hammers was heard several blocks away. The buildings had been condemned, and were destroyed to make way for new construction. Heating Plants on Roofs Next? 9 gre plants on the roofs of buildings may come within a few years, H. Leigh Whitelaw, of New York City, recently told the Pennsylvania Gas Association. Skyscraper owners, he said, would increase their profits by leasing the basements that now hold the: heaters. The technical difficulties of adapting heating systems to the topsy- turvy plan could be overcome, he says. Hens Smash Laying Records IRST place in the international egg- laying contest just conducted by the Washington State Agricultural College has been won by ten Barred Plymouth Rock hens owned by Prof. H. B. Dens- more, of the University of Washington. In one year his pen of hens laid 2807 eggs. This is said to be the first time in poultry history that Plymouth Rocks have beaten all other hens, including Leghorns, which took second place. Hotel Radio in Each Room Now the guests of a New York City hotel have radio programs on tap through the touch of an electric switch. The entire hotel has just been wired for radio, and two central receiving sets are on the thirty-first floor. Nearly all the 1600 rooms have loudspeakers.

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ea Fresh*Water Al 5 ae **Seeds’’ of Metal Salts, Put in Strange, Pozsonous Solutions,Sprout Like Sea Vegetation POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Chloride . | Tro Plant 77 Tumbler magic. OW artificial plants are grown in test tubes through the chemist’s The photographs on this page, made by Dr. E. Bade, show how closely these chemical plants resemble nature’s own products. Pills made of salts of metals are the “seeds,” which are drop- ped into solutions of sugar or salt and other “nutritive” sub- stances such as saltpeter and yellow prussiate of potash, a deadly poison. The pills sprout . to form moss or tall stalks. When lecithin, a waxy sub- stance from the yolks of eggs, is placed in water, twisting threads shoot from it that ap- pear under a microscope as grapelike clusters. All of the chemical plants are easily mistaken for low one-celled plant forms. There is but one difference; they lack the vital spark of life. af singe cae a ee é ey ole? egy ee ee ae ‘es Green Sea Algae i Ose a OD i itis BaP a Be oo Ss ’ ™ ss ute LIP RS : ~ i, \ Pee , bag Tee § P . Ke é. B i ie mis Chhorideof Copper Plant in Pota y) ssium Ferrocyanid : + iene Dp pical Chloride sf Copper Plant Sea Plant Growthy Sulpha te of (DB Copper Plant n Salt “W. ater J » yy o a s These remarkable photographs show the similarity of the chemically produced artificial plants to the natural ones. The four at the top of the page show lecithin, from egg yolks, growing. The first three are magnified 50 times and the fourth, 150 times at a

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on », 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 57 Flyers ‘Turn to New Ideas 9 % an a : The first hydro-glider, equipped with air-filled . pontoons, successful in a recent test in Berlin, is drawn by a motor boat, as shown in the photograph, until it attains sufficient momentum to rise. The 7 inventor, Hans Richter, who directed the trial of the odd craft, declared it more than met expectations Gigantic duralumin frame of the new Zeppelin LZ-127, being completed in Germany by Hugo Eckener, builder of f “if f the American dirigible Los Angeles Taking-off in ten seconds is easy with this strange caterpillar landing gear, according to reports of recent tests in France. Danger of fouling the wheels, a common mishap, is said to be eliminated. | The cleated belts move around the landing arms at Small dirigibles may land anywhere at the slightest movement of the ship. M.: Chevreau, will, it is said, with this anchor, invented the device's inventor, is seen at the extreme right by George Hockensmith. Dropped from 100 feet, it digs its barbs fast in the 2 aa dirt and the flyers pull down the ship The largest “aerial signpost’ in a city, atop a Denver building, is a 110-foot arrow, directing flyers to Lowry Field. It is visible from a height of 5000 feet. The plan is recommended to all owners of large buildings The first floating dock for giant flying boats is shown here receiving the Dornier Superwal (superwhale) in Germany. With a supporting capacity of 100 tons, it can also receive airplanes and launch them by catapult

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LL LS EL Toy Car Claims Speed Mark ASTEST of toy automobiles, says the maker, is a new lightweight car for the children. Among its novel features are a safety system of double brakes and a patented bicyclelike sprocket that enables the youthful driver to go forward, reverse, brake and coast at will. Steered by the conventional wheel, it is propelled by a chain drive similar to that of a standard racing automobile. The car is of all-steel construction, hence durability is claimed as one of its virtues. Baboons as Servants Advised F YOU need a faithful, efficient house servant, not subject to human failings, try a baboon. That is the startling advice of Prof. F. A. Lindemann, of Oxford University, England. In twenty years, he declares, there need no servant problem. This is the time it would take, he says, to breed apes intelligent enough for simple household duties—dusting and sweeping, for instance. Steam Well Power Unlimited REAT, undeveloped power resources —the smoldering fires within the earth—have just come in for attention with a recent survey of the California natural steam wells. Two experts of the Carnegie Institution, Dr. E. T. Allen and Dr. Arthur L. Day, have reported the results of the first thorough investi- gation of its kind in America. Despite eight borings in the local area where natural steam is abundant, a little valley near San Francisco, the tapping has caused no apparent reduction, they find, in the available pressure of from sixty to 275 pounds. There seems no reason why further enterprises should not be conducted on a larger scale, as has been done at Larderello, Italy, to furnish commercial power. * The Italian natural steam, they point out, contains corrosive substances and must undergo a costly purification be- fore it can be used in machines; but the California steam is pure enough to use directly as it comes from the ground. Seaplane Can Go 4000 Miles VERYTHING new in aeronautical science is said to be incorporated in the Navy’s latest seaplane—a giant with a cruising radius of 3000 to 4000 miles that could conquer the Pacific! The first of these ““PN-11” planes, secretly built at Philadelphia, has just been completed, and twenty-five more are to follow. Secretary of the Navy Wilbur, denying POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY reports that the plane will be used in a Pacific or globe-girdling flight, states that it will be placed in regular service. It is designed to carry about 1300 gallons of gasoline, more than Commander Byrd’s huge plane bore on its flight across the Atlantic to France. New Way to Tell Time in Bed O TELL the time, without turning in bed, an English inventor had de- vised an apparatus that projects to the ceiling a magnified, illuminated image of his watch-face! He slips his watch into the device before retiring; a touch of an electric switch conveniently located on his bed at any time during the night and the hour is indicated above him. Within the box-shaped apparatus are an electric bulb, a mirror, and a lens to accomplish his end. It is the reflected, magnified image of the watch or clock face that the sleeper sees. The annoyance of a noisy timepiece is obviated, as it can be placed far enough from the bed to make its ticking inaudible. A $275,000 Floating Road i ENEERS recently laid a unique floating roadway when they con- structed a $275,000 underpass to avoid a grade crossing at South San Francisco. To pass beneath twelve ‘main-line rail- road tracks, the road dips three feet below sea level. It rests upon a mud and water foundation alone; six hundred steel anchors hold it in place. New Chemical “Ice” for Rink O MATTER how hot it is, you can skate and coast as in midwinter on a new kind of “ice” devised by Ger- man chemists, now installed in a Breslau exhibition hall and skating rink. Although, it is said, you can slip and fall on it as effectively as on the natural substance, the new compound does not melt even at a heat of 208 degrees! Resembling the frost that collects on ammonia refrigeration pipes, the artifi- cial product is poured on wood and har- dens quickly. Its manufacture is by a secret process, although it is known to be purely chemical; no machinery whatever is needed in order to make it. March, 1% Planes Use Costliest Wood At $600 for Thousand Feet ROBABLY the highest-priced lumber that comes from a log, lumbermey say, is the hand-picked Sitka spruce useq in the building of airplanes. Not every log will supply the quality demanded— a clear straight-grained spruce of the highest standard. Only a half dozen milly in the Pacific Northwest can supply the rare wood, and it takes from three ty six weeks to assemble a carload. The average airplane requires for its many. facture nearly a thousand feet of the spruce, at $600 a thousand, for its wing beams, struts and other parts. Bridge Nearly 500 Feet High N A short time, what is said to be the highest bridge in America—if not jp the world—will be completed. It spans an Idaho river north of Twin Falls, a the tremendous height of 490 feet. This unusual photograph below shows the structure being thrown up across the ravine. When it is finished, it will haye cost $800,000. The Washington Monument, if set alongside the bridge, would rise only sixty feet above it— the mere height of a tree. A twenty-seven foot wide plat. form, more than a quarter of mile long, tops the girders. An unusual close-up photograph of what is called America’s highest bridge, in Idaho. The 550-foot Washington Monument would top it by omly 60 feet March, 1928 | Steel H! We rec where arch men erect story dwell minutes: new systen of standar those used When F engineer ¥ mounted 1 gave the : frame beg: By goin out facto chimneys § to constru parts in Tappan sa houses of the countr omy of declares, t wooden he Steel fi house pra it is said, not warp Fool} OU | your of autom: introduce other n und fic bered but he starts control, it first floor automatic them and stops at t So per that the bottom e down trip matically passenger button or The new | the motor | machine ir

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194 d iis ‘ve the 2 e to anu. the igh the t in ans at- f a March, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 59 Steel House Erected in Little Over Three Hours HAT is said to be a speed record in Winns construction was achieved recently at Forest Hills, N. Y., where architects and engineers saw work- men erect the steel framework of a two- story dwelling in three hours and twenty minutes! It was a demonstration of a new system of house building by the use of standardized steel members similar to those used in constructing skyscrapers. When Robert Tappan, architect and engineer who designed the steel house, mounted its skeletonlike beginnings and gave the starting signal, the fabricated frame began rising. By going a step farther and turning out factory-made porches, vestibules, chimneys and bay windows, it is possible to construct seventy percent of a house’s parts in an industrial plant, Tappan says. He plans to erect houses of this type throughout the country. Through the econ- omy of standardization, he declares, they will cost less than wooden houses do today. Steel framework makes the house practically indestructible, it is said, and the dwelling can- not warp or shrink. Foolproof Elevator OU can’t be carried past your floor in the latest type of automatic elevator, recently introduced in New York and other American cities. On the ground floor the operator presses a num- bered button for every stop desired. ‘Then he starts the elevator; without further control, it shoots upward and stops at the first floor called for. The doors fly open automatically; a touch of a lever closes them and the elevator continues until it stops at the next level desired. So perfect is the mechanical control that the elevator always stops with its bottom edge flush with the floor. On its down trip, the elevator again stops auto- matically at every floor where a waiting passenger has pressed the “down” button on the wall of the corridor. ae Ja “Gem ° € Z ot / G .. i ” ‘ a , a y bs ores ¢ 3 ’ Wed . / At AN \O8 HUNU Ges “ea ve Hs | = =, jh #8 Fale’ =r ; tf ; 8 ; 4§ 4 : tly ie Open Car and Sedan in One HEN the weather is on its bad behavior, the open car loses much of its attractiveness. It’s a quick change to a closed one with a remarkable new convertible type of automobile re-. cently exhibited at Westminster, Eng- land. From the rear compartment, as seen below, unfolds a substantial top that is quickly set in place and made weather-tight. In fair weather the cover- ing is completely hidden and the car’s lines are unmarred by the presence of a folded top. Even with the cover folded away, there is said to be ample space in the rear com- partment for luggage. tools, and spare automobile parts. Any Questions? HIS magazine is. always glad to answer inquiries of readers concerning all subjects within its scope and to furnish names and addresses, whenever possible, of the makers of articles described in its pages. Replies are made as promptly as possi- ble in view of the time required for research. and every effort is made for absolute accuracy. Inquiries should be accompanied by stamped self-addressed en- velopes and directed -to Infor- The new English folding top that collapses into the rear of the motor car when not in use and in bad weather converts the machine into a sedan. When out of service it cannot be seen mation Department, PopuLar Science Monrtuaty, 250 Fourth Avenue, New York City. A workman waves a flag to signify completion of the assembling of the factory-made steel frame of a dwelling at Forest Hills, N. Y., in three hours and twenty minutes. At the left Robert Tappan, architect and engineer, who originated the idea and plans to build such houses throughout the coun- try, gives signal to start the main construction Star a Pulsating Gas Bubble a“ GLOWING, gigantic bubble of gas that shrinks and swells” is the as- tronomer’s latest description of Mira, a remarkable star that graces the celestial equator. Recent observations with the aid of a light-recording instrument, de- vised by Prof. A. A. Michelson, attached to the great 100-inch telescope at Mount Wilson Observatory, prove that as the star becomes periodically bright and dim, a phenomenon of which astronomers have been aware for centuries, it actually waxes and wanes in size. Astronomers believe the amazing power that blows the gases composing the star outward and sucks them in at intervals of eleven months comes by extraction of energy from the atoms of matter. Betelgeuse dims and brightens for a different reason, says Dr. Joel Stebbins, University of Wisconsin astronomer. A red star, such as this one, he proposes, probably has “‘star spots’’ that, rotating, periodically obscure part of its face. Magnifying Your Strength Y THE lightest touch of your hands, through a marvelous new mechanical device, you have power enough to steer a ship or aim a huge gun. These are the latest uses seen for the “torque ampli- fier,’’ developed under direction of H. W. Nieman at the Bethlehem Steel Works and described in the January PopuLar Science Monraty. When you turn the “control shaft,” the “work shaft”’ turns in the same direc- tion and its power is ten to fifty thousand times greater than yours! Bright Children Not “Queer” NUSUALLY bright children are neither queer nor likely to become so later. That is the opinion of a num-.- ber of authorities. Clever children, they agree, generally come of distinguished parents, have unusually good health, are fond of play, are popular with other children and show no peculiarities.

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60 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Phonograph Relieves Phone Girls **The number is changed; please consult new di- rectory,” a mechanical voice now tells phone users in Paris. When a changed number is called the operators save labor and avoid delaying other calls by plugging in on the ever-running device A Vest Pocket Ash Tray Cigarette rest, ash receiver and ex- tinguisher are combined in an un- usual case that saves embarrassment when you are deep in a divan and your ashes threaten your hostess’ rug. The air-tight cover extinguishes the stub March, 19 Odd Utilities anj Ferris Wheel Preserves ~Phone Girls — ‘Bundles Eggs Kept Fresh by Daily Ride on Tiny Ferris Wheel Altering of their position retards the natural ageing of eggs, according to Australian Government food experts, who entered this device in a recent food and cookery show in London, The apparatus can, carry a total of 400 eggs Pocket Tray for . Other Strange Ending Nuisance of Wet Umbrella Damage to floors and to clothing is avoided by the umbrella hold- er illustrated above for churches and halls, invented by Ambrose O’Rourke, of New York City. The holder is at- tached to the end ofa pew orrow of seats, as shown at the extreme left; a tube fitted in- to the bottom drains the water through a hole in the floor into a pail or other recep- tacle that is con- veniently hung. Los- ing umbrellas in coat rooms is also ended by the novel device What a Harmonica Grows Up to Be A tuba, one would call this instrument at first glance, but, believe it or not, it is a harmonica, Risen from the lowly level of the mouth organ, this carries the name of symphonic chromatic bass harmonica horn. Soloists in orchestras play on it Novel Golf Scorer in Watch Case Disputes are avoided by this device whose stem you press at every golf stroke. It totals each around the dial, adding them all up in the centef March, 1928 Eggs - Wray Cigar New New Li W.E.C.§ tors a lan menacing metals in 1 its constit:

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4) CS RE EEE —O ies ~ March, 1928 Useful Oddities Eggs —Phonograph Assists Wrapped by-Machine— Cigarette Ashes — New Inventions sn odtpaneanonenaen pe PLAY SELINGER ATE NE EIT penne New Light’s Colored Rays Fight White Fog W.E. C. Stone, of Los Angeles, has developed for use of avia- tors a lamp whose varicolored beams contrast sharply with menacing vapor, making landing safer. A blending of selected metals in the reflector breaks natural-colored electric light into its constituent colors, sending them broadcast over a wide area Bundle Tying Device A new wonder of modern ma- chinery is the package tyer be- low. Turn the crank and the twine is wound round the bun- dle, drawn tight, tied and cut Garage Door Dogs An ingeniously simple but positive device to hold garage doors open is a pointed spike fas- tened on a tiny metal rack. When dropped it sticks into the ground; when not in use it rests on a holder. A touch of the foot operates it OddEnvelopeLicker Those who don’t relish glue will welcome the peculiar, thimble-like device, seen at the right, for moistening en- velopes. At pressure of the fingers its spongy rubber end draws water from the small reservoir in the tube and then returns what is not needed for the envelope. The handle can be un- screwed very easily when refilling becomes necessary POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 61 A Slot Machine Soda Fountain A nickel in the slot gets you your favorite soda in an establishment recently opened in New York’s Great White Way district. The coin makes the machine set an individual cup under the spigot and start the flow. Open the door; there’s your drink all mixed Novel One-Wheel Luggage Carrier for Motor Cars Less cumbersome than two-wheel trailers, and holding four times the baggage that ordinarily can be carried, this device, recently introduced in England, may be folded up when not in use. It is devised to fit any standard type of car

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Old Maps Make Lamp Shades UAINT old maps, some of them used by generals in planning campaigns, are now turned to a far different use by women who have them cleaned, var- nished, and built into lamp shades. Many make attractive pictures when framed. In the photograph a final coat of varnish is being applied. The squared sec- tions represent part of an ancient town; the building at the left is the church. Fingerprints Identify Races Y FINGERPRINTS the world’s races can be roughly classified into West European, Italian, Indian, Japanese and Manchurian, recent investigations showed. Prints of persons of the same race were similar. This may help even- tually to perfect the specific classifica- tion and subdivision of races, WO minutes and “she’s through’ — with a new electrically driven chain saw that has been applied to pile cut- ting. Such was the time “clocked” for this heavy twenty-inch piling, and but fifty minutes was required to cut a row of twenty-four. Weighing only seventy pounds, this device, which promises great saving in dock work, is easily portable. A two-horsepower motor drives the saw. ; Sky Plays with Sound Waves AR up in the air amazing things happen to sound waves. Dr. F. J. W. Whipple, of the Kew Observatory, Eng- land, found not long ago that sometimes he could hear a cannon sixty miles away eleven minutes after it had been fired; normally the sound would take less than half this time to cover the distance. At some nearer points the explosions were inaudible. Whipple suggests that sound waves are sometimes reflected back to earth from a warm atmospheric layer twenty-five miles.or more above. Novel Saw Cuts 24 Piles in 50 Minutes POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Unique playing cards made of tiles, which remind one of Mah Jong and dominoes, add novelty to a bridge party and permit play on the porch or in the garden on a fair but windy day. They last forever eas The new two-horsepower chain saw that cuts off the top of a pile 20 inches in diameter in two minutes. It is portable, weighing only 70 pounds March, 19% Playing Cards in Tile Form Defy Wind and Hard Usage NEW deck of cards in tile form, which borrows the traits of Mah Jong, lets the hostess give her bridge part on the porch without fear of a sudde, breeze disturbing the cards. Their goliq const: uction prevents the wear that bring. *:2n corners and cracked backs to paper cards. The “cards” are packed in an attrag. tive box which, as seen below, also pro- vides individual racks for holding the “hands.” The tiles are not dealt, byt each player picks his own, as in dominoes, Clock Times Life of Truck How long can a truck run before jt wears out? So owners may deter. mine, and thus know the actual cost of trucks in their business, a new clocklike instrument has been invented. Attached to any moving part, it starts to register when motion commences and stops when the machine is idle. Its dial tells just how many hours up to ten thousand, that a truck, or for that matter any ma- chine, has been run, re- gardless of the speed at which it operates. The period of active use often sets the real life of a machine, instead of the days or months of off- and-on use. A huge can- non, for instance, must be rebuilt after an active life of about three seconds, the time required to fire 150 to 200 shells. Know Your Car VARIETY of accidents can happen to your automo- bile that will cause trouble and expense, but there are forms of carelessness for which you may have to pay with your life. Driving with weak or defec- tive brakes is one of them. Failure to inspect the running gear and steering mechanism at regular intervals is another. You can’t plead ignorance so far as poor brakes are concerned, because you can’t drive any distance without knowing just how your brakes are working. So if you get into trouble with brakes, blame yourself. That doesn’t apply to trouble in the running gear and steering | mechanism. Everything may | work fine until some day, when you are speeding along a nice road, a loose belt drops out and you are dumped irito a ditch or plastered against a telegraph pole. Go over every bolt and nut in the running gear and steering mechanism regularly! March, 1928 New F Lets At NEWt essary jobs. Wit illustrated work may rienced pal The com changeable lines attac rubber lac« is used fot rule and st adjusting straight, © Longer ! the maker of lacquer the case o! Toad ( Came FFIC: Lond obtained { of a Spani: ing his me camera té tures @ § quired! O camera th Hov of tl T l in by edge swer: 1. 2. ~- ww

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March, 1928 928 m New Paint Striping Device e Lets Anyone Decorate Auto NEW tool makes long practice unnec- m, essary for automobile paint striping ra jobs. With one of these instruments, i ilustrated below, any striped design ld work may be duplicated by an inexpe- lat rienced painter. ks The compasslike device has two inter- changeable barrels for fine and medium lines attached to one arm and fed by a n rubber lacquer-container. The other arm h is used for a guide along a molding or - rule and stripes are spaced as desired by . adjusting the thumb screw. Curved, . straight, or design lines may be made. Longer life of the stripes is claimed by the maker because a slightly thicker coat it of lacquer is said to be applied than in r. the case of work done by hand. of | Toad Challenges it Camera’s Speed en id FFICIALS of the is London Zoo recently st obtained the first movies n of a Spanish toad swallow- or ing his meal of a worm. A a camera taking 1500 pic- e- tures a second was re- at quired! One taking 500 a second had completely e missed the eating act. fe When the authorities af carried off their first film . and developed it, they I- found they had good pictures of the e toad, but between two of them the worm e simply disappeared and how he went e remained as much a mystery as ever. 0 When they succeeded with the faster camera the film showed the toad’s tongue How Much Do You Know of the World You Live In? HESE questions are se- lected from hundreds sent | in by readers. Test your knowl- edge with them. Correct an- | swers are on page 166. most town in the world? 2. What country is especial- ly famous for its butter? 3. Where is fresh water found 200 miles at sea? 4. Where do men have their wives whipped by law? 5. Where does the abalone live? 6. What Alaska city is as warm as Philadelphia? 7. Where do goldfish come from? 8. What is a ‘“‘dry lake’’? 9. Where is there a lake of crystal soda? 10. What are the Antipodes? 11. Where are prayers burned instead of being said? 12. What became of the Tem- ple of Solomon? 1. What is the northern- POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY hitting the worm much as a batter strikes a ball, and whisking it out of sight into his mouth. It was all over in less than a sixtieth of a second. The machine for painting stripes on motor cars (left) is in the form of a com- pass. One arm serves as guide; the other carries interchangeable fine and medium barrels from which lacquer is fed in even lines Tree Stump an Incinerator HE question of what to do with old tree stumps has been almost as baffling as the time honored “ What shall we do with our old razor blades?” H. W. Ayers, of Burbank, Calif., made an incinerator out of one in his back yard, which was so successful that neighbors were not slow in copying it. Ayers says he got the idea from a dream. The picture below shows him giving his novel and useful contrivance the finishing touches. nate * The refuse incinerator made from an old tree stump in his back yard, to which H. W. Ayers, of Burbank, Calif., is here seen applying the finishing touches A Mechanical Professor ND now we have the mechanical tutor—a portable professor, to be exact! It is a device that will teach you foreign languages, card games, and the like. If you would learn bridge, for ex- ample, all you do is place the, arm with the squared indicator over the line of pic- tures illustrating that game and turn on the power. A phonograph attachment explains the points of the game as each picture comes to view. A synchronizing device makes this possible. A. L. Runyon, a mechanical engineer of Los Angeles, invented the machine. Cheap Cornstalk Walls Now ALLBOARD made from corn- stalks, a long-standing laboratory achievement, is now about to become a commercial process, thanks to six months’ research by specialists of the U.S. Bureau of Standards. At present the huge corn crop is called the outstanding example of farm waste in the United States—less than twenty percent is used as food. Last year Congress appropriated $50,000 for the Bureau of Standards to use in seeking to eliminate waste, as described in the May, 1927, PopuLar Science Montuiy, by putting corn- stalks, peanut shells, cotton burrs and cotton seed hulls to use. Now, after ex- periments, a plant for the manufacture of wallboard from cornstalks has been set up in codperation with the Iowa State College, according to Dr. W. E. Emley, director of the research. The experts have simplified the prob- lem of extracting from peanut shells nonedible sugars valuable to the soft drink and tanning industries. These, it is expected, will soon be available to industry. Furfural, widely used to make synthetic resins, is promised by cotton- - seed hulls. The tons of cotton burrs left . unused by cotton gins still await a profit- able use; though Dr. Emley says that all these wastes furnish a cellulose, from which artificial silk can be made. LIRR SS. He" — ye. I aC SUE Orn

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| The machine that cuts stencil letters on the strip of heavy paper, spelling out the news bulletins to be flashed from tops of newspaper offices in Paris N INGENIOUS news-flashing sys- tem has been used of late by Paris newspapers to inform the boulevard crowds of the day’s latest developments. The device resembles the running adver- tising phrases and time signals flashed in some of our larger American cities, but offers up-to-the-minute news which the operator receives by telephone and spells out on a lettered machine. This in turn stencils a heavy paper band that is run over the back of a frame carrying a bank of electric lights. Each bulb in the frame has a wire which causes it to light when touched by the stenciled letters, and thus spell out the sentences to those below. Sugar Produced by Chemistry OR years laboratory experimenters have sought in vain to duplicate the secret processes by which living plants form starch and sugar from sunlight, carbon dioxide gas absorbed from the atmosphere, and water taken in through their roots. At last, by an ingenious method, Prof. E. C. C. Baly, of Liverpool University, has succeeded. To water and carbon dioxide in a glass tube he added colored catalysts in the form of salts—carbonate of nickel and cobalt. When the mixture was exposed to visible light from an electric lamp it produced substances that passed all the chemical tests for sugar! Professor Baly found also that growing plants may need the polarized light from the moon to convert into sugar the starch stored up in the leaves by direct light from the sun. Heart No Pump, Says Doctor HE accepted idea of the heart as an automatic pump sending blood to all parts of the body may have to be revised. A famous German heart specialist, Dr. Mendelsohn, says the heart is simply a governor to control the orderly flow of the blood, this current itself being due to the constant intake and outgo of liquid caused by chemical action in the body cells. Dr. Mendelsohn says the heart, a small muscle the size of a man’s fist, “could not possibly be capable of driving the tenacious mass of the blood through the POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY March, 19 Electric Signs Flash Paris News Bulletins Light bulbs turned on and off by a stenciled band passing behind them flash the letters of the stencils, giving Parisian crowds the latest news. The bulletin seen refers to the American Congress entire body.” He cites invalids with hearts so flabby as to release scarcely any energy, yet they lived for years with sufficient blood circulation. The heart, he says, takes constant care that the blood flow be orderly. Engineers’ World News Service Wwiat engineers are doing the world over is made available in a moment by a remarkable new service of the American Society of Mechanical Engi- neers. Libraries and other subscribers receive each week a batch of index cards to be filed in a special cabinet, bearing titles and abstracts of articles on engineer- ing problems that have just appeared in American and foreign technical papers. For those who have restricted interests, cards bearing only information on their subjects are supplied. More than a thousand publications of thirty-seven countries are digested for the subscribers. Monorail Cars under River ONORAIL cars will scud at sixty miles an hour beneath the River Tyne on a new type of underground railway seen below, designed by E. W, Kearney, British engineer, if his plan, already passed by the Ministry of Trans. port, is approved by Parliament. First of its kind, the tube is to connect North and South Shields. Along the middle of its floor will run the single rail that sup- ports the weight of the novel subway cars; a guide rail above keeps them from toppling and completes the electric cir- cuit by which they receive power. By eliminating swaying and jolting, the track design permits high speed, the inventor says. Stations will be elevated above the tube level, giving cars a “run- ning start” downgrade and automatically slowing them at the other end. This is said to result in a great saving in power, and reduction of jolts and wear, E. W. Kearney, British engineer, exhibits model of the monorail cars with another rail above to steady them and supply electrical power, which he expects to run in a tunnel beneath the River Tyne wholesale of using The rest anticipat Throu:; agricultu forty-sev tained t] for the p Little the unic tends hi: or other

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le of sup- way from cir- ting, the ated run- ~ally y m ear. March, 1928 Cem ent Mine a 40-Acre Mushroom Farm POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY bm Farming by torchlight under the ground is the business of Howard Bell, who is seen here with a gasoline flare, tending some of his forty acres of mushroom beds. This unique large scale gardening operation goes on in an abandoned cement mine, where the temperature is ideal for mushrooms of the strangest farms in the world is the great subterranean acreage of Howard Bell, of Crittenden, N. Y., on which he raises huge crops of mushrooms. Seeking means to cultivate the delicacy, which thrives without daylight, on a wholesale scale, Bell conceived the idea of using an abandoned cement mine. The results were even better than he anticipated. Throughout the entire underground agricultural plant a temperature of from forty-seven to fifty-one degrees is main- tained the year round, this being ideal for the product. Little light is used in the operation of the unique farm of forty acres. Bell tends his plants with the aid of gasoline or other artificial illumination. None of the mushrooms in his beds ever sees sun. Thousands of persons grow mushrooms in cellars for their own use or for market. Bell has many thousands of cellars in one. “Coldest Spot’ Is 452 Below HE coldest spot on earth is a new laboratory in Berlin, to study strange changes that take place in substances exposed to temperatures as low as 452 degrees below zero—within about eight points of absolute zero! This is done by liquefying helium gas under high pres- sure, then allowing it to expand. At such a temperature some metals, such as silver and copper for example, lose their resistance to electricity, becoming super-conductors. A thread of frozen mercury, it is said, can carry enough electricity for several hundred lamps. Phone Insulators’ Bath Day ELEPHONE line insulators in the Salt Lake Desert, Utah, have a regular wash day to remove salt blown from near-by beds, which cakes on the glass and causes leakage of electricity. Steam is sprayed over the insulators from a nozzle on the end of a fish pole. Though an ageing action on the glass results, B. F. Howard, engineer of the telephone company, says the economy of the method he has developed justifies it. Oe a ee | : pm Washing the caked salt off telephone imsulators with a steam nozzle on the end of a fish pole on the Salt Lake Desert. At right: the mobile plant that supplies steam of eighty to ninety pounds pressure, oil being used in heating of the efficient boiler Optical Device Gages Heat VEN the blistering heat of molten metal pouring from a furnace can be measured conveniently and accurately by a new instrument resembling a small telescope. When it is pointed at the glow- ing stream, the brightness of the reflec- tion seen through the eyepiece is taken to indicate the temperature. Through an adjustable dial this glow is compared with that of a small electric flashlight bulb within the device, and the exact number of degrees directly indicated when the two are matched through a red sighting glass. This simplified optical pyrometer, as the device is called;-will measure.accurate- ly the temperature of a glowing body only a quarter-inch in size ten feet away! Unlike types that record electrically the heat of a fire, as sighted through a furnace door, this instrument can test the tem- perature of pouring metal and of small bodies not inclosed. Why Boys Eat So Much F YOUR son puts away a bigger meal than you yourself can eat, don’t be surprised, advises the Bureau of -Home Economics of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. He is merely behaving like any normal, active boy of nine to eighteen. At certain ages boys and girls may need one to one and a half times as much protein and mineral matter as adults, according to a new dietary scale worked out by the Bureau that gives the needs of each member of the family. Do Radio Waves Never Die? HAT the voices of famous present day men, transformed into radio waves, are now wandering around the earth and may be picked up a century hence is the startling contention of en- gineers of the Marconi Company, Lon- don. Such waves, they say, never die out completely; with sensitive enough receivers they might be heard in 2028! Already they have heard programs that have circled the world three times. Commenting on the idea, Dr. Lee de Forest, inventor of the vacuum tube, said, “Theoretically the waves exist forever, as do those of the ocean. The splash made by Noah’s ark is still in existence. Radio waves are too weak to be recorded by existing receivers even a few minutes after their emission.” sp - — — — rane eee 9 cory = SE prosae"S Se ae is Sane es =e d i | ff wy i _ ~— aa ae ea soe

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Putting a keen edge on the carving knife or other cutting utensil be- comes easy for the housewife with a new grinding wheel which is clamped to the kitchen table. The grinder is belted from a hand wheel to give high speed with minimum effort. A guide attachment aids in holding the knife at the correct sharpening angle Here’s a new, one-hand flour sifter that leaves your other hand free for mixing dough or beating batter. When you squeeze the hinged grip, an agitator whirls back and forth over the sifter’s wire bottom and speeds the flour on its way. The operation is rapid and convenient POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY March, 19% [nventors Ideas Add to A new idea in mechanical burglar alarms is a large gong bolted to the door knob so that when the knob is turned the gong instantly arouses the en- tire household. No bat- teries nor electrical con- nections are required Ds SRERCR ETC gs mf , AS 2 A London hotel keeper, to avoid discarding worn brooms entirely, invented this clamping device by which new brushes can be attached to the old han- dle. It also permits a brush to be reversed and the other side used after one side has become worn thin Steam heat produced by electricity and ready at the turn of a switch is the feature of a new portable heating cabinet. The little radiator need only be plugged into a wall or lamp socket. It is so light that it can be moved on casters from room to room as needed No danger of accidentally removing a bottle of poison, in the dark, in mistake for another, from a new folding medicine cabinet, pictured above. It has a separate compartment at the top for the poisonous substances Johnnie won’t know where the cookies are kept—for a while, at least—if they're placed in the secret top compartment of the bread and pastry cabinet at the left. Both of these are portable cabinets, folding to fit into a small space In filling a narrow water pan humidifier located behind the radiator it is usually difficult to keep from splashing the wall or floor. To make the task easier, this special funnel has been devised. It is of large diameter, with an unusually long neck that makes the water pan readily accessible March, 1928

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Tch, 19 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 67 0} Home Comfort Foods are cooked from the inside out, it is said, by an amazing new electrical apparatus that can fry an egg in two seconds, or bake a potato’ in sixty seconds. The novel device is a high- power development of the radiant heat- er which is used for medical baking The bottle stopper attachment below not only keeps the fizz in half-filled bottles of ginger ale or. charged water, oa but converts them into syphons. A Provided with two drawers and a spacious top surface, a unique new slight pressure on the knob at the top for the ordinarily unsightly radiator serves as a useful desk : discharges the contents of the bottle or library table. Heat is radiated through a grating below the drawers, : but the construction is such that magazines, books, or writing material may be placed inside without damage from the heat from the radiator TS Pel = emram Sie am SE. ae, ae When the funneled lid of this new cooker is filled with cold water, it prevents escape of liquids from food being cooked, by condensing the steam as it arises. The top part is lifted off to put in food Suspended from the wash line, as shown at the left, a new clothespin bag saves stooping for pins. The bag slides along the line, always within reach of the one hanging the clothes : = | or a / y'te top 1 ead the are ling ace The inventor of these scissors claims they need never be sharpened. An occasional right-hand turn on a small adjustment screw regulates the tension in such a way that the blades sharpen themselves. No screw driver is needed to do it fier ally re It’s easy to take the sag out of old upholstered _ While one laundry bag is at the ro grote the Ae ae ns orca ae other may be placed securely in this conven- ; . type r ble ient holder to receive soiled clothes. The give them new life. A set of the springs can be hinged frame opens to receive the container or — th the old seat ig a few minutes permit its removal; no lifting is required. Throwing back the hinged lid and loosening the clasp is all that is necessary to open it

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ocating Your Radio Trouble Here an Expert Tells How to Build and Use Inexpensive And Effective Apparatus to Test Your Set When It Fails By ALEXANDER SENAUKE, E.E. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY ROUBLE shooting, as_ | practiced by the average | radio fan, consists most- | ly of shooting in the | dark. Suppose that some evening the | set goes dead. You test the batteries | and find them all right. Then you | look over the wires to the batteries | and find nothing wrong. After that | you raise the lid of the receiver and | note that all the tubes are lighted. | So far you have pursued the search | for trouble in the approved fashion, | but from there on you spend a lot of time shooting in the dark, hoping that you will be lucky enough to | stumble’ on the trouble in time to | ward off a visit from the radio service | man. You take the tubes out of the | sockets and polish the ends of the | prongs. You make sure that the | In Radio Trouble Shooting— “Take nothing for granted, prove it by testing,” says Mr. Senauke, who is the assistant director of the Popular Science Institute of Standards. ‘Test batteries first, then tubes, then hunt broken connections or poor contacts. “Avoid aimless poking around; follow each circuit from one end to the other. “One broken wire will render a set completely inoperative. One dead tube will kill reception. “Never prod around inside the set with anything made of metal.” find out at once the most vital ip. formation about any radio set, and that is the condition of the tubes, It also will enable you to eliminate gt once many possible sources of trouble. The vacuum tubes, as you know are the supremely vital parts of your set. All of the other parts are there merely to permit the tubes to function as they should. And the filament jg the heart of the vacuum tube. When heated to the proper temperature it sends out the stream of electrons that makes the tube perform its task of amplifying the radio signals re. ceived by way of your antenna, They allow it to rectify and thus detect the signals so that they are put into a form suitable to be heard by the human ear; and without a constant flow of electrons from their filaments, vacuum tubes used as spring contacts in the sockets are in good shape and then you begin an aimless prodding around inside the receiver with a piece of wood or the end of your foun- tain pen. Sometimes you find a loose wire that is the cause of all the trouble, but if you have no such luck, then what do you do? The chances are you give it up as a bad job and phone for the re- pairman to come up and fix the set. UT you don’t have to give up so quickly. It’s quite easy to learn how to service your own set when some- thing goes wrong and incidentally earn a reputation among your friends as an expert radio trouble shooter. In previous articles in PopuLar Science Montuiy we have outlined the simpler things you should do when the set goes dead, such as testing the batteries, looking for poor contacts and making the other investigations that are possible without the aid of special apparatus. Now we want to show you how to go several steps further either with laboratory appara- tus suitable for the purpose or by means of simpler and less expensive home- made apparatus. The first principle of radio trouble shooting is to take nothing for granted. Don’t consider that a single thing about the radio set is as it should be until you have definitely proved by adequate test that it really is all right. Don’t assume, for instance, that the storage A-battery is charged just because the tubes light. They often glow at a temperature just below the heat that makes them effective and then you will be fooled. Nothing but a hydrometer test of each individual cell should satisfy you that nothing is wrong with the battery. And even then a poor con- nection in the A-battery wires may be preventing the current from getting to the tube filaments. Similarly, don’t assume that the antenna is in good condition and the ground connection firmly made, merely because they were right last week or last month. Personally inspect them to make sure. Possession of what is known as a labora- tory type test set, such as is shown in use in Fig. 2, will put you in a position to Fig. 1. This circuit tester, with a small flashlight battery inside, will instantly reveal an open circuit and will show on its dial the amount of resistance audio amplifiers could not amplify by many hundreds of times the extremely weak signals passed on from the detector tube. F COURSE, you can’t make yourself small and crawl inside the vacuum tube in order to count the billions of electrons as they fly off from the heated filament through the grid and to the plate of the tube. But you can accom- plish the same result by measuring how much current rides across between the plate and the filament on this stream of electrons. This is called the plate current and it is taken from the B-batteries or the B-eliminator, depending on how the set is equipped. The test set measures this plate cur- rent. It also enables you to tell, merely by turning a knob or pressing a but- ton, the voltage of the plate current as it actually is applied to the plate of the tube. Obviously, if the meter shows that ninety volts is being applied to the plate of the tube, you can be sure that the wiring of the B-circuit for that particular tube is right clear back to the B-battery or B-eliminator. HE test set also shows the actual filament voltage applied to the fila- ment of the tube being tested. If you find, for instance, that the filament voltage is five, you know with ab- solute certainty that the storage bat- tery is right and that the A wiring is right, and you can cross these off your list of possible sources of the trouble. Another turn of the knob or the pressure of a different button and the elaborate ~ puild you seven OF amply acc if it = ecial te The cir in Fig. 3. 301 readin fixed resi addition double f ordinary tube soc special d out of a tube. Mount fit it to. wiring in elaborate construct out all t and sold prongs t and P s Fit smal the two two thi modern arrange! the test them if plus wir socket. This in place placing have in Thro meter w actually termina five vol éver th too far. volts by the sto1 there is the A-c

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ch, 194 ated the ‘om- how the n of rent $ or how cur- rely put- rent e of ows lied suit lear tor. ual ila- you ent ab- at- : is he the March, 1928 ws the C-voltage being applied te ae and tells you at once that either the C-circuit is in order or that something is definitely wrong. In other words, when you put the test Jug in the socket in place of the tube and Jace the tube in the socket provided in the test set, you can instantly tell whether the tube is good; whether the A, B and Cc voltages are correct for the tube and if these circuits are working as they should. Merely by turning a knob or ressing different buttons you elim- inate at once the possibility of trouble in the majority of places where jles can occur. ue placing the test plug in each socket in the set you accomplish in a minute as much testing as could be done by the tedious testing of the individual circuits one at a time. OWEVER, laboratory type test sets, which cost about $75.00, are somewhat beyond the means of the average radio fan, although one should be a part of the equipment of any professional radio service man worthy of the name. But even if you can’t afford such an elaborate piece of apparatus, you can " puild yourself a test set for about seven or eight dollars that will be amply accurate for your purposes, even if it does not equal the precision of the special test sets. The circuit of such a test set is shown in Fig. 3. The meter is a Weston No. 301 reading from 0 to 7 volts D.C. The fixed resistance R is 15,000 ohms. In addition to these parts you will need a double pole, double throw switch, an ordinary bell push-button, a vacuum tube socket, two binding posts and a special dummy plug that you can make out of a base from a discarded vacuum tube. Mount the apparatus on a board or fit it to the top of a cigar box with the wiring inside. You can make it just as elaborate or as simple as you want. To construct the dummy tube plug, break out all the glass and cement in the base and solder the G and P wires to the prongs that make contact with the G and P springs in a vacuum tube socket. Fit small pin jacks or spring wire clips to the two filament prongs, which are the two thick prongs on the base of any modern X-type tube. The object of this arrangement of the filament leads from the test set is to allow you to reverse them if you run into a set in which the plus wiring is to the minus terminal of a socket. To USE the test set you have built, plug the dummy plug into the socket in place of the tube you wish to test, placing the tube itself in the socket you have in the test set. Throw the switch to the left and the meter will read the filament or A-voltage actually being applied to the tube terminals. This should be very close to five volts for a 201A type tube. If it is over that figure, the rheostat is turned too far. If you can’t get it up to five volts by turning the rheostat, then either the storage battery is dangerously low or there is a poor connection somewhere in the A-circuit or the A-battery wiring. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Now throw the switch to the right and the meter will tell you the amount of plate current flowing through the tube. One volt on the meter will be equivalent to 2.3 milliamperes of plate current. The plate current depends, of course, on the plate or B-voltage and on the C-voltage. If the plate voltage is ninety and the C bias is four and one half, the plate cur- Fig. 2. Testing a radio receiver by means of a labora- tory type test set. This device gives facts about condition of tubes for guidance in correcting trouble rent should be two and one half milli- amperes. If it is below one and a half milliamperes the tube is poor and should be rejuvenated or replaced by a new oné. If the plate voltage is ninety without any C bias the plate current for a good tube should be about six milliamperes. If below four, discard or rejuvenate. ee determine the plate voltage, leave the switch thrown to the right ard take the tube out of the socket in the test set and then press the button. The meter will now read the voltage of the plate or B-circuit as applied to it by the B-batteries or B-eliminator. Each volt division will be approximately equiva- lent to thirty-five volts on the plate, so that if the hand stands at slightly less than three on the scale the B-voltage is ninety, or if it points to six it is 180. S S : 9 E 5 = 4 R Anal ve | OTE = + __P Fig. 3. The circuit of a home-built test set— not so accurate as the laboratory model of a service man, but good enough for most fans 69 The test set cannot be arranged to show the C-voltage without rather com- plicated switching, but you can test the C-battery directly by connecting it to the two binding posts with the switch in the open position. These two binding posts also serve another useful purpose. By connecting them in series with a four-and-one- half-volt C-battery and any portion of the circuit in the radio set not al- ready proved up by the tests already outlined, you can definitely determine that the circuit 1s complete. If the meter does not read, the suspected circuit is open at some point. If the meter reads, you can be absolutely certain that there is a continuous metallic circuit. If the circuit being tested is just a few feet of wire with some connections and perhaps one of the tuning coils, the meter should read the full four and one half volts developed by the C-battery. If the circuit includes a fixed resistance of any value beyond a few ohms, or per- haps the primary or secondary wind- ing of the audio transformers, the reading will be considerably less than four and one half volts. A= designed for testing the continuity of any circuit and showing its approximate resistance is shown in Fig. 1. Such an instrument is a valuable addition to the equip- ment of any man engaged in radio testing as a profession, but for home purposes the simple arrangement here- tofore mentioned will suffice. A small flashlight cell is fitted inside the meter, so that no additional batteries need be used. The dial is calibrated in degrees, and there is a table printed on the lower part of the dial so that you can determine the approximate resistance of the circuit as well as whether the circuit is continuous or not. This feature enables you to check the value of the various fixed resistances in the receiver or the power unit. In using a special meter of this type, or in testing circuits to see that they are not broken by means of the home built test set diagrammed in Fig. 3 with the aid of a four-and-one-half-volt C-battery, remember radio circuits often provide several paths between two given points. For instance, you might touch one wire of your test circuit to the filament terminal of a socket and the other to the wire run- ning to the terminal. The meter would show a continuous circuit even if the wire did not make contact with the socket terminal. The current from the four-and- one-half-volt battery would flow between the two points by way of the tube filament in the socket being tested or through the filaments of other tubes connected in parallel with it. HILE most of the troubles that beset a radio receiver show up at Once in poor tone quality or some other obvious form, there is one that affects neither tone quality or volume. If the C- battery supplying a power tube gives out so that the voltage drops below where it ought to be, the tube will still work well, although its life will be materially short- ened. Never operate a power tube, par- ticularly the 171 type, at lower than rec- ommended C-voltage. Tams eee ict ini te at ie" ti ig- Pe i 13 4

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A Guide in Choosing a Radio Set HEN is a radio receiver an electric set and when isn’t it? Which is better, a battery set or an electric set? What do “socket power,” “electrified,” “full electric,” “‘di- rect from the socket” and all the other new radio terms actually mean? If you speak of an electric automobile you mean one operated by electricity, and, perforce, one operated by electricity from storage batteries. Logically, you would think that the term electric radio receiver would mean one operated by electricity, but as there is no such thing as a radio receiver operated by anything else, “elec- tric’ has been given a new and quite arbitrary meaning as applied to radio. Broadly speaking, an electric radio re- ceiver is one that operates without bat- teries. That’s about as near as you can come to defining the term “electric” as it applies at present to radio receivers. What it may mean six months or a year from now nobody can tell, since it had no such meaning in the first place and is now being widely, loosely, and often erroneously used. The terms “electrified.” “socket pow- er,” “direct from the light socket” are merely various people’s ideas of correct terms for outfits that fit in somewhere between the battery operated set and the so-called electric set. CHOOSE intelligently among a battery operated set, an electric set and the combinations in between, you must know the essential differences among them. Of course, if you have no electric light current in your home you are out of it so far as an electric set is concerned. Your problem is to choose from among the battery operated sets the one that meets 9 «66 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY

An Article & Approved by The Popular gm Science Institute of Stan ® dards your requirements. The same is true if you are in a district where the current supply service is erratic and the voltage fluctuates to a serious degree. In certain outlying districts the lights get quite dim during the early evening hours when everyone is. using current and they may be extra bright late in the evening after most people have gone to bed. An elec- tric set can be used on such a line, but the results are liable to be just as erratic as the current supply. But if you are located where the light current service is reasonably steady you have a wide choice of equipment all de- signed to get the same results, that is. adequate reception of broadcasting. And if you choose good apparatus you will get the desired results equally well, whether the set is battery operated, partly electri- fied or full electric. There should be no difference in actual radio reception be- tween a battery set and an electric set. They can be equally sensitive and equally selective. There is no choice for tone quality. The only difference is. in the amount of attention and care required. AAke sure that you have alternat- ing current of the proper voltage and frequency before. you invest any money. If your current is not 110-volt sixty-cycle or if it is direct current you will need special equipment. When you are buying your radio equipment forget all the high sound- ing terms and find out just what you are buying and how it operates, and read the instructions that accompany the equipment. Note particularly what, if anything, you have to do at periodic intervals. The What Y ou CanGet From .the Several Types of Receivers By JOHN CARR ideal, of course, is a set that requires absolutely no attention beyond the occa. sional replacing of a tube that has gone dead. Don’t let anyone fool you into believing that there is a radio receiver which oper ates directly on the raw 110-volt alternat- ing current just as it comes from your light socket. Such a receiver has never been produced and probably never will be. Direct current in the B and C cir. cuits of a radio receiver is an absolute necessity, and consequently any radio re- ceiver that operates without batteries has a B-eliminator tucked away inside it somewhere. This B-eliminator is, to all intents and purposes, exactly like the B-eliminator you buy to use in place of dry cells on a battery operated re- ceiver. HE A circuit is another story. In the electric set there are three distinct methods used to accomplish the results. attained by the storage battery in the ordinary battery operated receiver. The simplest and most widely used method is to employ special so-called AC tubes that can be operated directly on raw alternating current after it has been. stepped down from 110 volts to a suitable low voltage. This usually is accomplished by an extra winding on the transformer in the built-in B-eliminator. There is no mystery about these A C tubes. The 226 and similar type tubes are exactly like the regular 201A tubes except that they have a very thick filament that has a low resistance and consequently will operate on a very low voltage, about one and one half volts. The filament heats relatively slowly and doesn’t fluctuate im temperature with the rapid changes m the flow of alternating current. These tubes could just (Continued on page 132)

March, 1928

How Resid A Mi Hint: jo “Ww AM the nev Joe “Put i Florida in “No, a land dowr it a comb two-famil: either wa} “That : is the obj “T wan explained tion seve! road, fine too large company house wit adding a { convenien our mind increases, for a on scheme i week to < “There observed. sets of fo porch. P tition is | “ 0, Wi said Pen! to divide aginary |i porch if are at all. “Vou doesn’t v of the o comment architect “They they? L except t] much to’ story be

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rch iy ret ral Crs r on een. able shed mer AC are sept will one »ats e in | in ese 132) March, 1928 How a 60-Year-Old Residence Became A Modern Home— Hints You Can Use By JOHN R. McMAHON “WAM going to buy that old house on the hill and fix it up in a way you never heard of,” said my friend Joe Penka about a year ago. “Put it on wheels and take it to Florida in winter?”’ I hazarded. “No, although I do have a piece of land down there. My scheme is to make it a combination of a one-family and a two-family house, so that it can be used either way on short notice.” “That sounds fairly original, but what is the object?” “T want to live in the house myself,” explained Joe, “because it is a nice loca- tion several hundred feet back from the road, fine view and everything, but it is too large for my family of four. I like company and wouldn’t mind sharing the house with another family. That means adding a few rooms and putting in duplex conveniences. But suppose we change our minds about sharing, or my family increases, or somebody offers a good price for a one-family residence? With my scheme it wouldn't take more than a week to change the layout either way.” “There are difficulties,” I POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY He Rebuilt 71 His House and Saved $6000 North and front side of the Penka house before (small upper photograph) and after it was made over. Half of the spacious inclosed porch is used by the tenant family occupying the first floor of the house; the other half is used by the Penkas, who make their home above back, and beside it a little storm porch like a chicken coop—and another shed on the opposite side. The open front porch with its long spindly columns takes a lot of space and gives no service except in summer. But some of the lines are good and I rather like the pointed arch windows that you don’t often see today. The rounded triangle windows for the attic are interesting and the wide overhang of the roof with the prominent cornices appeals to me. Now my idea is to replace the rear additions with a one- story structure that will match or balance with a similar glassed-in front porch. Then the house will harmonize with itself and will look well from any side.” " OU need a good architect, and he may charge you a thousand dollars.” ‘T expect to be my own architect,” said Joe. “I have a college diploma as a land- scape architect—and the principles of landscaping and house designing are a good deal the same—proportion, har- mony and contrast. And of course I learned a good while ago how to make scale drawings, which is no great trick, although many carpenter-builders shy away from them.” OSEPH PENKA is one of those men who belie the proverb that a jack-of-all- trades is master of none. There is at least half a scientist in his makeup. After working in a greenhouse, he launched into market gardening on borrowed capital, originated a disease-proof lettuce, and within a few years made a modest fortune. He sold out to invest in a laundry and a public garage. Before tackling the job described in this article he had built a house and remodeled two. To make radical changes in an old building is a proposition observed. “For example, both sets of folks will want the front porch. Perhaps a movable par- tition is the answer.” “ATO, I'LL divide that porch with an imaginary line,” said Penka. “It isn’t practical to divide a kitchen with an im- aginary line, but you can a front porch if the people concerned are at all congenial and friendly.” “You may be right, and if it doesn’t work it will be the fault of the other family,” was my comment. “But how about the architectural lines of the house?” “They’re terrible now, aren't they? Look queer on every side always followed by a question mark. All kinds of unforeseen difficulties may develop. Who knows whether the inside mate- rial is sound? In this case a _ careful survey convinced the owner that the job was worth while. The house was about sixty years old, which meant, in this locality at least, good mate- rials and stanch construction. Due attention had been paid to upkeep. Oak and white pine were the choice elements of the original dwelling, nor were these timbers skimped in all dimen- sions according to modern style. The entrance hall showed the proudest achievement of the old except the front and that isn’t much to boast of. There’s a two- story box gummed onto the that Joseph Penka made over. An: imaginary line divides the two-family inclosed porch of the house Mr. and Mrs. Penka are on opposite sides of the line, which runs through the doorways the families share builder, a flight of stairs with a solid walnut balustrade that did not terminate at the second floor i ; $9, () a} | by q i iy 4 7 4 : 5 |

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2 ote ae S| POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY over. East side of the 60-year-old house berore it was made the unsightly lean-to “gummed” on to the rear Note the cold, uninviting front porch and West side of the old house, whose gvod lines were de- prived of their effects by the unsightly front porch and rear additions before they were replaced with improvements that contributed to the symmetry of the whole structure but curved gracefully around to protect the opening above. Such a balustrade is a rarity, and could not be duplicated today for less than a thousand dollars. There were four rooms downstairs and the same number up. The alteration plan called for a division along the line of the main stairway, giving the owner all the upper rooms—of which one would become a living room and another a bath—with a part of the new first floor rear addition as an alternative sun parlor-kitchen and half of the new front porch. The other family, quartered entirely on the first floor, was to have living room, dining room, two bedrooms, kitchen and bath. All would share the front entrance, the owner having an extra side entrance to the front porch. Bh queens scheme required a glassed-in front porch fourteen by thirty-six feet and a rear addition of the same size for two kitchens—one regular and the other con- vertible to a sun parlor. Plumbing was simplified by two sinks on either side of a partition. The bathrooms were not lo- cated with the same economy, although there is a common waste pipe in the cellar. The layout of space indi- W uat has been your experience and the experience of your friends in building and rebuilding houses? What problems confronted you and how did you meet them? What problems do you face now? Write the answers to these questions to the Home Building Depart- ment and Mr. McMahon will make your experiences the subjects of his new series of articles about real houses of real people, of which this is the first. be addressed to Home Building Department, POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY, 250 Fourth Avenue, New York grain, cates no dining room for the owner.) However, there is room for a dining alcove in the wide light main hall under the stairs, not to mention the sun parlor- kitchen. When a builder asked $12,000 for the job, Joe decided to be his East side of the made-over house, showing, at the left, the kitchen of the first floor tenants and at the right, their half of front porch, divided from the owner’s by an imaginary line. Note improved appearance as compared with picture at right a, own contractor. It took him a year of more or less steady work to make all the changes, and the cost was about $6000, figuring his own labor at $3500. “A contractor figures ten percent over estimated actual cost on new work, but he doubles the ante on an alteration job so as to allow for all unexpected troubles and costs,” said Joe. “In this case he would have had no troubles and would have cleared a couple of thousand dollars.” AM but the inside plastering and elec- trical wiring were done by the versa- tile owner. The outlay for these items with outside help was around $200 apiece. To extend the old cellar beneath the new additions did not seem necessary, but concrete foundations to a depth below frost were made along the new lines. A cellarless construction, with double floors and building paper between, is sat- ‘isfactory in mild climates at least, but good ventilation is imperative, for wood- work in a confined damp space is subject to rapid decay. In this case vents were placed in the outer foundation walls and Your Own Building Problems West side of the two-family home in its new guise. Its originally sturdy construction made it worth while to chuck the old front porch and the additions at the rear, and build the inclosed porch, left, and the kitchens, one of them seen at the right Letters should windows were inserted. in the cellar walls so that in summer air might sweep under the entire house. The framing of the new sections— floor joists, rafters and studs—was done in fir, which compares favorably with oak for the purpose. Studs and joists were spaced according to the usual modern standard of sixteen inches be. tween centers; rafters, twenty inches, Sheathing boards of yellow pine and then building paper were applied. To match the old style white pine clap- boards for the outside wall, spruce was used. If spruce is not the equal of white pine in’ exposed positions, it still ranks high in resistance to decay and if kept painted will endure as long as anything else that you might use. aa of the original interior trim L downstairs was left in place, while fir and white pine were selected for new trim. “T covered all the floors, new and old, upstairs and down, with oak,”’ said Penka. “The old boards had shrunk, leaving cracks where dust and dirt settled. No air came through the cracks from below because the boards were tongue-and-groove, yet cold could get through. double floor with paper be- tween ‘layers is warmer than 4 single floor. It is stiffer, does not sag or creak. Also, white pine is too soft to stand much direct wear. “TI used white oak, sawed flat (Continued on page 142)

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March, 1 ght > walls under ons— — was rably ; and usual $ be. ches, then clap- was vhite anks kept trim le fir rim. old, aka, ving No cks rds yet h a rite ich lat March, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 73 Nothing is apt to cost so much as a Bearing — that cost so little! ‘ fom Itcosts more toreplacea poor Bearing than to buy the best that SKF ever produced Ball Bearings ET’S get right down to this matter of bearings and consider them, not on the basis of their purchase price, but on the basis of cost price. For cost price is the thing you pay. It does not profit a man much to buy a bearing because the price is low and then actually pay more for lubri- cation, adjustments, repairs, than if he had bought the best bearing in the world. It does not profit a man much to buy alow-priced bearing if a valuable machine goes out of service just be- cause the bearing could not stand up. All of which supplies the reason why youwill find stsF Anti-Friction Bearings on most quality products from the small, fractional horse- power motor to the giant turret lathe or heavy duty railway passenger car. For SSF on a bearing, like the sterling mark on silver, represents a definite standard of quality and you can depend on one just as surely as you can depend upon the other. SKF INDUSTRIES, Inc., 40 East 34th Street, New York, N.Y. okr Roller Bearings © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. eo eee \ errs al mts Het on ERP prt 9 ns Sat alana SA Pe

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fh om etamer > Rrra pe SO “‘As a matter of fact you’re both right! Each of you has picked out the car that I would have recommended”’ a HAT’S the matter with your car?” Gus Wilson asked his partner Joe Clark as the latter ar- rivedone morning on foot. “T could answer a lot easier if you’d ask what isn’t the matter with it,” Joe grum- bled as he hung his hat and overcoat on the door of the tiny office in the Model Garage. “I’m afraid the time has come when I’ve got to dig into the old bank roll and get me a new car.” “It’s about time,” Gus chuckled. “T’ve been wondering how much longer you were going to keep that old wreck.” “T could fix it up easy enough if I wanted to,” retorted Joe. “Sure you could,” Gus agreed. “No car ever gets so old that it can’t be put in good running order—if you’re willing to spend money; but there comes a time when its parts begin to lay down one after another and it doesn’t pay to try to fix it. You’ve had your money’s worth out of your car; now you'd better turn it over to the junk man. What kind of a car are you thinking of buying?” “Whoever will give me the biggest allowance on the old bus gets my order,” POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY replied Joe. ** You say all cars are about alike, so I'm going to shop around and see how much money I can save.” ““And probably get stung doing it,” predicted Gus. “I declare, Joe, you cer- tainly don’t show much sense sometimes. When did I ever say that all cars are ex- actly alike? What I said was that any mod- ern car will give good service—and that’s all I meant. Some cars are much better buys from a price point of view than oth- ers. And you'll generally get the biggest allowance offers from the dealers who sell the worst bargains. * HE dealer who has the hardest time selling his cars usually is the most lib- eral with trade-inallowances. Besides, some manufacturers put a fictitious list price on their models just so the dealers can make bigger allowances. The thing to do is pick your car first and then find the dealer who'll give vou the best allowance. Hello! What’s that?—” - Gus broke off suddenly as the front door of the garage closed with a violent smash. “TI tell you you’re cuckoo!” growled an angry voice from the shop. ‘That car’s a lemon if there ever was one!” March, 1993 When You Buy a Car— Beware of the Big Trade-in Allowance and the Service Graft, Says Gus By MARTIN BUNN “G’wan! You don’t know what your talking about!” came another equally heated voice. “More grief!”’ whispered Gus, after peeping out the office window. “It’s my cousins from up Winchester way. Another morning shot to pieces! Hello, folks!” he called out as he snapped the last buckle on his overalls and stepped out into view, “What's all the row about?” “Well, you see it’s this way, Gus,” be. gan one of the two as he fished a bundle of automobile catalogues and circulars out of his pocket. ‘‘Ben and I have decided to buy new cars this spring and I’ve been trying to get Ben to take my advice but he’s so darn pig-headed he won’t do it.” “*Pig-headed, am I!” exclaimed Ben, “Maybe I am—because I know I’m right —but your dome sure is made of solid concrete—”’ a HAT’S no way to start a visit,” in- terrupted Gus, “but I suppose the argument is what brought you here, so let's go in the office and get it settled. “T gather,” he continued when they had settled themselves around the table with the literature spread out before them, “that you've each chosen a different make, What cars are you thinking of buying?” **T could pretty near have guessed right on both of you,” Gus smiled after they had belligerently announced their choices. “You still working in the tool room at the Manley works, Hank?” he inquired, turning to the man who was wearing the flannel shirt. “You bet,” Hank replied. “I’m fore- man now.” ** And you, Ben, I suppose, are still the leading legal light of Winchester?” “Tm still practising law,’ Ben correct- ed him. . AVE it your own way,” grinned Gus. “Anyway, each of you is an expert in one particular line. But you’ve driven all the way down here just to get my opinion on a line that neither of you is expert in—automobiles. “The car you've picked, Hank, is fast. It’s got lots of pep on the hills. It doesn’t ride any too easy unless you fit it with shock absorbers and keep them adjusted just right. The motor will give good serv- ice if it gets just the proper care, and there are a number of other things about the car that require touching up every now and then if you want good service. But, balancing the advantages against the disadvantages, I’d say it was a mighty fine car.” Hank grinned triumphantly. “Told you so!” he snickered. *‘On the other (Continued on page 138) March, 192% 2 REI Fig. 1. a matt A ER th ions of 5 camping you will et to sul cushion. the rea sills to f pad on ¢ the bra two bre fit ove! of the are he iron. I seats a you wil bracket support seat cu for the roll-sha space | ions if | f b of cou change simple in Fig. work i you ne crowbe a long iron W

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nd us ter = sv wa fs

March, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Kinks hat Vill Help Y our Ga Auto Convertible into Bedroom—Garage Doors That Close Themselves—Handy Quick Acting Jack—Other Good Ideas

— ( ) ‘ + ABOUT 6-O ISCREENS IN ‘ LLOW WINDOWS -

ee Oe ---“seaT si} SEAT / REMOVED } wassisiidits

ARRANGEMENT OF CUSHIONS TO FORM A BED

FLATTENED ENDS SUPPORTS. WITH RUBBER PADS =i UNDERNEATH 2 REQU Dy; ONE REAR SEAT SUPPORT Fig. 1. Seat cushions can be made to serve as a mattress in camping. Screen two windows A Bed in a Motor Car ERE is an ingenious way to utilize the regular front and rear seat cush- ions of your closed car as a bed while auto camping. As you will note from Fig. 1, you will need to construct one long brack- et to support the rear end of the rear seat cushion. The ends of this bracket rest on the rear window sills to fit a rubber pad on eac. end of the bracket. The two brackets that fit over the back of the front seat are heavy strap iron. If the front seats are divided you will need four brackets, two for each front seat. Wooden supports hold the front edge of the front seat cushion and a sheet metal support for the pillows completes the bed. A long roll-shaped cushion can be fitted into the space between the front and rear cush- ions if desired. A Quick-Acting Jack HILE the regular style of jack that you usually carry in the tool kit is, of course, adequate for emergency tire changes on the road, you will find that a simple quick-acting jack such as is shown in Fig. 2 will save a lot of back-breaking work in the home garage. The materials you need to construct this jack are an old crowbar, a piece of heavy three-inch pipe, a long half-inch bolt and two five-inch iron wheels. Ordinary crown pulleys will

Fig. 2. Simple jack made of an old crowbar, a bolt and pulley wheels do nicely. The upper end of the pipe is rounded to fit the axle. Be sure to drill the hole for the crowbar at the proper angle. Then when the crowbar strikes the ground the wheels will have rolled just past center under the axle. Back Through Garage Doors! PENING the garage doors, driving out and then having to get out of the car to shut the doors after you is a nuisance when you are in a hurry. By constructing garage doors after the fashion, shown in Fig. 3 you will be able to back right through the doors, and they will close after you, eliminating the necessity for getting out to close them by hand. As you will note from the drawing, a rope or cable is arranged over pulleys so that swinging the lower half of the door down’ automatically raises the upper half. You will have to work out the locations of the pulleys to suit your own garage. Be sure that the lower half of the door is built strong enough to stand the weight of the car and use counterweights to assist the closing with rubber bumpers to take up the jar. Tool Boxes in the Floor N LONG trips it is difficult to find room for extra tools. Fig. 4 shows how to solve the problem. If you will take up the floorboards in front of the rear seat you will find that there is plenty of room for at least one deep tool box and one shallow one. The latter is necessary to clear the exhaust pipe. Make the boxes of galvanized iron riveted together at the seams. Remember that the body with the tool boxes drops down much nearer the axle when the car goes over a bump, and allow plenty of clearance. The illustration also shows a neat arrangement

OPEN ey PULLEY AND BRACKET

Z, Fig. 3. Construction of garage doors that will close themselves after you have backed out \/ i MW » \ ‘aN a |

\ Av \\ \ \\ ita \ SHALLOW /TIN BOx'|) }\ ANI \| For smatt Tous LIND

TTT aS Li 4 ue Me att NG ill ifutktt HU i, = —— att Fig. 4. Extra compartments for tools and odds and ends can be fitted under rear floorboards a FOR MISCELL HART!

for packing the curtain irons. The shal- low tin box for small tools to slip under the driver’s seat, also shown in the draw- ing, is particularly good for closed cars of the coach type, where the front seats tip forward. Swinging Stop Light Mest cars sold today are regularly fitted with stop lights, but here is a way to make yours more effective than the standard. Look over Fig. 5. In place of the regular stop light fit a board, and to the top of it attach an ordi- nary vacuum type windshield wiper. Replace the wiper with a lightweight tail-light. The rubber hose should be run to a valve on the dash board and the other side of the valve piped WINDSHIELD .. WIPER

to the intake man- ifold of the motor. The bulb in the swinging stop light Fig. 5. A swinging stop light commands immediate attention should be wired to the regular stop light switch, operated by the foot brake.

Ten Dollars for an Idea! H. ASHBY, Alberta, Canada, wins the $10 prize this month with his garage door suggestion (Fig. 3). POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY awards $10 monthly, in addition to regular space rates, for the best suggestion for motorists. Othér contributions published are paid for at usual rates. of Strathcona,

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1768 160“ Anniversary Congratulations ! From all over America, telegrams of appreciation are pouring in every day. Here are a few of them: from Charles Evans Hughes, Sormer Secretary of State: I heartily congratulate you on the An- niversary of the founding of the Ency- clopaedia Britannica, an event of high significance and great public benefit in the systematic diffusion of knowledge. From Andrew W. Mellon, Secretary of the Treasury, Washington, D. C.: Please accept my congratulations on the one hundred and sixtieth anniversary of the founding of the Encyclopaedia Bri- tannica. This publication has exerted a most profound and far reaching influ- ence on education throughout the world and has performed a service of ines- timable value in making readily available such an accurate and comprehensive body of knowledge. From Sir Robert Borden, Ex-Premier of Canada: Upon the one hundred and sixtieth an- niversary of the founding of the Ency- clopaedia Britannica, pray accept my congratulations and my best wishes for a fitting and inspiring celebration. It is indeed an event of marked significance having regard to the service of this great publication in the cause of education and culture. rom Dr. S. Parkes Cadman, Brooklyn, N. Y.: The Encyclopaedia Britannica is by com- mon consent the first work of its kind in the world. It has contributed in mani- fold and permanent ways to the culture of all English-speaking nations, as well as to other civilized lands. I congratulate you upon its perennial youth and vigor. It reaches its one hun- dred and sixtieth anniversary with a wider range of information than ever before during its long and illustrious career. From Mary Roberts Rinehart, Author and Playwright: My gratitude and admiration to the En- cyclopaedia Britannica on its one hundred and sixtieth anniversary. The amount of authoritative knowledge disseminated by it in that long period cannot possibly be estimated. Its wide information makes for civilization. Its contribution towards civilization is the largest made by any single agency. I am never without it. ¥rom John Grier Hibben, President, Princeton University: My hearty felicitations upon the 160th Anniversary of the founding of the En- cyclopaedia Britannica. This great work has placed the intellectual world under a debt of deep gratitude. The Encyclo- paedia Britannica’s record of advancing knowledge forms a complete library ‘ within itself. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY March, 19 IMPORTANT ENCYCLOPAEDIA ata NEW OU can now realize your lifelong wish to own the Ency- clopaedia Britannica—the genuine Britannica, recognized the world over as the greatest library of knowledge in the world! For this great work is now available ata NEW LOW PRICE, and upon Easy Terms of Payment that anyone can afford. To those who have put off ordering a set, this 160th ANNIVERSARY SALE offers an opportunity to save many dollars on the very latest Britannica. An Epoch-Making Event The Britannica’s 160th Anniversary is an event of tremendous importance from the standpoint of culture and education. And, in order to make this great event mean something tangible to the general public, the publishers of the Britannica have arranged for a special printing of the latest 13th Edition, to be sold at a price so low that no one need now be without this indispensable work. Far in advance of this great sale, - orders were placed for all the neces- sary materials. More than a million pounds of Britannica Opacity paper —inks and cloth and leather in cor- respondingly large quantities—have been purchased from the manufac- turers at prices which only the Bri- tannica could secure, owing to the immense volume of its business which is world-wide. Complete and Authentic The Encyclopaedia Britannica now, as al- ways, stands head and shoulders above every other work of reference ever published. Its commanding position has never been sua cessfully challenged. That is why one of the publications of the American Library Association calls it “the most famous encyclopaedia in English.” That is why more sets of the Britannica have been sold than of all other encyclo- paedias combined. Today nearly 500,000 sets of the Britan- nica are owned by thinking ambitious peo- ple. They cherish this great work as the very foundation of their libraries. An Incomparable Value All other works of reference are pygmies beside it. With its 50,000,000 words, the Britannica contains at least twice as much reading matter as the next largest work of reference. Yet YOU can actually buy the Britannica at a Jower price! More famous Americans have written for the Britannica than for any other American work of reference; and every other civilized country in the world is also represented in the Britannica by the writings of more au: thorities of that country than you will find in any similar publication in any language. The Encyclopaedia Britannica was founded in 1768. Since then numerous editions have appeared, until today the latest, the 13th Edition, stands in a class of its own, un- Send for FREE Booklet wl Ow— © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. equaled anc other publi imitations | es, but two editior stand comfy A We Ca There he spirit of thi one genera splendid sp and impart that imitat The Brit compilers, ee ae

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March, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY ANNOUNCEMENT SALE of the BRITANNICA LOW Pricee equaled and unrivaled. From time to time, other publishers have tried to make cheap imitations of it, in a dozen different lan- guages, but these have died out after one or two editions because none of them could stand comparison with the Britannica. A Wonderful Work that Cannot Be Imitated There has always been something in the spirit of this great work, handed down from one generation of editors to another—some splendid spirit of foresight and thoroughness and impartiality and nobility of purpose— that imitators could never copy. The Britannica is not the work of hack compilers, but of the world’s greatest au- -been invited to write. thorities—more than 2500 of them—chosen from all countries for their first-hand knowl- edge of the subjects upon which they have Their articles are signed—thus, when youown the Britannica, you get your knowledge first-hand, from the men and women who know their subjects best. An Exclusive Feature—the Marvelous Index Volume The Encyclopaedia Britannica is the only work of reference that has an entire volume devoted to an Index—an index which cost more than $150,000 to produce. This re- markable Index volume, with its 600,000 references, gives you complete command of all the rich resources of this comprehensive work. It is like a huge magnifying glass which enables you to pick out, in a moment’s time, the vital knowledge that you must have. A reference work without an index is often absolutely useless. The information may be there, but you can’t find it. That is never true of the Britannica, which places all the knowledge in the world at your com- mand for instant use. While this Offer Lasts Here is What You Get The complete 13th Edition of the Encyclo- paedia Britannica, comprising the 28 vol- umes of the latest standard edition, 3 sup- plementary volumes and an enlarged Index —32 volumes in all! You get it in the large-page, large-type NEW FORM (32 volumes bound as 16) con- taining 33,000 pages; 50,000,000 words; 15,000 illustrations, including 550 full page plates (many in color) and 640 maps, on which more than 150,000 separate places are indexed and shown. er The ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA, Iac. 79 1928 Prove It To Yourself Before you risk a dollar of your good money, you can prove to yourself that this is an opportunity you cannot afford to miss. You have probably always wanted the Britannica, but you have never needed it half so much as you do today. To prepare yourself to meet the challenge of tomorrow— to plan and organize your life—to help your children find their life interests—you must have the FACTS which only the Britannica can give you. Nothing else can take the place of the Bri- tannica in this respect. Its value cannot be measured in dollars and cents. It is the one work you and your family cannot afford to do without. You owe it to yourself to get full partic- ulars of this great work; also details of this great 160th Anniversary Sale Price, which brings this indispensable work within reach of every home. Never before has a complete new edition of the Britannica been offered at such an amazingly low price. FREE New Illustrated Booklet Write for itnow—TODAY. Avoid delay. Tear out and fill in the coupon below. It will bring you full par- ticulars of this epoch-mak- ing sale, together with handsome illustrated Booklet which tells all about the latest Britan- nica, and explains the Easy Terms of Payment. Tear out this Coupon NOW— before you turn this page. And drop it in your nearest before the last collection tonight. 342 Madison Avenue, New York P.S.M.8-B-1 Please send me, without obligation on my part, your FREE Booklet; also particulars of your NEW LOW PRICE Offer and full details of your Easy Payment Plan. And you get all this at a NEW ‘ LOW PRICE—an actual saving & of many dollars—If You Act & QUICKLY! Address Mail Coupon TODAY>>: ——ral —y a ¥ Ds as ee Name © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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80 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY March, 19 The ¢ tomorr today. a book that vail tells you— =". turers, nationa ment c ® Recrea How to wor k with I OO ls and W ood noe ' cal way | air sup | Here is a book which every tool-user should own. It | if sememenatemineeeces takes all the mystery out of using tools, selecting ma- ) tf y f : terials, and planning and finishing work. It enables you : * to repair furniture, put up shelves and do many other wt. 4 | os odd jobs about your home. It opens the way to make We ~~ av aye pane many useful objects—from a book rack to a kitchen \ ns al ; y aS cabinet. : ° we can t Pe. ‘ni S . ‘ ild th ae os This is a complete guide. Every question you have cssastils = tgoaneeas~ ever wanted to ask about tools and woodworking is tractor n = answered in this book. Over 150 illustrations and dia- 7 id an aah tha cect grams make it valuable to the advanced worker as well as yf pon othe lf meeceaanens the beginner. A-complete cross-index makes it an instant material: | reference book on the use and care of tools, and the OF ee ae — selection of lumber, paint, varnish, etc. you have | Contains 185 pages. Durably bound in blue cloth. pg - This book, if sold in the regular way would cost you at for Port least $2.00. But the price is only $1.00—at your hard- - MonTHL ware dealer’s. If he does not carry it in stock, send us Se cewaccee mess = 43 . one dollar in money order, check, or stamps for your - the valt : “ed copy. THE STANLEY WORKS, New Britain, Conn. a = drawing ap the begi =: is Ps more es either te == SGTANLEY == | ; s TOOLS 1X RUDDER) | 34x33," The choice of most carpenters | © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Anyone Can Build Successfully This Little.Single-Stick Monoplane By J. D. BUNCH and A. F. KOCH The success of commercial aviation tomorrow lies with the youngsters of today. From among them will come our successful designers, manufac- turers, promoters and flyers. The national miniature aircraft tourna- ment conducted by the Playground and Recreation Association of America will help direct this enthusiasm in a practi- cal way and will help insure the future air supremacy of the United States. —Commander Richard E. Byrd. HERE is a real thrill in flying airplane models. It doesn’t matter how old you are or whether you know anything about aviation or not; you can’t escape the fascination of the game. But first you have to get into it, and to do that we can think of no better way than to build the model illustrated. Known as a hand-launched single-stick tractor monoplane, it is one of the sim- plest yet most interesting models. It can be made more quickly than almost any other type of plane and the cost for materials is trifling. It is, nevertheless, an excellent flyer. Building the model is much easier if you have full size drawings of the various parts. These you can obtain by sending for PoputaR SCIENCE WING 4°30" the hardest part of the work, or take advantage of blueprints such as those published as an auxiliary service for readers of Popuutar ScreENcE Montuiy. The fuselage of this model is a single stick of white pine % by Y% by 30 in. This must be straight grained and sand-pa- pered to a smooth finish. First the propeller shaft bear- ing is installed. This may be purchased from a model supply company or you can make it from a ¥ in. long piece of % in. inside’! diameter brass tube with }%, in. thick wall. The tube must be flared slightly at the front end so it will not slip back through the threads. Cut a block of white pine 4 by 4 by )% in. and groove it along the top to make a cradle for the bearing. Glue it to the top of the fuselage and bind the bearing in place. Before the glue dries, true the bearing up along the fuselage. Make a rear rubber hook as shown and bind it to the fuselage. The skid, or propeller guard, is made from a piece of bamboo 4 by \% by 7 in. It is bent, as shown, around the tip of the Yo'x1Ye"x 8” PROPELLER BLANK zi BLADES 1'4"WiDE fa BAMBOO Mex Ye’ 4” “4 Koch shows how to hold the 30-in. model when launching it. Both he and Bunch fly large as well as small airplanes, for they are commercial aviators propeller, then up to meet the fuselage 3% in. from the nose, and then parallel to the fuselage for 4% in. Glue and bind the skid to the underside of the fuselage. The skid brace, or front leg, is % by l by 4% in. It is bent parallel to the fuselage at one end and to the skid at the other. It should meet the skid 3% in. from the fuselage and should meet the fuselage 1144 in. from the nose. It is - bound in place and glued. Bamboo is bent by heating it over a candle and forcing it into the desired curve. Hold it that way for a moment until it cools. Whenever possible, bend bam- Montay Blueprint 82 (see enous Pine. prass Tune. | | WASHERS boo with the glossy side on the page 106). Theexperienced -q * %2" x Ya" 24° \ - outside of the curve. ‘ model-maker knows well / H BICYCLE SPOKE WIRE~, T The “cans,” or rubber guides, the value of having large ~~ : AE « which keep the strain of the drawings to work from; for — ¢ stranps 6 xg , Z FE * motor from distorting the frame, the beginner they are even _—PARA RUBBER Lan . are made of }% in. diameter more essential, for he has S 3 piano wire. There are two of either to draw his own full — %"x %"x 30" size layouts, which is often SILK THREAD, AAs : . ZZ . . ” WHITE PINE FUSELAGE LA 3 Ke "he \ DS ge Ww) Ss e ™~ B these, one 7 in. and the other 18 = ne 2 MBOO Ye x I in. from the nose. Loop the Sa ~. PS wire into a. ring \% in. in diam- WING SADDLE ~S, Pre “ere ® eter, bend the ends parallel to an i one another for % in. aiid then FITS TIGHTLY OVER FUSELAGE Ss ~ ag one bend them at a right angle to the loop for 4% in. Glue and bind the cans to the fuselage. fupper) \\\ Waxsy™ i Ss BAMBOO PIANO WIRE How to Assemble the ‘‘Flying Stick”’ The method of making the model and the principal dimensions are shown in this drawing and full size details of the parts are given on our Blueprint No. 82. This is the first of a new series of airplane models designed especially for Poputar Science Monrtnxty; the next will be a twin-propeller racer The tail wing is fitted to the under-side of the fuselage. The spar is bamboo 6 by %@ by 10 in. It (Continued on page 128)

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY March, 193g owering Your Electric Set How to Complete the New Popular Science Receiver with an Amplifier and Current Supply Unit Giving Maximum V olume N THE February issue of Poputar Scrence Monruty we described the construction of a new electric radio receiver. To complete this receiver you will need to build either the high power amplifier and current supply unit to be described here or the lower powered and less expensive unit to be described next month. This amplifier is the most powerful one you can assemble with apparatus now available to the -home builder. It uses two 210 tubes in a push-pull circuit, and the volume without distortion will equal that of the band playing in the studio, provided, of éourse, that you use a good loudspeaker. The tone quality is superb. Low notes come through with- out thumping or rumbling, and the entire useful musical scale is reproduced so that musical instruments or voices sound nat- ural and lifelike even at tremendous volume. The construction of the amplifier and current supply unit is shown clearly in Figs. 2 and 4, and the wiring in Figs. 1 and 8. In order to eliminate the possibility of magnetic interaction between the power transformer, the choke coils and the push- pull transformers, the instruments have been spread out on a long, wide base- board. IHE complete electric set, consisting of the receiver described last month (Blueprint 79) and the power unit de- scribed here, is designed to fit into a stand- ard factory made console type cabinet or into the console cabinet made at home from Blueprints 70 and 71. The receiver - fits in the upper compartment and the power unit in the lower one ordinarily used for batteries. The first step in the con- struction is to make up the baseboard. The one used on the unit shown in the illus- trations is 1214 in. wide and 26 in. long. This is as large a baseboard as can convenient- ly be gotten into the lower compartment of the console cabinet chosen for the set. Crosspieces should be screwed to the bottom of the baseboard at the ends and in the middle to add strength and to allow room for passing some of the wires underneath the baseboard. Before fas- tening these pieces on the baseboard, be sure to drill a row of holes through them so that the wires can be passed through from one end of the unit to the other. By ALFRED P. LANE Blueprint Is Ready! Gz Blueprint No. 80 (see page 106). It will prove helpful in building this new high power ampli- fier and current supply unit. Many of the lesser details are included on the blue- print that could not be given here for lack of space. The Popular Science High Power Unit for Electric Radio Set and the receiver itself (Blue- print No. 79) have been tested and approved for home construction by the Popular Science Institute of Standards. The three binding post panels can be made of shellacked plywood or from bakelite or hard rubber. They are mounted by means of long screws that pass through the small wood supporting blocks. You will need these parts to build the high power amplifier and current supply unit for the Popular Science Electric Radio Set: A—Power transformer with 11-volt, 2l4-volt, two 714-volt windings and a 750-volt winding tapped at 550 volts. B1—Choke coil, 20 henries at 125 mils. B2—choke coil, 50 henries at 50 mils. Cl, C2, C3, C4, C5 and C6—2-mfd. con- densers rated at 1000 volts direct cur- rent working voltage. C7—1-mfd. condenser rated at 600 volts, C8 and C9—1-mfd. condensers rated at 160 volts. D1— input transformer. D2—output transformer. R1—41,000-ohm heavy duty fixed re. sistance, tapped at 32,000, 21,000, 16,- 500, 12,500 and 9,000 and rated not less than 40 mils. R2—1000-ohm fixed resistance rated to carry not less than 50 mils. R3—25,000-ohm fixed resistance. $1, S2, and S8—standard X-type vacuum tube sockets. Eight binding posts, flexible enameled fabric-covered wire, 1 UX281 rectifying tube and two UX210 amplifying tubes, IS not necessary to use a baseboard made of one single piece of wood. The crosspieces permit you to assemble the baseboard from several pieces. The model power unit shown in the illustrations has a baseboard made up of three pieces which are firmly held together by screws through the crosspieces. Use boards % in. thick. The parts are heavy and should be strongly supported. Study the illustration in Fig. 2 and the picture wiring diagram of Fig. 3. They will show you how to place the apparatus on the baseboard. Note particularly the holes that will have to be drilled to pass the wires along under the baseboard. In the picture wiring diagram of Fig. 3 the solid wires are above the baseboard and the dotted wires are beneath it. The wiring is so simple and there is so much space that you will have no difficulty in following the diagrams without any spe- cial instructions. Remember that you are dealing with very high voltages and take special care with every con- nection to make sure that it is firmly soldered so that it will not come loose and cause a short circuit. HE leads on the trans- former will be found long enough to reach directly to the points to which they are to be soldered except for the 7%-volt leads that connect to the filament terminals of Fig. 1. This power amplifier and current supply unit can, of course, be used as a last stage amplifier and B-supply unit with any type of battery operated set sockets $2 and S3, the center tap of this same winding, which connects to one end of R2, and the center tap of the 24%-volt winding, which goes to the 45-volt binding post by way of the 9000-ohm tap on R1 and one terminal of condenser C8. These leads from the transformer are ex- tended by means of the regu- lar hook-up wire. (Continued on page 84) March, 1928 — ae . —_

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March, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 83 Before you buy a used car from a friend— Send for THIS FREE BOOK! Pledge to the Public on Used Car Sales 1 Everyusedcarisconspicuously marked withits price in plain figures, and that price, just as the price of our new cars, is rigidly maintained. 2, All Studebaker automobiles which are sold as CERTIFIED CARS have been properly reconditioned, and carry a 30-day guarantee for replacement of defective parts and free service on adjustments. 3 Every purchaser of a used car may drive it for five days, and then, if not satisfied for any reason, turn it back and apply the money paid as a credit on the purchase of any other car in stock—new or used. (It is assumed that the car has not been damaged in the meantime.) To the Public: We pledge adherence to the above policy in selling used cars. Your dtudebake Dealer Mail this coupon for your copy | Street of “How to Judge a Used Car”’ The Great Independent | [* you were about to buy a used car from a friend, wou!d you know how to deter- mine its fair market price? Do you know why some dealers mark their prices in code instead of plain figures? Do you know how to tell what year any used car was built? You will find the answer to these questions and many others that any buyer of a used car should know in this free book, ‘‘How to Judgea Used Car.”’ It tells you what to look for and what to avoid in purchasing a used car. It is based on the long experience of experts in buying used cars for Studebaker dealers—their sound, practical advice may be the means of saving you time and money. Send for it at once! Studebaker is only too glad to help you get the greatest value in a used car for your investment. Because Studebaker dealers be- lieve in this policy, they have adopted this famous Pledge. Wherever you see this Pledge displayed you can buy aCertified Studebaker with absolute assurance that it is worth what the dealer asks and will do what he says. Fs eeeuisence Menace an een OF TIRE oT a Tue StupeBaker CorporaTION oF AMERICA | Department C56, South Bend, Indiana | as send my copy of valuable free booklet, “How to Judge a | its | Pe

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Figuring from the minus-B end of R1, the 45-volt binding post is connected at 9000 ohms, the 90-volt binding post at 16,500, the wire from one terminal of con- denser C7 at 21,000; and the wire from condensers C3, C4 and C5, which are in parallel, taps in at 32,000 ohms. The 41,000- volt tap is not used. Before connecting the bind- ing posts that are used for the light current supply to the pri- mary taps of power trans- former A, call up the office of the local power company and find out what the average voltage is in the lighting cir- cuit in your neighborhood. Then connect the zero tap to one binding post and the next higher tap than the figure you get from the power company to the other binding post. If the voltage in your locality is somewhere in the neighborhood of 110 volts, for instance, use the 115-volt lead, and so on. The block of filter condensers C1, C2 and so on are held in place by a heavy copper wire around over the top and another around them the other way near the base. This wire also serves as a common minus-B con- nection. Be sure to ground the cases of all con- DI densers and the frames of transformer A and the chokes B1 and B2. This means that you are to clamp a wire under one of the screws that holds transformer A to the base- board and solder the other end of it to the minus-B wire at any point. Do the same for the two chokes. You will find that the holding wire can be tightened up enough to ground the cases of the con- densers if you scrape a bright’ spot at the points where they touch each other. e | LOUDSPEAKER AKE especial care to see that the 1%- and 2%- volt leads from transformer A are solidly connected to the binding posts. A poor connection at this point will seriously interfere with the operation of the outfit. Care- fully tape the 750-volt lead and the unused primary leads and push them down out of the way. After you have finished wiring the unit and have rechecked your work several times to make sure that there are no errors, take a keyhole saw and cut out a large enough piece of the back of the lower compartment of the console cabinet to allow you to place the power unit inside. Leave the back of the cabinet open. These power tubes get quite hot and the opening will allow air to circulate around them to keep them cool. If the tubes are POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY operated in a closed compartment, the excess heat will shorten their life. Assuming that the radio receiver de- scribed last month is in the upper com- partment, drill holes in the floor of the Fig. 2. The high power amplifier and current supply unit as seen from above. Note spacing of instruments to eliminate magnetic interaction INPUT °¢ ° G Sl Fig. 3. Follow this picture diagram in wiring. The heavy black lines indicate wires above the baseboard: dotted lines, indicate those’ below. of power transformer A have been turned so that connections are clear Fig. 4. Three crosspieces raise the baseboard and allow room for wires underneath. Drill holes for the wires before you screw on the crosspieces upper compartment so that you can pull through the leads from the receiver and connect them to the similarly marked binding posts on the power unit in the lower compartment. Leave the leads long enough so that you can pull the receiver out of the cabinet far enough to take the covers off the shield boxes. Now insert UX226 tubes in sockets G1, G2, G3 and G5 of the receiver and put a UX227 tube in socket G4. Then put a UX281 tube in socket S1 of the power unit and insert UX210 tubes in sock- March, 192g ets S2 and S3 of the power amplifier, Connect the antenna and ground and the loudspeaker to the binding posts vided on the set, and then plug the cord from the power unit into the nearest. electric light socket. The UX 281 tube should light to a dull red and the 210 tubes should glow quite brightly. The 99g and after thirty seconds or go the 227 tube will also glow. r EVERYTHING has been done exactly according to instructions, you will hear a noticeable hum when you first turn on the current. This hum will continue till the 227 heats up; then it will die out to a very low figure, so low that you will not notice it at all unless yoy listen for it in a quiet room. If all the tubes do not light as described, shut off the current at once and do not turn it on again until you have definitely located the trouble. Caution: Never touch any part of the power amplifier and current supply unit while the current is turned on. Never attempt to operate the outfit unless the specified tubes are in all sockets. If, for in- stance, one of the 210 power amplifier tubes in sockets S2 or S3 should burn out, turn off the current at once. The receiver would operate with only one 210 tube, but the tube would be severely overloaded, the plate of the tube would get red- hot and be destroyed in a very short time. All operating voltages are fixed. There is nothing to adjust in the power amplifier and current supply unit. The values of the various resist- ances are such that the radio- frequency amplifier tubes op- erate at 95 volts with a C- bias of 6 volts and they draw close to 3 mils each. The de- tector tube gets 45 volts B- current, and the first audio amplifier tube has 175 volts applied to its plate with a 12-volt C-bias. It draws 5% mils. The 210 power tubes operate on 450 volts B with a C-bias of 35 volts and they draw 40 milliamperes. The only adjustments you have to make are in balancing condensers C4 and C5 in the receiver, and you have to turn potentiometer E5 to the point where the hum is lowest. This latter adjustment has to be made in a quiet room with the loudspeaker fairly near your ear. You must make yourself a special screw driver to adjust condensers C4 and C5 in the set. This should consist of a piece of wood slotted at one end with a washer or other thin piece of metal forced into the slot and ZuAG The ends tubes light about like the 9g] - (Continued on page 116) Electric I No. 612— MI ©mrcis

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'y Il u Se ee Coe TS? OOD OD ORB oe tt et i et . 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 85 Electric Drill No, 612—14’ e DRILL MASTER MASTER of DIFFICULT WORK / ESIGNED by Millers Falls Company to do everything an electric drill has C ever done — better, quicker, and easier. — ~ ondensed ee Millers Falls is your drill. You’ll want it peciscations, No. 612 the first time you pick it up. The grip is Motor— Universal, operates just right for easy handling of all the on D. C. or A. C., up to 60 power you'll ever need — built for good = for various work in close quarters. > ’ . Armored attachment plug. gg Falls is not onttaed ney tn aon Seabes. Veniilated sluminum hous- ere are too many other places where help is . ; needed. Millers Falls has prepared a free booklet oe reed — based on 60 years of tool experience — telling Aemeer dena guben-yer a some of the many new practical ways it can help tion throughout. Light in your automobile work this spring. weight for easy handling See this new drill. Let it tell its story in your own hands, and send the coupon today for this valuable Ry book on new uses. The best dealers sell s Millers Falls Tools = MILLERS FALLS COMPANY oy fy Millers Falls, Massachusetts Sey fe MILLERS FALLS SINCE 1868 ©mrcio927 oy a’ e r{S) This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY How to Care for Your Tools Hints on Sharpening Chisels, Planes, Gouges, Scrapers, Auger Bits and Saws By CHARLES A. KING OME workers and manual train- ing pupils often seem to think that time spent in sharpening tools is largely wasted. They prefer to “put to more strength,” in the words of the Biblical philosopher who wrote: “If the iron be blunt, and he do not whet the edge, then must he be put to more strength: but wisdom is profitable to direct” (Eccles. 10:10). Even ap- prentices are well advanced in learning their trades before they attain wisdom in the realization that time spent in sharp- ening tools will be more than repaid in the quantity and quality of their work. Our discussion will be centered around woodworking tools, for they are more commonly used in the home workshop than others. A bench grinder (A, Fig. 1) with a 6 by 1 in. wheel will give satis- factory results in sharpening all wood- working tools and for general grinding. It can be converted to a foot power grinder by adding a treadle, which allows both hands to grasp the tool. A combination oil- stone or whetstone B, 1 by 2 by 6 in., coarse on one side and fine on the other, which is set in an iron or wooden box to prevent the cutting surface from becoming glazed with dust, is an excellent general purpose stone. A _ strop C, made of a piece of leather glued or tacked on wood, will make a keen edge a little keener. Slip stones similar to those shown at D are necessary if gouges or carving tools are to be sharpened. From the time our primeval ancestor discovered that a broken bone or a clam- shell could be worn to a cutting edge on a flat stone, the knife has been the uni- versal tool. For general use the knife may be sharpened as at A, Fig. 2, but a knife for whittling should be similar to B. Lay —, ‘3 FIG. 3 For keeping your tools in condition yop need a bench grinder, a whetstone, a strop, and one or more slip stones, as in Fig. 1. Methods o} sharpening knives and planes are illustrated in Figs. 2 and 3 : a a 7 ae + ae | of P é Pe 2 = |- — Has i of CS a2si—wL To enjoy fully your home workshop you must have gocd tools and keep them well sharpened the knife upon the grindstone tangent at the edge as at C and turn the stone toward the edge. Move the knife forward occasionally to maintain a nearly straight surface from the edge to the back. Re. verse hands and grind the other side. Keep the knife moving back and forth the entire length of the edge to prevent heating. When a wire edge or minute burr turns over, the edge is finished. AY the knife on the whetstone as at D, pressing lightly upon the cutting edge so the back edge will clear the stone a very little as at E. Remove the wire edge by drawing the knife across a piece of wood and give a few more strokes upon the whetstone, finishing upon the strop, if desired. Workmen seldom think of the bevel ef a cutting tool in degrees; they are guided by the eye and the “‘feel”’ of the tool. A rather thin edge is preferred in working soft wood, while a somewhat thicker edge will stand up better on hardwood and for general purposes. A thin edge is better for a paring chisel, and a thicker edge for a mortising chisel. In deference to definition we must mention an angle; most cutting tools are ground to a 25- or 30-degree angle. Set a bevel at 30 degrees and test the bevel of a plane cutter or chisel as at A, Fig. 3. It is important that the bevel be true the entire width and thickness of the iron, though the periphery of the wheel will make the bevel a little hollow as at B. The bench grinder may have a tool rest that can be moved from right to left, in which the tool may be clamped as » shown in Fig. 1; this insures accuracy. Usually the professional mechanic pre- fers a stationary rest and guides the tool by holding his fingers in one position against the rest. When grinding a plane cutter, set the cap iron back from the cutting edge about \ in. as at C, Fig. 3, and use it as a guide for squareness in- stead of testing (Continued on page 126) C A pai of thir by Mi 4 Autom 1 Boat 1 Radio 1 Garage 1 Rear p apart 2 Sets o! scree 6 Dining 1 Dining 1 Buffet 1 Kitch 2 Rocki 1 Easy « 1 Bed, 1 1 Chiffo 3 Lamp 1 Desk Tabl and Cop

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 87 ip Ray F. Kuns FP of Cincinnati, O. working at home. ~ / YOU. S WHETTING THE PLANE BIT ON THE “VETERAN CARBORUNDUM STONE Mr. Kuns has used the same Carborundum Stone! at ne rd ht ie ; . \ mm is the man- be A partial list H™ is a man who has become expert in donned dedi Aan i of things built home craftsmanship. He is nationally sharp, fast-cuiting material. Mr. K p k h » hi k ll d : This Combination Stone does at by Mr. Kuns: nown through his work—all done in spare desitle duty. One side Us : j Automobile bodies time—and he started right because he followed —_ grit for starting, your . . . cages, an Pp other St is ; i ol experienced workmen like carpenters and cabi- fine grit for finishing, a . . ° . - i Garage 18 x 30 net makers in using this handy sharpening 1 Rear porch to ‘ me apartment stone to keep “‘edges keen and cutting clean.” re 2 Sets of house ce screens . . ° . . a 6 Ding chairs Today his original Carborundum Combination P, t Dining table Stone is still performing perfectly. He credits ulre . . . of 1 Kitchen cabinet to it a proper share in his success. It has rn —— served him continually, has worn uniformly, 1 Bed, 1 Dresser 1 ’ : : : . Sihiienies and still gives his tools a right working edge. er 3 Lamps , : : 5 og ee Mr. Kuns bought his Carborundum Combination - and Hammered Stone from his hardware dealer. It will pay you : Copper Work to get one; see YOUR dealer. a3 st — re Send for Carborundum Catalog P-7 » a © a it | 1€ ; nh, ll , 3) { | t, \S REG. U.S. PAT. OFF. —i——.- ABRASIVE PRODUCTS Registered Trade n Name used by The e Carborundum Com- THE CARBORUNDUM COMPANY, NIAGARA FALLS, N. Y. e agg tee CANADIAN CARBORUNDUM Co., LTD., NIAGARA FALLS, ONT. Mark isthe exclusive Sales Offices and Warehouses in New York, Chicago, Boston, Philadelphia, Cleveland, Detroit, : ee ter al Cincinnati, Pittsburgh, Milwaukee, Grand Rapids 7 i The Carborundum Co., Ltd., Manchester, England Deutsche Carborundum Werke, Dusseldorf, Germany r1S} This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 1® ticks of the ‘Rnsteukal How to Lay Out Work Quickly and Accurately on Lathe and Milling. Machine—Jigs, Fixtures, Piercing Punches and Dies ‘ By HECTOR J. CHAMBERLAND -) EW stunts in laying } out machine-shop work, although they may appear to save time, are often lacking in either accuracy or practicabil- ity. Anyone familiar with this line of work will admit that the method of using movable buttons is hard to beat so far as the average shop is con- cerned. Manufacturing plants engaged extensively in making jigs and the like are always on the lookout for production equipment and use jig boring machines, on which the spacing is done by the vernier system so that even slight errors are practically eliminated. The ordinary shop, however, has to be con- tent with the movable buttons and a good lathe and a milling machine. A practical and accurate method to lay out work is to finish the piece to standard dimensions, grinding it if neces- sary, and use short parallels clamped or screwed to the sides, as in Fig. 1. This method is excellent in such work as matching piercing punches and dies. An example is shown in Fig. 4, page 108. It is a piercing punch and die for hack saw backs. The boring is done in machine HANDWHEEL FOR DRAWING CENTER AWAY FROM WORK ROD FASTENED TO SLIDING CENTER y NG N Y Y y UY | _ 4 \N yi (a S eh — A OSS ee \Y YY VME. Ll Fig. 3. A spring-actuated center for a lathe, which saves time in locating work that-.is to:be-elamped to the faceplate for boring steel plates, which are fitted in turn to the die and punch holders. The punches and bushings are held in the plates with set screws. If the size of the work does not allow the use of Fig. 1. When holes are to be laid out with extreme precision, meas. urements can be made with a micrometer, buttons and parallels, as shown at the left. The parallels can be clamped to the work in some cases, otherwise they are fastened with screws, as in this instance Fig. 2 (below). Truing up a hole that is to be ground and lapped ina plate for use as a distance testing fixture. A drawing of the plate is given in the lower part of Fig. 5 clamps to hold the parallels for measuring, small holes are drilled and tapped at convenient places. The paral- lels may be of any length, if accurate. A good lathe may be depended upon to execute accurate work. Before boring in the lathe, one must exercise care in strap- ping the work to the faceplate and have it well balanced. Should the work shift slightly, the deviation might be in any direction, whereas if the boring is done on the milling machine, the work has very little chance of changing position. Figure 4 gives an idea of an operation well fitted for the milling machine. The holes are located, drilled and bored % in. smaller than their finished size and tested with the parallels and a plug gage. Correc- tions, if necessary, are made with the aid of the dial indicator. In this case the work is SET SCREW FOR GRINDING POINT SLOT COLLET. AND INSERT PIN IN CENTER GRIND IN LATH BEFORE CASE- HARDENING SLIDING CENTER RIND TO FIT N COLLET) COLLET FITTED TO LATHE SPINDLE accurately squared and strapped to the table. The vertical fixture also should be set with the indicator, using a 14-in, cylindrically ground piece. Provided the equipment is in good condition as a whole, no trouble should be experienced in spacing, and the boring can be done without any previous layout. A start is made on side A. The back lash is eliminated at all times and a piece of .001 in. thick paper is used between the side and the plug gage in the chuck. The .625-in. spacing of the No. 1 hole is first taken and the work continued towards side C, repeating the operation as before. After the holes have been bored to % in. and checked with a plug gage and paral- lels, the micrometer will show the ac- curacy of the machine. If the location is off in either of the four directions, the (Continued on page 108) = timesaving shop ideas are contained in the continuation of the BetterShopMethods Department, which you will find on pages 98, 108 and 110. 66) Pm “He —a heig real Eve Zoos mot cop’ desc The Toc

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o8E &® SRReF “ses ws Ree FF 88 —~ “SV ew Se Ce POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY “I found it in my Starrett Catalog” “Here’s a combination square that’s eight tools in one —a marking gage, rule, try-square, miter, depth gage, height gage, level and plumb—and it’s only one of many real useful tools I’ve found in my Starrett Catalog.” Every man or boy who loves to do good work with good tools—whether it’s carpentry, metal working, motor repairing or model building—needs his own copy of the Starrett Catalog No. 24 W illustrating and describing over 2500 high grade tools. Write for your copy today. It’s free. Then ask your tool dealer to show you the Starrett Tools you need. THE L. S. STARRETT CO. World’s Greatest Toolmakers Manufacturers of Hacksaws Unexcelled 1512 Steel Tapes—Standard for Accuracy ATHOL, MASS., U.S. A. rIS} This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS, See page 8.

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Siok Ea A Simple Way to Use Gears for Indexing Work on the Grinder— Depth Gage for Lathe Drilling — Extension Tool Holder for Planer—Universal Joint for Floating Reamer—Other Shop Kinks POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY March, 199 uts for Machinists might be carried further by using, instead of the sheet metal strip, a narrow steel rule, perhaps with a spring clip to hold it on the chuck. When the job is of such shape that the gage strip will not pass over it while running, the strip can be bent down until it touches the drill, and set so that the end is exactly the depth of the hole from the point of the drill. Fig. 1. A gear used ona grinder to index milling machine cutter heads indexed work, but as a rule no adequate or universal indexing fixtures are available for grinder work. It is not ad- visable to use a milling-machine index head on a grinder since it [i IS often necessary to grind ES 5) Fig. 5. A cutting block for sheet metal with a spring grip to hold down the thin stock IGURE 5 shows how a bench block was fitted with a spring grip ar. rangement to hold thin metal down at one end while it is being cut off with a chisel. Spring wire was bent as shown, the ends were sprung into a hole passing through the block near the top and suit- able coil springs were is likely to be injured sooner or later for accurate work on the miller. It is also much too heavy for convenience. Fig. 6. A universal joint for a floating reamer; it is made of machinery steel, pack hardened The simplest accurate method for uni- versal indexing is to make use of change gears such as are supplied with universal millers and with engine lathes. With these practically any required division can be obtained. Figure 1 shows a case in hand. Several cutter heads for milling purposes were ground by using a gear for indexing and a spring finger to lock it in position.—O. S. MarsHALt. HEN drilling a job chucked in the lathe, such as, for instance, the one shown in Fig. 2, it is possible to rig a gage to indicate how far the drill has penetrated. A strip of sheet metal is secured to the drill chuck with a rubber band, and the end of the strip is lined up with the end of the drill and bent so that it just clears the work. The required depth of hole can be marked either on the gage strip or on the job itself. The idea Fig. 2. A strip of sheet metal and a rubber band form this drilling gage In practice this plan has been found quicker and simpler than putting a clamp, attached.—H. M. HE universal joint so widely used in machine con- struction is also prac- tical for floating reamers. In Fig. 6 is illustrated a joint that is easily adjust- ed to take up wear. a tube, or a clip on : B Fig. 3. Extension the drill.—How ARD tool holder for GREENE. planing wide work OW to overcome the handicap of an old style planer with only a narrow opening between the housings is illus- trated in Figs. 3 and 4. A tool holder was made as shown so that the full stroke of the planer does not have tq be used. The inside of the tool holder was cut out with a torch to give ample room for bolting it in place.—A. SKINNER. Fig. 7. A lathe indexing fixture for drilling, cutting teeth and graduating work accurately —H. J.C TOOL HOLDER Fig. 4. How the extension tool holder is made. The large opening is cut with a torch N FIG. 7 is shown an indexing fixture for an engine lathe. A cast-iron or steel disk 10 or 12 in. in diameter is cut as a worm wheel on its periphery, preferably with 360 teeth. This is at tached to the lathe spindle in place of the regular faceplate. A right-angle member AD, which is bolted to the bed of the lathe close to the headstock, supports a screw or worm, and at the upper end is an index plate B, and a crank and “flip- per” pin C. This index plate, in conjune- tion with the large worm-wheel plate, provides for almost unlimited indexing operations.—O. M. |=]

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) 19% : : , aA e ow ¥ T Be OH POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 91 TOOLS ARE ESSENTIAL TO GOOD WORK Trained Hands Demand Micrometer Caliper No. 55 has a broad range of measure- ments, from 2" to 6”, by thousandths of an inch. Range of measurements is easily obtained by four anvils, quickly changed and positively held in place by knurled nut. Fine Tools Mechanics prefer Brown & Sharpe tools because they know they can rely on their accuracy. ‘These fine tools set a “world’s standard of accuracy” and maintain this accuracy under hard usage. These tools are on the job in thousands of shops where metal is worked, where all types of work depend on their reliability. The Brown & Sharpe line of small tools includes over 5,000 items for both industrial and home workshop use. Catalog No. 30 describes them in detail. Copy at your hardware dealer’s or sent free on request. Dept. P.S., Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Company, Providence, R. L., U. S. A. * MICROMETER CALIPER Catalog No. 11. Catalog No. 746 * DIAL TEST INDICATOR Catalog No. 733 @eeeeeooeae eee ee @e@eeeeeeeee es * TWIST DRILL AND STEEL WIRE GAUGE Catalog No. 705 > * RULE DEPTH GAUGE Catalog No. 615 * AUTOMATIC CENTER PUNCH Catalog No. 771 * This tool shown in Catalog No. 30 [BS wORLD’S STANDARD OF ACCURACY © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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A Celotex box keeps the milk at the same temperature at which it is delivered. CELOTEX [INSULATING LCUMBER |] Wherever used it gives PROTECTION Against heat, cold, noise and moisture. Light to handle, easy to saw, nice to work with, decorative in appearance. 7 gy With Celotex YOU Can Vv Line your attic Vv Cover cracked plaster Vv Ceil your basement Vv Make storm doors Vv Build bookshelves Vv Make a chest v Provide a table pad v Line your garage ¥ Cut out book-ends v Build a playhouse All Lumber Dealers Sell Celotex Send coupon for publications that tell about Celotex THE CELOTEX COMPANY, Chicago, Ill. THE CELOTEX COMPANY 645 N. Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Ill. Please send me © The Home Improvement News (issued free each month). © Interesting Things to Make with Celotex. 0 The Celotex Building Book. DD 20 Places Where Celotex Saves in Industry. N. e Address City ee POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY March, 19 , How to Lay Out Your Shop for Decorative Metal Work By EDWARD THATCHER individual craftsman who takes up decorative metal work will, of course, adapt his shop layout to the space available, be it large or small. He may use benches and other equipment already in his possession provided they are in a good light. If there is only one window facing north, the best place should be given to the jeweler’s or light work bench where one works seated. FIG. 1 SOLDERING BENCH An ideal layout for a home workshop to be devoted to craftwork in metal. The units may be rearranged to suit the floor space, but in any case the small bench should be under a window A layout such as the one shown in Fig. 1, where the benches are all along one wall, makes for convenience when trans- ferring the work from one bench to another. Plenty of closet and shelf room is need- ed. A small case filled with sliding drawers, such as the one shown above the bench for light work, is convenient for stor- ing rivets, screws, drills and the like. Supplies such as lump or powdered pum- ice, charcoal, pitch, rosin and chemicals are best kept in labeled boxes. It is alsoa good plan to make a rack of some sort for sheet copper and brass. The high, narrow boxes used for glass by glaziers form excellent racks for flat sheet copper. On the extreme left of Fig. 1 will be noted the soldering bench, the top covered with a layer of brick. On this bench stands the soldering box, in which rests the sol- dering stand or turn- table. Near by is_ the blowtorch, held by a special hook fastened to the bench. From the blowtorch runs a rubber hose to the foot bellows for the air supply; the other hose goes to a cock on the gas line. A pair of tongs hangs on a nail near the ‘BENCH | FOR HAMMERED r ) WORK Four ways to hold stakes for hammered work. That shown at B is the least noisy blowtorch for use in handling hot work, The pickle and water crocks rest on the floor. A small gas plate is available for heating pickle, drying out work for hard soldering, and even for certain soldering operations. The arrangement of this bench would be practically the same if a gasoline blow. torch were used. A friend of mine utilizes an old kitchen fa Tt ©O©@oeeoe BENCH FOR LIGHT WORK POLISHER stove for a soldering bench, the large flat iron top making an excellent place for soldering operations. The top of a sheet steel oil stove could be used in the same way after the stove had outlived its usefulness in the kitchen. N A shelf above the soldering bench is a forge for light work. It is set down on the bench for supplementing the heat of the blowtorch when soldering or annealing large work or melting metal. The bench for hammered work should be constructed very solidly. Although suitable dimensions were suggested in an- other illustration of the bench published in the first article of this series (Novem- ber, 1927, issue), the width and length should be made to suit the space avail- able. The height of the top of the bench from the floor should be so planned that when a stake is in the vise you may do hammered work in a natural position. Generally, the top of the vise jaws should be on a level with the elbow or slightly be- low it. A bench top from 28 to 30 in. from the floor will usually give this height, de- pending on the (Continued on page 122) © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. Write this nev new Di actual .

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B FH wn ager weowraer sas of ~~, = oe we March, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 93 PATIL RA PIR RATT A BS Corona 1n colors! [Channel blue] ORONA has caught the colorful spirit of modern times! Scarlet, blue, green, maroon, cream, lavender—there is a Corona for every decorative scheme. (And, of course, the standard black Corona.) When you buy Corona, you know L C Smith—the Ball-Bear- ay you are getting the utmost value in portable type- ing Office Machine. Its this new folder showing the writers —the only portable with a twenty-year light touch and easy action ir _riggaeaee record of satisfactory performance. More Coronas increase output, eliminate actual colors. fatigue. are in use than all other makes of portables com- bined. See these new colored Coronas at the nearest Corona store. Convenient payment plan. L C Smith & Corona Typewriters Inc Established 1903 Sales offices in principal cities of the world 313 E. Washington Street, Syracuse, N. Y. ® This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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94 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY - censieibiieries To the man who thinks he can’t afford oil heat A man’s consideration for his family is not always measured by what he is able to do for them. Often the man with a moderate income is willing to make greater sacrifices to give his family the comforts of life than the man of unlimited wealth. There are scores of thoughtful men who fully appreciate what Nokol automatic oil heat would mean to their wives and families — but whose ideas of the installa- tion expense were obtained years ago, when oil heat was generally considered a luxury attainable only by the wealthy few. ah it Drawing by Mr. Smith of a model for an exterior setting and Models — Hints on N THE designing and building of an exterior setting the amateur scene- wright finds himself up against a more difficult problem than any he has encountered in his experience with in- teriors. He knows well enough that he can create three walls of a room, but he stands in awe of the wall-less outside, where tree forms, flowers and atmosphere are perhaps the only limits to his set. The problem, after all, is not so diffi- cult as it seems. In the interior set the scenewright shuts off his back- and side- stage areas with three obvious walls, and in the exterior set he does the same, with this difference: the walls are not obvious. In its crudest conception an exterior set consists of a back wall in the form of a painted back drop, and side walls in the Now quantity production and a new factory have enabled the American Nokol Company — oldest and soundest automatic oil burner manufacturer in the world —to produce a fine small burner for cottage or bungalow at a very low price. A small down payment puts Nokol in your home — ready to operate. Mail the coupon for Soe SCENECRAFT—The Exterior Set How to Interpret the Playwright’s Script—Sketches Painting and Lighting By AnDRE SMITH Author of “The Scenewright” bad, but it can’t be helped. And g0, facing our enforced limitations, let us tackle our problem with a stout heart and do the best we can. In order to see how the thing is done let us set for ourselves an actual problem in scene designing. Let us suppose that the playwright’s script reads as follows: ACT TWO: The garden in the Bradley home. It is one of those simple New England back-yard gardens, the kind that seems to be self-created, in which flowers happen as if by chance rather than by some skillful gardener’s direction. The wall of the Bradley house occupies the right of the stage. It is a rear wing of the house and contains an entrance door and a window. Over the door is a simple shed roof supported (Continued on page 124) f BACKDROP :" detailed information. f i Nae shape of painted flats. As HEDGE FASTENED TO ACTUAL © far as the exterior set is con- GATE! 2 e cerned it still remains, in HOUSE | N E W S 1 | e n t spite of the healthy changes = Larrice—_| in the modern method of scene building, a matter of paint and illusion. Ama- teur play producers who have organized merely with the idea of giving one play, and who have to build their settings with as little fuss and expense as possible, can ‘have no great curtain of hlue canvas (cyclorama) to encircle the stage. What- ever bit of heavenly blue enters their setting will have to be done in,paint on WINDOW. CHAIR : No ! -) © U.S .PAT. OFF. AUTOMATIC OIL HEATING FOR HOMES FREE—NEW BOOK AMERICAN NOKOL COMPANY 4206 Schubert Ave., Chicago Please send me your new book on oil heat and de- tails of your budget plan. ri a back drop, and the actual Address. stage ceiling or a painted City State blue lid will have to take the place of the infinite Oldest and soundest automatic oi] burner spaces of the sky. Se tetas manufacturer in the world SEAT b GATE sy Fo Paid TREES...... P er LATTICE J WINDOW CHAIR ¢ _ nc SEAT The essential elements of the scene are indicated at A and an improved arrangement at B. Two tree forms are also shown rIS} This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. SMT TTTTU UU UUTTTTUUUUTTULUUUTLUUUTULLLLLLLLLULLLLLLLLLLUL LULL LULL... OR LLL LAA MNNQNAOEOOONNNAONOAOOUNOOGGOQOGEQQUENOOUOOQQ0800000000000000OOOUOAOOGEEEOOOUOUUUOUUOAAAA A HaAAEtse

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY R March, 1928 LE Make Your Home a Pleasant Place to Live In Fd J beautified with KYANIZE Celoid Finish and KY- ANIZE Decals } —Junetime design. I used sy Kiyanize FLOOR ENAMEL “It is the finest coating A time-worn cabinet made at- tractive with Celord j and KYANIZE ie Transfer our lever used ona floor furniture just radiated Decals—Balkan de- L.J.Annon Mare iy sign. 2s Taylor St John Nichol: Wollaston, Maas 11 Irving Place Rochelle, N. ¥. Y_! You can make your lamp shades, ¥ too, in this easy way ¥ —-KYANIZEP Celoid Finish and The Easy-to-Use Finishes ITHOUT hard work or special expense, KYANIZE walls. Comes in twelve delightful tints—and you yourself Varnishes and Enamels add beauty, charmand value can mix a wide variety of additional hues with ease. to woodwork, furniture, floors and walls. KYANIZE Floor Enamel is the all-around floor coat- KYANIZE Celoid Finish is a medium gloss waterproof. é ah gh : ‘ ’ . . / ing. It is equally effective indoors and out, on stone, enamel in white and many dainty tints and will make an YC UIUUUUUUAUAUNALEEELUOUUUUUOUUUUUOUUUULULAGUNGNOQQQUUUUUUUUOOGNNGNGQOQUUUUUONGGOEONOUONONUOGGEEUULOUOLOONENOOGNONGOUUOUUUUUUGUUUUUUUGUUOOOONOUOGQONGNUGNOOUONNONOGNOONOONNNNNNNNNEEUUOUUUUUUUUUUUUUUOUONONONNNNNNNONNNUNLENLUUUUUUUUUUUUUUOMLAMNNNNNRNNNNUUUUUUUUULUUUUUNUOOULLAAMANNANNY 0, cement, concrete, wood or old pattern-worn linoleum. 1s attractive set of furniture out of shabby old pieces that . : 3 ag : No matter how badly worn, scratched, scarred or stained rt are now mismates. This finish is an opaque, medium gloss ; ‘ ‘ ; an old floor happens to be, overnight you can transform it enamel, free from offensive odor. It brushes on easily, meager ts rmenently bright, spotiess erca—proot ne dries quickly enough to prevent brush marks, and leaves a : + h ite h di : m rich, velvet-like, **hand-rubbed"’ effect—sturdy, elastic and —s er iy — righagent reenact ty $5. * — at waterproof. Even old black walnut or dingy oak hide their of acid. Nine oilid entas cnats you vag ater to pales Oe , 1 f 6 floors but to decorate them as. well in varying patterns. By eer il maguaned ~ Excellent, too, for porch, lawn and garden furniture; farm . or KYANI et Canad wagons, gear and implements. ny Finish. Ideal also for KYANIZE Decal Transfers—fully described in our b tinting woodwork and book, ‘The Charm of Painted Things,” add the final . touch of beauty to articles refinished with ce KYANIZE. These exquisite floral and silhou- = oO | ette decorations can be applied in a minute or \ \ | ] , J two, and they are as amazing in results as they , 4 are simple in application. a = 4 ye BOSTON VARNISH COMPANY 36 Everett Station, Boston, Mass., U.S.A. eee eee eee ae Ce ee Ce] | Boston VARNISH COMPANY, 36 | Everett Station, Boston, Mass. Enclosed is ten cents for your Booklet, ‘“‘The Charm of Painted Things.” Illustrated beauti- fully in colors and containing many finishing | suggestions. CO TTT iii saaas RINE dina 05:44050asgknedesantehigeskaeeuipaaanin eee eee eee eee ee eee eee eee eee eee eee ees COOH ERHHHEEEE ET EH EEE EE EEE EE EEE EEE SESE EEEES TTT TMT ULIMIT UU LMU UU ULLAL LU . IS] This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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Ship Plans Ancient and Modern Sw plans for the ship models listed below are the result of years of Mr. Boucher’s personal effort and study of Marine Models. For 23 years, since 1905, he has conducted his Model Shop where practically all the Marine Models made in the United States have been turned out. Boucher, Inc., has been commissioned to build models, where the greatest care and craftsman- ship were prime requirements, for the U. S. Navy Department, the U. S. War Department, the U. S. Shipping Board, the National Museum, Car- negie Institute, Foreign Governments, Yacht Clubs and Steamship Companies. You are as- | : n | lists of home workshop tools published in sured of the same care and exactness in Boucher Plans that are found in finished models made . by this Company. You can buy the model plans of the ships listed below and be sure they are as clear, thorough and accurate as possible. Let us know the plan or plans you are interested in and we will send you full information. Also it will pay you many times over to have the encyclopedic-catalog ‘‘Scale Models.” Special New Plans Model Size_ Over All Period Isaac Webb 185-ft. Packet Ship 18 inches 1850 Rainbow 159-ft. Clipper Ship _19 inches 1841 135-ft. Clipper Ship _18 inches 1841 Naval Vessels Alfred 24—Gun Ship 15 inches 1775 (First American Flagship) ‘ Ohio 74—Gun 20 inches 182c Monitor Single Turret Ship 22 inches 1862 Merrimac Iron Clad Steamer 33 inches 1862 Oregon Battleship 42 inches 1890 Battle Cruiser Typical 26 inches Modera Merchant and Historic Vessels Flying Cloud 225-ft. Clipper Ship 28 inches 1851 Smuggler Gloucester Schooner 20 inches 1877 America Schooner Yacht 25 inches 1851 Half Moon Hendrick Hudson's Ship 19 inches 1609 And there are dozens of others listed in the Catalog Send for Booklet “Scale Models” This booklet-—SCALE MODELS—has 92 pages of useful infor- mation for model makers. Contains history of steam engines, nautical terms, knots, hitches and splices commonly used on boats. Rec d finishing and painting model ships and hundreds of other ideas. Whatever type of ship—sail or steam—ancient or modern— ou are building, or planning to build, you will find the | Cootler, SCALE fiopeLs, of tremendous help. Send 25c today for your beautifully illustrated copy. It will be sent you by return mail, postage prepaid. Gentlemen:—Enclosed is 25¢ for which please send me im- mediately your 92-page illustrated booklet, SCALE MODELS. Headquarters for Model Makers for 23 Years 415 Madison Ave. Dept. MM © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY March, 19 _ not the time to spend 'ly for pleasure; we Tools — Pride of My They Save Time and Money in Making Essential Repairs—My First Outfit and How I Added to It By Garrietp MacDonatp E FARMERS are confronted with a difficult problem in selecting tools for our workshops. In the first place, most of us have in building things pure- build from necessity. In the second place, we are called upon to make many makeshift repairs on our imple- ments and machines until parts come from the factory. When I purchased my farm it was sup- posed to be fully equipped. Well, it did have all the farming implements ready for action, but the tools consisted of a few rusty | wrenches, a saw, and a low grade hammer with one claw broken. I purchased a few tools from time to time, being guided in large part by the PopuLar ScireENcE Montuiy some time ago. Now I have a complete set of tools _ which, besides being the means of saving me money, are my pride and joy. My first outfit is ample for the be- ginner and serves as the nucleus for the second and third outfits. so that the farmer can add to it fron. ume to time | until he has a complete set of tools. It is N. Y. | as follows: Spirit level, 24 in. Rule, 2 ft., threefold Bell-faced hammer Ratchet bit brace Pin punch Pipe wrench, 12 in. Saw file, 6 in. Flat file, 8 in. a Farm Every farmer needs an assortment of good tools because of the variety of work he has todo in repairing implements and machines Round shank drills, T-bevel _ 1 to % in. Tack hammer Sharp nose pliers Vise. 5-in. jaws Pistol grip hack saw Compass saw, 12 in. Hack saw blades, 12, Haid saw, 20 in., 8 assorted lengths or 9 points Tool grinder Rip saw, 26 in., 6 Saw set points With this set a farmer can make difli- cult repairs on machinery, erect buildings, and do countless repair jobs. While this iS @ representative assortment, it is not supposed that the list will be adhered to strictly; it may be modified to suit any special needs. The third set consists of tools of the first and second sets with the addition of the following. The forge enables a man to make even difficult metal repairs on machinery. Miter box Farrier’s hammer Bits, 14, 4, 5%, lin. Fence tool Tron jack plane Shingling hatchet Hand saw, 24 in., 8 Cold chisel, 1% in. points (crosscut) Harness stitcher Chisels, 14, 34, 1 in. Screw driver Try-square, com- bination type and repair outfit Pliers, wire cutting Oilstone This set is inexpensive and in the hands Leather punch, 6 bits i S-handled adjust- able wrench, 8 in. Taper saw files, 4 doz., assorted Flat files, 44 doz., of a man with a slight liking for repair work will serve for an astonishing variety of jobs. For the second set my choice comprises all the first set and the follow- ing tools: Oil can Draw knife, 10 in. Screw driver bit Bits to complete set from 3¢ to 1 in. by 16ths Machinist’s ham- mer, 114 lb. Tape line, 100 ft. Rose countersink Smooth plane Blowtorch Carpenter’s pincers Expansion bit Cold chisels, 14 doz., assorted Hand drill and set of bits Chisels, 34, 114, 2 in. Button’s pattern pliers Tap and die set, 14, 86, 34, fi, 14, 56 in. Forge, 22-in. hearth Anvil, 75 Ibs. Horse rasps, 2 Blacksmith’s ham- mer, 214 Ibs. Bolt tongs Straight lip ton Blacksmith’s oa cers, 12 in. Farrier’s knife Mortise gage Spokeshave Floor scraper Tin snips Chain hoist Socket wrench set Valve grinder and paste Hydrometer Five-minute vulcanizer assoi Half-round wood Block plane, lever rasps, 3, assorted adjustment Hand file for reaper Glass cutter lades Soldering outfit Breast drill, ratchet Steel square, 2 ft. I always have on hand in the shop a good stock of hard and soft wood, strap and bar iron, nuts, bolts and washers, glue, rivets, screws and nails, belt lacing and harness leather. March, 1928

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ch, mf yharch, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 97 . ia » Pe il i & 4 * é & PF s * ~ gy ak P | Taking the Pulse . | of a Gigantic «| Artery of Water ~ 188, _ Down from huge reservoirs in recording cam must have a =| the hills, a mighty torrent of surface that is absolutely even water comes rushing through and smooth. It is with a " the great main to give acity its NICHOLSON File that this ian water supply. Like the pulse all important surface is ob- . of a great artery, the venturi- tained. The choice of a meter faithfully measures and NICHOLSON File for this records the passage of every operation emphasizes the fit- gallon. ness of our tools in work where accuracy and fineness count. In order that this ingenious | mechanism may render a true Our booklet, “Adventures and account of the thousands of gal- Uses of NICHOLSON Files” lons of water rushing through will be sent to you if you are 3 the huge under- interested in what our files cnOL So ground tubes, its are doing. » Seo NICHOLSON FILE CO. © 8 U S A Providence, R.1., U.S.A. ap : a | caormarni om A FILE FOR EVERY PURPOSE ee ee © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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Pipe Lover Finally Discovers Tobacco Satisfaction Everlastingly trying brings success, even in finding the right tobacco. Mr. Gaw’s experiences prove that. He tried more than ten different brands of smoking tobacco, paid high prices, only to suffer the pangs of dissatisfaction. Finally he concentrated on Edgeworth, and it was then that he achieved true pipe-enjoyment. Read what he says about it: Philadelphia, Pa. Sept. 21, 1927 Larus & Bro. Co. Richmond, Va. Gentlemen: I write you this complimentary letter because I feel that if any one tobacco com- pany deserves praise for its products, it is your company. ’ During the two years that I have been a pipe smoker |] have used more than one —in fact more than ten—different tobac- cos. I have even invested as much as one dollar and twenty-five cents for a half ae of a well-known mixture, trying to satisfaction in price; but it was all in vain. After the first few pipe-loads I readily discovered that even price and a reputation couldn’t supply that bit of satisfaction that my pipe and myself crave. I had no other choice, so it seems, but to return to the most satisfactory pipe tobacco that I have ever experienced. That tobacco is none other than the Edgeworth tobacco. Now the pangs of dissatisfaction and ief over exorbitant prices have entirely isappeared since I’ve concentrated my pipe smoking on worth. I am taking this means of thanking you for curing my pipe ills as well as putting my mind at ease now that I have tobacco that satisfies pipe as well as man. Your ardent well-wisher, uel Gaw There seem to be a lot of men who have an unsatisfied smoke-yearning. But those who persevere until they discover Edge- worth seem to be so satisfied that they want to tell the whole wide world about its To those who have never tried Edgeworth, we make this offer: Let us send you free samples of Edge- worth so that you may put it to the pipe test. If you like the samples, you'll like Edge- worth wherever and whenever you buy it, for it never changes in quality. Write your name and address to Larus & Brother Company, 10 S. 21st Street, Richmond, Va. Edgeworth is sold in various sizes to suit the needs and means of all purchasers. Both Edgeworth Plug Slice and Edgeworth Ready-Rubbed are packed in small, pocket- size packages, in handsome humidors hold- ing a pound, and also in several handy in- between sizes. On your radio—tune in on WRVA, Richmond, 43 } —the Edgeworth Station. Wave length 254.1 meters. Frequency 1180 kilocycles. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY March, 94 Wood Turning Simplified Choosing a Lathe—Spindle Speeds— How to Sharpen Gouges and Chisels By Herman Hjortu Fig. 1. Thumb-nail test for a chisel; if it “‘takes hold,” it is really sharp F YOU havea hobby, you may consider yourself fortunate in this age of speed and mental strain. An interesting hobby takes the mind off business problems, gives it a rest and tends to keep it healthy and normal. Modern psychologists, medical practitioners and educators stress the value and importance of developing a hobby; indeed, it is one of the frankly avowed aims of manual arts instruction in the schools of today. An ever-increasing number of men find relaxation in their home workshops. If you are one of them, you can add greatly to your enjoyment and at the same time improve your craft work in quality and variety by learning how to do wood turn- ing. And this is not hard to do, especially now that such excellent motor-driven -lathes are available at reasonable prices. There is an unescapable fascination 38 i NAW M4 | | | \ | | | | | | | | ieee (ZA WA 1 | | | SKEW PARTING _ GOUGE SQUARE NOSE TOOL Fig. 2. The edges of scraping tools are sometimes turned over with a burnisher to form a burr or hook NN] Ae 7 | | | | | | a L ail oa : U . ~ = a ROUN: NOSE Fig. 3. A set of turning tools for the beginner. They must be supplemented by calipers, dividers, rule, oilstone and slip stone —., about wood turning. The shapes seem to form by magic under one’s gouge and chisel. Perhaps that is why kings and princes and even queens and ladies of high rank amused themselves by practicing wood turning during the seventeenth century. Examples of their handwork are to be found in many European museums, Simple as wood turning is, the beginner will make much faster progress if he takes the pains to observe the suggestions which will be given in this and following articles. As a result of many years of teaching experience, the author will explain something that is really a great deal easier than conventional wood turning, It is what might be called “wood scrap- ing.” This can be mastered more quickly and, generally speaking, is more accurate than orthodox wood turning. While it is not quite so fast, this is a matter of small importance from the standpoint of the amateur. Almost anyone can do scraping at once without the many dis- couraging and disheartening slips of the tool and consequent spoilage of work so characteristic of wood turning practice. Those who have learned or taught wood turning in the generally accepted way may disapprove of this method. In its justification, however, it may be stated that pattern makers do all a, turned work on wooden /}\s- y patterns by means of ‘ scraping. If the method is effective in such accu- rate work, why is it not equally useful in produe- ing turned parts for other purposes? Many manual training teachers will per- mit scraping in difficult places and on what is called faceplate work. Why not then be frank (Continued on page 100) DIAMOND POINT © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY | 9 Se So) “D. Maydole’”’ —a name that carpenters, machin- ists, men who know and love fine tools the world over recognize in- stantly as the standard of honest quality and enduring value. There is a style and weight Maydole for every purpose. Heads are press- forged of selected tool steel. Handles are of clear, second-growth, air- | dried hickory put on “for keeps.” _ And every one has that marvelous | Maydole “hang.” Your dealer will gladly show you the genuine Maydole. Look for the “D. Maydole” on the head. Write us for free copy of interesting and useful Pocket Handbook 23 6B.” @ May HAMM. fe ole tne ee The David Maydole Hammer Co..Norwich NY ® This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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**T'll be there J] on the dot!”? New Model PocketGen You can be on time if you have a sturdy, reliable watch. The new model Pocket Ben is that sort. And he’s mighty good-looking, too —a favorite among busy men. Sold everywhere for $1.50. With night-and- day dial, $2.25 Built by the makers of Big Ben and other Westclox WESTERN CLOCK COMPANY La Salle, Illinois / NewAuto Clock Attractive, convenient, re- liable, Fits any car.Quickly attached on dash or above wind-sbield. Price $2.50. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY March, 19) Wood Turning Simplified (Continued from page 98) about it and teach a method that will give the most pleasure and profit to the learner? It is with this need in view that the following instructions, which have been tried out in actual school work, are given. The procedure is the same whatever the size of the lathe and whether you are turning a candlestick on a small motorized home workshop outfit or a table leg on a larger lathe such as that shown in Fig. 5, below. Note well the names of the various parts, for they will be mentioned repeatedly in this and following articles. Selecting a lathe Z—GRINDSTONE depends, of course, _lemery 0n_ several factors, | WHEEL such as the type of 4% ' work to be done, the SKEW \ |’. space available and ss}. the price. The ma- > jority of the many mei * small lathes now on , N a ° Ome \ the market suitable “for home work are equipped with at- tachments for saw- ing, boring, grinding, buffing, sanding and the like. A surprising amount of work can be done on such an outfit. For general woodworking and furniture making, it is well to select a lathe that is at least 30 in. long between centers—the standard length of a table leg—and has a swing of at least 9 in. The height of the lathe center over the bed indicates the swing; that is the diam- eter of the stock which can be turned. If it is 6 in. above the bed, the lathe has a 12-in. swing. Lathe beds of extra length can usually be ob- tained at a slight additional cost. A motor-head lathe, that is, one with a vari- able speed motor mounted directly on the headstock, is the most convenient to use and takes 5 the least space. The more common type of lathe shown in Fig. 5 is driven by means of a cone pulley belted to a countershaft, which has a similar cone pulley and also a tight and loose pulley. The countershaft is generally fastened to the ceiling beams above the lathe. A small motor drives the counter- shaft and this in turn drives the lathe. By means of a belt-shifting device, generally con- sisting of an iron fork to which a wooden han- dle is fastened, the belt is moved from the loose to the tight pulley when it is desired Fig. 4. Askew chisel is ground angularly CLAMP LEVER~ HAND WHEEL DEAD CENTER T-REST LIVE CENTER TOOL REST HEADSTOCK] - CLAMP LEVER g \_4~CLAMP LEVERS BED TAILSTOCK CONE PULLEY soiNDLE THREADED LEGS E SCREW CHUCK Cyd ‘et | Fig. 5. A typical wood turning lathe. All lathes have substantially the same parts FACEPLAT. to start the lathe. Sometimes a special motor is furnished with the lathe and is fastened to the legs below the headstock. A lathe should run at a speed of about 2500 revolutions a minute when the belt is on the smallest step of the cone pulley. If it is neces- sary to buy new pulleys when installing a lathe, their diameters can be easily calculated if it is remembered that the diameter of the driven pulley times the number of revolutions - ground on a sandstone or an emery wheel. If no ’ left hand and move the gouge across the face it makes is always equal to the diameter of the driving pulley times the number of-reyo. lutions it makes. Suppose we buy a lathe with its correspond. ing countershaft and the cone pulleys haye three steps, the smallest being 3 in. in diameter and the largest 9 in. The tight and loose pul. leys measure 6 in. in diameter. We have g \4-H. P. motor with a speed of 1200 revolutions a minute. The motor is equipped with a pulley 4 in. in diameter. Will this motor drive the lathe at the proper speed? T IS first necessary to find the speed at which the countershaft will revolve when it is belted to the motor. The revolutions of the motor multiplied by the diameter of the pulley equal the revoly tions of the countershaft multiplied by the diameter of the loose pulley. 1200 x 4 = rev. of countershaft x 6 4800 = x 6 4800 = 4800 The countershaft makes 800 R.P.M., there- fore the cone pulley on the countershaft also makes 800 R.P.M. The problem now is to find how many revolutions the lathe spindle makes, The revolutions of the countershaft multi- plied by the diameter of the large cone pulley equal the revolutions of the live spindle m tiplied by the diameter of the small cone pulley. 800 x 9 = rev. of live spindle x 3 7200 = 2400 x3 7200 = 7200 Stock not more than $ in. in diameter can be turned at the highest speed of the lathe (2500 R.P.M.); stock from 3 in. to 6 in. in diameter should be turned at a medium speed with the belt on the second step of the cone pulley, and stock over 6 in. in diameter should be turned at the slowest speed of the lathe. Before the stock is rounded off and runs true in the lathe, it causes a good deal of vibration. The lathe should, therefore, be run at a lower speed until this process has been completed, as excessive vibration may cause the stock to be thrown violently from the lathe. For the first lathe work, the following tools (see Fig. 3) are sufficient: 1-in. gouge, 34-in. square-nose chisel, 14-in. skew chisel, %-in. parting tool, 14-in. round-nose chisel, %-in. diamond-point chisel, 6-in. outside spring cali- per, 6-in. inside spring caliper, 8-in. wing di- viders, rule, oilstone and slip stone. HE gouge is ground to semicircular shape with the bevel extending well around to the sides so as to leave no sharp corners as on the carpenter's gouge. The bevel should be about twice as long as the gouge is thick. It is water or kerosene runs over the stone, care should be taken to dip the tool frequently during the grinding process to prevent over- heating and drawing the temper of the steel. Grasp the handle with the right hand, hold the blade to the surface of the stone with the of the stone with a rolling motion. When ground, the gouge is whetted on an oilstone. The bevel is brought in contact with the stone and the gouge moved back and forth and simultaneously rolled from one side to the other. The wire edge, which is bent towards the inside by this process, is removed by rubbing the rounded edge of a slip stone back and forth over it. Keep the whole edge of the slip stone in contact with the inside of the gouge during this operation. While the square-nose turning chisel is longer than an ordinary chisel, any common chisel can be used in place of it if it has a long blade and is fairly (Continued on page 114) © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. HE ten / pictured examples of t each is mad also features for machini: sional and chanics. them i te lect fr buy tl suppl; You way t find v under nothi1 Wh

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ee ae { O— mS Ts — [GOODELL - PRATT. High-speed, High-power Bench Grinder—485. Handy for bench and household use. High Abrasive Wheel, 5 x 1". Ad- justable Work Rest, Finished in red and black enamel, 6!" ‘ $10. 00 high above bench . Goodell-Pratt Electric Drill. Sizes from 'f to 5g'" Light and Heavy Duty, for 110 and 220 A. C. or D. C. Steady drilling doesn’t overheat these Drills. Vital parts readily accessible These drills retail from... . . $36 to $99 Automatic Drill-185. Mr.Punch Push, and the tool returns. Drill points carried in handle. Length 10". Beautifully pol- ished and nickeled, including 8 drill points from 1/16 to 11/64" . : $2.75 All-steel Mitre Box— 1285. Cannot bend or break, or become inaccurate. Angles more acute than 45° are secured by side attachment. Gauge can be regulated to saw any desired depth. Equipped with 28 x 5" first quality Back Saw $27.50 Bench Vise161. Moderately priced. Cut steel feed screw and guide rods in- sure rigidity. Jaws machined after as- sembly, so they meet accurately. Steel parts polished, iron parts enameled. 2" jaws, opening 2". Weight 3‘: Ibs. $2.60 HE ten carpentry tools “pictured here are single examples of the sizes in which each is made. The catalog also features all kinds of tools for machinists, and profes- sional and amateur me- chanics. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY \ 4 MN QI A\\\ 101 SGOODELL-PRATTS ’ etree Ratchet Bit Brace—7010. 10" sweep. Steel clad head on roller bearings. Chuck sockets and shells of malleable iron; forged steel jaws. Square shank bits. Polished and nickeled . $3.75 4 Automatic Screwdriver—111. Reversible, for driving or di aw- ing screws. Can be used ratchet or plain. Handle finished in mahogany. Length, extended, with blade 19". Including - tool steel blades... ..... $3.10 Saw Vise—745. jou hold saw for their entire length, 10", are self-aligning and can be taken out by removing single screw. Ball and socket gives flexibility in filing positions. Clamps to any bench 35 to 214" thick. Stands 9!9" above bench. Weighs Sibs. . ... . $5.00 Two Speed Hand Drill—51;. Black en- ameled frame. Handle cap unscrews to hold drills. Takes round shank drills, 0 to's", Steel parts nickeled. 141"' long. Without drills... 2-2 $5.50 Floor Scraper—469. Mahogany finished hardwood handle, 11" long, and set at correct angle. Reversible 3 x 414" blade of finest, tool steel, hardened and tem- pered to hold good cutting edge. Wing adjusting nut and curved pressure plate. Weight 1}%.pounds $1.65 400 pages of fine tools FREE Select your tools from this catalog — then buy them from your hardware dealer, mill supply or automotive supply dealer HIS 400-page catalog is used by carpen- ters, mechanics, and machinists—who se- lect from its pages the tools they need—and buy them through their local hardware or mill supply man. You, too, will find this a pleasant and easy way to buy tools. A three-page index helps you find what you want—at once. Clear, easily understood descriptions and good pictures leave nothing for you to guess at. Whether you make your living with tools or use them to follow a hobby, you need this book- let, with its 400 pages of pictures and infor- mation. Goodell-Pratt Tools will serve you well for years. No finer tools are made than those that bear the name of Goodell-Pratt. Select your needs from this catalog; then buy them from your nearest dealer. If he doesn’t carry the Goodell-Pratt line, write us for the name of a dealer who can supply you. For the catalog, address © GOODELL-PRATT COMPANY, GREENFIELD, MASS., U. S. A. MAKERS OF +;MR. PUNCH GOODELI- LI-PRAT 1500 GOOD TOOLS © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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102 BUILD A SHIP MODEL MAYFLOWER Size: 25” high; 26” long; 10” wide YOU CAN PUT THESE MODELS TOGETHER IN A FEW HOURS OF PLEASANT PASTIME The world’s largest builders of ship models will help you build this model of the historic Mayflower by supplying all necessary parts cut to fit and ready to assemble with full instruc- tions for assembling —all for $4.98 You need not know anything about ship building to asser ble one of these models. Asa matter of fact if you have never seen a ship you can put the model of the Mayflower together in a few hours by following our diagrams and in- struction sheet which is so written that a school boy can understand it. All you need is a small hammer. The parts are numbered on the dia- gram to make the process even more simple. As long as you can understand such instructions as these (actually taken from assembling chart that is included with every model of the May- flower) you cannot fail: ‘*Take No. 57, place it in front end of No. 56 and tap lightly with ham- mer. Next take No. 58 and place it up against No. 57 and tap with hammer to bring it into nlace.”’ Easy? Nothing simpler. The instructions are just like that from beginning to end. Do this and that—and before you realize it a beautiful model has grown before your eyes. The model of the Mayflower is exact in every detail. After you have completed building one of our models from the $4.98 kit you will be so well satisfied that you would not take $50.00 or even $100.00 for the model. Besides the model of the Mayflower we manu- facture parts for other historic ships including the Santa Maria, La Pinta and Constitution (Old Lronsides). These ships (with the excep- tion of Old Lronsides) may also be obtained with the melody sail (loud speaker) attachment. The Santa Maria and the Mayflower have been the most popular ship modéls ever built. We have sold these models to people in every part of the world and are shipping a large quantity of them daily to various parts of the United States, Europe, South America and even to Africa. Send for our beautifully illustrated catalog which contains information and photographs of all our models. All Goods Sold on a Money Back Guarantee MINIATURE SHIP MODELS, Inc. 3824 Baring Street, Philadelphia, Pa. eveocoe + MINIATURE SHIP MODELS, INC., 3824 Baring St., Phila., Pa. Please send me complete parts, cut to fit and ready to assemble for the Constitution, $6.98 (}; Santa Maria, $4.98 [); La Pinta, $4.98, Mayflower, $4.98 [). Melody Ships: La Pinta, $12.50 CLC); Santa Maria, $12.50 Mayflower, $12.50 (|). I will pay postman purchase price plus postage (a few cents). Check which model you want shipped PLEASE PRINT NAME AND ADDRESS PLAINLY Name Street or R. F. b. City POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY March, 1928 ‘THE SHIPSHAPE HOME How to Fill Cracks Around Bathroom and Kitchen Fixtures and in Plaster Walls By F. N. VANDERWALKER VEN the most carefully constructed house will suffer a little from the settlement of the foundation. Some cracks will open in the walls and the joints in floors, wood trim and built-in plumbing and cabinet fixtures. Further- more, the shrinkage of lumber opens up cracks in wood trim and in floors, such as those often seen about a fireplace and hearth of tile or brick. With the flight of time other defects become noticeable. These defects may not be serious, but they constitute eyesores. No one likes to be confronted with a number of indications of wear and tear, vet how to have them taken care of is a problem. The jobs are too small for neighborhood tradesmer to be in- terested in; if they make such repairs at all, it is usually the result of repeat- ed telephone calls and much bother. Almost all such minor repairs can be done just as well by any person about the house as by a skilled mechanic, once the right ma- terial and a little information are at hand. Incidentally, there is considerable saving in both time and money, to say nothing about convenience, in doing the job your- self. In this and following articles the nec- essary information for filling holes and cracks will be set down tersely. Ma- terials, tools and methods will be de- scribed. ReceEss tubs, Bathroom which are butted close to tile and Cracks plaster walls, sometimes pull away from the tile, leaving an unsightly crack. The settlement of the floor and the shrinkage of timbers in the wall are the usual causes. To fill such cracks, the first step is to cut off all loose cement and sharp pro- jections with a putty knife or screw driver. Be careful not to dig at the sur- face so hard that the vitreous coating on the tub or wall will be scratched or chipped. If the crack extends down deeply be- tween the tub and wall, any filling of putty will drop down out of sight. Conse- quently, this space must first be filled to within an inch or two of the top with strips or wads of newspaper. There are a number of materials that “an be used for filling such cracks. A Plaster of Paris, patching plaster, and white lead putty are used to fill bathroom cracks dime’s worth of plaster of Paris will do Dump it into a clean can and cover com. pletely with water. It will keep soft in. definitely as long as it is submerged Take out a handful and knead it with your fingers until it becomes plastic like bread dough. Fill the crack with this putty, after first wetting the opening with water. Crowd the putty down well with a putty knife or spatula and smooth it off. Wipe off the surrounding surface with a damp cloth, and the job is done. Such a filler, being porous, will accu- mulate dirt and become discolored. To avoid this, coat the filling twice with white enamel or lacquer. Another excellent filler is one of th prepared patching plasters, which come in dry form and can be bouglit at hardware and paint stores. Putty mixed from white lead paste, dry whiting and a few drops of varnish or japan | drier makes one of | the toughest and best fillings for such | cracks. Such a filling will take two or three days to get dry, but eventually it will become almost as hard as stone. It is not a porous filling that will catch dirt, but a coating of lacquer or enamel! will make it still smoother and better. Another type of filling is plastic paint, which comes in dry form. When wet with just enough warm water to make it stiff and plastic, it can be used as de- scribed for plaster of Paris. Cracks and other openings kitchen sinks and lavatories may be filled in the same way. The ename! or lacquer coating is necessary wherever water is likely to be splashed on the about filling, except in the case of the white | lead and whiting mixture. Cracks in Plaster in plaster walls are settlement cracks at corners and elsewhere, fine cracks, door-knob bruises, abrasions made by furniture, toys and other objects, and nail and screw | holes. to be filled with putty, yet when painted Tue defects found Very fine cracks are not large enough | they absorb the liquid and show up 3s | flat streaks much wider than the cracks themselves. About the easiest way to conceal these fine cracks is to coat them with shellac or var- (Continued on page 1/4) © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. Marc! Whe baset into 1 and j pared paint Scrap Plasti Satisfa in wo simpli used f and wl sawed, natura

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, 1928 . a do Oll- L In- ged with like this ning well ooth race ne, CCU To th with Ul llent r the hin hic for! yught and ixed lead hiting ps of japan ne of | and r such wo or ally it It is 1 dirt. ol will paint, n wet make as de- about ay be mel or erever yn the white | ; found walls »>ment corners yr-knob re, toys | serew | enough | yainted | up as cracks way to t them A} ge 104 March, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY PLASTIC WOOD Handles Like Putty s Reg U S. Pat. Off. Loose Rungs Pull out the rung. Scrape hole to remove dried glue or dirt. Half fill‘ hole with Plastic Wood and force rung back in. Clean off loose particles. Allow rung to set overnight. It is often advisable to hold rung fast with string while Plastic Wood Sets. s Hardens Into Wood ERE is wood that you can mould—a compound packed in air-tight tins so soft that it can be used like putty, but which hardens by action of the air into solid wood, water- proof and grease-proof, and adheres firmly to wood, metal, fabric, plaster or stone. It is invaluable in the home, for the automobile, and with boats. shown here, but their number is unlimited and each day brings reports of new successes. Pipe Holes Scrape hole clean and fill around pipe with Plastic Wood, allowing the Plastic Wood to spread over edge of hole and slightly up the sides of the pipe. After the Plastic Wood hardens, trim level around the pipe with a sharp knife and sandpaper smooth. Paint, stain or varnish to desired color. A few household uses are 103 Baseboard Cracks When the floor settles away from the baseboard Plastic Wood can be worked into the crack with the fingers or a knife and when hard, is easily sandpapered or pared smooth with a sharp knife, and painted or varnished to the color desired. Loose Casters Remove caster and fill hole half full of Plastic Wood. Force caster back into hole. Remove Plastic Wood that is squeezed out, and allow chair to stand overnight before using. Scrape crack clean before filling. Antique Furniture Plastic Wood is widely used for repair- ing and strengthening antique furniture. Gouges can be filled, sandpapered and colored, missing decorations can be mod- elled: loose mouldings and pieces can be affixed; rungs and joints permanently strengthened; drawer pulls made secure. Model Boats Plastic Wood is an invaluable aid in building model boats. It is ideal for filling cracks, making tops and crosstrees secure to masts, fastening down deck houses, bulwarks and fittings to the decks, sealing holes around masts and bowsprit, and for moulding figure-heads and decorations. Wood Working Plastic Wood is the one substance to satisfactorily repair mistakes or accidents in wood working, and its use will often simplify many tedious jobs. It can be used for strengthening joints and corners, and when hard, it can be chiseled, planed, sawed, turned in a lathe and worked like natural wood. Loose Handles On brooms, mops, carpet sweepers, brushes toilet articles and hand tools. Remove handle and insert sufficient Plastic Wood into hole so that when handle is forced back some Plastic Wood will be squeezed out. Allow handle to set well before using. Splinters Cut off splinter from the wood and build up the splinter cavity with Plastic Wood, Locks, Latches, etc. 1) we = When it is necessary to move door locks, ell Hs bolts or latches, Plastic Wood not only & fills up the old holes with permanent wood, ; working but can be used to cover any scarred sur- « : | hardening, faces around the hardware. Sandpaper : : Wood to 8 | for smoothness, and paint or varnish to decliead the color of the surrounding surface. => Plastic Wood is carried at Hardware and Paint Stores, and by Ship Chandlers. It comes in natural wood color in 1 !b. cans at $1.00. and in ! use in replacing loose tiles, and for cracked porcelain and enamel there is a special preparation, Plastic Wood White Waterproof Tile Cement, in '4 lb. cans at 35 cents. Manufactured by The Addison-Leslie Company, 301 Bolivar Street, Canton, Mass. fingers or knife. After or pare Plastic smooth finish, and color as 4 lb. cans at 35 cents. For PLASTIC WOOD Trademark Reg. U. S. Pat. Off. © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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104 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Not Only theMOST UP-TO-DATE --Butthe most READABLE and DEPENDABLE Clearness and simpli- city of language, even in the treatment of the most technical subjects, makes Nelson's the most sensible, intelligent, and by far the most interesting of all the encyclopaedias. Graphic Pictures in Great Profusion Clarify and Intensify the Text Impression following the modern tendency to quickly reach the mind through the eye. No man is a specialist in every art and science. Therefore when he looks up a subject in Nelson’s, its distinct clearness of treatment leaves with him a clearer understanding of the subject than he can of all Encyclopaedias/ Three great editorial staffs are constantly at work under the direc- tion of John H. Finley, LL.D., Edi- tor in chief, Former Commissioner of Educ: ation, and President of the University of the State of New York; and Associate Editors Sir Robert Falconer, Litt.D., LL.D., President of the University of Toronto, Can- ada; and Sir Henry John Newbolt, LL.D., Litt.D., Edinburgh, Scotland. The importance of the loose-leaf feature of Nelson’s Encyclopaedia is best illus- ‘eames aes | March, The Shipshape Home (Continued from page 102) nish and, when dry, to coat them again with flat paint of any kind before paint- ing the entire wall or ceiling. It is also necessary to stop up these fine cracks thoroughly when wall paper, canvas or other fabric is to be applied. The cracks willabsorb moisture from the paste and the | covering will not stick to the dry paste. When the cracks are large enough to allow a lead pencil point to be inserted, scrape the surface lengthwise with a bit of broken window glass to cut off the lip that makes one side higher than the other, if there is a lip. Next, run a putty knife or other sharp tool through the 1928 crack to make it as straight as possible | and cut off loose projections from both sides. Remove all loose chips and fill the crack well with water, using a small _ brush; if oil putty is to be used, coat the crack with linseed oil, not water. Probably the most convenient filling ever hope to get from ordinary reference | trated by the fact that about 2,000 | material is one of the prepared patching works. Nelson’s is graphic. changes are made each year. plasters. They set slowly and adhere to the surface without shrinkage. When dry, smooth up with No. 0 or No. % sand paper and coat with shellac before paint- | Safeguards You Against Error. How Think what this means to you—an | ing, calcimining or covering with og can we in any important operation con- struct plans without a knowledge of the newest principles and methods? Every subject on which man would be informed is changing constantly. Nine times out of ten, the Information you want is on a subject of current imports ince. Only Nelson’s loose-leaf system can keep you up-to-date. You do not use is two years old. Why dangerously obsolete ? Nelson’s Is the Recognized American Encyclo- It is used in the Library of Congress, U. 5S. and in Libraries, versities and Schools in every state in the Union. Get the Interesting FREE Booklet a beautiful book of sample Use it Today! paedia. Senate, U. 8S. Supreme Court, The coupon below will bring you pages including illustrations and maps in full colors. N! | | a City Directory use reference works far more | Hh TOR 'S ernetual Loose-Leaf - a ENCYCLOPAEDIA Encyclopaedia to last a lifetime—and ALWAYS Up-to-date. Every Encyclo- paedia except Nelson’s is out of date within six months after it is published. The set you buy today will be as up-to- date ten, fifteen, or twenty years from now as the day you buy it. that Nelson’s Is a Com- plete Working Refer- ence Library of World Knowledge that is always up-to-date. Profusely il- lustrated. New informa- tion is constantly substi- tuted for obsolete matter. A complete detailed Atlas of the World. Lat- est population statistics. Biog- raphies of promi- nent men and women, past and present. Index Volume contain- ing over 200,000 references. A lib- eral education through Nelson’s Uni- | paper or fabric. It is well, too, to coat the shellae with flat paint before painting the | entire surface, if it is to be painted. Other putties can be made by adding | dry whiting to any: flat wall paint or to white lead paste thinned with a few drops of linseed oil. All of the materials used for putty set slowly and allow plenty of time for the work, except plaster of Paris. A wad of this will begin to set in about five minutes after removing it from the water. It should not be used in that condition. \ little dry whiting or hydrated lime added to the plaster of Paris slows down its setting without injury to it, but do not use the vinegar or the glue size sometimes recommended for that purpose. Wuen a wall or ceiling is complete- Fire Cracks ly covered with a network of | fine ‘fire’? cracks too small to be filled, it is too much work to shellac and flat-paint them. Other means are quicker and better. One of them is to apply a size Sealing March a — esearch Bureau for Special Information Reader’s Guide coat consisting of one half first-class floor Service, consist- varnish and one half turpentine. Mix FREE Educational Reading Courses ing of 33 full in also a little white lead or flat wall A Reader's guide to Nelson's Loos:-.eif tencyclopaedia, in- study College paint and a handful or two of dry, fine pumice stone. cluding thirty-three courses on as many subjects— from Aero- nautics to zoology —is furnished without cost to all subscrib- Courses, subjects ers. These courses are declared by educational authorities to f ati op. Courses are Cectared b; Merona D rom Aviation to i , nen pesos eieielina nh one antag Zoology. And A second method is to size the wall roped = ay Bay ty ge FREE Research with a mixture of one. gallon of boiled FOR SCIENTIFIC REPORTS AND SPECIAL INFORMA- TION AND CORRESPONDENCE. Every purchaser of Nel- son's is entitled to free membership in this Bureau. If at any time you are in doubt on any subject, old or new, write to this Bureau with the posit! t linseed oil and one quart of turpentine. In bad cases it is well to fill the larger Library Service. ssurance that you will promptly re- : 3 .— : ceive the latest obtainable and most dependable information. Mail the Coupon cracks of this type before the varnish size. ae NIN a — -seeeee----e-ee Today for Full or before or after the oil size, is applied. The Encyclopaedia for a Lifetime FREE Information THOMAS NELSON & SONS, 381 Fourth Ave., N. Y. Originators of the Loose-Leaf Reference System Publishers for 130 Years Please mail me FREE your portfolio of sample pages and full information how, by the budget easy payment plan I can own Nelson's Perpetual Loose-Leaf Encyclo- paedia, with Free Membe — in Nelson's Research Library Service Bureau for Thin some white lead-in-oil paste or flat wall paint a little with turpentine, run a | stripe over each crack, let it set about | five minutes, and rub well into the cracks with a rag. ane Se tear ENCYCLOPEDIA- has been approved om bythe AMERIC Za LIBRARY, ee peo teary 2 ForMerit J COS S EES EE ESE HSE EEE EEEEEESY PPPTTTTTTTTT TLL) Special Information, and Nelson's Reader's Guide Free. (P. S. March) | Name oon eee teen nent eee e enero eens City This is the first of a series of articles Addre by Mr. Vanderwalker, who is one of the L it wonne . | leading authorities on painting and Ady. Copyright, 1928, by Thomas Nelson & Sons . I ght, 23, 1omas ° i ns decorating. SRE GW SL CTR aA a RRR a aieiaedhemaimane = See page 8. © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS.

Page 103

1, 1928 arch, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 105 . TRIMO “| TRIMO Pipe Wrench x Asks No Favors ~ = me Ue R&S There are no strings attached to the TRIMO guarantee of unfailing performance and long wear. The TRIMO is a pipe wrench witha replaceable insert jaw in handle—ask or ete- ha fine it is nint and size loor Mix wall fine wall iled ine a Mechanics in every field recognize sed. on seins a ~ of _ flat onkey Wrench. e in a movable jaw extends outward in- TRIMONT MFG. COMPANY yout creasing the leverage with the size ROXBURY (BOSTON), MASS. ucks of the nut. The threads are round- . ed to prevent locking or stripping. America’s Leading Wrench Makers cles the for Nearly Forty Years an © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

Page 104

PO. PULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY March, 1928

Bl March, 1 oe for Your : ome Worksho NY ONE of tl p | below can b - blueprints lj | The bluepri e obtained S_ listed »lueprints ed for 2: selves ‘ints are ¢ 29 CC! . a; but if vou wi —— —e ts. | back issue of | wish the em- onlin of the pel ig pe ng | had for pom deneribed nage ote | which th | . . ~ cen s e+.° > 1 Cc; | copies are a additior ‘ an he " re available. 1al so long as | opular Ss : Science | 250 Fourth ee Se | Bens. me the bluep nig eu iderlined be print, o . Biches oats ed below, for which pe gy T have ee al dollars... . inclose Vo ans ated Title Bese cents 1. Sewi Describes 2. yn Table in Issues a oking Cabi J i 3. End T abinet Feb., ”9 ice | 3. ae Mar., a 25¢ 9. Arbo Cabinet Apr. ’ 25« 10 r, Gate a May. *22 7 . Porch Swi nd Seats ay, 22 os 11. Bench wing . july, 29 25 3. 7 and Tilt T Aug., ’ 25¢ ea Wa able , 22 14. ton. amy Sept., °22 = 15. Worksh as Toys Nov., 22 25c¢ 16. Inlaid ee Dec., 22 25 17. Cedar Ch io Cabinet Jen., 93 25¢c 18. Phone T bie Feb., 23 25c 19. Grandf able and Stool Mar., 23 25c 20 ather’s C M 25¢ . Flat Top D lock A ar., °23 5c 21. Colonial D oa pr, 23 25¢ 22. Cabinet _ Apr., °23 25sec 23. One-C and Desk Apr., 2 25¢ 24. Gatel ar Garage Apr., 7 25c 25. —_— May, 2325 26. Baby’ ailing Outfit June, 23 25¢c 27. Ki s Crib and P July ’ 5c 28. ae meee so Tab Sept. ,23 25¢ 29. Toy Tea Play T able Oct., ’23 (5c 3 oy Tea Ca able ig 23 7e 0. Tool Cabi rt, etc. Ov., 93 29¢ 31. Sewi abinet, etc Dec. 9 25 32. Chi ng Cabinets _ Jan. ” 3 25¢ . Game T Feb., "24 5c . Dining A able “* 24 34. tee lcove Mear., 24 25c¢ 35. Sim 7 Trellises Apr., 9 25c 38. Simple Radio Cabine: — = 37. Si -Bottom Chai ie Oct 2 *24 25c . Simplified air *? 24 7 ves imoe, Be ke 40. Salem Chest a Table i "24 25 . Small Dro: of Drawers F n., 25 + 2. | 41. One-T p-Front Desk eb., 95 25 CVn is ° 42. Three = Radio Set Mar., °25 25¢ ectric HE Bites StaeAmptiter June, : or | 44. Pira -Tube Receiv ” June ’ 5 25¢ 2 45. Pi te Ship Mod ae July, 25 25c ome On . Pirate Shi el—Hull guly. 25 25¢ The sw es 46. Galleon a te eb., 26 25¢ le swordsman of 47. Galleon nee —Hull Mar., °26 asc ence of ¢ : of old glori : 48. Saili odel—Detai May, ” 25¢ a a Damascus blad gloried in th | 49 ae Yacht —— ion. = 25¢ some one scus blade. 5 e excel > — @& it . sroduct of . So, th XCCI- | 30. Airplan 7 uly’ "26 25 ms Today =e a craft has a the ages 32. Clipper Ship Model Hi Sept. 26 25¢ “ar “J vit : Ss bee ’ a” oo del—H » 72 rr Sroeelecttic Y chokiae Ce Wears | 33 Chipper Model Details Oct. 26 Most of th , 1S lan | 54. Five-Tube ~-Riggin ct.» — °26 ro e readers of . estern 55. Fi Radio Se ¢ Nov , 25¢ used anv aders of this 55. Five-Tube Se t — 26 + any a LIS reaso . Constituts igging es 27 = . mak urv wl 7 son for | 60. W ion—Riggi Feb. ’ 25 selected W ing telep! y, when many | & oes eee gging = Mar. 27 Se estern E : ‘ I 1ones and the > : ny manu- 62. Viking Ship M a. 27 9c. \ Because of this — for sheer sell Company | 03. Viking Ship Details Apr. 137 25 ’ estern FE] ; e ationsl| : ‘ it. ‘ 64. Toy M or Boat—Hul! Apr. ’ 25 yr lectric has Snip with . | 65. Six Si otor Boat— ull | May, 27 25 —— econse been able wie Bell System | 7. Ship- Model Wea ree May, 127 oO > " 5 Ts ¢ ° ‘ adllv ° - ’ 67. T eath une, F 25¢ of Wes r the service ; vkh telephone ps improve its | 68 New York-t Lindbergh's Aug., 197 ax estern FE] Ee, WOrk 1and 1 ompany, ¢ - Magazin -to-Paris Pl - ore: ec ‘ . in hz . 9 alert e-Rack T: ane Au , equ ‘ ectric, eag 1and w 1 Book- able g, °2 j Thee nt needed eager to produc — engineers | 69. Flying efoenah Table and ae 7 25¢ . Us You . ce the supe ey | 20 indbergh’s M t.) of t., ‘S7 ai fection. — r telephone mak perior | 71. pe Ratio yee ae Oct., ’ : n. ma ker , | > onsole Cabi abinet * 27 8 are € Tea) 72. Doll’ abinet—D. . Nov » 25 dging up on per | 73. Doll’s eam etails Nov., a 25 per- 74. Santa —- — Dec.. a 2 75. Santa M: ria Model--H Dec., 27 2 | 76. Santa Maria—Rigging ull Dec. 27 2 7 “ ‘aria— . F * ,; 25 7. Simple Pier Ca Details ty 28 25 ‘ > De P binet and -» 2 * | 78. Si orative Wall 20 BB imple Tr Shelves Pur J | 79. Electric Radio § Chests wg 28 ee chasers...M | 80. High Power io Set Feb., 128 2s 1 anufacturers D | $2. Simple Sing ne aoe » "2B 2% P os P | e Single-Sti M SINCE < . - pla gle-Stick Air- ar., *2 - one istributors me Motel (30-in.) M - Be x OA | ‘ ar. , seas svster a ane tn 25¢ TRADE ee (Please sates es print nz : name and address very ST] see . y clearly) | Street.... : Si meee

© DS. See e 8. is seal on a rad ’ 1 10 ool or oil u er adave ent s s rova pag igni he app Th t burn d rtis t fie t 1 el ITU E

Page 105

» 1928 March, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 107 SymsoLs OF PROTECTION i AND SECURITY IN A WORLD WHERE TEMPTATION HAS INCREASED IN PROPORTION TO PROSPERITY. There is only one maker of Yale Locks and Keys. The mark Yale means the name of the maker. The Yale & Towne Mfg. Co. Stamford, Conn., U. S. A. Canadian Branch at St. Catharines, Ont. arly TRADE 25 Y ALE M A R K E D I Ss Y ALE M ADE © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDAR>>5. See page 8.

Page 106

EVEN

POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Iwice WASHED Faces dont seem clean at night

Pore-dirt can never be washed away HARD-SCRUBBED face may A seem clean enough when seen across the aisle of a car or over the desk in an office. But a face sim- ply has to de clean when shown close up under night lights .. . body’s going to be the loser. When you wash your face, the sur- face gets clean. But look in a mirror— now —and see the pore-dirt that can’t be washed away. It’s wn- der the surface of your face this very minute. Pore-dirt dulls the cleanest complexion. It needn't! And we'll gladly send a FREE tube of Pom- pian Massage Cream to prove it to you. Goes in pink... ROLLS OUT DINGY GRAY! _. amazing photos show what happens when Pompeian Massage Cream gets after pore-dirt. POMPEIAN MASSAGE CREAM The Pompeian Company, Dept. or some-

1. Photomicrograph taken under lens of powerful microscope show- ing section of skin before using Pompeian Massage Cream. 2. Photomicrograph of skin after using Pompeian. Compare the skin tone. Note the dried pellets of cream, dark with pore-dirt that has been rolled free. Nam go1-C, 595 Fifth Ave., New York. Gentlemen: Please send me a free trial tube of Pompeian Massage . enough for two cleans- ing, invigorating facial massages. Cream .. City —_—— tate— Number one shows a section of skin before using Pompeian. ber two shows the skin after a few seconds’ Pompeian massage. The cream was a clean pink when it went into the skin. But notice its color—now! Those dried pellets of cream are a dingy gray... gray with Num- pore-dirt dirt that couldn’t have been dis- lodged by a heavy course of scrub-downs! And that’s the sensa- tional demonstration that turns men by the hun- dreds to this remarkable cream. Make FREE test that convinces thousands Will you try Pompeian on your own skin? Test it— please —at our ex- pense. Fill in the coupon below and mail it to us now, before you turn this page.

March, 1928

© This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

Tricks of the Toolmaker (Continued from page 88) correction should be made with the dia] | indicator. This method will prove safer | than relying on the dial on the machine, | especially if the error is in the opposite direction to the last setting. If the %-in. reading proved to be accurate, the operator has no reason to worry. Nevertheless, every hole should be checked undersize, which is much safer than the ordinary method of doing this before starting to bore by using the plug gage in the chuck. For hole No. 2 time is saved by coming to side D and getting the hole accurate from the two sides. The 3.750-in. spacing will prove correct because of the accurate dimensions of the plate being bored. Moving back to side D, the .875 spacing | is taken lengthwise. No. 4 hole is located and bored, then No. 3 hole from side A, and so forth until all the holes have been located and bored.

% w e +3-+ 3 A 2 8-4 T ; t aire t | SYS 525" - 625° < ™~ + 5 875 t cay ys a, 1 \ 750" 4 w | } ig. \ | “ | ; se Fe | yy | “i 4° / HOLES 7 mi 8 | (SCREWS | |g . ‘ 2375 s i Z| 162s \ S 3280 tf" | \ se 3 | } z lig % ; z -f \ ly | 2 ‘ 4 ‘ M | | 16875" 1 ~ 750 4 z Re ss i a 5625" i‘ t i 1 | D | ; == 6.375 — DIE PLATE - MACHY STEEL - I” THICK #10 -32 HOLES AS NEEDED FOR PARALLELS IN TWO EDGES OF DIE PLATE. Fig. 4. Die plate for a piercing punch and die used in manufacturing hack saw backs This may appear to be a very long job, but accuracy here is the main factor, as the stock punched out with the finished punch and die is bent perfectly central and the holes must line up. The upper of the two drawings in Fig. 5 shows a job that can be laid out quickly and accurately by using four buttons at a time. Figure 2 illustrates the method of making a plate to be used as a distance testing fixture. The plate itself is shown in the lower drawing of Fig. 5. It is made of die steel, laid out the usual way. hardened and ground all over to exact dimensions. The .375- and .500-in. holes must be accurate within .0001 in. The allowance for grinding, including the holes, is .010 in. The piece is surfaced off and squared to size on the surface grinder. ‘The faceplate of the universal grinder 1s ground square and the testing plate is clamped to it. The .500-in. hole is trued up with the indicator; it is then ground .0005 in. undersize. The plate is removed from the machine and the hole lapped a good fit on the .500-in. plug gage. ‘The .375-in. hole is then plugged with a piece of soft steel. After the end of the plug has been squared, it is drilled and tapped for the movable button. The distance is now laid out (Continued on page 1!

March,

Expan Bit No.

No.l

Page 107

March, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 109 h, 1928 r | = : | Drawknife hine, osite Angle Wrench No.8010D Pliers Original Snip Tools You Need— In order to work successfully at a mechanical trade or to take pleasure in making things at home you need good tools, that will stand up and do the work required of them. “It’s a PEXTO” is all you need to know to assure you that it is a tool of highest quality and fully guaranteed as to workmanship and material. and acks g job, or, as ished entral The line consists of Bit Braces, Auger Bits, Squares, Chisels, Hammers, Hatchets, Pliers, Monkey and Pipe Wrenches, Angle Wrench- es, Screw Drivers, Snips, Compasses, Pruning Shears, Dividers, Calipers, Pincers, Soldering Coppers, and many other small tools. PEXTO TOOLS are carried by practically all progressive dealers. Ask your dealer to show ames you these tools. 500-in. O01 in ng the n Fig. nickly ys at od of stance shown It is ] way. Write us for Booklet covering our complete line yuared ‘| he der 1s late is trued sround : moved No.3 THE PECK, STOW & WILCOX Co. SOUTHINGTON, CONN., U.S.A. Hunter's Hatchet J pped a Pe / sew I Worth While Cools tapped ance Is ige 1!" © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

Page 108

POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY The Spirit of Service An Advertisement of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company In Juty, 1926, lightning struck the Navy Arsenal at Denmark Lake, New Jersey. The explosion demolished the $80,000,000 plant, rocked the countryside, left thousands home- less and many dead. While the community fled in terror, fresh explosions hurled fragments of shell and debris far and wide. High upon the roster of those who responded to the call of duty were the telephone workers. Operators in the danger zone stayed at their posts. Those who had left for the day and others on vacation, on their own initiative, hurried back to help handle the unprecedented volume of calls. Linemen and repairmen braved exploding shells to re- store the service. Within a little over an hour emergency telephone service was established, invaluable in caring for the victims and in mobilizing forces to fight the fire which followed. In spite of repeated warnings of danger still threatening, no telephone worker left the affected area. Through each of the day’s twenty-four hours, the spirit of service is the heritage of the thou- sands of men and women who have made American telephone service synonymous with depend- ability. In every emergency, it is this spirit that causes Bell Sys- tem employees to set aside all thought of personal comfort and safety and, voluntarily, risk their livesto“Get the message through.” Model Ship Builders Construction Sets and Al! Sorts of Supplies Whether you are building the Tru Santa Maria, or any other Popular Science model, our new illustrated catalog will save you time and money Sent postpaid upon receipt of 10 cents (coin preferred). Model Dept. R Ship Supply Co., Mineola, N. Y. Y¥ry, GEARS All Kinds-Small The most accurate made and prices reasonable. We carry a complete line of gears in stock for immediate _S shipment. Can also quote on special 2 gears of all kinds, nd us your in- — quiries. Write for Catalogue 214 CHICAGO STOCK GEAR WORKS 105 Seuth Jefferson Street Chicago GERSTNER CASES are GOOD Cases Machinists, Toolmakers and other particular mechanics appreciate their splendid quali- ties. Catalog free Write for it to-day H. GERSTNER & SONS 551 Columbia St., Dayten, 0. The Midget “‘Five-in-One’’ Slide Rule is a combination Mannheim, Polymet- ric, Log- ,. Binary, Add and Sub- tract Slide Hale. It will instantly add, subtract, multiply and divide any com- bination of whole numbers, fractions, mixed numbers and decimals. Gives every root and power, also Logs, Sines ‘angents. le of aluminum with scales on white celluloid. Size 4 in, Ap- colleges. Price , $1.50. Leather Case 50c extra, Sent C.O.D. if desired, Cat- alogue Free. SON SLIDE RULE CO.. Stuart. Florida (Patented 1-17-22) | Tricks of the Toolmaker (Continued from page 108) with the plug gage in the other hole. The plate is trued up again from the button and made secure on the faceplate. The plug, which should not be tight in the hole, is pushed out with a rod running through the spindle. The hole is then ground to .005 in. undersize and a test js made with a plug gage. If the distance is correct, the hole is finished to .0002 jn. undersize and lapped. The small allow- ance for lapping this hole is reasonable on account of the exact limits in respect to March, 1928 ! the spacing. In many cases the boring is done in the | punch and die holders instead of stee! plates. The first hole in each holder is laid out to match and the others are %- 4 HOLES -(DRILL AND CBORE },'x 3°) \ ‘8 a, “oh + ria oo S 1 }+— 1.000 oe 3 — + i a=% j-—________ 4.090" —________+ 4 IG HOLES ~ BORE .625" %4 ORILL BUSHINGS - TOOL STEEL. PLATE - MACH'Y STEEL-GROUND ALL OVER 10-32 HOLES AS NEEDED FOR PARALLELS IN TWO EDGES OF PLATE. S00" HOLE, (.375" HOLE +—750-+-— 1.250" —+b 625—= 2 . | * |+—___— 2625" —___= 625°" TOOL. STEEL - HARDENED AND GROUND ALL OVER LIMITS OF 1.250° DIMENSION t.0001" Fig. 5. A jig plate that can be laid out by using four buttons at a time, and a testing fixture, which is shown set up in Fig. 2 The post holes in the punch holder are generally bored much larger than the posts. After the punch and die are fitted spaced and bored from these individually. | | in each other, the holes in the punch | _ holder are babbitted, thereby insuring a | perfect line-up of the entire job. It often occurs that many flat pieces have to be bored in the lathe, sometimes two or three holes in the same piece, not necessarily exact work. These jobs are costly on account of the time spent get- ting the locations. By drilling these clear through and counterboring one side with a medium-size center drill, and making a quick-locating center as in Fig. 3, much time can be saved. The tool will prove handy and will soon pay the initial cost. It is made of machinery steel, only the point of the center being casehardened. A collet is made to fit the lathe spindle accurately. A sliding center acting on a coil spring fits the bore in the collet. One end of the rod passing through the spindle is fastened to the back end of the center: the other end is threaded for a small handwheel. Guided by the center hole, the piece to be drilled is brought against the center and pressed to the faceplate. Clamps, which have previously been set handy, are tightened. ‘lhe center is now drawn away enough to «lear the work and the job is ready for boring. © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. March Cracke water jacket: Ke

Page 109

March, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY fii

Leaky pails Sil

Hundreds of Od Smooth-On is as necessary as d Jobs a hammer and screwdriver VERY time you use Smooth-On No. 1 you save money. Maybe it is fifty cents saved on mending a pail, kettle or pot—maybe $5.00 saved on repairing a leaking tank, hose connection or radiator on the automobile—or it may be a $15.00 plumbing bill. With a few cents worth of Smooth-On you can perma- nently stop leaks in the gas, oil or coal stove; hot-air furnace, steam or hot-water boiler; steam, water or gas pipes, smoke stacks and air ducts; radiators, gas fixtures, water tanks, etc. With this dependable Iron Cement you can set loose broom Leaky radiators handles, locks, door knobs, screws, casters, bathroom fixtures, tool handles, set hooks in masonry walls, etc. On your car, you can repair cracked water jackets, radiator leaks, gasoline, oil or water leaks, make loose grease cups, nuts and hub caps stay tight, etc. Doing your own repairing with Smooth-On No. 1 enables you to keep the repair money in your own pocket, to demon- strate to your wife, your ability as a handy man, to avoid de- lays and annoyance while waiting for outside repairmen, and gives you the satisfaction of being self-dependent. Once familiar with what Smooth-On No. 1 can do, you will smile at many jobs that you formerly wished you could dodge.

| Keeping out water 2 | where pipes go through walls

Smooth-On No. 1 is sold in 7 oz., 1 Ib. and 5 Ib. cans. If you can’t get the size you want from your dealer, write us direct. FREE REPAIR BOOKLET: Send today for the guide booklet that tells how to make hundreds of Smooth-On home and automobile repairs. It will become a valued part of your equipment. Meanwhile, stop in at your Hardware Dealer and get a small can of Smooth-On No. 1 as a starter. You will bless the day you discovered— a Leaks in smoke pipes js) ir 7

prove | cost. y the | ed. | Return the coupon for FREE copy of the SMOOTH-ON REPAIR BOOK indle + | on a J —_— [i A Ce eS a a Sa Gu ap au GEES GED ene One | tt indle | nter: | | f

SMOOTH-ON MFG. CO., Dept. 58, small 574 Communipaw Ave., Jersey City, N. J. hole, rainst | plate. | nm set 3 now Please send the free Smooth-On Repair Book.

ee yak t Saskn alan alarusd Baie ain eee ee | | ar eh) eee ee teen ee! ’ | work ete I eee ees ee © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

Page 110

112 SOUTH BEND LATHES FOR ‘Tool Room Manufacturing Machine Shop Repair Shop Service Station Laboratory Engineering Shop Precision Popular Prices Practical Attachments Easy Payment Terms — 16’x 8’ Quick Change Gear $ Lathe, Straight Bed 5 70 18”x 8’ Quick Change Gear $ Motor Driven Lathe........... 908 Detailed specifications given in Special Booklet No. 18 — = ~ wr 9" x 214’ Quick Change Gear $ New Model Bench Lathe .... 1 50 Shown complete in Booklet 22K —) 16”x 6’ Quick Change Gear $49 Gap Bed Lathe.... ape 620 M; Shown complete in Booklet No. 16 [BUILD YounseMN CLOCK Profitable spare time work for winter Turn idle hours into welcome dollars building clocks from our instructions We furnish plans, instructions, blue- prints, works, dials and all materials at surprising low prices You make a big profit building artis- tic clocks for vour friends. Banjo Clocks, Mantel Clocks, Beautiful Grandfather Clocks with Chimes. Complete works as low as $5.00. Many styles, all ASK FOR OUR ATTRAC- /E FREE BLUEPRINT PLAN AND CATALOG. American Chime Clock Co. 1691 Ruffner Street, Philadelphia POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 11"x4’ New Model Precision Tool Room Lathe with $335 Countershaft and Regular Equipment................. One of the types illustrated in Special Booklet No. 11 Other Popular Selling Sizes The Prices of Popular Selling Sizes with Countershafe and Equipment eee 36 i i 9" x 3’ 490 Ibs. $235. $270. 11"x4’ 725 lbs. $300. $335. 13"x5’ 1110 Ibs. $352. $402. 15"x6’ 1550 lbs. $430. $490. 16"x 6’ 1875 lbs. $480. $540. 16"x 8’ 2035 Ibs. $510. $570. 18"x 10’ 2840 Ibs. $685. $750. Easy Payment Plan—10 Months to Pay 25% or 14 down payment, balance in 10 equal monthly payments, or you can purchase through your nearest machinery dealer. FREE—Write for No. 88 Catalog and New Booklets Six special descriptive booklets listed below illustrate, describe and price 210 sizes and types of NEW MODEL South Bend Lathes. New General Catalog also illustrates and describes the complete line of New Model Lathes, Attachments, Chucks and Tools. Over 300 illustrations showing work the lathes will do. Check off in the squares below, indicating the lathes in which you are interested. Tear this sheet out of the book and mail to us. Special booklets and Catalog No. 88 mailed free postpaid on request. 9" Lathe Booklet [}11" Lathe Booklet []13" Lathe Booklet 15" Lathe Booklet Established 1906—Over 38,000 Lathes in Use SOUTH BEND LATHE WORKS sin Office & Works, 844 E. Madison St.,South Bend, Ind., U.S.A, New York City Salesroom, 183 Centre Street 16" Lathe Booklet []18" Lathe Booklet [ |New General Catalog No. 88 [ }‘How to Runa Lathe’, price25c BETTER BOATS at Lower Prices The BEST that Skill and Experience can Produce TWO BIG FACTORIES Our complete line of 22 models offers you a variety to choose from. Prompt shipment from factory to you. Catalog Free—Save Money— Order by Mail Please state kind of boat in which you are interested. ns THQMESON BROS. BOAT MEG. €O, = March, 1928 | dry and clean. one half part of amy! acetate. Home Workshop Chemistry Simple Formulas that Will Save Time and Mone _, prvicle ier to be painted, whether wood, metal or composition, must | Any knots and sap spots in woodwork must be covered wi\! shellac. Cracks and depressions are first painted with linseed oil and then ar smoothed over with putty. Iron must be free of rust before it is painted. At times it is necessary to remove thie old paint before an object can be 1 painted. The removal of paint on work of importance is usually accomplished with a commercial paint and varnish re mover, except in the case of house paint. which is burned off. Much cheaper than commercial removers is a mixture of soft soap and burned and powdered lime (cal- cium oxide), to which an inert material like sawdust, flour, starch or chalk is added. This sa- ponifies the paint and varnish, loosening it so that it may be easily scraped off with a dull knife or scraper. The sur- faces then must be washed thorough- ly with water. The mixture stains the wood to a certain extent, especially any wood rich in tannin like oak. This may be overcome, after the paint has been removed and thie wood washed with water, by applying dilute sulphuric acid, made by pouring and stirring two parts of the acid slow]; into eight parts of water. The acid neutralizes any alkali remaining in thic pores of the wood, but it, in turn, must be removed by washing with water. Other solutions, such as the commer- cial removers, merely dissolve paint without affecting the wood in any way. The chemicals used, however, are mor expensive and require two or more apy)li- cations, especially if the paints are ver) hard. Among them are the lighter petroleums, carbon bisulphide, acetone. wood and grain alcohols, carbolic acid and chloroform. Some of these are vola- tile, others are poisonous, while others are combustible. Four formulas are: (1) Equal parts of acetone and carbon bisulphide, with 2 oz. of paraffin added for each quart of mixture. The paraflin prevents too rapid evaporation after the remover has been applied. The mixture should not, therefore, be brushed more than is necessary, as brushing disturbs the film of paraffin. (2) Three parts of amyl alcohol and one of grain alcohol. (3) Four parts of grain alcohol, six of gasoline and one of amyl acetate. (4 Five parts of alcohol, five of benzol and When white paint has a yellow tinge, a few drops of ultramarine blue oil color (a tube color) will neutralize © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. March, saving us ple who a Pos in you Tycos Varietir ture o1 consul: probler H oO TTT

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tore | March, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 113 hat Ime “| Spoilage in finishing ™# bedsteads 1s prevented by using Zycos, the Sixth Sense | T IS easier to spoil the finish on a bedstead in an enameling oven than it Tycos for the Home is for the housewife to burn a pie. Underheating means a soft finish; over- Fiecs Ofite Thermomesers heating means a burned finish—either means the finish on the products An aid in promoting human efficiency. being enameled is ruined. Tycos Bath Thermometers t has To enable you to get the most good trom your bath. — Whether you make enamel bedsteads or bon bons, steel girders or doughnuts, — a ie ain 2 arine : ‘ A P ‘ . ° . . tube if your products go through heat treating processes in their making or finishing Sugar Meter. The secret of accurate results in ize it it will pay you in money saved to substitute the accuracy of Jccs Indicating, a f d Fyreor Wall Thermometers Recording and Controlling Instruments for the guesswork of the human senses. To help you enclatsin 0 tempecetuse in yous house rome, conducive to good health. id the Through the use of Zcos Indicating, Recording and Controlling Instru- Tarler Quality Compasses * ying ments, a Creamery saves $4,800 a year . . . a Manufacturer of pation Pm tires Pte rn ag eemeeatenns uring saves $10,000 a year . . . a Leather Company saves $936 annually . . . a maker A necessity in every home. low! of silk by the cupra-ammonia process saves $22,000 a year. These are definite Treos Stormoguide acid savings testified to by manufacturers who have reported them to us. It will give ip ster A oscllan ony Gome Samm iused " as us pleasure to give you the names of these manufacturers, and dozens of others Frcos Hygrometer J” | who are making savings like these. shentaprteamn cde er Possibly big savings similar to those made by these manufacturers can be made Tycos for the Medical Profession es in your plant. It will commit you to nothing to consult with our engineers. Bicos Sphygmomanometer, Pocket and Office types. | ot a Tycos Instruments for Indicatin; , Recording and Controllin are made in 8,000 Tyeos Urinalysis Glassware. appli- varieties to fit all needs. We will be glad to supply you with informative litera- Treoe Fever Thermometers. o ver’ ture on type of instruments you may be interested in. Or our engineer will Your dealer will show them to you. lighter consult with you on the application of Zcos to your particular manufacturing ee -etone. problem. cagneet = Taylor Instrument Companies we: Main Office and Factory or ROCHESTER,N.Y. - + U.S.A. pec Canadian Plant: Seer BUILDING, TORONTO yarath SHORT & MASON, Ltd. Manufacturing Distributors in Great Britain ter the ee nixture 5 om— ee ‘™" THE ~ SIXTH ~ SENSE ~ OF ~ INDUSTRY f arts ol “\Tycos Temperature /nstruments te. (4 A“ INDICATING ~ RECORDING ~ CONTROLLING ————__-—__—_— SESE aemneael © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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I had his job” “He hasn’t been here nearly as long as I have, but he’s earning three times as much. Seems to me he’s the first man the firm thinks of whenever there is a good position open. Always makes good too. I wish I had started studying with the I. C. S. when he did. I’d be farther along today.” Are you just wishing for a better job too? Are other men getting the promotions you’d like to have? Are you letting the precious, priceless hours slip by unimproved ? You know as well as we do that you’ve got to learn more in order to earm more. And you know, too, that the best way to learn more is to take up a course with the International Correspondence Schools and study in the spare time that most men waste. Isn’t it better to start today than to wait a year or five years and then wish you had? e sooner you start, the sooner yéu’re going to get ahead. Mail the Coupon for Free Booklet INTERNATIONAL CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOLS “The Universal University’’ Box 7667-E, Scranton, Penna. Without cost or obligation, please send me a copy of your booklet, “‘Whoe Wins and Why.” and full particulars about the subject before which I have marked X: Industrial Management Business Correspondence Personnel Management Show Card and Sign Traffic Management Lettering Accounting and C.P.A, Stenography and Typing Civil Service Railway Mail Clerk }Common School Subjects Coaching O) Cost Accounting C) Bookkeeping LJ Salesmanship () Secretarial Work C) Spanish 0 French Illustrator () Advertising O Cartooning TECHNICAL AND INDUSTRIAL COURSES Electrical Engineer Architect Electric Lighting Architects’ Blueprints Mechanical Engineer Contractor and Builder Mechanical Draftsman Architectural Draftsman Machine Shop Practice Concrete Builder Railroad Positions srenuret Engineer C) Gas Engine Operating Chemistry © Pharmacy C) Civil Engineer Automobile Work () Surveying and Mooring r] Airplane Engines if | Metallurgy 0) Mining ] Agriculture and Poultry LJ Steam Engineering O Radio (J) Mathematics High School Subjects CJ Magazine and Book Name Street Address City State Occupation . . . ooee If vou reside in Canc ada, send thia coupon to the Interna- tional Correspondence Schools Canadian, Limited, Montreal I POSITIVELY GUARANTEE that you can produce wonderful, sweet music in three days and quickly play popular and clas- sical selections. Complete Outfit Sent on Trias No toread. . simple lessons revealing every secret of my 12 years’ success as 8 professional saw clan. Amaze your friends with this sensation of radio, vaudeville, erchoura ena codes entertainment phon: ph rec ord of. tue beeutifel Musical Saw solos which also entities TZ you to complete information about g= special introductory offer of Saw. Hammer, and Resin, FREE with Gauss ‘ot Instruction, MUSSEHL*« WESTPHAL 815 West Water St. Fort Atkinson, Wis, © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY March, 1928 Wood Turning Simplified (Continued from page 100) heavy. To sharpen this type of chisel, place the bevel in contact with the oilstone, raise the chisel and slowly move it back and forth, pressing on the blade with the left hand. Re- verse the chisel, place it absolutely flat on the oilstone, press on it with the left hand, and move it back and forth a few times. Repeat the process until the wire edge is removed. Test the sharpness of the iron on the thumb- nail as in Fig. 1. If the iron is sharp it “takes hold”; if itis not sharp, the nail slides over it. The skew chisel is ground so that two bevels are formed instead of one. The cut- ting edge should be at an angle of about 65 degrees to the side of the chisel. While grind- ing, grasp the handle firmly in the right hand, press down on thé blade with the left, and hold the chisel, at such an angle that the cutting edge is parallel with the axis of the grindstone or emery wheel as in Fig. 4. Whet the chisel on the oilstone. HE parting or cutting-off tool has two bev- els, which should be of equal length and meet in the ridge that runs through the center of the blade. If they do not meet at this point the tool will bind and stick in the wood. The round-nose chisel is ground in much the same way as a gouge, and the diamond-point or spear-point chisel is held on the stone at an angle so that its edge is parallel to the axis as shown in Fig. 4. When a tool is used for scraping, its cutting edge dulls more quickly than when it is used for cutting. To overcome this disadvantage and also to make the tool cut better, the edge is sometimes turned with a burnisher so that it forms a sort of miniature hook or burr. This is done after the tool has been sharpened as ex- plained above. A good way to turn the edge is to clamp the tool in a vise and stroke its edge with a burnisher. The first stroke should be at about the same angle as the bevel. In the following strokes the burnisher is gradually raised, so that at the last stroke it is held al- most in a horizontal position (see Fig. 2). It may be of advantage to turn the edge of square- and round-nose chisels and diamond-point chisels. The gouge and skew chisel are cutting tools and should not have their edges turned, neither should the parting tool, which has two bevels. The burnisher illustrated in Fig. 2 was made by grinding the teeth off a triangular saw file. The oilstone and slip stone are hard, smooth stones used for whetting tools. Machine oil thinned with kerosene is a good lubricant to use on them. This is the first of a series of articles on wood turning. The second will de- scribe in detail how to do simple spin- die turning. In preparing this material for POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY, Mr. Hjorth has drawn upon extensive teach- ing experience. He is now an instructor in the Architectural Laboratory of the Saunders Trade School, Yonkers, N. Y., and formerly was General Supervisor of Manual Arts and Director of Tech- nical Work in Porto Rico. A MEpiIUuM stzE horseshoe magnet is an aid around the workbench for picking up tacks and small nails and screws that have fallen into the sawdust and shavings. With the aid of the magnet a whole box of tacks which have been spilled can be picked up quickly.—C.B.W. By WIPING NICKEL-PLATED hardware or other nickel-plated parts with a cloth moistened with a solution of one part sulphuric acid and fifty parts alcohol, rinsing quickly with clear water and drying immediately, it is possible to preserve the finish in its original brillianey longer than if abrasive polishes are used. I Want toSend Youa San Te Special ‘Watch é for You toseeand * examine In addition to our NEW LOW PRICE, I will send for your approval one of these Standard Watches, guaranteed + a lifetime of satis- factory service, ne only by the Santa. Fe Watch Company, but by the Great Illinois Watch factory. So accurate, Government officials carry them; so perfect and beautiful, jewelers’ say they are worth 1/3 to % more than we ask for them. I will send you one to. see WITHOUT ONE PENNY DOWN—allow you to use it 30 days FREE—then sell it to you on easy pay- ments. Why Not Own a 21 Jewel Santa Fe Special Watch ? You will never miss the few cents a day that will make you own one of these watches—SEND FOR WATCH BOOK—illustrating in beautiful colors earoe A! on signs wi compmethene in cases in the POCKET WATCH, MEN’S STRAP WATCH and LADIES’ WRIST w AT cH. You can have your pbame or monogram and any emblem you may desire engraved in the Case to suit your own ideas. Write today for Free Watch Book, and make your selection at once, while this offer lasts. Ask for Special 30 Days Cash Offer A limited offer! With every yl bad > a beautiful FREE sivas se Meite = tite today. Mat Coupon for Both Watch and Diamond Catalog SANTE FE WATCH CO. Dept. 380 Thomas Bldg. Topeka, Kansas (Home of the Great Santa Fe Railway) See eee SSeS eee ee eee ee eS Santa Fe Watth Company, Dept. 380 Thomas Bidg., Topeka, Kan. Please send prepaid and without obligatton your Watch Book Free, explaining» your “No Money Down” Offer on the Santa Fe Special Watch. NOM. ..cccccccce Mon gSvs SbgiVevesecosces P ' ’ ' a a a 7 BW AGATESS.. 1... edd ete cece cee eececcvecnves s City . State | } DIESEL ENGINES Marine and Stationary By ENSIGN DAVID L. JONEs, U. S. Navy The most complete, thor- oughly practical and up-t date treatise on the Dies el Engine ever published. I explains their construction troubles, remedies, operation and adjustments, practical trials and tests and the ele mentary thermodynamics ‘ all types of the Diesel Engine. The book is fully illustrated with drawings of working parts and detail engravings 400 pages. Price, $5.00 Popular Science Monthly 250 Fourth Ave. New York, N Y )eSEGINES MARINE LocoMOTIVE STATIONARY See page 8. March, 1

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. 1928 March, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 115 Modern Crafismans Wonder Shop ~ —— i ee = = =<

ey Sf). af VATS New 1928 [ked Assembly Five Thousand Red Jacket Craftsmen have made a bargain possible for you c? a a Without Waco sales volume, no manufacturer could give the equivalent of ‘‘Waco Shop No, 12’? at its price—A Red Jacket Master Drill, the Waco Craftsman’s Lathe, the electric power tools, the Jig Saw, the Red Jacket Band Saw, or the Crafts Courses. This equipment was designed, tested, approved and is guaranteed by Wm. L. Aylward, a nationally known craftsman and manufacturer, who has developed his hobby into a co-operative association of five thousand craftsmen.

1) # Portable—Interchangeable—Complete ) FOR colors HOME WORK SHOP in the H and The new 1928 Combination of Electric tools brings you a Red Jacket Band Saw and in addition the powerful A Red Jacket Master Drill Motor with direct drive to the Waco Craftsman’s wood turning lathe (capacity 9 write (Pe in. x 38 in.); a bench saw that has depth and side gauges, scroll and jig saw; and all accessories for both por- ection table and stationary power drilling, buffing, grinding and cleaning. Attaches to any light socket and con- : verts your work bench into a complete private tool and machine shop. ; . It is a complete chest full of electrically driven tools designed by a master for thé pri- po ont me vate use of tool lovers and men who create, repair and appreciate handy tools at home. autiful ff , of ex- : It Is Easy to Do These Things today. The Waco GUARANTEE Write or send coupon at once for valuable information to all nterested in beautiful handiwork. It is free. It tells you ualog If It Is Not What You Want When how easy it is to operate a Red Jacket set of tools and lists You Get It—Send It Back. SS ee and privileges that are free to member Don't miss knowing all about Waco. It is free. You are invited. Look out for imitations. Thereis only one Red Jacket —one Waco—one Wm. L. Aylward, Mastercraftsman. pecial Crafts Course FREE om e e SPECIAL CRAFTS COURSE and blueprint service is free to Red Jacket Shop owners—all that there is to know about handicraft methods, raw materials, woods, carving, sawing, turning, designing, carpentering, decorating, is taught by special cOrrespondence. Buy On Your Own Terms Only $10.00 down. Liberal discounts for cash. Easy monthly payment plans. It is no hardship to own a Red Jacket. SEND THIS COUPON Interesting Literature Free Send the coupon. You will be surprised with all it contains. Beautiful, Instructive, Fasci- nating, Interesting.

“ SS 2 SS SB SS SSS SSC SS SS SS SCS SF SSCS Bee eee WACO TOOL WORKS, Inc. 542, N. Parkside Ave. Chicago This Head- : stock fur- struction 4 nished peration “paca where no practica electricity the ele is available. amucs ¢ | Engine Red | justrated & sap working ' rR DRILL rraving$s Manager, Dept. 3. Please send me all free informa- tion and literature on Red Jacket Assemblies.

Name.....

. The most elaborate and unusual drill 0 motor ever designed as driving power. lonthly York, N. 1 Address

© This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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116 ALUMINUM “The mark of Quality in Radio Aluminum Box Shields Three of these shields are specified for the Popular Science Electric Set © or greater selectivity, finer appear- ps longer life, lighter weight, use Aluminum -Box Shields in the set you build. Designers agree on the superiority of Aluminum for shielding. It has be- come an established factor in radio design. Aluminum’ Company of America’s standard box shields, designed espe- cially for amateur sets, and specified for the Popular Science Monthly Elec- tric Set, are made of heavy Alcoa Aluminum with satin-dip finish, size 5 in. x 9 in. x 6 in. high. They require no soldering. If your dealer cannot supply you with standard Aluminum Box Shields send us your order and we will have an authorized dealer ship promptly by parcel post at $3.50 each. You simply pay. the postman. Write for free copy of the book, “Aluminum for Radio.” THE ALUMINUM COMPANY OF AMERICA 2459 Oliver Building Pittsburgh, Pa. | tube gives out. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY March, 1928 Powering Your Set (Continued from page 84) filed so that it will fit into the slots in the screws. This screw driver is necessary for two reasons: First, it eliminates hand capacity and makes balancing much easier. Second, it prevents the chance for a short circuit that otherwise would occur if the blade of an ordi- nary metal screw driver accidentally touched the shield or any other metal part while in con- tact with the screws on C4 and C5. To balance, turn the drums to about 30 and set them so that the squeal is as loud as pos- sible. Put the top on shields N3 and Ng. Turn the screw of C4 with the special screw driver until you find a point where there seems to be a radical change in the squeal—a flutter- ing or broken effect. Now put the top on N1 and take off the cover of N2. You will find that by turning the screw of C5 you will come to a point where the squeal disappears. . If it | does not, turn the screw in C4 a trifle, first one way and then the other, and again readjust ; | C5. a WILL pay you to take your time about the balancing and do it just as accurately as pos- | sible. As you have noted from the description | of the electric receiver, the primary. coil of each radio-frequency transformer (Al, A2 and | AS of Blueprint No. 79) moves away from the secondary coil as the condenser is tuned to the lower wave lengths. been found that the receiver is just as selective at the lower wave lengths as it is at the higher waves. This means, of course, that the tuning is sharp at the lower waves. Incorrect setting of the balancing condensers C4 and C5 may upset the tuning on the short waves where a slight difference in capacity makes such a great difference in dial setting. You may, for instance, get one balancing condenser set with a trifle too much capacity and the other with a shade too little. wave station. the balancing condensers until the double peak | disappears. NCE these adjustments are made, you can | cabinet, for it will | | require absolutely no further attention until a | As all these tubes are rated at | push the set into the 1000 hours of service, you probably will not | have to touch the set except to turn it on and | off and tune it for at least a year. The volume control E2 will give you a per- | fectly smooth, distortionless control of volume on radio reception, but it has no effect on the volume with which phonograph records are reproduced when the phonograph pick-up unit is plugged into jack J. volume control is a part of the equipment that is included with the pick-up device. To use the pick-up device, simply turn on the set in | the usual way, plug into jack J and start the | needle on the record. To amplify your own voice just plug a pair of headphones into the jack and talk into one of them. You can make up all kinds of special programs to amuse your friends by doing your own announcing and playing records for the musical part of the | entertainment. The Parts to Use This high power amplifier and current supply | unit was designed without regard to expense for the radio fan who desires to build the finest possible outfit. In addition we wished to pro- vide, as far as possible, for future developments that might make a still more powerful amplifier a practical possibility. This accounts for the 750-volt winding on the power transformer and the use of 1000-volt condensers in the filter cir- cuit. Should a new and more powerful amplifier tube be brought out that required a greater voltage than the 210, (Continued on page 118) In laboratory tests it has | With | | such an adjustment you may find that there are two distinct points on the dial for each low- | The remedy, of course, is to reset | owever, a special | H yer l Now Offers Light-Socket Power and Finer Reproduction ice $95, east of the © e. Rectifying tube extra. EFORE you think of another set, think what these comple- tely wired AmerTran products will dofor.the 6he you have. The ABC Hi-Power Box will deliver smooth power to plate and filament from the light socket, supplying sufficient voltage and current for push-pull 210 tubes and all other AC tubes required in a modern receiver. No batteries, liquids or chargers—no attention or adjustment necessary. This complete unit contains Amer- Tran-designed equipment, with a power transformer having seperate windings and capacities ample for practically any set. With an AC power supply sys- tem or batteries, the fidelity of re- production brought by the Amer- Tran Push-Pull Power Amplifier is actually limited only by the per- fection of the speaker. Operated fromtheAmerTranABCHi-Power Box, the input to the speaker is free from distortion and objection- able AC hum. The energy output is increased especially at the lower musical frequencies, bringing great- er clarity at high or low volume. The amplifier attaches to the de- tector of the receiver and is fur- nished with cable and plug to con- nect directlywiththeHi-Power Box. These two companion units are designed to work together, and with a good tuner and speaker will produce a philharmonic or- chestra or pipe organ as though actually present. See this new AmerTran products at any store displaying the sign **Author- ized AmerTran Dealer” or, if you can- not obtain them, write direct to this Company. Both wired units are li- censed under patents owned or con- trolled by RCA and must be sold complete with tubes. The AmerTran Push- 3 cawer Amplifier. , $60, east of ‘= fockies. Tubes extra, ae te? pwewuoeuwvwvwveweeeVwyuUUY ees wweuve. AMERICAN TRANSFORMER CO. 177 Emmet Street - Newark, N. J. “Transformer Builders for over 27 Years” © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. March, !

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY . ~ ° + ' No Continuous Breaking Up of Operations | Because of its unusual and practical design the Delta Handi-Shop has overcome one of the greatest drawbacks in the average workshop—the continual breaking up of operations. The Delta has a two-shaft motor, therefore two tools are always ready for work. Suppose you are using the Circular Saw. Mounted on the other motor shaft is the Sanding Unit instantly ready for work. Think of the convenience—the big saving in time and unnecessary work. There are numerous other tool combinations that can be arranged easily and quickly on the Delta Handi-Shop as the combination described above. Make these | beautiful things. and hundreds of others, there is Remember the Delta Handi-Shop is a BIG, STURDY, PRACTICAL workshop for home or commercial use. It cannot be classed in any way with the so-called port- able shops. Think of a lathe bed of 4-inch U-section that is 36 inches long—48 inches long if you prefer—that will not chatter or spring. Think of a big, husky, fully-enclosed, powerful motor with a great overload capac- ity. Think of every accessory, and there are plenty of them, which are of the best quality obtainable—every one a nationally-known product. We have built real machine-value into the Delta so that you can do the finest kind of work on it with amazing ease. People who buy it say that it is far better than they expected a workshop could be— but you should see the shop itself and work with it to fully appreciate its outstanding qualities — its many novel and appealing features. If You Are Fond of Good Tools Send for our illustrated color folder. See how easy it is, with the Delta Handi-Shop, to gratify your desire to do more and better work. See how easy it is to do those things that no shop but the Delta has ever been able to do. Think of the money you can earn in full or spare time. How you can increase your profits by furnishing your employees with a real shop unit. Let the Delta help you develop your creative and inventive ability. Spend interesting, healthful, happy hours in using it in many ways you never dreamed of before. Our Literature Is Complete and Interesting. Send for It Now. Delta Specialty Co. (Dept. MSP328) 858 3rd St., Milwaukee, Wis. Send me your illustrated color folder describing Delta Handi-Shop. Tell me about your Free Trial Offer, Free blue prints and Easy Payment Plan. DELTA SPECIALTY COMPANY DEPT. MSP 328 MILWAUKEE, WIS. © 858 3rd STREET, © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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HAMMARLUND Precision PRODUCTS Are Officially Specified For the Best Radio Circuits of the Year i | Radio-Frequency CHOKE COIL Special winding and impregnating gives minimum distributed capac- ity for a given inductance and pro- vides extremely high impedance to all broadcast frequencies. Dis- tinctive Bakelite case. Two sizes: 85 and 250 millihenries, Equalizing CONDENSER For neutralizing R. F. circuits or equalizing multiple tuning units. Small size fits limited space. Bake- lite base, mica di-electric, phos- phor-bronze spring plate. 8. Flexible COUPLING Permits coupling condensers in tandem without exact alignment. Bakelite insulation makes the two sides electrically independent of each other. Tough spring phos- phor-bronze with brass bushings and hardened steel set screws. Write for Folder HAMMARLUND MFG. CO. 424-438 W. 33rd St., New York For Betton Radio ammarlund PRECISION PRODUCTS -— — POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Powering Your Set (Continued from page 116) this outfit could supply it merely by changing a few connections. The power amplifier unit described here is, however, capable of such great volume with practically perfect tone quality that it is doubt- ful if any greater volume would prove of any practical value except in special cases. It is quite possible, therefore, to materially reduce the cost of the unit by using less expen- sive filter condensers and the capacity also can be reduced without affecting the tone quality to any appreciable degree. The condensers C1 to C6 as listed, that is, of 2 mfd. capacity rated at 1000 volts D.C. working voltage, cost in the neighborhood of eight dollars apiece, which would make the cost of the necessary condensers for the whole unit approximately fifty to fifty-five dollars. Y ELIMINATING condensers C2, C4 and C5, you can save about twenty-five dollars, and a still greater saving can be made by using one of the standard block condensers specially designed for this type of circuit. Careful labora- tory tests have shown that while there is a slight increase in hum when the condenser capacity is cut down, this difference is so small that it cannot be detected by the human ear. These various factors have been taken into account when making up the list of approved apparatus and the various types of condensers that are suitable for use in the circuit have been listed: The reason that a 41,000-ohm resistance is specified although part of it remains unused is because standard units of this resistance are available. They are tapped at the proper points. Fixed resistances have been specified at R1, R2 and R3 because the unit has been designed to work with the electric radio re- ceiver of Blueprint No. 79. You can, of course, use this power amplifier and current supply unit with any type of radio receiver, if desired. If you have a battery set, disregard the 114- and 2!4-volt windings. The binding post marked P of the power unit should be wired to the P terminal of the first audio amplifier tube in your set, thus cutting out the second stage of audio amplification in your set. Do not attempt to use the complete two stage audio amplifier in your set with the power stage added to it. This combination is, in practically every case, absolutely unworkable. Your battery operated receiver may require B-voltages differing from the electric set of Blueprint 79. If so, any desired B-voltages may be obtained by using at R1 a wire wound resistance unit fitted with clips that can be moved to change the voltage. If any details of the construction, wiring or operation of the complete outfit are not clear, explain just what additional information you desire in a letter addressed: Radio Editor, Poputar Scrence Montatry, 250 Fourth Avenue, New York. Toy Balloon Improves Blowpipe INFLATED TOY BALLOON Oy SMALL J, JOINT ~~ APERTURE A two-piece mouth blowpipe with balloon attached to insure a steady, even blast of air HEN you have work that requires the use of a mouth blowpipe, obtain one of the two-piece variety. Attach an ordinary ten-cent balloon to the large end with a rubber band, dis- joint the blowpipe, inflate the balloon and reassemble the blowpipe. Then you will havea steady blast.—T. M. Brinces. March, 1928 TRU VOLT ALL-WIRE RESISTANCES Many fans find that by installing Truvolt Resistances in their cir- cuits, reception is vastly improved and many more stations come in with ease. This is because Truvolt Resist- ances give positive hairline con- trol. Their scientific design with greater radiation surface keeps them far cooler, preventing vari- ations in value and deterioration. A Full Line of Variable, Fixed and Tapped Wire Wound Resistances for all Radio Purposes. ~ Write for complete Free Resistance Circular Dept. 64-F 175 Varick Street, New York, N. Y. ELECTRA DjInc. SUPER QUALITY RAOIO PARTS A Super Set Using VICTOREEN R. F. TRANSFORMERS combines’ every requirement of a per- fect radio set—selec- tivity, sensitivity, tone quality and stability. Victoreen R. F. Transformers are matched and tuned to a precision of 14 of one percent. Theyin- sure you of Super Set that cannot be sur- passed. #170 for Storage Battery Tubes|$ Ff #171 for Dry Battery Tubes | 7-00 each VICTOREEN “112” Audio Transformers The newest and most remarkable audio amplifier, combining the two stages in one unit, uses two **112"" type tubes and up to 450 volts of “B’ supply. Tone quality is marvelous, Price $22.00 Write for Free Blueprints of the Victoreen Universal and the ew Victoreen A. C. Circuit © /ke GEORGE W: WALKER Q MERC HAWDILE RS ° VICTONSE RADIO PQoDyrTsS 2825 CHESTER AVENUE CLEVELAND OHIO © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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March, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY est Millions of Star Blades have been used by able mechanics gove Every year more me- chanics choose Star— the blade known to them as “The Best” FOLLOW the CROWD You can’t go wrong buying Star Blades ARTERS or HACK say, ers pve Since 1883 8lAy CLEMSON BROTHERS, nae MIDDLETOWN, NEW YORK STAR HACK SAW BLADES © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8

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120 H ome Movies Easy to Take— Easy to Show {XPERIENCE the great thrill of taking your own movies—movies of friends you love, of places you go —movies of your own dear children, filmed from life as they are today— rom ping, laughing, vital. See those precious pictures flash into life again in the magic of your own silver screen. Go to your camera store today. Learn how easy it is to make and show your own movies with a DeVry Home Movie Outfit— the product of fourteen years’ ex- perience in the manufacture of amateur motion picture equip- ment. Ask your dealer for a dem- onstration or write for free booklet. The DeVry Corporation, Dept.3-PX, 1111 Center Street, Chicago, Illinois. WV Caly POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY ——— A Small Plant ry Anyone Can Make 2 ornamental plant stand of the type illustrated can be made easily by the amateur woodworker. While stands of this type can be any size, one 14 in. high, 91% in. across the top, and 8 in. across the base will be described. The wood is all % in. thick. The core block, which goes just under the top, is inscribed in a 6\-in. circle. Draw the circle and, using the same radius, step around it with the compasses and connect the points with straight lines. Then saw out the hexagon. The six pieces that are to form the base may be beveled in one length and cut into sections that measure on the DETAIL OF SIDE (SIX REQUIRED) SSS thane Soe DETAIL OF TOP How the sides are cut out and assembled and the top is trimmed with a stock molding outside when finished 4% by 4 by 13% in. Any suitable rar wlty may be cut out with compass, keyhole or fret saw. The one shown can be produced by boring two 2\%-in. holes and cutting out the remaining parts with a small saw, but the work must be firmly held in a vise or with hand screws to prevent splitting. To assemble the base, place one sec- tion in the vise, apply liquid glue of good quality, and attach another section with two or three small brads. Make three pairs in this way. Now, keeping the core block slightly below the top, glue and nail the parts lightly together. After the glue is hard, sandpaper the sur- face but do not round. the edges. The top is a hexagon inscribed in a 9\%-in. circle and is either nailed or screwed from beneath the core block. A stock molding is fastened beneath the top. If an adjustable miter box is not available, a small miter block may be made for cutting the angles. If the stand were made higher and somewhat larger, the core block might be lowered several inches and the top hinged, to make a lady’s worktable. If made of hardwood, the stand can be stained and varnished or finished with clear brushing lacquer; if of softwood, it ean be painted with colored brushing lacquer.—A.°E. Eine. March, 1928 March, Out of Work-- Got a Foley-- Now Making Good Money! “T lost my job on account of a strike. I took my last money and bought a Foley Saw Filer, and now I am making a comfortable living filing saws. Saws filed on the Foley cut truer, cleane: easier and faster than hand-filed saws.” A. Stolz, 132 Hillside Ave., Richmond Hill, N.Y. You can have a steady year around busi- ness of your own with a Foley. Be your own boss and make good money. File saws for carpenters, contractors, wood- working plants, factories, schools, farm- ers and homes. No canvassing. Just put the saw in the Foley and snap a switch. The Foley files and joints the saw automatically. More than twice as fast as hand filing. No eye strain Saws cut faster, cleaner and truer. Build up a permanent business while at your present work and make $3.00 to $5.00 a day extra. We'll help you Write for valuable plan on how to get into a money-making saw filing business of your own. No obligation. Address— FOLEY SAW TOOL CO., Inc. 22 Foley Bidg., 9 Main St., N. E., MINNEAPOLIS, MINN. PARKS WOODWORKING MACHINES Cabinet $290 You.ought to have this handy Parks in your shop. Compact, complete machine de- signed like a big production. outfit at 1/5 the cost Fits in a corner of your basement. Does any kind of cabinet or joinery work. Write for circular. The Parks wood wari rking Machine Co. Guelae A. 208 Noire Dame East, on — al “er —" QUICK, EASY PROFITS! Practically no investment Small space required. Steady demand and BIG PROFITS re- finishing autos, furnit ure—paint- ing houses and barns with HB quick 30 DAYS TRIAL QUICKLY PAYS FOR ITSELF. A definite program for goceting ahnat financ talty will be found on page four of this issue. © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. \ real thir equ Nov Sho pen hav fect! way ther N men Side Unit Hea adv: our UP-Tt 2 The Up Craftsm; home ligh: your old-f: plete mac! power M (10’’x34’") features t depth gat Saw, and grinding, « OUR SS erm

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March, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 121 made it with my D-T0 . 1928 © - oo Pe a LY \| A Real Shop That Makes Real Things An Advanced Development in Home Craftsman Shop Equipment DATE You! Can make things too— Every man loves real equipment with which to build and repair things about the home and shop. Wood-work equipment was very expensive, large and bulky. j : Now, anyone can afford to own our Craftsman Shop. Cabinet-makers, Home Craftsmen, Car- penters, men who use only the best of equipments wai. have praised this shop which is the result of per- ‘Our fection in design and precision. “Make things the File way they should be made, with tools that make pod- them as they should be made.” rm Notice the feature improvements on our equip- Just ment. A Tilting Table Circular Saw, with Miter, 7 Side and Depth Gauge. A 1% Horse Power atone Universal Motor, a Tilting Table Jig Saw. A rain Heavier and more Precise Lathe, with a 10-inch uer swing and 34-inch turning capacity. le at See and use this Shop at our expense. Také 0 to advantage of our 10-day free trial. Send for yor our literature. Mail the coupon below today. ness | ||] UP-TO-DATE HOME CRAFTSMAN SHOP ss i ae :. | OUR LATEST DEVELOPMENTS asteennael he 12” Band Saw Our latest devel- EDUCATIONAL opment ge saw, operated with AND the regular Up-to- BLUE PRINT Date Motor. This saw has a DEPARTMENTS iF @ tilting table, a Under personal su- | ™ter and side zee f Master and depth pervision of Maste: gauge. Send Craftsman Eugene E for details. : Maurey, offers spe- “ cial correspondence crafts course, giving in simple detail full information on home handicraft. Blue print INDIVIDUAL HEADSTOCK Furnished where no electricity is available or to operate from an individual motor, gaso- line engine, or line shaft. Note circular saw and lathe arrangement. 2 10 DAY FREE TRIAL Use our shop for 10 days at our expense. If not satisfied—return—express collect. service giving plans “ and details for mak- ing hundreds of pieces of wood handicraft e « included in this course FREE to our users GUARANTEE After receipt of the Up- to-Date Home-Craftsman’s Shop, if you are not satis- fied, without question or delay every cent refunded and re- turn express charges paid YOUR own terms on purchase $10.00 down—balance arranged stationary drilling and sawing. This to your convenience. Liberal The Up-to-Date Electrical Home ancially sue. Craftsman Shop can be used in any home lighting fixture, thus making of your old-fashioned work bench a com- plete machine shop, made of a Super- power Motor, an accurate Lathe (10’’x34”"), a 6” circular saw, which features the bevel, miter, side and depth gauges, a Tilting Table, Jig Saw, and all accessories for buffing, grinding, cleaning and all portable or collection of electrically driven tools, complete in every detail, will make you an advanced craftsman. Master mechanics have designed and skilled engineers have constructed this equipment which, after inspection, you will agree is the best of its kind. For those who build, invent, create and construct at home, it is un- excelled. OUR LITERATURE GIVES ALL DETAILS discount for cash. 4” Jointer —Ac- cessory to Up- to-Date Shop. MAIL THIS for full particulars to Up-to-Date Machine Works | 2915 S. Wabash Ave., Chicago, III. ] MANAGER. Dept.1. Without any obligation, please send me all particulars about your shop, 10 day free trial, free blue prints, free crafts course, also $10.00 down payment offer | NAME | ADDRESS © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. |

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Announcer of Features that Count As fast as you improve a machine or method of operat- ing, a VEEDER announces the outcome—in output. It reels off your progress in new developments, in terms of added production—per day or hour You leave behind old production - standards when you look ahead to the higher records that any machine can make on a C Counter, throw of one turn range of Equipped tampering of

tracts. chines, al strum thing The 44 Sarg

2-size OUNTER Above is small Set-Back Ratchet which indicates one for each the lever, moving through an angle of 45 degrees. Reset to zero by of knob: requires very little power to actuate it. Applicable to a wide light machinery. Price, $6.00. with lock and key to prevent with the record, $2.00 extra. Also furnished in a Revolution Counter. The small Revolution Counter be- low registers one for a revolution a shaft, recording a machine operation, or product. Though small, this counter is very durable; its mechanism will stand a very high rate of speed, making it especially suit- able for light, fast-running ma- chines and most adaptable to ex- perimental work. If run backward the counter sub- Price $2.00. (Cut 4/5 size.) Small Rotary Ratchet Counter, to register reciprocating movements of small ma- so $2.00. The Veeder booklet shows in- ents that “‘count every- on earth.’’ See them— by sending for the book. Veeder Mfg. Co. eant St. Hartford, Conn.

POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY March, 1928

How to Lay Out Your Shop (Continued from page 92) vise mounted on it. As the vise is also used for many filing operations, wire drawing, and many other things, the height of the jaws from | the floor should be carefully considered.

The six legs are made of 4 by 4 in. lumber; the rest of the framework may be made of from 1 to 114 in. thick boards, 6 or 8 in. wide. If the bench is to be a short one, say 3 or 4 ft. long, four legs will be enough. The top should be of hardwood, beech or maple if possible, and 2 in., or at least 11% in. thick. -A strong bench will result if it is simply nailed together with heavy spikes; or the frame may be bolted together, the top being held with countersunk lag screws. If you are fond of woodworking you may make the whole affair with mortise and tenon joints, but it is not at all necessary. Each of the legs is firmly fastened to the floor with angle irons, and the bench should be also held firmly to the wall with angle irons, if possible. The planks forming the top should be fitted together as tightly as possible and planed smooth. When the bench is finished, the top should be given one or two coats of boiled oil, and the framework painted some attractive color. The leg of the blacksmith’s box vise extends into a hole in a block of wood firmly fastened to the bench leg and floor. The vise should be fastened to the bench top with heavy bolts, the front edge of the bench being notched out, if necessary, to receive a part of the back leg of the vise. A bench drill is a useful tool to have on this bench. Notice that the shop layout is planned so that there is room between the two benches; one may work at the end of the vise, standing between the two benches, as one often finds it convenient to do when engaged in hammering out bowls and trays. The advantage of a blacksmith’s vise is that it is made of wrought steel and is very strong. Considerable pressure must be put on vise jaws to hold a stake firmly under repeated hammer blows, and the more finely made machinists’ vises, while they may be used, will not usually stand up under the work, being made of cast steel or iron. There are many other uses for a heavy vise in the shop as will be noted later on. HE heavier the vise is, the better. The one which I use has jaws 6 in. wide, and the whole vise weighs about 120 pounds. I have had and used it for longer than twenty years, and we have tackled some heavy jobs together. Vises are usually sold and listed by the width of the jaws (parallel with the handle). If you buy a vise of the blacksmith’s type, get one with at least 4-in. jaws; one with 5-in. jaws is better, and one with 6-in. jaws best of all. This kind of vise, if not sold by your hardware dealer, can be obtained reasonably from any of the large general mail order houses. Of course, if you already have a machinist’s vise of good size, you may use this, or devise | some other method of holding the stakes as shown in Fig. 2. At A is a tinsmith’s bench plate such as you may have seen in a tinner’s or coppersmith’s shop. This is a heavy slotted iron plate with a number of rectangular holes or slots. It is let into the bench top, and the wood underneath each slot is cut out to cor- respond with the taper of these slots, so that the tapering ends of the stakes or anvils are held very firmly. This is a very old and satis- factory method of holding stakes. Bench plates of this sort may be obtained from dealers in tinsmiths’ supplies. It is well to get the catalog of such a firm, as you will find many

stakes, anvils and other special tools for ty use of metal workers. Another method of holding stakes is show) at B. It is perhaps the oldest and best method of all, if you have room for it. A large log 0: stump of hardwood—maple or beech—is fa<- tened to the floor of the shop with angle iron. In the top of this log, which is about 30 in up from the floor, is cut one or several ta- pering slots to fit the tapered ends of thx stakes and hold them firmly for hamme; work. This is the most noiseless and inexpen sive way of holding stakes for making bow!. and trays. Many metal workers who live i) the country have several of the logs set in tly ground in some pleasant location outside tl. shop, where they work in the summer. Shalloy hollows may also be carved in the top of thy logs for embossing bowls, forming spoons and So on. At C is shown the common method of hold- ing stakes or anvils in a heavy vise. This method has the one advantage of allowing tl worker to tip his stakes at various angles to suit the work. Iron pipe or steel bars of different lengths | and diameters may also be held in the vise and used as anvils or stakes. You will find a co! lection of short lengths of pipe and round or | square steel bars from the junk yard extreme) useful. bench top is shown at D, Fig. 2. These holders are often sold with sets of stakes. A piece of thin leather slipped between the stake and the | holder tends to make the stake hold firmly and lessens the noise somewhat. mor ETURNING to Fig. 1, you will see a rack for stakes back of the bench for heavy work and just under the window. If the stake- are to be hung on a flat surface, such as in a closet or on a wooden wall, heavy harness hook - form excellent holders, two being used for eac’: stake, just as a hammer is hung on two nails Another excellent method of holding stakes is A regular stake holder mounted on the |

to screw a length of old leather or rubber | belting, about 1!% in. wide, to the wall so that | loops are formed. Metal washers should be placed under each screw head. On the bench for heavy work is a sma!! bench anvil. An old flatiron with the handle broken off makes an excellent substitute. Between the benches for heavy and light work, mounted on the wall, is a pair of large bench shears for cutting heavy sheet metal. | The end of the lower handle or leg may be set in a slot in the bench top or bench plate or held in the vise. Above the bench shears is a large pair of hand shears or tinner’s snips. Two wooden mallets also will be seen. one face being flat and the other dome shape or round for embossing or raising. The other mallet, or raising hammer, is square in section and tapered to a blunt point at one end. This form is much used in the preliminary stages of raising certain types of copper bowls and trays. It is worth remembering that wooden tools are much used by the professional meta! worker, as they leave no marks that may not be easily removed or worked out later on. Above the mallets are mounted specia! forms of silversmiths’ or coppersmiths’ ham- mers for embossed and raised work. The bench for light work or jewelry making should be built solidly, although it is of much lighter construction than the other bench Suitable dimensions were given in an illus- tration that accompanied the first article in this series, but the size can be varied to suit the shop space. The (Continued on page 12

© This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 3.

One is an ordinary wooden mallet of hardwood. |

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piece bencl j allow be m | leath | or go | arran pin te | prefer uine | leathe | bile er | the b | under sa win; On conne: |} ments burne! blowp’ you m stead « | torch | | my ow | Ave is hung | is a go | the de to the | | The | simply | in. wid | made i | other si ' and tw | top sho The | scribed | right. various wheels, ing mac

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LTE ne from 75 wooden mountec the lowe floor, if smiths’ Panvil bl heavy a | make al | If you i smith *s dollars j cast stee }and ma | Tange fre If you | along pe } iron for | | pipe or st j want to manage j other cra want to ¢ provise n tools of « further a The f Series issue,

Page 121

28 he ers f ol he or ack LVN kes na oks ach rils 8S ls ber hat he na!! nde ight arge | etal f be slate rs 1s One rood, pe or yther ction This tages . and tools metal y not i, pecial ham aking much yench illus- in cle uit the gel | bile cushions. March, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY | How to Lay Out Your Shop (Continued from page 122) height from the floor to the bench top is planned to suit the convenience of the worker when seated at the bench—usually 29 and $1 in. between HE four legs may be made of 2 by 4 in. lumber, the other members of the frame being 1 by 6 or 1 by 8 in. boards. The top preferably should be of hardwood such as maple or beech, 2 in. thick. A semicircular piece is usually cut out of the front edge of the bench top, about 5 in. dee -p and 16 in. long. This allows the bench pin, described last month, to be mounted, as shown, conveniently over a | leather apron or “skin,” which catches silver | or gold filings. Sometimes a zinc-lined drawer is arranged to slide in and out under the bench pin to catch filings, but many jewelry makers | prefer the leather skin. This may be of gen- uine leather or one of the durable, smooth leather substitutes used for chair or automo- Small hooks are arranged under | the bench so that the skin will hang baglike blowpipe. under the bench pin and yet not interfere with sawing the work. On top of the bench at the left are two gas connections (cocks with rubber hose attach- ments), one being connected to a Bunsen burner and the other to a mouth or “combined” If you have no gas in your shop, | you may use an alcohol chafing dish lamp in- | in. wide and as long as the stead of a Bunsen burner and an alcohol blow- torch in place of the gas blowpipe, as I do in my own shop. A very small pair of jeweler’s snips or shears is hung on the front right leg of the bench. It is a good plan to have a small bench vise of the demountable kind, which may be clamped to the front edge of the bench when needed. The tool rack at the back of the bench is simply a piece of soft wood *%4 in. thick, 2 or 3 bench. Slots are made in it for files, and holes are made for the | other small tools such as scriber, dividers, pliers, | and tweezers. When the bench is finished, the | top should be oiled and the underpart painted. | | ‘anvil block should be held to the | | wooden block, The foot power polishing machine, also de- scribed last month, is shown on the extreme right. On the wall back of it are hung the various emery wheels, polishing and buffing wheels, and wire scratch brushes. The polish- ing machine should have a good working light. LTHOUGH not shown, or absolutely i necessary, a blacksmith’s anvil weighing from 75 to 150 lbs., solidly mounted on a heavy is useful. Such anvils are best mounted on a heavy section of a tree trunk, the lower part of which is sunk solidly in the floor, if the floor is of earth as in most black- smiths’ shops. If this is not possible, the floor with heavy angle irons. A skilled metal worker can make almost anything on such an anvil. If you cannot manage to have a real black- smith’s anvil, you may care to invest a few dollars in one of the very reasonably priced cast steel farm anvils sold by hardware dealers und mail order houses. These cast anvils range from 50 to 100 Ibs. If your shop is a small one, you may get long perfectly well with an improvised flat- iron for an anvil, or a small bench anvil and pipe or steel bars held in the vise. If you really want to do a thing badly enough, you will manage it somehow. In metal working or any other craft, the secret-is to know just what you want to do and how to do it; then you may im- provise many ways of doing it and adapt the tools of one trade to another, as you will see further along in this series. The fourth article in Mr. Thatcher’s Series will appear in a forthcoming issue. Hi IAN PPS (im A finger touch on Ratchet Shifter gives any one of five adjustments. ACk of the | matter room to turn crank doesn’t -when you use “Yankee” Ratchet Breast Drill No. 1555. For, when set on DOUBLE Ratchet any slight movement of the crank, either back or forth, lets you drill con- tinuously. You get speed with accuracy |—because you can feel your work, control it, and know what you are doing all the j » PELE Drilling out brok- en stud bolt in valve cover. This ingenious ‘ Yan- kee’’ Drill dots what others can’t —and saves time and labor. Handle goes back ~but drill advances ments shown above, and two speeds, make this ingenious ‘“VYankee’’ the handiest and fastest breast drill ever de- signed. Speeds can be changed in- stantly without removing drill from work. Just shift lever at base of hub. Drill No. 3-jaw; No. Hold % in. Hand 1545, 3-Jaw; Hold 34 in. Ratchet Breast 1555 (Illustrated), 555, 2-jaw. Drills. Ratchet Drill No 545, 2-jaw. No. time. Nothing need be re- 7 ler drilling jol J ; ‘or smaller ¢ g jobs use moved. No lost time. No lost ‘Yy res Rat h tH J‘ Drill . i sone ankee atchet Hand Dr | motion. No. 1555 __* 4nkee reer egebe’s “Yankee” Raschet No. 1530, with five ratchet r . Breast Drill . : | The five ratchet adjust- + gg ata adjustments. | Write for Free ‘‘Yankee’’ Tool Book **YANKEE’”’ ane KEE Shows how “ Yankee" Tools make work g@a=peeeere | Ratchet Tap Wrench easier Spiral Screw-drivers, Plain ; | No. 250 Screw-drivers, Ratchet Bit Braces, Makes awkward jobs easy. Where complete turn cannot be made, simply pull out sliding cross-bar to end posi tion. Right and left ratchet and rigid ad- M4 . . ) = 4 ) 85. justments. Price $1.8 NortuH Bros. Merc. C Automatic Push Drills, Automatic Feed ey r ryYANKEE Bench Drills, Ratchet Tap Wrenches, Vises with removable base, etc. « TOOLS Dealers Everywhere Sell *‘ Yankee’’ Tools ‘*Yankee’’ on the tool you buy means the utmost in quality, efficiency and a , Philadelphia, Ll “YANKEE TOOLS Make Beller mechanics © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTH"UY “The Saw Makers" Fitchburg, Mass. BRANCH OFFICES AND SERVICE SHOPS Established 1832 IN PRINCIPAL CITIES BATTERY - HB ONE UNG CHARGING Pays $150 to $300 Monthly Profits Start your own big business now. Small payment brings complete outfit for recharging auto and radio batteries. Rasy terms, Moneyback Br eros: Write to HOBART BR 0. | TI PTE ___ Box P38, Troy, Ohio en, ONLY $1050 MONTHLY Tf you want financial indepen- _ dence read the story *‘How a Big Load Was Lifted from Harry Wilson’s Mind,” on page four of this issue. “Takes only a minute | lasts all day” | Toothbrush — razor — Stacomb. All _ | part of getting ready for a successful business day. Men of affairs rely on Stacomb to give just the right set to their hair. To keep it smooth, orderly—al/ day long. To counteract dandruff, too (Stacomb supplies needed oils to the hair—where- as water dries out the scalp). Try Stacomb yourself—free. NEW LIQUID Stacom Reg. U. 8. Pat. Off. | YY “pene Save’200 to'1500 Mrs. Coombs saved $1000, B. A. Anderson saved $500. F. E. Davis saved between $1000 and $1500 by building the Liberty | way You can do as well. No waste. No worry. 40% less Standard Laboratories. Inc. labor Substantial, permanent homes. Write today for full Dept. R-2, 113 W. 18th St., New York aesectarecaes ens Beautiful New Book FR E of Liberty Homes ficturee wonderful homes from $379 to $1483. rice includes all lumber cut-to-fit, millwork, FREE Send me sample of Stacomb as checked: New liquid form (1) Cream form (1 roofing, lath, hardware, paints, nails. Mate- rials fully guaranteed. Plans FREE. Freight IN el eta ang as y hig GE ward eld iad bi a ee id east of Mississippi River and north of Biason-Dixon line, ae to Minnesota, lowa, Ada fissouri. Costs Nothing to Find Our — Write ocress te Catalea Now Wis MFG. CO., Dept. 13C,Bay City,Mich. March, 1328 The Exterior Setting (Continued from page 94) on brackets. The window has shutters made useless by overhanging rose vines in bloom In back, at right angles to the wing of the house, the garden is bounded by a clipped hedge with irregular flower planting against it; and just before the hedge en counters the left boundary of the stage, a ros arch and a gate mark the entrance to the garden. Beyond this hedge and gate one gets a view of meadows with trees and a glimp~ of distant houses. On the left of the stage ani opposite the door into the house is a garden seat with an awning top; in front of this seat are a table and a chair. A rose lattice showing set | a profusion of blossoms is in back of the seat; it is high enough and wide enough to screen and shut from view the adjoining orchard. O MUCH for the written description. No let us make a rough sketch plan—jus! : few hastily drawn lines to indicate the gener! arrangement. The essential elements of tli setting are indicated at A in the lower illus- tration on page 94; they are shown rearrange! at B with the idea of making a better stage picture. For the sake of the composition | have added a tree at the corner of the hous Next it is desirable to make a rough per- | spective sketch. If this seems to satisfy the requirements of the script, we had best draw a plan accurately to scale and from this plan work up the stage model. The making of a model of an exterior sct | will call for a little more painstaking attention than is needed in the construction of an in- terior set such as that described in a pre- vious article (December, 1927, issue). As | the various elements of the setting are in- dividual pieces, they will have to be set up separately instead of in the self-supporting continuous strip that forms the side of a model of a room interior. In locating the elements, make sure they are placed so that they wil) inclose the entire scene and, when viewed and openings into the back stage. This is an important function of the model. When the inclosure has been worked out in the model, the scenewright can rest assured that actual set will be “eye-tight,”” provided the stage model is accurately enlarged. In painting an exterior set it is always best to handle the work in a free, decorative way. Even at the best the outdoor setting is a con- vention. It can never look as convincing as an interior, but the audience is always read) to accept a compromise between nature and art, especially the art of an amateur. The best that the scenewright can hope for is to suggest the out-of-doors. And for this reason he is perfectly justified in giving the set a posterlike simplicity, showing his tree forms in frankly angular outlines, and painting }i- foliage in mass rather than in detail. N THE actual construction of the exterior setting I find that building paper is again a useful economy. On page 94 are shown thie backs of two cut-out tree forms. The same method can be used for the frame of a hedg: For work of this sort it is often better to double the thickness of the paper, or use an extra heavy building paper. In designing a set the scenewright must keep in mind a plan for lighting it. In the prob- lem which we have been discussing the back drop can be lighted from the-line of the hedy: the tree at the corner of the house will lend its © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. upper branches for the concealment of these lights; and the hedge itself will serve to hide a string of floor lights. The scenewright must realize that in an ex- terior setting the lighting will be his chief aid to the illusion of space. He must plan for it | out the start. If it has been properly worked out his setting will come to life, through the proscenium arch, leave no gaps | his | March _— L as T: pique spent while instr is not a sa illust C to * An box. two s | ; one © 7 in. 3 2 HAMMERS a 9 & w Cc tA The a hamn the en slightly Ona twenty center, pressure splitting Drill vertical] hole an Assemb| Make preferre required Instrume with the by cuttin a saw cu black inl hor wax, of each s The he of a 3%. -In. do Stain ; not at al of the si thing to cover th

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ros the gets ips and “cle n seat ving eat; reen No ust ; eral . the His. nged stage on I OlUM per- y the draw plan | | rset | ntion n in- | pre- | , As] ‘ec in- | et up rling | model | nents, | y will | iewed | ) gaps his is en the nodel, at’ his PALMOLIVE-PEE a shaving cream should be. They told us four things—we added the fifth. But not until formula after formula had failed to satisfy in one way or another. After 129 formulas were tested and rejected came the shaving delight you'll knew when you get your free tube. 5 Remarkable Features Multiplies itself in lather 250 times. Softens the beard in one minute. Pe Maintains its creamy fullness for 10 minutes on the face. Strong bubbles hold the hairs erect for cutting. Fine after-effects due to palm and olive oil content. Now Send the Coupon, Please We take the risk—not you. We under- take to please you... to win you in ten shaves. The coupon for your con- venience, Won't you use it, please? > 1S lr COMPANY, CHICAGO, ILL.

. = required, Tune with a piano or other — e instrument of permanent pitch, beginning use an || With the lowest note. Make a key sharp aes by cutting from the end, or flat by putting ist keep [a saw cut init. Stain the sharp keys with 35¢c e prob- — black ink or dye, but use neither shellac | E S F R E E he back fF nor wax. Cut a groove in the upper edge | 10 S H A V » hedy: of each side piece to receive the cord. and a can of Palmolive After Shaving Tale ten The heads of the hammers may be made aT? 2d the final touch to shaving mes - ides Pot 3-in. dowel and the handles of a | Aur," hare created Palmolive | simply, insert your name and addrass and. mall to 6-1. dowel. men. a ee — Restionte of Wisconsin should address Palmolive, in ox Stain and finish the box as desired, or | Fee od Teak Tey the eamute Milwaukee. Wis. thief aid | not at all, but do not teuch the top edges | we are sending ios with the tube n for it ff of the sides with oil or wax, for the last | ee ee ee ere ere me worked |§ thing to do is to glue on a piece of felt to let us prove them to you. Clip the wi cover the cord. a A. #4 ro | (Please print your name and address) — iano 3834

© This seai on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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| { i Rte 126 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY March, 19y Radio « Is - BETTER - With - Dry - Battery - Power ou can candle an egg-but not a battery eee | = —i y an isn’t much difference in the size or shape of batteries. And you can’t tell how good they are before you use them. q@ If you could, one element alone would win your —_ ence for Burgess. That element is Chrome. @ Chrome is the pre- servative that Maintains an abundance of unfailing energy in Burgess Batteries—long after mostdry cellscease to function. ‘The black and white stripes are individual marks for iden- tifying Burgess Chrome Batter- ies. Buy them for long lasting, dependable performance! —the preserving element Chrome used in leather, metals, paints and other materials subject to wear, is also used in Burgess Bat- teries. It gives them unusual staying power. Burgess Chrome Batteries are patented. Ask cAny Radio Engineer BURGESS BATTERY COMPANY General Sales Office: CHICAGO Canadian Factories and Offices: Niagara Falls and Winnipeg © BURGESS 8 BATTERY ven oy ale. hn ati hl BURGESS FLASHLIGHT & RADIO BATTERIES with a try-square, which would be slower. The edge of a chisel should be ground square across as at D. A jack plane or a single-iron plane for rough work should be well rounded as at E, while the edges of a smoothing plane iron or of a spokeshave iron should be shaped about like F. The edge of the jointer plane should be slightly elliptical as in G. In all the sketches the curves are some- what exaggerated. Assuming that the edge of the grinding wheel is perfectly straight and true, the edge of the cutter should be carried squarely across as at H, the wheel always turning toward the edge. Keep the tool moving from right to left. Grind until the cutter is in its correct re- lation to the edge of the cap iron and a wire edge may be seen the entire width of the tool. Grinding is only preparatory to whetting or oilstoning. Use lard oil or a light lubricating oil on the oilstone. Draw the cap iron back to the top end of the groove in the cutter and fasten it, as at J. Grasp the iron and cap in both hands as at K; place it across tlie stone at Gouges beveled on the outside are ground and whetted by turning the hand continually; the wire edge is removed with a slip stone an angle of about 30 degrees and raise or lower it as at L until the exact bevel is attained either by feeling or by seeing the oil that is squeezed out when the cutter is properly placed. Maintain this angle, carrying the tool back and forth the entire length of the stone. Guard against the tendency of the tool to “rock,’’ which rounds the edge and destroys tne bevel. Carrying the iron as at K should largely prevent this, but if it does not the work- er will be justified in making circles and figure eights instead of straight motions. When the beveled side has been whetted from fifteen to twenty-five strokes, the wire edge may be removed by a few strokes with the face of the cutter lying flat, in perfect con- tact with the stone as at M. Pressure is applied in the direction indicated by the arrows. The cause of a clogged plane mouth, usually is a badly fitting cap iron as at N. Hold the cutter and cap so light may be seen through the faulty joint between them as at 0. A very bad place may be remedied by bending, but - the final fitting should be done with a flat file as at P. Perhaps the top side of the cap edge may have become rounded by long use as at R, in which case it should be bent back and filed to the same curve as a new cap iron. Be sure that the edge is kept square with the sides. Note that the file at P slants down to make a thin edge. Place the cutter and the cap iron in position as at S and with the corner of a chisel press firmly against the outside of the joint, which will force the particles of steel into perfect contact with the face of the cutter. In sharpening gouges the slip stone should be used, but unless used correctly with the hand well away from the cutting edge as at A, Fig. 4, an ugly cut may be received. Outside gouges may be ground on a grinding wheel by turning the hand as at B and whetted by the same method as at C. The scraper prepares a planed surface for the sandpaper by removing the minute ridges between plane strokes; it also supplements SS How to Care for Your Tools (Continued from page 86) CORNERS - x RIG IN CONTACT /TH | aH o F G ] FIG. 5 A cabinet scraper is sharpened square across and the corners are then turned over a trifle the ‘plane in smoothing cross-grained places, The sharpening of a scraper is a knack to be acquired by practice. Place the scraper ing vise and file the edges square across and slightly rounding lengthwise as at A, Fig. 5, Hold the file either lengthwise or crosswise, but move it in the direction indicated. Whet each edge to two sharp, square corners as at B, Apply a little oil and hold the scraper as at (, The edge of a burnisher or the corner of a chisel is placed in contact with the edge of the scraper as shown. Point the burnisher or chisel down, keep it square with the edge, and make one light, firm stroke upward. Begin at the bottom and make a heavier stroke. Keep the angles shown exactly the same ex- cept in one respect; push the burnishing tool with the thumb in such a way as to incline it as shown by the dotted line. This will turn the corner or edge of the scraper as in the enlarged view D. All four corners may be sharpened. rr, THE scraper has been sharpened success- fully it should cut a thin, clean shaving as wide as the worker has strength or skill to produce, but if a powder is scraped, the sharp- ening has been a failure. This may be the case if the edge has been turned over too much or because it has become dull. In either case it may be remedied by laying the scraper flat on the bench and rubbing the edge down as at E. Carry the burnisher at each stroke on the corner marked Y. Then repeat the process of turning the edge. If the edge has been turned too far the de- fect may often be remedied by carrying the burnisher the length of the scraper, under edge and against the thumb as at F, then giving one light stroke as at C. If a scraper is well rounded on an edge or end and file-sharpened at a bevel as at G, it will scrape paint effectively. If whetted and the edge turned over as at H it will do more satis- factory work upon floor scraping and similar rough work than the square-edge scraper. In sharpening an auger bit, the underside of the cutter (A, Fig. 6) should not be touched. The filing should be done upon the top of the cutter with a special bit file as at B; this file has smooth edges at one end so that lip C may be filed as shown at D. Do not file the outside of the lips. (Continued on page 127) 4 ’ / 4--8° / ’ Vv FIG. 6 An auger bit is sharpened with a special file on top of the cutters and inside the lips © This seal on a radio_ tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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March, 19 Is SIDE RIGHT (THUMB uccess- ying as kill to sharp- he case uch or case it flat on sat E. n the cess of he de- ig the er the then or end d the satis- milar | } de of ched. f the. s file tside » 127) = - How to Care for Tools (Continued from page 126) How the teeth of a rip saw (E) and a crosscut saw (F) are “jointed,” set and filed sharp The average home worker had better side- step saw filing unless he can practice upon a saw of no great value. We will assume, how- ever, that our readers wish to go the whole at A, Fig. 7. With a flat file held in a jointing device take one or two strokes lengthwise to “joint” the saw, or to make the teeth of uni- form length, as at B. A jointer may be made of wood as at C, though many workmen use the file free-hand. With a saw set D bend out alternate teeth for one third of their length from the point; then do the same from the other side. At this stage a rip saw should appear as at E and a crosscut saw as at F. In filing a rip saw begin at the point and file every tooth square across, carrying the file at right angles as at G. Hold the file so the side which is filing the front of the tooth behind it stands vertical as at E. The amateur may find it easier to file a rip saw from each side, filing the teeth that are set away. In filing a crosscut or cutting-off saw the file should be carried at an angle pointing toward the end of the saw of about 60 degrees with the saw blade as at H for a general pur- pose saw, rather less if for soft wood only. Many mechanics, however, point the file toward the handle. HE file should be carried as at F to give each tooth “hook,” which is a large factor of the “‘sweetness”’ of the cut. The writer prefers to carry the file level as at J, although many prefer to lower the hand a little as shown by the dotted line. This applies to cutting-off saws and rip saws if filed from both sides, but in every case the teeth should be of uniform length. This may be attained by watching the glint of light on the end of the teeth where they were touched by the file when jointing them. Remove about half of the glint from each tooth from the first side and the rest from the other side. Lay the saw upon a perfectly flat surface and carry a flat file or whetstone from handle to point over the teeth to remove the burr. Keep the pressure as at K so the stone will bear a little harder at the edge marked L. distance. Place the saw in a saw filing vise as | POPULAR SCIENCE ‘MONTHLY CREO-DIPT Stained Shingles Name 127 Save paint and fuel with Creo-Dipts over old siding OU don’t have to build a new house to have a beautiful, modern home! Lay Creo-Dipt Stained Shingles right over the present side-walls! The cost is only a little more than two thorough repaintings—once up, the Creo-Dipts require very little care. In 5 to 7 years—the actual savings more than pay for the Creo-Dipts and labor. The Creo-Dipts save fuel — most owners estimate 15% to 25%—because they add an entire new coat of insula- tion against winter cold and summer heat. The Creo-Dipts save paint because Creo-Dipts are selected, straight- grained cedar shingles, weatherproofed in advance by exclusive Creo-Dipt processes. Their colors grow more pleasing with age. Creo-Dipt Co., Inc.,1330 Oliver St., No. Tona- wanda, N. Y. (In Canada: Creo-Dipt Co., Ltd., 1610 Royal Bank Bldg., Toronto.) Sales offices in principal cities. Enclosed find 25c for twenty-eight large-size photographs of new Creo-Dipt homes by leading architects, ‘“*before and after’’ pictures of old See in advance how your home would look with old side-walls and roof covered with Creo-Dipts. 28 interesting photographs Send for “before and after’ photo- graphs showing other old homes re- beautified in this same way. See how leading architects are using Creo-Dipt Stained Shingles for all types and sizes of new houses. Mail the coupon now for 28 interesting pictures—many of them reproduced in full colors. Genuine Creo-Dipts are carried in stock by leading lumber dealers every- where; for 20 years, prominent archi- tects and builders have endorsed them. Look for the name Creo-Dipt on each bundle—it is placed there for your protection, SEND FOR PHOTOS homes rebeautified, booklet of color suggestions, and name of local Creo-Dipt dealer who will recommend a reliable carpenter-contractor. CT Covering stucco CD Re-roofing OC Covering siding ia Building new © C-D Co.,, Inc,, 1928 © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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128 Sit iNwith your favorite orchestra Wonderful teacher—the pho- nograph! First it taught us to love good music. Now it is teaching us to play. You can acquire a master style by studying your favorite rec- ords with your BveEsCH True Tone Saxophone You have a natural desire to personally produce music. Don’t starve that desire. Develop it. We recommend starting with a Buescher Saxophone because it is the easiest of all instruments to learn to play and its music is the most beautiful. You Can Teach Yourself If you can whistle a tune, if you can beat time, you can learn to play the Buescher Saxophone, Easily! You can teach yourself, at home, in a few evenings. Three simple lessons given on request with each new Saxophone start you. You learn scales in an hour and start playing tunes in a week. Your progress will astonish and delight you and surprise your friends. Try Before Buying. Easy Terms Take home with you any Buescher instrument, Trombone, Cornet, Trumpet, Saxophone for six days’ trial. Test it. See what you can do with it. If you like it, pay a little each month. Play as you Pay. Sat- isfaction guaranteed. Send for beautiful free catalog of any instrument and details of trial and payment plans. No obligation. Do this today. BUESCHER BAND INSTRUMENT Co. Everything in Band and Orchestra Instruments 2305 Buescher Block Elkhart, Indiana The Story of the SAXOPHONE Gives complete history and tells why the Buescher is so easy to learn to play. In it you will find the first lesson chart. You must have this fine book. ( suscner BAND INSTRUMENT CoO. 206a | 1 2305 Buescher Block, Elkhart, Indiana. 1 Gentlemen: Without obligating me in any way please send me your free literature. 1 am interested in the in- ] { strument checked below. i Saxophone({) Cornet) Trumpet) Trombone(] Tuba) | ' 3. 3 = a g = 8 © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Simplest Flying Model (Continued from page 81) is fitted into a notch at the rear of the fuselage and glued and bound into place. The other two sides of the tail frame are made of silk thread. Cut a very slight slit across the under face of the fuselage 5 in. from the tail end. Split one end of the tail spar and fasten the thread in it; then lead the thread into the notch in the fuselage and fasten it to the other end of the spar. Draw the thread tight enough to spring the spar forward slightly; this keeps the tail surface taut. Cover the underside of the tail with bamboo paper. Spread glue along the spar and thread, lay on the paper and press it down to assure its sticking. It is not necessary to turn the margin of the paper over the thread. Just trim off the margin, leaving only 1% in. of it beyond the thread. Trim off the margin along the spar with a razor blade. Give the tail one coat of bamboo varnish. HE rudder outline is made of 3%, by 1% by 12 in. bamboo. Force one end into a hole drilled into the end grain of the fuselage and the other end into a hole drilled vertically through the fuselage 3 in. from the tail end. The brace is 3 by 4% by 314 in. bamboo. Force it into place, cover both sides of the rudder with bamboo paper and give each side one coat of bamboo varnish. Trim off the mar- gin with a razor blade. The main wing is of the single-surface type. The spars are 3¢ by \% by 24 in. white pine. The rear spar is bent at the center until the ends are 1 in. higher than the center; the front spar should be bent until the ends are 134 in. higher than the center. White pine is bent in the same manner as bamboo, but should first be soaked with water at the point where the bend is to occur. There are seven bamboo ribs 1¢ by 1% by 4 in. They are bent in a curve, the highest part of which is located one third the rib length from the leading edge. The center rib should be nearly flat, and the others bent up about 5¢ in. The ribs are spaced 334 in. apart. Puta drop of glue on the spar and bind each rib in place with four wraps of silk thread each way. The tips are 14 by 1% by 8 in. bamboo and extend 3 in. beyond the ends of the spars. They are bound to the inner edges of the spars with silk thread and glue. After the wing is assembled, true it up and allow it to dry thoroughly. Cover the frame on top with bamboo paper and apply two coats of bamboo varnish. T= wing saddles are made of } in. diameter piano wire. Start bending at the center of the wire, making two bends straight down \% in. apart. Go déwn 4 in. and bend the wire up at such an angle that it will meet the wing spar 3 in. from the center line. Here an offset or notch is made to fit the spar. The wire is then led across 4 in. and another spar offset is made. Bend the other end exactly the same way. Make two of these and snap one onto the front spar and the other onto the rear spar. These saddles must be accurately made, as they govern the wing adjustment. The propeller is made from a block of soft white pine 4 by 1 by 8 in. Draw the blade outline and cut the block to form a propeller blank. Drit\a 1¥-in. hole exactly in the cen- ter. Carve the back face of the propeller con- cave and the front face convex. The contour of the blade’s cross section should be such that it resembles a wing curve. Sandpaper the propeller to a smooth finish and balance care- fully so it will not vibrate when turning. The propeller shaft is made of bicycle spoke 234 in. long. Turn a rubber hook at one end with a pair of pliers. Lead the shaft through the bearing and put on two washers of copper with 1¢-in. holes. Force the propeller onto the shaft and then (Continued on page 129) Build and Fly a 3-ft. Model of LINDBERGH'S “Spirit of St. Louis’ Plans for This IDEAL New York-Paris Mono, Model reeanes plane is a perfect cop L perfect copy, 8-ft. sine et the machine in which Lindberghers ot ed the Atlantic nich Lind thing needed; all Darts, fittion, = rials and supplies, including carefy instructions, plans and diagrams, The model is wonderful; has many features of the original and is guaranteed ty fly. Complete Construction CUE nn cccacnctccnscscansannee $7.50 (West of Denver, Colo., and in Canada, price is $8.00} Ask your dealer or order direct, New 64-page Book of Model Airplanes Teaches the principles of fi plans and directions for bulidicg aia r full information about scale Models of real planes; also most complete catalog of materials for model builders. Sent postpaid for 5c IDEAL AEROPLANE & SUPPLY CO. Ine. 163-165 Spring St. New York iy EDWARDS Roors LAST LONGER LOOK BETTER Mw sseeel SANE YO) MONEY | TL} gases LY Edwards Metal roofing, shingles, Spanish tile, sid- ) ready-made | garages and farm (H buildings, are rust. ih proof, fire - proof, lightning - proof. Last three times as long as or- dinary kind. Quality in ev- ery detail. Styles and types for every purpose. Easy and economical to apply. Lifetime satisfaction. We are the world’s largest manulacturers of shéet metal building materials. We control every op- eration from the raw metal to the finished product. You can buy from us at manufacturer’s prices and save all intermediate profits. FREE fists i ie or SAMPLE Book No. 198or for Garage Book. Books an Estimates Naval Seaplane, Bler- iot, Taube or Nieuport fenoplanes, Cecil ‘eo- i The EDWARDS MFG. CO. 348-398 Butler St., Cincinnati, 0. AVLIP-ZIP SHOOTER ! LET’S GO, BOYS: A Hunting, fishing or camping, wher- ever you go you will need a Zip-Zip Shooter, elastic and lasting with plenty of pep and force, scientifically and practically made. See your dealer. If he can't supply you, order from us Zip-Zip Shooter 35c or three for $1.00, send stamps, coin or money order. AUTOMATIC RUBBER co., Geet. 8. B. Columbia, S. C. 4 SHIP MODEL PLANS $1 Plans and instructions for Ma gellan’s VICTORIA, Hudson's HALF MOON, Pirate Ship, Clip- per ship—all for $1. For a limited time; send NOW. Interesting 32 page catalog, 6c. SEA ARTS GUILD 730-N WINNEBAGO ST., MILWAUKEE, WIS. on An Authority Tells How To Buy, Install and Operate A Radio For Best Results The Radio Buyer who follows the instructions contained in the new 20-page radio booklet published by the Popular Science Institute = 100 percent satisfaction out of his investment and avoid mis' Gand _—" to Popular Science Institute, 246 Fourth Ave., or! . Th the f wing prop to tl shoo the mak the the rud it m po

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March, "2 'yv YY os ii J ? » Seegeeey aie or Ma- D, Clip- limited ting 32- LD wIs. and the new tute will nistakes. e., New March, 1928 iiceter’s Level Used for n - Sighting Long Lines CARPENTER'S LEVEL How the tripod stand is made and used for running foundation lines and similar work SETTING foundation corners for | peer buildings and in grading, ditch- ing and the like, I have found useful a simple tripod made as shown. It supports acarpenter’s level equipped with sights of the type that can be obtained in the larger hardware stores. To make the tripod the following parts are required: 3 legs A, 1 by 2 by 24 in.; 1 backbone B, 2 by 4 by 24 in.; 1 cross- piece C, 2 by 4 by 24 in.; 1 level rest D, 1 by 2 by 30 in.; 1 filler piece E, 1 by 1 by % in., and 1 filler piece F, 1 by 2 by 2 in.—Grorce W. Royer. IN MAKING small parts for models I have found useful old safety razor blades of the type having a stiff back. These are broken, chipped, ground and filed into various shapes to suit the need of the moment, the back being retained as a handle-—C. Batpwin WHITE. Simplest Flying Model (Continued from page 128) turn a tight loop on the end and force this loop into the wood at the propeller hub. Give the fuselage skid and propeller two coats of bamboo varnish. Loop on six strands of 4 by \% in. flat para rubber. Lead the rubber from the propeller shaft through the “‘cans,’’ over the top of the wing, to the rear hook. One may lubricate the propeller shaft bearing with a dron of oil or vaseline. To fly the model, press the wing saddles onto the fuselage and loop a rubber band over the wing and under the fuselage. The leading edge of the wing will go about 11 in. from the propeller. Glide the model. If it glides heavily to the ground, move the wing forward. If it shoots up sharply and stalls, move the wing to the rear. Adjust the wing until the model makes an easy glide. IND the rubber clockwise until there is a row of knots its full length. Start the model above your head in level flight with the wind. The model may be turned to the left or right by forcing a slight bend in the rudder. After the model is correctly adjusted 7 be wound its full number of turns, about consistently and go up to a high altitude. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 129 Razor PULL | )isappears | when beards are softened A smoother shave, a quicker shave ...is yours for the asking now. It’s an amaz- ing new type of lather that softens your whiskers in a scientific way KIN sensitive? Beard tough? Forget it, men. Here’s a new, quick way to shave that gets whiskers off clean and smooth . . . without razor-pull, sting or smart. Already millions have adopted small-bub- ble lather. Thousands buy it daily. From coast to coast the news has spread like wildfire. And now, to broadcast the good news even turther, a unique test is offered. It’s a seven-day trial that doesn’t cost you a cent. See details in coupon below. Smet ' = ORDINARY COLGATE . LATHER LATHER Photomicrograph of or- Under identical condi- dinary lather surround- tions note the closely ing single hair. Note knit texture of Colgate how the large bubbles lather. Thesmall bubbles hold air instead of water hold water iustead of against the beard. air against your beard. ad yr y Small Bubbles did it No other shaving cream is like Colgate’s. No other can offer you such unique results. It is, we believe, the ultimate attainment in the science of beard-softening. A shaving cream based on the now proven principle that water, and not soap, is the real softener of your beard. Thus Colgate lather is designed to absorb This model will make beautiful long flights | more water ... to scientifically drench your this Small Bubble Way a: ee 2 POS Men, it’s a shave with a smile! beard with moisture right at the base, where the razor work is done. It’s a “small bubble” lather. For small bubbles hold more water. They carry it closer to the base of your beard. The minute you lather up with Colgate’s two things happen: 1. The soap in the lather breaks up the oil film that covers each hair . . . floats it quickly away. 2. Then billions of tiny, moisture-laden bubbles seep down through your beard. . . crowd around each whisker . . . soak it soft with water. Thus your whiskers come off clean and smooth. No razor-pull. No stinging and smarting. You’ve never had a shave like this before. You’ve never known such comfort. Please don’t take our word for all this. Make us prove what we say. Compare Colgate’s for seven days with the shaving cream in your bathroom now... we'll cheerfully stand the expense. Please mail coupon ... now! FREE OFFER, MEN! Colgate & Co., Dept, 500-C 595 Fifth Ave., N. ¥. Please send me FREE sample of Colgate’s Rapid Shave Cream. Also sample of Colgate’s Tale for Men, Name. Address © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. bd eT ae a ae

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130 ‘ LON C ‘C” Sent for | Only 00 down DIRECT FROM FACTORY STUDEBAKER Thelnsured atch Save30%50%! 21 Jewels Think of it! Just $1.00 down brings you the famous a 21-Jewel Studebaker Watch direct from factory. Balance in easy monthly Extra Thin payments. Lowest prices ever named for equa —. By buying direct you save 30% to 50%. Your choice of 80 magnificent, new Art Beauty cases and dials. Latest designs in yellow, green and white gold effects. Exquisite thin models. 12 Size and 16 Size. Send coupon for catalog of Advance Watch Styles and full particulars. > The Studebaker Watch Company is directed by members of the famous Studebaker tamily— throughout the world for three-quarters of a century of honest dealing. Studebaker Watches have 21 Jewels, 8 Adjustments—Insured for your lifetime! Insurance Policy FREE! Ladies’ Bracelet Watches, Men’s Strap Whedhes, Wineronde and Jewelry also sold at lowest prices and easy monthly payments. Sendcoupon fordetails. Mail Coupon for 6-Color Catalog? Let us send you a copy of our beautiful new 6-color catalog. It contains complete information on watch making. It tells how you can buy a 21-Jewel Studebaker Insured Watch direct from the maker—save big money and pay for it in \ easy monthly payments. Mail thecoupon. i Over 100,000 satisfied customers own Studebaker "4 Watches—and saved money by buying them direct. We 7 ip anywhere. SPECIAL OFFER! Watch Chain FREE! For a limited time we are offering a magnificent Watch Chain Free. To all who write immediately we will include particulars of this astounding offer. Time is limited. Send the coupon NOW STUDEBAKER WATCH COMPANY Watc ¢ Diamonds «+ Jewelry Dept. J.006 * South Bend, Indiana Canadian Address: Windsor, Ontario STUDEBAKER WATCH COMPANY Dept. J-906 South Bend, Indiana , Please send me your free catalog Please send me free of Advance Watch Styles and de- catalog of Jewelry tails of your $1.00 offer. and Diamonds. Ladies’ Bracelet ™ Watches Watches, Ser feo Son, and thot Sold BavesBer Bz H. D. cccccccccccccccccsccccccecccecseccoccccccccocescoscosccs on the easiest kind of payments! City State woods for Inlaying, Models, and Scroll Work. List Dept. P. S FANCY amv, ODS ARKOGRAF No. 43 on request. Set of Fancy Wood samples, Tools FromTheft. write with elec- $1.00 ’ ” hard- 00. tricity eay nese ot dea on Sone. Also a 184-page Illustrated Catalogue describing oat and Sqers tools and tastramee ss our 800 designs for ae! WilbD” cents. 4 - Genel,” Complete Outfit » Interest- r free. Write to- AF PEN CO. 1171-A East Stark St., Portiand, Oregon 510 East 1ith Street ina llgateated cin New York City . MILLION DOLLAR MOTORS Could Not Excel These Great Marvels NOW AT GREATLY REDUCED PRICES General Catalog $.25 Refunded First $2.00 Order Bearing, Belting, Books, Brass, ‘Electrical Supplies, Engines, Fibre, Gears, Pulleys and General Supplies for Handy Men, Mechanics, Model Makers AMALGAMATED SALES AND SERVICE CORPORATION 327 S. South La Salle St. Chicago, Illinois POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY ‘wheel-handled compression stop cock, on — —_, Plumbing Hints for Home Owners Water Heating Coils By Hucxs Wii.iams Y FLUSHING out the water-heating coil in the fire pot of your house | heating furnace or boiler and by keeping | a duplicate coil always on hand so that | it can be speedily installed in an emer. | gency, you can forestall trouble with this part of your plumbing system. | There are several reasons why every householder should give careful considera. tion to this subject. For one thing, no coil will give satisfactory results duri both mild and extremely cold weather, Its presence in the fire pot creates a dead spot directly below so that the coal at that spot is not entirely burned. Then too, coils will break, usually, it seems, on | Sunday, a holiday or at night, when it is | almost impossible to get a plumber. | Coils are made in various shapes and in | both iron and brass. The writer recom. | COMPRESSION COCK HOT WATER TANK FIRE POT COILS, ‘ x * GATE VALVE HOSE END DRAIN VALVES pony a AIR FURNACE Diagram showing installation recommended by Mr. Williams. The vent on the gas water-heater must be connected to a chimney mends one-piece bent pipe coils, which are the cheapest, interfere with the fire the least, and offer a smooth interior passage for the water. Brass pipes and fittings are, of course, to be preferred. It is better to install a small coil that will deliver hot water in the coldest weather only. Use the gas water-heater during the fall and spring or on mild days during the winter. Furthermore, keep the coil away from the center of the fire. Install a control valve, preferably a the cold water supply to the hot water tank. Then, when the coil does break, the water can be turned off at this point. Install a gate valve in the return pipe between the coil and the tank, with a wheel-handled hose-end drain valve in the line on the coil side of the gate valve. Use this frequently to flush out the lime, scale and sediment in the coil by closing the gate valve and opening the drain valve. A good idea is to attach a hose to this drain valve and wet the ashes in the ash pit before removing them. Be sure to close the gate valve to get best results Wal “6C FE of a few } time, 2 tienc that y¢ make elephar this “eomic Firs large V ood walnut shaped the sh shown to it. cut ou the sic and gl realist yj SAU 3B in flushing the (Continued on page 131) © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. °

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r-heating Ir house 1 so that | Th emer. | vith this | | Y every | nsidera. hing, no + during | veather, | 3 & dead Coal at , Then | CMs, on en it js | "Nes } and in recom- ded gas ney h are e the ssage tings that dest ater days » the lv a , on ater eak, int. ripe ha in lve. me, ing ain » to the ure Its ee March, 1928 ae — Walnut Shell Made into ‘“Comicull’’ Elephant By F. Crarxe Hucues FEW odd bits Act material, a few minutes of time, and a little patience are all that you need to make the little elephant shown as this month’s A novelty for use as “eomicull.” a dinner favor or toy First take a ; ; large walnut shell and a thin piece of wood that is a little larger than the walnut so that it may be marked and shaped to go between the two halves of the shell. Cut the wood to the shape shown and glue the two sides of the shell to it. Make the head of thin wood and cut out each leg separately to fit against the sides of the shell. and glued or nailed to the head. Paint as realistically as possible. SMALL NAIL N FOR LOOSE HEAD TO FIT BODY How the elephant is made. The larger squares represent 14 in., the smaller ones, 1 in. Water Heating Coils (Continued from page 130) coil, and then be careful to open the gate valve again to insure circulation from the coil to the tank. The flushing will prolong the life of the coil. Under no circumstances should valves be installed on both coil connections, be- cause the closing of these valves would create a steam chamber that would burst when the fire became intense and proba- bly cause serious damage. Get a duplicate coil and tie it to the beam right over the heating boiler. Then, when one coil breaks, the plumber can install the duplicate, take the old one back to the shop, and at his convenience make another one, which can be attached to the beam ready for the next emergency. In MAKING small parts for models I have found useful old safety razor blades of the type having a stiff back. These are broken, chipped, ground and filed into various shapes to suit the need of the moment, the back being retained as a ‘handle-—C. Batpwin Wuire. iio The ears may be made of bits of leather | POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 131 BOOK STAND See LePage’s Book, page 18 SMOKING CABINET See LePage’s Book, page 13 TABLE DESK AND CHAIR See LePage'’s Book, pages 15 and 16 Here’s Le Page’s New Home Work Shop Book —Handed to You for a Dime A book that cost us $3316.57 to prepare Contains complete, easy-to-follow direc- tions for making 20 attractive pieces of household furniture Any maa handy with tools can make these handsome, useful articles right at home ACH piece of furniture was designed for LePage’s by an expert—William W. Klenke, Instructor in Woodworking, Central Commercial and Manual Train- ing High School, Newark, N. J. Assurance is given that each article and the directions for making it are perfectly practical. The directions for each are given in three parts, namely: complete dimension drawing of all the parts, simple printed directions for making given step by step from start to finish, and a photograph of the finished article. Suggestions for suitable woods to use and direc- tions for the best ways to finish each are also given. The photographs shown on this page show the pleas- ing results you can obtain for a few evenings’ fun (not really work) during the winter. And in addition to the 4 articles shown here, the book includes the following 16 articles: Occasional Table, Spanish Ship Model, Folding Sewing Screen, Fernery Stand, Tilt Top Table, Piano Bench, Costumer, Priscilla Sewing Box, Cedar Chest, Card or Console Table, Turned Bench, Dressing Glass, End Table with Book Trough, Foot Stool, Back Rest and Hanging Book Shelves. Where else could you get complete directions for making all these things for only 10 cents? Send 10 cents for this NEW LePage’s Home Work Shop Book Over 40,000 copies have already been sold. Just write your name and address on the coupon below, tear it out and mail to us today with 10 cents in coin or stamps, and we will at once send you a copy of LePage’s New Home Work Shop Book, postage paid. Address LePage’s Craft League, 592 Essex Ave. Gloucester, Mass. Tear out coupon now so you won't forget it. LEPAGE’s CRAFT LEAGUE, , | 592 Essex Ave., Gloucester, Mass. { Gentlemen: Enclosed please find 10 cents (coin 4 U or stamps) in payment for LePage’s New Home Work GLUE HANDIEST TOOL IN YOUR WORKSHOP | Shop Book. Please send a copy of this book to | ee ee ee I 5 ee er rnr rT ] SE SRE TE Re St aiwinccaviien 1 Bea —__1we —— em seme eee © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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132 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY March, IN New- Different- Better! The New BRIELLE B. A. MOTOR will revolutionize the tone, @® quality and volume of your speaker Look at this unit. Operates on 45 to 800 volts. Requires no output trans- former. Handles the output of existing Power Tubes direct through its own coils, without distortion. Notice the direct magnetic path— producing great sensitivity. Note the broad laminated pole face and large armature surface. Experts say the New Brielle B. A. Motor is way in advance of ordinary design—sturdy, simple, yet unusual- ly efficient. $14.50 will bring you a Brielle B. A. Motor if your dealer cannot supply you. This unit is all ready to be installed in your own cone speaker. Mail check or money order. We will pay the postage. For $5.25 additional you can buil your own Brielle Cone Speaker, with special Vibratex Cone. Send for the Brielle Kit containing all the materials and complete direc- tions for assembly. The Brielle Kit is specially designed for the new Brielle B. A. Motor. G.R. Penn Manufacturing Co., 34 West 3rd St., New York, N.Y. > . 7 . . ¥ Thinking of Building? 8 THEN you will want this book of * photographs and floor plans of over 75 beautiful practical homes. Artis- tic indesign, sturdy inconstruction and built of high grade materials, these homes can be constructed at a cost far below the average— when built the Bennett way. Real Savings for You Modern methods save you money. All framing materials are cut to fit by labor saving machines in our great mills. Your house is erected piece by piece as any other house is built—minus the bothersome genning and unnecessary labor. o architects’ fees ascomplete plans are furnished FREE with each house. No waste materials—yet plenty for every purpose. No ex- tras—as our prices are guaranteed. What's more, you buy direct from us at WHOLESALE PRICES. Send for the Book of Bennett “Better Built™’ Homes and see in advance just what your home will look like. Take no chance—know the exact cost before you start. Better tt Atte Mail this coupon today! Bennett Homes, 1038 Main St., N. Tonawanda, N. Y. Please send me the 84 page Bennett Book. Free only in Ohio, N. Y., N. J., Pa., and New England. Elsewhere $1.00. CORO e mere reese sees eee ee ee eees ese eeseseses Am interested in house...garage...summer cottage... os SU + yourself allyou need isheat It’s aregular hobby with thousands of cae to fix things themselves. And now, with Kester Metal Mender men, women and boys actually solder! Youtoo,can use Kester x Ae Metal Mender expertly Ha household arene! right in your own home. Kester requires only heat, is easy to use, and it’s a genuine solder, too! It carries a scientific flux inside itself. Like the lead ina pencil, this flux does the work. Think of how many useful things you could put back into service with just a touch of Kester, here and there. Buy a can today from your hardware dealer, general store, auto supply shop or druggist. If you want to convinced without expense —write for Free Sample. If Jlectrical Sree ese Usider it! KESTER METAL MENDER The Household Solder CHICAGO SOLDER COMPANY 420309 Wrightwood Ave., Chicago, U.S.A. © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. Established 1899 al A Guide in Choosing a | Radio Set (Continued from page 70) as well be operated on direct current from a storage battery, although they wouldn’t be desirable for such use be. cause of the heavy current required a comparatively low voltage. Then there are the heater type tubes such as the 227 type, where the filament is used to heat a cathode or small hollow cylinder, and the latter supplies the stream of electrons to operate the tube. These tubes operate on raw alternatj current stepped down to two and one half volts. They, too, could be operated with just as good results on direct current from a storage battery. Another type of full electric set uses ordinary 201A tubes or 199 type tubes, The built-in B-eliminator in such sets js made large enough so that in addition to the B and C requirements of the receiver, it will supply the necessary direct current for the A or filament circuit. The fila. ments of the tubes are connected in series. The third system is to take a standard |: type of battery set and build into it an A-eliminator as well as a B-eliminator, Sets of this type are just as fully “elec. tric” as any others, provided they require no attention beyond the occasional re- placing of a tube. However, this method | calls for more apparatus and the addi- tional advantage may not compensate for the extra expense. Now as to the relative advantages of these various types of electric sets, it all depends on whether or not you buy high grade apparatus. Theoretically each sys- tem is capable of equally good results and the only question is, therefore, whether these results are obtained in the partic- ular set you are thinking of buying. And the Popular Science Institute of Stand- ards can help you decide that point. Radio apparatus, including electric sets, eliminators, A C tubes and all the most modern items are tested and their money value determined. Approval by the Institute means that the apparatus approved is worth the money. If, for instance, a particular electric set costing $150 appears on the approved list it means that the receiver is carefully con- structed according to approved methods of reliable parts and will give good service. Naturally, it will not be as good as a $300 outfit. If it were, then the $300 outfit would not be worth what it cost and could not appear on the list. A Wireless Electric Light N EXTRAORDINARY new type of electric bulb without wires, developed by Dr. Phillips Thomas, research engineer of the Westinghouse Electric and Manu- facturing Company, glows when held within range of a powerful electromagnet, and continues to glow for ten minutes after the power is shut off! Though you could turn it off, undress, and jump into bed by its light, it has no such immediate utilitarian purpose. It was developed by Dr. Thomas in the course of experiments he is conducting on the transmission of power by radio. the ori cover S' In the Gra’ princif

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e of ped neer inu- neld net, utes you nto iate by nts _ of March, 1928 Fess We Owe to Newton | (Continued from page 35) | trifling difference of less than three feet in Py would not bother some theorists, but to Newton it was a great discrepancy, and caused him to abandon the research for the "ae years later Newton went back to the problem and found that he was right the first time and would be forever—if Einstein per- mits—right. Gravitation was established and the universe was safe. The cause of the early discrepancy in figures _Was an imperfect measure of the earth which gave a degree of latitude as being sixty miles. The corrected distance for a degree of latitude was 69.1 miles. The new calculation on the pull of. earth upon her lunar friend worked out very closely and the law of the inverse square became a perma- nent part of human knowledge. This law rules in light as in the physics of gravity. It is in fact a self-evident truth. HE best illustration of the inverse square is in light. One square foot of light at twice the distance from the source, or two feet, spreads to cover four square feet of surface. If the distance is again squared to four feet, the original square foot of light spreads to cover sixteen square feet. The original amount of light."remains the same, and spreading, it reduces or thins it in the proportions given. In the last case a square foot has one sixteenth ihe intensity of the original amount of light. Gravitation works on the same obvious principle, though invisibly. It is a magnetic force that spreads from the center of a sphere equally in all directions, increasing or diminish- ing according to the square of the distance from the central source. It is mutual between spheres. All matter partakes of it. Size or mass is a ruling factor. Everything was grist to Newton’s mathe- matical mill. While plumbing the depths of celestial space he analyzed the laws of chance that govern card playing for the benefit of his friend Pepys, man-about-town and author of the well-known “‘Diary.”’ In Newton's time scientists had queer ideas on light and especially as to the origin of color. For example, red was supposed to be a con- densed form of light, while blue was composed of black and white particles, as illustrated by the ocean mixture of black water and white salt. Instead of guessing in this way, Newton made a hole in a window shutter, let a ray of sunlight pass through the hole and then through a glass prism. Thus the white light was separated into the color elements of the spectrum from red to violet. The young ex- perimenter measured all angles and distances, shifted his prism in every way, added more prisms and combed out by itself each band of spectrum color. E THEN announced to the world what is now taught to every school child: that white light is composed of rays of ditterent wave lengths and that these rays, if separated. affect the eye as color—red for the short lengths and violet for the long lengths. Objects that we see as colored only seem so because they reflect a particular kind of ray and absorb the rest of the light. Having found that the rays of white light do not focus together through a lens, Newton decided that the only efficient telescope must be on the reflecting or mirror principle. He built one on this principle that was a mere six inches in length, and yet it could magnify forty times, or as much as any refractor tele- scope a dozen times as long. With his tiny instrument the young man who was soon to me the master surveyor of the universe saw... Jupiter distinctly round, with his four satellites, and also the horns or ‘moonlike phase of Venus.’”’ (Continued on page 134) a Ltd POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 133 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY Offers Courses for Home Study in the following Subjects ~ wv Accounting Chemistry Ttalian Algebra Child Psychology Juvenile Story Writing American Government Contemporary Novel Latin American History Drafting Literature American Literature Drama Magazine Article Writ- Applied Grammar Drawing and Painting ing Astronomy Economics Marketing Banking Economic Geography Mathematics Biblical Literature English Personnel Administra- Biology English Literature tion Botany Essay Writing Philosophy Boy Scouting European History Photoplay Composition Business Administration Fire Insurance Physics Business English French : Psychology Business Law Geometry Public Speakin Business Organization German Religi 8 Composition Government — , Dramatic Grammar Secretarial Studies English Greek Short Story Writing Various Languages Harmony Sociology Lyric Poetry History Spanish, etc., etc. § pees courses have been prepared by our instructors to meet the special requirements of study at home by indiviauals or groups. While all basic material essential to the full understanding of each subject is fully covered, sufficient elasticity is allowed to permit adaptation to the individual needs of each student. Everyone who enrolls for a Columbia course is personally instructed by a member of the University teaching staff. The University will send on request full information about these home study courses. A coupon is printed below for your convenience. If you care to write a letter briefly outlining your educational inter- ests our instructors may be able to offer helpful suggestions. Mention subjects which are of interest to you, even if they are not listed above because additions to the courses offered are made from time to time. HIGH SCHOOL AND COLLEGE PREPARATORY COURSES CE University Home Study Department has prepared courses cover- ing the equivalent of four years of High School study. This complete High School or College Preparatory training is available to those who cannot conven- iently undertake class room work. We shall be glad tosend you our special bulletin. PS-3-28 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, University Extension—Home Study Department, New York, N. Y. Please send me full information about Columbia University Home Study Courses. I am interested in the following subject: cece eer ee sere seeseseseseseseeesesese SOCCEES66.6:6.6 6 5O6.00:4.6.00. 6:6 OOO CEOSOGS664 C4EAROES 66 COCHEO CODES CESSES OD COSS CSET © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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134 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY $4.00 BUYS THIS JIG SAW {furnished with 3 steel blades) UR DOLLARS is not the first installment, but the FULL PRICE for this Jig Saw with three tempered steel blades. It will cut anythingfromcigar box to 3” wood, bakelite, celeron (for radio panels), etc. A practical every day tool for the set builder, amateur mechanic, and woodworker, AT A PRICE EVERYONE ! CAN AFFORD. Blade is protected by guard. Manual of woodworking and wood stamped with design for cutting, furnished free. Height 9”, March, 1% ——— What We Owe to Newton (Continued from page 133) As usual, scientific rivals tried to shake New. ton loose from his optical discoveries. Had 9 not made a mistake with his prisms and a. Newton was the bulldog breed. He had pro he knew, and he never let go of any truth in his grasp. The rivals growled and in due i ——— away. . tting Ned Hf ike other geniuses, Newton had his bling weight 3) lbs, $4.00 plus postage. LY oe = 5, NM i} i, spots. The first was alchemy and the he KNAPP ELECTRIC CORP. “& ns XY NAS was a sort of fantastic theology. He wrote tp Dept. 88 Port Chester, N.Y. 2 Bit PWV} Pe a friend about to travel through Europe, ask ceenenentiemcee teenies ” 9 ing him to “look into the very profitable Science REG. IN U.S. PAT. OFF. of turning base metals into gold. Work Shop, complete with oot the “5S 30 To . understand ae rg eee childish Gutaiegne te Sell alee Sor the tactamee credulity it is well to recall that alchemy ang Price Denver West and Canada slightty higher chemistry were twins in Newton's day; knowh mre edge was in a pioneer state. Furthermor his fondness for alchemy did not alter by a tical =u ETT TTT il z ‘il FOR SALE BY “¥-EATON C@——_ 0 ft hair's breadth the rigor of his mathema' research in pure and applied science. Again the alchemist has almost regained respect. bility today—transmutation of elements js now accepted theory—sober scientists declare they have turned mercury into gold. WE MAY compare Newton, the alchemist, with Sir Oliver Lodge, the modem Your Engi spiritist. Each'is sound in science; each may - Avoid mistakes be half right in his hobby. and disappointments by getting Honors came to Newton steadily, from a proper SIZE and H-P. so professorship of mathematics at twenty-eight, work. My 68yearsengine building to his becoming member of Parliament, g experience is yours for the asking. knight at the hands of the queen, president of the Royal Society and master of the royal WITTE mint. He took the latter job very seriously, devising improvements in coinage and ways of |' SUPER ENGINES preventing counterfeiting. The custodian of .the currency was annoyed when the world When white water roars a challenge Wuen the rapids swirl and leap about you; 50 new features now place the kept pestering him with questions on gravita- when the swift current carries you on at. ex- WITTE Enginehead and shoulders | . ‘tien: Pile pris ote think that, after all the yy -y- = gt m= = ro above all others. Alloy steel con- royal mint was pretty important and gravita- ad the perfect lance of your “Old Town struction All fuel carburetor Ph t Pp t y pc d ft ae anoe.’’ eoee lon was a topic to consider after business a oo ae | petemed me asta Pation uses cheap fuels. All parts inter- hours. P bility. Light in LE ag gy (oe pg hee Sa “‘aemetagtie — = Newton never married. It is said that he $67. From dealer or factory. ngs. kept a tender place in his heart for the gi New catalog gives complete information about Center fire. WICO Magneto. r= sag Miss Storey, for whom he built bi all models, including sailing canoes, square-stern Send name at once. ED.H. WITTE, Pres. f it anh te sovided for her financial canoes, dinghies, etc. Also racing step-planes, WITT GINE WORKS furniture, and he p nelally baby buzz hydroplanes, etc. Write for free copy E EN in her latter years although she was twice today. Op Town Canoe Co., 1893 Main 2223 Oakland Ave., Kansas City, Mo. married. Street, Old Town, Maine. 2223 Liberty Ave, j§§ Pittsburgh, Pa. Toward the end of his long life of eighty-five ‘Old ZG 6” KEROS E N E GASOLIN E years, Sir Isaac oe or of himself with f G revealing and appealing modesty: Own N0€. GAS OIL. DISTILLATE “If I saw farther, ‘twas because I stood on ; : giant shoulders.” Breed squabs and E MADE another statement yet greater Airplane, 50c make morfy. Sold that has deservedly become a classic, a 12-Inch Cross- nti T W = by millions at hi ° Sas - a " “ . om vad O : } 4 Dricesth re thought of sublime humility and wisdom that ag weod hag slag 0 chickens. Write | man will never surpass and that may outvalue Takes off by own power. Travels 40 feet. Very > one for two il hi t 4 hi ea ree ? fascinating and educational. Thrilling fun! mg fy oS ae oo levements: Easy construction set, complete materials, post- I do not know what I may appear to the “sn as 7 it. One is 40 pages printed in colors, other 32 pages. Ask paid U. S. 50c (no stamps). Satisfaction guaran- for Books 3 and 4. You will be surprised. Plymouth world; but to myself I seem to have been only teed or money refunded. Rock Squab Company, 616 H Street, Melrose High- . > plavi a h } d div rt Mode! Aircraft Co., Box 331, Chillicothe, Ohio lands, Massachusetts. Established 27 years. Refer- like a boy p aying on the seas nore, and divert Sees, ony See ot Sears compeer. ing myself in now and then finding a smoother 4 4 ’ bble or a prettier shell than ordinary, while All Separate Machines in Boice’s (3.200032 eF init lay al wndiovee Eadetochie: i, Home Work-Shop! |" means Teeeity, greater aece- Compare size, capacity and quality with any other Trees Gage Wind Velocity racy. Always ready for work, ., § work-shop. Circular Saw cuts stock to 2% inches. > : : : cmesth power’ Machines oper: Table i5°x 17° Y OU can judge how fast the wind is blow- or taatiner an connie? te hee ing by trees’ leaves and branches, says a preferred. blades. Stroke French observer, who gives this table: es 8=— «3 speeds; 8° No appreciable wind, leaves still, up to two BEng ty cna {2 | miles an hour. Light breeze barely noticeable, light metal turn- | leaves feebly agitated, five miles. Moderate ing. Books of | breeze, branches stirring slightly, ten miles. making toys, Branches bend a little, fifteen miles. Branches jaan one rocking and swinging, poplars bending, twenty outfit. Send 10c mniles. for Boice Cata- log and other Leaves torn from the trees, twenty-five Uterature. miles. Tempest, light branches broken, thirty- W.B.& J.E. five miles. Violent tempest, strong branches _ is a alas broken, fifty-five miles. Hurricane or tornado, — an Baige, -. damaging house roofs, in the neighborhood of Dept. P. S. 3-D | eighty miles an hour. 4 Teledo, Ohie an ris] This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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modern ach may ] from a ty-eight, ment, a sident of he royal eriously, , Ways of odian of e world gravita- all, the gravita- business that he the girl uilt doll ancially s_ twice hty-five elf with tood on greater assic, a ym that utvalue to the en only divert- 100ther , while overed ; blow- says a to two ceable, yderate miles. anches wenty ty-five thirty- anches rnado, ood of 35 Tools in This Big Chest Vise, 16-inch saw, claw ham- mer, coping saw with blade, hand drill, 3 twist drills, 8-inch brace, 3 wood bits, spoke shave, 6-inch try-square, 3-inch screw driver, block plane, nail set, pliers, pencil compass, 2 tang butt chisels, 2-foot fold rule, marking gauge, carpenter’s pencil, mount- ed oil stone, 6-inch file, wood miter box, apron, stamped wrench, 3 pkgs. nails, tang firm gauge, lock, wood cut-out set. Four assortments from which to choose. Above is No. 4. No. 3 has 26 tools; No. 2, 23 tools; No. 1, 20 tools. All chests same size. a A POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Both Dad and Sonny Can Use This Buddy “L” Chest of Tools Big, man-size tools packed in a rugged, iron-bound chest— not toys but real tools—big enough for Dad's repairing around the house—and just the right size so Sonny can build his own playthings for himself and friends. And Buddy ‘‘L’’ FREE Blue Print Service shows him toys to make and how to build them—interesting, instructive, amazing, profitable. You've always wanted a chest of best quality tools around the house. Here it is. Look at this picture. See the big, sturdy tools that never will wear out. Made by such manufacturers as Disston, Stanley, Greenlee Bros., Vaughan & Bushnell, Millers Falls and others just as famous—the kind of tools best carpenters use. You just can’t know what a wonderful chest of tools this is until you really use it. Write us. Send us your hardware dealer’s name. We will give you prices, pictures and tell you about our FREE blue print service for building fun-making toys. Write TODAY! MOLINE PRESSED STEEL CO., Dept. PS Ms EAST MOLINE, ILL. “‘Builders of the World-Famous Buddy ‘L’ All-Steel Playthings” Sales Offices: 200 Fifth Avenue, New York 788 Mission St., San Francisco : © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8 135

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136 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY We Advance You Cash to Help You Build We ship you any home you select, ready to érect, and ADVANCE YOU CASH to help you build. You pay us in small amounts monthly, just as you pay your rent—and your rent money is saved instead of spent. Any Sterling home, from.a cozy 5-room cottage to a sumptuous two-story dwelling, can be purchased in this easy way. And, at the same time, you get a home at a much lower price than your local builders would charge. You can buy this home NOW for as low as LZ 10 Per Month Wait no longer to build your new home. This year, reduced prices and extra liberal terms make it easy for anyone to own a home who wants one. If you are able to pay rent, you are able to buy a Sterl- ing Home on our easy-payment plan. Our customers claim average savings of 47% by buying from us instead of from their local builders. Other Homes at $15 to $60 Per Month You can buy a Sterling Home for as low as $15 _~ per month or as high as $60 per month. A great variety of styles to choose from—at $474 to $2888. Prices include everything complete, @: FREIGHT PAID to your railroad station. ota penny’s expense for extras—not even for nails, paint or putty. Send 25c in coin today for beautiful Color Book of Sterling Home Plans and you can be living in a home of your own before another month is over. international Mill & Timber Co. 8310 S. Wenona Ave., Bay City, Mich. Loa issue. If P ems want financial independence read the story ‘‘How a Big Was Lifted from Harry Wilson’s Mind’’ on page four of this A_POST CARD BRINGS IT TO YOU. I DON’T want you to order a quan- tity of cigars until you try my com- plete line consisting of 7 brands put up as illustrated above. If after a fair trial you feel that you did not receive at least “DOUBLE VALUE” Pll return your money in full. OW I do it. I import my own tobacco and maintain the lar, cigar factory selling for cash, elimi- nating book-keeping, bad debts, etc., and sell my entire output direct to the consumer. All transportation charges prepaid. CANNOT afford to sell more than one trial Sample case to a person at this price. Ma or Pay the Postman, JAMES B.HALLJR Dept.P 176 E.IVSVTtHST. NY. (zz [OF TISse= ) DIAMONDS? Genuine Diamonds Guaranteed yz, Bigger Diamond Ring Values! SU a Newer strlee, finer quality, blezer values. We tm- va i,t can sell to you for less. Our rings are “ a yy, eolid 18-Kg te gold, magnificently ~ Wiz gorgeous blue white Dia- A monds of NZ ae CA . 857 = Usiien hite 15 $ SS vi. | Gog 57 0e ie ie down 92 month mee ‘dali 7 gwwiZ Send for Free Catalog Tt . PRIN) 2s 12 ance ot, erersting coe Dee M\scahees giles e 4 / gift articles for all oceasions, een Men’s Diamond Rings Ki |_| Two exceptional values _—— s a and : 4 : Thia monde 367.96, Pyeartmuty are: Cay monds, Railroad Watches Guaranteed March, 199 —_ Where Did You Catch Cold? | (Continued from page 28) to intense cold to see just what effects it would | have. In the laboratory their necks were « posed to a gust of icy air—one of those drafts | we have been taught to fear. This artifigg) | north wind was allowed to blow for some time, | after which its victims were examined. The examination revealed, for one thing, | set of sore throats. Furthermore, there was ay | apparent increase in the number of germs in. | habiting the throats. The experimenters concluded that one faetg, | in the beneficial effects of cold bathing and oyt. door living may be the training of the blood | vessels to react to chilling by increasing the | blood supply and so destroying germs— | example of the tendency of nature to cure its own ills. When we hear of a cold wave, we think of | snow and blizzards, yet the term literally de. | scribes the way colds affect the country. They | do not confine themselves to one spot or even to one region. They cover the country. EVERAL investigations have been made to determine the extent of these epidemics and | the time of their occurrence. One survey, re. | cently made by. the Federal Government, showed that, regardless of great differences in temperature, colds increased simultaneously all over the country, and decreased simul- taneously. The time of greatest prevalence was found to be January and February. The second worst time of the year was October, with the coming of cold weather; the third, early in spring. Some evidence tends to show that neither the incidence nor the severity of the disease has direct relation to climate, but that both are due rather to radical changes in dress and to other changing conditions in our mode of living which go with variations in the weather. The Metropolitan Life Insurance Company has figured the effects of cold down almost to a degree of temperature. Using 6700 employ- ees at its headquarters in New York as a basis of investigation, the company found that a drop of ten degrees in the weekly mean tem- perature meant an increase of eighteen colds in the group. Snow, rain, and humidity, how- ever, apparently had only slight influence. There are many kinds of treatments for colds. They range from common baking soda to inoculation, and from red flannel to chlorine, the deadly gas used in the World War. Most doctors advise taking a laxative and sweating the cold out of the system by keep- ing warm and judiciously using hot drinks. The inoculation treatment has been ap- proved and disapproved. By means of two vaccines, one prepared from the bacteria in the throat and the other from animals, this treatment is intended to make the patient im- mune. Remarkable results, however, have been noted in some instances. In other cases, the treatment has had no perceptible effect. Chlorine gas as a remedy is in pretty much the same status. NCERTAINTY regarding the true cause of colds has stimulated scientific research to a point where important discoveries are expected soon. Those engaged in the investiga- tion include the Government, the Chemical Foundation, and the American Drug Manu- facturers’ Association. The American Tele- phone and Telegraph Company has undertaken an extensive survey of the disease among its employees. At numerous medical colleges experimental work has been long going on. These activities indicate the tenacity with which science is clinging to the trail of one of man’s worst enemies—an enemy that is in- visible, and one whose identity is as yet but dimly discerned. © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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ice. its for ig soda lorine, ye and keep- iks. nm ap- f two Tia in s, this nt im- have cases, ect. much cause earch S are stiga- mical lanu- Tele- aken ig its leges with ne of ; in- but Your Neighbors Will PayYou 75 Oween forlour Spare ime You can easily sell them your. hours for $3 each b: serving as “radio cooter oY ling them sets, selling Bg supplies at less than retail. A membership in the Associa- = shows you how to cash in on Radio now and trains you for the $3, 00 to $10,000 openings awaiting qualified men. The Recelation starts you in business if you wish. Inves- te all it has done for others, all it can do for you. A {EMBERSHIP NEED NOT COST YOU A CENT. Earned $500 in Spare Hours Our monsbers oom makin aking & big money with Radio. Werner Eichler, N. Y. week—Lyle Follick, Mich. has earned F. J. S Buckley. Mo.—makes as much as he re- ceives from employer—all in spare time. Our members are casting io stores, getting better positions, increas- ing their salaries, earning money spare time. “ACT NOW — i: Ne-coet card for details of Special Membership Plan that need Sent oo cheuld 10 t—cost you a cent, and our book, * "Your in the. Radio Industry.’’ lt will in on Radio now—and la’ a 4513 Ravenswood Ave. Dept. PSM-3 Chicago, Ill. LS AEN TNE TIE ORE Big Opportunity in Electric Refrigeration “Yes, we need men who know refriger- ation.” .... let us have names of trained men.” Letters like these come in constantly. Men who are refrigeration experts can choose from any number of high-salaried positions. Demand far exceeds supply. Easy Home Study Equips You Ambitious men, regardless of previous experience, can learn Electric Refrigeration from the ground up in a short time. Our Home Study course makes the subject so clear, anyone can understand it. Takes only spare time. Equips you for position in production, servicing or sales end of business. Write for FREE Booklet This is your big opportunity in a raptdly growing industry. Don't pass it up. Send our name and address for our Free ustrated booklet—today. . UTILITIES Preietanine Dept. 23, 3120 N. Clark St., The Vest Pocket Lawyer A ee ag law course—clearly analyzed in under- standable English. It is a daily guide—a manual ot reference for the business man—the law student—the justice of the peace—the notary public—the farmer— ree —the merchant —the banker —the octor. 360 pp. Price $1.50, postpaid POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 250 Fourth Avenue, New York City The Real Estate Educator A most comprehensive yet concise arrangement of useful facts about buying, selling, leasing and sub-letting of Real Estate, contracting, for erec- tion or repairs, mortgaging, transfer- ring, insuring, etc. _ revised edition. 288 p Price $2.00, postpaid. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Chicago POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY A Carpenter’s Method for Spacing Work Quickly LMOST daily in my carpentry work I use a method for dividing large spaces into equal parts that is simple, speedy and foolproof. It is so rapid that I can say what the divisions will measure as quickly as I could measure the length that is to be divided up. This often sur- prises those who are looking on. As an example, suppose a partition is to be put up across the end of a room to make a closet and is to be divided into three parts by studs (uprights), as shown below. We do not know just what the length of the partition will be, because we have not yet measured the width of | 7'-4- FOUR STUDS TO BE aaa EQUAL DISTANCES APART cm tit HT se ae MR i FO Ee 2 2 FT BEYOND x co @ STUDS SP THE REMAINDER - ose +8+3 =27) Diagram illustrating a quick method for dividing walls into equal spaces, as for panels the room, but we do know that four studs will be necessary—always one more than the spaces (except in circular work). First, we measure on the floor where the partition is to be placed a distance from the wall equal to the combined width of four studs, in this case four times 134 in., or 7 in. Here a mark (X) is made. Next we lay our 2-ft. rule down, starting at this point, and say to ourselves not 24 in. but 8 in., or one third of 24, as we are to have three spaces. We lay the rule down again, measuring 2 ft. more but adding mentally 8 in. We do this again and add 8 in. more. In other words, we say 24 in. although our rule has actually covered 6 ft. We find a space of 9 in. left over. This we divide by three, and adding 3 in. to 24 get 27 as the distance at which to set the studs apart in order to divide the space into three equal parts. A study of the diagram will make this clear. If four spaces had been wanted we should have used the same method but added 6 in. each time we set down the 2-ft. rule. For six spaces, we should have counted 4 in. for each move. For five spaces, it would have been necessary to take 20 in. on the rule each time instead of 24, and to count one fifth of that, or 4 in.—H. L. Dersy. WEAK compression springs can be made longer and often restored to usefulness by holding them on an anvil or some other solid surface and striking between the turns with a cross-peen hammer. The blows should be quick and rather hard. Pass along the spring to keep the tension even and turn it slowly as you work. If the spring is bowed, the same process may be applied to the concave side to straighten it. Gas engine valve springs can be put into excellent condition in this way.—SHERWOOD J. GEE. 137 Violet Ray Vibration Ozone Medical Electricity devatne pomee O> RQ Great New Invention: g Elco Health Gener- ready for you! If you want more health —greater power to en- Piet AY peesew Elco Health tors aid you in ~~ ¢- the i ness of bad yy ourself. Brin 4 ergy. Be wholly today! Here’s What Elco Users Say— bare Been yt | for myElco.” good in 2: mocks SI “My ‘Eczema my somach, ee Electric Health Generators These fe Viel Violet cover B genera’ ibra- fon Free ‘Trial — com! They poe a on ete light in r home or on their own motive power at less than 50 cents per zoe. not _ Eleo Lye = yor are ou fa one oe ony = on ne outfi e—the har ome ments which can gi Violet Ray— Vibration vad Gee curative agents. Send the equpon below. Get the Free Book NO Mail Coupon for te ree ° Book other jay un’ you erated be rou the wi great Dew inveatio Do it today — - * "=o J indstrom & Com a 30 West Lake St., ~» Dept. 57-23 ~ cat send free book s ey a te gt 10-day Pesta — - Name Address.... i rIS] This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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mages ee 138 KNIVES THAT BITE FyERES a knife especially designed and built for car- penters and skilled mechanics, professional or amateur. It belongs in every tool kit. Remington steel is hardened and tempered by a special proc- ess, to produce blades with keen, uniform, and lasting cut- ting edges. Every blade is hand- honed at the factory. When you buy your Remington every blade will bite, and you can keep a biting edge on Remington blades. R4223 has a heavy spear blade for general use; a_ sheepsfoot blade for scribing or coping, and a pen blade for delicate work. Ask to see this knife at your dealer's. Get your hand around the fine stag handle and test the *““feel’’ of it. Notice the fine finish, brass linings, and german silver mountings. You'll want to own one at once. And if your dealer shouldn't have R4223 in stock, send us his name with $1.50 and we will forward the knife to you promptly. Remington Arms Company, Inc. Established 1816 25 BROADWAY NEW YORK CITY emington, Arms Ammunition Cash Registers Cutlery Service Machines From the “Big, Friendly House” EW 1928 Book offers finest, newest, well-known sets; ts, eliminators, accessories at owest prices. DEALERS— WRITE for this CATALOG! 130 West Lake St.. Dept. 22—Chicago, Ills POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY When You Buy a Car— (Continued from page 74) hand,” Gus went on, “the car you're fixing to buy, Ben, is not so good. It isn’t much as a hill climber. It’s sluggish on the pick-up. It needs overhauling perhaps a little more often than other cars in the same price class. And it needs quite a lot of servicing. Judged strictly on merits as a car, I'd say it was inferior to a num- ber of others I could name.” ““Humph!”’ muttered Ben. “Then I suppose you'll say I ought to follow Hank's advice, eh?” “Not at all,’ said Gus. “The quality of a car—any car—is only a part of the story— and sometimes a mighty small part at that. “ As a matter of fact you fellows could have saved yourselves the trip down here. You're both right! Each of you has picked out the car that I would have recommended.” **T don’t see how that can be,”’ argued Hank. “You've practically told Ben he’s picked a lemon and yet you tell him to buy it. What’s the big idea?” “Well,” said Gus, “the point is, I know you two birds. You're a bug on machinery, Hank. You'd take care of a car so well there wouldn't be a chance for any real trouble, and if you do have a breakdown you'll fix it yourself. Chances are after you've once bought your car you'll never go near the dealer again. 7 OW, Ben, you're a lawyer. You don’t give a whang-doodle about anything mechanical. You don't know what goes on under the hood of a car and you probably don’t care. All you want is a good-looking bus that will stay on the job and get you from place to place without worry.” “But why shouldn't I take Hank’s advice?” questioned Ben. “Two good reasons, Ben,” Gus replied. “The dealer who handles the car Hank favors is, as I happen to know, a slick article. He'd stick you for a wad of money every time you poked your nose in his door looking for a little service. That doesn’t make the slightest differ- ence to Hank, because he'll never have occasion to go near him. The second reason is that the dealer who handles the car you've picked out would sooner go out of business than take ad- vantage of anybody. Maybe his car isn't quite so good, but he'll keep it on the job for you and that’s what counts! “When you're buying a car,” Gus summed up, “don’t let a high trade-in offer stampede you into buying a car you really don’t want. Pick your car solely on the basis of mechan- ical merit if you expect to do all the work on it yourself; but if you expect to let somebody else do the work for you, choose the car that is represented by a dealer who is able and willing to give you honest service.” New Gains in War on Disease Figures, not speculation, are the basis for recent statements that progress of the war against disease is more hopeful than ever before. John K. Gore, Vice President and Actuary of the Prudential Insurance Company, finds that in the last quarter century science has saved 635,000 lives each year, and has pro- longed life in thirty-two countries. The Surgeon General of the United States, Dr. Hugh S. Cumming, recently reported that during the year ended June 30, 1927, there was a general decrease in the number of commun- icable diseases, and that America was free from epidemics and plagues. Research work for con- trol of cancer, goiter, influenza, leprosy and malaria especially has shown encouraging re- | sults. The fight against cancer was focused in a nation-wide campaign of education, with the codperation of physicians and hospitals. Doc- tors say that this dread disease, which stands third as a cause of death in America, can be conquered if caught in its early stages. — © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. (ca Ched wall; easily fixed IT’s so easy to make cracked walls or ceilings as good as new with Rutland Patching Plaster. You just. mix with a little water and fill the crack or hole, Anyone can do it! No muss or bother, Rutland Patching Plaster makes a per- fect patch that’s as lasting as the wall itself. It will not crack, crumble, shrink or fall out. Paint, wall paper and hardware stores sell Rutland Patching Plaster. If your dealer hasn’t it, we will mail a package direct and you can pay the postman 30c plus postage. Rutland Fire Clay Co., Dept. R-17, Rutland, Vermont. Also makers of Rutland Roof Coating. Makes Ford a Tractor We furnish everything for con- Handles -% verting Ford Aute Chassis inte . Farm Tractor for truck growers, a smalifarms,nurseries,ete. Pulls -_ Urates: RunpteltMechiners We also build Garden Trae: utter Bar Mower Attachments. Write fo Particulars. SHAW MFG. CO. 5701 Center St. Galesburg, Kansas Miles Baan See Mile s Away, TRIAL | Brings distant people and objects close to your eyes. Wonder telescope opens over 3% ft. 5 ‘tions, brass 16- ircle. lighted ‘Send ICAGO, U. S.A. KINKADE GARDEN TRACTOR and Power Lawnmower A Practical Proven Power Cul- tivator for Gardeners, Subur- banites,Truckers, Florists, Nur- serymen, Fruit Growers, Coun- 5 try Estates and Poultrymen. AMERICAN FARM MACHINE CO. 1072 33rd Ave. S. E. MINNEAPOLIS, MINN. Free 2 Plea Che Pay riva may Nar Str Cit; , as | TT eS eS ee ey

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uscular marvel. Have the Be a m muscl iperman. Become stron. fares ceaiths sake or to astoun your friends vith °riant atreni do. In stew short weeks you will eas- solid muscles, then use the strength. wrest resistance so as to build up fal 2 at HOW IT le, FREE INSTRUCTIONS We do not think it enough to send you an exerciser worth double what we ask, and for a limited time, we will also include in- ctions absolutely free. These instruc- teresting and simple to follow. YOUR GUARANTEE The Giant Chest Expander is sold with a tee that you will say itis the st The doup = Strength exer- _ $O sstvve: SA TO ORDER--SEND NO MONEY our name and address to co

a Oe a Oe ee Dy eee oe ee he SE EME te a oe ae Ressive EXERCISER co., ingdo ¥ roadway and Duane Street, New York. Your 10 cable g Please send f ta 6 pred! Progressive Exerciser. Check the Exerciser you want. It will be sent by return mail. Pay postman introductory price plus few cents postage on ar- rival. If you are not entirely satisfied with your exerciser you may return it within 5 days and get your money back.

3 if

City. woos MED cccccescccecccecse If you live outside the United States send cash with order. Tritt

our Men a Fortune! Here's" your cpportanity to make real money! My patented double razor blade stropper is sweeping the country with the biggest and easiest sales that have ever been mate by agente. It sharpens all edges of the blade without oe the blade. It permits men to en- joy 500 clean satisfactory shaves rom a single razor blade. This

o' an gets quick customers and many lends for you. It sharpens with a true diagonal stroke giving the blade the.same keen edge the barber gives razors he strops. It retails for only $2 and pays you 100% commission on each and every one you sell. double edge has been a steady seller from the minute it was but on the market. V. Fisher of Arlington, N.J., sold 12 in 15 min- onl. Storr of St. Louis sold 36 the first day and H. Gardner of icago sold one gross the first week. This gives you an idea of the big profits you can make. Don’ TESTED SALES PLANS FREE t send mea single cent. All I ask is that you send me your name and address and receive my literature which shows you themany test- ¢ mane that pave the way for a profitable all-year-round business. ite today. There is no obligation. Do it this very minute before you forget and miss out on this b vii roposition. RTON c Dept. 902, 10-15 46th Ave., Long Island City, New York

A definite program for getting ahead financially will be found on page four of this issue.

POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY

Is Lost Explorer Now Jungle God? (Continued from page 17) the lower reaches of the Xingu in a dugout, his little party might at any moment have been wiped out by a storm of poisoned arrows from the bows of ambushed Caiapos or Gavaoes. But pulled off to the eastward they would have run into no such serious peril. They should have emerged many months since either on the Atlantic Coast at Bahia or at the mouth of the Amazon after a compara- tively easy trip down the Araguaya. Then what mishap has delayed them? Let’s reconstruct their subsequent adven- tures. Chopping their way painfully, a few miles a day, through vine-tangled jungles where even at noon the light is dim, they en- counter no dangerous animals. Even a jaguar will not attack unless wounded and cornered. } | poawer of chattering monkeys pursue them overhead; gorgeous birds and butterflies flicker through the trees. Wild life all around them, but none of it is dangerous. Hunger is needless, there is game on every hand. Malaria is not fatal. A novice might get lost; Col. Fawcett is equipped with com- pass and mapping paraphernalia and familiar with every trick of “jungle navigation.” So there remain only the Indians to be reckoned with. But these wild children of the jungle are less dangerous than the semicivilized tribes whose haunts Col. Fawcett has long since passed. As the Fawcett party proceeds naked warriors slink through the ferns to watch with childish curiosity these strange creatures. But the party plods methodically ahead and makes ‘ho offensive actions, and the Indians leave them alone. Fawcett is too wise in Indian psychology even to unsling his camera. A camera pointed at them will frighten them into belligerency. But if a monkey is shot for lunch, the sound scatters the trailing Indians in abject terror. But as Fawcett penetrates farther into the jungles north of the River of Death his trans- port problem becomes inevitably more difficult. His mules are gradually perishing from hunger or disease. He awakes one morning to find that vampire bats have sucked so much blood from one animal that it must be killed. Later a pair of pack mules becomes hopelessly mired in a swamp. Fording a swift river, another is carried away and drowned. Descending a steep mud bank, one falls and breaks a leg. And when the pack train has dwindled to two or three, Fawcett’s party, unable to continue, stops at an Indian village for native helpers. ND here arises the disastrous mistake in Fawceett’s plans. He announced before he left that when he came to dealings with the Indians he would play upon their supersti- tions to persuade them that he and his com- panions were supernatural creatures endowed with magic power. While among them he has used his rifle, surveying instruments, matches, compass and flashlights to arouse their fas- cinated superstitions. And then one day he and his companions awake in their wigwam to find that all their supplies have been stolen. They are helpless. Their Indian hosts have become so impressed by the magic power of these white gods that they have taken steps to keep them per- manently in the village. Thus the whole tribe will share in the magic, become all-powerful in war and the chase, and be freed from the terrors of Nature, like thunder and lightning. It is the historic hobby of these Brazilian Indians to make such prisoners. From the days of the early explorers, Joio Ramalho and Diogo Alvares, down to the year 1927, the instances of whites in captivity throughout this country are frequent. Recent cases are cited by the Brazilian (Continued on page 140)

Use an Extension Cord 1) Loud Speaker / Most speakers are placed too near the radio receiv- er. With a Belden 25- ft. radio extension cord the speaker can be installed in the posi- tion giving best re- sults. It often is de- sirable to move the loud speaker % to an adjoining room, on the porch ortoa nearby bedroom. This is easily possible by using one or more Belden 25-foot exten- sion cords which are provided with connectors that make the use of these cords a simple matter. No tools are required. The individual conductors Belden Extension = Cord are rubber (“7 covered and will withstand moisture and dampness. The Colorubber in- sulation withstands the highest B volt- ages in radio receivers, hence the Belden Extension Cord transmits signals great distances from the re- ceiver with the utmost clarity and with practically undiminished vol- ume. Try one today. of the

© This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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Dubilier CONDENSERS For High Voltage Circuits Dubilier condensers are specified in the new Popu- ow Science Electric Radio et. When building a new pow- er amplifier remember Du- bilier type 904. ~Qr you can also use type PL-666 and type PL-667—1000 volts D. C. rating, supplied in either 2. mfd. or 4 mfd. sizes. This arrangement permits greater flexibility from both electrical and mechanical assembly standpoints. Dubilier j eondenuscr OE es Type PL-666 2 mfd. capacity—1000 volts D. C. rating Type 907 For “By-Pass” Purposes Electrically Ideal Our engineering department will gladly furnish wiring diagrams and full information for using Dubilier Condensers. Dubilier Condenser Corp. 4377 Bronx Blvd., New York Dubilier CONDENSERS © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Is Lost Explorer Now Jungle God? (Continued from page 139) ethnologist, E. Roquette-Pinto. Last summer I heard of cases near Juruena. The Indians’ fondness for strange human beings, whether white or negro, resembles a child’s affection for a toy. They cling to them and make tribal divinities of them. Col. Fawcett sits presumably today in the door of a crude wigwam. Other wigwams are dotted about. Indian women crouch over the fires, roasting tapirs and monkeys; the men are off hunting, or practicing archery with hornets’ nests for targets. The Colonel and his companions are under the ceaseless sur- veillance of a band of girls. And what can the white men do? Try a violent escape? They can no more get out of that wilderness, once the Indians’ animosity is aroused, than a cornered mouse can escape a cat. Col. Fawcett, knowing this all too well, can only wait patiently, hope for rescue, and continue to play his role of minor divinity. He, with Jack Fawcett and Raleigh Rim- mell, have become a pagan tribal trinity, and as such they are safe, well cared for, wor- shipped with weird rites and fed on outlandish dainties like iguana eggs and roasted ants and caterpillars. At night they watch the cere- monial dances, in which naked warriors, painted red and black and wearing gaudy feather headdresses, shuffle about the fires with a monotonous guttural chant. I could describe’ their daily life in detail, for I was for a short time a similar captive- guest among the Carajas, on the Island of Bananal. The Araguaya River flowed by the village, and offered escape to the Amazon. In the wilderness north of the River of Deata, Col. Fawcett has no such opportunity. UT now let’s look ahead a few months. One morning as Col. Fawcett wanders about the village, he notices suddenly an alert restlessness among the Indians. Their wonder- fully sensitive ears have caught a distant drone, faint but increasing, which in another moment he himself hears. The naked brown bodies become rigid; the black eyes probe apprehensively the jungle foliage. The drone becomes an appalling roar. The Indians per- ceive a monstrous white bird swooping low over the tree tops and singing a terrible song. Instantly, with cries of abject horror, the entire population of the village flees into the fastnesses of the jungle. Fawcett and his com- panions, left unguarded, rush to a clearing, in a wild demonstration to catch the eye of the circling airman. Or, if there is no clearing, they raise smoke signals through the foliage. Com- mander Dyott’s airplane has found them. This is the only solution that I see to the mystery of Col. Fawcett’s disappearance. It has been part of Commander Dyott’s project from the start to use an airplane in his relief expedition. An overland party cannot pick up the trail; even Fawcett’s camp sites will have been obliterated. The scouting airman can detect the location of Indian villages—and they are not numer- ous—by definite signs. The wigwams will be obscured by foliage, but there will be a near-by clearing, a few dugout canoes and the smoke of fires rising through the foliage. Spotting his villages, the airman will circle over them as I have suggested, and from one or another at last he will receive the signs that reveal Col. Fawcett’s presence. The ground party, notified by radio or, if that is wanting, by the return of the plane, will push through to the village. And when it reaches the scene of Col. Fawcett’s imprisonment, the plane will arrive again, sending the savages once more far into the jungle. And I can imagine Dyott striding up and paraphrasing Stanley’s words: “Col. 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March, 1928 Triumphs of Radio’s ‘‘Hams”’ (Continued from page 40) Tonight? See you later—best regards.” “Wouff hongs” annoyed the early oper- ators. On the authority of the League, the name wouff hong is a typically garbled, unin- telligible phrase from an inexpert dot and dash operator, and its real significance is the local interference that has all but disappeared with the abolition, except for emergency, of the old-fashioned, sputtering spark set. “Hams conceived the wouff hong as a mythical, air- lurking beast whose staticlike growls disrupted transmission. ; At last, in 1922, an American amateur, 1BCG, of Greenwich, Conn., transmitted the first amateur trans-Atlantic message, and ten other amateurs were also heard by eight British “hams’’—all this with extremely low power—less than a kilowatt—and with grass- hopper-sized antennae. — ; For the first time in history, on the evening of November 17, 1924, two amateurs on oppo- site sides of the Atlantic were talking with each other. Station 1MO, in West Hartford, Conn., heard a radio flash from Leon Deloy at station 8AB, in Nice, France. He replied and for two hours they conversed. Now the international amateurs use conventional signals, such as “QRK,” meaning, “I am receiving well,” while they brush up on their foreign languages. N 1925 Hiram Percy Maxim, noted inventor and President of the American Radio Relay League, went to France and suggested formation of the International Amateur Radio Union, which elected him its president. In November of that year the first international amateur call list was published. Now new tests commenced. The amateurs had been relegated to what commercial com- panies considered waves of no value, such as those below two hundred meters. But these low waves in the amateurs’ skillful hands proved the most efficient of all for long distance. The “hams”’ soon were able to use as short wave lengths as twenty to forty meters to talk around the world! This was the stage setting when the Inter- national Radio Telegraphic Conference met recently in Washington, D. C., to settle all the new problems, and, incidentally, to decide the fate of amateurs. America knew the value of amateur radio, and the United States was the amateurs’ friend. Secretary of Commerce Hoover commended them. Canada, Australia, and South Africa, where amateurs were power- ful, were friendly. But broadcasting stations of other countries were greedy for the very waves the amateurs had developed. HE Conference's recent decision is an amazing, unprecedented endorsement of the amateur. Now the radio amateur has inter- national status and recognition. Radio “hams” the world over have the exclusive use of two of the most useful low wave bands, strips at their regular wave lengths of twenty and forty meters —which are forbidden to commercial and even to Government stations! Besides receiving the right to share two wide bands used largely for radio phones instead of dot-and-dash trans- mitters, amateurs are given, too, the free use of all waves below thirteen meters. In this dark, unexplored region of radio they hope to make new advances as striking as those of the past. Already their international tests are under way with waves as short as five meters! Through a countrywide investigation POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY is now able to present first-hand information upon the real status of amateur aviation. Read next month the facts disclosed by the first authoritative survey of the airplane’s practical use as any man’s business or pleasure vehicle. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY § “4° @ &F P| . J } . ‘ : te 141 Judge the Radio Receiver you are about to buy, on these Three Essentials! I Value 2 Advancement a A good sign of which = is in the answer to the question, “How do they eliminate A beautifully toned z batteries?” receiver ; for as $ 6 0° little as Do not confuse the Day-Fan Junior at this remarkable price with any other receiver on the market, because you will find by listening to it that the tone quality, even of this small in- strument is distinctively Day-Fan—which means the voice of the speaker, the sound of the musical instrument—"‘like open- ing the door of the studio while the broad- casting is going on.” ad + ae et as wht PRET & f $ Saran A Not only does Day- Fan eliminate batteries by the use of AC tubes, but also by an entirely new method—a small compact motor and gen- erator connected with the light socket. With this equipment you can go off and leave your radio for six months at a time—and when you come home, just turn it on, and in floods the broadcasting. They say Day-Fan is a year ahead —hear one of the many models yourself and you will know why! ey Each star on this map is a great broadcasting station using a Day-Fan Radio to test the tone of the programs it is sending out. Does anyone know as much about radio as the broadcasting stations that produce it? Day- Fan is their choice. Judge the radio re- ceiver you are about to buy on these three es- sentials, so that youcan get from your radio e — the full joy of the great broadcast- ing which is now on the air. Booklet on re- quest. Address DAY-FAN ELECTRIC CO. Dept. P.S.7 Dayton, Ohio The Radio Receiver Used by Great Broadcasting \v_ Stations to Test the Tone of Their Own Programs A definite program for getting ahead financially will be found on page four of this issue. Be a Radio Salesman Earn$3,000 to$10,000 l Impoved- tone fidelity, clarity, sensitivity ~by auto- kee IS] constant, despite “A” battery variations. Over 10,000 music and radio stores all over the U. S, need trained men to sell new electric phonographs and radios, greatcst musical in- ventions of the age. We guarantee to teach you by home-study course. Mentrained by us now earn $3,000 to $10,000 a year, We put you in touch with positions allover U.S. Fascin- ating work. No previous experience neces- sary. Your training under personal direction of C, H. Mansfield, for 15 years one of the most successful and best known sales ical instr in the U.S. lan end 4 by lead ph ph ¢ Write today for FREE folder “Rich Return from Radie and Phono- eraph Salesmanship,” 1nd details of positions now open. Radio and Phonograph Salesmanship Institute 1031 So. Broadway ee - 4 Los Angeles, Calif. gers of PERITE ‘The “SELF-ADJUSTING” Rheastat eliminates hand rheostats. Simplifies wir cescatalw thButtcryEliminators Accept only Amperite. $1.10 mounted (U.S.A.) =_— "A rite ERSE; mpe and data. © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. 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142 45) Proven Parts That Are Popular With Set Builders provides the ideal resistance for B-eliminators requiring fixed resis- tors of permanent resistance value. Not affected by age, temperature or humidity, Will not deteriorate in service. provides accurate plate voltage control for B- eliminators. Used exten- sively by B- eliminator manufacturers. . Not affected by time or moisture. A variable grid leak that assures the ideal grid leak value. Easily in- stalled on any set. Enables operator to get the best possible results with any tube. This pioneer in filament control of radio tubes is still mighty popu- lar. Provides noiseless, step- less filament control for all tubes. Try a Bradleystat on your next set. Electric Controlling Apparatus MILWAUKEE, ONSIN POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY March, 19% He Rebuilt His House and Saved $6000 (Continued from page 72) two and a quarter inches wide, the usual ran- dom lengths. Of course I put on the oak at right angles to the old boards. As to thick- ness, I used seven-eighths-inch downstairs and half-inch upstairs. The thinner stuff up- stairs was not to save money but to avoid too much pounding lest it damage the plaster ceilings below. Oak is tough and takes some hammering.” “T guess you used the regular flooring nails?” “No, I got square-cut galvanized nails, eightpenny for downstairs and fourpenny for up. Square nails are more difficult to handle and to avoid splitting the wood, but they hold better. After the floors were laid, I scraped them by hand, put on two coats of shellac and finished with wax. Incidentally, I saved about two cents a square foot on my oak by buying it in winter when the lumber trade is slack and prices are lower. This saving paid for the material in one room.” = OW about that old plaster you were afraid to jar?” “Oh, that lime plaster is more solid than you'd think. It hangs together because of the hair it contains and it is about twice as thick as a good deal of modern plaster. It runs to an inch and a half. It will stay for another genera- tion or two. “The roofing is asphalt shingle over two-ply asphalt roll roofing with sheathing boards uaderneath. “T took out the old warm air furnace and put in a steam boiler with a single pipe return system. It serves both families. A water heat- ing device is connected with it. “We have two electric voltages, 220 and 110. The formc: is metered separately for electric stoves—each family has one—and for other power uses, like a washing machine. You know there is a special low rate for a power line. The lower voltage takes care of the light- ing and has its own meter. All electric and heating bills are divided.” To bring water to the house from a main 600 feet distant, the water company asked a dollar a foot for digging trench and about the same for two-inch pipe. (The extra size of pipe allows for distance and for future contin- gencies.) The owner decided that a little pick-and-shovel work would be agreeable and credited himself with a saving of $600. He bought galvanized pipe and connected it him- self. It cost less than $300. The total saving was $900. However, it must be said that the water company pipe, being a new alloy cast iron, is a superior material. A TWO-CAR garage with cement floor and with steam heat, light and water obtained from the house, completed the improvements. A builder estimated the garage to cost $720. The owner did it himself for $120, partly by using surplus material that had been lying around. “Some day,” I said, “there may be an argu- ment over the coal and electric bills.” Joseph Penka laughed. “I expected that one. The steam pipes are laid out so that, on short notice, I could put in another boiler and let the other family do what they pleased. It is the same with the electrical wiring. I can have separate meters installed.” Perfumed Anesthetic Is Latest THER masks scented with perfume are the latest surgical novelty, according to Dr. Gohrbrandt, German physician. The nauseating smell of the anesthetic is said to be eliminated, and the patients go quietly to sleep in comfort. Women, particularly blondes, are as a rule much better at receiving anesthesia than-men, declares an American dental expert. “WANTED —A Clarinet Player” Today the demand for clarinet; exceeds all others. hen you an play a clarinet there’s a good posi- tion ready for you—and real fun! Take this joy, pleasure and spare time profits this year, playing clarinet. It’s easy to learn to play a PAN-AMERICAN A few lessons and you can play a tune. Directly you are ready for a band or orchestra. Delightful for intimate fireside concerts. Be leader by playing the clarinet, the “violin of the band.” PLAY —. pan-amenicay, the only high-grade, factory guaran- teed clarinet made which is moderate in price, to fit your pocketbook. Free trial offer and an easy payment plan to suit you—WRITE TODAY! Pan-American Band Instrument and Case Co, Elkhart, Indiana A SS ATE NRE RE oe Se eee ae Pan-American Band Inst. & C Co., Dept. M-1, Elkhart, Indiana | Please send me illustrated catalog and details on (name of instrument) —_—_—__——,, Without obligation ) ee ke rere l ...and then the program stopped! RIGHT in the middle of the Eveready Hour. A good pro- gram. Andthen .. . noth- ing! I got my flashlight and went over everything. Found a broken lead-in. Fixed it. Everything jake again. I wouldn’t know what to do without a good flashlight. And I wouldn't use anything but genuine Eveready Bat- teries—the same make I have on my “B” circuit. Eveready Batteries make a flashlight come through with light, every time. Get the flashlight habit. It’s scientific . . . and sen- sible! The Handy Tool for the Handy Man oH ‘TIP 20,FOR RADIA’ wori TWP 26, LARCE FLAME 7 — ar TIP 23. FOR HEATING Use with Ss ite SOLDERING COPPER preg ing tee ty TPS 20428 TORIT TORCH No. 23 connected to your Presto auto tank will do soldering, radiator repairing, lead burning, and numerous smal jobs. No fussing and no lost time. Uses acetylene a No air or oven mg Torch No. 23 with four tips, soldering copper, hose and connection for Presto auto tank: $7.50 ST.PAUL WELDING & MFG. C9. 169 W. 3d St.. St. Paul, Minn: © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner aivertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8 LA, parch, 1 Jumber, nor sO River ¢ It’s a ¢ but it’s facts: float. 1 tions, | mills a carry t The steam-| and Ne lions 0 the fre: driving woods countr: toward —driv logs st dollars carry | boulde the los U1 tl soul. | appeti y in mC or Engla crews Wh 6 good great Some in gre: spring out th ways ance and a in an “| away woulc

Page 141

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march, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY

Romance Jams the Log, Jams (Continued from page 25) lumberjack for camp—were neither so tough nor so heroic as the lumberjacks of fiction. River driving is a business, not a melodrama. It’s a colorful and often an exciting business, put it’s a business built on these three solid facts: Water will run downhill. Logs will float. With anything like decent water condi- tions, logs can be driven from the woods to the mills a lot cheaper than any railroad could carry them. ; The business men at mahogany desks in steam-heated offices in Montreal and Portland and New York who pull the strings that send mil- lions of logs rushing down northern rivers on the freshets of May and June do not think log driving is a declining business. Each year the woods crews must go deeper into the back country for their logs, so the tendency is toward longer drives and more efficient drives —drives that move faster and leave fewer logs stranded. Each year many thousands of dollars are spent improving the rivers that carry their drives—blasting away troublesome boulders, and building heavy crib work to keep the logs running free in the channels. UT about these dollar-and-cents details the lumberjack refuses to fret his carefree soul. He toils and eats his beans with a mighty appetite, and when the drive is down spends his pay in the time-honored fashion of his kind. Conditions vary with localities, but in New England and eastern Canada the cutting crews fell trees from September until spring. When winter snow makes what old Joe calls ‘“good slippin’”’ for sled runners, teams haul great loads of the logs to the frozen streams. Some are “landed” on the ice; more are piled in great “rollways” on the steep banks. When spring comes the break-up of the ice carries out the “landed” logs. Breaking out the roll- ways is a dangerous and spectacular perform- ance that demands a clear head, quick wits, and agile body. Many a lumberjack has died in an unexpected cascade of logs. “I mind once,” said old Joe, “I was pokin’ away at the key log of a rollway and she wouldn’t budge. I got mad and hooked my peavy into that old log and pulled for all I was worth. Out she came and the whole kit and caboodle of logs came down on top of me. Get hurt? Not me! Not a one of them tetched me. While the boys were lookin’ for my remains to them. Most surprised bunch ever I seen.” Most interesting is the Androscoggin River drive that starts in the Rangeley Lakes district of Maine and ends at the mills of Berlin, New Hampshire. It isn't long as drives go, but in its fifty-odd miles it includes almost every variety of log driving. HE bulk of the logs handled on this drive are cut on the shores of Lower Richardson Lake, southernmost of the beautiful Rangeley chain of lakes. These logs are chained into great rafts and towed down the lake into Rapid River. Old Joe took me to see the logs sluiced through the dam into the river. The blue water of the lake was carpeted for the space of several city blocks with bobbing logs confined and controlled by long booms of logs chained end to end. Over this shifting floor lumber- jacks gay with bright checked shirts skipped nimbly, the calks—half-inch steel spikes—of their driving boots giving them momentary footholds. On the dam other lumberjacks, armed with pickpoles, waited. Then the sluice-gate was raised, and the lake water, a good seven feet above its normal level, rushed through the narrow opening and leaped roaring twenty feet down to the rocky bed of Rapid River. On this water rode the van- guard of the drive—four-foot pulp logs that were carried down like (Continued on page 151)

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144 © B By,4. $1.00 to $7.00 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Hour for Your Full or Spare Time or Full y's at once. Avenue, you with n my t awe Institute, outfit at once. ams. ear, 844 W. Ad: our your own *Hept. 12, sex. two York me your how your home Oil. ee yon nts, ig petra com ons. f you write quick. New York. easy. Cigar Stores new made Extra box one dollar to name by mail. N. Y. If IT’S NOT HERE WRITE US! Here 1s a new service If you are write P. St., New to please to cover cost Pick Your Money-Making Opportunities Now! TO SQUARE-DEAL ADVERTISERS ONLY We over A 5,008 wonh of every you dor Levaeses on the basts of “satisfac- or money back" write us, rates in this and other magazines New York Classified Service, 9 East ew , etc., of wearing sume, a, SE Amaz steady today for Kit — Clothing or n. B har own use. ‘extile Company, attention, Gale Co., DISTRICT MANAGERS write or wire worsted 75 to free. We March, 1% ore to couch Cotas one eam Ay F... +e radio, Gut help A any any ‘kind of Beate will help you find what" Su 10c. to cover T cost of postage of prominent school expert. ae PCS., 9 East 46th 8. New Lc SCHOOLS Home Study and Resident at com: easy way. 1. to to eeks 8 regular P Job. as f uplis £0 mail we MONEY SAVING DEPT. “*A bargain or your money back”’ For special service, please mention name of this magazine when ordering Send . for Five Issues of F: umor, a weekly ma "\lustrations and jokes Newsstand pri pe aes. Fren en A mB. oe GS more works on any up yn y. Thous: only’ $4: 05leas than a set -00 with order. 95 “ie few cents Co., 3242 Boudinot, “Valley only for not Razor of $1 you spare tested earning a Muil Fisher, or from no money. not delighted. Brooklyn, March, 1928 ee Re match sti the rock-s ly for a 2 Jessly on k the men to keep th ning free, sort. As’ was manr and the b herding tl Soon the into the t Follow miles dov quietly i In in charge rocess W crew take but on tl other big sections, which hu lets the ¢ After water dr Umbago; Androsct through white ws fore they WA un been,” starter ¢ back ac it’s hard scoggin and on Maurice moccasi boots o1 to do th bateaus somethi and ste darndes in a dro of Indi: white 1 They ce “Yo workin’ mosqui in sum! the ‘ we

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rch, 194 PaSige & rails i ail | a ficdil slated is Hill Fine patel AE IsBEE! el #282 il 2EREH i *$- S58 & g PcEEsEs "Reeea! PRGRESage] Sag) * | | MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION 151 March, 1928 Romance Jams the Log Jams (Continued from page 143) match sticks, long saw logs that crashed on the rock-strewn river bed, up-ended rebellious- ly for a moment, then too were carried help- lessly on by the unleashed water. On the dam the men with pickpoles worked like demons to keep the logs end-on to the current and run- ning free, for a sluiceway jam is the meanest sort. As the boom began to empty a windlass was manned, with much shouting and singing, and the boom logs drawn in toward shore, thus herding the outlying logs toward the sluiceway. Soon the desired number had passed through into the river, and the gate was lowered. Following this section of the drive three miles down river, we found the logs floating quietly in deep water behind Middle Dam, and in charge of a new crew. There the sluicing process was repeated. Sometimes a single drive crew takes the logs from the woods to the mills, but on the Androscoggin drive, and on most other big ones, the dams divide the river into sections, each manned by its own crew, which hustles the logs to the next dam and then lets the other fellows do the worrying. After six miles of the roughest sort of white water driving, Rapid River hurls the logs into Umbagog Lake and they are towed into the Androscoggin River. The logs are sluiced through several dams, and there is plenty of white water driving on the Androscoggin be- fore they reach Berlin. until the rheumatism made me a has- n,’ volunteered old Joe as he spun the starter of the outboard motor and we started back across Umbagog. “It’s a tough life, but it’s hard to keep away from it. On the Andro- scoggin and the Diamonds I’ve driven logs— and on the big ‘moccasin drive’ up in the St. Maurice country in Quebec. They call it the moccasin because you never see a pair of calked boots on it. Those Canadians up that way like to do their driving from canoes and them there bateaus of theirs—big flat-bottomed boats something like a dory, but with higher bows and sterns, that can go whoopin’ through the darndest rapids you ever saw without takin’ ina drop of water. Those f2llers—there’s a lot of Indian blood in most of ’em—are the best white water boatmen you'll find anywhere. They can make a canoe sit up and talk. “You been in that country? It’s tough workin’ there—dead cold in winter, and mosquitoes and black flies to drive you crazy insummer. Up there they don’t call the forests the ‘woods’ or the ‘brush.’ They call ’em the ‘bush.’ Fellers say they’re goin’ into the bush just like a sailor says he’s goin’ to sea. And it’s just as easy to get lost in the bush as it is to get lost at sea. I’ve heard a pack of wolves howlin’ not ten miles from La Tuque, the biggest town there—the jumpin’ off place for the bush. The same company that runs this drive here on the Androscoggin has a big pulp mill there, and owns timber limits up the St. Maurice. “How do those companies know which logs belong to them? That’s easy. A brand is cut in both ends of every log. Up above La Tuque the company I worked for has the first sorting gap on the river. A long boom stretches across the river, and in that boom there’s left a narrow gap. There’s a platform built there above water level, and men working on it work the logs crosswise to the current, so the cleats on the endless chain of a power conveyor pick them up. On a higher platform sorters look at the brands. Logs that have their company’s brand they push off into the -water, where they are held by booms until the pulp-crushers of the La Tuque mill need them. The con- veyor throws the other logs back into the river ‘T WAS.at this drivin’ game for forty years, bee I Will Train You at Home to fill, Big Fay Job! Look What These Cooke Trained Men are Earning Makes $700 in 24 Days in Radio “‘Thanks to your interest- ing Course I made over $700 in 24 days in Radio, Of course, this is a little above the average but I run from $10 to $40 clear profit every day; you can see what your training has done for me,”’ FRED G. McNABB, 848 Spring St.,Atlanta,Ga. $70 to$8s0a Week for Jacquot **Now I am specializing in autoelectricity and battery getting started. I don’t be- eve there is another school in | the world like yours. Your les- sons are a real joy to study.’’ ROBERT JACQUOT, 2005 W. Colorado Ave., Colorado Springs, Colo. $20 a Day for Schreck **Use my name asa refer- me ence and depend on me as a 5) booster, The biggest thing lever did was answer your advertisement, I am aver- aging better than $500 a month from my own busi- ness now. i to make a week. ” A. SCHRECK, hoenix, Ari $3500 A Year For Beckett “When I began with you I was just acommon laborer, going from one job to another, working for any- thing I could get, and that wasn't much. Now my sal- ary is $3500 a year and the Company furnishes me with an ene Cc. O. cCKETT, 108 Maple Heights, New Lexington, Ohio See other letters telling of men’s success in my FREE BOOK WONDERFUL WORKING (olUh d th esr. Given without, *) It’s a shame for you to earn $15 or $20 or $30 a week, when in the same six days as trained electrical man you could make $60 to $100—and do it easier—not work half so hard. Why then remain in the small-pay game, in a line of work that offers no chance, no big promotion, no big income? Fit yourself for a real job in the great electrieal industry. - I’ll show you how. e Get Into ELECTRICITY Eann $60 to $100 wiex Today even the ordinary Electrician—the “screw driver” kind—is making big money. But it’s the trained man—the man who knows the whys and wherefores of Electricity who is picked out to “boss” the ordinary Electricians on jobs that pay $3000 to $5000 a year. Get in line for one of these “Big Jobs.” Start by enrolling now for my easily learned, quickly grasped, right-up-to-the-minute, Spare-Time Home-Study Course in Practical Electricity. Age or Lack of Experience No Drawback You don’t have to be a College Man, you don’t have to be a High School Graduate. I know exactly the kind of training you need and I will give you that training. My course in Electricity is simple, a and complete, and offers every man, regardless of age, education or previ- ous experience, the chance to make from $60 to $100 a week. No Extra Charge for Electrical Working Outfit With me, you do practical work—at home. You start right in after your first few lessons to work at your profession in the regular way and make extra money in your spare time. For this you need tools, and I give them to you—5 big complete working outfits, with tools, measur- ing instruments and a real electric motor. Satisfaction or Your Money Back L. L. COOKE Chief Engineer So sure am I that after studying with me, you, too, can get into the “big money” class in Electrical work, that I will agree in writing to return every single penny paid me in tuition, if, when you have finished my Course, you are not satisfied it was the best investment you ever made. And back of me in my guarantee, stands a $2,000,000 institution. below the booms, and they float on down- DL cdicsececcncceischechatebeeRakbeted (dese neepeae ccecececes os-0cce ssieee stream. 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A. c. 1 l 1 Hinton: Send me your FREE 4 Book telling how you train men right at home for i Aviation. 1 | ! j eer es eee MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION Romance Jams the Log Jams (Continued from page 151) lumberjacks aren’t what they used to be,” I commented. “How are they different?” “Well,” said old Joe, “there’s a different class of men in the business. Used to be a man was a lumberjack and nothin’ else. He worked in the woods all winter, and on the drives in the spring, and then when he’d get paid off he’d go on a bender for a couple of weeks, and then loaf until September, and go into the woods owing the company money for his outfit. But a good many of the fellers that work on the drives now-a-days are just laborers from the big cities. They don’t take any pride in their business. Get their money and get back to the cities. “But the real lumberjacks still spend their money pretty freely. Some of them blow it on booze and a good time. But the younger fel- lers don’t do that so much. Clothes is their delight. Say, some of ’em will come off the drives, and without waitin’ to take a bath even will get rigged up in an outfit fit for a city dude. Maybe they’re more moral than we used to be, but they ain’t as good at breakin’ down a jam, with the white water clutchin’ at their legs, and death hangin’ over their heads. No, sir!”’ A New Brood of Lindberghs (Continued from page 30) with him and if they, too, report his case hope- less, he is “‘ washed out.” Promotion to solo flying brings the reward of two flights a day—half an hour alone and then half an hour with the instructor, learning new maneuvers for the next day’s practice. The beginning of soloing brings the most thrilling experiences of all, but cadets are for- bidden stunt flying. On a clear day this rule can be enforced easily enough, but when the clouds hang low it isn’t so easy. Along with his primary training in flight, the cadet has devoted part of each day to technical training on the ground. He has studied the airplane engine until he is thor- oughly familiar with every part. He has mas- tered details of the rigging of airplanes. He has learned the principles of navigation and how to use navigating instruments. He knows how to send and receive signals by radio, and has practiced communication by hand and light signals and carrier pigeons. Even meteorology and some astronomy have been learned. T THE end of eight months he completes his primary training, and is a full-fledged flyer. There remain four months of intensive military training in the Advanced Flying School at Kelly Field, San Antonio. There he handles every type of service plane, from the speedy little pursuit ship to the giant multi-engined bomber. He practices military formations and evolutions, flying wing to wing with his com- rades at 150 miles an hour. He flies through fog and storm, and tries his ingenuity at mak- ing forced landings in tight places. Perhaps, even, he experiences his first forced parachute jump, as did Lindbergh during his cadet days. Not the least of his achievements is the abil- ity to fire a machine gun and hit a target from his swiftly moving ship. At the end of a year he has flown for more than 200 hours. He is an expert pilot, equipped to meet any emergency. Graduating, he re- ceives the commission of second lieutenant in the Air Corps Reserve, subject always to the call to active duty, and is in line for a com- mission in the Air Corps of the Regular Army. Whatever calling he may choose to follow, the year of strenuous effort and adventure has accomplished a two-fold purpose. It has raised him to a place of leadership in the ranks of aviation, and it has added new strength to the nation’s air defenses, 1928 ATLAS Given to readers of this magazine who take advantage of this offer now madein connec. tion with Webster's New International Dictionary ™;Mer= The “‘Supreme Authority” A complete reference library in dictionary form, with 3000 pages and type matter equiva. lent to a 15-volume encyclopedia, all in a Single volume, can now be yours on the following remarkably easy terms: The entire work (with 1928 ATLAS) Delivered for $1.00 and easy monthly payments thereafter (op approved orders in United States and Can. ada). You will probably prefer the beautiful India-Paper Edition which is Reduced About One-Halt in thickness and weight as com- pared with the Regular Paper Edition over 408,000 Vocabulary Terms and in addi. tion, 12,000 Biographical Names, nearly 32,000 Geographical Subjects, 3,000 pages, 6,000 illustrations. 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_X Autome n that March, 1928 MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION

ee scttechipe on Wheels (Continued from page 46) soon afterward German shells began dropping both. a A next clear day another’ German buz- d night for forty-eight hours or there- ay aa 4 and 5 got the worst of it. First rmans resumed Gerowille and its bridge over the Meuse, near our position. Some of the shells struck within twenty or thirty feet of our berthing cars. EXT day, the 28th, three of our men were N badiy wounded. It was now almost November, and the Meuse valley was rainy our powder. If it got too cold, it lost its punch and wouldn’t drive the shells so far. We decided to steam heat the ammunition cars and Gun 5 started to try it out. Steam-fitters among their versatile crew started to lay a steam pipe line from the locomotive into an ammunition car. They were working out in the open when a shell landed and hit A. P. Sharpe, K. W. Guthrie and A. J. Burdette. We sent them to the Army hospital at Glorieux. Next day Sharpe died, first of the crews of our battleships on wheels to be killed by the Germans. The others recovered. On the day Sharpe died his gun, 5, started with 3 and 4 to even up by firing ten shots each into a mass of German troops concen- trating at Mangiennes, about 26,000 yards away. Next morning Gun 2, back from the Laon front, reached Charny, about three miles nearer the Germans than Thierville. From there we fired our first shots at Mont- medy, six, at 37,382 yards. The gobs went through a German bombardment while firing. Shells landed between the gun and berthing cars and killed three American engineers working on our track. They blew the headquarters car and one berthing car off the track, but we got them back. But there was fun, too. Souvenirs were plenti- ful. Pretty soon we began to look like a war museum. I got a derelict French box car and put a gob in charge who took all souvenirs and issued checks. Thank God, the Germans never hit that car. Liberty parties brought little stoves from deserted Verdun. Everything was all right until an Army general came around inspecting and asked where the stoves came from. “General,” I said, “the weather is getting wintry. A few days ago we had a heavy storm, and it just rained stoves. We shut all doors and windows, but a few stoves blew in somehow.” The general said no more. | ged Marshal Foch was planning another great thrust to envelop Metz and throw a French and American force under our old friend Mangin and Lieut. General R. L. Bul- lard into German Lorraine, and on to the Rhine. Guns 1 and 2 were sent south and were ready to shell two important railroad centers, Bensdorf and Saarburg, when the armistice came November 11. That was because of the great success of the general offensive starting November 1, in which Guns 3,4 and 5 played a valuable part. At dawn that morning they started firing, and Gun 2 joined in for a while. Eighty-one of our great shells fell that day upon the two vital junctions of Montmedy and Longuyon. The Germans tried to use the railroads to the utmost, in reinforcing their wavering front, and our shells fell just when and where they were needed. We fired an even hundred next day. The doughboys had broken the German center, and were pushing straight for Sedan. Now or never they needed support, and our battleships

| nition, and we got

on wheels gave it. We sent for more ammu- (Continued on page 15+)

gard came over, and then we got a bad dose | zard dropped bombs near 4, then the | the bus : their bombardment of | and raw. We were afraid weather had affected | 153

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154 “What’s Andy Blair Doing Now?” Bill—“‘Haven’t you heard? He’s the new sales-manager for Hess & Schoble and they say his salary is $7500 a year.” Tom—“He certainly has come up fast. He wasn’t getting over $50 a week the last time I saw him. How’d he do it?” Bill—“‘Took up a course with the I. C.S. and studied at night. That’s why the old crowd hasn’t seen so much of him in the last few years. I wish I’d had the sense to do it too. I’d be making mére money -right now if I had.” Why don’t you study and get ready for promotion too? We'll be glad to help. you if you will only make the start. And the way to do that is easy. Choose the work you like best in the coupon be- low; then mark and mail it to the International Correspondence Schools today. This doesn’t obligate you in the least, but it will bring you information that will help to start you on a successful career. This is your opportunity. Don’t let it slip by. Mail the Coupon for Free Booklet me ee ee ee ee eee INTERNATIONAL CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOLS “The Universac University”’ Box 7665-E, Seranton, Penna. Without cost or obligation, picase send me @ copy of your booklet, “‘Whe Wins and Why,” and full particulars about the subject before which I have marked X: Industrial Management Business Correspondence Personnel Management Show Card and Sign Traffic Management ttering Accounting and C.P.A, Stenography and Typing i ivil Service Coaching r Cost Accounting Railway Mail Clerk Bookkeeping Common School Subjects Salesmanship High School Subjects 0 Secretarial Work Magazine and Book CJ Spanish French Illustrator (J Advertising O Cartooning TECHNICAL AND INDUSTRIAL COURSES Architect Architects’ Blueprints Contractor and Builder Architectural Draftsman Concrete Builder Structural Engineer Chemistry 0 Pharmacy Automobile Work Airplane Engines Shop Practice Positions Gas Engine Operating Civil Engineer Surveying and Mapping Metallurgy 0 Mining culture and Poultry Steam Engineering [1 Radio thematics Diasec ncicactnadborsittnditenserssacsesecsesscenmumieccncseeesees sesacocees IE II occ cnccecctsieapensnnsaccssassantiontennvesecteentnesasneenaeecscenest Occupation gg EE eneahenenes ide in Canada, send this coupon to the Interna- ional Dorr os di Schools Canadi Ltmited, Montreal No matter what you are doing now, you can earn $100 a week if you will let me show you how to sell tailored-to-meas- ure all wool quality suits for $23.50 and $31.50. Complete selling outfit abso- lutely FREE. Liberal commissions paid in advance—extra bonus money—steady income from repeat orders. All you do is sell—we deliver and collect. A won- derful opportunity for ambitious men. Write NOW for choice territory. MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION W. Z. GIBSON, Inc., 500 Throop St., Dept. Q-521 Chicago Our Battleships on Wheels (Continued from page 153) enough, though none too much. We had brought to France powder and shells for 300 shots by each gun, 1500 shots in all. We had fired nearly half and not all the rest was at the front. On November 3, while Guns 1 and 2 were preparing to leave for the Metz attack, and 3 and 5 doing work necessary before firing again, there came a hurry call to fire on two smaller junctions at Louppy and Remoiville, respectively some 29,000 and 28,000 yards, where our aviators reported German troops concentrating. A German aviator over Gun 4 watched the whole process. That evening shells came close and fragments struck the headquarters car. Gun 4 opened the ball between 1:30 and 3:50 the morning of November 4, dropping shells into Montmedy. German shells fell close again, and G. F. Burke was slightly wounded. Meantime Gun 3 had sneaked up to Charny at two o clock in the morning and fired fifty- six shots into the railroad yards and at the tunnel at Montmedy. Ensign W. C. Davis checked the aiming angles O. K., and Lieut. W. G. Smith, commanding Gun 3, was sure he had done something. He had. The lower yards at Montmedy were in flames. Our battleships on wheels were officially credited. Brigadier General Hugh A. Drum, Chief of Staff of the First Army, wanted us especially to cave in the mouth of the tunnel. It was a small target, but on November 5 Gun 3 threw fifty shells into the town and yards. On Nov- ember 6 ammunition was lacking. Next day the firing at our favorite target commenced again. Then came the beginning of the end. As General Pershing puts it: . E HAD cut the enemy’s main line of communications. Recognizing that nothing but a cessation of hostilities could save his armies from complete disaster, he appealed for an immediate armistice on Nov- ember 6.” But Marshal Foch didn’t quite trust the enemy, and the Allied Armies kept closing their jaws and we kept on dropping our great shells into Longuyon, Montmedy and Man- giennes. We got off fifty-five shots and spent most of November 10 waiting for ammunition. The next morning the war ended, and we sent over ten black periods to mark finis. They were all fired from Guns 4 and 5 upon Lon- guyon. Gun 5 stopped firing at 10:56, four minutes before the Armistice, Gun 4's last shot was fired two minutes later. Seaman James A. Kaffka worked the firing key. It was all fig- ured out that the shell would land a few seconds before 11 o'clock, just under the wire. We gave the primer to Admiral Earle, who had first launched the idea of the battleships on wheels on November 12, 1917, just a day over one year before. During our firing in the greatest American battle, there had never been an American air- plane to spot for us. The Intelligence Service had sometimes sent us reports of results, and a German prisoner said he had seen one of our shells blow up a troop train, but as soon as possible we went to see results for ourselves. Lieut. Hayden, a professor at the University of Michigan, on November 12 went over to Montmedy, through the German lines. The French people in Montmedy greeted him as their saviour after four years of captivity. One shell had hit the headquarters of the Seventh German Army and killed or wounded twenty-eight of the staff. We had hit the tunnel three times, but had been unable to cave it in. That was because the delayed action fuses had not yet come from the States. The next day Commander Bunkley and I went to Louppy and Re- moiville and found (Continued on page 155) Practical educators for all Engineers, Firemen, Machinists, ‘Electricians and engineer students. Eight valuable, up-to- ? date Guides treating on : ee Gouy and practice ,2.~ of modern i ing i all its anche. 7 >> ; RES J A COMPLETE HOME STUDY COURSE AND REFERENCE LIBRARY 8 pocket numbers with Ready Reference Index.8754 pages. 4750 illustrations. to read. Highly endorsed. A good help in securing Engineer’s License. Price 312: terms, $1 per month. Free Trial. INFORMATION: — In A Handy Form. 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Page 147

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March, 1928

————s Our Battleships on Wheels (Continued from page 154) shell holes about thirty-three feet in ae and eight to eleven deep, two right in a former ammunition dump and most of the rest within effective reach of the railroad bridge midway between these two towns. _ We had cut the main German strategic rail- road in the decisive stage of the greatest battle in American or world history. General Pershing wrote me after the Armistice: “Permit me to express to you and to the you my sincere appreciation of the very efficient manner in which they coéperated with the artillery of the A. E. F. oe “Your command has performed a distinctly important service, and I found you at all times eager to carry out our plans in a true spirit of speration. out should be very glad to have you express to all concerned my sincere thanks and appre- ciation for the work accomplished.” PASSED on this praise with interest, to | those who well deserved it, Commander Bunkley, Commander Schuyler and all the other officers and men who helped so loyally. Well, the war was over. Now for Peace and Home. We went back to Haussimont and the night of November 23 we had a big movie show and on the spur of the moment, I talked a little to the men. “After our experience,” I said, “there will never come into my mind any question about the American manhood meeting any situa- tion. After we had finished the Battle of St. Nazaire I knew this outfit would go to Berlin and nothing would stop them—but the Germans have given in and we are going home. “Tn all our joys and gaieties, in connection with this performance here, we must not forget those men of this force who started out just as full of this as we did, but who have fallen by the wayside. It is not possible for a bunch of people to tackle all the things we have tackled without somebody getting hurt. But I am happy to say that all three of these men were hurt directly in the line of duty. They are: “C. G. Russell, lost in Philadelphia. “Thomas E. Price, died at Mailly from walk- ing typhoid. “A. P. Sharpe, killed at Thierville by a German shell. ’ “T ask you all to rise and sing with me that famous old hymn, ‘Abide with Me.’ ”’ One thing all those gobs wanted before they went home was a good look at Paris, and I thought they had it coming. The Parisians, too, wanted to see our big guns that they had heard about, so on November 28 my flagship train put off for St. Nazaire—via Paris—and the five gun trains came along after. We drew crowds that stared as if now they began to understand why the Germans had quit. N DECEMBER 11 all the trains had re- turned to our old battleground, St. Na- zaire. Within a week all but one officer and twenty men, left to dismantle gun cars, were on the ocean homeward bound. With my executive officer, Commander Bunkley, and most of the men I reached New York Christ- mas Eve, 1918: My only regret was that I must say good-bye to so many true-hearted comrades who had made successful an enter- prise such as few sailors ever undertook. One of my keenest pleasures now is in foregather- ing with one or another of them, as I often do. I like to recall our inland voyage, and to remember that as a result of it, my country is the better prepared against attack in another war. For far at sea, a hostile fleet would be struck by shells of even greater power, fired an even greater distance by bigger guns, wn by trains moving more swiftly—thanks to what we learned on the land cruise of our battleships on wheels.

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156 MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION

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All Metal (Continued from page 20) hour, Jack Page figured he must have passed off the end of the point, and out to sea, long since. And he had. The third hour of flight brought nothing of improvement. If the fog would only break for a second, merely give Jack a peek at the sun’s position. ... Something else went wrong—Cheese came to a standing lean in the gangway and listened —Jack’s heart stopped and his eyes went to the instrument board. “Trouble travels in mobs!’ Jack barked. “The Liberty’s burned out her generator!” For a minute, the high note of the Pacific Gull’s three-toned drone had fallen. Then, before the Liberty could quit entirely, Jack - had switched her ignition over to “battery.” For an hour or so, the motor would continue to operate on that source of supply. But, after that, with the Liberty “12’s” twenty-four plugs sparking from one small battery, the juice supply would become exhausted; then the silenced motor, weighing at least 1500 pounds, with radiator and oil tanks, would become a heavy, useless thing. HEN the fourth hour ended, the sun was still among the missing; so was the Liberty, and it was “missing” badly. The dampness had gotten to its ignition, and the big motor vibrated and shimmied through every plate and rivet of the all metal Gull. Jack Page knew that motor wasn’t going to be with him long. Also, he realized that to keep it running might mean damage to the gasoline feed-lines of the other motors. But to kill the Liberty meant to carry its dead weight. Then, with four hours’ gasoline supply gone, the other two engines would operate only one more hour at the most. Jack came to an all metal, large-sized decision. He would try something that no other pilot had ever been put to: he decided not to carry that dead motor. For a minute he and Cheese talked. Then the latter secured tools and took on a big job— a job of daring. Cheese went through the small, forward cabin door and across the cat walk to the nacelle of the right wing’s motor. Once there, he bellied down and unfastened the drift wire which ran upwards to the Liberty’s radiator bed. Then, with the wing end of the drift wire, he made his way back to the ship and entwined the free bit of the line through the exhaust manifold. Meanwhile Jack was run- ning all motors at half-speed. Hees , Cheese freed the four hold-down drift pins which held the motor bearers to the nose bulkhead. With the safeties freed, Cheese lightly tapped all four pins until they were ready to slide. Then, moving across to the left wing’s nacelle, he loosened the second drift. And with this wire in hand, he returned to the left door of the cabin, crouched just inside, and waved an O.K. back to Jack. Then Jack Page undertook the thing that no pilot had ever before tackled. He slowly eased full-power to his two wing motors and won a little more altitude. Next, even slower, he palmed the Liberty's throttle wide-open, and she vibrated beautifully!’ When the Lib- erty was shaking the ship as no ship had ever been rough-housed before, Cheese snapped the left drift wire forward and into the whirling propeller. With a sickening jolt, the propeller shattered and rattled its broken bits forty ways against the all metal surroundings. With a murderous vibration set up, the craft palsied wildly in every plate—seemed as though it must be torn to pieces. Another wrenching and tearing, and the thing was over. The Liberty had been shaken out! And the Pacific checked it in. Broken-blade vibration will do it every time. (Continued on page 157)

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Page 149

March, 1928 MONEY MAKING

All Metal (Continued from page 156) ith the great weight gone, the nose came With Nicky, Jack ‘whirled his automatic stabilizer’s adjustment wheel and made the jongitudinal correction. Then the Pacific Gull sailed blindly into the fifth hour. . “You win, Jack,” Cheese said. “Thought , us!” Te be fifth hour, visibility over the water became better; and it was early in this hour that —_ a. a ship, a great black i ing head-on. ars . Maru boat!” Cheese cheered. Then, a minute later—“ And she’s the Tokio Maru. . . . [know that baby; I’ve seen her in isco a lot.” Peewell that’s good and not so good,” Jack answered. “If she’s headed for San Francisco, then we've been flying for Japan. And if she was three hundred miles out early this morn- ing, she’s still farther out than our gas'll stretch.” ACK turned the Pacific Gull about, took his J direction from the ship’s, and started for where San Francisco should be. Then, after a few minutes of flying and thought, he turned back and headed directly for the Tokio. Cheese said, ‘‘ What the h—!” “Slide in here behind the controls,” Jack told him, “and fly in circles above the Tokio while I talk to the passengers.” Jack passed a word to the girl and went forward through the companionway. Upon reaching the lady and her three boy friends, he stopped for a moment and assured them that all was better than well. Which was a lie, and Jack knew it. Upon reaching Mr. Deuss and the four government men, Jack ganged them close together. He pointed out the Tokio Maru and talked earnestly. “These seat booths,” he said, “are cork- loaded and self-righting. You might get a little wet, but that’s all. It’s a cinch I can’t carry this load ashore, so, you'll get wet any- way. What do you men say?” “Listen, pilot,” Mr. Deuss said. “You're captain on this ship, and what you say goes. If you say this thing is the only way out—hop to it. Tell my little girl good-by. And I'll meet her in San Francisco.” “And you?”’ Jack asked the government men. R a few seconds they grinned strange grins and looked from one to the other. Then, as one, they said: ‘“‘Shoot! You promised to get us to the Tokio Maru, and we'll tell the official world you're doing it!” Thirty seconds later, Jack was back on the controls. He spoke to Cheese, and at the same time reached to his instrument board and opened a small door behind which were ten short levers. Each lever was numbered. “Go forward,” Jack said, “and amuse the lady and her husbands. . . Keep their eyes to the rear. . . Then explain what happens in your own apt way, Cheese.” For a few seconds, Jack studied the drift of the Tokio’s smoke. After climbing two thou- sand feet, he flew slightly up-wind from where he had last seen the water craft below the clouds. In the cabin, Cheese once more checked over the safety belts of the five men who had wanted to reach the Tokio in a hurry. Next he moved to a position behind the four rear- seat passengers and attracted their attention by starting an extemporized lecture on the advisability of looking to the rear when flying in clouds. He held their eyes. The five men up front held tightly to their seats. Jack Page reached out and pulled five small levers. In the cabin, five square sections of floor clicked back (Continued on page 158)

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5

Re EL RE FRE

158 MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION

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All Metal (Continued from page 157) into place, and the remaining four aerial wanderers wondered at the great empty space where, seconds before, five noisy men had sat and talked. “Where are they?” the lady demanded of Cheese. And she pointed at where they weren't. Her three men echoed the question: “Where are they?” “* Ah,”’ Cheese smiled. “That is the question! . . . They’ ve gone down to the lower deck for a smoke.” “TI didn’t know that there was a lower deck,” the lady exclaimed. “It’s a big ship,” Cheese answered. He went through the companionway. And said— “Yes, the Tokio Maru has many decks.” “One...two... three... four... five,” Cheese counted as he gazed down over the cockpit’s gunwale. “They all got away, Jack, and with clean openers.” “Parachutes!”’ the girl discovered. “Where did they come from and who are they?” “The nearest one to our tail,” Jack told her, “is your dad. The other four are carrying the government boys. They're going down to the Tokio Maru. That comes of being in a hurry.” “But me,” the girl cried—‘why was I slighted? I have always wanted to ride a parachute.” as E TOO,” Jack laughed, “but it’s a thing that can wait: I released those parachutes when I sprung these levers,” he explained. “But the parachutes,” the girl asked, “where were they?” “The parachute to each seat is packed away under the central walk. When the booth drops through the trap door, it drags its at- tached parachute out for a positive opening. The idea is Cheese’s. Also, Cheese had the idea that laymen must be ‘dumped.’ ” Circling down, Jack brought the Pacific Gull up over the Tokio’s stern. Already the parachutes had been sighted and the big liner— judging by the white foam along her sides— had reversed her screws and was standing by. On the boat deck there was much activity; soon something was on its way down from the davits. The Japs were prepared to pick up the jettisoned five. EMEMBERING his own troubles, Jack Page again judged his line of flight from the Tokio’s bow and hi-tailed into the east. Looking back, just before the clouds once more blotted out the scene, Cheese cheered: “Some shooting, Jack—some sharpshooting, Tll say! You put Mr. Deuss right into the Tokio’s rigging! . . . There’s another, right in near ker bow. . . . The third down midships. . . . And the other two a few hundred feet astern.” “I should have dumped the others,” Jack nov decided. “The whole thing went off so smoothly. But I knew they’d yell blue murder if I told them what to expect. We'll have a chance now, though. If we can’t make land, the Tokio wil be along to pick us up; that is, if our flotation chambers work as they should. . . . And it won’t be long now, because our gas is just about out.” **Maybe you're closer in than you think,” ( "heese suggested. ‘‘ And perhaps we'll make it yet. “Maybe,” Jack mused, “is a good aero-

nautical word. But maybe gasoline never kept any plane on the wing. Jf we do it, Cheese, it will be God-sent, and I don’t mean maybe.” “Another ship!’ the girl shouted. She pointed dead ahead. Out front, a few miles, a small thing was plying its way shoreward. When they could ascertain its color, Cheese placed the brownish-red craft as a Matson boat. “The (Continued on page 159)

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March, 1 still oer

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arch, 199 [CAL shool. true quip- mn of ind at tricity eories 3 with tually val in- ‘radu- g full show: your OOL let. me anesl March, 1928 —. All Metal (Continued from page 158) Hilo,” he decided. “‘That’s the boat that our lady friend and her three yes-men want to 7 Jack said, “go forward and take a look at four safety belts. I promised her I'd get them to the Hilo in time, and I’m as as my word.” Quickly, the willing ‘heese was gone. : _ : . «And what about little me? the girl asked. “Do I go bye-bye this time? “Not so’s you'd notice it!” was Jack’s back- wash. “Nix!” ; “Byverything’s set’—Cheese came to the ssage and reported—“and all four are still looking up. . - . Want me to show them the way down, Jack?”’ As he spoke, he was making ready. je , “Want to go, Cheese?” The question was foolish. ; “Every pound counts, Jack; and I’m no lightweight. What’s more, you have no real useforme. . . . I'll godownand have the Hilo wireless the Coast Guard to be on the lookout for you.” “OO-LONG, Cheese,”-—they shook hands— “and have the Hilo on the lookout, too. . . » Get into that seat. We'll be up wind from the boat in a shake. Step on it!” Seconds later, they were abreast of the steamship. Jack made a few brief remarks to the girl at his side and pulled five more small levers. With her head hanging from the cock- pit—“One. . . two. . . three. . . four... five,” the girl counted. “They’ve all opened.” Back over the Pacific Gull’s tail surfaces, Miss Deuss continued to watch. “They’re loweringa boat . . . Two are down just behind theship. . . Athird justahead . . . The other two behind, so close I can’t see them . . . Good shooting! Fine sharpshooting, I'll say, Jack P. ~ eOh, boy!” Jack grinned. “I'd sooner be up here than down there in Cheese’s boots when that old girl is fished out.” “You and me both!” the girl smiled. “Think they’re still looking up? Or do you suppose they’ve caught seasickness from too much free air?” “They wanted the Hilo in the worst way,” Jack grinned, ‘“‘and they got it.” “In the worst way,’’ she added. R a while the Pacific Gull droned shore- ward. Jack studied his instrument-board telltale glasses. “T don’t know what she’s flying on now,” he mused; “because, according to the glasses, allthe gasis gone. . . . It’s ten after four. And still she carries on. All metal, my ship is! And her motors and spirit, too.”’ “To say nothing of her pilot,” the girl add- ed. There was a long silence. “I have one more card to play,”’ Jack said at last. “If the Gull is all that she should be, she'll cruise on one motor. . . . If she won’t— then you and I must get set for a wetting.” “If you built her that way,” said the girl, “then she'll do it.” Jack cut the switch of his right motor, the wing fell a little till he “picked it up” with left-rudder, then the Pacific Gull, at reduced speed, cruised on. “That will save half of what gas is left—if any,” he said. “Miss — hold the lobe of your left ear and TM 2 ss “Look!—the shore line!” Jack pointed. The clouds to the east were on the blow. Now and then they lifted. And, here and there, the mainland came into view; it was perhaps twenty miles away. “Now is the time, Pacific Gull,” Jack exhorted, “to prove that you are with me, and believe me, Gull, you’re a gone gosling if you don’t do your stuff now!” Silently, tensely, Jack watched the direc- tion of wind-ripple (Continued on page 160) ee REE y Can you copy it? Try it. How you copy it may give me some idea of what ig a draftsman you would be. If you are 16 yeara old or older and will mail me your sketch at once, I will send you, free, and prepaid, a draftsman’s Ivor- ine Pocket rule, shown here. This will go to you entirely with my compliments. _ In addition I will send you my book on Successful Draftsman- ship. Don’t wait. Copy the sketch now and mail it to me. Draftsmen Needed In MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION 159 Get out your pencil and copy the Jack right now copying this Jack— nd o Auto Work Electricity Aviation Motor Bus Work Building Work The automobile in- Electricity is the coming Aviation is just in its in- Motor bus building arid There will always be dustry is one of the motive force of the fancy. It is bound to ex- motor bus transportation buil . .No struc- reatest in America. world. Draftsmen are enormous pro- become leading tur be ousands of drafts- needed in every depart- portions, Draftsmen are wo industries. Hun- without plans drawn men nesded. 4. ment of te feectanting easentisl to ie. Tn train dreds of Spfemen Ta y draftemen if rain you or e work. rain you ai you quic a ome rc gaged . A mak. archi- . ome. Get a job here, drafting position. ‘ show you the vay. tecture si drafts business. A.H. Bernier, trained Engineer Dobe \ Money Back If Not Satisfied What could be fairer than that? I don’t ask you to take any chances. I train you under a positive Money Back Agreement. If my training does not satisfy you after you have finished you get every penny back. Earn While Yeu Learn You can start earning extra money a few weeks after beginning my training. I give you special work and tell you how to make money. Age or Lack of Education Neo Drawback You do not need previous experience. You do not need to be a high school graduate. My practical home study course gives you just the kind of training you need to be- come successful. Your spare time is all that is necessary. If You Earn Less Than ‘Write Me Today! ACT NOW Before You Put This Magazine Down. Let me send you my books “Successful Draftsmanship” and ‘My Pay-Raising Plan.’””’ Remember Draftsmen are needed everywhere. That’s the kind of profession to get into. Get started now. Get into a better position, paying a good straight salary the year around. Engineer Do 1951 Lawrence Avenue Div. 13-63, Chicago, II. work ° way ; at Get My F Pp Raisi PI et My Free Pay-Raising Plan -— Write to me. I will send you this new book. Not a catalog. My Pay-Raising Plan and , Money-Making Advice. I can prove that John cy trained by me, makes $300 2 month. 4 Earl J. Dupree, trained by me, refused $600 a mont i by me, earns $7000 to $9000 a year. Arthur Dewalt, 4 trained by me, makes more than $400 a month. D.C. Stroop, trained by me, makes 4 $475a month. L. V. Broughten, trained by me, makes $300 a month. 4 I can give you many more names of Dobe trained draftsmen who are making big salaries. 4 They wrote to me Just as I am asking you to write. They asked for my Free Book. They saw that opportunities in all of the great industries were tremendous for draftsmen. Through drafting you can get into almost any industry you want because he makes more in his own Employment Service After training you I help you to get a job without charging you a@ cent for this service. Em- Dloyers of draftsmen come to me for men use they know that men I train good. — Train Yeu at Heme, New, Quick, Sure Way My | Practical working method makes ev step in bpeeetag draft. D 8 why I train you so fast / to be a draftsman. Ba You GET THESE FINE QUALITY, GENUINE, IMPORTED DRAFTSMAN’S TOOLS, just as soon a8 ou become my student. No finer tools can be made ‘or practical drafting work. FREE RULE COUPON! ENGINEER DOBE 1951 Lawrence Ave., Div. 13-63, Chicago gy rg ee Pian’’—how to earn money while learning and proof of big money paying positions. Name. Age. Addr Fost Office State. 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160 MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION

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All Metal (Continued from page 159) on the water below; it showed that he was being favored with a tail-wind—a breeze from his rear which would help carry the Pacific Gull through these last few tight miles. “Everything's coming our way,” he said; and told the girl of his latest good luck. “It’s like the drowning man and his straw, Miss Deu—”’ “First name—Almira—Al for short,’’ the girl told him. “Well, Al—we’'re like the drowning man: we'll reach for anything now.” “Well, reach for that shore, Jack, and reach hard,’’ Almira—Al Deuss urged. “But if you don’t reach, Jack. . . . My! what a man-sized try you've made!’’ Her voice, like all else, seemed slow. In the ages that followed, there were slow miles for the hard-put Pacific Gull. At last, with only a few more miles to go, the sin- gle motor konked, flatly, and almost quit. Quickly, Jack dropped the left wing lower—to drain all possible gasoline toward the dying power plant—and, with a new bark, the engine came to life. In the gas-lines, perhaps, a few pints remained. “THIS is what I call being hard-up,”’ Jack told Almira, “and if you could handle the controls, I'd go forward and squeeze the gas tanks for a few more drops.’ His eyes never quit the nearing shore, and he added— “*M’ gosh, girl, this is the time and place for the augmented orchestra to strike up ‘California, Here I Come’; and they'd better bear down heavily on—‘Just Open Up That Golden Gate’.” A flock of shore-scavenging gulls were taking their evening knock-off from work on the beach sands of San Francisco’s long Pacific waterfront. All attention, they watched and wondered at something that came a-fluttering toward them across the wave crests. Then, with a wild scurry, they took wing and quit the sands to make room for a real gull. The Pacific Gull came a-rushing! For the last few hundred yards, Jack Page came in on his ship’s glide. The lone motor had gurgled and gone out of business for keeps. But gliding momentum, plus her flotation chambers, plus the aqua-dynamic force that carries a surf-board atop the crest, all joined in rolling the great, spent Guli high and dry upon that deserted strand. The Coast Guard crew came running. At first the guards thought there was only one person in that aft cockpit. Coming closer, they learned that two can sit as close as one— and in the same control seat. OURS later the Hilo made port. At about the same time, the Tokio Maru nosed into her berth. And, among the ’chute-delivered ten, there were no soreheads. Even the potent lady with three men was not displeased with the adventure. “Thrilling!”’ she avowed. “In all my life, no trip like that!’ But her hus- band, it seemed, had caught a cold from his immersion. “His own fault!” the lady told everybody aboard the Hilo. “When we came to California—two weeks ago—I warned Horace against removing his flannels. But he would be a sport, and now look at him!” Cheese was sore, too. He had undertaken to teach a number of the Tolio’s brown boys one of our foremost national games. The session on knees came off in the forecastle; and the little brown cousins had taught Cheese a few . things that he had never before dreamed of. Not many days passed before Cheese, in a San Francisco hangar, had a gang busy with the rehabilitation of the all metal Gull. Early one morning, Jack Page came in to tell them to take their time. “Do this job right,”” he said. “There’s no rush now. When I get (Continued on page 161)

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March, 1928 All Metal (Continued from page 160) pack we'll hit the ball and start all over.” Then he said good-bye to the gang. Jack was on his way to England and the Continent; bent on the study of foreign airways . . . and hings. ontie oe has the flash of a tin god!’’ one of the mechanics remarked when Jack had ne. “Some brassy bird! Imagine this cloud- buster walking off with Big-Man Deuss’ oungest kid.” ee “And making the old man like it!’ another wailed. “Old Deuss and all his jack! ... . My gosh! what a cast-iron crust this steely guy has, and with all the high mucky-mucks in the Southwest trying to capture Almira.” se !... Brassy bird! . . . Cast-iron and steely!” Cheese Farling came out of a cockpit feet first to exclaim. “Well, I'll say you guys is right—all you say, all metal is what Jack Page is, brothers; all metal!” Why We Are Immune to Some Diseases (Continued from page 22) exercised rats were ill, and five of them died. Ten guinea pigs were well fed, ten put on reduced diet and ten actually starved. All were then infected with pneumonia. The starved pigs were given all they could eat and only two ied. The well-fed group got all they could eat and five died. But the reduced-diet group got no food after the infection, and seven died. “ All of which seems to show,”’ concluded Dr. Spaeth, “you may be safer against infectious diseases at those times when you are putting on weight than when you are in the pink of condi- tion after a period of training or exercise.” Antibodies are of two kinds—those that at- tack the bacteria themselves, and those that attack the toxins, or poisons, produced by the bacteria. The latter antibodies are called anti- toxins. The former are divided into three groups—some kill the bacteria by dissolving them, others “clump” them and still others simply “eat” them. These are called, re- spectively, lysins, agglutinins and opsonins. HE Schick test for diphtheria immunity is probably the best known. A tiny amount of diphtheria toxin is injected under the skin. If a red, inflamed area appears, you are sus- ceptible—your blood contains no antitoxin (antibodies) to neutralize the poison. If you are immune, no mark at all appears on your skin—the antitoxin within you has immediate- ly neutralized the injected toxin. Dr. Famulener endorses four rules to protect yourself against contagious diseases: 1. Find out by test what diseases you are immune to. Your doctor can test your im- munity to diphtheria, smallpox and scarlet fever. I? you have ever had typhoid, cholera, smallpox, chicken pox, scarlet fever, measles and mumps, you are probably immune to these. 2. Immunize yourself, by vaccination or inoculation, against diseases you are not im- mune to. A list of the sicknesses for which successful immunization has been found has already been given in this article. 8. Avoid channels of infection, as directed by local boards of health in times of incipient epidemics. 4. Observe general hygienic rules, particu- larly in regard to cleanliness, sunlight and fresh air. And you can’t do much else against germs than follow these rules, the doctors warn. You can’t escape them. Between 1400 and 15,000 microbes enter your nostrils in one hour’s tranquil breathing. The only thing to do is to forget them, and hope that the will perfect methods of immunizing against all infectious diseases. fighting chemists and bacteriologists some day . MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION Easy as A~B=-C You Can Play Any Instrument _= In a Few Months This Delightful New Easy Way! NY one can easily learn music by this remark- able new method. And the cost is only a frac- tion of the old slow way. You don’t need a private teacher. You study entirely at home. Almost before you realize it you are playing real tunes and melodies, both popular roll classic, to please your friends, amuse yourself, and make money. This wonderful new method of reading and playing music is as simple as reading a book. No private teacher could make it any clearer. The lessons come to you by mail at regular intervals— complete printed instructions, diagrams, all the music you need. You can select your own time to study or practice. And the cost averages only a few cents a lesson, including the music. If you play, you are always in demand. Many invitations come to Almost before you realize it, you are playing tunes and melodies on your favorite instrument. You'll be astonished at your own quick progress. Many students get ahead twice, and even three times, as fast as they would the ordinary routine way. Free Book Tells All Our free booklet, ‘“‘Music Lessons in Your Own Home’’—contains an offer that makes the course available at a very low price. Also a Demonstration you. And you meet the kind of people you have Lesson -which shows how delightfully quick and easy always wanted to know. the wonderfully simple Method is. Instruments sup- ay’ Y Pi lied when needed, cash or credit. If you really want to ou Piay ome a good player on your favorite instrument, mail from Notes the coupon now—to-day. U. S. SCHOOL OF MUSIC, The famous U. 8S. School 83 Brunswick Bidg., New Yorwe ss. ceccencenee Learn to Play of Music course is based on _U. S. SCHOOL OF MUSIC, b N t sound, fundamental musical 83 Brunswick Bidg., New York City. y iNote rinciples, highly simplified. Please send me your free booklet, “‘Music Lessons in pee 4 te e” oe Pp | Your Own Home,” with introduction by Dr. Frank > jolin Spuptane te) ~ orstunt met . Crane, Demonstration Lesson, and particulars of your ord intake bine —, to eA yee offer. I am interested in the following course: iti notes, just as a Pe Sprdeeesessdbudcostees Were Have You Inst? ......... wie Sat gg [| musicians do. Youlearn t0 Ngo. 0.000 12102717 Nee NOME So or any other pick up any piece of music, ay arr Instrument read it, and understand it! IIE 60:5. 0'0: 9050 66.66 bbe vahies sae ae So easily—so pleasantly! ee . State New plan makes it easy. start you in business and help you succeed. Sell Madison “Better-Made” Shirts for large manufacturer direct to wearer. Spare or full time. No capital or experience needed. Write for Free Samples Madison Shirt Mnfrs., 562 Broadway, New York BE: A RAILWAY RAFFIC INSPECTOR Expenses Our students never worry about & position as one will be secured within a few days after com- pleting the Traffic Inspection course. You start at $120 or more per month plus expenses, and advance rapidly to $150, $165, $180 and up. Our con- tract shows why you take no no HUNTING FOR A POSITION AFTER COMPLETING YOUR TRAINING Read what Dan'l M. Mack says: ry “I received my certifi- | risk. As a Railway Traffic Inspector, you are practically your own boss, see new faces and places each minute, report only to high officials, are rapidly advanced. It’s healthful outdoor work with regular hours. Hundreds of Satisfied Graduates During the last nine years, hundreds of our graduates have found satisfaction and increased incomes in Traffic Inspection. They took no chance— started on a definite salary. You can do the same. Write today for our free booklet, and contract agreeing to assist you toa position after graduation or refund your money. ‘s Standard Business Training Institute, Div. 3, Buffalo, ~. Y. Send me your free Booklet giving full particulars about Course in Traffic Inspection. cate on April 15, was on my way to take a position on the evening of April 16, and started to work on April 17. If this is not quick work, I don’t know what it is. I found the school very thorough.” at your finger ends Know the facts Electricity. They mean more Hawkins Guides ectricity. subject covered so you Easy to study and apply. A com. in money and better position for you. tell you “ you need to know about £) impo can understand it. plete, practical working course, in 10 volumes. Books are pocket 3 flexible covers. Order aset to-day to louk over. 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162 ‘laint™ “He don't” “Its me!” “You was ?” What AreYOUR Mistakes in Endish ? They may offend others as much as these offend you F some one you mei for the first time made I the mistakes in English shown above, what would you think of him? Would he inspire your respect? Would you be inclined to make a friend of him? Would you care to introduce him to others as a close friend of yours? These errors are easy for you to see. Per- haps, however, you make other mistakes which offend other people as much as these would offend you. How do you know that you do not mispronounce certain words; are you always sure that the things you say and write are grammatically correct? To you they may seem correct, but others may know they are wrong. Unfortunately, people will not correct you when you make mistakes; all they do is to make a mental reservation about you. ‘He is ignorant and uncultured,” they think. So vou really have no way of telling when your nglish offends others. FREE Book on English Sherwin Cody, perhaps the best known teacher of practical English, has perfected and patented a remarkable device which will quickly find and correct mistakes you un- consciously make. Correct English soon becomes a HABIT. If you are efficient in English, it will give you greater confidence;' if you are deficient, you surely want to know it, so that you can correct your mistakes. Mr. Cody’s remarkable new invention, the 100% Self-Correcting Method, has already improved the English of more than 50,000 people. No useless rules, no tedious copying, no hard study. Only 15 minutes a day re- quired. You learn by creating the HABIT of using correct English. Nothing like Mr. Cody’s method has ever been used before! A new book, ‘How to Speak and Write Masterly English,” is ready. It explains Mr. Cody’s surprisingly easy method. Get a copy free and learn how,to stop making embarrassing errors. You do not want others to judge you unfairly. Merely mail the coupon or a postal ecard. SHERWIN CODY SCHOOL OF ENGLISH, 183 Searle Building, Rochester, Sherwin Cody School of English 183 Searle Building, Rochester, N. Y. Please send me your Free Book, “How to Speak and Write Masterly, English.” MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION Sperry—Competitor of the Sung (Continued from page 27) el enough to let the flywheel rotate inside the ring without touching it. And this circular rim was itself held in bearings in a “Y.”” But the bearings of the ring were a quarter of a circle or ninety degrees around the ring from the bear- ings of the flywheel. “This is a gyroscope, and except for size and driving power behind it, it isn’t any differ- ent from the gyroscopes which are used in navigation,” he said. ‘‘A gyroscope is simply a flywheel so mounted that it is free to rotate in any direction, instead of one direction only.” He wound a string around the axle of the fly- wheel and gave it a smart pull, and the little wheel spun like a top. “Try to turn it over by pushing against the rim,”’ he said. I was surprised at the resistance offered by the tiny mechanism. I turned the “Y” standard around and the spinning wheel flopped over, end for end. “THE principle underlying the gyroscope : and its applications is that every rotat- ing body tends to revolve in a fixed plane in space and resists every effort to change its plane of rotation,” he explained. “The plane in which the gyro rotates is a plane in space, which has no relation whatever to the earth itself. It will keep rotating in that plane, if permitted, regardless of the movement of the earth beneath it. Put it afloat, as in a ship, and it will always know where the center or axis of the earth lies with reference to itself. “It occurred to me that if a mariner could always tell the exact direction from his ship of the axis of the earth, he could tell in what direction he was heading. The gyrocompass points always to the true North. “The gyrosteering device and the gyro- stabilizer utilize the gyroscope’s resistance to change. ‘Metal Mike,’ as the gyro helmsman is called, steers by the gyrocompass, which tells him the course. Every wave, current or puff of wind which diverts the ship’s head from the true course gives ‘Metal Mike’ a shove, and he shoves back, just as a human quarter- master would. But he is much more sensitive to the least variation from the compass course and his response is quicker. “The gyrostabilizer is sensitive to the first impulse of the first wave, and gets into action instantly, steadying the ship before the second wave has a chance to get in its cumulative effect. Thus it takes only weight and force enough to counteract the effect of one wave to keep the craft on an even keel.” ° A Japanese cruiser of 16,000 tons, taken out in a heavy sea for a test, rolled twenty degrees each way without the gyrostabilizer and less than two with it. HE plans now under way for a fleet of enormous passenger ships to run between England and America in four days flat call for their equipment with gyrostabilizers, Sperry told me. The first application of the stabilizer to air- planes was perfected in 1913. Sperry and his son Lawrence—later lost flying the English Channel—equipped a Curtiss plane with a gyroscope and sent it to the Aerial Security contest in France in 1914. The plane was flown with no other control, and a man walked out to the end of one wing without deflecting it. This “automatic pilot,” as the French called it, won the grand prize. Out of it developed the idea of the aerial torpedo, which is simply a pilotless airplane, carrying a load of high explosives, directed toward its distant. target under the guidance of a gyroscope. Seven of these, built during the war, hit targets - thirty-five miles distant in tests. The Armis- tice came just as production in quantity for use at the front was beginning. “When did you first think of entering into ' is but a name to the general public, because of competition with the sun, Mr. Sperry?” “Now you are going back a long way,” he smiled. “Back to the very beginning of my career. And that started in Chicago, in 1999 October 12th—my twentieth birthday. That was the day when the Sperry Manufactur Company turned out its first electric dynamo, and its first are lamp.” I drew out enough of the story of his boy- hood to account for the man facing me now. A Yankee boy from the oldest New England stock, motherless, brought up by his grand- parents in Cortland, N. Y. “A nuisance to the neighbors, I’m afraid,’’ he laughed, “making toy windmills, pestering the men in the saw. mill and the machine shop until they let me use their tools. I blew up one boy with an experiment with benzine vapors, but forty. nately he was not badly hurt. Another time J set a neighbor’s back porch on fire.” E WENT to Cornell University for one year of physics and engineering and de. cided how to make an electric generator twice as efficient as Gramme’s dynamo which supplied the current for Brush’s electric arc light, one of the marvels displayed at the Philadelphia Centennial of 1876. Local business men put up the money and before he was nineteen, people were flocking to see his miracle. Chicago was the place for a young man, the boy decided soon, and there he went. He built a tower—the highest in the world, three hundred and fifty feet-—on top of the Board of Trade Building, and put 40,000 candlepower of arc lamps on top of it. It was thirty years and more before the incandescent light finally supplanted the are for street lighting, and through all that time Sperry was trying to make an are lamp with more light and fewer | shadows. He did it, finally, by putting a mineralized core into the positive carbon. On heating, this produces a substance known as carbide, which has a boiling point of 5000 degrees Fahrenheit. Carbon boils at 3700 degrees, and at that temperature gives off 160 candlepower of light per square millimeter of heated sur- face; and that is all the light which can be ob- tained from any solid at that temperature. In the Sperry arc as high as 1200 candlepowet per square millimeter has been obtained. The sun delivers to the earth only 920 can dlepower for each square millimeter of its radiating surface, so the Sperry arc is literally brighter than sunlight. [* WAS the fame which his early feats in electric lighting won him that led to his be- ing invited, in 1884, to join in organizing the American Institute of Electrical Engineers. Later he called the meeting which resulted in organization of the National Electric Light Association. He won first prize in a competition for im- proved mining machinery, devising the first electrical equipment for mining coal, still used extensively. One piece was an “electric mule,” with such powerful traction that a street-rail- way magnate asked Sperry to devise an elec- tric street car which would climb hills. He did that, too, sold out his Chicago interests in 1893, and moved to Cleveland to manufacture street cars. Myron T. Herrick, now Ambassa- dor to France, was treasurer of that Sperry Electric Railway Company, which soon sold out to the General Electric Company. Sperry then turned to making electric auto- mobiles and in so doing developed a storage battery so capacious that it became the founda- tion of a business which is still going on. Versatile, ingenious, the traditional Yankee , inventor type in its highest development, he his personal modesty and diffidence. Just . US.1 Off

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MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION 163 erry?” way,” he i ig of in 1885, y. That facturing dynamo, his boy. me now, England > gtand- stothe| | MY pices paaking Just Across Street hee ae From a7 US. Pat. | Office At the right is a view of my draft- ing and specification offices where a large staff of experienced expertsare in my constant employ. yo ane etapa ge spec. ns are prepar- ed under my personal supervision, with an fortu. time | for one und de. Wice as Ipplied | nt, one lelphia | a2|| Protect Your Ideas the Take the First Step Today—Action Counts nventors three If you have a useful, practical, novel idea for any new article or for an ard of improvement on an old one, you should communicate with a competent ‘ pow Registered Patent Attorney AT ONCE. Every year thousands of applica- ” tions for patents are filed in the U. S. Patent Office. Frequently two or years more applications are made for the same or substantially the same idea ° —— i finally (even though the inventors may live in different sections of the country » and and be entirely unknown to one another). In such a case, the burden of ng to proof rests upon the last application filed. Delays of even a few days in filing the application sometimes mean the loss of a patent. So lose no fewer time. Get in touch with me at once by mailing the coupon below. an Prompt, Careful, Efficient Service bide, This large, experienced organization devotes its entire time and attention Brees to patent and trademark cases. Our offices are directly across the street “ , and from the U. S. Patent Office. We understand the. technicalities of patent HQ) ower law. We know the rules and requirements of the Patent Office. We can O Or "Ww sur- proceed in the quickest, safest and best ways in preparing an application 87 4 r A . “4 fp e ob | for a patent covering your idea. Our success has been built on the mare = , strength of careful, efficient, satisfactory service to inventors and trade- : = 3 ture. mark owners located in every state in the Union. ower l — Strict Secrecy Preserved—Write - Me in Confidence All communications, sketches, drawings, etc., are held in strictest confi- dence in strong, steel, fireproof files, which are accessible only to author- ized members of my staff. Feel free to write me fully and frankly. Your S in case will have my personal attention. It is probable that I can help you. : ; be- Highest references. But FIRST—clip the coupon and get my free book. : the Do THAT right now, ; eT. ies Z No Charge for Information Ma? : , On How to Proceed ail this Coupon Hoy ay im- first The booklet shown here contains valuable information relating to patent : sed procedure that every inventor should have. And with it I will send you 2 ” my “Record of Invention” form, on which you can sketch your idea and s ’ le, establish its date before a witness. Such evidence may later prove valu- : CLARENCE A. O'BRIEN ail- able to you. Simply mail the coupon and | will send you the booklet, and . Registered Patent Attorney lec- the “Record of Invention” form, together with detailed information on how “ 882, Security Savings & Commercial Bank Bid¢., did | to proceed and the costs involved. Do this NOW. No need to lose a t Washington, D. C. to | minute’s time. The coupon will bring you complete information entirely : | without charge or obligation, H ; = = Please send me-your free book, “How to Obtain Sa- | 4 ) ” “ : ” 2 = a Patent,” and your “Record of Invention rT 9 * “ey : er a Clarence A. 0 Brien = form without any cost or obligation on my part. : Registered Patent Attorney 5 O- © : Member of Bar of: Supreme Court of the United States; B Name .candcdenctabendcadeipus chasatleanpgeeeueene : ge . Court of hopes. District ot Columbia; Supreme Court, : : la- District of Columbia; United States Court of Claims, : Add ; Ha POSS... .nncscaccncccnsécscutieesonbedhbussemnanes - PRACTICE CONFINED EXCLUSIVELY TO . he PATENTS, TRADEMARKS AND COPYRIGHTS : 7 : (Umportant: Print or Write name clearly) Uv ATS ec: .

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164 MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION PATENT March, 19 a Coal Too Useful to Burn (Continued from page 49)

Highest References Best Results Booklet Free Promptness Assured

Send drawing or model for preliminary exatiination of Patent Office records. . ‘ Moreover, this new process is combined With fe All Business Given Prompt and Proper Attention another process for making ammonia an im,|f || portant ingredient of fertilizers. Both processes a Listed Patent Lawyer in the latest editions of the Rand-McNally Directory of Bank- . 15,000 pounds to the square inch and p ing it through steel tubes containing cat A catalyst is a substance which induces o hastens chemical actions of others, catalysts make the coal gases form methanol (wood alcohol) and ammonia. Here is an example of what may be expecta from coal: Several years ago chemists discovered that carbolic acid and formaldehyde mixed and heated under pressure form a solid materia]~ now called bakelite after the inventor, Dp Baekeland. Used for pipe stems, radio dials and panels, distributor boxes on autom insulation, fountain pen barrels and so fo; bakelite and similar products have largely displaced hard rubber. Commercial many. facture of “cheaper” wood alcohol from will lower the production cost of bakelite be. cause formaldehyde is made from woéd ah cohol. Bakelite will then be thoroughly a coal product and so even floor tiles may be made from coal! Like a brick mason, the chemist’ arranges the elements—carbon, hydiol and oxygen—of which coal is composed, to build what he will that is composed largely of Booklet of valuable information and form any or all of these elements—theoretically, for properly disclosing your idea, free on re- quest. Write today. even rubber. Probably the most interesting recent devel- IRVING L. McCATHRAN opment is the manufacture of oil and motor Sesmnesie att amiteuseusas to fuel from coal. The United States, possessing ichard B. Owen abundant natural supplies of petroleum, has surrendered the lead in this to chemists of Germany, France and England, where the natural supply is limited. Four processes have been developed. ers and Attorneys, of Chicago, Ill.; The Baggott & Ryall Directory of Attor- neys, New York City; The Lawyers Guaranteed Directory, Detroit, Michigan; The Lawyers and Bankers Quarterly, published by the Legal Directory Publish- ing Company of St. Louis, Mo.; the American Lawyers Annual, Cleveland, Ohio. WATSON E. COLEMAN Victor Building, 724 Ninth Street, N. W. REGISTERED PATENT LAWYER : WASHINGTON, D. +a involve subjecting coal gas to pressure of |

To the Man With an Idea I offer a most comprehensive, experi- enced, efficient service for his prompt, legal protection and the development of his proposition. Send sketch, or model and description, for advice as to cost. Preliminary advice gladly furnished without charge. My experience and familiarity with various arts, frequently enable me to accurately ad- vice clients as to probable patentability be- fore they go to any expense.

WaAsHINGTON MONUMENT IN THE NATION’s CAPITAL PATENTS PEE DON’T LOSE YOUR RIGHTS TO PATENT PROTECTION Before disclosing your invention to anyone send for blank form “EVIDENCE OF CON- CEPTION” to be signed and witnessed. As registered poset seer we represent hundreds of inventors over the United States and Canada in the oy Fel I of in- ventions. The form “‘Evidence of Conception,’ sample, instructions relating to obtaining of patents and ule of fees sent upon request. LANCASTER & ALLWINE

CEERI SORTS Be SE ae 201 Owen Building, Washin on, D.C. 41-D, Park Row New York City TRADE -MARKHS REGISTERED | iy THE first, the coal is heated to a cherry red, at about 1200 degrees F., which drives out most of the oil and gas. The solid residue is an | t e i

274 Ouray Building WASHINGTON, D. C. Originators of forms “Evidence of Conception.” 1000 NEEDED INVENTIONS Here is the most remarkable book ever offerec. to in- ventors. One Thousand needed inventions listed and described. Arranged as follows: General Problems; Spremmotives Mechanical; Electrical; Chemical; Radio; Marine. Separate chapter on the Ten Most Needed gen gr This book may give you one idea that will ou a fortune. Nothing else like it has ever been shed. Compiled at enormous expense. Edited by o mond Francis Yates, formerly Managing Editor of — scientific magazine. Over 100 pages, durably Send No Money Cut out this advertisement and pow! it to us with your name and address plainly written and your copy of this ——— book wi sent imm ~~ o h man only $1.25 plus postag r after 10 days’ ome oe | if desired. edition. Write NOW. (Outside U.S. $1.45 cash with order.) BUREAU OF INVENTIVE SCIENCE Dept. 23 Rochester, New York gf want Sncodst Sptepeantence read the story Lifted low a Big Load W as from Harry Wilson's Mind,” on page four of this issue.

who derive larg- est profits know and heed certain INVENTORS e535 facts before applying for Patents. On book wee: ense gives those facts; sent free. Write LACEY & LACEY. 648 F St., Washington, D. C. Estabiished 1869 ONS< mmerciali zed \€ y ON A CASH OR ROVALTY BASIS Me PATENTED or UNPATENTE2 ‘In Babes 25 Nears Complete Facilities- References. wre ADAM FISHER Mre. Co. 183-D Enright Ave. St. Lous. Me. PATENTS Trade-marks, Copyrights, Patent Litigation, Handbook with illustrations, 100 mechanical movements. Sent free on re TER: ALBERT E. DIETERICH Pomel member Examining Corp. U. S. Patent Office Patent Lawyer and Solicitor 27 years’ ex 681-A Ouray Bldg. Washington, D. C,

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excellent smokeless fuel, resembling soft coke, The twenty-five to thirty gallons of tarry oil ob- tained from one ton of coal may be “‘cracked” to yield five or six gallons of a gasolinelike motor fuel. About 5000 cubic feet of rich gas is also obtained from one ton of coal. The second method, the Bergius liquefyi process, changes from thirty to fifty pace the weight of the raw coal into oil. Powdered coal, mixed with enough oil or tar to forma thick paste, is pumped with hydrogen gas into a steel cylinder, producing a pressure of 3000 pounds to the square inch, which forces the hydrogen into combination with the coal, con- verting it from a solid to an oil. From 100 to 140 gallons is obtained from a ton of coal and refined into gasoline, kerosene, fuel and oils. Refining of the oil to produce gasoline is obviated by “catalytic” processes developed by the Badische Company in Germany and by Patart in France, to make a pure synthetic motor fuel direct from coal gases. Water-gas, made by passing steam over red-hot coke or coal, is pumped up to enormous pressure and passed through copper-lined steel tubes heated electrically to a temperature of about 750 degrees F. Zinc and chromium com- pounds in these tubes cause the gases to form methanol. A ton of coal yields about 125 gallons, two gallons of which will drive an automobile as far as one gallon of gasoline. Estimated manufacturing cost, however, is between twenty and thirty cents a gallon, hence it is out of the picture for automobile fuel at present. Dr. Franz Fischer of Germany is producing the most-intefesting of all these synthetic fuels. Recently he exhibited true gasoline, lubricating oil and solid paraffin, all made from coal. He passes water-gas over catalysts consisting of iron and cobalt heated to about 550 degrees F.

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vered that mixed and materia|— entor, Dr radio dials itomobi d so A. ve ial a from kelite be. wood al: bly a coal "be made = re ydrogen posed, to largely of retically, nt devel. id motor Ossessi um, he mists of here the 1. erry red, "ives out lue is an ft coke, y oil ob. racked” rlinelike ‘te gas uefying ‘cent of wdered form a as into Lis New York Office Suite 1007 Woolworth Bldg. bs ie, : : ‘ 3 % i. + a % ite ga * § sd th 3 j - > Philadelphia, Pa., Office Suite 518-519 Liberty Bldg. ». es PORT ORS PO Washington, D. C., Office Victor Bldz. MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION OUR OFFER: Your first step Before disclosing an invention the inventor should write for our blank form ‘‘SRECORD OF INVENTION.’’ This should be signed, wit- nessed and returned to us together with model or sketch and description of the invention for INSPECTION and ADVICE FREE. Our Five Books Mailed Free to Inventors Our Illustrated Guide Book HOW TO OBTAIN A PATENT Contains full instructions regarding U. S. Patents. Our Methods, Terms, and 100 Me- chanical Movements illustrated and described. OUR TRADE-MARK BOOK Shows value and necessity of Trade-Mark Pro- $ tection. Information regarding Trade-Marks and unfair competition in trade. OUR FOREIGN BOOK We have Direct Agencies in Foreign Countries, and secure Foreign Patents in shortest time and at lowest cost. : Progress of Invention Description of World’s Most Pressing Problems by Leading Scientists and Inventors INTERFERENCE AND INFRINGEMENT SUITS PROSECUTED IMPORTANT HAVE YOUR CASE MADE SPECIAL TO AVOID DELAY. YOU SHOULD HAVE YOUR CASE MADE SPECIAL IN OUR OFFICE to save correspondence, secure protection and early filing date in the Patent Office. To secure special preparation of your case send $25.00 on account with model or sketch and description of invention. PROMPT SERVICE, HIGHEST REFERENCES REASONABLE TERMS Private Office, Victor J. Evans, with view of Patent Office Through Window VICTOR J. EVANS & CO., Patent Attorneys ! Main Offices: 694 Ninth St., Washington, D. C. Gentlemen: Please send me FREE OF CHARGE your . FREE | books as described above. | RC i oct ccndcscasccccdtes ashuchh Guredessesunees | po. es aera ee eer he eee ee TT Chicago, Ill., Office Suite 1114 Tacoma Bldg. J | oe odiiinaaell Pittsburgh, Pa., Office Suite 514 Empire Bldg. l a San Francisco, Cal., Office | Suite 1010 Hobart Bldg.

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166 MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION

‘His Tail Between His Legs’

hk i D s tes ‘ OST men are being whipped every day in the M battle of life. Many have already reached the stage where they have THEIR TAILS BE- TWEEN THEIR LEGS. They are afraid of ever. 7a 2 and | everybody. Th live a constant fear o' rived of the pitiful p~ DE th h hope for * SOMETHING TO TURN UP that will make them unafraid, courageous, independent. But it never does. They con ntinue to rer and sweat and—MAKE OTHERS RICH = HAPPY. What about YOU? pas you ready to admit that you are through? Are you satisfied to keep your wife and children —and yourself—enslaved? ARE YOU AFRAID Success is a simple to acquire when you know its formula. The first — ent is a grain of COURAGE. The second is a dash of AMBITI N. The third is an ome of MENTAL EFFORT. Mix the whole with your Go1i-given faculties and no power on earth can keep you from your desires, be Xd what they may You can develop these God-given faculties as SIX HUNDRED AND FINTY THOUSAND other people have done—through Pelmanism. Pelmanism is the science of applied psychology, which has swept the world with the force of a religion. It has awakened powers in individuals, all over the world, ay did not DREAM they possessed. ‘amous people all over the world advocate Pel- . men and women such as these: TT. . O'Conner, “Father | Frank P. Walsh, Former B “the House of Com- Chairman of National —_ te Sis H. Rid War Labor Board. The e er | General Sir Frederick Bagance, Famous Nov- Maur rice, Director | of ary Operat ions Im- Caner Sie haart Pa; | 4 perial General Stal * . deo Boy Maka tne! | Admiral Lord Beresford ment. Judge Ben. B. Lind Sir Harry Lauder, Founder of he Juvenile Comedian. Court ci, W. L. George, Author.

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Here Are Correct Answers to Questions on Page 63 1. The town of Hammerfest, near the north- ern extremity of Norway. Settlements farther north in Spitzbergen and at Etah, Greenland, are not large enough or permanent enough to be called towns. In a straight line Hammerfest is only about 1300 miles from the North Pole. 2. The quality of the milk used and the care taken in the churning have combined to give Danish butter a world-wide reputation. It is sold as a luxury almost everywhere, even in Australia and New York. 3. Off the mouth of the Amazon River, whose power takes it that far. 4. In Australia the government, in order to reconcile certain native tribes to the laws against wife-beating, whips wives for husbands who can prove them guilty of wrong doing. The same law applies to guilty husbands. 5. The large variety of one-shelled sea snail known as the abalone is an inhabitant of many of the shores of the Pacific Ocean, especially on the Isla de Cedros or “Isle of Cedars,”’ on the west side of the Bay of Sabastian Vizcaino. 6. This is true of Sitka and to some extent even of the city of Juneau, a little farther north. A current of warm water flows across from the coast of Japan and warms the Alaskan coast. 7. Goldfish of the colored varieties do not live wild anywhere in the world. They are raised for market, just as fine dogs are. The largest goldfish “farm” in the United States is near Martinsville, Ind. The fish also are raised in large numbers in Maryland, Iowa, and Kansas. 8. This curious name is given to the flat, lakelike expanses of hard clay that are en- countered in the desert parts of California and Nevada. In most cases these clay plains really are the bottoms of ancient lakes. 9. This is the famous Lake Magadi, south of the town of Nairobi in Kenya Colony. This lake is a small, dried-up remnant of a larger lake. At the bottom is a bed of crystallized soda of the kind known as washing soda: It is shipped to Europe. 10. This word comes from two Greek words and means literally “with the feet opposite.” It is given to the countries directly on the other side of the earth from northwestern Europe, especially Australia. The reason for this name is the fact that people living on the opposite side of the earth from us have their feet toward ours. 11. In China, Japan, and more or less gen- erally throughout the Far East, religious per- sons write prayers on paper, which is then burned in a ceremonial fire. It is possible to buy in the market places bits of bright colored paper on which prayers have been printed in advance, all ready for use. 12. In the year 586 B.C. Nebuchadnezzar, King of Babylon, captured Jerusalem and burned the famous temple, which had been built nearly 400 years before by King Solomon. The temple was utterly destroyed. Even the site of it was forgotten. It is now believed, however, that it stood on the crest of one of the hills, called the Eastern Hill, of the modern city of Jerusalem. The temple probably stood not far from the so-called Sacred Rock, over which now stands the Mohammedan building known as the Mosque of Omar.

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ch, 1928 AY iy! 1 Fe - Pilpieedetentatimenm sess i | | March, 1928 — ee. - The Movie Maker } ©". (Continued from page 38) approximate locations he was to find and tograph. He also informed Bozo that he or wired for reservations on a fast boat be- tween New York and Liverpool. : That evening Don hurried home, whistling thoughtfuliy. In his pocket was the signed lease and contract, running for four months. At the conference in Eckstein’s office that afternoon, Margaret Moreland had appeared and, much to the surprise of the president of Popular Players, had added her signature without protest. As Don climbed the two flights to his attic apartment, his mind was busy with schemes for the immediate raising of further cash. He had sold Margaret’s sap- phire ring that morning for six thousand dol- lars. Reluctant to accept aid in such a fashion, he resolved that even if the picture failed he would eventually repay her. But now it was to her advantage, even more than to his own, to throw everything into the balance for im- mediate success. H® STEPPED into his apartment quietly, unnoticed by the professor, who was deeply absorbed at a long table near one of the windows. Don’s home could be called an apartment only through courtesy—or imagination. In reality, it was a workshop where he and the professor slept. Originally ‘it had been the ample, undivided third story of a huge old house in a dilapidated section of Los Angeles, but Don had partitioned it into a small bed- room and a very large, unadorned studio. One windowless side was boarded off into a dark room. On the north side, he had cut a large square out of the roof and constructed, with fair skill, a ground-glass skylight. All about the big room was a clutter of photographic background screens, motion pic- ture lighting standards and paraphernalia, and an orderly tangle of electric wires. The most interesting parts of the studio, however, were the professor’s long worktable and the shelves he had built against the wall near by. The old man’s interest in the technical side of motion pictures apparently had burst into full bloom that night, three years before, when Don had unexpectedly met him coming out of a neigh- horhood picture house. Since then, Professor Mahrlenburg had spent hours every day mak- ing perfect miniatures of motion picture scenes and properties. Three shelves were crowded with ancient ship models. Filling three other shelves was a zoo of perfectly constructed animals of every sort and description, includ- ing tiny prehistoric monsters. Painted masks that seemed grotesquely alive stared down from the top shelves. N A long table, over which the old man was bending so intently that he had not heard Don enter, was a clutter of wheels, steel spirals, and miniature machinery. Peculiar geometrical designs cut out of metal disks or papier mache were stacked loosely at one end of the table. On a small rack before him were arranged a dozen disks of a different type, each a little larger than a silver dollar, but of varying thicknesses. Some of these were glass, but the majority were fine pieces of gauze or trans- _ silk drawn tight in little metal rings. he professor was examining a similar disk — a large microscope clamped to his table. He looked up triumphantly when Don spoke. “This one dried perfectly,’ he announced. “My Gretchen will look like sixteen whe. we use it on the lens.”’ ; He placed the disk in the rack with the others, took from his eye a small magnifying glass he wore like 2 monocle, and smiled mys- teriously at Don. ‘““T have a surprise for you, my son,” he remarked. (Continued on page 168) MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION 167 ia eaeeiabeaenmasictanmtememanmiaamnes FOREIGN ScrENTIFIC AMERICAN BuILDING 24 W. 40th St., New York City Tower BuILDING Chicago, Ill. PATE TRADE-MARKS , | MUNN @& CO. | PATENT ATTORNEYS Associated since 1846 with the S cientific American Van Nuys BurzpInG Los Angeles, Cal. Crd IID Books and Information on Patents and Trade-Marks by Request Associates in all Foreign Countries DESIGNS PATENTS on ScrentTiFic AMERICAN BuiLDING Washington, D. C. Hosart BuiitpiInG San Francisco, Cal. ee AMMER Attend no institute until you get my free book “Millard’s Advanced Natural Corrective Course” and a free copy of my Natural Speech Magazine. Est. 24 years. 10,000 cases success- fully treated. Largest school for stammerers in the world. Positive results guaranteed. Graduates everywhere. Millard Institute of Normal Speech, 2336 Millard Bidg., Milwaukee, Wis. AGENTS 500% PROFIT GENUINE GOLD LEAF LETTERS Guaranteed to never tarnish. Anyone can put them on stores and office windows. says: smallest day $28.70. R.L. Reel made $920 in two months. Write today for free sample and liberal offer to general agents. METALLIC LETTER CO.., 433A N. Clark Street, Chicago. INVENTORS SERVICE BUREAU Prepares and files applications for patents and trademarks. Makes patent searches. Negotiates sale of patente. A complete Enormous demand, large profits, Paul Clark | LEARN TO WY Ye: DRAW, vy nr Cc 4 R By the famous Landon Picture Chart Method | because of the successful results it has produced for hundreds of beginners who liked to sketch or copy. | The Picture Chart Method of teaching develops origi- | nality, and has thus opened the door to success -for many well-known cartoonists of today, who are now earning from $75 to $200 or more per week. Make This Interesting Test Whether you think you have talent or not, send for a Sample Chart to test your ability. With this chart I will send you samples of the work | of successful students of this school | and facts about cartooning which show the possibilities for you. Flease enclose 6¢ in stamps to cover postage, and state your age. service for the inventor. Low rates. Easy Address C. N. Landon ns Maga guaranteed. Write for THE L ANDON SCHOOL BOX 1648 WASHINGTON, D. C. 4051 National Bldg., Cleveland, Ohio of your invention for Inspec- Best Ref- Terms Reasonable. erences. RANDOLPH & CO. Dept.130,. Washington, D.C. NVENTO RS YOUR IDEAS Send for our Guide Book, HOW TO GET YOUR PATENT, and Evidence of Invention Blank, sent Free on request. our terms, methods, etc. Send model or’ sketch and description tion and Instructions Free. 1 PROTECT Tells Se CS SS HS OCS SS SS OS SSO eee eee

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The Movie Maker (Continued from page 167) Only slightly interested, Don waited while the professor put on his spectacles with great ceremony, fumbled at length in his pocket, and drew out a long slip of paper. He handed it to Don. It was a certified check, signed by Otto Mahrlenburg and payable to Donald Kennedy, for twelve thousand dollars! Don stared blankly from the check to the professor, and back to the check again. Yes, it was certified! But where could the old man have obtained such a sum? He had been nearly starving when Don had taken him in, and he apparently had no friends. While living with Don, he had worked up a small business of amateur kodak picture finishing, making enough for his small expenses and for the materials needed in his model making. But he could have saved no money, Don was sure. ee the professor was smiling blandly, as though accustomed to giving away thou- sands of dollars every day. “Tt looks real,” Don commented, rubbing the check between his fingers. “It feels real, and, by golly, I believe it is real, but how in the—”’ The professor seemed slightly embarrassed. “My daughter “We can't take any more from Miss More- land!”’ Don interrupted. “This money my daughter deposited for me in a bank years ago,” explained the old man with dignity. “You mean you could have had it three years ago when you were practically starving?” asked Don incredulously. | The old man drew himself up in injured pride. “Tt is for the father to support his daughter, not the daughter her father,’ he declared. “Now, only, can I use it because it will be for her.”

* * * September first. Cinema City was almost depopulated. Two or three smaller independ- ent companies continued production there, but with the big units of Popular Players gone, the place looked deserted. At one end of the lot, however, several workmen were erecting ten-foot wooden supports in the form of a huge circle. From this group a long-legged young man, his red hair flaming in the sun, walked rapidly across the lot to Stage No. 3. He hurried inside the big shed to a dismantled set, where three of his little company awaited him, dressed in medieval costumes. “Fine!"’ He looked them over critically. “How does it feel to be an actor again, Jerry?” “Right this minute I'd like to be zooming five thousand feet up, with a cold wind blowing me through the clouds.” Jerry wriggled un- comfortably in a heavy costume of chain mail. **This is not my idea of a Palm Beach suit.” “We'll start shooting right away,” Don promised, “Only a few close-ups today. Miss Moreland, are you ready to run through a scene? I'd like to see how Jerry registers.” HAT he really wanted, however, was to test a combination of lighting effects and the professor’s lens screens on Margaret. He had watched her work under other direc- tors and believed that the strained expression of her face was due partly to her fear that she was failing. Now, chatting casually about the very modern and highly efficient mechanical equipment of the stage, he apparently con- centrated on Jerry, asking Margaret occasion- ally to help the greenhorn actor put across his scenes. The play was a story of the great war, with Jerry an aviator and Margaret an English war nurse in France. This was only the shell of the story, however, for when Jerry crashed just behind the enemy (Continued on page 169) " coseummy-enlenged ‘Pores, oily or shiny skin a

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lines and sciousness took him the twelft Crusades, Margaret central p adventure To be ne: a knight, as a page France, © nean to Jerusalen motion | | Biddle ar color and Atlantic, | to be do: — was in old Ex he had « | three-sid | heavy W position, huge ele housing? above t thal plained. with ine bridge li “But P J front of much cl “Not Don, s¢ “There lights, ¢ at least eighteet take yo yroll ights o operate That’ ll “ Edi Jerry. Satis handed even W Jerry’s semicir to step switchl the fu thirty t on the with e — a additic spread

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rove ucne, ite ant » Cos nh over DAY, The Movie Maker (Continued from page 168) | jines and crawled out, wounded, to lose con- sciousness on no man’s land, his hallucinations took him back to another life—to England of the twelfth century at the time of one of the Crusades, when he was a Norman noble and | Margaret a Saxon lady. The action of this | central part of the story concerned Jerry’s | adventures as leader of a band of crusaders. To be near him, Margaret disguised herself as |g knight, taking Judy, her little maid, along _asa page. The journey through England and France, over the Alps, across the Mediterra- nean to Constantinople, and on to the siege of Jerusalem, gave an opportunity for a spectacle motion picture of colorful adventure. Bozo | Biddle and his camera were to collect the local | color and send it back in cans of film across the | Atlantic, while all the actual adventuring was to be done on the lot at Cinema City. = sequence Don had chosen for his test | was designed to take place near the castle | inold England. To control his lighting effects, | he had decided to photograph the scene on a | three-sided box set of Stage No. 3, lined with | heavy white muslin. As he set the camera in position, he called Jerry’s attention to the huge electric light bulbs, protected by wire housings, which were mounted on a bridge above the set. “That's why I chose this stage,” he ex- plained. “It’s the only one on the lot equipped with incandescent lamps in place of the carbon bridge lights. Stand here, will you, Jerry?” “But think of the juice they'll use,” ob- jected Jerry, taking his place about six feet in front of the camera. “ Wouldn’t carbons be much cheaper?” “Not when you figure salaries,” explained Don, squinting at Jerry through the finder. “There must be a man to every two carbon lights, as well as chief electrician, and we use at least ten carbons for any interior, sometimes eighteen or twenty—Miss Moreland, will you take your place here?—and the men are on the yroll eight hours a day, even if we use the ights only fifteen minutes. But one man can operate the whole row of electric bridge lights. That'll save us thousands of dollars.” “Edison ‘again to the rescue,” murmured handed Judy a tape line. While she held it even with the lens, Don stretched its length to Jerry’s nose, then stooped and chalked a rough semicircle on the floor. Cautioning them not to step outside the mark, Don moved to the switchbox at one side of the set and threw on the full blaze. From the scaffolding above, thirty thousand watts of electricity rained down on them, flooding every square foot of the set with even, shadowless illumination. ND then Don began to paint out the lines and hollows of Margaret’s face with additional light. A baby spot, focused to spread its rays just below her chin, removed a wrinkle with painless surgery. A bank of mercury lights, placed low on the other side to throw back a counter light against the down- ward glare from the bridge, erased the laugh- ing lines from her nose to the corners of her mouth. The tiny crow’s-feet about her eyes, the faint vertical lines between her brows, no light manipulation could remove, Don knew. he left to be ironed out by the micro- scopic diagonal threads of the professor’s screen. Slipping it into place over the lens, he called for action and began to crank the camera. Next week he would have a camera man, but for the first few days he wanted to test every operation himself. A few days ‘and } Several hundred feet of film sacrificed for ex- periment at the beginning of the picture would save weeks of delay and thousands of feet from being wasted later. (Continued on page 170) MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION RAILWAY 169 TRAVEL FOR “UNCLE SAM”’’ $158 TO $225 MONTH POSTAL CLERKS Mail Coupon Before You Lose It (Sea eQe SSBB SB BBB eSB SB eS Meee eee ee — jf Franklin Institute, Dept.W274, Rochester, N.Y. aaa 2 iis TRE be Tito, are, gre Sze” oe a_i — = - a Jobs,"’ with list of positions obtainable, and full par- Steady Work—No Layoffs—Paid Vacations , _ ticulars telling how to get them. Travel—See Your Country a News MEN—BOYS 18 UP gy NGM... . ss cece eee ec cece eeeeneeeeeeeeeneeneces Common Education Sufficient a MDE Si. 5ks onbicks sdasteeno fx kiakelene eek. Jerry. Satisfied at last with the camera angle, Don | jlesson, GOV'T. POSITIONS > Po Ye a ho a Ry. Mail Clerk § Forest Ranger I } R. F. D. Carrier ( ) 8 Special Agent d investigator) ‘ 3teno-Secretary J. S. Border Patrol Chauff Carrier Watchman Skilled Laborer Postmaster « ) Typist eur-' to our Students ThisHawaiianGuitarex- pert and professor wants the opportunity to welcome you as a student so you will quickly ¥& learn how to play Hawaiian Guitar =-yes, you will be able to play just like the native Hawaiians, To get you started and help your musical success which will bring you popu- _—_/ larity, you will receive a beauti- .¢ ~ ful Hawaiian Guitar, thesame / as the one pictured, when you f Fg enroll. Ourshort cut method , cf of instruction will enable re you to play a piece al- most from the fizst Rush coupon for full particulars to- day and we will re= serve a Hawaiian Guitar for you. Learn to Play Quickly With our short cut method of instruction you will quickly x learn how to play Hawaiian G which will bring you larity and social success, You learn toplay from notes. If you never bateny musical trai _~ »you eens of et on, because our ex ave perfected a ome instruction which is as simple as learning A.B,C's. RECORD PICTUREand We don’t depend upon METHOD EASY printed lessons only for your engeens » bes = Ly pictures mee of our ‘essors playing, diagrams, and Renastash records for each lesson. This practically brings our professors from our studio to your home and enables you to tetee in -4 pny yP A we will send you your first free. m RUSH COUPON — Send ti will become STUDIO Neo. ork Academy ey nny yaa - ¢ lesson. Also reserve a Hawaiian iter for ses” obligates me in no way . Name SAdr. A definite program for getting ahead financially will be found on page four of this issue. The ter That Saved Bob Johnson’s Job —and paved the way for a better one! was written to his employer by the International Correspondence Schools. It told how “Robert ohnson had enrolled for a course of home-study received a mark of 94 for his first lesson.’’ Bob answered the summons to the Chief’s office with fost a little fear and trembling, for a lot of men were ing | 5 lot more were having their pay an * oemy in, Bip omptaner M8 a vy | ing. He got up quic rom his desk and gras; Bob warmly by the ven “I want to congratulate you, young man, on the marks you are making with the I. C. S. I am glad to see that you are training yourself not only for your present job but for the job ahead. “We're cutting the pay-roll. Until I received this letter, I had you in mind as one of the men to be dropped. But not now. Keep on studying—k —= eyes open—and pretty soon there'll be a sti tter job for you around here. We're always looking for trained men.” Won’t you let the I. C. S. help you, too? 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Use only one-fifth of your wasted hours for study and you can remove your present handicap within two years. You will enjoy the lessons and the knowledge you will gain will well repay the time spent in study. Check and mail the coupon NOW for full particulars and Free Bulletin. American School Dept. H-375, Drexel Ave. and 38th $i., Chicago | American School Dept. H-375, and how you will help me win success, Law MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION March, i9y Drexel Ave. & 58th St., Chicago Send me full information on the subject checked The Movie Maker (Continued from page 169) Jerry and Margaret, with Judy appearing briefly now and then, ran through their scene lightly, with a good comedy touch. Don grinned appreciatively as he observed Jerry putting in bits of action that had not been re- hearsed. He had no fear for Jerry’s perform- ance. The man was a born actor. Entirely without self-consciousness, his thoughts trans- lated themselves into action and facial ex- pression without effort. And being blessed with a keen sense of humor, he enlivened any scene in which he appeared. Don wondered if the leading man might not unconsciously steal the picture from the star. But Margaret was playing up to him with a dash and animation that revealed an unknown phase of her ability as an actress, ripe that afternoon the five met in the projection room to see the first rushes of the big picture, and a little sigh of pleasure sounded in the darkened room as Margaret’s face appeared on the screen. Firm, rounded, alive with vivacity, the beautiful face looked as though a kind hand had swept over it, smoothing out all telltale lines and hollows. But who was the ghastly-faced man playing opposite her? Only the sparkling dark eyes were Jerry; the rest was a flat dead mask, grimacing. “What is the matter with him!” groaned Judy. “Too much make-up,” murmured Don. “But we had to lay it on thick,” protested Jerry's disappointed little sister, “he’s so dark.” When the lights went up, Jerry faced the others with an apologetic grin. “Tf I had any vanity,” he remarked, “I'd go out and shoot myself. Now I see why I never got any farther than doubling for the handsome hero.” “Come over to the stage again,” suggested Don. “I'll try some more shots if you don’t mind. No need for the rest of you to stay.” For three hours, until even Jerry’s tanned and toughened skin began to feel tender, Don made up his face with different shades of grease paint and powder, shooting a few feet of film for each new make-up—heavy pink, flesh, chalk- white, pale yellow. One test he made with Jerry’s skin in its natural state. This showed the best results in the projection room next day. But even so, though the ghastly effect was overcome, he looked as swarthy as a Mexican laborer. “That'll be fine when he doubles as his vil- lainous half-brother,’ comnrented Don, find- ing a ray of hope in the gloom. ac ES, but how are we going to fix him up to look like the hero?”’ asked Judy, almostin despair. In rewriting the scenario so that Jerry could play the double réle of hero and villain, she had congratulated herself on saving the salary of an additional actor. Now it looked as though a new leading man must be hired. “Why not have Louis Menzies diagnose his face?”’ Margaret suddenly suggested. “The make-up wizard?” asked Don. “Yes. I want him.to help me with my own, too.” The worried five piled hopefully into Jerry’s car and set out for a small dark building in Hollywood where for ten years a little man with stubby fingers had been prac- ticing his art of shining the stars whose luster was fading—bringing back the peach bloom of youth with the right shade of grease paint; straightening crooked noses with a shadow pencil; concealing scars, and imparting natural curves to flat, expressionless lips. Louis Menzies frowned and shook his head when he had seen the tests. “You couldn't fade him out successfully,” he indicated Jerry, “even if you whitewashed him.” “What can we do with him, then?” Don, as despair settled over the little group Louis Menzies was fumbling among the boxes and bottles on his shelves. “Use this.”” He handed Don a stick of dark ochre grease paint. “But it’s almost brown!” protested Don, “He'll look like the end man in a minstrel.” “Use it!” commanded the wizard, and turned his attention to Margaret. “Rouge a little higher and toward the outer edges of the eyes,’ he suggested, “about here.” Tilting her chin, he turned her face toward the light and dabbed her cheek bones near the temples with a puff filled with rose-pink rouge, “Tt will take away that little flatness caused by lack of shadows.” “And this young lady,” he looked at Judy, “must use a pale flesh grease paint.” “But I'm almost as dark as my brother,” she remarked, wonderingly. “No matter,’ replied the great man. “We expect women to have white skins on the screen—and your eyes will look twice as large and like black velvet.” Louis Menzies’ facial prescriptions were fol lowed exactly, and the next day’s rushes showed a new and handsome Jerry, with*clear, olive-tinted skin. “Q@OME sheik!” exulted Judy. ‘They'll have to deliver his mail in bushel baskets when the lady fans see our picture.” But Jerry, relieved that his face was no longer delaying production, gave his sister a mild shake and hurried out to more important business on the lot with Don. Within the circle of supports erected the week before was stretched a huge canvas, like a topless circus tent. Waiting outside was a man with two beautiful chestnut horses. Jerry took the bridle of the larger one. “You might tether the other in the shade of that tree over there,’ he told the man. “ Miss Moreland won't need it for an hour or so.” Following Don, Jerry guided his horse through a flap in the canvas. In the center of the ring the new camera man, Timothy O'Day, was adjusting the tripod of a revolving, motor driven camera. ** All set?”’ asked Don, walking over for an inspection. “Just about, Mr. Kennedy. I'm ready to focus now.” “‘Hop on, Jerry,” instructed Don, “and walk your horse around as near the canvas as you can get without bumping it.” Jerry did as requested. The camera lens followed him slowly around, keeping him in the center of focus as he made the circuit. ** Now trot.” Don set the revolving mechanism at a faster pace and, as nearly as he could judge, it kept the lens still centered on Jerry. OR nearly an hour, without exposing any film, Don and the camera man adjusted | and readjusted the mechanism and rehearsed the action, timing it with a stop watch, while Jerry put his horse through its paces at several distances from the camera, but always making a complete circle around it. On the film, of course, he would appear to be riding along ina straight line. Don had figured out the scheme as a short cut for a “running shot”—a scene usually photographed from an auto mobile following along beside horse and rider. When they were ready to make the exposures they sent for Margaret. Dressed in a lo flowing gown, with a veil flying from the hi peak of her medieval head-dress, she entered the inclosure on the other horse. They re hearsed the (Continued on page 171) Lifting a SI to the two ¢ circle. “ Ready- Toward | in - 4 rst | ceed the thrown on English frowning | along an al sunny lane a wide ro But not a except the large in th in cau os And trunk of | paused fo lens. ' big perfc | out well | the occas In the ec | but sold dollars. | machine | Don cot looking | thrown inch, rui pective thousan¢ In the room, 0 fessor cc the dev memory and his that lau credit s Crusade not fail his univ pictures UT the he put ; taken t of silve: solutior me white | preserv from E

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March, 19 tewashed >” asked group. Ong the < of dark ed Don, ‘Strel,” rd, and he outer it here,” ward the lear the k rouge. 1used by at Judy, rother,” a. “We on the as large vere fol. Tushes lP clear, Il have ts when was no sister @ portant ted the as, like + Was a . Jerry hade of * Miss horse nter of Day, motor- for an ady to | d walk nS you a lens im in ut. faster t kept g any justed arsed while -veral aking m, of gina ‘heme —! auto- rider. sures long, high tered

y re e 171)

The Movie Maker (Continued from page 170) sequence quickly with her, keeping strictly to the time allowed for each bit of action. Finally Don was satisfied. ; er “All ready, Tim,”’ he said, taking his place at the camera man’s elbow. He would have to remember to stay there in order to keep out of line with the swinging focus of the lens. Lifting a small megaphone to his lips, he called tothe two on horseback at the outer edge of the e. “Ready—action!”” Toward evening the little company gathered in the projection room for the day’s rushes. | The first shipment of films from Bozo had | arrived the day before and Don had them also thrown on the screen. Hundreds of feet of English countryside with a grim old castle frowning in the background; a bridle path along an ancient moat and following a brook; a sunny lane with daisies nodding at either side; a wide road with giant oaks arched above. But not a sign of human being or habitation except the ancient castle, occasionally looming large in the foreground. The camera now and again caught a rabbit scampering across the lane. And once, in his swift flight up the broad trunk of an oak tree, a bright-eyed squirrel paused for a curious second to stare into the | lens.

| — on the screen appeared two figures riding on horseback apparently miles and miles against a blank white background. Judy giggled nervously. “They look so—so uncanny riding along in space,” she commented, “as if the earth had suddenly dissolved and left them sticking up in the air.”” “Tomorrow you'll see them in England,” promised Don. Though he had spoken with such assurance, | that night at home in his dark room he worked with tense anxiety to make his words come true. Would his precious machine, on which he had spent years of labor and thousands of dollars, fail him now that the moment for its ' big performance had arrived? It had proved | out well in tests, but Don was acquainted with the occasional perversity of inanimate objects. | In the early stages of his invention he had all | but sold a half-interest in it for two thousand | dollars. At the critical moment, however, the | machine had unaccountably balked, and before | Don could locate and readjust an innocent , looking little screw, the entire process had been thrown out of alignment a sixteenth of an inch, ruining the demonstration. Don’s pros- pective partner had departed with his two thousand and a hearty laugh. In the silence and dim red glow of the dark room, only the excited breathing of the pro- fessor could be heard as he helped Don with the developing and printing. But in Don’s memory that laugh echoed. He set his jaw and his hands moved more deftly. Some day that laugh would be worth half a million on the credit side. Two or three pictures like “The Crusader,’ and motion picture producers could not fail to recognize the enormous economy of | his universal background device. Two or three pictures—if successful!

UT there was no time to be dreaming of that now. Using a homemade machine, he put a positive print of the horseback scenes taken that morning through a strong solution of silver nitrate, allowing the film to soak in the solution until the figures of actors and horses ame intensified as black silhouettes on a white transparent background. In order to preserve the original background negative sent from England, Dom had had a duplicate negative de from it at Popular Players’ laboratory. This he intended to use in making his com- ination negative. When the (Continued on page 172)

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172 MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION March, ‘oa March, / \ | : Belare Kenneth — DOUBLE ears Gear = , (Continued from page 171) Mailed that Coupon intensified print of the horseback scenes was He was an dry, he took a strip of unexposed positive and oo cardboar ‘ , adjusted it on his machine. Over it he fastened uny * , a S the English background negative, and on top of the bu of that he placed the print of the silhouetted gorge, h figures on horseback. Tightening the delicate in the Pe mechanism of his device, an intricate elabora- eighty “t tion of an automatic printing machine accurate a to a ten-thousandth of an inch, he ran the stu ~ : three strips of film together through the print- helg ce ing process. a com ' t The result was a positive print of the | eli | English background with the blank outlines of | pla 0 ' horses and actors superimposed upon it, the eck grass a ' silhouettes formerly black now showing up p | large lat white and transparent when the print was run "Yeu in the te The = through the developing hypo. After allowing Tenor Banke Befostee the om P it to dry on a revolving rack in front of a large ed with you, I inew nen ong A z : os po Ae . electric fan, Don placed this new positive over Play for Funor es Pat mass i i. a fresh strip of negative film, and on top of the ing in a store. Little dij When Ooo IN two adjusted an ordinary positive of the $5,000 aYear hedeome.I took uptheges <a ee M ONTH horseback scenes. Repeating the double print- | whether a salary of $65 to isting inonect tana Sound th ing process, he obtained a perfect combination | $100 a week oF sparemore chestrasin Western Michigs oe Take e negative showing Jerry and Margaret riding | anight—interests you or not $nd making $5.0 swe | ny oe ‘. . x % —think of the fun.in store *°Ur course and your kij It’s tri j] CN ~ against the English background. Ser yeu. tn ene 00 theese ee have made j j t ” . T WAS two o’clock when Don held a few home to play this marvelous vivio Hotel, Soute Hench ND melodious instru: ; Amazing frames of the completed negative against | fine, sasy cay of on oer ven ete fect alu the ruby light and with a magnifying glass eyes, You're passing u the Every selectionel Ga ores at | noted the exact placement of the figures. En- | pass up an opportunity like ycity-fv@ in. all~comes i : Z . ; phonograph recon, dizzy larged on the screen, not the slightest deviation this tolearnatslight ‘cost and You hearthe instruce freath-t “TWIN” would show. Now to make a oe poe to the world’s most popular in- pel a ef am el run in the projection room the following day. | fE7MSre about The Play ghtatyourside, The professor had been gently snoring for Way — the quickest, surest, Sthecens, later Then “ INVENTIONS 9 cchesmincaas | | | | Don, too happy now he was tired, tum FREE Book 77220" into . brings, ; PE _ In the busy days that followed, however, Tells How SEND gle lutionary “Twin” plan of selling that pays many problems called for solution. Bozo had Gynt at quee Sorte Fr ie in men everywhere double profits. read shown almost a genius for finding locations to Pay.” Learn all about our vs the Free Test Offer below. Then act. fit the action of the scenario. His timing | !aue method of training iy i 5 ‘ou at home; about the big, Problem NE of the most sensational chapters in records, faithfully included with each reel sent Tenor Banjo, Phon = poe] was Sat O the history of direct sellin ine been | 2cross, were models of accuracy, and Don had | $eq'aiong with your very / passing written in the past 4 months or, almost little trouble synchronizing with them the first lesson, Pleasure, pop- i Riisber incredible as it may sound, in that short | 2¢tion shot against blank backgrounds in | to yous Get this FREE} him in t time over 2000 men have discovered the | Cinema City. Occasionally, when the action | hate before your eyes | a slight secret of double profits on 4 out of 5 involved an impossible combination of actors Redden | sales! with background, Judy was called upon to everythi : do some rewriting. Usually it was a simple “Judy Twin Inventions Needed Everywhere | matter, but one day she rebelled. _ . Bo tn, table be This unique plan is made possible by two “TI can’t rewrite this scene, Don—tnere’s no 1 Studio 5038, 100 Fifth Avenue, left and revolutionary patented inventions. A new | way todoit! Jerry’s just got to leap the chasm | 4 96% Yor re k . : : ° ° . nd me the book that started McCarty: money 4 kind of can opener, absolutely automatic, | or we'll miss the big thrill we need at that | ! No cbligation whatsoever on my part, “sy holds the can, cuts the top out (not off) | point.” _ : ——— iad w inside the rim, leaving it smooth, slick and “I know it,” agreed Don. “But I don’t see | | yame “Gos! clean—all in a couple of seconds at the | how it’s possible to trick our way this time. ' dingy h i turn of a crank—ends forever all stabbing 4 — § Address ............----e-eon---eeen-s-eeeenoneeeeee picture and hacking with old-style can openers. BR is — iy & still py Bozo had staan cuenta aan Ft 20 A twin invention, an equally revolutionary taken from the bottom of a deep gorge. share in i knife, scissors and tool sharpener— | The two sides of the ravine rose up sheer | AROUND THE WORLD WITH i operating on new, patented “‘magic groove” | against the horizon, the top apparently two THE INTERNATIONAL CLUBE | “A ND principle—sharpens automatically at a | hundred feet above the level of the camera. : ; A os twist of the wrist. “* We might find a location something like it in Exchange letters, post cards, magazines; form interesting a “No t Every home feels an instant one of the canyons around here,”’ she suggested. | ®ducational friendships with members in Old Mexico, Spain, Git Seoul need for at least one ot these $544 00 “Can’t waste time hunting for it,” replied Porto Rico, Central and South America. Language <= <—omM i am i -4 - mi ey ’ . : : of five buy both because of | FIRST MONTH | | Don. “Besides, I don’t like to have Jerry take undeaenee Se omg i unique interchangeable feature, "Speedo sells to 9 the risk of leaping such an ungodly hole.” tes “Wel Cee eerkene from came ting 9 e's the result of “I don’t either,” admitted Judy. “Let's | INTERNATIONAL CLUB, BOX 670, HAVANA, CUBKT | money- room for all the sensational | set, “Jape 1360 ask the professor if he can’t _~ us out.” P —! | helpfull: i etails here. Our plan in- sedos; June 30 Professor Mahrlenburg had appropriate the pict oa oe wow vera = edie: one of the deserted stages as his workshop, and RAISE BELGIAN HARES “fp k thing. Exclusive territories. ‘ ‘ there they found him supervising the construc- How Zeolent, Mate, Chnehilies — Flemish Same F | have to wae one pe, Bree. Test tion of combination large and miniature sets gpd pay zou following prices for al re some ot r and proof of $68 to $150 a week. drawn to scale from the photographs Bozo had =Utinchillas $4 each Flemish Cianta “ An f ps . - e s ook, catalog an CENTRAL : : sent of interior scenes, the courtyard, and REED 2100 copy of Fur Farming magazine, tells hows scolded £ lh seepage — co the drawbridge of the old castle: At one side | §urooom ENTERPRISE CO., Bes 66. Holmes Pork, est | | busines A Dept. C-841 4500 Mary aes St. Louis, Mo. | of the workshop, near a large window, an artist “The P . od rare was reproducing part of a photograph on the - wi} | Leanin; Central States Mfg. Co., Dept. C-841. upper portion of a large glass screen set in a | F : \al against een pe oem, icture and study it,” th a ap oy i = Rush me details of your double profits plan and me keep the-picture and study it, , the Q Q) “Hor 4 § Free Test Ofter. professor said, when they had explained ‘their Lat at le (O) ue dollars? i NN 3h sUEE ok Gil Eakehécaswsses.0cods ot probiem. “Maybe I can manage, but I must | Make money taking pictures; Prepare autc iy Gar “Dor H first work it out on paper. =e spare time. Also earn while yeu learn. We cynical H US ee eG eb e EN lade ccccccccesceesann Two days later, under his directions, a small poy ty me pe oll ay ‘Seok, Op porte J udy DMB 6 5i6d665 sissesses: Bt: i model of heavy . (Continued on page 173) | 4 Modern Photography, and tull particulate § | rowed | : : 3 Dent. 126f SEU Anse gt oF PHOTOCRAET wg

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March, 1928 —— The Movie Maker (Continued from page 172) cardboard, burlap, and artificial foliage, with tiny trees at its base, was set up near one end of the lot. It was a four-foot replica of the , but extended not quite to the top shown inthe photograph. This omission was supplied eighty feet beyond the model and direetly in line with it, where the professor had two sturdy platforms constructed, fifteen feet in height, the distance between them apparently , continuation of the tiny gap between the sides of the model in the foreground. Over the platforms the professor carelessly draped rough mats, holding them in place with several stones, a small log or two, and bushes. The platform at the right extended beyond the camera angle into a runway upon which Jerry's horse could get a good start for the lap. A painted back drop behind the plat- forms completed the set. When Jerry was ready, Tim O’Day, with the camera six feet away from the miniature set, found the focus. “Take a squint at that,” he said to Don. “Tt’s tricky.” . ND when the day’s rushes appeared on the screen, it proved “‘tricky’’ indeed—a per- fect illusion. Jerry reined in his galloping horse at the very edge of the chasm, apparently a dizzy two-hundred-foot drop. For one breath-taking moment the splendid creature balanced there, his forefeet high in the air. Then he whirled and galloped away. Again Jerry urged him on and the horse fook the chasm in a mighty leap. * * a The end of September was rushing toward them with the speed of an express train when Don, immersed in the rapid solving of each day’s difficulties, suddenly saw the Big Problem looming immediately before him. It was Saturday noon and he had just finished passing out the weekly checks to their small number of employees. Judy was waiting for him in the office when he returned to discuss a slight change in one sequence. But his sudden glimpse of the Big Problem had shut everything else out of his mind. “Judy!” he exclaimed, sitting down at the table beside her. ‘“‘ We've just three thousand left and next week I’ve got to send Bozo more money and pay the electric light bills!” ‘“So I’ve been thinking,’ replied Judy. “And what are you planning to do about it?” “Gosh!” Don mopped his forehead with a dingy handkerchief. “Thought I’d have the picture far enough along by this time-to show it to some millionaire and get him to buy a share in my invention.” “AND what millionaire have you in mind?” asked Judy. “No one in particular.” Don looked troubled. “‘The truth is, I got so absorbed in making the picture I forgot all about the money end of it.”’ “Well, even if you did know anyone with money—and you don’t,’ commented Judy helpfully, ‘‘no one could make head or tail of the picture in its present state.” “I know it,’’ groaned Don. “Guess I'll have to drop everything for a while and find some other way to sell shares in my machine.” “And get cheated out of your rights in it!” scolded Judy. “Don Kennedy, you're no business man.” “The no’s have it,”’ agreed Don mournfully. Leaning his chin on his hand, he slumped against the table for a discouraged moment. Judy gave him a motherly pat. “How would you like to have fifty thousand | dollars?” she asked brightly. cynically. “‘ Wish for a million.” Judy considered him with thoughtfully nar- rowed eyes. (Continued on page 174) MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION Right now thousands of men are enjoying big earnings they never dreamed of five years ago—just because they wrote me for a simple pay-raising plan that I am now ready to send to you absolutely free. These men had no special advantages, but they did have ambition, and they needed little more than the incentive they received from ‘“‘Modern Salesman- ship” to make them succeed in a big way. If you, too, are ambitious for the good things of life, but do not know exactly how to go after them, this book contains a message that may mean the turning point in your life. Big Demand for Trained Salesmen For ‘‘Modern Salesmanship”’ will show you how you can quickly qualify for a city or traveling sales position in which your earnings may be practically unlimited. It blasts dozens of old theories, explains the science of selling in simplest terms, and proves that almost any man can become a Master Sales- man. There must be something behind a system that enabled a former dishwasher like Barichievich of San Francisco to step out and earn over $100 a week as a salesman. There must be power behind an Association that received calls in its Free Em- ployment Bureau for over 50,000 salesmen last PAY RAISING Without Risking One Cent !/ Get This PLAN See for Yourself = Why it has Brought Such Amazing Success to Thousands of Men year, and has assisted men like Englehardt, Hallo- man, and hundreds of others to positions that pay them up to five and six times their former incomes. And if this plan could do for you one-half as much as it has done for these men, wouldn’t it be worth your time and a two-cent stamp to get a chance to look it over? Then why not mail the coupon for your Free copy of “Modern Salesmanship”? There is no obligation, and it may repay you a thousand-fold. National Salesmen’s Training Association Dept. C-190 N.S.T.A. Bldg. Chicago, Ill. National Salesmen’s Training Association, Dept. C-190, N.S.T.A. Bidg., Chicago, Ill. Please send me free your illustrated book, “Modern Salesmanship,”’ and particulars of your remarkable pay-raising plan. > a a — g QD gt ee eeeeseesssssesaaesseesan, F LETTERING Est, 1899 DETROIT, MICH, for complete DETROIT SC 159 Stimson Ave, “Don’t be a piker!”’ Don grinned at her . - No ob PAGE-DAVIS SCHOOL OF ADVERTISING Chicago, U. S.A. Dept. 1363, 3601 Michigan Ave., How to Work with Tools and Wood This book explains in a simple, straightforward man- ner all the processes of working with tools and wood. 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The Movie Maker (Continued from page 173) q “I know a girl who wants to get intp movies,’’ she announced casually, “Do you know any girl who does! jeered Don. “But maybe your friend ows beauty contest cup!” “Oh, no. You can get that kind by barrel.’’ Judy dismissed the multitude w shrug. “My girl owns a father—and) father owns a string of newspapers from York to San Francisco!”’ “Silas Rogers!” exclaimed Don. “J he was coming to Los Angeles to start ay evening paper.” Re “He and his daughter are here now,” informed him. “We lived in the same top when Mabei and I were little, so I looked up when the papers announced her arr Mabel’s dying to meet you!” a “Oh, so you’ve got the scheme all laid out” Don looked at Judy suspiciously. “ HAVE! It’s about time someone thoy of money,” replied his defiant scer ““Mabel’s father is taking her to Ever Grove next Tuesday night and the five are just going to happen in and Mabel invite us to their table and. . .” “And we'll take the fifty thousand and the head waiter!’’ quoted Don. * scheme sounds weak to me, but maybe y put it across. You'll have to count the fessor and. me out, though. No clothes, “You can buy some!” Judy retorted ta “That’s why I’m giving you till next Tues Get a tux for yourself and a swallowt the professor—with all the accessories.” ” “No.” Don’s tone was final. “‘My ¢ and the old blue serge will have to do me we get this picture out of the woods.” “Then you'll never get it out of the If you want to be successful you've got tel that way. Jerry’s getting a new tux, Marg has promised to deck herself out like the Qi of Sheba—and I think you'll like my dress.” Judy smiled with pleasant § approval. Then she turned a severe fro the shabby young director. ‘“‘Don, for in your life you’ve just got to look decentf’ “Thanks for the implied compliment,” I replied, unsmiling. “But Ill wait till T spend my own money for clothes. Don’t for that I’m living on your brother’s charity using Miss Moreland’s money for the pict UDY stared at his unrelenting chin, at grimly steady, tired eyes. Suddenly quite unexpectedly, she had to gulp back a She blinked her eyes quickly. . ‘I’m just trying to help you,” she quay “Tt’ll cost only about two hundred dol buy those clothes and give us a chance fifty thousand—and if we don’t get the thousand, what good will the two hundre to us? We'll be sunk! You’ve been grubb along for five years and—” “And I haven’t put anything across,” E finished for her grimly. “I guess you're ff at that—the only way to get ahead 1s to th a big bluff!”” he concluded bitterly. Then) laughed at the meek little face opposite hi so unlike Judy’s usually saucy expressit “Oh, well, I’ll give your plan a try. Tell what you want me to do.” 4 *Attaboy!”’ A rainbow of smiles broke Judy’s face. “‘ Now we'll get the picture off feet. You can’t expect anyone to back you you put up a front!” It’s a great scheme of Judy’s—if. works. Fifty thousand dollars! sum would carry them a long way 4 their desperate enterprise. But can tht capture it? In next month’s installm — more interesting adventures, more fascinating revelations of the side secrets of the movie game.

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